ROUTES OF ENGINEERING FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A SOVEREIGN NATION

Fernando Alcoforado *

Sovereignty is a higher authority that can not be limitedby any other power . The exact understanding of the conceptof sovereignty is necessary for understanding the statephenomenon, since there is no perfect state withoutsovereignty. Sovereignty is one, whole and universal. Cannot be restricted to any kind unless, of course, thosearising from the imperatives of peaceful coexistence interms of sovereign nations under international law.

According to this concept can be said that Brazil is not asovereign country because it is limited in its action byother global powers both domestically and in the outsideresulting from the action of the big capitalist powers andmultinational or transnational companies. Technological,economic and financial dependency of Brazil in relation tothe outside is a limiting factor in exercise of itssovereignty. The dependence undermines the sovereignty.Before pointing out the routes of Engineering for thedevelopment of a sovereign nation in Brazil, it isnecessary to outline what it would take to do thatsovereignty is exercised in fact in the Country.

Sovereignty shall be exercised only with effectiveness bycertain nation if it holds abundant natural resources,having an educated and highly skilled population, haveeconomic infrastructure (energy, transport andcommunications) and social (education, health, sanitationand housing) compatible with the needs of the nation,possessing ample resources of knowledge (universities andinstitutions of science, technology and innovation) and hasa highly developed and owned predominantly nationaleconomic structure (agriculture, industry and services). Itcan be stated that Brazil holds abundant natural resourcesand has a well developed agricultural structure.

However, Brazil has weaknesses regarding the education andskills of its population, has problems and bottlenecks inthe energy, transport and communications sectors, is quite

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deficient in its infrastructure of education, health,sanitation and housing, it does not hold broad knowledgeresources in quantity and quality that prevent thedevelopment of science, technology and innovation, and isfaced with a severe process of deindustrialization anddenationalization of Brazilian industry. The BrazilianEngineering can provide important contributions in solvingproblems and bottlenecks in the energy, transport andcommunications, overcoming the deficiencies in sanitationinfrastructure and housing in Brazil and in the developmentof science, technology and innovation sectors.

About deindustrialization and denationalization ofBrazilian industry, it should be noted that both problemshave worsened from the opening of the Brazilian economy inthe 1990s when it entered the neoliberal model in Brazil.Since 1990, the Brazilian industry lost competitiveness dueto barriers represented by “Brazil Cost” (high publicdeficit of R$ 2 trillion, high real interest rates,elevated spread banking, the highest tax burden of 35 % ofGDP, higher costs labor, high costs of the pension system,complex and inefficient tax laws, high cost of electricity,poor infrastructure and lack of skilled labor)..De-industrialization of Brazil is a process that is ongoingand likely to deepen if nothing is done to reverse it.Industry participation in the Brazilian GDP (Gross DomesticProduct) fell in 2011 to the levels of 1956, when PresidentJuscelino Kubitschek gave impetus to the industrializationof the Country by launching his Target Plan, which promisedto make the Brazil forward "50 years in 5" (Figure 1). In1956 during the JK government, industry accounted for 13.8% of GDP [See the article by Reinaldo Azevedo, under thetitle O PT da desindustrialização - Participação da indústria no PIB recuaaos anos 50 (The PT of deindustrialization - Participation ofindustry in GDP eases to 50), available at the website<http://veja.abril.com.br/blog/reinaldo/geral/o-pt-da-desindustrializacao-participacao-da-industria-no-pib-recua-aos-anos-50/>). The weakening of the Brazilian industry wasdecisive for half of foreign direct investment in Brazilwas aimed at the acquisition of many of them resulting indenationalization. Both problems greatly undermine theBrazilian Engineering because they contribute to the fall

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in demand for engineers and service consultancy andconstruction industry.

Figure 1 - BRAZILIAN INDUSTRY PARTICIPATION IN FORMATION OFGDP 

The denationalization of the Brazilian economy is stillevident when one notes that of the 50 largest Braziliancompanies, 26 are foreign, according to the Census ofForeign Capital in Brazil. More than half of Brazil'sleading-edge sectors (automotive, aerospace, electronics,information technology, pharmaceutical, telecommunications,agribusiness and mining) companies are in the hands offoreign capital. Foreign capital is present in 17,605Brazilian companies that account for 63 % of Gross DomesticProduct (GDP), and has control of 36 % of the bankingsector and has 25 % of Bradesco Bank shares and 20 % of theshares of the Bank of Brazil.

Even Petrobras, due to the 9478 Law 1997 that broke thestate oil monopoly, now has 52 % of its capital underprivate control, and 35 % of this capital is foreign. Notto mention that the National Petroleum Agency (ANP) and theMinistry of Energy Mines follow the policy of privatizing

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our oil to international oil companies as he did recentlywith the auction field Libra of pre-salt layer. Recently,to increase the participation of foreign capital in Brazil,the federal government sent for the approval of Congress onthe 20th of last April a provisional measure (MP) thatallows an increase from the current 20 % up to 49 % offoreign capital in Brazilian airlines, besides deciding toprivatize airports and ports by the end of the year.

One indicator of the degree of dependence of Brazil againstthe international financial system is the growth inremittances of profits abroad (Figure 2) demonstrating howlarge the field of international monopolies on the nationaleconomy is. Figure 2 shows the increasing trend from 2003to 2011 the remittance of profits to abroad by foreigncompanies operating in Brazil.

Figure 2 – REMITTANCES OF PROFITS TO ABROAD - 2003-2011

 

* EstimateSource : Central Bank of Brazil

On the problems of economic and social infrastructure inBrazil, it should be noted that, under Article Brasil precisainvestir R$ 100 bi ao ano em infraestrutura (Brazil needs to invest R$100 billion per year in infrastructure), posted on thewebsite < http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/economia/pais-must - invest - 100 - r -bi - the - year -in-infrastructure >, is informed that "the country would have

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to invest additional 2.5 trillion reais in the next 25years to achieve the investment of 4 % of GDP sector,minimum necessary to achieve a reasonable level ofmodernization”. Brazil would need to invest additional R$2.5 trillion over the next 25 years to double the level ofinvestment in the current 2 % to 4 % of the Gross DomesticProduct (GDP) sector, according to calculations byeconomist Claudio Frischtak , Inter . B Consulting.

Paulo Fleury linked to the Institute of Logistics andSupply Chain published article in September 2011 under thetitle Infraestrutura: situação atual e investimentos planejados(Infrastructure: Current and planned investments) in whichestimated the necessary investments in ports (R$ 42.9billion), railways (R$ 130.8 billion) and roadways (R$811.7 billion), totaling R$ 985.4 billion. Adding thisvalue to the required to ports and inland waterways (R$10.9 billion) , airports (R$ 9.3 billion), power sector (R$293.9 billion), oil and gas (R$ 75.3 billion), sanitation(R$ 270 billion) and telecommunications (R$ 19.7 billion)totaled R$ 1,664.5 billion.

In turn, the health sector requires investments of R$ 83billion per year reported on the website<http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/governo-precisa-investir-ao-menos-60-a-mais-para-melhorar-a-saude-no-brasil-20110921.html>, education sector needs investment ofR$ 16.9 billion / year to get quality education in Brazilreported on the website<http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/noticia/2013-09-14/apesar-de-mais-altos-investimentos-em-educacao-ainda-sao-mal-distribuidos-aponta-ocde> and public housing requires R$160 billion to eliminate the housing shortage reported in<http://www.cimentoitambe.com.br/deficit-habitacional-no-pais/> website. The total investment in economicinfrastructure (energy, transport and communications) andsocial infrastructure (education, health, sanitation andhousing) corresponds to R$ 1,924.4 billion, which is almostR$ 2 trillion.

According to Luiz Nelson Porto Araújo, author of the studyA Infraestrutura Brasileira - Desafios e Oportunidades (The Brazilian

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Infrastructure- Challenges and Opportunities), data fromthe Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) show that, among the world's largest economies,Brazil is the country with the lowest rate of investment ininfrastructure sector in relation to GDP. While China hasinvested 40 % of GDP in infrastructure in 2007 and India,33.8 % in the same period, Brazil has allocated only 15.7%(See the website < http://www.brasileconomico.com .br/noticias/a-falta-de-infraestrutura_80871.html >). Inarticle Brasil perde competitividade por problemas na infraestrutura(Brazil loses competitiveness by problems ininfrastructure), is informed that Brazil lost eightpositions in competitiveness ranking of the World EconomicForum. According to the Global Competitiveness Report for2013-2014, released by the World Economic Forum, Brazilfell from 48th to 56th place in the overall index (See thewebsite<http://www.cnt.org.br/paginas/Agencia_Noticia.aspx?noticia=transporte-cargas-infraestrutrutura-competitividade-congresso-abtc-05092013>).

The cause of the deterioration in competitiveness rankingis due to poor infrastructure. In this regard, Brazilranked 114th place and disability has been identified as amajor problem for doing business in Brazil. And when it isanalyzed transport, placing further worsens. Quality ofroads Brazil reached the 120th position, ports 131st,airports 123 th, and railways 103 th place. The studyassesses 148 economies based on 5600 data frominternational organizations. Data from the Institute ofApplied Economic Research (IPEA), an agency of the federalgovernment, point out that logistics costs in Brazilreaches 6.7% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In the UnitedStates, for example, the value is approximately 4% of GDP.In contrast, investment in the transportation system herein Brazil is approximately 0.6 % of GDP, while in theUnited States reaches 7.7%. "To meet the demand, it´snecessary to multiply by five the investment in roads,ports, airports and railways", says coordinator ofInfrastructure of IPEA, Carlos Campos (See the website<http://www.cnt.org.br/paginas/Agencia_Noticia.aspx?

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noticia=transporte-cargas-infraestrutrutura-competitividade-congresso-abtc-05092013>).

It is undisputed that there is no development in a countrythat does not have the infrastructure well planned,implemented and constantly conservation system. Thedevelopment process in Brazil is being highly compromisedby the existing poor infrastructure. It should be notedthat it is technically and economically proven thatinvestments in infrastructure enable sustainabledevelopment cycles, translating into growth of GrossDomestic Product (GDP). This is a sector in which thepresence of Engineering is essential. The analysis ofindicators of countries like China, India and South Korea(which invest respectively in total, including economicinfrastructure, 48 % , 37 % and 28 % of its GDP ) suggestsa relationship between economic growth and investment intransport, energy and telecommunications. Unfortunately,Brazil is intended only 15.7% of GDP. The focus of theChinese to modernize the ports was critical to increase itsforeign trade, while investments in airports led to theincreased flow of people and cargo.

Due to lack of public resources, the Brazilian governmenthas adopted the policy of privatization of someinfrastructure such as the energy, transport,communications, education, among others. However,privatization of infrastructure systems in Brazil will notsolve its problems in this area. It only happens with thesolution of the issue of high federal debt (R$ 1.95trillion), which includes internal and externalindebtedness, representing 67 % of GDP (R$ 2.25 trillion).If there is a reversal of the increasing trend of risingdomestic debt and pay interest and repay principal in thattoday the federal government allocates almost 50 % of thefederal government budget policy to that end, the imbalancebetween demand and availability of resources to meet theneeds of Brazil in economic and social infrastructure willaccentuate it with the passage of time to the detriment ofthe population and the national productive sector.

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Figure 3 shows the evolution of the public debt of Brazilfrom 1994 to 2009.

Figure 3 - EVOLUTION OF INTERNAL DEBT IN BRAZIL 

Source : http://reflexeseconmicas.blogspot.com.br/2013/04/aumento-da-taxa-basica-selic-e-um.html

The evolution of the federal government budget with theallocation of expenditures from 1995 to 2011 is shown inFigure 4 below:Figure 4 - EVOLUTION OF THE GENERAL BUDGET OF THE BRAZIL

GOVERNMENT WITH THE USE OF SPENDING

 

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Source : http://candidoneto.blogspot.com.br/2012/07/nao-ao-terrorismo-contra-os-servidores.html

The analysis of Figure 4 reveals that there has beengrowing allocation of budget resources for the payment ofinterest and repayments of domestic debt. The funds fromthe federal government budget set for 2013 is shown inFigure 5 below:

Figure 5 - USE OF PROCEEDS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT BUDGETIN 2013

 

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Source : http://almocodashoras.blogspot.com.br/2013/02/divida-publica-consome-metade-do.html

The analysis of Figure 5 reveals that the higher expensesof the Brazilian government in 2013 are interest andamortization of debt corresponding to 43.98 % of the budgeton social welfare corresponding to 22.47 % of the budgetand transfers the states and municipalities that correspondto 10.21 % of the budget. Besides the high expenditure onpayment of the public debt service, high interest rateSelic adopted by the Central Bank of the federalgovernment, the fifth largest in the entire world economy,well as the growing public sector deficit decisivelycontribute to the continued increase in public debt inBrazil. Maintained the trend to allocate more resources forthe payment of interest and amortization of debt, therewill be fewer resources available (federal, state andlocal) government to invest in economic and socialinfrastructure.

For the Brazilian government have resources for investmentin economic and social infrastructure, must necessarilyrenegotiate with domestic and foreign banks (creditors 55%of public debt), mutual funds (21 % of creditors publicdebt), funds pension (16 % of creditors public debt) andnon-financial companies (creditors of 8 % of the publicdebt) reduction in expenditure in the payment of debtservice lengthening the term of payment of interest andamortization of debt. In addition, the federal governmentshould develop a plan for systemic and integrateddevelopment that addresses the solution to the problems ofall production systems and infrastructure in Brazil.Without this strategy, Brazil will continue withoutcompromising the necessary infrastructure, as a result,their future development. This solution is a task to betaken over by a new government that meets the necessarycompetence and political courage to carry out thisstrategy. This would not be the case that the currentgovernment, beyond the demonstrated incompetence inmanaging the Brazilian public sector, bent to the dictatesof domestic and foreign monopolies, especially in thefinancial system with the blessings granted to them.

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In addition to the conditioning factors described abovelines, sovereignty can only be exercised effectively bycertain nation if it is not dependent on strategic naturalresources, imported technology and capital from the outsideand not having an economic structure (agriculture, industryand services) predominantly in the hands of foreigncapital. As stated earlier, Brazil holds strategic naturalresources in abundance. However, it is extremely dependenton technology and capital from the outside. Brazilianengineering could be used to promote the development ofscience, technology and innovation and therefore eliminatethe technological dependence of the country from theoutside.

Figure 6 shows the share of foreign, national and statecapital in the Brazilian industry. It appears that in 1999,foreign capital is already dominant in the Brazilianindustry. It is observed in Figure 7, the supremacy offoreign capital in the more advanced industries in Brazil.The dependence of the Brazilian industry is not only thecapital but also on foreign technology. Brazil ranks 43 inthe world ranking technology of United Nations, whichdirectly affects the performance of the industrial country.

In the current climate where the law of the strongestprevails in international relations, sovereignty can onlybe exercised by a nation with effectiveness if it has amilitary power capable of defending its territory and deterother countries, especially the major powers, to seize thenational wealth and defend the nation's interests abroad.Military power is maximized when the nation owns a robusteconomic structure and highly developed technologicalcapacity to produce weapons and eliminate dependence onexternal supplies. Brazilian engineering could contributedecisively to promote the development of indigenoustechnological capacity. Importantly, it is the engineer whotransforms the knowledge developed in the laboratories intoproducts that will improve people's lives. It is theEngineer the main element of the revolutionary silenttransformation that takes place in the modern world.

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Figure 6 - PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN, NATIONAL AND STATECAPITAL IN BRAZILIAN INDUSTRY

Source :http://www.usp.br/fau/docentes/depprojeto/c_deak/CD/4verb/entregsm/index.htmlNotes:Red= Foreign; Yellow= National; Green= State

Figure 7 - PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN, NATIONAL AND STATECAPITAL IN INDUSTRY MORE ADVANCED OF BRAZIL

 

Source :http://www.usp.br/fau/docentes/depprojeto/c_deak/CD/4verb/entregsm/index.htmlNotes:Red= Foreign; Yellow= National; Green= State

Engineering should be understood as a culture open tosociety, active in promoting its development having aspurpose to seek the best quality of life. Since

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technological development depends crucially on the abilityin engineering, it can be stated that education, science,engineering and technology are closely related. Engineersare the most responsible for implementing the innovationsgenerated by the Scientific and Technological Revolutionand the Third Industrial Revolution underway. Engineeringis strategic for Brazil's progress and humanity.

For the Brazilian Engineering act in defense of nationalsovereignty, it must overcome its current weaknesses andstrengthen to increase the participation of Brazil in therace to innovation globally. The Brazilian situation isdisadvantageous because, while the United States, forexample, has 800 thousand scientists working in researchand development of which 81 % are in companies, 4 % ingovernment and 15 % in higher education institutions,Brazil has only 137 thousand scientists of which 65 % ofresearchers are in universities, 27 % in companies and 8 %in government. These figures show that, unlike the UnitedStates, the contribution of companies in R & D in Brazil isvery small.

Another aspect to consider is that it is ridiculous to talkof technological innovation in Brazil with denationalizedindustry and with centers of decisions on production andmarkets located outside, as is the case of Brazilianindustry. All this explains why Brazil remains one of theleast innovative countries in the world. The denationalizedindustry is crucial to Brazil that is a country thatinvests little in research, less than 1 % of its GDP, whilemost industrialized countries is on average level of 3 %.Brazil invests little in education, some 4.5 % of GDP,while in developed countries this figure may reach 7 % ormore. In addition, Brazil still has about 10 % of itspopulation illiterate, and that those who read more than 30% did not know how to interpret what they read in a singlenewspaper article. They are functionally illiterate. Whilein developed countries this ratio is zero.

For the Brazilian Engineering elevate their level ofcontribution to the progress of Brazil, it is necessarythat the federal government make efforts to improve the

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quality of education in the country which is very low atall levels. According to the OECD Review 2010 - Programmefor International Student Assessment , PISA - Brazil is in55th place among 65 countries analyzed. Brazil is belowChile, Uruguay, Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago . The twobest places are occupied by China and South Korea.Brazilian students in the average level were below averagein reading, math and science. However, it is thesedisciplines that represent the foundation for the formationof the engineer.

The absorption of knowledge in current engineering coursesin Brazil is not efficient because, besides having anexcessive number of specializations in undergraduate,engineering schools absorb much of the school students withfailure in Portuguese, mathematics and science. In Brazil,the engineering courses should be restructured in order toform the basic engineering in undergraduate courses andexperts in graduate whose duties would be redefined byCONFEA (Federal Board of Engineering and Agronomy) and byCREA (Regional Council of Engineering and Agronomy).

Brazil needs confronting and finally resolve the issue ofeducation at all levels of education, the foundation of allpublic policies, the main one, the one that can producequalified citizens to participate as protagonists of theaccumulation and distribution of wealth process. Hence theimportance of engineers as they summarize their training inthe knowledge of what to do and how to do, essential to thedevelopment of a modern industrial society.

Another major challenge of Brazilian engineering lies inthe fact that there are insufficient engineers in Brazil.According to the Federal Board of Engineering and Agronomy(CONFEA), there are 712,400 engineers in Brazil. Accordingto a study by the National Council of Industry (CNI), tomeet the demand for engineers, it would be necessary totrain 60,000 engineers per year in Brazil. But what happensin Brazil is that only 48,000 get this diploma each year.Meanwhile the number of graduates each year in China,India, Russia and South Korea largely surpasses that ofBrazil, as shown in Table 1 below:

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Table 1 - ENGINEERS TRAINED BY YEAR

In terms of engineering, South Korea form every year 80,000of these professionals, for a population of 45 millionpeople. Brazil graduates 48,000 engineers for a populationof 190 million. Also that impresses every 150,000 studentsentering engineering course in Brazil, only 48,000 areformed, ie only 32 %. This resulted from the poor qualityof secondary education, especially in math and sciencebecause students are unable to follow the courses ofEngineering.

Besides the shortage of engineers, Brazil form over 77 % ofengineers in just four specialties: Industrial Technician(339,822, or 33.87% of total), civil engineering (201,290,20.06%), electrical engineering (122,066, 12.16%) andmechanical and metallurgy engineer (109,788, 10.94 %). Withconcentration in a few specialties, the market is even morelacking in other niches. The Institute of Applied EconomicResearch (IPEA) predicted that Brazil needs, especiallymining engineers, oil and gas, marine and computing.

One of the areas most in need of professionals is the oiland gas. IPEA estimates that in 2015, it will be needed1.155 million engineers if the growth of Brazil GDP is 5 %per year. And with growth of 7 % per year, 1.462 millionengineers will be needed. The projection for 2022 indicatesthe need for 1.565 million engineers in typicaloccupations. According to IPEA, the oil and gas (includingup extraction and refining) continue to expand their demandfor these professionals at rates between 13 % and 19 % per

Country TrainedChina 400,000Índia 250,000Russia 100,000SouthKorea 80,000

Brazil 48,000

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year. In Brazil, are formed 48,000 engineers annually inall specializations. According to experts, even to allareas of the oil and gas engineering training, mechanical,electronic or production , is sufficient.

Unfortunately, we are still essentially a country of loweconomic growth, low educational level of the workforce(eight years of schooling on average) and small-scaleproduction of innovation compared to other industrializedor newly industrialized countries. Although we know extractoil from deep sea waters, producing ships and aircraft, itis still insufficient for the size of the social andeconomic needs of our population.

To develop, Brazil will have to strengthen theirEngineering and, with the best use of this leverage itseconomic and social progress and avoid eternaltechnological dependence on the outside. Brazil is fullydeveloped in different sectors of Engineering. From roadconstruction until the energy sector it is possible to bedesigned and built in Brazil. In some sectors, including,Brazil is a global benchmark, such as the programs relatedto Proálcool, oil exploration in deep sea waters,construction of large hydro as Itaipu, the largest inoperation until recently, designed, constructed andassembled by Brazilian companies.

In Brazil, government action is quite weak in thedevelopment of the Country due to lack of a nationaldevelopment plan. Currently, the Brazilian nation requiresthe adoption of systemic and strategic government planningto contribute to the overcoming of national problems thatget worse every day. From the 1980s until the present time,the rulers of Brazil were not able to produce plans thatcontribute to overcome its huge problems and promoteeconomic and social development of all its regions. It istherefore necessary to break with the policy that hascharacterized the action of the various governments ofBrazil in recent years based solely on specificinitiatives. This is the primary action for Brazilianengineering be strengthened and can contribute to thepromotion of a sovereign nation and developed in Brazil.

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The development plan required to Brazil should include anindustrial policy point effective solutions aimed atpermanently reducing costs of industrial production inBrazil against Asian countries, especially China, which canonly occur in four ways : (1) reduction of “Brazil Cost”with falling of tax burden and improving logisticsinfrastructure in Brazil; (2) increased productivity of theindustry with the increment of its levels of efficiency andeffectiveness and strengthening their supply chains; (3)depreciation of the currency (Real) with the restrictioninflow of dollars or the adoption of a fixed exchange rate;and, (4) selective and permanent relief industry byreducing the tax burden on her incident.

These solutions should be complemented by the adoption ofmeasures aimed at: 1) overcoming the huge problems ofeducation in Brazil at all levels with the objective ofincreasing the "critical mass" of the country; 2) thedevelopment of knowledge resources by adopting programs forimplementation of R & D centers, strengthening ofuniversities, technology acquisition and attracting brainsfrom abroad; 3) the appropriate allocation ofinfrastructure resources establishing effective programs toeliminate existing logistical bottlenecks, 4) fostering thelinks between supply chains of companies and theirsuppliers to eliminate existing gaps; 5) combatingpredatory competition from imported with the restriction orlimitation of entering the national market products; and,6) the renegotiation with creditors of public debt toreduce expenditures for payment of debt service bylengthening the term of payment of interest andamortization of debt .

These are the routes of Brazilian engineering for thedevelopment of a sovereign nation in Brazil. For theseroutes happen, it is necessary that the Brazilian peopleelect leaders capable of eliminating the gigantic problemsof the Country and are committed to the progress thatbenefits the entire Brazilian population and theconstruction of a sovereign Brazil in the concert ofnations. In other words, we need leaders who are able to

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solve current problems and plan a future of economic andsocial progress for the benefit of the entire Brazilianpopulation and guarantee the sovereignty of Brazil in achaotic international environment and of great complexityin which we live.

* Alcoforado, Fernando, engineer and doctor of Territorial Planningand Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, auniversity professor and consultant in strategic planning, businessplanning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is theauthor of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- OBrasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), UmProjeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes dodesenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade deBarcelona, http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003),Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia-Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea(EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic andSocial Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr.Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010),Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora, Salvador,2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate ao aquecimento global(Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011)and Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV,Curitiba, 2012), among others.

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