Samson as Messiah - Another Look

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JSIJ 11 (2012) 1-25 http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf ื›ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸโ€“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื‘ื˜* ืคื•ื’ืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ** ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ื—ืžืงืžืงื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื•ืฉืื™ ืžื›ืœ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื•ืช. ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกืชื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ื ืคืชื— ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื' ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช' 1 ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜' ื™ืชืจื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ' . ืฉ ืืžื ื ืœื•ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืžืงื•ืžื” ื™ื•ื•ืŸึด ๏ฌป- ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ื–ืžื ื• ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืฉื’ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืืš ื–ื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงืฉื™ื ื•ื–ืžื ื ื•, ืฉื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื•ื ืจืื”' ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ' ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืงื•ื ืื• ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื. ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ืกื” ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ ืœืŸึด ื‘ืฆ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช: ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ืืช ืœืงืจื‘ ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืืœื• ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงื™ื˜ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื—. ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืืœื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืืžื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื›ืœื•ืžืจ. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฉื™ื— ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื—ืกื•. 2 ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืจืง ืื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื. ื—ื– ืกืคืจื•ืช ื’ื" ื–ื” ืžื’ื“ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืื™ื ื” ื›ืืŸ ืืขืกื•ืง ืฉื‘ื” ืœ, ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื” ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืžืคืขืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื—. 3 * ืœืคืจื•ืค ืชื•ื“ืชื™' ื•ืœืคืจื•ืค ืืจืœื™ืš ืื•ืจื™' ื”ืžืืžืจ ืœื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื‘ืœื™ื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘. ** ืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืœ- ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ื‘ื ื’ื‘ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช. 1 ื’' ืฉืœื•ื, ื‘ื’ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ืโ€“ ื•ืชื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืคืจืงื™, ืช" ืชืฉืœ ื" ื•, ืขืž' 155 - 190 . 2 ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืžื–ื’ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื–ื” ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ: ืฉ' ืจืื) ืขื•ืจืš( , ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืชืฉืž ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ื‘; ืฆ' ื‘ืจืก) ืขื•ืจืš( , ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืชืฉืž ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ื“; ื“' ืืจื™ืืœ- ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืืœ) ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื( , ื•ืžื’ื•ื’ ื’ื•ื’ ืžืœื—ืžืชโ€“ ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืชืœ- ืชืฉืก ืื‘ื™ื‘" ื. 3 ืœืžืฉืœ: ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืชืจืค ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ื—; ื' ืžืจืžื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื“ ื”ืจื‘ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“" ืžืจืžื•ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืจ ื–ืฆ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ" ืœ) ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ืžื—ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•( , ืขืจื›ื•: ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื•ื• ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืจืื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืชืฉ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ" ื™, ืขืž' ื™ื–- ืขื•; ื" ืื•ืจื‘ืš ื, ื—ื–" ืœโ€“ ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคืจืงื™, ืชืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ื, ืขืž' 585 - 623 ; ื" ืืฉื›ื•ืœื™ ื–, ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช2 , ืขืจืš: ื™' ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืชืฉืž ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" ื—, ืขืž' 113 - 137 ; ืž" ื”ืจ ื“' , ืžืฉ ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื– ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช" ืœ,' ื ื“ ืชืจื‘ื™ืฅ) ืชืฉืž" ื”( , ืขืž' 331 - 341 ; J. Neusner and others (eds.), Judaisms and their messiahs at the turn of the Christian era, Cambridge 1987; H. Lenowitz, The Jewish Messiahs, New York and Oxford 1998 .

Transcript of Samson as Messiah - Another Look

JSIJ 11 (2012) 1-25

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

*ืžื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

**ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

ืžื‘ื•ืืžื›ืœ ืžื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืงืžืงื•ืช

1'ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ'ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืคืชื— ืฉืœื•ื ืืช ืžืกืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” . ื•ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื•ืชืœื•ื ืืžื ื ืฉ. 'ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืชืจื”'ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜

ืืš ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื’ื ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื–ืžื ื• , ื ื•ืฆืจื™-ึดึผื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ' ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ'ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ , ื•ื–ืžื ื ื• ืžืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื•

ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื” ื’ืกื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืžืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ . ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืื• ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ืื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ : ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืชื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ืขืžื“ ื‘ึดืฆืœืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™

.ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืื• ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ื˜ ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ื”

ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” . ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ 2.ืฉื™ื™ื—ืกื• ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื

ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ . ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ื•ืช, ืœ ืฉื‘ื” ืืขืกื•ืง ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื’ื“ืจ ื–ื”"ื’ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–. ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช

3.ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ืžืคืขืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื” ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื

.ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืœื™ื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืืžืจ' ืื•ืจื™ ืืจืœื™ืš ื•ืœืคืจื•ืค' ืชื•ื“ืชื™ ืœืคืจื•ืค *

.ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ื‘, ื’ื•ืจืŸ-ืœ ืฉื ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืข ** . 155-190' ืขืž, ื•"ื ืชืฉืœ"ืช, ืคืจืงื™ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื•ืชื—ื™ื” โ€“ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื• , ืฉืœื•ื' ื’ 1' ืฉ: ืขืœ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ืžืžื–ื’ื™ื ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืœ 2

ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช , )ืขื•ืจืš(ื‘ืจืก ' ืฆ; ื‘"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, )ืขื•ืจืš(ืจืื โ€“ืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ื•ื’ , )ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื(ื™ื•ืืœ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื -ืืจื™ืืœ' ื“; ื“"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž, ื•ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”

.ื"ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืก-ืชืœ, ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ , ืžืจืžื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ' ื; ื—"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืจืค, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ: ืœืžืฉืœ 3

ื™ื•ืกืฃ : ืขืจื›ื•, )ืžื—ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ(ืœ "ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฆืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืจืžื•ืจ"ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ ื“, ืคืจืงื™ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืขื•ืช โ€“ืœ "ื—ื–, ื ืื•ืจื‘ืš"ื; ืขื•-ื™ื–' ืขืž, ื™"ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืชืฉ, ืจืื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืฅ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืœืขื•ื•

ืื‘ืŸ ' ื™: ืขืจืš, 2ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื– ืืฉื›ื•ืœื™"ื; 585-623' ืขืž, ื"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืฉ, 'ื“ ื”ืจ"ืž; 113-137' ืขืž, ื—"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž, ืฉืžื•ืืœ

J. Neusner and others; 331-341' ืขืž, )ื”"ืชืฉืž(ืชืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื ื“ ', ืœ"ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–(eds.), Judaisms and their messiahs at the turn of the Christian era, Cambridge 1987; H. Lenowitz, The Jewish Messiahs, New York and Oxford

1998.

ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃืž โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

2

ืงืจื™ื ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื™ืจื“ื” ืงืจื ื” ืฉืœ , ื›ืœื•ืžืจ 4.ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื—ืœื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช

ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ืœืช ืขืœ -ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืชื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ , ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื” 5.ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฆื‘ืื™

. ื“ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืžืขืœื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืืœื”ืœืŸ ืื‘ืงืฉ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžืจื• ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ

ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ . ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืชื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื . ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืื• ืจืžื•ื–ื™ื, ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื

ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื“ืจื›ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื–ืžื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืœื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช

.ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“. ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื— ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—

ืœื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืงืจืื™ืช ืฉืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ , ืœื™ ืขืจ ืœืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืืฆืœ ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ"ืฉื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–

ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ , ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ โ€“ 6ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชืืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ 7.ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืจืื• ื‘ื• ื—ื•ื˜ื

.ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ื’ื ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื• , ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ื™ืกืงืจื• ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

.ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฆื‘ืื™, ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื–ื”

ืœืขื™ืœ , ืืฉื›ื•ืœื™; 339' ืขืž, 3ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื”ืจ; 606-607' ืขืž, 3ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืื•ืจื‘ืš: ืžืฉืœืœ 4

.J; 139-141' ืขืž ,ื“"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืœ, ื™ื”ืŸืื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ' ื™; 82' ืขืž, 3ื”ืขืจื” Neusner, โ€˜Messianic Term in Formative Judaismโ€™, JAAR 52.2 (1984), pp.

ืœืขื™ืœ , ืœื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ; 193' ืขืž, ื‘"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื , ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื•ื”ื™ืงืคื•, ืžื•ืจ' ืž; 358-359 R. G. Marks, โ€˜Dangerous Hero: Rabbinic Attitudes;29-31' ืขืž, 3ื”ืขืจื”

Toward Legendary Warriorsโ€™, HUCA 54, (1983), pp. 181-194; idem, The Image of Bar Kokhba in Traditional Jewish Literature, Pennsylvania 1994, pp. 45-51; A. Oppenheimer, โ€˜Leadership and Messianism in the Time of the Mishnahโ€™, H. G. Reventlow, (ed.), Eschatology in the Bible and in Jewish

and Christian Tradition, Sheffield 1997, pp. 165-166. ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืžื™ ื˜ืจื 5

' ื™: ืชืจื’ื•ื[ื— ; ื“, ื‘, ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ืืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื™ื”, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืžืชืชื™ื”ื•(ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื‘ืœ ืกืคืง ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื•ืžืจื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ]). ืงื™ื“; ืงื—-ืงื–' ืขืž, ื’"ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉื™-ืชืœ, ืฉืžื—ื•ื ื™

.ื’ืื•ืœื™ืช-ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื‘ืืกืคืงืœืจื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืชื”ืจื™ , ื”ื ื—ื” ื–ื• ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ืื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ 6

, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืกื•ืคืจ, ืœื•ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ' ืจืื” ื™. ืจืื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจืœืขืชื™ื ืžื™ื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืง .68-87' ืขืž, ื•"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก

, ืœ"ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ื– โ€“ืฉืฉื™ื ืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ , ืคื•ื’ืœ' ืฉ 7 .16-68' ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืž, ื˜"ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืชืฉืก, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืกืžืš

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

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ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—, ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืก

ืื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื›ืžื” 8.ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืืžืงื•ืจื•ืช : ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื›ื›ืœืœ. ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช

ื•ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช , ื›ื•ืฉืœ ืื• ืœื ื›ื•ืฉืœ โ€“ื”ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™ื— .ื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืืคื™ื™

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื

:ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื•ืกื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸ

ื™ื”ื™ ื“ืŸ ื ื—ืฉ ืขืœื™ ื“ืจืš ืฉืคื™ืคึนืŸ ืขืœื™ ืึทึนืจื— ื”ื ึนืืฉืš . ื“ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ )18- 16, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜(. 'ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš ึดืงึดึผื•ื™ืชื™ ื”. ืขืงื‘ื™ ืกื•ืก ื•ื™ึดึผืคึนืœ ืจึนื›ื‘ื• ืื—ื•ืจ

ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืืœื• ืจืžื– ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง , ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื”ืœืŸื›ืคื™ ืฉ

. ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืžืฉื™ื—

ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื .ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืจืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืžืชืจื’ืžื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

10,ืœืžืกื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ 9ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื- ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืจืฅ

ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื , ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืกืžืš ,ืœ ื•ืชืงื•ืคืชื"ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–, ืืžื™ื ื•ืฃ' ืข 8

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ', ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉื”ื›ื–ื™ื‘: ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื“ื”, 'ืžืืง' ื—; 61-63' ืขืž, ื”"ืชืฉืœ' ืขืž, 7ื”ืขืจื” , ืœืขื™ืœ, ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืจืื” ืคื•ื’ืœ. 145-152' ืขืž, )ื“"ืชืฉื (ื’ , 11ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ). ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘( 89-130ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืœืš ืื—ืจ , ืืžื™ื ื•ืฃ' ืข: ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืคืจืกืžื” ืืžื™ื ื•ืฃ ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื›ืืŸ

ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื , ืื•ืœื. 151-141' ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืž ,ืข"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉ, ืขื™ื ื™ื• .ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื™ื ื•ืฃ

ืฉืืžื ื ,ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืฆืœ ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก-ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืืจื• 9ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ื•ื ืžื™ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืคืืชื•ืก ืืš ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื•ืœื ื ื•ืงื˜ ื˜ืจ

ืขืœ . A. Sperber (ed.), The Bible in Aramaic, Leiden 1959, p. 86ืจืื” . ืžืคื•ืจืฉืชืžื—ืงืจ , 'ืฆ ืงื“ืจื™"ืืœื™ื™ื ืจืื” ืกืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉืจ-ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ืœืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืจืฅ

ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช , )ืขื•ืจืš(ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ' ื‘', ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•: ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• G. J. Kuiper, The Pseudo-Jonathan Targum;352-353' ืขืž, ื‘"ื ืชืฉืœ"ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ

and its Relationship to Targum Onkelos, Roma 1972 ;ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื , ืงื•ืžืœื•ืฉ' ื™ Z. Safrai, โ€˜The; 19' ืขืž, 12ืœืงืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื” , ืฉื ืืŸ; 29-31' ืขืž, ื’"ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืœ- ืชืœ, ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื

Targum as Part of Rabbinic Literatureโ€™, S. Safrai and others (eds.), The Literature of the Sages, vol. 2, Amsterdam 2006, pp. 277-278.

.S. Hื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืืฆืœ 10Levey, The Messiah: An Aramaic Interpretation: the Messianic Exegesis of

the Targum, Cincinnati 1974 .ืื’ื“ืชื , ืฉื ืืŸ' ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืจืื” ืืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื• . 341-342' ืขืž, ื˜"ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืœื™ืจื•, ืฉืœ ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื

ืกื™ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืŸ . R. Syrรฉn, The Blessings in the Targum, Abo 1986, pp. 101-125 ืจืื”ืืš ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื” ืจืžื– ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืืœื ืจืง ืชืจื’ื•ื ) 113-115' ืขืž(ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื–ื•

. ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื

ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃืž โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

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ื™ืฉ ืœืชืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืจืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช 11ืงืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื 12.ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื

ื”ื ื•ืกื— ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื• ื‘ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกื— ืชืจื’ื•ื 13:ื ื™ืื•ืคื™ื˜ื™

ื™ื”ื•ื•ื™ . ื™ื”ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืงื ื“ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืžื™ืงื ืžืŸ ื“ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืŸ ื™ืชืงืฃ ื™ืชื’ืื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืžื™ื”

ืืจื—ืชื” ื“ื ื›ืช ืœืกื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ืžื“ืžื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืจื‘ื•ืขืณ ื‘ืืจืขื ื•ืœืขื•ืจืžื ื ื“ื›ืžื™ืŸืœืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ืžื ื•ื— ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ ื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืžืชื” ืžืกืชื—ืจ ืจื›ื‘ื” ื•ืžืชื”ืคืš

ืฉื ืื•ื™ ื ืคืง ืœืงืจื‘ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉื ืื•ื™ ื•ืžืงื˜ืœ ื•ื“ื—ืœืชื• ืขืœ ]ื™[ื“ืืžืชื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื‘ื‘ื• ืืžืจ ืื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื ืœืคื•ืจืงื ื ื“ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืืฉ ืกื›ื™ื™ืช. ืžืœื›ื™ืŸ ืขื ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ

ื“ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ื— ืกื›ื™ื™ืช ื ืคืฉื™ ื ืคืฉื™ ื“ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจืงืŸ ืฉืขื” ื•ืœื ืœืคื•ืจืงื ื™ื” ื“ืฉืžืฉืŸ ื‘ืจืœืžื™ืชื™ื™ื” ืœืขืžืš ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื•ืจืงืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื ืœืคื•ืจืงื ื™ื” ืกื›ื™ื™ื ืช ื ืคืฉื™ ื“ืืžืจืช

.ืœืš ืœืคื•ืจืงื ืš ืกื›ื™ื™ืช ื™ื™ื™

, ืืœื ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืฉืœืžื”', ืคื•ืจืงืŸ'ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื , ืื›ืŸืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื›ืืŸ , ืื ื›ืŸ 14.ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืคื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“

ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” . ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ, ื” ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœืžื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ืžื™ื•ืกื“ืช ืขืœ 15.ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช' ืชืงื™ืฃ'ื•ืœืคื™ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” , ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืงื˜ืข

ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ืชืžื›ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ', ื›ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'ื”ืžืงืจื ืจ ืฉืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœื‘ ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืกืชื‘. ืœ"ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื ืื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–

ืžืงื˜ืœ ืžืœื›ื™ืŸ ืขื 'ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ . ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื•ืฉืืช ืื•ืคื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ , ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” 16ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื›ืืŸ' ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ

ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” 17ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืงื˜ืขื™ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืคืจืกื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื ื™ื–ื”, ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืขื–ืœืคื•ืจืงื ื™ื” ื“ืžืœื›ื 'ืื• ' ื“ื•ื“] ื‘ืŸ[ืœืคื•ืจืงื ื™ื” ื“ืžืฉื™ื— 'ื•ื” ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืงื•

Aramic Targumืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจืื” ื‘ืืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืช 11

Search ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื•: http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/searching/targumsearch.html. ื•ืจืื” .210-211' ืขืž, 10ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืืฆืœ ืกื™ื™ืจืŸ

ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš , 10ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืขืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืจืื” ืืฆืœ ืฉื ืืŸ 12 20-35' ืขืž, ื’"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื , ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืชืจื’ื•ื ื•ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ื•. ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ

. ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื13 A. Diez Macho (ed.), Neophyti 1: Targum palestinense MS de la Biblioteca

Vaticana, vol. 1 โ€“ Genesis, Madrid and Barcelona 1968, p. 333 . ื”ื ื•ืกื—ืจืื” ืชืจื’ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ ืขืœ . ืฉื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™

.93' ืขืž, ื’"ืชืจืกื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ , ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ, ื”ืชื•ืจื”; 621-622' ืขืž, 3ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืœ ืจืื” ืื•ืจื‘ืš"ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื– 14

.ืกื‘-ื ื“' ืขืž, 3ื”ืขืจื” , ืœืขื™ืœ, ืžืจืžื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ .ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง 15 ,M. L. Klein (ed.), The Fragment-Targum of The Pentateuch โ€“ื•ื‘ืžืกื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช 16

vol. 1, Rome 1980, p. 66. 17 M. L. Klein, Genizah Manuscripts of Palestinian Targum of The

Pentateuch, .Cincinnati 1986, pp. 169-171

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

5

ื•ืžืชื—ื–ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฉืœ , ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™', ืžืฉื™ื—ื .ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ื›ืžื™ ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ื”ืขืžื“ืชื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืจืื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืืช ) ื•ืœื ืžื•ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœ(ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™

ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืชื• ืื• , ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืืžื™ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืœ. ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช

ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ , ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื”ื“. ืœื—ื˜ืื™ื• . ืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉึตืœืžื”ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ื’ืื•ืœื” ื' ื’ื•ืืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื'ืžืขื™ืŸ

ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” .ื‘

18.ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื— ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืชื ื‘ื–ื™ืงื”

ืืš ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืœืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ , ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ :''ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš ืงื•ื™ืชื™ ื”'ื‘ืช ืœืคืกื•ืง ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ืก

ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” . ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—

19.''ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš ืงื™ื•ื™ืชื™ ื”'ืื•ืชื• ืฉืžืช ืืžืจ ืืฃ ื–ื” ืžืช

ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืืœื , ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืขื™ืœื”ืจื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช , ืื ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืืœ ืฉื›ืฉืœ. ืชืื™ืœื•ืœื ื›ืฉืœ ื•ืž, ื›ื’ื•ืืœ ืฉืœื

20.ื•ืจืง ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉืœืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช

ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ , ืจ ืžืคืจืฉื” ืฆื– ื•ืื™ืœืš"ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื 18ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ). 'ืœื™ืฉื ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื'ื•' ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”'(ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื•

ืฉืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ืŸ , 103-104' ืขืž, ืจ"ืจืื” ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ืง ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจืชื• ืœื‘, ืืœื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ึดึผืชืืจื•ื›ื™ื(ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ , ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื .ืจ"ืื›ืŸ ืžืขื™ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ื‘

).ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืœืงืžืŸืื ื™ ืžืฆืจืฃ ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืœื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืกืงื” ). 1265' ืขืž, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืœื‘ืง(ืจ ืฆื— ื™ื“ "ื‘ 19

ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืื™ืŸ , ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืกืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื›ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื•ืœืขื™ืœ (ืœื ื›ืŸ ืžืืง ). ืงืคื’' ืขืž, ืจ ื•ื™ืœื ื”"ื‘(ื• "ืจืื” ืžื ื—ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื•ืžื”ืจื–. ื”ื™ื ืืœื ื˜ืขื•ืช

ืื ื™ ืžืกื•ืคืง ืขื•ื“ ืื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง . ืฉื“ื™ื™ืง ืžื›ืืŸ ื“ืจืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, )147-148' ืขืž, 8ื”ืขืจื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ืข (ื”ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื“ืจืฉื™ืช ืœื›ื™ื“ื”

ืœืฉืœื™ืœืช ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ื“ืจืฉื” . ืื• ืฉืžื ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื”, )ืžืืง ืฉื . ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸื™ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืขืจืš ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ึผืชึด

. ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ืžืฉื™ื—-ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ 20ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœืœ ืืช ืืฃ

ื”ืจื‘ื™ , ื‘ืจื’ืจ' ืœืกืงื™ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืจืื” ื“. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื 65- 27' ืขืž, ื”"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก, ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ โ€“ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—

ืขื . 157' ืขืž โ€“ืœ "ื•ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœื—ื–, 156-164' ื•ืขืž) ืœื™ื•ืฉื ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื’ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืข(ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉืืœืช , ื“ืช ื•ืœื ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ-ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืื™ืฉ, ื–ืืช ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื’ืจ

. ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš"ืžืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–, )43' ืขืž(ื”ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืจืฉื• ื›ื™ื—ืก ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ืžืช

ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื•ืŸ , 'ืงื ื•ื”ืœ' ื•ืจืื” ื™". ืื™ ืžืŸ ืžืชื™ื ื”ื•ื... ืื™ ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื: "ื‘"ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื— ืขืืฃ . ืœื™ ืœื“ืขื” ื–ื•"ื—ื–-ืฉืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืžืงื•ืจ ืงื“ื, 203-328' ืขืž, )ื–"ืชืฉืก(ืชืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืขื• ', ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ

ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃืž โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

6

, ื›ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉืžืชื•-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืืœื™ืื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื ืืœื• . 'ืืฃ ื–ื” ืžืช'ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื

ื™ื ื ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืืœื ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžื”ื™ ืื•ืชื” ื’ืื•ืœื” , ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื. ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืฉืชื‘ื•ื

ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื•ื . ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ื™ื™ืง ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืชืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—: ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ

.ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื”ื•ื , ืจ ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸ"ื”ื—ื•ืชืžืช ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื‘, ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื•

ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื‘ื 21.ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉึตืœืžื” ื”ืžืจื‘ื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื—ืก ื™ื™ืกืงืจื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘

ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช "ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื“ืจืฉืช ื‘. ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” , ืื ื›ืŸ. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸ

22.ื‘ืจืžื– ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืคื”: ื›ื•ืœื”

ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” , ืจ ื•ืžื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื"ืžื‘ โ€“ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื™ืœ ืžืœื‘ื“

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืืŸ , ืœื“ืขืชื™ 23.ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื”ื“ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ืจืง ื•, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉื™ื— ืžืŸ ื”ืžืชื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื

. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืœื” ืœืžื“ืจืฉ ืคื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ ื›ื–ื”ืงื•ืฉืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืืœื™ืžืœืš ) ื"ื™ ืขโ€“ื‘"ืกื•ื˜ื” ื˜ ืข(ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ 21

ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื“ 'ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื (ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸ ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ , ื›ืืžื•ืจ]). 25; 5 ,ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื’[' ืœืคืขืžื•' ื•ืชื—ืœ ืจื•ื— ื”'; 'ืคืœืฉืชื™ื

ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉืœืงืžืŸ ) 145' ืขืž, 8ื”ืขืจื” , ืœืขื™ืœ, ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื” ืžืืง(ืœื“ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืงืฉืจ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ . ืชื•ื‘ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืœืจื‘ื™ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื

, ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš, ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช . ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื‘ื•ืช

ื ืขื“ืจืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ) ื•ื™ื—ื™ ื™ื‘(ืจ ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื "ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ื‘ 22ืžืœื‘ื“ . ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื–ื›ื•

ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ]) 1282' ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืœื‘ืง ืขืž[ืจ ืฆื˜ ื™ื "ื‘(ืœื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ' ืœื™ืฉื ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื'ื–ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืงื•ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช , ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืืš ื‘ืœื ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืœืœืชื™ืืช ืฉืœื™ืœืช ืžืฉ

ื” ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืฉืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ืื›ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืชืคื™ืก. ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ .101- 94' ืขืž, 7ื”ืขืจื” , ืœืขื™ืœ, ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจืื” ืคื•ื’ืœ. ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช

. ื™ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ืชืืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ 23ื‘ื›ืžื” '; ื•ืืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœื’'ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ) 425' ืขืž, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ(ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื–

, ืฅ"ื™ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›(' ื ื•ืฉืขื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื•'ื ืืžืจ ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ' ืžื“ืจืฉ ืืฉืช ื—ื™ืœ'ืžื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื ืฉืชื™ ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ). 137-139' ืขืž, ื‘"ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ ืชืฉื , ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ืืฉืช ื—ื™ืœ

ืื™ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ , ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™. ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืชืžื“ืจืฉื™ ืืฉืช ื—ื™ืœ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ . ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืขืœื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ, ื•ืจื‘ืจ

ื”ืžื›ื™ืœืชื•ืช ืœืคืจืฉืช , ื™ ื›ื”ื ื"ืž(ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื™ ืฉื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื•ืช , ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืงืจืื™ื•ืชื’ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ื ื•ืกื— . ืœื ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื–ื”) 184-185' ืขืž, ื˜"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื , ืขืžืœืง

ื ืขื“ืจื™ื ) ืฉื”ื ืืžื ื ืžืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช(ื•ื‘ืืœื• ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ )ืฉื(ืฅ "ื›- ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื•ื™ืŸืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืกื›ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื . ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื

. ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

7

ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช , ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™, ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช. ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืœืงืจื™ืืช ,)ื”ื ื—ืชืžืช ื‘ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ(ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื”

. ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™

ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื .ื’ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ื›ืืŸ 24,ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื“ื•ื ื• ืืฆืœ ืื—ืจื™ื

ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืช"ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื– 25.ืืš ื‘ืงืฆืจื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืกื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ . ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช

:ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ

ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ( ืžืฉื™ื—ื ืžืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ื”ื•ื” ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื™ ื”ื•ื” ื›ื“ ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื™ )ื“"ืกื— ืข, ื”"ื“ ื”"ืชืขื ื™ืช ืค

ืจ ืฆื— ื™ื“ "ื‘(ื• ื•ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื” ืื•ืชืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจื•ื

])1265' ืขืž, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืœื‘ืง[

ื‘ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืืจ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืžื–ื•ื”ื” , ื‘ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ". ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—"ื•ื‘ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืžื•ื ื— , ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ

.ื›ื™ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืจื™ืืฃ , "ืขืงื™ื‘ื"ื•" ื™ืขืงื‘: "ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื” ืœื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”

ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืืฆืœ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื”ืกืคืง ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ืจืง ืœื–ื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ , ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื” :ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืืœื ื’ื ืœืขืฆื ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”

ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื—ื™ื™ืš ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ืขืœื• ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืจืชื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ ืœื™ื” ืืžืจ )ืฉื( ื™ื‘ื

)ืฉื( ''ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš ืงื™ื•ื™ืชื™ ื”'ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ืฉืžืช ืืžืจ ืืฃ ื–ื” ืžืช

ืขืœ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืจื–ื” , ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื“ืžื”

ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— , ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื . ืืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ืฉื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืขื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื ืื™ื

.8ื”ืขืจื” , ืœืขื™ืœ 24ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื . ื‘ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืื ืกืคืง ืฉืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื› 25

ื‘ืจืก ' ืฆ: ื‘ืชื•ืš', ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื-ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจ, 'ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ' ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืจืื” ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉื™ื— ืจืื” ืืžื’ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช , 'ืœ ืœื•ื™ืŸ"ื™; 153-165' ืขืž, ื“"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž, ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, )ืขื•ืจืš(

A. Reinhartz, โ€˜Rabbinic Perceptions of;149-151' ืขืž, ืฉื', ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™Simeon bar Kosibaโ€™, JSJ 20 (1989), pp. 171-194 ;ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื , ืžื ื—ื ืžื•ืจ

.155-166' ืขืž, 4ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ; 192-203' ืขืž, ื‘"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื , ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ื•ื”ื™ืงืคื•

ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃืž โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

8

ื‘ื“ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื–ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืžืœืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช 27;ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœื ืกื™ื•ืข 26;ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ืจื‘: ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช

ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืชื• 28ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ื›ื•ื— โ€“ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื 29.ืฉืœ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื

ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช . ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื–ื• ืคืจืื โ€“ืœ ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืกืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš "ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื–ื™ื”ึผืชึด

ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืงื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืžืจื“ ืขืœ ) ืžืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”(ื•ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช , ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื”ืคืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืš 30.ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ืฆื‘ื” ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืž

ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื• "ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื—ื– .ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™

ืžื•ืฆืื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” .ื“

ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ . ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฆืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—"ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืกืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–, ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืœื“; 1, ืœืžืฉืœ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื™ื(ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”

ืœื™ื™ื "ื•ืžื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ืชืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื–, ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ืœื ืงื ืชื” ืœื” ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื”, ื‘ืจื). 24ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ , ื•ื›ืš ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื, ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช

31.ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืื—ืจ

ื ื , ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ(ื“ , ืจ ื‘"ื•ื›ื‘ื ืจืื” ืื™ื›ืขืœ ื‘ืจ ื›. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื 26

, 25ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, )ื"ืกื˜ ืข-ื“"ืกื— ืข(ื” "ื“ ื”"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืค) ื"ืข . 160' ืขืž

ืจ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืืž]). 1264' ืขืž ,ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืœื‘ืง[ืจ ืฆื— ื™ื’ "ื‘(' ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืžื ื•ื— ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกื™ื•ืข' 27 ]).ื"ืกื˜ ืข-ื“"ืกื— ืข[ื” "ื“ ื”"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืชืขื ื™ืช ืค(' ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื” ื“ืขืœืžื ืœื ืชืกืขื•ื“ ื•ืœื ืชื›ืกื•ืฃ'

ืจืื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• (ื•ืืฆืœ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื”ืืจื›ื•ื‘ื” ) ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื(ืืฆืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ึตื‚ืฉืขืจ 28ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ื ื—ืฉ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืฉ ' ืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื”'ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ). 26ื”ืขืจื” , ืœืขื™ืœ

, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ) 149' ืขืž, 8ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืืง(ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื™ืืช ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืื‘ืจ ื™ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื. ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—

). ื"ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ ืข(ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื›, ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ .160' ืขืž 25ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ; 148-149' ืขืž, 8ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืžืืง 29ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช , 62' ืขืž, 8ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื•ืืžื™ื ื•ืฃ, 147-148' ืขืž, 8ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืžืืง 30

.ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš , 'ืฆ ืกื’ืœ"ืž; 313-337' ืขืž, 3ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ: ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ 31

, ื”, ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืžืงืจืื™ืช', ืžืฉื™ื—, 'ืœื™ื•ื•ืจ' ื™; 126-139' ืขืž, )ื™"ืชืฉ(ืชืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื›ื , 'ื”ืžืฉื™ื—' ืขืž, ื‘"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืœ, ื—ืงืจื™ ืžืงืจื ื•ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ืœ"ื”ื ; 522-525' ืขืž, ื—"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื›

' ืจ; 617-620' ืขืž, 3ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืื•ืจื‘ืš; 131-141' ืขืž, 4ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื”ื™ื™ื ื™ืžืŸ; 155-185ืžืจื“ , )ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื(ืจืคืคื•ืจื˜ ' ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื•ื' ื: ื‘ืชื•ืš', ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื-ืœืฉืืœืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ืกื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจ, 'ื™ื ืงืœื‘ื™ืฅ

146' ืขืž, 8ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืžืืง; 133-141' ืขืž, ื“"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื-ื‘ืจ K. E. Pomykala, The Davidic Dynasty Tradition in Early;150' ืขืž, ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื

Judaism, Atlanta 1995; J. J. Collins, The Scepter and the Star: The Messiahs of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Other Ancient Literature, New York 1995, pp.

' ืขืž, )ื˜"ืชืฉื (ืชืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืกื— ', ืืจืžื™ืœื•ืก ื•ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, "ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœ" ืขืœ, 'ืงื ื•ื”ืœ' ื™; 74-101, ืžืืง' ื—; 26-27' ืขืž, ื‘"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก, ื—ื›ืžื™ื” ื•ืกืคืจื•ืชื”: ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ืคืœื•ืกืจ' ื“; 13-37

', ืžืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ืืœ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื โ€“ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” : ืžืงื•ืžืจืืŸ ืœืคืจื•ื‘ื ืก'

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

9

ื“ ื–ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ื— ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• ื“ื™ ืื ื ืงื‘ืœ ื›ื”ื ื—ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉื–ื• ืœืฆืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื™ื™ื” . ืžืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“

ืืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ , ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ืœื ื ืฉืœืœืช ืขืœ ืืฃ ืžื•ืฆืื• ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ 32.ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฉืœื•

, ื”ืื—ืช. ื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื“ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ 'ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸ "ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘, ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช

:'ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืจื‘ื™ ืืžืจ, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ 'ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื›ืื—ื“ ืขืžื• ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืŸ' ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืฉื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ื™ื“ื‘ืง ืื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื ื—ืžื™ื”' ืขืž ,ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืœื‘ืง[ืจ ืฆื— ื™ื’ "ื‘( ื•ื—ืžื  ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื–ื” ื•ืื™, ืžืขืžื™ื“1263([

ื•ื”ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” , ื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”' ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื'

, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืจื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขืžื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช โ€“ื•ืžื•ืฆืื• ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช 33ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืžืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ 34.ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืžื ื•ืช ึดืขืžื•

ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ) ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘(ืขื•ืกืง ื”ืืžื•ืจื ืจื‘ ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื ) ื"ืฆื ืข(ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื . ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช

H. Zellentin, โ€˜Rabbinizing Jesus, Christianizing;85-100' ืขืž, )ื”"ืชืฉืก(ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื’

the Son of David: The Bavliโ€™s Approach to the Secondary Messiah Traditionsโ€™, R. Ulmer (ed.), Discussing Cultural Influences, Plymouth 2007,

pp. 99-128 ;306-307' ืขืž, 20ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืงื ื•ื”ืœ' ื™. ืืžื ื ื ื™ื›ืจ . ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื•ืฆืื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฆืจืขื”, ืœืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ื’ื ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช 32

ืื•ืœื ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืื• ืกืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื—ืœืช ืฉื‘ื˜ , )25, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื’(' ืžื—ื ื” ื“ืŸ'ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื ). 14-9, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•(ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืžืืกืจื• , ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืงืฉืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื• ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืจื™ื‘ ืฉื ืชื’ืœืข ). 9-14, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•(ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜

ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช . ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื–ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” 33ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ]) ืงื ื”' ืขืž, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื[ 7, ื•(ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ โ€“ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืงืฉืจ ื›ื–ื”

ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื–ื• . 'ื ืฉื™ืื™ื'ื“ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื , ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืžืœื•ื›ื”ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ) 11-28, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™(ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื“ื’ืœื™ื

ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘, ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื•ื™ โ€“ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื“ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื ]) ืงืขื’- ืงืขื‘ ,ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื›ื”ื ื[ื– (ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” . ืจื—ืœ ื•ื”ืฉืคื—ื•ืช, ืœืœืื”ืืš ื”ื , ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื•ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฉืงืœ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ. ื•ื‘ืชืžื ื” ื“ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืœื’ืขืฉ

, ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ. ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืžื ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช โ€“ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืจื™ื•ืช , ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื ืžื™ื“' ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”'ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืคื•ืจ

ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืชืจืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• , )22, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’(ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฉื” ืœื“ืŸ ) 9, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜(ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” . ื ื™ื”ืื™ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘

ืฉื•ืืคืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืžืžื“ ) ื•ื™ื—ื™ ื™ื‘(ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” , )22ื”ืขืจื” , ืœืขื™ืœ(ื›ืืžื•ืจ 34ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœื ืฉืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ ' ื ื“ื‘ืง'ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื ืื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืก ืฉืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ . ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™

). ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืฉื”(ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃืž โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

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ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื , ืฉื ืžื•ื–ืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืกืชืžื™". ื”ืฆืœืœืคื•ื ื™ืช", ืื ื›ืŸ". ื”ืฆืœืœืคื•ื ื™"ืฉืฉื ื ื–ื›ืจืช ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืฉืžื” , )3, ื“(ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื

ื›ืœ . ื ืจืžื–ืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื ืžื ืชื” ืขื ืื—ืช ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื”, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”

ืจ ื”ืงื•ืฉืจืช ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉ "ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœืื•ืจ . ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื–ื”

ื‘ื ืกืคื— ืœื”ืœืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ , ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ ื”ื•ืขืฆื ื™ื™ื—ื•ืกื• ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ

, ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื—ืกืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืœืืžื•ืจื ืžื•ื›ืจ .ืžืคื•ืจืฉ :ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ื ืคืจื“

ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื‘ื™ื•, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ื–ื” ื—ื ื™ื ื' ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ื‘ื™ืจ ืจืืž

โ€“ืจ ืฆื– "ื‘( 'ืืจื™ื” ื’ื•ืจ ื“ืŸ', 'ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืจื™ื” ื’ื•ืจ' ืืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื›ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืžื“ืŸ ื•ืืžื• )]1218' ืขืž ,ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืœื‘ืง[ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”

) 9, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜(ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืœื . ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸ) 22, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’(ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฉื” ืœื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• , ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ

ื•ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื“ืจืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืจ. ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื’ื•ืืœืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ , ื•ื‘ื” ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืงื ืžื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ, ืœืขื™ืœ

ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื• ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช . ื‘ืžืงืจื ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ื’ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืงื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ , ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื, ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื•

.ืœืขื™ืœ ืœื“ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื”ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืฉื” ืขืœ , ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืฉื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื“ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืœืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ

ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœ , ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืจืื” ื‘ื ืกืคื—. ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ื’ื 35.ืœืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ

ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช , ืœืงื•ื—ื” ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื•ืฉืžืžื ื” ', ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”'ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ .ื•ืฉืžื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืžื ื‘ืŸ ื—ื ื™ื ื ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช, ืžื“ืจืฉ ื–ื”

ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืœ .ื”

, ื”ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื”. ื”"ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ , ืœ"ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจึนื•ึตื•ื— ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–

. ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฉื‘ื•

ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื“, ืœ ืฆื•ื ืฅ"ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ ืจืื” ื™' ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”'ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ 35

' ืขืž, ื–"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉ, ื—ื ื•ืš ืืœื‘ืง: ืขืจืš ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืชืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืชืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ืืœื‘ืง . ื•ืจืื” ื”ืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ืง ืขืœ ืืชืจ, 394' ืขืž, ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื, 123-124

, ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืื• ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจืชื• ืœื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ืชื™ 102-104' ืขืž, ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืื• ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจืชื• ืœื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื”' ืขืž, 72ื”ืขืจื” , ืœืงืžืŸ, ื—"ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืžืืง ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืžืชืฉืกืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ืขื ; 20-21' ืขืž, ืฉ"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืช

153 .

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

11

ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืกืคืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ , ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื ื•ืฉื ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ื ื™ืชืŸ ) ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื‘ืžืงืจื ื’ื•ืคื•(ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื 36.ื—ื›ืžื™ื

ื’ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจ ืขืœ 37".ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ"ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื›\ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืšื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ืชืขืฆื‘ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” , ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• ื›ืื“ื

ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืชื• ืฉืœ 38.ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช 39.ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืชืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื" ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœ"ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื›

ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ื–ืืช ื”. ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืืชืจ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”"ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื–ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื•ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ

.ืœื™ื™ื"ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื—ื– :ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉ

ืฉืื•ืœ, ื‘ื›ื—ื• ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืงื• ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ, ืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืื• ื—ืžืฉื” ืจ"ืช

40.ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืืกื, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฆื“ืงื™ื”, ื‘ืฉืขืจื• ืฉืœื•ืืื‘, ื‘ืฆื•ืืจื•

ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื”ื“ื”ื“ืช ื‘ื• ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืชื•ืกืคืชื , ืืžื ื ืžื“ืจืฉ ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ 42.ืฉืกื™ื‘ืช ืžืคืœืชื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื˜ื ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” 41ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืœืชื•ืช

ืื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” , ืœืงืžืŸืืฃ ืขืœ . ืืš ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืœื“ืžื•

ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื• ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช (ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ .ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืœื•ื›ื”) ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช

, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ื• ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื›ืœ , ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืงื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืงืจืื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื

ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืœืืœ ื”ื•ื , 301' ืขืž, 3ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ 36

. ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ ืžืงื‘ื™ืขืชื• ื–ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ืžื™ื“. ืคื—ื•ืชืžืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœ, ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื—ืจ . 40-54' ืขืž, ื–"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก, ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื, ืงื ื•ื”ืœ' ื™ 37ื›ื™ืฆื“ , ื”ื•ืจื˜ืื“ื•' ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืจืื” ืœ 38

.25' ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื“ ืขืž, 11-45' ืขืž, ื•"ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ืชืฉืก, ื”ืคืš ื™ืฉื•ืข ืœืืœ; ื•ืฉื ื’ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืœื•, 154-172' ืขืž, 31ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืงื•ืœื™ื ืก 39

ืื‘ื™ื‘ -ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœ, ื•ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, 17-24' ืขืž, 31ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืงื ื•ื”ืœื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื• , ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืžืจืื ื™ืช, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•. 84-97' ืขืž, ืก"ืชืฉ

, ืืฉืœ' ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ ื•ื—' ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืชื• ืจืื” ืž. ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื•', ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช, 'ื›ืฉืจ' ืจ; 133-138' ืขืž, )ื"ืชืฉืก(ืชืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืข ,?'ื”ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืงื•ืžืจืืŸ'

. 92-94' ืขืž, )ื—"ืชืฉืก( 8ืงืชืจืกื™ืก ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื” ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื• (ื‘ืคืจืงื™ ื“ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืžื’ ื ืฉื ืชื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• .ื"ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ ืข 40

ื ื“ืžื• ืœืื“ื "ืืœื " ืžืขื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”"ืืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื” , )ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืœืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื™ื›ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืžื•ืจืคื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ". ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ

.ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชืื , ื™ ื˜ื•"ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื“ืจืฉื‘; )121-123' ืขืž, ืจื‘ื™ืŸ- ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅืžื”(ื™ ืžืกื›ืชื ื“ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ "ืžื“ืจ 41

).74' ืขืž, ืžืœืžื“-ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ(ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืœืกื™ื‘ืช ืžืคืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืจืื” ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ 42

.17-26' ืขืž, 7

ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃืž โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

12

ืขื ื–ืืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ื–ื• ื ืขืฉื™ืช 43.ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื ืกื‘ื” ื”ื“ืจืฉื” . ืฉืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื•

:'ื“ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'ืžื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื

ืื™ื ื• ืžื ื•ื— ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืš, ืกื™ื•ืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื• ืžื”, ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•' ืขืž ,ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืœื‘ืง[ืจ ืฆื— ื™ื’ "ื‘( .ื˜ืจื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ ื•ื™ืžืฆื ืืœื, ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืฆืจื™ืš

1263[(

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืžืฉืš ? ืžื”ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืืœ ืื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืš ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸื”ืžืคื ื” ืืช , ])15, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•[ืจื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืง(' ื•ื™ืžืฆื ืœื—ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื˜ืจื™ื”'

ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ , ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื—ืื›ืš ื ื•ืชืจ ืคืชื— ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืืจืฆื™ ืฉืœ . ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœืœื™

44.ื–ื”ื• ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™, ื•ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืืœืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืจ ืจืฆื•ืคื” ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ึทืœื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ "ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ืคืจืฉื” ื‘ื‘

ืื ื›ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ืจืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ . ื“ืŸ ื•ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” .ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื•, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

:ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ"ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘

ื‘ื‘ืœื™ (' ื›ืื—ื“ ืขืžื• ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืŸ' ืฉื ืืžืจ, ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื›ืื‘ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื“ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ )ื"ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ ืข

ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื—ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืืช , ืจ"ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืžื”ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉื‘ื‘

ืื . ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœ ืœื ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืœื ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื ืกื™ื•ืขื”ืจื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ , ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื ืกื— ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช

ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ืžื•, ื•ืื ื›ืŸ, ื’ืื•ืœืชื• โ€“ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ื”ื“ื™ืŸ โ€“ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœ . ื”ื“ืžื•ืช

ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืข , )ืžืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกื™(ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” :ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืืœื•

ืงื‘ืœื• ืชืืžืจ ื•ืืœ ืื—ื“ ืืœื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืŸ ืชื”ื™ ืืœ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื

)ื—, ืื‘ื•ืช ื“( .ืืชื” ื•ืœื ืจืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื“ืขืชื™

ืขืœ ). 31, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื’(ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืžืกืจ ืจืง ืคืกื•ืง ื™ื—ื™ื“ , ื‘ืŸ ืขื ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืœื™ื• ืืช ืฉืžื’ืจ 43

ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื , ืืžื™ืช' ื™; 220' ืขืž, ื‘"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž, ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ, ื–ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื’ืจ ืจืื” ื™ .80' ืขืž, ื˜"ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉื -ืชืœ, ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ

, ื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืื ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื 44ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช . ืžืฆืžืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸืฉื›ืืžื•ืจ ืžืฆ

ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื—ืจื™ื : ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”ื‘ืœื—ื™ 'ืฉื ืืžืจ , ื›ืš ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื—ืจื™ื', ืคื•ืจื” ื“ืจื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื™'ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ

ืื ื‘ืชื ื—ื•ืžื ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ : ืข ืœืื•ื•ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืŸ ืืชื” ืฉื•ืž. 'ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืชื™ ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ . ืจ"ืœื ื›ืš ื‘ื‘, ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื—ืžื”

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

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, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™. ื“ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™, ื•ืจืง ื”ื•ื, ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ , ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉื ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžื•ืกื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ

, ื›ืŸ ื•ืื', ื“ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžื•'ืจ ืžื•ืกื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื“ืจืฉื” ืžื‘. ืœื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืœ ืื™ื ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ืข ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื“ื™ืŸ

ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืจืื•ืช , ื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช . ื’ื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืฉื .ื•

ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•, ืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ ืืš ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืฆืข ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ"ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–. ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืฉื

: ื”"ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘

' ื” ื•ืžื’ืŸ ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™' ืฉื ืืžืจ, ื ืงืจื ื”"ื”ืงื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื• ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืจ"ื•ื )ื"ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ ืข( .'ื•ื’ื• 'ืืœื”ื™ื

ื“ืจืฉ ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ืชื ืขืจื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคืฉื˜ ื”ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืž

ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ , ืœื“ืขืชื™ 45.ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ . ื”ืืœ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•

ื—ืœืฃ ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื˜ืื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ื›ืืŸ ืž, ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘

ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ . ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืฉื :ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื•ืชื™ืจืฅ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ' ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช'ื”ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื• ืงื•ืฉื™ื”

ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื’ื™ืŸ ื”"ื”ืงื‘ ืžื”, ื”"ื”ืงื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื .ื™ืžื—ื” ืœื ืžืขืชื” ืืœื

)ืฉื( .ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืจื• ืžื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืืฃ, ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ืขื•ืœื

ื”ืฉืงืœื ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื‘ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•ืชื• ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ , ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืชืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืขื™ื“ ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ . ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ

ืฉืืฃ ', ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื'ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจืฉื” , ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื•ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ. ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ืœื ืจืง , ื›ืœืœืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื•ื  .ืœืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืืœื ื’ื ืœืกื‘ื™ืจื”

ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ' ื” ื ืงืจื"ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘'ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช , ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ืœืžื“ืจืฉื™ ืฉืžื•ืช. ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืฉื ืฉื›ืืŸ

ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืื•ืชื• ื“ืคื•ืก ื“ืจืฉื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœ. ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• :ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืžืฉื™ื—, ืืœ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื

ืฉื ืืžืจ, ื”"ื”ืงื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื• ืขืœ ืฉื ืงืจืื™ืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืจ"ื ืจื‘ื” ื•ืืžืจ

ื ื—ืžื ื™ ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืจ"ื•ื. 'ืขืฉื™ืชื™ื• ืืฃ ื™ืฆืจืชื™ื• ื‘ืจืืชื™ื• ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ื ืงืจื ื›ืœ'. ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืŸ ื•ืืœื•, ื”"ื”ืงื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื• ืขืœ ื ืงืจืื•' ื’ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืจ"ื

, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. 'ืฆื“ืงื ื•' ื” ื™ืงืจืื• ืืฉืจ ืฉืžื• ื•ื–ื”' ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘, ืžืฉื™ื—. ืืžืจืŸื“ ื”ื, ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื

.70' ืขืž 43ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื–ืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ; 26' ืขืž, 8ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืืžื™ื ื•ืฃ 45

ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃืž โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

14

ืืœื ืžื”ึถืฉึท ืชืงืจื™ ืืœ 'ืฉืžื”' ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืฉื ืืœืฃ ืขืฉืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘' ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ )ื‘"ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืขื” ืข( ืžื”ืฉึฐ

ื•ื–ื” ืฉืžื• ืืฉืจ ') 6, ื›ื’(ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื” ืขืœ 'ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื‘ืœื ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ืช , ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืชืคืกื•ืง ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื“ืจืฉ. 'ืฆื“ืงื ื•' ื™ืงืจืื• ื”

ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ (ืจ ื "ื‘ืื™ื›, ืœืžืฉืœ. ื’ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื', ื” ื ืงืจื"ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ 46):88' ืขืž

ื™ืงืจืื• ืืฉืจ ืฉืžื• ื•ื–ื”', ืฉืžื•' ื” ืืžืจ ื›ื”ื ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื' ืจ, ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืžืœืš ืฉืœ ืฉืžื• ืžื” ื›ืฉื ืžืœื›ื” ื•ืฉื, ืžืœื›ื” ื›ืฉื ื“ืฉืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ืชื ื˜ื‘ื ืœื•ื™ ืจ"ื“ื .'ืฆื“ืงื ื•' ื”

', ืฉืžื”' ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืฉื' ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘, ืžืœื›ื” ื›ืฉื ื“ืฉืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ืชื ืื˜ื‘ .ืืœื”ื™ื” . 'ืฆื“ืงื ื•' ื” ื™ืงืจืื• ืืฉืจ ืฉืžื• ื•ื–ื”' ืฉื ืืžืจ, ืืœื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื ืžืœื›ื” ื•ืฉื

ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ืืฃ ืืฆืœ "ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘, ืื ื›ืŸืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื , ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื— ื–ื”' ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื'ืืžื ื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื . ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ , ื“ื™ืง ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื“ืจืฉื” ื›ื–ืืชืฆืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช . ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ

ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืฉื ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉืงืฃ 47.ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœ ืœืžืฉื™ื— 48.ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืขืžื“ื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืชืืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•

ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ .ื–

ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื , ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• 49.ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืื“ืจืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื• ื›ืขื ืง

ื•ืงืจื™ืืช ืฉื , ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื˜) 173' ืขืž, ื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ื‘ืจื“ืžื”(ื‘ , ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ื ื›ื 46

. ืจ"ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืื™ื›, ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™' ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืฉื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ) ื‘"ื™ ืข(ืืžื ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” 47

, ื“ืจืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจืืฆืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืž, ืจืืฉื™ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ, ืœื“ืขืชื™. ื”"ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ืืฆืœ , ืฉื ื™ืช. ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช, ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•-ื•-ื”- ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™

. ื‘ืœื ืชืœื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ื“' ื•ืื™ืœื• ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœืฉื ื”, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืจืง ืœืื•ืชื™ืœ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืจืžื– ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืข

. ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืืœื• ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืžื•ืช , ื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžื“ืจืฉื™ ืฉื 48

ื”ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช , ")ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ-ืฉืžืฉ"ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ืื” (ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื : ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ืขื”, 'ื ืื”' ื•ืฉ ื”ืœื‘ืจื˜ืœ' ืจืื” ืž. ืœืžืŸ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ื–ืžื ื ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืจืื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื โ€“ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ื ื” , )ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื(ืืœื‘ื•ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ' ื™: ื‘ืชื•ืš', ืกื˜ื™ืจื” ืคืจืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื' ืขืž, ื–"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก, ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื•ื˜ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ื•ื ื” ืคืจื ืงืœ

, 3ืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” ืœ, ืงื“ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืจืื” ืงืœื•ื–ื ืจ' ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื—'ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ . 188-197ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืืš ืื•ืœื™ ืžืคืœื™ื’ื” ืžืขื˜ ื”ืขืจืชื• . 615-616' ืขืž, 3ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืื•ืจื‘ืš; 297-299' ืขืž

ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— , 267 'ืขืž, 3ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืฉืœ ืœื ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ .ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช

ืกืขืจื•ืชื™ื• ืžืงื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืœื• ื”ื•ืœืš ื›ืžืŸ ืฆืจืขื” '; 'ืคืกื™ืขื” ืื—ืช ื›ืžืŸ ืฆืจืขื” ื•ืขื“ ืืฉืชืืœ' 49ืจ ื— ื‘ "ื•ื™ืง, ]ื‘"ื™ื– ืข[ื— "ื ื”"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ืค(' ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื™ื ื•ืžืงื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”'; 'ื•ืขื“ ืืฉืชืืœ

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

15

ืืœื ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ) ืื• ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืคืจืฆืช(ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื›ื•ื— ืคื™ื–ื™ . ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืชืžื™

ื‘ื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื”ื ื—ืชืžืช ื‘ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืื ื• :ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื•ื™ ืจื‘ื™, ื•ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืœื•ื™' ืจ .'ื‘ืœื—ื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ ืืช ืืœื”ื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืงืข' ืžื™ื“

ืจื‘ื™ื• ื›ื”ื ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื ืจื‘ื™, ืฉืžื• ืžื›ืชืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืžืจื™ ืจื‘ื ืŸ, ืœื—ื™ ืฉืžื• ื”ื”ื•ื, ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืื™, ืฉื ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”"ื”ืงื‘ ืœื• ืฉื‘ืจื ืžืœืžื“ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืจื›ื™ื”

ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช [ืจ ืฆื˜ ื™ื’ "ื‘( .ืฉื ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ 'ื”ื‘ืฉืŸ ืžืŸ ื™ื–ื ืง' ืฉืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืจื›ืชื• )]1265' ืขืž ,ืืœื‘ืง

ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื“ืจืš ) 19, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื˜ื•(' ื”ืžื›ืชืฉ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืœื—ื™'ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช , ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง

ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื‘ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื” , ื‘ื‘ืงื™ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ . ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื‘. ืœ"ื‘ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื–, ืœืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื™, ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื ืœื ืžืฆื•ื™ 50:ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ

ื ื - ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื’ ื•ื™ืขืžื“ ื™ืฉื•ืข ื•ื™ืงืจื ืœืืžืจ ืื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื™ืฆืžื ื™ื‘ื

, ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื–( .ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื˜ื ื• ื™ื ื”ืจื• ื ื”ืจื™ ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื :ืืœื™ ื•ื™ืฉืชื”38-37(

ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ , ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื™ื

ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ , ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื. ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื•ืฉืžืฉ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ 51.ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืงื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™

ืจ "ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืœื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื‘ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืข ืฉื’ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื โ€“ืขื“ ื›ื” ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ , ื”ื ื—ืชืžืช ื‘ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ

. ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื

ื‘ื‘ืœื™ (' ืฉื ื™ ื”ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื•ืขืงืจืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื—ื ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”; '])ืงืกื˜-ืงืกื—' ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืžืจื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืž[

ืฉื‘ืจื›ื• 'ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ) ื"ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ ืข(' ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ืืžื” ื”ื™ื”; ')ื‘"ืกื•ื˜ื” ื˜ ืขืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืฆืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืฉืืคื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ). ืฉื(' ื‘ืืžืชื•

ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช . ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื’ืชื• ื›ื ื›ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื“ื’ื›ืขื“ื•ืช ) ื‘"ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ ืข(ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ' ืฉืคื™ืคื•ืŸ'ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืœืชื• ืœ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸ

ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื’ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ' ื•ื™ืœืš ืฉืคื™'ืฉื ืืžืจ , ืจ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื ื—ื™ื’ืจ ื‘ืจื’ืœื• ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื”"ื•ื': ืœื ื›ื•ืชื• . '"ืฉืคื™ืคึนืŸ ืขืœื™ ืึนืจื—"ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ

ื ื•ืกื—ื• ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžื• ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ , ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื”. ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื ื“ืœื™ื˜ืฉ 50 .180-186' ืขืž, 48ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืจืื” ืžืืžืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื‘ืจื˜ืœ ื•ื ืื”

ืจืื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื . ื•ืœื”ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืฉืžื•ืจ ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื 51ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช : ืœ"ื—ื’ ื”ืกื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื—ื–, ื ื’ืŸ' ืืฆืœ ื™

, 48ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื”ืœื‘ืจื˜ืœ ื•ื ืื”; 128-142' ืขืž, ื“"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช .182-184' ืขืž

ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃืž โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

16

ืื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช . ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื’ื ืœืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ึธืขืฆืžืชื•, ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช

ื’ื ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืืœ ื™ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ , ื›ื•ื—ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ ื”ืขื•ืงืจ ื”ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื•ืœ ืื“ื™ืจื™ื ื ืฉืžืข , ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจืงืข ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืขื ืง

52.ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขืจื•ืชื™ื•ื’ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื–ื›ื” , ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื ืกืคื—

ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื–ื” ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืคืกื•ืงื™ ื‘ืจื›ืช , ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื–ื”. ืœื”ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื“ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ .ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื•ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ, ืœื“ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘

ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืœื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸืžื”ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ : ื›ืขืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืืžืจ

ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืกื™ืงื• ืืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ? ื›ืžืฉื™ื—ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื™ื ืœืคื™ื›ืš. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื ืœืžืงืจืืืžื ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ . ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ โ€“ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—

ืœื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ "ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื—ื–ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืข ืฉื”ื”ืฆื’ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช . ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื , ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื 53.ืช ืžื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืชืจืง ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืื— .ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ื”ืžืงื™ืคื™ื " ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื"ืœ ืžืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ "ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืืงืœืงื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื . ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ืกืงืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื”

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ , ืœื™ืช"ืžืงืจืื™ืช ืื• ื—ื– โ€“ืฉื™ื—ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื”ืžื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื•ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™

ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช . ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืฉื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืœ ืืš ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื™ื— ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ืืœื• ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช : ืื•ืชื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืœื™ "ืœ ื•ืืœื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื–"ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื— , ื›ืคื™ ืฉึทืืจืื” ืžื™ื“. ื”ืฉื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ 54.ืœ"ื ื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™

.49ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 52ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ) 3' ืขืž, ืœืขื™ืœ(ืฉื›ืืžื•ืจ , ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื- ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืจืฅ 53

.ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื’ื•ืืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื•ื–ืžื ื™ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง "ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื—ื– 54

: ืžื—ืœืคื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ(ืคื™ืฉืœื•ื‘ ' ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื“, ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืชื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ 42' ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืž, 29-83' ืขืž, ืก"ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื—ื™ืคื” ืชืฉ-ืชืœ, ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจืื™

ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื” ). ื•ืื™ืœืš: ืœื ืฆื— ืื ื’ื ืš, ืฉืงื“' ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืจืื” ืžืœื ื™ืžื•ืง ืื—ืจ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืž. ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜

.257-258' ืขืž, ื”"ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉืก-ืชืœ, ืขื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ื”ืžืงืจื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

17

ื›ื•ื—- ื’ืื•ืœื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืจื‘ .ื—ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืคื—ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” - ืจื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืžืื– ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ, ื›ืืžื•ืจ

ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ , ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื 55.ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืœื•ืช' ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื’ืื•ืœื”'ืŸ ื›ื’ื•, ืœ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื"ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ืืฆืœ ื—ื–

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื” , ืื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืชืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ืžื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื . ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื

ื›ื›ืœ . ื›ื•ื—- ื’ืื•ืœื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ื”ื’ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืจื‘ืœ "ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–, ืฉื™ื“ื™ืขืชื™ ืžื’ืขืช

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ืฆื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš . ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืจื“ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืœื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืงืฉื” ืืฃ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื” , ืงืฉื” ืœืชืืจืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื

ืืœ ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืืš ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžื•ืจืื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจ, ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื• .ื’ืื•ืœื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื›ื–ืืช

ืื ืื ื• ืจืฉืื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจ : ื”ืจื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ื•ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื

ืœื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ . ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืขืžื“ืช ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื–ืจืœื ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ื”ื‘ืฉืœืชื , ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ

ืœื›ืŸ ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืชืงื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช . ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื .ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ ื™ืฆืžื—ื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื“ื•ืžื”

ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช 56,ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ืžื’ื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ) ื: ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช

ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื• , ืฉื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื›ื–ืืช ืชืฉืชืžืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ) ื‘; ื•ื’ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื•, ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช

ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช 57.ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื•

, ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืœื“' ื; 1ืจื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืข, ืฉืœื•ื; 607-620' ืขืž, 3ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืื•ืจื‘ืš; 4ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 55

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ , )ืขื•ืจืš(ืจืื ' ืฉ', ืœื“ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื›ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช โ€“ืžื–ืจื™ื—ื” ืœืฉืงื™ืขื” 'ืื‘ื™ื‘ -ืชืœ, ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ืื– ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ืŸ' ื™; 25-36' ืขืž, ื‘"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž, ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ

. 19-92' ืขืž, ืก"ืชืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ , ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื. ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื ืœื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืขืžื“ื” 56

ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช , ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืฆื ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืกืคืง, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืืฃ ื ื˜ืœื• , ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืžื’ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืŸ. ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™

ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ืœืœืช ืชื•ืืจื” ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ). ื‘"ื™ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื’ ืขื‘ื‘ืœ(ืœืขืฆืžื ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื’ืชื• ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ โ€“ืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช , 'ืืคืจื•ืŸ' ื•ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื™

, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื-ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ, )ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื(ืจืคืคื•ืจื˜ ' ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื•ื' ื: ื‘ืชื•ืš', ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืชืžื›ืœ . 13-51 'ืขืž, 4 ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื”, ื•ืจืื” ืขื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ืžืจืงืก. 47-105' ืขืž, ื“"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืž

ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืคืกืœ ื‘ืจ , 163' ืขืž, 25ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืžืงื•ื .ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื” ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืขืžื“ื” ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืคืกื•ืœ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜

ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ , ื‘ืขืœ ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”' ื›ืš ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจ, ืœืœืžืฉ 57ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืกืชื›ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉื•ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” '): 317' ืขืž, ื"ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ืชืจืก ,ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ(ื™ื— , ืžื˜

ื™ืฉื•ืขื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืขืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืฉื—ื™ืœืœ ืืช ื ื–ืจื• ืงื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉืชืงื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื™ืข ื”ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื™ืขื ' ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืืœื ืœื™ืฉืขืชืš ื”ืืžืจ ืœื ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืชื• ืฉืœ

.'ืžื™ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื ื‘ื˜ื—

ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃืž โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

18

ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ืก , ืื ืื›ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื’ืื•ืœื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ , ืœื›ืื•ืจื”. ืœ ืœื›ื•ื— ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ืœืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜"ื—ื–

ื•ืœืคื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื’ืžื” , ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืขื ื” ืืฉืจ ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจืื•ืœื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื’ืžื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช 58,ืžืŸ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื•ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’

ืฉืืœืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ . ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ืื•ืœื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” , ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”

. ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ

'ืจื›ื”'ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช .ื˜ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื , ืœืึดืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœืœืœื ืกืคืง ืฉืžืฉ

ื”ืจื•ืื™ื . ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื•ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ , ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”. ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ืื™ื ื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืคืจื˜ ื–ื”

ืืฃ 'ืืžืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืœืคื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ, ืจ"ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ .''ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš ืงื•ื™ืชื™ ื”'ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ' ื–ื” ืžืช

ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืœ "ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ืืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–. 'ืจื›ื”'ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื›ื ื•ืชื”

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” 59.ื•ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื’ืื•ืœืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ) ืื• ืงื™ื‘ืœ(ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ืœ , ื›ืืŸืืžื ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœืœ ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืืช . ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืœื’ืื•ืœื”, ื’ืžืจ

ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืขืœ , ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืชืืคืฉืจืช ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืœืขืฆื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืชืคื™ืกื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืจื›ื” ืž. ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”

.31- 30' ืขืž, ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉื, 4ื”ืขืจื” , ืžืจืงืก ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ 58ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืจืื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืœื“ื•ื’ืž. ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืขืžื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช' ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื'ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืจื•ึตื•ื— , ืœื“ืขืชื™ 59

ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ). ืžื”' ืขืž, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ(ืจ ื "ื•ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืื™ื›) ื"ื” ืข(ื“ "ื‘ ื”"ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืคืœื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ( 127-130' ืขืž, 39ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื›ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืขืžื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืจืื” ืงื ื•ื”ืœ

' ื”; 165-172' ืขืž, ื•"ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืชืฉื -ืชืœ, ืจืงืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ืจื•ืงื-ื—ื–ืŸ' ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืจืื” ื’ืžื•ืจ ' ืž: ื‘ืชื•ืš', ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช โ€“ืœื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ , 'ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ

ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจื™ืืœ : ืœืื•ืจื™ืืœ, ]ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื[ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ื” -ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ). 85-110' ืขืž, ื•"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก, ืจืคืคื•ืจื˜

' ืขืž, 3ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืจืื” ืื•ืจื‘ืš(ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื , ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื–ื›ืชื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช). 615-616

' ืจืื” ื™). ื“-ื’, ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื™ืื”ืœื›ื•ืช (ื "ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื ืงื˜ื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจืžื‘, ื"ื’ืŸ ืชืฉืก-ืจืžืช, 2ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื• ื”ื”ืœื›ืชื™ืช: ื"ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืจืžื‘, ื‘ืœื™ื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ

, )ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื(ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ "ืžืื•ืจ ื•ืฉ' ื–, ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื โ€“ืฉ "ื ื”ืœืš ื‘ืจื’, ื’ ืจื•ื–ื ื‘ืจื’"ืฉ; 274-275' ืขืž .89-92' ืขืž, ื—"ืืคืจืชื” ืชืฉืก

ืื ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืื™ื ื• ืื“ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืืœื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ . ืฉื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื’ื ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื“ืžื•ืชื• ) 171-172' ืขืž, 1ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” (ื”ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื•ืืžื™ื ืืช ื˜ืขื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื , ืฉืฆืœื—

ื”ืจื™ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืื• ื”ื“ืžื•ืช , ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื™ื ืืžื•ืจืคื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ 37' ืขืž, 31ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงื ื•ื”ืœ, ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื”ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช

).134-135' ืขืž, 39ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” (

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

19

ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” . ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ 60.ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ' ืจื›ื”'ื”

ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœื™ื—ืกื ืœื‘ืจ ื•ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ 61,ื™ ืฉืงืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื›ืžืฉื™ื—: ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื

. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืืš ืœื ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ืžืจื”

ืžืฉื™ื— ื—ื•ื˜ื .ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ , ืœื™ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœื—ื˜ืื•"ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ื—ื–

ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื™ , ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ื˜ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ , ืœื˜ืขืžื™ 62.ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ื”ืื’ื“ื”ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืขื“

ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืŸ , ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ, ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ. ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ื

ืจ "ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื’ื ื”ื™ื—. ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื’ื ึผื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸ ื•ื ื“ื•ื ื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—

,ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืœื‘ืง[ืจ ืฆื˜ ื™ื’ "ื‘(' ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื'ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉื›ืžื• ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“ ืืช , ืœื“ืขืชื™]). 1264' ืขืž

63.ื™ื›ื•ืชื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืชื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืื™ื ื• ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื

ืืจื•ืš ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืชื™ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืช โ€“ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืœื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืœืขื™ืœ ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื–

ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช . ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืืœ ื•ืœืฉืžื•, ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ โ€“ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉื›ืฉืœ ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืš ื ื•ืฉืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”

, ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืขืฆื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื”ืžึปืงื•ื•ื”. ื”ืื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืžืฆื•ืคื” .ืฉืœ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื•ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืชืœืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•

ืžืืง ืงืฉืจ ? ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจืš ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ 64.ื•ื›ื‘ืืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ืœืืžื•ืจืื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›

) 4ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” (ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ืช ืงืจื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ 60

' ื•ื, 58ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืจืื” ืžืจืงืก. ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื) ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืื• ื”ืžืœืื”(ื›ืœืœื• ื’ื ืืช ืฉืœื™ืœืชื• ื“ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื• :ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ืœืžื™ืชืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, 'ืฉื ืืŸ

ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื : ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื ืคืฉ, )ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื(ืจื‘ื™ืฆืงื™ ' ื’ืคื ื™ ื•ื' ื™', ืžืฉื” ื•ื”ืžืฆืจื™ .55-68' ืขืž, ื’"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉื , ืœื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืืžื™ืจ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœื™

ื”ื ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ืืช ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ืขืžื“ ' ื—ื›ืžื™ื'ื‘ ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ "ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื’ ืข 61. 156-157' ืขืž, 25ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื•ืจืื” ืื•ืคื ื”ื™ื™ืžืจ. ืœ ืคื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื—ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ืชื ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืข

ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื›ืžืฉื™ื— -ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื‘ืจ, '163' ืขืž, ืื•ืœื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืืžื›ืืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉ. ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืืœื ื˜ื™ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ืฉืจื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™, ืฉืงืจ

. 'ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื™ืงืจื” ืชืจื’ื•ื ืจื™ืืœื™ ืœืชืงื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช-ืจืื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฉื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื ื” , 149' ืขืž, 8ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื•ืจืื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืืง

.'ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉืงืจ'ื•ืœื ' ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉื›ืฉืœ'ืื•ืชื• .17-68' ืขืž, 7ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื˜ืื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืชืจืื” ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ื› 62, ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื”ืจ ืฉืžื ืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ืขืœ ืขืฆื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื— ื™ื—ื™ื“ 63

.ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื“ื .4ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” 64

ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃืž โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

20

ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ ืืš ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžืกืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื ืกื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื” , ืืžื ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืงื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืืง. ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ , ืขื•ื“ ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื. ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื”ืืฃ ืื ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชื’ืœืžื•ืช , ื•ืชื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืฃ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™

.ืœืชืงื•ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืชื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ , ืจืืฉื™ืช

65,ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื-ืœึธืงืฉืจืŸ ืœืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืืจืฅืฉื•ืŸ ืžื’ืœื” ืื•ืœื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืจืžื– ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืœืฉืž

- ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืืจืฅ, ืฉื ื™ืช. ืฉืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื“ืŸ ืืช '(ืฉืžืืง ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™

ื ืจืื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ) ื"ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ ืข', ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ืืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช [ืจ ืฆื– "ื‘(ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื ืืœื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืœืฆืจืฃ ืืช . ื•ืœืžืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื

ืฉื™ื˜ื” 'ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘, ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืžื“ืŸ]) 1218' ืขืž ,ืืœื‘ืงืจ ืฆื— ื™ื“ "ื‘(' ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™'ืืžื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘. ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื” ื›ืžืื•ื—ืจืช' ื—ื“ืฉื”

66ื•ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ืžืืง ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ]) 1265' ืขืž ,ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืœื‘ืง[ืื•ืœื ืกื™ื•ืžื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืชื• '', ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš ืงื•ื™ืชื™ ื”'ืœืคืกื•ืง ืžื•ืกื‘ื™ื

ืืžื ื ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ืžื ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื 67.ื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืข ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืขืžื•ืืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ) ื‘"ื™ ืขโ€“ื"ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ ืข(ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื—ื™ื’ืจ

. ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืขืงื™ืฃืื•ืœื ื”ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ื ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—, ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื“ืŸืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื™ ืžื•ืกื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช , ืื ื›ืŸ

ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ืจืื” ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” , ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื–ืžื ื• ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืชืฉืจืง ืืœื™ื”ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืžื™ืžืจื•ืช , ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื–ืžื ื ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืจืื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื -ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ื ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืืฆืœ. ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ืžื ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืื’ื“ื”, ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชื™ืืจื•ืš

68.ื•ื‘ืœื ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื’ื“ืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช

ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” , 149' ืขืž, 8ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขืœื” ืžืืง 65

ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื , ืื™ื ื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืœื™, ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ, ื’ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื™ืชื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืœืขื™ืœ, ื›ืืžื•ืจ. 23ื”ืขืจื” , ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืœ. ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืื›ืŸื ืจืื™ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื˜ืื• ืฉืœ , ื•ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื™ื, 40ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขืจื”

ืžื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ , ืืฉืจ ืœืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื. ืชื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืชืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ืื™ื›ื•ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืฉื ืืžื• ืฉืœ , ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืขื™ืœ, )ื"ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืฆื ืข(ืจื‘ ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘

ืฉื โ€“ ื’ื™ืกื ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื–ื• ืžื—ื“. ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืฉืจื• ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ื’ื ืื ื’ื™ืกื ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš , ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจื›ื—ืœืง ืžืจืฉื™ืžืช , ื ืืžืจื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™

-ื ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืœืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืจื‘ ืžืฉืงืฃ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืืจืฅ .ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช

.147' ืขืž, 8ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืžืืง 66 .ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื—ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืืชืจ 67ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื , 114-115' ืขืž, 10ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืกื™ื™ืจืŸ. 353-355' ืขืž, 10ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืฉื ืืŸ 68

ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ' ืงื•ื”'ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืืžื ื ื”ื“ืขืช ื ื•ืชื ืช . ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื”ืฆืขื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืžื“. ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืชืคื™ืœืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”

ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื•ืชื• , ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื”' ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš ืงื•ื™ืชื™'ืฉื”ืคืกื•ืง ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ืกืžืš ', ื›ื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื'ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ โ€“ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื” . ืคืกื•ืง ื ืฉื ืžืฉืงืœ ื“ื•ืžื”

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

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ืืจื•ื›ื• ืฉืœ ืžืืง ื”ื•ื ืจืื™ื™ืช ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžืจื“ ื™ืขื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ืข ืžืชืื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืจืง ืœื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ 69.ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื•ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื“

ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ , ืจ ื•ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื"ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืจื‘ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื‘ื‘, ืœื“ืŸื–ื›ืจ , ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื™. ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืžืžืคืขืœื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืืš ืœื ื”ื•ึธืงืขื”ืฆืืชื™ ื•ืฉื ืœื ืž, ืœ"ืœืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–

ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ , ืื ื›ืŸ. ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืืžืช ืขืชื™ื“ ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืชื•

. ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื”ืขื“ืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžื•ืฆืง ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืขืจ ืืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื‘ื”

ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ . ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืžื ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจืื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” . ืžื›ืืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘

ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ , ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ืคื—ืชื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ืื ืฉื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืืš ื›ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื ื ื’ื•ื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืœื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”

70.ื• ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœืคืจืงื™ืืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื

ื—ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืœื ื•ืก, 'ืืจืœื™ืš' ืจืื” ื. ื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืกื™ื™ืจืŸ

ืชืคื™ืœืช , ืœื•ื’ืจ' ื™; 36-40' ืขืž, )ื˜"ืชืฉื ( 78ืคืขืžื™ื ', ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”" ื‘ืจื›ืช ื“ื•ื“"ื•" ื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื" .180-181' ืขืž, ื"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก, ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืจื™ืช

.8ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ื”ื™ื ืขืœืชื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื™ื ื•ืฃ 69ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื’ืžื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ืžืช ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืื™ื ื™ ื“ืŸ 70

' ืขืž, 7ื”ืขืจื” , ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ื”ืืจื›ืชื™ ื‘ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™. ืœ"ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–131-136.

ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃืž โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

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ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ: ื ืกืคื—ืœื”ืœืŸ (ื ืกืคื— ื–ื” ื™ื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ

72.ื•ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ 71)ื”"ืจืžืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื "ื‘(ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื›ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื” . ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช , ื•ื‘ื”ื ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื•) ื‘ืชืจื

ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื’ื ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื , ื›ืืžื•ืจ. ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืœืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื‘ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืš ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™

.ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืชืœื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ) ื”, ื™(ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืฉืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืืจื•ื›ื”

, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืจืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื–ื•). ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื’(ืœื™ื“ืชื• ื”ืคืœืื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžืœืืš ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช . ืžื’ืœื” ืžืืžืฅ ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืœื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ื— ื•ืืฉืชื•

, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื’(' ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžืฆืจืขื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื“ื ื™'ื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ื— ืžื•ืกื‘ืช ืขืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ื›ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ โ€“ืžื ืกื” ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ' ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช'ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ). 2

ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ื” ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช , ืฆืจืขื” ื›ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืœืช ื“ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ (ื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืžื•ืฆืื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ โ€“

ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืกื• ืœื“ืŸ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืœืžื•ื ื— , ืืœื ื’ื ืžื ื•ื— ื™ื•ื—ืก ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘, )ืจ"ื•ืžื‘ :'ืžืžืฉึทึผืคึทื—ืช'

, 'ื•ืืฉื ื” ื•ืฆืจืขื” ืืฉืชืื•ืœ' ื‘ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฆืจืขื” ืœืคื™ 'ื”ื“ื ื™ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช' ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคืจืฉ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื™ื›ืš' ื•ืืฉืชืื•ืœ ืฆืจืขื” ื ื—ืœืชื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื™ื”ื™' ืœื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื•ืฆืจืขื”

.ื”ื“ื ื™ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื•ืืžื• ืžื“ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืœืžื“ 'ื”ื“ื ื™ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช' ืืœื 'ืžืฉื‘ื˜' ืื•ืžืจ ื•ืื™ื 

ืœื›ืš .ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื™ื•ื—ื“' ื•ื’ื• 'ืขืžื• ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืŸ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืžืจ ื–"ื•ืข ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื— ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื•ืืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืืจืฅ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื™ืฉื•

ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ .ื"ื” ืคืขืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื‘ื ืก ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื™"ืจืž 71

ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื• .ืข"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉ, ืžืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ, ืžืืง' ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ , ื‘"ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื•ืืจืš ืœืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ื™. ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ืชื™

' ืขืž, ]ื•"ืชืฉื [ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื™ื', ื–ืžื ื• ืžืงื•ืžื• ื•ืชืคื•ืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื”, 'ืžืืง' ื—(ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืืš ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ , ื–ืžืŸ ืขืจื™ื›ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ืชื™ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ). 91-105' ืขืž, ืฉ"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืช, ืืœื‘ืง ื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืœืžื”ื“ื•ืจืชื• ืœื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ืชื™' ื—(ื” "ืจืž1-21.(

ืืš ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคืจื˜ื” ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช , 146' ืขืž, 8ืœืขื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื” , ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืจืžื–ื” ืืฆืœ ืžืืง 72ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ . ืฉืืฆื™ื’ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื

ืืฃ . ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื โ€“ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื "ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจืžื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืจืื” ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืฆืžื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”

ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ . ื”"ืจืื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืจืž, ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃืžื“ื•ืข ื ืขืœืžื• , 'ืžืืง' ืจืื” ื—. ื”"ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืจืž

ื“ื• ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื™ืกื•", 'ืœ"ื”ื ; 149-176' ืขืž, )ื—"ืชืฉืก( 32ืืœืคื™ื™ื ', ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ', ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื• ืžืชื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ"ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืฉ: "ื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸืฉืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืž

' ืขืž, ื˜"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉืก, ื‘, ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื™"ืจืฉ ,)ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื(ื™ืคืช ' ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ ื•ืฉ' ื: ื‘ืชื•ืš339-344.

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

23

ืืžืจื• ืฉื›ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื•ืืฉืชื• ืื—ื•ืชื ื•ืฉื'' ืฉื ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืฆืœืœืคื•ื ื™ ื“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืืžื™ื”

.'ื”ืฆืœืœืคื•ื ื™

ื•ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ' ื“ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'ืจ ืขืœ "ื‘ โ€“ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ . ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจืš ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจ โ€“' ื”ืฆืœืœืคื•ื ื™'ื‘ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ืขืœ

ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื , ืขื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืŸื”ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืจืš ืื™ื ื• , ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ื—, ืงืฉื™ืจืช ืžื ื•ื— ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” โ€“ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืžื”ืœืš ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ

ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ . 'ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื“ื ื™'ืœืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™

. ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืง ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื”, ื‘ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื“ืจืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸื”ื“ืจืฉื” ืขื ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜

.ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืชื•ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืงื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœืืžื•ืจื

ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื ืžื ืข ืฉื’ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื , ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืžื•ืจ. ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ- ืืจืฅ 73.ื”"ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ืจืž

ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื‘ื™ื•, ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ื–ื” ื—ื ื™ื ื' ื‘ืจ ื—ืžื ื‘ื™ืจ ืจืืž

โ€“ืจ ืฆื– "ื‘( .'ืืจื™ื” ื’ื•ืจ ื“ืŸ', 'ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืจื™ื” ื’ื•ืจ' ืืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื‘ื›ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืžื“ืŸ ื•ืืžื• )]1218' ืขืž ,ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืœื‘ืง[ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”

ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ , ื›ื–ื›ื•ืจ. ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ

ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ , ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื“ืŸ ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืชืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชื™ืื•ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ . ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื

ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืฉืืจ ืืžื ื . ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืจืื™ื™ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข , ืื•ืœื ืื ืœื ื›ืŸ, ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื™ื“ืžื• ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

74.ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืฆืื• ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ืฆืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— , ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฉื” ืœื“ืŸ โ€“ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ

:ืžืฆื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ืชื™ โ€“

ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืืจื™ื” ื’ื•ืจ ื•ื“ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืงืจื ืฉืœื›ืš, ืžื“ืŸ ื•ืืžื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ืž ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืžื• ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืŸ' ืฉื ืืžืจ ืžื“ืŸ ื™ืฆื ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืžืจ ื•ื›ืŸ. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื

ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืœื ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื”, ืื—ื“ ืฉื ืงืจื ื”"ื›ื”ืงื‘ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื–ื”', ื›ืื—ื“ ื"ื“. 'ื•ื’ื• 'ืื–ื ื™ื• ืœืžืฉืžืข ื•ืœื'' ื•ื’ื• 'ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืœืžืจืื” ื•ืœื' ืฉื ืืžืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ื›ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื™ืขื”

ืฉื”ื™ื• ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื“ื•ื“ ืžื”, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ 'ื›ืื—ื“ ืขืžื• ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ืŸ' ืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื' ืฉื ืืžืจ, ืžื“ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืŸ, ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื“ื ื• ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ื˜ื– , ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ืชื™ ืžื˜( .'ื“ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื•ืข ื ื›ืจ ื•ืœื' ื”ื•ื™ 'ืฉื ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช )]244' ืขืž ,ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืœื‘ืง[

.ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” 35ื”ืขืจื” 73) 9, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜(ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” โ€“ืง ื‘ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ืจ 74

.ื›ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื“ืจืฉื” ื›ื–ื• โ€“) 22, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’(ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ืžืฉื” ืœื“ืŸ

ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃืž โ€“ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžืฉื™ื—

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

24

ืžื•ืฆืื• ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ โ€“' ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”'ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืžื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช . ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—

ื’ื•ืจ 'ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืืœื™ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื• ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ืงืจืื• , ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื . 'ืืจื™ื”

.ืฉืฉื ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืœืžื”, ื›ืขืช ื ืคื ื” ืœืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืฉื”ืืš ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืกืงืช ', ื“ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืžื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง

ืืœื ) ืจ"ื›ื‘(ื‘ืžื•ืฆื ื•ืืฃ ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืชืคืงืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื“ืŸ ื ื•ืงื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื”

ื”ื ืกื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืกื•ืง , ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžื ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ', ื•ืœื ื ื›ืจ ืฉื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื“ืœ' โ€“) 19, ืœื“(ืžืื™ื•ื‘

ื›ืคื™ , ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื”. ืื•ืœื ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื’ื ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืžื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืžืกืชื‘ืจ , ืื ื›ืŸ. ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืžืฉ' ื“ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ'ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืง , ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื™ื“

ื”ืœื•ื ื”ื•ื , ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื–(ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืœืžื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื•ืœื ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื—ืจ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื”ื•ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ) ืื™ื‘ืฆืŸ 75.ื”ื–ืืช

ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ' ื“ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ'ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ืจืฉืช ) ื"ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ ืข(ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉ. ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ

ืจ "ื•ื›ื™ ื‘ื‘', ื“ืŸ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื'ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืฉืฉืชื™ . ืื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืกื™ื•ืข, ื›ืžื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื ื“ืจืฉ ืคืกื•ืง ืขืœ ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ) ืฆื— ื™ื’(

ื ืจืื” . 'ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื ืื—ื“'ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื ื” ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ืชื™ ืื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื“ืจืฉื”

ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื“ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช . ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื ืกื™ื•ืข, ื” ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื—"ื”ืงื‘ื•ื”ืจื™ื—ื• ') 3, ื™ื(ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ืžื™ืฉืขื™ื” ) ื‘"ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืฆื’ ืข(ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™

ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ ', ืŸื“ืŸ ื™ื“ื™'ืื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื“ืจืฉืช . ''ื‘ื™ืจืืช ื”ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ , ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ. ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื–ื”

ื•ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ื 76,ืฉืœ ื”ื ื–ื™ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืงื ื™ ืžืจื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื’ื ื‘, ืœืคืกื•ืง 77.ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•"ื ื˜ืœื• ืžื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจืž

, ื”ื•ื‘ืื” ืœืขื™ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืฉื•ื›ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• , ืœ"ืฉืื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืžืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื’ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–

.ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ื’ื ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ "ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืจืž

:''ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš ืงื•ื™ืชื™ ื”'ืžืฉื™ื— ืžื•ืกื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง

ื›ืื•ืช ' ื›ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'ื”ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ืจืฆื•ืคื” ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืžืคืจืฉืช 75

ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื ื—ื• ื›'ื•ืœื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื• ืžืœื›ื™ื• , ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื . 'ืฉื›ืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืžืขื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ... ืžืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื ื›ืื—ื“

ืฉืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ) ืขืœ ืืชืจ(ืžื ื’ื“ ื ืจืื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืขืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ืง . ื“ืจืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ .ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืคื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืœ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืื•ื ืงืœื•ืก

76 R. Martin, Pugio Fidei Adversus Mauros et Judaeos, Lipsia 1687 (reprint 1967), p. 346.

ืืš ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื˜ืœ ืžืกืคืจื• ', ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื'ืžืจื˜ื™ื ื™ ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœ 77 ).60- 58' ืœ ืขืž"ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืชืฉ, 2ืฉืงื™ืขื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ' ืฉ; ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืืœื‘ืง ืขืœ ืืชืจ(ื” "ืฉืœ ืจืž

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืœ

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/11-2012/Fogel.pdf

25

ื•ืจืื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื•ื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื• ืœืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืจืื” ืžืงื•ื” ืื ื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืชื• ืœื ื•ืืžืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉืขื” ืœืคื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช ืฉื™ืฉื•ืขืชื•

, ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ืชื•ืฉื™ืข ืฉืืชื” ืฉืืžืจืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš ืืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืชืฉื•ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ืื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ( .ืžืงื•ื” ืื ื™ ืชืฉื•ืขื” ืœืื•ืชื” 'ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ืชืฉื•ืขืช' ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฉืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ' ื“"ื”ื”

)]245' ืขืž, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืœื‘ืง[ืจื‘ืชื™ ืžื˜ ื™ื–

ื—ืžืฉื” ื ื‘ืจืื• ' โ€“ื "ื›ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ ืข(ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืฉื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืืœ ืจื•ืื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ . ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ื• ื›ืžืฉื™ื—ื•ื”) 'ืžืขื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”

ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืžื•ื‘ืœืข ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ , ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื™ืข ื–ืžื ื™ ื”ืžืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื’ืื•ืœืช ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”. ื”ืžืฉื™ื—

ื›ื›ืœืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ื›ืืŸ . ืจ"ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ื‘, ื”ืืœ ืขืฆืžื•ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื’ : ืขืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื•ื”ื“ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื

ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื• ืืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ' ืคื•ืกืงืช ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”'ื•ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื• ืจืง , ื›ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ .ื—ืœืงื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื›ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• ืฉืœ , ืื ื›ืŸืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ

ืžื”ืื•ืคืŸ ). ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื•(ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืœืžื• ืœื™ื™ื—ืกื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ื ื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ

ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช . ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸื”ืื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื–ื• ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ . ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ

ืื• ืฉืžื ืื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืืœื ืžืงืจื” , ืฉื‘ื• ื ืชืคืก ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื•) ืื• ืื—ื“ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื(ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ? ืœ"ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืžืขืฆื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจ

ืฉืืœื•ืช ? ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ .ืืœื• ื ื•ืชืจื• ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“