SCARABS AND PLAQUES BEARING ROYAL NAMES OF THE EARLY 20TH EGYPTIAN

DYNASTY EXCAVATED IN CANAAN - FROM SETHNAKHT TO RAMESSES IV

Baruch Brandl*

INTRODUCTION

The main purpose of this article is to update and to "refine" the inventory of those scarabs and plaques excavated in Canaan and which bear the royal names of Sethnakht, Ramesses III and Ramesses IV. Fur­thermore, it will also be shown that all these seals, without exception, were imported from Egypt.

This inventory is of utmost importance since the period of these three Pharaohs witnessed the final stage of the New Kingdom rule over Canaan, togeth­er with the beginning of the settlement of the Sea Peoples and the Israelites (slightly precedent in time) alongside the subsiding of the Canaanite city states. Thus, it is, in fact, of no surprise that the scarabs and plaques were found in sites related to each of these coexisting cultures (see below - the right column in the "Summary Table").

The article should be read in conjunction with the "Bibliographical List" and the "Summary Table" of the updated inventory of 26 scarabs and plaques/ which are attached at the conclusion of the article. Both texts have been chronologically arranged - that is to say, the scarabs and seals of each Pharaoh have been numbered according to the year in which they were first published or excavated. The numbering of the scarabs or plaques starts anew with each of the rulers.

In contrast to the "Bibliographical List" and the "Summary Table", the "Plates" have been arranged according to the Prenomen or the Nomen of each Pharaoh, whilst the local parallels have been laid out according to their geographical origin starting from the North to the South. The serial number of the scarabs and plaques in the "Plates" has been circled. Due to technical difficulties a single scale has not been employed.

The article is divided into four parts:

* Israel Antiquities Authority I Their division is as follows: Sethnakht - 1 scarab (01),

Ramesses III -13 scarabs and 2 plaques (01-15) , Ramess­es IV - 10 scarabs (01-10), totaling 26 items.

2 See PORTER and Moss 1951:370, 372, 375; MALAMAT

* Part One discusses three scarabs and two plaques that have, until now, been overlooked in the articles or lists relating to the 20th Dynasty scarabs found in Canaan.2

* Part Two describes five new scarabs found mostly during the last decade - two related to Ramesses III and three to Ramesses IV.

* Part three re-evaluates the suggestion that the Ramesses Ill's "pr Rr-msj-sw, /:lq3-fwnw" scarabs commemorate the estate(s) of a Temple of Amun in "The Canaan" (Gaza).

* Part Four is devoted to the Pseudo Ramesses IV scarabs from Canaan. These scarabs have been pur­posely deleted from this current inventory.

The Scarabs discussed in the first three parts are referred to by their serial number.

DISCUSSION

Part 1: Survey of the Overlooked Scarabs and Plaques Excavated in Canaan

Sethnakht - (1 item)

a. Tel Zeror [Platel:aJ:

I t is more than 30 years since the scarab bearing the Prenomen of the founder of the 20th Dynasty (wsr­brw-Rr, mrj-fmn stp.n-R<:) was published, and from then on disregarded. The scarab was described erro­neously as comprising elements of both Ramesses Il and Ramesses Ill. It is the only example known from Canaan and it can be compared to a scarab in the British Museum [Platel:b-c] (see also Postscript 1).

The scarab was discovered by the Japanese expe­dition, headed by Kiyoshi Ohata, during their exca­vations at Tel Zeror, not far from the modern city of Hedera. Unfortunately this find was revealed in a

1971:35 n. 48, 36; Do THAN T. 1982:29(}-91, Table 2; SINGER 1985:113; UEHLINGER 1988:21-22, n. 63; 1990:2(}-21, n. 63; BIETAK 1991:40, 43 ill. 2; PEDEN 1994: 18 n.l; KEEL 1995:235 § 634; WEINSTEIN 1998:191.

58 Baruch Brandl

a. Tel Zeror b. BM 38576 c. 686

PI. 1 Sethnakht Scarab with the Prenomen from Tel Zeror and its parallel (composed from a. OHATA 1979: pI. 63:2 ; b. HALL 1913:No. 2302 ; c. MATO UK 1971:196 [No. 686])

tomb dated to the Roman Period, but it undoubted­ly originated in the Iron I , Sea Peoples' settlement which existed at the site.

Ramesses 111 - (2 items)

01. Gezer [Plate 2:hJ:

The first seal to be discovered in an excavation in Canaan with the name of Ramesses III is a plaque, from Tomb 252 at Gezer. The plaque bears both his Nomen and Prenomen - on each of its long narrow sides. The Prenomen has been shortened; the first and the last two hieroglyphic signs have been deleted.:l

The entire decoration of the plaque is unique. This seal was mentioned by Trude Dothan but not

included in her "Comparative Chart of Sites with Philistine Remains" .4 It was also mentioned by Jaeger because of the appearance of the Prenomen of Thutmose III on one of its faces (or long wide sides).

09. Beth Shean [Plate 2:i]:

This plaque, that bears the Prenomen of Ramesses III on one of its faces , was found in Tomb 66 at the "Northern Cemetery" of Beth Shean. It was pub­lished by Alan Rowe in 1936 who erroneously consid­ered it to bear the name of Ramesses Il . It was apparently mentioned by Malamat in 1971. As in the previous seal, the name is shortened - in this case the

:1 Compare with a scarab from the former Matouk Collection - see MATOUK 1971:117, 196 [No. 692] , 219 [No. 728]. For the general phenomenon of the shortening of royal names on scarabs - see BRANDL 1982.

.. For the chart see DOTHAN T. 1982:290- 291 [Table 2]. See above note 3.

(; Variant 11 of VON BECKERATH - see here [Plate 4:g] . For a parallel scarab, concerning the text in the cartouche see HORNUNG and STAEHELI N 1976: No. 426. For a parallel scarab that bears also the sun disk with two flanking uraei - see MATOUK 1971:112, 195 [No. 648], 218 [No. 685].

first and the last hieroglyphic signs are missing." The tomb and its contents were published in 1973 by Eliezer Oren.

Ramesses IV - (2 items)

04. Megiddo [Plate 4:f]:

This scarab bears one of the variants of the Prenomen of Ramesses IV6 (l:zq5-M5't-R') and was found in a later context.

05. Shechem [Plate 5:bJ:

Scarab 05 bears a variant of the Nomen of Ramesses IV (R'-msj-sw) flanked by two M5't-feathers (or M5't.y).7 The scarab was found during the 1962 exca­vations and was initially identified by Siegfried Horn, at first as representing Ramesses P but later on he added the possibility that it may not be limit­ed to the first Ramesses only,9 in disregard of Hall 's previous suggestion. 10 The Shechem scarab was found in a 9th cent. BCE context that also contained some Iron Age I sherds,11 thus indicating that it could orig­inate fT'om a contemporaneous context in the site.

This scarab should be considered in a light togeth­er with the scarab excavated in a Philistine pit at Aphek [Plate 5:c] by a team headed by Moshe Kochavi ,12 and another from Tel Rehov [Plate 5:a] -see discussion below.

Variant 6 of VON BECKERATH - see here [Plate 5:d] , known from a relief of Hori n , the viceroy of Nubia, at Buhen -see here [Plate 5:e].

8 See HORN 19H5: pI. 16.A:3. 9 See HORN 19H6:56. 10 See HALL 1913: No. 2348. 11 See TOOMBS and WRIGHT 19H3:41 , fig. 18:3; HORN 1966:55. 12 It has been related, by some scholars, to the Pharaohs of

the 19th Dynasty.

Scarabs and Plaques bearing Royal Names of the Early 20th Egyptian Dynasty excavated in Canaan 59

Part 2: New and Unpublished Scarabs from Canaan

Ramesses III - (2 items)

14. Beth Shean [Plate 2:bJ:

This scarab, bearing the Prenomen of Ramesses III (wsr-M5rt-W mrj-lmn) was discovered during the 1993 season of the excavations conducted at Beth Shean by a team lead by Amihai Mazar. It was found in Locus 10410 of Stratum 3 in Area N, parallel to the American expedition's Stratum VI. It should be clas­sified together with a group of similar scarabs found earlier on at Megiddo, Ashdod, Lachish, Tell Jemmeh and Tell el Farcah (South) - [Plate 2:a, c-g].

15. EI-Ahwat [PI. 3:aJ:

This scarab, bearing the Nomen of Ramesses III (Rr_ msj-sw J:zq5-1wnw), was found during the 1997 season conducted by Adam Zertal at El Ahwat. This site is located near the Wadi cAra Pass of the Carmel ridge on the way to Megiddo. The scarab has a parallel from Timna which includes the complete format of the Nomen 13 [Plate 3:c V4

Ramesses IV - (3 items)

06. Ashdod [Plate 4:c J:

This scarab, depicting one of the variants of the Prenomen of Ramesses IV, was found in Area H dur­ing the 1968-69 excavations conducted at Ashdod by Moshe Dothan.

07. Khirbet Nicana [Plate 4:a J:

A close parallel to the previous scarab was found by Of er Sion in a Byzantine Period tomb excavated at Khirbet Nicana that is located near the modern city Rehovot. Both of the above are related to a group of scarabs found also at Gezer and Tell el Farcah (South) [Plate 4:b and d].

10. Tel Rehov [Plate 5:aJ:

This scarab was found in an 8th century BCE context during the excavations conducted by Amihai Mazar at Tel Rehov not far from Beth Shean. 15

All these scarabs except that from Ashdod will be published by the author in the near future.

13 See VON BECKERATH 1984:246 [E 2]. 14 For a "larger" format with an additional s-sign - see

MATOUK 1971:117, 219 [No. 731]. 15 For a close parallel- see MATOUK 1971:112, 218 [No. 684]. 16 See UEHLINGER 1988:11-15, 1990:lO-14; WIMMER

1990:lOO--lOl. 17 See WIMMER 1998:100; GOLDWASSER and WIMMER 1999:4l. 18 Actually the full term is t3-l;w.t - See GARDINER

1918:131-32; CERNY 1940; WIMMER 1990:lO86-88.

Part 3: The "pr Rr-msj-sw, I:zq~ Jwnw" scarabs

Christoph Uehlinger has suggested that the Beth Shemesh [Scarab 04, Plate 3:e-f] and the Tell el Farcah (South) scarabs [Scarabs 07 and 06, Plate 3:g-h], that have in addition to the Nomen of Ramesses III also the word pr "estate", have a connection with the estates of a Temple of Amun, that according to Papyrus Harris I, was built by Ramesses III in "The Canaan" (Gaza).16

This suggestion was later adopted by Wimmer.17 In light of this suggestion it would then be logical to assume that the three scarabs, mentioned above, were of local Canaanite manufacture.

However, it is the author's view that this assump­tion should be rejected for the following reasons:

1. In Papyrus Harris I, the additional word is _J:zwtI8

"temple" and not - pr "estate". Rowe already made this observation in his description of the Beth Shemesh scarab. 19

2. There are a few commemorative scarabs that bear the term t5 J:zwt attached to the royal name but these belong to Ramesses Il. 20

3. The names of the temples founded by Ramesses III always have geographical locations after that of the ruler's name,21 and this particular element is obviously missing on the "pr Rr-msj-sw, J:zq51wnw" scarabs.

4. There are at least five residences in Egypt with the word - pr "estate" attached to the name of Ramesses IlI.22

5. There are, furthermore, five unprovenanced scarabs from Egypt [Plate 3:i-lV3 Uehlinger was aware of the existence of four of these,24 and it is most unlikely that these scarabs were imported from Canaan to Egypt.

In conclusion, it seems more likely that the entire group of the eight "pr Rr-msj-sw, J:zq51wnw" scarabs, both those found in Canaan and those originating in Egypt, refer to an estate belonging to Ramesses III in EgyPt.25

19 See ROWE 1936:196 [No. 831]. 20 See HORNUNG and STAEHELIN 1976: No. 423; GARDINER

1918:131 [E], fig. 1; KEIMER 1939:119, n. 2 (see Postscript 2). 21 See CERNY 1940:127. 22 See GARDINER 1918:134 [M], 192 [24], 194-195 [26-28]. 23 For the fifth parallel- see MATOUK 1971:117, 219 [No. 730]. 24 See UEHLINGER 1988:13, n. 28; 1990:12, n. 28. 25 For such estate see PETRIE 1891:20, pI. 22:32-33.

60 Baruch Brandl

Part 4: The Pseudo Ramesses IV Scarabs

Three of the scarabs excavated in Canaanite sites have been identified as of Ramesses IV, and should be omitted, together with the Beth Shemesh parallel, from the inventory. These scarabs can be divided into two types:

Type A: The "wsr M3't, stp-mn" scarab

1. Lachish [Plate 6:a J:

Rolf Krauss suggested that this scarab found in "Area 7000" of the Lachish Starkey excavations bore an abbreviation of the name of Ramesses IV26 Krauss claimed that the scarab, which had only four hiero­glyphic signs (wsr-M3't, stp-mn) was comparable to one of variants of the Prenomen used by Ramesses IV in his first year (wsr-M3't-R', stp.n-Jmn) [Plate 6:dJ. This claim is contested for the following reasons:

1. The shortening is not systematic.27 In addition to the hieroglyphic signs that have been deleted from the edges of the name (R' and n), a further three signs have been dropped from the center (stp.n-J) and create a non-standard gap.

2. There are other examples with royal names where the four hieroglyphic signs (wsr-M3't, stp-mn) are arranged in continuity and the shortening has been made only on the edges. These examples belong specifically to 22nd Dynasty rulers - Osorkon Il [Plate 6:b and e] and Pemu28 [Plate 6:c and f].

3. The Osorkon Il scarab kept in Turin [Plate 6: b] is the closest parallel to the Lachish scarab, consider­ing the vertical arrangement of the hieroglyphic signs. According to Krauss' m~thod it is clear that the Lachish scarab could be a shortening of the Turin scarab.

Type B. The "wsr-M3't, mn, stp-R'" scarabs.

1. Tell es Safi [Plate 6:h J:

This scarab29 , was found by Frederick Jones Bliss in 1899 during the clearance of "the narrow plateau at the north -east of the Tell". 30 It was identified in the final report as of Ramesses IV31 and accepted as such by several scholars.32

26 See KRAUSS 1994:125. It was accepted by several scholars (see - KEEL 1995:235 § 634; NAcAMAN 2000:4).

27 For the systematic shortening of royal names on scarabs see BRANDL 1982:381-82.

28 For the new reading Pemu instead of the former name Pemui - see VON BECKERATH 1999:190 n. 2:

29 See BLISS 1899:327, pI. 6:l. 30 See BLISS 1899:317.

2. Beth Shemesh [Plate 6:gJ:

This scarab was found in Tomb 1 (11) at Beth Shemesh and identified by Grant as containing the compound Prenomen of Sety I and Ramesses Il.33

Rowe, who discussed this scarab in his catalogue, sug­gested that it may belong to Pemu34 of the 22nd

Dynasty.

3. Tell er Ruqeish [Plate 6:iJ:

A parallel of the above two scarabs, it was erroneous­ly identified by Culican as of Ramesses Il. 35

Uehlinger, however, identified it with Ramesses IV36

It has a close parallel in the Pier Collection [Plate 6:jJ. The proximity of the hieroglyphic signs R' and stp

(that remind the common stp.n-R') located under the hieroglyphic sign mn, shows that this combination is not standard and thus can not represent the name of Ramesses IV

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Analysis of the relevant information regarding the 26 scarabs included in the current inventory has led to the following conclusions:

1. The gap that previously existed between the scarabs of Tausret and Ramesses III in Canaan has now been closed.

2. The three "pr R'-msj-sw, /:tq3 Jwnw" scarabs found in Canaan did not commemorate estates of a tem­ple that was built at Gaza but in Egypt and they would therefore have been imports from Egypt.

3. The three "R'-msj-sw, M3't.y" scarabs are related exclusively to Ramesses IV, since this is a variant of his Nomen.

4. Most of the scarabs and plaques bearing the royal names of the first three kings of the 20th Dynasty, and especially those of 'Ramesses Ill, were found in good contexts (see the Summary-Table). As such, they should be considered as "contemporary imports", supporting the theory regarding the Egyptian presence in Canaan during the first decades of the 12th century BCE.

5. Moreover, most of the 26 scarabs were found in the

31 See BLISS and MACALISTER 1902:153, pI. 83:24. 32 See PORTER and Moss 1951:372, MALAMAT 1971:36, GIVE ON

1978: 101, UEHLINGER 1988:21 n. 63 = 1990:20 n. 63, BIETAK 1991:40, WEINSTEIN 1998:19l.

33 See GRANT 1929:203 [No. 732J; 1932:88-89, pI. 51:40. 34 See ROWE 1936: No. 864. 35 See CULICAN 1973:93, fig. 14 [No. 456J, 98. 36 See UEHLINGER 1988:22, n. 63 = 1990:21, n. 63.

Scarabs and Plaques bearing Royal Names of the Early 20th Egyptian Dynasty excavated in Canaan 61

shrinking territory of the Egyptian Province of "Canaan" (see the map in BIETAK 1991:48, ill. 3).

6. The group of scarabs that was until now identified as belonging to Ramesses IV should be omitted from the list due to the gaps in the sequence of the hieroglyphs.

7. The number of scarabs and plaques with the names of Ramesses III and Ramesses IV found in Canaan till now becomes significant.

8. There are now five sites in Canaan where scarabs belonging to both Ramesses III and Ramesses IV have been found: Megiddo, Beth Shean, Gezer, Ashdod and Tell el FarCah (South). This phenome­non shows, in our view, that there was continuous Egyptian presence in Canaan at that time.

9. The apparent continuity is supported by the exis­tence of a scarab in Tell el Farcah (South) that bears a variant of the Nomen of Ramesse:;; IV (02), that was in use only during his first year.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Professor Manfred Bietak for the invitation to participate in the conference at Vienna. Many thanks are due to Ms. Dagmar Melman and to Dr. Ernst Czerny, for their assistance and patience. Special thanks are due to myoId friend Ms. Pamela Ullman for the editing.

Bibliographical list of the scarabs and plaques with the names of Sethnakht, Ramesses III and Ramesses IV excavated in Canaan

Sethnakht

01. Tel Zeror - Room C of the Roman chamber tomb in Area D37 [Platel:a ] (OHATA 1970:64, pI. 63:2).

Ramesses III

01. Gezer - Tomb 25238 [Plate 2:h] (MACALISTER 1912, 1:390 [fig. 20], II:322 [No. 224 in the group 219-224a], II1:pl. 121:20 = DOTHAN T. 1982:52 n. 153 = JAEGER 1982 pp. 43 § 95 ill. 24, 74-75 § 305 il1.l24, 190 § 1292 ill. 554, 328-329 n. 677 ill. 843 = KEEL 1989:306 ill. 9539).

37 For the location see OHATA 1970:pls. 10 and 46 Upper. 38 For the tomb and its content see MACALISTER 1912,

1:389-392. 39 A new drawing - see KEEL 1989:322 [No. 95]. 40 At the first look the location of the scarab (FO) seems to

belong to the "Town of XXIInd Dynasty" (PETRIE

I would lil~e to thank the following scholars for the permission to include "their" scarabs: Professor Ami­hai Mazar - Beth Shean and Tel Rehov, Professor Adam Zertal - EI-Ahwat, Dr. Of er Sion - Khirbet Nicana, Professor Trude Dothan and Mr. David Ben­Shlomo - Ashdod.

I would also like to thank Mrs. Mariana Salzberg­er for photographing the Timna and Beth Shemesh scarabs, Mr. Gabi Laron for photographing the Tel Rehov scarab, Mrs. Carmen Hersch for drawing the Beth Shean, EI-Ahwat and Khirbet Nicana scarabs, and Mr. Yiftah Shalev for scanning and constructing the plates. Thanks are also given to Mr. Nir Lalkin for sharing with me his bibliography.

ABSTRACT

This article serves as an updated inventory of the 26 scarabs and seals excavated in Canaan that bear the names of the three first kings of the 20th

Dynasty. These scarabs and seals confirm the conti­nuity of the Egyptian presence in Canaan during their period. This group contributes inter alia to the synchronization of four cultures that existed in Canaan during the first half of the 12th century BCE: the Canaanite, the Egyptian, the Israelite and the Philistine.

02. Beth Shemesh - Tomb I [plate 3:b] (MACKENZIE 1912-1913:61, pI. 29A: I [8th when counting clockwise] = RowE 1936:No. 830 = PORTER and Moss 1951:372-373 = DOTHAN T. 1982:51 n. 145, 294 = BIETAK 1991:40).

03. Tell Jemmeh - Location FO 18740 [Plate 2:e] (PETRIE 1928:4 and 10, pI. 19:26 = PORTER and Moss 1951:370 = DOTHAN T. 1982:34 n. 88, 295 n. 24 = BIETAK 1991:40= STRAUSS 1994:127, ill. 3b).

04. Beth Shemesh - Tomb (I) II [Plate 3:e-f] (GRANT 1929:203 No. 729 = 1932:88, pI. 51:42 = RoWE 1936:No. 831 = PORTER and Moss 1951:372-373 = DOTHAN T. 1982:51 n. 145,290-291 Table 2, 294 = UEHLINGER 1988:11 ill. I and n. 22 = 1990:10 ill. I and n. 22 = BIETAK 1991:40).

1928:pl. 9). On the other hand, the elevation (187) that is below the wall bases of that stratum, indicates that the scarab was found in the "Town of XXth Dynasty" (PETRIE 1928:pl. 7 - east of HH and south of HD), as was stated by the excavator (PETRIE 1928:4 § 10).

62 Baruch Brandl

05. Tell el FarCah (South) - Tomb 934 [Plate 2:f] (STARKEY and HARDING 1932:24, pI. 52:126 = PORTER and Moss 1951:370 = Do THAN T. 1982: 29 n. 48, 290-291 Table 2, 294 = GIVE ON 1985a: 28-29 No. 23 = BIETAK 1991:40).

06. Tell el Farcah (South) - Tomb 934 [Plate 3:h] (STARKEY and HARDING 1932:24, pI. 52:127 = PORTER and Moss 1951:370 = DOTHAN T. 1982:29 n. 48, 290-291 Table 2, 294 = GIVEON 1985a: 30--31 No. 2441 = UEHLINGER 1988:11 ill. 242 = 1990:10 ill. 2 = BIETAK 1991:40).

07. Tell el Farcah (South) - Tomb 934 [Plate 3:g] (STARKEY and HARDING 1932:24, pI. 52:128 = PORTER and Moss 1951:370 = DOTHAN T. 1982:29 n. 48, 290-291 Table 2, 294 = GIVE ON 1985a: 28-29 No. 22 = UEHLINGER 1988:11 ill. 343 = 1990:10 ill 3 = BIETAK 1991:40).

08. Tell el Farcah (South) - Tomb 984 [Plate 2:g] (STARKEY and HARDING 1932:26, pIs. 56, 57:374 = ROWE 1936:No. 832 = PORTER and Moss 1951:370 = DOTHAN T. 1982:29 n. 48, 290--291 Table 2, 294 = BIETAK 1991:40).

09. Beth Shean - Tomb 66 [Plate 2:i] (ROWE 1936:No. S. 6244 = [MALAMAT 1971: 35 n. 48] = OREN 1973:125 No. 445 = BIETAK 1991:40).

10. Megiddo - Area CC, Stratum VII A46 [Plate 2:a] (LOUD 1948:154, pIs. 152:195, 158:195 = PORTER and Moss 1951: 381 = [MALAMAT 1971: 35 n. 48] = DOTHAN T. 1982:71 n. 237, 290--291 Table 2,294 = BIETAK 1991: 40 = WEINSTEIN 1992:144).

11. Lachish - Stratum VI [J.1547] - [Plate 2:d] (TUFNELL 1953: 51; 1958: 37, 97-98, 126, 132, pI. 39: 388 = [MALAMAT 1971: 35 n. 48] = Do THAN T. 1982:276 n. 29, 290-91 Table 2 = BIETAK 1991:40 = KRAUSS 1994:124 = NAcAMAN 2000:3-4).

12. Timna - The Egyptian Mining Temple [Plate 3:c-dJ48 (SCHULMAN 1988: 139 [Eg. Cat. 193], fig. 46:7).

13. Ashdod - Area G, Stratum XII [Plate 2:c] (DOTHAN M. 1988:297 n. 7 = BIETAK 1991: 37 n. 19,40,43 ill. 2

41 Pay attention that Giveon is misleading here in two points: firstly - describing the scarab as a plaque, and secondly -adding the photograph of the impression of another scarab instead of the correct photograph. MARTIN 1987:221 (see Postscript 3).

42 Giveon's mistake (see in the previous note) is most proba­bly the reason for the confusion Uehlinger did between his illustrations 2 and 3.

43 See the previous note. 44 Erroneously identified as belonging to Ramesses II. 45 Although Oren compared this seal to the Ramesses III

scarab from Lachish (see here [Plate 2:d]) he did not men­tioned this identification in his discussions, both of the seal and of Tomb 66.

46 For the attribution of Stratum VIIA at Megiddo to the 20th

Dynasty see recently MAzAR 2002:265,268-272 and 277. 47 For the location of this "square" see TUFNELL et al. 1953:

pIs. 108 and 115. 48 Compare with another faience scarab kept in the British

Museum, erroneously identified as bearing the name of Ramesses II (see HALL 1913: No. 2314).

= Do THAN T. andM. 1992: 152 and 275 = BRANDL 1993:138-139 [No. 13] = KEEL 1997: 686--687 [Aschdod No. 65]).

14. Beth Shean - 1993 Season, Area N, Stratum N349 [Plate 2:b] Expedition of Amihai Mazar - to be published by B.B.

15. El Ahwat - 1997 Season, Stratum II50 [Plate 3:a] Expedition of Adam Zertal - to be published by B.B.

RamesseslV

01. Gezer - "Philistine Grave No. 5" [Plate 4:b] (MACALISTER 1907: 201, pI. 1: 18a-b; 1912, I: 296 [fig. 157:18a-b], II: 325 [No. 294 in the group 289-294] = PORTER and Moss 1951:375 = DOTHAN T. 1982:52 n. 153 = UEHLINGER 1988: 21 n. 63; 1990: 20 n. 63 = BIETAK 1991: 40).

02. Tell el Farcah (South) - Tomb 934 [Plate 5:f] (STARKEY and HARDING 1932: 24, pI. 52: 129 = PORTER and Moss 1951: 370 = Do THAN T. 1982:29n. 48, 290-291 Table 2, 294 = GIVE ON 1985b: 100-101 n. 11 = Catling 1986:70 = UEHLINGER 1988:21 n. 63 = WEINSTEIN 1989: 21 n. 100 = UEHLINGER 1990: 20 n. 63 = WEINSTEIN 1991: 82 = BIETAK 1991: 40).

03. Tell el FarCah (South) - Tomb 960C [Plate 4:d] (STARKEY and HARDING 1932: 25, pI. 55: 297 = ROWE 1936: No. 833 = PORTER and Moss 1951: 370 = Do THAN T. 1982:29 n. 48, 290-291 Table 2, 294 = UEHLINGER 1988:21 n. 63; 1990: 20 n. 63 = BIETAK 1991: 40).

04. Megiddo - Stratum IV [Plate 4:f] (LAMON and SHIPTON 1939: pI. 69:27).

05. Shechem - A locus mixed with Iron Age I sherds [Plate 5:b] (TOOMBS and WRIGHT 1963:41, fig. 18:3 = HORN 1965:pI. 16.A:3 = WRIGHT 1965:162, fig. 82:3 = HORN 1966: 55 [No. 55], fig. 1:55, pI. 6:55).

06. Ashdod - Area H, Stratum XIIb51 [Plate 4:c] Expedition of Moshe Do THAN - to be published by O. KEEL and S. MONGER. 52 Ben-Shlomo 2003:89-90 (see Postscript 4).

07. Aphek - Stratum X1053 [Plate 5:c]

49 Stratum N3 of the Mazar excavations - equals with Stratum VI of the American excavations.

50 For short notes about this scarab see BRANDL 1997, ZERTAL 2001,216.

51 The scarab, Basket H1333/71, was found in Locus 5124a that is a room of Building 5128. The author wishes to thank Professor Trude Dothan and Mr. D. Ben-Shlomo, for the permission to mention this find and to incorporate the drawing of it's base in this publication. The existence of this scarab came to my attention during the lecture of Mr. D. Ben-Shlomo given on the Twenty-Eighth Archaeological Congress in Israel on 24 March 2002. Although it was never mentioned before by Prof. M. Dothan, one may refer to the table given by him in 1981 where he has related Stratum XIIla to the days of Ramesses Ill, and Stratum XII to the days of Ramesses IV (see DOTHAN M. 1981:152).

52 See KEEL and MONGER, forthcoming. 53 For a suggestion that the scarab" ... must have originated

from Stratum XlI" see FINKELSTEIN 1995:222.

Scarabs and Plaques bearing Royal Names of the Early 20th Egyptian Dynasty excavated in Oanaan

(KOCHAVI 1977:41 = GIVEON 1978a: 188-89 n. 1; 1978b: 15-16, fig. 16a-b = KOCHAVI 1981:81 = DOTHAN T. 1982:89, 290-91 Table 2, 295 = UEHLINGER 1988:21 n. 63 = GIVE ON 1988:46-48 [No. 40] = KITCHEN 1989:28 = KOCHAVI 1989:81; 1990:xxiv, 23 = UEHLINGER 1990:20 n. 63, 26 = BIETAK 1991:40 = WEINSTEIN 1993:221 = FINKELSTEIN 1995:222 = KEEL 1997:84-85 [Afek 17]).

Table Legend:

08. Beth Shean - Level vn54 [Plate 4:h] (WEINSTEIN 1993:221, fig. 165:8).

09. Khirbet Nicana - Byzantine tomb [Plate 4:a] Excavations of Of er Sion - to be published by B.B.

10. Tel Rehov - Stratum 2 Area B55 [Plate 5:a]· Expedition of Amihai Mazar ~ to be published by B.B.

B = BIETAK, M., 1991. 0 = Overlooked R.III = Ramesses III Can. = Canaanite P = To be published R. IV = Ramesses IV Eg = Egyptian Phi!. = Philistine SN = Sethnakht [Exc.] = Year of e;cavations PM = PORTER and Moss 1951. TeF(S) = Tell el Farcah (South) . Isr. = Israelite PN =Prenomen U = UEHLINGER 1988. N = Nomen Pub!. = Year of publication V = variant

A summary table of the 26 excavated scarabs and plaques bearing the royal names of the three first kings of the 20th Egyptian dynasty that were excavated in Oanaan.

63

54 The scarab seems to be intrusive from Stratum VI. 55 This stratum is dated to the end of the 8th cent. BOE, after the Assyrian destruction of Rehov Stratum 3

64

195 a. Megiddo

@

e. Tell Jemmeh

Baruch Brandl

13 104022 b. Beth Shean c. Ashdod

388 d. Lachish

20 h. Gezer

@)

@

126 f. TeF(S)

Tomb 934

@

@)

S.62

@

374 g. TeF(S)

Tomb 984

@)

1. Beth Shean

@

PI. 2 Ramesses III Scarabs with the Prenomen from Canaan (composed from a. LOUD 1948:pl. 152:195; h. B.B. forthcom­ing; c. BRANDL 1993:139 [No. 13]; d. TUFNELL 1953:pl. 39:388; e. PETIUE 1928:pl. 19:26; f. STARKEY and HARDlNG 1932:pl. 52:126; g. STARKEY and HARDING 1932:pl. 57:374; h. MACALlSTER 1912, Ill: pI. 121:20; i. ROWE 1936:pl. 28 [So 62])

Scarabs and Plaques bearing Royal Names of the Early 20th Egyptian Dynasty excavated in Canaan 65

830

a. EI-Ahwat b. Beth Shemesh

@ @

e. Beth Shemesh f.

@)

1. 1658 J. 219

c.

g.

@)

k. 21

Timna

@

TeF(S) Tomb 934

d.

h.

@

1. 23

PI. 3 Ramesses III Scarabs with the Nomen from Canaan and their parallels (composed from -a. B.B. forth coming; b. ROWE 1936:pl. 21:830; c. SCHULMAN 1988:fig. 46:7; d . private slide; e. private slide; f. UEHLlNGER 1988:11 ill. 1; g. UE HLlNGER 1988:11 ill. 3; h. UEHLINGER 1988:11)11. 2; i. PETRIE 1889:No. 1658; j. PIER 1906: pI. 21:219; k.-1. PETRIE 1917:pl. 45: Nos. 20.1.21 and 20.1.23)

66

a. Kh. Niana b. Gezer

@) @

f. Megiddo

@)

h. Beth Shean

@

Baruch Brandl

c. Ashdod

@

d. TeF(S) Tomb 960

@

e.

Tll ~ g.

1.

PI. 4 Ramesses IV Scarabs with various variants of the Prenomen from Canaa n (composed from - a. B.B. forthcoming ; b . MACALISTER 1912, 1:296 [fig . 157:18a- b] ; c. KEEL and MONGER forth coming - pI. App. 3.1:4; d. STARKEY a nd HARDl NG 1932:pl. 55:297 ; e. VON BECKERATH 1984:247; f. LA~lON and SHIPTON 1939:pl. 69:27; g. VON BECKEI~ATH 1984:247; h. WEI NSTEIN 1993:fig. 165:8; i. VON BECKEgATH 1984:247)

Scarabs and Plaques bearing Royal Names of the Early 20th E gyptian Dynasty excavated in Canaan 67

a. Tel Rehov

@

f. TeF(S) Tomb 934

®

55 17 b. Shechem c. Aphek

@ ®

'~~I ~\ h . . .

e. Relief of Viceroy Hori Il, Buhen

g. El (0 U14:~] i E20y?~mrtJ

h E3 q ttrJl m = r\It] J E4 (ftrrn 1)

P I. 5 Ramesses IV Scarabs with various variants of the Nomen from Canaan (composed from - a. B.B. forth coming; b. HOgN 1966: fig. 1:55; c. KEEL 1997:84-85 [Afek No. 17J ; d. VON BECKERATH 1984:247; e. SPIESEg 2000:291 ill. 15; f. STARKEY and RmDl NG 1932:pl. 52:129; g.-j. VON BECKERATH 1984:246)

68

380 a. Lachish

b. Turin

206 c. Pier Collection

@ 40

g. Beth Shemesh h.

Baruch Brandl

d. Ramesses IV

e. Osorkon II

f. Pemu

U 24 S 208

T. es Safi 1. T. er Ruqeish J. Pier Collection

PI. 6 Pseudo Ramesses IV Scarabs from Canaan and their parallels (composed from a. TUFNELL 1958:pl. 39:380; h. PETIt lE

1889:No. 1572; c. PIEIt 1906:pl. 20:206 d.-f. VON BECKEItATH 1984:246, 259, 261; g. GHANT 1932: pI. 51:40; h. BL1SS and MACALlSTER 1902: pI. 83:24; i. CUL1CAN 1973:93 fig. 14:456; j. PlER 1906:pls. 21 :208

Scarabs and Plaques bearing Royal Names of the Early 20th Egyptian Dynasty excavated in Canaan 69

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Postscript

1. Thirty-eight scarabs from Medinet Habu, with other vari­ants of the Prenomen of Sethnakht were published recently in: TEETER, E. 2003, Scarab8, Scaraboid8, Seal8 and Seal Impre88ion8 from Medinet Habu, (with P08t­Pharaonic Stamp Seal8 and Seal impre88ion8 by T. G. Wil­fong). Ba8ed on the Field Note8 of Uvo Hol8cher and RU80lf Anthe8, OIP U8, Chicago, 31-33, pIs. 6-8 [Nos. 20-24].

1993 Chapter IX: The Scarabs, Plaques, Seals, and Rings, 221-225, in: F.W. JAMES and P.E. MCGOVERN et al., The Late Bronze Egyptian Garri80n at Beth Shan: A Study of Level8 VII and VIII, UMM 85, Philadel­phia.

1998 Egyptian Relations with the Eastern Mediterranean World at the End of the Second Millennium BCE, 188-196, in: S. GITIN, A. MAZAR and E. STERN (eds.), Mediterranean Peoples in Transition. Thirteen to Early Tenth Oenturies BOE in Honor of Profe880r Trude Dothan, Jerusalem.

WIMMERS.

1990 Egyptian Temples in Canaan and Sinai, 1065--U06, in: S. ISRAELIT-GROLL (ed.), Studies in Egyptology Pre-8ented to Miriam Lichtheim, vol. Il, Jerusalem.

1998 (No) More Egyptian Temples in Canaan and Sinai, 87-123, in: I. SHIRUN-GRUMACH (ed.), Jeru8alemStudie8 in Egyptology, Wiesbaden.

WRIGHTG.E.

1965 Shechem. The Biography of a Biblical Oity, New York and Toronto.

ZERTALA.

2001 The 'Corridor-builders' of Central Israel: Evidence for the Settlement of the 'Northern Sea Peoples'1, 215--32, in: V. KARAGEORGHIS and C.E. MORRIS. (eds.), Defen8ive Settlements of the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean after c. 1200 B.O. Nicosia.

2. KEIMER, L. 1939, Un scarabee commemoratif de Mineptah, ASAE 39:105--120.

3. MARTIN, G.T. 1987, Review of Giveon 1985a, Or 56/2:221-222.

4. BEN-SHLOMO, D. 2003, The Iron Ages Sequence of Tel Ash­dod: A Rejoinder to 'Ashdod Revisited' by I. Finkelstein and L. Singer-Avitz, Tel Aviv 30/1:83-107.

bSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN DENKSCHRIFTEN DER GESAMTAKADEMIE, BAND XXXV

SCARABS OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM BC FROM EGYPT, NUBIA, CRETE AND THE LEVANT:

CHRONOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL IMPLICATIONS

Papers of a Symposium, Vienna, 10th - 13th of January 2002

MANFRED BIETAK and ERNST CZERNY (Eds.)

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