SCHOOL OF MODE RN HISTORY. - Forgotten Books

SCHO OL OF MODE RN HISTORY .

Gen er a l H i story . Per i od VII. ( 1 7 1 5

[Can di dates shou ld attempt at l east ONE of the qu esti on smarked

1 . At what epoch s of the French Revolution previousto the fall o f the Mon archy do you consider that therewas a fair chance for the establishment of a reasonablegovernment in France ?

2 . Do you consider that the Civil Constitution of theClergy was the fatal blunder of the Revolution ?

3 . The events are very great , the men are very small .’

Illustrate this statement from the characters of any ofthe leaders in France between 1 79 2 an d 1 79 5 .

4 . Give an account of the struggle of Poland fornational existence in 1 793 and 1 7 94.

*5 . Trace from 1 792 to 1 8 1 4 the effect on Frenchdiplomacy of the conception of a ‘ natural frontier ’ forFrance . Illustrate your answer by a sketch -map showingthe frontiers of 1 79 2 .

6 . What merits can be ascribed to the Con sularGovernment from 1 799 to 1 804 ?*7 .

‘ Territorial greed was the bane of Prussia .

’ Illustrate this statement from the history of the years 1 7 921 8 06

,add ing a sketch-map or maps to show the territories

possessed and coveted by Frederick William II andFrederick Wil liam III.

8 . Whom do you consider to have been the mosttrustworthy of the civil or mil itary servants of theNapoleonic Empire ? Give reasons for your choice .

9 . Discuss the political and strategic importance ofthe Battle of the Nile .1 0 . Estimate the truth of the statement that Napoleon

was no innovator in the Art of War.*1 1 . Give an account of the Archduke Charles ’s campaign of 1 8 09 , and illustrate your answer by a sketchmap .

4 K 1 4 [T urn over .

2

1 2 . The eighteenth - century monarchs regarded theirarmies as royal capital to be saved

,n ot as nati onal i n

come to be expended .

’ Il lustrate this statement fromthe European wars between 1 7 1 5 and 1 7 8 9 .

1 3 . How do you account for the collapse of the Frenchpower in India ?

1 4 . Discuss the statement that the chief characteristicof the French authors of the pro- revolutionary epoch wastheir faith in reason .

1 5 . Point out the symptoms and discuss the causes ofthe unrest in the Austrian Netherlands and in the UnitedProvinces respectively at the time of the outbreak of theFrench Revolution .

1 6. Comment on the following passages

(a Un m inistre qu’

un souverain envoie a cetteassemblée est l ’équ iv a len t d

’

un matin de basse - cour quiaboie a la lune . (FREDERIC , Me

’

moi r es . )

(b) C’est l o peuple da monde qu i a le mieux su so

prévaloir de ces trois grandes choses,la religion

,l o com

merce et la liberté. (MONT E SQUIE U.)

(c) C’est touj ours pour les politiques une regle fonda

m entale de diminuer cette puissance jusqu’

au point oh

l’

E mpereur no soit pas plus grand terrier qu e l o plusriche électeur. (D

’

ARGENSON,Mémoi res .)

[21 T.



[Can di dates shou ld attempt at least ONE of the questi on smarked

1 . At what epoch s of the French Revolution previousto the fall o f the Mon archy do you consider that therewas a fair chance for the establishment of a reasonablegovernment in France ?

2 . Do you consider that the Civil Con stitution of theClergy was the fatal blunder of the Revolution ?



4 . Give an account of the struggle of Poland fornational existence in 1 7 93 and 1 794.

*5 . Trace from 1 792 to 1 8 1 4 the effect on Frenchdiplomacy of the conception of a ‘ natural frontier ’ forFrance . Illustrate your answer by a sketch-map showingthe frontiers of 1 79 2 .

6 . What merits can be ascribed to the Con sularGovernment from 1 799 to 1 804 ?*7 . Territorial greed was the bane of Prussia .

’ Illustrate this statement from the history of the years 1 7 921 8 06

,add ing a sketch-map or maps to show the terr itories

possessed and coveted by Frederick William II andFrederick Wil liam III.



was no innovator in the Ar t of War .*1 1 . Give an account of the Archduke Charles ’s campaign of 1 8 09 , and illustrate your answer by a sketchmap .

4 K 1 4

2

1 0 . Exam ine the conflict between the House of Sav oyand the Republ icans in Italy , and account for the successof the former.

1 1 . Compare the elements of strength and weaknessin France during the later years of the Second Empire .

1 2 . Was the Franco -German War of 1 8 70 inev itable

1 3 . Discuss the importance in the history of the nineteen th century of any on e of the followin g —the fictionof Balzac

,the historical work of Ranke , Darwin

’s Or i ginof Sp eci es, the Vatican Council of 1 869—7 0 .

1 4. Explain , and illustrate with a sketch -map, (a ) the

importance of Plevna in the War of 1 8 7 7 , (b) the difference between the terms of the Treaty of St . Stefano andthose of the Treaty of Berlin.

1 5 . Summarize the ‘material ’ and ‘ spiritual ’ causeswhich combined to bring about the union of Germany .

1 6. Comment on the fol lowing passages

(a) Nach Canossa gehen wir nicht . (BISMARCK . )

(6) Der Brei tman n in der b ar lorHelp writen rapidly

La l i berté pou r la Pologn e

Lik ev i se— pou r l’

Ita l i e

(Brei tman n i n Forty-E ight

(c) J’ai rencontré 5. mon retour a Paris b 1en des

di tficu l tés d iplomatiques et bien d’

autres intervenants ansuj et de mon voyage en Cr imée. Je dirai en confian ce

a Votre Majesté que ma resolu tion de voyage s’

en trouvepresque ébranlée . E n France tous ceux qui posseden tsont bien peu courageux .

(NAPOLEON III to Queen Vi ctor i a .)

[T. T. 1 9 1 44

SCHOOL OF MODE RN HISTORY .

Hi ldebrand . I.

[Can di dates are expected to attempt the questi on s

marked

1 . What do you learn from your authorities aboutAnselm of Lucca ; Robert, Count of Flanders (Robert theFr i si a n ) ; Peter Damiani ; Leopold of Merseburg ; Hugh ,Abbot of Cluny ; Otto , Bishop of Ostia ; the conditionof Venice ?

2 . What different practices were included by contemporary writers under the word simony

3 . Discuss Gregory VII’s views as to the origin oftemporal sov ereignty.

*4 . Translate and comment -on fou r of the followingpassages from Lampert, illustrating your answer wherepossible from your other authorities

(a ) Capharn aum hanc fuisse ex similitudine vocab u l icon l c ieban t.

(b) Cu i fi l ius eius Gozelo successit, prestan ti s quidem

animi adolescen s,sed g ib bosus .

(c) Primus tun e i n palacio erat Adal b ertus Premen s1 s arch 1ep1s00pus, qu i triumphati s emu l i s suissolus nunc rege frueb atur .

(d) Montes omnes col l i cu losque Saxon iae et Turing i ae castel h s mun 1 t1 ss1m 1 s extruxit praesi diumque im

posu i t .

(e) Rex n atal em Domini ( 1 0 73) Wormaciae celeb rav i t longe aliter ibi v i cti tan s quam regiam magn ificen tiam deceret. Nam neque ex fisci s regal i b us quiequam serv 1 ci i oi exh ib ebatur

,neque episcopi an t abbates

vel aliac publicae d ign itates consueta oi obsequia prebeban t.

4K 33 [Tu rn over.

NO . 1 545 On e Sh i l l i n g n et

OXFORD UNIV E RSITY

E XA MINAT ION PAP E R S

SECOND PUBLIC EXAMINATION

HONOUR SCHOOL OF MODERN HISTORY

TRINITY T E RM , 1 9 1 1

OXFORD

AT THE CLARENDON PRE SS

SOLD AT TH E CLARE NDON PRE SS DEPOSITORY1 1 6 HIGH STREET

SCHOOL OF MODE RN HISTORY.

Con sti tuti on a l Hi story .

[Candi dates are r ecommen ded to attemp t Qu estion

1 . Comment on an y fine of the fol lowing passages,translating those mark ed with an asterisk

(a) If the k ing call his‘ l eod ’ to him , and any one

there do them evil , l et him compensate with a twofoldbot and fifty shillings to the king. (Laws of E thel ber t.)

(6) And that a gemot be held in every wapentake ;and the xii senior thegns swear that they willaccuse no innocent man, nor conceal any guilty one .

(Laws of E thelred .)

(c) Archiepiscopi , episcopi , et un i v ersae personaeregni

, qu i de rege tenent in capite , hab en t possessionessuas sicut b aron iam . (Con sti tu ti on s of Claren don . )

deposu it fere omnes v icecomites Angliae etb al l i vos corum , pro eo quod mal e tractav eran t hominesregni sui . (Ben . A66.

deposu it a b ai l n s suis Ran u l fum de Gl an v i l laet fere omnes vicecomites et b al l ivos eorum ,

et omnesredemit usque ad ultimum quadran tem .

(Ben . Abb .

*(e) Nullus liber home do cetero det ampl ius al i cu i

v el vendat de terra sua quam ut de residue terrae suaopossit suffici en ter fieri domino feodi servitium ei debitumquod pertin et ad feodum i l lud . (Magn a Car ta ,

f) Murdrum do cetero non adiudi cetur corami ustiti i s ubi infortunium tan tummodo adiudi catum est ;sed locum hab eat murdrum in in terfectis per felon iam et

non al iter. (Provi si on s of Westm i n ster .

Avoms grante pur nous et pur nos heirs , qe mestieles aides , mises, n o prises , n o treroms a custume , purnul e chose qe soit fait ou qe par roule en en autre manierepoust estre trove. (Confirmati on of the Charters,

3 H 1 9 [T urn over .

2

2. Explain the fol lowing statements .

(a )‘A vill is the tun as accepted by the French

conquerors . not as founded er re - se ttled by Englishcolonists . ’

(b) The whole husbandry Of an O ld English village[had] a decidedly communalistic bent .

’

3 . To what extent did a manerial system exist inAngle - Saxon England ?

4 . In what directions did the English constitutiondevelop between the No rman Conquest and the death ofHenry I ?

5 . Describe and illustrate the police system of there ign Of Henry II .

6 . Give sem e acceun t Of the constitution al history Of“

the City Of Lon don from the Norman Conquest to ?

Magna Carta .

7 . Is Simon de Montfort e r Edward I the greatern ame in the history of Parliament ?

8 . Describe the relations between Richard II and hisParl iaments and indicate the magnitude Of the issuesinvolved .

9 . Did the reign O f Edward III or that Of Hen ry VIprovide the best historical foundations for the claim smade by the Commons in the seventeenth century ?

1 0 . Discuss the importance of the constitutionalhistory Of the Yorkist reigns .1 1 . What important changes do you find in the finan

c ial system Of England between the death Of Henry IIand the death Of Henry VI ?1 2 . Sketch the growth of l ocal government in the

fourteenth and fifteenth centuries .1 3. Wri te n otes en - Frankpledge

,the p raemu n i en tes

clause , Mortmain, the Acts Of Praemu n i re, the Act OfPrev i sers,

‘ compassing er imagining the k ing ’s death ,’

the ‘ forty shilling freeholder

[T. T.


Con sti tuti on a l Hi story.

[Can di dates ar e exp ected to attemp t Qu esti on

1 . Comment on n ot more than five of the fol lowingpassages

(a ) The said Statute of Repeal and everything thereincontained

,only concerning the said book and the ser

vice , administration of the Sacraments , rites , an d ceremonies contained or appointed in or by the said book ,shal l be void and of none effect from and after the Feastof the Nativity of St . John Baptist the next coming.

(Act of Un iform i ty .)

(b) In the parl iament (which is nothing else but thehead court of the King and his vassals) the laws are butcraved by his subj ects an d only made by him at theirrogation and with their advice .

(E xtractsfrom Pol i ti ca l Wr i ters. )

(c) Al l binding of a King by law upon the advan

tage of his necessity makes the breach itself lawful in aKing , his charters and all other instruments being noother than the surviving witnesses of unconstrained will .

(Ibid . )

(d) The arduous and urgent affairs concerning theKing, state and defence of the realm are proper subj ects and matter of counsel and debate in parliament .

(Protestati on of the Common s ,

(e) By pretext whereof some of your Maj esty ’s subj ects have been by some of the said Commissioners putto death , when and where , i f by the laws an d statutes ofthe land they had deserved death, by the same laws andstatutes they might

,and by no other ought to hav e been

,

adj udged and executed . (Peti ti on of R i ght. )

(f ) Also the dangers considered which , on everyside , in these times Of war do hang over our heads

,it

b ehov eth us and our subj ects to hasten the defen ce ofthe sea and k ingdom w ith all the expedition or speedthat we can . (Fi rst Wr i t of Ship Mon ey,

3 H 20 [T urn over .

(9) For the depriving of the Bishops of their votesin Parliament we would have you consider that theirright is grounded upon the fundamental law of the kingdem an d cb n sti tution of Parliament .

(The K i n g’

s An swer . )

(h) That your Highness will for the future b epleased to call Parliaments consisting of two Hou ses .

(Hum bl e Peti ti on an d Advi ce.)

(i ) That no person who shall hereafter come to thepossession of this Crown shall go out of the dominions ofEngland , Scotland or Ireland , without consent of Parliament . (Act of Settlem en t. )

2 . Trace the development of administrative machineryunder Henry VII and Henry VIII and estimate itseffect on the power of the Crown .

3. By what methods and with what success did theCrown influence the composition of the House of Commons between the fall of Wo l sey and the death ofMary

4 . In the last years of Elizabeth ’s reign one can findin the germ all the causes of James I ’s quarrels with hissubj ects .

’ Discuss this.

5 . To what extent did the reigns of the first two Stuartsbring about a material alteration in the character andcomposition of the House of Lords ?6 . What l ight is thrown on the relations between the

executive and the legislature by (a ) the fall of Clarendon ,(b) the Peace of Utrecht , (c) the career of Carteret

7 .

‘ The King shall live of his own .

’

How far had

this ancient rule become impossible in the second halfof the seventeenth century ?

8 . Under what circumstances can the right of impressing men (a) for service on land , (6) for service at sea , beexercised , and by what laws has it been regulated

9 . How far can the modern Cabinet system b e said tohave come into existence (a ) by the death of Anne , (6) byth e year 1 8 00 .

1 0 . Describe and discuss the position and powers ofthe Justices of the Peace in the eighteenth century ?

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E ng l i sh Pol i ti ca l Hi story .

[Can d i dates are exp ected to an swer qu estion s from a l l

three secti on s of the paper , i n clu d i n g at least ONEof the questi on s marked wi th an aster i sk ]

*1 . Discuss,with a map

,the question of the first

settlements of the West Saxons . What importance doyou attach to the early entries in the Anglo - SaxonChronicle ?

2 . Discuss the following statement Th e result ofthe synod of Whitby was a grave misfortune for En glishnationality .

’

3 . To what extent was England united or civilized byA . D . 8 50 ?

*4. Draw a map to show the territorial distribution ofEngland at the death of Edward the Elder . How far canhis effective authority be said to have extended

5 . What part was played in the resistance to Sweynand Canute (a ) by Edmund Ironside , (b) by the men ofLondon>l‘6. Indicate the importance of the great earldoms inthe eleventh century up to the death of Edward theConfessor. Draw a map to illustrate the family policyof Godwin .

7. Illustrate the effect of the Danish invasions on therelations of England with the Continent .

B .

8 . Is it possibl e to regret the Norman Conquest ?9 . What light does the career of Geoffrey de Mande

v il l e throw on the condition of England in the reign of

Stephen ?1 0 . Compare the eccl esiastical Opposition toWil liam II

and Henry I with that offered to Henry II.

3H 1 7 [Turn over .

2

1 1 . Trace the relations between Scotland and Englandfrom the Conquest to the death of Richard I , and explainthe part played by William the Lion in the baronialrebellion of 1 1 73—4.

1 2 . Give some account of the part played by al iens inEngland in the reign of Henry III .*1 3. Trace

,with a map

,the campaign of Ev esham .

*1 4. Draw a sketch -map of Wales i n the thirteenthcentury

,and estimate the military diffi culties encountered

by Edward I in his conquest of the country.

C .

1 5 . Give some account of the authorities for Englishhistory in ei ther the first or the second half of the fourteen th century .

Trace,with a sketch -map

,the loss of the Engl ish

dominions in France between 1 360 and 1 399 .

1 7 . Can you giv e any credit for unselfish patriotismto the baron s who led the opposition to R ichard H atdifferent periods of his reign ?

1 8 . On what grounds may Humphrey of Gloucesterbe described as the ev il gen ius of his family ?*1 9 . Trace

,with a map

,Warwick ’s operations in 1 47 1 ,

and discuss his generalship .

20 . Has the character of Richard III been m isrepresented by Shakespeare or by historical writers ?*21 . Draw a sketch -map of the Angle - Scottish borders

,

marking Hal idon Hill , Otterb u i 'n ,Hem i ldon Hill

,Rox

burgh , Alnwick , Wark , Lochmaben , Fast Castle .

[T. T.

SCHOOL OF MOD E RN HISTORY.

E ngl i sh Pol iti ca l H i story.

II.

[Can d i dates a re exp ected to a n swer question s from a l l

three section s of the paper ,i n clu d i n g at l east ONE of

those ma rked w i th an aster i sk ]A .

1 . What justification can be urged on behalf of thedomestic policy of ci ther Henry VII or Mary Tudor ?2 .

‘ There cou ld be no union of hearts between theCatholic Emperor and the schismatic King .

’ Discussthis opinion of the relations between Henry VIII an d

Charles V .

3 .

‘ Th e realization of arbitrary power went far todestroy Henry ’ s better nature .

’ Is this statement borneout by a study of the last decade of Henry VIII’

s

reign ?

4 . Examine the personal attitude of E lizabeth towardsthe religious problems of her day .

*5 . Explain the success of Elizabeth in establishing thePresidencies of Munster and Connaught

,and her failure

to establish an English administration in Ulster . Illustrate your answer by a sketch -map .

6. Discuss Shakespeare ’s treatment of English historyin historical plays . How far may they be regarded as adramatic whole

7 . Illustrate from the English operations againstSpain between 1 5 8 9 and 1 603 the military weakness ofEngland and El izabeth ’ s inabil ity to understand war .

B .

8 . Can the unpopularity of James I be attributed tohis foreign policy or to the transitional character of hisrei gn

9 . Compare the policy of Charles I towards Scotlandwith that of Charles II , and estimate the results in eachcase .

3 H 1 8 [Turn over .

2

*10 . Show the importance of the reigns of Charles IIand James II in the history of English colonization .

Illustrate your answer by a sketch-map of NorthAmerica .

>l‘ l l . Describe the geographical position and indicatethe historical importance of any si x of the fol lowi ngAmboyna , Athlone , the Barrier fortresses , Brihuega ,Hispaniola

,Malaga

,Newburn

, Sol eb ay ,Surat

,Tangier ,

Turin,Vige .

1 2 . To what extent was England ’s position 1 11 theSpanish Succession War affected by (a ) the capture ofGibral tar, (6) the battl e of Bl enheim , (c) the death of theEmperor Jeseph I

1 3 . Sketch the parts played by Danby,Halifax

(Savile) , and Harl ey in relation to the development ofparty government.

1 4. Discuss the political influence of the writings ofei ther Defoe or Swift previous to the death of Q ueenAnne .

1 5 .

‘We did n ot enter upon the war till we had nooth er means of doing ourselves j ustice . ’ Examine oritically this assertion as to the outbreak of war with Spainin 1 739 .

1 6 . Explain an d illustrate the influence and importance of any one of the following — the Drapier’ s Letters ,the Craftsman , the l etters of Junius , Peter Plymley

’

s

Letters, Cob bett’

s Pol i ti ca l Regi ster .

>l‘ 1 7 . Sketch and illustrate by means of a sketch-mapei ther the extent of British dominion in India in 1 7 70with relation to the principal native states or the Vittoria campaign .

1 8 . Can Pitt be held responsible for the political confusion of the first ten years of George Il I’s reign ?

1 9 .

‘Down to 1 808 E ngland ’s part in the great waragainst France is a story of wasted opportunities . ’

Explain and illustrate this statement .

3

20 .

‘ Few governments have been more underratedor more unj ustly criticized than that which carriedE ngland through the final stages of the struggle withNapoleon and the hardly l ess formidabl e internal crisiswhich followed the peace of Do you agree withthis verdict ?

21 . Can any similarity be observed between the circumstan ces which produced the religious revival s i n thereigns of George II an d of Wil l iam IV

[T. T. 1 9 1 1 .

Gen era l H i story . Per i od I. (284

II.

[A t l east one of the qu estion s m arked shou ld be

a ttemp ted ]

1 . What are the contemporary authorities for thehistory of the Ostrogoths in Italy ? Bring out theimportance of this race in Teutonic Epic and Legend .

2 . Ni l e Christianisme, n i la civilisation romaine n’

entpénétré profondément l o fondateur de la dominationfranque : ses successeurs lui ressembleront et tousces rois mérovingiens sen t l ’image fidele du peuple franc .

’

Discuss the general characteristics of Merovingianciv ilization .

*3 . Describe with a sketch -map or maps the chiefpolitical an d racial changes in the Balkan peninsuladuring your period .

4. Consider the importance in East Roman history ofthe reign of ei ther Zone or Mauri ce .

5 . Examine the relations of the Visigoths to theFranks from the accession of Clovis to the death ofLeov igi l d .

6. Illustrate the influence of the Papacy in the Westunder Gregory I by an account of his relations ei ther

with Gaul or with Spain .

7 . Who were the chief Patriarchs of Alexandria inthe fifth and sixth centuries ?

8 . Discu ss the characteristics of Byzantine learningand education .

9 . Give an account of the m ilitary organization of theLombards .*1 0 . To what extent had the Franks subdued the otherGerman races by the beginning of the seventh century ?Illustrate your answer by a sketch -map .

1 1 . What ideals are illustrated by the monasticism ofSt . Benedict and of Cassiodorus respectively ?*1 2 . What possessions were left to the Empire in theWest at the beginning of the seven th century ? Illustrateyour answer by a sketch -map.

3 11 2 [T T.

Gen era l History. Per iod II. (476—9 1 9 )I .

[A t least ONE of the qu esti ons marked shou ld be

attemp ted ]

1 . Sk etch the career and estimate the importance ofOdoacer .*2. Compare the position o f the Ostrogoths i n Ita ly

with that of the Visigoths in the Spanish peninsula .

Il lustrate your answer by a sketch-map showing thelargest extension of the territories of each .

3 .

‘ Early i n the fifth century the Eastern Empireseemed as likely as the Western to col lapse before theattacks of the barbarians . ’ Why did this not happen ?

4. In what respects did the kingdom of Clovis and hissons differ from those of the other Teutonic races ?

5 . Describe the main features of the domestic po l i cyof Justinian .

>k6. Descr ib e w ith the aid of a sketch -map e i ther thecampaigns of Narses in Italy or those of Heracliusagainst the Persian s .

*7 . Gi ve some account of the dealings of the Frank swith their neighbours north of the Alps in the periodA . D . 55 1 — 700 an d illustrate your answer by a sketchmap .

8 . Showwhat changes th e Benedictine rule introduced1n to the i deals an d the practice of the monast ic life .

9 . Compare the attitude of the Papacy towards theFrank s and towards the Lombards

.

1 0 . Estimate the immediate influence of the rise ofMohammedanism on European Christian ity .

1 1 . Sk etch briefly the career of any on e of the followmg z— Leov igi l d, Lothar II

,Belisarius

, Sisib ut,Justinian II .

1 2 . Compare the achievements and position of Pippinof Heri stal and Charles Martel .

[T T 1 9 1 1 ]

SCHOOL OF MODE RN HISTORY

Gen era l H istory . Per iod II. (476

[At least ONE of the qu estions marked shou ld be

attemp ted ]

1{ Has the importance of the work done by the house

of Pippin in resisting the advance of the Moslems beenexaggerated*2 Estimate the debt of the Eastern Empire to the

Isaurian dynasty . Illustrate your answer by a sk etchmap .

3 .

‘ The allian ce between the Carolingians an d the

Papacy was no less detrimental to the best interests ofthe Frankish kingdom than to those of Italy .

’ Discussthis statement .

>l‘4. Account for the failure of the Saxons to maintainagainst Charles the Great the independence they hadtill then upheld so successfully . Ill ustrate your answerby a sketch -map .

5 . What do you know of any two of the fol lowingTasile of Bavaria

,St . Boniface

,Staurac ius Alcuin ,

Abderrahman the Ommeiad,Rose of Arles ?

6 . How far can Lewi s the Pious be held personal lyresponsible for the troubles of his reign ?7 . Which of the Popes of the ninth century has made

most of a mark on history ?

8 .

‘ The military measures which provided WesternEurope with an effective defence again st the V ikingsinvolv ed political consequences hardly less harmful thanthe danger they averted .

’ Discuss thi s.

*9 . To what extent did the Saracens succeed in gaining a footing in Italy in the eighth and ninth centuries ,and by whom were they checked ? Illustrate youranswer by a sketch -map .

3 H 4 [T urn ever .

2

10. Compare the relative strength of the separatistand unifying tendencies in either France or Germany atthe end of your period .

1 1 . At what times in your period were literature andeducation most flourishing and most depressed ?

1 2.

‘ The Saracen was seen at his best i n Spain .

’ Isthis statement j ustifiable ?

1 3. Give some account of the social and economiccondition of the Eastern Empire in the tenth century .

[T. T.


Gen era l Hi story. Per iod III. (9 1 9

[At least one of the qu esti on s.

marked shou ld beattempted ]

*1 . Describe with a map the relations of Germany withthe Slavs on her Eastern frontier in the twelfth andthirteenth centuries .

2 . Illustrate the influence of the all iance between theWel fs and the Angev in House on the course of Europeanhistory .

*3. Describe with a map the feudal distribution ofFrance north of the Loire towards the end of the twelfthcentury

,and indicate the additions to the royal domain

made during the reign of Philip Augustus .

4. What were the main routes of European tradeduring the twelfth and thirteenth centuries ? Illustratethe influence of trade rival ries and ambitions uponpolitical events during this period .

5 . Summarize the work of the Lateran Council of 1 2 1 5 .

How far were its schemes of reform effective ?

6 . Compare the pol icy of Frederick Barbarossa inregard to the Lombard towns with that of Frederick II .

*7. Trace with a map the advance of the Christianpowers in Spain during the thirteenth century .

8 . Give some account of the Mongol Empire underZenghis Khan and his immediate successors, and describethe effects of the Tartar invasion of Eastern Europe .*9 . Describe with a map the condition and organizationof the Latin Empire of Constantinople .1 0 . Trace the territorial fortunes of

' the younger sonsof Louis VIII .

[Turn over .

2

1 1 . Illustrate the influence of the rev ived study ofRoman law upon the aims and methods of monarchsduring y our period .

1 2 . Analyse the governmental system of France as itwas in the time of St . Louis .1 3. Discuss the attitude of publ ic opinion i n Europe

on the struggl e between Frederick II and the Papacy.

[T T.


Gen er a l Hi story. Per i od IV. ( 1 273

[A t least one of the qu esti on s marked shou ld be

a ttempted ]

1 .Enumerate the chief princely families of Germany

at the beginning of the fourteen th century , and showhow their rivalries affected the fortunes of the Germankingdom .

2 . Analyse the questions at is sue between the EmperorLewis IV and Pope John XXII .3 . Describe the administrative system of France under

Philip the Fair .*4. Sketch

,with the aid of a map or maps , the advance

of the Ottoman Turks,1 307—1 402 . What causes facili

tated the growth of their power ?

5 . Discuss the career of Etienne Marcel . Why didthe experiment of representativ e gov ernment in Franceprove a failure ?*6 . Trace the history

,and analyse the constitution , of

the Swiss confederation down to 1 38 9 . Illustrate youranswer by a sketch -map .

7 .

‘ It was in the fourteenth century that the relationsof European States began to be consciously influenced ,in some degree

,by trade interests . ’ Discuss this .

8 . Describe the condition of the Papal States duringthe ‘ Babylonish Captivity

9 . Trace the development of the theory of' a General

Council down to the meeting of the Council of Pisa .

1 0 . Show the importance of the Golden Bull . DoesCharles IV deserv e to be regarded as a great statesman ?

*1 1 . Describe,with a sketch-map

,the condition of the

Slavonic States of Eastern Europe at the beginning ofthe fifteenth centu ry .

[Tu rn over .

2

*1 2 . Estimate the sign ificance of the career of GianGaleazzo V i sconti . Add a sketch -map of Northern Italyshowing the Visconti power at its greatest extent , andits relations with its neighbours .

1 3 . How far was the Hussite mov ement in Bohemi acau sed and governed by nationalist or rel igious motives ?

[T T.


Gen eral Hi story. Per iod IV. ( 1 273—1 5 1 9 )

[At least ONE of the questi on s marked shou ld be

attempted ]*1 . Trace the growth of the Venetian possess ions on

the mainland of Italy in the fifteenth century . Il lustrateyour answer by a sketch -map .

2 . Describe and account for the decadence of theFrench States -General in the fifteenth century .

3 . Illustrate and account for the rapid revival of theOttoman power after the battle of Angora .

4. How far was the consolidation of the Netherlandscarried under the Burgundian dynasty ?

5 . Il l ustrate from the career of Aeneas Sylvius thecondition of the Church and the intel l ectual l ife of Italyin his time .

6. Trace and explain the decadence of the HanseLeague .

7 . Compare the administration of Louis XI with thatof Ferdinand and Isabella .

*8 . Draw a sketch -map showing the conquests ofMohammed II and add short historical notes .

9 . Account for the decadence of Hungary after thedeath ofMatthias Corv inus.

1 0 . Account for the chronic poli tical instabil i ty of thekingdom of Naples .1 1 . Had Maximilian I any coherent er practicable

foreign policy ?*1 2 . Trace and illustrate by a sketch -map the rise

of the power of Poland in the fi fteen th century .

1 3 . At what period would you place the culminationof the classical renaissance i n Italy ? Give reasons foryour answer .

3H 8 [T T.


Gen era l Hi story. Per iod V . ( 1 41 4

[At least on e of the qu esti on s marked shou ld be

attempted ]

1 . Examine the character of the risings in Spain andSicily at the beginning of the reign of the EmperorCharles V , and the causes of their failure .

2 . Illustrate and explain the growing divergence ofthe Renaissance and Reformation movements between1 5 1 9 and 1 55 9 .

>l‘3 . Describe briefly the racial and linguistic divis ionsof the Netherlands . Illustrate by a sketch-map showingthe Provinces and the towns which were prominentduring the war with Philip II .

4. What were the chief features in the dev elopment ofRussia in the sixteenth century ?

5 . Illustrate the effect upon the Reformation movementof the invasions of Central Europe by Suleiman .

*6 . Draw a sketch -map of France marking (a) theProvinces

, (b) the fol lowing places z— Amboise , Arques ,Bergerac

,Blois, Cognac , Ivry , La Rochelle

,Meaux

,

Montauban,Poissy

,Tours .

7 . Estimate the importance in the history of the Papacyof the work of Paul IV and Pin s V .

8 . Criticize the statement that during the reign ofMaximilian II

,while the Imperial authority grew weaker

and weaker,tolerance was the guiding principle of his

conduca’

9 . Contrast the character of the Portuguese power inthe East with that of the Spanish Empire in the West.

1 0 . Giv e an account of any on e of the followingFranz von Sickingen

,Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany,

King zapolya ,Khaireddin Barbarossa ,Michel de l’

Hepi tal .

3 H 10 [T urn over .

2

1 1 . Describe the attitude of John 1 1 1 of Swedentowards the Counter-Reformation .

1 2 . Discuss the relations of Henry III to the rel igiousparties in France .

I 1 3 .

‘ The real l ine of separation between the Mediaevaland the Modern Worl d has to be sought in the middleof the sixteenth century .

’ Illustrate the truth of thisstatement from an examination of Italian literature .

[T T.


Gen era l Hi story . Per i od VI. ( 1 55 9—1 7 1 5 )I .

[At least one of the qu esti on s marked shou ld be

attempted ]*1 . B raw a sketch -map of Germany at the beginning ofyour period (a ) illustrating the territorial d i stributionof the rel igious parties

,and (b) showing the extent of

the Hapsburg territories under Rudolf II .

2 . Show how the religious wars in France wereaffected by (a ) the foreign connexions of the House ofGuise

, (b) the revolt of the Netherlands .3 . What effects , economic and political , had been pro

du ced in Europe before the end of the sixteenth centuryby the development of new trade - routes4. The old religion

,a buttress and defence of absolute

despotism the new doctrine , the banner of liberty.

’

Discuss the truth of this statement with regard to (a ) theNetherlands

, (b) France after the Edict of Nantes .*5 . Indicate the importan ce

’

of the reign of Selim IIin the history of the O ttoman Empire . Illustrate bya sketch -map of his domini ons.6 .

‘ Diplomacy in the period 1 5 60—1 65 0 was bothunscrupulous and futile .

’ Explain an d i llustrate .

7 . Write a short accoun t of ei ther the constitution ofVenice, or the constitution of the Society of Jesus .8 . Giv e some account of the condition of parties in

France (a ) at the accession of Louis XIII , an d (b) at thedeath of Richelieu .

9 . Examine the policy of ei ther Spain or Denmark inthe Thirty Years ’ War .1 0 . What improvements in the art of war were intro

duced in the course Of the Thirty Years ’ War ?1 1 . Discuss the effects upon Portugal and the Portu

guese Empire of sixty years of Spani sh rule .1 2 . How do the fol lowing books illustrate the thought

ofyour period— Bodinus de R epu bl i ca Sully,E con om i es

royal es Grotius , de Iu r e Bel l i et Pac is ?1 3 . How far did the fighting in this period influence

European opinion on the moral aspect of warfare

3 H 1 1 [21 T .

[A t least one of the qu esti on s marked shou ld be

attempted ]* 1 . Examine the effects of the Thirty Years ’ War onthe position of Spain in Italy

,giving a map of the

Spanish possessions in 1 648 .

2. Illustrate and explain the gradual decline of thePapal power in political affairs during the latter half ofthe seventeenth century .

3 Explain the religious position of the Port Royali stsand account for their fall .4. Trace the career of Fouquet, and explain the im

portance of his overthrow .

5 . What were the chief difli cu l ti es which the EmperorLeopold I had to meet and to what extent did he evercome them ?6 . In what degree did Charles XI recover for Sweden

the position from which she had fallen on the death ofCharles X ?7 . Descri be the constitution of Holland at the time of

the Revolution of 1 6 7 2 and explain the political si gn ifican ce of that Revolution .

8 . What date wou l d you fix as mark ing the beginningof the decline of the power of Lou is XIV and for whatreasons ?9 . Illustrate from the events of the last half of the

seventeenth century the g rowing importance attached bythe European governments to colonial possession s an d

tropical trade .

1 0 . Illustrate the services of the House of Ki upri l i tothe Turk ish Empire . Why had they no permanenteffect ?*1 1 . Discuss and i l lustrate by means of a sketch -mapthe strategical importance of Bavaria in the Spani shSuccession War .*1 2 . Illustrate, with the aid of a sketch -map, from the

Spanish Succession War the survival and importanceof provincial disunion in Spain .

*1 3 . What were the aims of Peter the Great in theBaltic, and what measure of success did he achieve ?Illustrate your answer by a sketch -map .

3 H 1 2 [T T.

2

*1 1 . Consider the various attempts made by Austri abefore 1 7 89 to obtain possession of Bavaria. Accountfor their failure , and ill ustrate your answer by a sketchmap .

1 2 .

‘ It is only her foreign policy which entitl esCatherine II to be called “ Great Discuss this verdict .

1 3. Illustrate and account for the general atmosphereof unrest prevailing in Europe in the ten years preceding the outbreak of the French Revolution .

[T. T .


Genera l Hi story. Per iod VII. ( 1 7 1 5


attempted ]

1 . Trace the ev ents which led to the outbreak of warin 1 79 2.*2. Show the importance of the German lands Westof the Rhine , and explain their easy conquest by theFr sr ch . Illustrate your answer by a sk etch -map .

Describe the original constitution of the Consul ateand its subsequent devel opment.

4 . Describe the institutions of the Holy Roman Empirein 1 7 8 9 and note the events (a ) internal, (b) external ,which after 1 8 00 led to its final dissolution .

5 . Discuss the variations in Napol eon ’s pol icy towardsthe Papacy and the effects produced on his position ifi'

Europe .

How far was Napoleon ’

s policy towards the minorstates of Germany j ustified , and to what extent and forwhat reasons was it a failure ? Ill ustrate your answerby a sketch-map.

7 . What circumstances contributed to weaken Napol een ’s position in France itsel f after the conclusion of theTreaty of Tilsit ?

8 . Explain and criticize the determination of Austriato enter upon war with France in 1 809 .

9 . Examine the shares taken by Stein ,‘ Hardenberg ,

and Gneisenau in the recovery of Prussia after Jena .

1 0 . Sketch the part played by ei ther Naples or T urkeybetween 1 795 and 1 8 1 5, and account for its importance .

3 H 14 [T u rn over .

2

1 1 .

‘ The campaign of 1 8 1 4 was n ot a blunder but acrime ’

(Lord Wol seley) . Is it possible to justify Napoleon ’ s action in continuing the struggle against thecoalition after his defeat at Leipzig ?1 2 . Examine the circumstances which conduced to the

unpopu larity of Louis XVIII’s government in 1 8 14- 1 5

and to the return of Napoleon from Elba .

Sketch the course of any on e of the followingcampaigns

,and illustrate you r an swer by a sketch

map—1 796 in Italy (first half) ; 1 8 05 (up to the fal l of

Ulm) ; 1 8 06 (up to Jena) .

[T T


Genera l Hi story. Per iod VIII. ( 1 789

[At l east one of the qu esti on s marked shou ld b e

attemp ted ]

1 . Trace the events which led to the outbreak of warin 1 792 .

*2 . Show the importance of the German lands West ofthe Rhine

,and explain their easy conquest by the French .

Il lustrate your answer by a sketch -map .

3 . Describe the original constitution of the Consulateand its subsequent development .

4. Describe the in stitu tion s of the Holy Roman Empirein 1 7 8 9 and note the events (a ) internal , (b) external ,which after 1 8 00 led to its fin al dissolution .

5 . Discuss the variations in Napoleon’s policy towardsthe Papacy and the effects produced on his position inEurope .

*6 . How far was Napoleon’s policy towards the minorstates of Germany j ustified , and to what extent and forwhat reasons was it a failure ? Illustrate your answerby a sketch-map .

7 . What circumstances contributed to weaken Napol eon’s position in France itself after the conclusion of theTreaty of Tilsit ?

8 . Explain and criticize the determination of Austriato enter upon war with France in 1 8 09 .

9 . Examine the shares taken by Stein , Hardenberg,and Gneisenau i n the recovery of Prussia after Jena .

1 0 . Sketch the part played by ei ther Naples or Turkeybetween 1 795 and 1 8 1 5

,and account for its importance.

3 H 1 5 [Tu rn over .

2

1 1 .

‘ The campaign of 1 8 1 4 was n ot a blunder but acrime ’

(Lord Wolseley) . Is it possible to justify Napoleon ’s action i n continuing the struggle against thecoalition after his defeat at Leipzig1 2 . Examine the circumstances which conduced to the

unpopularity of Louis KVIII’s government in 1 8 1 4—1 5

and to the return of Napoleon from Elba.

Sketch the course of any on e of the followingcampaigns

,and illustrate your an swer by a sketch

m ap— 1 796 in Italy (first half) ; 1 8 05 (up to the fal l of

Ulm) 1 8 06 (up to Jena) .

[T T.

2

9 . Sketch the history of the Frank fort Parl iamentand account for its failure .

1 0 . What do you mean by the‘ Liberal Empire ’

?

What was Napoleon III’

s own view of the contrastbetween the earlier and the later parts of his reign ?

*1 1 . I l lustrate from either the campaign of 1 8 66 orof 1 8 70 up to Sedan the leading principles of Moltke ’sstrategy . Draw a sketch-map to explain your answer .

1 2 . Describe the work of reorganization carried outby the National Assembly in France after the FranceGerman War .

*1 3. Compare the terms proposed by Russia in theTreaty of San Stefano wi th those imposed by theCongress of Berlin . Illustrate your answer by a sk etchmap of the Balkan Peninsula.

1 4. Describe the domestic reforms of A lexander II inRussia .

[T T.


The Saxon E mperors (936

I .

1 . Comment briefly on the following passages , translating those marked with an asterisk

(a ) In terea barbari ad novas res moliendas de~

saev iun t, percussitque Bol izlav fratrem suum ,

V i rumchristian um . (VVIDUKIND )

(b) Rex au tem de di e in diem profic ien s, paternoregno n equaquam est con ten tus , sed ab i it Burgun diam ,

regem cum regno in suam accepit potestatem .

(WIDUKIND. )*(c) Tres duces gentis Un gariae capti

,duc ique

Henrico praesen tat i , mala morte , u t di gn i orant , multatisunt suspendio n amque crepuerun t. (WIDUKIND . )

(cl ) Confessor Christi in dub itan ter ferrum l apit ,tamdi uque deportat, que ipse rex dece1 n it ; manum i h

col umem cun ctis osten di t,fidem cathol icam omnibus

probab i l em

(e) Cuon rado duce ad persequen dum Berengarium

rel i cto,Berengar l u s eiusdem ducis consilio Sponte sua l n

Saxon iam ad regem venit. (Con ti n u a ti o Reg in on i s. )

(f ) E odem anno quidam ex Langob a1 d 1 s me 1 e solitoab imperatore defic i un t et Adal b e1 tum in Ital iam re

ducun t. (Con ti n u ati o Regin on i s.)

2 . With what motives an d with what results didOtto I interfere in the West Frankish kingdom ?

3 . Do you agree with the editor of Flodeard that heholds a very honourable place among the historians ofa l l ages ? Give reasons for your judgement .

4 . Comment briefly on the following passages , translating those mai k ed with an asterisk

(a ) Hev erardu s sane Gi sl eb ertum Le tharingorum

ducem a regis fidel i tate seiunxerat, cuius adiutorio regin on mod ice resi steb at. (LIUTPRAND .)


2

(6) Rex Hugo cum div inam an imadversion em dec l in are ac Berengario praeesse n on posset, rel i c to Lotharioet, simulata pace , B erengarn fidei tradito, in Prov in c iamomni c um pecunia properav i t . (LIUTPRAND .)

(0 ) Tun e con surgen s Petrus cardinalis presbyter, sev 1disse i l l um missam celebrasse et non commun icasse ,

festatus est. (LIUTPRAND . )*(d ) In im i cos n ostros commoti nil aliud contumelia

rum,nisi ; Romano ! di cam us , hoc solo , id est Romano

r um nomine, quicquid ign ob i l itati s , quicquid tim idi tatis ,

quicquid avari tiae , quicqu id l uxuriae , quicquid men dac i i,

immo quicquid v i tiorum est , comprehen den tes .

(LIUTPRAND .)

(e) In terea Otto rex cum Rheno transmisse exer

c i tum per Belgi cam duceret, ob v iat regi Con rhado,qui

tunc ab A lpib us eg ressus , cum mu l ta exped i tion e Ludovico succurrere accel erab at . (RICHER .)

Gerb erga regina legatos d ir ig it fratr ib us suis ,Ottoni regi ac Brunoni ex presule duci

,n ecn on et

Hugon i Gal l iarum duci, petons per eos Lothar ium fi l i um

suum in regnum patri defun cto succedere .

(g) Augustus vero , cum et ipse tal ium stud iosissimus

hab eretur , an Gerbertus errav eri t, adm i rab atur .

5 . What do you learn from your authorities as to(a ) the means by which the Saxon Emperors controlledtheir Italian kingdom

, (b ) the effectiveness of theircontrol ?

6. What l ight does the Legati o of Liutpran d throwupon the antipathy between Western an d EasternChristendom and its causes ?

7 . What evidence is there of separate national feeling1 11 the German du‘c hies at this period ? In which ofthem was it most marked

8 . What degree of civil ization had been reached bythe Slav peopl es with whom the Germans were incontact during this period ?

[T. T.


The Saxon E mperor s .

1 . Comment briefly on the foll owing passages,trans

lating those marked with an asterisk

(a ) Q u i etiam rex tam ipse quam W i l l elmus sed ot

Hugo m i ttun t ob sides Othon i regi per Othon em ducem .

(FLODOARD . )

(b) Con v en tus placiti rogum Ludowici ot Othon i ssuper Charam fl uv i um i n tran te menso Augusto colob ratur . (FLODOARD . )

*(c) Dein de surgon e Artoldu s archi episcopus protulit

,secundum i u ssion em papao Romani quam oi dolo

gaverat , litis i n i tium atque ten erem quae v ersab atur

inter ipsum et Hugon em sub rogatum sibi ecclesiaeRemen sis an ti sti tem . (FLODOARD . )

(d ) Gerb erga regina colloquium habuit cum Brunone ,fratre sue ,

ubi praedi cte Ragon ar io sui milites et infantesreddun tur ; reginae voro possessiones , quas illi quondamGi sl eb ertus dux dotis nomine dederat, resti tuun tur .

(FLODOARD )

(e) E 0 tempore Dania cismarina , quam Iudlan d ihcolao appellant , i n tree divisa epi sc0patus , Hammab urgen si epi scopatu i sub i ecta est . (ADAM )

(f ) In Nerv eia Haccon princeps erat,quem

,dum

Nordman n i superb iu s agen tem regno depel l eren t,Haroldu s sua virtute restitu i t et ch ri sti col i s placatum

offec i t. (ADAM . )*(g) Ab ipsa urbe vela tendons qu artodocimo die

ascendes ad Ostrogard Ruzziao. Cuius metropolis civitasest Chi v e , aomu la scoptri Con stan tinopol i tan i , clarissimum docus Graecise . (ADAM)2 . Account fully for the failure of the Saxon Emperors

in their attempts upon Southern Italy .

3 . What would you infer from your authorities re

garding the intellectual culture of the higher clergy i nthis period ?

3H 31 [T urn over .

2

4 . Describe,w ith the hel p of a map, the extension of

German ru l e or overlordship eastwards i n this period .

5 . How‘

did the Saxon Emperors conceive of therelation between the E mpire and tho Papacy ? Il l ustrate

your answer from your authorities .

6 . Write a life of Li utprand , and examine his trustworthiness as a his torian .

7 . How mu ch did Otto I accomplish for tho consolidati on of the German kingdom ?

8 . Comment briefly on the following passages , tran slating those marked with an asterisk

(a) Forte , quia Graecus est , ut dic iti s, more Graecorum con rogn an tom in sti tuore v u l tis . (GE RBE RT .)

(b) Magn oquo usui , si placet, haec nostra con iun ctioorit, magn osque fructus afferot. E ton im nobis ob stan ti b us

,

n oc Gallus n oc Gorm an us fines lacossot Romani imperii .(GE RBERT .)

Rogum nomon , quod apud Fran ces pon e emertuum est

,magnie con si ln s, magn i s v i r ib us rosusci tassom u s

,

sod propter impia tempera , propter perd iti ssimorum

homin um iniqua commenta , clam agimu s quod palamnon possumus . (GE RBE RT .)

*(d ) Tribus u t i ta d i cam socu l i aotati b u s , vobis,patri

, av e , inter hostes et tola,fidem pur issimam ex

h ib u i , meam quan tu lamcumque personam reg ib us furentibus

, popu l i s i n san ion ti bu s , pro v ostra salute opposu i .(GE RB E RT .)

(e) Ecco iterum Avares , quasi iam perpetrati soel ori sobliti

,adversum n os arma commov oran t ; ques advon tare

dux Hein ri cus regi n un c ian s , in copti s oum iti n orib us

rev ocav i t. (THIE TMAR )*(f ) Cal ab r iam a crebra Grecor um incursione ot

Saracen orum dopredation o magn am vim perpeti caesarcomperion s , ad suppl emen tum exorci tus sui B awariosac fortos i n armis A loman n os v ocav i t. (THIE TMAR )

(9 ) Post haec Gregorius , qu i cosari valdo carus erat ,dole oum capere nisus occultas

‘

ton deb at insidias .(THIE TMAR.)

[T T .


The Fi r st Thr ee Cr usad es .

1 . Comment on the following passages from th e Gesta

Fran corum,translating that marked

*(a ) Q u i omn ino proh ib uerun t, dixorun tquo‘ Certo

indigni sumu s atque in iu stum nobis videtur u l laton us oi

sacramentum iuraro Forsitan adhuc a n ostr i s maioribus saopo delusi erimus ? Ad ultimum quid factu r i

crunt ? di con t, quoniam n ecessi tate compulsi , nol en tos

v olon tosquo hum i l iavorun t so ad n oqu i ssim i imperatori s

volun tatem .

(b) Tandem noqu i v it vir fortis Tan crodu s diu l uctar icum Balduino doctissimo comito quia illi magnus eratexorc i tus tamon v olons n olon sque d im i sit oam ot v iri l itor

rocessit cum sue oxerci tu , fuerun tquo oi statim tradi tao

duao optimao civitates , videl icet Athena et Man ustra et

plurima castra .

(c) 1 1110 fuit ordinata acies soptena ox acie ducisGedofr id i ot comi tis Nortman n iao Hanc m i sorun t

obviam Turc i s qui v en iob an t a mari . Al iao autemtu rmae ordin atae sunt a fl um in o usque ad montan eam ,

qued d istat per II m i l l iaria.

(d ) Saepo fuorun t congregati in ecclesia Sancti Potriad faciendum qued iustum erat . Boamun dus rec itav it

suam con ven tion om suumquo osten di t compotum . ComesSancti E gidi i similiter sua patefec i t verba et i usi uran dumqued focorat imperatori per consilium Boamundi .

(e) Den uo man dav i t illis dux u t c ite v en i ren t adbellum qued admi rav isus Baby lon i ao praoparat urbiScal en iao. Illi autem festinando in travoru n t mon tan eam ,

quaoron tos Saracen orum bolla, et v en orun t Caesaream .

2 . Comment on the following passages from Raymond ,translating those marked

(a ) Inter haec com i ti ot duci man dav i t,u t sibi suc

ourreren t ab oran t on im per duo mi l l iar ia .

3H 31 T urn over .

2

(b) Usus sua potentia ot b en ign i tate Dominus pauperom qu emdam rusticum elegit , Prov in c ialom genoro,per quem omnes nos con fortav i t

,et comiti et Pod ien si

opiscopo haec verba man dav i t.

(c ) E ton i m mos erat i n exerc itu ut si signum al icu i u s

Franci in civitate aut castello reperi rotur , a nullo posteaoppugn aretu r .

*(d ) E ton im Angli ingrossi mare Ang l i cum , et circ in ata Hispania, tran sfrotan tos per mare Occanum atquesic Modi terran eum mare su l can tos , portum An tioch iao

atque ci v i tatem Laodic iao an toquam exorc itus n ostor perterra in i l l uc v en iret .

*(e) Cum iam prox imaren t cum mach in is ad murosn on solum lapides et sagittae

,verum etiam ligna ot

stipula proi icieb an tur ot super haec ignis ot mall ei l ign oiinvoluti pico et cora ot su lphuro ot stupa ot pan n icu l is

igne succen si s proi i c ieb an tur in machinas .

3 . Commen t on the followin g passages from Fn l chor,

translating that marked 7"

(a ) Verum tamon dux urbis E dossae Balduinus congregati s Francis quotcun quo potu i t, E dessen i s scilicet otAn tiochen i s, hostos praedictos ub i eos osso aud iv i t quaeroro non d i stu l i t. Boamu ndus etiam

,cincinno capitis su i

abscisse , man dav it hoc intersigne Baldu ino praedicte u t

oi citato auxilio pro amoro Doi su ccurreret. Q uod cumaudi sset Danisman

,motuen s horum an imosi tatom ,

nonest ansus u l ter iu s an te u rb om Mal etin am morari .

(b ) Cu r do Egypto , do Porsida , do Mesopotamia, v oldo Syria non ooadun aban t saltem cen ti es centum m i l l ia

pugnatorum Non enim tunc habob amu s plusquamtrecentos milites

,et tantum do podi tib us , qu i Hiorusal em

ot Ioppam ot Ramu l am,Caypham etiam castrum custo

d ieb an t.

(c) Sod Goscol in u s congregati s septem Turcorum

m i l l i b us , Tan crodum importuno ad praol ium l acossun t,

et ad iu van ti b us Turcis qu ingen ti do clientela Tancrediceci derun t.


The Fi r st Thr ee Cr u sades .

1 . Comment on the following passages from Williamof Tyre , translating that marked

Nobilis quidam T urcorum satrapa , ox cau sis

qu ib u sdam Mojorodi m regis D amascenorum indignation om su stin on s

,ot procuratori s eius Mohen ed in ad

dominum regem ot matrom oi u s venit Hi eroslymamassoren s qued si dominus rox . suffic i en tem oi v elletassign aro compon sation em ,

ipse Bostren som u rb om cu ipraoorat una cum oppido Sol cath Chr i stian i s resign aret.

(b ) Verum Graeci innata usi malitia ot con suoto inn ostros conducti odio , sivo do m andate domini sui

,sivo

hostium corrupti pecunia, studioso ot ox industria perdevia coeperun t trahoro leg iones .

(c) A11 1 dicun t pr in c ipom An tiochen um i n dignatum

qued rex Fran c iao ita ab oo di vortissot ot bon efic iorum

snorum immemor in null o oum iuv i sset qu i b usdam man

dasso in oxerc i tu principes etQ

ob tin u i sso quatenus eiusgratia offi cerot n o conatus eius fin om sor ti rotu r optatum

ot ut ita procuraron t u t in focto n egotio rodiro cogerotur

i ng lorius .

2 . Commen t on anyfou r of the following passages fromthe Iti n erar i um , translating that mark ed

(a ) Rex voro cum oxerc i tu relique mon tom prox imum

quem vu lgo Turon om dicun t ton tor i i s figon d i s ol i gi t,undo b en efic io loci ot maris ot terrae specu lotur accessus .

(b) Hie Cursac nomine , omnium ma lorum noquissimne, Indam oxsuporan s porfidia Sa lahad in o dicobatur familiaris ot mutuum singul i transisse cruorom insignum ot testimonium i n v i com initao con foodoration i s .

Aedi fi cavorat etiam machin am firm issim is compactam cempag ib us gradi b u s ad ascondon dum d i spositis

vulgo dictum Borofredum soso n ox ib us arcti us comploc ton ti b us cori i s oportam ot fun i b us

‘

ot sol i d issim i s

ligu eis tab u lati s n oc potrarium iactib us di ssol vondam

n oc ignis Graeci perfus ione n oc cu iuscunquo mater iao

c essaram i n i urn s .

3 H 32 [ Tu rn ov er .

2

(d )‘Moi quidem sciati s qued an imo con c ipio san iori s

fore consilii c iv itatom Ascalon om fugatis Tu rc is conservare in col umom ; quia totiu s orbis perogr in i s oo pernecessarius n on ign oratur osso tran situs . ’

(e) Tomplar i i enim et Hospi talarn ,Polani nihilo

minus torrao illins , in futurum ocu los hab on tos acutioros

super agon di s , regi Ri cardo di ssuasorun t versus Iorusalomin 1110 articulo oundum .

(f ) E xn t en im susurr ium a qu ib usdam Francis ,Fran corum n oqu i tiam tali fiction o v elaro putan tib us ,qued rex Ri cardus n oqu itor procuravorat mortom Marchisi et mercodo conductos Hau sassi sos ad id agendum ,

dum ille s dostinav erat homicidas .

(g) Man dav it Salahad ino ot eiusdem fratri Saphadin on o cu iquam hom in um l i corot adire Sopu l crum Sanctumin Ioru sal om nisi qui suas l ittoras haberet vol com itis

Hen rici , prout vol lon t, ut praoscripta inter ipsos ton eroturconditio .

3 . Explain any fou r of th e fol lowing passages fromMichaud :

(a ) Ils al l eron t on consequence trouver l’empereur ot

lui dépeignirent lo pr in ce do Moussoul commo un hommo

tres- redoutab le S ’il prond Damas , aj outeront- ils , nousno pourrons plus lui tenir téte .

’

Il s engageront don el ’empereur a so retirer

,et obtinrent Pan éas on rocem

pense . (Ibn-alatir . )

(b) Sch ircou s’

on ferma dans Bolb éi s ; les Egyption sot les Francs l ’y assiégeront pen dan t trois mois : maiscommo sur cos entrefaites los chrétion s do Syri o avaientessuyé do grands rovers

,ils propos‘eront la paix a

Sch ircou , a condition qu’ il sortirait do l ’Egypte .

(Ibn - alatir .)

(c) Ensuite , quand i l sut que Sch i rcou , ot apres lu iSaladin , s

’

étaion t constitués v i si rs da califo, ot qu’

i l s

reconnaissaient tenir lour autorité do lui , i l on parutconsterné. (Ibn

(d ) Jo vions do recevoir la n ouvol lo du traité concluavoc l es Francs . Co traité . n ’

eblige que lo souveraind

’

Alop ot do Damas C’

ost un crime cen tre Diou .

(Ibn

3

(e) Alors los musulmans monteron t su r la collino et

renverseront la tento du roi . Tous les chrétion s qui s ’ytrouvaient furent faits prisonniers . . Outro lo re i , lo

prin ce Geoffrey son frero, Renaud , soigneur do Carac,lo soigneur do Géb a i l

,l o fi l s do Hon froi , lo grand -maitre

dos templiers ot plusieurs hospitaliers ot templiers .

(f) Voila dos obj ets pour plus do doux cont mil lop 1 ocos d’or : vou s avoz accordé sfiroté aux chrétion s pourlours effets

,mais n on pour les orn omon s dos eg l i sos .

(Emad- oddin . )

(g) Nous sommos venus aKan cab apros avoir réduitSéfod , qui appartenait aux templiers . Carac ot les autrosplaces chrétiennes sen t aussi on nos mains .

(Doux Jardins . )(h) Ce qui n ou s étonne , c

’

est do voir l ’ému l ation dos

infidolos ot l’

in di fféron ce dos vrais croyan s .

(Doux Jardins. )(i ) Tout co que jo desire , c

’est do sauver men hon n ou r

chez les Francs . Un o fois parti , lo sultan pourra , s’ il

veut,prendre Ascalon ct tout co qui roste aux chrétion s.

(Boha - oddin . )

4. Describe the feudal organization of the Latins i nthe East as set forth in the Assizes of Jorusalom .

5 . Analyse the part played by the house of Lusignanin the history of Latin Syria6 . Discuss the authorship, date , an d historical value

of the Itin erar ium .

7 . Trace with a sketch -map or maps the changes in

the political d istribution of Western Asia among the

Moslem powers during the twelfth century .

8 . Describe carefully with a map and a plan the battleof Arsuf. What light does it throw upon the militarycapacity of Richard ?

9 . Compare the character an d abilities of Saladinwith those of Nouroddi n .

[T T.


Hi story of Land Tenure.

1 . Comment on the following passages from the B lack

Book of Peter borough :

(a) E t unus sochomann us fac iat serv i cium cum oquo.

(b) In Turlob i est j carucata terrae et i ij b ovataoad goldum Rogi s ot do hac torra tenent v i ij vill ani v i ijb ovatas et i ij b ovatao sunt wastao.

(c) Ricardu s Euganie 1] hidas in Hamtonascira , et

servit pro j milito sod socomann i faciun t quartam partemm i l i ti s ot ipse i ij partos unius mi l iti s.

2 . Explain the nature of a fin e of lands and describethe form of indenture in which it was recorded .

3. Comment on the following passages, transl atingthose mark ed

*(a) Ex hoc l iquet qued vassal lus non potestdominum suum in fosti re , salva fido homagi i sui , nisiforte so defendendo, v ol nisi ox praocopto principie cumoe ivorit contra dominum suum in exorci tum .

[GLANVILL]*(b) Rex V i cocomi ti salutem . Praocipio tibi qued

i usti cios N . qued iusto ot sin e d i lation e faciat R . cou suetudin os ot recta sorv i tia quae oi facere dob ot do tenomento sue qued do oo tenet in il la v i lla , si cut rational itormon strare potorit oum sibi dob ori , no opertoat oum

ampl ius indo conquori pro dofoctu rocti . [GLANVILL ](0) Tune summon e per b on es summon i toros duo

docim liberos ot legales hominos do v i cen eto do illa villa,qued sint coram mo vol i ustici is moi s ea die parati sacramento rocognoscere, si T . pater praedicti G . fuit seisitusin dominico sue sieut do foodo sue do una v irgata terraein illa v illa di e qua obiit . [GLANVILL ]

.(d) Nos non tonob imus torras i l l erum qu i conv i cti

fuorm t do felonia nisi per unum annum ot unum diom, ot

tune roddan tur terrae domin is foodorum . [MAGNA CARTA .]

3H 23 [Turn over .

2

4 . Classify the services rendered by tho Lib ero

Tenentes on the St. Paul ’s estates in 1 222 .

5 . Trace the history of the restrictions on alienatione f l and .

6. Tran slate and comment on the following passagesfrom the Domesday of St. Pau l

’

s

(a ) Joh fil’

Gi l ib ti difi’

i virg’ quoda Wak el in i cui i iattin et p i d

’

sorfi pWi l l rh firmaf ut oscaot’

a ppter furtum .

(b) Joh’

hol degrim 1j virg’

p v sol’

p cart'

a capiti i i

V 1j acras quas al i qamdiu tenuit sii servicio m°

p v i ij dp cartacapiti i p fine him 5 decano ‘

t capitl e .

(c) Mah i um i stud defedit so fisus rege p v hidis s;pi ib ; v

'

sus decanfi 7, capim cfi op9 fu ’it . est au l ib ’um ‘t

q’

etu ab omi secta com itat9 1. hundredi i do simi l ib ; qsp

°tat in capito ad rege v i b al l i vos sue s.

(d ) E t x . solidos dodoru n t oi s in gersuma 1d est,

lancept, et pro firma in anno roddent v i ij l 1b ras ot

soxtarium vini in di e SCI Pauli .

7 . Distinguish common appurtenant, appendant andin gross . Discuss the doctrine that rights of commonimply a grant from the lord .

8 . What is the mean ing of Seisin ? How did the concoption of it operate at Common Law to restrict thefreedom of creating future estates in land ?

9 . Explain z— tonant pour autre vie : tenant par loverge : advowson : ren t sec : ceparcon ors : attornment .

1 0 . Comment on the following passages

(a ) Est etiam vi l lenagium non ita purum sivo concodatur libero homine v ol v illano ox conventione tenendum pro certis serv i ti is ot con suetudin i bus n om inati s

ot expressis, quamv i s serv itia ot consuetudines suntv i l lan ae . [BRAOTON.]

(b) Tenens voro n u l lam facit in iu riam domino sue

ox tali donati one quamv i s damnum,cum ipse dominus

hab ore possi t rol ev ium do sue feofi'

ato ot eius haeredi b u s ,ot l icet damnum facit , non tamon in iuri osum orit praedicta ratione . [BRACTON .]


Hi story of Land Tenur e.

1 . Comment on the following passages from the RamseyCartu lary and translate these mark ed

(a) De donarn s, qui vocan tur v igin ti solidi , datdimi dia virgata sex don ar ios.

Item torra Al i ciae v i duao die Sancti Michaelisduodecim solidos , ot ad omnes precarios cum tota familiaosso debot et dominus c um virga grad iotur ad omneserit l ovob on es , motet etiam pro woddi s .

ot ipse , et Mahal d fil ia sua et fi l ia uxoris ,quam prius habuit

,ot Mahal d uxor sua

,quam pe st oam

habuit,otHon ri cus fi l iu s i l l iu s, socun dao videlicet mu l ieri s,

ot Christina fi l ia ei usdem , coram omni hustingo do Lundonia

,in demo A l fwin i fi l i i Leofstan i , omnibus d iebu s

ampl iu s in perpetuum in ecclesia Ramesiae hab ondam ,

pro decem libris donariorum , quas in praesentia totiushustingi dedit o i .

(d) Concessit etiam adhuc ampl iu s pro rodemptiono

et salu te an imao suao, u t si absque l ib eris do legitimaconiuge procreati s mortuus fuerit, do torra illa, ot do

omn ibus a l i is terris,quas i n Hun ton don a habet

, vol

hab ituru s est, ecclesia Rameson si s hores efli ciatur .

(e) Abbas do Rameseye tenet do dom in o rege ad foodifirmam hun dredum do Hyrstyngston e , ot m an or i um do

Kyn gu s Rypton o, pro decem libris,tredocim sol idis

,

quattuor don ar i i s an n uatim ,sol vondi s v i cecomi ti Hun

tingdon iao, ad Opus regis .

(f ) E t in praedi cti s pratis, post fonum asportatum ,

commun i cab un t omnes , tam do Sanoto Ivone,quam do

Hal iwel l e ot Ni dyngwortho, cum omnibus averil s suis ; otcum fonum fuerit adun atum

,l i ceb it omn ibus ot singul i s

eque s hab en tib u s oos ligare inter mu l ionos ; sod si damnumfaciant, inparcen tur ot emendas faciant .

2 . Compare the liab il ities and rights of the differentclasses of unfree tenants on mediaeval estates .


2

3 . What rights were involved i n the franchises enjoyodby a great lord i n the time of Edward I ?

4. Comment on the following passages from the K i n g’

s

R ip ton Cou rt Rol l s

(a ) Q u i quidem Iohan n os v on it in curiam et dicit son u l lam b estiam propri am hab ore un do possi t arrare nisiex mutuo un do dicit et allegat qued quan diu bestiasmu tuaveri t ad arran dum n on debot domino respondere doal iqua arrura .

(b) Wi l lelmu s Umfry ,Iohannos do Hale fuerun t

pl ogi i Boatri ci s do Hale rograterisso corv i si e qued v en iretad istam curiam ad respondendum do tran sgression e

vend ’ serv i c ’ con tra assi sam .

(0 ) E t dicit qued non tenetur n arrac ion i su e ro

spondere oo qued narrando non dicit qued idem Iohannosoi deforc iat predictum tenementum cum portin on ci i s necdicit narrando in qua villa prodi cta ton emon ta sunt n oc

quis antecessor suus fuit sei si tus

5 . Classify and explain the various dues and servicespaid to the Church from the Ramsey

,St. Pau l ’s , and

Peterborough manors .

6 . Perhaps the greatest event in the history of Englishlaw is that Henry II cast his protection over possession .

’

Discuss this statement.

7 . Comment on the following passages from theBr ightu

'

al tham Cou rt Rol ls

(a ) Adam Scot factus est d i cenari us et iuratus adofli cium fidel iter faciendum .

(b) Mode v ideatis et consu l atis super i uro predicteEdithe . E t solatie qued si haberem ad manus rotu los

curio tempore W i l lolm i do Lewes ego vobis certificaremet vobis mon strarem multa mirabilia n on opportune facta .

(c) fin . vj . d . E t compertum est per in qu isci on em qued adi n stan c iam ipsi us Elene status i psius effici turdotor ior ad quan titatem v .s . E t idem B icardus rem ittit oi pro bono pacis pro xij .d .

3

8 . Illustrate as far as you can the improvement in thestatus of the customary tenants during this period ofhistory.

9 . Discuss the fol low ing statements

(a ) The loot is the most ancient court i n the land .

(b) The court baron is the court of the barons or freeholders of the manor .

(0) Li bera curia n on est libertas nec regale .

1 0 . Translate an d comment on the following passagesfrom the Li ttleport Cou rt Rol ls :

(a ) Nous vous mandons que vous facez di logeaumon t

cerch ier vos rou l l es et vos remembrances pur en t sauer laverite

,ot si par (cases) vous ny purroz ron trouor facez

sur co enquere per b onn os ot loiaux gon tz do Littel port.

(b) E t qued Petrus doWeting’ qui n on est com

m ie. v i ij . d . mun ariu s fa l cav i t in commun a vj° losch

’ sine adv ocation e al i cu ius commun arn ot vendit extra .

(0) Thomas Thame capel lanu s non parav it porc ion omsuam super cal cotum (do i i ij porti cati s) ad nocumentumomnium ibidem tran soun cium

(d ) Wi l l elmu s Akerman tenentes torrarum ot

ton emen torum que fuerun t Henrici Whytryn g dantdomino x l .d . pro quadam in qu i sici on e ex officio capi en dasi v idue debou t dotari do torris et tonemen tis vond iti s

per v iros sues dum v ixorint.

[T T.


Ita ly ( 1 492

I.

1 . Comment briefly on the fol lowing passages, translating those marked

*(a ) E t ostoien t avoc luy messire Brete do F l isco ,ot autros Genevois au moyen desquels ils espéroien t fairetourner la v i l l e do Gonn es : et peu faill it qu

’ ile n o l o

fissen t a la Specie et a Rapalo , pres do Gennes , eu i l smirent on terre quelque millo hommos do lours partisans .

(b) En cos entrefai ctes so rendit lo Chasteau ,par

pratique dos Al emans , qu i on ouron t un monde do biensqu i ostoien t dedans ; et aussi fut pris lo chasteau do

1’

Oeuf par batterie . E t par cette conclusion so pou t

v oir que ceux qu i avoien t conduit co grand oeuvre n o

l’

avoien t point fait d ’eux , mais fut v rayo oeuvre do Diou ,comme chacun lo vit .

(0) E t fut fait rapport au roy do cette del iberation ;mais nonobstant cola i l y envoya monseigneur do Brossedepuis duc do Savoye, lo soigneur do Beaumont doPolignac

,men beau -frero, ot lo soigneur d

’

Aub ijoux do 1amaison d’

Amb ei se, avoc vingt - six hommos d ’armes , otcinq cons arb alestriers, venus tous frais do Francepar mer.

(d) E t ostoit j a fort lo duc do Milan , qu i avoit estéon grand peri l , qu i ou t l aisse faire l o soigneur JoanJacques ; ot luy ostoient v enus beaucoup do gen s dosVénitiens .

(e) A la douxiesme fois qu’i l revint

, i l amonanu ambassadeur desdi ts roys ; et rapporta ledit do

Clorieux qu ’ il e so cen ten toroi en t d’

avoir ce qu i est plusprochain do Ceci l e, qu i est Calabre

,pour l edit droi ct

qu’

i l s préten doien t audit royaume do Napl es , et que loroi prit lo reste.

*(f ) Le pape A l exandre , qu i regno do present,

estoi t en grand pratique do tous pe incts a so rangerdos siens , comme mal-content dos Vénitiens ; et avoit

messager secret, que j e conduisis en la chambre da roynostro sire , peu avant sadite mort . Le roy dosRemain sno desiroi t chose en monde tant que son amitieet qu

’euxdoux ensembl e fissent lours b osongnos on Italie .

3H 26 [T urn over .

2

2 . What according to Commines was (a) the effectupon the inhabitants of Southern Italy of Charl es VIII’sarrival in Naples , and (b) the general position of affairsat the time of h is departure ?

3 . What light is thrown by Commines upon the aimsand methods of Venetian diplomacy by the negotiationsof Venice (a ) with Charles VIII in 1 493

,and (b) with

Commines himself after Charl es ’s return to France ?

4. Write short explanatory notes on the fol lowing

(a) Jo l oue bien un prince do tenir bons tormes auxmarchands, et lour tenir v erite.

(b) La v il l e est do tout temps on partial ité ot so

gouv erne plus fol lement que ville d’

Ital ie .

(c) Peu avant j ay parle comme l ’armee do mor futfaite aN ice pour secourir los chasteaux doNapl es , co qu 1no so put faire, pour les raisons dessus dites .

(d) La faute d ’esprouv er cette bel l e adv enture vintdo ce que l edit duc d

’

Orlean s mua do propos, comb i enqu

’on on tondoit qu’ il dust partir du soir au matin .

5 . Draw a sketch-map of Italy, marking the chiefphysical features and inserting — Atella, Asti , Bol ogna,Forrara, Ostia, Pi sa, Trani , Rhoggio, Otranto , Novara,Forn ov o , Vercel li, Tarentum,

Perugia, Brindisi .

6. Examine historical ly the accuracy of the fol lowingstatements , translating those mark ed

(a ) Sol amente si pue accusarl o nel l a creazione diG iul io II .

(b) Come cem1nc 1aron e a combattero in torra,lasci a

rono questa V 1 rtu, e seguitarono i costumi d’Ital ia.

*(c) Ed i l fin e del l e lore virtu o state , che quel lae stata corsa da Carl o , predata da Luigi , sforzata daFerrando , o vituperata da’ Svizzeri .

*(d) Al cun principe di questi tempi, i l quale non ebon e n ominare , non predica mai altro che pace e fedeo del l ’ una e del l’ altra o inimicissimo e l ’una e l ’al tra ,

quando e’

l’

avesse osservato , gli arob b e piu v olte tol tolo state e la reputazione.

Ita ly ( 1 492 II.

1 . Translate the fol lowing passage from Gu icciardin i ,with brief explanatory comments

Da questi difetti nasceva, che non pensando n essunodi con tinue alla citta, si viv eva al buj o degl i andamentie moti di Italia ; non si cognoscevano i mal i nostri primache fussin o venuti ; no era al cune che avv isassi di nulla,porche ogni cosa subite si publicav a i principi e potentati di fuora non tenevano intel l igenza o amicizia alcunace l la citta, per non av ere con chi confidare nodi chi sovalero ; i danari, andando per mol te mani , o per mol tespezial ita e sanza diligenza di chi gli administrava , eranoprima epesi che furono posti ; e si penava i l pin del levolte tanto a conoscere i mali nostri , e dipoi a fareprovisione di denari

,che e ’ giugn evane tardi ; in mode

che o’

si gittavano v ia sanza frutto , o quel lo che sisarebbe prima potuto fare con centi ducati non si facevapoi con cento mila. Ne scova da quoste che b isognandoogni di porre prov isioni di danari , e provisioni grosse ,la brigata doppo i l corso di molti anni era si stracca chenon vol eva vincere pin prov isioni ; in mode che n on

avendo danari , ogni di la Signoria sosteneva i cittadinipin ricchi in Palagio , e gli faceva per forza prestaro al

Commune ; e nondimeno non so n o cavava tale prev editamen to che e ’ non fussino constrotti a ultimo lasciaretrascorrere ogni cosa

,stare sanza soldati , ton ere sanza

guardia e munizione alcuna lo terre e lo fortezze n estro.

2 . Explain notmore thanfou r of the following passagesfrom Gu i cciardin i , with reference to the context

(a) La cagione fu , perche i l cento vedendo i V in izian iavere pin gente di lui assai ed essere in eu

’ terreni sua,

dubito, so 11 re di Francia era rotto , di non roman ere adiscrezione de’ V in izian i naturalmente inimici sue i , e cheper ambizione non tengono cento di lega e di fede .(b) Ma la questiono e differenza resta circa la bonta

della v ita in che e da notare che so in lui fu vizio , nonvi fu al tro che i l simulare

, causato da superb ia e ambizi one .

(c) Erasi doppo i i 94 posta, per uno magi strate deputato a c io, una Decima univ ersale a tutti i ben i de’

socol ari , ed erasi usata qualche anno, pon en den e secon doi casi che occorrevano, una, dua o tre per volta .

3 H 37 [Turn over .

(d ) E pore dov e prima i sua antecessori solevano,e cosi si era ossorvato con tinuamon to doppo i l 94, ragunare Pratichi do’ primi cittadini co ’ quali si consultavanolo cose importanti dell e State , lui chiame Pratiche radev ol te , ma lo conferiva e consultava co

’

Col legi , i qual iquasi tutti e quasi sempre erano uomini spicciolati e dipeca qual ita.

(e) Solo gli Stati di Romagna stavano fermi, no’

quali corto , so fu ssi state san e , si sarebbe conservato ;perch ‘

e egli aveva messo , a gov erne di quegli popol i ,uomini che gli avevano governati con tanta giustizia eintegrita che era sommamente amato da lore .

(f) Intesesi poi come lo imperadore av ev a insinol ’ anno dinnanzi

,insino quando i l papa parti da Bologna ,

tenuto pratiche di passare i n Italia,col papa che era

adirato col re,e co ’ V i n izian i che temevano della sforza

che facev a per la impresa di Gen eva .

3 . Did Venetian policy in this period j ustify the

Venetian reputation for pol itical wisdom ?

4. Ill ustrate and account for the weak hold of an

Italian republic upon i ts subj ect terri tories as exempl ifiedin Florentine history at this time .

5 . What would you infer from Gu i cciardin i s charactersof statesmen as to h is own political ideas and standardof pol itical morality ?

6 . What steps did Piere de’Medici take when expelled

from Florence to effect h is restoration ? Why was he sounsuccessful

7 . Can any coherent pol icy be traced in Maximilian’srelations with the Italian states ?

8 . Draw a map of the Venetian territory to il lustratethe war of the League of Cambray

,and show in what

respects it was diffi cul t to defend .

9 . Comment on not more than fou r of the foll owingpassages from Da Porto , translating those mark ed

(a ) Io son o de’ primi

,non certamon te per al tra

cagione, che per la incredibile invidia e dissension e ch ’

o tra i capitani dell’ esercito nostro,della qual e o gran

motive la indomita al terigia dell ’ Al viano .

3

(b) Cosi camminando l’

esorcito di Francia,va acquis

tando sonza al cun contrasto tan to di state , quanto no

caval ca ; e gi a ebbe anche Bergamo sonza botta di artigl iera , o colpo di spada .

*(c) Alcuni al tri affirmando essere dol medesimoanimo

,aggiugnevano, com

’ essi si dol essero di dov eresser astretti a pagar tanto docime ot tanto aflitto, quantos’ avreb b ono in breve , per mantenere 1a incominciataguerra ; non osson do essi per participare delle State

,

come i l popolo romano antico soleva fare , o come sarebbeparse lore onesto .

*(d) Onde molti cercandon e la cagione , l’

attrib u i scono

alla l eggerezza di monsignor di Ci amon to ; i l che certo nonostate , anzi piutosto fu per gelosia e sdegno cominciati trai l papa Giulio e i Francesi a cagione dol sal e man date

per lo duca di Ferrara nella Lombardia in grande derrata ;sale , che i l papa non vorrebbe che vi mandasse .

(e) Onde ragunata grande oste di Spagnuoli o d’

Italiani in Romagna, ha i l papa man date i l cardinal e do’Medici per legato di questo osercito, confidan done poi

tutta la cura a den Raimen do di Cardona v icoro diNapoli , i l quale , comecche di asprissimo verno , vonnepoco fa per combattero Bologna .

f I Francesi si cenfidavan o assai nel furore de ’

lore uomini d ’ arme, ch’ erano da sedicimila o cinque

cento ; gli Spagnuoli noll’ animosita de ’ l ore fanti

,i qual i

potevano essere dintorno quindici mila .

(g) E n ote che l ’imperatore , comecchonella lega fattacen tre 1 Francesi non abbia v e luto essere n omin ate, pernon trovarsi col legato co ’ V in i zian i , egl i poregode sempred’ ogni sinistro che tocchi lore .

[T T.


The Great Rebel l ion .

[Can di dates shou ld attemp t qu esti on s marked

1 . How far i s Clarendon’s account of the king ’s oppon en ts prej udiced by considerations of personal friendshipor dislike ?

Commen t on the foll owing extracts from Claren

don

(a ) There cannot be a better instance of the unrulyand mutinous spirit of the City of London . than thetriumphant entry which some persons at that time madeinto London who had been before seen upon pillories.

(b)‘ By God

,not for an hour ! You have asked

that of me in this was never asked of a king , and withwhich 1 will not trust my wife and children .

’

(c) I must appeal to the consciences of those verymen , whether they have not been many times , by stayingthere , compelled or terrified to do and submit to manyacts contrary to their oaths an d duties in matters ofallegiance.

(d) This was the end of that mushrump- army,

which grew up and perished so seen that the loss ofit was scarce apprehended at Oxford .

(6) An d without doubt, if they had then sent (as, ifthe power had b een in the two Houses of Parliament

,

they had done) a firm peace had immediately ensuedbut this was too well known to be suffered to pass

,and

the seditious preachers filled all the pulpits withalarums of ruin and destruction .

(f) Th is is the same Love who some years after,by

Cromwell ’s particular prosecution,had his head cut off

upon Tower Hill.

3 . Discuss Clarendon ’s view that a large measure ofthe King’s misfortunes i n the war was due to the follyand faction of his own party

3H 38 [T u rn over .

2

4. Compare C larendon’s account of Strafford ’

s trialwith Baillie ’s .

5 . Summarize,with a sk etch-map, the campaign of

1 643.

6 . To what extent was Presbytery ev er the establishedreligion of England ? Explain its unpopularity in thecountry generally .

7 . Expl ain the financial expedients adopted by theKing and Parliament respectively to raise money forthe war .

*8 . Comment on t-he following extracts from Baillie .

(a ) Poor Can terb urie is so contemptible that allcasts him by out of their thoughts as a pendicle at theLieutenant ’s eare.

(b) The King complained much of the vile slanderwhich Hamilton’s needless flight and fear had broughtupon h im .

(0 ) The House of Lords was said to be opposite tothe Commons conclusion of crav eing our help .

(d ) Our arm i e oft sign ified to u s , they con ceav ed

their want of success fl owed most from God ’ s anger atthe Parliament and Assemb l ie for their neglect of oStabli sh ing of religion . We oft told them the truth , We hadno hope of any progresse hero till God gave themv ictories . ’

(e) Some say that after Montrose gott the moneyhe plundered the towne For my boekes

,and all

I have,I care not much : b et I long much to know

what is become of my wife and children , my dear colleagues and friends .

9 . Explain carefully the circumstances in which thebattles of Rowton Heath and Ph i l iphaugh were fought .What places were still hold by the Royalists in the

winter of 1 645—6

1 0 . Estimate the effect of the Ir ish Rebellion uponthe course of events in England .

[T T.

2

(d ) The gentlemen that undertook to frame thisgov ernment did consult divers days together how toframe somewhat that might g ive us settlement . Theydid consult, and that I was not privy to their coun cilsthey knew it they told me that except I wouldundertak e the government

,they thought blood and

confusion would break in upon us .

(e) I did tell you that I would not undertake it ,unl ess there m ight be some other persons between meand the House of Commons who then had the power, toprevent tumultuary an d popular spirits .

5 . What royalist insurrections took place during theProtectorate ? Is there any reason for believing thatCromwell encouraged any of them ?*6. Commen t on the fol lowing extracts from Ludl ow(a ) The blockade of Basing House was al so ordered

to be broken up,after which I returned with those

under my command into the county of Wilts.

(b) It was a miserable thing to serve a Parl iament ,to whom l et a man be never so faithful , if one pragmatical fol l ow amongst them rise up and asperse him ,

heshal l never wipe it off.

(0) I marched with my horse towards Limerick , andcame to Gourton shegoro.

(d) The news of this great al teration of affairs wasv ery unwelcome to us in Ireland , because contrary to theoaths which had b een taken

,and especially to the

engagement,whereby all that took it promised fidelity

to the Commonwealth .

(e) Ho pretended that this assembly was called onlyin order to raise money for the payment of the armyand fleet

,to confirm the authority of the Maj or

Generals, and that of the Instrument of Government .

7 .

‘ Ludlow ’s account of the reconquest of Ireland isneither a clear nor a coherent n arrative of that process . ’

What is the value of Ludlow ’s Memoi rs to the studentof Cromwell ’s Irish campaigns ?8 . Giv e some account of the gov ernment of Scotland

between 1 65 1 and 1 658 .

3

9 . Compare the aims of the Heads of the Proposalswith those of the Propositions of Uxbridge . Why didthe Heads of the Proposals fail to effect a settlement ?

*1 0 . Comment on the following

(a ) We desire that there may be a general synod ofthe most grave pious learned and judicious divines ofthis island .

(b)‘ That the peopl e of England (being at this day

very unequally distributed by counties,citie s

,and

boroughs , for the election of their Representatives) , beindifferently proportioned .

’

(c) 1 , Oliver Cromwell , Captain -General and Commandor- ih-Chief of all the armies and forces raisedand to be raised within this Commonwealth

,and hereby

summon and require you (being on e of thesaid persons nominated) personally to be and appearat the Council-Chamber upon the 4th day of Julynext then and there to tak e upon you the saidtrust unto which you are hereby called and appointed

,

to serve as a member for the county ofAn d hereof you are not to fail .

[T T.


The Fr en ch Revolu ti on .

1 . Translate and explain the following passages fromBailly ’s Mémoires

(a ) Mais co qui faisait forger cos fables , c’

otait l odésir do ridiculiser lo tiers- état ; cette arme du ridiculeavait on do tout temps un grand pouvoir on France

,on

l’

essaya i t contre la puissance n ouvol lo.

(b) Jo lu i dis que chaque depute avait se conscienceot était mai tre do son Opinion ,

mais qu ’il n o l u i était pasporm i s d

’

assoc ior son opinion particuliere a l ’opin ion dol’

A ssemb l éo.

(0) Si lo re i efit donné, 11 y a dix ans, un e paroi l lodec laration , n

’

out- ello pas été rocuo av oc enthousiasme ?Ou i

,sans de ute

,i l y a d ix an s — Q ue veut donc l

’

As

semblée ? E l le veut faire et n on pas que vous fassiez .

(d ) M. Target avait propose do traitor une gran dequestion , cel lo dos mandats impératifs ot dos pouvoirslimités .

(e) Le maréchal lui dit : ‘ Vous avez la téte bienv ive ! ’

Il répondit : Mon sieur lo maréchal,n o vous y

méprenez pas,vous on trouverez do plus vivos a Paris . ’

2 . Comm en t on the following passages from ArthurYoung’s Travels i n Fra n ce

(a ) The political conversation of every companyI have seen has tu rned much more on the affairs ofHolland than on those of Fran ce. The preparationsgoing on for a war with England are in the mouths ofall the world .

(b) We think sometimes that Debrett’s or Stockdale ’ s

shOps at London are crowded , but they are more desertscompared to Dosein

’

s and some others here, in which on ecan scarcely squeeze from the door to the cou n ter .

(c ) This is the genera l fee l ing ; they - are as nearlyconcerned as Paris ; but they dare n ot stir , they dare n ot

ev en have an opinion of their own till they know whatParis thinks so that , if a starving populace were not inquestion no on e would dream of moving.

[T urn ove r .

2

(d ) I forgot to observe that , foI have b een posterod with all the 1

shooting the shot has fal len fivchai se or about my ears .

3 . Summarize Young’s impres h provinc ial cities .

4. What conclusions , if any . rawYoung’s n otices of such m em b

became acquainted with ?

5 . Tran slate and commen t

from Mirabeau s Corresponde1

(a ) Soyez R ichelieu su'

vous referez Ia monarchie,e 1

l a l iberté publique .

(b) Admin istr

régner ; tou t so

(c) Les a :réol lo que cel ’

nent la rue.

davantage sr.

(cl ) Si Itpris indi fféreautre secto.

(e) Q uanégalement uti]

6 . Illustrateof the con stit

8 .

‘ The R

portyportyi n these (1

2

(d ) I forgot to observe that , for a few days past ,I have b een pestored with all the mob of the countryshooting the shot has fal len five or six times in mychaise or about my ears .

3 . Summarize Young’s impressions of French provinc ial cities .

4 . What conclusions , if an y ,would you draw from

Young ’s n otices of such members of the n oblesse as hebecame acquainted with ?

5 . Translate and comment on the following passagesfrom Mirab eau

’

s Correspondence :

(a ) Soyez Richelieu sur la cour pour la nation , etvous referez la monarchie

,on agrandissant ot consolidant

la l i borté publique .

(b) Administrer, c’

ost gouverner gouv erner, c’

estrégnor tout so réduit

(c) Les assignats -monnaie ayant un e valeur aussiréelle que cel l o dos métaux , i l faut que b i entet ils ob tienn on t la meme confian ce on s

’

éc lai rora chaque j ourdavan tago sur cette vérité .

(d ) Si l o décret est love, les ministros peuvent étropris indifféremm ent parmi les Jacobins , ou dans touteautre socte . Des Jacob i n s ministros n o seraient pas dosministros j acobins .

(e) Q uant aux destructions , elles sen t presque tou toségalement utiles a la nation ot au monarque .

6 . Illust rate from the Correspondence the amendmentsof the constitution desired by Mirabeau .

7 . What do you consider to have b een the King’schan ce of success had he implicitly followed the adviceofMirabeau ?

8 .

‘ Tho Revolution was essentially a transfer of property (Taine) .

‘ Read “ an en fran ch i somen t of property (Chérest) . What elements of truth are containedin these different views ?

9 . Trace the progre ss of disorganization i n the armydown to the outbreak of the war with Austria .

[T T.


The Fr en ch Revol ution .

II.

1 . Translate an d comment briefly upon the fol lowing(a) La guerre au -dehers , provoquée , dirigée par l o

Gouvernement dans les circon stan cos ou nous sommos ,

est nu mouvement a centre- sons, c’est une crise qu i pout

conduire a la mort do corps pol itique .

(ROBE SPIE RE E ,2 Jan .

(b) E nfin lo Comité Diplomatique n’

aura i t pas dfi so

departir du grand moyen que l’on pou t tirer do l

’acquioscement donné par I’E mperour au con clu sum do la Diete .Remarquez dans quol le position n ou s serou s si nous n o loroquéren s pas do s

’

expl iquer sur son adhesion a cot actode la D 1 ote . (V E RGNIAUD , 1 8 Jan .

(c) Mais , citoyens , soyons généroux ; la v ie do

Lepel etier fut b el le , sa mort servira encore la Repub l ique . (DANTON, 2 1 Jan .

(d ) Tu fus donc lo complice do Mirabeau , do d’

Or

leans , do Dumour iez, do Bri ssot. Des lettres do l ’omb assadeur d

’

E spagn o aVenise au Duc d ’

A l cudia d isentqu

’on to soupconn ait aParis d’

avoir eu dos conferences auTemple avec la Rein e. (SAINT-JUST . )

(e) Jeunes Fran eais, entendez - vous l’

immortel Bara ,qu i du Pan theon vous appello a la gloire ?

(ROBE SPIE RRE .)2 . Cri ticize the value of the statements made by

Bertrand do Mol levil le with regard to do Lossart .

3. Can you fin d in V ergn iaud’

s speech of July 3,1 792 ,

any explanation of the attitude of the Girondists on

August 1 0

4 . Summarize what Bertrand do Mollevill e tel ls usabout the dangers to which Royalists were exposed afterAugust 1 0 .

5 . Comment briefly on the fol lowing passages(a) Croyez-moi , laissez métaphysique abandon

n oz l’

h i stoiro ot les bel l es- l ettros, jusqu’

aco que l o dangersoit passe.

3H 28 [Turn over .

2

( b) 1 1 s’

offr‘

ait a mos youx uh certain hommo, denton n ’a pas parl e, mais que l es événements ont renduimportant et curieux . C

’estMon siou 1 Saule .

(c) On a continuel lement dispute— our lo droit, otjamais sur lo fait.

(d ) Hier soir , j’

etais a l’

ondroi t memo on l ’ondisait que Miazin sk i devait etre execute.

6 . Do the reports in Schmidt’s Ta bleau x furnish uswith any adequate explanation of the success of theJacob in s ov er the Girondists ?

Tran slate and comment upon the following passagesf1 om Schmidt’s Tableaux :

(a) Convention : une deputation demandait la Constitution do 1 793

,du pain et a has l es ba l onn ettos

’

(b) Dans les cafes on n o pai l ai t pas avantageusement do la Constitution l ’on disait que c

’est un fatrasdo systemes obscurs .

(c) Dans l es cafes , la paix avoc l’

E spagn e était labase de toutes les conversations .

8 . Commen t on the following statements with referenceto the insurrection of Prairial

(a) Au Theatre do l ’Opéra Comique , lorsqu’

on estvonu annoncer que l

’

assassin du repre’sentant Ferraudavait été en l ov é et porté on triomphe dans lo fbg . Antoine

,

tous les spectateurs so sen t loves ot ont crié aux armes , ondisant : Il faut v ain cro ou mourir pour venger la Constitution .

(6) Les femmes , comme des fu1 ies, excitaient l eshom ines ot s

’

écriaion t : ‘ Il faut soutenir nos freres dufbg . Antoine, avo i r raison dos rep1 éson tan ts, ot no faireau cuno grace aux ma i chands ot aux muscadins . ’

9 . What do we l earn f1 om Schmidt ’s Tableau x with1 ogard to the situat i on i n Paris afte1 the suppression of

the in suri ecti on of Vendémiaire ?

1 0 . The Constitution of the yoa1 III‘ afforded socu i i

ties for order and for l ib e1 ty such as France had neverenj oyed

’

. Criticize this statement .[T T.

2

(6) He immediately quitted the detested land ofBun dolcund , an d without experiencing or expecting anyof the many impediments which his predecessor had solong compl ained of, continued his march .

(f) What followed is too horrid to detail : a contagious distemper seized the detachment at Gunj am andthreatened to annihilate it .

(g) It is new as much a member of their Governmentas th e zem i ndarry of Burdwan and more effectuallytheirs than many parts of Bahar.

(h) Souffrein has made his appearance of Ganjam .

( i ) I yet believe that in spite of peace he will effectthe loss of the Carnatic .

8 . Comment on n ot more than fou r of the followingpassages from the Cornwallis Correspondence

(a ) The orders to recal l the Futtyghur brigadeoccasioned some embarrassment.

(b) I must beg of you , my dear Lord , to state whatI have said in the strongest but most respectful terms tothe Prin ce of Wales .

(0) If the proposed separation was to take place , nota man of character or creditwould stay in the Company ’ sservice if he could avoid it .

(d ) These untoward circumstances did not deprive usof any of the solid advantages of our victory , for we arei n possession of the whole of the enemy ’s redoubts

,of all

the ground on the north si de of the river an d of greatpart of the island .

(e) The value of the produce of the land is wellknown to the proprietor or his officers and to the ryotwho cultivates it ; and is a standard which can alwaysbe reverted to by both parties

,for fixing equitable rates .

(f) That he had purchased Cranganore from the

Dutch .

(g ) By their tardiness in commencing their marchan opportunity was lost which could not now

'

be recalled .

3

9 . What does one learn from Wilks as to an y three ofthe fol lowing subj ects — Cornwallis’ s occupation of Guntore ; Persheram E b ow’

e conduct ; Tippee’ s suppression

of drunkenness ; the word ‘ Tippee ’

; the preparationsfor General Harris ’s move on Seringapatam ; Flint

’sdefence of Wan dewash ; the battle of Pol l i lore the

treatment of prisoners by Tippee and Hyder ?

1 0 . Comment briefly on n ot more than three of thefollowing passages from Forrest .

(a) I had fixed upon the beginning of last year formy departure to England . This event determined me topostpone it.

( b) The public in England have of late years adoptedv ery high ideas of the rights of the Zamindars inHindostan .

(c) The Sunaud and the Cobool eat are counterpartsof each other .

(d ) Moan as its substance may be , its accidentalproperties were equivalent to those which

,l ik e the

magical characters of a talisman i n the Arabian mythelogy , formed the essence of the state itself.

(6) We shall by this measure add strength to ourselves ih proportion as we diminish that of the Confederacy .

(f ) B idj eygur l i es about 5 0 miles in a southwesterly direction from Chunar . It was the depositoryof all his and his father ’s treasures .

1 1 . What does on e learn from the Report of the SelectComm i ttee as to the practical effects on Bengal of thenew system of internal government ?

[T T.

(6) He immediate ly qated th

Bun dolcund, and without operien c iof the many im imonte n ich h isl ong compl aino o f, con tin id h is 111 1

(f ) What foll owed is 5 0 h

threatened to annihilate i t .

(9) It is now as much canon i beas the zomindarry of B lfl wautheirs than man y parts of (tha t .

(h) Soufl’

rein has madame up

( i ) I yet be l ieve that 1 spitethe l oss of the Carnatic .

I have sa id in the s trut

the Prince of Wales .

a man of cham te r or c

service i f he cou ld avoid

(d ) Those untowaro f any

part of(e) The

k nown to twho cu l tivabe reverted

(f)Dutch .

(9 )an oppo


Br i ti sh Indi a . ( 1 773

1 . .What is Mal colm’s view of the relations of theBritish with the Nabobs of the Carnatic from 1 792 to1 80 1

2.

‘A period of six years’ peace , instead of hav ingadded to the strength

,or improv ed the security , of the

British dominions in India , had pl aced th em in a situationof comparativ e danger. ’ Estimate this v erdict on the

administrat ion of Sir John Shore .

3 . What do you l earn from your authorities as toZomaun Shah ? What influence did his actions exorciseover the pol icy of Lord Wel l esl ey ?4 . Trace with the aid of a sk etch - map ArthurWel lesl oy

’

s operations against the Mahrattas in 1 8 03.

5 . Which was the more formidabl e enemy of EnglandTippee , Dowlut Rae Scindiah

'

or Joswun t Rae He lkar ?

6 . By what arguments did Lord Well esl ey support hisscheme for the foundation of a col lege at Fort Wil l iamfor the special training of Civil Servants ?

7 .

‘ The abandonment of Lord Wel lesley’

s system byLord Cornwal lis and Sir George Barlow was neitherexpedient nor honourable . ’ Is this verdict born e out byyour authorities ?

8 . Commen t on not more than fou r of the fol lowingpassages from Mal colm(a) Nothing but the great v igilance of Lord Hobart,

who then presided ov er the Madras government,pre

v ented his being j oined by a number of these officers , whowere apprehended when j ust on the point of mak ingtheir escape .

(b) The del ays and evasions of the N izam and h ismini ster had proceeded from fear

,and their alarm was

n ew greater at the consequences likely to resu l t from the

non - fu lfilment of the articl e that required the dismissalof the French corps than at any which cou l d resu l t fromits fulfilmen t .

3H 42 Turn over .

(c) The territories of the Peishwah hav ing been the

scene of continual confli ct, from the death ofMadhoo Row,

were not ab l e, in their exhausted state, to support ovenfor a few months the hordes of banditti which were daily

pouring in from Malwa and Hindustan , to conten d atoonah for the sovereignty of the Mahratta empire .(d) The extraordinary spectacl e of a British army ,

composed chiefly of natives of India, on the shores of theMediterranean .

(e) The fortunate choice of a Dewan who , to a min dof singular vigour added an extensive acquaintance withthe resources of the country and an intimate k nowledgeof characters .

(f) It has been created by the generosi ty of theBritish government.

(g) It was fordabl e in several places above Agra ,even before the 1 st October .

(h) I do not hol d this governmen t bound to assisteither party against Tippee unl ess peace were prev iouslyestablished between theMahrattas and the N izam .

9. Comment upon not more than five of the fol lowingextracts from the Wel l esl ey Despatches

(a ) His ministers were appointed by the Mahrattas ;his army was disban ded ; and the only support of h i sauthority was a corps of men , trained , disciplined ,and commanded by French officers.

(b) The premature disclosure of this design mayperhaps be attributed rather to the pol icy ofM. Malartic ,than to the imprudence of Tippee .

(0) These acquisitions appeared the most el igibl e ,not only on account of their in trinsic val ue in

“

point ofproduce , b ut as securing an uninterrupted tract of terri toryfrom the coast of Coromandel to that of Mal abar .

(d ) This article i s the bend of peace to In dia. It isthis which renders the treaty real ly defensi ve , and mak esthe Governor-General responsibl e for every war in whichthe Bri tish gov ernmen t may b e engaged .

(e) I was decidedly of opini on that the crushing of

those pol itical intrigues, and the subversion of his Fren chconnexion were primary obj ects, and that n othing wouldb e so l ik ely to accompl i sh the above objects as the

sudden appearance of the army at the capital of Delhi .


E volution of Can ad ian Self -Governmen t.

[Can di dates shou ld attempt the qu esti on s marked wi th

an

*1 . Write notes on j i ve of the following

(a) The present Reproach , that our Engl ish Justiceand English Offices are calculated to drain the people ofthe littl e Subs tance they have left . ’

(6) It nev er entered into Our Idea to overturn theLaws and Customs of Canada , with regard to Property ,but that Justi ce should be administered agreeably tothem ,

according to the Modes of administering Justice inthe Courts of Judicature in this Kingdom

(0)‘ By the inadvertency of the King

’ s servants inthe order in which the several instruments passed theoffice the order is inverted , and the l ast we thinkcontrary to and a viol ation of the first and thereforevoid .

’

(d ) Nothing short (say they) of Power to Tax can

ever giv e a spur to Trade the power to raise moneymust be granted to the people in this Prov ince to renderit of real util ity to the Parent State. ’

(e) He ’

(Pitt) agreed with the right hon . g entl eman (Fox) in thinking it extremely desirable that theinhabitants of Canada should be united

,and l ed univer

sal ly to prefer the Engl ish constitution and the Engl ishlaws.’

(f ) Ho (Pitt) was firmly persuaded that thearistocracy flowing from the imperial crown of GreatBritain would ten d materially to strengthen the systemof connexion between the col ony and the mother country .

’

(g)‘ I am wel l aware the chief obj ect to be depen ded

upon to increase the Influence of the Crown , will be bymeans of the Waste Lan ds but this cannot beexpected to have any immediate effect . ’

3 H 35 [Turn over .

2

(h)‘ Had not the impolitic div ision of the late

Prov ince of Q uebec taken place, an d had a fit plan ofRepresentation been adopted , the British Populationwou l d now ‘exceed the French .

’

(i ) It shall be lawful for her Maj es ty to constitute a special Council for the affairs of Lower Canada.

’

2 . Consider Maseros ’s opinion concerning the taxationby Parl iament of Canada and of the older Americancol onies .

3 . What modifications were made in the j udicialarrangements of 1 763 to please the French , and in thoseof 1 7 74 to satisfy the English in Canada

4. Sketch the history of l ocal gov ernment in Canadafrom 1 763 to 1 867 .

5 . Give an account of any proposal s for the union orconfederation in British North America made before 1 8 39 .

6.

‘ The Assembly used the weapons of Hampden , insupport of the principl es of Wentworth .

’

Criticize thiscomment by Lord John Russel l .7 . Examine the relative importance of political theories

and of economic forces in bringing ab outthe constitutionalchanges of 1 79 1 and 1 840 .

8 . What was ‘ the Family Compact ’ ? Analyse andcomment on the Report of the Committee of the UpperCanadian Council in reply to Lord Durham ’s criticisms .

*9 . Annotate five of the fol lowmg quotations from LordDurham

(a ) The Province should have been set apart to bewhol ly French, if it was not to be rendered compl etelyEngl ish

(b) It was an unhappy consequence of the system .

that it rel ieved the popular leaders of all the responsib i l iti es of opposition .

’

(c) It is mel ancholy to think of the opportunitiesof good legislation which were sacrificed in this morecontest for power .’

SCHOOL OF MODERN HISTORY.

E volu ti on of Ca nad i an Self - Gover nmen t.

>l‘ l . Write notes on fi ve of the fo l lowing

(a )‘ But

,it is said

,a Colony being part o f a great

Empire,must be governed by different principle s from

the Metropolitan State Let us fancy that this reasoning were applied to Glasgow or Aberdeen .

’

(b )‘ Perhaps th e most cruel inj ury that the sy stem

inflicts Upon the Colonists . arises from the manner i nwhich they are compelled to conduct their interna limprovements . ’

(c)‘ The people have got into the habit of talking

so much of separa tion that they b eg i n to be l ieve in it .’

(d )‘ I maintain , that a general system should be

adopted,by which the l eaders among the majority of

the Assembly should be included in the executive government . ’

(e)‘ That as it is practically alway s option al with

such advisers to con tin ue in or retire from office atpleasure

,this Hou se has the con stitutional right of

holding such advisers politically responsible for everyact of the Provincial Government of a local character ,sanction ed by such Government while such adv isers

con tin ue in office .

’

f) ‘ Th e future harmon ious workin g of the Con stitutien i s I have every reason to believe

,assured .

’

(g)‘ Wo very much misconstrue the ton e adopted

by the English press and English public i n the provinceif they do n ot find some mean s of resisting th e heavyblow and great discouragement which is aimed at them .

’

(h) Alas for that stin g in the tail !

( i ) The patron of those larger and higher interestswhich un ite instead of dividing the members o f

the body politic .

’

2 . Criticize the representation of the provinces undox

r

the Union and under Confederation .

3H 36 [T u rn over .

2

3 . How was the Un ion Act amended between 1 8 4 1

and 1 867 ?

4 . Give an outl ine of the changes in the position ofthe Governor i n Canada from 1 760 to 1 8 67 . Was

Sydenham ’s view of his position necessary or j ustifiable ?

5 . Trace the devel opment of Greater Canada since 1 8 4 1 .

6 . What arguments for and against confederation wereadduced by G . Brown and Dorion respectively i n theCanadian Parliament in 1 8 65

"

4

7. Is it true that the constitution of Canada is moreak in to that of the Uni ted States than to that of theUnited Kingdom ?

8 . Distingu ish the powers of the Canadian legislaturefrom those of (a ) the Imperial Parliament , an d (b) theprovincial Assemb l ies . Compare the corresponding re

lation s in the case of other self-governing dominions .

*9 . An n otatefivo of the following(a ) Regarded as a fiscal expedient, the measure i s

impolitic ; for the dim inution of foreign importationw ill probably more than neutralize the additional revenuederived from the higher duty .

’

( 6)‘ It was not without a great deal of difficulty

an d reluctance that that Government was formed .

’

(0 ) There is an infinitely greater chance of a deadlock between the two branches of the l egislature

,should

the e l ective principle be adopted than with a nominatedchamber. ’

(ol )‘ Here we sit to - day seeking amicably to find

a l emedy for constitutional evils an d injustice complainedof— by the vanquished ? No

,sir, but complained of by

the conquerors . ’

(6 )‘ Then there came what I may call the other

warning from without— the American warning.

’

(f) ‘ Before we get it we,

shal l have to pay for theel ephant— though after we get him , we may find himcostly and hard to keep .

’


Pol i ti cal E conomy an d E conom i c Hi story .

[Can di dates mu st an swer qu esti on sfrom both

secti on s of the pap er .]A .

1 .

‘ A demand for commodities is not a demand forlabour. ’ Explain an d criticize this statement .

2 . How far is it true to say that the tendency ofmodern industry and commerce is to concentrate capitali n fewer and fewer hands

3 . Criticize Mill ’s views regarding peasant proprietorsin the light of more recent experience and observation .

4. State and criticize Mill ’s views on the causeswhich determine wages .

5 . Is it true that there can be no such thing as generalover-production Give reasons for your answer .

6. What circumstances determine the real advantagewhich a country derives from its foreign trade ?

7 . Is a system of international bimetallism contrary tosound economic principle ?

8 . Discuss the economic advantages and disadvantagesof not more than two of the following — (a) taxation ofthe unearned increment of land

, (6) free meals for schoolchildren

, (0 ) State insurance of workmen against nu

employment and sickness .

B .

9 . Sketch the distribution of wealth and materialwellbeing i n England in the Norman and Angevinperiods .

1 0 . Can we trace the growth of a

'

distinct class ofcapitalists in England in the closing period of theMiddle Ages ?

1 1 . How far were the aims and methods of the merchantgilds and craft gilds conducive to the public interest ?

3H 40 [Turn over .

2

1 2 . Sketch the history of direct taxation in Englanddown to 1 68 8 .

1 3 . Show the importance of j oint - stock companies inthe development of English trade in the seventeenthcentury.

1 4. When did agriculture become a progressiv e art inEngland and why

1 5 . Why was the growth of popu lation in Englandslow until about 1 750 and rapid afterwards ? Illustrateyour answer with a sketch-map showing the change inits distribution .

1 6. Sketch the history of ei ther (a ) the cotton ,or

(b) the iron industry .

1 7 . In what ways was the administration of the poorlaw injurious to wage- earn ers in the early part of thenineteenth century

1 8 . What chang es in the character and -direction ofEngland ’s trade with her colonies resulted from thesuppression of the slave- trade and the abolition ofslav ery ?

[ 1 1 a

2.

(b) Mu ch more strength of will is required to makean important decision i n strategy than in tactics .

(0 ) Duration is to be regarded to a certain extent asa second subordinate success . For the con queror thecombat can never be fini shed too quick ly , for the vanqu ished it can never last too long .

(d ) The destructive influence which marches exerciseupon an army is so great that it may be regarded as anactive principle of destruction , j u st as much as thecombat .

(e) If war is to be carried on in its real spiritthen the sustenance of the troops, although an important,is but a subordinate affair.

(f) To infer from the difficulty of marching throughmountains that the difficu lty of attacking them must bemuch greater is a fal se conclusion .

(g) On e peculiarity in the offensiv e battle is theuncertainty

,in most cases

,as to the position of the

enemy : it is a complete groping about amongst thingsthat are unknown .

1 0 . Comment upon not more thanfou r of the followingpassages from von der Goltz

(a ) The French Revolution restored to war thatoriginality and simplicity which

,together with its whole

nature,it had forfeited in the days of the pig- tail

,in

order to make room for a hybrid composed partly ofvanity

,partly of intellectual poverty .

(6) There i s no harm done even if he be somewhatmore puffed up with a sense of h i s own importance thancircumstances j ustify .

(0 ) His staff i s there for the express purpose ofremoving every stone from h i s path , and his servantshould

,l ike himself

,be a genius in his profession .

(d ) An efficient and numerous cavalry force is st illthe best means of dominating movement .

(e) A still greater danger lies in the conviction thatevery one is lost immediately one of hi s neighbours retiresprematurely .

3

(f) Generals who keep fresh troops i n reserve forthe day following the battle are almost invariablydefeated .

(9) The principal arm loses more and more in itsimportance . The artillery comes forward the morestrikingly .

1 1 . Comment on not more than fou r of the followingpassages from Hamley

(a ) In all countries which admit of the movementsof great bodies a regular army is immeasurably superiorto an armed population .

(6) A righ t impulse once given to the army it is i na position to turn events n ot calculated on , or miscalc ul ated , to advantage ; and this i s probably the truesecret of the divin ation ’ of generals .

(c) We can then form an idea of the minimumdistance at which the concentric army can advantageouslyoperate i n front of the point i t covers

,namely, such as

will keep th e enemy ’s forces,as they gradually ap

proximate em the converging lines,from uniting .

(d ) When a general , surveying the map, finds directobstacles in the path he must advance by

,he sees in

them,if he be confident in his own skill i n manoeuvring ,

increased Opportunities for obtaining strategical success .

(e) When a frontier is unmarked by any naturalobstacle and has numerous issues it is in vain to attemptto close it with fortifications .

(f) The space required on board ship varies withthe length of voyage to be undertaken .

[ 71 T.

2

(b) It would seem that Bulow ought to bear thelargest part of the bl ame .

(c) That Marshal Blucher erred in giving Sombreffeas

.

the point of concentration of his army seems inpr i nciple and authority very cl ear.

(d ) These statements afterwards assumed in the

mind of General Gneisenau the aspect and dimensions ofa positive pledge of support .

(6) Nevertheless this belief does notf j usti fy him forhaving neglected to ascertain the facts by a promptexpl 'oration of the whole region through which thePrussians could have retreated.

(f ) These arrangements do not indicate that determination to march with all speed to the support of anally in danger of being defeated before the promisedsupport arrives which has usual ly been attributed to

Marshal Blucher .

(g) This movement i s conformabl e to his Maj esty ’sarrangements which have been communicated to you .

Nevertheless the Emperor directs me to tell you thatyou ought always to manoeuvre in our direction .

(h) It was a critical moment, for, if Halkett hadbeen beaten , Donzelot

’

s troops would have flanked Maitland ’s brigade .

9 . Comment upon not more than five of the fo l lowingpassages from Hou ssaye

(a ) II semble que, au moins au point de vue de

l’

efl'

et moral , l’empereur eut été bien in spi re de Is préférer

a Soult,car Suchet, l u i , n e pouvait évei ller aucune sus

pi c ion .

(6) Le col onel Forb in - Janson,chargé de lui trans

mettre cet ordre,devait aussi le communiquer au maréchalNey.

(0) Ce pourrait bien etre une bataille d’

E spagn e, on

l es Anglais se montreront seulement quand i l sera temps .

3

(d ) La j ournée d ’

aujourd’

hu i est nécessaire pourterminer cette operation et pour compléter les munitions ,rallier les militaires isolés et faire rentrer les détachements .

(e) Autrement, i l continuerait sa retraite .

(f ) 1 1 regrettait que l’on eut détaché av ec l e

maréchal Grouchy, quand un seul corps d ’

in fan teri e et

quelques milliers de chevaux eussent sufli a poursuivreBlucher .

(g) 1 1 est donc faux de dire avec Mu ffl ing Wellington n e lanca ses troupes contre les Francais que pouravoir l ’air de gagner la bataille sans l e secours desPrussiens . ’

IO. Sketch the part played in the battle of Waterlooby the Dutch-Bel gian contingent , and illustrate youranswer with a plan .

1 1 . Comment on not more than fou r of the followingpassages from Si b orn e .

(a ) Napoleon instantly gave the order for the haltof th e Imperial Guard and despatched one of his Aidesde camp to reconnoitre the strength and disposition ofthe column .

(b) This measure was opposed by the Marshal , asalso by General Baltus of the artillery who representedthe difficulties of a march in which this arm might becompromised .

(o) It was con sidered advisable to wait until theground had , in some degree, resumed its natural consistency.

(d ) Each brigade presented a thin two - deep line .Their united strength did not amount to more thanabout men , whilst of the French force the centralattack ing columns alone consisted of men .

(e) The Colonel remark ed that he had no confidencein h i s men ,

that they were volunteers and that theirhorses were their own property.

(f ) The sudden and imposing appearance of thefour- deep line of the 5zud Regiment caused it to halt.

4

1 2. Comment on not more than fou r of the followingpassages from the Wellington Dispatches

(a) J’ai adopté comme principe général

,pendant

cette campagne , de diviser mon armée en deux ailes et

une reserv e .

(6) I had occupied that post with a detachmentfrom General Byng

’

s brigade of Guards .

(0) The 7th,29th ,

and 43rd Regiments will havej oined your Grace since the action .

(d) The Commander- in -Chief has a right to recom

mend , and the Prince Regent to appoint, whom theyplease to these situations .

(e) I shall be very much obliged to your Lordshipif you will allow Colonel Hardinge to remain .

(f ) There is certainly a serious insurrection in LaVendee.

(g) 1 1 se peut que l’

enn em i nous tourne par Hal.

[21 T.

2

5. Comment on fou r of the following passages fromthe Leviathan

(a) The definition of inj ustice is no other than thenot performance of covenants . And whatsoever is notunj ust is j ust .

(b) The Liberty whereof there is so frequent andhonourabl e mention in the histories and philosophies ofthe ancient Greek s and Romans is not the l iberty ofparticular men , but the Liberty of the Commonweal th .

(c) The propriety which a subj ect hath in his l andsconsisteth in a right to exclude al l other subjects fromthe use of them , and n ot to exclude their sov ereign, beit any Assembly or a Monarch .

(d) These are the rights which mak e the essence ofSov ereign ty . For these are incommun icab l e andinseparabl e.(e) Another doctrine repugn ant to Civ il Society i s

that whatev er a man doeth against h is conscience i s sin .

(f ) For the ninth l aw of nature I put this, thatevery man ackn owledge other for his equal .

6. Compare Aristotle and Hobbes on the duty of acitizen i n regard to nati onal defence .

7 . Examine Hobb es’ conception of a Law of Nature’

8 . It has been said that Sir Henry Maine ‘ approachedthe consideration of political problems too much fromthe point of v iew of a l awyer. ’ Do you agree with this ?

9 . The effect of the evidence derived from comparative juri sprudence is to establish that v iew of theprimaeval condition of the human race which is k n ownas the Patriarchal Theory .

’ Summarize Maine’ s argument on thi s point . How far is it uphel d by more

modern research ?

1 0 . How does Maine define the difference between theprimitiv e and the modern idea of crime

1 1 .

‘No one, before Burk e, ev er dreamt of defendingorgan ized parti es as a permanent instrument of government , or as other than a temporary malady of the State .

’

Discuss this .

3

1 2 . Lord Acton held that the gradual increase of individual l iberty forms the main cl ue to the complexityof human history . Others have held that human progress has essential ly consisted in the l imitation of theindividual’s freedom to hurt his neighbours . Discussthese views .

1 3 . Referendum is the fulfilment of democracy .

’

Referendum is the destruction of representativ e gov ernment . ’ Analyse and discuss each of these views .

[T. T.

2

8 . Translate the fol lowing passage and distinguishbetween the different systems of protection to whichreference i s made

‘ Die Schutzzollpolitik wie sie sich infolge des

handelspolitischen Umschwungs in den siebziger Jahrengegenwarti g in den meisten europaisch en Staaten ausgebildet hat, steht dem oben charakterisierten Solidar i tatssystem zwar nah e , wei st j edoch im Vergleich mitdem letzteren bedeutende Milderungen auf. Au f Einfuhr verb ote mit eigentlich handelspolitischem Zweck

,

auf v ti l l ig prohibitive E in fuhrzol le sowie auf Flaggen zusch lage hat man verzichtet

,die Ausfuhr und

Durchfuhr sind frei,wirkliche Au sfuhrpram i en kommen

fast nur noch bei Zucker und Branntwein vor . Mi t denGrun dsatzen des Li st’schen Systems stimmt diese neuestePraxis ebensowenig ii b erein

,als die altere ; vielmehr

darf man sagen dass der Schutz der Landwirtschaftimmer mehr der engen tl iche Angelpunkt der gegenwartigen europai schen Handelspolitik geworden ist .

’

(LEXIS . )9 . Comment briefly on the following extracts

(a )‘ That nothing would more tend to counteract

the commercial hostility of foreign States than theadoption of a more enlightened and more conciliatorypolicy on the part of this country .

’

(Merchan ts’

Peti ti on . )

(b) Unless foreign products are completely excludedby import duties such duties may partly have the effectof levying a tribute on foreign producers , the amountand duration of which may in certain special cases beconsiderable .

’

(SIDGWICK. )

(c)‘ This plan is based on the use of an 1ndex

number such as economists of authority have recom

mended .

’

(GIFFEN . )

(d)‘ Prohibitions

, in fact,are a premium to medi

ocr ity . They destroy the best incentive to excell ence ,the best stimulus to invention and improvement . ’

(HUSKISSON,(e) Thus by the system of 1 8 1 5 the ports were shut

when the supply at home was deficient and openedwhen the home market was glutted .

’

(CANNING ,

3

(f) I cannot but cons ider it as most cons olatorywhen we see a vast and increasing population

engaged as their most lucrative employment in turninga wilderness into cornfields

,and whose numbers double

every twenty-three years . ’ (MACAULAY ,(g) Ist es aber u berhaupt mogl i ch ,

dass ein im

Ganzen v erhaltn issmassig ungii n stig ausgestattetes Landsich durch k i i n stl i che Mittel , wie E infuhrverbote undSchutzz

'

ol l e,auf einem h tiheren wirtschaftlichen Stand

punkte erhalte und eine grossere B evo'

lk erung behalte ,als seinen naturl i chen Produktionsbedingungen en t

spricht un d als es bei freiem Handelsverkehr mitanderen Vol k ern der Fall sein wurde (LEXIS .)

(h)‘ In den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika ist

die Hochschutzzol lpol i ti k ,di e ihren Ausdruck besonders

in dem MacKi n ley’

schen Tarif v on 1 8 90 erhalten hat ,durch den i i b erw iegen den E influss der ungewohn l i ch

rasch emporgeschossenen Grossindustrie zur Herrschaftgelangt . ’ (LEX IS . )

[T. T.

between the d ifferent systemsreference is made

‘Di e Schutzzo ll pol itik w‘ in fol u c den

handel spo l itischen Umschwu ahrcn

gegenwéi rtig in den meistengebildet hat, steht dem ol

dari t'

atssystem zwardem l etzteren bedeufuhr verb ote mit e igen t

auf v ii l l i g proh ib itive

gfnzuschlage hat man

urchfuhr sind frei , w ir

Praxis ebensowen i fibe re in , Q d ie a l tere ; v ie lmehrdarf man sage ! )

immer mehr der c age

wartigen europai schen Hands

(a )‘ Tha t noth in

th e commercial hos ti iadopti on o f a more

po l icy on the pmt of

(b)‘Un lcss fore i

b

yimport du utics

o l evying a trib ute on foreand duration of wh ich mayconsiderab le .

’

(c)‘ Th is p lan is bas e d

number such as econom is tsmended .

’

(d) Proh ibitions ,ocrity . They destroythe bes t stimu lus to in

(e)‘Thus by tb

when the supplywhen the home m


Pol i ti ca l E conomy.

B . Pu bl i c Fi n an ce.

1 .

‘ The extent and limits of the shifting of taxationare elements in estimating the expediency of exemptingthe minimum of subsistence

,of imposing a progressive

income tax . or of taxing articl es of consumption .

’

(BASTABLE .)Investigate the general principles of the Incidence

of Taxation and apply them to the solution of the threeproblems referred to in the above quotation .

2 . Examine critically Pitt’s policy with regard to theNational Debt

,and more especially (a) his methods of

obtaining loans, (b) his schemes for reducing debt.

3 . Describe with reference to your authorities

(a) The financial condition of Engl and after theNapol eonic War .

(b) The improvement in Engl ish Finances between1 820 and 1 828 .

4. How far does our present system of local ratessatisfy the principle of ‘ taxation according to abil ityWould the introduction of a special tax on site valuesbe a desirabl e reform ?

5. Estimate the importance in the in come - tax probl emof— (a) taxation at the source , (b) graduation by degreesion , (c) discrimination between permanent and precariousincomes, (d ) a super tax.

6 .

‘We hav e felt we should best maintain our own

honour, that we should best meet the v iews of Parliament, and best promote the interests of the country ,by decl ining to draw any invidious distinction betweenclass and class ; by adopting i t to oursel ves as a sacredaim, to diffuse and distribute, burden if we must , benefitif we may , with equal and impartial hand .

’

(GLADSTONE ,Do you consider thatMr . G ladstone ’s financial policy

as a whole was in harmony with this decl aration

3 H 22 [Turn over .

2

7 . Explain the position tak en up by Sir William Harcourt in 1 894 with regard to the Death Duties . Can itbe said that recent changes in these duties are a furtherappl ication

‘

of the principles then laid down ?

8 .

‘ Nach Steuergatt'

ungen gestaltete sich die britis cheBesteuerung , welche in der f ran ziisi schen Kriegszeit von1 7 auf 67—3f Mi l l . Pf. St . (ohne Irland) gewachsen war, so ,dass am Ende des Kriegs , um 1 8 1 5

,die ind irecten Ver

b rauch ssteuern (Acci sen und E in fuhrzol le) allein fur s ichund v ol lends mit den Stempelabgaben ii b er die directenSteuern

,sel b st vor der Aufhebung der Einkommensteuer

,

bei Weitem ii b erwogen , nach dem Fortfall der, B inkommen steuer natii rl ich nur um so mehr . ’ (WAGNER )

Transl ate the above passage, and illustrate fromyour authorities the changes which occurred between1 792 and 1 8 1 5 in the rel ative im portance of direct andindirect taxation .

9. Comment on the following extracts

(a)‘ The system in use at present affords valuable

guarantees for the legal issue and due appl ication of therev enue that the earning departments bring into theTreasury .

’

(BASTABLE .)

(b)‘ Payment of the Redemption wil l not be de

mended in money,but will be received in transfer of

stock to the commissioners for l iquidating the NationalDebt. ’ (PITT ,

. (c)‘ I am now exhibiting to you the financial

difficul ties and embarrassments in wh ich you are placed .

’

(PEEL , March ,(at)

‘ First and most important of the principl esthat shoul d guide the practical financier is that . which

decl ares that taxation should be productive . ’

(BASTABLE .)

(e) That at the time,

in question . it was agreedunanimou sly that the only sinking fund which can beefficient i s that which is produced by a surplus ofrevenue over expenditure . ’ (GODERICH ,

(f ) Compl aint is made on behal f of ratepayersthat there i s thrown on the rates too much of the cost ofcertain National serv ices . ’ (Fi n a l Report. )


The reign s of Constan ti n e an d Ju l i an , w i th sp ec i a l

referen ce to the rel igi ou s revi va l attemp ted by the

latter .

THE REIGNS or CONSTANTIUS AND JULIAN .

[You are recommended to attempt Qu estion 1 an d of therest n ot less than THREE or more than FIVE ]

1 . Translate and comment on the following :

(a)’

H pév y e ( l n) mx ddaxpv g golf ou r efs“ Kpar ofiaw ,

1) St obdé Tol s‘ Kpamdei’

aw fi l my /<6 da’

xpva , dAA’

drro 7 0 17

fifipa‘

ros‘

Karfihdeu d 7 77; Baamet’

a s‘ {1 77 0 /( pu ns dtxa a dpevos

‘

Ka i diarrep d¢Anpa Bam h ei n arpciiou drrodofis‘ ahovpy t

’

da .

(JUL. 7 7 b,c . )

(b) Udura y e’

pet , Trai l/Ta wohk ofi. (JUL. 368 c .)

(0) MAX dpy r) r vxc’

w ta cos bla d s‘ égnn drna e Ka i flvpés

‘

,

6'

0 7r6p O13

V ei’

wde rd den/a n pdr r ew ,r c

‘

zr 95,06a g erm/ct

cra s”

, é l r o’

z 7 779 o'

p/zfir dva ar eih a vr es‘ “

roi s n apaxpfipa

Befiovh evp e’

uozs‘

KaAc ‘z'

z'

a r epov én nydy er e 7'

n n apal 9 z A 1 ! A y

VO/u au , ovde naxvuflnr e r ah/mo a t r avr a ,

ois e’

xet’

vovs‘e’

pwfia ar e dcxa lwsn (JUL . 37 8 d—9 a . )

(d ) His auditis ex di uturno angore portis reclusis

omnes effusi suscepere l aeti pac ificum ducem , sequepurgantes Nigr in um totius furori s au ctorem pau cosque

al ios Ob tu l erun t. (AMM. xxi . 1 2 .

(e) Ursul i vero necem l argitionum com i tis ipsa mihividetur fiesse Iustitia . (AMM. xxii . 3.

(f ) Ob’rw 770A?) mob r av ‘

rna i rfis‘

xh apfidos‘ éBao t

’

Aever

Ka i oipxiyv sixes tpycp Ka i 1rpb r oi}axfiparosz

(LIB . xiii .

3H 43 [Tu rn over .


The reign s of Constan ti u s an d Ju l i an , wi th sp eci a l

referen ce to the rel i gi ou s r evi va l attemp ted by the

latter .

THE REIGNS OF CONSTANTIUS AND JULIAN .

[You are recommended to attemp t Qu estion 1 an d of therest n ot less than THREE or more than FIVE ]

1 . Translate and comment on the foll owing

(a)’

H p61! y e (V i/0 7) 77V ddav 9 advov Kpa 7 0 170'w

7) dé Onde 7 oi’

9 Kpa 7 nflei'

aw 7’

7’

1/eyKe ddk pva ,dAA

’

dm’

) 7 ov

Bfipam s‘

Ka 7 fi>x0€u 0 7 179 Bam h ez’

a s‘ {1 770 /( pu ns dtKa a d/zevos

‘

Ka i dan ep dgbAn/xa Baa zk ei’

n amdov drrodobs‘ ahovpy t’

da .

(JUL. 7 7 b,c . )

(b) Ndw a ye’

g e i , mi x/7 a n oAAofi. (JUL. 368 c . )

(0) MAX 6py 7‘

7 Tuxou 70-01 9 bpd 9 e

’

gnn'dfl ya e Ka i flv

lu69 ,

6'

0'

7rep 0 13

V ei’

wde 7 d den/a 77poi7 7 6w , gbpe'

va 9 g ermici

ou 9 st 7 c‘

c 7 779 zip/1 739 dua ar et’

Aa V 7 69 7 0 79 n apaxpfipa

Befiovh evp e’

vow Kahd s‘ ilO'

T épOV e’

myydy e7 e n apa9 i z A y A I

voy tau , oude naxvudrfl e OVT GS‘

7 0Apn0'

a t 7 a v7 a,egt

ol 9 e’

x’

ez’

vovg e’

ywfia an ci t/ca lms. (JUL . 378 d—9 a . )

(d) His auditis ex di uturno angore portis reclusi s

omnes effusi suscepere laeti pac ificum ducem , sequepurgantes Nigr inum totius furori s au ctorem pau cosque

al ios Ob tu l erun t . (AMM. xxi . 1 2 .

(e) Ursul i vero necem l argitionum com i tis ipsa mihiv idetur flesse Iustitia . (AMM. xxii . 3.

(f ) 0 197 0) 770A?) fl pb 7 a v7 na'27 179 a p680 9 e’

Baa c’

Aevw

Ka i 7 7) V dv‘

yv elxeS' gpycp Ka i 77p0 7 00 o

'

xfipa-rasn

(LIB . xiii .

3 H 43 [Tu rn over .

2

(g) Kwardvr i os‘ I’

dAo , 6'

1/7 a 7 00 detou rra fda,

de 7 00 [1 67 01 7 a 07 a Baa ch efia aw w ddeh gbbv

rip en-

ai rmen , Kata apa Ka flt’

a rnm , Ka i Kwa r aw ia v a brq’

iI I : l A A I

Ka7 eyyvn0'

a 9 T 77V adeh gtnv , a r e TOLS‘ H epaa w wok e/tow

durw n ya ég evov , a r e, b'

7rep 77V dhn969 , 77p6¢aaw a07 00

BovAé/Aeuos‘ebpel

’

u dva tpe'

o'

ewg. (ZOS. B .

(h) fi dnh ov 0"

ew a z 306V 1) 0507 01} n hfiga a a (xix/u)Kar

’

e’

Ket’

Vov éBe’

BAnm , ei’

d’

0776 7 wo9 T61V (1 07 00, ei’

d’

07703 f I A

fi ch e/a w ,err 6K detoT epa s

‘ dvvag ew9 ,ader a ryap Ka t 7 a0 7 a .

815 daa lu a07 0v ex 7 00 Kar appe’

oz/7 0 9 7 00 7 pa 15/t a 7 0 9 a lpa

7 0 9, Kathy defdg evov 7 23xetpl Ka i 7 00 ole/009 7 007 0 Kar aO

'

Kedda aw a , ein ei’

v,Kope

'

a dnfl Nag’

copa i e. (ZON. iii .

2. Discuss the character of Constantius .

3. Describe Julian ’s campaigns and administration inGaul .

4. Who were— Oribasius, Max imus, Ursi cinus, Mardon ius, Neb r idius ?

5 . Examine in detail and criticize the ev ents of Jul ian ’

s

march against the Persians.

6. What are the merits and importance of Julian as

a writer ?

7 . Estimate the value as authorities for this period Ofany two of the following — Zosimus , Socrates , Sozomen ,

Zon aras .

8 . In what respects , if in any , is Gibbon’

s accoun t ofJuli an Open to criticism and rev ision ?

[T T.

2

(f) Aw‘c 7 a 157 771/ 86 7 17V a ir tau Ka i n vevpa 7 ogdxov9d77 0 1<aho0aw a07 009 at 7 0 dyooéa tou ¢povo01x7 69 .

(g) Hai l/7 01 9 6’

K 7 63V Ao’

ya w 7 OV 216mm} yumpi § e7 6 , Ka i7 009 7T€pl 7 77V a i

'

peo'w 7 a 157 771/ éao aK67 a 9 '

079 61/ ubi/0 1xA V I I

7 00 7 0 6py 0 V GO'

T t , 7 0 dcagbdetpew 7 a 77A77677.

(SOZOM. iv .

2. Giv e a short account of the Church Council s heldduring these reigns .

3 . With what j ustice can Julian be accused of hav ingpersecuted the Christian religion ?4. Describe the attitude of Ju l ian (a ) to the Cynics ,(b) to the Jews .

5 . Sketch the career of Athanasius during these reignsand his relations with the Emperors .

6 . Illustrate the increase of superstition and bel ief inthe miraculous at this time .

7 . Explain briefly the principal doctrines of Julian’stheology .

8 . What were the chief reasons for the fail ure ofJul ian ’s rel igious revival ?

[T. T.

SCHOOL OF MOD E RN HISTORY .

Un seen Tran sla ti on s .

[TWO hou rs a r e a l lowed for thi s paper . Can di da tes who

oj'

or m ore than on e lan gu age n eed on ly attemp t on e

of the Fr en ch passages ]

1 . Son imagination,qui était m agn ifiqu e dans lo

bouffon d ’

abord,et meme aussi dans la conception de

grandes scenes humaines ou naturelles , comme batailles ettempétes, n

’

a pas laissé d ’

etre u n peu limitée par son b onsens . Son roman

,quoi qu ’on ait dit

,n ’a de gigantesque

que ses personnages, dont , du reste , i l oublie a chaque

instant les statures anormales . C’est um roman tres réel

et tres réaliste,0 11 la part de fantaisie est tres restreinte .

C’est l e roman bourgeois du KvI

e siecle . L’

imag in ation deRabelais est tel lement compagne i n separab l e de son b onsen s qu

’elle n e v a guere qu’

a inventer des pays dont lesnaturels sont des l anternes et a donner a des hommesles noms d ’oiseaux . Ce n est pas la un e débauche defantaisie . Grand artiste cependant e t grand créateur

,en

ce que l ’in c i den t gai et imprévu,l e detai l curieux , l

’anecdote bouffe

,l e tableau plaisant abondent dans sa cervelle

féconde,et

,intarissablement sans monotonie

,s’

en élan cen ten tourbil lonn ant grand artiste dans ses portraits , dansses croquis

,dans ses vignettes , qui a chaque instant

arréten t les yeux et amusent l e regard : grand artistedans ses l arges descripti ons de ville popu leuse

,de foule

grouillan te,de festin copieux

,de beuverie large et

bruyante ; grand artiste en fin dans son sty l e sobre loplu s souvent et alerte

,pittoresque et infin im en t expressif

quand i l l e faut, extrémem en t varié comme l s ton et

l’

accen t d’

un homme qui cause et qui a naturellementl ’art de causer

,touj ours vrai

,touj ours personnel

,toujours

sonnant la voix humaine,Si savant avec cela que toutes

les formes de style francais trouveraient,ce qu ’on n e peut

dire d ’

aucun autre de nos v ieux auteurs , sinon leurm odel s,

du moins leur premier trait,deja tres marqué , dans

l’

h i storiographe de Panurge .

2 . Malheureusement pour la renommée deMontcalm et

de son armée, cc beau fait d’armes fut terni par l

’

horri b l e

massacre qui suivit l ’évacuation de la place . Le général3 H 45 [T urn over .

2

s’

étai t cependant entouré dc garanties qui devaientparai tre su ffisan tes ; avant de signer la convention , i l

avait eu soin de réunir les principaux des sauvages,de

leur exposer les conditions qu ’i l se proposai t d ’

accepter ,d ’ob ten i 1 leur assentiment et la promesse qu ’il n ’

y seraitpas fait d ’

in fraction . Les chefs l ’assureren t unanimement qu 1 le approuvaient tout cc qu

’

i l fei ai t,et qu

’ilsempecherai en t leurs j eunes gens de commettre aucundésordre . Bougainville qu i , sans doute a cau se de sa

connaissance de la langue anglaise,avait été choisi pour

rédiger et négocier la capitulation , fit preuve de prévoyance . Avant que de retourner a l a tranchée, j

’

,eus

suivant les 1 n st1 uct1 0 n s que j ’avais regues , la plus grandeattention a faire j eter l e vin

,l ’eau - de- vie

,toutes les

l iqueurs enivran tes et les Anglais sentirent aisément dequelle con sequen ce i l était pour eux de prendre cetteprecaution . A m idi 1a garnison sortit du fort avec seseffets et se retira , ainsi qu

’on en était convenu,dan s lo

camp retranché dans lequ el on fi t passer un détachementde nos troupes , demandé par les An glai s memes . M. deMontcalm ordonna aussi aux Officiers et interpretesattaches aux sauvages d ’

y demeurer j usqu’

au depart desAnglais M. de Bourlamaque prit possession du fort avecles troupes de la tranchée ; i l se contenta de placer desgardes a la poudriere et au magasin des vivres . Le restefut abandonné au pillage ; i l eut été impossible de l

’

em

pécher. Malgré toutes les precaution s qu’on avait prises ,

les sauvages , entrés dans les retranchements des Anglais ,voulaient piller leurs coffres ; ceux- oi s

’

y opposant , i létait acraindre qu ’ il n e s ’

en su i v i t quelque grand désordre .

M. l e marquis de Montcalm y accourut sur- l e - champ ;prieres

,menaces

,caresses , conseils avec les chefs , entre

mise des Offic iers et interpretes qu i ont sur ces barbaresquelque autorité : i l employa tout pour les ar1 éter et lescontenir. ’

3 . Am 7 . November begannen in Frankfurt am Main ,wo die Monarchen ihr Hauptquartier aufschlugen

,d ie

Beratungen , di e durch die Grun dv ersch iedenh eiten derIn teressen und der dadurch bedin gten Auffassungen n u

gemein erschwert wurden . Politische E rw'

agu ngen trateni n die erste Lin ie und bl ieben es v on seiten des Oberkommandos wahrend des ganzen Fel dzuges wah 1 end diestIateg 1 schen zurii ck traten . Osterre ich fii h lte nicht das

4

4 . Un a volta , mentre i l tIen o passava vicino ad Aci'

1 rezza, v oi , afl acc ian dov i allo spOIte l l O del vagone , es

clamaste : ‘ V0 1 1 ei sta1 ci um mese l aggih !’ Noi vi

1 i torn ammo e vi passammo non un mese , ma quaran tott’

or ;e i terrazzani che spalan cavano gli occhi vedendoi vostri grossi

’

b au l i' avranno creduto che ci sareste

rimasta un par d ’anni . La mattina del terzo giorno,

stan ca di vedere eternamente del verde e del l ’azzur ro,

e d i contare i carri che passavano per via,eravate alla

stazione,e gingillandovi impaziente colla catenella della

vostra boccettina da Odore,allungavate i l collo per scorgere

uh convogl io che n on spuntava mai . In quelle quaran tott

’ ore facemmo tutto c iO che si puc‘

) fare ad AciTrezza : passeggiammo nella polvere della strada e cia i rampi cammo sugl i scogli ; col pretes to d

’

imparare a1 ema1 e vi faceste sotto

D

i l guanto delle bollicine cherubavano i baci passammo sul mare un a notte roman ti

c issima,gettando l e reti tanto per far qualche cosa che

a’ b arcaiuol i potesse parer meritevole di buscare deireumatismi ; e l

’ alba c i sorprese nel l ’ alto del far ig l ion e ,un

’

alb a modesta e pal l ida ,

’

che ho ancora dinanzi agl iocchi

,striata di larghi rifl essi violetti

,sul mare di un

v erde cupo raccolta come una carezza su quel gruppettodi casu cc i e che dormivano quasi raggomitolate sulla riva

,

e i n cima al lo scogl i o,sul cielo trasparente e profondo

,

Si stampava netta la vostra figurina , col le linee sapientiche ci metteva la vostra sarta

,e i l profile fine ed elegante

che ci mettevate voi . Avevate un vestitino grigio chesembra va fatto apposta per inton are coi colori del l ’al b a .

Umbel quadretto davvero ! e si indovinava che lo sapevateanche voi dal modo col quale vi modellavate n el vostroscialletto

,e sorridevate coi grandi occhioni sbarrati e

stanchi a quello strano spettacolo,e a quell’ altra stranezza

di trovarv i ci anche voi presente . Che cosa avvenivanel la vostra testolina mentre contemplavate i l solenascente ? Gl i domandavate forse in qual altro emisferovi avrebbe ritrovata fra u n mese ? Diceste soltanto ingen uamen te :

‘Non capisco come si possa Viver qu i tuttala vita .

’

N O . 1 59 3 On e Sh i l l i n g n et

OXFORD UNIV E RSITY

E XAMINAT ION PAP E R S



TRINITY T E RM 1 9 1 2

OXFORD


SOLD AT TH E CLARENDON PRESS DEPOSITORY1 1 6 HIGH STREET

2

(g) Si fet a remembre k e l e commun esl ise XIIprodes homes , k c v en drun t as parlemen z. E k e l e

commun tendra pur estable ceo k e ces XII frunt . E ceoserra fet pur esparn ier l e cust del commun .

(Provi s ion s of Oxford . )

(h) Magnates et proceres tun e in parl iamen to

existentes , pro se et commun i tate totiu s regni quantumi n ipsis est , con cesserun t domino regi , ad fi l iam suamprimogen i tam mari tan dam ,

quod ipse dominus rex percipiat auxil ium .

(Gran t of A i d , A . D .

2 .

‘ There was a time when every freeman of Englandcould cl aim a direct voice in the Council s of his country

,

when he could rai se his voice or clash his weapon in theAssembly which chose Bishops and Ealdormen andKings

,when he coul d boast that the laws which he

obeyed were laws Of his own making, and that the menwho bore rule over him were rulers Of his own choosing ’

(FREEMAN) . Discuss this description Of the Wi ten agemot .

3 . Ill ustrate and account for the complexity of socialconditions found in England in the time of Edward theConfessor .

4. Estimate the importance Of the shire court in theperiod 1 066 - 1 272 .

5 . What were the main points at issue in theConstitutions of Clarendon ? Were the Constitutions areasonabl e settlement ?

6 . Explain the following terms z— Burh bot, mansionesmural es

,port- reeve

,firma burgi , burgage tenure , tal lage .

7. Estimate the value ofMagna Carta to the fol lowingcl asses— (a) mesne lords , (b) merchants and townsmen ,

(c) V il l eins .8 . Account for the separation Of the Lesser Baron s

from the Greater Barons and for their in corporation in theThird Estate .

9 . Describe the processes by . which in ‘ the time ofEdward I a criminal cou l d be brought to j ustice, andexplain the work ing of the criminal j ury sy stem .

3

1 0 . Discuss the ideas of the thirteenth century regardingthe relative authority of Law and the King .

1 1 .

‘ The fourteenth century was pre- eminently an ageof con stitutional adj ustmen t . ’ Discuss and illustratethis statement .

1 2 . Compare the methods by which the armed forcesof the Crown were recruited under the Norman and underthe Lancastrian dynasty .

1 3 . Illustrate the oligarchical tendencies of thefifteenth century in borough and county .

[T. T.

1 1 . Trace the history of the Parliamentary regulationOf the government Of India up to the Act of 1 78 4

,or

analyse the system of government established in Canada(a ) by the Q uebec Act (b) the Canada Act

1 2 . Give some account of (a ) the constitution , and (b)the powers of the Irish Parliament after 1 78 2 .

1 3. Any nation which cannot acquiesce in the finalityOf possibly mistaken [legal] j udgments is hardly fit toform part of a federal state .

’ Discuss .

1 4. Trace the rise of democratic control ov er l ocalgovernment since the Reform Act Of 1 8 32 .

1 5. Comment onfive of the foll owing passages

(a ) by reason of which Act of Repeal yoursaid humbl e subj ects were eftsoons brought under anusurped foreign power and authority , and yet do remainin that b ondage

,to the intolerable charges of your

loving subj ects , if some redress by the authority of thisyour High Court Of Parliament , with the assent of yourHighness

,be not had and provided .

’

(Act of Supremacy,

(b) We , the ministers of the gospel in this l and ,neither as factious men affecting a popular parity in thechurch

,nor as schismatics aiming at the dissolution of

the state eccl esiastical could do no less thenacquain t your princely maj esty with our particulargriefs . (Mi l len ary Peti ti on ,

(c ) That our mak ing of request in the entrance ofparl iament to enj oy our privilege is an act only ofmanners. (Apology of the Hou se of Common s,

(d) Assuring themselves that your Maj esty i s re

solved to Observe that your royal answer which youhave l ately made to the Petition Of Right of both HousesOf Parl iament ; yet doubting lest your Maj esty may b emisin formed concerning this particular case , as if youmight continue to tak e those subsidies of Tonn age andPoun dage they are forced to decl are that thereought not any imposition to b e laid upon the goods ofmerchants without common consen t by Act of Parl iament .

(Remon stran ce agai n st Ton n age an d Poun dage,

3

(e) An Act to be passed to take away all coercivepower

,authority

,and jurisdiction of B ishops and all

other Ecc lesiastical Ofli cers whatsoever .(Heads of the Proposa ls,

(f ) That those persons who are legally chosen bya free election Of the people to serve in Parliament

,may

not be excluded from sitting in Parliament to do theirduties

,but by j udgment and consent of that House

whereof they are members .(Humble Peti ti on an d Advi ce.)

(9) That no Person who has an Office or Place ofProfit under the King or receives a Pension from theCrown shall be capable Of serving as a Member of theHouse of Commons . (Act of Settlemen t. )

[T. T.

2

1 2. In what ways did John ’s surrender Of his k ingdomto the Pope affect the subsequent relations of Church andState to Rome ?

1 3. At what periods in the twel fth,thirteenth

,and

fourteenth centuries were the re lations of Eng land withGermany important ?1 4. Trace the development of mil itary architecture

from the Conquest to the reign Of Edward I .

*1 5 . Trace and account for the decline of the Engl ishpower in Ireland in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries .

Il lustrate with a sk etch -map .

1 6. How woul d you expl ain the apparent return underEdward II of the pol itical conditions prevail ing underHenry III ?*1 7 . What help did England rece l ve In the course ofthe Hundred Years’ War from lands technically subj ectto the French Crown ? Illustrate your answer with ask etch-map .

1 8 . What inferences regarding the condition of thehigher clergy in England at the close of the Middle Agesmay be drawn from the lives of (a ) William ofWykeham ,

(b) Archbishop Arundel , (0) Cardin al Beaufort ?

1 9 . Compare Edward III and Henry V as strategists .

20 . What are the chief points of resemblance an d ofd ifl

’

eren ce in the relations Of (a ) the Percies with HenryIV

,and (b ) Of the Nevilles w ith Edward IV ?21 . Are there any reasons for thinking that the evils

caused by want of governance and by civil war in thefifteenth century have been exaggerated ?

22 . Compare the general character of the authoritiesfor English history in the eleventh and in the fourteenthcenturies .

[T. T.


E ngl i sh Pol i tica l H i story.

[Can d idates a re exp ected to an swer questi ons from a l l

three secti ons of the pap er , i n clu d i n g at least ONE ofthosemarked w i th a n aster i sk, a n d toavoi d qu estion s

on thei r Spec ia l Su bj ects ]

A

1 . Sketch the relations between England and Scotlandfrom the accession Of Henry VII to the Battle Of Pinkie .

Did the early Tudors fol low a consistent policy in

regard to Scotland ?

2 . What do you consider to h ave been Wol sey’

s

personal views (a ) on Church question s , (b) on the partwhich England should play in European politics ?

3. Il lustrate from the last half of Henry VIII’

S reignthe methods and consequences of his control over Parliament .

4. How far did the legislative settl ement Of theChurch of England represent the real state of Englishpubl ic Opinion (a ) in 1 559

, (b)'

i n 1 603 ?

*5 . What is conveyed by the phrase ‘ the Tudor conquest of Ireland

’

How far was it effective by the endof E l izabeth ’s reign Illustrate your answer w ith amap or map s .6 . Describe , and discuss the pol icy Of, Elizabeth

’s interv en tion s in France and the Netherlands . HOW far werethey effectiv e ?

7 . Show the importance of the enterprises of Englishseamen before 1 5 8 5 .

B .

8 . How far is it true to say that the English Parliament from 1 603 to 1 629 dealt unfairly w ith James Iand Charl es I because it failed to appreciate the politicalsituation in Europe ?

3 K 29 [T urn over.

2

9 . Sketch the causes and the cou rse of the mercantileand colonial rival ry Of the English an d Dutch in theseventeenth century .

*1 0 . Describe w ith a map the Cromwel l ian con questo f e ither Scotland or Ireland, an d discuss Cromwell

’spo l icy in regard to the country you select .

1 1 . Discuss either Dryden ’s Absa lom a nd Achi tophel

as a political satire,or Swift ’s Con du ct of the A l l i es as a

piece of advocacy .

Describe the geographical pos i tion,and indicate

the historical importance of any si te of the following :Pularoon , Ile de Re

’

,Winceby

,Phi l iphaugh , Dunkirk ,

Drumcl og, Limerick , Namur, Ia Hogue , Torbay , Tortuga,Alman za, Wynendael , Acadia .

1 3. Discuss (a ) the attitude Of the Engl ish peopletowards W i ll iam III, (b) the attitude of Will iam III

towards Engl i sh political and religious parties .

1 4. Account for the vigour of the revival of theHigh Church Party in the reign of Q ueen Anne .

C .

1 5 . Disrael i described the gov ernment Of England inthe first half of the eighteenth century as

‘ a Venetiano l igarchy ’

. Is the description j ust ? By what meanswas the pol iti cal ascendancy Of the Wh ig aristocracyestab l ished

1 6. How do you account for the long interval of peacebetween England and France which followed the SpanishSuccession War ? Why was it broken ?*1 7. Draw a map of that part of the North American

continent which formed the field of conflict between theEnglish and the French

,showing the main physical

features which were of strategic importance,and also

the fol lowing z— Q uebec, Montreal , Louisbourg, Ticonderoga

, Oswego , Frontenac, Albany, the Iroquois country ,Fort Duquesne . Explain the strategic importance o fthe Hudson Val ley and Lak e Champl ain .


Gen era l Hi story . Per i od II. (476

[A t least ONE of the qu esti on s marked shou l d be

attemp ted ]

1 . Illustr ate from the career an d writings of Boethiusthe transition al character of the age in which he lived .

*2. Give some account of the history ei ther of theOstrogoths or of the Lombards before they invadedItaly ; and illustrate your answer with a sketch-map .

3 . Whatever Gothic k ingship , or any other Germanickingship may have meant in the days Of Tacitus or tothe minds Of Whig historians Of the nineteenth century

,

to its contemporaries in the fifth and S ixth it seems tohave meant absolute power after the model Of the laterRoman Empire .

’ Discuss this statement .

4 . Estimate the wi sdom of Ju stin ian ’

s policy in Africaand in Italy .

5 . Compare the relative importance of cavalry an d Of

infantry in the warfare of the sixth century .

*6. Show, with a sketch -map , the expansion Of the

Frankish kingdom in the fifty years that followed thedeath of Clovis .

7 . What light is thrown on the character Of Gregorythe Great by (a ) his early life, and ( b) his relations withMaurice and Phocas ? DO you infer that his characterchanged after he became Pope ?

8 . Discuss the credibility of the History of PaulusDiaconus .

9 . Narrate the story Of the attempts made by theSaracens to capture Constantinople .

1 0 . Account for the feeble resistance to Islam madeby the Christians in Egypt and in Spain .

[Turn over .

2

1 1 . Illustrate from the careers Of the Mayors of thepalace down to the death Of Pippin the Younger (A .D . 7 1 4)the bases on which their power rested .

Show with a sketch -map the conquests of KingLiu tpra n d . Did he mak e the most of his opportunities ?

1 3 . Trace the history Of any on e Of the followingtowns during the Dark Ages z— Jerusalem ,

Paris,Ravenna,

Venice.


Gen era l Hi story. Per i od III. (9 1 9—1 27

[A t least ONE of the qu esti on s marked wi th an aster isk

shou ld be attemp ted ]

1 . What were the methods of Otto the Great i n thegovernment of Germany ? How far had there been anyadvance in e fficiency by the end of the reign ofHenry III ?

2 . Is there any truth in the assertion that the royaltitle was a source of weakness rather than of stren

gth to

the Capetian house down to the reign of Louis VI3 . Bring out the main features of the relations b e

tween the Saxon Emperors an d the Papacy

*4. Discuss with the aid of a rough sketch -map themain routes followed by European trade before theFirst Crusade .

5 . What attempts di d the Church make during thetenth and eleventh centuries tom itigate the disorders offeudal society

,an d with what effect ?

Describe the condition of the Eastern Empire andits relations with neighbouring powers at the end of thereign Of Basil II Illustrate your answer witha map .

7. Estimate the influence of the minority of Henry IV(a) upon the position Of the monarchy in Germany ,(b) upon the papacy .

8 . There was always an influential party among theclergy which was Opposed at once to the ideals and tothe policy of the extreme Hildebrandine pa

'

rty .

’ Discussthis .

*9 . Describe the political distribution of Italy at thedeath of Robert Guiscard Illustrate your answerwith a map .

3 K 5 [Tu rn over .

2

1 0 . Describe,and compare the organization and

the activities (a) of a Cluniac house , (b) of a Cistercianhouse

, (0) of a Praemon straten sian house.

1 1 . Sketch the state of civilization attained in Hungary

,Bohemia , and Poland at the beginning of the

twelfth century,and summarize the general character of

the relations between these States an d Germany duringthe period of the Salian Emperors .*1 2 . Describe w ith a map the condition and organi

zati on of the Latin States i n Syria during the first halfOf the twe l fth century .

1 3 . Trace in outline the development down to thebeginning of the twelfth century ei ther of Europeanarchitecture

,or of educational methods .

[71 1 1 1 91 24

2

*1 0 . Draw a map of Spain at the beginning of thethirteenth century an d give some account of the careereither of James I of Aragon or of Alfonso X of Castile .

1 1 . Illustrate and discuss the attitude of the Papacytowards the Univ ersities .

1 2. Give an account of any book which influencedEuropean history in the later part of your period.

1 3. What circumstances helped to prolong the existenceof the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 1 3th century

[ 11. T .


Gen era l Hi story. Per i od IV. ( 1 273


attempted ]

1 . What were the chief causes which reduced Italyinto a small number of comparatively l arge states ?

2 . Why was Aragon , although so much smal l er, ofso much greater consequence than Castil e in the generalaffairs of Europe ?

*3 . Describe the Byzantine Emp ire as it was left byMichael Pal aeologus and explain the chief dangers bywhich it was threaten ed . Il lustrate your answer with asketch-map.

4 . Are there sufficient grounds for regarding Philipthe Fair as a statesman of creative ability ?

*5 . Sketch the growth and constitution of the HanseaticLeague . When did its power cu lm inate ? Illustrateyour answer with a sketch -map.

6 . Describe the chief features of the Venetian con stitu

tion and account for the admiration which i t excited .

7 . Trace the conflict of parties in Florence from the

enactment of the Ordinances of Justice to the rebel l ionof the Ciompi .

8 . In what respects was the policy of the Popesmodified by their residence at Avignon ”

.l

9 . Explain fully the importance of the reign of Louisthe Great in the history of Hungary .

1 0 . What events led up to the Un ion of Calmar ?How far was it an organic union ?*1 1 . Trace the growth of the Lithuan ian state and

show the importan ce of its conn exion wi th Polan d .

Il lustrate your answer with a sk etch -map.

3K 7 [Tu rn over .

2

1 2 . Show how the disorganization of the Empire ledto the decline of o German influence i n Europe in thefourteenth century .

1 3 . What' is meant by the doctrine of Evangelical

Poverty ? What was its origin and what were its effectson the reli gious thought of Europe ?

1 4. Did the disasters of the fourteenth century checkthe develop ment of French monarchical institutions ?

[T. T.

2

1 1 . Why did the Portuguese so long outstrip theSpaniards in maritime discovery ?*1 2 . Show

,by a sketch -map, the river system of

Lombardy and Venetia,and illustrate its influence on

the pol itics an d the campaign s of the period 1 450—92 .

]3 . Was any real progress in constitution al reformachiev ed by Germany during the reign of Maximilian I ?


Genera l Hi story . Per iod V. ( 1 41 4—1 598 )

[A t least ONE of the qu estion s marked shou ld be

a ttemp ted ]

l .

‘ Sigismond could find no middle course betweenfantastic schemes for the regeneration of the world andselfish plans for the aggrandizement of his own house . ’


2 . How far must Eugenius IV be held responsible forthe calamities that befell the Papacy at the beginning ofhis reign ?

3 . Estimate the importance of the middle classes i nFrance in the fifteenth century.

4. Towhat extent did Cosimo de’ Medici depart in hisinternal government of Florence from the principles andpolicy of the Al b izzi*5 . Draw a sketch-map showing the possessions of theHouse of Burgundy (a ) at the accession of Philip theGood (A . D . (b) at the death of Charles the Bold .

6 . Explain the aims and estimate the success ei ther ofGeorge Podi eb rad of Bohemia, or of Ivan III of Russia .

7 .

‘ Louis XI est de ceux qui n’

oub l ien t jamais et

appren nent touj ours . ’ Il lustrate this statement .

8 . Can you detect in the history of the Hohenzollernsdurin g the fifteenth century the seeds of their futuregreatness ?

9 . Discuss an d illustrate the attitude of the ItalianHumanists to Christianity .

*1 0 . Account for the growth of the territories andpower of the Swiss Confederation between 1 4 1 5 and1 5 1 3. Illustrate your answer with a sketch -map.

[T. T. 1 91 2 ]

[T urn over .

2

1 1 . Why did the Portuguese so long outstrip theSpaniards in maritime discovery ?*1 2 . Show ,

by a sketch-map , the river system ofLombardy an d Venetia, and illustrate its influence onthe politics and the campaigns of the period 1 450—92 .

1 3 . Was any real progress in constitutional reformachieved by Germany during the rei gn of Maximilian I ?

2

1 0 . Indicate the importance in the history of theNetherlands of (a ) the introduction of Al va’s new taxesin 1 569 , (b) the capture ofMons (c) the PerpetualEdict

1 1 . Estimate the importance of foreign interventionin the French religious wars .

1 2 . Discuss the policy of Sixtus V . Would youregard him as one of the greatest Popes of the century ?

1 3 . Show from an examination of the chief politicalwriters the directions in which political thought ad

van ced in the sixteenth century .

[T. T.


Gen era l Hi story . Per iod VI. (1 559


attemp ted ]>l‘ l . Draw a map of France to indicate the geographicaldistribution of the Huguenots . At what periods between1 5 59 and 1 6 30 did they constitute a serious danger tothe unity of France

Trace the progress of the Counter Reformation inGermany up to 1 6 1 8 and illustrate your answer with asketch -map .

3 .

‘ The battle of Lepanto proved the superiority ofChristian arms

,its results that of Turkish diplomacy . I

made clear al so the fact that the Ottoman State was stillat the height of its power . ’ Discuss .

4 . Indicate the importance , i n the history of the Revoltof the Netherlands of (a ) the introduction of Alva’s newtaxes in 1 569

, (b) the capture of Mons (c) thePerpetual Edict .

5 . Estimate the importance of the House of Sav oy inthe first half of your period .

6 . Criticize the foreign and domestic policy of Phil ipIII .

7 . Indicate the improvements in the internal adm i n i s

trati on of France in the reign of Henry IV .

8 . Discuss the different views of the relations of Churchand State which were held at the beginning of theseventeenth century, with special reference to thewritingsof Calvin , Hooker, and Erastu s .*9 . Explain carefully the attitude of John George ofSaxony in the Thirty Years ’ War

, an d draw a map toshow the efi

'

ect designed by the Edict of Restitution .

3 K 1 1 [T urn ov er .

2

1 0 . How far was Richelieu ’s foreign policy renderednecessary by the situation (both foreign an d domestic)w ith which he had to deal ?

1 1 . Estimate the services of the House of Vasa toSweden up to the intervention of Gustavus Adolphus i nthe Thirty Years ’ War .

1 2 . To what extent were the wars of this period conn ected with considerations of trade and commerce ?

[T T .

2

1 1 . Which was the more important,the home or

foreign policy of Peter the Great ?

1 2 . Is i t‘

true of the period 1 660 to 1 7 1 5 that Polandwas the weakest link i n France ’ s outer system

1 3 . How far did the Treaties of Utrecht and Rastadtgive effect to the intentions of William III and thosewho formed the Grand Alli ance ?

[T. T.


Gener a l H i story . Per i od VII. ( 1 7 1 5

[Can di dates shou ld attemp t at least ONE of thequ esti on s marked

>l‘ l . Illustrate,with the help of a sketch map , the im

portance of the Dutch Barrier,and trace the gradual

decl ine of its value .

2 . Discuss the effects of the Regency on the internalcondition of France .

3 . Explain the causes of the Alliance of Vienna, and ofthe League of Hanover . Why did they not resultin war ?

4. What justification is there for regarding FrederickWil liam I as Prussia’s greatest king ?*5 . Trace on a sketch -map the expansion of Russia

down to 1 79 5 .

6 . Compare the advantages and disadvantages “

to

France and Spain from the Family Compacts .

7. Trace the gradual decline of Papal power during theeighteenth centu ry.

8 . Illustrate the value attached to tropical trade bythe European states in the eighteenth century .

*9 . Describe, with the help of a sketch -map, that oneof the campaigns of Frederick the Great which you thinkwil l best illustrate his merits at once as a strategist,and as a tactician .

1 0 . Compare the policy towards Russia and Turk eyof Charl es VI

,and of Joseph II.

1 1 . Liberalism is apt to be absol utist . ’ D i scuss thisstatement with reference to the history of the eighteenthcen tury .

1 2. Show, from a careful examination of the Frenchfiscal system , the burdens on agriculture , indu stry , an dcommerce in the reign of Louis XV .

1 3. Would you agree that Gustavus III was one of thegreatest sov ereigns of the eighteenth century ?

3 11 13 (r . T.

2

1 1 . Consider the effects of the Continental system(a ) upon France and (b) upon French dependencies andallies .*1 2 . Describe

,with the help of a sketch -map , ei ther the

campaign of Austerlitz or Sir John Moore ’s campaign inSpain or the autumn campaign of 1 8 1 3.

1 3 . Sketch the part played by Tal l eyrand at theCongress of Vienna and account its prominence .

[T T. 1 9 1 2 ]


Gen era l Hi story. Per iod VIII. ( 1 789

Candi dates shou ld attempt at least one of the qu estion smarked

1 .

‘Mirabeau was only an adventurer of genius ina dissolving society .

’

Can you justify this estimate ?

2 . What were the political and social circumstanceswhich laid Western Germany open to French aggressionin 1 792 ?

Show careful ly the importance of naval power inthe Mediterranean from the outbreak of war to the withdrawal of the British fleet . I l lustrate with a map .

4. Explain and criticize the main features of the Constitution of the Year III .

*5 . Describe carefully the condition of pol itical affairsi n Italy i n 1 7 96

,and show the nature of the difficulties

which hampered Bonaparte ’s adversaries . Illustrate youranswer with a sk etch-map .

6 .

‘The Egyptian expedition was a mel odramaticen terprise : and as such was an unqual ified success.

’


7 . Discu ss the prudence and honesty of the Prussianforeign policy from the peace of Basl e to the outbreakof war w ith Napoleon .

8 . Estimate the val ue of Turk ish intervention in thewars from 1 7 89 to 1 8 1 5 .

9 . Trace Alexander’s relations with Napoleon down tothe Congress of Erfurt . How far was his policy in thebest interests of Russia ?

1 0 . E xamine the reforms in Prussia carried out on theinitiation of Stein and estimate the share of FrederickWilliam III in them .

3 K 15 [Turn over .

2

1 1 . Consider the effects of the Continental system(a ) upon France and (b) upon French dependencies andallies .

*1 2 . Describe,with the help of a sketch -map

,e ither the

campaign of Austerlitz or Sir John Moore ’s campaign i nSpain or the autumn campaign of 1 8 1 3 .

1 3 . Sketch the part played by Talleyrand at theCongress of Vienna and account for its prominence .

[T T. 1 91 2 ]

2

*1 2. Il lustrate the pol icy and methods of B ismarck fromthe ev ents of the years 1 8 62- 6 . Show

,by means of

a sketch-map,the acquisitions of territorymade byPrussia

in 1 866.

1 3. Sk etch the devel opment of the Austro-Hungarianmonarchy from 1 866 to the end of your period .

1 4. Discuss the economic pol icy of Germany duringthe years following the Franco-German war .

1 5 . The l ittle states of Europe , such as Switzerland ,Belgium ,

and Sweden,are perfectly secure from aggres

sion,and are saved from the crushing burden of arma

ments . ’ How far does the history of the nineteenthcentury bear out th is v iew

[T . T. 1 9 1 2 ]


The Saxon E mperors (936

I .

1 . Comment briefly on the foll owing passages, translating those marked with an asterisk

Rex autem m el ior i consilio usus n olu it virosnobiles ac senes popul i inhon este tractari

,sed magis rem

inter gladi atores discerni iussi t. V i ci t igitur pars , qu ifil ios fi l iorum computabant in ter fil ios, et firmatum est ,ut aequal iter cum patru i s haereditatem d iv ideren t pactosempiterno. (WIDUKIND .)

(b) Verita s autem singu laris pruden tiae reginae virtu tem ,

a Hl uthov i co rege relictae,in multis eam affl ixi t

,

quo tanti decus splendori s extingueret vel certe ebsenraret. (WIDUKIND . )

*(c) Audien s autem Wi chman n us urb em captam se

c iosque afflictos ad ori entem versus iterum se paganisi nmersit, egitque cum Sclav is qui di cuntur V uloin i , quomodo Mi sacam am icum imperator is bello l ascesseren t.

(WIDUKIND . )

(d) Ludovicus rex a suis regno expu l su s auxiliumpeten s regem Othon em adi it et, ut desi derav erat, ob ti

nuit . (Con ti n u ati o Regi n on i s.)

(e) Papa quoque mul ta i l l um secum caritate detinuitet di eb us vitae suae nunquam se ab eo defecturum promisit ; quae tamen promi ssio longe dissimilem quampraetendeb atur effectum ob tinu it .

(Con ti n uati o Regi n on i s. )

2 . Had the German kingdom any definite constitutionin the time of the Saxon dynasty ?

3 . Do you find in your authorities any trace (a) ofnational feeling

, (b) of the desire for communal in dependence , among the Italians of this period ?

4. What do you gather from your authorities as tothe relations between Germany and Denmark ?

5 . Illu strate from your authorities the relations b etween Otto I and the German bishops .

3 K 34 [Turn over .

2

6 . Compare the military strength of the Western andthe Byzantine Empires at this period .

7 . Which of your authorities would you place highest,

(a ) for political insight , (b) for literary merit ? Givereasons for your answer .

8 . Comment briefly on the following passages , translating those mark ed with an asterisk

Hein ricu s itaqu e rex , u t erat Dei timen s totia sque rel igion i s amator , andito Rodu l fum tam inestimabiledonum habere cael este, n un ti i s directi s temptav i t, si

praem i is a li qu ib us id posset adqu irere . (LUITPRAND .)

(b) Dum haec agun tur , Con stan tin opol itanus im

perator cum regis Hugonis n un ti i s suos pariter dirigit,mandans naves et omnia quae desi deraret se ei daturum

,

si n epoti sue parv u lo, sibi omonimo, Constantini fil io,

fi l iam suam con iugem daret . (LUITPRAND . )Tercio i taque pron us imperatorem adorans, ca

put su stu l i , et quem priu s moderata mensura a terraelevatum sedere vidi

,mex al i is in dutum v estibus poen es

domus laquear sedere prospex i . (LUITPRAND . )

(d ) Vero quia tam excel len tem rem petitis, si datisquod decet, acc ipietis quod libet ; Rav en nam sci l icet etRomam cum his omnibus con tin uatis, quae ab his suntusque ad nos . (LUITPRAND . )

(e) E t die con stituta rex et dux con ven iun t ; acsecus fluv ium Matron am con locuti , prin cipi b us praedicti s

i n tern un ti i s,in summam con cordiam b en ign issime re

d ierun t. (RICHER.)

(f) Lothariu s , con sideran s Otton em neque del is falli ,neque v iribu s posse dev in ci , sepe et mu ltum apud sequaereb at , utrum potiu s foret stare contra hostem an

recon ci l i ari hosti . (RICHER. )

T . 1 9 1 2 ]

r)

6. Explain the manner in which the Chronicle ofTh i etmar was composed and estimate its h istorical value .

7 . What conception of the Byzantine Empire and i tspeople would you infer from your authorities to haveprevail ed in Germany ?

8 . Comment briefly on the following passages,trans

lating those mark ed with an asterisk

(a) Uncl e patris gratia sibi in tantum arri si t,u t

hun c communi totiu s senatus el ection e honoris con sortematque labori s decern eret successoremque firmaret.

(THIE TMAR . )

(b) Q uem protin us elevatum imperator osculatu r

s ingu laque sagaci ter perqu iren s et de su’

sception e ducis ,quomodo in medio episcOporum ad men sam loco imperatori s sederet l ectoque dormi ret, perd idi c i t.

(THIE TMAR .)Post haec imperator omni studio ord in av i t ex

pedition em suam adversus (Lutharium ) regem Karel ingorum , qu i in Aqu i sgran i palacium et aedem regiam ,

nostrum semper respic i en tem dominium ,valido exerc itu

praesumsit invadere si b ique verso aquila des ignare .(THIE TMAR . )

(d ) Imperator antiquam Romanorum con su etudin em

iam ex parte del etam suis cupi en s renovare temporibu smu l ta faci eb at

, quae diversi diverse sen ti eb an t .

(THIE TMAR . )

(e) D ice equ idem quod spol iatus ampl i ssimis rebusimperial i dono col l ati s, apostolica b en edi ction e confir

matis,nec una saltem villula ob fidem reten tam vel reti

neudam donatus sum . (GE RBE RT . )Hin c fide premissa reg ib u s Fran corum urge

mur ., Hine potestati pri n cipi s K .

,regnum ad se revo

cantis addi cti , permutare dominos , aut exules fieri

cogimur . (GE RBE RT . )

(g) Auget curas Scythi cus axis , Italia mu l tipl icat.

Si Scythas rel inqu imus, metuo. Si Italos n on adimu s ,

reform i do. (GE RBE RT .)

[T.

‘

T. 1 91 2 ]


The Fi r st Thr ee Crusades.

1 . Comment briefly on fou r of the following passagesfrom the Gesta Fran corum ,

translating that marked*(a ) Petrus vero supradictu s primus venit Constan

tin Opol im Kal en dis Augusti , et cum eo maxima gensAlaman n orum . Il l i c invenit Lombardos et Longob ardoset al ios pl ures congregatos , quibus imperator iusseratdari mercatum ,

si cu ti erat in civitate , d ix itque ill is :Nol ite tran smeare Brachium donec v en iat maximaChristian orum virtus Ipsique Christiani n equ iter

deduceb an t se , quia palatia urbis stern eb an t et ardeb an t

et aufereb an t plumbum quo ecclesiae eran t coepertaeunde imperator i ratus est iussi tque eos transmeare

Brachium .

(b) Erat autem numerus Turcorum ,Persarum . Publi

can orum ,Saracen orum

,Angu lan orum ,

al iorumque paganorum CccLx milia extra Arabes quorum numeram nemoscit ni si solus Deus .

(e) In Hermen iorum in traverun t torram Eratautem ibi homo quidam nomin e Simeon qu i in l l l a ortu s

fuit regione,quique hanc peti it ter ram quo eam deman ib us

defenderet in im i corum Turcorum .

(d ) Iam iam omnes semitae paen e prohib itae et

in c isae un dique eran t Tu rc i s nisi ex illa parte finmin isubi erat castrum et quoddam monasterium

(e) V iden s autem vir venerabilis Boamun dus quian u l l aten u s posset conducere gentes sursum in castel lumad bel lum i ratus est valde i ussitque con festim

mitti ign em per urb em in illa parte in qua erat Cassianipalatium .

(f ) Pactus est vero cum illis quia si bellum quedeis admi ra l iu s Bab y l on i ae parab at possen t dev in cere et

Hi erusal em apprehen dere, ille Christianus efficeretur terramque ab eis recognosceret .

3K 24 [Tur n over .

2

(g) Rob er tus namqu e Normanna s eam ob sed i t asepten trion e iuxta Sancti Stephani protomartyr i s

eccl esi am iuxta cum Rob ertus Fl an dren sis comes .Ab occidente vero ob sedi t eam dux Godefr idu s et Tan

credus . A meridie ob sed i t earn comes Sancti E gidi i ,scilicet in monte Sion , circa eccl esiam Sanctae Mariaematris Domini .2 . Comment briefly on fou r of the following passages

from Raymond,translating that marked

(a) Nam ante et retro , dextrorsum et sin i strorsum ,

Turci,Comani , Husi et Tenaces , Pin cen ati et Bulgari

nobis in si diab an tur .

Inter haec Turc i de Cal ep quoddam castrumob sederun t . Affl icti igitur Turci qui intus eran t mandav erun t duci qu i in ill is reg ion i b us erat u t castrumi psorum rec i peret Ob hoe i taqu e dux An tioch iamrev ersus com item

, qu i iam con val uerat ex infirmitate , etmilites et pedi tes suos in unum evocav erat u t i n

Hispan iam depraedatum eos dedu ceret, multum rogav it

u t Turc i s qui Deum reclamab an t succurreret.

(c) Hab ean t qu i volant aurum imperator i s et quiv olun t reddi tus An tioch iae hab ean t. Nos autem

,Christo

pro quo v en imus duce,iter nostrum aggredi amu r .

(d ) Veni t hic ad nos legatus quidam a rege Baby lon iae et rem i serat ad nos legatos n ostros cum ipso quosten uerat captos per annum . Dub i tav erat enim an faceretn ob i scum am i ci tiam an cum Turci s.

(e) Sunt enim ibi montana Libani i n quibus adsexagin ta m i l l i a hab i taban t Chri stian orum

,et terram

i l l am et montana multo tempore Christiani possederu n tqu i propter c iv i tatem Tyri quae v u lgari ter nunc Surappel latur Suriani v ocan tu r .

(f ) Inter haec v en erun t n un tn qued novem navesde n ostr is appl i cueran t Ioppen et m an dab an t nautae u t

praesidium m itteretur i l lu c quo et turri s Ioppe custodiretur et ipsi securi in portu essen t .

3 . Comment briefly on fou r of the following passagesfrom Fu l cher

,translating that marked

(a ) Huic cel eb ritati patri archa Dai b ertus n on interfuit quia de qu ib usdam apud Bal du in um erat in simu l atus

et discordes ad in v i cem hab eban tur .

SCHOOL OF MODE RN H ISTORY .

The Fi r st Thr ee Cru sades .

1 . Comment briefly on three of the following passagesfrom William of Tyre , translating that mark ed*(a ) Domina autem regina , quae regni moderab atur

imperium,communicate cum procer i bu s consilio , Ma

nassem regium con stab ulari um con sangu ineum suum ,

Ph i l ippum Neapolitanum ,E l in andum Ti b eriaden sem

,

una cum militari multitudine i l l u c sub omni cel eri tatedir igi t ut optatum domino com i ti et affl i cti s c iv ib us

m in i stren t solatium .

(b) Erat autem hic idem A inardus vir pruden ti ssimuset populi nostri amator , qu i cum haberet tres fil ias unami l larum dederat praed icte Damascenorum regi

,alteram

Noradino sangu ini fil io,te1 tiam cuidam egregio militi

Manguarth nomine .

(o) Postmodum autem idem Radulphus , fav en te sibidomino Adriano papa qu i eius compatriota erat adecc l esiam assumptu s Beth l ehem iticam epi scopus eiusord in atus est loci .

(d ) Con ceperat autem multo ante,an dito eius

adv en tu , quod per eius auxilium An tiochen um principatum ampliare posset : unde et eidem in Fran c iam

antequam etiam iter arriperet honesta praem iserat

donar ia,et exen i a multi preti i u t eius sibi con c i l iaret

gratiam largitus fuerat.

(e) Hi ergo datis et pol l ic i tis corrupti . in idscel er i s descen derun t u t regib us et peregrin i s pr in cipi b u s

. persuaderen t u t rel i cti s pomeri i s in opposi tam civitatispartem tran sferren t exped ition es .

2 . Comment briefly on fire of the following passagesfrom the Iti n erar i um ,

translating that marked

(a ) Ne minime legitimum v i deamur gerere belluma capite Nov emb ri s evoluto anni spatio term in um

praefigimu s ad experi en dam belli fortun am in CampoTan eos in virtute v i v ificae crucis et in nomine veriIoseph

[T urn over .

2

(b ) Fuit autem qu i assereret Ma1 chisum a Soldanoxagin ta m i l l ia Bizan tio1 um eo suscepi sse ob ten tu u t

duci ab An tiochen i s partibus d i scede1 e persuade1 et .

Dux itaque Achon veni ons d i ssen sion i s exstiti t seminarium .

(0) Rex Ricardu s uno impetu c itl us iure bell ioccupav eratMessanam quam qu i l ib et presbyter can tassetmatutinas .

Den i que median tib us pr1 n c 1pi bus et populim aioribus interveniente tali conditione pacificati suntu t March i so qui regni v i deb atur in matrimonio sortitus

haeredem etiam in recompen sation em praestiti adi utori i

exe1 citu i in obsidione cederet in possessionem haered i

tariam comitatus Tyri,v 1del 1 cet Ty i i et Si don is et Baruth ;

Gauf1 1do vero de Lisin iaco frat1 i regis Gu idon i s 1n lab0 1 i ssui et ope1 ae remun eration em cederet comitatus Ioppen si s ,scilicet Ioppa et Ascal on .

(e) Die Veneris proxima post Assumption em BeataeMariae a civitate i ussi t educi Turcorum ob sidum v in ctos

duo m i l l ia et septingen tos ad decol landum .

(f) Q uod si ita fu i sset ob servatum universi illiTurc i fu issent in tercepti et con fusi ; praedictorum verom i l i tum nimia properatio universitatis non ob servato

decreto cedeb at in detrimen tum successu i communisnegotii .

(9 ) Tune quidem - Si rex recederet non in ven iretu rqu i reman eret quon l am i nter Ascalon i tas et Tyrios zelu s

esset et con ten tio.

(h) E l ecti sunt igitur ad id decern en dum deTemplar i i s quinque , de Hospi talar i i s quinque , de Syrian isterrae illin s in digen i s quinque, de procerib us Fran corumquinque . Hi v igin ti potiori s responderun t proen l

dubio fore commodi tatis Baby lon iam ob sidendam adire .

3 . Comment briefly on four of the fol lowmg passagesfrom Michaud :

(a) Celui qu i nous gouverne est un enfant ; i l nousfaut de nécessité un homme ferme et h

‘

abile e. la guerrequi puisse repousser l ’en n em 1 . Nou s te faisons conn ai trel ’etat des choses

,afin qu ’il n

’

arr i v e rien de facheux a

l’

i s lam isme et aux musulmans car c’est nous qui serionscoupab l es aux yeux de Di eu , et qui encourrions les re

proches du sultan .


Hi story of Land Ten ure.

1 . Comment on the fol lowing passages from the B lackBook of Peterborough :

(a ) In Pihtesl e sunt hidae v . et dim idia ad gel dumRegis et dominus adqu ietat dim idiam et villani dimi diam .

E t sunt ibi ix . pl en i villani et ix . d im i di i villani et v .

cotsetes.

(b) E t homines Rodb erti de la Haie hab en t dim idiamcarrucatam ,

unde soleb an t reddere i i i j . solidos set modonichil inde faciun t pro vi domini sui .

(c) Abbas Turol dus dedit V iviano d im idiam h idam

in Circafeld unde Rex misit in foresta med ietatem .

Eidem dedit in Un del e sextam partem j . h idae , ct in

Werm in tona quartam partem j . hi dae in sergen taria ,

unde debet esse miles in exerc itu cum ij . equis et suisarmis

,et abbas in v en iet c i alia necessaria .

2 . What does the term Manor denote in the twel fthcentury

3 . How far was the law relating to land tenure modified during the reign of Henry II?

4. Write short notes on the following passages

(a) Sol ent autem placita in cur i is dominorum

deduci , secundum rationab i l es consuetudines ipsarumcuriarum : quae tot et tam variac sunt

,u t in scriptum

de facili reduci non possun t. [GLANV ILL ](b) Potest autem quis plura homagia div ersi s domi

nis facere de feod i s diversis d iversorum dom inorum . Sedunum corum oportet esse praecipuum, et cum l igean c ia

factum . [GLANVILL ](0 ) Sin autem ex parte matri s haereditas ipsa de

scenderit tunc ad con sangu in eos paternos custodiapertin et. [GLANV ILL ](d ) Breve quod vocatur praecipe ’ de cetero non

fiat ahoni de al ique tenemento unde liber homo amitterepossi t curiam suam . [MAGNA CARTA]

3K 26 [T u rn over .

2

5 . What were the precise obj ects of the Statute ‘ DeDonis ’

?,How was it proposed to secure these obj ects ,

and in what way were existing remedies supplemented ?6 . Translate and comment on the following passages

from the Domesday of St. Pau l’

s

(a ) Gal ff' mari ot vi . acras quas emit de h ede er

n oldi p xxv . d .it debet bis met’e in autup

no St j . gallina. vj ova . falcare it fenu l e

vare . It i ij . acras de novo essarto p ij . set.

9 R . de Stapel ford . It parva placiti p j . capone .

(b) Memoran d’

q’

d tota vil lata debet pafiag iufodere tram ad linu. a. linu collig ’e t i aq

ab

mitte it extrahere .ft ad domfi portare ft nuoce

col lig ’e p tres dies festos .

(c) Helias de v i l iers ij . hidas p xx . sol’

. de antiq“heditate . Iste due sut Geldab i l es ad auxi l ifiregis cfi al i is hidis .

(d ) Pr ime quidem anno pro lv i ij . s . et i i ij . (1 . et proj . parva firma panis et cerv i siae cum vij . d . elemosine .Dein ceps vero singu l i s annis pro ij . firmi s b rev i bus paniset cerv i siae cum vij . d . elemosine .

7 . What light do your authorities throw on the hi storyof Knight- service

8 . Translate and comment on the fol lowing pas

sages

(a) Q uan doque enim n ominantur forin seca, largesumpto vocabu lo, quoad servitium domini regis , quandoque scutagium , quan doque servitium domini regis

,et

ideo forin secum dici potest, quia sit et capitur foris siveextra servitium qued sit domino capitali . [BRACTON .]

(b) Item inquirendum est de pastura forin seca quaeest communis , et quot et quas bestias et quot an imal iaet quae dominus habere possi t in eadem .

[EXTENTA MANE RII.](0) E t i ta pertinen t serv itutes alien i fundo ex con

stitution e sive ex imposi tion e de voluntate dominorum .

Item pertinere poterun t sine con sti tution e per longumusum continuum et pacificum et non interruptum per

al iquod impeditum con trarium ex patientia in ter praesentes, quae trah i tur ad con sen sum . [BRACTON.]


Hi story of Lan d Ten ur e .

1 . Translate and comment on the following extractsfrom the Ramsey Ca rtu lary

(a ) E t auxi demaun de del dit abbe homage , feal te escute a sa court de la Bertone de Ely , et autre serv icespour soun manor qil ad en Chateri z.

(b) E t praecipio,ut ipse admen suret serv i tia vava

sorum sn orum ad proficuum ecclesiae,si cut v av asores

al iorum abb atum regni mei admen surati sunt .

(0 ) E t quod hab ean t imperpetuum omnes fines protran sgression i b us, con celamen ti s ; et al i i s del i cti s quibuscunque

,e t etiam fines pro l i cen tia con cordan di et omnia

amerciamen ta,

redemption es , et exitus for i sfactos, acannum

,diem

,et vastum , et murdra .

(d ) E t omnes b iden tes extran eorum et al iorum devilla terram non hab en tium

, pascen tes pasturam ,deb en t

jacere in fa lda Abbatis, et non alibi .

(e) Licet de communi consilio regn i nostri statutumsit , qued non l i ceat viris rel igiosis , seu al i i s

,ingredi

feodum al icujus, ita qued ad manum mortuam dev en iat,sine l icentia nostra, et capital i s domini , de q ue res illaimmediate tenetur , per fin em tamen quem di l ectu s nobisin Christo Abbas de Rameseye fecit n ob i scum ,

concessimus et l i cen tiam dedimus

2 .

‘ The Statute of Gloucester,1 278

,condemned the

court baron to become in course of time a petty court . ’

Explain this statement .

3 . Write short notes en z— capitales pl egu ,repl evm ,

essonia , sel l io , l eyrwitum ,hydagi um ,

fissi lv er , wethersilver , calumnia -

n ayu itatis .

3 K 27 [T urn over .

2

4. Annotate the fol lowing passages from the K i n g’

s

Ripton Rol ls

(a ) Conv i ctum est per V i emos j urat ’ quod una suset quinque pu rcel l i Johan n i s fil i i Wi l lelm i in trav erun tin curiam Bartholom ei Sweyn et dampn um fecerun t in

porett’ et in ol l eribus di cti Bartholomei ad dampn umsuum d .

(b) Q ua de causa dictu s Dominus Rogerus sub trax ittres (an n )os de termino suo de ecclesia de R ipton

’

Regisquam habet ad firmam de dicto domino Rogero ad

detrimen tum suum tr igin ta sol idorum et ad grave dampnum suum v igin ti sol idorum

,et quod hoc sit verum

dux it sectam .

(c) Mati ldi s rel i ctaHugonis Grayling venit et tulitbreve de recto per quod pec i it dotem suam de sexagin taet quatuor acris terre .

(d) E t ponun t se in j uratam pat1 i e loco magneassise domini Regi s secundum con suetudin em man eri i .

5 . What explanation can you offer of the exercise ofcriminal j urisdiction by manorial lords in the latethirteenth century ?

6 . Describe the organization of the manor of Brightwal tham .

7 . Translate and comment on the following extractsfrom the Br ightwa l tham Rol l s .

(a) Praeterea con cessum est predi cte Hugon i totumb l adum exi sten s in terra seminata et heriettum proven i entem ad ingressum pro d im idia marca ad solvend

’ adfestum S . Michaelis proximo sequens per plegg

’ pred ictorum .

(b) Presentan t ceiam qued Thomas Molen dariusmanus violentas inj ec i t in

,Aliciam que l evav it

hu thesium . E t quia Gal fr idus decenariu s de nul la violeu cia presen tat set quod l udendo hoc facieban t quodtamen non est verisimile cum huthesium fu isset l evatum ,

ideo idem dicen ’ in misericordia, et predictus ThomasMol endarius in misericordia pro tran sgression e.

(c) Johannes ate Grene el ectus per omnes virgar’ ad

custodiendum b oscum et porcos domini et manucapi t

pro

1 . Do you gather from your authorities that at thetime of Charles ’s invasion of Italy its people wereseriously oppressed by their rulers ?2 . Draw a sk etch-map to illustrate the advance of

Charl es from Asti to Siena on his way to Naples , and hisretreat through the same country. Give a shortsummary of the incidents that occurred on either march .

3 . Explain the allusions in and comment on not morethan fou r of the fo l l owing, translating those mark ed

*(a ) E t premi eremen t se alya des V en i cien s, e lapreservation de l eurs estatz, desquelz i l estoi t grant amy,au prej udice de son beau pere

,aqui les V en i c ien s avoien t

osté poy paravant ung petit pa'

1’s appel le l e Pou lesan .

(b) Don Feder i c tint la mer avecques quelque peu degalees et vint deux fois parler au Roy aseureté. Requ ist

an Roy que quelque portion du royau lme peust demeurera son n epveu ,

avec nom de roy .

(c) me dist l e duc que j e n e devoye point croyretout ce que l

’

on me disoi t par la vi l le qu’

i lz n’

avoien t

j amai s pensé faire l igue contre l e Roy , n e j amais oy parl er,mais au contraire qu

’

i lz désiroi ent faire ligue entre l eRoy et ces au l tres deux roys et toute l ’Yttal ie , et qu

’ellefust contre leTurc .

(d ) Stradiotz sont gens comme Gen etaires .

et se print a crier : ‘Peti l lan o,Peti l lano,

’

et

alla apres ceu l x qu i fuyoi en t ; car quant i l y arryva , ilzchargeoi ent en leu r ost les tantes , et y avoi t grantnombre de mu l l etz charges.

(f ) Plusieurs de Savonne s’

estoien t adressés au

cardinal de Sain ct Pierre a v in cu la , asseuran t de luypouvoir bailler ladite vil l e de Savonne , esperan t

‘

estre

en liberté : car el le est soub z Gennes,'

et paient l esgabel les .

4. Explain the attitude to Sav onarola tak en byP . Capponi, the Compagnacci , F . Valori , F . Gu i cciardin i ,Commines.

3 K 36 [Turn over .

2

5 .

‘ The father of modern h istory.

’

In what senseand with what j ustice is this titl e appl ied to Commines ?6 . Translate and shortly annotate

E perché in luogo di Giovanni Manetti,morto

,era

suto eletto de’ Dieci Piere Gu icciardin i che si trovavaCommessario in quello di Pisa , dubitando che lui mossoo dal bene della citta, e da essere amico di Paol o , nonguastassi questa pratica, sol l ecitorono la conclusione

,in

mode che la feciono l a sera che Piere tom b in Firenze ;ed essendo egli ito alla Signoria , e dipoi a pigliare l

’

Ufli cio,e in ultimo non av endo notizia di questa materia, presolicenza de’ compagni per essere stracco e i tosen e a casa

,

non gli dissono quello vol essino fare ; ma come fu partito ,n e feciono i l partito . Il che intendendo Pagolo, n e fecefare da messer Currado suo cancel l iere molte doglienze

,in

modo che per pesarlo fu necessario accrescere la condottaancora a lu i al pari di quella del conte Rinuccio . E cosila citta si trov c‘) con tanto numero d’ uomini d” armeaddosso , che non poteva sopportare tanta spesa , benchepiu v olte s i fussi fatto i l calculo di quegl i dovessinotenere e non gli passare ; e lo Uficio de

’ Dieci me acqu istc‘

)

tanto carico,e cosi i primi cittadini , parendo all o uni

v ersal e che e’ gov ern assino secondo l e loro spezialita,non secondo la util ita della citta.

7 . Did Louis XII in the invasion of 1 499—1 500 displaygreater military and political capacity than he had shownas the l ieutenant of Charles VIII in 1 494—5 ?

8 . Sketch the relations between Fl orence and theLeague in the year 1 496 .

9 . How far did the Life Gonfalonierate in the first fouryears of i ts existence achieve the obj ects for which it hadbeen created ?

1 0. Mak e short notes on not more than four of thefol lowing

,transl ating those mark ed

(a) Fu certo cos’a mirabil e che l o State de’ Mediciche con tanta autorita av eva governato sessant ’ anni , eche si riputava appoggiato dal favore di quasi tutti iprimi cittadini, si subitamente si altera ssi per l e mani d1Messer Luca Corsini e Jaeepo de

’

Nerl i .


Ita ly ( 1 492 II.

1 . Discuss , with reference to Machiavelli’ s account of

Caesar Borgia , that author’s capacity for j udging (a)

human character , (b) a political situation .

2 . E pue ssi discorrere questa parte cosi : quel principeche ha piu paura de

’ popoli che de ’ forestieri,deve far l e

fortezze ; ma quelle che ha pin paura de’ forestieri che

de ’ popoli,deve lasciarle indietro .

’

How does Machiavelli attempt to prove this princ iple ? To what extent does it tally with the factsnarrated in your other authorities ?

3 . Estimate the value of the Pr i n cip e as a con trib u

tion to Pol itical Science .

4. Explain br iefly Machiavelli ’ s teaching regarding(a )

‘ crudelt ‘a male usata (b)‘ due generazioni di com

battere : l ’una con l e leggi , l’

a l tra con la forza (e) thecause of Ital ian defeats , 1 49 5— 1 5 1 3 (d ) principati misti

5 . Explain br i efly the historical allusions in thefol lowmg

(a ) A tenere indietro i V in i zian i , bisognava l’

un ion e

di tutti gli altri,come fu nella difesa di Ferrara .

(b) I Fioren tin i , essendo al tutto disarmati , conclussero d1 e01m1 1a Frances1 a Pisa per espugnarl a .

(c) Avendo indizio come i n Fi renze era uno nato de’

Ben tiv ogl i che si teneva fin o allora figl io di un fabbro ,vennero i Bolognesi per quelle in Firenze, e gli detteroi l gov erno di quella citta.

(d) Costui si puo chiamare quasi principe nuovo ,perche d ’un re debile e diventato per fam

'

a o per gloriai l prime re de’ Cristiani .

6. What light is thrown by the letters of Da Porto on

the character and patriotism of the Venetian aristocracy ?

3 K 3 7 [T urn over

2

7 . What traces are there in the Letters of Da Portoof (a ) the author

’s artistic temperament, (b) of his

classical education , and (c) of his unconscious Machiav el l i sm ?

8 . What reasons can be found in your authorities for(a ) the adherence of Julius II to the League of Cambray ,

and (b) his change of sides in 1 5 1 0 ? Discuss the wisdomof his policy .

9 . Illustrate from the campaign in Romagna in 1 5 1 2the characteristics of the warfare of the period .

1 0 . Comment on not more than fou r of the fol lowing,and transl ate these marked w i th an

(a ) Al re d i Spagna concedono i l peter riav ere l eterre che i detti nostri signori ottennero dal re Ferdinando d ’

Aragon a nella Pagl ia per la molta quantita didenari che gli prestarono in grandissimo suo bisogno

,

e per l ’ajuto che contra i Fran cesi gli dettero i n ricuperazione del reame di Napoli .

(b) I Francesi hanno fin e a quest’ ora tolta tutta

la Ghiara d ’

Adda , salvo la rOcca di Cremon a , nel la qualesi sono ritirati i rettori della citta.

*(e) Q uei tali che n on perdevano molte possessioni ,temendo l e future spese , non consentivano al la rinnovazione della guerra : poiche i V in i zian i non hanno erario ,ma dispensano quasi tutte l e loro soprab b ondan ti pubb l i che entrate negli u ffic i a ’ magistrati l oro ; e quandovogliono denari , pongono tasse , decime , fitti sulle case ,ed al tre simili angarie , l e quali toccano universalmenteagl i abitanti tutti della citta.

*(d ) Pose poi negli spazzi dei burchi grandissimaquantita di artiglieria grossa e minuta

,e quanti fanti vi

capivano ; e poscia che questi burchi, conci in tal guisa ,ebbe condotti alla Punta si chetamente

,che i V in izian i

non l o seppero , usci una notte di Ferrara insieme con i lcardinale e con grandissima copia d ’

ogn i sorte d i r arti

gl i eria .

The G reat Rebel l i on .

I .

[Can di dates shou ld attemp t qu esti on s m arked]

1 . How far was Clarendon an eye-witness of the eventshe describes*2 Comment on the following extracts from Claren

(a ) Mr . Pimm one day informed the House ofCommons that he had great cause to fear there was atthat time as desperate a design and conspiracy againstthe Parliament as had been in any age .

( b) He seemed to have made that progress intoScotland only that he might make a perfect deed of giftof that kingdom .

( c) I have heard many knowing men , and some whowere then in the city regiments

,say , that if the king had

advanced and charged that massy body,it had presently

given ground,and that the king had so great a party in

every regiment that it would have made no resistance.

(d ) When this Parl iament began (being returnedknight of the shire for the county where he lived) , theeyes of al l men were fixed on him as their Patr iaepater ,

and the pilot that must steer their vessel through thetempests and rocks which threatened it .

(e) This was the woful tragedy of those two unhappygentlemen ; in which there were so many circumstancesof an unusual n ature , that the immediate hand ofAlmightyGod could not but appear to all men who knew theirnatures, humours, and transactions .

(f ) Certain it is that the king never thought ofgoing to the Isle of Wight .

3 . Show, on a sketch-map,the campaign ofMarston

Moor , and estimate the help rendered by the Scots to theParliamentary armies in the campaign .

4. Clarendon tells us that the king ‘would often sayof what moment the preservation of his life was to therebels, and how much they were con cerned to preserve it. ’

How far was he justified in this View, an d when and why

did it cease to be a true estimate of the situation ?

3 K 19 [Tu rn over .

5 . Criticize Clarendon ’s account of the Second Civil

6 .

‘In the seventeenth century,toleration was generally

regarded as in itself a sin .

’ Illustrate this from yourauthorities

,and from the history of the time .

*7. Comm ent on the following extracts from Baillie

(a) He made ane generall answer an d almost in everyarticle repeated it that ane hundred misdemeanourswould not make on e fellonie

,an d ane hundred fel lon ies

not one treason .

(b) They were , more nor we could assent to, fork eeping of a doore open i n England to Indepen den ci e .

Against this we were peremptor .

(c) This people here , exhaust with exactions, canfin d no means for any considerable soumes their n av i ecannot be put out ; their Generall cannot be gottenrecruited their publ ick faith is gone .

(d) The Directorie is so farr from being cryed downe ,as fool es say there , that there is an ordinance of Parliament coming out for the practise of it .

(e) Yesternight, at our thanksgiving for Chester, thenews come of the routing of Hopton .

8 . On what occasions between January 1 642 an d

December 1 648 did the City of London exercise an important or decisive influence upon the course of events ?

9 .

‘We declare before God an d man that we have nointention or desire to attempt anything that may turnto the diminution of the king ’s greatness and authority ;but on the contrary we promise an d swear that we shallto the utmost of our power, with our means and lives ,stand to the defence of our dread Sovereign the King ’sMaj esty, his person an d authority

,i n the defence and

preservation of the aforesaid true religion , liberties , andLaws of the Kingdom —the Scottish National Covenant,1 638 .

HOW far did the Scots, between 1 642 and 1 648 ,

carry out this promise ?

1 0 . Giv e some account, with references to your author ities

,of the main tendencies of the legi slation (or proposed

legislation) of the Long Parliament up to the outbreak ofthe war.

5'

[T. T. 1 9 1 2]

2

(b) I humbly crave that some course may be takento dispose of the prisoners I think they would notgo home if they might

,without a convoy

,they are so

fearful of the country,from whom they have deserved

so i l l .

(0) We come to break the power of a company oflawless rebels

,who having cast off the authority of

England,live as enemies to human society ; whose

principles (the world hath experience of) are to destroyand subj ugate all men n ot complying with them .

(d ) It may be supposed we might have k ept theenemy from this

,by interposing between him and

England ; which truly I believe we might ; but how toremove him out of this place , without doing what wehave done , unless we had had a commanding army on

both sides of the Forth, is n ot clear to us .

(e) Consider the circumstances by which you arecalled hither ; through what strivings , through whatblood you are come hither— where neither you n or I

,n or

no man living,three months ago, had a thought to have

seen such a company taking upon them,or rather being

called to take , the supreme authority of this nation ,therefore , own your call .

(f ) Why , truly , your great enemy i s the Spaniard .

He is . He i s a natural enemy . He is natural ly so ; hei s naturally so throughout

6 . Compare the circumstances , an d the speeches, inwhich Cromwell dissolv ed the two Protectorate Parl iaments .

7 . Trace the history of the proposal for a Parl iamentary union between England and Scotland betweenthe battle of Dunbar and the death of Cromwel l .

8 . Explain and discuss Cromwell ’s attitude towards(a) the sovereignty of Parl iament, (b) the exten sion of thefranchise .

9 . Distinguish the various meanings of— (a ) Ordinance ’ and (b)

‘ Counci l of State ’ between 1 642 an d

1 658 .

*1 0 . What do you learn from your authorities aboutthe Dutch War ? Il l ustrate your answer with a map.

3

*1 1 . Comment on the following passages from Gardiner’sdocuments

(a) The Lords and Commons declare that neitherthe statute 7 Edward I nor any other law of thiskingdom doth restrain or make void the Ordinancefor the ordering and disposing the militia of the kingdomin this time of extreme and imminent danger, norexpose His Maj esty ’s subj ects to any punishment forobeying the same .

(b) 8 . An Act of Parliament for education of thechildren of Papists by Protestants in the Protestantrel igion .

To the 8 th proposition His Maj esty will consent .

(0) Be it further enacted that no person thatshall herea fter be made a Peer

,or his heirs , shall sit and

vote in the Parliament of England without consent ofboth Houses of Parliament .

(d ) The arms I took up were only to defend thefundamental laws of this kingdom against those whohave supposed my power hath totally changed theancient government .

(e) That such titles of honour as shall be hereafterconferred in this Commonwealth shall b e deriv ed fromthe Lord Protector

,and that no title of honour hereafter

to be conferred by the said Protector shal l be hereditarywithout consent in Parl i amen t .

[T T 1 9 1 2 ]

2

(0) Of such consequence is it to a country , andindeed to every country

,to have a good police of corn ;

a police that shall by securing a high price to the farmerencourage h i s culture enough to secure the people at thesame time from famine .

(d) The loss of the droi ts hon orifiqu es is much morethan has been apparent

,and is an utter loss of all

influence ; it was natural to look for some plain andsimple mode of compensation ; but the declaration of theNational Assembly allows none ; and it is feelinglyknown in this chateau

,that the solid payments which

the Assembly have decl ared to be rachetable are everyhour fal l ing to nothing

,without a shadow of recom

pense .

3 . Can any conclusions be drawn from what Youngtells of h is own intercourse with French people of thelower class ?

4 . What were Young ’s views regarding— (a ) themétayer tenure ; (b) French gentlemen as agr icu lturalimprovers ?

5 . Tran slate and comment on the following passagesfrom Mirab eau ’

s Correspon den ce

(a) Un corps de nobl esse n’est point une armée quipuisse combattre cc n’est point une provm ce qu l pu l sse

se retranch er.

(b) Cet homme , quoique sans démagogie , sera doncredoutable au pouvoir royal aussi longtemps que l

’

opin ion

publiqu e de Paris, dont i l n e peut etre que l’

in strumen t,

lu i en imposera la loi .(c) Par toutes l es mesures actives du corps

législ atif n e parai trai en t que les mesures du pouvoirexécutif on n e présenterait plus deux buts opposés aurespect des peuples ; i l y aurait un ité d

’

action dan sl’

autorité, l’

Assemb l ée nationale augmenterait sa veritab leforce

,et l e roi conserverait sa prerogative .

(d) Parce que nous avons la fievre , nous nouscroyons une grande vigueur ; parce que nous sommesmalades

, l es étrangers nous cro1 en t mourants .

(e) C’est sous une infinite de rapports qu e j e con

si dére la garde n ational e de Paris comme un obstacle aurétab l issement de l ’ordre .

3

6. What would you infer from Bailly’sMémoi res as to

the political ideas of the upper m iddle class at thebeginning of the French Revolution ?

7 . Summarize Mi rab eau ’s impressions as to political

feeling in the prov inces . Were they j ustified by thecourse of events after his death ?

8 . How far had the National Assembly real freedomof action in the most momentous changes which iteffected ?

9 . What arguments might be advanced for and againstthe Assembly ’s suppression of ancient local divisions andestablishment of new ones ?

[T T. 1 91 2 ]

2

4. How far do the speeches of Danton which you haveread justi fy his reputation as the ablest statesman amongthe Jacob in s

5 . Describe . fu l ly the machinery of the Terror.

6 . Comment briefly on the following passages fromBertrand de Mollevill e

,Me

'

moi r es :

(a ) Des cc moment, l e duc d’

Orléan s s’

ab an don n ai t

tout ent l er a une haine implacable,et j ura de se venger

du roi et de la reine .

(b) Ceci ressemblerait beaucoup , dit- i l , a l’

affai re del’

Améri que , a laquelle j e n e pense j amais sans regrets .

(c) On recommanda parti cu l i eremen t aM. Mallet duPau d ’

i n v i ter les puissances etrangeres an e j amais placerles émigrés dans les premiers rangs des armées , et de lesempl oyer autant qu ’i l serait possible dans les garnisons .

(d ) La fete des galériens de Chateauvieux, inventéepar les Jacob in s pour irriter l e peuple contre la prétenduetyrannie du roi

,eut tou t l e succes qu

’

i l s pouvaient désirer ,

7 . Describe the parties in the Convention after thefall of Robespierre . Had the Thermidorian governmentany coherent policy ?

8 . Account for the revival of the military power ofFrance in 1 793 an d 1 7 94.

9 . Translate an d comment upon the following passagesfrom Schm idt ’ s Tableau x

(a ) La Convention menace de quitter Paris ! Autrefois nous avions la cour

,les grands ; 5. presen t nous

n’

avon s plus personne Si la Convention quitteParis

,nous sommes tous perdus Tuons - nous tous

,i l

n e vous reste plus qu a égorger vos en fan s.

(b) Je n e m’

attacherai point a vous prouver que laConvention doit , non seulement n e pas sévir plus amplement sur Mons . Hebert

,mais qu ’elle doit l e remettre en

l iberté,a la moindre approche d ’un proj et quelconque de

violation de la loi,d

’

un rassemblement etc .

(0) J’ai entendu des aristocrates se réj ouir beaucoup

de la taxation du.bois et du charbon :

‘ Cela ira bien,

disaient - i l s,le premier mois , mais nous verrons apres . ’

3

(d ) Le buste de Marat renversé et brisé dans lescafes de la maison Egalité la proposition de se porter e.la place du Carrousel pour détruire le monumen t élevéaMarat n ’a pas eu de suite .

(e) 1 1 parait que la grande maj orité veut la Constitutien , la reelection forcée des deux tiers parait déplaireassez généralement ; beaucoup de personnes prétendentque le décret qui l ’ordon n e aurait dfi etre discuté longtemps , pour former l

’

opin ion publique .

[T . T. 1 9 1 2 ]

2

(c) The present government have made their ownpower uncontrolled

,and continu ed to preclude its opera

tion from the public view,by the preten ded independency

granted to Mahomed Reza Khan .

(d) The resolution taken by me to dissolve themeetin gs of the Board (or rather, to declare them dissolved) on the 1 3th , 1 4th , and 1 7th of this month

,and

the orders given by me to Canteo to disobey theirsummons , will , I hope , be thought as regular, as j ustifiedby the occasion .

(e) The j udges gave a decided an d unanimous opinionagainst the pretensions of General Clavering.

(f) In May 1 7 7 7 the Chevalier St . Lubin arrived atPoonah with a letter and presents from the King ofFrance to the Peshwar .

(g) Unless it is clearly proved that the Court maylawfully exercise such a power as they claim over thezemindars

,this government will never abet them in the

practice of it . and for these proofs I shall . . haverecourse to a second reading of the charter .

(h) Colonel Carnac’s campaign has fulfilled its

professed obj ect by drawing the whole of Scin dia ’

s attention from the new conquests in Guzerat and from GeneralGoddard .

9 . Comment briefly on five of the following passagesfrom Forrest '

(a ) Period ! an unhappy word , the grammaticalconstruction of wh ich occupied a large portion of thecorrespondence which passed between the Select Comm ittee of Fort St . George and the Marquis de Bussy , andyet remains unresolved .

(b) The Board of Trade , in the provision of theinvestment

,are constituted independent of the Governor

General and Council .

(0) His father, Bu lwan t Sing , derived the degree ofindependency which he possessed during the latter partof his life from the protection and intervention of theCompany . His son

,Cheit Sin g , obtained from our i n

fl uen ce,exerted by mysel f, the first legal title that his

family ever possessed of property in the land of whichtill then he was only the Aumil .

3

(d) After my return to Ban ari s , Ben eram again re

peated the offer . I accepted it,and receiv ed the whole

amount on the instant,giving him a note in the Com

pany’

s name and i n the usual form for the same .

(e) The fortress of Bi djeygur surrendered by capi tu

lation on the l oth of November, yielding to Maj orPopham the peculiar credit of having surmounted allthe obstacles which nature and art had opposed to theconquest of two of the fortresses of Hindostan whichhad been before universally deemed impregnable .

f) Mr . Anderson , having received these i nstructions, proceeded on his j ourney towards Cuttack . On

his arrival at Bal lasore he found that Ch imn aj ee hadmarched with his army against the fort of Dheckan al l .

(g) The Board resolved to require that I shou ldproduce the whole correspondence between me andMr . Nathaniel Middleton and Col onel Champion

,both

official and private I offered the first and refused thesecond

,for reason s which appear in my minutes .

1 0 . Comment briefly on five of the fol l owing passagesfrom the Cornwallis Correspondence

(a) Nothing will be so easy as to find a GovernorGeneral of Bengal who will serve without a salary.

(b) From the authority which seems to have beendelegated by the Peshwa’s government to Ali Behauderand Toek ojee Helkar to interfere with Sc in dia in themanagement of the Maratta interests in Hindostan itappears to be more than probable that he may resolveto relinquish that scene altogether

,and either return to

his own territories or repair to Poona .

(c) I am much obliged to you for your friendly hintabout William Burke .

(d ) The death of the Nabob’

s second son,and your

opinion in consequence thereof that the Carn atick shouldbe administered under an assignment similar to thatwhich took place under Lord Macartney .

(e) I trust, however , that the due enforcement of theregulations for obliging the zemindars to grant pottahs totheir ryots , as proposed by Mr . Shore , will soon removethis obj ection to a permanent settlement .

4

(f) It appeared nearly , if not utterly, impracticableto pass our heaviest guns over at any ford that could bediscovered below Seringapatam .

(g) Wi th the warm approbation of Hurry Punt an dAzeem u l Omrah I told him that I should insist uponhis executing the capitulation of Coimb atoor as a prel iminary to all negotiation .

(h) I shal l therefore recommend a lower establishment for each of the companies of the Ben gal troopsduring peace than for those ofMadras and Bombay .

[T T.

2

(d ) The primary question as regards the obl igationsof the treaty is resolvabl e into this statementwhether the treaty of Paungul is to be deemed a separateindependent agreement between us an d the Nizam , orconnecting in all its obl igations him and the Mahrattas .

(e) In the event of hostil ities with the Mahrattas ,I think it probabl e that an useful al liance might beformed with the northern Rajahs

,and perhaps even

with some of the Seik chiefs.

(f ) To these cond itions were added on e still moredisgraceful

,the del ivery of h is prime minister , Azeem u l

Omrah,into the hands of the Mahrattas

,as a hostage

for the faithful performance of hi s engagements .

(g) The flight [of Ali Jab ] which took pl ace onJune 2 8 may be truly said to have saved the Britishgovernment from the very serious evil s to which it wasat this crisis exposed .

(h ) The governorgeneral , after the army hadmarched for that purpose under the command of GeneralSir Robert Abercromby , resolved to carry this punishment to the extent of depriving the family of Fyzu l l ahKhan of their j agheer .

( i ) No dependence could be placed upon the Mahrattas as an efficient barrier against danger to whichthe territori es of the English government an d its alliesmight he eventually exposed from any future invasionof the Afghan monarch .

8 . Comment briefly on five of the followin g passagesfrom the Wel l esl ey Despatches :

(a ) These pacific sentiments have been most particularly manifested in the Governor- General

’s recent decisionon T ippee Su l taun ’

s claim to the district of Wyn aad andi n the negot iation opened by his lordship with regard tothe districts of Amerah an d Sou l eah .

(b) It is with the deepest concern that the Governorin Council is compelled to declare that these ancientallies of the Company , the Nabobs Mahomet A l i andOmdut u l Omra , have been found not only deficient i nevery active duty of the alliance but unfaithful to itsfundamental principles and untrue to its vital spirit .

3

(e) In the month of November 1 799 his Excellencysignified to me in the most formal manner his

deliberate determin ation to descend from the Musnud .

(d ) To these considerations it is important to addthat M. Perron is in possession of the person of the unfortunate Shah Allum and con sequently is master of

'

thenominal authority of that unfortunate prince .

(e) No principle of justice or policy requires theack nowl edgement of Hol kar among the states of India .

(f ) He likewise cedes to the honourable Companyand their allies all the territories of which he hascol lected the revenues in participation with the Soub ahdarof the Deccan and those of which he may have possession which are to the westward of the river Wurdah .

(g) The hostile conduct of the Raj ah of Bhurtporei n the battle of D e ig had precluded the practicabilityof continuing on terms of amity with that chief.

(h) The possession of Guzerat would give us a n ew

bulwark against Zemaun Shah .

(i ) The separation of the government of Ceylon fromthe control of the general government of India alwaysappeared to me to be a measure of the utmost danger tothe Empire .

(j ) The principles of the plan of October 5 , 1 79 8combine the requisite indulgence to the private tradewith the indispensable precaution s necessary for securingyour interests in India .

9 . Comment briefly on five of the following passagesfrom the Wel l i n gton Despatches :

(a ) For six years I have been concerned in theaffairs of the Mysore government

,and I have contem

plated with the g reatest satisfaction its increasingprosperity under your administration .

(b) It appears to me that Dhoondiah’

s power andformer success are to be attributed originally to theweakness of the government at Poonah

,but immediately

to . the contests between the d i fferent Jagh i redars andchiefs upon the frontier .

(c) The advantageous situation of Ahmedn uggur ,on the frontier of his Highness the Nizam

,covering

Poonah , and as an important point of support to al l ourfuture operations to the northward

.

4

(d ) At this distance from Guzerat , and with ‘ suchimperfect and so long a communication

,I could not take

upon me to conduct a machine so complicated and disj ointed as - the military commands of the Committee ofSurat and the Resident of Baroda

,and I therefore re

signed the whole concern .

(e) However. by on e of these unlucky accidentswhich frequently happen , the ofli cer commanding thepiquets , which were upon the right , led immediately upto the village of Assye .

(f If the Peshwah and the Soubah of the Deccanare not to entertain armies for the support of their ownauthority

,the number of troops supplied to each ought

to be doubled .

(9) By the bye , does the Govern or- General knowthat the pesh cush paid by the Rajpoots does not belongto Sein diah only , but to the Peshwah and the He lkarfamily

(h) I rej oice to hear that he intends to go homeif the ministers do not give him security that he shallnot again be liable to the corrupt and vulgar interferenceof Leaden hal l Street .

[T T . 1 9 1 2 ]

4 . Describe and comment on H . Finlay’s ’ opinionsabout the establishment of an Assembly in Canada in1 784 and 1 7 8 9 .

5 . What'

course do you consider would have tendedmost to denational ize and assimilate the French Canadians ? Was this attempted in 1 7 7 4

,1 79 1

,or 1 840 ?

Where the answer is in the negative,give the reasons

against such a course .6. Write short notes on— The Jesu 1t Estates

,Seignorial

tenures,Le Can ad i en , the Canada Trade Act, the Family

Compact,Lord John Russell’s Ten Resolutions

7 . Describe the character and aims of (a ) L . J . Papineau ,and (b) Sir F . B . Head .

8 . Annotate five of the following extracts from LordDurham ’s Report

(a ) The sympath l es of the friends of reform arenaturally enlisted on the side of sound amelioration

,

which the English minority in vain attempted to introduce into the antiquated laws of the province .

(b) The institutions of France , during the period ofthe colonization of Canada, were , perhaps more thanthose of any other European nation

,calculated to repress

the intelligence and freedom of the great mass of thepeople . These institutions followed the Canadian colonist across the Atlantic .

(0) Lower Canada must be E n gl i sh at the expense ,if necessary

,of not being Br i ti sh .

(d) The colonial demagogue bids high for popu l aritywithout the fear of future exposure .

(e) The fact is that , accordin g to the present system ,

there is no real representative of the Crown i n theprovince .

(f ) Those who were not trusted with the management of a parish were enabled by their votes to influencethe destinies of a State .

(g) They [Upper Canada reformers] concentratedtheir powers

,therefore

,for the purpose of obtaining the

responsibility of the Executive Council. The Assemblyof Lower Canada attacked the Legislative Council .

(h) The union of the two provinces would secureto Upper Canada the present great obj ects of i ts desire .

[T'

1 1 9 1 2 ]


E volu tion of Can ad i an Self - Governmen t.

[An swer Qu esti on s 1 an d 8 an d at l east THREE others ]

1 . Annotatefive of the following extracts

(a ) The Cabinet in a colony is an ofiici a l party .

The Houses of Lords in the colonies have been createdby a l l the administrations which the people never couldinfluence or control .

(b) It is said, i f thi s principle had been in operationPapineau and Macken zie would have been ministers inthe respective provinces they disturbed !

(c) The last of the reserved bills of the late sessionhas reference to the long controverted subj ect of theClergy Reserves.

(d ) If you mean that the patronage of the Crown isto be surrendered

,for exclusive party purposes

,to the

Council then we are again at issue .

(6) When we can stand tyranny no longer, it will beseen whether good bayonets i n Saxon hands will not bemore than a match for a mace and a maj ority.

(f You talk somewhat l ightly’

of the check of theCrown . But is it indeed so light a matter

,even as our

constitution now works ?

(g) Amongst all classes there is a strong prevailingconviction that a political revolution in this country isat hand.

(h) In the imposition of taxation , it is so plainlynecessary that the administration and the people shouldbe in accord

,that the former cannot admit responsibility

or require approval beyond that of the local Legislature .

2 . What critici sms of Durham ’s plan of ‘ responsiblegovernment ’ were made in 1 839 b y the Committee of theUpper Canada Council ?

3 . How and when was local government introducedinto Canada ? When did it become representative ?


2

4. Account for Sydenham ’ s success as Gov ernor ofCanada.

5 . Define briefly E lgin’s conceptions of (a) the positionof a colonial Governor

,and (b) the future of the Empire .

6 . How far does the Canadian Constitu tion show signsof attraction to

,and of repulsion from

,American models

7 . On what grounds was the Confederation Act eritic i zed in the Imperial Parliament

8 . Comment onfive of the following passages

(a ) There is no fear of a deadlock between the twohouses .

(b) Fancy the celebrated In sti tu t Canadi en ofMontreal taking religion under their protection !

(0) It is not to be denied that such a coalition demanded no ordinary justification .

(d ) The carrying of merchandise into that countryand bringing down the bales of pelts ought to be ours

,

and must ere long be ours , as in the days of yore .

(e) It i s folly to suppose that this IntercolonialRailway will in the least degree be conducive to thedefence of the country .

(f) It will be none too easy a task to form anExecutive Council with its three members for LowerCanada an d satisfy the somewhat pressing ex 1gen cies ofher creeds and races .

(9 ) Whereas the prov inces of Canada, Nova Scotia,and New Brunswick have expressed their desire to befederally united into one Dominion under the Crownwith a constitution similar in principle to that of theUnited Kingdom .

(h) Until the Parliament of Canada otherwise provides

,all laws in force in the several provinces at the

Union [for regulating elections] shall respectively applyto elections of members to serve in the House of Commonsfor the same several provinces.

[T T. 1 91 2 ]

2

(d ) The value of money (other'

things being thesame) varies inversely as its quantity .

(e) Supply and demand are but another expressionfor reciprocal demand .

(f ) To tax the larger incomes at a higher percentagethan the smaller is to lay a tax on industry and economy.

B .

9 . What light does Domesday Book throw on theearly history of the rural community ?

1 0 . The Peasant Revolt was an upr1s1 ng again st thetyrannous system of vill einage— an uprising whichostensibly failed in a cause which triumphed in spite ofthat failure . ’ Discuss.

1 1 . Sketch the history of the woollen trade and industry to the end of the sixteenth century.

1 2. What were the economic effects of either (a) theDiscovery of the New World , or (b ) the Dissolution ofthe Monasteries , or (c) the Act of Union with Scotland ?

1 3. How far was the improvement in the condition ofthe l abouring classes durin g the Elizabethan period dueto State intervention ?

1 4.

‘Mercantilism broke down , not because its aimwas a wrong one , but j ust so far as its method wasfal se . ’ Discuss this statement.

1 5 . How far had the main economic results of theIndustrial Revolution become apparent before the endof the eighteenth century ?

1 6. How far does a modern trade union resemble acraft gild ?

[T T. 1 9 1 2 ]


Mi l i tary H i story and Strategy.

1 . The Pr i n ciples of Strategy .

[Can di dates are reminded that they shou ld show a

knowledge of Clau sewi tz, Ham ley, an d von der Gotta ]

1 . What do you consider the chief merits and defectsof Haml ey

’

s Operation s of War ?

2. The con centric form of attack l eads to more brill iant resul ts, the advantages of the eccentric are moresecure.

’ Discuss this statement, giving historicalexamples,3. Give the substance of Clausewitz’s v iews on any

two of the fol l owing subj ects : the connexion betweenwar and country : methodi cism : night fighting : thedefence of mountains : l imited war .

4.

‘La manoeuvre initial e d’une campagne offensive estcontenue en germe dans l e rassembl ement . ’ Discuss thisstatement , with special reference to the possibil ity offraming plan s of campaign in peace .5.

‘ It i s open to question if Clausewitz woul d nothave al tered h is views as to the superiority of thedefence over the attack , if he had had the opportunityof careful ly rev ising the original text ’ (von der Goltz) .What

,a

reasons can be brought forward in support of thisV i ew

6. Compare the v iews of von der Gol tz andHamley onthe proper use of fortresses.

7. The principl es of strategy can nev er change , thoughthe methods may vary .

’

How far is this assertionborne out by the wars of the French Revolution ( 1 792

8 . Comment briefly upon not more than four of thefol lowing passages from Haml ey(a) It is sometimes argued that very large armies

may become so unwieldy that they may b e defeated bysmal l er and more mobil e forces .

3K40 [Turn ever.

2

(b) When an army is extended over a Space beyondi ts strength

,the most fatal way of attack ing it is on the

centre .

(0) Tel egraphs wil l not remedy , in an appreciab ledegree , the ignorance of what is passing behind an

enemy ’

s front, and its consequences.

(d) The true uses of obstacl es are not merely toincrease the means of passiv e resistance .

(e) The first efforts of an invader from ov er season getting a force ashore wi l l almost always be d irectedtowards securing a suitable harbour for his . futureoperations .

(f ) Failure far more often resu l ts from faul ty execution of a plan of campaign than from want of perfectionin the plan itsel f.9 . Comment briefly on not more than four of the

fol l owing passages from von der Gol tz(a) Superior position in the state is of n ecessity

‘

the

natural due of officers as a cl ass .

b) The commander- in -chief ought to think ratherthan wield the pen .

(c) The sol dier’

s fatigue on the march is caused l essby the fact of his hav ing travel led a certain distance ,than by the l ength of time he is k ept under arms, ful lyaccoutred .

(d) Nev erthel ess, the l egendary bayon et charge re~tains stil l a deep sign ificance.

(e) It l ies in the"

n ature of the modern battl e thatthe immediate pursu it wil l , as a rul e, be absen t.

( f ) Ini tiative must not be confused , as is so oftendone, with the simpl e go at them1 0. Comment briefly on not more than four of

’

the

fol lowing passages‘

from Clausewi tz.(a ) The destruction of the enemy’s armed fOrce

appears , therefore, always as,

the superior and more

effectual means, to which al l others must give way.

(6) Activ ity in war i s movemen t in a resistan tmed i um.


Mi l i tary H i story and Stra tegy.

II . The Campaign of Water loo.

[Can d i dates shou ld attempt at least on e qu esti on

marked

1 . Give some account of the non-British contingents inWellington ’ s army

,and sketch the part played by any

on e of them in the campaign .

2 . What light do your authorities throw on the political relations between the British and the Prussian s .Did these in any way influence the course of the campaign ?

*3 . Show on a sketch-plan the distribution of Wel l ington ’s forces (a ) on the morning of June 1 5 , (b ) theirapproximate position s at noon on June 1 6 . Discuss thereasons for the comparative slowness of their movements .

4. Compare Napoleon’s chances of success at daybreakon June 1 7 , and at daybreak on June 1 8 , and accountfor the difference .

*5 . Discuss the principles underlying Wellington’s

tactical dispositions at Waterloo,and illu strate you r

answer by a sketch -map of the position occupied by hisarmy .

6 .

‘ B lucher was a born leader of men,but he was

neither a tactician nor a strategist . ’ Can you justifythis verdict ?

7 . Comment briefly upon not more than four of thefo l lowing passages from Houssaye

(a )‘ Gérard répond de Bourmont sur sa tete ’

,dit

l ’empereur . ‘ Gérard a tort ’

, répliqua l e prince d’

E ckmuhl . ‘Moi , je n e réponds de personne

, j e n e répondsque de moi . ’

.

(b) Chez lui , l es présomptions se changai en t vite encert1tudes. Q uand i l avait suppose une chose , cette chosedevait etre telle qu

’il l ’avait suppose.

3 K 41 [Turn over .

2

(c) C’

étai t une in'

conséquence de l ’empereur d ’

avoir

confié un ordre d ’une tell e importance a. un ofli c ier d’etatmajor aussi in expérimenté que l e comte de Forb in -Janson .

(d) Le mouvement n’

était pas si audacieux que lesAl lemands l’ont prétendu .

(e) L’

armée angl aise est moins agile , moins souple ,moins manoeuvri ére que la nOtre . Si l ’on n e peut lavaincre par une attaque directe, on peut le faire par desmanoeuvres .

(f) L’

intentien de l ’empereur était d ’

ordonner cc

mouv ement, mais u'ne heure plus tard .

(9) Le col onel Colborne, que l es soldats appel aien t

en Espagn e l e mangeur du feu entrain e l e

8 . Comment briefly on not more than fou r of thefo l lowing passages from Ropes

(a ) The Duke himself always maintained that thiswould have been Napol eon’ s best move .

(b) Bonaparte chose the direction between the twoarmies

,not in order to separate them by wedging himsel f

between .

(0 ) His recent arrival at the army and h is lack of aproper staff exon erate him compl etely from any bl amefor this unfortunate delay.

(at) We are asked to bel ieve that B lu cher wouldhav e retreated i f Wellington had told h im that he couldnot bring him any aid .

(e) In al l cases,keep constantly your

'

two corps ofinfantry united in a league of ground and occupy everyevening a good military position

,having several avenues

of retreat.

(f) Hougoumon t should have been attacked,un

doubtedly, but on ly by a moderate force .

9 . Comment briefly on not more than fou r of thefollowing passages from Si b orn e

(a ) The despatch , moreover, did not require him toestabl ish his head -

quarters at Hannut,but merely sug

gested that the l atter appeared the most suitable for thepurpose .

(6) Picton exclaimed,‘ 28th ! Remember Egypt. ’


Pol i tica l Sc ience.

[Candi dates are remi nded that they are requ ired to show

a kn owl edge of the prescr i bed teats ]

1 .

‘ There are many good reasons why a politicalphilosopher should concern himself with duties and notwith rights . ’ Discuss .

2. Comment on the following passages fromAristotle

(a) In Domestic Economy more attention is devotedto human beings than to in animate obj ects .

(b) There is an un speakable advantage in the senseof private property .

(0) The virtue of all the citizens can no more be oneand the same than the virtue of a leader and of a sub ~

ordinate member of a chorus .

(d) Learning does not mean amusing ourselves , asit necessarily involves a painful effort .

(e) On e who i s excessively wealthy or excessivelypoor cannot easily live a life conformable to reason .

3 . Does the mediaeval or the modern conception of thestate more nearly approximate to the ideals of Aristotle ?

4.

‘ To make political economy a part of morals is amistake. ’ Discuss this maxim from the standpoint ofthe Pol i ti cs.

5 . Comment on the following passages from Hobbes

(a) This pretence of Covenant with God is so evidenta lye, even i n the pretenders own consciences, that it isnot only an act of an unjust

,but also o f a v ile

,and un

manly d isposition .

( b) We wi l l be as al l other n ati on s, an d ou r K i n gshal l j u dge ou r cau ses, an d go before u s to con du ct ourwars. Here i s confirmed the right that sovereigns have

,

both to the Milit ia and to all Judicature .

(c) That.

Law can never be against Reason,our

Lawyers are agreed .

(d ) It is of the nature of Punishment to have forend the disposing of men to obey the Law.

3 K 23 [T urn ever .

2

6 .

‘ In pol itical regulations , good cannot be compl ete ,it can only be predominant . ’ Discuss this dictum ofDr. Johnson

,with special reference to the v iews of

Hobbes .

7 . How far has Maine ’s view of the origin and dev elopmen t of the i u s gen t

/tum been modified by sub se

quent criticism ?

8 .

‘Nothing in law springs entirely from a sense ofconvenience . There are always certain ideas existingantecedently on which the sense of convenience works ,an d of which it can do no more than form some n ew

combination .

’ Illustrate this remark from Maine ’s di scussien of the development of ancient law .

9 . What considerations,in Maine’s opinion , l ed ancient

soc1 et1es to ‘ the formation of a true criminal Jurisprudence ” ?

1 0 . What importance attaches , in modern problems ,to the question of the nature of sovereignty ?

1 1 . Th e General Strike is the most powerful weaponof social amelioration yet discovered ’ ‘ The GeneralStrike i s the negation of democracy

,and must bring

ruin upon any society which permits it to exist . ’ D is

cuss these statements .

] 2.

‘Democracy is no heaven- born institution . Thereis no right divine about it. Darwin has dismissed thefatal poisonous absurdities of Rousseau to the l imbo oflost rubbish .

’ Discuss .

[17

. T.

2

7 . Examine critical ly the economic arguments whichmay be brought forward in support of

(a) Imperial Preference .

(b) Commercial reciprocity between two countries .

8 .

‘ Der Irrtum der merkantil istischen Handelspolitikbestand zunachst darin , dass sie , durch die machtigew irtschaftliche Entwicklung Hollands und Englandsbestochen

,den au swartigen Handel fur die einzige oder

doch hauptsachl i chste Q uelle des Reichtums hielt . Sieirrte ferner mit der Meinung

,dass der Handelsgewinn

durch d i e Einfuhr von Edelmetall dem Lande dauernderals Rei chtumsv ermehrung erhalten bleibe als durch dieEinfuhr eines Wertii b erschusses in V erb rauchsgii tern .

Denn wenn mehr an solchen Gii tern eingefi i hrt w ird , sobraucht man im In lan de desto weniger an Aequ ivalen tenderselben zu erzeugen und es bleibt daher um so mehrKapital und Arbei t verfii gb ar zum Bau von Hausern ,von Fabriken , zu Strassen an lagen , Bodenverbesserungen ,ub erhaupt zur Schaffung v on dauernden El ementen desNationalreichtums . ’ (LEXI S .)

Transl ate , and examine critically the trade policyhere described .

9 . Comment on the following extracts

(a )‘ The scal e of prices existing in any country

the resu l t of well- defin ed causes .

’

(BASTABLE . )

(b)‘Resolved

,

That it is exped i ent that no foreign flour ormeal be al lowed to be imported into Great Britain .

’

(Corn Trade Report,

(c)‘ Capital and skill could not be compel l ed to

remain in this country : they were certain to emigrate,if they were impeded by burthen s which they wereunable to bear . ’ (HUSKISSON ,

(d) The tariff often aims at incompatible ends ;the duties are sometimes meant to be b oth productive ofrev enue and for pro tect ive obj ects . ’

(Import Du ti es Report,

(e) The two Governments will be free, for example,to extend to all countries the concessions they engageto make to one another. ’

(Correspon den ce r especti ng the Cobden Treaty.)

3

(f ) Owing to the check suffered by Lyons duringthe war of 1 8 70 , to the rapid industrial development ofGermany after the peace

,and to other causes

, Crefeldmade a rapid start forward .

’

(STRACHE Y’

S Report. )

(g)‘ It is true

,however

,that to the strict rules

of the navigation laws there were numerous exceptions . ’

(PITTAR’

S Report. )

(it)‘ In Deutschland sind besonders die ortl ichen

Preisdifferenzen zwischen den westlichen und den ost

lichen Landesteilen von Wichtigkeit,die haufig fast den

Weizenzoll in seiner j etzigen Ho’he erreichen .

’

(LEXIS )

[21 r .

2

7 . Would you agree with Gladstone that legislationfor the benefit of a class is a mistak e of the worst order ?On what grounds , if any , is it possible to justify taxationfor other than revenue purposes ?

8 . Is it an indication of good or bad finance when theChancellor of the Exchequer finds himself at the end ofthe financial year in possession of a considerable surplus ?What do your authorities say about the ‘ disposal of thesurplus ’

?

9 . Comment on the foll owing extracts

(a )‘ The use of a single tax would remove the

advantage that is obtained at present by reaching thedifferent forms of taxabl e capacity .

’

(BASTABLE .)

(b)‘The measures which have been tak en for the

prevention of smuggling have , in a great degree at least ,been successful . ’ (Finan ce Committee ,(0)

‘ There is n o subj ect upon which a minister ismore bound to be clear, explicit an d intell igible thanwhen he i s called upon to explain to Parliament thestate of the finances of the country .

’

(ROBINSON ,(d )

‘ The abol ition of the Malt Duty would bethe death -warrant of the whole of our system of indirecttaxation .

’

(GLADSTONE ,(e) The state is to tak e its share from the corpu s of

the whole property passing on the death of the deceased .

’

(HAB COURT ,

(f) ‘ If the capital taken i n loans is abstracted fromfunds either engaged in production , or destined to beemployed in it, their diversion from that purpose isequival ent to taking the amount from the wages of thelabouring c lasses . ’ (J. S . MILL . )

‘Land is not the only class of rateable propertythe value of which may be enhanced by circumstancesbeyond the infl uence or control of its owners .

’

(Fi n a l Report on Loca l Taxati on . )

(h) Zugleich wird u b rigen s in der dauernd beibehaltenen Einkommensteuer doch auch wohl ein Mittelgesehen

,um im Sinne gerechterer Steuerverthei l ung die

wohlhabenderen Classen angemessener m itzub el asten .

’

(WAGNER )[T. T.


The M am luke Per i od .

1 . What causes led to the Ottoman conquest of Egypt ?

2 . Describe the cu rsu s hon orum ( series of offices) atthe Mam luk e court . Whence was the system derived ?

3 . In what ways did the j udicial system inauguratedby Bai b ars I differ from those of other Mohammedanstates ? Q uote examples ill ustrating its effectiveness.

4 . Compare the financial system of the Mam l uk e

Sultans with that of modern Egypt .

5 . Estimate the services to the Egyptian empire ofK i lawfi n and al -Nasir .

6 .

‘ Palestine was more prosperous under the Franksthan in the preceding or the subsequent centuries . ’

Criticize this Opinion .

7 . Describe and account for the growth of the religiousorders during this period .

8 . W hat is known of the duties an d emoluments ofthe Caliphs ? Notice any occasion s on which theyplayed a prominent part in Mamluk e history .

9 . At what period did the territories of the EgyptianSultans attain their greatest extent ? Illustrate youranswer with a map .

1 0 . Which of Ibn Khal dun ’

s generalizations are basedon a study of Egyptian history ?

[T. T. 1 9 1 2]

3 K 44

2

gal-4 1“ 691 )t w

its.“

l“ ? V9

13 )31093”5&1 i

w Gi laLS”M ag N t h is : Al

?“ b li g f lé lj h f w. it

W 11 m l ! h tL; an 6

1, a,nu, a

, 11 as, s,

w m, .anf'

gu sf , u

lh lJ l w Us. in up h . JS ‘ a,a s

, ah min K., h e have, sm -

a i sus u se.

n usr“

)h ul l, Q uas i g h , w e su

amg) .

(a slash

U g o.” !Li ‘ sthi n.“

0° Jf é l cj

°1° d l3 $3 0 “ is“

What do we learn of the relations between theAbyssinians and the Mamluk e Sultans ?

u m , Uh.

runs , u

npai d

}. 1 u (c)

un i w i l l sis/(

U.

65” h ul l m mJ; (

an

Li l o/(o C

'

J u y-a -

jl A3l<>

Lg rug-1 51 0 5 ) J i g”) ( Q ACL) d

l‘n ‘ l a l

elf “ ‘

r“ all u r b

is”J‘ E}: “ vhf " c l‘ @3ofl

’Lb’g M

3

Q}; wags u~°bus ? w t h an

umi t eel s 3

Comment on this passage .

[T. T.


Un seen Tr an slation s .

[TWO hou rs a re a l lowed for thi s pap er . Can did ates who

ojj‘er m ore than on e la ngu age n eed on ly attemp t one

of the Fren ch passages ]

1 . Deux idées avaient soulevé l e moyen age hors del’

in forme b arb aric : l’une religieuse , qui avait dressé lesgigantesques cathédrales et déraciné les popul ations pourles pousser sur la Terre sainte ; l

’autre sécuh ere, qu i

avait bati les forteresses féodales et,

planté l ’homme decoeur debout et armé sur son domaine ; l

’une qui avaitproduit l e héros aventureux , l

’autre qui avait produitl e moine mystique ; l

’

une qu i est la croyance en Dieu ,l’autre qu i est la croyance en soi. Toutes deux exces

siv es,avaient dégénéré par l ’emportemen t de leur propre

force : l ’une avait exalté l ’in dépen dan ce jusqu’

a la révolte

,l ’autre avait égaré la piété jusqu a l

’

en thousiasme

la premiere rendait l’homme impropre a la vie civile, laseconde retirait l ’homme de la vie naturelle ; l

’une,insti

tuant l e désordre,dissolvait la société

la déra‘ison,pervertissait l ’in tel l igen ce . Il avait fallu ré

primer la chevalerie qui aboutissait au brigandage et

refréner la dévotion qu i amenait la servitude . La féodalité turbulente s ’était énervée comme la théocratie oppressive , et les deux grandes passions mai tresses

,privées de

leur seve et retranchées de leur tige , s’

alangui ssaien t

j usqu a laisser la monotonie de l’

hab i tude et lo gout dumonde germer a leur place et fieur ir sous leur nom .

2 . Q u’est- cc donc que cette race francaise qu i , par les

armes et l es lettres,fait dans l e monde une entrée si

éclatante , et va dominer si visiblement qu’en Orient

,par

exemple, on donnera son nom de Francs atous les peuplesde l ’Occiden t ? En quoi consiste cet esprit nouveau ,inv enteur précoce

,ouvrier de toute la civilisation du

moyen age ? 1 1 y a dans chaque esprit une action el emen taire qu i , incessamment répétée, compose sa trameet lui donn e son tour : a la ville ou dans - les champs

,

cultivé ou inculte , enfant ou vieillard, i l passe sa v i e et

emploie sa force a concevoir nu événement ou un obj et ;c ’est la sa démarche originelle et perpétuel le , et i l a beau

3 K 31 [Tu rn over .

2

changer de terrain,revenir

,avancer , all onger et varier

sa course,tout son mouvement n ’est j amais qu

’

un e suitede ces pas j oints bout a bout ; en sorte que la moindreal teration ‘ dan s la grandeur, la promptitude ou la sureté

de l ’enjamb ée primitive transforme et régit toute lacourse

,comme dans uh arbre la structure du premier

bourgeon dispose tout l e feuillage et gouverne toute lavégétation . Q uand l e Francal s concoit um événement ouun

b

obj et, i l l e concoit vite et distinctement ; n u l troubl ein té1 ieur , n u l le fermentation préalable d ’

i dées confuseset violentes qu i , a la fin concentrées et él ,aborées fassentéruption pa i nu c1 i . Les mouvements de son in tel l i

gence sont adroits et prompts comme ceux de ses membres ;premier coup

,et sans effort , i l met la main sur son

i ée .

3 . Die berechtigten Hoffnungen der Ku rfurstin Sophiewurden vereitelt durch den im Ma1 z 1 702 eingetretenenTod des KOn igs Wilhelm . Seine Nachfolgerin , d i eKonigin Anna

,schreibt zwar sogleich an Sophie, dass

sie fi i r das Haus Hannover diesel ben Gesinnungen hege ,W ie ihr V organger ; aber die Kurfurstin scheint de1Wahrheit j ener Worte nicht recht getraut zu haben ; am2 . Ap1 il 1 702 schreibt sie an die Raugrafin Louise .

‘ Diej etzige Konigin v on England hat m i r sofort v ersichert,class sie dieselbe Gnade f ’

ur mich und mei n Haus habenw ii rde , wie der vorige Ko

’nig. Dieses hat mir ein Han dschreiben an ihre Maj . gekostet. Oh man mich wird inEngland verlangen, wird die Zeit lehren .

’

Und am 1 3 .

April schreibt sie derselben : Von der Reise nach Englandwird weder in England noch hier geredet

,weder fur

meinen Enk el noch fii r mich . Die KOn ig in Anna istnoch wohl

,obschon man ihrer Maj . linke Hand hat

k ii ssen m ii ssen , weil die andere wegen des Podagrav erbunden war . ’ Die Kurfurstin bedauert dann noch ,dass der Schwager der Raugrafin ,

der Herzog von Schenburg, fii r ihre Sache in England nicht werde wirk enk O

’

nn en ;‘ derselbe schreibt sie ,

‘ wird so viel Andereszu

.

thun haben,dass e1 an mich nicht denken wird .

’

‘Ub r igen s,’ setzt si e resign i el t hinzu ,

‘ denke ich,es ist

gleich , ob ich hier stel b e oder l n England . Der fruherenVersprechungen Wil helms III . in Betreff eines Jahrgel dsfii r Sophie und der Ub e1 k un ft nach Engl and wird j etztnicht mehr gedacht . Bei Gel egenheit der Bewil l igung

o . 1 646 On e Sh i l l i n g n et

OXFORD UNIV E RSITY

E XA M INA T IO N PAP E R S



TRINITY TE RM, 1 9 1 3

OXFORD

AT THE CLARE NDON PRE SS

SOLD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS DEPOSITORY1 1 6 HIGH STREET

2

(h) E t qe v ene des armes soit fete deus foiz par anE t en chesoun hundred e fraun chise seyent el ene deusconestab les a fere la v eue des armes .

(Statu te of Wi n chester .)

(i ) Le roi ad grante a soen poeple qi l eien t el eccionde l eur v iscontes en chescun conte ou visconte n e est miede fee si l voelen t. (Arti cu l i super cartas,

2 .

‘The ceorls were sinking more and more towardsa state of servitude before the Conquest.

’ Discuss andillustrate this statement .

3 . Sk etch the history of the Frankpl edge system .

4. Was Henry II in his constitutional reforms ratherthe successor of Henry I or the forerunner of Edward I ?

5 . Estimate the value of the part pl ayed by the Churchi n the development of the Constitution during thethirteenth century .

6. Discuss the constitutional importance of the parl iament of 1 2 75 .

7 . Is it accurate to say that the early liberties ofEngland were won rather with the money than with theblood of Engl ishmen ?

8 . What were the constitutional aims of the variousparties between 1 258 and 1 265 ?

9 . Trace the attempts of Parl iament to inv estigate andreform the abuses of the administration during the fourteenth century .

1 0. Examine the functions of the Counci l i n the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries .

1 1 .

-How and when was the sheriff displaced as themain- spring of l ocal government in England ?

1 2 . Classify the chief sources of our knowl edge of constitutional history for the period between the NormanConquest and the accession of the Tudors .

[T. T.


Con sti tuti ona l Hi story .

II.

[Can d idates are expected to attempt Qu esti on

1 . Comment briefly on five of the following passages

(a ) The sums of money paid in the name of customsand subsidies of wares and merchandizes is an anci entrev enue annexed and united to your imperial crown .

( 1 Eliz. c . xi .)(b) The churchwardens of every parish and four ,

three or two substantial househol ders there,

who shallbe nominated yearly in Easter week

,or within one month

after Easter,under the hand and seal of two or more

j ustices of the peace in the same county, whereof one tobe of the quorum shall be called overseers of the poorof the same parish . (Poor Law,

(0) Furthermore we notify by these presents that allreturns and certificates of knights ,-citizens, and burgessesought and are to be brought to the Chancery

,and there

filed of record. (Proclamati on of E lecti on s. )

(d) Divers of your subj ects hav e of late been imprisoned without any cause showed , and when for theirdel iverance they were brought before your Justices , byyour Maj esty ’s writs of Habeas Corpus no cause wascertified , but that they were detained by your Maj esty

’

s

special command, signified by the Lords of your PrivyCouncil . (Peti ti on of Right.)

(e) That the people of England (being at this dayvery unequally distributed by counties , cities, andboroughs for the election of their representatives) be indi fferently proportioned . (Agreemen t of the Peop le. )

That a constant yearly rev enue shall be raised,

settl ed,and established which revenue shall be raised

by the customs ‘

and such other ways and means as shallbe agreed upon by the Lord Protector and the Council

,

and shall not be tak en away or dimin ished, nor the wayagreed upon for raising the same be altered b u t by theconsent of the Lord Protector and the Parliament .

(In strumen t of Governmen t.)3 K 26 [Turn over .

2

(g) That no pardon under’

the Great Seal of Englandbe pleadabl e to an Impeachment by the Commons inParl iament . (Act of Settl emen t.)

(h) That no person who shall have in his own nameor in the name of any person or persons in trust for himor for his benefit any new ofii ce or place of trust whatsoever under the Crown which at any time since the 2 5thday of October , 1 705 , have been created shal l

'

b e

capabl e of being elected or of sitting and voting as amember of the house of Commons. (Place Act,

(i ) That on‘

every such trial, the j ury sworn to try

the issue may give a general verdict of Guilty , or NotGuil ty

,upon the whol e matter put in issue upon such

indictment or information . (Fox’

s Li bel Act.)

2 . Give some account of the special courts and councilsemployed by the Tudor sovereigns for secul ar affairs ,explaining their function s and their relations with thePrivy Council

3 . What were the principal question s affecting priv ilegeo f parl iament which were in debate during the reigns ofEl izabeth and James I ?4 . Analyse the methods by which the ecclesiasticalsupremacy of the crown was made effective from HenryVIII to Charles I. How far was the supremacy sharedwith Parl iament ?

5 . What were the principal sources of revenue of thecrown between 1 603 and 1 628 , and how far were theyfree from the control of Parl iament ?

6. On what occasions during the sev enteenth centurydid “ Parliament attempt to deal with feudal tenures ?What was the final sol ution of the question ?

7 .

‘ In order to carry on gov ernment,the Common

wealth had to reviv e and establish many of the practiceswhich had been most loudl y condemned in

,

Charl es I .

’

Discuss this statement. How far is it borne out by thedocuments of the Commonwealth period ?

8 . A Restoration is always a Revolution .

’

How fardoes this apply to the Restoration settlement underCharl es II


E ngl i sh Pol iti ca l Hi story .

[Can di dates are expected to an swer qu esti ons froma l l three secti on s of the paper , i n clu di n g at l east

ONE of those marked an d to avoi d qu esti on s on

thei r speci a l su bj ects ]A .

1 . Give some account of the oldest wr i tten authoritiesfor Anglo - Saxon History down to the year 8 00 and estimate their respective values .

2 . Compare the characters and careers of Wil fridand Dunstan .

3 . Can it be maintained that England made any con

si derab l e progress in civilization between the days ofBede and the days of Edward the Confessor ?*4. What was a burh ? Describe and illustrate bya sk etch -map the system of fortifications by which theHouse of Alfred recovered and secured the Dane- law .

*5 . How were the English shires grouped into greatearldoms ? Explain the growth of the earl doms bya sketch-map or maps .

6. What did Wessex,as contrasted with other English

kingdoms, gain by its intercourse with the FrankishEmpire and with other continental countries ?

7 . Discuss the statement that Harold Godw in sson

usurped the throne in January,1 066 . What other

possible candidates were there ?

B .

*8 . Describe and illustrate with a sketch-map or mapsthe changes in frontier ei ther between England andScotland or between England and Wales down to thedeath of Edward I.

9 . Discuss the twelfth century as the golden age ofmonasticism in England

,and

,if possible

,illustrate your

answer from the history of any particular religious house .

3 K 19 [T urn ov er .

2

1 0 . In an age when the defence was almost everywheresuperior to the attack

,the ease with which the English

Kings triumphed over feudal revolts was remarkable . ’

Examine and illustrate this statement .

1 1 Point ou t the importance in mediaeval historyof any on e English town other than London .

1 2 . Account for the slight interest in the Crusadesmanifested by the Anglo -Norman barons .1 3. Contrast the characters and aims of Henry II and

Thomas Becket .

1 4 . Were the foreign possessions of our Kings before1 307 an advantage to England or the reverse

C.

1 5 . Give some account of the rise and growth of theHouse of Lancaster down to its u surpation of the Crown .

1 6. Trace down to 1 485 the history of the interestof England in the independence of the Low Countries .*1 7 .

‘ The English commanders in the Hun dred Years ’

War were victorious mainly owing to superior tactics , andhad little merit as strategists . ’ What exception s can betaken to this statement ? Illustrate your answer bya sketch -map or maps .

1 8 . Illustrate from the history of the fourteenth andfifteenth centuries the weakness and the fears of theEnglish Church .

1 9 . Were any questions other than economic at issuein the Peasant Revolt of 1 38 1 Write a brief accountof that ev ent.

20 . Give some account of the two Universities ofEngl and in the Middle Ages, and of the system of education there pursued .

2 1 . Write a character ei ther of Cardinal Beaufort or ofRichard III .

[T. T.

2

1 0 . Compare Pym and Shaftesbury as party leaders .

l l . Sketch the history of the political newspaper inthe Stuart period .

1 2 . Trace the gradual changes in Cromwell ’s politicalOpinions throughou t his public life.

1 3 . He showed his j udgement in this that he cannotproperly be said ever to have had a favou r i te, thoughsome might look so at a distance .’ (Halifax, Characterof King Charl es II .) Examine the truth of this statement .

*1 4. Describe with a sketch -map the Irish campaignsof 1 690 and 1 69 1 .

C

1 5 . Point out the significance of the career of Bolingbroke .

>l< 1 6. Il lustrate the influence of naval power on thecourse of the Seven Years ’ War, and describe witha sk etch -map any one naval campaign of that war .

1 7 . Compare the Whigs of 1 760 with the Whigs of1 8 30 .

1 8 . Which of Burke ’s speeches and writings shed mostl ight upon the English politics of his time ? Give reasonsfor your answer.

1 9 . When did the Eastern Q uestion begin to bea source of anxiety to Engli sh statesmen ? At whattimes previous to 1 8 30 was this anxiety most acute ?

20 . Sk etch the growth of a new colonial empire in thehalf century fol lowing the peace of Versailles .

21 . Trace the influence of the evangelical movementupon English politics .

[T. T.


Gen era l Hi story. Per iod I. (284

I .

[At least ONE of the qu esti on s marked shou ld be :

attempted ]*1 . Describe

,with a sketch -map or maps , the frontiers of

the Roman Empire in Europe at the date of Constantine ’sinvasion of Italy , pointing out both the strong and theweak spots .>l‘2. Discuss the advantages of Byzantium as the n ew

capital of the Empire,and illustrate your answer by a

sketch-map or maps .

3 . Trace the history of the struggle ofArianism againstCatholicism within the Roman Empire down to the

year 38 1 .

4. Examine the weak points in the religious andpolit ical position of the Emperor Julian .

5 . What were the chief merits of the government ofTheodosiu s I ?

6 . Account for the poverty of written authoriti es forWestern history after 37 8 .

7 . Explain the meaning of the words—fis cu s, di oecesi s,patroci n i um, l i m i tan ei , fu n du s, comes .

8 . Give some account of early Christian art asillustrating early Christian belief.

9 . Trace the origin an d g rowth of the Eremitic andCoenobite movements throughout your period .

1 0 . Discuss the character and career ei ther of Stilichoor of Galla Placidia .

*1 1 . Describe and illu strate with a sketch-map thefortunes of the Span ish provinces of the Empire fromthe close of the third century to the middle of the fifth .

1 2 . Why did pagani sm die harder in the Senate ofRome than elsewhere in the Empire ?

1 3.

‘ Before the pon tificate of Leo I the claims of theRoman See to primacy had hardly been formulated

.

’

Examin e this statement .3 K ] [T. T .


Gen era l Hi story. Per i od III. (9 1 9

I .

[Cand idates shou ld attempt at l east ONE of the qu esti on smarked an d shou ld avoid qu esti on s on thei r speci a l

su bj ect ]

1 . Sketch the history of the Magyars down to theissue of the Golden Bull

2 . Describe the condition of Italy and of the Papacy inthe middle of the tenth century .

*3 . Give some account of the principal feudal states ofFrance at the opening of the eleventh century . Add asketch -map .

4 . Compare the contributions respectively made bythe Cluniac and the Cistercian orders to the religiousrevivals of the eleven th and twel fth centuries .

*5 .

‘Under the Macedonian Emperors the EasternEmpire formed an oasis of prosperity and good government between the anarchy of the Latin West and theanarchy of the Saracen East. ’ Amplify and discuss thisstatement . and draw a sketch-map of the Eastern Empirein the middle of the elev enth century .

6 . Narrate the career of Gerb ert of Rheims . How fardid he foreshadow the intellectual revival of the elev enthcentury

7 . Give some account of the heresies of the eleventhand twel fth centuries . Wou ld you draw any distinctionbetween the heresies which preceded and those whichfol lowed the First Crusade ?

8 . What j ustification is there for the view that theGerman kingdom was at its strongest in the reign ofHenry III ?>l<9 . Show the importance of the relations between thePopes and the County of Tuscany , to the death of theCountessMatilda . Add a sketch-map showing the extentof the Mati l din e lands .

3K 5 [Tu rn over .

2

1 0 . What circumstances made the Saxon Revol tpecu l iarly dangerous in el ev enthcentury Germany ?

1 1 . In what ways did Hildebrand extend the controlof the Papacy over the church ?*1 2. Describe with a sketch -map the condition ofWestern Asia at the end

'

of the eleventh century , andshow how it facil itated the advance of the earlycrusaders .

[T. T.

2

1 1 . Give some account of the history during yourperiod of an y on e University outside England .

1 2 . Discu ss the causes of the failure of Frederick II(a ) to rule Germany, (b) to utilize the strength of Germanyfor imperial purposes .

1 3 . Explain the following allusions in Dante ’s D i vi n aCommedi a

(a) Io son colui che tenni ambo le chiaviDel cor di Federico .

Lo strazio e i l grande scempioChe fece l ’Arb ia colorata in rosso .

(c) E l ’al tra,i l cu i ossame ancor s ’accogl i e

A Ceperan , la dove fu bugiardoCiascun Pugliese

,e la da Tagliacozzo

Ove senz’ arme vinse i l vecchio Alardo .

[T . T.



[At least ONE of the qu esti on s marked shou ld be

attempted ]

1 . Estimate the real importance of Rudol f ofHabsburgin German history .

*2. Describe the growth of France eastwards between1 2 73 and 1 41 5 . Ill ustrate your answer with a sketchmap .

3. In what ways did the residence of the Popes atAvignon exercise an evil influence upon the Church ?

4. How far were Philip VI and John personallyresponsible for the calamities which befell France intheir reigns ?

5 . Give an account of the growth and decline of theServian power in the fourteenth century

6. Account for the comparative insign ifican ce of Genoaafter the war of Chioggia .

7 . Compare the spirit and method of Dante’s DeMonarchi a w ith those of the Defen sor Paci s by Marsi l ius .

8 . What general causes promoted the rise of theTyran ts ’ in Italy ?

*9 . Show by means of a sketch-map the extent ofGerman ascendancy in the Baltic lands at its widest .What were the circumstances which rendered that ascendancy precarious, and how was it broken up ?

1 0 . Should the fourteenth century be considered anage of artistic decadence ? Give reason s for youranswer .

[T u rn over .

2

1 1 . Illustrate from the visits of the Emperors to Italyi n the fourteenth century the weakness of imperialauthority (a ) in Italy , (b) in Germany.

*1 2. Describe the extent of the knowledge of the worl doutside Europe possessed by Europeans at the beginningof the fifteenth century .

1 3. What were the distinctive pecul iarities of parliamentary institutions in Castil e and Arragon ?

[T T.

2

1 1 .

‘ One cann ot but be struck with the resemblanceb etween the histories of Hungary and of Bohemia inthe latter hal f of the fifteenth century .

’ Discuss thispoint.

1 2. Do you ascribe the failures of Maximilian’s foreignpolicy more to his lack of character or to his lack ofmon ey ?

1 3. Il lustrate from any artists with whose work youare acquainted what seem to you the distinctive notes ofRenaissance art.

[T T.


Gen era l Hi story. Per iod V. ( 1 41 4


attempted ]

1 . Expl ain the attitude of the following to the Concil iarmovement — Jean Gerson

,Card inal Cesari n i , Aeneas

Sylvius .

>l‘2. Describe , with a map , the political situation in theBalkan peninsula at the beginning of your period , andtrace the subsequent advance of the Ottomans down to1 460 .

3 . Illustrate the political and military importance ofParis in the fifteenth century .

4. Discuss the significance of the reign of Charles VIIin the history of French institutions .

5 . Describe the circumstances of the interviews ofCharles the Bold with Louis XI at Peronne andwith Frederick III at Trier How did theseevents affect his career ?

6 . To what extent did the German towns enj oy realcommercial or political prosperity durmg the fifteenthcentury ?

7 . Describe the change effected by Cosimo de’ Mediciin the foreign policy of Florence

,and consider its

wi sdom .

*8 . Compare the value of the contributions maderespectively by Sixtus IV and by the Borgi as to thetemporal power of the Papacy . Illustrate your answerwith a sketch-map of the States of the Church .

9 . How was it that Charles VIII so easily won and soeasily lost the kingdom of Napl es ?1 0 . State shortly the results of the reigns of Ferdinand

and Isabella on their Spanish dominions .

[T u rn over .

2

1 1 .

‘ On e cannot but be struck with the resemblancebetween the histories of Hungary and of Bohemia inthe latter half of the fifteenth century .

’ Discuss thispoint .

1 2 . Do you ascribe the failures of Max1mi l ian ’

s foreignpolicy more to his lack of character or to h is lack ofmoney ?

1 3. Account for the in sign ifican ce of the ScandinavianStates in the European hi story of this age .

1 4. Illustrate from any artists with whose work youare acquainted what seem to you the distinctive notes ofRenaissance art .

[T T.

*1 0 . Draw’

a sketch -map to illustrate the war of Dutchindependence

,indicating the provinces and the following

places— Alkmaar,Alost

,Amsterdam , Brill , Gemb lours ,

Gemmingen,Ghent , Haarlem ,

Heiligerlee,Leyden

,Mook

,

Mons , Naarden , Z ieri ckzee.

1 1 . What were the measures by which Henry IVpacified his country at the close of the Wars of Religion ?Had the Huguenots any just cause for dissatisfaction ?

1 2 . Estimate the importance of the'

pon tificate ofSixtus V .

1 3 . Compare the condition of Poland with that ofRusma in the last quarter of the sixteenth century .

[T T.

SCHOOL OF MODERN HISTORY .

Gen er a l Hi story . P er i od VI. ( 1 55 9

[A t l east ONE of the qu esti on s m arked shou l d be

attempted ]1 . Explain the system of government of the Ottoman

Empire at the beginning of this period .

2 . Wh at were the chief problems facing Ferd inand Iwhen he became emperor ? With what success did hehandle them ?3.

‘ It was the man far more than the measures thatwas the inciting cause of the troubles that ended in revolt . ’

How far is this true of Philip II i n his relations withthe Netherlands ?4. Estimate the importance of the Pon tificate of

Sixtus V.

*5 . Draw a sketch -map to illustrate the war of Dutchindependence

,indicating the provinces an d the following

places,Alkmaar

,Alost , Amsterdam ,

Brill, Gemb lours ,

Ghent,Haarl em , Heiligerlee, Jemmingen , Leyden , Mook ,

Mons,Naarden

,Zierikzee .

6 . Trace the causes of the failure of the League inFrance .7 . Compare the condition of Poland with that of

Russia in the first half of this period .

8 . Discuss the importance of the Clev es -Juliers succession question .

9 . What causes led to the interference of (a ) Denmarkand (b) Sweden in the Thirty Years

’ War ?>l‘ l O. Discuss the part played by Wallenstein in theThirty Years ’ War and illustrate w ith a sketch -map anyone of his campaigns .>l< 1 1 . Trace the history of Rich elieu ’s interventions i nItaly and illustrate by a sketch -map the distribution ofpolitical power in that country .

1 2 . Point out the chief devel opments in the art of warduring this period .

1 3 . Trace the relations between Spain and Portugaldu ring your period.

3K 1 1 [T T. 1 9 1 3 ]


Gener a l H i story . Per i od VII. ( 1 7 1 5

I .

[Can d i dates shou ld attempt at l east ONE of thequ esti on s marked

1 . Compare and contrast the economic and poh ti calpos1 tion of the Austrian state with that of the Prussianstate in the first half of the eighteenth century .

Describ e and illustrate with a sketch-map or mapsthe several shiftings of the balance of power in Italybetween 1 7 1 5 and 1 748 .

Das liebe , hei l’

ge rom’

sche Reich ,Wie halt’s nur noch zusammen ? (GOETHE . )

Why did that strange bundle of states , the Empire ,hold together ?

4. Discuss the history of the several so- called FamilyCompacts in the eighteenth century . Did they expressany community of interest between the contractingparties

*5 . Estimate the importance of Bavaria as a factor inEuropean politics in the eighteenth century ; illustrateyour answer by a sketch -map .

6 . What attempts at reform weremade in Spain duringthe reign of Charles III ?*7 . By what Sophistries did the three Eastern Powersrespectively excuse themselves for their proj ects of partition directed against Poland and the Ottoman Empire ?Show by a sketch -map or maps the limits of theiracquisitions in 1 77 2 and 1 7 74.

8 . Explain an y three of the following terms Conseild’etat ’, eilende Reich sexecution sarmee

’

,

‘ROmermonate’

,

Liberum Veto ‘Acte van Con su len tschap ArmedNeutrality Assembly of Notabl es9 . What causes led to the suppression of the Order of

the Jesuits

1 0 . Had Catherine II any right to pose as a ‘ reformingsovereign

3K 1 3 [T u rn over .

2

1 1 . Discuss the policy and the historical reputationof an y on e of the following statesmen z— the Abbé Dubois

,

the Marquis d’

Argen son , the Due de Choiseul, the Comtede Vergennes .

1 2 . What do you consider to have been the true needsof France

,as regards internal reform , in the reign of

Louis XVI1 3 . Examine the claim of Frederick the Great to be

considered the first sold ier of his age .

[T. T.

2

*1 2 . How far was Napoleon ’s overthr ow in the campaignof 1 8 1 2 or in that of 1 8 1 3 due to his own faults asa general ? Illustrate your answer with a sketch -map .

1 3. What do you conceive to have been the guidingprinciples of Napol eon

’s policy with reference to religion

,

to education,and to general intellectual life in France ?

[T. T. 1 9 1 3 ]

SCHOOL ' OF MODE RN HISTORY.

Genera l Hi story . Per i od VIII. (1 789

[Cand idates shou ld attemp t at l east ONE of the qu esti on smarked

1 . Explain the circumstances which enabled the

Jacobins to seize power in August, 1 792 .

2. Why was the government of the Directors neithergood nor stable ?

3 . Hoche , Moreau , Massena— to which of these wouldyou give the highest place as a general ? State yourreasons .

4. To what extent was Austrian foreign policy between1 78 9 and 1 8 1 5 guided by fixed principles

*5 . Describe the successive political transformations ofItaly between 1 797 and 1 8 1 0 . Illustrate your answerwith sketch-maps .

6 . Describe the successive changes in French localadministration during the period of the Revolution andEmpire .

7 . The French Revolution has been described as‘ thoroughly bou rgeoi s and individualist in spirit ’

.

Examine the j ustice of this criticism .

8 . Explain fully the reasons why Prussia remained atpeace with France from 1 795 to 1 8 06 .

'

9 . Did Napoleon succeed in turning Polish patriotismto the best account ?*1 0 . When and why were the lands between the lowerRhine and Lii b eck brought under direct French rul e ?Illustrate your answer with a sketch -map .

1 1 . What circumstances might be considered to prov eFrench m il itary decaden ce after 1 807

3K 15 [Turn over .

2

*1 2 . How far was Napoleon ’s ov erthrow in the campaignof 1 8 1 2 or in that of 1 8 1 3 due to his own faults asa general ? Illustrate your answer with a sketch -map .

What do you conceive to hav e been the guidingprinciples of Napol eon’s policy with reference to religion ,

to education,and to general intellectual life in France ?

[T. T.

2

1 1 . What do you consider to have been the chiefinternal and external problems confronting United Italysince 1 860 ?

1 2 . During the second half of the nineteenth centurymilitarism and industrialism hav e destroyed all thegenerous ardours which in the first part of the centurywere inspired by the sentiments of liberal ism andnational ism .

’

Criticize this statement.

1 3 . It is now generally acknowl edged , except by theteachers of history at our Universities

,that the study of

any period of history until at least three generation s haveelapsed from the events thereof

,is futile if not mis

chievous .’ Discuss this proposition .

[T T.


Hi ldebrand . I.

[Can di dates are exp ected to attempt the qu esti on s

marked

1 . State what you learn from your au thorities abouta ny three of the following : Swein E stri thson ; theAlpine passes and thei r guardians ; the Patarines atMilan ; Richard ,

Prin ce of Capua Manasses I , Archbishopof Rheims ; the future Pope Urban II ; William theConqueror .2 . Of the writings on the Imperialist side the bitter

hatred of the Church has left few remaining to us ’

(RICHTE R) . Discuss this point and mention any of suchwritings stil l extant other than your set authorities .3 .

‘ Inan ia b l aterat Lampertus, harum rerum ignarus’

(HOLDER -EGGER) . Correct from your other authoritiesthis annalist’s account of the scene at Canossa .

4. Il lustrate from your authorities the turbul enceof the Rhenish cities , and the attitude of the citizenstowards their bishops .5 . Discuss the proposition that Lampert was probably

a disappointed candidate for the abbacy of Hersfeld .

*6. Comment on not more than fou r of the followingpassages from Lampert

,il lustrating

,where possible

,from

your other authorities

(a ) Principes Saxon iae creb ris con v en ti cu l is agitabant de i n iuri is, quibus sub imperatore [Hei n ri co III]affecti fueran t.

(b) Anno Colon i en si s arch iepi scopus, eXpu l sis deSalefel t canon i cis, vitam illio in stitu it monasticam .

(c) Legatos m ittunt ad regem postulantes ut

expeditio, quam in Pol enos in stituerat, sibi rem i tteretur .

(d) Adversus hoc decretum protinus vehementerin fremu i t tota factio cl eri corum .

(e) Pol l i cen s postremo,u l tro se iure suo cedere

cisque gub ernan di disponendique pro suo arb itratu

tocius regni ius potestatemque facere, dummodo equoanimo paterentur sola regi i nominis regi i que cul tus ratasibi manere insignia


2

(f ) His pau latim rebus Italorum indignatio mitigari

,furor deflagrare, studia denuo in cum in cal escere

ceperun t, ita u t frequenter in dies ad cum mu ltitudo

conflueret.

7 . Illustrate the statement that Bruno of Magdeburgis more a Saxon patriot than a Gregorian churchman .

*8 . Comment on not more than f ou r of the followingpassages from Bruno , illustrating, where possibl e, fromyour oth er authorities

(a) Cumque al icu i si c epi scopatum dedi sset,si ei

alius plus daret vel eius magis facinora laudaret,i l l um

priorem quasi symon iacum fecit deponi,

et istamsecundum quasi sanctum in eodem loco consecrari .

(b) Romanos etiam quampl urimos pecunia corrupit,et utHi l deb randum ab apostol icae sedis honore dei i cerent,tal ib us l itteris orav i t.

(c) Sed .Magedab urgen si s ab in col i s illins patriaei n terceptu s , m i serab ih ter occi di tur ; Merseb urgen sis verodespol iatus in patriam nudus rev ertitur .

(d) Delude quoque hoc m i 1 an dum cen semu s, quodillin s hominis causam cum il l is hom in i bus discutereiu b emuI

,quos ut1 osque legatus sanctae Rom anae ecclesiae

vestra iussion e a l im in i b u s sanctae ecclesiae separav it.

(e) Nam fl amma latum faci en tes iter, v en erun t n onlonge a Bab en b erg , i b i que Suevos v eteres am icos hab en tesobvios

,de communi n egotio regis con stituen di communi

consil io tractav erun t, et post ma ltos tractatus ut Herimannum regem el igeren t, unanimiter omnes con sen serun t.

*9 . Write brief notes on the fol lowing passages fromBernheim ’s ‘

Q uellen zur Gesch ichte des Investiturstreites ’ .

(a) E li gan t de ipsiu s ecclesiae gremio , si reperi tur

idoneus, vel si de Ipsa non inv en i tur , ex al ia assumatur .

(b) Nunc tu , pater, rem tecum considera , si causafuit iusta aut digna

,pro qua Romam vocar i deb erem

si suspensio, que mihi facta est, curan da aut n egl igendaest.


H i ldebr and . II.

[Can di dates are expected to attempt the qu esti on s

marked

1 . Discuss the economic and political importance ofthe city of Goslar .

2 . Explain — spermologus, Rex Bab i lon iorum ,pratum

Neron is,

‘ Gregorius ’

(the etymology of the name) , Traianium

,terra inanie et vacca.

3 .

‘Perfectum autem men tien di artificem in hac requoque se praeb et Bon i tho

’

(Jaffe) . Il lustrate fromhis text the utter untrustworthiness of Bon i tho as historian .

4. D iscuss the question whether Gregory’s circular

l etter of March 1,1 0 74, was really an incitement to

a crusade . Collect from later letters ev idence upon thesame point.*5 . Comment upon not more than six of the fol lowingpassages from Jaffé’s Mon umen ta Gr egor ian a ,

i l lu strat

ing,where possible

,from your other authorities

(a) Longa iam temporum curricula tran sacta sunt ,ex quo regnum Fran CIae , olim famosum ac poten tissimum

,a statu glor iae suae coepl t 1 nflecti .

(b) Eos autem , inter quos habito , Romanos videlicetLongobardos et Norman n os, Si cut saepe illis dico , Iudeiset paganis quodammodo peiores esse redarguo.

(c) Tandem per semet ipsum,nichil hosti le aut

temerarium osten tan s, ad oppl dum Can u si i , in quo moratisumus, cum paucis adv en l t.

(d ) Si quis Norman n orum vel quorum l i b et hom in umpraedia mon asteri i sancti B en edi cti Montis Cassini inv aserit excommun i cation i sub iaceat

,donec resipi scat

et ecclesiae satisfac iat .

(e) De rel iquo, quia cognov imus ecc les i am v estram

azima sacrificare et ob hoc a Grec i s dumtaxat imperiti squasi de heresi reprehen d i , vol umus : vos de temerariagarru l itate eorum non multum mirari , sed nec ab instituto desistere .

3 K 22 [T u rn over .

2

(f) E t inter omnia et prae omnibus nefas, quod de

Scoti s audiv imus— videl icet quod plerique propriaeuxores non solum deserun t sed etiam v endunt.

(g) Praefatus vero Anno , nil mel ius cog itan s , quamut regnum sacerdotio un iretur , Ital iam v en ien s

,Romam

tendit papamque con v en i t : cur absque i ussu regis ausussit Romanum accipere pontificatum .

(h) Deo odib i l is Cen ci us, con iuration e facta in ipsanocte n ativ itatis Christi papam , sacramenta cel eb ran tem ,

ab al tare rapu it.

(i ) Gu ib ertus vero ut Al cimus satis ageb at prosacerdotio suo .

6. Wal ram’

s Li ber de Un i tate E cclesi ae Con ser van daproves at least that patristic and historical learning wasnot all upon the side of the high churchmen .

’ D iscussthis statement .*7. Comment upon not more than fou r of the followingpassages from Walram , illustrating, where possible , fromyour other authorities

(a ) Q uibus papa rescripsi t tal i b us verbis : ‘ Nesol l i citi , i nqu ien s, sitie, quoniam cu lpab i l iorem eum reddo

vobis . ’

(b) Q ui etiam in usum belli con duxi t milites rel

publ icae,cum t tantes Deo imph care se non deb ean t

n egoti is saecu lari bus iuxta di smpl in am ecclesiae .

(c) Sed his ita gestis, dein de in d i cta est synodusapud Mogun tiam secunda h eb domada post paschaubi con ven erun t cum imperatore legati ipsi us sacrosanctae sedis apostol icae Aderat etiam omn iumepi scoporum consensus sive de Italia sive de Gallia .

(d) Spec ial i ter enim ipse prae ceteri s Saxon ib usodio hab eb at eundem locum Herosfel diae , i deoque civitatem et sancta nostra quaereb at omnibus modis destruere ; nam abbas eiu sdem loci , d ictu s quoque et ipseHartv igus, successerat il li damnato et deposito i n epi sco

patum .

(e) Nunc autem aliter Math i ld illa instituta postoctavum annum quo defunctus est Hildebrant familiariseius , defendi t pron issime contra sedem apostol icam et

contra imperatorem partem ipsius.


Ri chard II.

I.

[Can di dates ar e expected to attempt the questi on s

marked

1 . Trace the course of the French war from theaccession of Richard to the end of the year 1 38 0 .

2 . Compare the value of your authorities for thehistory of the rising of 1 38 1 .

*3. Translate and comment on not more than fou r ofthe following extracts from the Anomi n a l le Chron i cle

(a) Pur quoy lauan tdit Thomas fua deuers Londresal conseil l e roy et les comon s aleront al boys pu r dub tque ils auoien t de sa malice.

(b) E t come fust dict ils troueron ct trois b arrel lsde poudre pur gon nes et cu idon t ester ore or argent

,et

i etterent en l e feu et cest poudre leva bien ent haut etmist la sale en feu et flame .

(0) E t quant les comene auoi en t oye 1a bil le ilsd issoien t que i l n e fust forsque trifles et mockery .

(d ) E t par V 1j . del knol le l e roy mesmes vient al mileende et ouecque luy sa meir en vn whirl ecol e et les counteede Buckingham de Kent et deWarewi ck e et de Oxen forde .

(e) E t n u l eu esque seroit en E ngleterr forsque vn

n e nul prelate forsque vn s .

4. Give an account of the proceedings at Oxfordagainst Wycliffe and h i s followers to the end of theyear 1 382 .

*5 . Comment on the fol lowing extracts from the Hi stor i a An gl i can a

(a) Ub i tandem inv enerun t multa spolia quaeab duxeran t et praecipue campanas quas tu l eran t deeccl esia

,cum plumbo etiam quod detraxerant in fau sti s

man ib u s de eadem .

(b) Q uapropter afli rmav i t,s i Rex j ub eret, se velle

properare Lon don ias, et i l lum con tumacem E piscopum ,

i n vi tis London i en sib us, quos‘ribaldos

’

v ocab at, violenterad Consilium adducturum .


2

(0) Code and Seynt Mungo , Seyn t Romayn e, andSeynt Andreu , schel d us this day fro Goddi s grace, andthe fou l e deth that Yngl essh men dyene upon .

(at) Rex ergo , qu i sapieb at ut parvulus,pl us atten

dens delatorum fal sas mach inationes quam sui Can cel lari ifidel es al l egation es, in furoris spiritu m ittit qu i Sigil lumsuum expeteren t ab eodem ,

et sibi deferren t.

(e) Vir plus aptus mercimon i is quam m i l i tiae , et qu itrapezeti s in pace con senuerat, non armatis in bello .

(f ) E xeas et aggrediamur eos, et cuiusl i b et matrisfi l ios perimamus ; et per ocu los Dei , hoc completo ,perem isti omnes fidel es ami cos quos b ab es in regno .

6. Describe with the help of your authorities theCrusade of the B ishop of Norwich .

7 . Trace the relations between the King and Johnof Gaunt down to the time of John’s departure to Spain .

*8 . Translate and comment on not more than fou r ofthe fol lowing extracts from the Fasci cu l i Zi zan i orum

(a ) Si Deus est , domini temporales possun t legitimeac meritorie au ferre bona fortun ae ab ecclesia delinquente .

(b) Q uod accidens si t sine sub iecto non est fundab i le ;et si sic , Deus ann ihi l atur

,et perit qu i l ib et articulus

fidei Chr i stianae.

(c) Q uod si papa sit praescitus, et malus homo, acper con sequen s membrum diaboli

,non habet potestatem

supra fidel es Christi ab a l iquo sibi datam ,nisi forte

a Caesare .

(d) Si autem in i sti s erravero, vol o humi l iter , etiamper mortem

,si oporteat, emen dari : et commun iter

me docu i t plus Deo quam homin ibus ob edi re .

(e) Q uod mu l titudo artium non n ecessariarum usitarum in nostro regno n u tri t mul tum peccatum in wast,curiositate , et inter dysgysyn g .

9 . What comments do your authorities offer on theanti- papal legislation of thi s reign ?

1 0 . The fourteenth century is commonly regarded asthe age of chivalry .

’ Show from your authorities thenature of this chivalry .

[T. T 1 91 3 ]

2

(b) V en erunt nun cn de Al emannia,Praepositus

Colon i en si s,

et al ii, qu i , Regis l ev i tatem et amb i tionem

cognoscentes , suggesserun t c i quod el ectus,vel certe el i

gendus, erat in Imperatorem .

(c) Q uamob rem fertur quod Rex tanquam commovebatur contra d1 ctum Com 1 tem

,ut iuraret ipsum occiden

dum,nisi cel er ius D ucem perimere maturasset.

(d) Nam caeteri s dominis et commun ibus v i deb an

tur haec quasi iocus 1 ta quod palam fateban tur se nolledamnum i n ferre Duci Lan castri ae quov i smodo.

6 . Trace carefully the quarrel between the k ing andthe City of London in 1 392 . Had i t any constitutionalimportance*7 . Comment on the foll owing passages from thech ronicle of Adam of Usk

(a ) Unde , in pluribus regni partibus, et praecipueLon don ia et B ri stol ia

,v elud Iudei ad montem Oreb ,

propter v i tu lum confl ati l em,mutuo in se rev erten tes ,

xxi ij . mil ium de suis m i serab i l em pacientes casum meritodoluerun t.

(b) Comes respon dit :‘Ubi illi fidel es plebei ? Bene

novi te et com i tivam tuam ibi , qua l i ter congregati estis,non ad fidel i tatem faci en dam ,

quia plebei fidel es regninon sunt hic ’

(0) E t quia rex a sortilegio hab uerat quod duxNorth fol chi e tunc prev aleret, ducis Herfordi e destruoc ion em affectan do multum gaudeb at

(d ) 0 Deus ! hec est mirabili s terra et in con stan s ,quia tot reges

,tot presu l es, totque magnates exu lav i t,

in terfecit, destrux i t, et depredav i t, semper di scen cion i b uset di scordi i s mutu isqu e in v i di is continue infecta et

l ab oran s .

8 . Trace on a sk etch -map the movements of Henry ofLancaster from his landing at Raven spur to the surrenderof Richard .

9. Accoun t for the temporary success of Richard ’scoup d

’

E tat of 1 397 .

[T. T.


Revolution of 1 68 8 .

[Qu es ti on s marked shou l d be attemp ted ]

*1 . Comment on fou r of the following passages fromBurnet

(a) Some day s after this Frenchman was gone,I told the prince what I had done . He approved of itheartily : but was particul arly glad I had done it as ofmysel f

,without communicating it to him , or any way

engaging him in it .

(b) The duchess of O rleans’

s pretensions to ol d

furniture was a strange rise to a war .

(c) As soon as I landed , I made what haste I couldto the place where the prince was who took me heartilyby the hand

,and asked me

,if I woul d not now beli eve

predestination‘

.

(d) He answered , he had lik e to have outl ived thelaw it sel f

,if h is highness had not come over.

(e) Thus Hami l ton , by breaking his own faith ,secured the earl of Tyrcon nel l to the king : and thisgave the beginning to the war of Ireland .

(f) He therefore resol ved to go over to Hol land ,

and leave the government in the queen’s hands : so he

call ed the marquis of Caermarthen , with the earl ofShrewsbury , and some few more , and tol d them ,

he hada convoy ready , and was resolved to l eave al l in thequeen

’

s hands .

(9) The fir st great debate arose , in the house of

l ords , upon a bill that was brought in , ack nowl edgingthe k ing and queen to be their rightful and lawfu lsovereigns ; an d declaring al l the acts of the lastparl iament to be good and valid .

*2 . Comment shortly on five of the following(a) To the first

-Amendment proposed by the l ordsto b e made to the Vote of the Commons, of the 28th of

3 K 33 [Turn over .

2

Jan . instead of the word ‘ abdicated ’

,to insert the

word ‘ deserted ’

, the commons do not agree ; becausethe word deserted doth not fully express the conclusionneces sarily inferred from the premises

,to which your

l ordships hav e agreed .

(b) I, A . B . , do sincerely promise and swear , thatI will be faithful and bear true allegiance to theirMaj esties King William and Q ueen Mary , so help meGod .

’

(0) Provided always , That nothing in this Act contain ed shal l extend or be construed to exempt any Officeror Sol dier whatsoever from the ordinary process of Law .

(d ) The foundation of all our misfortunes is , Thatthe Judges gave their Opinion for the Dispensing Power,and I would have them excepted in the Act of Indemnity .

(SIR H . CAPEL .)

(e) The question is plain ,‘Whether this law shall

be suspended for any farther time which is so much forthe safety and preservation of the kingdom . Liberty ofpersons i s the question .

’

(SIR W . WILLIAMS .)(f) The engineer was called the King’s Attorney,

and bombs his Quo waran tos. (SERGEANT MAYNARD .)(g) The question proposed was ,

‘ That the king beadvised

,that a l l matters of state he advised on in the

Privy Council ; and that the management of them bya Cabal is dangerous . ’ (MR . WALLER .)*3 . Comment on the following passages from the

papers in Dal rympl e

(a) The Captains they were most desirou s of bringing over to their party were

, Ashby and Wool fred

Cornwal l , both of them zeal ous for the King.

(6) It is fit you shoul d know the condition of ourtroops here ; they are v ery raw

,and defective of good

officers. We shall march a thousand , and increase ev eryday very much , but still we are very weak in discipl ine .

(0) Cel a no lai ssera pas de nous embarasser, et i l

semb l eroi t par la, que s’ ils demeuroien t deri ere Drogheda

’

,

ou i l s trouv eront de fourage et des vi v res , i ls noustiendron t arrestes, sans beaucoup pouvoir avancer ; et

d’

autant pl us que Mr . Shal s n e nous a pas encore envoyéles chevaux

,u i les chariots pour porter nos v ivres .


Revolution of 1 68 8 .

II.

[Qu esti on s marked shou ld be attemp ted ]

1 . Illustrate fromMary ’s correspondence the difli cu l tiessurrounding her during William ’s absence in Irel and .

How far did her conduct of affairs at this time justifyBurnet’s praise of her great capacity

2 . Trace the history ei ther of the naval or of the landwar in 1 692 . To what criticisms did the Operations inquestion giv e rise, and how far were these criticismsreasonabl e

3 . Set out the arguments that were urged for and

against either (a ) the Treason Bills or , (b) the TriennialBills.

4. Analyse the political situation in Scotland in 1 68 9 ,and consider in what respects the state of that countrychanged for the better or for the worse during the reignof Will iam and Mary .

5 . Give an account of the various schemes forborrowing money wherewith to carry on the war.

6. What is the importance of the part taken bySav oyin the war ?*7 . Comment on fou r of the fol lowing passages fromBurnet

(a) As low as we now are, change but kings withus

,and we will fight it over again with you .

(b) So the bill passed in the house of commons :but it was rej ected by the lords ; since it seemed toestablish an opposition between the crown and thepeople, as if those who were employed by the one couldnot be trusted by the other.


2

(c) The fleet at Brest sailed away from thence so

sudden ly , that they were neither completely mannednor victualled .

(d ) This was objected to Trev or as corruption , anda breach of tru st s an d upon it he was expelled thehouse ; and Mr . Paul Foley was chosen speaker in hisroom .

(e) An d in the end , when al l the errors , withrelation to the protection of our trade

,were set out

,

and much aggravated , a motion was made to create,by act of parliament

,a council of trade .

Comment on three of the foll owing passages fromBonnet :

(a ) Le suj et de la disgrace du Comte de Malboroughroule a pen pres sur les 3 raisons qu

’on en mandal’

ordin aire passé, mais avec des circonstances qu i rendentson action bien plus odieuse .

(b) E t tous l es amis de l’

E véque, l’

uti l i té da butqu 1 1 se proposoit, et l

’

inn ocen ce de sa proposition en ellememe

,n e purent empécher que son livre n e fut condamné

a tenir compagnie a l ’autre , et a estre aussi b rulé demainpar le bourreau .

(0) Le Comte de Shrewsbury n e l eur a pas faitplaisir en refusant , comme i l a fait, la Charge deSecrétaire d ’

E stat ; ce qu’on attribue en partie 3. ce

qu’il aime l ’aise, et en partie 3. ce que les causes qu i la

l uy firen t quitter, assavoi r quelques personnes qu i sontencore dans l e Min i stere , subsistent encore .

(d) Dans l e Conseil qu i se tint hier, on agita uneaffaire de grande con sequen ce , savoir si , la Reine venantamourir

,l e Parlament seroit dissout de l uy meme , comme

que l ques- un s l e répan doien t malicieusement .

(e) Hier l es Communes dresseren t l e Tarif de cc quechaqu

’

un payera en venant au monde, en en sortant, eton se mariant .*9 . Comment on three of the fol l owing

(a) An d that, in this point of Luxemb urgh especially ,his maj esty

,as head of this State , ought to be considered

as most concerned, and , consequently , the most properj udge of the reasons for, or against, the equivalent inquestion . (COKE )


Br iti sh Indi a . ( 1 773

[Cand i dates are exp ected to attemp t the qu estion s

marked

1 . Illustrate the influence of British party strife uponthe career and work of Warren Hastings in India .

2 . Draw a sketch -map of the Ganges valley,showing

carefully the lim its of the principal Gangetic powers,to

illustrate the period of Warren Hast ings .

3 . Analyse the organization of the Mahratta power,

an d the relations between i ts principal members,about

the year 1 7 75 . Add a sketch-map .

4. Summarize the work of Warren Hastings in the reorganization of the judicial system of Bengal . Whatchanges were made by Cornwallis ?

5 . Draw a sketch-map showin g the extent of thedominions of Mysore at the death of Hyder Ali

,and the

territorial changes brought about by Cornwallis .

6. Summari ze the main features of the military reformsof Cornwallis .

Comment on the following passages from the corresponden ce and despatches of Warren Hastings

(a ) I hav e hopes of being able to effect anotherreformation , which will also contribute much to thefreedom of trade , by recalling all the gomastahs, and prov i ding the inv estment by Dadn ey contracts . (Hasti n gsto Dupre, March

(b) I now retract the resolution communicated to youseparately in my letter of 2 7 March . Whatever advicesthe first packet may bring, I am now resolved to see theissue of my appeal . (Hasti ngs toGraham an dMacl ean e,May 1

3K 35 [Turn over .

(c) The restoration of Rajah Raj eb u l l ub to the officeof Royroyan , and the prolongation of this year

’ s settlement to such of the zemindars as were punctual in thedischarge of their engagements in the next

,were two of

the conditions of our proposed accommodation . (Hasti ngsto Su l i van

,Dec . 1 7

(d) On the l oth of October I moved that Mr . Whitehill shou l d be suspended for persisting in keeping possession of the circar of Gun toor after we had given our faithto N izam Ally Cawn ,

and had ordered the Select Comm ittee of Fort St . George to surrender it . (Hasti n gs to

Su l i van ,Oct.

(e) If he shoul d renew the offer to you , you willi nform him that my obj ection remains the same

,and is

insuperable , but that if he wi l l be pleased to transfer itto the Company for the rel ief of their present and knowndistresses

,I will accept it in their behalf with a thank

fulness equal to that which I should have felt and expressed for the gift had i t been made to myself. (Hasti n gs

to Pa lmer , May 1

(f) To have kept h im in the full exercise of powershe had notoriously abused was totally inconsistentwith the maxims of j ustice and prudence . To divesthim entirely of the Zemeedary ,

though j ustifiable on thegrounds stated above

,would have been attended with

an appearance of severity . (Narrati ve of In su rrecti on ofB an ar i s.)

It appears plain,therefore

,from what I hav e

said,that if the Company were to open their cash for

bill s in Europe,one of these consequences would ensue

either their provinces would be enr iched by the bullionand specie imported by foreigners, or the foreigners mustdesist from the trade

,and leave to the Company not on ly

a national but a universal monopoly . (State of Benga l .)

*8 . Comment on the fol lowmg passages from theCornwall i s papers

(at) From the confused state of the Upper Provincesit would be highly unadvisable in us to attempt thedefence of the Vizier ’s extensive frontier without a


Br i ti sh Indi a . ( 1 7 73

[Can di dates ar e expected to a ttempt the qu estion sm arked

1 . When,and in what forms

,did the probl em of the

north-west frontier first present itself to British statesmen in India ? How was it deal t with during yourperiod ?

2 . In what ways were the provisions of the India Act( 1 784) modified or supplemented by subsequent enactments during your period ?

3 . Draw a map showing the re- arrangements of territorybrought about by Lord Wellesley in Northern India .

4 . What information does the ‘ Fifth Report of theSelect Committee contain regarding the administrationof the provinces brought under British rule by LordWellesley ?

5 . Write an account ei ther of the campaign of Seringapatam or of the campaign of Assaye

,illu strating your

an swer w ith a sketch -map .

6 . What reasons j ustified the annexation of the Carn ati c ?

*7. Write brief comments on five of the followingpassages

(a ) The cession of the principalities of Malabar ,adj acent to no English possession but the commercialestablishment of Tellicherry

,was so far from being ques

tion ed as a departure from the prel iminary treaty , thatthe Sul taun and his vakeels openly congratulated themselves ou that selection Coorg was a continuation ofthe same territory . (WILKS .)

(b) In a conference with the agent of the Nizam atPoonah , that chief [Mahdaj se Sindia] did not hesitate tostate, in the most public manner, his dislike to theguarantee treaty

,and to advise the Nizam not to enter

into any such engagement w ith the British government .(MALCOLM . )


2

(c) That as the union of the three al lies was thebasis of the treaty

,the continuance of that union 0 1

friendship 1 s essential to the performance of the obl igations imposed by it , and a war between two of theparties totally changes the relative situation of all .

(Shore’

s Mi n u te of Feb .

(d ) The N i zam,when encamped at Beder

,had shown

great anx iety that the two battalions,which he suhsi

dized from the English government,shou ld j oin h i s

camp ; but a compliance with this wish was evaded , asit was thought their j unction would give offence to theMahrattas . (MALCOLM .

(e) That Vizier Ally 1 s undoubtedly the son of a Furraush ; has no title to theMusnud ; and from his characteris unworthy of it . (Shore

’

s Mi n ute, 1 798

(f) We are sufficien tly appri sed of the disposition ofthe Roh illas to be assured that they would seize the firstfavourable opportunity for rebellion

,and that they would

have considered the arrival of Zemaun Shah at Delhi asfurnishing it . (Shore

’

s Mi n u te,July 1 7 9 7 .

*8 . Comment briefly on seven of the following passagesfrom the Wel lesley and Wel l i n gton D i spatches

(a ) The China trade and that to the Eastward , arethose upon which the Company and the nation principally depend ; the Companyfor carrying home the revenue ,and the nation for that large sum in Customs which isannually paid by the Company .

(A . Wel lesley’

s Memoran dum on Pu loPen an g , 1 7

(b) The paper No . 2 i s a note of the demands whichTippoo Su l taun

’

s ambassadors were authorized by him tomake upon the Executive Directory at Paris . They correspond rn substance with the requisitions announced inM. Malartic’s proclamation .

(Marqu ess Wel lesley to Secret Comm i ttee, May

(c) The quarrel of the Rajah of Kolapoor and AppahSaheb

,and their weakness, have brought forward Dhoon

diah,and we must get the better of him and of such as

he 1s , by reconciling these two chiefs and by establishingone strong government on this frontier .

(A . Wel lesley to Pa lmer , July


E volution of Can adian Self -Governmen t.

[Ca nd i dates are expected to attemp t qu esti on s marked

*1 . Annotatefive of the following passages

(a ) Until such Assemblies can be called allperson s inhab iting in or resorting to our said colonies mayconfide in our royal protection for the enj oyment of theben efit of the laws of our realm of England . (HOUSTON )

(b) As Lieutenant-Col onel Irving has signified toyou that the part of my conduct you think worthy yourreprehension happened by accident , let him explain toyou his reasons for so doing , he had no authorityfrom me . (SHORTT DOUGHTY . )

(e) The plan for the regulation of the interiorcountry proved abortive , and in consequence thereof animmense tract of very val uabl e land

,within wh ich there

are many possessions and actual co l onies existing underthe faith of the Treaty of Paris , has become the theatreof disorder and confusion . (Ih .)

(d) No dispute ever was started before upon theKing’s legislative right over a conquest . (HOUSTON)

(e) I think there ought to be no temptation heldout to the subjects of England to quit their native soil ,to increase colonies at the expense of th is country .

(SHORTT DOUGHTY .)

(f) Let the captains of militia in presence of thecurate and four of the most notable in the parish takethe voices of the people for House or no House . (Ih . )

(g) Be it also enacted that there shall bea Leg islative Council and a General Assembly for al l hisMajesty ’s dominions 1 11 the parts of America to thesouthward of Hudson’ s Bay and in those seas to thenorthward of the Berm uda or Somers Islands .

(EGERTON GRANT .)

(h) Popular Assemblies are hardly ever wrong inthe beginning, and hardly ev er right at the conclusion ,

of such struggles . (HANSARD)3 K 38 [Tu rn over .

2

2 . How were the following subj ec ts deal t with by theBritish

Seignorial dues : Tithes : the Jesuits : the endowment of Protestantism

3 . Discuss Chatham ’s view of the Q uebec Act .

4. What constitutional problems were created by theadvent of the American Loyalists to Canada ?5 .

‘ It may be said in brief that the war of 1 8 1 2 didnot affect the continuity of history in the Lower Province ,whereas in the Upper Province it made a complete breakand supp l ied a new starting- point . ’ (SIR C. LUCAS .)

Discuss this .

6 . What interests i n Upper and in Lower Canada werein favour of Union i n 1 822 , and what were opposedto it ?

7 . Giv e an account of the events leading to the rebell ion in Lower Canada from the appointment of LordAylmer as Governor .

8 . Compare the el ements of discontent existing inUpper and Lower Canada in 1 8 37 . How far did theyextend to the Maritime Provinces ?*9 . Write notes on five of the following extracts fromLord Durham’s Report

(a ) That a race which felt itself thus superior inpolitical activity and intelligence should submit withpatience to the rule of a maj ority which it could notrespect , was impossible .

(b) The error to which the present contest mustbe attributed is the vain endeavour to preserve a FrenchCanadian nationality in the midst of Angl o -Americancolonies and states .

(0 ) The Assembly was left to get on as it bestmight with a set of public functionaries whose paramountfeeling may not unfairly be said to have been one ofhostility to itsel f.

(d ) Theoretical ly irresponsible to the Col oni al Legislature , the Governor was in effect the only ofl

‘i cer in the

colony who was at al l responsib le .


E volu ti on of Can ad i an Self -Governmen t.

[Can di dates are expected to attempt qu esti on s marked

*1 . Write notes onfive of the following quotations .

(a ) Then the Assembly 1 s such a House ! Split intohalf a dozen different parties . The Government havingn on e— an d n o on e man to depend on !

(EGERTON GRANT .)

(b) That . advisers of the representative of thesovere i gn Ought always to be men possessed of thepubl ic confidence . (HOUSTON )(c) That it i s the resolve of England to invest us

with the attributes and compel us to assume the burdensof independence

,is no longer problematical .

(EGERTON GRANT .)

(d ) If you say that your great lubberly boy rs toobig for the nursery , and that you have no other room forh im rn your house , how can you decline to allow him tolodge with his elder brethren over the way

,when the

attempt to k eep up an establishment for himself wouldseriously embarrass him (Ib .

(e) It shall be lawful for the Legislature of Canadato alter the manner of composing the Legislative

Council (HOUSTON.)(f) In the imposition of taxation the Admin i s

tration . cannot admit responsibility or require approval beyond that of the local Legislature .

(EGERTON GRANT .)(g) On the completion of each decennial

census,the representation of the four prov in ces _ shal l be

re- adj usted (HOUSTON .)(h) . . I am reminded of some of those towns which

,

when railways were first introduced,petitioned that they

should be excluded from the benefits of railway legislatron (HANSARD .

2 . Compare the views expressed by Lord John Russellin 1 8 37 and in 1 840 in the two speeches prescribed .

Account for any change in his views .

3K 39 [Tu rn over.

2

3 . Write a rev iew of the Open Letters of Joseph Howeto Lord John Russel l .4. Discuss the position of the chief Executive officer in

Q uebec in 1 8 0 1 , 1 8 3 1 , 1 8 41 , 1 8 5 1 and 1 8 7 1 .

5 . What do you know of Robert Bal dwin,Lord

Metcalfe,Sir Edmund Head , and G . E . Cartier ?

6 . What are the main differences between the Canadiancon stitution and that of the U.S.A .

7 . T race with a sketch -map the expansion of the‘ Canada ’ of 1 8 63 into the Can ada of 1 9 1 3.

Annotate five of the following extracts from theConfederation Debates

(a) We have thus avoided that great source of

weakness which has been the cause of the disruption ofthe United States.

(b) The desire was to render the Upper Housea thoroughly independent body .

(0) The leaders of our people in these days saw thatit was not their interest to cast in their lot with thedemocratic el ement— they knew the hollowness of democracy .

(d ) Our scheme is to establish a gov ernment thatwill seek to turn the tide of European emigration intothis northern half of the American continent

(6) There are three influences which determine anygreat change in the course of any individual or stateall three cau ses have concurred to warn and force us intoa new course of conduct .

(f) Such was the origin of this Confederation scheme .The Grand Trunk people are at the bottom of it .

(9) Because I am an Englishman and hold to theconnex ion with England , I must be against this scheme .

[T. T .

2

6 .

‘ En France i l n ’

y a guere qu’

une seul e chose qu ’onn e puisse faire : c ’est un gouvernement libre

,et qu

’

un e

seule institu tion qu’on n e puisse detruire : la centralisa

tion .

’

(TOCQUEVILLE .)What do you gather from your authorities as to

the effect of administrative centralization Upon Frenchpolitics ?

*7. Expl ain the following passages from Ducamp, Sou

ven i rs de l’

An n ée 1 848

(a) Les in transigeants des deux oppositionsle marquis de la Rochej acquelein et Ledru -Roll in— seréunirent pour rendre l e desastre irreparabl e et faireproclamer un gouvernement provisoire

, qu i se nommalui -meme avec une désinvolture sans pareille .

(b) Les ambi tieux vains , narfs , ignorants et bavards,comme Odilon Barrot

,sont la plus dangereuse engeance

que l’on pursse voir.

(c) Jamais, j e crois , gouvernement plus singulier n’a

infructueusement essaye de diriger nu pays .

8 . Illustrate from your authorities the divergent tenden ci es among the Revolutionary leaders .

Translate and comment upon the foll owingpassagesfrom Lamartin e

’

s Hi stoi re de la Revolu ti on de 1 848

(a ) L’

HOtel de Ville , quartier general de la revolution ,

palais du peuple , mont Aventin des séditions , était occupepar les innombrables colonnes du peuple des quartiersenv ironnants et des faubourgs armes .

(b) L’

al l ian ce russe, c’est l e cri de la nature

,c’est la

revelation des geographies , c’est l ’al l ian ce de guerre pour

l es éventual ités de l ’avenir de deux grandes races , c’est

l’

equ i l ib re de paix par deux grands poids aux extrémitésdu continent .

(c) Commandes, diriges , contenus par des chefs qu iavaient la pensee secrete de la partie anti- socialiste dugouvernement

,ces ateliers contre- b al anceren t

, j usqu’

a

l ’arrivee de l ’Assemb lee nationale, les ouvriers sectairesdu Luxembourg et les ouv riers séditieux des clubs .

3

(d ) M. de Lamennais, autrefois apOtre du catho

l i cisme,avait change sa foi et son rele contre l o role

d’

apOtre des prolétaires . ~

(e) Les uns voulaient que l’

Assemb lee nomn’

rAt

nu seul dictateur temporaire , premier mrnrstre en memetemps

, qu i nommerait les autres ministres et qu i gouvern erai t pour el le .

Le plus petit nombre voulait que l ’Assemb lee n om

mat elle -meme au scrutin un conseil ou une commissionexecutive du gouvernement, pouvoir intermédiaire et fixeentre l ’Assemb lee et l

’

adm in i stration .

[T. T.

2

(b) C’estmoi seul qui sur la

'

demande formelle ,pressanteet souvent réitérée d’un grand nombre de delegues de Pariset des departements ai convoque les clubs et lescorporations ouvrieres en vue d ’une manifestation so l enn elle de la Pologne .

(c ) C’est ainsi que des mesures mal combinées

,une

surveillance trop faible,un controle illusoire , permirent

a la fraude de devorer en quelques mois des sommesenormes , plus d

’un mil l ion peut-etre.

4. Analyse the state of parties in'

the ConstituentAssembly and in the Legislativ e Assembly , and accountfor the change in their respectiv e strengths.

5 . State concisely the causes an d results of the Frenchin terv ention in Rome .*6. Comment on the following passages from Thomas ,Hi stoi re des Atel i ers Nati on au x

(a) Le rapport du comite d’

enquéte , avec unelegerete inconcevable , accuse les atel iers n ationauxd’

avoir compose la manifestation du 1 7 mars .

Votre idee a eu plus de succes que vous n o l e

pensez , car on a organise d’apres votre systeme la legion

destinee a soul ever la Belgique .

(c) Cependant les delegues du Luxembourg poursuivaient leur oeuvre et persistaient dans la penseecoupabl e d ’

emb rigader le vote et de forcer l es elections .

7 . Show in what ways Louis Napoleon used h is

posi tion as President to undermine the Repub l ic .*8 . Comment on the following passages

(a) La reunion de la rue de Poitiers admettait cOtea cOte, sans di fficu l te, sans recrimination, des legi tinri stes ,des orléanistes

, des repub l icain s. (FALLOUX.)

(b) Cette situation un e fois établie,M. Thiers devint

lo promoteur l e pl us ardent de la presidence du princeLouis Bonaparte . (FALLOUX)

(c ) 1 1 était impossible de se méprendre sur l e facheuxeffet de la circulaire de Wiesbaden et ses rédacteurseux -memes n o s

’

y tromperen t point. (FALLOUX.)

3

(d) Les droits de la liberté et de l ’égalité civil e sontconquis ; mais , apres cette grande oeuvre , la con quéte dela liberté pol itique est restée incomplete et précaire .

(Gomor )

(e) Nous n e ferons que de la resistan ce au petitpied et sur le second plan , me dit l s duc de Nemours ;mais, sur cc terrain ,

nous comptons retrouver votreappui . (GUIZOT . )

[T. T.

2

7. Develop the arguments for and against one of thefol lowing “

:

(a ) Profit sharing in industry .

(6) The Metayer system .

(0) The enforcement of a Minimum Wage.

8 . Was the economic and industrial l egislation ofElizabeth altogether superior to that of Edward III ?

9 . To understand the underlying causes determiningthe great events of pol itical history , we must turn ourattention to strictly economic or financial considerations . ’

Consider this statement with reference ei ther to thevictory of the House of York over the House of Lancaster

, or to that of the Parl iament over Charles I .

1 0 . Giv e some account ei ther of the rise , or of thedecline of the yeomanry in England .

1 1 . How far had the great trading compan ies j ustifiedtheir existence before the Revolution of 1 68 8

1 2 . Illustrate from the history ei ther of Ireland , or ofthe American colonies

,the effect of the Mercantile

Theory upon the treatment of dependencies .

1 3. Sk etch the history of the Poor Law in the period1 660- 1 8 34.

1 4. Discuss the economic effects of the developmentof the means of communication in Engl and between 1 760and 1 830 .

1 5 . Do you think it would be truer to say that economictheory has generally anticipated or l agged behind changesin economic practice ?

[T. T.


Mi l i tary H i story an d Str ategy.

I . Campa ign of 1 796.

[Ca ndi dates are recommen ded to attempt the qu esti on s

marked

1 . Malheureusement , au point de vue historique , i l n efaut pas accorder un e confian ce aveugle a l ’oeuv re deClausewitz ’

(COLIN) . Do you consider this statementj ustified ?

2 . What do you learn from your authorities as to theposition and condition of the Army of Italy whenBonaparte took command of it

3 . Give some account of Bonaparte ’s operations againstthe Austrians between the armistice of Cherasco(April 28th ) and the entry into Brescia (May 2 8 th ) .Illustrate your answer by a sketch -map .

4.

‘Wurmser , en effet , si b ien battu qu’ il ait été

,a

atteint son but essentiel , délivrer Mantoue au momentprécis oil l e siege touchait a sa fin .

’ Do you considerthis verdict exaggerated ?

5 .

‘Whatever the relations between fortress and fieldarmy

,the latter

-must make it a supreme rule never toallow itself to be thrown into a fortress (VON D ER GoLTz) .Does the story of the defence of Mantua bear out thiscontention

6 . On what grounds and with what j ustice doesClausewitz criticize Bonaparte ’s conduct of the operations which culminated i n the battle of Arcola ?

7 . Was the armistice of Leoben more necessary toBonaparte or to the Austrians ?*8 . Comment upon not more than fou r of the follow

ing passages from Clausewitz

(a ) Nous voulons montrer par la qu’

un e grandevictoire a touj ours une plus grande portée qu

’

un e sériede petits combats , alors meme que ceux- ci font subira l

’

enn em i les memes pertes .3 K 23 [Tu rn over .

2

(b) Les troupes chargées de cette exped ition peuventétre rappel ées d ’

un moment a l’autre , cc qui n’

aurai t pas

l ieu si elle‘s avaient été chargées de révolutionner Rome .

(c) 1 1 n’

y avait pour l s general francais qu ’

un moyende parer a tout

, c’

étai t de se retrancher dans une ligne decirconvallation .

(d ) On peut dire que cette seconde o ffens ive au

tr i ch ienn e n e pouvait pas avoir de plus mauvais résultats .

(e) Ils ont été pl u s préoccupés d’

expl oi ter que

d’

acquéri r .

(f ) On trouve au contraire uh avantage décisif dansce fait que l

’

en n em i ne peut employer que cette seul earme .

*9 . Comment upon not more than fou r of the fol lowing passages from Colin

(a ) Aussi cette preoccupation unique domine- t- el l etoutes les dispositions de Bonaparte j usqu

’

aCherasco .

(b) Son armée est touj ours réunie et n’

a qu’

un e

ligne d ’

opération s .

(c) Aucune nouvelle n’

arrivant pas d ’

Al lemagn e ,l ’armes d ’

Ital ie n e continuera pas sa marche sur Innsbruck .

(d) Cet événement considerable , dfi a l’

expédition

ten tée par Hoche dans les Il es Britanniques , amél ioresensibl ement la situation de l ’armée d ’Ital ie, et ote toutevaleur aux armements du Pape et des Napol itain s .

(e) Le Directoire est si désireux de voir signer 1apaix qu ’il n e veut pas attendre la prise de Mantoue .

(f ) L’

extraordin aire victoire de R ivol i vint subitement changer la face des choses .

*1 0 . Comment on an y two of the fol l owing passagesfrom Krebs et Moris

’

Oampagn es dan s les A lp es

(a) Bien que j udici euse et adaptée au terrain cetted isposition des forces piémontaises n e suppléait pas al eurinsufiisance.

(b) Cepen dant, apres un e entrevue av ec l s capitaineNel son , i l fai t retrograder une part ie de ses troupes et

part lu i -meme en v oiture pour Nov i et Acqui .


Mi l itary H i story and Stra tegy .

II . Campaign i n Bohem i a , 1 866.

[Can di dates are recommen ded to attempt the qu esti on s

marked

1 . What do you learn from your authorities as to thepol itical causes of the war of 1 866 and the exten tto which political considerations influenced military preparation s

2.

‘Where the opponents are equal , errors committedin concentration will in most cases decide the retreat ofthe one and the advance of the other (VON DER GOLTZ ) .Can you justify this statement from the campaign of1 8 66

3 . Describe the movements of the Second Army fromthe beginning of hostilities up to June 28 , and il lustrateyour an swer by a sketch-map .

4. What principles does Foch lay down for the actionof advanced - guards ? In what respects did the Austriansfail to observe them ?

5 . At what period during the battle of Koniggratz wasthe situation of the Austrians l east unfavourable ?Illu strate your answer by a sketch -map .

6 . Discuss the alternatives open to Benedek after thebattl e of K '

on iggratz . Which offered the best chance ofchecking the Prussian advance on Vienna ?

7 .

‘The Austrian defeats were due ev en more to badtactics than to bad strategy .

’ Do you agree with thisverdict ?

*8 . Comment upon not more than five of the fol l owmgpassages from Moltke ’s Correspondence

(a ) La situation militaire et politique de la Saxeofi

'

rira beaucoup d ’

analogi e avec cell e qu’elle avait au

début de la guerre de Sept An s .

3 K 24 [Tu rn over.

2

( b) Durant les dern ieres années , l’

etat des financesn ’a pas permis a l ’Autri che de vouer ason armée l es soinsnécessaires .

(c) 1 1 n e faut pas oublier que l e déplacement detroupes qu i n e sont pas au complet de guerre rend l eurmobilisation ultérieure pl us di ffici l e.

(d ) L’

offen si ve qu i se présente comme la plusnaturel le c’est invasion de la Silesie .

(e) Aucune disposition différente n e pouvait changercela

,n i supprimer la necessi té géographique en vertu de

laquelle l’

Au tri che est,en Boheme

,sur la ligne d ’

opération

intérieu re entre la Silesie et l es Marches .

(f ) I] importe av ant tout , en vue des prochainesoperation s , que l

’

on ait connaissance de la position actuel ledes principal es forces de l ’enn em i , car, malgré un e sériede combats heureux

,l e contact de l ’adv ersaire a été

perdu .

*9 . Comment upon not more than fou r of the following passages from the Prussian Staff History

(a ) The mobil ization of the army was then m factwar .

(b) The infantry fought almost alone .

(0) It was therefore deemed imperative that theFirst Army should proceed beyond the originallyappoin ted rendezvous .

(d ) The army could neither remam 1 11 this positionnor was it any longer possibl e to attack one of the

hostile armies without the other appearing in the rear ofthe action .

(e) The line Chlum-Maslowed -Racitz was a farmore suitable pos ition for the right wing than the lineChlum -Sen drasi tz .

(f ) It must be left undecided , how far the full importance of this immin ent danger was estimated at the

Austrian head -

quarters .*1 0 . Comment upon not more than three of the fol low

ing passages from Foch(a ) Ce renseignement , qu i eut

~

été du pl us hautin térét pour l e commandant du 6° corps, n e lui est pascommun i que.


Pol i ti ca l Sci ence.

[Candi dates are rem i n ded that they are requ i red to show

a knowledge of the prescr i bed texts ]

I. Show how the doctrines of political thinkers onthe proper l imits of State action are affected by the i rtheory of the source and nature of the social bond .

2. In what cons ists the continuity of a State ?

3 . Comment on the following passages from Aristotle ’sPol i ti cs

(a ) The virtue of the citizen must be rel ative to theconstitution .

(b) It is not the possessions but the desires of mankind which require to be equalized .

(c) If the people are to be supreme because they arestronger than the few

,then if on e man , or more than one ,

but not a maj ority , i s stronger than the many , theyought to rule and not the many .

(at) To be always seeking after the useful does notbecome free and exalted souls .

4 .

‘ Political liberty is good only so far as it producesprivate liberty.

’ Discuss th is statement how wouldAristotle and Hobbes respectively have regarded it ?

5 . Point out in the political theories of Hobbes theinfluence of the circumstances under which he wrote .

6 . Comment on the following passages from theLevi athan

(a ) The rights and consequences of both paternaland despotical dominion are the same with those ofa sovereign by institution .

(b) Natural are those which have been laws from all

ptern ity : and are cal led not only natural but al so moralaws .

3 K 27 [Turn over .

’

2

(c) For seei ng the ghostly power chall engeth the rightto decl are what is sin

,it chall engeth by consequence the

right to declare what is l aw ,sin being nothing but the

transgression of the law .

(at) The value of al l things contracted for is measuredby the appetite of the contractors and therefore the j ustvalue i s that which they be contented to give .

7. In the pregnant chapters of the Levi athan we havethe essence of Bentham ’s long labours both as regards lawreform and the creation of a science of law .

’ Illustratethis.

8 . Is the idea of equal ity essential to the theory ofDemocracy ?

9 . Discuss the various theori es as to the origin ofproperty in land .

1 0 . I l lustrate the statement that in primitive societiesl aw,

rel igion , and morality were coextensive.

1 1 .

‘Montesquieu’s principle of the separation of powers

i s more applicable to a Federal than to a Unitary state . ’

Explain and discuss this statemen t .

1 2 .

‘ Each person i s the only safe guardian of his ownrights and interests . ’ When was this opinion mostfashionable ? Has any human society ever acted oomsisten tly on it ?

[T. T.

2

6 . Summarize the main points of controversy betweenthe supporters of the Banking an d Currency principles .

Compare the views of Peel and Mill as to the provisionsof the Bank Charter Act of 1 844.

7 . Discuss briefly with reference to your authori

ties

(a )‘ A depreciating currency gives a bounty to

those producing for export. ’

(b)‘ The function of a legislator as regards currency

is to do as little as possibl e . ’

8 . Has practical experience strengthened or weakenedthe case for B imetallism ? Explain Marshal l’s distin ction between ‘ tru‘e bimetal lism ’

and ‘ a hump -backedmonometal l ism*9 . Comment on the following extracts

(a) Bu t it is said, if bank -notes are money,why are

not check s money ? (WALKER)(b) -

‘ So far, therefore , from i ts being at al l naturalthat trade should develop constantly

,steadily

,and

equably, i t is pl ain, without going farther, from theoryas wel l as from experience, that there are inevitablyperiods of rapid dilatation , and as inevitably periods ofcontraction and of stagnation .

’

(BAGEHOT .)

(c) An increasing issue of paper has a tendency toreduce the rate of interest . ’ (TOOKE .)

(d)‘What a beautiful simplicity of system

,and

what facil ity it would afford to the settlement of al ltransaction s between the two parts of the same empire , tohav e a wheat standard for the one , and a potatoe standardfor the other ! ’ (HUSKISSON ,

(e) The authors of these index numbers did not failto see the obj ections to their method , by which the simpleaddition of the comparative prices of articles of v eryunequal importance was made to measure changes in thegeneral l evel of prices . ’ (SOE TBE E R .)

(f ) ‘The relief - to agriculture would not be solelya

_

question,

of the rise in general prices produced by thein troduction of bimetal l ism ,

because agriculture mightbe special ly rel ieved by an al teration in the price ofwheat. ’ (F

3

(g)‘No certain or fixed proportion of its liabilities

can in the present times be laid down as that which theBank ought to keep in reserve The forces of theenemy being variabl e , those of the defence cannot alwaysbe the same . ’ (BAGEHOT )

(h) It wou ld thus appear that it has been foundposs i ble to introduce a gold standard without a goldcirculation without a large stock of gol d currency, andeven without l egal convertibil ity of an existing silvercurrency into gold .

’

(In di an Cu rren cy Commi ttee Report. )

[T. T.

2

5 .

‘Your Committee examined Mr . John Stuart Mill(and) Mr . Charles Babbage and these gentlemen havestated fully their particular opinion s

,which it will be

found differ very materially .

’

(D raft of Report by JOSEPH HUME .)How did the opinions referred to differ ? In what

respects,i f any , were the recommendations contained in

Hume ’s Draft Report in harmony with the views expressed by Mill and Babbage

6 . It is frequently asserted that one of the main obj ectsof taxation should be redistribution of wealth . Is suchan idea incompatible with (a ) the principles of j usticeand equality , (b ) a system which combines indirect withdirect taxation

7 . W hat criticism has been directed against our existing system of local rating ? Discuss with reference toyour

-authorities the various proposals for reform .

8 . Examine in the light of your authorities the probableecon omic effects of (a) taxes on necessaries , (b ) taxes onluxuries

, (0) taxes on capital .

*9 . Comment on the following extracts .

(a )‘The moral difficulty of basing the financial pros

peri ty of the State on the growing consumption of whati s useless and in many instances inj urious

,will be more

an d more felt in the future . ’ (BASTABLE .)

(b) In the period of twenty - eight years the sum ofa million annually improved

,would amount to four

millions per annum .

’

(PITT , 1 7(c) I think the Committee will see that Parliamenthas not neglected the great duty of endeavouring , in

a time of peace , to relieve the people as much as possible ,from the Oppressive burthens which have been u navoid

ably imposed during the continuance of the war . ’

(ROBINSON,(d )

‘The only proper subj ect of municipal assess?ment is real estate

,because it i s this which derives all

the benefit of the protection and improvements which aremade . ’ (ANSWERS OF SELF -GOVERNING CoLONIE s.)

(e) Now it is said that gross inequality is thecharacteristic of the tax

,and that it ought not to be

3

levied— that it i s unj ust to levy it upon precarious,and

realized income alike . What i n come is precariou s,and

what is realized (GLADSTONE ,(f) It is diffi cult to understand how the intolerabl e

inj ustice of the relations between the taxation of vari ouskinds of property under the Death Duties has been solong endured .

’

(HARCOURT ,(g) The productiveness of every separate tax has

its l imits , and so has that of the tax system as a whole .

’

(BAsTARLE . )(h) Nur die Bedeutung einer kleinen E rgan zungs

steuer der d irecten Besteuerung hat die wiedereinge

fii hrte , an Stelle der aufgehobenen Fen stersteuer getretene Haussteuer .

’

(WAGNER )

[T. T.

rire qu’on devine chez l s paysan en bl ouse lorsqu

’

i l v ientde duper son propriétaire en redingote

,avec ce rire que

l es vieux historiens décrivent chez l e Franc lorsqu’

i l

empochait l ’or romain pour mieux faire la guerre aRome .Sur l e sauvageon plébéien

,la greffe n ’a pas pris dans

notre jardin moderne,i l est l e meme que dans la vieille

foret ; sa seve intacte a garde ’

apreté primitive , et n e

produit point les bons fruits de notre civilisation , l e sensmoral , l

’

hon n eur et la conscience. Danton n ’a n i l e

respect de lui -meme , u i l e respect d’

autrui ; l es delimitations precises et delicates qu i circonscrivent la personnehumaine lui semblent une convention de légistes et unebienseance de salon : comme un Clovis, i l marche dessus ,et, comme un Clovis , avec des facul tes egales, avec desexpedients pareils

,avec un e bande pire . i l se l ance a

travers la societe chancelante pour la demolir et la

reconstruire a son profit. Des l’

origin e, i l a compris lecaractere propre et l e procede normal de la Revolution ,c ’est -a- dire I’emploi de la brutalité pOpu l ai re : en 1 788 ,

i l figurai t deja dan s les emeutes . Des l’

origin e, i l acompris l ’obj et final et l ’effet defin iti f de la Revolution ,

c ’est-a- dire la dictature de la minorite v iolente : au

lendemain du 1 4 j uil let 1 789 , i l a fondedans son quartierune petite republique indépendante, agressiv e et dominatrice

,centre de la faction , asile des enfants perdus, rendez

vous des en ergumen es, pandemonium de tous l es cerveauxincendies et de tous l es coquins disponibles , visionnaireset gens a poigne , harangueurs de gazette ou de carrefour,m eurtriers de cabinet ou de place publique, et, dans cettat plus que j acobin , modele anticipe de cel ui qu

’i létablira plus tard, i l regne , comme i l regnera plus tard ,president perpetu el da d istrict , chef du batail lon, orateurdu club

,machin ateur des coups de main .

(c) Sobald die Germanen sich in dem Besitz dereroberten Lander gesichert glaubten

,begannen sie die

V erh'

al tn i sse derselben,die durch den langen Kriegszu

stand in die argste Verwirrung gerathen waren , so gut esging , friedlich zu ordnen . Nur einen Theil des erobertenLandes nahmen sie fiir sich und liessen den anderen denalten Bewohnern zu eigener Bebauung . Ein gesetzlicherZustand wurde hergestellt

,die Rechtsverhaltn i sse wieder

geordnet . Die R ’

Omer empfingen in ihrer Sprache undnach ihren Rechtsbegriffen von den germanischen Siegern

3

neue Gesetzb u cher, und selbst den Germanen , die nuninmitten einer rem i schen BevOl kerung sassen , liessen dieKen ige ihre alten Rechtsgewohnheiten und zwar inrOm i scher Sprache verzeichnen . Ackerbau und Wohlstandhoben sich

,sobald das Gefii hl der Sicherheit wuchs , zumal

die druckenden Abgaben der Kaiserherrschaft entwedererleichtert oder ganz aufgehoben wurden . Die Sittenstrenge

,welche die Deutschen selbst in diesen wilden

Zeiten nicht eingeb ii sst hatten , die Treue und Redlichkeit,welche von j eher al s Grundzugs ihres Charakters galten ,wirk ten v orthei lhaft auf alle offen tl i chen V erhaltn i sse

zu ruck . Bald wurde man inne, dass diese Eroberer nicht ,wie einst die ROmer , vernichtend fur die sel b ststandi ge

Entwicklung der V'

olker waren , dass sie fremdes Rechtschonten, andere Sitte un d Sprache ehrten und ihrFreiheitssinn einen erdruck en den Zwang selbst gegenUeb erwun den e nicht aufkommen liess . So fii hrte dasEindringen der Fremdlinge in das I

‘Om i sche Reich desAbendlandes nicht zu einer v

'

Ol l igen Au f losung undZerstOrung al l er gesell schaftl ichen Ordnung, sondernbahnte vielmehr eine Umgestaltung derselben an

,aus

welcher dereinst,so tiefgreifend un d stark sie war, doch

noch hier eine Erneuerung des rom i schen Reichs vorangehen konnte . E in neues Reis 'wurde auf den alten Baumgepfropft .

(d ) Che puo far peggio uh giovine , che odiare ognisorta di v irtiI, e abbracciare ogni sorta e ogni maniera divizio ? E tu hai fatto diligentissimamente l ’ uno e l ’ altro .

Io ti ho confortato, fatto aiutare e aiutato io stesso allelettere ; e cominciai assai per tempo : e tu cominciastiprima a fugg irl e , a odiarl e

,a sprezzarl e ; e se

’ stato soloin questo tanto sollecito , che tu se

’

s‘

i tosto sparito dinanzia chiunque n e ha ragionato, che tu non n e sai una. Orsu,i prin cipj delle lettere sono amari : non e gran fatto chei giovanetti l s sch ifino. Io n e ho veduti molti (e ancortu gli vedi) che n e sono stati vaghissimi : ma sia come tuvuoi dell ’ amarezza delle lettere . V eggiamo la musica :haila tu abbandonata ? Il ballare

,lo schermire

,i l cavalcare ,

la caccia ? Q ueste pur sono v i rtiI da giovani ; e potev i l eusare ; anzi v

’ eri invitato ognora,e di alcune avevi i

prin cipj , e di tutte i mezzi e gli strumenti . Puoessere chetu abbi tanta nimista con l s cose laudabili

,che tu fugga

e ricusi ciO che ha in‘

se pur um poco di somiglianza di

virtu? Hai tu mai pensato pur solamente d ’ esser belparlatore

,bello scrittore ; sapere o dell

’ istoria , o de’

bisogni della guerra , de’

costumi degli uom i ni ; ao lmen o

di quest’ altre cose piu basse , di medaglie , di pitture , di

fogge ? N iente . Nel tuo pensiero non e mai cadutodesiderio di cosa simile a hen nessuno : cosi ti sei , esaraiti sempre , disadatto e inutile ad ogni azione e inogni conversazione di gentiluomo .

[T. T .


Con sti tu ti on a l Hi story.

[Can d i dates are recommen ded to attempt Qu esti on

1 . Comment on any five of the fol lowing passages .

(a ) If a gesithcund man owning land neglect the‘ fyrd ’

l et him pay cxx shillings and fo rfeit h i s land ;on e not owning l an d , 1x shillings ; a ceorlish man xxxshillings

,as fyrdw i te .

(b) An d if any one depart this l ife intestate letnot the lord draw more from his property than thelawful heriot . And according to his direction

,let the

property be distributed very j ustly to the wife andchildren an d relations . (Can ute)

(c) Haec civitas tunc reddeb at de firma xlv libras etiii timbres pel l ium martrin ium . Tertia pars erat com i ti set duae regis .

(d ) Item omnes b u rgen ses et tota commun a l i b erorumhom in um hab ean t wambais et capellet ferri et l an ceam .

(e) Praeterea i n quolibet com i tatu el igan tur tresmilites et unus cl eri cu s custodes plac itorum coronae .

(f) Communia placita n on sequan tur curiam n ostram

sed ten ean tur In al iqu o loco certo .

(g) Un u squ i squ e liber homo agistet b oscum suum i nforesta pro voluntate sua et hab eat pan n agium suum .

(h) V iris autem rel igiosis n on l i ceat ingred i feodumal icu iu s sine l i cen tia capital is domini , de qu o res ipsaimmediate tenetur . (Provi s i on s of Westm i n ster .)

( i ) Nos con cessimu s domino regi Edwardo,pro

nobis et h aered i b us n ostri s,dim idi am marcam de quolibet

sacco lanae et d im i diam marcam pro sin gu l i s trescen ti s

pel l ib us l an u ti s quae faciun t unum saccum , et unammarcam de qual ib et lesta cor iorum

,exeun ti b u s regnum

Angliae et terram Wal l iae .

(k) E ausi avoms grants pur nous e pur nos heirs asercevesques , ev esques , abbes , e pr i urs, e as autres gentzde scinte eglise

,et as contes et barons et a tote la com

mun aute de la terre, qe mes pur nule b usoign e tieu


2

manere des aides,mises

,n e prises

,de notre roiaume n e

prendrom s,fors qe par commun assent de tut l s roiaume

,

et a commun profit de me isme l e roiaum e,sauve l es

aun c ien es aides et prises dues et cu stumees .

2 . What do you know about the Witenagemot ?3 . It has become a commonplace among English

writers that the family rather than the individual wasthe unit of ancien t law .

’ Discuss this statement withregard to the law of inheritance i n lands both before andafter the Norman Conquest .4 . Give some account of the working o f the Exchequer

in the twelfth century.

5 . Explain any three of the following — frankalmoin ;visus fran cpl egi i ; ancient demesne ; the King

’ s peace ;writ of quo warranto ; hide .6 . How were (a ) criminal cases , (b) disputes concerning

land decided in the reigns of Henry I an d Henry IIIrespectively

7 . What were the distingui shing marks of a boroughbefore 1 48 5 ?8 . Trace the history an d discuss the constitutional

importance of the Law of Treason down to the close ofthe Middle Ages .9 .

‘ If we examine the assembl ies of Edward I,and

those before Edward I,with the expectation of finding

" the supremacy of a legislative assembly i n matters oflegislation we shall surely be disappointed .

’ Discussthis statement .

1 0 . What sphere of action was open to the King’sCouncil in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries ?

1 1 . Give some account of the privileges an d immunitiesof the Clergy i n matters legislative , j udicial, and financial .

1 2 . Do you consider that Parl iament i n the fourteenthor the fifteenth century was representative of the interestsof the country ?

1 3 .

‘ The breakdown of local government was the

cause of the failure of the Lancastrian experiment . ’Examine this statement .

[T. T.

2

f ) That al l the Subj ects of th e United Kingdom of

Great Britain shall from and after the Union have fullFreedom an d Intercourse of Trade and Navigation to

and from any Port or Place within the said UnitedKingdom and the Dominions an d Plantations thereuntobelonging . [Act of Un i on w i th Scotlan d ]

(g) That every male person of full age who shall beseized at law or in equity of any lands or tenements o fcopyhold of the clear yearly value of not less thanten pounds shall be entitled to vote in the election ofa Knight or Knights of the shir e. [Reform B i l l ,

2. How far can the House of Commons be said to haverepresented public opinion under Hen ry VIII and in thetwo succeeding reigns

3. Describe and account for the control which theCrown exercised over the adm inistration of Justice i npolitical cases in the Tudor period .

4 . Compare the admini strative organization of ruralE n gland u n der Elizabeth with that which had prevailedin the Middle Ages .

5 . Illustrate and explain the confli ct between thechampions of the Courts of Chancery and those of theCommon Law under the first tw o Stuarts .

6. Examine the n ew m ethods of taxation adopted byParliament during the Civil War and under the Commonwealth .

7 . What was done for or against the cause of religioustoleration during the Commonwealth an d the Protectorate

8 .

‘ The real rev olution was in 1 660,for the settle

ment gave a new au thori ty to Parliamen t which wasonly en larged an d confirmed in Discuss thisstatement .

9 . Explain the steps by which the complete corporateresponsibility of the Cabinet was established .

1 0 . Discuss the statement that the rule of the WhigAristocracy , however su ccessful in national politics , wasfatal to the independence of the agricultural classes.

3

1 1 . In the domain of political philosophy Burke hasfew peers . ’ Illustrate this statement from his writings .

1 2 . How far was Ireland before 1 78 2 under the control(a ) of the English Council, (b) of the English Parliament ?Explain the changes introduced i n that year an d estimatetheir success .

1 3 . What causes have contributed to the growingdiscredit of Party Government ?

1 4. What important legislation has been carriedthrough Parliament since 1 8 00 on the initiative ofprivate members or owing to external pressure ?

1 5 . Explain and account for the chief difl’

eren ces

between the constitutions of the Dom inion of Canadaand of the Union of South Africa .

[T. T. 1 91 4 ]

2

1 0 . How far was there,duri ng the Norman and

Angevin period,a career Open to able men of humble

origin ?

1 1 . What interest , other than eon sti tu tion al , attaches intheMidd leAges to any two of the following z— Winchester ,the Cinque Ports , Lincoln , St . Albans , Chester , Durham ?1 2 . Discuss the reign o f Henry III as the turning- point

i n the history of, the mediaeval church in England .

1 3 . Compare the political situation which resulted i nthe Confirmation of the Charters ( 1 2 9 7 ) with that whichgave birth to the Great Charter .* 14 . Examine the methods b y which Henry II andEdward I sought to govern their respective acquisitionsin Ireland

,Wales

,and Scotland . Il lustrate your answer

by a sketch -map of any on e of these three countries .

1 5 . Discuss the importance of the reign of Edward Iin the development of the English army an d of Englishmilitary tactics .

C .

1 6 . Does the responsib i l ity for the Hundred Years ’

War rest rather with Edward III or with Philip o fValois ?

1 7 . How far can an accurate picture of the Englandof the day be drawn from the writings ei ther of Langlan d or of Wycl iffe ?

1 8 . How far did (a ) Thomas Earl of Lancaster , (b)Thomas ofWoodstock , Duk e of Gloucester

, (0) ArchbishopScrope , deserve their fates ?

1 9 . Did the English Church during the fi fteenth centuryrecover the ground which it had lost i n the previous fiftyyears*20 . Distinguish the chief stages in the loss of theLancastrian dominions in Fran ce

,illustrating your

answer with a sketch -map .

21 .Was the league of Scotland with France a factor

of great consequence during the Hundred Years ’ War ?

22. Account for the ease with which Henry VI wasrestored i n 1 470 and Edward IV i n 1 47 1 .

[T. T. 1 9 1 4 ]


E ng l i sh Pol i ti ca l Hi story .

II .

[Can d i dates are exp ected to a nswer qu estion s from a l l

three secti on s of the pap er , i n clu d i n g at l east ONE ofthose m arked w ith an

A .

I.

‘ From a third- rate kingdom of little account inEurope

,Wolsey raised this n ation to an equality with

the highest .’ Wolsey played a brilliant

,but essentially

futile part on the diplomatic stage. ’ Discuss these twoestimates .2. How far is it true that the nationalism of the

English Church was the result rather than the cause ofthe breach with Rome ?*3 . Mark on a sketch -map the chief spheres of Englishmilitary action on the continent during the Tudor period .

4 . Illustrate the importance of the Dudley fam ilyduring the sixteenth century .

5 . Th e career of Stephen Gardiner is that of an essential ly patriotic English statesman .

’ How far would youdefend this verdict ?6 . Show how the circumstances of the country and

those of h er personal position moulded Elizabeth ’s foreignpolicy down to 1 5 8 7 .

7 . Is there reason to believe that the state of cultureand civilization i n England during the reign of Elizabethwas abreast of that of the chief continental nations ?8 .

‘ To Drake a ship had become a figh ting - unit,to the

Duke of Medina - Sidonia a ship was simply a vehicle forsoldiers . ’ Explain the importance of this difference.

B .

9 . How far did the death of Robert,Earl of Salisbury

,

mark a turning -point in the reign of James I ?1 0 . Trace the history of the attempts of the early

Stuarts to introduce Episcopacy into the Scottish Church .

1 1 . Wentworth was indisputably the greatest of theadministrators who rose up among the En glish beforethey gained possession of India .

’ Illustrate and d iscussRanke ’ s estimate .


Describe , an d i llustrate with a sketch -map,any

on e campaign in the Great Civil War .

1 3 .

‘Heal ing and Settl ing .

’ Was this the chief obj ectof the hom e policy of Cromwell ?

1 4 . Can it be said with truth that the Act of Uniformity( 1 662 ) marked the abandonment of the idea of a NationalChurch in favour of that of a State Church>i<I5 . Trace the development of En gland ’s colonialpossessions prior to th e Restoration ; i llustrate youranswer by a sketch -map .

1 6. Discuss the historical value of any on e writer ofpolitical satire between the years 1 660 and 1 7 1 4.

1 7 . Illustrate the unpopularity on both sides of theBorder of the Act of Union with Scotland . What circum stan ces contributed to assuage the mutual antipathiesof the two peoples ?

1 8 .

‘ Th e careers of Walpole and Chatham showedthat even in that aristocratic age a man of extraordinaryabilities— even without birth and i nfl u en ce —could reachthe highest post in the State .

’ How far do you agreewith this estimate ?

1 9 . Trace the rise of the native British School ofPa inting .

20 .

‘ George III was a very clever man and a verybad man .

’

[Sir W . HAROOURT .] Discuss this verdict .

2 1 . Estimate the effect of the War of American Indepen den ce upon the fortunes of Canada an d upon herrelation s with England .

>l‘22 . I l lustrate with a sketch-map the importance ofthe chief military events i n India from 1 740 to 1 763 .

23 . Point out Wellington ’s ch ief difficu lties in thePeninsular War, and show how they were overcome .

24. Account for the long tenure of offi ce by LordLiverpool and estimate the merits of his administration .

[T . T. 1 9 1 4]

2


(a ) Nursia, plaude satis tanto sublimis alumno ,Astra feren s mundo

,Nursia

,plaude satis .

(PAULUS DIACONUS . )(b) E o tempore rex Liutpran dus Rav en n am ob sed i t,

Classem in vasit atque destrux it . (ibid )

(c) Inaudito Boethio [Theodericu s] protu l i t in sum

sen ten tiam . (ANON . VALE SII. )

(d ) Dani cum regi suo nomine Ch loch i lai co ev ecto

navale per mare Gal l ias appetun t. E gressique ad terras,pagum unum de regno Theoderic i devastan t.

(GREGORY OF TOURs .)

(c) Ch i l peri cus , Nero n ostri tempor i s et Herodi s

[T . T . 1 9 1 4]


Gen er a l Hi story . Per i od (476

[At l east ONE of the qu esti on s marked shou ld be

attemp ted ]

I. Illustrate from the history of the eighth century theinfluence of Asia upon Byzantine politics and civilization .

2 .

‘At the head of his veteran and superior armies ,Charlemagne oppressed savage or degenerate nations .

’

(GIBBON . )Is this a fair estimate of Charlemagne s military achievements

3 . What institutions of the Carol ingian Empire can betraced back to Merovingian times ?

4 . Trace the relations between ‘ Francia ’

an d‘ Aquitania ’ from the time of Charles Martel to that ofCharl es the Bald . What concl usions can be drawn fromthe h istory of these relations ?

5 . Sketch the early history of Venice .

6 . How were the relation s between the Frankishmonarchy and the Church mod ified during the reign ofLouis the Pious7 . Show by a survey of the literature of the ninth

century, the character and importance of the CarolingianRenaissance .

8 . Give some account of the Saracen attacks on Italy,

and discuss their results.

9 . Can it be shown that the flow and ebb of the attacksof the Vikings on Western Christendom were determinedby events in Scandinavia ?

1 0 . Estimate the character and li fe-work of Lewis theGerman .

[Tu rn over .

2

1 1 .

‘ John VIII did a l l he could to strengthen theEmpire . ’ Ambiguous

,intriguing , Sophistic , unscrupulous ,

John VIII was totally absorbed i n aims of temporaldominion .

’ Discuss ‘these two verdicts .*1 2 . Draw a map showing the extent of territory northof the Alps allotted to Lothair i n 843

, and describe thecondition of the same territory at the close of your period .

*1 3 . How far had the Slavonic peoples come within thepale of Christendom by the end of the ninth century ?Illustrate your answer by a sketch -map showing theirdistribution in Europe .

1 4. Comment on the following

(a) Avares autem ,u t quidam pu tan t , reliquia eran t

Hun orum . Huni egressi sunt de Gothi s . (WIDUKIND . )

(b) Opidum v ocab u lo Frax in etum,quod in Itali

corum Prov in tial iumque confin io stare man i festum est.(LIUTPRAND .)

(c) Plan i ties haec n on n u l l i s plena colon ob us,uno

,

ut cern i tis , ex latere mon tib us asperr im is atque ferti l ib us,altero mari c ingitur Adriatico ; opida vero cum nonnulla ,tum mun i ti ssima . (LIUTPRAND . )

[T. T.

2

1 1 . Give some account of the importance of the city ofCologne in the eleventh and at the beginning of thetwelfth century .

1 2 .

‘ The Spirit of the Crusades had its origin in theSpanish peninsula .

’

Amplify and ill ustrate this statement .

1 3 . Contrast the characters of the Emperors Henry IVand Henry V .

1 4. Discuss the attitude of Alexius Comnenus towardsthe First Crusade .

1 5 . Comment on the following passages :

(a ) Ferv eb at Gerb ertus studi is,n umeru sque disci

pu lorum in dies accresceb at . Nomen etiam tanti doctori sfereb atur n on solum per Gallias, sed etiam per German iae

populos di l atab atur . Tran si itque Alpes ac diffun di turi n Ital iam usque Th i rren um et Adri ati cum . (RICHER )

(b ) He in r icu s rex ex agrarn s m i l i tib us novum quemque el igen s i n urb i b u s hab itare fecit . (WIDUKIND .)

(c) Inde Chuon radu s rex ad Mediolanum v en i en s,ab Heriberto arch i ep i scopo magn ifice receptu s est inecclesia sancti Am b rosu . (WIPO , Vi ta Chu on radi . )

(at) Les Francs , lorsqu ’

i l s partirent d ’

An tioche , etaientau nombre d ’un million d ’

homm es , dont cinq cent m i lleen etat de combattre Il s suivirent l e bord de la mer .

Jerusa lem appartenait alors aux Egyptien s .

(IBN GIOUZI. )

[T. T. 1 91 4 ]


Gen era l Hi story. Per i od III.

[At least ONE of the questi on s marked shou ld be

attemp ted ]

1 . What were the lasting effects of the War of Investitures on the internal condition of Germany ?

2 .

‘ The Cistercian movement, reactionary in intentionwas almost a revolution in the history of monasticism .

Examine this statement .

3. Discuss the position an d influence of the Frenchmonarchy at the accession of Louis VI . What did hedo for the royal power ?

4 . What general conditions helped to bring about thetransition from the chan son s de geste to the courtly epic ?

5 . What were the points at issue in the strugglebetween Frederick Barbarossa and Alexander III ? Whywas the latter successful ?

*6. Draw a sketch-map showmg the dominions ofHenry the Lion , and the scenes of his colonizing energy .

What was the fate of these territories on his fall ?

7 . Illu strate and account for the rivalry between theEastern Empire and the Kingdom of Sicily.

8 . Why was architecture so far ahead of the otherarts in the twelfth century ?

9 . How far can-

the Albigensian Crusade be describedas a struggle between two civilizations

10 . The career of Innocent III is the best proof thatthe mediaeval system made an impossib l e demand onthe occupants of the Roman See .

’ Discuss this statement.

1 1 . What is the place ei ther of Abelard or of St . ThomasAquinas in the history of European thought ?

[T urn over.

2

1 2. Describe the steps by which the Fourth Crusadewas diverted to Constantinopl e , and account for thesuccess of the Latins .*1 3. Explain , and illustrate by a sketch -map , the chiefincidents in the struggle between Frederick II and (a)the Lombard cities

, (b) the Papacy ?

1 4 . How far were the Friars successful in deal ingwith the religious and social problems of the earlythirteenth century ?

15 . What did French national unity and sentimentowe to St . Louis ?1 6. Comment on the following passages

(a ) In deque Rex Pari sios tanquam ad prOpriam

remean s sedem— ea enim , si cut in an t iqu i s l egitu r gesti s,reg es Fran corum vi tam degere con sueverun t— de regniadmin i stration e et ecclesiae defens ione

,pro etate , pro

tempore g loriose d i spon eb at. (SUG E R .)

(b) Duac in Romano orbe apud Gal l iae German iaev e

fines fam osae familiae ac tenu s fuere,una Hein r i corum de

Gu eib el inga ,alia Gwel forum de Aldor fo

,altera impera

tores,altera magnos duces producere sol ita .

(OTTO OF FREISING . )(c) L

’

Empereu r (Frederic) était roux et chauve ; i lavait la vue faible ; s

’il avait ete esclave on n’

en auraitdonn e deux cents drachmes . (YAFEI. )

[T. T.

2

1 2 . Give some account of the constitutional crisis i nFrance during the regency of the Dauphin

,afterwards

Charles ‘V .

1 3 . Discuss the importance of any on e of the following z— Defen sor Paci s, De Recuperati on e Terrae

San ctae, De Im i ta ti on e Chr i sti .


(a ) V eggie in A lagna [Anagni] entrar lo fiordal i sonel vicario suo Cristo esser catto .

(DANTE .)

(b) Thus the Christian realms were in variation andthe Churches in great difference because of the Popes .Urban had the greater part

,but to speak of the most

profitable revenues and plain ob esian ce,Clement had it .(FROISSART . )

Mogun tin ensis, Trev i ren s is , Colon 1en s1 s ,

Q u i l ib et imperii sit cancellarius horum ,

E t Pal atinus dapi fer , Dux portitor ensis ,Marchio praepositus camerae , pincerna Bohemus

,

Hi statuun t dominum cun ctis per saecula summum .

(MARSIGLIO or PADUA . )

[T. T .


Gen er a l Hi story. Per i od IV. ( 1 273

II .


attemp ted ]1 . What part was taken by the German nation in the

Conc iliar movement,and what were the effects of that

movement on Germany ?

2 . In what sense is it true that Martin V was ‘ thesecond founder of the Papal monarchy ’

?

3 . Compare the characters of Charles VII andCharles VIII of France .

Trace the events immediately leading to the lastsiege of Constantinople by the Turks . Give an accountof the siege and illustrate your answer by a sketch -mapor maps .

5 . Contrast the power an d prestige of Florence duringthe rule of the A l b izzi w ith her position at the closeof the life of Cosimo de ’ Medici.

6 .

‘The career of Charles the Bold was first checked atthe siege of Neuss

,and finally determined by the battle

ofMorat . ’ Examine this statement .

7. Illustrate from the rule of Francesco Sforza and h i sdescendants at Milan the merits and defects of Italiandespotism .

8 . How far did Ferdinand and Isabel la change theform and the spirit of Aragonese and Castil ian i n sti tutions ?

9 . To what extent did the dynastic interests of theHapsburgs clash with their imperial duties till the cl oseof the reign ofMaximilian>l‘l O. Show on a sketch -map the situation of the following , and point out shortly their pol itical or strategicalimportance in the peri od 1 41 4—1 5 1 9 —Bologna

,Brescia

,

the Casentino , Forli , the Friuli, Ghiara d’

Adda,Mantua

,

Verona,Sarzana .

4K 8 [Turn over .

2

1 1 . Whom do you regard as the greatest general inthe Italian wars

,1 494— 1 5 1 5

1 2 . Sketch the history of Brittany in the fifteenthcentury .

*1 3 . Show on a sketch -map the distribution of theSlavonic peopl es in Europe about 1 5 00 A . D .

,and account

for the small part which they play in European historyduring the latter part of the fifteenth century .

1 4.

‘ The word Renaissance reall y means a new birthto liberty (J . A . Symonds) . Discuss

,from this point of

view, the importance of Lorenzo Valla, Pico della Mirando la , Machiavelli .

1 5. Comment on the fol lowing

(a ) Grand follie a deux princes qui sont commeesguau lx en puissance , de s

’

en trevoi r,si n on qu

’

Il z fussenten grand j eunesse qu i est l e temps qu

’

i l z n’

on t au l tres

pensees que a leurs plaisirs . (COMMINES .)(b) Ceu lx de Gand aymoi en t bien l e fil z de leur

prince,mais l e prince non jamais . (COMMINES )

(0) E t me semble que , en moins de deux ans , ilzfurent cinq roys portan s couronne a Naples . (COMMINES . )

(d ) E benche l’

in ten to suo (d’

A lessan dro VI) n onfusse di far grande la Chiesa

,ma i l duca (Cesare) , n ond i

meno cio che fece tornoa grandezza della Chiesa.

(MACHIAVELL I .)

[T. T.

1 1 . Whom do you regard as the greatest general i nthe Italian wars

,1 494—1 5 1 5 ?

1 2 . Sketch the history of Brittany in the fifteenthcentury .

>l‘ l 3 . Show on a sketch -map the distribution of theSlavonic peoples in Europe about 1 5 00 A . D .

,and account

for the smal l part which they play in European historyduring the latter part of the fifteenth century.

1 4 .

‘ The word Renaissance really means a n ew birthto l iberty (J. A . Symonds) . Discuss

,from this point of

view , the importance of Lorenzo Valla, Pico della Mirandola

,Machiav elli .

1 5 . Comment on the following

(a) Grand follie a deux princes qu i sont commeesguau lx en puissance de s

’

en treV OIr si n on qu’

i lz fussenten grand jeunesse qu l est l e temps qu

’

i l z n’

on t au l tres

pensees que a leurs plaisirs . (COMMINES . )(b) Ceu lx de Gand aymoi en t bien l e fi lz de leur

prince , mais l e prince n on j amais . (COMMINES .)

(0) E t me semble que , en moins de deux ans , i l zfurent cinq roys portan s couronne a Naples . (COMMINES)

(d ) E benche l’

i n ten to suo (d’

A l essan dro VI) n onfusse di far grande la Chiesa, ma i l duca (Cesare) , n on d imeno ciO che fece tornoa grandezza della Chiesa.

(MACHIAVELLI .)

[T. T.


Gen era l Hi story. Per iod V . (1 41 4

[Cand i dates shou ld attemp t at least ONE of the qu esti onsm arked

1 .

‘ On e of the peculiarities of the Renaissance is theimportance of the part played by women in the worldof letters and politics . ’ How far is this statementapplicable to France during the reigns of Louis XII andFrancis I ?

2 . Illustrate from the career ei ther of Cortes or ofPizarro the characteristics and the methods of Spanishempire- builders .*3. Trace and account for the fluctuations of Turkishpower on the Mediterranean during the sixteenth century .

Illustrate your answer by a sketch -map .

4. The sack of Rome was the real end of the Renaissance .


5 . How far was Charles V consistent in his dealin gswith the Lutherans 1 5 2 1 —46 ?6 . Describe the condition of France and of French

parties in 1 5 59 an d consider how far the troubles of thetime are to be attributed to the rule of Francis I.

7 . In what respects was the papacy of Pius IV aturning- point in the history of the Catholic Church ?

‘ The Hohenzollerns were converted to Protestantism only by the motive of territorial aggrandizement . ’

Examine this statement and trace the attitude of theHohenzollerns to the Reformation , showing on a sketchmap any of their acquisitions which may be attributedto their change of religion .

*9 . What causes were prej udicial to concerted actionbetween the Huguenots and l es Gu eux ? Show by theaid of a sketch -map how far these causes were geographical .

4K 10 [T urn over .

2

1 0 . What points in the policy of W ill iam the Sil entduring the years 1 5 70—8 4 seem to you most open tocriticism ?

1 1 .

‘Religious liberty was the parent of politicalliberty .

’ Discuss this statement with special referenceto the contributions made by Calvinists to pol iticalthought

1 2 . What elements of weakness may be discoveredin the domestic condition of Spain under Philip II ?

1 3.

‘ It seemed inev itable that the House of Savoyshould share the fate of Navarre . ’ Why was this andwhy did the apparently inevitable not come to pass ?

1 4. Explain the policy and estimate the success ofIvan the Terrible .

1 5 . Sketch the development of any one School ofpainting .

1 6 . Comment on the following passages

(a) Mundus on eratus est con sti tu ti on ib u s human i s,

on eratu s est opin ion i bus et dogmatib us scholasti ci s,tyrannids Fratrum Men dican ti um

, qu i cum sint Satelli tes Sedis Roman ae, tamen eo poten tiae ac mu l titudi n i s

evadun t, ut ipsi Romano Pon tific i atque i psi s Regib u ssint form idab i les . (E rasmu s to A l ber t of Ma i n e,

(b) Nos n equeun tes per nos solos omnia exsequ i ,Iohann em Petrum , et Iohan n em , et Petrumpau l um et

Bartholomaeum n ecnon D ionysi um et Thomam Cardin al es in Romana Curia super n egotio fidei Commissar ios et In qu i sitores generales auctor itate Apostolicatenore praesen ti um con stitu imus et deputamu s. ( 1 542 )

(c) Tous deux egalemen t nous portons des couronnes ,Mai s , roi , j e l a recoi s, poete, tu la donnes .

(Char les IX .)

[T. T. 1 9 1 4 ]

1 2. What claims has the Tsar Al exis to be regardedas the founder of modern Russia ?

1 3 .

‘ The Supreme Pontiff dreaded the rise of auniversal monarchy even more than he desired theprosperity of the Universal Church .

’ Is this an adequateexplanation of the policy of the Papacy in the first halfof the seventeenth century ?

1 4. Give some account of Pascal ’s Lettr es p rovi n c ia lesand of the circumstances which led him to write them .

Show on a sketch -map the differen ce in the territorial possessions of the Hapsburgs in Europe in 1 559

and in 1 648 .

1 6 . Commen t on the following passages

(a) 1 1 y avait deux sortes de huguenots : les b uguenots de rel igion

,pour n e pouvoir supporter la rigueur

et la cruauté exercées a l ’en con tre d ’eux,et les huguenots

d’Etat

,pour n e pouvo ir plus comporter l ’usurpation faite

par les Guises de l ’au tori te,n

’

appartenan t a autres qu’

aux

seul s princes du sang. (LA PLANCHE .)

(b) Il n’

y a de possible en France que l e Béarnais ,qui reviendra a la religion des an cétres . (SIXTUS V .)

(c) Pikemen shall be my choice when going onexecution

,as also in retiring honourably with di sad

vantage from an enemy,especially against horsemen .

(MONRO. )

(d ) On n e peut,sans la marine

,n i profiter de la

pa ix , n i soutenir la guerre . (RICHELIEU . )

[T. T.


Gen era l Hi story .

'

P er i od VI. ( 1 559

[A t least ONE of the qu esti on s marked shou ld be

attempted ]1 . Show how the foreign policy of Mazarin bridged

the gulf between that of Richel ieu and that of Lou i s XIV .

*2 . Point out , and illustrate with a sketch -map,the

j ustification of the policy of the Great Elector.

3 . What improvements i n the ar t of war do you attri

bute to (a) Maurice of Nassau , (b) Gustavus Adolphus ,(c) Turenne ? Compare the merits of these three generals .

4 . Illustrate from the difli cu l ties of the Dutch in theseventeenth century the defects of their constitution .

5 . The Triple Alliance was the earl iest of that seriesof coal ition s '

wh i ch ended by getting the better of thepower of Louis XIV .

’

Trace - the growth of - these coalitions down to 1 68 9 .

6 .

‘ The L iberties of the Gallican Church .

’ What ismeant by this phrase in the reign of Louis XIV ?

Point out the importance of the re i gn“

of Leopold’

Iin the history of South-Eastern Europe

,and illustrate

your answer with a sketch -map .

8 .

‘ Religious toleration,which seemed assured by the

peace of Westphalia , was threatened before the en d ofthe century

,not only i n France but in most of Europe . ’

Discuss and criticize this j udgement .

9 . Estimate the importance of John Sobieski in theTurkish Wars .

1 0 .

‘ In 1 672 Leibniz proposed to Louis XIV a planfor the conquest of Egypt . By rej ecting this advice

,Louis lost the Empire of the World.

’ Explain andcriticize this statement .

1 1 . Explain the policy pursued by Victor Amadeus IIduring the wars of the League of Augsburg and of theSpanish Succession.

4K 12 [Turn over.

2

1 2 . Discuss the arguments for and against Louis XIV ’

s

acceptan ce‘

of the will of Charles II on behalf of hisgrandson .

1 3 . Trace the career and estimate the character ofCharles XII of Sweden .

1 4. The political supremacy of France was as nothingto the empire which she exercised over life and thought ,over art and taste and civilization .

’ How far wouldyou j ustify this statement

1 5 . Comment on the foll owing passages

(a ) Le prince d ’Orange peut se vanter d ’une chose .

C’est qu

’i l n ’

y a po int de general qu i , a son age, ait leveplus de sieges et perdu plus de batailles que lui .

(b) Le roi fait les l iberalites immenses . Il peutarriver qu

’en faisant sa cour on se trouvera sous cc qu’il

j ette . Ce qu i est certain , c’est que loin de lui tous les

services sont perdu s . (MADAME D E SEVIGNE . )

(c) Maintenant, avec l’aide de Dieu , Petersb ourg est

fonde

(d ) Si D ieu nous fait la grace de perdre encore unesemblabl e bataille

,Votre Maj esté peut compter que ses

ennemis sont perdus . (VI LLARS . )

[T. T.

2

1 2. The eighteenth - century monarchs regarded theirarmies as royal capital to be saved

,n ot as national i n

come to “ be expended .

’ Illustrate this statement fromthe European wars between 1 7 1 5 and 1 7 8 9 .

1 3 . How do you account for the collapse of the Frenchpower in India ?

1 4 . Discuss the statement that the chief characteristicof the French authors of the pie - revolutionary epoch wastheir faith in reason .

1 5 . Point out the symptoms and discuss the causes ofthe unrest in the Austrian Netherlands and in the UnitedProv inces respectively at the time of the outbreak of theFrench Revolution .


(a ) Un m inistre qu’

un souverain envoie a cetteassemblee est l ’equ iv alen t d

’un matin de basse - cour quiaboie a la lune . (FREDERIC, Me

’

moi res . )

(b) C’est l e peuple du monde qu i a le mieux su se

prévaloir de ces trois grandes choses,la religion

,l e com

merce et la liberte. (MONTESQUIEU.)

(c) C’est toujours pour les politiques une regle fonda

m entale de diminuer cette puissance jusqu’

au point oh

I’

Empereur n e soit pas plus grand terrier qu e l e plusriche électeur. (D

’

ARGENSON, Mémoi res .)

[T. T. 1 9 1 4 ]



[Can di dates shou ld attemp t at l east ONE of the qu esti on smarked

1 . At what epoch s of the French Revolution previousto the fall of the Mon archy do you consider that therewas a fair chance for the establishment of a reasonablegovernment in France ?

2 . Do you consider that the Civil Con stitution of theCl ergy was the fatal blunder of the Revolution ?



4 . Give an account of the struggle of Poland fornational existence in 1 7 93 and 1 794.

*5 . Trace from 1 792 to 1 8 1 4 the effect on Frenchdiplomacy of the conception of a ‘ natural frontier ’ forFrance . Illustrate your answer by a sketch -map showingthe frontiers of 1 79 2 .

6. What merits can be ascribed to the Con sularGovernment from 1 799 to 1 804 ?*7 .

‘ Territorial greed was the bane of Prussia .

’ Illustrate this statement from the history of the years 1 7 921 806

,add ing a sketch-map or maps to show the territories

possessed and coveted by Frederick William II andFrederick Wil liam III .



was no innovator in the Art of War .*1 1 . Give an account of the Archduke Charles ’s campaign of 1 8 09 , and illustrate your answer by a sketchmap .

4 K 1 4 [Tu rn over :

1 2 . Trace the successive steps in the breach betweenNapoleon and Alexander after the Treaty of Tilsit .1 3 . Contr ast the spirit in which Austria

,led by

Metternich,and Prussia

,under the influence of the ideas

of Stein,faced Napoleon from the battle of Leipzig to

the final pac ification .

1 4. Trace the chief economic effects of the ContinentalSystem (a ) upon France , (b) upon the continental powerswithin the orbit of France .

1 5 . Do you consider th at Napoleon ’s return from Elbaaverted a serious quarrel between the Powers thenengaged in the Congress of Vienna ?


(a ) L’

Assemb lee Nationale declare consentir provisoi remen t pour la nation que les impets et les contributions , quoiqu

’

i l legal emen t établis et perons , con tinuentd ’etre leves de la meme maniere qu

’

i l s l ’ ont ete precedemm en t et j u squ

’

au j our seulement de la prem i ereseparation de cette Assemblee , de quelque cause qu

’ellepuisse provenir . (Resolution of June 1 7 , 1 7

(b) J’ai voulu etre ton am i As- tu cesse de regner ?

Reveille- toi, Selim . Confie - toi a tes vraies amies,la

France et la Prusse . R edoute les Russes qui veulentConstantinople . (Napoleon to the Sultan . )

(0) Si Talleyrand est pour quelque chose dans cetteOpinion de laisser l ’ imperatr i ce a Paris dans l e cas oii

l’

enn em i se rapprocherait,c ’est trahir ; mefiez- vous de

cet homme . (Napoleon to Joseph , Feb . 8 ,

[T . T. 1 9 1 4 ]

2

1 2. Trace the successive steps in the breach betweenNapoleon and Alexander after the Treaty of T ils it .1 3 . Contrast the spirit in which Austria

,led by

Metternich , and Prussia , under the influence of the ideasof Stein , faced Napoleon from the battle of Leipzig to thefinal pac ification

1 4. Trace the chief economic effects of the ContinentalSystem (a ) upon France , (b) upon the continental powerswithin the orbit of France .

1 5 . Do you consider that Napoleon’s return from Elbaaverted a serious quarrel between the Powers thenengaged in the Congress of Vienn a ?

1 6. Comment on the f ol low ing passages

(a) L’

Assemb lee Nation a le declare consentir prov isoiremen t pou r la nation que les impOts et les con trib utions

, quoiqu’

i l l ega lemen t établis et percus , continuent’

etre leves de la meme maniere qu’

i l s l ’ont ete precedemmen t, et j usqu

’

au j our seulement de la prem iéreseparation de cette Assemblee , de quelque cause qu

’ellepu isse provenir . (Resolution of June 1 7 ,

(b) J’ai voulu etre ton am i As- tu cesse de regner ?

Revei l le- toi , Selim . Confie - toi a tes vraies amies,la

France et la Prusse . Redoute les Russes qu i veulentConstantinople . (Napoleon to the Sultan . )

(0 ) Si Talleyrand est pour quelque chose dans cetteOpinion de laisser l ’imperatr i ce a Paris dans lo cas oiI

l’

en n emi se rapprocherait , c’est trahir ; mefiez-vous de

cet homme . (Napoleon to Joseph , Feb . 8,

[T.

'

T. 1 9 1 4 ]


Gener a l Hi story. Per i od VIII. ( 1 789


1 . Explain the part pl ayed by secret societies in theliberal mov ements of the years 1 8 1 9—23 .

2 . Illustrate from the history of the Restoration thediffi cu l ties which a constitutional monarchy has to facein France .

3 . History will begin for Russia where Romance hasended .

’ Do you consider this remark appropriate to thechange from Alexander I to N icholas I ?4 . Trace in outline the history of the Carl ist movement

in Spain,and explain the character and composition of

the Carlist party .

5 . Discuss the relations between Austria and Russiafrom the Congress of Vienna down to the war of 1 866 .

6 . How far is Prussia responsible for the failure ofGerman Unity from 1 8 48 to 1 8 5 1

Describe,and illustrate with a sketch-map , Charles

Albert’s campaigns in Lombardy i n 1 848 - 9 . What werethe reasons— personal, political, and military— of hisfailure ?

8 . Explain briefly the cau ses which led to the transitiou from the Romantic mov ement to the realistic ’

or scientific movement of the middle of the nineteenthcentury .

*9 . Describe, with the help of a sketch-map,the districts

,

outside the Russian Empire,mainly inhabited by Slav

populations. What attempts were there,within your

period, to mak e them conscious of their common racialorigin

,and with what success ?

4 K 1 6 [Turn over .

2

1 0 . Exam ine the conflict between the House of Savoyand the Republ icans in Italy , and account for the successof the former.

1 1 . Compare the elements of strength and weaknessin France during the later years of the Second Empire .

1 2 . Was the Franco -German War of 1 8 70 inevitable

1 3 . Discuss the importance i n the history of the nineteen th century of any on e of the followin g — the fi ctionof Balzac

,the historical work of Bank s , Darwin

’s Or i ginof Sp eci es, the Vatican Council of 1 869—70 .

1 4 . Explain,and illustrate with a sketch -map

, (a ) theimportance of Plevna in the War of 1 8 7 7 , (b) the difference between the terms of the Treaty of St . Stefano andthose of the Treaty of Berlin .

1 5 . Summarize the ‘ material ’ and ‘ spiritual ’ causeswhich combined to bring about the union of Germany .

1 6. Comment on the fol lowing passages

(a) Nach Canossa gehen wir nicht . (BISMARCK .)

(b) Der Brei tman n in der harlorHelp writen rapidly

La l i berté pou r la Pologn e

Li k ev i se— pou r l’

Ita l i e

(Brei tman n i n Forty-E ight. )

(c) J’ai rencontre a mon retour a Paris b 1en des

difli cu l tes d iplomatiques et bien d’

autres intervenants ausuj et de mon voyage en Grimée . Je dirai en confian ce

a Votre Majesté que ma resolution de voyage s’en trouvepresque ébranlée . E n France tous ceux qui posseden tsont bien peu courageux .

(NAPOLEON III to Queen Vi ctor i a .)

[T. T. 1 9 1 4]

2

(f ) Omnium unanimi consensu con sti tit nulla un

quam retro maiorum memoria tantum exercitum , tamfortem

,tam m i l itar iter in structum in regno Teutonico

a quoquam rege con tractum fuisse .

(g) Dux Pol enorum propterea quod principesTeuton i cos cern eret domestici s sedi ti on ib us occupatos

regIam dign itatem regiumque nomen sibi usurpav i t.

(h) Q uarto demum di e in con spectu eius adm i ssus,post multas h in c inde dictas sententias his postremocon d1 c1 on 1b us excommun i catione ab solutu s est.

*5 . Write brief notes on the fol lowing passages fromBernheim ’s ‘

Q uellen zur Geschichte des Investiturstrei tes

(a ) E t certe rectus atque legitimus hic election i s

ordo perpen d itur , si perspecti s d iv ersorum patrum re

gulis sive gesti s, etiam illa beati praedecessori s Leonissententia recolatur .

(b) Illi v elut inconsiderati homines et furiosi subob edien tia sedis apostol icae in i unxerunt

,u t aut hanc

eorum v ol un tatem de syn odo l audan da faceremus autRomam rationem reddituri v en iremus .

(c) Inter quos scilicet Hi ldebran dum monachum

n otan tes , vos in eius in im i ci tiam exc itamu s,quia hun c

et ecclesiae in vasorem et Oppressorem et Roman ae reipublicae vel regni nostri in si d iatorem deprehen dimu s .

(d) Taceat Parma cum suo heresiarcha .

6. What truth is there in the v iew that the Germantowns

,except in Saxony , preferred the cause of Henry IV

to that of his successive rivals ?

7 .

‘ E m in et l iber documen ti s authen ti cis in sertis,scri

bendi ratione vivida , al i quoti en s faceta et i ocosa,stilo

simpl i c i , sen ten ti i s rhythmo quodam praediti s .

’

Discuss this statement from Pertz’s preface to Bruno,

De Bel lo Saxon i co,and illustrate it

,if possible

,from the

text of that book .

3

Comment on fou r of the following passages fromBruno

,illustrating your answer , where possible, from


(a) Otton em den ique, virum pruden tem et fortem ,

qu i n atus e Saxonia dux erat in Bawar ia , omni cal l id itatedepon ere quaerebat.

(b) W i l l ehalmum gentis Angl i cae regem hac con

di c ion e suum v ocav i t in auxilium , u t ei v i cem redderet

aequam ,si se un qu am haberet necessarium . Ille vero

respon di t

(c) De monasterio suo destructo vel de sepu lchr is

filn vel fratris su i v iolatis et ossi b u s corum di siecti s , cumqual iter factum sit audieriti s , qu ia nos sumu s innocentesagn osceti s .

(d ) Temporibus illis v igeb at depositio regum .

(e) Ipso vero die con secration i s eius [Rodu lfi] paenocon tigit m i seran dum facin u s .

(f Transacto vero natali Domini proximo , quo 1 08 1ab in carn atione Domini i n ceptus annus erat, Hein ri cus

exrex Ital iam di spon eb at ingredi , u t impon eret al iquem

fin em rerum suarum longo labori .

[T. T. 1 9 14]

2

(h) E odem tempore Hugo Candidus , de qu e superiusmen ti on em fec imu s

,post multas et varias miserias , quas

sub Cadolo passus est,tandem ad v en erab i l em papam

v en i en s, veniam peci it et impetrav i t.

(i ) Nam a Deo protectus E r l imb ardu s, ut audiv it

eius con atum , congregan s mu l ti tudi n em D e i exercItu s,

omnia castra ad ius episcop i pertinentia ab eius sub trax i td ic ion e .

(k) Non si cut solent mori ignavi , mortuus est

Rudol fus.

*5 . Write brief notes on the following passages fromDon izo

’

s Vi ta Mati ldi s

Gal eatus quin equ itav it

Contra Saxb n es, qu i fortes sunt et atroces ;

Peccator quamv 1 s,prudens tamen hIc erat arm l s .

(b) Omnibus ex i sti s equites habet alta Mati ldi s.

(0) Cum pl antis nudis a frigore captis.

(d) Q u i v elut-i per stratam dammu la fugitFran cigenam ,

montes u l tra redien s malus hospes .

6. Discuss the question of the authorship of theLi ber de Un i tate E cclesiae Con servan da . How far doyou take it to represent the v iew of the German Churchin the pre-Hil debrandine age ?

*7 . Comment on fou r of the following passages fromWal tram , illustrating your comments , where possible ,from your other authorities

(a ) Non in ven i tur in toto Fran corum regno aptiorpersona Romano imperio , quem per totum tempus imman en tis belli, quod iam per 1 7 annes gestum est, Deusmirab i l i ter custodiv it.

(b) Considerate hun c ordin em rerum gestarum et

perspi ci te, si i uxta scripturam Hi ldeb randi papae al iqu i

Romanorum pon tIficum deposuerit a regno regem Francorum .

(c) Igitur factum non est hereti cae prav itati s errore ,quod con sen si t W igb erdus viventi adhu c Hildebrandosub rogari , summa scilicet necessitate, quoniam constat ,sum v ixi sse ad interitum ecclesiae pariter et rei publ icae .

3

(d) Ergo Hildebrant di ctus papa Romanae ecclesiaed i scessit, immo fugit ab ecclesia ea praeci pue causa, utnon v i deret vel al loqueretu r regem Hen r ichum .

(e) In tererat etiam huic con ven tion i rex SaxonumHeriman nu s

,cu i n e apud suos quidem tribueb atur honor

regius,a quo et Illi n s syn odi coepit tractatus .

( f ) Igitu r postquam E gb ertu s marchio decepi t

imperatorem ,s i cu t dix imus

,dein de et ipse pariter

deceptu s est , quoniam episcopi eum fefel lerun t non s i

donan tes regnum quod prom i serun t .

8 . Discuss the effects of the schism on the GermanChurch , as they came to l ight at the Synod of Mainz of1 08 5 .

9 . Was there suflfi c ien t justification for the pessimistic

tone of Gregory VII’s last encyclical letter ?

[T. T . 1 9 1 4 ]

2

3 .

‘The strange Ital ian nationalism of Dante whichhated French and welcomed German intervention ’

i llustrate and account for this apparent anomaly .

4. Draw a sketch -map of Tuscany showing the courseof the Arno and the chief towns . Show al so the positionsof Campal dino, Monte Accen i co, and Lastra .

5 . Compare Villani and Dino Compagni (a ) as

chroniclers, (b) as historians .

*6. Translate and comment on fou r of the followingpassages from Villani

(a) Giano della Bella volle torre a’ capitani di parte

guelfa i l suggello e ’

1 mobile della parte , ch ’ era assai, erecarlo in comune .

(b) Fu mondano uomo , ma di l u i avemo fatta menzione perocch

’

egli fu cominciatore e maestro in digrossarei Fi oren tin i .

(c) E fu la pIu m irabile cosa che mai si vedesse , cheal continuo , in tutto l

’anno durante,avea in Roma

,oltre

al populo Romano , duecentomila pellegrini .

(d) A messer Donato Alberti fu tagliato i l capo ,per quella legge medesima ch

’ egli avea fatta e messa inordine di giustizia quando egli regnava e era priore .

(e) 1 1 magnanimo papa gl i r ispuose ch’ era contento

d ’ essere condan n ato e disposto per gli paterini com ’ eraegl i

,e ’

l padre e la madre arsi per paterini onde messerGuglielmo rimase confuso e vergognato .

(f ) Avemo fatta si lunga menzione di questa lezioned el papa per lo sotti le e bello inganno come fatta fu .

7 . Explain the steps by which the party of the Bianchibecame identified with the Ghibell ines .

*8 . Comment on fou r of the fol lowing passages fromDino Compagni

(a ) Noi siamo quelli che demo la sconfitta i n Cam

pal d ino ; e voi ci avete rimossi degli ufic i e on ori dellanostra citta.

3

(b) E quelli che nol cognosceano l i teneano ricchi , epotenti,e savi . Ma i saw uom i n i d i ceano : ‘ E ’ sono

mercatanti e naturalmente sono vili . ’

(c)‘ Signore

,merze peI Dio , noi siamo i Guel fi di

F irenze, fedeli della casa di Francia ; per Dio prendiguarda di te e della tua gente , perche la nostra c i tta si

regge da Ghibellini . ’

(d) I Ghibellini e Bianchi , che erano rifuggiti inSiena

,non si fidavano starvi per una profezia che d i cea :

La lupa puttaneggia.

’

(e) Si palesouna congiura ordinata da messer Rossodella Tosa , i l quale tutto c io che facea e procurava nellacitta era per avere la signoria a guisa de ’ signori diLombardia .

(f ) Nimico fu de’ popoli e de’ popolani , amato da’masnadieri , pieno d i mal iziosi pensi eri , reo e astu te .

Morto fu da uno straniero soldato cosi vilmente .

9 . What light do your authorities throw on— theaims of Boniface VIII regarding Florence

,the fail ure of

the Cardinal of Pi ato to reconcile parties,the fall of the

Cavalcanti ?

[ T. T. 1 91 4]

2

*5 . Translate and comment on fou r of the followingpassages from John de Cermenate

(a ) Ordines Mendi can tium,apud quos , ad n utum

tyrannorum , magna cu iusque generis expl oratorum ,meo

tempore,c0 p 1a semper fuit.

(b) Q uae hacten us nob i l ium pars nominata est , nuncGibellina appel lari coepit, alia vero Guelpha, quae primumpars populi

,dein de Turrian a fuit .

(c) Dum poten tiores impune more suo prox imos

In feri ores premun t,hum i l es populares

,etiam in v itos, ad

crean dum dominum ex primor 1 b us urbis cogun t.

(d ) Agn osc isn e nunc quid egeris , bone rex, Supmontem et rel iquos ad te conversos et criminis poen itentescarceri s poena damnan s ? tunc contra te clausi sti portaset armasti cives Br ixiae .

(e) Hi e comes V arn eriu s primum appl icu it Laude ,ib ique sedem el igen s Gib el l in orum consilium vocat .

( f ) Ibi conversu s ord inis Cistercien sis barbatus,

i l l iteratus prae se magnum acerv um l iterarum tenet,quas

antiqui moris curiae ob servan tia forte papali bul la tectamanu sign at .

6. State what you learn from your authorities on thefollowing subj ects —the origin of the Milanese riot(Feb . the attitude of the imperialists towardsmunicipal rights ; the quarters of Rome held by Guelfsand Ghibellines respectively during Hen ry ’s presence i nthe city ; the cities that formed the Tuscan league againstHenry .

7 . Discuss Vil lani ’e belief that Hen rv If he had l ivedsome years longer

,would ultimately have been suc

cessfu l .

8 . Constat quod omne quod est bonum , per hoc estbonum , quod in uno con sisti t

’

(De Mon ar chi a , I .

‘ Ita v idem us in omnibus rebus quod omnia reducun tur

ad unum primum principium (D eterm i n ati o Compend iosa , § Show how Dante and the author of theDeterm i n ati o drew such different concl usions from theprinciple of unity.

9. Explain Dante’s argument that freedom is bestsecured under the Monarchi a.

[T. T. 1 9 1 4]


The Reign of R i chard II.

I.

[Can di dates are exp ected to attemp t the qu esti on smarked

1 . Illustrate the historical value of the An on ima l leChron i cl e.

2 . Trace the relations between England and Brittanyfrom 1 3 77 to 1 38 9 .

3 . W hat do you gather from your authorities to havebeen the causes of the Ris ing of 1 3 8 1

4. Give a careful account of the movements of therioters in London in 1 38 1 .

*5 . Comment on fou r of the following extracts fromthe Hi stor i a An gl i can a :

(a ) E rub u i t, u t d iceb atur , et dola it,quod Rex

ceperat de eo castrum Hcrfordiae, ubi proposuerat

maxims moratus fuisse ; et ob hoe m erem ium emendicav erat ad fortifican dum castellum de suis v i c in is possessori b u s in ci rcu i tu eius .

(b) Non arb i tran tes tutum cohab itare tam vicinoserpenti

, praedam quam potuerun t ex insula col legerun t,et in su l an os coegerun t extorquere ab amicis quos habebant extra insulam m ille marcas argenti

,pro sal vati on e

domorum ab ign i bus et residuo bonorum suorum .

(c) Q uidam autem ex famu l i s ipsi us ecclesiae , quiconatus fuerat eos impedisse a tanti scel eri s perpetration e,praedi can do atque mon en do , n e v eren dum i l lud templ um

foedaren t, cu i usdam framea mox in ipso loco perlatera tra iectus in teri i t .

(d ) Hic ergo per tres dies sin e v i ctu persev eran s,dum aud i sset F lan dren ses An gl i c is col loquen tes , et

idioma suor um agnov i sset, repente surrex i t ex profundonavis fidem et suffragium Anglorum in clam i tan s magna

(c) Ex ab b ath ia etiam ,u t fertur

, praedi cta foem in as

con iugatas , viduas et v irgi n es ab duxerun t st in suisnav i b u s col locar un t.

4K 25 [T urn over .

2

(f) Nempe Dominum Stephan um de Hales , quiamiles hon orab i l is fuerat , ad scin den dum coram eo praeelegit, et praegustan dum cibaria quae sumpturus erat . t

(g)‘Ut quid ei go v en isti s ? Ad con sumendum

v i ctum ,qui v ix su ffi ci et b el latu i i s ? Vos numerus esti s

fruges consumere n ati melius fu i sset vobis domi sinecura super ollas carn ium residisse .

’

6 . Trace carefully,and illustrate from your authorities ,

the gradual development of Wycliffe’s Opinions .

*7 . Translate and comment on the following passagesfrom the Fasci cu l i Z i zan i orum

(a) Ista praed icta con demn atio promulgata est publice in scholis Augu sti n en sium ,

ipso Magi stro Iohann e

seden te in cathedra,et determin ante con trari um . Sed

con fu sus est , ista audita con demn ation e .

(b) Sed post sermon em in trav i t eccl esiam S . Fredeswide cum v igin ti hom in i b u s sub tus pan nos armati s. SedPetrus Stokys timen s , non est ausus tun e exire .

(0 ) Nos un a cum comm i ssari i s nostris memorati s inecclesia nostra Lin coln i en si in causa hu iu smodi pro tribun ali sedentes praefatum Wi l lelmum tam per probation i s testimonium , quam al ias , legitime supra ob iecti s

sib i et per eum n egati s con v i ctum repu tan tes.

(d ) Q uod rex et epi SCOpus in'una persona , praelatus

et iudex in temporal ib us cansis , curatus et officiar ius inm un dial i officio, facit quodl ibet regnum extra bonumregimen .

8 . How far were Richard II’s errors In the early partof h i s re1gn due to the influence of a court party ?

9 . Show from your authorities the attitude of John ofGaunt to the Church .

*1 0 . Comment on fou r of the fol lowing extracts fromthe Con ti n u ator of Kn i ghton

(a ) Pedem er igit, gressum d irigit, Romamque peteredi sposu it, et sic tandem viam

]

arripu i t. Cum igiturv en i sset Romam in consistorio coram Papa conclusionesan ted i ctas proposu it.


The Reign of Ri chard II.

II.

[Can di dates are exp ected to a ttemp t the qu esti on s

marked

1 . Estimate the importance of the career of JohnNorthampton in the history of London .

2 . Give a careful account of the English invasionScotland in 1 38 5 .

*3. Comment on the following passages from theHi stor i a An gl i can a

(a) In tantum enim desolata est terra u t n ostrates

v erac iter fateb an tur , nec av em quidem se V i disse ibidem ,

b ub on i b u s solummodo dumtaxat exceptis .

(b) E t aliam duceret, quae cum Regina Anna v en eratde Boemia

,u t fertur

,cu iu sdam sel lar i i fi l iam

,ign ob i l em

prorsu s atque foedam ob quam causam magna su rrepsi toccasio scandal orum .

(0) E t requ ir it quod Rex statu ta illa toll i et decapitu larib u s faciat ab ol eri maxime statuta, Q uareimpedit et Praemunire facias ’

ct hiis similia .

(d ) Sed et qu emdam Lumb ardum,v ol en tem ao

commodare Regi dictam summam ,male tractaverun t.

4. Describe and illustrate from your authorities themovements of the royal forces and those of the Appellantsin 1 3 8 7 .

5 . What light do your authorities throw on RichardII

’

s Iri sh policy ?>l‘6 . Translate and comment on fou r of the following

extracts from the chronicle of John of Ma lvern

(a ) Q uod si pax inter duo regna posset procurar ipro perpetuo et firmari mille libras ab eo reciperet

an n uatim sin autem mille marcas tan tummodo ab eo

perciperet an n uatim .

4K 26 [Tu rn ov er .

2

( b) E t profecto eo extin cto caeteri domini contraregem erigere cornua non audeb an t qu i a e i us sensu et in

dustria atque consilio hu cu sque sunt ductI.

(0) E t puis l e Maresdy touz les seign urs appel lan tz

devan t l e roy en plein parlement ont ewages les gaun zet tou tz les se ign urs piers d u roiaum e et pl usours

cheval iers et esqu i ers i l loeqes gageront ensi lour gaun teset getteron t

'

d evan t l e roy a nombre de cccfigaun tz et v .

(d) Asseren s dictum Simon em fidelem fuisse hominem i n cun c ti s n egoti i s tam regi quam regno , et si quishoc vellet negare vel con tradi cere ipse affi rmaret ipsumfalsum dix isse et hoc probare duel lo .

(e) Sed dominus Henricus Percy incaute i rru i t

i n eos circa horam v esperarum su Is In d i sposi ti s protun c

ad pugnam .

(f) Perm i ssum est libere per parl iamen tum dominopapae con ferre omn ia b en efieia i n curia vacantia infuturum non ob stan tib u s qu i b u scun qu e statuti s in contrar ium promu lgati s .

7. Sketch and illu strate from h i s own chronicle thecareer of Adam of Usk .

8 . In what respects did the constitut ional crisis of1 39 7— 9 reproduce that of 1 3 8 6—8

Comment on fou r of the follow ing extracts fromthe An n a les R i cardi Secu n d i

(a ) B urdegal en ses nempe , et primores i llin s patriae ,detrectab an t ferre dom l n ium cu i usdam nisi Regis Angliae

,

vel certe fil i i 8 11 1,s i fi l ium gen u isset.

(b ) Delatus tamen erga di ctos dom inos de eorum

prodi tion e extiti t ; quod tamen, ob sanguinis sui propin

qu i tatem ,et b en evol en tiam ,

et fidel itatem pri stin am ,sane

sapien ti b u s incredi b ile fuit .

(c) Adv en i en te die dato , duello pugn atum est,et

Thomas, qu i i ustam fov it causam,victus

,occulto Dei

iudicio , Scotorum tripud io , Anglorum confusioni et

opprobrio manifesto .

(d ) Curav itque thecam cypress inam . in qua corpus ,balsamo del ib utum ,

iacu it, aper ire , fac i em considerare,

d igi tos con trectare qu i , u t fertur , di tati fuerun t ann u l i s

au reis pretiosi s , cum corpore terrae tradendis.


Revolution of 1 688 .

[Qu esti on s marked shou ld be attempted ]

1 . What light do your authorities throw on the movements of James an d on his state of mind during themonths wh ich elapsed between the birth of h is son andhis own departure from England ?

2. How far did the Whigs of the Revolution j ustify .

their actions by appealing (a ) to history , and (b) totheories of an original contract ?

3 .

‘You have lost the hearts of great part of yourpeople ’

(Wharton to King William ,Dec . 25 ,

What precisely were the mistakes which the Whigscondemned i n William

,and how far were their com

plaints reasonable ?

4. Describe the religious settlement effected in Scotl and after the Revolution . How did its results comparewith those of the religious settlement in England

5 . Discuss the part played by the Navy from the outbreak of the war down to the battle of La Hogue .

6 . Discuss the trustworthiness of Burnet with specialreference to his accounts of Nottingham andMarlborough .

*7 . Comment on fou r of the following from Burnet(a ) So that knowing nothing against any , even

torture itself could not have drawn from me that bywhich any person could be hurt .

(b) He asked me, why we had not an associationsigned by all that came to us

,since

,till we had that

done , we were as a rope of sand.

(0) He resolved neither to act for nor against theking’s interest but he was a poor- spirited and fearful man ; and acted a very mean part in all this greattransaction .

4 K 35 [T urn over.

2

(d) So the first grievance , to which a redress wasdesired

hwas the power of the lords of the articles .

(e) Some an gry men at Oxford,who apprehended

that those d ivines were l ikely to be most considered i nthis reign

,took up the sam e method of calumny.

Comment on fou r of the following from Dalrympl e .

(a ) We who subscribe this , will not fail to attendyou r Highn ess upon your landing.

(b) If their fleet l ie at St . Helens’,whilst the rest

land in Stokes Bay and Hampton Water,their fleet

being so much superior , as I find they are,both in

number and quality, I am at a stand what to do .

(0 ) I know not whether the Q ueen does give YourMaj esty any account of my lord An an dal e’s confessionto her this day, concerning the tran sactions which havebeen since December last

,betwixt the late king and

sir James Montgomery,my lord Ross

,and himself.

(Caermarthen to H . Wi l l i am . )(d) The commissioners of the admiral ty have been

here in a body , at the cabinet councill , to name 4

persons, out of which they desired me to chuse two flags .

(e) God knows whether the 1 2 ,000 l . sterling hadbeen better employed to settle the Highlands or toravage them . (Secr etary Sta i r to Lord B r eada lban e.)

Comment on fou r of the following(a) And be it further enacted That [if]any arch

‘bishop,or b ishop , or any other person now having any

ecclesiastical dignity, b en efice or promotion shall negl ector refuse to take the oaths by this act appointedevery such person is suspended from the execution of his office by the space of six months .

(DOCUMENTS .)(b) An d it was no wonder, when a Jesuit and Papist

sat in council,that all corporations were subverted, an d

parliament-men closeted . (SIR ROB . HOWARD . )

(c) For which Reason ,

'

my lords , the commons cannot agree to the first Amendment

,to insert the word ,

‘ deserted ’

,instead of ‘ abdicated ’ because it doth not,

in any sort, come up to their sense of the thing.

(MR . SomE Rs.)


Revolu tion of 1 688 .

[Qu esti on s marked shou ld be attempted ]

1 . Illustrate from your authorities the military characteristics of the several nationalities which were repre

sented in the Irish Wars .

2 . What light do your authorities throw on therelations between the two Houses of Parliament and ontheir respective importance ?

3 . Compare the historical value of Cobbett and Bonnetwith reference to the session of 1 692 - 3 .

4. Sketch the character of the first Duke of Shrewsbury

,and describe his career from 1 68 8 to 1 69 7 .

5 .

‘The terms were to°o much to the advantage ofFrance . ’ (BURNET .) Discuss the j ustice of this criticismof the Treaty of Ryswick in view of the military

,naval

,

and financial situation of England , 1 69 5—7 .

6 . Sketch the history of the proposal for TriennialParliaments . What led to the long delay before theAct was passed ?

*7 . Comment on fou r of the foll owing passages fromBurnet :

(a ) In it , he said , he l ook ed on al l as lost ; andended it thus ; I have n o hope i n an ythi n g bu t i n

Jon es’

s busi n ess.

(b) The house of Commons passed a vote , to raisea million of money out of the forfeitures and confisca

tions in Ireland .

(0 ) The French succeeded in the siege of Namur ;a place of great importance, that commanded both theMaese and Sambre, and covered both Liege and Maestricht.

4K 36 [Turn ov er .

(d) Sunderland had brought the k ing to thi s changeof councils , by the prospect he gave h im of the i l l condition his a ffairs were i n , if he did not entirely bothtrust and satisfy those , who , i n the present conj uncture ,Evere the only party that both could and woul d support1m .

(e) There were indeed presumptions that the marquisof Caermarthen had taken a present of guineas

,

wh ich were sent back to Sir Thomas Cook ,the morn ing

before he was to make his discovery.

(f) On e bank work ing against another and thegoldsm i ths against both

,put us to great straits .

Comment on three of the following :

(a ) The Spanish minister does n ot concur in re

quiring the mediation,not being yet satisfied in the

point of his re- unions he woul d have this affair decidedin the preliminaries. (COXE .)

(b) Peace never was the design of the Germans, butto k eep England and Holland in an expensive war .

(COXE . )

(0) Il sera permis aux suj ets des Seigneurs Etatsgen eraux d

’

apporter , fai re en trer et deb i ter en Franceet dans les pais conquis , librement et sans aucun empeschemen t

,du Harang sale et cc nonobstant tous edits

4 cc contraires . (VAST .)

(d ) Lesquels ostages resteront entre ses mains j usqu ’

a

la restitution cy dessus con v en ii e des Chateaux de Montmelian

,de Suze et citadelle de Pin erol rasée . (VAST . )

*9 . Translate and comment on fou r of the fol lowingfrom Bonnet

(a ) Ils pretendent memes qu’

un All ie n e doit pointmettre de nouveaux droits sur les marchandises, qu

’onapporte du pays de l

’autre sans son consen tement .

(b) Le dit Sr. Clarges accouru t a la Chambre , et dit,qu

’au lieu de 3 j ours qu ’il l ’avoit accuse d ’

avoir perduaux Dunes , i l savoit depuis qu

’il y a avoi t 6 .


Br i ti sh Indi a . ( 1 773

[Can di dates are expected to attemp t the qu esti on s

marked

1 . Write an imaginary letter, based on your study ofHastings’ letters an d papers , i n which he is to de fendhimself an d his administration wi th regard to his treatment of (a ) Gheit Sing , (b) the Rohillas .

2 . Compare the conception of the English power andposition in India

,as it is set forth by Hastings i n his

letters and papers,with that contained in Wel lesley

’

s

Despatches an d Minutes .

3 . State Grant Duff’s views with regard to

(a) the dispute between the Bengal and BombayPresidencies in connexion with the first Mahratta war.

(b) the character and policy of Nana Fu rn uwees .

4. Show how Wilks deals with

(a) the incompetence of the Madras government i nthe time of Hastings

(b) the origin and justification of Cornwall is’s war

with Tippoo.

5 .

‘ On the authority of the orders conveyed in thisletter

,Lord Cornwallis proceeded to notify to the land

holders the permanency of the settlements . ’

On what grounds did Cornwallis contend that itwas expedient to do this

,an d what evidence as to the

results is given in the Report of the Select Comm i ttee,1 8 1 2

6 .

‘ Forgive me the boast when I add that I have beenthe instrument of rescuing one presidency from infamy

,

and both from annihilation .

’

(HAST INGS to Lord Shelbu rn e, 1 7Do the action and policy of Hastings j ustify this

boast

4 K 27 [T u rn over .

2

7 . Draw a map of India south of the Nerbudda , toillustrate the war against Hyder Ali an d his son ,

1 7 8 0—4 ,

and write explanatory notes.

Explain an d comment on five of the foll owingextracts from Gleig .

(a ) I expect tO be much abused for my choice of theDewan

,because his father stands convicted of treason

against the company,while he was the servan t of Meer

Jaffier , and I helped to convict him .

(b) It would be a grievance to deprive the peopl e ofthe protection of their own laws

,b ut it would be a wanton

tyranny to require their obedience to others of which theyare wholly ignorant .

(c) I have j ust received yours , and read in it withinfinite pleasure that you had surmounted a l l yourdifficulties

,and were preparing to proceed to Lahassa .

(d) The subj ect which I allude to is the definition ofthe powers of the Governor- General as distinguished fromthe Board at large .

(e) Sometime in the month of October a summonswas granted by one of the j udges of the Court againstthe Raj ah of Cossijura, who applied to the Board forinstructions .

(f) It covered Carnac’s expedition . It was the keyof Hindostan . It opened a communication to Malwa ; itwas a pledge for the Ranna ’s fidelity .

(g) Mr . Pitt with great ability defended the rights ofthe Company , but weakened his own argument, by maintaining a profound silence with regard to every argumentof h i s adversary which bore any relation to me .

>l‘9 . Explain and comment on five of the fol lowingextracts

(a ) The monopoly of the opium ,produced from the

culture of the peppy ,i s the third principal branch of the

East India Company ’s territorial revenue in India.

(Report of

(b) The annual charge to the Vizier for the temporarybrigade was about twenty- three lacs of rupees .

(MALCOLM .)


Br i ti sh Indi a . ( 1 7 73—1 805 )

[Can d idates are expected to attempt the qu esti on s

marked

1 . What considerations appear to have influenced SirJohn Shore in his policy of n on - intervention with regardto the Nizam ? Did events j ustify or condemn thispolicy

2 . Was the second Sindia more dangerous to Engl ishinterests in India than th e first ?

3 . Compare the difficulties caused respectively toHastings

,Cornwallis

,and Wellesley by the legal and

constitutional relations between the English Governmentat home and the Government in India .

4 . How far do the policy and actions of Lord Wellesleyas Governor-General bear out and illustrate his brotherArthur’s dictum that war between E ngland an d Francewas ‘ the hypothesis upon which all Indian politicsshould turn ’

?

*5 . Explain an d comment on five of the followingextracts :

(a ) Whatever animadversions may be excited bythe political measures of h i s (Cornwallis

’s) n on -militarysuccessor

,towards this declining and dependent power

,

it must in candour and j ustice be constantly rememberedthat he was left by his mil itary predecessor in a predicament which liberal candour can scarcely be brought toj ustify. (WILxs)

(b) The independent power of Madhaj ee Sindia wasfirst recognized by the British Government in the Treatyof Sal bhye . (MALCOLM )

(c) The m ovements of the Afghan monarch , and thelocal weak ness of the Mahrattas

,induced the English

Government to make some preparations . (MALCOLM)4K 30 [Turn over .

2

(d ) It will gratify , in place of Inj urIng the feel ingsof the Indian officers . It will promote in place o f hurtin gtheir interest ; to obtain rank in the King

’

s army is thegreat obj ect of their ambition .

(Memoran dum by DUNDAs .)

(e) This demise , which happen ed on the 2 7th ofOctober , 1 795 , occasioned the most serious divisionsamong the Mahratta chiefs . (MALCOLM )(f ) It wi ll be recol lected , that from this fortress

(now dismantled) to Seringapatam ,there is a choice of

three routes . (WILKS )(g) His (Tippoo

’

s) failure against the English arosefrom the false policy of negl ecting h i s most efli cien t

arm . (WILKS)h) The principal cause which actuated the British

author ities in accommodating matters with the Raj a ofBhurtpoor was an apprehended rupture with Sindia .

(GRANT DUFF. )

6. Summarize the reasons giv en by Wel l esl ey for(a) the Treaty of Hyderabad

(b) the Treaty of Bassein .

7 . Draw a map of India north of the Nerbudda,to

ill ustrate thewar against theMahrattas duringWel lesl ey’

s

administration,adding exp lanatory notes .

8 . How far do we find in Wel lington ’s despatchesproofs of his statesman ship , as wel l as of his m ilitarygenius ?

*9 . Explain and comment onfive of the fol lowing

(a ) A copy of a proclamation , issued at theMauritiusi n the month of March last

,has been transmitted to our

several Presidencies . (WELLESLEY)(b) To have divided the wh ole territory equally

between the Company and the N izam ,to the exclusion

of any other state , would have afforded strong groundsof j ealousy . (WELLESLEY)

(c) The complete defeat and dispersion of the enemy sforce an d

,above al l

,the death of Dhoon d iah , put an end

to ’ th i s warfare . (WELLINGTON)


E volu tion of Can adi an Self -Government.

I .

[Can di dates are exp ected to attempt the qu esti on s

marked

1 . Explain the changes made in the Constitution ofNova Scotia in 1 75 8 how far did they anticipate responsible government ?*2. How far was the proclamation of 1 763 of practicaleffect in Canada ?*3 .

‘ I defy you to produce a single instance in whicha conqueror went to take away from a conqueredprovince

,by one rough stroke

,the whole of their con

sti tution ,the whole of their laws under which they lived ,

and to impose a new idea of right and wrong , of whichthey could d i scern neither the means or the end .

’

(THURLOW .)Now

,sir

,I nev er yet knew it was found a gri evance

to any nation to give them the English laws , the Englishconstitution .

’

(BARRE)(D ebates on Qu ebec Act, 1 7

Discuss the propriety and legality of the two viewshere stated .

*4 . In fact the Assembly of Lower Canada , while theyused all the weapons of freedom ,

while they used theconstitutional arguments for the prevalence of free constitution s

,were u sing those arguments in order to

establish a gross monopoly in the hands of their ownrace and to exclude from the enj oyment of those rights—to which they were entitled— the general body ofBritish inhabitants . In fact the Assembly used theweapons of Hampden in support of the principles ofWentworth .

’

(LORD J . RUSSELL , March 23,Explain and comment on these allusions .

5 . What different methods for constituting an UpperChamber were put forward in the Con stitutional Act of1 79 1 , and in the British North America Act of 1 8 6 7Give the reasons for the scheme eventually adopted ineach case and estimate the practical success achieved .

4K 33 [T urn over

2

6 .

‘ The policy of Sir Charles Metcalfe had the dan gersof the system adopted by Sir Francis Head withou t theadvantages of that adopted by Lord Sydenham .

’

How far would you accept this criticism

7 . Explain the pol itical importance of the ClergyReserves Q uestion .

*8 .

‘ The inhabitants of Lower Canada were un

happily initiated into self- government at exactly thewrong end

,and those who were not trusted with the

management of a parish,were enabled

,by their votes

,to

influence the destinies of a state .

’

Give illustrations of this statement .

9 .

‘ I trust also that I have proved to your Lordship(Lord J . Russell) that the Colonial Constitutions , as theyat present stand

,are but a medley of uncertainty and

confusion and that , whether Sir Francis Head’s

interpretation or your own be adopted,neither offer

a security for good government . ’ (HOWE)Expl ain and comment upon the allusion .

1 0 . Comment on five of the fol lowing passages fromLord Durham ’s Report

(a ) It i s not anywhere a virtue of the English raceto look with complacency On any manners , customs, orlaws which appear strange to them .

(b) I know of no difference in the mach inery of

government in the old and new world that strikes anEuropean more forcibly than the apparently undue importance which the business of constructing public worksappears to occupy in American [i . e . Canadian] legislati on .

(0) It cannot be doubted , however , that there weremany of the party who wished to assimilate the in sti tutions of the Province rather to those of the United Statesthan to those of the Mother Country.

(d ) The contest, which appeared to be thus commen ced on the question

‘of the responsibility of theExecutiv e Council , was really decided on very differentgrounds . A great portion of the peopl e really imaginedthat they were called upon to decide the question ofseparation by their vote .


E volution of Can ad i an Self -Governmen t.


marked

1 . Explain Durham ’s views of the proper trade relations between the Mother Country an d British NorthAmerica

,and explain how

,why

,and when these were

modified .

2 . Account for the failure of the legislative union ofthe twoC an adas .

3 .

‘ This dependence of the Colonial Executive on theColonial Parliament constitute s the essentialdivergence between the constitution of our self-governing colonies and all foreign systems . From this pointof view the charge of “ official mendacity broughtby a learned writer against the preamble of the BritishNorth America Act 1 8 67 because it recites the wishof the Canadian provinces to be federally united intoon e Dominion ( “ with a constitution similar i n principleto that of the United Kingdom ”

) cannot be sustained .

’

(SIR H . JE NKYNS’ B r i ti sh Ru le an d Ju r i sdi cti on . )Criticize this statement .

*4.

‘The real desire among many statesmen in Canadawas for a legislative union

,but this being impracticable

the closest form of federal union was sought for andattained

How far do your authorities support this j udgement ?5.

‘ There are pers ons in this country and some alsoin the North American Provinces

,who are ill-natured

enough to say that not a little of the loyalty that is saidto prevail in Canada has its price . I think it is naturaland reasonable to hope that there is in that countrya very strong attachment to this country . But if theyare to be constantly applying to us for guarantees forrailways and for fortresses and for works of defence ; i feverything i s to be given to a nation independent ineverything except Lord Monck and his successors , and


except in the contributions we make for these publicobj ects

,then I think it would be far better for them and

for us— cheaper for u s and less demoralizing for themthat they should become an independent state .

’

(JOHN BRIGHT ,

Was the colonial policy here criticized adopted inpractice by the Mother Country ?

6 .

‘ Every movement towards political union in BritishNorth Ameri ca has had an economic stimulus .

’

Would you accept this j udgement ?*7 . At what points in the nineteenth century hasthe influence of the United States directly affected thepolitical institutions of Canada ?*8 . What is meant by saying that the Canadian Con

sti tu tion is ‘ amendment- proof

9 .

‘ In closing my observations on the distribution ofpowers , I ought to point out that j ust as the authorityof the Central Parliament will prevail whenev er i t maycome into conflict with the Local Legislatures , so theresidue of legislation

,if any

,unprovided for in the

specific classification which I have explained,will belong

to the central body .

’

(LORD CARNARVON , 1 86How far has thi s state of things been realized ?

1 0 .

‘ So long as the Uni ted States think it desirab leto hem themselves in with the bounties and restrictionsof a j ealously protective system

,so long it will be the

obvious interest of British North America to open herports to the free entrance of commerce .

’

(Ib .)Comment on this prophecy .

[T. T. 1 9 14]

2

peupl e. Ce geste enleva la regence et l e trene a ladynastic

‘d’

Orlean s. La Republique se ffit peut-etrearretes devant un nom de femme .

(d) Le j our oh l ’on apprit cc prétendu triomphe dela dynastie d ’

Orlean s Lamartine s’

ecr ia devant plusiehommes pol itiques :

‘ La maison d ’

Orlean s aura cesse deregner en France pour avoir voulu regner aussi enEspagne . Avant deux an s la revo lution sera faite aParis. ’

4. Dans toute industrie capitale , celle des machines ,par exempl e

, ou celle de la soie ou cel le du coton , oucell e de l ’impr imerie

,11 y aurait un atelier social faisant

concurrence a l’

industri e privee . La lutte serait - ellebien longue ? Non

,parce qu e l

’atelier social aurait surtout atel ier individu el l ’avan tage qu i resulte des economies de la vie en commun

, et d’un mode d ’

organ i sation

oil tous l es travailleurs,sans exception

,sont interesses a

produire vite et bien . La lutte serait- elle subversive ?Non

,parce que l e gouvernement serait touj ours ameme

d ’en amortir les effets,en empéchan t de descendre a un

niv eau trop bas les produits sortis de ses ateliers .(LOUIS BLANC, Organ i sati on da trava i l . )

Comment on this passage . Was any attempt madeto carry out this scheme in 1 848 ?

Comment on the following passages from OdilonBarrot

,illustrating them

,where possibl e

,from your other

authorities

(a) C’

etai t une anarch i c administrative complete .

Souvent deux commissaires se rencontraient dans l e memesiege

,s’

y disputaient l e pouvoir et donnaient l e spectacl egrotesque de leurs l uttes aux populations, qu i se permettaien t quelquefois de les chasser tous deux .

(b) Ils (ces membres moderes du Gouvernementprovisoire) ont beaucoup dit, pour leur j ustification ,qu

’

i l s avaient ete en traines par un mouvement devenuirresistible , et qu

’

i l s n’

avai en t fait que ceder a la necessite.

L’

excuse manque de verite, en fait. L’

effet de quelquesenfan ts perdus des sociétes secretes , S l l eut ete laissea lu i -meme et a ses propres forces, n

’eut produit qu’nn

desordre passager . Ce sont eux qu i ont procurea cettefolle entreprise la consistance d ’une revolution . Celasu ffit pour leur en faire supporter moral ement la responsab i l ité.

3

(c)‘ Citoyens

,i l n e fau t pas que vous veniez 4 en

etre forces de violer vous-memes l e pri ncipe de votre sou v eraineté .

’

(Seizieme Bulletin , 1 6 avril 1 8 48 . BARROT .)

(d )‘ On a proclame l e suffrage universel est - i l

l’

expression de la volonte du peuple ? Ou i , dans unesociete oii toutes les conditions seraient egales . ’

(LOUIS BLANC . )

6 . Account for Louis Blanc’s unfavourable criticism of

the social and industrial condition of England .

7 . Sachez bien qu e, pour briguer l’

hon n eu r de Sieger al’

Assemb lee nationale , i l faut etre pur de la tradition dupasse.

’

(Ledru -Rollin,1 2 March

,1 8 48 . BARROT . )

Point out the effects of this declaration on thepolicy of the Provisional Government .

L’

espri t de violence, difli ci l e aconten ir , datait seu l ement du 24 fevrier

,et pourtant pendan t trois mois j e

l ’avais contenu,et si j

’

avais obtenu la seule chose quedemandaient les ouvriers

, et que j e re'clamais pour eux

,

du travail professionn el,i i efit disparu . (EMILE THOMAS. )

Explain and justify this assertion,showing how far

it conflicts with the views of D ucamp and Fal loux .

9 . If France rej ects thee,

’tis n ot thineBu t her own exile that she utters .

Ideal France , the deathless , the divine ,Wil l be where thy white pennon flutters . ’

(J . R . Lowe l l to Lamartine i nDiscuss this estimate in conjunction with the

characterization of Lamartine by Tocquevil le , Barrot ,and D ucamp.

[T . T . 1 9 14 ]

2

*4. Comment onfive of the following passages, i l l ustrating them

hwhere possible , from your other authorities

(a ) Les plus vifs etaient, sans contredit, ces memesgardes mobiles dont nous nous etions tant defies .

TOCQUEVILLE .

(b) Moi , qu i detestais les montagnards et n e tenaisguere a la republique , mais qu i adorais la liberte, j econ cus, des l e lendemain de ces j ournées, de grandesapprehensions pour elle . TOCQ UEVILLE .

(c) Cette revis ion n e pourrait avoir lieu que sil’

Assemb lee nationale la demandait par une deliberationexpresse, prise trois fois de suite aux quatre- cinquiemesdes voix . TOCQUEVILLE .

(d) La journée du 1 3 j uin fit pousser des cris de douleur et de j oie d ’un bout du continent a l ’autre .

TOCQUEVILLE .

(e) L’

Assemb l ee national e decreta que tous lesinsurges qu i avaient ete pris l es armes a la main seraientimmédiatement deportes . ODILON BARROT .

f ) Jem’

opposai a cet ordre de procéder et demandaique la commission comm encat par consti tuer la commune .

OD ILON BARROT .

(9) La Montagne elle -meme n e doutait pas a CC

moment qu ’au seu l bruit de notre interven tion armee lapopulation romaine n e ren oncat a sa republique et n e sej etat dans n os bras . ODILON BARRor .

(h) Le j our oi i un m in i stere vraiment parl ementaire ,et en pleine possession de la maj orité, avait ete rempl aeepar des ministres

,veritables commis subordonnes , c

’estb ien cc j our- la que la prem i ere assise du trCn e imperialavait ete rel ev ée . ODILON BARROT .

5 . State an d i llustrate from your authorities thearguments for an d against the establishment of twoChambers in the Constitution of 1 8 48 .

6 . What do you consider ‘to have been the chances ofa monarchist revival during the Second Republic ?

7 . Les Ide’

es Napole'

on i en n es is a programme ratherthan a history .

’ Examine thi s statement.

3

>l‘8 . Comment onfou r of the following passages , i l lu strating them

,where possible , from your other authorities

(a ) .As we passed th e emb arcadere of the Rouenrailroad Mole and I got out of the carriage and walkedup and down in the colonnade until we had decided whoshould be the ruler of France . THIERS .

(b) I remember a meeting at which only MoleBroglie , Changarnier , the President and I were present ,about six weeks after his election . The question waswhether the time was not come ‘ pour en fin i r avecl’

Assemb lee THIERS .(c) This was not a military revolution . It was

a civil conspiracy employing a fraction of the army asi ts instrument. LAMORICIERE .

(d) M. Odilon Barrot qu i est mort a quatre - vingtsans sans s’etre rendu compte de la revolution de Fevrier .

FALLOUX.

(e) Ne craignez -vous pas que l ’h i stoire en répétantvotre mot : ‘L

’

E mpire est fait !’

n’

y aj oute z—‘ E t

M. Thiers l’a bien voulu FALLOUX.

(f ) A partir de ce j our (Nov . 1 7,1 8 5 1 ) la lutte

était terminée . Les républicains s’

immol aien t euxmemes , tout en declarant la République impérissable .

FALLOUX .

9 . What light do your authorities throw on : thedismi ssal of General Changarnier

,the election of Eugene

Sue , the electoral law of May 1 8 5 1

[T. T. 1 914]

9 . Estimate the importance of the commun al elementin the manorial system .

Cr,

‘ In th eir assaults upon wealth some mediaevalwriters assail the inst itution of private property .

’ Howfar do you consider this statement true ?

1 0 . The Navw ation Acts began n otwith the Commonw eal th but w ith Richard II

,and are in reality the oldest

of economic laws on a n ational basis . ’ Criticize thisstatement .

1 1 . Estimate the extent and examine the nature ofthe social and industrial ev ils i n the reign s of the firstthree Tudors .

1 2 . Give the arguments for and against the utilityof a national debt

,i llustratin g your answer from the

seventeenth and eighteenth centuries .

1 3 . The Poor Law of 1 8 34 was not,in the main , the

product of economic theory,but was merely the extension

of principles formerly applied in practice .

’ How far doyou consider this statement a true one ?

1 4. Account for the rise and development of TradeUnionism from 1 8 00—7 5 .

1 5 .

‘ The Free Trade pol i cy of En gland began not in1 8 46 but in Justify this statement .

1 6 . What do you k n ow of any three of the fol lowin g :The Staple, King

’s Aulnager, Merchant Adventurers ,Non -Enum erated Commodities

,Wal ter of Henley ’s Hus

bandry, Libelle of English Policy . The Steel Yard .

[T. T . 1 9 1 4 ]


Mi l i tary H i story an d Str ategy.

I . Campa i gn of 1 796.

[Can di dates are recommen ded to attempt the qu esti ons

marked

1 . Describe the positions and condition of the Au stroSardinian forces at the opening of the campaign of 1 796 .

2 . Jamais dans sa Correspondan ce ou dans ses

Mémoires,Napoleon n e parle de percer ou de rompre

l e centre des forces ennemies ’

(COLIN) . What does Colinregard as the chief obj ect of the movements w ith whichNapoleon opened the campaign of 1 796 ?3 . Wurmser

’

s second attempt to relieve Mantua wasas unnecessary and ill-advised as it was ill- executed and

disastrous. ’ Discuss th is statement and illustrate youranswer with a sketch -map of the operations .

4. Entrer en Allemagne on se borner a l ’Adige , c’est

pour lui une question d’

effecti fs et pas autre chose ’

(COLIN) . Wou ld Clausewitz agree with this j udgement ?5 . How far was Bon aparte in agreement w ith the

D irectory as to the course to be pursued i n dealing withthe other powers of Italy, and how far did the attitude ofthese powers influence his operations ?

6 .

‘ Clausewitz a l e plus souvent compris,dans les

operations de 1 7 96 , ce qu i est audace ; mais cc qu i est

prudence lui e'chappe . ’ Do y ou consider this criticismof Colin’s j ustified ?*7 . Comment upon fou r of the following passages fromClausewitz

(a ) C’est cette situation meme que sut exploiter un

general de 28 ans . ’

(b) Ce parti accueill it l e general francais comme l eMessie . ’

(0)‘ La honte de Lodi n e retombe que sur les

troupes . ’

4K 2 1 [T urn ov er .

2

(d ) N’

ayan t plus de parc de S i ege et n o pouvant enreconstituer

,i l fallut renoncer a reprendre l e siege regu

lier. ’

(e)‘ Bonaparte s

’

elan ce,saute a has de son cheval ,

harangue l es troupes , l eur rappelle Lodi . ’

(f) ‘ Cet enveloppement est un e caractéristiqueremarquable des Autrichien s Ils veulent touj oursmoissonner avant d ’

avoir se in e.

(g)‘ Bon aparte a prétendu , dans ses Mémoires , que

sa situation,a la ve i lle de I’arm i sti ce de Leoben , n e lu i

avait pas paru périlleuse . ’

Comment upon any two of the following passagesfrom Krebs et Moris '

(a ) Cette Operation donnait aux troupes un e pl usgran de cohesion , mais elle n

’

augmen tait pas l e nombredes combattants . ’

(b) Bonaparte avait resolu de percer ce cordon

(c)‘ Cet echec assez grave était dfi principalement

a l’

i nd isci pl i n e des soldats , qu i croissait de j our en j our.’

*9 . Comment upon fou r of the fol lowmg passages fromColin

( a )‘ II cherche donc dans la victoire plus que la

v ictoire meme . ’

(b) Bonaparte étend it donc son armee l e long du P6pour obliger , avant tout, Beau lieu a diviser ses forces et

son attention .

’

(0) ‘Les Anglais eurent assez a faire en Corse pourn e donner désorma i s aucune i nquietude a Livourne . ’

(d ) Ce general pretend , dans ses Mémoires , avoirtrouve Bonaparte desespere, et lui avoir inspire la resol ution de reprendre l ’offen si ve contre Q uasdan ov itch .

’

(e)‘Les operations du 7 au 2 1 n ov embre ont pour

but l a défen se sur la ligne de l ’Adige . Verone en est lecentre, le point essentiel .

’


Mi l itary H i story an d Str a tegy .

1 1 . Campai gn of 1 870.


marked

1 . Give some account of the organization and conditionof the French Army in 1 8 70 . What were its specialsources of weakness ?

2 . What account does Foch give of Mol tke ’s plan o fcampaign for 1 8 70 ? How far does h is version agreewith that given by Moltke himself ?

3 . Mistakes in the original massing of the armies canhardly be retrieved i n the whol e course of the campaign(VON D ER GOLTZ) . Apply this to the operations ofMacmahon up to his arrival at Chalons .

4.

‘ Batailles imprévues,improvisées , impossibles a

conduire ’

(FOCH) . If this is a fair description of thebattles of August 6 - 1 8 , how do you account for theGerman victories ?5 .

‘ Un chef francais en Lorraine, s

’

in spi ran t du

principe l e plus élémentaire de la guerre , efi t enattaquan t l s 8 aofit

,au plus tard

,chavire a Forbach la

stratégie de Mo ltke basée sur une hypothese fausse entout point (FOCH) . Discuss this statement .

6 . Explain the obj ect and account for the result ofMacmahon’s attempt to reach Metz . Illustrate youranswer by a sketch -map .

Comment upon any fou r of the following passagesfrom Foch

(a ) II n e se borne pas a preparer la journée dulendemain— ses visées s’etenden t plus loin— mais celle dusurlendemain .

(b) Au moment oii Moltke prendra l’

offen sive , i l n’

yaura plus de reserve stratégique .

(c) Un e armee est bien pres d ’

etre victorieuse quanddu haut en bas de l ’echelle un pareil elan l ’electri se .


2

(d ) La partie entreprise sur la rive gauche de laMoselle est donc par organisation tres risquee . Elle n epeut réussir que dans l e cas de l

’

immob i l i te completede l ’adv ersai re .

(e) C’

etai t par un appel constant a l ’ascen dan t moralet, pour cc faire

,par l ’emploi continuel de l

’

offen siv e ,

qu’

Al ven sl eb en entreprenait et devait continuer detrancher la di fficu lte.

(f ) La II° armee avait recu l ’ordre de tourner l ’ailedroite ennemie avec l e IXe corps , la Garde devant servirde reserve .

(9) Ne faut- i l pas alors l e reconnai tre pour l e veritablevainqueur de la j ournée>l‘8 . Comment on any three of the following passagesfrom Rousset

(a ) Ce fusil avait fait ses preuves en 1 8 64 et 1 8 66, et

l’

Opin ion generale lu i attribuait la meilleure part dessucces foudroyants obtenus dan s cette derniere campagne .

(b) Les pertes causées a l ’adv ersaire par cette chargehero

'

i'

qu e , dont l e souvenir Se perpetue dans nos j eunesgenerations avec son aureol e brillante de dévouement etde grandeur

,se bornaient a quelques hommes ; mais

cependant l e sacrifice de nos braves n’

avai t pas etesteri le .

(0) E n laissant les 36 et 46 corps accepter la bataille ,l e maréchal Bazaine avait singul ieremen t compromis l esu cces de la retraite sur Verdun .

(d ) C i‘fice aussi aux nouvelles si inconsidérément

donnees par les j ournaux , i l savait maintenant ce qu’ i l

lui importait tant de con nai tre .

(e) Ce chemin , qui n e figura i t pas sur n os cartes ,était au contraire deja porte sur les leurs .

Comment on not more than thr ee of the followingpassages from Moltke ’s Hi story

(a ) W hen war was declared it needed only theRoyal signature to set the entire apparatus i n motionwith undisturbed precision

(b) The extended position of the First Army ina southerly direction towards the Saar had not beenintended by the Commander- in -Chief.


Pol i ti ca l Sci en ce.

[Can di dates are rem i n ded that they are requ i red to show

a kn o wledge of theprescri bed texts ]

1 .

‘ The good citizen is not necessarily a good man(ARISTOTLE) . E xplain and discuss this j udgement.

2 . Show how Aristotle ’s conception of a del iberativeassembly differs from the modern .

3 . Comment on the following passages from the Pol iti cs of Aristotle

(a)‘A multitude is a better j udge of many things

than an individual . ’

(b)‘ The goodness or badness, justice or injustice,

of laws is of necessity relative to the constitutions ofstates . ’

(c) He who bids the Law rule may be deemed tobid God and Reason alone ru le

,but he who bids man

rule adds an element of the beast . ’ (III .

(d )‘ The encroachments of the rich are more

destructive to the state than those of the poor . ’

4 . Show how the principles of the Constitution ofSparta approached the Aristotelian ideal of a Ci ty State.

5 . It was not unreasonable for Aristotle to maintainthat the compact City State of Ancient Greece was thesocial home of all the individuals composing it Inthe modern world no such assertion is possible (FIGGIS) .Explain and discuss this statement.

6 . Despite their differences as to political - sovereigntyboth Hobbes and Locke were defenders of private property .

’

Account for the similarity of their views.

7 . Give the views of Hobbes on the liberty of thePress and of political opinion .

4K 37 [T ur n over .

2

8 .

‘ Neither Ancient Law nor any other source ofevidence

.discloses to us society entirely destitute of the

conception of contract .’ (MAINE)Show the bearing of this admission upon Maine’s

own opinion concerning the progress of society fromStatus to Contract .

9 . The attempt to construct a normal programme foral l portions of mankind is idle and unscientific . ’

(MAITLAND)What bearing has this assertion on Maine ’s view of

the origin of political society

1 0 . Distinguish between i u s gen ti um and i u s n atu ra le,and show how far the distinction is of real importance .

1 1 . What - should be the obj ects of State- punishment ?

1 2 . Would the application of a Federal system toEngland and her self-governing Colonies necessarilydestroy the flexibility of the Constitution ?

1 3 . Hobbes ’s theory of sovereignty finds its greatestjustification in the central izing tendencies of all moderngovernments . ’ How far would you consider th is statement to be true ?

1 4. The modern state must be based on racial unity .

’

Discuss this statement .

[T. T. 1 91 4]

2

(b) E very Jewi sh pedler in Europe, indeed , wasaware of our actual circumstances

,and of the means

of deriving profit from them . (PEEL ,(0 ) Whenever the market price of gold should be at

or below the mint-price of £ 3 . 1 7s. l og- d , I conceivethat the circulation of paper cannot be excessive .

(TooxE ,

(d ) My first preference is to have nothing buta paper circulation

,and the expedient I have proposed

had that for its obj ect. (RICARDO ,(e) Th e House d id not withdraw its confidence from

the Bank from any doubt of its wealth or integrity,but

from a conviction of its total ignorance of the prin ciplesof political economy . (RICARDO,

(f) John Bull can stand many things , but he can notstand two per cent . (BAGEHOT)

(g) The price of gold is the index of the depreciation . of the currency , not the index of the value of thecurrency . (RICARDO ,7 . Describe the obj ects of Peel ’s Act of 1 844 as dis

closed i n his speech . On what grounds did Mill arguethat the theory of the Act was wholly erroneou s , an dthat the Act ought to be repealed ?

8 . How far did the fall in the gold price of silverbefore 1 8 93

(a ) cause serious financial trouble to the Governmentof India

(b) produce a serious efl’

ect upon the trade and commerce between India and other countries ?

*9 . Explain , i n reference to the context, five of thefollowing

(a ) I think it is much better that there should beno notes below £ 5 in England . (MILL)

(b) This one scheme of the fixed ratio mintage hashad the monopoly of discussion partly because it gotthe unfair advantage of calling itself by a name towhich it had no title , calling itself b i -metalli c.

(MARSHALL)

3

(0) Mr . Palgrave has endeavoured to free the totalindex numbers from the obj ection that they fail to consider the relative importance of commodities .

(Repor t of Gold an d Si lver Comm i ssion . )

(d ) A Manchester merchant said to me ,‘ We neve i

heard of this si lver question before 1 8 73 (FOXWELL .

(e) In the Indian cu i ren cy system ,as established in

1 8 35, silver takes the place which gold occupies in the

English system . (Repor t on In di an Cu r ren cy,

(f) The principal points of similarity are first of allthe heavy annual indebtedness to foreign countries whichexists both in Egypt and in India .

(SIR EDGAR V INCENT ,(g) The general rate of interest will be raised by

a gradual and anticipated fall in the value of currency .

(MARSHALL ,(h) Custom does rule the gen eral tenor of life i n

India , but it does n ot, i n my opinion , rule prices .(MARSHALL,

[T. T. 1 9 14]

2

(d ) The country ought to take warning , and preventthe right h on . gentleman and his colleagues from againinforcing upon them the burthen of the Property Tax .

(PARNELL , 1 8 1 7(e) It seemed now to be his (Napoleon ’s) great obj ect

to destroy commerce altogether. (HUSKISSON ,f) By which it will appear, that in the latter yearthe debt to be redeemed would exceed the debt

to be probably incurred , by the sum of(Rep or t of Comm i ttee on Fi n an ce,

(g) The great mass of the property of the nation isthu s constantly increasing at compound interestmobi l i tate v iget, vi resqu e acqu i r i t cu n do. (PITT ,

1 7

6 . Does the baffling problem of incidence appear tobe (a ) insolubl e , (b) unimportant ?

7 . In 1 8 8 8 Mr . Goschen made a real efl b rt to put thequestion of Local and Imperial Taxation upon a betterbusiness footing .

’

Explain the plan referred to in this statement, andthe reasons which induced Goschen to resort to it . Doyou know whether it has proved to be a success ?8 . State and illustrate the principl es upon which

Peel began and Gl adstone compl eted the Reform of theTariff. Do Gladstone ’s budgets Show a neglect of indirect and an expansion of direct taxation ?

*9 . Explain, with reference to the context , five of thefol lowing

(a ) I think , Sir , we should not omit to tak e intoconsideration the effect that wil l be produced by thetermination of the contract with the Bank of Engl and ,with reference to the naval and mil itary pensions .

(PEE L ,(b) These payments (bounties) are perhaps not more

expensiv e than erroneous .(Report of Fi n an ce Comm i ttee,

(c) The present holders woul d continue to pay thetax (on realized or invested property) after they hadparted with the property . I conceiv e therefore that thetax wou l d be simple confiscation . (MILL ,

0

(d ) Tak e the great change in the Corn Laws it maybe doubted whether

,up to this time

,you have given

them cheaper bread ; but you have created a regular andsteady trade in corn

,which may be stated at

a year . (GLADSTONE,(e) I think the finances of this country never gave

stronger evidence of vitality , soundness, and elasticitythan has been shown by what has happened since thewar commenced . (LOWE ,(f) Two difl

"

eren t sets of persons believe that theyare pay ing the same rates at the same time .

(GOSCHEN, D raft Report on Loca l Taxati on ,

(g) The question of rating vacant building landremains to be considered .

(Commi ttee on Town Hold i n gs,

(h) The tax (Land -Tax) i s imposed upon the un

improv ed value of the land subj ect to the tax .

(An swers of Self-Govern i ng Colon i es, New Sou th Wa les. )

[T. T. 1 9 1 4]

2

(b ) De Neufchateau a Vaucouleurs la Meuse coulelibre et pure entre les peupliers qu ’elle arrose

,se j oue tan

tot en brusques detours , tan tOt en longs circuits , et div iseet réunit sans cesse les glauques fi l ets de ses eaux

, qu i

parfois se perdent tout a coup sous terre . L ’

ete, cc n’est

qu’

un ruisseau paresseux qui courbe en passant lesroseaux du lit qu ’i l n ’

a presqu e pas creuse ; et,si l ’on

approche du bord,on voit la riviere

,ralentie par des

ilots de j oncs , couvrir a. peine un peu de sable et demousse . Mai s dan s la saison des pluies

,grossie de

torrents soudains , plus lou rde et plus rapide , elle laisse ,en fuyant

,une rosee souterraine qui remonte 99. et la

,en

fl aques claires , a fl eur d’

herb e,dans la vallee . Cette

vallee s’

eten d,toute unie , large d

’une l ieue a u n e lieueet demie

,entre des collines arrondies et basses , cou

ronnees de chén es et de bouleaux . Bien que fl eu r i e au

printemps , elle est d’un aspect austere et grave et prend

parfois u n caractere de tri stesse . L’herbe la revet avecune monotonie egale a celle des eaux dormantes . On

y sent,meme dans les beaux j ours

,la menace d ’un

climat rude et froid . Le ciel y semble plus doux quela terre . Il l

’

en v el oppe de son sourire humide ; i l est l emouvement

,la grace et la volupte de cc paysage tran

quille et chaste . Puis, quand vient l

’

h iver , i l se me1ea la terre dans un e apparence de chaos . Les brouillardsy deviennent épais et tenaces . Aux vapeurs blanches etlegeres qui flottai en t , par les matins t iedes , sur l e fondde la vallee , succedent des nuages Opaques et de sombresmontagnes m ouvantes

,qu ’nn soleil rouge et froid dissipe

lentement . E t,l e lon g des sentiers du haut pays , l e

passant matinal a cru,comme les mystiques dans leurs

ravissements,marcher sur l es n uées .

(0) E s ist schwer, Gregor gerecht zu beurteilen .

Zwar daran zweifelt niemand,dass er unter den vielen

grossen Papsten einer der gewaltigsten war, fast un

erreicht i n dem hohen Flug seiner Gedanken und in dern ach drii ck l i chen Kraft seines Willens . Aber damit i stn icht viel gesagt . Denn man kann die Gresse einesMannes nicht nach de i : St

’

arke seines Wollens und nachder Konsequen z und der Ki l hn h ei t seines Denkens alleinbemessen . Nur der ist wahrhaft gross

,bei dem Gedanke

un d Wille ihr Mass erhalten durch das Gefii h l fii r das ,was mOgl ich ist , un d durch das Streben nach dem ,

was

3

frommt . Wenn man Gregor mit diesem Massstab misst,

so muss man urteilen , dass die Geschichte recht gerichtethat

,indem sie den Namen des Grossen nicht dem sie

benten,sondern dem ersten Gregor gab . E r geho

'

rt zu

den Man n ern ,bei denen die Energie des Charakters

taluscht uber die GrOsse des Talents . Man kan n dasUrteil fi nden

,dass er die Macht Roms gross gemacht

habe,wie n i e zuvor . Der Satz ist ein interessantes

Beispiel fii r jenen leicht v erstan dl i chen Irrtum . Dennganz vergeblich fragt man

, wo der Gewinn l iegt,den

Rom v on dem Regiment Gregors VII. gehabt hat . SeinPon tifik at war eine Kette v on Niederlagen : nichts vondem

,was er ersti eb te , weder die Unterwerfung des

Episkopats , noch die Beseitigung der fii rstl i chen Machtin der Kirche

,noch die Unterordnung der weltlichen

Gewalt unter die geistliche hat er erreicht : hier i i b eral lwaren seine Absichten im Jahre 1 08 5 von ihrer Verw i rk l i chung weiter entfernt als im Jahre 1 0 7 3 . Suchtman den Grund , so ist unleugbar , dass die Schuld zumTeil ihn selbst trifft . Indem er in seiner Leidenschaftl ichk eit einem immer ho'her

,umfassender gedachten Ziele

zudrangte , machte er selbst j eden Erfolg seiner Bestre ~

bungen ua’

g l i ch : er wollte di e zweite Stufe beschreiten

,ehe di e erste erreicht war. So handelt der

grosse Politiker nicht .

(d ) Noi redammo l e tradizioni dotte e gentili , e aglialtri popoli l e tramandammo ; fummo in gran partei conservatori delle classiche scritture e i primi lorochiosatori ed interpreti nelle nuove lingue figl iate O

nobilitate dal Cristianesimo . Noi custodimm o e i nstau rammo i miracoli dei latini e dei greci artefici ; e semolti di essi furono guasti

,o predati o barbaramente

distrutti,lo spoglio e l o sperpero

,se piace a Dio

,n on fu

opera di mani italiche . Noi rinnovammo lo studio pellegrino e fecondo delle belle arti e delle Lettere amene

,

e n on solo emulammo , ma pareggiammo , e forse giungemmo i n qualche parte a superare gl i antichi ; perchei nomi di Dante

,di Michelangelo e di Raffaello

, 0 nonhan pari al mondo

,0 n on han superiori in alcun luogo

e tempo . Q ual e. in qual sivoglia genere di sapere 0 diartifiz io nobile e proficuo, i l trovato o i l rinnovamento ,che n on sia stato fatto e maturato

,o almeno presentito

e preparato in Ital ia ? Tal fu la v irti‘

I dell’ ingegno

4

pelasgico risvegliato dal la divina scintilla dope un sonnodi parecchi secoli . Onde pare che all ’ Italia futura pi iIancora che a quella de ’ suoi tempi mirasse Plinio

, quandoscrisse l e seguenti parole eloquenti e fatidiche :

‘ Terraalunna e madre insieme d ’

ogn i paese , eletta dagl’ Iddii

per rendere pi iI bello i l cielo , accozzare l e genti sparse ,addolcire i riti

,affratellare colla parola i popoli discordi

e da barbare favelle disgiunti , dare a ciascuno consorzioumano e gentilezza, e brevemente, esser patria comunea tutte lo nazioni del mondo .

’

[T. T . 1 9 1 4]

HONOUR SCHOOL OF MODE RN HISTORY .

PREVIOUS E XAMINATION .

Outl in es of E uropean History, 800—1 494.

[Can di dates shou ld attempt at l east TWO qu esti on s i n

each part of the paper ,an d amon g them ONE of

those marked wi th an

1 . The union and stability of his Empire depended onthe life of a single man (GIBBON ) . Discuss this v erdicton the Empire of Charlemagne .

2 . Compare the effects on Gaul of the ravages of theNorthmen in the n inth century with the effects on

Germany and Italy of the ravages of the Magyars i n thetenth century .

3. Trace the growth and explain the causes of theschism between the Western and Eastern Churchesdown to the final rupture in 1 05 4.

4. Discuss the importance in the history of the MiddleAges ei ther of Paris or of Cordova .

5 . How far did the conception of Empire entertainedby Otto III differ from that of Otto I ?

6 . Account for the rapid rise of the Papacy from theaccession of Henry III to the Empire down to the accession of Gregory VII to the Papacy.

How far can it be said that geography ei ther (a )ruined the mediaeval Empire

,or (b) made the success of

the Capetian dynasty ?

B .

8 . For what reasons may the latter half of the eleventhcentury be regarded as a great landmark in Europeanhistory

1 0M9 [Turn over .

2

*9 . Discuss the importance of the reign of AlexiusComnenus in the history of the Byzantine EmpireIllustrate by a sketch -map the extent of that Empire atthe end of his reign .

1 0 . Give some account of the pol itical power and thecu l ture of Norman Sicily in the twel fth century .

1 1 . Which reign would you regard as marking thezenith of the mediaeval Empire— that of Henry III

,or

that of Frederic I ?

1 2 . What signs of weakness or of failure may b etraced in the pon tificate of Innocent III

1 3. Discuss any on e of the fol low ing theses

(a) Feudalism was not a disease.

(b) A part of the serious historian’s task is to get rid

of renaissances .

(c) Commun ia est tumor pl eb is, timor regni, teporsacerdoti i .

(d) Abelard was the first Protestant .

1 0M 9



Outl in es of E uropean H i story . 1 494 1 78 9 .

[Can di dates shou ld attempt at least Two Qu esti on s i neach par t of the paper , an d among them ONE of thosemarked wi th an aster i sk

A

1 . In what ways was the attitude of the EmperorMaximilian 1 towards the proposed reforms of theEmpire afl

’

ected by his foreign policy ?

2 . To what causes is the less of her Mediterraneantrade by Venice to be attributed ?

3 . Account for the rapid conquest of Naples byCharles VIII , and for his failure to retain possession ofthe kingdom .

4. Describe the part taken by the Swiss in the Ital ianwars of Louis XII and Francis I .5 . Is the policy of the Emperor Charles V towards the

German Protestants open to the charge of being dishonest*6 . Why did Philip II succeed in suppressin g the

revolt of the Southern Netherlands ? Illustrate youranswer by a sketch-map .

7 . Compare the influence exercised by Calvin withthat of Ignatiu s Loyola.

8 . To what causes would you attribute the arrest ofTurkish advance in Europe after the death of Solymanthe Magnificent ?

9 . Explain the importance of the Dukes of Guise inthe religious wars of France .

1 0M4 [Tu rn over .

2

1 0 . What were the contribution s of Holland to European thought and civilization in the first half of theseventeenth century ?

1 1 . Were the aims of Wallenstein wholly selfish ?

*1 2. Expl ain , with the help of a sketch -map, the importance of the French acquisitions at the Peace ofWestphalia .

[l l/I. T. 1 91 4]

I0 M4

2

*1 0 . What part did Russia play in the affairs of WesternEurope between the opening of the Seven Years ’ Warand the year 1 7 8 9 Illustrate by means of a sketch -mapher acquisitions of territory during this period .

1 1 . Compare the characters of Spanish and Austrianrule in Italy during the eighteenth century.

1 2 . How far was th e growth of the RevolutionarySpirit in France due to the influence of men of letters ?

T. 1 91 4]

1 0M 5



Or igi na l Texts.

ARISTOTLE,Pol i ti cs I and III TACITUS , German i a .

[Can d i dates shou ld attemp t a t least THREE qu esti on s i neach part, an d amon g them these marked w ith an

aster i sk

A.

*1 . Translate , and comment on the following passages

(a) Team [LEV OHV i) tip/u) e’

v n daw en ? fin r ocafirnv

Kal v fa V ’

e'

82 n pdrros pey ia-Twix dy a dé

’

w a i’

n os.

f l I A I I

coa'

n'ep y ap Ka t r eh ewdev Beh r te r ov ra w ( cyan! a udpom

'

es

e’

e'

Tw , ofj'

roo Ka i Xcepto'déu 11 6/rev Ka i dim) ? xe ipte

'

r ev

m i x/Troy .

(b) Ka i é’

oucev b'

y’

dhndwes u hofiros‘ ex 7 0 15e

six/a t (se. xpnfidrwv upes £a) i dvayKa io w Ka i xpne ifiwr

e is Kowawt’

a u n eh ews‘ i) oiKia 9)°

y el p rfis T e i afir ns

Kr ije ews‘ adrdpk ei a n pes dy a dhv {whiz 0 15K dn'

e ipes‘e’

o-

Tw .

I I A A T f

(c) Tpta p epn 7 179 aw ar e/r i ng s nu , ev p er dea n-on im

31} de 1ra ‘

rptmj , rpfr ov dé y aw/( ii .

*2 . Translate , and comment on the following passages

(a ) E i'

n'

ep ydp e’

e r t Kowwv ia m s 7) n eh ts,’

e’

e n O’

é

Kowa wia n oh i ré’

w n oN r eia s, ywopévns érépa s 7 93 s ider Ka i

di adepoea'

ns 7 779 Troh cr eia s‘ dvayKa iou sw a t (lega cy dv Ka i

7 75V n bhw el l/a t w) d ei -15V .

(b) H ohhé’

wydp b'

z/‘

ra weKa a rou (sc . e’

vde’

xera r) fiepi ov’

e’

xew dperfis‘

Ka i gepomje ewg, Ka i y iuee da t a vveh fievrwv

d e n ep o’

s’

ua dufipam’

ov T b nhfifies, n ohfin oda Ka i n oAzixetpa’ l I ( I V

Ka t n oAAa s exom aw fino'

ets‘

, ov-rco Ka t 7T€pt T a 77077 Ka t

Thy Stai rwa y .

.v/ r .v c I 1 A(c) Tor apa voy ov apxew a cperwr epov p aAAOV n r a w

n oh i rd v é’

ua rwd Kdv ei’ Twa s dpxew Béh fl ou

, Toer ov s

Ka r a e'

r a‘

réov voyogbzih a k a s Ka i bu gpe’

r a s r oi s repe l s.

10M 1 0 [T urn ov er .

2

3. Contrast th e appl ication by Aristotle of the conceptien of nature to politics with his application of thatconception to economics .

4. What l ight does the third b ook of the Pol i ti csthrow on Aristotle ’s attitude to the principle of populargov ernment ?

5 . What is Aristotle ’s view of the fol lowingi) eBv o

'

r a r tKfi, T b ve/u o-

pa , n apeKBda'

ets‘

rsu epdé’

w

WON -ra d ix, ee TpaKw/xes

*6. Translate, and comment on the following passages

(a) Il lud ex libertate vitium , qued n on simul nec utiussi con v en iun t, sed et alter et tertius dies cun ctation ecoeun tium ab sumi tur. Ut turba placu it, cen si dun t armati .

( b) Sed et l ev iorib us del icti s pro modo poenaequorum pecorumque numero con v i cti mul tan tur . Parsm ul tae regi vel ci v itati , pars ipsi qu i v in dicatur , velpropinqu is eius exselv i tur .

(c) E x igun t enim a prin cipi s su i Iib eral itate i l l umb el laterem equum ,

i l lam cruentam v ictri cemque frameam ;

nam epulae et quamquam in cempti , largi tamem apparatus pro stipendio cedun t.*7 . Translate , and comment on the following passages

(a) Sorerum fi l i is idem apud avun cu lum qu i apudpatrem honor . Q uidam san ctierem artieremqu e hun c

nexum sanguinis arb itran tur et in accipien di s ob sidib us

magis ex igun t.

(b) Multum ,ut inter Germanos

,ration i s ac seller

tiac praepon ere electos , audire praepositos , nosse ordines ,i n tel l egere occasion es, di fferre impetus , disponere diem ,

vallare n octem ,quodque rar i ssimum nec nisi Romane e

d isc ipl inae concessum , plus repon ere in duce quam in

exerc itu .

(0) State tempore in silvam auguri i s patrum et

prisca form id in e sacram omnes eiusdem sanguinis populil egation i b u s coeun t

,caesoqu e ,

publice hemine celebrantbarbari ritus horrenda primordia .

l OM l O



Or igin a l Texts.

EINHARD,V i ta Carol i ; JOINVILLE , Vi e de Sai n t Lou i s ;

DANTE,De Mon ar chi a I.

[Can di dates shou ld attempt at least TWO qu esti on s i n each

par t of the paper , an d amon g them these marked

wi th an

A .

1 . State what you know of the life of Einhard,and of the

condition of arts and letters at the Carolingian Court.*2 . Translate an d comment on the following passages .

(a) Franci s iqu idem facto se l l emn i ter generali conv entu ambos sibi reges cen stituun t

,ea conditione prae

missa, u t totum regni corpus ex aeque parti ren tur , et

Karol us eam partem ,quam pater corum Pippin u s ten uerat,

Karl eman nus vero eam,cui patruus corum Karleman nus

praeerat, regendi gratia susciperet.

(b) In que proel i e E ggihardus regi ae mensae praepositus, An shelmus comes pal ati i et Hruedl an dus Brittannici l im itis praefectus cum al i i s cempl urib u s interficiun tur .

(0) Cum Aaron rege Persarum ,qui excepta India

totum poene ten eb at orientem , talem habuit in amicitiacon cordiam , ut is gratiam eius omnium ,

qui in tote orbeterrarum eran t, regum ac pr in cipum am i citiae praepon eret solumque i l lum honore ac mun ificen tia sibice lendum iudi caret .

(d) Franci duas hab en t leges , in plurim is locis valdediversas .3 . What l ight is cast by Einhard

’s V i ta Carol i on thegovernment and administration of Charles the Great ?4. Estimate the true significance of the Coronation of

Charles by Pope Lee .

B .

*5 . Translate and comment on the fol lowing passages(a ) Sire , i l nous semble que vous perdes la terre que

vous donnez au roy d ’

Angl eterre , pour ce que i l n’

i adroit ; car ses peres la perdi par jugement .

1 0M 1 [Turn over .

(b) L i Beduyn n e croient poin t en Mahommet,a incoi s croient en la loy Haali , qui fu oncles Mahommet ;et aussi‘ y croient Ii Vieil de la Montaigne

,cil qu i

nourrissent l es Assac i s

(c) A sen eschaus, j ai pardue ma mere !(d ) Mei smemen t les bones v illes et l es communes de

ton royaume garde en l’estat et en la franchise oii ti

devancier les en t gardées .

6 . Summarize the effects of the fifth and sixth Crusades ,and illustrate your answer by a map .

7 . Discuss the character of St. Loui s , and estimate hisservices to France .

8 . Illustrate the relations of the Crown to the feudato ries

,as revealed by Joinvi lle .

C

9 . What events led Dante to hepe for a victory of

the Gh ibelline cause ?

1 0 . Criticize the methods of reasoning adopted in theDe Mon archi a . From what sources did Dante draw hispolitical ideas ?

1 1 . What was the positi on of Italian affai rs whichl ed Dante to write his De Mon archi a ?

*1 2 . Tran slate and comment on the following passagesfrom the D e Mon ar chi a , Book I

(a ) Secundo , an Romanus populus de iure monarchiae efficium Si bi ascw eri t.

( b ) Si [con si deremu s] unam c iv itatem , cuius fin isest bene sufli c i en terqu e vivere , unum opertet esseregimen ; et h ec non solum in recta politia, sed et in

obliqua .

(c) Sed homines prepinqu ius menarch iae sunt, quamal i is prin c ipib u s .

(d ) Ration i b us omn ibus supra positi s, experien tia

memorab i l i s attestatur status videlicet i l l i us mortal ium ,

quem Dei Filius in salutem hominis hominem assumptu rus vel expectav i t, vel cum v e l ui t ipse disposu it.

1 0M 1 [M. T. 1 9 1 4 ]

2

4 . State and criticize Sully’s obj ections to theestablishment of the manufacture of silk in France .

B .

5 . In what ways do the extracts from the Memoirs ofSaint- Simon , given in the prescribed text, illu strate thedifferent positions held by the author under Louis XIVan d the Regency ?

6 . Summarize the characters of the following men asdescribed by Saint- Simon — the Due de Bourgogne,Fen elon

,d

’

Aguesseau ,Dangeau .

*7 . Translate and comment on any two of the followingpassages

(a ) C’

eteien t sans doute de grands coups , i n compaJrab les pour la grandeu r solide de l ’An gl eterre aux dépensde toutes les nat ions de l ’E urope, de celles surtout dentel l e avoi t le plus de jalousie

,la francoise et l

’

espagn ol e ,avec l ’avan tage encore de l es brouiller et de les diviser.Mais l o grappin une fois attache sur celui qui peut tout ,qu i attend un chapeau pour lequel i l b rfil e dc desirdepu is tant d ’

annees, et qui a tous les an s quarante millelivres sterl ing a recevoir

, den t i l n’ose rien montrer

,et

den t i l redoute au contraire j u squ’

au soupcon , qui craint,par consequent

,des retardements

,et plus en core une

soustraction den t i l n’

osere it ouvrir la bouche , i l n’est

rien qu’

en n e puisse obtenir .

(b) On vint avouloir , d’

au toritecoactive , asupprimertout usage d ’

er , d’argent et de pierreries, j e dis d

’argentmon n oye, a prétendre persuader qu e depuis Abraham ,

qu i paya argent comptant la sepulture de Sara, j usqu’

e

n os temps , on avoi t ete dans l ’i l l usion et dans l ’erreur l aplus grossi ere

,dans toutes les nations policées du monde

,

Sur l a mon n oi e et les métaux dent en la fait ; que l epapier ete it lo seul utile et l e seul necessaire , qu

’on n e

pouv oit faire nu plus grand mal 4, nos v e i sin s, jaloux denotre grandeur et de n os avantages , que de verser et fairepasser chez eux tout notre argent et toutes n os p ierrer i es .

(c) Ce parlement , qu i sous l e feu roi meme av oi t

souvent mande cc meme d ’

Argen son et lu i avoit, commel ieutenant de police , donneses ordres debout et decouvert a

10M6

3

la barre ; cc parlement, qu i depuis la regence avoit déployésa mauvaise volente contre lui , jusqu

’

a donner tout apenser

,et qui reten oi t encore des prisonniers et deS

papiers pour lui donner de l’

i n qu ietude ; cc premier preeident , Si superi eur a l u i si orgueilleux, Si fier de son ducdu Maine

,Si fort en esperance des sceaux cc Lame i gnen

qu i s’

etoit vante de l e faire pendre a sa chambre dej ustice , oh lui-meme s

’

ete i t si completement deshonore, ilsl e virent rev étu des ornements de la premiere place de larobe , les presider , les effacer, et, entrant en fonction , lesremettre en leur devoir et leur en faire lecon publique etforte, des la premiere fois qu

’il se treuvoit a leur tete .

C .

8 .

‘ Il s ’agit den c de bien distinguer l es droits respectifsdes citoyens et du souverain .

’

What is Rousseau ’s distinction ? Is it satisfactory ?

9 . Translate and comment on the following passages

(a ) Ari stote a dit que les hommes n e sont pointnaturellement egaux

,mais que les uns n aissent pour

l’

esclavage et les autres pour ‘ la domination . Aristote

avait raison ; mais i l prenait l’

effet pour la cause .

(b) C’est l e tracas du commerce et des arts

,c’est

l ’avide in terét du gain , c’est la mollesse et l’amour des

commodités qui changent les'

services personnels en

argent . On cede une partie de son profit pour l’

augmen ter

a son aise . Donnez de l ’argent,et b i en tOt vous aurez

des fers .

1 0 . Give Rousseau ’s Views as to(a) The relations between the Sovereign Power and

the Government .

(b) The proper relations between Church and State.

(0) The rights of minorities.

[M. T. 1 9 14]

2

non huc Si don i i torserun t cornua n autaelaboriosa nec cehors V l ixe i

nulla nocent pecori contagia,nullius astri

g regem aestuosa torret impotentia .

Iuppi ter illa pi ae secrev it l i tOIa genti ,ut i n qu in av i t aere tempus au i eum ;

aere, deh in c ferro durav i t saecula, quorum

pi i s secunda vate me datur fuga .

(0) 0 1771 0 81) n apeo'

xeva o-

p e'

uoc Ka r’

dpxds dudpamoz

{ii /cow a n opddnv , n eh ets‘ de0 15K ne a r

‘ dn dAAw/To OCV iure

7 63V dnpfwv di d n a vr axfi a il -raw da dev e'

o'

r epm si t/a t, Ka i

7) dn/u ovpyuci) Téxvn'

afir e i s‘ upes‘

per rpopiyv {Ka i/ i) 30 17053511 , upbs de 7 61! T61 V dnpicov n eh epov e

’

vdeijs— n oh tfl k ij v

ya p T e'

xvmz ov’

mo f ixer , 779 p epos n e pmfi— e’

fijrovu (i i)a fipoig

‘

eo-da i Ka i e q

'

i feo'da i Kfl

’

fovr es n oh ets e’

r’

oi’

m

a fipow defev , fidt’

KevV dhAno s d '

re OUK’

e’

xovr es T ffl l

7TOl\ tT tK7\

) V r éxmyv , die-

Te n dAw O'

Keda vmi/t euozdtegbdeipovr o .

Z ei/s e i’

j

’

u deio a s wept 7T?) y e'

vet 7]d p i) dn eAOLT o 1ra V ,’

E pp ijv n em-

rec dy er/Ta eis d i/Cpa'

nrovs a idc?) r e Ka i dfk nv ,i'

v’

ei eV n eh ea w KOO/LOL r e Ka i (l ea-

pol gb i h ia s e vuaywyoi .

épcord ovu’

E pp ijs‘ A ia T i t/a OUV Tpen

'

ov (l oin CL’

Kfl V Ka i a idc?)

dvfipa'

m'

ocs’ “ Her epov (51 9 a t Téxr a t vevépnvr a t , 0 177 0) Ka i

f aer a s vet/1 a) ; veue/mur a l St 3186‘

a s’

e'

Xcov ia rptm‘

j i/

n ohh oi s‘ iKa ues i di a’

i r a ts, Ka i oi dAAe t dnp tovpyoi“Ka i (i i /( 77V

Ka t a ide?) affirm 1963 Sr r oi s dvdpdn-

OLS‘

,i) err? m ix/Ta g

vefpco ;“ ’

E u-i m i x/Ta r,

” ’

e'

gbn s Z ezfs‘ , Ka i m i t/r eg p er

exevra w'

0 13 y c’

zp dv yer/owro 7 6m g , e i o

’

Aiyor afir é’

w

per e'

xmefi d e n ep dhh c w T exvdw Ka i li e/Tor y e 039 n ap’

époz'

) rev p i) dvvdpeueu a idofis‘ Ka i dim) ? per éxew Kr eivew

( i) ? yea-er n e'

Aews. oii ‘ra) dif, co d pa r es‘

, Ka i di d r a ii r a

OL 7 6 dAAOI Ka i Hdnva foa b'

r a v pév n epi dperfis T eKr omKfig

f) Aéyog dhhns r ul es: dnp tovpy tk ijs, O’

Aiyots c i e l/r a t

p er ch/a t ov e i s‘

, Ka i MI1 7 1 9 e’

Kres div 7 63V eAiya w

o vpfievh efiy , 0 15K due’

xovr a z, (519 0 1) dfis— ei k erws, (by éya'

i

gbnp c— b

'

r a v 8Sei s e vpfievh i‘

w n oh tr tk ijs dper ijs t’

a ww,in!

36? di d Sw a rm-

z5i ms n de a v l ei/a t Ka i ewcppoa iiung , eixérwg

du'

a rr eg dvdpes dvéxovr a t , 039 wa r/7 2 n poe fiKov T afi‘ms‘

y e

per éxew r ijs dper ijs 7] p i) swa t n eh ets‘ .

1 0M 7

3

r e’

Kvov , eux dfl a vr a T c?) y ijpa Ka k d ,’

E r eek h ees, upee ean w dAA’

fipn etpi aI A I I

exet T l Aega i ra w v ea w crogbwr epou.

T i Tfis‘ Kat/( fe rns ea t/1 6m m e’

gbt’

eo'

a t

Tak en /riots, n a i ; p ?) 0 15 y" ddtKos 1) 9665

"

3, I

n oAo s 8 es OtKOUS‘

Ka t 7TOl \ € tS‘ evda ipeva g

e’

e ijhde d fihd’

e’

u"

Chedpcp 7 63V xpw/Ievwv'

egb’

i) on)

pa ix/y . Keivo KdAAtov , rem/or ,’

Ie ernra r ipdv , 1) ¢ io 9 dei

n eh ets r e n eh eo'

i e vppdxovs a vppdxotsA

.v I I .V

o urdet ‘ T O y ap l O‘

OV pom/1 0 V a r dpamors e¢u,A I 7 f I

'

rcp wh eem d a re wok e/u m} xadw r a r a z

e’

xdpds 6’

fipe’

pa s Kar dpxer a t.

Ka i y c‘

zp perp’

dudpa’

mow t Ka i p e’

pr) e radpé’

w

Ia-erns er age KapIO/Iov dimpl e s,vvxres 7

"

d cpen S‘ BAe

'

gbapoV iflxiov r e di d ?) I I I

l O‘

OV Badtfet r ev ewa vm ov Kuko ,

A IKeve

‘

er epou av i-

a w gbdovov exet V tKw/Ievov .

eiO’

fih tos [Leif mfg dovh eii et Bporoisi I I : I : I

a v 8 OUK a v egy dwparwu excov l O‘

OV

Ka i ré’

ide veip a i Kdr a n ei}’

a'

rw i)

[1 1 . T. 1 9 1 4]

1 0 M 7

2

sourde lamentation causee par l e brisement des l ourdsglacon s aux piles d

’un pent lointain . Sans abri,sans

pature , l es an imaux les plus prudents se rapprochaientchaque j ou i de la demeure de l

’homme,et venai ent

,

atti i es par le besoin , lui demander une dangereuse hospitalite. Le gibier l e plus craintif S’av en tu rai t dans lesj ardins

,cherchant u n i efuge dans. les haies de cloture .Le lievre pénétrait dans les vergers , 0 11 sa trace indiquait

sen gi te au paysan qui l e tuait d’un coup de baton . Laperdrix, rasée sous le buisson, se laissait prendre a lamai n .

In povera capanna amico scendeOspite i l sole , e i l verde in ciel s i vedeVarca i fium i lo sguardo, i monti ascende

Ecco la Fede .Se del sue can to e i v '

i'ator consola

L’

u ccel volando, e l’ aure e i i ciel n on teme

Posa su l rame e canta , e poi rivolaEcco la Speme .

Della luce di D i e peche scintilleEmpi ono i cieli immensi e a quel caloreSpuntano i mondi

,come foglie, a mille :

Ecco l ’Amore .

(d ) Essendo disfatta la cittadi Fiesole salvo la rocca,come di sopra e detto , molti Fi esol an i vennero a abitarei n Firenze, come faremo menzione , e accie che i Fiesolan ivenuti in Firenze fa ssino con piu fede e amore una co

’

Fiorentini , Si raccomunarono l ’arm i de ’ detti comuni, efecero allora un a arme dimezzata vermiglia e bianca,come eggi a

’ nostri d i si vede , e portas i i n oste , cioe i lcarrocci o del comune di Firenze . La parte vermiglia delcarroccio Si e l ’arme , che F i oren tin i eb b en o da ’

Roman i ,come dicemmo adr i eto, dove solcano usare i l giglio biancol’

al tra meta del carroccio fecion o bianca, che era deFiesolan i l ’arme lore, e dove portavano una luna cilestra ;ma alla detta arme comune levarono i l giglio bianco, ela Iuna cilestra

,rimanendosi ce si dimezzata , rossa e

bianca e fecero leggi e statuti comuni vivendo a unasignoria di due consoli cittadini col consiglio del senate ,

c i e era di cento uomini i migliori della c itta, come 9 1 a

1’

use de’ Romani date e concedute a Fi Oi entmI.

1 0M3

3

(e) Des Kleinen Wiege stand zu NachtAn meinem Bett ; es durfte kaum sich regen ,War ich erwacht ;Bald mu sst’ ich ’s tranken , bald es zu m i r legen ,Bald

,wenn’s nicht schwieg

,vom Bett ’ aufstehn ,

Und tanzeln d i n der Kammer auf und nieder gehn,

Und fr iih am Tage schon am Waschtrog stehnDann auf dem Markt un d an dem Herde sergen ,Un d immerfort , wie heut so m erged

Da geht’s,mein Herr

,ni cht immer muthig zu

Doch schmeckt daf'ur das Essen , schmeckt die Ruh’

.

(f ) Der Geist des Mittelalters ist in Wahrheit furuns oftmals ratsel hafter als der des c lassischen Altertums

,

an dessen Trummern er seine Geschichte angekn i ipft hat .Ganze Gebiete in ihm liegen von Nacht v ersch ii ttet, aufwelche kaum aus Chroniken und Urkunden ein Schimmerféi l lt. Das Mittelalter ist die Entwicklung der abendlfin dischen Menschheit durch das Princip der christlichenReligion auf dem Grunde der antiken Cu l tur es ist diegrosse Werk stdtte und das Schatzhaus aller unsrerCu ltur ideen . Je mehr nun wir selbst uns v on i hm

entfernen , desto geheimn i ssv ol l er und ehrwu rdiger er

scheint uns seine Gestalt . Die Erhabenheit seiner Idealeund ihr rel i gieser Tiefsinn , die Gresse seiner wel tumfassenden Systems

,die phantasievolle Ueb ergeistigung alles

Irdischen , die Mannigfaltigkeit seiner Lebensformen , dietiefen Wid

’

ersprii che der i i b ersinn l i chen und der wirklichen Welt

,un d ihr zerst

'

eren der wie befruchtenderKampf : alles dies stellt einen Kosmos von Ideen undErscheinungen dar, dessen innerstes Wesen sich in

Mysterien zu v erh ii l l en scheint . Viele Stellen in derWelt des Mittelalters , welche einst hell erschienen ,

sindfi i r unsern v eran derten Blick abgeblasst : Viele , die dasvergangene Menschengeschlecht dunkel sah , sind fur unszum Licht der Vernunft aufgehellt . Begriffe und D egmen

,Rechte und Gesetze

,Glaube und Denkweise , Kirche

und Staat, haben ihren Ort im geistigen Weltsystemv eritn dert, oder sie sind unter unsern Horizont gesunken,und diese Verwandlung ist die Geschichte selbst .

[M. T. 1 9 14]

1 OM3

HONOUR SCHOOL OF MODE RN HISTORY.

PREVIOUS E XAMINATION.

.s of E conomi c Theory.

tion of the orthodox or Liberale l s of economic thought .

11 of economic rent,and distinguish

d for the hire of a farm and i ts

define capital ? Discuss thewhich it plays in the produc

i e foll owing economic termsen t ; entrepreneur ; profit

Iic defects of competition ?tendency of the times i s

- scale production

a m mun i sm

No . 1 754 On e Sh i l l in g n et

OXFORD UNIVE RSITY

E XAMINAT ION PAPE R S



TRINITY TE RM, 1 9 1 5

OXFORD

AT THE CLARE NDON PRE SS

SOLD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS DEPOSITORY1 1 6 HIGH STREET

2

*(h) Satis enim suffici t c i ( se. clerico) pro poena

degradati o , quae est magna capitis dem inutio,nisi forte

con v i ctus fuerit de apostasia , quia tunc prim e degradetur et postea per manum lai cal em comb uratur .

[BRAOTON.](i ) Tibi praec ipimus qued quatuor milites de dis

cretior ib us in lege m i l iti bu s comitatus tui , et etiam de

singu l is ci v i tati b u s,burgis et v i l l i s m ercatori i s de b al l i va

tua sex vel quatuor cives b urgen ses vel alios prob eshomines venire facias ibidem ad praed i ctum crastin um

clausi Paschae,ad tractan dum una cum magn ati b us

regni nostri de n egoti i s ei usdem regni .[Wr it of E dward

2 . What is the meaning of a grant of bookland andwhat part do such grants play in the development of afeudal polity ?

3 . Ill ustrate from the S e l ect Charters any on e of thefollowing subj ects :

The position of the clerical Estate in Parliament.The feudal dues .The forest j urisdiction .

4. Summarize the duties and estimate the power ofthe Sheriff in the twelfth century.

5 . Explain the Steps by which the custom of the King ’sCourt became the Common Law of England .

How far was the principle ‘ no taxation withoutconsent ’ observed in the twelfth century ?

7 . Explain the principal items recorded in the GreatRoll of the Pipe of the eighth year of Henry II , takingcare to give renderings of the following expressions z~i n l i berati on e con sti tu ta , i n ter r i s dati s, l oos blan c

,

compotum ole veter i bu s p laci ti s , comp otum de bu rgo.

8 . Compare the proj ects of reform successively issuedby the barons i n 1 258 and 1 264.

9 . Illustrate from the Select Charters the constitutionof London in the twelfth and thirteen th centuries .

1 0 . What light can you throw on (a) the King’s Peace ,

(b)'

the system of Amercements ?

4 K IS

3

1 1 . Did Edward I consider a parliamentary system tobe anything beyond a convenient engine of taxation ?

1 2 . Explain the following expressions —fiegen r i htcsweerde, u tlagh,mu rdrum, i u isa aqu ae, telon eum , an ti qu a

firma,tyen man n a ta le.

1 3 . There is no evidence that Anglo-Saxon Kingshipwas in any sense limited .

’ Discuss .

[T. T. 1 91 5]

4 K 1 8

2

1 0 .

‘ In spite of rebell ion,and war , and regicide , it

needed yet a further revolution to rid the country ofthe Stewart system of government .’ Why was this

,and

who was to blame for it ?

1 1 . To what extent is it true that the powers of theCrown in England decayed as Cabinet Governmentdev eloped ?

1 2 . Distinguish the problems connected with the extension of the franchise from those concerned with thed istribution of seats . How far have these been satisfactori l y sol ved by nineteenth - century leg islation ?

1 3 . What are the con sti tu ti on a l relations in our ownday between the various self- governi ng colonies and themother country ?

1 4. In what sense has an English citizen (a ) a rightto personal freedom

, (b) a right to freedom of discussion ?How far were such rights in existence in the reign ofGeorge III ?

1 5 . What is meant by the term ‘ legal sovereignty ’

?

Show how it was afl’

ected i n this country by (a) the Billof Rights

, (b) the Septennial Act, (e) the Parliament Act,1 9 1 1

1 6 . Write a short reply to Tocquev i l l e’s dictum thatthe English Constitution has no real existence .

T . 1 9 1 5]

4K 29


Con sti tuti on a l Hi story to 1 5 58 .

For Can d i dates who ofifer PROTHERO , GARDINER , (kc .

[Can di dates are expected to an swer qu esti on s from BOTHsecti on s of the paper ]

A .

1 .

‘ The Teuton ic occupation of Britain was a migration n ot a conquest ’

(STUBBS) . What principles o f ourconstitutional history are to be traced to this ?

2 . Trace the part played by the Church in theun ification of the n ation .

3 . Was the Norman Conquest instrumental i n stemming or in accelerating the growth of a feudal polity inEngland ?

4 . Explain— scutage,trial by battle , frank - pledge

,

Exchequer, Magnum Concilium .

5 . Can the origin of ou r parliamentary system betraced to the representative principle at work from earlydays in the Shire Court ?

6 . Which do you con sider the most important provisions ofMagna Carta ?

7 . What were the principal immunities claimed by theClergy in the thirteenth century How far were theseclaims j ustified

B .

8 . Compare the systems of government set up by thebarons in the reigns of Edward II

,and of R ichard II

respectively .

9 . What development of the power of the House ofCommons can be traced to the reigns of Edward IIIand of Henry IV

1 0 .

‘The House of Lancaster violated the constitutionwhen it was weak

,the House of York violated it when

it was strong.

’ Estimate the truth of this statement,and

illustrate it from particular examples.

4K 1 7 [T u rn over .

2

1 1 . Discuss the fifteenth century as the ‘ GoldenAge

’ of the Engl ish borough s .

1 2. Give an account of the historical an d legal problems connected with any one of the following— a Manor

,

Villein Tenure,a Hundred Cou rt.

1 3 . Account for the fall of the " overmighty subj ect ’

at the close of the fifteenth century .

1 4 . How far do the social changes of the first halfof the sixteenth century explain the increase in thepower of the crown ?

1 5 . To what extent can the governments of Henry VIIand Henry VIII be considered arbitrary in regard to(a) taxation , (b) treas on

[T. T. 1 9 1 5]

4 K ] ?

2

(f ) Then for the law of this land , I am no less confiden t, that no learned lawyer will affirm that animpeachment can lie against the King . and one oftheir maxims is

,that the King can do no wrong .

[The K i n g’

s reason s for decl i n i n g the j u r i sdi cti on ofthe H igh Cou r t of Ju sti ce.]

(g) Provided always , That nothing in this Act contain ed shall extend or be construed to exempt any Offi ceror Soldier whatsoever from the ordinary process of Law .

[Mu ti n y Act.](h) Lord Chief Justi ce.

—Mr . Sheriff,proceed to the

barracks,and acquaint th e provost marshal that a writ

is preparing to suspend Mr . Tone ’s execution ; and seethat he be not executed .

[State Tr i a l s, 1 7

2 . Illustrate the treatment of Catholics and Puritansby Q ueen Elizabeth

’s government . Was this treatmentj ustified by her plea that the Catholi cs were adversariesto mine Estate and the Puritans ‘ dangerous to a kinglyrul e

3 . How far do the action an d policy of the House ofCommons under James I serve to Show that Parliamenthad been weakened by the extension of royal power inTudor times

4 . Explain the constitutional importance of any of thefollowing cases — Hall ’s case

,1 58 1 Shirley

,1 604

Bushell,1 6 7 0 Wilkes Wood

,1 76 3 Wasen v . Walter

,

1 8 68 ; Bowles v . the Bank of England 1 9 1 3 .

5 . Write an account of the legislation of the LongParliament before the outbreak of war . How far wouldyou describe this legislation as revolutionary ?

6 . Estimate (a ) the sincerity , (b) the success of Cromwell’s schemes for establishing a civil government toreplace the old constitu tion .

7 . What reasons can be given to account for the factthat while Charl es II retained and increased the royalpower

,James II rapidly lost it ?

4K 28

3

8 . And that the King’s maj esty , with the advice an dconsent of the Lords and Commons of Great Britain

,in

parliament assembled,had

,hath

,and of right ought to

have,full power and authority to make laws and statutes

to bind the Colonies and people of America, subj ects Ofthe Crown of Great Britain

,in all cases whatsoever. ’

[Declaratory Act,Show

,from a study of the constitution of the

federations an d unions of the Empire in our own day,

the difference between the former and the modernrelation of colonies to the mother country .

9 . Illustrate ei ther (a ) the development of religioustoleration since 1 68 9 or (b) the changes in the characterand powers of the House of Lords since 1 760.

1 0 . The Electorate constitutes politically the truesovereign power . ’

Show how this power (a ) has been developed , (b) i senforced .

1 1 . Compare the position and p owers of Walpole or

Pitt with those of a modern Prime Minister.

1 2. Show how the rai s i ng and spending of publicmoney is controlled by Parliament.

[T. T. 1 9 1 5]

4K 2s

2

1 3.

‘ Richard I saved England from the disgrace oftaking no part in the Crusading movement .

’ Discussth is statem ent .

1 4. Compare the military resources of the barons withthose of the Crown i n the thirteenth century .

Explain , with the help of a sketch -map,the geo

graphical d ifli cu l ties with which the English had to dealin their attempted conquest of Scotland .

1 6. Trace the connexion between the deve lopm entof English Church architecture and the religious mo vements and Social conditions of the twelfth and thirteen thcenturies .

1 7 . How far i s contemporary popu larity a safe test ofcharacter or ability in a fourteenth - century statesman ?

Explain , with the help of a Sketch -map , (a ) thecampaigns of Crecy and Poitiers

, (b) the loss of theEn glish possessions in France after the death of Henry V .

1 9 . Account for the revol utionary character ei ther ofreligious or political movements in the latter half of thefourteenth century .

20 . Discuss the view that Henry V was an ablestatesman w ith a sound knowl edge of continental cond ition s.

21 . Trace the history of the Yorkist party down tothe death of Richard , Duke of York. Did they repre

sent any definite principles ?

22 . What i s your impression of the personal characterof Henry VII ?

*23 . Describ e , with the help of a sketch-map,the state

of Ireland in the reign of Henry VII . How far did hisgovernment succeed in restoring the power of the EnglishCrown in the island ?

24. How far had the Revival of Learning penetratedto England at the death of Henry VII ?

T . T. 1 9 1 5]4K 32


E ng l i sh Pol i ti ca l Hi story.

[Can di dates are exp ected to an swer qu esti ons from a l l

three secti on s of the paper

,i n clu di ng at least ONE of

those marked wi th an

A .

1 .

‘ The influence of the Tudors on the politics ofE urope was out of al l preportien to the military strengthof England .

’ Illustrate this statement .

2.

‘Warham cl oses one age ; Cranmer opens another.’

How far did the personal characters of the se archbishopsdetermine their respectiv e attitudes to the questions ofthe day ?

3 . Account for the maritime and mercantile activ ityof England in the sixteenth century .

4. What are the chief characteristics of Tudor architecture ? Il lustrate your answer from any on e buildingwith which you may be acquainted .

5 . How far do the plays of Shak espeare enable us todetermine his attitude towards any of the leadingquestions of hi s day ?

6 . Which of the frequent insurrections against theTudor monarchs do you consider to have been the mostserious Account for the ease with which such insurrections were suppressed .

7 . What dangers threatened the Elizabethan ecclesiasti cal settlement after the defeat of the SpanishArmada ?

8 . Discuss and appraise the foreign pol icy of RobertCecil first Earl of Sal isb u

4K 33 [Turn over .

Draw a sketch -map of the seaboard of Ne i thAmerica at the accession of William and Mary , Showingthe several English settlements thereon . What attemptshad been made at governing them from London ?1 0 . Good counsels proceed from the prudence of the

prince , not the prudence of the prince from goodcounsellors (Machiavelli) . Apply this

“dictum to the firstfifteen years of Charles I’s reign .

1 1 . Discuss the weight which should be allowed in thehistory of the Great Civil War to the old antagonismbetween England and Scotland .

1 2 . What were the causes of the seventeenth - centuryrivalry between England and the United Provinces ?

What foundations had been laid for our IndianEmpire before the death of Q ueen Anne ? Illustrateyour answer by a sketch-map .

1 4 .

‘A good constable set to keep the peace of theparish .

’ How far does th is j udgement of O liver Cromwel l upon himsel f agree with the verdict of history

1 5 . Account for and illustrate the pol itical immoralityof English statesmen in the reigns of Wi lliam III andAnne .

Discuss the question whether Marlborough orWellington was the greater soldier. Illustrate youranswer by a sk etch -map of any one of the campaigns .

1 7 . What changes in the taste of the reading publicaffected English literature between 1 7 1 4 and 1 7 8 9 ?

1 8 . Account for the tranqui llity of Ireland d uring thereigns of George I and George II .

1 9 . Illustrate from any on e of the wars of the eighteenthcentury, the unreadiness of Great Britain for war on seaor land .

4 K 33


Gen era l Hi story. Per iod III. (9 1 9

[Can di dates shou ld attempt at least ONE of the questi on smarked

*1 . Trace the contest for the Duchy of Lorraine betweenthe Kings who reigned at Laon or at Par is and the Saxonand Salian dynasties in Germany. Illustrate your answerwith a Sketch-map of the Duchy showing its principald ivisions and towns .

Describe and illustrate with a Ske tch-map, ei ther

the gradual eviction of the Saracens from the Westernbasin of the Mediterranean or the conquests of theMacedenian dynasty in its Eastern basin .

3 . What were the main servi ces rendered to Westerncivilization by the Saxon Emperors ?

4. What do you know of the writin gs of any of thefol lowing chroniclers— Liutpran d , Widukind , Radu l fu sGlaber, Helmold ?

5 . What was the condition of Southern Italy at thedate of the first arrival of the Norman adventurers ?Trace the ri se of their power until the death of RobertGuiscard .

6. Give some account of the German Church on theeve of the Contest of Investitures .

7 . What heretical movements do we hear of in theWest before the middle of the twelfth century, and whatdo you consider to have been their origin

8 . The Heroic Age of the Northmen was over ;the age of Saga-writing was beginning ’

Exam ine this statement.

9 . Trace the growth of the interest manifested in theaffairs of the Mahometan world by Western nations i nthe eleventh century , and Show how i t led to the b eg inning of the Crusades .

4 K 5 [T urn over .

2

1 0 .

‘ It seems probable that in the contest betweenGregory VII and Henry IV the contemporary writers doj ustice - to neither of the leadin g figures . ’ Estimate thetruth of this dictum .

1 1 . Give a historical account of any two of thefol lowing great Sees or great monastic foundationsBremen ,

Rheims, Milan , Ravenna ; Cl uny, Citeaux ,Monte-Cassino .

1 2 . Contrast the early history of the Communal movement i n France with that in Northern Italy.

1 3 . What were the chief difficulties that lay in the wayof the first four Capetian Kings of France ? Do you consider that they faced them worthily ?

[T. T. 1 9 1 5]

2

1 0 .

‘ Innocent III failed because he found himselfeverywhere opposed to the rising forces .of nationalism .

’


1 1 . Trace the growing independence of the Germanprinces from the death ofHenryVI to that of Frederick II.

1 2 .

‘The Papal suzerainty ov er the Sicilian Kingdom

was fatal to the spiritual power of the papacy in thethirteenth century .

’

How far is this true

1 3. Expl ain the c haracter and origin of the movementconnected

.W ith the Eternal Gospel ’

.

T. 1 9 1 5]




1 . What difficulties had Rudolf of Hapsburg to contendwith in his efforts to revive the power of the Germankingship

, an d what success did he attain*2 . Describe

,with a sketch-map , the chief trad e

routes between Italy and the Teutonic countries in thefourteenth century .

3 . Discuss the causes and results of the suppression ofthe Order of the Templars .*4. Estimate

,with the aid of a Sketch -map , the success

of Philip IV in his policy of absorbing the Burgundianfiefs of the Empire .

5 . Explain the meaning of ‘Guelph an d Ghibelline ’,and

trace the effect of this party -division upon the hi storyof any Italian city in the first half of the fourteenthcentury .

6. What was the importance of the Gol den Bull in theconstitutional and social development of the Germanpeople ?

7 . Explain and illu strate the decline of the centralauthority which took place in France under the firsttwo Valois king s .

8 . Discuss the effects of the residence of the Popes atAvignon upon their power an d prestige .

What circumstances made possible the expansionof the Swiss League between the battles of Morgartenand Sempach ? Illustrate with a sketch—map .

1 0 . Where and for what reasons was literature mosthighly developed i n Italy in the fourteenth century*1 1 . Show, with the help of a sketch -map

,the impor

tance of the Wittelsbach family up to the close of thefourteenth century .

4K 7 [T u rn ov er . _

2

1 2 .

‘ The fourteenth century witnessed a change inthe military system of Italy which was destined toexercise the most vital and lasting effects upon the historyof the peninsula .

’ D iscuss this statement .

1 3 . Describe the causes and course of the strugglebetween the Teutonic Knights and the Poles up to thebattle of Tannenb erg .

1 4. Describe and give the reasons for the disorders inthe kingdom of Castile under Alfonso XI and Peter I .

[T. T . 1 9 1 5]

2

1 0 . How far was the powe i exe1 c ised in Fl e i en ce byLorenzo de ’ Medici due to his personal qualities

,and

how far to circumstance .

1 1 . Describe the effect produced (a ) in Florence ,(b) in Rome by the coming of Charles VIII.

1 2 . How far were Ferdinand and Isabella successfulin their endeavour to create a great monarchical power ?

1 3 . Do you agree with the Statement that Julius IIavait u se sa vie pour l ’ i n depen dan ce de l

’

Ital ie

1 4 . What has Europe lost by the disappearance of thecity - state

1 5 . Contrast Aeneas Sylvius , Savonarola, Machiavelli ,as products of the Age of the Renaissance .


Gen era l Hi story. Per iod V . ( 1 41 4

[Ca n di dates shou ld attemp t a t least ONE of the qu esti on sm arked

1 . Did the Papacy gain or lose by the Conciliarmovement of the first half of the fifteenth century ?

2 .

‘Few m en with such wise plans an d such goodintentions have so conspicuously failed .

’ Discuss thisestimate of the Emperor Sigismond .

*3 . Estimate , w ith the help of a sketch -map,the im

portance of the reign o f Frederick III i n regard to theterritorial interests (a ) of the Empire , (b) of the HabsburgIIouSe .

4 . Describe the constitution of the Emp i re in the daysof Maximilian I . How far would you attribute to h imthe failure of the schemes of reform in his day ?

5 . What effect was produced by the war with Englandin the reign of Charles VII

,upon the social and con sti tu

tional development of France ?*6. Trace

,with a sketch-map

,the growth of the power

of the house of Burgundy in the fifteenth century . Howfar did it constitute a real menace to the French Crown ?

7 . How do you explain the apathy of Europe towardsthe conquest of Constantinople by the Turks ?*8 .

‘ It was impossible for Venice to create a great landEmpire , j ust as it was impossib le for her to avoid theeffort to do so .

’ Discuss this with the aid of asketch -map .

9 . It has been said that the Italian States in thesecond half of the fifteenth century had one and thesame interest— the maintenance of the statu s qu o.

Why was this,and how far was it recognized by the

various States ?

[Tu rn ov er .

2

1 0 . How far was the power exercised in Florence byLorenzo de ’ Medici due to his personal qualities , andhow far to circumstance ?

1 1 . Describe the effect produced (a ) in Florence ,(b) in Rome , by the coming of Charles VIII .

1 2 . How far were Ferdinand and Isabella successfuli n their endeavour to create a great monarchical power ?

1 3 . Do you agree with the statement that Julius IIavait u se sa vie pour l

’

in depen dan ce de l’

Ital i e

1 4 . What has E urope lost by the disappearance of thecity- state

1 5 . Contrast Aeneas Sylvius,Savonarola

,Machiavelli ,

as products of the Age of the Renaissance .

1 2 . Contrast the government of the Netherlands by.

Charles V with“

that of Philip II .

1 3. How far had William of Orange accomplished histask when he fell a victim to assassination ?

1 4. Compare the success which had been gained at theend of the sixteenth century by the Protestant Reformation (a ) in Germany, (b) in France .

1 5 . The discovery of America,and that of a passage

to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope,are the

two greatest and most important events recorded in thehistory of mankind .

’

(ADAM SMITH .)To what extent had the importance of these events

manifested itself in the history of continental Europe bythe close of the sixteenth century ?

T. 1 9 1 5]

4 K 1 0


Gen era l Hi story . Per i od VI. ( 1 559

[Can d i dates shou ld attemp t at l east ONE of the qu esti onsm arked

1 . What measure of success was gained by the CounterReformation . and how do you account for this success ?

2. Explain and illustrate the aims of the ‘ Pol itiqueparty in France .

3 . Are there grounds for believing that the TurkishEmpire was declining in the latter half of the Sixteenthcentury ?

4. In what respects has the statesmanship of Wil liamthe Silent been criticized

,and how far are the criticisms

justified

Describe,and illustrate with a sketch-map

,the

extent and organization of the Papal States at the endof the seventeenth century .

6 . How far does the history of Germany from 1 5 59 tothe outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War suggest that theconstitution of the Holy Roman Empire had becomeunworkable*7 . With what success did Richelieu put into practice

his theory of the ‘ natural frontiers ’ of France ? I l lustrate your answer with a Sketch -map .

8 . How far may Spain be said to have been decadentin the reign of Philip IV

Were th e campaigns of Gustavus Adolphus inGermany governed chiefly by mil itary or by politicalconsiderations ? Illustrate your answer by a sketch -map .

1 0 . Estimate the results of the Thirty Years ’ War

upon the economic and intellectual con dition’

of Germany .

1 1 . What elements of strength and of weakness areto be found in the condition of Poland under the Houseof Vasa ?

4 K 1 1 [Tu rn over .

1 2 . Compare the el e i 'ri en ts mak ing for Republ icanisman d Monarchy respectively in the Un i ted Netherlandsafter the .Twel ve Years’ Truce

1 3 . Discuss the chief advances made in the art of warin this period up to the Peace of Westphal ia .

1 4.

‘ Orb em bellis,u rb em gab el l i s impl ev i t.

’ Discussthis view of the pon tificate of Urban VIII.

1 5 .

‘ J ’aimerais mieux combattre l e roi d ’

E spagn e en

trois batailles rangées , que tous ces gens de j ustice, definance

,d’

ecri toire et de ville . ’ How far does this sayingof Henri IV express the spirit of the French monarchicalgovernment during his reign ?

1 6 . Discuss the development of literature in yourper iod before the Age of Louis XIV

[T. T. 1 9 1 5]

4 K 1 1

1 2 . Compare Pascal and Fenelon as typical productsof the French genius .

1 3 . Can . you trace any connexion between nationalpower and the development of the fin e arts during thisperiod

1 4. Examine the part played by small states in theWar of the Spanish Succession .

1 5 . Compare the degree of religious toleration inE urope at the beginning an d at the end of this period .

1 6 . Describe the chief trade - routes in Europe duringthis period

,an d estimate the extent to which they were

interrupted by the great wars .

[T. T. 1 9 1 5]

4 K 1 2


Gen era l Hi story. Per i od VII. ( 1 7 1 5

[Can didates shou ld attemp t a t least ONE of the

qu esti on s marked

1 . The connexion between France and Poland hasbeen cal led a ‘ fatal obsession ’

. Is there another possible view concerning this connexion ?

2 .

‘ Savoy an d Prussia were the chief gainers in theeighteenth century from the secular rivalry betweenFrance and Austria .

’ Illustrate this statement .

3 . What,if any ,

were the merits of the internalgovernment of Frederick William I of Prussia ? Is ittrue that in this respect Frederick the Great merely builtupon his father’s foundations ?

*4 . What states constituted the French cl i en tele in

Germany ? Illustrate your answer by a sketch -map ofthe western frontier of the Empire .

5 . Contrast the influence on Spanish History ofElizabeth Farnese and of her son Charles III.

6 .

‘ The Partition of Poland was resorted to as anexpedient to avert the still more thorny question of thefate of Turkey .


*7 . Give an account of the chief French possessions inthe western hemisphere

,before 1 763 and illustrate your

answer by a sketch -map .

8 . Under what restrictions were the southern Netherlands given to Austria in 1 7 1 5 ? Trace throughout thecentury her impatience at these restrictions .

9 . Discuss the economic condition of France betweenthe close of the Seven Years ’ War and the outbreak of theRevolution .

1 0 . Account for the weakness of the United Provincesthroughout the eighteenth century .

4K 13 [Turn ever .

2

1 1 .

‘Montesquieu was the only great pol itical philosopher whom France produced in the eighteenth century .

’

Examine this Statement .1 2. Compare an d contrast social and economic condi

tions in the Prussian and in th e Au strian dominionsduring the eighteenth century .

1 3 .

‘ The eighteenth century witnessed the finalabandonment by the Popes of their influen ce on thepolitics of Europe . ’ Within what limits this statement true ?

4K 1 3

2

1 1 . Discuss the influence of any two of the followingstatesmen , Talleyrand ,

Godoy,Metternich

,Caulaincourt

,

Stein,Hardenberg.

What circumstances appeared to make it worthNapoleon ’s while to ‘

fight theCampaign of 1 8 1 4 ? Illustrateyour answer by a sketch-map of North- eastern France.

1 3. Account for the literary and philosophical barrenn ess of the period of the First Empire .

1 4. Consider how far, in the case ei ther of Italy or ofSpain

,Napol eon

’

sl

choi ce of lieutenants for the adm in i stration of the ‘Grand Empire ’ was a wise on e .

T. 1 9 1 5]

4 K 14


Gener a l Hi story. Per i od VIII. (1 789

[Can di dates shou ld attempt at least ONE of the qu esti on smarked

1 .

‘ The Great ideas of the Constituent Assembly ’

‘ the Great men of the Convention How far are theseterms appli cable to the history of the French Revolution

2 . Sketch in some detail the character of Louis XVI ,and illustrate your answer if you can from contemporaryopinion .

3 .

‘ La grande vague qu i va m’

engl outir’

(Necker) .How far wou ld this represent a reasonabl e forecast of thefuture at the end of 1 7 90 ?

4. By what events and at what dates do you con siderthat the tide of victory was turned in favour of theFrench Republic against the First Coal ition ?

5 . Compare the chief merits an d the chief defects ofthe Directorial and the Consular Constitutions .

6 . Trace throughout the periods of the Con sulate andthe Empire, the persisten ce of the party or partiesopposed to Napoleon Bonaparte .

>l‘7. The most beautiful thing about Bonaparte’s ItalianCampaign of 1 796—7 was i ts simplicity .

’ Amplify thisstatement and illustrate your answer by a sketch-map.

8 . Compare and contrast the Prussia of 1 806 with thePrussia of 1 8 1 3—1 4.

9 . Write an imaginary pol i tical testament ofCatharine II , to be dated in the last year of her life .

1 0. What traditions and what elements of Society inthe Austrian dominions rendered Austria

,until 1 809 , the

most constant and the most formidabl e enemy of France ?

4K 1 5 [Turn over .

2

1 1 . D iscuss the influence of any two of the followingstatesmen , Tall eyrand, Godoy , Metternich , Caulaincourt,Stein

,Hardenberg .

1 2 . What circumstances appeared to make it worthNapol eon ’s while to fight the Campaign of 1 8 1 4 ? Illustrateyour answer by a sketch -map of North- eastern France .

1 3 . Account for the literary and philosophical barrenn ess of the period of the First Empire .

1 4. Consider howfar, in the case ei ther of Italy or ofSpain

,Napol eon ’s choice of lieutenants for the adm in is»

tration of the ‘Grand Empire ’ was a wise one .

T. 1 91 5]

4 K 1 5

2

1 1 . What did the Principl e of Nation al ity ’ mean toMazzini and Napoleon III respectively ? Examine i neach case the practical conclusions which they drewfrom it .

1 2. Can you trace any consisten t principle in B ismarck’srelations at v arious times with political parties i n

Prussia ?

1 3. Il lustrate and account for the viol ence of partyfeel ing in France du ring the period 1 8 1 5—78 .

1 4. Do you think that the suspicion w ith whichEnglish statesmen regarded Russian foreign pol icyduring the greater part of the nineteenth century canbe j ustified ?

1 5. In which of the arts has there been most orig i nalwork during the period 1 8 1 5—78

[T. T. 1 9 1 5]

4K 1 6


Hi ldebrand . I.

[Can di dates are expected to attempt the questi on s

marked

1 . By what internal evidence can we determine thedate at which Lampert wrote his A n n a l es ?

>l‘2 . Comment on five of the fol low ing passages fromLampert,illu strating, where it is possible to do so , from


(a) Promptum hoc fore sperab at, eo qued rex archiepi scopum adiuvan do in exigen d is dec1mati on 1 b u s mu l

tum a se averti sset animes eorum .

(b) Ibi per interv entum Rudolfi ducis SuevorumWelf fil iu s Azzon i s march ion is Italorum du catum Baioa

riac suscepi t .

(c) O tto dux Baioariorum post integrum annumdedition is suae gratiam regis recepi t, data vel regi velhis qui regi pro eo suggesseran t n on modica pertienepred iorum suorum .

(d) In terea rex legatos misit ad Lu ti cios , gen temSaxon i bu s i n festi ssimam , eisque in fin i tam pecun iam prom i sit

,ut Saxon ib us bellum in ferren t.

(e) Ita civitas paulo ante c iv ib us frequentissima et

post Mogen tiam caput et princeps Gal l icar um urb ium

nica subite pene reducta est in sol i tud in em .

(f) Q uae l egatio regem vehementer permov it ; statimque ab i ecti s cum gravi contumelia l egati s , omn es qui inregno su e essen t ep iscope s et abbates Wormac iae deminica septuagesimae convenire precepit .

(g) Regin am et alias,quae in obsequio eius eran t,

mu l i eres boum cori i s impositas, duces i tin eri s preeun tesdeersum traheb an t.

(h) Romano quoque pon tifici scripserun t, ut, quoniamin purificati on e Sanctae Mariae Augustam i uxta cen di c

tum dol e regis prev en tus occurrere n on potuerat, saltemi n Forecheim statuta di e presto esse satageret, et sedan di sb el lorum c iv i l ium tempestati b us apostolici moderamini s gubernaculum adh ib eret.

4 K 34 [Turn over .

2

3 . Discuss the position of parties in Saxony from 1 073

to 1 08 5,illustrating your answer from the origin al

authorities .

Comment on the following passages from Bruno ,i llustrating your answer , where it is possible to do so ,from your other authorities

(a ) Inde n atum proverbium per totam Saxon iam

d iv u l gatur : qued unus Saxe septuaginta Suevis ematur ,

vel septuaginta Suevi un o Saxone rediman tur .

(b) W i l l ehalmum ducem Pi ctav orum , matris suae

german um , sorori s suae fi l io rogav i t mi serer i , sib ique

ferre auxilium, que posset in regnum patris sui , que

careret in iu ste, restitui .What was William’s an swer to this request ?

(c) At n ostrates cum ipsas l i tteras accepissen t, amagna spe quam in apostolica petra posueran t , exciderunt

,qu ia prius coelum stare vel terram credi deran t

coel i modo mov eri , quam cathedram Petri amittere constan tiam Petri .

(d) Si quando m i serae nos eves in alique excessimus ,

con festim Sin e mora,Sine di lation e in n os apostol icae

austeritatis vindicta processit. Nunc autem cum adlupe s perv en tum est, qu i aperti s morsib us in gregem

dom in icum [sic] desaev i un t, omnia cum patientia et

longan im i tate d ifferun tur , omnia i n spiritu len itati s

toleran tur .

(e) Cu i legation i dux Otto , Sieut erat solitus iocosemagna seria n on n u l lo schemate lndendi velare , respon ditSaepe dicen s, ex bove mal e malum v itu l um vidigen eratum i deoque nec fi l i i nec patris b abee desiderium .

’

5 . Draw a map of Germany in the eleventh century ,indicating roughly the boundaries of the Saxon duchyan d marking the following rivers and towns : Saale ,Elster, Un strut , Elbe, Rh in e,

‘Weser ; Flarcheim,Goslar,

Hildesheim , Nordheim ,Halberstadt

,Magdeburg, Merse

burg, Halle , Erfurt, Corvey, Fulda , Mainz , Keln ,Worms,Spey er, Tribur, Oppenheim .

4K 34’

SCHOOL OF MODERN HISTORY .

H i ldebr and . II.

[Can d i dates ar e expected to attemp t the qu esti on s

marked

1 . Compare Don i zo and Bon i tho as trustworthyauthorities for the history of the Contest of Investitures ,w ith especial reference to the opportunities which eitherof them possessed of knowing the truth .

*2 . Comment on five of the following passages fromJaffé , illustrating your answer , where it i s possible to doso, from your other authorities

(a) De electo vero Lu cen si n on aliud vobis responden dum esse pervi dimus

,nisi quod in eo tantam divina

rum l itterarum sci en tiam et rationem di scretion i s essepercepimus

,ut, quae sinistra quae sit dextera , ipse n on

ignoret .

(b) Nam Norman n i,qui ad con fu sion em et periculum

rei publicae et sanctae ecclesiae unum fieri m edi tab an tu r ,in perturb ation e , in qua eos in v en imus, nimis obstinateperseverant

,nullo modo nisi nobis vol en ti b us pacem

hab i turi .

(c) Sigefredum vero archi episcopum Mogun tin um

de praesumption e, quam in causa Ieromiri Bragen si s

episcopi habuit,per epi stolam n ostram duriter incre

paV 1mus.

(d) Timen tes : n e , quasi degeneres fi ln d iv i tias et

hereditatem n ob i l i ssimae matris v estrae, videlicet Graden sis ecclesiae

,dissipan tes, inde ob scu riores efficia

mini, unde post apostol i cam sedem omnibus , quae suntin occidente

,gentibus clariores exti ti sti s.

(e) Ad tantum enim n umerum fidel es Roman ae

ecclesiae perv en erun t, ut , nisi ad satisfaction em v en iat

rex , alium regem palam dican t eligere . Q uibus nosfav ere servata iustitia prom i simus ; prom issumque

firmum ten eb imus .

(f) Nam postquam regnum i l l ud a Saracen i s et

paganis pervasum est, et servitium ,quod beato Petro inde

sol eb at fieri , ab usu n ostrorum tot annis interceptumest.

4K 35 [Tu rn over .

2

(g) Ego Berengarius corde credo et ore confiteor :

panem et vinum,quae pon un tur in altari , per mysterium

saerae oration i s et verba nostri Redemptor is sub stan

tial i ter converti in v eram et propr iam ac v i v ificatri cemcarn em et sanguinem Iesu Christi domini nostri .

(h) Uncle post Kal endas Septemb ris cupien tes

san ctam Raven natem eccl esiam de man ib u s impi i s

eripere et patri suo beato Petro resti tuere,partes illas

armata manu, si cut de Domino speramu s, petemu s.

(i ) Nam sumen s sacerdotes et levitas , quos invenirepoterat rel igiosiores , castae vitae et bonae famae

,qui

n on per ven al i tatem susceperan t ord in ation em,etsi a

sym on iaco essen t ordinati,recon ci l iab at eisque eccl esiam

tradidi t gub ern andam ex quorum numero multi religiosiusque ad nostra tempora exti tere .

3 . Do you consider that Henry ’s j ourney to Canossawas a m aster stroke of policy or the mistaken act ofa nervous man ?

4. Discuss the scope and validity of the Di etata sPapae.

*5 . Comment on the following passages from Wal tram

illustrating your answer, where it is possibl e to do so,

from your other authorities

(a) E X his certe omnibus manifestam est,supra

dictum papam Hi l deb randum in iu ste pariter et indigneimposu isse hanc notam vel Zachariae vel Stephano ,rel igiosi s utique pon tificib us Roman ae ecclesiae

,ut ali

cuius horum exemplo vel u l l i us Saerae Scriptu rae testimonio posset ab solv ere a iuramen to, quo fidem i urave

rant regi suo, v el principes vel milites rei publicae .

(b) Caveto i gitu 1 , in qu it, tu Christiane , n eWigb erdocorde v el 0 1 e dixe1 i s unquam ave.

(e) Hae sunt h istoriae per quas aestimat nos induciposse

,u t credamus Henr i chum mm a Gregor1o damn atum

esse .

(d) Ecce autem Hartv igus Magadub urgen sis epi sco=

pus , qu 1 semel ac secundo damn atus est, Si cut veresuprad iximus

,ipse V iden s diutiu s non posse contra

4K 35


The Age of D an te .

[Can d i dates are expected to attemp t the qu esti on s

marked

1 . What is the value of the Di vi n a Commedi a to thehistorian of thirteenth - century Italy ?

*2 . Translate and comment on five of the fol lowingpassages from the D i vi n a Commedi a

(a ) Ed egli a me Dopo lunga tenzoneverranno al sangue

,e la parte selvaggia

caccera l ’ altra con molta offen s1on e .

( b) In la mente m ’

a; fitta ,ed or mi accora

la cara e buon a imagine paternadi voi

, quando nel mondo ad ora ad oram ’ insegnavate come 1’ nom s ’ eterna .

Ahi, Con stantin , di quanto mal fu matre ,non la tua conversion

,ma quella dote

che da te prese i l primo ricco patre

Jacomo e Federico hanno i reami ;del retaggio miglior nessun possiede .

Cosi ha tolto l ’ uno all ’ altro Guidola gloria della lingua ; e forse

‘e natochi l ’ uno e l ’ altro caccera di nido .

(f ) Io fui radice della mala piantache la terra cristiana tutta aduggiasi che buon frutto rado se me schianta .

Ma, se Doagio , Lilla , Guanto e Bruggiapotesser , tosto n e sari a vendettaed io la cheggio a lui che tutto giuggia .

(9) Ma la cittadinanza , ch e or mistad i Campi, di Certaldo e di Fighine ,pura v edeasi nell’ ultimo artista.


2

3 . Ill ustrate and explain the character of Dante’sfeelings towards Florence.

4 . What light do the writings of Villani and DinoCompagni throw on their personal attitude towards theparties in Florence ?

*5 . Comment on fou r of the following passages fromVillani

,illustrating your comments

,where possible

,from

you r other authorities

(a )‘Re , i l tuo papa Celestino t

’ ha voluto al postuttoservire nella tua guerra d i Cici l ia ,

ma n on ha saputo ;ma se tu adoperi co ’ tuoi amici cardinali che i o sia elettopapa

,i o sapro

,e vorro

,e potrb .

’

(b) E cola dove puoson o i l detto palazzo , furonoanticamente l e case degli Ub erti , ribelli di Fi ren ze eGhibellini e di que’ loro casolari fecion o piazza .

(c) E con tutto'

questo stracciamento di cittademesser Carlo di Valois ne

,

sua gente n on mise consiglione riparo , n é attenne saramento o cosa promessa per lui .

(d) Anzi nel detto anno medesimo avea confermatoa re de ’

Romani Alberto d ’ Osteri oh figl iuolo che f u delre Ridolfo , per la qual cosa i i re di Francia forte si tenneingannato .

(e) E per riformagione degli opportuni consigl i , glidi edon o piena e libera bal ia di fare pace tra’ cittadinid

’ entro e’ l oro usciti di fuori,e di fare i priori e gon fa

l on ieri e signorie della terra a sua volunta.

(f ) Subitamente si levo la cittade a romore,e

sonarono i priori l e campane a martello,e fu ad arme

i l popolo e ’ grandi a pie e a cavallo , e l e masnade de’

Catalani col maliscalco del re .

6 . Account for the prosperity of Florence during thisperiod

,in Spite of party strife and an apparently n u

workable constitution .

4K 36


The Age of D ante.

II.

[Can di dates are expected to attempt the qu esti on s

marked

1 . Examine the attitude which Clement V adoptedtowards Henry VII an d his Italian plans .*2 . Tran slate and comment on fou r of the followingpassages from John de Cermenate, illustrating your comments

,where possible


(a ) B io admodum magnan imus quampl urium praedecessorum suorum vestigia min ime secutu s est

,quorum

nostra aetate nullus aureum atque ferreum d iademasuscepi t, immo sola argentea corona contenti , sexagin taet plurium ann orum tempore infra Theuton es seseten uere.

(6) Rex Fran ciscum postmodum carum semper habuitipsumque in au lam eius aditam atque locum habere iussi t.

q u e primum respiramen Gi b el l in ae partis fuit .

(c) Tunc comes Sab audiae , n on m i serorum causamdeseren s

,nam ubi Ital iae fines tetig it rex , seu quaestu ,

u t

fit,seu con sc i en tia con si l ioque regis per industriam hic

Guelfico semper fav it, ad reginae cameram , post regem ,

tendit .

(d ) Ipsum regem Rob ertum ,sica t iam alios

,ad

solemn i a coronation i s suae am i cab i l iter con v itav i t, can em

su smtan s dorm i en tem .

(e) Interim rex de Ianna Pisas venit, maris itertenens , cun ct1 s i tin er1 b us terrestri b us Guelphorum operaper terram clausi s .

(f ) Philippus rex Fran corum eosdem quos olimAnan iam Bonifacio papae vim facturos m iserat ad papamCl emen tem , qui imperatori fav ere v ideb atu r

,mi tti t.

3 . Trace, with the help of your authorities, th e policyadopted (a ) by the house of De la Scala, (b) by the cityof Bologna, during Henry V II

’

s Italian expedition .

4 K 37 [Turn over .

2

*4. Translate and comment on fou r of the fol lowingpassages

,ill ustrating your comments , where possibl e ,

from your other authorities

(a) Risponditore fu fatto per lo commune messerBetto Brunelleschi , i l quale prima r ispuose con parolesuperbe e disoneste .

(6)‘Male hanno fatto

,che nostro intendimento era

di volere i Fioren tin i tutti , e n'

on partiti , a buonifedeli , e di quella citta fare nostra camera e la migliored i nostro imperio .

’

(Vi l lan i )

(c) E cosi tutte l’ altre terre di Lombardia lasol o

a tiranno,non possendo altro per lo suo male stato .

( Vi l lan i )(d ) E consenti per privilegio a messer Ub izzin o

Spin ol i di Genova e al marchese di Monferrato , chepotesson o battere in loro terre i fior1n 1 di giglio contrafatti sotto i l conio di quegli di Firenze . ( Vi l lan i )

(e) Ne ’ bandi loro diesano A onore di Santa Chiesa,e a morte del re del la Magna .

’

(D in o Compagn i .)

(f Rispose i] sav i ssimo Imperadore di sua bocca‘ Tarde sono l e profferte del Re

,e troppo tostana e la

venuta di messer Giov anni . ’ (D i n o Comp agn i . )

5 . Describe, with the help of a sketch -map,the route

followed by Henry VII i n his expedition from Pisa toRome and back . State which of the cities on this routewere imperialist and which of them were Guelph .

*6. Comment on fou r of the following passages fromNi cholas of Bu tr i n to, illustrating your comments , wherepossible


(a ) Dominus Rex ipsum n olu it recipere ad fidel itatem , quia fidel itatem fecerat Regi Roberto .

(b) Recordor in ciden tal iter , quod ante recessum meumde Pi si s audi v i ab Imperatore per pau cos dies, quod in istoMundo n on eran t duo Praelati magis ingrati quam Archiepi scopusMediol an en si s et E pi scOpu s V ercel l en sis .

(0 ) E t al i quos eos audi v i clamantes : Morian turTheoton i ci omnes , pax est inter Dominum Gu idon em

et Dominum Matthaeum .

’

4 K 37



I.

[Can d i dates are exp ected to attemp t the qu esti on smarked

1 . Describe with the help of your authorities the stateo f affairs during the first year of Richard ’s reign .

*2 . Comment on three of the following extracts from theHi stor i a An gl i can a

(a ) Fi lius Johannis Marcer col lecta n on parvamanu Gal l i corum atque Scotorum ac etiam Hispanorum

,

aggressu s est naves quasdam apud Scarb ourgh : quasincautas levi n egotio cepit .

(b) D emum tam en ,Regem et matrem eius

,n ecn on

et avu n cu lum Du cem Lan castriae, ab hoc an athemate

spec ial i ter exceperun t .

(c) Ipse insuper Bertran du s Cl eyk eyn publice protestatu s est, se malu isse omnes Gallicos illo confi i ctu

deperisse,quam qu icquam adv ersi tantus vir pertu l i sset.

(d ) Revera cui l ib et l i ceb at forin seco suos pisces inpropria persona infra civ 1tatem vendere , cum pi scari is

civitatis adempta facultas fa isset ita facere .

(e) Q u i cum v en isset,lectica delatus

,quia propter

guttam equ itare non poterat, compu l su s est di sci n ctu s etdi scooperto capite , ad haec omn ia sibi ob iecta

,more

latronum vel prod itorum respondere .

(f ) Ut quidam de m i l i tib us Par l iamen tal i bus qu iplus ob stiteran t vel sibi peten ti subsidium pecun iare , veldicto Michaeli infesti fueran t, una cum Domino Thoma ,Duce Glov ern iae

,i n v itaren tur ad coen am in hospi tio

cu iu sdam Lon don i is,et ibidem repente truc i daren tur .

3 . Give an account of the rising in 1 38 1 at St. Al bansand of its suppression .

4K 30 [Turn over .

2

*4. Translate and comment on fou r of the followingextracts from the An om i na l le Chron i cle

(a )‘

Tou tz les gentz de Fob b ame don eron t responsqu e i l s auoi en t vn acqu itan ce de luy mesmes pur cel lesubsidie .

(b) Issin t qu e nul eu esqu e seroit en Angl eterre

forsque v n E rcheuesque lequel seroi t mesmes et nullemoigne me chanon en v n meason de rel li gi on e forsqu e

deux et que lour possessioon s deu eren t ester departi e entreles l aiez gentz .

(0 ) E t don qu es l e dit Wat reh ersa les pointz queuxfu eron t a demander et demanda que nul ley deuoi et estrefors la l ey de Winchester et que nul v ttelagari e seroi t en

nul proces de ley fait de ore en avant et que nul seign u raueroi t seign u rye fors siv elmen t ester proportion e entretoutz gentz fors ta n t sol em en t l e seignur l e roy .

(d ) Mes l e valet responde que i l n auoi et deserv i e l emort mes ceo qu e i l auoit dit fust v erytee .

(e) Le dit eu esqu e acoi lan t a luy plu sors gentz desarmes et des archers et l es assai leron t en pluseurs places

et issin t les ditz comon s departeron t par toute l epais pur defaute et m i sch ei f et pur doute que ils auoi en tde l e roy et de les seign urs et se m i steron t en fuite comeb eastes en taxi son e .

5 . Trace carefully the history of the proceedingsagain st the Lollards in the year 1 38 2 .

>l‘6 . Comment on thr ee of the following extracts from theCon ti n u ator of Kn i ghton

(a ) Similiter ei relatum est quod duo turmae nefandorum luporum di scurreb an t per duas partes regni etquel i b et turba con tin eb at decem m i l l ia el ectorum adrapiendum eum .

(6) E t ipsum regratiab atur eo quod tam nobil is rextam grandi potentia pau cos vi ros Angl ican ae n ation is

tanto honore praedonaverat, b el lan di gratia visitando .

(c) Si cque aedificatum est dictum bastile in decemet novem di eb us et vocatum est nomen eius l e Dufhous .

4K 30



II.

[Can didates are exp ected to a ttemp t the qu esti ons

marked *

1 . Give an account of the l egislation with regard tovilleins and labourers from the t ime of th e Peasant Revoltto the end of the reign .

*2. Comment on three of the fol lowing extracts fromthe Hi stor i a An gl i can a

(a ) E t hii n im i rum milites pl ures e1 ant Vene1 isquam B el lonae, plus valentes 1 11 thalamo quam in campo ,plus lingua quam lancea praemun i ti

,ad dicendum vigile s ,

ad faciendum acta martia somnol en ti .

(b) Hic ut fe1 tur nomen Lon don iarum del ev isse

meditatus fuerat, et apposu i sse scilicet n omen novum ,

scilicet Pa1 vae T1 oiae : cuius urbis et nominis ipse Duxcreari statu it, et n om in ari .

(c) Iam enim de cetero i l los de Consilio meo amoveo,

et ut haeres aetati s l eg itimae , quos vol uero ad Conciliumadvocabo

,et n egotia propria pertractab o.

(d ) Civitas quoque, vocata‘Wil le in cuius castellum

Rex de Lettowe , nomine Sk i rgal le con fugerat, potentiv irtute dioti Comitis maxime , atque snorum , capta est .

3 . Illustrate the value and defects of the chronicle ofJohn ofMalvern for the crisis of 1 3 8 7—8 .

*4. Comment on three of the following extracts fromthe An n a les Ri cardi II

(a) Rex nempe Navar1 iae cepit mutuo v ig inti duom i l l ia marcarum de Rege Angl iae

,et in \ adiav i t pro dicta

summa villam suam de Cherbm gh .

(b) Orta fuit sed itio maxima in Comitatu Cestr iaecontra Duces Lan castriae et Glov ern iae , et Com item Derb iae, in stin ctu quorundam mal evolorum i l l ius patriae .

(c) Hab eban t executores hu i u s n egotn secum l i tterasregali sigillo signatas, intu s quidem continentes summamquam v oleb ant petere

, sed non i n dorsatas.


(d ) Vulpes cum cauda caveat,dum can tat alauda,

Ne rapien s pecus simul rapiatur , et equus . ’(e) Affirmav it quod vita cu iu scunque l igei sui ac

ipsius terrae , ten emen ta,bona et catal la sunt sua , ad

volun tatem,absque al iqua fori sfactura .

5 . TheWestminster session had been given to revengefor the past, the Shrewsbury parliamen t unfolded theKin g ’s pl ans for the government of the future .

’ Illustrate this from your authorities .

*6. Comment on three of the following extracts fromthe chronicle of Adam of Usk z

(a) Hoc andito , domina principessa, regis mater , adhu iusmodi tumu l tum sedan dum , nocturno labori nonparcen s, a Wal ingforde versus Lon don iam ,

cordis nonmodica con tr i cion e, iter arrepu it.

(b ) Q uia hu iusmodi taxe rec istere volens, per eundemregem in Thamesia persecutus, mortem fugien s i n monastico habitu

,partes Devon 1 e pec i 1 t pro tutam in e.

(0) E t duxerun t cum emuli su i , comes Can cie , i psi usnepos

,et al ii terras suas si ci en tes

,mala mortis peste

,ut

inferius l i queb i t, perempti , ad montem Tarris, et ibi

ipsum deco llarun t.

(d ) Item per certos doctores , epi scopos et aliosquorum presen cium notator unus exti terat

,depon en d i

regem Ri cardum et Hen ricum,Lan castri e ducem

,sub ro

gandi in regem materia,et qual i ter et ex quibus cansis ,

iur idi ce committebatu r d i sputan da .

7 . Describe , with the help of a sketch-map,the routes

of R ichard and Henry from their respectiv e landingplaces to Flint Castle.

8 .

‘ The more closely R ichard’s conduct IS 1n vestigatedthe more clearly will i ts consistency be acknowledged .

’

Discuss this statement .

[T. T.

4K 3 1

*8 . Comment upon fou r of t he following passagesfrom Dalrymple ’s Memoi rs

(a ) I am very glad all things continue so quiet onyour side of the water ; they are so here , and I find mydeclaration contributes much to it, the generality of thenation being satisfied with it an d at ease by it .

(James II to Pr i n ce of Oran ge. )

(b) That he likewise do bring the king as good anaccount as he can of all the se veral corporations withinthe lieutenancy .

(LORD PRESTON ’S Copybook of D i spatches.)

(c) This was a point artfully gained by those thatwere industrious to possess the fleet i n favour of thePrince of Orange, and in ridicu ling all the measurestaken to prevent h is designs . (TORRINGTON ’S Memoi rs.)

(d ) You’

l l fin d that the two great points that requiremore especially your care

,are how to manage the partyes

soe as to maintain yourself against your enemies abroad,

and at the same time so to preserve your authority athome

,that the necessity of doing the one may not bring

you to such circumstances that it will be impossible foryou to keep the other . (Godolphi n to K . Wi l l iam . )

(e) However , as i t has pl eased God to mak e YourMaj esty the protector of our religion, I hOpe you wil lput it also in a state to have its arms free, to assist uspoor mortals , who , by the desolation of our neighbours,are near to that roaring beast which endeavours todevour us . (Pr i n cess Sophi a to K . Wi l l i am . )

(f) So absolutely necessary I think it i s that something of this k ind should be done, that rather than itshould not

,I do offer myself to Your Maj esty for that

service,al though I am l ess fit than any of those I have

named . (Caermar then to Ki ng Wi l l i am .)

*9 . Comment on fou r of the following(a) The States by whom I have b een enabled to

rescue this nation , may suddenly feel the ill effects of it ,both by being too long deprived of the service of theirtroops, which are now here, an d of your early assistanceagainst a powerful enemy, who hath developed a waragainst them. (COBBETT .)

4 K 1 9

3

(b) I think these words will mak e the world thinkwe are about to alter the whole rel igion , the trueProtestant religion establ ished by law .

(SIR TH . CLARGE S.)

(e) We know not how soon we may fight for our allon English ground . I think we are much safer inEnglish hands than in Foreigners .

(SIR PETER COLLETON . )

(d ) We are not the people col lectively or representati vely . (SIR R. SAWYER .)

(e) Fear of Popery has united ; when that is over,we shall divide again . (MR . POLLE XFEN. )

(f) And we do likewise desire that the Lord Mayorand Court of Aldermen of the City of London would bepresent at the same time ; and that the Common Councilwould appoint Fifty of their number, to be there likewise

,and hereof we desire them not to fail .

(Documents )(9) A lways provided and excepted that if any

Person or Persons whatsoever shall be guilty of designing endeavouring or attempting any Assassination on theBody of the King by Poison or otherwise such Person orPersons may be prosecuted at any time notwithstandingthe aforesaid Limitation . (Documen ts )

1 0 . Discuss the political morality of the time ofWill iam III .

T.

4K 19

2

(e) The enemies of the Government tried what couldbe made of this

,to create distra ctions among us ; b u t the

princess gave no encouragement to them .

(f) Many brave seamen , seeing the nation was insuch visible danger

,came out of their lurking holes , in

which they were hiding themselves from the press , andoffered their serv ice .

*8 . Comment on three of the following

(a ) I have expected , with impatience , to hear something of the late king’s j ourney to Avignon , pursuant towhat your lordship hinted in yours of the 2 1 st of June .

(Shrewsbu ry Correspon den ce. )

(b) Peace was never the design of the Germans , butto keep England and Holland i n an expensive war.

(Shrewsbu ry Correspon dence.)

(0) Q ue S . A . R . fournira dans des places on lieuxsea rs des magasins pour les munitions de guerre et debouche pour les troupes de S . M. et en u n mot ils agirontde concert pour la mesme cause . (VAST . )

(d) On est convenu qu’ i l sera n ommé de part et

d’

autre des Commissaires pour l ’examen et j ugement desdroits et prétentions réciproques que chacun des ditsSeigneurs Roys peut avoir sur l es places et lieux de laBaye d ’

Hudson . (VAST .)

*9 . Transl ate and comment on fou r of the fol l owingpassages from Bonnet

(a ) Le tour qu’elles on t pris pour venir a l eurs fin s ,est que les Seigneurs n o pouvant point refuser de consentir a tous les Actes qui regardent des Impositions,elles ont attache ce Bill des Commissaires Publics a laqueue de celuy de la Taxe par teste, et comme s

’

i l n’enfai soit qu

’

un e Clause .

(b) L’

on avoi t distribué les j ours précédenst a laChambre des papiers , qui conten oien t des raisons assezfortes

,pour quoy ce commerce devoit estre libre a toute

la Nation,prétendant qu

’il n ’

y av oit qu e des in teressezdans la Compagnie ou des pensionn aires des Hol lan doi s,qui pussent souhaitter qu

’ il n ’

y el’

i t qu’

une société de peude personnes qu i y eut part.

4 K 20

3

(0) E t avant qu’on se partageat sur celle- cy quelques

uns represen teren t

,de quelle fach eu se consequence ,

ce

pou rroi t est1 e , si l’on v oyoit, dans l e j ournal imprimé des

Votes de la Chamb1 e , qu’

un Acte pour asseu rer la personne de leurs Mtéls

et l e Gouvernement eut esté rej ette.

(d) Pourveu qu e la Chambre Basso témoigne autantd

’

empressemen t pour l es Armées de terre qu ’elle faitpour celles de mer, et qu

’elle veuille donner des subsidesaussi largement pour les unes , qu

’ il paroi t qu’elle a dessein

de donner pour les autres , l’

on aura tout suj et d ’estrecontent a cet égard de ses resolutions.

(e) Ceux qui presteron t cette somme , feront uneCompagn l e , qu

’on appell e icy Corporation , qui aura son

Gouverneur et ses Directeurs .

1 0 . Compare,with the help of your texts

,Documents

and State Papers with narrative history, as authorities

for the events of your period .

1T . T.

4K 20

(f) The Act of Parl iament and charter give theCourt no jurisdiction over any but British subjects , andnatives who are or have been British subj ects .

(9 ) This Government subsists more by the influenceof public opinion than by its real power or resources .

(h) For my motives for withholding the severalreceipts from the knowledge of the Council

,or of the

Court of Directors, an d for taking bonds for part of these

sums,and paying others into the Treasury as deposits

on my own account,I have generally accounted in my

letter to the Court of Directors .

4. Discuss the importance of the policy of Lord Cornwallis with regard to Oude .

5 .

‘We want the spirit of your Pophams and Goddards ’

(HASTINGS) . Explain with a sketch -map theexploits which gave rise to this statement.

6 . Expl ain,with the help of the Hastings and Corn

wallis Papers,the diffi culties i n which Governor-Generals

were placed owing to the combination of political andmercantile functions in the East India Company .

7 . What l ight does Wilks throw on the fol lowing

(a ) The methods by which Hyder Al i maintainedtroops .

(b) The revenue system ofMysore .

8 . Describe , with the assistance of your authorities ,the civil an d military organization of the Mahrattas

,

during the period of the first Mahratta War .

>l<9 . Explain and comment on five of the followingextracts

(a) We have therefore upon a fu ll view of thesubj ect adopted this conclusion

,that it will tend more

to simplicity , energy , j ustice , an d economy , to reinvestthe provincial chiefs or collectors with the superi n

tendence of the courts of dewanny adalat.( 1 78 6 from Repor t of 1 8 1 2 .)

4 K 21

3

(b) As far as I am able to j udge , it is not Tippoo’

s

intention to break with the Company. (MALCOLM)(c) I believe that the deliberate manner in which

he made the first payment of the subsidy of that year wasdictated by the doubts suggested of the firmness of myauthority . (HAST INGS ,

(d ) The engagements between the Vizier and theRohillas which have been already quoted , sufficientlyevince the justice of the attack upon them . (HASTINGS . )

(e) Whilst England is at peace in Europe , and whilstthe powers of this country abstain from offering inj uryto us or to our allies, this Government is not at libertyto take any step which might lead to hostilities withany of our neighbours . (CORNWALLIS to MALET ,

( j ) An d as to the danger attending the additionalpatronage

,it will not appear very formidable , when it is

recollected that the scene of its operation is at the distance of India

,and i n a climate

,where scarce an y rewards

can compensate the risks to be run , an d the services to beperformed . (DUNDAS ,

(g) I mean that the three Governors , the Nizam ,

an d the Peshwah,should dine at Seringapatam

,with the

old Q ueen of Mysore . (MEDOWS to CORNWALLIS , 1 7(h ) The distress which the Company

’s arms hadsuffered

,and their belief of our consequent inability to

support the war against them ,has raised their presump

tion and induced them to insist on terms which theworst state of our affairs would n ot warrant us inyielding to . (Wi LKs

,quoting HASTINGS

,

[T. T.

4K 2 1

2

(g) The positive obl igations of ex 1 sting treatiesprovide in the most express terms for the uncontrolledexercise of the internal government of both states beingleft i n the hands of their respective chiefs .

(CORNWALLIS .)(h) The real circumstances are, that i t is not the

opinion only of Ministers , or of a party , but of allreflecting men of every description

,that it i s physical ly

impracticable for Great Britain,in addition to all other

embarrassments,to maintain so vast and so unwieldy

an empire in India . (CORNWALLI S . )2 . Describe

,with the aid of a sketch -map

,the terri

tor ial expansion of the English power i n India underWarren Hastings and Wellesley .

3 . Explain and illustrate the facility with whichforeign adventurers made their career in India duringthis period .

4 . Describe , with special reference to the WellingtonDispatches

,the organization and manner of marching

of a combined force of Company troops an d nativeallies

,on a military expedition .

5 . Explain and illustrate the close relation betweensea -

power and the growth of British dominion in Indiain this period .

6 . Descri be the circumstances under which the Treatyof Bassein was concluded

,and its importance i n the

history of the British power.

7 . State and comment on the views of ArthurWell esley on

(a ) Coinage reform

(b) The commercial monopoly of the East IndiaCompany ;

(0) The causes of famine.

8 . What impressions do you gather from Grant Duffof the character of General Lake and the importance ofh is achievements ?

' 4 K 22

3

*9 . Explain and comment on fi ve of the following

(a ) The ru les of patron age ought to be the same atMadras as they are in Bengal , where the GovernorGen eral

,al though probably the most powerfu l subj ect

in the world,cannot in the ordinary course of business

make a corporal . (WELLINGTON )(b) It may be doubted whether the revenue derived

in cash from the ground in this coun try ,is in any degree

less hurtful in its effects with regard to us,than so

much money dug from a mine .(STUART ’ S Memoran dum .)

(c) If Tippoo had had sense and spirit sufficient touse his cavalry and in fantry as he m ight have done ,I have no hesi tation in saying that we should not nowbe here , and probably shou ld not be out of the junglesnear Bangalore . (WELLINGTON ,

(d) My j udgement and experien ce coincide entirelywith your Opinion

,that the system adopted by Lord

Cornwallis has proved and must continue to prove afruitful source of happiness

,wealth

,industry

,and popu

lation to this flourishing country . (W E LLE SL

(e) I recomm en d it to you n ot to put the Companyupon the Mahratta frontier. (WELLINGTON)(f ) I understand military law to be the law of the

sword , an d,in well - regulated an d discipl ined armies ,

to be the will of the General. (WELLINGTON)(g) I confess that I cannot concur with you in

ascribing the purity of the service in Ben gal to theinfluence of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Calcutta .

(VVE LLE SLE Y)

(h) Although I came first in front of their right,I determined to attack their left

,as the defeat of their

corps of infantry was most likely to be effectual .(WELLINGTON ,

[T. T.

4 K 22

2

*1 0 . Comment on anyfive of the following passages

(a ) It may therefore be concluded , as at first, thatnone of the laws of England are valid in the conqueredprovince ipsofacto by virtue of the conquest, or cession ,without a positive introduction there by a sufficientauthority ; and this sufficient authority seems to beonly the Parliament of Great Britain .

(MASERE S’

Report,

(b) And I can take upon me to averr , that it neverentered into Our Idea to overturn the Laws and Customsof Canada

,with regard to Property , but that Justice

should be administered agreab l y to them , according tothe Modes of administering Justice in the Courts ofJudicature in this Kingdom

,as is the Case in the County

of Kent, and many other parts of England .

(HILLSBOROUGH to Car leton ,

(e) We might make the people entirely English byintroducing the English language. This is to be doneby free schools

,and by ordaining that all su its in our

Courts shall be carried on i n English after a certainnumber of years . (FINLAY to Nepean ,

1 7

(d ) It was not the interest of Engl and to raise coloniesof farmers in a country which could only produce the samearticles as England did .

(LORD SHEFFIELD , May 1 1 , 1 7

(e) They (the French -Canadians) have made objections to j uries . The higher part of the Canadians obj ectto the in stitution itself

,as humiliating an d degrading .

They have no idea of submitting their conduct to a setof men , their inferiors : and the lower order look upon it(as in truth it is) as a burthen to them .

(E vi den ce of CHIEF JUSTICE HE Y ,

(f ) He al so took notice of an amendment whichwas a new clause , repealing so much of the act of reformation of the 1 st of Elizabeth as relates to the oath of supremacy, and substituting a common oath of allegiance in itsplace . This act

”

. the l egislature had no more right torepeal than the Great Charter or the Bill of Rights .

(CHATHAM on the Qu ebec Act.)4K 38

3

(g) To expect wisdom and moderation from neara score of Petty Parl iaments, consisting in effect of onlyone of the three necessary branches of a Parliament

,

must appear to have been a v ery extravagant expectation . (CHIEF JUSTICE SMITH toLord Dorchester , 1 79 1 .

(h ) While a due Preponderance on the side of Government is so manifestly wanting in the Assembly

,it is con

si dered by th e wel l -wishers of Gov ernment as a fortunatecircumstance that the Revenue is not equal to the E xpen diture . (LT.

-GOV . MILNES to the Duke of Portlan d ,

[T. T.

4K 38

2

*1 0 . Comment on anyfive of the following

(a) And it shall be lawfu l for the Governor .

to constitute townships in those parts of the Province ofCanada in which townships are n ot already constituted

,

and to provide for the election an d appointment oftownship officers therein, who shall have and exerciselike powers as are exercised by the like officers alreadyconstituted i n Upper Canada .

’

(Un i on Act,

(b) Thus a bold and intelligent democracy was impel led ,

by its impatience for liberal measures,j oined to

its national antipathies , to make common cause witha government which was at issue with the majority onthe question of popular rights . ’ (Du rham

’

s R eport.)

(c) This system of temporary laws derived itsworst character from the facilities which it afforded tothe practice of “ tacking ” together various legislativemeasures a practice which the legislators of LowerCanada converted into the ordinary mode of legislation .

’

(Du rham’

s Report.)

(d)‘An el ective executive council would not only

be utterly inconsistent with monarchical government ,but would really, under the nominal authority of theCrown

,deprive the community of one of the g reat

advantages of an hereditary monarchy .

’

(Du rham’

s Report.)

(6) After an attentive and disinterested consideration of this subj ect, your Committee are led to the conc lusion ,

that the adoption of the plan proposed by theEarl of Durham , in which this ( i . e . respon sib e government) is the prominent feature , must lead to the overthrow of the great col onial Empire of England.

’

(Select Comm i ttee on Lord Du rham’

s Report,

(f) ‘An anticipation that public business will beimpeded because there is a maj ority in the LegislativeCouncil attached to the political party which has not theconfidence of the colony is insufficient to

‘ j ustify theappointment of additional members . Practical i n conv en i en ce must have actually arisen , and to a seriousextent

,before resort can with propriety be had to any

measure for increasing the number of the Council . ’

(EARL GREY to SIR JOHN HARVEY,4K 39

3

(g)‘ Decennially we are to take the population of

the several provinces, an d we are to declare how

many representation districts are to be allowed to eachprovince . Now

,the result of that system must be that

we can have no lasting constituencies for the futureHouse of Commons . ’

(HON. C . DUNKIN on the p roposal for Federati on ,

(h)‘There are persons who are i l l -natured enough

to say that not a little of the loyalty,that is said to

exist in Canada, has its price .

’

(BRIGHT , i n the Hou se of Common s,

[T. T.

4K 39

2

(f) Lorsqu ’

on traversa la place Ven dOme les tambours battirent aux champs, on porte les armes , on agiteles casquettes et une immense acclamation de Vivel’

Empereur monte vers la statue de bronze . (Ib .)(g) Tout ce que j e vis ce j our- la porta la visible

empreinte de ces souvenirs i l me semblait touj ours qu’on

fut occupé a j ouer la Rev ol ution francaise plus encorequ

’

a la continuer. (TOCQUEVILLE . )

4. E xplain the fin ancial difficulties of the ProvisionalGovernment . What measures were taken to deal withthem ?

*5 . Comment on fou r of the following passages ,ill ustrating your comments

,where possible

,from your

other authorities

(a) Louis Blanc s’efforcait avec une eloqu en ce pleined

’

images de désarmer les bras en éblouissant les imaginations . (LAMARTINE .)

(b)‘ Nous savons que tu es brave et honnete, mais

tu n’es pas fait pour te mesurer avec l e peuple ! tuendormirais sa victoire ; tu n

’est qu’

un e lyre ! Vachanter ! (Ih . )

(0 ) Il résolut de soutenir Caussid l ere dans cettedemi - soumiss ion qu i , en lui concédant une sorte desuprématie sur l e désordre

,l’

engagerait plus surement al e réprimer. (1b )

(d ) Toute l’

h istoire du gouvernement provisoiren ’est guere que celle de la lutte de ces deux fi action s duparti républicain . (BARROT . )

(e) La République tricolore avait deja bien de lapeine a se faire accepter ; qu

’

efit- ce été de la Républiquerouge ? Le dén ofimen t efit été plus immédiat , et voilatout .

(Ih . )

(f) B lan qu i , dans ce monde de conspirateurs , étaitune figure a part ; i l était le plus redouté, et, en effet ,l e plus redoutable de tous . (Ih .)

(g) C’

étai t une chose extraordinaire et terrible devoir dans les seules mains de ceux qu i n e possédaientrien toute cette immense ville plein e de tant de richesses .

(TOCQUEVILLE .)4K 40

3

(h) Ce qui me frappa l e plus, ce fut de voir la haineuniverselle melee a la terreur universelle qu

’

in spi rait

pour la premiere fois Paris . Ib .

6.

‘ La seule passion réelle,la seule force efficace de la

revol ution du 24 février : la haine du pauvre contre leriche

,et la force des bras nus contre celle de l ’ in tel l i

gence . ’ (BARROT . ) Discuss this j udgement and estimatethe strength of socialism in Paris in 1 848 .

Explain and criticize the following passages fromLouis B lan e, Organ i sati on du Trava i l

(a ) I] s’agit pour l ’Angleterre de vivre ; et elle n e l e

peut,ainsi le veut sa constitution économique , qu

’

a lacondition d ’

asserv ir l e monde par ses marchands .

(b) Le saint - simonisme d isait L’E tat propriétaire

c’

étai t l’

ab sorption de l’

in div idu . Mais nous disons ,nous : La société propriétaire . ’ Di fferen ce énorme .

8 . What light do your authorities throw on (a ) thefriction between the Ateliers Nationaux and the Luxembourg ‘ Commission (b) the Share taken by the workmen of the Ateliers in popular demonstrations

9 . Explain,with the help of a sketch-map of Paris

,

the position of the more important buildings and streetsconnected with the events of February 1 848 .

[T. T.

4K 4o

2

3 . Puisque nous avons la République, disaitM. Thiersi l faut s

’

ab andon n er franchement au voeu populaire .

Discuss the problems connected with the method ofelection of the President under the Constitution of 1 8 48 .

>l<4. Comment on the following passages

(a ) La proclamation de la République francai se n ’

est

un acte d ’

agression contre aucune forme de gouvernementdans l e monde . (LAMARTINE

’

SMan ifesto,March

b) Nous sommes résolus a sauv egarder , avec l ’intégri té du territoire piémontais, l

’

in térét et la dign itéde la France . (BARROT . )

(c) La France n e peut plus rester spectatrice impassible

,et en face du drapeau autrichien triomphant l e

nOtre sera salué en Ital ie par d ’

unan imes acclamations . ’

(FALLOUX . )(d )

‘Mon cher Ney , la République francaise n ’apas envoyé une armée 51 Rome pour y étouffer la libertéitalienne .

’

(BARROT . )5 . Explain the chief provi sions of the Fal l oux Educa

tion Law , and point out what difficulties had to beovercome before it could be passed .

6 . Illustrate from the Ide’es Napol e’

on i en n es LouisNapoleon ’s ideal of imperialist government . How far doyou think that he was personally qualified to carry outthat ideal ?

Comment on five of the following passages

(a ) M. Thiers , M. Mole et leurs principaux amisavaient refuse’ de se charger du gouvernement . Ils entendaien t bien pourtant rester les maitres, mais sans devenirministres . (TOCQUEVILLE .)

( b) Q ue pouvait- i l sortir de son succes , sinon unemonarchie b atarde

,m épr1 sée des classes e

’

cl ai rées , ennemiede la l iberté et gouvernée par des intrigants

,des aven

tur iers et des valets ? (Ib .)

(c) Je sentis que l e parti dont i l serait l s plus facilede nous aider était le parti légitimiste . (Ib .)

(cl ) Grace 5. l’

hab i l e énergie du general Changarnierla défaite de M. Ledru -Rollin fut si complete qu ’elle l erendit ridicul e . (FALLOUX.)

4K 4 1

3

(e) La lutte n e s’

engagea sérieusement entre l e

Presiden t et l’

Assemb lée que par la destitution du generalen qui l ’Assemb l ée avait confian ce . (Ih . )

(f ) Si 5. cette date l e comte de Chambord avait eu ,vis-a- vis de ses cousins

,quelque mouvement spontane

et Si Madame la duchesse d ’

Orl éan s,rendant la liberte

aux princes ses beaux - freres , avait trouv e dans son amourmaternel lui -meme moins d ’

i l l usion s et plus de l um i eres ,

la cause de la Monarchie eti t été facilement gagnée . (Ih . )

(g) M. Victor Hugo acheva ce j our- la l ’év olu tioncommencée au suj et de la question romaine et se fixadéfin i tiv em en t dans la démagogie . (Ih . )

(h) Q uand la Rev ol ution comprend qu’elle a besoin

de se défendre contre ses propres exces ou contre desennemis puissants , elle a recours a un Napoleon . (Ib .)8 . The Constitution of the Second Republic represents

the endeavour to fin d a compromise between Con sti tution al Monarchy and Imperialism .


9. Estimate the literary value of Lamartin e’

s Hi stoi rede la Revolu ti on de 1 848 and of A . de Tocquev i l le

’

s

Sou ven i r s .

[T. T.

4 K 41

2

8 .

‘The maxim (non- interference by the state) isunquestionably sound as a general rule .

’

(MILL )Mill ’s book is the first (among English economists)

to man i fest any leanin g towards social ism .

’

(GIDE . )Discuss these statements.

9 . Il lustrate from the history of the manor Mill’sdictum ‘ the farther we look back in to history

,the

more we see a l l transactions and engagements underthe influence of fixed customs ’

1 0 . Show from English history the economic importance of immigration .

1 1 . Compare the aims and achievements of government po l icy in econom ic m atters under Edward III andQ ueen Elizabeth respectively .

1 2 . E i ther,Comment on any three of the following

passages

(a ) In the end of the reign of Henry VIII, and inthe beginning of that of Edward VI

,the English coin

was not only raised in its denomination ,but adulterated

in its standard . (ADAM SMITH .)

(b) There i s scarce a poor man in England of fortyyears of age

,who has not

,in some part of his life , felt

himself most cruelly oppressed by this i l l - contrived l awof settlements . (ADAM SMITH . )

(c) The act of navigation is not favourable to foreigncommerce

,or to the growth of that opulence which can

arise from it . (ADAM SMITH .)

(d) This is that treaty which the Flemings -call atthis day i n tercu rsu s magn u s.

(BACON , Life of Hen ry VII.)(e) Napoleon ’s expectation that the carry ing trade

of the world would desert England was not fulfilled .

Cr,

Show how the principles of the mercantile systemaffected English trade with any two of the fol lowing(a ) India , (b) Ireland , (0) American colonies .

4K 27

3

1 3 . Estimate the effect produced by the IndustrialRevolution upon (a ) rural condition s, (b)?urban cond i tion s .

1 4. Trace the development of direct taxation in England since the establ ishment of Free Trade.

1 5 . What tests would you make use of in order todecide whether a nation is wealthy or no ? Apply yourtests so as to compare the wealth of England at thepresent day with that of any previous epoch .

1 6 . When the five chief nations of Europe turn theirattention from production to destruction

,it is idle to

expect any system of credit to go unscathed .

’

What was the nature of the menace to our credit atthe beginning of the present war

,and how was this

menace met ?

4 K 27

6. Comment on fou r of the following passages fromHobbes

(a) An d from this di ffiden ce of one another , there isno way for any man to secure h imself

,so reasonable

,as

anticipation .

(b) It is annexed to the sov ereignty to be j udge ofwhat opinions and doctrines are averse and what conduci ng to peace .

(0) The resol utions of a monarch , are subject to noother inconstancy , than that of human nature .

(d) If a monarch subdued by war render himsel fsubj ect to the victor

,his subj ects are del ivered from

their former obligation,and become obliged to the

victor.

(e) The evil inflicted by public authority , withoutprecedent publ ic condemnation

,i s not to be sty led by

the name of punishment,b ut of an hostile act .

(f) An d when all the world is overcharged withinhabitants , then the last remedy of all is war ; whichprovideth for every man , by victory or death .

7 . Has the world derived more advantage or disadvantage from the theory of a ‘ Law of Nature8 . Does the value of Maine ’s An ci en t Law consistrather in the method he followed

,or in the conclusions

which he reached ?

9 . Can it be maintained that there are limits to thesize of an efficient State ?

1 0 . What i s inv olved in the conception of a GeneralWill ’ Where would you look for it in a modern State ?

1 1 . Explain and illustrate the various ways in whichthe courts of j ustice can influence the constitutionaldevelopment of a State.

1 2. La démocratie me parait bien pl us propre adirigerune société paisible

,ou a faire au besoin un

' subit et

v igoureux effort, qu

’

a braver pendant longtemps lesgrands orages de la vie pol itique des peuples .

’

(TOCQUE VILLE .)D iscuss this statement.

4 K 24 [T. T. 1 9 1 5 ]


Pol i ti ca l E con omy .

PAPER A .

Cu rren cy an d Ban ki n g .

[Can di dates are expected to attempt the qu esti on smarked

l .

‘ The R icardian Economist , lookin g at money asa tool for a specific and highly techn ical purpose

,declares

that he sees n o advantage in an increase of money aboveits former level . ’ (WALKER )

Explain the reason in g here referred to,and discuss

,

in relation to your authorities,its practical value.

2 . Explain precisely the problem whi ch the committeeof 1 8 1 0 was formed to unravel . How did Canningview their report ?

3 . Show from Peel’s speeches (a ) why the resumptionof cash payments was necessary, (b) why further legislation as to the currency was necessary.

*4. Write notes uponfive of the following

(a) Adam Sm ith says :‘The operations of the mint

were,upon this account

,somewhat l ike the web of Pene

lope ; the work that was done i n the day was undone inthe night . ’ (WALKER )

(b) The Bank Directors have not perceived that theremoval of that check rendered it possible that su ch anexcess might be issued by the discount of perfectly goodbills . (Report on the hi gh p ri ce of gold bu l l i on ,

(c) I attribute it (stagnation of trade), in a verygreat measure

,to a previous artificial elevation of prices

occasioned principally by what I conceive to be,an

excessive issue of bank notes,commencing in the spring

of 1 8 1 7 , but particularly increased in July 1 8 1 7 .

(TOOKE,(d) An alteration in value of. 5 per cent . does not

appear to me very formidable ; but of this matter I donot profess to know mu ch ; I have had very little practical knowledge upon these subjects . (RICARDO ,

4K 25 [Turn over .

(e) Those who had the power of regulating thequan tity of the circulating medium of the country, hadthe power .of regulating the rate of the exchanges .

(RICARDO ,(f) This is no new theory. He only proposes to

revive the Scheme of the famous Mr . Law in a moremitigated shape. (HUSKISSON,

(9) An d being obliged, as bankers, to con sider thesolvency of their banking department

,they have been

obliged to vary their rates of discount more violentlyand more frequently than they did before

(MILL ,5 . What bearing have the questions treated in your

authorities upon the problems and issues of our ownday ?

6.

‘ N ine - tenths of English statesmen , if they wereasked as to the management of the Bankin g Departmentof the Bank of England

,would reply that it was no

business of theirs . ’ (BAGEHOT . )How does Bagehot himself reply tothis question ?

7 . What , in the opinion of the Royal Commissionersof 1 8 8 8

,were the causes of recent changes in the value

of (a ) gold , (b) Silver ?8 . Compare the idea of international bimetallism with

the scheme carried out in 1 8 93 for dealing with problemsof the exchanges with regard to India . Why do we nowhear little of international bimetallism ?

>l<9 . Write notes uponfive of the following :

(a ) A large part of the‘ indemnity ’ was paid by

France to Germany in bills on England,and the German

Government,as those bil ls became due acquired an un

precedented command over the market . (BAGEHOT . )

(b) These circumstances , it i s said , account, to alarge extent

,for the increased export of wheat from

India,which appears to have synchronized with the fall

in the value of silver,for the serious decline in the price

of wheat,and the corresponding depression in agr i cul

ture in this country .

(Repor t of the Gold an d Si l ver Comm i ssi on ,

4K 25


Pol i ti ca l E conomy.

PAPER B .

Pu bl i c Fi n a n ce.

[Can d idates are expected to attempt the qu esti on s

marked

1 .

‘A minister could not have the confidence to cometo this house and desire the repeal of so beneficial a law ,

which tended so directly to rel ieve the people of theirburthens . ’ (PITT ,

How far would you support the view that Pitt sSinking Fund was a deliberate ru se to facilitate taxationand was framed to prevent the Fund itself from being‘ raided ’

?

2 . Illustrate from your authorities ( 1 8 1 5—26) thefinancial problems which a great war bequeaths to then ext generation .

3 .

‘ The firmer administration of Peel restored thefinances . ’ (BASTABLE )

Explain from Peel ’s speeches,1 8 28 and 1 842, how

this firmness showed itself.

Write notes on five of the following

(a) It is obvious that the first step necessarily i nvolved in the measure is to render the present land - taxperpetual . (PITT ,

(b) At first put forward as a protest against theinjustice of the old system of privilege

,the maxim of

proportional taxation is now employed as a weaponagainst the newer Radical socialism . (BASTABLE )

(0) But I am told , that a large sum within the yearcannot be raised by encreasing the existing taxes onconsumption. What is the consequence (PITT ,

4K 26 [T urn over .

2

(d) If this difference (between Expenditure andRevenue) , which cannot be estimated at less than

is made up by an increase of Debt,it

will make a total expenditure of in whichwill, however, be included , for Sinking Fund towardsthe redemption of Debt

,about leaving the

actual expenditure , exclusive of Sinking Fund , atwhich contrasted with a Revenue ofwill give a surplus of Revenue really

applicable to the extinction of Debt of(Comm i ttee on Pu bl i c In come an d E xpen di tu re,

(e) Throughout these statements , the receipts fromthe Bank , for the Annuity of sold to them

,to

defray the charge of the Hal f- Pay and Pensions areincluded .

(Commi ttee on Pu bl i c In come an d E xp en di tu re,

With respect to the Assessed Taxes,I have only

to observe that there is every indication that they willnot only maintain themselves at their present rate ofproduce , but that there i s in this branch of the revenuea gradual tendency to increase .

(Mr . HERRIES ’ Statemen t,

(g) Mi t dem Fortfall der Einkommensteuer , welchergleich nach dem Kriege stattfand

,war fii r lange auf eine

reelle Tilgung des Capitals der Kriegsschuld verzichtet .Die Hebung des Credits ermogl i chte wenigstens , durchCon v ersion en und Z in sredu ction en die Z in sen last zu

vermindern . (WAGNER)5 . How far are the views of Mill and Gladstone with

regard to the Income an d Property Tax the views of thetheorist and of the practical statesman respectively6 . With what probl ems does Lord Goschen deal in his

Draft Report on Local Taxation ? Discuss his solutionof these problems .

7 .

‘ It is,no doubt a fallacy to suppose that there are

huge untapped sources of revenue in connexion withurban l and .

’

(Separate Repor t on Urban Rati n g an d Si te Va lu esHow far does the evidence provided by your

authorities support this View ?4K 26

Un seen Tran slati on s .

[TWO hou rs a r e a l lowed for thi s paper . Can d i dates are

n ot requ i red to ofi'

er more than ONE l angu age ]Translate

(a ) Ich furchte mich nicht vor dem Anschein , dassich etwa in dieser Skizze, die sich gewiss noch vie l fachv on der Wahrheit entfernt , aber schwerlich so weit wiev on

fl

den l an dl'

aufigen Darstellungen dieses Gegenstandes ,dieAhn l i chk ei ten gewisser Bez iehungen und Rechtsformendes antiken Staates mit dem modernen u ngeb ii hrl ich

hervorgehoben hatte . Allerdings ist i n manchem d ie

Sinnesart , welche zuerst im athenischen Volk e ausgebildetworden ist

,dieselbe

,die auch un s beseelt . Auch wir

fordern v on j edem Vol l burger , dass er die schwerstePfli ch t auf sich nehme , sich selbst an der Verwaltungseines Staates zu beteiligen

,un d verleihen ihm dafii r das

schon ste Recht , sein Vaterland mit der Waffe in der Handzu verteidigen . Allerdings m ii hen auch wir uns nochmit den ewigen Problemen

,welche zuerst der athenische

Geist erfasst u nd i n seiner Art zu losen versucht hat , dieGegen satze der Freiheit un d des Gesetzes

,die Rechte des

In dividuums und die der ii b ergeordn eten Gemeinschaftauszugleichen . Auch wir sind e i n freies Volk u n d glaub en

,dass die Einheit der Nation um

.

keinen Preis zu

teuer erk auft ist . Un d doch wird alle Ahn l ichk e it innerlich aufgehoben durch einen entscheidenden Unterschied .

Das beste hat euch doch gefehlt, i h r edlen B i i rger von

Athen . Eure Weisen reden un s von einer hochsten Liebe,

welche,losgel

'

Ost v om K'

Orperl ich en ,nur noch In sti tu

tion en , Gesetzen, Ideen gelte . Wir sind gew iss v on

h'

alrterem Stoff geformt, das sprode aber dau erb are Geschlecht des Nordens aber wir vermeinen

,dass die Liebe

h'

oher stehe , wo die vollste Hingabe an die Institutionu n d die Idee sich u n lOsb ar verbindet m it der eminentperson l ich en Hingabe wieder an die Person ; un d wirw issen j edenfalls

,wie warm diese Liebe ei n treues

Menschenherz macht . -Unseren Kindern,

- da sie kaumgelernt haben , die Hande zu falten vor dem lieben Gott

,

w‘ e i sen wir ein Bild, lehren sie die edlen Z ii ge kennenun d sprechen , ‘ das i st unser guter KO’n ig .

’ UnsereJungl in ge , wenn sie wehrhaft werden , blicken mit stolzerFreude auf das schmu cke Kri egsgewan d u n d sprechenich geh

’ in des KOn igs Kleid .

’

(WILAMOWITz-MOELLENDORFF4 K 23 [T urn over .

2

(b) E i l popolo italiano , p1u grande e p1u logico deisuoi dottori

,ha sempre

,lode a Dio

,segu i to la religione

della patria e de ’ principi, n on l

’

idolatria del l ’oppor tu n i ta‘

o delle fin zi on i legati . Il n ostro popolo cacciava i lguan to di sfida all’ Au stria celebrando co ’ fuochi dellemontagne l ’ in su rrezi on e gen ovese del 1 746, quando gliom iopati c i della politi ca contendevan o doversi vincerel’

Au stria colle vie ferrate e coi congressi sc ien tifici :

cacciava i l guanto d i sfida ai propri governi colle sommosse , l e manifestazioni di piazza e l e irruzioni neiconventi gesuitici

,quando i l conte Balbo e compagni

i n segnavano,nei dovuti limiti

,i l diritto delle supplici

petizioni . Il nostro popolo trapian tava la questione,

insorgendo in Sicilia,dall ’ arena delle riforme amm in i

strativ e per concessione prin cipesca a quel la degli statut ipol i ti cI ossia dei patt i fra cittadini e monarchi , quandoi letterati ch e s ’ erano posti a capo dell ’ impresa italianarabbrividivano alla sola idea d ’un a coll isione viol enta fragovernanti e govern ati . Il nostro popolo innalzava ferocei l grido di guerra a l l ’ Austriaco di sul le barricate lombardee dalle lagune del Veneto

,mentre gli uomini delle riforme ,

fatti per forza di cose cospiratori, d iplomati zzavan o per

un a iniziativa impossibi l e con re Carlo Alberto . E i l

nostro popolo gridera di bel n uovo la santa guerra,

quando i cospiratori,rifatti diplomatici per cautela ,

an dran no oltre sofisti can do,come i Greci del basso

impero, su i termini del la med i azi on e, su leghe ideali di

prin cipi che tremano l ’ un o dell’ al tro e tutti dei loropopoli

,e sulle inten zioni probabili o possibili d ’

un

governo che maneggia per agenti a Vienna, a Parigi,Mil ano

,la pace coll’ Austria all’ Adige e peggio : stolti

ch e ign orano non esservi pace possibile tra l ’Ital ia el’

Austr i a,dopo un a in surrezione come quel la del marzo ,

fuorche segnata al di 15. del l’ Alpi , ne speran za di conqu i starla fuorchecolla guerra , abborrita dal l

’

an ti v eggen za

dei principi,che fara del paese un vulcano , del popolo

intero un esercito,della nazione affratellata una coscienza

di d iritti inviolabili e di potenza.

(c) Un Jaures b on marcheur et b on causeur, n on

pas l e Jaures ruisselant et rouge des meetings enfume’s ,ni l e Jaures , hélas , rouge et devenu lourdement mondaindes salon s de defen se républicaine ; mais un Jaures de

4 K 23

4

tecture est incohérente,et dont les raccommodages sont

appa1'

en ts. . E n second l ieu , Si parfaites que soient lesinstitutions, les lois et les moeurs

,comme elles l ’ont

precede, i l n e les a point consenties ; d’

au tres,ses pré

décesseurs , ont chois i pour lui , et l’ont enfermé d ’avance

dans la forme morale , politique et sociale qui leur a plu .

Peu importe si elle lui déplai t ; i l faut qu’il la subisse

,et

que,comme un cheval attelé, i l marche entre deux

brancards sous l e harnais qu’on lui a mis . D

’

ai l l eurs ,qu elle que soit l ’organ i sation , comme , par essence , elleest un e hiérarchie, presque toujours i l y est et i l y resterasubalterne

,soldat

,caporal ou sergent . (TAINE)

[T. T.

4 K 2 3

o . 1 753 Sixpen ce n et

OXFORD UNIV E RSITY

E XAMINA T ION PAPE RS



PREVIOUS EXAMINATION

TRINITY TE RM , 1 9 1 5

OXFORD


SOLD AT THE CLARENDON PRES S DEPO SITORY1 1 6 HIGH STREET

2

1 1 . What part was played by the chief European k l ngsi n the thi rd crusade ? Discuss the importance of thatcrusade in the history of the conflict between Europe andthe East.

1 2. To what causes do you attribute (a ) the slowprogress

, (b) the measure of victory , achieved by Germaninfluen ce east of the Elbe

,before the year 1 200

1 3 . Give some account of the military successes of theEmperors Ni cephorus Phocas , and John Tzim isces .



Ou tl i n es of E urop ean Hi story ,8 00— 1 494.

[Can d i da tes shou ld a ttemp t AT LEAST TWO qu esti on s i n

each par t of the Paper , an d amon g them ONE ofthose marked wi th an aster i sk

1 . To what causes is the failure of the Latin Empireat Constantinople to be attributed ?

2 . What points of contrast may be drawn between thequarrels of the Emperors Frederick II and Lewis ofBavaria with the Papacy*3. Give a brief sketch of the history of the HanseaticLeague . Illustrate your answer, if possible , by an outlinemap .

Or,

Mark the decisive moments in the growth of theSwiss Confederation. Illustrate your answer , if possible ,by a sketch -map .

4. What is meant by the phrase,

‘ The EmperorCharles IV legalized anarchy and called it a Con sti tution ’

?

5 . What forces besides that of religion lay behind theHussite movement ?

6. Estimate the influence of the civil lawyers of Franceon the growth o f the French monarchy.

7 . Compare the cau ses of the success of Charl es V andCharles VII against the English .

8 . Account for the comparative stability of thegovernment of Venice .

9 . Discuss the influence of the Condottieri on Italy .

[T urn over .

2

1 0 . Contrast the character and the aims of Louis XIof France an d those of Charles the Bold of Burgundy.

1 1 . Explain the policy of the Emperor Frederick IIItowards the Council of Basel .*1 2 . Describe, if possible with the aid of a sketch -map

,

the advance of the Turks in Europe anterior to the fallof Constantinople

1 3. Give a brief Sketch of the history of Naples fromthe death of the Emperor Frederick II to the expeditionOf Charles VIII .

1 4. To what causes would you attribute the sudden u se

of Spain to the position of a Great Power at close ofthe fifteenth century ?

1 1 1 91 5)

4 U 6

2

1 2. D iscuss the pol icy of the Emperor Ferdinand II.

*1 3 . Tra ce,i f possible , with the help of a Sk etch-map

the growth of Sweden up to 1 648 .

1 4. How far is the Peace of Westphal ia a l andmarkof great importance in the history of Europe ?

[T. T.

HONOUR SCHOOL OF MODE RN HISTORY.


Outl in es of E uropean H i story . 1 494 1 78 9 .

[Cand i dates shou ld attempt at l east TWO qu estion s i n

each par t of thepaper an d among them ONE of thosemarked wi th an aster i sk ]

1 . What were the chief obj ects aimed at by John deWitt ?

2 . Compare the causes of the Fronde with those ofthe Great Rebell ion.

3 . How far is it true to regard the reign of Louis XIVas the zenith of the glory and prosperity of France ?

4. Discuss the policy of the Emperor Leopold I .*5 . How far were the obj ects of the allies attained bythe Treaty of Utrecht Illustrate your answer

,if possible

,

by a sketch-map.

6 .

‘A magnificent escapade .

’ Is this a fair descriptionof the career of Charles XII ?

>l‘7 . Account for the success of Elizabeth Farnese inattaining her aims . Illustrate your answer

,if possible

,

by a sketch -map.

8 . Discuss the advantages and disadvantages both toFrance and to Spain of the pol icy of the Family Compacts .

9 . For what reasons did the several European powerstak e part in the Seven Years ’ War ?

1 0 . To what extent , if any , was Frederick the Great thefounder of German unity

[T urn over .

2

1 1 . Give an account of the reforms attempted by an yon e of the eighteenth century benev ol ent despo ts other

than Frederick the Great.>l‘ l 2. Trace, if possibl e with the help of a sketch-map

,the

expansion of Russia in the eighteenth century;

1 3 . Who was the sick man of Europe in the eighteenthcentury ? Giv e reasons for your answer .

2

3 .

‘Aristotle ought rather to be known as a reformerthan as a. defen der of Slavery.

’ Discuss th is statement .

4. What is Aristotle’ s view of the relation of the

individual to the state ?

5 . What , according to Aristotle , constitutes the identityof a state Do you agree with h im ?

B .

>l‘6. Translate,and comment on , the following pas

sages

(a ) Ipsos Germanos indigenas credi derim m in imeque

ali arum gentium adven ti b us et hospiti i s mixtos .

(b ) De m inorib u s rebus principes consultant , demaiori bus omnes, ita tamen u t ea quoque , quorum penespl eb em arbitrium est, apud principes praetracten tur .

(c) Licet apud concilium accusare quoque et discrimen capitis intendere . Distinctio poenarum ex delicto .

Prod itores et tran sfugas arb orib u s suspen dun t, ign avos

et inb el l i s et corpore in fam is caeno ac palude, in iectainsuper crate, mergun t. D iv ersitas suppl i ci i i l luc respi ci t ,tamquam scelera ostendi oporteat, dum pun iun tur, flagi tiaab scon di .

*7 . Translate , and comment on , the fol l owing passages

(a) Insignis n ob i l itas aut magn a patrum meritaprin c ipi s dign ation em etiam adu l escen tu l is adsign an t ;ceteris rob ustiori b us ac iam pr i dem prob ati s adgregan tur ,nec rubor inter comites adspi ci . Gradus quin etiam ipsecomitatus habet , iudicio eius quem sectan tur .

(b) Non n umerav erim inter German iae populos ,quamquam tran s Rhen um Danuv iumque con sederin t, eos

qu i decumates agros exercen t .

(c) Nec quae natura quaeve ratio gignat, u t barbar is ,quaesitum compertumv e : diu quin etiam inter ceteraeiectamen ta maris iaceb at donec luxuria nostra deditnomen .

8 . With what purpose did Tacitus write the German i a ?

Estimate the candour of his work.

4U 10

3

9 . What does Tacitus tell u s of (a) the physical appearance , (b) the attitude to urban l ife, (0) the V i ces , of theGermans ? An d what information does he give us concernin g (a ) the position of a rex among them ,

and (b)their use of auguries and divination ?

1 0 . What would you gather from Tacitus to have beenthe land - system obtaini ng among the German tribes ?

[T. T.

4U 10

3 . Are there any reasons for believing that Einhardsuppressed facts which are derogatory to the characterof Charlemagne ?

4 . Where are the following places,and with what

events are they connected— Aquaegran i , Mogon tiacus,Cen tumcel lae, Nov iomagus, Prum ia ?

B .

1 . Give a brief summary of the events of the firstCrusade of St . Louis, illustrating your answer if possibleby a sketch -map .

2 . What do we l earn from Joinville on these points

(a ) The j udicial reforms of St . Lou is ;(b) The opinion of St . Louis as to how the Christian

should deal with intellectual doubts ?

3 . Who were— Le Vieil de la Montagne ; Le prostreJehan ; Les Chevaliers de la Haul eca ; Le Conte deBou loingn e ?

*4 Translate,

and explain the allusions in,the

following passages

(a ) Li Sarrazin ameneren t la perriere de grant j our,

et geteren t l e feu gregoi s en nos chas - chastiaus .

Lour engins avoient Si acoUpl ez aus chau c i es que l i osavoi t faites pour bouchier l e fl um ,

que n u l z n’

osoi t aleraus chas- chastiaus , pour les engins qui getoien t les granspierres

,et chéoien t en la voie ; dont i l av i n t ainsi que

nostre dui chastel furent ars .

(b) Q uant j e lour oy dit, freres E stien n es d’

Otr icOurt,qui estoit comman derres dou Templ e

,me dist ainsi :

Sire de Joinville, cis con saus que vous donnés au roin ’est n e bons n e raisonnables ; car vous saves que nousrecevons les commandes en tal maniere , que par nossairemen s nous n e l es poons del i vrer mais que a ceus quiles nous baillent . ’

(c) On me appel oi t poulain pour ce qu e j’

avoie

con sei l l ié an my sa demourée av ecques l es poulains .

(d ) En ce point me fist ‘

un s miens Chevaliers,qui

avoit non mon sign our Jehan de Monson , peres l’

ab b e l

Guillaume de Saint-Michiel,une grant deb onn ai retei

, qu i

4U 8

3

fu tex ; car i l m’

aporta sans dire un mien seurcot forreiet l e me geta ou dos, E t ge li escriai et li diz Q ueai-j e a faire de vostre seurcot, que vous m

’

aportez quantnous noyons? E t i l me dist : Par m ’ame ! Sire

, j e av eroi e

plus chier que nous fu ssien s tuit naié, que ce que un e

maladie vous preist de froit, dont vous eussiez la mort .’

*1 . Translate,an d comment on

,the following pas

sages

(a ) Patet igitur quod ultimum de potentia ipsiushuman i tatis est potentia sive virtus in tel l ectiv a .

(b) In politia obliqua bonus homo est malus civis ;i n recta vero bonus homo et civ1 s bonus con vertun tur .

(c) Item dico quod ens et unum et bonum gradatimse hab en t secundum primum modum d i cen di . Prius ensenim natura produc i t unum , unum vero bonum maximeenim ens maxime est unum et maxime unum estmaxime bonum . E t quanto aliquid a maximo enteel ongatur , tanto et ab esse unum

,et per con sequens ab

esse bonum .

(d) Ration ib us omnibus supra positi s, experi en tia

memorab i l is attestatur : status v idel i cet i l l i usmortal ium ,

quem Dei Fi l ius , in sal u tem hominis hominem assumptu

rus , vel expectav i t, vel , cum vola it ipse, disposa it.

2 . On what grounds does Dante maintain that mon

archy is superior to democracy ? Does his argumentappear to you conclusive ?

3 . Give a brief account of the relati ons between theEmpire and the Papacy during the life of Dante .

4 . In what ways did the circumstances of Dante ’s l ifelead him to look for the salvation of Italy in a universalmonarchy

[T . T .

2

s’

en treten oi en t pour cét effet hors l e royaume, vouspratiquastes en sorte ces derniers, sous promesses quevous l eur fistes de leur donner l e quart de tout cc qu

’

i ls

vous feroien t découvrir, qu’

env i ron un mois apres ilsvous don n erent adv i s comme i l se proj ettoit un transportde deux cens mil esen s en especes d

’or, dont l’

on avoi t

fait amas pour cet effet , n e craignant sinon qu’il n e se

fist pas tout d ’une voiture,et que la premiere se sur

prenant,ils arrestassen t tout court les autres et partant

que c’

estoit a vous adviser si vous desi reriez vousattaquer a cel l e- la, d

’

autant qu’

a leur adv i s elle seroi t

de l a moindre somme .

(0) Les trois armées des princes d ’

Al emagn e et desEstats estan s j ointes és environs de Duren et Stav el o,l es Estats de Cleves et Jul l iers seront conquis et i ceux

restituez a ceux des pretendan s qui seront j ugez avoirl e plus de droit .

4. Explain the chief sources of revenue of the Frenchmonarchy at the beginning of the seventeenth century .

1 .

‘ Dans l e monde i l n ’a vu que la noblesse francaise,et dans celle—oi qu e l es ducs et pairs. Saint- Simon n ’ap'

as l ’orgu ei l nobiliaire , i l a l’

orgu ei l ducal .’ Illustrate

this remark from the selected memoirs .*2. Translate and comment on

(a ) Seul s avec l e roi , 11 leur tira d’un tiroir sous sa

clef un gros et grand paquet cacheté de sept cachets( je n e sais Si M. du Maine y vou lut imiter l e mystéri euxlivre a sept sceaux de l ’Apocal ypse , pour diviniser cc

paquet) . En l e leur remettant : Messieurs,leur dit - i l

,

c’est mon testament ; i l n’

y a qui que ce soit que moiqu i Sache ce qu

’ il contient. Je vous l e remets pour l egarder au parlement

,a qu i j e n e puis donner un plus

grand témoignage de mon estime et de ma confian ce,que de l ’en rendre dépositaire . L

’

exempl e des rois mesprédécesseurs et celui du testament du roi mon pere n e

me laissent pas ignorer ce que celui - oi pourra devenir ;mais on l’a voulu

,on m ’a tourmenté

,on me m ’a point

laissé de repos, quoi que j

’aie pu dire. Oh bien ! j ’aidonc acheté mon repos . Le voila, emportez- l e, i l de

4U 4

3

v iendra ce qu’il pourra ; au moins j

’

aurai patience et

j e n’en entendrai plus parler. ’ A ce dernier mot , qu

’

Il

fin it avec un coup de téte fort sec, i l leur tourna l e dos ,passa dans un autre cabinet et l es laissa tous deuxpresque changes en statues .

(b) Moi cependant j e me mourois de j oie . J ’enétoi s acraindre la défaillance ; mon coeur, dilaté a l

’

exces,ne treuv oit plus d ’

espace a s’

éten dre . La violence qu ej e me faisoi s pour n e rien laisser échapper étoit Infin ie,et n éanmoins ce tourment étoit délici eux . Je comparoi sles années et les temps de servitude , les j ours funestesou, traine au parlement en victime , j

’

y avoi s servi detriomphe aux batards a plusieurs fois , les degrés diverspar lesquels ils étoi en t montes a ce comble su r nos tetes ;j e les comparoi s, di s-j e , a. ce j our de justice et de regle,a cette chute épouvantable

,qui du meme coup n ous

rel evoit par la force de ressort.

3 . Compare the sketches given by Saint -Simon ofMadame de Montespan and of Madame de Maintenon .

4 . What information can you gather from theseextracts from Saint -Simon’s Memoi rs about the AbbéDubois ?

*1 . Translate and comment on

(a) Obéissez aux puissances . Si cela veut dire :Cédez a la force

,l e précepte est bon

,mais superflu ; j e

re’

pon ds qu’il n e sera jamais violé. Toute puissance

vient de Dieu , j e l’avoue ; mais toute maladie en vient

aussi : est- cc a dire qu’il soit défendu d

’

appel er l e

médecin ? Q u’

un brigand me surprenne au coin d’

un

bois, non - seulement i l faut par force donner sa bourse ;mais , quand j e pourroi s la sous traire , suis -j e en conscience obligé de la donner ? Car enfin le pistolet qu 1 1tient est une puissance .

(b) Le christianisme n e préche que servitude et

dépendance . Son esprit est trop favorable a la tyranniepour qu

’

elle n’en profite pas touj ours . Les vrais chrétienssont faits pour etre esclaves , i ls le savent et n e S

’en

émeuvent gu‘

ere ; cette courte v i e a trop peu de prixa leurs yeux .

4U 4

4

2. Mes principes n e sont fondés sur des autorités depoetes ; mais ils dérivent de la nature des choses , et

sont fondes sur la raison .

’

‘Rousseau traces his conclusions from words, anddevelopes his system from the interior germs of phrases . ’

Which do you think the truer remark,that of

Rousseau or that of h is critic ?

3 . Describe as carefully as possible the Social Compact according to Rousseau and the chief consequenceswhich are deduced from it in the Con trat soci al .

4 . Giv e Rousseau ’s views on

(a ) The origin of property.

(b) Punishment .

(0) The best form of government .

2

acciperent. postquam v ero n ation es i n fam i ln s hab emu s,

quibus diversi ritus,externa sacra aut nulla sunt

,conlu

v iem istam non nisi metu coercuer is. at quidam i n son tesperib un t. n am et ex fuso exercitu cum decimus quisquefusti feri tur , etiam strenui sortiun tur . habet aliquid exiniquo omne magnum exemplum quod contra si ngu los

u ti l itate publica repen d itur .

[T. T.

4 U 1 1


PRE VIOUS E XAMINATION .

Un seen Tr an slation .

GREEK .

TranslateA A I

(a)’

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HA

xi v/( 7 0 9 eAeye7 o 77 a vggbopa , Ka t ot/Icoyn 6K 7 ou etpa tcog

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7 v dtfik ev , 6 7 c?) 67 61091er 1 1 z A x 1

81 1

6n apayy eAAa w ( 1 10 7 ek ewns‘

7 779 VUKT OS‘

ov GLS‘GKO t/H] 77,

oi? pri x/0 1x dn k AOT a s‘ Wei/60 1711 7 6 9 , dAAa 77 0A?) pdAo

a 157 ol ' éavm fis, vop ifow es‘

ota én oina a v

Mnh iovs‘

7 6 AaKeda t/Iov iwu du'

ot'

xov s Kpa7 7§a a v7 esI Q I I I

vroAtopma, Ka t Ia 7 ta tea s~Ka t E xtx va cov s‘ Ka t Topx ua zovs

:

Ka i A iy tVfiTa s‘Ka i dAo s WOAAOOS‘ 7 5131}

‘

E AAfiva w. 7 37 d’

I 1 1 1 1 "a 1 7

va r epa ta eKKAno‘

ta v en otna a v , eu 37 r ovs T E lupa/a s:

A f I I

a n oxcoa a t n AnV GV OS‘Ka t 7 a T G‘X’? ev7 pe7n § ew Ka t (

,v ak a s

é¢ 70 7 dua 7 Ka i n ai l/7 a (279 ei s n oAcopKia V wapa a xevoi

Ka i ovT OL/IEV n epi 7 a 07 a na a v . Afia a vdpos

8’

e’

x 7 0 17t

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n'OI/Tov va va i di a Koa i a ts dgbtKO/xevos

‘ei S‘

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Xcopz’

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776Aw .

g A A

(b) A afia w 86 at

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iA I I '

Q‘ Q I

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4U 1 2 [T urn ov er:

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n epteh dbw a w H epaéi v dtegbddpna a v , 0 137 0 L’

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y 0 t

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86 0 Kh emu Ka t 0 Anpoa devns 0 7 7, 6 L Ka t 0 770 0'

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8!

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6 1/ coo-

ova l , ta g!) apna opevovr av7 0 vs‘ mm 7 779 a ¢67 6pa g

0'

7 pa 7 7d g ,’

e'

n a vo‘a v

,udxnv Ka i éav 7 é§ v dn eipfa v ,

A j A A

Bovk ép euoi dya y ew a 137 0 7‘

79 Adm/a ims ( wv7 a 5‘ , ei’

77 60 9 7 0 171 A A

Knpfiy/i am s dk ozio'

a vr es‘

6’

m KAa 0 '06 76 1/ y va'

nuy 7a bnAa

n apadoii va t Ka i fia anfiefeu 7 0 17 n apbw os‘

[T. T .

4U 1 2

2

naturelle a contraindre, point de preoccupation hab ituel l e a surmonter. 1 1 cause don e

,a l’aise et d ispos , et

i l éprouve du plaisir a causer . Oar ce qu ’ il lui fau t,c’est nu b onheur d ’

espece particuliere , fin , léger, rapide ,incessamment renouvelé et varié , son intelligence, sonamour- propre , toutes ses .v ives et sympath iques facultéstrouvent leur pature ; et cette qu alité de bonheur, i ln’

y a que l e monde et la conversation pour la fou rnir .Sensib le comme i l est , les égards , les mén agements , lesempressements, la délicate flatter i e sont l

’air natal horsduquel i l respire avec peine . Il souffrirait d ’etre impolipresque autant que de rencontrer l

’

impol i tesse . Pour sesinstincts de bienveillance et de vanité

,i l y a de char

mantes douceurs dans l ’hab i tude d ’etre aimable,d

’

au tan t

plus qu ’elle est contagieuse . Quand nous plaisons,on veut

nou s plaire,et cc qu e nous donnons en prévenances , on

nous le rend en attentions . En pareille compagnie,on

peut causer ; car causer c’est amu ser autrui en s

’

amusan t

soi -meme , et i l n’

y a pas de plus v i f plaisir pou r un

Francais . Agile '

et sinueuse,la conversation est pour

lui comme l e vol pour n u oiseau ; d’

idées en idées, i lvoyage , alerte , excité par l

’elan des autres,avec des

bonds,des circuits , des retours imprévus , au plu s bas , au

plus haut , a rase terre ou sur les cimes,san s s ’

en fon cer

dans les trous , n i s’

empétrer dans les brou ssailles, n i

demander aux mille obj ets qu ’i l efHeure autre chose quela d iversité et l a gaieté de leurs aspects .

[T. T .


PR E V IOUS E XAMINATION .

German Translati on .

Translate

(a ) Das al lgemeine v orzugl ich e Kennzeichen dergriechischen Mei sterstii ck e in der Mah l erey un d Bildh auerk un st, setzet Herr Wink elmann in eine ede le

Einfalt un d stille Grosse , sowohl i n der Stellung als imAusdruck e .

‘ So w i e d ie T iefe des Meeres,sagt er

,

allezeit rub ig bleibt,d ie Ob erfl

'

ache mag auch noch soW

’

uth en , eben so ze iget der Ausdruck in den Figuren derGriechen bey allen Leidenschaften eine grosse u n d

gesetzte Seele . D iese Seele schildert sich in dem Gesieb tedes Laok oon s un d nicht in dem Gesieb te allein

,bey dem

heftigsten Le l den . Der Schmerz , w elcher sich in allenMusk eln und Sehnen des Korpers en tdeck et, und denman ganz allein , ohne das Gesicht und andere Theile zu

betrachten, an dem schmerzlich eingezogenen Un terl eib e

bey nahe selbst zu empfin den glaubt ; dieser Schmerz ,sage ich

,aussert sich dennoch m it k einer Wa th i n dem

Gesiebte un d in der ganzen Stellung. Er erhebt k einschreck liches Geschrey ,

wie V irgil von seinem Laok oonsin get ; die Oefn un g des Mundes gestattet es nicht ; esi st vielmehr ein an gstl i ches und b ek l emmtes Seufzen ,

w ie es Sadol et b eschre ib et. Der Schmerz des Ko' rpersund die Grosse der Seele sind durch den ganzen Bau derFigur mit gleicher Stark e au sgethei l et, u n d gleichsamabgewogen . Laok oon leidet, aber er leidet W ie desSophok les Ph i lok tet : sein Elend gehet un s bis an d i e

Seele ; aber w i r vv'

un schten,W i e dieser grosse Mann das

Elend ertragen zu kon n en .

’

(b) Dass die christliche Religion in derselben Stundeentstand ,

in w elcher das Casaren rei ch gestiftet wurde,i st

ein e v on den grossen geschichtlichen Thatsachen,die man

prov iden ti el l zu nennen pflegt. Das Christentum besiegtedas antik e Reich un d verschmolz mit ihm

, w eil seinwe ltb ii rger l i ches Princip der W e l tmon arch ie entsprach .

D ies erk annte Constantin . Die neue Kirche nahm dieadministrative Organisation des Reichs in sich au f

,indem

T u rn over .

2

s ie ub er dessen Provinzen , gemass der con stan tin i schen

D iocesan v er fassu ng ,ein V erwaltungsnetz von Bistiimern

u n d Sprengeln zog. Sie war i n ihrer ausseren Gestaltc in e lateinische Schopfung ,

un d hatte das Re ich zu ihrerV orau ssetzung . Sie entw ick elte sich al lm

'

al i g zu einergei stlichen Macht , blieb ab er vom Reich umschlossenu n d in ihm aufgehoben , so lan ge als dieses Bestandhatte . Der allgemeine Kaiser war seit Constantin auchdas Haupt der allgemeinen (k atholisch en) Reichsk irche ,in welcher noch k ein einzelner B ischof den V orranghatte , W ahrend ihr zugleich d i e 6k umen ischen Concileunter k aiserlicher Autori tat die Einheit gab en .

[T. T.

1 78 8 Sixpen ce net

OX FORD UN IV E R SIT Y

E XA M INA TION PA PE R S


HONOUR SCHOOL OF MODERN HISTORYPREVIOUS EXAMINATION

MICHA E LMA S TE RM , 1 9 1 5

OXFO RDAT THE CLARENDON PRE SS

SOLD A T TH E CLARENDON PRES S DEPO SITORY1 1 6 HIGH STREET

2

1 0 . Describ e b riefly the pol itical importance of the

following reigns in French History

(a )‘ that of Hugh Capet,

(b) that of Ph ilip Augustus .

*1 1 . What powers took part in the fourth crusade ?Mark on a sk etch-map the w idest extent of the LatinEmpire of Constantinople1 2 . To what causes do you attrib ute the decline of the

royal power in Germany ?

1 3. Compare the policy of Frederic Barbarossa to

wards (a) Germany , (6) Italy.

[M. T.

9 H 1 1



Ou tlines of E urop ean H istory ,8 00— 1 494.

II .

[Can d i dates shou ld attemp t AT LEAST Two qu esti on s i nea ch par t of the p aper ,

an d amon g thtm ONE ofthose marked n i th an aster i sk

A .

1 . Estimate the importance of the rule of Frederick II(Hohenstaufen) in the history of S icily .

2 . Draw out the poin ts of resemblan ce between thequarrels of Ph i l ip the Fair an d Lewi s of Bavaria withthe Papacy .

3 . What elements other than religious contributed tothe Hussite revolt ?*4 . Describe w ith the help of a sk etch -map

,the limits

of the Mongol Ian invasions of Europe in the thirteenthcentury .

5 . Give a brief sk etch of the commercial ri valrybetween V enice and Genoa up to the close of the

fourteenth century .

*6 .Illustrate , w ith the help of a sk etch-map

,the terms

of the treaty Of'

Bretigny , 1 360 .

B .

*7 . Describ e , w ith the help of a sk etch -map,the Turk ish

conquests in Europe up to the fall of Constantinople.

8 . Account for the V ictory of Pope Eugenius over theCouncil of Basle .

9 . Estimate the importance of the reign of the EmperorFrederick III on the fortunes of the house of Habsburg .

1 0 . What were the main obstacles to the Unificationof Spain ? How far had they been overcome by theyear 1 494>kl l . Explain , w ith the help ofa.

sk etch -map , the pol iticalcond ition of Italy at the date of the expedition of

Charl es V III .1 2 . Sk etch the history of the Teutonic Knights up to

the end of the fifteenth century .

9 H 1 2 [M. T.



Ou tlines of E uropean H i story . 1 494—1 789 .

[Candi dates shou ld attemp t at l east TWO qu esti on s i n

each par t of the paper ,an d amon g them ONE of

those m arked wi th an aster i sk

A .

I.

‘ Th e real founder of the Prussian Monarchy .

’

this a true description of the Great Elector ?2 . Give some account of the policy of the Kiupr i l is in

Turk ey .

3 . In what respects can th e Truce of Ratisbon ( 1 6 84)be described as a l andmark in the history of France an dEurope4 . Examine the circumstances leading to the Treaty of

Rysw ick . Discu ss i ts provision s .*5 . Did the geographical position of Bavaria affect th epolicy of its rulers ? Illustrate your an swer by a sk etchmap.

6 . Discuss the w i sdom of the foreign policy of theRegent Orleans .

B .

*7 . Illustrate by m ean s of a sk etch -map the substitutionafter 1 7 1 3 of Russian for Swedish in fluence in the Baltic .8 . Estimate th e effect of th e Polish Succession War

upon th e balance of power i n Europe .

9 . Describe an d explain the decl ine of the Papacy i nthe eighteenth century .

1 0 . What circumstances led (a ) to the alliance of

England w ith Prussia in 1 7 56,an d (b) to the rupture

of that al liance after the close Of the Seven Years ’ War ?

1 1 . Can iti

be said that the efforts of Charles III ofSpain attained any measure of success ?1 2 . What sign s were there of the com ing of the Revo

lu tion in France after the close of th e War of AmericanIndependence in 1 7 8 3

9 H 8 [M T.

2

*2 . Translate,an d comment on the following passages

(a ) H oAi7 779 8’

0277Ac39 7 63V 0&t 0pi § 6 7 a t

d xou i) 785p 67 6xew Kpi 0 6w9 Ka i dpxfis.

(b) ¢ a V 6p0V m ix/v ix 87 : 776N 9 0 15K 6'

0'

7 t Kotvcouia

7 6770 1; Ka t 7 00 a?) d8u< 6fu 0 ¢d 9 azi 7 0 1>9 Ka i 7 179 y 67 a860 6c0 9

xdpw' dAAa 7 a t

’

37 a péu duay k a iov fifl dpxa v , 6t'

7r6p’

6'

0'

7 a t

I t I I c I .9/ I

77 0M9 , ou ,unv ou8 v fl apxow wz/ 7 ou7wu an a l/7 0 W 17877 77 0At9 ,

dAA’

fy 7 0 17 6 1) ( 731! Kowcow'

a Ka i 7 a i 9 0 1’

m’

a z9 Ka i 7 0 i 9

from 7 6A6 ia 9 xdpw Ka t a67 d 0 v 9 .

(c) A250 11 611 OUV 7 a07 a,uovapxia 9 , 6

'

7 6p0 v 8’

877 6p

nu 6’

V 7 0 29 089 Kah ofiaw a tom/1 11 777 059 .

3 . Illustrate from these two b ook s of the Pol i ti cs thedifferent uses Aristotle mak es of the terms ‘ nature ’

,

‘ natural ’.

4. How does Aristotle define wealth ? Do you considerh is definition adequate ?5 . On what principl es does Aristotle classify states ?

Estimate the value of the classification .

>l<6. Translate , and comment on the following passages

(a ) Sed nec variare gyros i n morem nostrum do

centur in rectum aut u n o fiexu dextros agun t, i ta

con i un cto orbe ut nemo posteri or s i t.

(b) Sororum fi ln s idem apud avun cu l um qui ad

patrem honor . quidam san ctiorem artioremque hun c

nexum sanguinis arb i tran tur et in accipiend is ob sidi bus

magis ex igun t, tamquam et an imum firm ius et domum

latin s ten ean t. heredes tamen su ccessoresque sui ca iquel iberi , et nullum testamentum . Si liberi n on sunt

,

proximus gradus in possessions fratres , patru i , av un cul i .quanto plus propin quorum ,

quanto maior adfin ium

numerus,tanto gratiosior sen ectus.

(c) Agri pro numero cultorum ab,

un 1vers1 s V IcIs

occupan tur, quos mox inter Se secundum dign ation em

par tiun tur faci l i tatem par ti en di camporum spatia praestant arva per anu os mutant , ct superest ager.

3

*7. Translate, and comment on the following passages .

(a ) Insulam Bheni amn is col un t, Chattorum quondampopulus et seditions domest ica in eas sedes tran sgressus,in quibus pars Romani imperii fierent. manet b onos ctan ti quae societatis insigne ; nam nec tr ib utis contemn un tur nec pub l ican us atter it ; exempti on eri b u s et col

l ation i bu s et tantum in usum proel iorum sepositi , v el ut

tela atque arma,b ellis reservan tur .

(h) Maneat, quaeso, duretque gentib us , si n on amornostri

,at certe odium su i

,quando u rgen ti bus imperii

fatis n ihil iam praestare fortuna maius potest quamhostium d iscord iam .

(c) Ipsum quin etiam Occanum illa temptav imus

et superesse adhuc Herculis columnas fama v u lgav i t,sive adi i t Hercules , seu qu i dqu id ubique magn ificum

est,in claritatem eius reterre con sen simu s. nec defu it

auden tia Druso Germanico,sed ob stiti t Oceanu s in se

simu l atque in Hercu l em inqu iri .8 . Illustrate b y reference to the German i a the means

by wh ich the Roman Empire was spread an d con

sol idated .

In what ways does Tacitus contrast the virtues of

the Germans w ith the V ices of the Romans ?1 0 . What does Tacitus tel l us of (a ) the marriage

customs , (b) the military arrangements, (0) the use ofmoney

, (d) punishments infl icted , among the German s ?

[M T.

2

4. Sk etch the relations of Charlemagne with the

Eastern Empire .

5 . Explain— Barbara Carm i n a . Decessi t i n d i cti on e

vi i , u Ka l . Febr .

B .

1 . What were the reasons for the conspiracy againstBlanche of Castile

,the Regent of France ?

2 . Explain the position of Syria an d Egypt at the dateof the first crusade of St. Lou is .3 . What appear to you to b a the ch ief characteri stics

of Join v i l l e’

s Vi e (Hi stoi r e) de Sa i n t Lou i s ?

*4 . Translate the following passages and give explanatory notes

(a ) Li roys manda tous ses b arons a Paris , ct lou rfist faire serement que foy ct loiautei porteroien t a ses

en fan s, se aucune chose av en oit de li en la voie . Il l e

me demanda ; maiz je n e voz faire poin t de serement, carj e n

’

estoi e pas ses hom .

(6) Or av in t ainsi que si tost comme Ii cuen s

d’

Artoi s ot passei l e flum , i l et toute sa gent feri ren t ausTars qui s’en fu ioi en t devant au s. Li Temples li mandaque i l lour fesoit grant V i l cin n i e

,quant i l devoit aler

apres aus et i l aloit devant .(c) Je l e trais d ’

une part ct l i demandai son couv in e ;et i l me d ist qu ’il avoit estei n ez dc Provin s, et que i lestoit venus en Egypte avec l e roy Jehan

,et que i l estoi t

mariez en Egypte et grans riches hom .

(d) Si vous requIeren t, sire, pour Dieu et pour cc

qu e faire l e devez, que vous commandez a vos prevozet a vos b aillis que touz cen s qui se sou fferron t escom

meniez an et jour, que on l es contreingn e par la prise dclou r b iens a ce que i l se facen t ab soudre.

(e) Biau s sire Diex , j e te pri que tu n e seuffres qu e

j e voie ta saIn te OIteI, pu l squc Je n e la puis del ivrer desmains de tes enn emIS.

1 . What , according to Dante, shou ld be the goal ofhuman civilization ?*2.

‘Ampl ius, humana universitas est quoddam totum9 H 1 1

3

ad quasdam partes ; et est quaedam pars ad quoddamtotum .

’

Translate . What conclu sion does Dante draw fromth is statement ?

3 . (a)‘ Satis igitur declarata subassumpta principali ,

patet quia conclusio certa est scilicet quod ad Optimam

disposition em mund i necesse est Mon arch iam esse .

’

(b) E t human um genus, poti ssimum lib erum

,opti

me se habet . ’

Translate an d recon ci l e these two passages.

*4. Translate an d comment on the following passageCum d i citur human um genus potest regi per unum

supremum Pri n cipem ,n on sic in tel l igendum est , ut

minima i udic ia cu iu scumqu e mun ic ipi i ab illo uno immediate prodi re possin t Sed sic in tel l igen dum est,u t human um genu s secundum sua commun ia, quae omnibus competun t, ab co regatur et communi regula gubern ctu r ad pacem . Quam quidem regulam, sive legem ,

particu lares principes ab eo rec ipere deb en t : tanquamin tel lectu s practi cus ad con clusion em operati v am recipit

ma iorem proposition em ab in tel l ectu speculativo ct subilla parti cu larem ,

quae proprie sua est,assum it

,et par

t icu lar iter ad operation em con c ludi t .

’

*5 .

‘O gen us human um ! quan ti s procel l i s atque iacturi s ,quan tisque n au fragn s agi tari te necesse est , dum b el luamu l torum capi tum factum

,in diversa conari s, i n tel lectu

aegrotan s u troqu c , Similiter ct affectu .

’

Translate . Does the passage give a true descriptionof the condition of Italy i n the days of Dante ?

[M T .

2

(0) Le roy d’

E spagn e estoit tomb é en Si grandeindigence et necessite

,que recherchant a, cette o ccasion

toutes sortes dc moyens et d’

exped ien s, tant inj ustes onde d i ffic i le‘

executi on pussent - ils estre , pour recouvrerdeniers . i l av oi t

,dés l ’an n ée passée, estab ly en Espagne

et es Pays -Bas un e imposition ,de trente pour cent sur

toutes les denrées et marchandises qui v i en droi en t de

Fran ce en ses pays , ou sorti roi en t d’

i ceux pour entrer enFrance

,qui estoi t une dace tant excessive

,qu ’elle av oit

ruyn é tout l e trafic , avec de grandes plaintes et i n commoditez des suj ets des deux royaumes .

(d ) Plus , les Provinces -Unies tiendront un e b onnefiotte v oguan te sur les costes de Flandres , pour lesinfester et empescher que rien n

’

en tre dans leurs portsn y n

’en sorte.

4 . Describ e th e financial condition of France at theclose of th e reign of Henry IV .

5 . What does Saint - Simon tell us ab out

(a ) the Persian ambassador ;(b) Alb eroni ;

(c) M. an d Mme dc Maine ?

6 . Can you deduce from Saint-Simon’ s Mémoir es anydefinite knowledge of the character of the Regent ?*7 . Translate an d comment on the following passages

(a ) Louvois , qui n’

avoi t pas accoutumé d etre traitéde la sorte

,revint chez lui en furie ct comme n u homme

au désespoir. Saint-Pouange,les Ti l l adet et cc peu dc

familiers de toutes ses heures,en furent effrayés , et dans

leu r inquiétude tou rneren t pour tacher de savoir ce quié toit arrivé . A la fin

,i l l e leur conta , dit qu

’ il étoi tperdu

,et que , pour quelques pouces , l e roi ou b li oit tous

ses services qui lui av oi en t valu tan t d c con quétes ; maisqu ’i l y m ettroit ordre

,et qu ’i l lui su sciteroi t une guerre ,

telle qu’i l lui feroi t avoir besoin de lui , ct laisser 19

la truelle,et de la s

’

emporta en reproch es et en fureurs .

9 H 6

3

(b) E nfin l e parlement cn place , l es pairs arri ves, etles presiden ts ayant été en deux fois prendre leurs fourrures derricre des paravents di sposes dans l a piece voisine ,des Granges vin t avertir que tou t étoi t pret.

(0) Le systeme de Law tiroit a. sa fin . Si on se futcontenté de sa banque, et de sa banque réduite en dej ustes b ornes c t sages , on auroit doublé tout l ’argent duroyaume ct porté u n e facil ité i nfin i e a son commerce eta celui dcs particuliers entre eux

,parce que

,la b anque

toujours en état de faire face partout,des b illets con~

tin u el lem en t payables de toute leur valeu r auroien t étéde l ’argent comptant ct souvent préférables a l ’argentcomptant par la faci lité du transport .

(d) J’

ai raconté ailleurs ses humeurs,ses insignes

malices et ses rares singularités . Il j ou it l e reste de salongue vie de ses pr iv an ces avec l e roi , dc ses distinctionsa la cour , d

’une gran de con si deration ,d ’une abondance

extreme,de la vie et da maint ien d ’un tres grand seigneur

et de l ’agrement dc ten ir une des plus magn ifiquesmaisonsde la cour, et de l a meilleure table , so ir et matin , la plushon orablement fréquentée

,et a Paris de meme apres la

mort da roi .

8 . Discuss the following extracts from the Soci a lCon tract

(a ) C’est pour cela que Platon refusa de donner des

lois aux Arcad i en s et au x Cyrén ien s .

(6) Les Tartares , ses suj ets ou ses voisins , dev i endron t ses maitres et les nOtrcs : cette révolution me paraitinfail l ible .*9 . Tran slate and comment upon the followingpassages :

(a ) Quan d j e dis qu e l’

objet des lois est toujoursgénéral

, j’

en ten ds que la loi considere les suj ets en corpset les actions comme abstraites , j amais un homme commeindividu n i une action particuliere .

( b) Mais ces obj ets gén éraux de tou te bon n e in sti tution doivent etre modifies en chaque pays par lesrapports qui n ai ssent tant de la situation locale que

9 H 6

du caractere des habitants ; et c ’est sur ces rapportsqu ’ il fau t assigner a chaque peuple un systeme particulierd

’

in sti tu ti o‘

n, qu i soit l e meilleur, non peut - etre en lu i

meme,mais pour I’E tat auquel i l est destiné .

(c) Dans un pays vraiment libre,les citoyens font

tou t avec leurs b ras , ct rien avec de l’argent ; loin dc

payer pour s’

excmpter de leu rs devoirs, ils payeraientpour les rempl ir eux -memes . Jc suis b ien l oin des idéescommunes : j e crois les corvécs moins contraires a la

l i berte que les taxes .

(d ) De cette maniere, la suspension de l’

autor ité

leg isl ati v e n e l’

ab ol i t point : l e magistrat qui la fait tairen e peut la faire parler ; i l la domine sans pouvoir lareprésenter i l peut tou t faire , excepté des lois .

1 0 . Criticize Rousseau ’s views ou

(a ) the limits of the sovereign power

(b) the relations of Christianity to Patriotism .

[M T.

2

felix faustumque imperium iussi dei nde in i re suffragiumad unum omnes n on cen tu riae modo sed etiam hominesP . Scipion i

‘

imper i um esse in Hispania iu sserun t. Caeterum post rem actam u t iam resederat impetus an imorum

ardorque,silentium subito 0 1 tum et tacita cogi tatio,

qu idn am eg issen t : n um favor plus v al u isset quam ratioaetatis maxime poen i teb at : quidam fortunam etiamdomus horreban t n omen que eX fun esti s duab us fam i l i is

in eas provin cias,ub i inter sepu l cra patris patru ique res

gerendae essen t, profici scen ti s .



French Translati on .

Translate(a ) C

’est l e combat qui nous plai t,et non pas la

victoi re . On aime a voir les combats des animaux , n on

l e vainqueur acharné sur l e vaincu . Que voulait- ou voir,

sinon la fin de la victoire ? E t des qu ’elle est arrivée , onen est soul . Ainsi dans l e j eu , ainsi dans la recherche dela vérité . On aime a voir dans les dispu tes l c combatdes opinions ; mais de contempler la

-

véri té trou vée , pointda tout . Pour la faire remarquer avec plaisir , i l faut lafai re voir naissant de la dispute . De méme, dans lespassion s , i l y a du plaisir 9. en voir deux contraires seh eurter ; mai s quand l

’

une est maitresse, cc n’est plus

que bru talité. Nous n e cherchons jamais les choses,

mais la recherche des choses . A insi, dans la comédie ,les scenes contentes sans crainte n e valent rien , n i

les extrémes miseres sans esperance, n i l es amoursb rutal es .

(b) 1 1 y a des gens qui voudraient qu’

un auteur n eparl ét j amais des choses dont les au tres on t parlé ; autrement on l ’aceuse de n e rien 'dire de nouveau . Mais Si

les matIeres qu ’ il traite n e sont pas nouvelles,la disposi

tion en est nouvelle . Quand on j oue 5. la paume,c ’est

une meme balle dont on j oue l ’un c t l ’autre ; mais l’

un

la place mieux . J’aimerais autant qu’on l ’accusat de se

servir des mots anciens comme Si les memes pensees n eformaient pas un autre corps de di scours par u n e disposition d ifférente

,aussi bien que les memes mots forment

d’

autres pensées par les d ifférentes dispositions .

(c) C’

eSt que les noirs Oiseaux de l ’omb re on t eu raison ,

C’est que l ’orfrai e a bien fiairé la trahison ,C

’est qu ’

nn fourbe a surpris l e vai llant sans defen se,C

’est qu ’on vient d ’écraser la vieillesse et l ’enfance .

En vain quelques soldats fidél es ont vouluRésister ’a l’abri d ’

un créneau vermoulu ;Tous sont morts ; et de sang les dal lcs sont trempées ;E t la hache

,l’

estoc, les masses , les épées,N

’

On t fait grace apas n u .

(M. T. 1 9 1 5 ]



Ita lian Tr anslati on .

Translate

(a ) Sono molti che ricercon o chi fussi pi u eccellente ,O Cosimo o lui . Nell a quale quistione pare da con chiu

dere che Cosimo avess i piu saldezza e pin giudicio , perchelui fece lo S tato

,e da poi che l

’

eb b e fatto , se lo godetrent

’

an n i sicuramente, Si puodire , e sanza con tradizion e ,comportando bene uno pari di Ncri

,e gli altri di chi aveva

qualche sospetto,sanza venire a rottura con loro

,e noudi

meno in modo n e fussi sicuro . E i n tante occupazion idell o Stato non lascIo l e cure della mercatanzia e dellecose sue private

,anz i l s governi) con tanta diligen za e con

tanto cervel lo , che Si trovo sempre le ricchezze maggioridello Stato

,i l quale era grandissimo ; e non fu con stretto

per bisogno avere a maneggiare l ’cn trate pu b l i che , 1 16. ausurpare quello de ’ privati . In Lorenzo n on fu tanto giudic io, b ench

‘e avessi una briga sola d i conservare lo Stato .

perche lo trovofatto ; nondimeno lo conservo con moltipericol i

,come fu la novita de’ Pazzi e la gita di Napoli ;

nelle m ercatan zie e cose private non ebbe intelligenza, inmodo che andandogli male

,fu forzato valersi del publico ,

c forse in qualche cosa del privato , con grandissima infamiae carico suo ma ab b on dorono in lui eloquen za destrezza,ingegno universale in delettarsi di tutte l e cose virtuosee favorirle ; in che Cosimo al tutto man cO

,i l quale , Si

dice,massime da giovane

,essere stato nel parlare pIu

tosto inetto che altrimenti .

Cosi discesi del cerch io primaioGiu nel secondo, che men loco cingh ia ,E tanto pin dolor, che pugne a guaio .

Stavvi Minos orribilmente, e ringhiaEsamina l e colpe nell

’ entrata,

Giudica e manda,secondo che avvinghia .

Dico,che quando l ’ anima mal nata

Li vien d inanzi,tutta si confessa

E qu el conoscitor delle peccata

[T urn over .

2

V ede qual 10 00 d ’Inferno e da essaCign esi colla coda tante volte ,Quantunque gradi vuol che giu sia messa .

Sempre dinanzi a lui n e stanno molteV anno a vicenda ciascuna al giudizioDicono

,e odono

,e poi son giu volte .

O tu , che V ieni al doloroso ospizio ,GridOMinos a me , quando mi vide ,Lasciando l ’ atto di cotanto uffizio,

Guarda com ’ entri , e d i cu i tu ti fideNon t ’ inganni l ’ ampiezza dell ’ entrare .

[M T.

SCHOOL OF MODE RN HISTORY. - Forgotten Books

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