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Romanian Tatar language communication

in the multicultural space Nilgün İSMAİL

Lecturer Ph.d. in Ottoman Studies Department of Modern Languages

The Faculty of International Business and Economics The University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania

International scientific conference, "Actual problems of the modern Mongolian and Altaic studies", organized by Kalmyk State University, Mongoloids and Altaic research Scientific Centre, 10-13 November 2014, published in “Proceedings of the International conference “Actual Issues of the modern Mongolian and Altaic studies, dedicated to Professor Ph.D., V.I. Rassadin, to his 75 years anniversary and 55 years of scientific work”, Elista State University Publishing House, Kalmyk Republic, Russian Federation, pps. 41-53, ISBN 978-5-91458-136-5

Abstract: This paper gives an outlook on the field of communication in a

multicultural space, as Romania. Romania is located at the crossing roads of the Central and Southeastern Europe, bordered on its eastern shores by the Black Sea. Dobrudja is the easternmost region, extending from the northward course of the Danube to the shores of the Black Sea.

The body of the paper is dedicated to detailed information about Crimean Tatar Community living in Romania, the ethnical and confessional structure of Romanian population and Romanian Tatar language.

The concluding section underlines the importance of vocabulary and how the Romanian language influenced the Romanian Tatar language. Key words: Crimean Tatar Community living in Romania, Romanian Tatar language, language communication, multicultural space, Turkic languages 1. A short history about the Crimean Tatar Community living in Romania

1. a. Whom they are? Taking into consideration the Tatar language and its spiritual tradition with the Turkic world is certain that the Turkic element was decisive to their formation as nation. The Tatars from the Crimean Khanate kept a close contact with the Ottoman Empire even after their annexation (1783) to the Russian Empire. The Crimean Tatars, who were organized within their own state, and were protected by the Ottoaman Empire, had maitained closed relations with the Turkish-Muslim world, language and people. Basic elements, as their Turkic origin and the Muslim religion are those, which contributed to the formation of the Tatar people [Ablay M., 2005, p.7] 1.My grand father from my father – Hatip Suleyman ABDURAMAN son of Izet Hacı İSMAİL [personal archive]

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My grand father from my father was born in Crimea, and his parents settled down in the village Kanlı Çukur. During the Communist period their houses together with their households, school, mosque and graveyards were demolished. 2. My grandparents from my mother Amena (1905-1987) Edip (1907-1977) [personal archive]

Their parents came from Eski Kırım and Bahçe Saray, Crimea in between 1850-1870, and settled down in the village Azaplar, today’s Tătaru, and in the village Kanlı Çukur.My ancestors from my father left Kerç and my ancestors from my mother left Bahçe Saray around 1870-1880, after the Crimean Wars. Many of our ancestors, as my grand parents from both my brother and my mother never could speak Romanian language and they could write and read only by the Ottoman alphabet.

1. b. Where do they live? Romania is located at the crossing roads of the Central and Southeastern Europe, bordered on its eastern shores by the Black Sea. Dobrudja is the easternmost region, extending from the northward course of the Danube to the shores of the Black Sea. 3. Romania on the map of Europe

Source: https://www.google.ro/search?q=romania+on+the+map+of+europe, acccessed on 21st, Sept., 2014

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Many of the Crimean Tatar minority left Crimea around 1870, after the Crimean Wars. Since then they have been living in the area surrounded by the Black Sea and Danube, Danube Vilayet - Vilâyet-i Tûna, today named Dobrudja. Their main characteristics with the Turkic world are language, traditions, customs and religion. The tracks and continuity of the Crimean Tatar minority are pointed out in toponimes as: Uz (Oğuz), Oituz (Aktuz), Teleorman (Deli Orman), Babadag (Babadağ), Medgidia (Medjid), Enisala, Ciamurlia (Çamurlı), Beidaud (Bey Davud), Techirghiol (Tekir Göl), Ceatalchioi (Çatal Köy) etc. [Ismail, N., 2014, Greece]

2. Some aspects regarding the ethnical structure of Romania’s population 2.a. The ethnical structure of Romania’s population

According to the Census of 1930, 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992, 2002 and 2011, The ethnical and confessional structure of population, Romanian population by nationality is as follows: Romanians, Hungarians, Roma (Gypsies), Germans, Ukrainians, Lippovan-Russians, Turks, Tatars, Serbs (see tabel no.1) The ethnical structure of Romania’s population, 2011

Tabel no. 1 Year 1930 1956 1966 1977 1992 2002 2011 Total Inhabitants

14,280729 17,489450 19,103163 21,559910 22,810035 21680974 20,121641

Romaninas 11118170 14996114 16746510 18999565 20408542 19399597 16,792,868 Hungarians 1,423459 1,587675 1,619592 1,713928 1,624959 1,531807 1,227,623 Roma (Gypsies)

242656 104216 64197 227398 401087 535140 621,573

Germans 633488 384708 382595 359109 119462 59764 36,042 Lippovan-Russians

50725 38731 39483 32696 38606 35791 23,487

Ukrainians 45875 60479 54705 55510 65472 61098 50,920 Turks 26080 14329 18040 23422 29832 32098 27,698 Tatars 15580 20469 22151 23369 24596 23935 20,282 Serbs 50310 46517 44236 43180 33769 29570 Source: Recensământul Populaţiei şi al Locuinţelor, Institutul Național de Statistică, 2011 (The Census of the Population and Dwellings, The National Institute of Statistics) [http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/ accessed on, 04, Aug., 2014] The national minorities represent approximately 10% of Romania’s population, their linguistic diversity, and territorial distribution raise specific problems to be solved. In Romania live 18 officially recognized national minorities, as follows: Hungarians (16 counties in Transylvania and Bacău county), Germans (14 counties in Transylvania), Lippovan-Russians (Brăila and Tulcea counties), Roma (Gypsies), Serbs (Arad, Timiș, Bihor, Sălaj and Caraş-Severin counties), Tartars (Constantza county), Turks (Constantza and Tulcea counties), Ukrainians (Suceava and Tulcea counties). As a conclusion we can say that in the area surrounded by the Black Sea and Danube there are at least 5 (five) minorities sharing together the same space, language, education, culture and other aspects of their social life.

2.b. Language challenges faced by the Romanian Tatars The Census of the Population and Dwellings 2011 underlines that the figures for the ethnic community of the Romanian Tatars counted 20,282, but only 17,677 out of 20,282 inhabitants declared Tatar language as their mother tongue.

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Nowadays the Romanian Tatar language is preserved only as spoken language. Even so in accordance with the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, in the Recommendation 1201 (1993), on an additional protocol on the rights of national minorities, is stipulated: Every person belonging to a national minority shall have the right to freely use his/her mother tongue in private and in public, both orally and in writing. This right shall also apply to the use of his/her language in publications and in the audiovisual sector”. Despite all these recommendations, in Romania we still do not have literary Tatar language.

2.c. The policy of the Romanian Ministry of Education

The public instruction of Romanian Tatars community from primary school up to high school or higher education is performed in the official language, that means into Romanian language. The Constitution of Romania, Title II, Fundamental rights, freedoms and duties, Chapter II, Article 32, (3), Right to education mentions the monorities’ right to be educated in their mother tongue ”The right of persons belonging to national minorities to learn their mother tongue, and their right to be educated in this language are guaranteed”. It stipulates the fact that “… the ways to exercise these rights shall be regulated by law”. In Law No. 84 / 1995 on Education (modified 1997, republished 1997 and 1999), Chapter XII, Education for national minorities, articles 118-126, is stipulated the right of tuition in minority language. 4.The Democratic Union of the Muslim Turkish Tatar from Romania [personal archive]

In schools providing tuition in Romanian, children belonging to national minorities have the possibility to study their mother tongue at request. Children are organized in forms (1-25 pupils) or groups (7-15 pupils, or less, but with the special approval of the Ministry for National Education). Pupils have the right to begin the study of the mother tongue in any grade from the level of beginners [Ismail, N., 2012, Turkey ]. Despite the Costitution and the Education Law, the Tatar children learn their mother tongue only in private, on Saturday courses, delivered by the U.D.T.T.M.R at its premises [http://uniuneatatara.ro/, accessed on 16, aug., 2014].

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3. Some aspects regarding religion and culture

3.a. The religion of the Romanian Tatars The affiliation of the Crimean Tatars living in Romania is Hanefi Sunni Muslims. As regarding the distribution of Romanian population by their denomination we got some information from the Cenusus of 1992, which after six decades, for the first time gave detailed information about religious belives (see Table no. 2) [Ismail, N., 1997, p.55]. The distribution of population by their denomination

Tabel no. 2 Period Orthodox Catholic Protestant Musulim Judaism Other religions 1930 71,1 18,1 8,1 0,3 3,4 - 1992 87,1 6,0 6,1 0,2 0,04

By V.Gheţău, 1992

Many mosques were built up over the time on today’s Dobrudja territory. They stand for the community’s religion and their religious belive. Among them are: Esmahan Sultan Camısı (1573), Ali Gazı Camısı (early 17th century), Hünkâr Camısı (1862), Kıral Camısı (1910-1911), and many others. All these mosques stand for not only their reliogious belives, but also for their long lasting existance on this territory.

5. Constanța, Hünkâr Mosque (Hünkâr

Camısı), built in 1862 – [personal archives, August 2013]

6.Constanța, King’s Mosque (Kıral Camısı), built between 1910-1911 – [personal archives, August, 2013

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Mosques at the countryside

7. The Mosque of Amzacea – dated XVIII century [personal archives, August, 2011] 8. Details from the inside [personal archives, August, 2014]

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3.b. The policy of the Romanian Ministry of Culture Since 1958 the Publishing House Kriterion [http://www.kriterion.ro/ accessed 06, Aug, 2014], which was founded with the purpose to serve the national minorities, was a pathway for the Tatar writers and poets, and between 1985-1995 it hosted Renkler, a periodical published in the Tatar language. The policy of the Romanian Ministry of Culture about the right to speak and be heard is in accordance with The Council of Europe on Cultural Policy “…promotion of cultural diversity, assertion of the multicultural perspective and of inter-cultural, and protection of the cultural identity of ethnic communities” [http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/148.htm, accessesed on 17, Sept., 2014].

9. New generation preserving the heritage of our culture - Aspects from Folk Art Museum, Constanța [Personal archives, august, 2014]

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10. New generation preserving the heritage of our culture - Aspects from the Museum organized inside the The Democratic Union of the Muslim Turkish Tatar from Romania, Constanța [Personal archives, august, 2014] The Romanian Cultural Policy supports the culture of the Romanian minorities. The publications, as: Karadeniz, Caş, Renkler, etc., and in the media - Radio brodcasting station in Constanța county, a Tartar, Turkish / weekly program stand for the programme [Ismail, N., 2011, p.179]. 4. The Romanian Tatar language and its place into the Turkic languages

4.a. The classification of the Turkic languages Turkic languages are spread over a vast territory in Europe and Asia. The attempts to classify Turkic languages are also numerous but the oldest recorded classification was registred in the first half of the last century. Many classifications are based on linguistic criteria, combined with the geographic and chronological one. The Romanian Tatar language unlike the other languages of the northwest group or Kypchak group has a characteristic in the initial consonant sound of the numeral dokuz. The specific feature of the initial consonant sound is the sound d and not t, as shown in the other languages of this group. The lack of consensus regarding the classification of the Turkic languages is performed due to different criteria of research. These classifications are based on the geographical criterion or on the chronological grounds. Nicholas Poppe’s classification as showed in his Introduction to Altaic Lingvistics (Wiesbaden, 1965) separated Chuvash language (which is an r and l language) from the other Turkic languages (which are z and š languages; e.g. dokuz in Turkey Turkish language, and tăxxăr in Chuvash language). N. Poppe reduced the number of linguistic phonems used as criteria of the classfication. He used only the Turkey Turkish phonems ayak, sarı, and dağ and gave up the Old Turkic languages. Based on his criteria - The Southwestern Group or Oghuz or Turkmen, which includes Turkey Turkish language, Turkmen language, Azerbaidjan language and Gagauz language, with ayaq, day, sarї. Romanian Tatar and Crimean Tatar belong to the Kypchak

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languages, but they have a strong phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic link with the Oghuz languages [Baubek, A., 1997, p. 265].

4.b. The Romanian Tatar language and its dialects

The Romanian Tatar language has three dialects, as Tadeusz Jan Kowalski (1889-1948) a Polish orientalist, expert on Middle East Muslim culture and languages underlined in his works: 1. Kırım dialect or Bozkır dialect (Şöl tĭlĭ), 2. Nogay dialect (Nogay tĭlĭ) 3. Yalıbolu dialect (Yalıbolu tĭlĭ). 1. Kırım dialect or Bozkır dialect (Şöl tĭlĭ) is a dialect spoken by more than 70% of the Romanian Tatar inhabitants. 2. Nogay dialect (Nogay tĭlĭ) is a dialect spoken by 20% of the Romanian Tatar inhabitants. As regarding phonetics, the difference between the two dialects consists in the pronunciation of the sound of s in the Nogay dialect, instead of ș in the Kırım dialect. There are examples in some words: bas in the Nogay dialect, instead of baș in the Kırım dialect, tas in the Nogay dialect, instead of taș in the Kırım dialect. There are some differences in the vocabulary also, as in the examples: ayna (mirror), omuz (shoulder) in the Kırım dialect, and in the Nogay dialect is said piyala and iyĭn 3. Yalıbolu dialect (Yalıbolu tĭlĭ) is a dialect spoken by 10% of the Romanian Tatar inhabitants, and compared with the other two dialects it has vocabulary and phonetics differences. In phonetics is to be noticed the sounds of ș, p, k instead the sounds of ç, f, h as in the examples: şorap, şeşek, pındık, Patma, kasta in the Yalıbolu dialect instead of çorap, çiçek, fındık, Fatma, hasta in the Kırım dialect (socks, flower, nuts, Fatma, patient). In addition, it is used y in the Yalıbolu dialect instead of c in the Kırım dialect, as in the words: yawun, yel instead of cawun, cel (rain, wind) [Drîmba, V., Ali, A.-N.G., 1957, p.343]. Nowadays only people with a certain age, older than 40 years, speak the Romanian Tatar language. Many of the young generation do not speak either Tatar or Turkish, neither at home nor at school, and many of them are ashamed of being different from the majority.

4.c. Orthography

In the 1956, with the support of a committee of scholars, organized by the Romanian Academy, the Institute of Linguistics [http://www.lingv.ro/ accessed 11, Aug., 2014] officially agreed the Romanian Tatar language alphabet. The coordinators of the first alphabet were Ahmet-Naci Cafer Ali (a native speaker) and Vladimir Drîmba (the Romanian editor of the Codex Cumanicus). The alphabet included the following letters and sounds [Drîmba, V., Ali., A.-N. G., 1957, p. 339]: a, A; á, Á; b, B; č, Č / ç, Ç; d, D; e, E; f, F; g, G; ğ, Ğ /c, C; h, H; i, I; í, ĺ / ĭ, Ĭ; î, Î / ı, I; j, J; k, K; l, L ; m, M; n, N; ñ, Ñ; o, O; ó, Ó / ö, Ö; p, P; r, R; s, S; ș Ș; t, T; ț , Ț / ts, Ts; u ,U; ú, Ú / ü, Ü; v, V; w, W; y, Y; z, Z.

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We should have to underline that the alphabet includes different letters and sounds, many of them brought form the Turkey Turkish and Romanian languages, and adapted to the Romanian Tatar language. The sounds for the letters î, ș and ț are from the Roamnian alphabet. The sounds for the letters č, ğ, j, ñ, w and y are from a variety of languages. Today, there is a new alphabet for the Romanian Tatar language, which was accepted in 2010, but it is not agreed or accepted by any official institution in Romania or in Crimea, as it is well known that the Romanian Tatars use the Latin alphabet and the Crimean Tatars are still using the Kirill alphabet. 5. Vocabulary challenges when living in a multicultural space

5.a. Cod switching In many cases, the borrowed or adapted words into the system of the receiving language get gender, prefixes, etc. from the receiving language. A characteristic situation occurs when the unidentified, foreign morpheme of the borrowed word is adapted to singular form, but the foreign word has a plural form. There are situations when the foreign words are partly adapted to the system of the receiving language, but it keeps the morphemes of foreign language. These are very few, isolated cases. Influencing the morphologic system by the means of vocabulary is the pathway to modify the inventory of morphemes. The only condition is to have a bilingual morphologic system. In cases of borrowings into the morphological system, the borrowed morphemes have a native-born counterpart in the receiving language. The changes in a morphologic system happen as consequence of some internal causes connected with the grammar system, related to the reorganizing of the morphologic system. It did not happen as consequence of the vocabulary’s improvement. Words borrowing system led to changes in the content of the system. The situation happens between the morphological system of a small language community and the larger one [Sala, M., 1997, p. 136]. The larger community language puts pressure on the smaller community language. Here is a fragment of a conversation between S. (Sebat abi) (a man of 60-65 years old from Amzacea-Emzeșe) and A., the author that developed in the courtyard of the mosque, talking about the reinforcement of the mosque (see pfoto) [Personal Archive Recordings, Romania, Amzacea-Emzeșe, August, 2011].

S.: Proptele bolsaydı (Should there be supported wall) A.: Proptele ne demek? (What’s the meaning of supported wall?)

In our situation the foreign morpheme of the borrowed word is proptele, which in our case has a singular (proptea) and a plural (proptele) form in Romanian language, but it is adapted to Tatar language under its plural form, but with a singular mening Here is Sebat Abi in front of the mosque’s entrance door. We were talking about the restoration of the mosque, and from this picture is obviously that it needs restoration.

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11. Sebat Abi in front of the mosque’s entrance door

PHONOLOGY This part of my paper is dedicated to a summary presentation of code switching between Dobrujan Tatar language and Romanian language, and how both languages influenced each other. When we talk about code switching between two languages, and in many of the situations both of them are different, that means the languages do not have the same phonemes and sounds. In these cases, phonemes and sounds that exist in only one of the two systems are adapted by means of sounds and phonemes to the receiving system. A careful research and analysis in code switching among Dobrujan Tatar, Turkish and Romanian languages, has led us to the fact that the above mentioned languages do not have the same inventory of phonemes and sounds. The phonemes and sounds of Tatar language are adapted to the system of phonemes and sounds of Turkish language. Our study shows the situation when the new phoneme of Turkish language is not articulated as in the original language and it is articulated by the means of sounds. For exemplar we have /kh/ in Dobrujan Tatar as in khayda which sounds as /k/ in Turkish language, but with a different the result. Sometimes the phonemes are not disarticulated but they are identified with one of the already existing system in the receiving language [Ismail, N., 2012, p. 317]. When we have a transfer of words from Romanian to Dobrujan Tatar the ending sounds are modified and they receive the suffix /-ı/ for Dative Case. For example the word probası from Romanian language that means sample and we get a new word that we do not have in Dobrujan Tatar probası. Word that I found in the conversation with my Tatar friends living in Amzacea, village situated in the south of Dobruja. In some cases the foreign words are partly adapted to phonologic system of the receiving language and the words keep the phonemes of the foreign language. Words with this kind of phonemes are perceived as being foreign words with a particular stylistic level. In these cases we do not talk about adaptation of the system of phonemes and sounds, but we have an adoptive system of phonemes and sounds. This means, words that had a certain stylistic distribution, now they are part of the general vocabulary, and the receiving language gets new phonemes that are no longer perceived as being foreign sounds [Sala, M., 1997, p. 61]. That happened in Dobrujan Tatar with the word škhola or ıškhola, meaning school. The word škhola or ışkhola, has its origins in

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the Romanian şcoala, which is rooted in Russian škola, but with new phonemes and sounds. Although we have in Dobrujan Tatar the word mektep, which means school, or we can use the ord okul from Turkish language, the word škhola is preferred to others, and the word škhola is no longer perceived as a foreign word and it is accepted instead of the existing word in Tatar or Turkish language. When we talk about two languages that are in contact and their phonologic system is influenced by the means of the vocabulary where the inventory or distribution of phonemes and sounds are modified, the languages which are in contact are still very strong and well defined. But we have an exception of the rule for bilingual persons, who give up using one of the two languages after a long period of time of being bilinguals [Sala, M., 1997, p. 62]. In Romania the situation is specific for the young generation of people that belong to Tatar commnity living in Dobruja (average age 15-20), that give up speaking Tatar language instead of Roamnian language. They abandon their mother tongue instead of Romanian language. In Roamania we do not have schools with Turkish or Tatar syllabus, and children can study Tatar or Turkish language only at request, as a foreign language. As their education is fulfilled in Romanian language. As bilinguals they trend towards improving their system of sounds, as they use both of the languages and they do not consciously percieve the difference between the two languages [Ismail, N., 2012, p. 317]. We can state that, as a concequence of code switching the phonologic system modifies the inventory of phonemes and sounds or it does lose certain sounds. The phonologic system of a language is characterised by the means of a certain phonological structure and by phonetic usage. The contact with another language brings changes in the characteristic of the expression by the means of modified inventory, and that happens as a consequence of appearing and disappearing of phonemes. Appearing of phonemes means brining phonologically foreign sound as we had shown the example with the word škhola or ıškhola, where the word şcoala was borrowed from Romanian language, the sound /h/ got a new phonological sound as it appears in the same position with the sounds /k/ and /g/. Disappearing of phonemes means that in the phonological system of the analyzed language the phoneme is situated a peripheral position. The system its self is situated in a peripheral region where the linguistic traditions and rules are weak and they are influenced by the boundary with another language. Dobrujan Tatar related to Turkish language spoken in Turkey might be considered as being at the boundary position, in a peripheral position with the linguistic traditions and rules. As a consequence some sounds are modified, as we have /k/ transformed in /g/, /ı/ transformed in /i/ and a good example is the word keldık in Dobrujan Tatar instead of geldik in Turkish language. MORPHOLOGY In some situations the changes in a morphologic system happened as a consequence of some internal causes in connection with grammar system, related to the reorganizing the morphologic system, but not to the improvement of vocabulary. Words borrowing system led to changes in the content of the system. This is the situation that occurres in code switching between a small language community and a

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larger one, where the larger community language puts pressure on the smaller community language [Sala, M., 1997, p. 136]. Here is a fragment of a conversation between S. (Sebat abi, 60-65 years old from Amzacea-Emzeșe), Ş. (Şaziye ala, 92 years old), Ş. (Şenol, 55 yeras old from Constanța) and A., the author in the courtyard of Şayze ala (see phfoto). [Personal Archive Recordings, Romania, Amzacea-Emzeșe, August, 2011].

Şayze ala: Oraza, o oraza Sebat abi: Orazaman Şenol: Oraza tuta Şayze ala: Khelıp bızı cwıkla. Khoy cumurtası. Un tartıp kheldık. Unların

probasını kharadım. Şenol: Turmen khayda? Şayze ala: Merende....... . Bulgharlardan kheldık.... Bulgharistandan....

Pazarcıkhtan kheldık..... Ballargha sunnet otırtmadılar. Şımdı liber.... 12. Some aspects of everday life in Amzacea / Emzeşe (personal archives, August, 2011)

As it is noticed, we have in the text the word probası [sample n.t] comming from Romanian language, and it entered the Tatar language as proba [sample n.t.]. Other situations bring changes in the plan of expression by the means of borrowed morphemes or using new morphological types. The transfer of morphemes is specific for a conversation between tow bilinguals. The changes in the plan of expression is related with the improvement of the inventory of morphemes by the means of nominal desinences [Sala,M., 1997, p. 146]. Nominal desinences on plural behave as if they are a part of the theme, for example: Un tartıp keldık......Unların probasını kharadım [I crushed weat……. I tried weat [n.t.]. In many cases nominal desinences influnce the expression level, only rarely they are related to content plan. SYNTAX

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In Syntax the communication is connected more to reality, because it is linked to real or possible relationships that already exist among objects. Borrowings in syntax happens when there is an intense conntact between the tow languages even so the tow languages do not belong to the same family [Sala,M., 1997, p. 186]. As a consequence of the intense conntact between the tow languages there is also necessary a translation between the languages. In Dobrujan Tatar language as a consequence of translation from the Romanian language, its grammar rules are used in the Tatar language. This situation happens when we have to enumerate somethings and in Romanian languages we use plural form of the nouns, but in Tatar we can use the singular form of the nouns, but instead of Tatar language grammar rules we use a mixture between Tatar and Roamnian grammar rules. Exemple: Bulgharlardan kheldık.... Bulgharistandan.... Pazarcıkhtan kheldık..... [from Bulgaria we came… from Bulagaria...... from Pazarcik we came.... [n.t.]. In the same conversation with my friends from Amzacea I noticed that they used Tatar language topic only in short sentences. Şımdı liber....[Now is free [n.t.]. When they have to use long phrases they forget about grammar rules, they speak as if they are illiterate people, and sometimes they translate from Romanian language and they use Romanian grammar rules. 5.b. Vocabulary In the connection with vocabulary we find situations when some words have no equivalent in the opposite language and the speaker try to fill the lexical „gap”. This „gap” can be on the lexical level (lack of words) or at the level of the proper-word (lack of meanings). This fact stands for the borrowing situation, when the speakers borrow a word from a language system, but only with one of the meanings of that word, and not with the whole meanings of the word [Sala,M., 1997, p. 233]. We have many code switching lexical cases when there are at least tow languages in direct contact. Research studies in these cases bring to linguistic geographical area where we can find many borrowed words from a certain language. The same studies showed the fact that vocabulary borrowing could happen without a necessary knowledge of the language where the words are borrowed. The interfering mechanism of vocabulary is linked to inventory modification by the means of borrowed words, stylistic extention, improvement of stiylistic gender (scientific, journalistic, etc.) close related to the last discoveries in technic, science and culture. As an example we have the word proptea [supporting wall], but there is no equivalent word, and the usage in the Tatar language is proptea. Another exemple is the word ıškhola instead of the equivalent mektep in Tatar or okul in Turkish. Iškhola entered from Romanian language şcoala, but its root is in Russian škola. The need to borrow new words that replaced the old words is in connection with the insufficient motivation for the usage of the old words [Ismail, N., 2012, p.317]. In some special conditions of endangered languages (the Dobrujan Tatar language has the possibility to disappear as pupils on primary school, and students on secondary school or high school do not attend classes on the Tatar language), we face

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the situation when the old word is isolated and replaced. iIt happened with the word mektep that was replaced by ıškhola. As consequences the word mektep gets a restrained sense and it is used in limited situations, instead of its synonym ıškhola which is used more and more by the native speakers and it gets a general meaning. 6. CONCLUSIONS Code switching is linked to the evolution of languages and to relationships established between the tow languages as a consequence of general contact. Code switching brings to appearing and disappearing of languages. When we talk about endangered languages we have to take into account two different situations: the transformation of a language into another language, or the phenomenon of abandoning a language instead of another language. The Romanian Tatar language is not endangered as a linguistic consequence which brings changes in structure, but it gives the possibility to switch from one linguistic code to another, followed by the process of progressive abandoning the first language. In my paper I offered a general view over a disputed topic, and my intention was to inform, than to express my own ideas. I was focused especially on the changes done by the Romanian goverment regarding the legislative and institutional reforms, structural changes that have been taken place inside the educational system. I want to mention that there is much to be done to change the mentality of people, to fight against tendencies which are present in some parts of the Romanian society, but useless to say that there is still much to be done in the field of education policy and research regarding the Crimean Tatar community living in Romania. 6. References

Ablay, Mehmet, Din istoria tătarilor (From the History of Tatars), Kriterion Publishing House, București Cluj-Napoca, 2005

Baubek, Agiemin, Clasificarea limbilor turcice și locul lor tătarei din România în această classificare (The Classification of the Turkic languages and the Romanian Tatar language place in this Classification), in „Lucrările Simpozionului Internațional Originea tătarilor. Locul lor în România și în lumea turcă (Conference Preceedings The International Sympozium Tatar’s Origin. Their Place in Romania and in the Turkic World), Constanța 17-20, Nov. 1994, coordinated by Prof. PhD, T.Gemil, Kriterion Publishing House, București, 1997

Drîmba, Vladimir, Ali., Ahmet-Naci Gafer, Quelques problèmes relatifs au développement culturel de la population tatare de Roumanie, in Studia et Acta Orientalia, no. I, 1957, București

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