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Gerard Hendrik (Geert)

Hofstede’s Cultural

Dimensions Rey Ty

http://my.fit.edu/~gabrenya/cultural/bigshots/hofstede.jpg

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Introduction

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Problem•With so many different cultures around the world, how can we effectively negotiate with people in business, economy, politics, and international law?

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Objective•To understand one way of viewing cultures across countries so that we can use these tools to negotiate effectively with people in business, economy, politics, & international law.

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Hofstede•Focus on Hofstede’s cultural analysis.

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Webster’s Definition

1. CULTURE: the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time.

2. a particular society that has its own beliefs, ways of life, art, etc.

3. a way of thinking, behaving, or working that exists in a place or organization (such as a business).http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/culture

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Literature Review

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Literature Review

Inglehart

Fukuyama

Huntington

Lewis

Hofstede

Freedom House

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FukuyamaEnd of History?

Capitalism Socialism CapitalismMarkets Planned Economy Markets

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HuntingtonClash of Civilizations?

http://orcnselcuk.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/clash_civilizations1.gif

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The Lewis cultural model (Source: crossculture.com)

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The Lewis cultural model (Source: crossculture.com)

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Analysis of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions

National Culture

Organizational Culture

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Hofstede’s Definition

1.Culture: “This programming influences patterns of thinking which are reflected in the meaning people attach to various aspects of life and which become crystallised in the institutions of a society.”

2.Differences between individuals. 3.The law of the big numbers and social control. 4.Statements about one culture on the level of “values” do not describe “reality”; generalisations and are relative.

5.“Without comparison, a country score is meaningless.” Source: http://

geert-hofstede.com/countries.html

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Culture Compass™

•Go online: “Select a country in the dropdown menu above to see the values for the 6 dimensions. After a first country has been selected, a second and even a third country can be chosen to be able to see a comparison of their scores.”

SOURCE: http://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html

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National

Culture

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Dimensions of National Culture1.Power Distance (PDI)2.Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)

3.Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)

4.Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)5.1991 Long-Term Orientation (LTO)

6.2010 Indulgence vs. Restraint (IND)

SOURCE: http://geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.html

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Hofstede’s Cultural DimensionsIndividualism CollectivismMasculinity Femininity

High Uncertainty Avoidance

Low Uncertainty Avoidance

Lo Power Distance Hi Power DistanceShort-Term Orientation

Long-Term Orientation

Indulgence Restraint

SOURCE http://hofstede-cultural-dimensions-theory.wikia.com/wiki/Hofstede_cultural_dimensions_theory_Wiki :

SOURCE: http://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html

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http://image.slidesharecdn.com/understandingculturehofstedemktg2000sp14otc-140415113716-phpapp02/95/understanding-global-culture-hofstedes-indeces-overview-8-638.jpg?cb=1397579898

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Cultural Dimensions

Low Power DistanceCollectivismFemininityLow Uncertainty AvoidanceLong-Term OrientationRestraint

High Power DistanceIndividualismMasculinityHigh Uncertainty AvoidanceShortTerm OrientationIndulgence

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

Individualism

Collectivism

1

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http://www.niklasblanke.com/uploads/1/0/2/6/10267120/8698444_orig.jpg

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INDIVIDUALISM. http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/9826_THUMB_IPAD.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.targetmap.com/viewer.aspx?reportId%3D9826&h=640&w=1024&tbnid=BT6pnT3xrcs9mM:&zoom=1&docid=BFJhINkJksIvuM&ei=TLeeVNKDBo-QuASkh4H4CQ&tbm=isch

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

Masculinity

Femininity

2

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

High Uncertaint

y Avoidance

Low Uncertaint

y Avoidance

3

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http://www.niklasblanke.com/uploads/1/0/2/6/10267120/2703569_orig.jpg

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http://www.searchenginepeople.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/clip_image012_thumb.jpg

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Uncertainty Avoidance

• https://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/30152_THUMB_IPAD.jpg

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

High Power Distanc

e

Low Power Distanc

e

4

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POWER DISTANCE: http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/6648_THUMB_IPAD.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.targetmap.com/viewer.aspx?reportId%3D6648&h=640&w=1024&tbnid=r8DFW0UTkK--JM:&zoom=1&docid=57eoOzB82wil-M&ei=TLeeVNKDBo-QuASkh4H4CQ&tbm=isch

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

Short-Term

Orientation

Long-Term

Orientation

5

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http://www.niklasblanke.com/uploads/1/0/2/6/10267120/5669852_orig.jpg

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http://www.searchenginepeople.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/clip_image014_thumb.jpg

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http://gbr.pepperdine.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/lto.gif

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http://www.equipaje.fr/sites/default/files/images/orientation%20long%20terme.jpg

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Long-Term Orientation

•SOURCE: http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/19697_THUMB_IPAD.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.targetmap.com/viewer.aspx?reportId%3D19697&h=640&w=1024&tbnid=JQs1jnQOUek0YM:&zoom=1&docid=eeFOfSc9A4gSKM&ei=TLeeVNKDBo-QuASkh4H4CQ&tbm=isch

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension

Indulgence

Restraint

6

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http://image.slidesharecdn.com/7-140813102147-phpapp01/95/72-cultural-modeling-15-638.jpg?cb=1408574792

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SOURCE: http://www.communicaid.com/cross-cultural-training/blog/indulgence-vs-restraint-6th-dimension/#.VJ6nBCq89

Indulgence vs. Restrai

nt

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Two-Country

Comparison

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http://compliance.saiglobal.com/community/images/Meacham%20Blog.png

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http://www.parinaz-e.com/images/infodesign/markets.png

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Organizational Culture

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Organizational Culture1.Process-Oriented vs. Results-Oriented

2.Employee-Oriented vs. Job-Oriented3.Parochial vs. Professional4.Open System vs. Closed System5.Loose Control vs. Tight Control6.Pragmatic vs. Normative

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Conclusion

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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions

National CultureOrgani-zational Culture

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Individualism -

Collectivism

Masculinity -

Femininity

Uncertainty

Avoidance

Power Distance

Short- & Long-Term Orientatio

n

Indulgence -Restraint

Summary of National Culture

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Summary of Organizational Culture

Process & Result-Oriented

Employee & Job-

Oriented

Parochial &

Professional

Open & Closed System

Loose & Tight Control

Pragmatic &

Normative

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International Applications

Understanding

Expectations

Different Customs &

LawsCommunicati

on

Negotiation Trade Management Administration

Marketing Customer Service Politics etc.

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Your critique?

Reflection:

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Critique

National CultureOrganization

al Culture

*Group culture?

*Missing Individual Culture?

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Critique SamplingLevel of AnalysisSynchronic onlyStatic, immutableMasculinity StereotypeGender?Binary caricature

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Critique1.Pioneering: Great contribution!2.Sampling: Limited to IBM; later improved; but still not representative sampling; elite; women?

3.Ecological Fallacy: Level of Analysis4.Later improvements: + 2 Dimensions5.But synchronic only; can be diachronic6.Static, immutable7.“Masculinity” & “Femininity” stereotypes8.What about gender?9. Binary carricatures only10. Is the economy not a good variable to include? (Inglehart included it).

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