SEMESTER -3 - APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

SEMESTER -3

ELECTRONICS & BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

EBT 201 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FOR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERS

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT PCC 4 0 0 4

Preamble: Prepare students to understand the basic concepts of anatomy and physiology of various systems of human body so that engineering principles can be applied for design and development of new concepts in biomedical engineering field.

Prerequisite: Nil

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to

CO 1 Understand the functional organization of human body.

CO 2 Understand the structure and functions of nervous system.

CO 3 Identify the components of blood and physiology of cardiovascular system.

CO 4 Analyze the function and structure of skeletal, muscular and respiratory systems.

CO 5 Interpret the structure and functions of digestive and urinary systems.

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes

PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - - - 2

CO 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2

CO 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2

CO 4 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2

CO 5 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests

End Semester Examination

1 2 Remember 10 10 10

Understand 20 20 20

Apply 20 20 70

Mark distribution

Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours


Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:

Attendance : 10 marks Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.

Course Level Assessment Questions

Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Understand the functional organization of human body

1. Definition of the terms - anatomy and physiology.

2. State the concept of homeostasis mechanism with examples.

3. Compare negative, positive and feed forward control mechanisms in human body.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Understand the structure and functions of nervous system.

1. Understand the organisation of Nervous systems and function of different parts.

2. Classify different types of neurons and the mechanism of generation of nerve impulse.

3. Describe the basic mechanism of different sense organs

Course Outcome 3(CO3): Identify the components of blood and physiology of cardiovascular system

1. Explain the components of blood and its function

2. Describe the structure and function of heart, normal cardiac cycle , heart sounds, cardiac output

3. Analyse the different factors that affect the regulation of heart rate and blood pressure.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Analyze the function, structure of skeletal, muscular and respiratory systems

1. Explain the structure and function of skeletal system

2. Analyse structure and function of muscular system

3. State the structure and function of respiratory system with mechanism of breathing and regulation of respiration


Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Interpret the structure and functions of digestive and urinary systems

1. Understand the basic processes of digestion.

2. Explain the structure and anatomy of kidneys

3. The Basic mechanisms of acid base balance, urine formation.

Model Question paper

Total Pages:

Reg No.:______________ Name:_________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY THIRD SEMESTER B. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION ________ ____ 20__

Course Code: EBT201 Course Name: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FOR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERS

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours PART A

Answer full questions, each carries 3 marks.

1 a) Anatomy is closely related to physiology. Justify with an example.

b) What is the difference between intracellular & extracellular fluids?

c) What are the types of cartilages? Specify their function.

d) Mention the 3 types of muscle tissues& its functions.

e) Specify the 3 types of plasma proteins.

f) List out different factors that regulate the Blood Pressure.

g) Classify the types of Neurons & its functions.

h) What are the main functions of Spinal Cord & its nerves?

i) What is the structural & functional unit of Kidney? List out the 3 major capillaries

associated with Nephron.

j) Explain the Physiology of Micturition?

PART B Answer any one full question from each module. Each carry 14 marks.

2 a) Describe the structure of Human body in terms of levels of organization with

a diagram.

(14)


OR

3 a) What is Homeostasis? Why is it important? (4)

b) Distinguish between feedback & feed forward mechanism of Homeostatic

control systems with an example.

(10)

4 a) What is the mechanism of synaptic transmission? (5)

b) Illustrate the structure & function of Basal Ganglia, Thalamus, and

Hypothalamus.

(9)

OR

5 a) How inner ear supports in hearing & sense of balance. (7)

b) Describe the structure of Eye and mechanism of vision. (7)

6 a) Describe the different Components of Blood& its functions with suitable

diagrams.

(8)

b) Explain the role of thrombin in Blood Clotting. (6

OR

7 a) With the help of a neat sketch describe the different phases of Cardiac Action

Potential Curve.

(9)

b) What is a heart murmur? Mention systolic and diastolic murmurs. (5)

8 a) Explain the classification of bones according to their shapes with an example. (8)

b) Write a short note on structure of synovial joint. (6)

OR

9 a) What is meant by internal & external respiration? How does gas exchange

differ in each case?

(4)

b) Describe the mechanism of respiratory cycle. (10)

10 a) Explain the anatomy of Digestive System with a suitable diagram. (10)

b) What are the functional gastrointestinal disorders? (4)

OR

11 a) List out the functions of Kidney. (5)

b) Describe the mechanism of urine formation. (9)

****


Syllabus

Module 1

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: Definition & relationship of structure & function. Concept of homeostasis – intracellular & extracellular fluids. Functional organization of body – cells, tissues, organs & systems – Types. Homeostatic control systems – negative & positive feedback and feed forward mechanisms.

Module 2

Nervous Systems and Sense Organs: Nervous System: Cells of Nervous systems – Types of Neuron and Synapses – Mechanisms of Nerve impulse –Nervous System: Organization, Central nervous system: Overview, Cerebrum – Cerebral cortex – General organization – motor, sensory, language & association areas – major functions. Basal ganglia, Thalamus & Hypothalamus – functions. Cerebellum, Brain Stem – basic structure & functions, Spinal cord – nerves, spinal reflex. Special senses: organs of vision, hearing & equilibrium, taste and smell –structure & basic mechanisms.:

Module 3

Blood and Cardiovascular Systems: Blood: Components of Blood and functions.- – plasma – hematocrit – plasma proteins – erythrocytes – hemoglobin – anemia – blood typing – transfusion reaction – universal donor & acceptor – leukocytes – functions & types – platelets – blood clotting.

Cardiovascular System: Heart – Anatomy – location – pump – valves - major arteries & veins – cardiac muscle – electrical activity – pacemaker – normal & ectopic – cardiac action potential cardiac cycle. cardiac rhythm & rate – normal & abnormal, myocardial ischemia & infarction, atherosclerosis – Heart sounds & murmurs. Cardiac output – stroke volume.

Module 4

Skeletal, Muscular and Respiratory system: Skeletal: Types of Bone and function – Physiology of Bone formation – Division of Skeleton – Types of joints and function – Types of cartilage and function. Muscular: Parts of Muscle – Movements. Respiratory: Parts of Respiratory Systems – Types of respiration - Mechanisms of Breathing – Regulation of Respiration

Module 5

Digestive System and Urinary System: Digestive System: Organs of Digestive system –Anatomy and physiology of Gastro Intestinal tract- Digestion and Absorption. Disorders of Gastrointestinal tract. Urinary System: Kidneys – functions, anatomy & basic processes– nephron – types – components. Basic renal processes – basics of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & secretion – urine excretion & plasma clearance – micturition.


Text Books

1. Arthur C. Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Prism Books (Pvt) Ltd & W.B.Saunders Company.

2. Elaine N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin Cummings.

3. Tina Sanders, Dr Valerie Scanlon Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology F.A. DavisCompany

Reference Books

1. Kathleen J.W. Wilson, Ross and Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness,ELBS/Churchill Livingstone

2. Gerard J Tortora; Bryan Derrickson Introduction to the human body: the essentials ofanatomy and physiology John Wiley & Sons.

3. Samson Wright, Cyril A. Keele (editor), Eric Neil (editor): Applied Physiology, OxfordUniversity Press.

4. J.B.West.: Best and Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, Williams andWilkins, Baltimore.

5. W.F.Ganong: Review of Medical Physiology, Prentice-Hall, Connecticut.

Course Contents and Lecture Schedule

No Topic No. of Lectures

Module 1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: 1.1 Definition & relationship of structure & function. Concept of

homeostasis – intracellular & extracellular fluids. 2

1.2 Functional organization of body – cells, tissues, organs & systems – Types.

3

1.3 Homeostatic control systems – negative & positive feedback and feed forward mechanisms.

2

Module 2 Nervous System and Sense Organs 2.1 Nervous System: Cells of Nervous systems – Types of Neuron and

Synapses – Mechanisms of Nerve impulse –Nervous System: Organization, Central nervous system: Overview, Cerebrum – Cerebral cortex – General organization – motor, sensory, language & association areas – major functions. Basal ganglia, Thalamus & Hypothalamus – functions.

4

2.2 Cerebellum, Brain Stem – basic structure & functions, Spinal cord – nerves, spinal reflex

2

2.3 Special senses: organs of vision, hearing & equilibrium, taste and smell – structure & basic mechanisms.

4


Module 3 Blood and Cardiovascular System 3.1 Blood: Components of Blood and functions – plasma – hematocrit –

plasma proteins – erythrocytes – hemoglobin – anemia – blood typing – transfusion reaction – universal donor & acceptor – leukocytes – functions & types – platelets – blood clotting.

3

3.2 Cardiovascular System: Heart – Anatomy – location – pump – valves - major arteries & veins – cardiac muscle – electrical activity – pacemaker – normal & ectopic – cardiac action potential cardiac cycle. cardiac rhythm & rate – normal & abnormal, myocardial ischemia & infarction, atherosclerosis – Heart sounds & murmurs. Cardiac output – stroke volume. Blood Pressure normal & abnormal,

4

3.3 Regulation of Heart rate and Blood pressure. 1

Module 4 Skeletal, Muscular and Respiratory Systems 4.1 Skeletal System: Types of Bone and function – Physiology of Bone

formation – Division of Skeleton – Types of joints and function – Types of cartilage and function.

4

4.2 Muscular System: Parts of Muscle – Movements. 3 4.3 Respiratory System: Parts of Respiratory Systems – Types of

respiration - Mechanisms of Breathing – Regulation of Respiration 4

Module 5 Digestive and Urinary Systems 5.1 Digestive System: Organs of Digestive system –Anatomy and

physiology of Gastro Intestinal tract- Digestion and Absorption. 4

5.2 Disorders of Gastrointestinal tract 1 5.3 Urinary System: Kidneys – functions, anatomy & basic processes–

nephron – types – components. Basic renal processes – basics of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & secretion – urine excretion & plasma clearance – micturition.

4


EBT203 ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS


Preamble: This course aims to introduce the students to (i) design, analysis and applications of amplifier circuits containing BJT (ii) the MOSFET family and its use as amplifiers (iii) analysis of power amplifiers and oscillators (iv) differential amplifiers as the first stage of operational amplifier Integrated Circuits.

Prerequisite: NIL


CO 1 Analyze biasing and functioning of BJT amplifier circuits.

CO 2 Apply MOSFET devices as amplifiers.

CO 3 Design power amplifiers, sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal signal generators.

CO 4 Interpret the working of different electronic circuits for wave generation and shaping.

CO 5 Examine the operation of differential amplifiers.


PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 2 2 1 - 1 - - - - 1 - 1

CO 2 2 2 1 - 1 - 1 - - 1 - 1

CO 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1 - 1

CO 4 2 2 2 - 1 - - - - 1 - 1

CO 5 2 2 2 - 1 - 1 - - 1 -

1

Assessment Pattern



1 2 Remember Understand 10 10 20 Apply 20 20 40 Analyse 20 20 40

Mark distribution


150 50 100 3 hours



Attendance : 10 marks Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.


Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Analyze the biasing and functioning of BJT amplifier circuits.

1. Select a suitable biasing circuit for CE amplifier.

2. Compare the performance of voltage divider biasing and fixed biasing.

3. Draw the load line for voltage divider biasing and fix a suitable operating point to avoid

signal distortion.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Apply MOSFET devices as amplifiers.

1. Draw the transfer characteristics of FET and explain.

2. Describe the basic operation and characteristics of n-channel enhancement type MOSFET

3. Draw the circuit of a voltage divider biasing for common-source amplifier.

Course Outcome 3(CO3): Design power amplifiers and sinusoidal signal generators.

1. Compare the efficiency of class A, class B and class C power amplifiers.

2. Define cross over distortion. How it can be avoided in class AB amplifier.

3. Design a circuit to generate a 1kHz sinusoidal waveform.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Interpret the working of different electronic circuits for wave generation and shaping.

1. Derive the expression for an RC circuit to act as a differentiator.

2. Draw the circuit of a transistor switch circuit

3. Design an astable multi-vibrator for generating a 1kHz square waveform.


Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Examine the operation of differential amplifiers.

1. Draw the circuit of a transistor differential amplifier.

2. Define CMMR

3. Analyse a MOSFET differential pair.


Total Pages: 2

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY THIRD SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, ____________ 20__

Course Code: EBT203

Course Name: ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS

Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours

PART A Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. 10x3=30marks

1 Draw the circuit of a common- collector BJT configuration.

2 How bias stability is achieved in a voltage divider arrangement.

3 Compare self-bias and fixed bias circuits for MOSFET.

4 Draw the transfer characteristic of an n-channel enhancement-type MOSFET.

5 Derive the expression for the maximum efficiency of class A power amplifier.

6 Analyse the working of a Colpitts tuned oscillator circuit.

7 Examine the working of an RC integrator.

8 Mention the application of bistable multi-vibrator.

9 Define CMRR for a differential amplifier.

10 Why differential amplifiers are preferred as the first stage of an Integrated Circuit.

PART B

Answer any two full questions, each carries 14 marks. 11 a) For the fixed bias circuit shown,

determine i) Zi ii) Zo iii) Av and iv) Ai

(7)


b) Draw the hybrid small signal model of a BJT in CE configuration and define

(i) hie (ii) hfe (c) hre and (d) hoe

(7)

OR 12. a) Draw the frequency response curve of a CE amplifier and mention the reasons

for gain reduction at very high frequencies. (8)

b) Compare the applications of CC and CB configurations (6)

13 a) Draw the circuit of a common source amplifier using MOSFET. Explain itsworking.

(7)

b) Examine the construction and operation of an n-channel depletion-typeMOSFET

(7)

OR 14 a) What is the significant difference between the construction of an enhancement-

type and depletion-type MOSFET? (7)

b) Design a MOSFET amplifier. (7)

15 a) How do the large signal amplifiers are classified according to the position of theQ point on the load line. Compare the performances of the different classes.

(8)

b) Draw the circuit of a sinusoidal oscillator. (6)

OR 16 a) Derive an expression for the efficiency of a class A power amplifier. If a class A

amplifier draws 30W of DC power, what is the maximum Ac power delivered to the load

(8)

b) State the criteria for oscillation in a circuit. (6)

17 a) What are the conditions for an RC circuit to work as an integrator? Draw thecircuit and explain the working.

(8)

b) Describe the working of an astable multi-vibrator. (6)

OR 18 a) Draw the circuit of a monostable multi-vibrator and derive the expression for

pulse width. (8)

b) Explain the working of a differentiator and draw the output waveform for a pulseinput

(6)

19 a) What are the advantages of a differential amplifier (6) b) Derive the differential mode gain expression for a BJT differential amplifier. (8)

OR 20 a) Differentiate differential mode and common mode operation of a differential

amplifier (7)

b) Draw the circuit of a MOS differential pair and explain. (7)


Syllabus

Module 1

DC Biasing in BJTs: Operating point and load line. Fixed, emitter stabilized and voltage divider biasing. Bias stabilization and stability factors for voltage divider biasing. Single-stage BJT amplifiers: CE, CB, CC amplifiers. Frequency response of CE configuration. re and hybrid equivalent models for CE configuration.

Module 2

Junction Field Effect Transistors and MOSFETs: Structure, principle of operation and characteristics of JFETs. Structure and physical operation of Enhancement and depletion type MOSFETs. MOSFET amplifier circuits: Biasing in MOS amplifier. Single stage MOSFET amplifier Circuits.

Module 3

Power amplifiers: classification, class A and Class B power amplifier, Class AB, Class C and Class D Power Amplifiers. Feed-back amplifiers: General feedback structure, properties of negative feedback, and four basic feedback topologies. Sinusoidal oscillators: Basic principles of RC, LC and crystal oscillators.

Module 4

Pulse Circuits: Pulse shaping using RC circuits- Differentiating and integrating circuits–applications. Transistor and MOSFET as switches. Multivibrators: astable, monostable and bistable circuits – applications.

Module 5

Differential amplifiers: BJT differential pair, operation with Common-Mode and differential mode input voltages, DC and AC analysis of balanced output BJT differential amplifier, CMRR. The MOS differential pair – simple analysis.

Text Books

1. Robert L Boylestad and L Nashelsky: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 11/e,Pearson Education, 2015

2. Adel S. Sedra & Kenneth C. Smith: Microelectronic circuits, Oxford University Press.Fifth Edition

3. Millman and Taub, Pulse, digital and Switching Waveforms, Tata McGraw Hill, 2007

Reference Books

1. Millman & Halkias, Integrated Electronics, Tata McGraw Hill, 20022. Gray & Meyer, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, 5th, John Wiley


&Sons, 2009

3. Sung-Mo Kang & Yusuf Leblebici, CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits - Analysis& Design, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003

4. Allan Mottershead, Electronic Devices &Circuits, Prentice Hall of India, NewDelhi, 20035. Schilling & Belove, Electronic Circuits, Discrete &Integrated, Tata McGraw Hill6. Razavi, “Fundamentals of Microelectronics”, Wiley Education



1 DC Biasing in BJTs & Single-stage BJT amplifiers 1.1 Operating point and load line. 1 1.2 Fixed, emitter stabilized and voltage divider biasing. 2 1.3 Bias stabilization and stability factors for voltage divider biasing 2 1.4 CE, CB, CC amplifiers. 3 1.5 Frequency response of CE configuration. 1 1.6 re and hybrid equivalent models for CE configuration 2 2 Junction Field Effect Transistors and MOSFETs

2.1 Structure, principle of operation and characteristics of JFETs 2 2.2 Structure and physical operation of Enhancement and depletion type

MOSFETs 2

2.3 Biasing in MOS amplifier. 2 2.4 Single stage MOSFET amplifier Circuits. 2 3 Power amplifiers, Feedback amplifiers and oscillators.

3.1 Class A and Class B power amplifier 3 3.2 Class AB, Class C and Class D Power Amplifiers 2 3.3 General feedback structure, properties of negative feedback, and four

basic feedback topologies. 2

3.4 Sinusoidal oscillators- RC oscillator 2 3.5 LC and crystal oscillators 1 4 Pulse Circuits & Multivibrators

4.1 Pulse shaping using RC circuits- Differentiating and integrating circuits–applications

2

4.2 Transistor and MOSFET as switches. 1 4.3 Multivibrators - astable, monostable and bistable circuits – applications. 4

5 Differential amplifiers 5.1 BJT differential pair 2 5.2 Operation of BJT differential amplifier with common-Mode and

differential mode input voltages. 3

5.3 DC and AC analysis of balanced output BJT differential amplifier, CMRR.

2

5.4 The MOS differential pair- simple analysis. 2


EBT205 LOGIC CIRCUITS & DESIGN CATEGORY L T P CREDITS

PCC 3 1 0 4

Preamble: This course aims to make students able to understand the fundamental principles of logic circuits, their design and implementation and to provide an overview of logic families.

Prerequisite: NIL


CO 1 Understand the fundamentals of logic circuits, number systems and digital codes.

CO 2 Solve Boolean expressions using various laws and theorems of Boolean algebra.

CO 3 Design and implement combinational logic circuits.

CO 4 Design and implement sequential logic circuits.

CO 5 Analyze sequential circuits using finite state machines.

CO 6 Familiarize with the concepts of different logic families.


CO PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 3 2 2 1 - 1 1 - - 1 - 2

CO 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 - - - 1 - 2

CO 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 2

CO 4 3 2 2 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - 2

CO 5 3 2 3 1 - 1 1 - - 1 - 2

CO 6 3 2 - - - 1 - - - 1 - 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests (Marks)

End Semester Examination (Marks)

1 2 Remember 5 5 20 Understand 10 10 40 Apply 10 10 40

Mark distribution


150 50 100 3 hours



Attendance : 10 marks Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module, of which student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.


Course Outcome 1 (CO1):

1. Explain different number systems and their conversions.

2. List the ways of representation of negative numbers.

3. Problems on binary arithmetic.

4. Problems on binary codes – BCD, XS-3, Gray code.

5. Explain with the help of example the error detection and correction codes.


1. State and explain De-Morgan’s theorem, laws and postulates of Boolean Algebra.

2. Problems on reducing Boolean expressions.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):

1. Design and implement various combinational logic circuits such as adders andsubtractors, code convertors and comparators.

2. Design and implement multiplexers, demultiplexers, decoders and encoders.


1. Introduce different types of flip flops and conversions.

2. Design and implement various sequential logic circuits such as counters and shiftregisters


1. Introduce finite state machines

2. Simple examples for design of Mealy and Moore model finite state machines


1. Introduce different logic families.

2. Explain the working of TTL NAND and CMOS inverter gates.


MODEL QUESTION PAPER

Total Pages: 2

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY THIRD SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, _____________ 20__

Course Code: EBT205

Course Name: Logic Circuits & Design


Answer all questions; each question carries 3 marks. Marks

1 Convert the following: a) (197.75)10 to binary.b) (2035)8 to hexadecimal.c) (420.6)10 to octal.

(3)

2 Draw a circuit that uses only one AND and one OR gate to realize the function, Y=(ABCF+ACEF+ACDF).

(3)

3 Minimize π M (1,2,5,8,9,10,13) using Karnaugh map. (3)

4 Design and implement half adder using NAND gate. (3)

5 Convert and implement JK flip-flop to D flip-flop. (3)

6 How is the invalid state in SR flip-flop corrected in JK flip-flop? Explain with the logic diagram.

(3)

7 Explain a MOD 6 asynchronous counter using J K Flip Flop. (3)

8 Explain Moore machine model. (3)

9 Compare TTL and CMOS logic families. (3)

10 Explain the basic working principle of a CMOS inverter. (3)

PART B Answer one question from each module; each question carries 14 marks.

Module 1

11 a) Prepare a table for the first 12 integers in Binary, Gray and Excess-3. (8)

b) Consider the signed binary numbers A = 01000110 and B = 11010011 whereB is in 2’s complement form. Find the value of the following mathematicalexpression (i) A + B (ii) A – B (iii) B – A.

(6)

OR

12 a) Hamming code was used to generate parity for a nibble. If received bit sequence is 0101010 then write correct bit sequence with (i) Even parity (ii) Odd parity.

(8)

b) Simplify the function ((A’+B’)’+(A’.B’.C’)’+(C’.D))’ to SOP form. (6)


Module 2

13 a) Minimize the following logic function using K- maps and realize using NAND gates alone F(A, B, C, D) = ∑ m (0, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11,15) + d (2, 3).

(8)

b) Design a magnitude comparator to compare two 2-bit numbers A = A1A0and B = B1B0.

(6)

OR

14 a) Solve using Quine McClusky method

F (A, B, C, D) = Σm(1,3,4,5,6,7,10,12,13) + Σd(2,9,15).

(6)

b) Explain the operation of a 8x1 multiplexer and implement the followingusing an 8x1 multiplexer F (A, B, C, D) = ∑ m (0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13,14).

(8)

Module 3

15 a) Draw the logic diagram of 3-bit PIPO shift register with LOAD/SHIFT control and explain its working.

(8)

b) Convert SR flip flop into a D flip flop. (6)

OR

16 a) With the help of the logic diagram explain 3-bit Universal shift register. (10)

b) Draw the logic diagram of 3-bit SIPO shift register with LOAD/SHIFTcontrol and explain its working.

(4)

Module 4

17 a) Draw the logic diagram of 3 –bit Johnson counter and explain the working with truth table.

(10)

b) Design and draw a mod-3 asynchronous down counter using D Flip Flop. (4)

OR

18 a) Explain Moore and Mealy machine models. Compare the models. (10)

b) Design and draw the logic diagram of a 3-bit Ring Counter using JK FlipFlop.

(4)

Module 5

19 a) Draw the circuit and explain the operation of TTL NAND gate. (10)

b) Compare TTL, CMOS logic families in terms of fan-in, fan-out, supplyvoltage, propagation delay, power dissipation and noise margin.

(4)

OR

20 a) Explain Totem pole and Open collector gate output configurations. (10)

b) Draw the characteristics of a TTL NAND gate. (4)

****


SYLLABUS

Module 1

Introduction to Digital Electronics: Number systems: Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal – Representation of negative numbers in binary – Binary arithmetic. Binary codes: BCD & BCD addition, XS-3 & Gray Codes, Error detection and correction codes – Parity & Hamming codes. Boolean algebra: Operations, Laws & Theorems, De Morgan’s theorems – SOP & POS Boolean expressions and truth tables. Applications of Boolean Algebra - Formation of switching functions from word statements, Minterm and Maxterm expansions, Incompletely specified functions.

Module 2

Minimization of Boolean Expressions: Algebraic, Karnaugh map (up to 6 variables) & Quine-McCluskey methods - Realization using basic gates and universal gates. Combinational Logic Circuits & Design: Adders & Subtractors – Types, Ripple carry & Carry look ahead adders, BCD adder. Code converters – examples & Comparators. Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Decoders & Encoders.

Module 3

Sequential Logic circuits & Design: Latches – SR Latch. Flip-Flops – SR, JK, D & T Flip Flops – Level & Edge triggered flip flops – Synchronous & Asynchronous inputs - Conversion between flip flops. Master slave flip flops. Shift Registers: SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO shift registers, Right & Left shifts, Bidirectional & Universal shift registers. Applications: Serial binary adder and binary multiplier circuits.

Module 4

Counters: Asynchronous counters- Up, Down and Up/ Down counter, Mod n counters. Shift register counters: Ring & Johnson counters. Introduction to design of synchronous sequential circuits using Finite State Machines: Mealy & Moore types with single input-single out problems-Synchronous counter design.

Module 5

Logic families: Introduction to different logic families, Standard logic levels – Current and voltage parameters – fan in and fan out – Propagation delay, noise consideration. TTL: Basic working principle of a TTL NAND gate – Totem pole and Open collector gate output configurations – Tri-state logic – characteristics of a TTL NAND gate. CMOS: Basic working principle of a CMOS inverter, Comparison of TTL & CMOS, Interfacing TTL & CMOS ICs.


Text Books

1. Charles H. Roth, “Jr. Fundamentals of Logic Design”, Thomson Books/Cole, 5thedition.

2. A. Anand Kumar, “Fundamentals of Digital Circuits”, PHI learning, 2/e, 2010, ISBN:978-81-203-3679-7.

Reference Books

1. Thomas L Floyd, “Digital Fundamentals”, Pearson, 10/e, 2011.2. John F Wakerly, “Digital Design- Principles and Practices”, Pearson, Third edition.3. Mano M M, “Digital Design”, PHI.4. R P Jain, “Modern Digital Electronics”, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 4/e, 2009.

COURSE CONTENTS AND LECTURE SCHEDULE

No. Topic No. of Lectures

1

Introduction to Digital Electronics 1

1.1 Number systems: Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal – Representation of negative numbers in binary – Binary arithmetic.

2

1.2 Binary codes: BCD & BCD addition, XS-3 & Gray Codes, Error detection and correction codes – Parity & Hamming codes.

2

1.3 Boolean algebra: Operations, Laws & Theorems, De Morgan’s theorems – SOP & POS Boolean expressions and truth tables

2

1.4 Applications of Boolean Algebra: Formation of switching functions from word statements, Minterm and Maxterm expansions, Incompletely specified functions.

3

2

2.1

Minimization Techniques: Algebraic, Karnaugh map (up to 6 variables) & Quine-McCluskey methods - Realization using basic gates and universal gates. 5

2.2 Combinational Logic Circuits & Design: Adders & Subtractors – Types, Ripple carry & Carry look ahead adders, BCD adder. Code converters– examples & Comparators. Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Decoders & Encoders.

5

3

3.1 Sequential Logic circuits & Design: Latches – SR Latch. Flip-Flops – SR, JK, D & T Flip Flops – Level & Edge triggered flip flops – Synchronous & Asynchronous inputs – Conversion between flip flops. Master slave flip flops.

5

3.2 Shift Registers: SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO shift registers, Right & Left shifts, Bidirectional & Universal shift registers. Applications: Serial binary adder and

4


binary multiplier circuits.

4

4.1 Counters: Asynchronous counters- Up, Down and Up/ Down counter, Mod n counters.

3

4.2 Shift register counters: Ring & Johnson counters. 1

4.3 Introduction to design of synchronous sequential circuits using Finite State Machines: Mealy & Moore types with single input-single out problems- Synchronous counter design.

4

5

5.1 Logic families: Introduction to different logic families, Standard logic levels – Current and voltage parameters – fan in and fan out – Propagation delay, noise consideration.

2

5.2 TTL: Basic working principle of a TTL NAND gate – Totem pole and Open collector gate output configurations – Tri-state logic – characteristics of a TTL NAND gate.

3

5.3 CMOS: Basic working principle of a CMOS inverter, Comparison of TTL & CMOS, Interfacing TTL & CMOS ICs.

3


EBL201 ELECTRONIC DEVICES &

CIRCUITS LAB CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PCC 0 0 3 2

Preamble: This course aims to introduce the students to (i) design and analysis of rectifier, filter, regulator and power supply circuits (ii) implement clipping, clamping, differentiating, integrating and low pass/ high pass filter circuits (iii) design amplifiers using BJT and (iv) select switch, sweep and multi-vibrator circuits according to the need.

Prerequisite: NIL


CO 1 Design circuits of rectifiers, filters, voltage regulators and power supplies.

CO 2 Implement clipping, clamping, differentiating, integrating and low pass/ high pass filter circuits.

CO 3 Analyse RC coupled amplifier and its frequency response.

CO 4 Analyze switching and sweep circuits.

CO 5 Select multi-vibrator circuits for square, rectangular and pulse waveform generation.

CO 6 Document the work properly, function as a member of a team and communicate effectively


PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 2 1 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 CO 2 2 1 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 CO 3 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 CO 4 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 CO 5 2 2 2 1 - 1 1 1 1 1 CO 6 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

Assessment Pattern

Mark distribution


150 75 75 2.5 hours


Attendance : 15 marks Continuous Assessment : 30 marks Internal Test (Immediately before the second series test) : 30 marks


End Semester Examination Pattern: The following guidelines should be followed regarding award of marks

(a) Preliminary work : 15 Marks (b) Implementing the work/Conducting the experiment : 10 Marks (c) Performance, result and inference (usage of equipments and trouble shooting) : 25 Marks(d) Viva voce : 20 marks (e) Record : 5 Marks

General instructions: Practical examination to be conducted immediately after the second series test covering entire syllabus given below. Evaluation is a serious process that is to be conducted under the equal responsibility of both the internal and external examiners. The number of candidates evaluated per day should not exceed 20. Students shall be allowed for the University examination only on submitting the duly certified record. The external examiner shall endorse the record.


Course Outcome 1 (CO1)

1. Design a bridge rectifier and calculate the ripple factor.

2. Set up a Dc power supply for +5V Dc generation.

3. Implement RC filters with half wave and full wave rectifiers and compare theirperformances.


1. Clip a sinusoidal waveform of p-p voltage 20V at +6V and -7V

2. Design a low pass filter with a cut off frequency of 1kHz

3. Design a positive clamper which has a clamping Dc level of 5V


1. Design an amplifier for a gain of 20.

2. Set up a BJT amplifier and plot its frequency response.

3. Compare the performance of RC coupled amplifiers with and without bypass capacitor.


1. Design a Normally ON switch using BJT.

2. Generate a sweep waveform from a sinusoidal input.

3. Set up a Boot strap sweep circuit.


1. Generate a square waveform for a time period of 1ms.

2. Design a rectangular waveform generator.


3. Set up a circuit to generate a pulse waveform (pulse width-2ms).

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS (10 Mandatory)

1. Characteristics of diodes (Si, Zener and Light Emitting diodes)2. Rectifier circuits3. Filter circuits4. Clipping and clamping circuits5. Characteristics of transistors6. Biasing of BJT – Fixed and voltage divider biasing7. Zener voltage regulator8. Design of single and dual power supplies9. Frequency responses of RC low pass & high pass filters10. RC differentiating and integrating circuits11. Switch circuits using BJTs.12. Sweep circuits - Simple transistor and bootstrap sweep circuits.13. RC coupled amplifiers using BJT14. Astable Multivibrator using BJTs15. Monostable Multivibrator using BJTs

Simulation of circuits and analysis be done using a software simulation tool.

Reference Books

1. R E Boylstead and L Nashelsky: Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 9/e, PearsonEducation.

2. Allan Mottershead, Electronic Devices &Circuits, Prentice Hall of India, NewDelhi, 2003.

3. Millman and Taub, Pulse, digital and Switching Waveforms, Tata McGrawHill, 2007.


EBL203 LOGIC CIRCUITS LAB CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PCC 0 0 3 2

Preamble: To provide experience on design, implementation, testing, and analysis of digital electronic circuits.

Prerequisite: NIL


CO 1 Familiarize the standard logic gates and universal gates.

CO 2 Design and implement combinational circuits using basic gates and digital ICs.

CO 3 Design and implement flip flops and counters using basic gates and digital ICs.

CO 4 Document the work properly, function as a member of a team and communicate effectively.


CO PO1

PO2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 2 2 1 1 2 - 1 2 2 2 1 1

CO 2 2 2 1 1 2 - 1 2 2 2 1 2

CO 3 2 1 1 1 2 - 1 2 2 2 1 2

CO 4 2 2 1 1 2 - 2 2 2 2 - 1

Assessment Pattern

Mark distribution


150 75 75 2.5 hours



End Semester Examination Pattern: The following guidelines should be followed regarding award of marks (a) Preliminary work : 15 Marks (b) Implementing the work/Conducting the experiment : 10 Marks (c) Performance, result and inference (usage of equipments and trouble shooting) : 25 Marks(d) Viva voice : 20 marks


(e) Record : 5 Marks




1. Identify, design and implement logic circuits using basic gates and universal gates.

2. Verify De-Morgan’s theorem using logic gates.


1. Design and set up adder and subtractor circuits.

2. Design and set up comparators and code converters.

3. Design and set up multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders and decoders using logicgates and IC’s.


1. Design and set up different flip flops using basic gates and IC’s.

2. Design and set up asynchronous and synchronous counters.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS (10 mandatory)

1. Familiarization of logic gates and realization of logic gates using Universal gates.2. Adder and Subtractor circuits using basic gates.3. Adder and Subtractor circuit using Universal gates.4. Study of Adder IC 7483 and BCD Adder.5. Adder cum Subtractor circuit using 7483.6. Study of Comparators7. Study of Code Converters.8. Study of Multiplexer and Demultiplexer circuits and ICs.9. Study of Decoder and Encoder circuits and ICs.10. Study of Flip Flop circuits and Flip Flop ICs.11. Study of Asynchronous Counters.12. Study of Synchronous Counters.13. Study of Counter ICs.14. Study of Shift Registers.15. Study of Shift Register Counters.

Equipments needed: Logic Trainer Kits, Combinational, Sequential Circuit IC’s, Basic Gates IC’s, Seven segment Display, Multimeters etc.


Reference Books

1. Charles H. Roth, “Jr. Fundamentals of Logic Design”, Thomson Books/Cole, 5th edition.

2. A. Anand Kumar, “Fundamentals of Digital Circuits”, PHI learning, 2/e, 2010, ISBN: 978-81-203-3679-7.


SEMESTER -3

MINOR


EBT281 BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS &

SIGNALS CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

VAC 3 1 0 4

Preamble: This course make students familiarized with cell physiology, biomedical signals and their characteristics, various systems of human body and applications of biomedical signal processing

Prerequisite: NIL

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to CO 1 Understand membrane potentials, their origin and transmission

CO 2 Analyse the generation &characteristics of brain waves ,structure and functions of nervous

system

CO 3 Analyse structure and functions of cardiovascular systems and associated electrical activity

CO 4 Understand the structure and functions of musculo-skeletal system

CO 5 Understand structure and functions of respiratory systems & mechanisms of speech

production

Mapping of course outcomes with program outcomes PO 1

PO 2 PO 3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 3 - - - - - - - - - - -

CO 2 3 2 1 - 2 - - - - - - -

CO 3 3 3 2 1 3 - - - - - - -

CO 4 3 3 2 1 3 - - - - - - -

CO 5 3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - -

Assessment Pattern Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment

Tests End Semester Examination

1 2 Remember 10 10 10 Understand 20 20 20 Analyse 20 20 70

Mark distribution Total Marks CIE ESE ESE Duration 150 50 100 3 hours


Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern: Attendance : 10 marks Continuous Assessment Test (2 numbers) : 25 marks Assignment/Quiz/Course project : 15 marks

End Semester Examination Pattern: There will be two parts; Part A and Part B. Part A contain 10 questions with 2 questions from each module, having 3 marks for each question. Students should answer all questions. Part B contains 2 questions from each module of which student should answer any one. Each question can have maximum 2 sub-divisions and carry 14 marks.


1. What is the ionic basis of generation of action potential?2.What is the resting membrane potential? What are the ionic basis of maintenance of restingmembre potential 3. Explain how an EPSP is generated

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): 1.Analyse the function of different parts of nervous systems .2.Describe how motor and sensory areas are organised in brain .3. Explain the ERP and list out any two applications.

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): 1.Understand the structure and physiology of heart2.Classify herat sound and explain its origin and characterstics3.Analyse how the membrane potentials are developed in auto rhythmic cellsCourse Outcome 4 (CO4):1.What are the major parameters of MUAP2. Explain spatial and temporal recruitment mechanisms associated with muscle contraction.3.Analyse the structure of knee joint

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): 1. Explain the structure of vocal tract.2.Explain the mechanisms involved in the process of regulation of breathing.3. List out the applications of speech signal processing

Model Question paper Total Pages:

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY SEMESTER B. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION

Course Code:EBT281

Course Name: BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS & SIGNALS



1 a) Compare action potential of skeltal muscle and cardiac muscle .

b) What is Nernst membrane potential ?


c) What are the electrode system and its placement method used for brain wave

acquisition

d) List out any three applications of Electroneurogram

e) Describe the relevance of stress testing .What are the major physiological parametersevaluated in response to exercise.

f) Explain various phase of cardiac action potential curve.

g) Explain the structure of skeletal muscle.

h) Explain how VAG signal is generated from knee joint

i) Describe Polysomnography recording and its relevance

j) Explain the anatomy of lung and transport mechanism happening across lungs.

PART B Answer any one question, each carries 14 marks.

2 a) What are the ionic basis of generation of action potential in nerve cell (6)

b) What are synaptic potentials and what are the mechanism involved in neuronal

integration

(8)

OR

3 a) Draw the structure of a cell membrane .What are the functions of differet part in

the membrane.

(9)

b) State Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation,What are the factor which affect diffusionpotential if the membrane is permeable to different ions

(5)

4 a) Illustrate the general organisation of cerebral cortex (9)

b) What are the functions of cerebellum (5)

OR

5 a) What are brainwaves, Classify them according to the frequency range and

amplitude.

(7)

b) What are the 3 parts of Brain Stem & their functions? (7)

6 a) What are the major lead systems used in ECG recording? (7)

b) Draw the ECG wavefom. What are the amplitude and frequency characterstics of

various wave in ECG. Correlate the events in heart with ECG waveform

(8)

OR

7 a) Describe the various phases involved in cardiac cycle with PPGwaveform (8)

b) What are different mechanisms that affect the regulation of heart rate. (6)


8 a) Explain the various electrophysiological mechanisms involved in the process of

muscle contraction?

(8)

b) Explain the major joints of human body (6)

OR

9 a) Illustrate the structure and functions of of neuro muscular junction (9)

b) List out any five applications of EMG recording (5)

10 a) Explain the physiology of speech production. (9)

b) What are the different types of respiration? (5)

OR

11 a) Illustrate structure and function of respiratory system and explain the mechanism

of breathing

(9)

b) What is sleep apnea ? Explain how it is detected (5)

****

Syllabus

Module 1 Cell Potentials: Excitable cells - cell membrane - structure. Nernst potential, Resting membrane potential - Goldman Hodgkin Katz equation. Neurons – structure – types. Nerve action potentials – ionic basis of generation, properties and refractory period.Propagation of action potentials – local circuit current – saltatory conduction. Synapses - synaptic potentials – EPSP & IPSP, Neuronal Integration.

Module 2 Nervous System& Biosignals: Organization, Overview of central nervous system - Cerebrum – Cerebral cortex – General organization – motor, sensory, language & association areas – major functions - Cerebellum, Brain Stem – basic structure & functions. EEG - Brain rhythms &waves - characteristics of signal - Electrode system – Applications in epilepsy, sleep studies and BCI. Basics of ERP, ENG.

Module 3 Cardiovascular system & Biosignals:Heart – structure – valves - major arteries & veins – cardiac cycle. Cardiac muscle – electrical activity – cardiac action potentials - pacemaker –normal & ectopic - cardiac rhythm & rate – arrhythmias - HRV, heart sounds & murmurs – PCG - carotid pulse, PPG - dicrotic notch. ECG - Generation – waves - characteristics - Lead systems.Fetal ECG – Holter ECG & stress testing.

Module 4 Musculo-skeletal systems & Biosignals:Muscular system: Physiological anatomy of skeletal muscle. Mechanism of contraction of skeletal muscle - neuromuscular Junction - excitation & contraction Coupling .EMG - Electrical activity of muscles, motor unit, motor unit action potentials and EMG - Characteristics of EMG signal – surface and needle EMG - applications. Smooth muscles and EGG. Skeletal system:Functions -Major bones and joints of the body – knee joint and VAG signals

Module 5 Respiratory system, Speech production & Biosignals:Parts of Respiratory Systems – Types of respiration - Mechanisms of Breathing – Regulation of Respiration. Respiratory rate -Sleep apnea – Polysomnography. Speech Production-Vocal tract and speech signals – characteristics – applications.


Text Books:

1. Lauralee Sherwood, Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, Brooks/Cole, Cengage

Learning.

2. Arthur C. Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Prism Books (Pvt) Ltd & W.B.

Saunders Company.

3.R S Khandpur,Handbook of Biomedical InstrumentationT,ata McGraw-Hill Publishing CompanyLimited,2 nd edition

Reference Books:

1. Samson Wright, Cyril A. Keele (editor), Eric Neil (editor): Applied Physiology, Oxford

University Press.

2. J.B.West.: Best and Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, Williams and

Wilkins, Baltimore.


4. Kathleen J.W. Wilson, Ross and Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness,

ELBS/Churchill Livingstone.



Module 1 Cell Potential

1.1 Excitable cells - cell membrane - structure. Nernst potential, Resting membrane potential - Goldman Hodgkin Katz equation

2

1.2 Neurons – structure – types. Nerve action potentials – ionic basis of generation, properties and refractory period

3

1.3 Propagation of action potentials – local circuit current – saltatory conduction

2

1.4 Synapses - synaptic potentials – EPSP & IPSP, Neuronal Integration

2

Module 2

Nervous System& Biosignals

2.1 Organization, Overview of central nervous system - Cerebrum

2

2.2 Cerebral cortex – General organization – motor, sensory, language &

2


association areas – major functions

2.3 Cerebellum, Brain Stem – basic structure & functions

2

2.4 EEG - Brain rhythms & waves - characteristics of signal - Electrode system

1

2.5 Applications in epilepsy, sleep studies and BCI.

1

2.6 Basics of ERP, ENG.

1

Module 3 Cardiovascular system & Biosignals

3.1 Heart – structure – valves - major arteries & veins – cardiac cycle.

2

3.2 Cardiac muscle – electrical activity – cardiac action potentials - pacemaker – normal & ectopic

2

3.3 Cardiac rhythm & rate – arrhythmias - HRV

1

3.4 Heart sounds & murmurs – PCG

1

3.5 Carotid pulse, PPG - dicrotic notch.

1

3.6 ECG - Generation – waves - characteristics - Lead systems.

1

3.7 Fetal ECG – Holter ECG & stress testing.

1

Module 4 Musculo-skeletal systems & Biosignals

4.1 Muscular system: Physiological anatomy of skeletal muscle. Mechanism of contraction of skeletal muscle - neuromuscular Junction - excitation & contraction Coupling .

2

4.2 EMG - Electrical activity of muscles, motor unit, motor unit action potentials and EMG - Characteristics of EMG signal – surface and needle EMG - applications.

3

4.3 Smooth muscles and EGG.

1


4.4 Skeletal system:Functions -Major bones and joints of the body – knee joint and VAG signals

3

Module 5 Respiratory system, Speech production & Biosignals

5.1 Parts of Respiratory Systems – Types of respiration

2

5.2 Mechanisms of Breathing – Regulation of Respiration.

2

5.3 Respiratory rate - Sleep apnea – Polysomnography

2

5.4 Speech Production-Vocal tract and speech signals – characteristics - applications

3


EBT283 BASIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

FOR ENGINEERS CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

VAC 4 0 0 4

Preamble: Prepare students to understand the basic concepts of anatomy and physiology of various systems of human body so that engineering principles can be applied for design and development of new concepts in biomedical engineering field.

Prerequisite: NIL


CO 1 Understand the cellular function and transport mechanisms across cell membrane

CO 2 Understand the structure and functions of nervous system and generation of EEG

signal

CO 3 Analyze the function of muscular system and generation of EMG signals

CO 4 Discuss the generation of ECG signal with respect to the anatomy of heart.

CO 5 Interpret the structure and functions of urinary systems


PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - - - 2

CO 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2

CO 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2

CO 4 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2

CO 5 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2

Assessment Pattern

Bloom’s Category Continuous Assessment Tests End Semester Examination 1 2

Remember 10 10 10 Understand 20 20 20 Analyse 20 20 70

Mark distribution


150 50 100 3 hours






Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Understand the cellular function and transport mechanisms across cell membrane

1. Explain the functional organisation of human body.

2. Discuss different transport mechanisms across cell membrane.

3. Definition of action potential and membrane potential

Course Outcome 2 (CO2) Understand the structure and functions of nervous system and

generation of EEG signal



3. Classify brain rhythms and event related potentials

Course Outcome 3(CO3 Analyse the function of muscular system and generation of EMG signals

1. Explain the different components of muscular system and generation of EMG

2. Analyse the processing of different sense organ and the bio potential associated with it

3. Analyse the components of blood, blood typing, blood clotting.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Discuss the generation of ECG with respect to the anatomy of heart.

1. Understand the structure and physiology of heart.

2. Explain cardiac cycle and ECG and PCG associated with it.


Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Interpret the structure and functions of urinary systems

1. Understand the anatomy and function of kidneys.

2. Analyse the basics of glomerular filtration, selective absorption and reabsorption




Total Pages: Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________


Course Code: EBT283

Course Name: BASIC ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS



1 a) What are six major levels of organization of human body?

b) State Fick’s law of diffusion.

c) What is an EEG signal? What is it used to diagnose?

d) What are the 3 parts of Brain Stem & their functions?

e) What are event related potentials?

f) Define motor unit action potential.

g) What are the different types of WBC & its functions?

h) Draw an ECG signal representing one heart beat& label its parts.

i) Define the following terms a) Tidal Volume b) Inspiratory reserve volume c) Inspiratory

Capacity.

j) What are the factors needed to maintain the body’s fluid balance?


2 a) Draw a neat diagram of a smallest functional unit of a Human Body, and mark

its organelles and write the basic functionality of each organelle.

(9)

b) Define membrane potential. What are the different factors affecting membrane

potential

(5)

OR

3 a) Analyze the following membrane transport mechanisms and its importance.

(i) Different types of diffusion

(ii) Carrier mediated transports

(8)

b) Draw a neat sketch of a nerve action potential &mark the different regions. (6)


Explain the ionic flow of each region.

4 a) Draw an organization chart of the nervous system. Explain about the different

classes of neurons that make up nervous system.

(5)

b) List out the structure &function of Thalamus, Hypothalamus & Basal Ganglia. (9)

OR

5 a) What are brain rhythms. Classify them according to the frequency range and

explain the relevance of each waveform in diagnosis.

(7)

b) Describe the mechanism of Long Term Potentiation. (7)

6 a) Describe the structure & mechanism of contraction of skeletal, cardiac &

smooth muscles.

(9)

b) With a neat diagram explain the receptors of hearing (5)

OR

7 a) What are the application of recording EMG signal? (7)

b) Explain the respiration process and the lung volumes involved. (7)

8 a) Explain Cardiac Cycle in detail using a diagram that includes ECG, Volume

changes, and pressure changes.

(14)

OR

9 a) Describe the mechanism of blood coagulation with a suitable diagram. (7)

b) What are the different types of cardiac arrhythmias? (7)

10 a) Explain the anatomy of Urinary system with a suitable diagram. (6)

b) Define glomerular filtration. What are the different factors affecting the

filtration process?

(8)

OR

11 a) With a neat diagram, describe the anatomy of Nephron. (6)

b) Describe the Renal Process of Kidneys with a diagram. (8)

****


Syllabus

Module 1: Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: Definition & relationship of structure & function. Functional organization of body – cells, tissues, organs & systems – Types. Cell: Basic structure, organelles & their functions – types. Cell membrane – structure, transport across cell membranes – passive diffusion – Fick’s law - electrochemical gradient – osmosis - facilitated diffusion – active transport – Na+ -K+, Ca2+ pumps – Counter & co-transport. Membrane Potential: Resting membrane potential – Action Potential.

Module 2 Nervous System: Organization, Neurons – structure – types. Central nervous system: Overview, Cerebrum – Cerebral cortex Cerebellum, Brain Stem – basic structure & functions, Spinal cord – nerves, spinal reflex Peripheral nervous system: Efferent & afferent division. Autonomic nervous system: Sympathetic & Parasympathetic EEG – Generation, Brain Rhythms, Event related potentials.

Module 3: Special senses – organs of vision, hearing & equilibrium, taste and smell –structure & basic mechanisms. Muscular System: Basic structure & mechanism of contraction of skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscles. EMG – origin, waveform abnormalities. Respiratory System: Components & anatomy. Respiratory mechanics – respiratory cycle – inspiration & expiration mechanisms - lung volumes & capacities – spirograms.

.Module 4: Cardiovascular System: Heart – Anatomy – electrical activity – pacemaker – normal & ectopic – cardiac action potential– cardiac cycle. ECG – origin, waveform–cardiac rhythm & rate – normal & abnormal, Heart sounds & murmurs. Systemic & Pulmonary circulation -blood pressure – systolic & diastolic – hyper & hypotension mean arterial pressure. Blood: Components – plasma – hematocrit – plasma proteins – erythrocytes – – blood typing – – leukocytes – functions & types – platelets – blood clotting.

Module 5: Urinary System: Components & anatomy. Kidneys – functions, anatomy & basic processes– nephron – types – components. Basic renal processes – basics of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & secretion – Body fluids – fluid balance – acid-base balance.

Text Books:

1. Arthur C. Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Prism Books (Pvt) Ltd & W.B.Saunders Company.

2. Elaine N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn Human Anatomy & Physiology Benjamin Cummings3. Tina Sanders, Dr Valerie Scanlon Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, F.A. Davis

Company

Reference Books:

1. Kathleen J.W. Wilson, Ross and Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness,ELBS/Churchill Livingstone

2. Gerard J Tortora; Bryan Derrickson Introduction to the human body: the essentials ofanatomy and physiology John Wiley & Sons.

3. Samson Wright, Cyril A. Keele (editor), Eric Neil (editor): Applied Physiology, OxfordUniversity Press.

4. J.B.West.: Best and Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, Williams andWilkins, Baltimore.




Module Contents No. of

Lectures

Module 1

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

1.1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: definition & relationship of structure & function.

1

1.2 Functional organization of body – cells, tissues, organs & systems – Types. 1

1.3 Cell: Basic structure, organelles & their functions – types. Cell membrane – structure, transport across cell membranes – passive diffusion – Fick’s law - electrochemical gradient – osmosis - facilitated diffusion – active transport – Na+ -K+, Ca2+ pumps – Counter & co-transport. Membrane Potential: Resting membrane potential – Action Potential

4

Module 2

Nervous System

2.1 Nervous System: Organization, Neurons – structure – types. Central nervous system: Overview, Cerebrum – Cerebral cortex Cerebellum, Brain Stem – basic structure & functions, Spinal cord – nerves, spinal reflex

4

2.2 Peripheral nervous system: Efferent & afferent division. Autonomic nervous system: Sympathetic & Parasympathetic 3

2.3 EEG – Generation, Brain Rhythms, Event related potentials 3

Module 3

Special senses. Muscular system and Respiratory system

3.1 Special senses – organs of vision, hearing & equilibrium, taste and smell –structure & basic mechanisms.

4

3.2 Muscular System: Basic structure & mechanism of contraction of skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscles. EMG – origin, waveform abnormalities

3

3.3 Respiratory System: Components & anatomy. Respiratory mechanics – respiratory cycle – inspiration & expiration mechanisms - lung volumes & capacities – spirograms –

4

Module 4

Cardiovascular System

4.1 Cardiovascular System: Heart – Anatomy – electrical activity – pacemaker – normal & ectopic – cardiac action potential– cardiac cycle. ECG – origin, waveform–cardiac rhythm & rate – normal & abnormal, Heart sounds & murmurs.

4

4.2 Systemic & Pulmonary circulation -blood pressure – systolic & diastolic – hyper & hypotension mean arterial pressure.

3


4.3 Blood: Components – plasma – hematocrit – plasma proteins – erythrocytes – – blood typing – – leukocytes – functions & types – platelets – blood clotting.

2

Module 5

Urinary System

5.1 Urinary System: Components & anatomy. 2

5.2 Kidneys – functions, anatomy & basic processes– nephron – types – components. Basic renal processes – basics of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & secretion –

4

5.3 Body fluids – fluid balance – acid-base balance. 3


EBT285 BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES FOR

ENGINEERS

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

VAC 4 0 0 4

Preamble:

Prepare students to understand the basic concepts of anatomy and physiology of various systems of human body so that engineering principles can be applied for design and development of new concepts in biomedical engineering field.

Prerequisite: Nil


CO 1 Understand the functional organization of human body

CO 2 Understand the structure and functions of nervous system. and the systemic aspects

of brain function

CO 3 Analyse the function of peripheral nervous system and muscular system

CO 4 Identify the behavior of the cardiovascular systems in normal and pathological

conditions

CO 5 Interpret the structure and functions of respiratory and urinary systems


PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - - - 2

CO 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2

CO 3 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2

CO 4 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2

CO 5 - 2 - 2 - 2 - - - - - 2

Assessment Pattern


Remember 10 10 10 Understand 20 20 20 Apply 20 20 70


Mark distribution


150 50 100 3 hours





Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Understand the functional organization of human body

1. Explain the functional organisation of human body .

2. Definition of homeostasis and examples from physiological systems

3 Discuss different transport mechanisms across cell membrane.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2) Understand the structure and functions of nervous system. and the

systemic aspects of brain function



3. Compare short term memory and long term memory

Course Outcome 3(CO3 )Analyse the function of peripheral nervous system and muscular system

1. Explain the different components of muscular system and generation of EMG

2. Analyse the processing of different sense organ and the bio potential associated with it

3. Analyse the components of blood, blood typing, blood clotting.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Identify the behavior of the cardiovascular systems in normal and pathological conditions

1. Understand the structure and physiology of heart.

2. Explain cardiac cycle and ECG and PCG associated with it.



Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Interpret the structure and functions of respiratory and urinary systems

1. Understand the anatomy and function of lungs.

2. Analyse the basics of glomerular filtration, selective absorption and reabsorption



Total Pages: Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION

Course Code: EBT285

Course Name: BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES FOR ENGINEERS



1 a) What are six major levels of organization of human body?

b) State Fick’s law of diffusion.

c) What is an EEG signal? What is it used to diagnose?

d) What are the 3 parts of Brain Stem & their functions?

e) What are event related potentails

f) Define motor unit action potential.

g) What are the different types of WBC & its functions?

h) Draw an ECG signal representing one heart beat& label its parts.

i) Define the following terms a) Tidal Volume b) Inspiratory reserve volume c) Inspiratory

Capacity.

j) What are the factors needed to maintain the body’s fluid balance?


2 a) Draw a neat diagram of a smallest functional unit of a Human Body, and mark

its organelles and write the basic functionality of each organelle.

(9)

b) Define membrane potential. What are the different factors affecting membrane

potential

(5)


OR

3 a) Analyze the following membrane transport mechanisms and its importance.

(i) Different types of diffusion

(ii) Carrier mediated transports

(8)

b) Draw a neat sketch of a nerve action potential &mark the different regions.Explain the ionic flow of each region.

(6)

4 a) Draw an organization chart of the nervous system. Explain about the different

classes of neurons that make up nervous system.

(5)

b) List out the structure &function of Thalamus, Hypothalamus & Basal Ganglia. (9)

OR

5 a) What are brain rhythms. Classify them according to the frequency range and

explain the relevance of each waveform in diagnosis.

(7)

b) Describe the mechanism of Long Term Potentiation. (7)

6 a) Describe the structure & mechanism of contraction of skeletal, cardiac &

smooth muscles.

(9)

b) With a neat diagram explain the receptors of hearing (5)

OR

7 a) What are the application of recording EMG signal? (7)

b) Explain various components of peripheral nervous system (7)

8 a) Explain Cardiac Cycle in detail using a diagram that includes ECG, Volume

changes, and pressure changes.

(14)

OR

9 a) Describe the mechanism of blood coagulation with a suitable diagram. (7)

b) Give an account of the various types of cardiac cells and explain how ECG is

generated by the temporal summation of impulses from different regions of

heart.

(7)

10 a) Explain the anatomy of lungs with a suitable diagram. (6)

b) Define glomerular filtration. What are the different factors affecting the

filtration process?

(8)

OR

11 a) With a neat diagram, describe the anatomy of Nephron. (6)


b) Describe the different phases of respiration. (8)

****

Syllabus

Module 1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: definition & relationship of structure & function. Functional organization of body – cells, tissues, organs & systems – Types. Concept of homeostasis – intracellular & extracellular fluids. Homeostatic control systems – negative & positive feedback and feed forward mechanisms.

Cell: Basic structure, organelles & their functions – types. Cell membrane – structure, transport across cell membranes – passive diffusion – Fick’s law - electrochemical gradient – osmosis - facilitated diffusion – active transport – Na+ -K+, Ca2+ pumps – Counter & co-transport. Membrane Potential: Resting membrane potential – Action Potential

Module 2 Nervous System: Organization, Neurons – structure – types. Central nervous system: Overview, Cerebrum – Cerebral cortex – General organization – motor, sensory, language & association areas – major functions. Basal ganglia, Thalamus & Hypothalamus – functions. EEG – waveforms.

Limbic system – components & basic functions. Learning & Memory: Plasticity - short term & long term memory – comparison – long term potentiation.

Cerebellum, Brain Stem – basic structure & functions, Spinal cord – nerves, spinal reflex.

Module 3 Peripheral nervous system: Efferent & afferent division. Special senses – organs of vision, hearing & equilibrium, taste & smell –structure & mechanisms. Visual pathway. Autonomic nervous system: Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

Muscular System: Structure & mechanism of contraction of skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscles.

Skeletal system: Bones – structure & composition – classification of bones & joints in human body.

.Module 4 : Cardiovascular System: Heart – Anatomy – location – pump – valves - major arteries & veins – cardiac muscle– electrical activity – pacemaker – normal & ectopic – cardiac action potential – spread – cardiac cycle. ECG – origin, waveform–cardiac rhythm & rate – normal & abnormal, myocardial ischemia & infarction, atherosclerosis – definitions.Heart sounds& murmurs. Cardiac output – stroke volume.

Systemic & Pulmonary circulation - blood flow – pressure gradient – vascular resistance – Poiseulle’s law – vascular tree – blood pressure – systolic & diastolic - hyper & hypotension mean arterial pressure. Lymphatic system– functions.


Blood: Components – plasma – hematocrit – plasma proteins – erythrocytes – hemoglobin – anemia – blood typing – transfusion reaction – universal donor & acceptor – leukocytes – functions & types – platelets – blood clotting.

Module 5 Respiratory System: Components & anatomy.

Respiratory mechanics – respiratory cycle – inspiration & expiration mechanisms - airway resistance – pulmonary compliance & elastic recoil – pulmonary surfactants – lung volumes & capacities – spirograms – pulmonary & alveolar ventilation. Gas exchange – partial pressure gradients.

Kidneys – functions, anatomy & basic processes– nephron – types – components. Basic renal processes – basics of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & secretion – urine excretion & plasma clearance – micturition Body fluids – fluid balance – acid-base balance.

Text Books: 1. Lauralee Sherwood, Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, Brooks/Cole, Cengage

Learning.2. Arthur C. Guyton, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Prism Books (Pvt) Ltd & W.B.

Saunders Company

Reference Books: 1. Samson Wright, Cyril A. Keele (editor), Eric Neil (editor): Applied Physiology, Oxford

University Press.2. J.B.West.: Best and Taylor's Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, Williams and

Wilkins, Baltimore.3. W.F.Ganong: Review of Medical Physiology, Prentice-Hall, Connecticut.4. Kathleen J.W. Wilson, Ross and Wilson, Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness,

ELBS/Churchill Livingstone.


Module Contents Hours

Module 1 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

I.1Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology: definition & relationship of structure & function. Functional organization of body – cells, tissues, organs & systems – Types.

2

1.2 Concept of homeostasis – intracellular & extracellular fluids. Homeostatic control systems – negative & positive feedback and feed forward mechanisms.

2

1.3

Cell: Basic structure, organelles & their functions – types. Cell membrane – structure, transport across cell membranes – passive diffusion – Fick’s law - electrochemical gradient – osmosis - facilitated diffusion – active transport – Na+ -K+, Ca2+ pumps – Counter & co-transport. Membrane Potential: Resting membrane

4


potential – Action Potential. Module 2 Nervous System

2.1

Organization of nervous system, Neurons – structure – types. Central nervous system: Overview, Cerebrum – Cerebral cortex – General organization – motor, sensory, language & association areas – major functions. Basal ganglia, Thalamus & Hypothalamus –functions. EEG – waveforms.

4

2.2 Limbic system – components & basic functions. Learning & Memory: Plasticity - short term & long term memory – comparison – long term potentiation.

3

2.3 Cerebellum, Brain Stem – basic structure & functions, Spinal cord – nerves, spinal reflex.

3

Module 3 Peripheral nervous system

3.1

Peripheral nervous system: Efferent & afferent division. Special senses – organs of vision, hearing & equilibrium, taste & smell –structure & mechanisms. Visual pathway. Autonomic nervous system: Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

4

3.2 Muscular System: Structure & mechanism of contraction of skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscles.

3

3.3 Skeletal system: Bones – structure & composition – classification of bones & joints in human body.

3

Module 4 Cardiovascular System

4.1

Heart – Anatomy – location – pump – valves - major arteries & veins – cardiac muscle– electrical activity – pacemaker – normal & ectopic– cardiac action potential – spread – cardiac cycle. ECG – origin,waveform–cardiac rhythm & rate – normal & abnormal, myocardialischemia & infarction, atherosclerosis – definitions. Heart sounds&murmurs. Cardiac output – stroke volume.

4

4.2 Systemic & Pulmonary circulation - blood flow – pressure gradient – vascular resistance – Poiseulle’s law – vascular tree – blood pressure – systolic & diastolic - hyper & hypotension mean arterial pressure.Lymphatic system– functions.

3

4.3 Blood: Components – plasma – hematocrit – plasma proteins – erythrocytes – hemoglobin – anemia – blood typing – transfusion reaction – universal donor & acceptor – leukocytes – functions & types – platelets – blood clotting.

2

Module 5 Respiratory System 5.1 Respiratory System: Components & anatomy. 2

5.2

Respiratory mechanics – respiratory cycle – inspiration & expiration mechanisms - airway resistance – pulmonary compliance & elastic recoil – pulmonary surfactants – lung volumes & capacities – spirograms – pulmonary & alveolar ventilation. Gas exchange – partial pressure gradients.

3

5.3

Kidneys – functions, anatomy & basic processes– nephron – types – components. Basic renal processes – basics of glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption & secretion – urine excretion & plasma clearance – micturition Body fluids – fluid balance – acid-base balance.

3


SEMESTER -4


EBL202 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

LAB CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

PCC 0 0 3 2

Preamble: To get the students familiarized with the Integrated Circuits and to learn to design, set up and analyze circuits using active devices, op-amps and other ICs.

Prerequisite: NIL


CO 1 Design experiments on amplifiers, oscillators and multivibrators using op amp

CO 2 Implement application circuits for analog biosignal processing

CO 3 Develop circuits for biomedical applications using specialized ICs

CO 4 Implement Digital to analog converters, analog to digital converters & filters

CO 5 Document the work properly, function as a member of a team and communicate effectively


PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 - 3 2 - - CO 2 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 - 3 2 - - CO 3 2 2 2 - 3 2 1 - 2 2 - - CO 4 3 3 3 2 3 2 1 - 2 2 - - CO 5 - - - - 1 - - 3 3 - -

Assessment Pattern

Mark distribution


150 75 75 2.5 hours



End Semester Examination Pattern: The following guidelines should be followed regarding award of marks (a) Preliminary work : 15 Marks (b) Implementing the work/Conducting the experiment : 10 Marks (c) Performance, result and inference (usage of equipments and trouble shooting) : 25 Marks


(d) Viva voce : 20 Marks (e) Record : 5 Marks



Course Outcome 1 (CO 1):

1. Design and set up an astable mutivibrator for equal and unequal duty cycles.2. Design a wein bridge oscillator for 5 kHz frequency.3. Design and set up an inverting amplifier. Plot its frequency response characteristics


1. Design and set up pre amplifier for ECG signal acquisition2. Design front end of an ECG machine which include pre amplifier and filters.3. Design notch filter for bio signal acquisition system.


1. Design a triggering circuit of pulse repetition frequency 10 kHz2. Design a 20V high voltage regulator using IC 723.3. Design a 5V low voltage regulator using IC 723.


1. Design and set up necessary filters for ECG acquisition system2. Design and set up a DAC circuit using R-2R network.3. Design and sep first order and second order filters and compare their frequency response

characteristics


1. Design and set up a monostable multivibrator of 2ms pulse width and Plot the outputwaveforms.

2. Design and set up an integrator and differentiator circuits and Plot output waveforms.3. Design set up the RC phase shift oscillator for a frequency of 5 k Hz and plot ts output

waveforms.


LIST OF EXPERIMENTS (10 Mandatory)

1. Familiarisation of operational amplifier- Inverting amplifier, non inverting amplifier,voltage follower-Frequency response

2. Summing and difference amplifiers using op-amp3. Comparator circuits using op-amp4. Active first and second order high pass & low pass filters5. Active Integrator & differentiator circuits6. Instrumentation amplifier7. Study of 723 IC8. Study of IC 555 and its applications9. Notch filter10. DAC R- 2R Network11. ADC12. Precision rectifiers13. Narrow Band pass filter14. Astable and monostable multivibrator using op amp15. Wein bridge and RC phase shift using op amp

Reference Books

1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, “Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits”, Pearson EducationAsia. 4th ed.2015

2. Coughlin & Driscoll, Op amps and Linear Integrated circuits, Pearson Education Asia. 6th

ed. 2000

3. K. R. Botkar, Integrated circuits, Khanna Publishers, Delhi. 2004

4. Sedra & Smith, Microelectronic circuits, Oxford University Press, 5th ed.2005


EBL204 MICROCONTROLLERS & APPLICATIONS LAB


Preamble: To provide an experience to program microcontrollers using assembly language and C.

Prerequisite: NIL


CO 1 Develop 8051 assembly language programs.

CO 2 Interface 8051 with peripherals

CO 3 Simulation of 8051 programs using MCU development environment

CO 4 Develop projects on Arduino board.


CO PO1

PO2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 - 3 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 - -

CO 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 - -

CO 3 3 2 2 2 3 1 - 1 1 1 - -

CO 4 3 3 2 2 3 1 - 1 1 1 - -

Assessment Pattern

Mark distribution


150 75 75 2.5 hours



End Semester Examination Pattern: The following guidelines should be followed regarding award of marks (a) Preliminary work : 15 Marks (b) Implementing the work/Conducting the experiment : 10 Marks (c) Performance, result and inference (usage of equipments and trouble shooting) : 25 Marks(d) Viva voice : 20 marks (e) Record : 5 Marks





1. Write an assembly language program to add two 16 bit numbers.2. Write an assembly language program to convert binary to hex number.3. Write an assembly language program to find the position of first 0 in a given number.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): 1. Interface a 4x4 keypad with 8051 microcontroller.2. Design a hardware interface for stepper motor.3. Display the word “LCD” on LCD module.


1. Write a program to find the square of a number.2. Divide the contents of two registers and store the result in accumulator3. Multiply two numbers.


1. Design an LED indicator using Arduino.2. Design a display system using Arduino.3. Design a heart rate monitor using Arduino.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS (10 mandatory)

1. Write a program to perform 16 bit addition and subtraction.2. Write a program to perform array addition of hex numbers.3. Write a program to set all flags at one time and reset all flags.4. Write a program to read a data from Port 1 and write to port 25. Write a program to find the number of 0’s and 1’s in a number.6. Write a program to sort an array in ascending/ descending order.7. Write a program to find the largest/smallest number in array.8. Write a program to find the square and square root of a number.9. Write a program to move a block of data from one memory location to another location.10. Generate a square wave with an ON time of 3ms and an OFF time of 10ms on pins of

Port1.11. Write a program to generate a 50 Hz square wave at P1.7 using Timer/Counter.12. Write a C program to send letters ‘Y’, ‘E’,’S’ to the LCD with delays, using simulator.13. Write a C program using interrupts to receive data serially and send it to P0.14. Write a program to rotate a stepper motor 64º in the clockwise direction.15. Design a display system using 8-bit Atmega Microcontrollers.


Equipment needed: 8051 trainer kit, DSO, stepper motor, Arduino board

Reference Books

1. Muhammed Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, 8051 Microcontroller and EmbeddedSystems using Assembly and C, Pearson Education, 2ed.

2. Kenneth J Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller, Thomson Delmar Learning, 3ed.

3. Ramani Kalpathi and Ganesh Raja, Microcontrollers and Applications, Sanguine TechnicalPublishers, 2009.


EBT 202 BIOMEDICAL SIGNALS AND TRANSDUCERS


Preamble

This course is intended to provide students an insight into cellular electrophysiology and various biomedical transducers used for signal acquisition

Prerequisites:NIL


CO 1 Understand the cellular mechanism of production of action potentials

CO 2 Appreciate the characteristics of bio signals and biomedical signal acquisition systems

CO 3 Understand the fundamentals of biosensors and its applications

CO 4 Apply the knowledge of electrodes& transducers for various biomedical measurements

CO 5 Understand the basic principles of diagnostic radiology


PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 2 1 1 2

CO 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2

CO 3 2 2 2 1 2 2

CO 4 1 2 2 2 1 2 2

CO 5 2 2 2 1 2 2

Assessment Pattern




Mark distribution


150 50 100 3 hours







1. Explain mechanism of cell action potential generation

2. Explain Nernst’s potential3. Explain action potential propagation


1. Explain generation of ECG, EMG and EEG

2. Explain characteristics of biosignals3. Explain clinical applications of ECG, EEG and EMG


1. Explain mechanism of vision and hearing

2. Constructional details and applications of ISFET3. Clinical applications of biosensors in diagnostics


1. Explain biomedical transducers

2. Explain kinds of electrodes used for biomedical applications


1. Explain principle of X-ray generation

2. Give Constructional details of X-ray tube3. Explain types of X-ray tubesfor various applications



Total Pages: 2

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY FOURTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, _____________ 20__

Course Code: EBT202

Course Name: Biomedical Signals & Transducers



1 Define absolute and relative refractory period. (3)

2 What are the types of synapses? (3)

3 What do you understand by vector cardiogram? (3)

4 Give any two applications of EMG signals. (3)

5 What is the principle of working of an amperometric biosensor? (3)

6 Mention any four methods of biomolecule immobilization (3)

7 What is the principle of chemical thermometry? (3)

8 Mention any two transducers which can be used for sensing displacement. (3)

9 What do you understand by characteristic spectrum of –rays? (3)

10 What is the principle of image formation in an X-ray machine? (3)


Module 1

11 a) Draw a typical nerve membrane action potential and mark different parameters.

(6)

b) Summarize the ionic conductance changes that lead to generation of actionpotential.

(8)

OR 12 a) How Goldman Hodgkin Katz equation can be used for determining reverse

potential across cell membrane. Schematically, explain how membrane potential can be measured using micro electrode.

(10)

b) Schematically show how action potential is propagated. (4)

Module 2 13 a) Draw atypical ECG waveform and mark different waves. Summarize the

events taking place in the heart while ECG is produced. (8)


b) What are the different types of EMG electrodes. Give any two clinicalapplications of EMG

(6)

OR

14 a) Which are component waveforms of EEG?. What do they indicate? Explain 10-20 system of electrode configuration of recording of EEG.

(10)

b) What is evoked potential? Give any two clinical applications of EEGrecordings.

(4)

Module 3 15 a) Explain the photochemistry of vision with respect to rods and cones. (10)

b) What is the principle of a biosensor used for glucose detection (4)

OR 16 a) Classify biosensors. (7)

b) With a schematic diagram explain a biosensor. (7)

Module 4 17 a) What is the principle of using a p-n junction diode as a temperature

transducer? (6)

b) With a neat schematic explain the principle of working of a pH electrode. (6)

OR 18 a) Derive an expression for the sensitivity of a strain gauge transducer. (6)

b) With a neat schematic explain how a strain gauge can be used for measuringpressure.

(8)

Module 5 19 a) With the help of a diagram give the working principle of a Coolidge tube. (7)

b) With a neat schematic explain how mA control is achieved in an X-raymachine.

(7)

OR 20 a) With the help of a neat block diagram explain the functional blocks of a

digital radiographic system. (8)

b) What are the important features of X-ray tube fori) Angiography ii) Computed tomography

(7)

****


Syllabus

Module 1: Cell Potentials: Cell membrane- Action potentials – ionic basis of generation - Nernst potential, Goldman Hodgkin Katz equation. Auto rhythmic cells - cardiac action potentials.Synapses & Neuronal Integration Synaptic potentials – EPSP & IPSP -Neurotransmitters – types

Module 2: Biosignals and Acquisition Methods: ECG- Generation of cardiac action potentials - Characteristics of ECG Signal -Lead systems- Clinical applications of ECG. EEG- Brain action potentials- characteristics of signal- Electrode system - Clinical applications of EEG. EMG-Electrical activity of muscles –Characteristics of EMG signal- Clinical applications of EMG

Module 3: Biosensors: Photochemistry of vision--Hearing- endo cochlear potentials. Biosensors-Types-Bio recognition elements in biosensors-immobilization methods-ISFET- Enzyme electrodes. Nanomaterial based biosensors-Applications of biosensors-Biosensors for clinical diagnostics

Module 4: Biomedical Transducers and Electrodes: Temperature transducers-Displacement & Pressure transducers- piezo electric transducers- Electrodes for biopotential measurement- catheter tip transducers

Module 5: Diagnostic Radiology: Production of diagnostic X-ray-X-ray tubes-principle of image formation-Functional blocks of X-ray machine – tubes for various applications.

Text Books

1. Guyton and Hall: Text book of Medical Physiology,Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.12thedn,2011

2. Richard Aston: Principles of Biomedical Instrumentation and measurements3. Bansi DharMalhotra, Chandra Mouleypandy:Biosensors Fundamentals and Applications,

Smithersrapra, Ist edn,2017

Reference books

1. JagrithiNarang, ChandrashekharPundir: Biosensors an introductory text book, Pan StanfordPublishing, Istedn, 2017

2. R S Khandpur: Hand book of biomedical Instrumentation, Mc Graw Hill, 2nd edition3. Geddes and Baker: Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation, Wiley Inter science

publications, 19894. Sybil M Stockly; A Manual of radiographic equipment, Churchil Living Stone, 1986




1 CELLPOTENTIALS 1.1 Cell membrane: Structure, Excitable cells 1 1.2 Action potentials – ionic basis ofgeneration - refractory period –absolute &

relative. 2

1.3 Nernst potential, Goldman Hodgkin Katz equation – Restingmembrane potential.

1

1.4 Auto rhythmic cells - cardiac actionpotentials. 1 1.5 Synapses & Neuronal Integration: Synapses – electrical &

chemical synapses, excitatory & inhibitory synapses. 2

1.6 Synaptic.potentials – EPSP & IPSP -Neurotransmitters – types. 1

2 BIOSIGNALS AND ACCQUISITION METHODS 2.1 ECG:Generationof cardiac action potentials- Characteristics of ECG Signal,

Einthoven’s triangle-vector cardiogram-Lead systems-Clinical applications of ECG

4

2.2 EEG: Electroencephalogram-Brain action potentials-Characteristics of signal- Electrode system for signal acquisition–Evoked potentials-Clinical applications of EEG

4

2.3 EMG: Electrical activity of muscles –Characteristics of EMG signal-Clinical applications of EMG

2

3 BIOSENSORS 3.1 Photochemistry of vision-Light and dark adaptation-Hearing- transmission of

sound waves in the cochlea-endo cochlear potentials 2

3.2 Fundamentals of Biosensors-Types-Electrochemical-optical-piezo electric-calorimetric biosensors

2

3.3 Bio recognition elements in biosensors-immobilization methods-principle of biorecognition-natural-semisynthetic-synthetic. ISFET- Enzyme electrodes

2

3.4 Nanomaterial based biosensors-Metal nanoparticle-based biosensors-carbon nanotube-based biosensors

1

3.5 Applications of biosensors-Biosensors for clinical diagnostics-Glucose detection-cholesterol detection- cancer detection

2

4 BIOMEDICAL TRANSDUCERS AND ELECTRODES 4.1 Temperature transducers-thermo resistive-thermo electric-p-n junction-chemical

thermometry-Infrared thermometers 3

4.2 Displacement & Pressure transducers-potentiometric-resistive strain gauges- inductive and capacitive – piezo electric transducers

3

4.3 Electrodes –surface electrodes-needle electrodes-pregelled disposable electrodes- electrodes for ECG, EMG, EEG acquisition-catheter tip transducer

3


for pressure measurement 5 DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY

5.1 Principle of production of X-ray- Coolidge tube-factors influencing characteristics of X-Ray

2

5.2 Types of X-rays- Characteristic spectrum-broad spectrum- Block Diagram of X-ray Machine

2

5.3 Principle of image formation-digital radiography-clinical applications 1 5.4 High tension tube circuits- kV control-mA control 2 5.5 Types of X-ray Tubes-fixed tube-rotating anode-X-ray tubes for specialized

applications 2


EBT204 LINEAR INTEGRATED

CIRCUITS


PCC 3 1 0 4

Preamble: This course aims (1) To familiarize students with the Integrated Circuit fabrication technology (2) To equip the students with a sound understanding of fundamental concepts of operational amplifiers (3) make students learn to design and analyse circuits using op-amp and also using some specialized ICs.

Prerequisite: EBT203 ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS


CO 1 Understand the concepts of micro-fabrication technology and fundamental concepts of op amp.

CO 2 Apply the fundamental concepts of op amp to design application circuits.

CO 3 Analyze different circuits using op-amps.

CO 4 Select a suitable circuit for doing a specified analog signal processing operation.

CO 5 Choose specialized ICs to design and develop application circuits.


PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 3 - - - 2 - - - - - - -CO 2 3 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - -CO 3 3 3 2 2 3 - - - - - - -CO 4 2 3 2 2 - 2 - 1 - - - - CO 5 2 2 3 2 - 2 - 1 - - - -

Assessment Pattern




Mark distribution


150 50 100 3 hours







1. What are the steps in IC fabrication technology?

2. Compare diffusion and ion implantation process?

3. Explain voltage transfer curve of op amp?


1.Derive the Expression for the closed loop parameters AF, RiF, RoF, fF and VooT of non-inverting amplifier

2. Design a 2nd order low pass filter with cut off frequency 1kHz.Compare frequencyresponse characteristics of first order and second order filters

3. What is resolution, settling time and conversion time of digital to analog converters?

Course Outcome 3(CO3)

1. What are the special features of precision rectifiers?

2. What are log amplifiers?

3. Design a circuit to give LED indication when ambient light falls below a predeterminedvalue.


1. Design a 20V high voltage regulator using IC 723.

2. Design a 5V low voltage regulator using IC 723.

3. Design a pre amplifier with a gain of 10


1. Draw and explain functional block diagram of IC 555 timer

2. Design a triggering circuit of pulse repetition frequency 10 kHz

3. Design a pre amplifier in Biomedical signal acquisition circuit



Total Pages: 2

Reg No.:_______________

Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY FOURTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, _____________ 20__

Course Code: EBT204

Course Name: Linear Integrated Circuits



1 What are the steps involved in BJT Fabrication? (3)

2 What is photolithography in IC fabrication? (3)

3 Draw the equivalent circuit of an operational amplifier? (3)

4 What do you mean by input bias current? Design an offset minimizing resistor (ROM).

(3)

5 Derive the expression of output voltage for an integrator using op amp, explain its frequency response

(3)

6 What is the basic difference between comparator and Schmitt trigger? (3)

7 Design a narrow band pass filter for Q=12, A=10 and center frequency =5 KHz.

(3)

8 Design a 2nd order high pass filter with cut off frequency 10kHz.Compare frequency response characteristics of first order and second order filters.

(3)

9 Design a 20V high voltage regulator using IC 723. (3)

10 Design an astable multivibrator with equal time period output voltage with on and off time 2 ms.

(3)


Module 1

11 a) What is diffusion process in microelectronics fabrication technology?

(7)

b) What is epitaxial growth in IC Fabrication Technology? What arethe types of epitaxial process?

(7)

OR


12 a) What are internal sub units of operational amplifier? Explain with block diagram.

(10)

b) What is CMRR of an op amp and what is its significance in op amp-based amplifiers?

(4)

Module 2

13 a) What are the reasons for output offset in op amp circuits? How the output offset voltage due to input bias and offset current is minimised in op amp circuits?

(8)

b) Why open loop configuration is not widely used in linearapplications. Draw the frequency response of an open loop op-ampand explain

(6)

OR

14 a) An op amplifier is configured as non-inverting amplifier with following data, A=200000, R1=480Ω, RF=4.8KΩ, Ri=30MΩ,Ro=60Ω, supply voltage = +/-15V, Maximum output voltage swing = +/-13V ,unity gain bandwidth = 1 MHz compute closed loop parameters AF, RiF, RoF, fF and VooT

(9)

b) Why is it necessary to use an external voltage compensatingnetworks with practical op amp circuits

(5)

Module 3

15 a) Derive the Expression for frequency of astable multivibrator using op amp and design the same for frequency of1 K Hz.

(9)

b) Explain with circuit diagram working of RC phase shift oscillator. (5)

OR

16 a) Differentiate between normal rectifiers and precision rectifiers. How Precision full wave rectifier works during positive and negative half cycle of input wave.

(8)

b) Derive the Expression for gain of difference amplifier with three opamps, Compare its performance with differential amplifier withsingle op amp

(6)

Module 4

17 a) What is the analog output voltage obtained from 4-bit weighted R-2R DAC if input corresponding to digital input 1000, Assume final stage gain. Justify the answer.

(10)

b) Design a first order band pass filter for ECG machine. (4)

OR


18 a) Explain working of Flash ADC. Compare its performance with integrating type ADC.

(4)

b) What is successive approximation type ADC? (8)

Module 5

19 a) Explain with internal block diagram explain how low voltage line regulation is possible with IC 723.

(8)

b) Draw Functional block diagram of 555 timer and explain. (4)

OR

20 a) Draw and explain block diagram of PLL, Derive expression for Lock range and capture range.

(9)

b) Design monostable multivibrator using 555 with pulse width of 5 s. (5)

****

Syllabus

Module 1

Microelectronic fabrication technology: Brief overview of microelectronic fabrication technology - Epitaxial Growth, Diffusion, Ion Implantation Processes -Description - Fabrication of BJT, MOSFETs. Operational amplifiers: Introduction to operational amplifiers, Internal block schematic of op amp- Equivalent circuit - Voltage transfer curve-– input and output impedance –Slew rate, Input bias current –Input offset current-Offset voltage- CMRR, SVRR -finite gain bandwidth

Module 2

Op amp Configurations: Open loop op amp configurations- open loop gain – Frequency response- finite gain bandwidth -–Ideal op amp parameters. Offset voltage compensating networks -offset minimizing resistor. Closed loop op amp configurations: Feedback configurations- Voltage series feedback and voltage shunt feedback – Frequency response- concept of virtual ground - Closed loop gain, input resistance, output resistance, band width and output offset voltage of feedback configurations. voltage follower

Module 3

Op amp applications: Summing - Difference amplifiers with one op amp and 3 op amps-Instrumentation amplifier– Log and Antilog amplifiers. Voltage to current and current to voltage converter - Integrator and differentiator. Comparators: zero crossing – with reference voltage - regenerative (Schmitt trigger) comparators, window detector. Peak detector circuit. Precision rectifiers. Multi vibrators - Astable and mono stable – Design and working. Wave generators- Triangular and saw tooth - RC phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators


Module 4

Op amp applications: Active Filters: Transfer functions – LPF, HPF, BPF, BRF Approximation methods–Butterworth –Chebyshev- Active Filters - I order and II order filters, Quality factor–Design. Sample and hold circuit. ADC -successive approximation, flash, integrating types. DAC – weighted, R-2R types, ADC&DAC –performance specifications

Module 5

Specialized ICs and applications: IC regulators - 723 (block diagram, typical low voltage regulator circuit), 78XX, 79XX, 317 - applications.

Timers - 555 – Functional block diagram- Astable and monostable multi vibrators using 555 -applications. VCO – 566. PLL-Block diagram and derivation of capturerange, lockrangeand pull in time- 565 – applications.

Text Books

1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, Pearson EducationAsia. 4th ed. 2015

2. K R Botkar, Integrated circuits, Khanna Publishers,.2004

Reference Books

1. Coughlin & Driscoll, Op amps and Linear Integrated circuits, Pearson Education Asia.6th ed. 2000

2. Sergio Franco, Design with operational Amplifiers &Analog ICs, Tata McGrawHill,3rd ed.2007

3. Millman & Grabel, Microelectronics, McGraw Hill International, 2nd edition.2017.4. Sedra & Smith, Microelectronic circuits, Oxford University Press, 5th ed.20055. D A Bel, Op amps and Linear integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall of India, 4th ed. 20026. Clayton, Operational Amplifiers, Butterworth &Co. (Publishers) Ltd.5th ed.2003



1 Microelectronic fabrication technology & Operational amplifiers 1.1 Brief overview of microelectronic fabrication technology- Epitaxial

Growth. 1

1.2 Diffusion 1 1.3 Ion Implantation Processes - Description 1 1.4 Fabrication of BJT, MOSFETs 1 1.5 Introduction to operational amplifiers, Internal block schematic of op

amp - Equivalent circuit Voltage transfer curve 2

1.6 Input and output impedance –Slew rate, Input bias current –Input offset current-Offset voltage- CMRR, SVRR -finite gain bandwidth.

3


2 Op amp Configurations 2.1 Open loop op amp configurations- open loop gain – Frequency

response- finite gain bandwidth -–Ideal op amp parameters. 2

2.2 Offset voltage compensating networks -offset minimizing resistor 2

2.3 Closed loop op amp configurations: Feedback configurations- Voltage series feedback and voltage shunt feedback

2

2.4 Frequency response- concept of virtual ground - Closed loop gain, input resistance, output resistance, band width and output offset voltage of feedback configurations. voltage follower.

2

3 Op amp applications 3.1 Summing -Difference amplifiers with one op amp and 3 op amps-

Instrumentation amplifier 2

3.2 Log and Antilog amplifiers- Voltage to current and current to voltage converter

2

3.3 Integrator and differentiator 1 3.4 Comparators: zero crossing – with reference voltage - regenerative

(Schmitt trigger) comparators, window detector-Peak detector circuit. 3

3.5 Precision rectifiers 2 3.6 Multivibrators - Astable and mono stable – Design and working. Wave

generators- Triangular and saw tooth - RC phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators

2

4 Op amp applications

4.1 Sample and hold circuit. ADC -successive approximation, flash, integrating types. DAC – weighted, R-2R types, ADC & DAC –performance specifications.

3

4.2 Active Filters: Transfer functions – LPF, HPF, BPF, BRF. Approximation methods–Butterworth–Chebyshev- Active Filters - I order and II order filters, Quality factor–Design.

4

5 Specialized ICs and applications 5.1 Specialized ICs and applications: IC regulators - 723 (block diagram,

typical low voltage regulator circuit), 78XX, 79XX, 317 - applications. 3

5.2 Timers - 555 – Functional block diagram- Astable and monostable multivibrators using 555 -applications.

3

5.3 VCO – 566. PLL-Blockdiagramandderivationofcapturerange,lockrange and pull in time- 565 – applications

3


CODE COURSE NAME CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

EBT206 MICROCONTROLLERS&APPLICATIONS PCC 4 0 0 4

Preamble: Familiarize with Microcontrollers and develop the skill to program.

Prerequisite: Logic Circuits & Design

Course Outcomes: After the completion of the course the student will be able to:

EBT206.1 Familiarize with the architecture and Instruction set of Intel 8051 microcontroller

EBT206.2 Develop the skill to write assembly and C language programs.

EBT206.3 Demonstrate the use of timers, serial communication and interrupts of 8051.

EBT206.4 Interface 8051 with peripherals.

EBT206.5 Familiarize with the architecture of 8 bit AVR Microcontrollers.


CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO 4 PO 5 PO 6 PO 7 PO 8 PO 9 PO10 PO11 PO12

EBT 206.1

3 3 3 1 1 - - 1 2 1 - - EBT206.2 3 3 3 2 1 1 - 1 2 1 - - EBT206.3 3 3 2 2 1 1 - 1 2 1 - - EBT206.4 3 3 2 1 1 - - 1 2 1 - - EBT 206.5 3 3 2 2 1 - - 1 2 1 - - EBT206 3 3 3 2 1 1 - 1 2 1 - -

CO PSO 1 PSO 2

EBT 206.1

2 2 EBT206.2 2 2 EBT206.3 3 3 EBT206.4 2 2 EBT 206.5 2 2 EBT206 2 2


Assessment Pattern


Remember 10 10 10 Understand 20 20 20 Apply 20 20 70 Analyse Evaluate Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks

CIE ESE ESE Duration

150 50 100 3 hours





Module I

1.How the microcontrollers are classified based on the bus width?

2.What is the address range of SFR register bank?

3.Discuss the memory organization of 8051?

Module II

1.List out the different types of instructions in 8051.

2.Write an assembly language program to find the largest numbers from an array of 5numbers.


3.Write an assembly language program to generate a square wave at the pin 2 of port 1.

Module III

1.Discuss the different modes of timer 0 in 8051.

2.Write an assembly language program to generate a wave with 50% duty cycle in port 2,pin1 using timer.

3.Explain the operation of 8051 Timer in Mode 1.

Module IV

1.Write C language program to transfer “YES” serially from port 1

2.Write notes on RS 232 protocol.

3.Explain how the baud rate can be set in 8051.

Module V

1.Discuss the architecture of ATmega32,8 bit microcontroller.

2.Describe the memory organization in ATmega 32 microcontroller.

3.Explain how an LCD is interfaced in 8051.



Total Pages: 3

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FOURTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, JULY 2021

Course Code: EBT 206

Course Name: MICROCONTROLLERS & APPLICATIONS


PART A

Answer all questions.Each question carries 3 marks

1 Draw the block diagram of 8051.

2 Illustrate the internal RAM organization of 8051.

3 List any three arithmetic instructions and explain with examples.

4 Describe the actions associated with PUSH and POP instructions.

5 List the steps in the calculation of Delay using Timers in 8051.

6 Draw the bit pattern of TCON register in 8051.

7 State the difference between interrupts and Polling.

8 What is an interrupt service routine?

9 Draw the interfacing diagram of Keyboard with 8051ports.

10 List any four features of ATmega8-bit microcontroller.

PART B

11 a) Discuss the operation of stack in 8051 5

b) Draw and explain the PSW register in 8051. 9

OR

12 a) Explain the architecture of 8051. 10

b) Discuss the dual role of port 0. 4

13 a) Explain the arithmetic instruction set in 8051 with examples. 8

b) Write notes on program flow control instructions. 6


OR

14 a) Explain the addressing modes of 8051. 7

b) Write an assembly language program to sort an array of 10 numbers in ascending

order.

7

15 a) a) List the timers of 8051 and explain TMOD register with bit pattern. 7

b) Write an 8051 C program to toggle bits of P1 port continuously forever with a 250 ms delay.

7

OR

16 a) Explain the operation of timer as an event counter. 7

b) Discuss the different modes of operation of Timers in 8051. 7

17 a) Write an 8051 C program to get a byte of data from P0. If it less than 100, send it to P1; otherwise, send it to P2.

7

b) Write notes on RS 232 protocol and explain its connection to 8051 with a connection diagram

7

OR

18 a) Assuming crystal frequency of 11.0592 MHz, write an assembly language program to generate a square wave of 2kHz frequency on pin P1.5

8

b) Explain the steps in programming the 8051 to transfer data serially. Explain each bit

of SCON register. 6

19 a) Explain how a matrix keyboard can be interfaced with 8051 with necessary diagrams. 7

b) Describe the CPU core and memory organization of ATmega 32 microcontroller. 7

OR

20 a) Explain the Interfacing of 8051 to stepper motor. 7

b) Describe the architecture of ATmega32 8 bit microcontroller. 7


Syllabus

Module Contents

I

Features of Intel 8051,Architecture-ALU, internal RAM and ROM, Oscillator and Reset Circuits,Organization of ports, data pointer, program counter, CPU registers,register banks, stack and stack pointer, PSW, Special Function Registers of 8051 Assembler directives-Intel hex format- Addressing modes of 8051.

II

Instruction set of 8051- Data transfer instructions, Arithmetic, logical, compare and rotate instructions- Bit processing instructions- Program flow control instructions. Assembly language programming of 8051: Examples illustrating the use of all types of instructions. Programming the ports of 8051.

III

An introduction to programming 8051 in C language--illustrative examples of C programming for 8051-time delay and I/O operations, logic operations. Timers of 8051: All modes of operations, programming the timers in assembly language and C language, timer as an event counter.

IV

Serial Communication with 8051: Introduction to serial communication, synchronous and asynchronous communication, RS232 protocol. Serial communication programming in assembly language.

Interrupt system of 8051: introduction to interrupts- interrupts in 8051-priority of interrupts- Interrupt handling and execution for timer, external and serial interrupts. Programming to handle all types of interrupts in assembly language.

V

Interfacing of 8051 to LCD, Keyboard, stepper motor.

Introduction to AVR microcontroller: Overview of AVR family, ATmega32 –Architectural overview, pin configuration & function of each pin, CPU core, memory organization.

Text Books:

1. Muhammed Ali Mazidi and Janice GillispieMazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller andEmbedded Systems using Assembly and C, Pearson Education, 4e.

2.The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C, By MuhammadAli Mazidi, Sarmad Naimi and SepehrNaimi, Pearson Education,1e,2013.

References:1. Kenneth J Ayala, The 8051 Microcontroller, Cengage Learning, 3e2. Ramani Kalpathi and Ganesh Raja, Microcontrollers and Applications, Sanguine

Technical Publishers, 20093. Raj Kamal, Microcontrollers Architecture, programming, interfacing and system design,

Pearson, 2e.4. Programming and Customizing the AVR Microcontroller, By Dhananjay Gadre, McGraw

Hill Education


Course Contents and Lecture Schedule No Topic No. of

Lectures 1 Introduction to Intel 8051 Microcontroller 1.1 Features of 8051 1 1.2 Architecture-ALU, internal RAM and ROM, Oscillator and Reset

Circuits 2

1.3 Organization of ports, data pointer, program counter, CPU registers,register banks

1

1.4 Stack and stack pointer, PSW, Special Function Registers of 8051 1 1.5 Assembler directives,Intel hex format- Addressing modes of 8051. 2 2 Introduction to assembly language programming 2.1 Instruction set: Data transfer instructions, Arithmetic, logical,

compare and rotate instructions 3

2.2 Bit processing instructions- Program flow control instructions 2 2.3 Assembly language programming of 8051: Examples illustrating the

use of all types of instructions. 2

2.4 Programming the ports of 8051 2 3 8051 C programming 3.1 An introduction to programming 8051 in C language--illustrative

examples of C programming for 8051 2

3.2 Time delay and I/O operations, logic operations. 2 3.3 Timers of 8051: All modes of operations, programming the timers in

assembly language and C language 4

3.4 Timer as an event counter. 1 4 Introduction to serial communication, synchronous and asynchronous

communication, RS232 protocol. 4.1 Serial communication programming in assembly language. 2 4.2 Introduction to interrupts- interrupts in 8051-priority of interrupts 2

4.3 Interrupt handling and execution for timer, external and serial interrupts.

2

4.4 Programming to handle all types of interrupts in assembly language. 3 5 Interfacing of 8051 & Introduction to AVR Microcontrollers 5.1 Interfacing of 8051 to LCD, Keyboard 4 5.2 Interfacing of 8051 to stepper motor. 1 5.3 Overview of AVR family, ATmega32 –Architectural overview, pin

configuration & function of each pin. 4

5.4 CPU core, memory organization. 2


SEMESTER -4

MINOR


EBT282 PHYSICS OF BIOMEDICAL

IMAGING CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

VAC 4 0 0 4

Preamble: This course aims to introduce the students to The physical principles underlying X-ray, Computed Tomography, nuclear medicine,

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and IR imaging techniques that prove useful in diagnostic medicine and therapy planning.

Prerequisite: NIL


CO 1 Identify major processes involved in the formation of X-ray planar and tomographic images.

CO 2 Analyse the physics of nuclear medicine imaging.

CO 3 Interpret the physical principle behind the origination of Ultrasound medical images.

CO 4 Identify the contrast mechanisms available in MR imaging.

CO 5 Analyse the physics of medical thermography.


PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 2 1 1 1 - - 1 - - - - 1 CO 2 2 1 1 1 - - 1 - - - - 1 CO 3 2 1 1 1 - - 1 - - - - 1 CO 4 2 1 1 1 - - 1 - - - - 1 CO 5 2 1 1 1 - - 1 - - - - 1

Assessment Pattern



1 2 Understand 10 10 20 Apply 20 20 40 Analyse 20 20 40

Mark distribution

Total Marks


150 50 100 3 hours






Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Identify major processes involved in the formation of X-ray planar and tomographic images.

1. Summarize the principle of image formation in conventional planar radiography.

2. List the interactive processes between X-ray and body tissues.

3. Differentiate tomographic imaging from conventional radiography.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Analyse the physics of nuclear medicine imaging.

1. Describe the principle of radioactivity and radiotracers.

2. Identify the detector and scanning arrangement for planar scintigraphy.

3. Compare PET and SPECT.

Course Outcome 3(CO3):Interpret the physical principle behind the origination of Ultrasound medical images.

1. What are ultrasounds. How does ultrasound work as an imaging modality.

2. Summarize the properties of ultrasound transducers.

3. Identify the components of an Ultrasound imaging system.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Identify the contrast mechanisms available in MR imaging.

1. Elaborate the physics of image formation in MRI.

2. Summarize the components of MRI instrumentation.

3. Identify the contrast giving mechanisms available in MRI.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Analyse the physics of medical thermography.

1. Analyse the physics of thermography.


2. Identify the detectors and scanning mechanisms used in medical thermography.

3. Find the applications of thermography in medicine.

Model Question Paper

Total Pages: 2

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION,

Course Code: EBT282

Course Name: PHYSICS OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING (S4 Basket I)



1 Draw the energy spectrum of a beam emitted from an X-ray source. 2 Characterize the properties and applications of contrast media. 3 List any three properties required for radiotracers used in nuclear medicine. 4 Find two applications of SPECT imaging in medicine. 5 Differentiate A mode and B mode display formats. 6 State the Doppler principle and find its application in ultrasound imaging. 7 Analyse the use of gradient coils in MRI. 8 List two important clinical applications of Ultrasound. 9 Explain the principle of medical thermography.

10 Characterize the features of IR detectors for medical thermography.

PART B 5x14=70marks Answer five full questions, each carries 14 marks.

11 a) Identify the major interactive processes between the X-rays and body tissues. (8) b) Compare planar and tomographic X-ray imaging techniques. (6)

OR 12. a) Distinguish digital radiography from film radiography. Describe the working of

a fluoroscopy system. (8)

b) Illustrate the physics of tomographic imaging with appropriate scannergeometries.

(6)

13 a) Demonstrate physics of a nuclear medicine imaging system with suitable schematics.

(10)

b) List any two applications of PET. (4) c)

OR


14 a) Distinguish PET and SPECT imaging techniques. (10) b) Analyse the working of a Gamma camera. (4)

15 a) Identify the physical principles and theory of image generation in Ultrasoundimaging.

(8)

b) Summarize the important modes of image display in Ultrasound. (6)

OR 16 a) Describe the important parameters related to ultrasound transducers and describe

its working. (8)

b) Identify the processes involved in the attenuation of ultrasound. (6)

17 a) Illustrate the physics of image formation in MRI. (8) b) Differentiate T1 and T2 relaxations in MRI. (6)

OR 18 a) Draw and describe inversion recovery pulse sequence. (8)

b) Characterize the properties of magnets used in MRI. (6)

19 a) Describe the property of infra redradiation and the physical factors which affectthe amount of IR from human body.

(6)

b) Choose any two infra red detectors used in medical thermography. (8)

OR 20 a) Describe the working of Pyroelectric Imaging Systems with suitable schematics. (7)

b) Find an application of thermography in investigations of vascular disorders. (7)

Syllabus

Module 1:

X-ray imaging – Introduction to radiography, X-ray source, X-ray energy spectrum,interactions of X-rays with the body- photoelectric attenuation, Compton scattering, Linearand mass attenuation coefficients -absorbed dose, Collimators, anti-scatter grids, detectors-X-ray films, intensifying screens, X-ray contrast agents- properties and applications. Digitalradiography, Fluoroscopy and image intensifier systems, Digital Fluoroscopy, DigitalSubtraction Imaging, Digital Mammography. X-ray Computed Tomography(CT): X rayprojection, attenuation and acquisition of transmission profiles, Principles of CT Imaging-Source–Detector Geometries.

Module 2:

Nuclear medicine imaging: Radioactivity and radiotracer half-life, Properties of radiotracers for nuclear medicine, The gamma camera, The collimator, The detector- scintillation crystal and coupled photomultiplier tubes, The Anger position network and pulse height analyzer, Clinical applications of planar scintigraphy, Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), Clinical applications of SPECT, Positron emission tomography (PET), Clinical applications of PET.


Module 3:

Ultrasound Imaging: Ultrasound waves: wave motion, wave characteristics- intensity, velocity. Attenuation of ultrasound -reflection, refraction, absorption, Ultrasound transducers: piezoelectric effect, transducer design, frequency response of transducers ultrasound beams, Physical principles and theory of image generation, modes of image display, Components of an ultrasound imaging system. Doppler methods, Biological effects and safety of diagnostic ultrasound, Clinical Applications of diagnostic ultrasound.

Module 4:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physics of nuclear magnetic resonance – Free Induction Decay(FID) -principle of image formation- instrumentation(block level) - Magnet(superconducting) -RF coils-gradient coils(concept of frequency encoding, space encoding) - pulse sequences - partial saturation recovery-inversion recovery – fast pulse sequences- contrast mechanisms-Proton density-relaxation time T1 and T2 – flow-diffusion.

Module 5:

Infra Red Imaging: Physics of thermography- infra red radiation, physical factors, infra red detectors and detector arrays, thermo graphic scanning system, Pyroelectric Imaging Systems, Applications of clinical thermography: – Assessment of Inflammatory Conditions, Investigations of Vascular Disorders, Oncological Investigations.

Text Books

1. Webb’s Physics of Medical Imaging, M Flower, Taylor & Francis, 2016.

2. Nadine Barrie Smith, Andrew Webb, Introduction to Medical Imaging, Physics,Engineering and Clinical Applications, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Reference Books 1. William R. Hendee, E. Russell Ritenour, Medical Imaging Physics, Fourth Edition,

John Wiley & Sons, INC., Publication, 2003.2. Diagnostic radiology physics: a handbook for teachers and students, October 20143. Peter Fish, The Physics of Diagnostic Ultrasound , John Wiley & sons, England,

1990.4. Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging, Avinash C Kak, Malcolm Slaney,

2001.5. MRI made easy, Hans H Schild 20036. M N Rehani: Physics of Medical Imaging, Macmillian India Ltd., 1991.7. Medical Infrared Imaging, NA Diakides, JD Bronzino - 2007




1 X-ray imaging

1.1 Introduction to radiography, X-ray source, X-ray energy spectrum. 1

1.2 Interactions of X-rays with the body- photoelectric attenuation, compton scattering. Linear and mass attenuation coefficients- absorbed dose, Collimators, anti-scatter grids, detectors-.

3

1.3 X-ray contrast agents-properties and applications, Digital radiography,Fluoroscopy and image intensifier systems, Digital Fluoroscopy, DigitalSubtraction Imaging, Digital Mammography.

3

1.4 Computed Tomography: X ray projection, attenuation and acquisition of transmission profiles, Principles of CT Imaging- Source–Detector Geometries.

2

2 Nuclear medicine imaging

2.1 Radioactivity and radiotracer, Half-life, Properties of radiotracers for nuclear medicine.

2

2.2 The gamma camera, The collimator, The detector- scintillation crystal and coupled photomultiplier tubes.

3

2.3 The Anger position network and pulse height analyzer, Clinical applications of planar scintigraphy.

2

2.4 Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), Clinical applications of SPECT, Positron emission tomography (PET), Clinical applications of PET.

3

3 Ultrasound Imaging

3.1 Ultrasound waves: wave motion, wave characteristics- intensity, velocity, Attenuation of ultrasound -reflection, refraction, absorption.

2

3.2 Ultrasound transducers: piezoelectric effect, transducer design, frequency response of transducers ultrasound beams.

3

3.3 Physical principles and theory of image generation, modes of image display, Components of an ultrasound imaging system.

2

3.4 Doppler methods, Biological effects and safety of diagnostic ultrasound, Clinical Applications of diagnostic ultrasound.

2

4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

4.1 Physics of nuclear magnetic resonance- FID- principle of image formation.

2

4.2 MRI instrumentation(block level) - Magnet(superconducting) -RF coils-gradient coils(concept of frequency encoding, space encoding).

2

4.3 Pulse sequences - partial saturation recovery-inversion recovery – fast pulse sequences.

2

4.4 Contrast mechanisms-Proton density-relaxation time T1 and T2 – flow-diffusion.

2


5 Infra Red Imaging

5.1 Physics of thermography- infra red radiation, physical factors, infra red detectors and detector arrays.

2

5.2 Thermo graphic scanning system. Pyroelectric Imaging Systems. 2

5.3 Clinical Thermography: Applications – Assessment of Inflammatory Conditions, Investigations of Vascular Disorders, Oncological Investigations

3


CODE EBT284

COURSE NAME BIOSIGNAL ACQUISTION SYSTEMS

CATEGORY L T P CREDIT VAC 4 0 0 4

Preamble: This course describes different sensors, electrodes and acquisition systems for biosignals.

Prerequisite: NIL


CO 1 Understand the mechanism of temperature transducers CO 2 Analyse the working mechanism of displacement and pressure transducers

CO 3 Interpret the principle behind the generation of electrocardiogram and electromyogram

CO 4 Relate the electrical activity of brain and the brain’s response to the sensory inputs.

CO 5 Compare the nature of electrodes and sensors used for acquisition of bio potentials.


PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12

CO 1 3 2 1 1 - - 1 1 - - 1 1 CO 2 2 3 1 1 - - 2 1 - - 1 1 CO 3 3 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - 1CO 4 3 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - 1CO 5 3 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 - 1

Assessment Pattern


Remember 30% 30% 30% Understand 30% 30% 30% Apply 20% 20% 20% Analyse 20% 20% 20% Evaluate - - - Create - - -

Mark distribution

Total Marks


150 50 100 3 hours







1. What is the transducer?

2. What are thermoresistive transducer?

3. Explain the working principle of thermoelectric transducer


1. Explain the working principle of LVDT?

2 Devise an indirect method to measure the blood pressure

3. Explain Displacement & Pressure transducers


1 What is Electrocardiogram?

2. Explain the electrical activity of muscles

3. Explain the block level description of ECG machine


1. What is Electroencephalogram.

2. Differentiate different waveforms of EEG.

3. What are the applications of EEG?


1. Explain the characteristics of reference electrodes

2. What are the different electrodes for ECG?



SET Total Pages: Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY SEVENTH SEMESTER B. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER 2018

Course Code: EBT284

Course Name: BIOSIGNAL ACQUISITION SYSTEMS


PART A Answer all questions (3 marks). Marks

1 a) Define thermoemf with an example (3)

b) Explain the types of Transducers (3)

c) What is the principle with respect to blood pressure measurement (3)

d) Explain resistive strain gauges (3)

e) What are the different sections in ECG waveform. (3)

f) What is electromyogram (3)

g) Classify different sleep stages (3)

h) Mention three applications using EEG waveforms (3)

i) Describe Enzyme electrode (3)

j) Illustrate Silver-silver chloride electrodes (3)

PART B Answer any one full question, carrying 14 marks.

2 a) Give an example of an active transducer (7)

b) Illustrate and explain the working principle of thermoresistive transducers (7)

OR

3 a) Explain the working principle of thermoelectric transducers (9)

b) What are the major difference between active and passive transducers (5)

4 a) What is Korotkoff sound? Explain a method to measure the blood pressure

measurement

(7)

b) Explain the working principle of a capacitive transducers with a suitable

example

(7)

OR


5 a) Explain the working principle of LVDT Transducer (7)

b) What are piezoelectric transducers? Give an application (7)

6 a) What are the different types of pacemaker (7)

b) With respect to EMG machine, explain block level diagram of the machine (7)

OR

7 a) Explain the different lead systems in ECG machine (7)

b) What are the different artifacts seen in an ECG recording system (7)

8 a) Illustrate 10-20 electrode system (7)

b) What are the different wave forms in an EEG and state the importance of these

waves

(7)

OR

9 a) What is EEG? Explain a basic EEG machine (7)

b) How can EEG waves be studied in cognitive tests (7)

10 a) How can electrodes be used for the measurement of pCO2 and pO2 (7)

b) How are calomel electrodes used as reference electrodes (7)

OR

11 a) Explain the working principle of oxygen electrodes (7)

b) What is design characteristics of the following electrodes a) ECG b) EMG

c)EEG. State the reason for the design

(7)

****


Syllabus

Module 1

Transducers –types and classification-active and passive. Temperature transducers –thermo resistive transducers, thermoelectric

Module 2

Displacement & Pressure transducers: Potentiometric -resistive strain gauges, inductive -capacitive - piezo electric transducers , Measurement of blood pressure- based on Korotkoff sound

Module 3

Electrocardiogram: Generation of ECG, pacemakers – natural & ectopic, waveforms and their significance. Recording of bio potentials – monophasic & biphasic recording - Lead systems in ECG. ECG machine – Block diagram - Artifacts in ECG recording

Electrical activity of muscles- neuromuscular junction, synaptic potentials, motor unit – motor unit action potential – EMG. Measurement of EMG - block diagram of EMG machine. . Module 4

Electroencephalogram - brain waves, sleep stages, Abnormal EEGs – epilepsy. Measurement of EEG - 10-20 electrode system, block diagram of EEG machine. Applications of EEG

Module 5

Reference electrodes - Silver-silver chloride electrodes-Calomel electrodes Oxygen electrodes - CO2 electrodes -Enzyme electrode -construction

Electrodes for measurement of bio potentials– ECG, EEG & EMG electrodes.

Text Books

1. R S C Cobbold, Transducers for Biomedical Instruments, John Wiley & Sons, 1974

2. R S Khandpur, Handbook of Bio medical Instrumentation, Tata McGraw Hill, 2004.

3. Arthur C. Guyton : Textbook of Medical Physiology, Prism Books (Pvt) Ltd & W.B. SaundersCompany.1991

Reference Books

1. Keith Brindley, Sensors & Transducers, Heinemann Newnes, Great Britain, 1988.


2. John G. Webster: Medical Instrumentation -Application and Design ; Houghton MifflinCo., Boston.1992



1 Sensors and Transducers

1.1 Transducers –types and classification-active and passive 2 1.2 Temperature transducers –thermo resistive transducers, 3 1.3 Thermoelectric temperature transducer 3

2 Sensors and Transducers 2.1 Displacement & Pressure transducers: Potentiometric -resistive strain

gauges 3

2.2 Inductive -Capacitive 3

2.3 Piezo electric transducers 1

2.4 Measurement of blood pressure- based on Korotkoff sound 2

3 Electrocardiogram and Electromyogram

3.1 Electrocardiogram: Generation of ECG, pacemakers – natural & ectopic, waveforms and their significance

3

3.2 Recording of bio potentials – monophasic & biphasic recording - Lead systems in ECG.

2

3.3 ECG machine – Block diagram - Artifacts in ECG recording 2

3.4 Electrical activity of muscles- neuromuscular junction, synaptic potentials, motor unit – motor unit action potential – EMG 3

3.5 Measurement of EMG - block diagram of EMG machine. 1

4 Electroencephalogram

4.1 Electroencephalogram - brain waves, sleep stages, Abnormal EEGs – epilepsy.

3

4.2 Measurement of EEG - 10-20 electrode system, 2

4.3 Block diagram of EEG machine- Applications of EEG 3

5 Electrodes for biopotential measurement

5.1 Reference electrodes - Silver-silver chloride electrodes-Calomel electrodes 3


5.2 Oxygen electrodes - CO2 electrodes -Enzyme electrode -construction 3

5.3 Electrodes for measurement of bio potentials– ECG, EEG & EMG electrodes. 3


EBT286 NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING


VAC 4 0 0 4

Preamble: Prepare students to understand the basic concepts of numerical methods so that they can be applied for the development of algorithms to solve problems in computational modelling of physiological systems.

Prerequisite: Nil


CO 1 Solve algebraic and transcendental equations.

CO 2 Analyze different the numerical techniques of interpolation

CO 3 Implement numerical techniques of differentiation and integration

CO 4 Solve ordinary differential equations using numerical methods

CO 5 Apply different techniques for solving various types of partial differential equations.


PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 3 1 1 - - - - - - - - 2

CO 2 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2

CO 3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2

CO 4 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2

CO 5 1 2 3 - 3 - - - - - - 2

Assessment Pattern


Understand 10 10 20

Apply 20 20 40

Analyse 20 20 40


Mark distribution


150 50 100 3 hours





Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Solve algebraic and transcendental equations.

1. Analyse different methods for the solution of algebraic equations.

2. Solve problems of linear system of equations with iterative methods.

3. Solution of eigen value problems with numerical methods

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Analyze different the numerical techniques of interpolation

1. Significance of interpolation in Biomedical systems

2. Interpolation with equal and unequal intervals

3. State the concept of cubic spline interpolation

Course Outcome 3 (CO3): Understand of numerical techniques of differentiation and

integration

1. Explain the concept of integration and differentiation by numerical methods

2. Evaluate single integral and double integrals by numeric methods

3. Explain any one application of integration in Biomedical engineering.


Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Solve ordinary differential equations using numerical methods

1. Understand different single step methods for the solution of ordinary differential equations

2. Compare the multistep methods for the solution of ODE's

3. Describe how predictor correction methods for the solution of ODEs

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Apply various techniques for solving various types of partial differential equations

1. Understand boundary value problems in Biomedical engineering

2. Explain the finite difference techniques for the solution of PDE's

3. Find the solution of heat flow and wave equation under different boundary conditions


Total Pages:

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________


Course Code: EBT286

Cours Name: NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING



1 a) Explain the importance of eigen values in engineering problems

b) Discuss any one case specific to Biomedical Engineering where the concept ofEigen values plays a crucial role.

c) What are the possible sources of error while implementing Gauss elimination forthe solution of linear algebraic equations?

d) Illustrate Piecewise interpolation.

e) What are the errors involved in Euler’s method?

f) Explain cubic spline kernel used for interpolation

g) Classify the types of Neurons & its functions?

h) Explain any two application of finite element analysis in Engineering.

i) Illustrate Modified Euler’s method of solving ODE.

j) Explain the popular methods of 2nd order Runge Kutta methods used for the solution of ODEs.



2 a) Using Jacobi’s method find all the eigen values and eigen vectors of the

following matrix

2 3 1

3 2 2

1 2 1

(14)

OR

3 a) Using modified Euler’s method, find an approximate solution of y when x=0.5

(4)

b) Given the equations

10x + 2y− z = 27

− 3x− 6y + 2z = −61.5

x + y + 5z = −21.5

Solve by Gauss elimination

(10)

4 a) Write an algorithm to implement Gauss elimination with partial pivoting. (8)

b) Compare interpolation and extrapolation with an example. (6)

OR

5 a) Estimate log 4 using linear interpolation. Interpolate between log 3=

0.4771213 and log 5= 0.6989700.

(4)

b) Illustrate Modified Euler’s method of solving ODE. (10)

6 a) Using Taylor series method, compute y(0.1) upto 2nd order if y(x)

satisfies the equation 𝒅𝒚

= 𝒙 + 𝒚 , given y(0)=1.

(8 )

b) What is interpolation? Give an application of interpolation in Biomedicalsignal processing.

(6 )

OR

7 a) What are the possible sources of error while implementing Gauss elimination for the solution of linear algebraic equations?

(9)

b) Mention the significance of adaptive step size control. (5)

8 a) Compare different multi step methods for the solution of ODEs (5)

b) Explain the popular methods of 2nd order Runge Kutta methods used for the (9)


solution of ODEs.

OR

9 a) Using Runge- Kutta method find y when x=0.1 given that

d2y/dx2+2*xdy/dx-4y=0

Y=0.2, dy/dx=0.5 when x=0;

(7)

b) Explain cubic spline kernel used for interpolation (7)

10 a) Explain the step by step processes involved in Finite Element Method (10)

b) Explain one dimensional heat equation and solution for differentboundary conditions

(4)

OR

11 a) Use the Newton-Raphson method to estimate the root of

F(x) = ex - x, Assume x0=0.

(5)

b) How finite difference method can be used to solve boundary value

problems of second order differential equations.

(9)

****

Syllabus

Module 1: SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations – Fixed point iteration method – Newton

Raphson method – Solution of linear system of equations – Gauss elimination method – Pivoting – Gauss Jordan method – Iterative methods of Gauss Jacobi and Gauss Seidel –

Eigen values of a matrix by Power method and Jacobi’s method for symmetric matrices.

Application of these techniques in biomedical engineering.

Module 2: INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION

Interpolation with unequal intervals – Lagrange’s interpolation – Newton’s divided difference

interpolation – Cubic Splines – Difference operators and relations – Interpolation with equal intervals – Newton’s forward and backward difference formulae. Application of these

techniques in biomedical engineering


Module 3: NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION

Approximation of derivatives using interpolation polynomials – Numerical integration using

Trapezoidal, Simpson’s 1/3 rule – Romberg’s Method – Two point and three point Gaussian quadrature formulae – Evaluation of double integrals by Trapezoidal and Simpson’s 1/3 rules.

Application of these techniques in biomedical engineering

Module 4: INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS FOR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Single step methods – Taylor’s series method – Euler’s method – Modified Euler’s method – Fourth order Runge – Kuta method for solving first order equations – Multi step methods – Milne’s and Adams – Bash forth predictor corrector methods for solving first order equations. Application of these techniques in biomedical engineering

Module 5: BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS IN ORDINARY AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Finite difference methods for solving second order two – point linear boundary value problems – Finite difference techniques for the solution of two dimensional Laplace’s and Poison’s equations on rectangular domain – One dimensional heat flow equation by explicit and implicit (Crank Nicholson) methods – One dimensional wave equation by explicit method. Application of these techniques in biomedical engineering

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Stanley Dunn, Alkis Constantinides, Prabhas V, Numerical Methods in Biomedical

Engineering Academic Press2. Grewal. B.S., and Grewal. J.S.,”Numerical methods in Engineering and

Science”,Khanna Publishers, 9th Edition, New Delhi, 2007.

3. Gilat, Amos. Numerical methods for engineers and scientists. Wiley GlobalEducation, 2013.

REFERENCES: 1. Chapra. S.C., and Canale.R.P., “Numerical Methods for Engineers, Tata McGraw

Hill, 5th Edition, New Delhi,

2. Brian Bradie. “A friendly introduction to Numerical analysis”, Pearson Education,

Asia, New Delhi,

3. Sankara Rao. K., “Numerical methods for Scientists and Engineers”, Prentice Hall ofIndia Private, 3rd Edition, New Delhi,




1 SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS

1.1 Fixed point iteration method – Newton Raphson method – Solution of linear system of equations

3

1.2 Gauss elimination method – Pivoting – Gauss Jordan method – Iterative methods of Gauss Jacobi and Gauss Seidel

3

1.3 Eigen values of a matrix by Power method and Jacobi’s method for symmetric matrices. Application of these techniques in biomedical engineering.

3

2 INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION

2.1 Interpolation with unequal intervals – Lagrange’s interpolation – Newton’s divided difference interpolation

2

2.2 Cubic Splines – Difference operators and relations – Interpolation with equal intervals

2

2.3 Newton’s forward and backward difference formulae. Application of these techniques in biomedical engineering

4

3 NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION

3.1 Approximation of derivatives using interpolation polynomials – Numerical integration using Trapezoidal

3

3.2 Simpson’s 1/3 rule – Romberg’s Method – Two point and three point Gaussian quadrature formulae

4

3.3 Evaluation of double integrals by Trapezoidal and Simpson’s 1/3 rules. Application of these techniques in biomedical engineering

2

4 INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS FOR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

4.1 Single step methods – Taylor’s series method – Euler’s method – Modified Euler’s method

3

4.2 Fourth order Runge – Kutta method for solving first order equations 3

4.3 Multi step methods – Milne’s and Adams – Bash forth predictor corrector methods for solving first order equations. Application of these techniques in biomedical engineering

3

5 BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS IN ORDINARY AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS


5.1 Finite difference methods for solving second order two – point linear boundary value problems

4

5.2 Finite difference techniques for the solution of two dimensional Laplace’s and Poison’s equations on rectangular domain

2

5.3 One dimensional heat flow equation by explicit and implicit (Crank Nicholson) methods – One dimensional wave equation by explicit method. Application of these techniques in biomedical engineering

4


SEMESTER -4

HONOURS


EBT292 BIOMEDICAL SIGNALS & SYSTEMS CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

VAC 4 0 0 4

Preamble: This course aims to introduce the students to

1. Origin and characteristics of important Biomedical signals, the overview and

difficulties encountered in biomedical signal analysis.

2. Continuous time signals and systems.

3. Principle and properties of Laplace Transform.

4. Fourier analysis for continuous time processes.

5. Different steps involved in discretization of continuous-time Signals.

Prerequisite: NIL


CO 1 Analyse the origin of biomedical signals and their characteristics.

CO 2 Interpret the characteristics of continuous time signals and systems.

CO 3 Analyse continuous time signals using Laplace transform.

CO 4 Apply Fourier methods to continuous time signals.

CO 5 Apply sampling and quantization techniques to digitize continuous-time Signals.


PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 2 2 1 - - 1 1 - - - - 1 CO 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - - - CO 3 2 2 1 - 1 - - - - - - 1

CO 4 2 2 1 - 1 - - - - - - 1

CO 5 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 1

Assessment Pattern



1 2 Understand 20 20 40


Apply 20 20 40

Analyse 10 10 20

Mark distribution


150 50 100 3 hours





Course Outcome 1 (CO1): Analyse the origin of biomedical signals and their characteristics.

1. State any two objectives of using biomedical signal analysis.

2. List three common types or sources of artifact in a biomedical instrument.

3. Draw the waveform corresponding to two cycles of a typical ECG signal and indicate thecomponent waves.

Course Outcome 2 (CO2): Interpret the characteristics of continuous time signals and systems.

1. Determine whether or not the systems is periodic x(t) = 2 cos(3t + π).

2. State the stability property of a system.

3. Obtain the odd and even parts of the following functions:

(a) x(t)=e-2t·u(t)

(b) x(t)=u(t)-u(t-2)


Course Outcome 3(CO3): Analyse continuous time signals using Laplace transform.

1. State Laplace transform and comment on ROC.

.2. Mention the important properties of Laplace Transform.

3. Analysis and characterization of LTI systems using the Laplace Transforms.

Course Outcome 4 (CO4): Apply Fourier methods to continuous time signals.

1. List out the properties of continous-time Fourier Transform.

2. Representation of periodic signals using Discrete-time Fourier series.

3. Concept of Discrete-time Fourier Transform for representation of periodic signals.

Course Outcome 5 (CO5): Apply sampling and quantization techniques to digitize Continuous-Time Signals.

1. State the sampling theorem.

2. Method to reconstruct the signal from its samples.

2. Mention the reason for aliasing.


Total Pages: 2

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION,

Course Code: EBT292

Course Name: BIOMEDICAL SIGNALS & SYSTEMS (S4 Basket I)



1 What are the important waves present in EEG signals? 2 Associate the important waves in ECG with the physiological events. 3 Explain the condition for the system to be stable. 4 Check whether the following system is linear, time invariant, static, causal and stable

y(n)= x2 (n-2) + 3 x3 (n). 5 Mention any two properties of Laplace transform. 6 Determine the Laplace Transform and the associated ROC for the time function x(t) = e

-at u(t) a<0. 7 Derive the convolution property of Fourier Transform.


8 Determine the Fourier series representation for the signal x(t) = cos 4t + sin 6t. 9 State sampling theorem.

10 What is the effect of undersampling ? PART B 5x14=70marks

Answer five full questions, each carries 14 marks. 11 a) Draw a typical ECG waveform over one cardiac cycle indicating the important

component waves, their typical durations and the intervals between them.(8)

b) Find any three areas where biomedical signal analysis is useful (6)

OR 12. a) List the important difficulties encountered in biomedical signal acquisition and

analysis. (8)

b) Draw a typical PCG waveform and mark the important waves present in it. (6)

13 a) Sketch the signal 5u(t+2) +5u(t)-9(u(t-3) (6) b) Find the output when a rectangular signal is input to a system that has a

rectangular function as the impulse response,

.

(8)

OR 14 a) A continuous time signal x(t) is given below. Sketch and label each of the

following

signals a. x(t-2)b. x(2t+2)

c. [x(t) +x(2-t)]u(1-t)

(9)

b) Prove that the convolution operation is (i) commutative, (ii) associative and (iii) (5)


distributive from the definition of the convolution integral.

15 a) Find the Laplace transform and ROC of a continuous time signal given below

x(t) = 2e–3tu(t) − e–2tu(t).

(8)

b) Summarize the important properties of Laplace Transform. (6)

OR 16 a) State and prove the time shifting and time scaling properties of Laplace

transform.(8)

b) Determine the time function x(t) for X(s) and associated region of convergencelisted below.

(6)

17 a) Based on the properties of Continuous time Fourier Series explainconvolution theorem for signalsx1(t) and x2(t).

(6)

b) Analyse the importance of Parseval's relation in the context of FourierTransform.

(8)

OR 18 a) Find the Fourier series representation of the output y(t) for an LTI system with

impulse response h(t) = e-4t u(t) and input x(t) = cos 2πt.(8)

b) State and explain the convolution property of the Fourier Transform. (6)

19 a) State sampling theorem. (6) b) How the signal can be recovered from the samples. Describe with suitable

schematics.(8)

OR 20 a) Draw the frequency domain effect of sampling in time domain. Explain the

importance of Nyquist rate while reconstruction. (7)

b) Identify the importance of quantization. (7)

Syllabus

Module 1

Biomedical signals- Origin and characteristics:- Electro Cardio Gram(ECG), Electro Myo Gram(EMG), Electro Encephalo Gram(EEG), Event Related Potentials(ERP), Phono Cardio Gram(PCG), Carotid Pulse (CP), Signals from catheter-tip sensors, the speech signal, Vibro Myo Gram (VMG), Vibroa Arthro Ggram(VAG), Oto-acoustic emission signals.

Biomedical Signal analysis: Overview and difficulties encountered in biomedical signal analysis.


Module 2

Continuous time signals and systems- Continuous time signals- exponential, sinusoidal, unit step and impulse. Operations on Time Signals- Time shift, time reversal, time scaling, amplitude operations. Even and odd functions, periodic signals. Continuous time systems-- Basic system properties – Causality, memory, invertibility, stability, Time invariance, linearity.

Linear Time-Invariant Systems: Representing a signal in terms of scaled and shifted impulses - Continuous- time LTI systems: convolution integral. Properties of LTI systems: Memory, Invertibility, Causality and stability, System described by differential and difference equations

Module 3

Laplace transform - Properties of the Laplace transform - The inverse Laplace transform -. Analysis and characterization of First-order and second-order LTI systems using the Laplace transform.

Module 4

Fourier analysis for continuous time processes : Decomposition of Periodic Signals, Synthesis of an ECG Signal Using Pure Sinusoids, Fourier series representation of Continuous time periodic signals - Convergence of Fourier series-properties. Continuous-time Fourier transform representation of aperiodic signals – Properties. Frequency Filters.

Module 5 Discretization of Continuous-Time Signals: Sampling and Quantization – Introduction - sampling theorem – effect of sampling in the Fourier domain, aliasing effect - Reconstruction of signals from its samples, interpolation. Quantization of sampled data.

Text Books

1. Alan V Oppenheim, Alan S Willsky with S Hamid Nawab, Signals and Systems. PrenticeHall India, 2/e, 2010

2. Rangaraj M Rangayyan: Biomedical Signal Analysis, John Wiley, 2013

Reference Books

1. Signals and Systems in Biomedical Engineering, Suresh R. Devasahayam, SpringerScience+Business Media, LLC.

2. Signals and Systems Analysis in Biomedical Engineering, Robert B. Northrop, SecondEdition, CRC Press.

3. Digital Signal Processing – Principles, Algorithms and Applications, John G Proakis &Dimitris G Manolakis, Prentice Hall of India, Fourth Edition.

4. P. Ramesh Babu: Digital Signal Processing, Scitech Publications, India 2004.

5. Sanjit K. Mithra, Digital Signal Processing, Tata McGraw Hill, 3rd ed.

6. Simon Haykin, Barry Van Veen, Signals and Systems, 2nd Edition.




1 Biomedical signals & objectives of Biomedical Signal analysis 1.1 ECG, EMG, EEG. 4

1.2 ERP, PCG, CP. 2

1.3 Signals from catheter-tip sensors, The speech signal, Vibromyogram (VMG), Vibroarthrogram, Oto-acoustic emission signals.

2

1.4 Biomedical Signal analysis: Overview and difficulties encountered in biomedical signal analysis.

2

2 Continuous time signals and systems 2.1 Continuous time signals- exponential, sinusoidal, unit step and impulse. 2

2.2 Continuous time systems - Basic system properties - Causality, stability, Time invariance, linearity.

2

2.3 Linear Time-Invariant Systems: Representation of signals in terms of impulses- Continuous- time LTI systems: convolution integral.

2

2.4 Properties of LTI systems: Memory, Invertibility, Causality and stability. System described by differential and difference equations

3

3 Laplace transform 3.1 Properties of the Laplace transform. 3

3.2 The inverse Laplace transform. 3

3.3 Analysis and characterization of First-order and second-order LTI systems using the Laplace transform.

3

4 Fourier analysis for continuous time processes

4.1 Fourier series representation of Continuous time periodic signals. 3 4.2 Convergence of Fourier series-properties. 2 4.3 Continuous-time Fourier transform representation of aperiodic signals. 2 4.4 Properties of Fourier Transform. 2 5 Discretization of Continuous-Time Signals 5.1 Sampling and Quantization – Introduction - sampling theorem. 3 5.2 Effect of sampling in the Fourier domain, aliasing effect. 2 5.3 Reconstruction of signals from its samples, interpolation. Quantization of

sampled data. 3


EBT294 SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC

DEVICES


VAC 4 0 0 4

Preamble: Develop an in depth knowledge about electronic devices and their manufacturing processes.

Prerequisite: NIL


CO 1 EBT274.1 Use the density of states and Fermi Dirac statistics to calculate carrier concentrations

CO 2 EBT274.2 Understand generation–recombination of excess carriers, possibly through trap sites

CO 3 EBT274.3 Calculate diffusion currents from carrier concentration gradients and diffusivity

CO 4 EBT274.4 Understand the characteristics of MOSFET.

CO 5 EBT274.5 Demonstrate the fabrication steps of semiconductor devices.


CO PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 3 3 3 1 1 - - 1 2 1 - 1

CO 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 - 1 2 1 - 1

CO 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 - 1 2 1 - 1

CO 4 3 3 2 1 1 - - 1 2 1 - 1

CO 5 3 3 2 2 1 - - 1 2 1 - 1

Assessment Pattern



1 2 Remember 10 10 10

Understand 20 20 20

Apply 20 20 70







1. Derive the expression n0p0=ni2 from fundamentals.

2. An n type silicon sample with Nd= 10 15/cm3 is steadily illuminated such that gop= 1020

EHP/cm3-sec.If n= p = 1µsec for this excitation. Draw the energy band diagram with thequasi Fermi levels at 300K.intrinsic carrier concentration of silicon is 1.5x1010/cm3


1. What is Einstein relation? Derive the expression.


Calculate the recombination coefficient ar for the low- level excitation. Assume that this value of ar applies when the GaAs sample is uniformly exposed to a steady state optical generation rate gop = 1019 EHP/cm3@s. Find the steady state excess carrier concentration _n = _p.


1. Discuss MOSFET scaling.


1. For an n-channel MOSFET with a gate oxide thickness of 10 nm, VT = 0.6 V, and Z = 25om, L = 1 om. Calculate the drain current at VG = 5 V and VD = 0.1 V. Repeat for VG = 3 Vand VD = 5 V. Discuss what happens for VD = 7 V. Assume an electron channel mobility ofon = 200 cm2>V s.


2. For a long channel nMOSFET with VT = 1 V, calculate the VG required for an ID(sat.) of0.1 mA and VD(sat.) of 5 V. Calculate the small-Signal output conductance g and thetransconductance gm(sat.) at VD = 10 V. Sketch the cross section of this MOSFET, andschematically show the inversion charge and depletion charge distributions for VD = 1 V, 5V, and 10 V.


SET1 Total Pages:

Reg No.:______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

FOURTH SEMESTER B.TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION

Course Code: EBT294

Course Name: SOLID STATE ELECTRONIC DEVICES


PART A

Answer all questions. Each carries 3 marks

1 a) Plot the Fermi Dirac distribution function versus energy for different temperatures.

b) Derive the expression for the conductivity of a semiconductor.

c) State and explain different recombination mechanisms.

d) How much optical power per cm3 will be generated if the carriers recombine viaphotoemission?

e) What is the difference between depletion and diffusion capacitance in a diode?

f) What are the assumptions taken for the derivation of the general form of thediode equation?

g) Draw the capacitance- voltage characteristics of an channel MOSFET

h) Define base transport factor.

i) Discuss photolithography.

j) Draw the band diagrams for the ideal MOS structure at equilibrium


PART B

2 a) Derive the expression n0p0=ni2 from fundamentals. 5

b) An n type silicon sample with Nd= 10 15/cm3 is steadily illuminated such thatgop= 1020 EHP/cm3-sec.If n= p = 1µsec for this excitation. Draw the energyband diagram with the quasi Fermi levels at 300K.intrinsic carrier concentrationof silicon is 1.5x1010/cm3

9

OR

3 a) Illustrate the temperature dependence of carrier concentration of an extrinsic semiconductor with the help of graph.

5

b) What is Hall effect? Derive the expression for finding the carrier concentrationof a semiconductor from Hall voltage.

9

4 a) What is Einstein relation? Derive the expression. 6

b) Derive continuity equation. Find the expression for the distribution of carriers ina semi infinite semiconductor bar if steady injection of carriers occurs at oneend.

8

OR

5 a) Draw the charge density and electric field distribution within the transition region of a PN junction with Nd<Na. Label all the details.

7

b) An abrupt silicon pn junction has Nd=10 15/cm3 and Na=10 17/cm3.Draw theenergy band diagram of the junction at equilibrium at 300K and find its contactpotential from the diagram. Energy gap of silicon is 1.11eV and intrinsic carrierconcentration is 1.5x1010/cm3

7

6 a) Derive ideal diode equation. 5

b) Draw the energy band diagram of a pn junction ,when it is i)under equilibriumand ii)forward biased

9

OR

7 a) Derive the expression for contact potential, transition region width and maximum value of electric field

9

b) Draw the electron and hole component of current in a forward biased PNjunction. Given that Nd<Na

5

8 a) Draw the band diagrams for the ideal MOS structure at i)equilibrium, ii)accumulation, iii)depletion

9

b) Draw and explain the capacitance voltage characteristics of an n channel MOSFET

5


OR

9 a) What are the effects of real surfaces on the threshold voltage of a MOS capacitor?

8

b) Analyze the output characteristics of a MOSFET 6

10 a) Discuss the fabrication process of MOSFET 7

b) Discuss the different steps involved in the fabrication of semiconductor devices. 7

OR

11 a) For an n-channel MOSFET with a gate oxide thickness of 10 nm, VT = 0.6 V, and Z = 25 om, L = 1 om. Calculate the drain current at VG = 5 V and VD = 0.1 V. Repeat for VG = 3 V and VD = 5 V. Discuss what happens for VD = 7 V.Assume an electron channel mobility of on = 200 cm2>V s.

7

b) For a long channel nMOSFET with VT = 1 V, calculate the VG required for anID(sat.) of 0.1 mA and VD(sat.) of 5 V. Calculate the small-Signal outputconductance g and the transconductance gm(sat.) at VD = 10 V. Sketch the crosssection of this MOSFET, and schematically show the inversion charge

and depletion charge distributions for VD = 1 V, 5 V, and 10 V.

7

****

Syllabus

Module Contents

I

Elemental and compound semiconductors, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Fermi-Dirac distribution, equilibrium and steady state conditions, equilibrium concentration of electrons and holes, temperature dependence of carrier concentration. Carrier transport in semiconductors, diffusion, drift, conductivity and mobility, variation of mobility with temperature and doping. Einstein relations, continuity equations, diffusion length.

II

Excess carriers in semiconductors: Generation and recombination mechanisms of excess carriers, quasi Fermi levels. PN junctions: contact potential, electrical field, potential and charge density at the junction, energy band diagram, minority carrier distribution. Ideal diode equation, electron and hole component of current in forward biased p-n junction.

III Bipolar junction transistor-principle of operation, current components, modes of operation, transistor amplifier action minority carrier distributions-forward active mode, basic parameters, evaluation of terminal currents, base width modulation.

IV Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor: The ideal MOS capacitor, band diagrams at equilibrium, accumulation, depletion and inversion, surface potential, output characteristics, transfer characteristics, threshold voltage, second order effects


in MOSFET –channel length modulation, saturation, drain induced barrier lowering(basic concepts)

V Semiconductor device fabrication process-wafer preparation (basic concepts only), oxidation, diffusion, photolithography, etching, deposition. MOSFET fabrication process flow-basic steps, fabrication of the nMOS transistor

Text Books:

1. Ben G. Streetman and Sanjay Kumar Banerjee, Solid State Electronic Devices,Pearson, 6/e, 20102. Neamen, Semiconductor Physics and Devices, McGraw Hill, 4/e, 20123. Achuthan, K N Bhat, Fundamentals of Semiconductor Devices, 1e, McGraw Hill,2015

References:

1. Tyagi M.S., Introduction to Semiconductor Materials and Devices, Wiley India,5/e, 20082. V.Suresh Babu ,Solid State Devices and Technology,Pearson,3/e,20103. Sze S.M., Physics of Semiconductor Devices, John Wiley, 3/e, 20054. Pierret, Semiconductor Devices Fundamentals, Pearson, 20065. Rita John, Solid State Devices, McGraw-Hill, 20146. Bhattacharya .Sharma, Solid State Electronic Devices, Oxford University Press,20127. Dasgupta and Dasgupta , Semiconductor Devices : Modelling and Technology(PHI)



1 Elemental and compound semiconductors

1.1 Elemental and compound semiconductors 2

Fermi-Dirac distribution, Equilibrium and steady state conditions 2

1.2 Equilibrium concentration of electrons and holes 2

1.3 Temperature dependence of carrier concentration 2

2 Excess carriers in semiconductors:

2.1 Carrier transport in semiconductors 2

2.2 drift, conductivity and mobility 2

2.3 variation of mobility with temperature and doping 2

2.4 High Field Effects, Hall effect 3


3 PN junctions:

3.1 Contact potential, Electrical Field 2

3.2 Potential and Charge density at the junction 2

3.3 Energy band diagram, Minority carrier distribution, Ideal diode equation 3

3.4 Electron and hole component of current in forward biased p-n junction 3

4 Metal Insulator semiconductor devices

4.1 The ideal MOS capacitor, band diagrams at equilibrium, accumulation, depletion and inversion, surface potential.

3

4.2 MOSFET: Output characteristics, transfer characteristics, sub threshold characteristics

3

4.3 MOSFET scaling (basic concepts) 3

5 Semiconductor device fabrication process

5.1 Semiconductor device fabrication process-oxidation 3

5.2 photolithography, etching, doping, deposition. 3

5.3 MOSFET fabrication process flow-basic steps, fabrication of the

nMOS transistor

3


EBT296 CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY &

BIOPOTENTIALS CATEGORY L T P CREDIT

VAC 4 0 0 4

Preamble:

This course covers the basics of cellular physiology, bioelectricity and biopotentials.

Prerequisite: NIL


CO 1 Understand membrane potentials and their origin CO 2 Familiarize the principles of neural communication CO 3 Outline the principles of neuronal integration CO 4 Explain the cardiac action potentials CO 5 Outline the principles of other biopotentials


PO 1

PO 2

PO 3

PO 4

PO 5

PO 6

PO 7

PO 8

PO 9

PO 10

PO 11

PO 12

CO 1 3 1 1 1 1 CO 2 3 1 1 1 1 CO 3 3 1 1 1 1 CO 4 3 1 1 1 1 CO 5 3 1 1 1 1

Assessment Pattern



1 2 Remember 10 10 40 Understand 15 15 60 Apply Analyse Evaluate Create

Mark distribution

Total Marks


150 50 100 3 hours







1. Describe structure of cell membrane

2. Explain the methods of transport across cell membranes.

3. What is resting membrane potential and how it arises?


1. Describe the different potentials in excitable cells.

2. Explain the methods of generation.

3. How are they propagated along the axon?


1. Explain the different types of synapses and neurotransmitters.

2. What is synaptic integration and what are the different methods?

3. Discuss the core-conductor model of cell membrane.


1. Explain the specialized excitatory and conductive system in heart.

2. Describe the ionic basis of cardiac action potentials.

3. Discuss the origin of ECG and its recording.


1. Explain the generation of action potentials in muscle cells.

2. Discuss the different types of biopotentials such as ENG, EGG, ERG & EOG.



Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY FOURTH SEMESTER B. TECH DEGREE EXAMINATION, ____________ 20__

Course Code: EBT296 Course Name: Cellular Physiology & Biopotentials


PART A Answer any all questions. Each carry 3 marks. Marks

1 What is Fick’s law of diffusion? (3)

2 Define Nernst potential. (3)

3 What is local circuit current flow? (3)

4 What do you mean by saltatory conduction? (3)

5 Compare chemical and electrical synapses. (3)

6 How is an excitatory post synaptic potential generated? (3)

7 Draw and ECG and mark the different waves. (3)

8 How are heart sounds produced? (3)

9 What do you mean by ENG? (3)

10 What are endplates?

PART B Answer any one full question from each module. Each carry 14 marks.

MODULE I

11

a) Draw the structure of a cell membrane and marks the different parts. Explain

the function of each part.

(9)

b) What do you mean by carrier assisted diffusion? Give an example. (5)

12

a) State the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation and indicate what does each term

stand for. What is its significance?

(8)

b) What do you mean by active transport? Explain with an example. (7)

MODULE II

13 a) Draw a neat diagram of a nerve action potential and mark the parts. (7)

b) Explain the ionic basis of generation of action potential. (8)

14 a) With the help of diagrams, explain the working of Na+ & K+ channels during (8)


action potentials. b) What do you mean by refractory period? Explain its significance with respect

to cardiac activity?

(7)

MODULE III

15 a) Draw the diagram of a chemical synapse and mark the parts. (6)

b) What are neurotransmitters? Give examples of different types. (8)

16

a) Explain the core-conductor model of a passive cell membrane. Define the

terms a) membrane conductance b) membrane capacitance.

(9)

b) What do you mean by time constant and space constant? (5)

MODULE IV

17

a) Which are the specialized excitatory and conductive cells in the heart? What

are their roles?

(8)

b) What do you mean by bipolar limb leads? (6)

18

a) Differentiate between monophasic and biphasic recording. (5)

b) Draw a cardiac action potential. Explain the origin of plateau region in cardiac

action potential.

(9)

MODULE V

19 a) Draw the structure of an endplate and mark the different parts. (8)

b) Explain the different potentials that constitute an EMG signal. (6)

20 a) Draw the diagram of a motor unit action potential and mark the parts. (6)

b) What is ENG? What is the significance of recording ENG? (6)

Syllabus

Module 1

Cell membrane: Phospholipid bilayer – membrane proteins – fluid mosaic model. Membrane transport – unassisted and assisted transport. Membrane potential – Equilibrium potential – Na+, K+ and Cl- ions and leak channels – Dynamic equilibrium - Na+-K+ pump - Selective permeability - Resting potential - Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation.

Module 2

Neural communication: Neuron - structure – types - Graded and Action Potentials – Depolarization, Repolarization and Hyperpolarisation - Ionic basis of generation –Voltage gated Na+ & K+ channels – Initiation of action potentials - Propagation– Local Circuit current flow – Effect of diameter & myelination - Refractory period – Properties of action potentials.


Module 3

Neuronal integration: Synapses – Electrical synapses – Gap junctions, Chemical synapses – structure & function - neurotransmitters - post synaptic receptors - Ligand gated channels – Post synaptic potentials – Excitatory & Inhibitory, Neuromodulation – Postsynaptic Integration – Spatial & Temporal integration, Passive membrane electrical properties – Core-Conductor model - Cable theory - Membrane conductance & capacitance - time constant and space constant

Module 4

Cardiac action potentials: Specialized excitatory and conductive system of heart – rhythmicity- ionic basis of cardiac action potentials – plateau region –– pacemaker – normal & abnormal – ECG – waves – duration – intervals – segments – arrythmias, Monophasic & biphasic recording, Lead systems – unipolar & bipolar, Heart sounds - Phonocardiography.

Module 5

Other biopotentials: Action potentials in skeletal muscles – motor neuron - neuromuscular junction – end plates & endplate potentials - motor units – motor unit potentials – motor unit action potentials – EMG, Membrane potentials & Action potentials in smooth muscles. Introduction to other biopotentials – ENG, EGG, ERG & EOG

Text Books

1. Arthur C. Guyton & John E. Hall, “Textbook of Medical Physiology”, Prism Books (Pvt)Ltd & W.B. Saunders Company, 11th Edition, 2006.

2. Lauralee Sherwood, “Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems”, Brooks/Cole,Cengage Learning, Ninth Edition, 2016.

Reference Books

1. David J. Aidley, “The Physiology of Excitable cells”, 3rd Ed., Cambridge UniversityPress. 1998.

2. A. G. Brown, Nerve Cells and Nervous Systems: An Introduction to Neuroscience,Springer-Verlag, 1991.

3. John G. Nicholls, A. Robert Martin, Paul A. Fuchs, David A. Brown, Mathew E.Diamond, David Weisblat, “From Neuron to Brain”, Sinauer Associates Inc., 5th

Edition, 2011.4. Richard Aston, “Principles of Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurement”,

Pearson Education, 1990.




1 Cell membrane

1.1 Phospholipid bilayer – membrane proteins – fluid mosaic model 2

1.2 Membrane transport – unassisted and assisted transport 3

1.3 Membrane potential – Equilibrium potential – Na+, K+ and Cl- ions and leak

channels – Dynamic equilibrium - Na+-K+ pump - Selective permeability

3

1.4 Resting potential - Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation 2

2 Neural communication

2.1 Neuron - structure – types 1

2.2 Graded and Action Potentials – Depolarization, Repolarization and

Hyperpolarisation

3

2.3 Ionic basis of generation –Voltage gated Na+ & K+ channels 2

2.4 Initiation of action potentials - Propagation– Local Circuit current flow –

Effect of diameter & myelination

3

2.5 Refractory period – Properties of action potentials 1

3 Neuronal integration

3.1 Synapses – Electrical synapses – Gap junctions, Chemical synapses –

structure & function

3

3.2 Neurotransmitters - post synaptic receptors - Ligand gated channels 1

3.3 Post synaptic potentials – Excitatory & Inhibitory, Neuromodulation –

Postsynaptic Integration – Spatial & Temporal integration

2

3.4 Passive membrane electrical properties – Core-Conductor model - Cable

theory - Membrane conductance & capacitance - time constant and space

constant

3

4 Cardiac action potentials

4.1 Specialized excitatory and conductive system of heart – rhythmicity -

Pacemaker – normal & abnormal

2

4.2 Ionic basis of cardiac action potentials – plateau region 2

4.3 ECG – waves – duration – intervals – segments - arrythmias 2

4.4 Monophasic & biphasic recording, Lead systems – unipolar & bipolar 3

4.5 Heart sounds - Phonocardiography 1

5 Other biopotentials

5.1 Action potentials in skeletal muscles – motor neuron - neuromuscular

junction – end plates & endplate potentials - motor units – motor unit

potentials – motor unit action potentials – EMG

3

5.2 Membrane potentials & Action potentials in smooth muscles. 1

5.3 Introduction to other biopotentials – ENG, EGG, ERG & EOG 3


SEMESTER -3 - APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

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