Review Article Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees

Review ArticleAndrographis paniculata (Burm f) Wall ex NeesA Review of Ethnobotany Phytochemistry and Pharmacology

Md Sanower Hossain1 Zannat Urbi1 Abubakar Sule2 and K M Hafizur Rahman3

1Department of Biotechnology Kulliyyah of Science International Islamic University Malaysia 25200 Kuantan Pahang Malaysia2Department of Microbiology School of Applied Sciences Federal Polytechnic Institute Nasarawa Nigeria3Department of Basic Medical Sciences Kulliyyah of Pharmacy International Islamic University Malaysia 25200 KuantanPahang Malaysia

Correspondence should be addressed to Md Sanower Hossain mshossainbgegmailcom

Received 30 July 2014 Revised 25 September 2014 Accepted 25 September 2014 Published 25 December 2014

Academic Editor Thomas Efferth

Copyright copy 2014 Md Sanower Hossain et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

As aboriginal sources ofmedications medicinal plants are used from the ancient timesAndrographis paniculata is one of the highlyused potential medicinal plants in the worldThis plant is traditionally used for the treatment of common cold diarrhoea fever dueto several infective cause jaundice as a health tonic for the liver and cardiovascular health and as an antioxidant It is also usedto improve sexual dysfunctions and serve as a contraceptive All parts of this plant are used to extract the active phytochemicalsbut the compositions of phytoconstituents widely differ from one part to another and with place season and time of harvest Ourextensive data mining of the phytoconstituents revealed more than 55 ent-labdane diterpenoids 30 flavonoids 8 quinic acids 4xanthones and 5 rare noriridoids In this review we selected only those compounds that pharmacology has already reported Finallywe focused on around 46 compounds for further discussionWe also discussed ethnobotany of this plant briefly Recommendationsaddressing extraction process tissue culture and adventitious rooting techniques and propagation under abiotic stress conditionsfor improvement of phytoconstituents are discussed concisely in this paper Further study areas on pharmacology are also proposedwhere needed

1 Introduction

Medicinal plant is an integral part of human life to combatthe sufferings from the dawn of civilization [1] It is estimatedthat more than 80000 of total plant species have beenidentified and used as medicinal plants around the world[2] Among these plants more than 1300 plant species havebeen used traditionally in Malaysia where the knowledge isbeing passed down from generation to generation [3] Theindigenous medicinal plants and plant-derived drugs are thepotential source of alternative medicine and are extensivelyused to treat various health ailments [4] Use of themedicinalplants is a core component at primary health care level dueto availability acceptability compatibility and affordabilityDependency on these medicinal plants varies from countryto country It is estimated that about 75ndash80 of people ofdeveloping countries and about 25 of people of developed

countries depend either directly or indirectly on medicinalplants for the first line of treatment [3 5] Therefore peopleare encouraging indigenous production and processing ofthesemedicinal plants to use in different cultures and religionfor the treatment of various diseases Moreover importanceand uses of medicinal plants are also stated in differentreligious books (ie the Holy Qurrsquoan the Bible) About 19medicinal plants and 176 medicinal plants are mentioned inthe Holy Qurrsquoan [6] and the Holy Bible [7] respectively

Andrographis paniculata (Burm f) Wall ex Nees (AP) isan important medicinal plant and widely used around theworld It belongs to the family Acanthaceae AP is used asa traditional herbal medicine in Bangladesh China HongKong India Pakistan Philippines Malaysia Indonesia andThailand [8 9] and is ethnobotanically used for the treat-ment of snake bite bug bite diabetes dysentery fever andmalaria [3] In the Unani and Ayurvedic medicines AP

Hindawi Publishing Corporatione Scientific World JournalVolume 2014 Article ID 274905 28 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014274905

2 The Scientific World Journal

is one of the mostly used medicinal plants [8] In recenttimes commercial preparations of this plant extracts arealso used in certain countries However the preparationsyet need to be standardized for their better efficacy Theaerial part of AP is most commonly used its extracts containditerpenoids diterpene glycosides lactones flavonoids andflavonoid glycosides Whole plant leaves and roots are alsoused as a folklore remedy for different diseases in Asiaand Europe [8 10] AP has been reported to have a broadrange of pharmacological effects including anticancer [11ndash18] antidiarrheal [19 20] antihepatitis [21 22] anti-HIV[23] antihyperglycemic [24ndash27] anti-inflammatory [28ndash32]antimicrobial antimalarial [33 34] antioxidant [35ndash37]cardiovascular [38 39] cytotoxic [23] hepatoprotective [40ndash52] immunostimulatory [53ndash57] and sexual dysfunctions[58]

Since the AP is used for the treatment of many diseasesin traditional medicinal systems its intended benefits needto be evaluated critically Therefore this paper reviews theethnobotany some agronomic techniques isolation andcharacterization of phytoconstituents and pharmacologicalproperties ofAPAdditionally chemical properties biologicalfunctions and possible mode of actions of phytoconstituentsare also entertained The literature searches were conductedinworldwide accepted scientific database PubMed (httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed) ScienceDirect (httpwwwscience-directcom) Scopus (httpwwwscopuscom) Web ofScience (httpwebofknowledgecom) Springer Link (httplinkspringercom) Wiley Online Library (httponline-librarywileycom) and advance search in Google scholar(httpscholargooglecommy) as well as recognized booksabstract and some nonimpact and nonindexed journalsThesearch strings used were ldquoAndrographis paniculatardquo or ldquoKingof Bittersrdquo or ldquoKalmeghrdquo or ldquoHempedu bumirdquo or ldquoAndrogra-pholiderdquo Further relevant papers were searched in the afore-mentioned databases from the list of references of all avail-able papers The authors went through more than 300 fullpapers and a total of 243 peer-reviewed papers focused onplant description agronomic techniques traditional usesbioactive compoundextraction phytoconstituents and pharma-cology properties (such as common cold anti-inflammatoryantihyperglycemic hepatoprotective antibacterial antiviralantiparasitic anticancer immunomodulatory cardiovascu-lar antihyperlipidemic sexual dysfunctions contraceptivesafety and toxicity effects) were selected for this review Webriefly discussed recent scientific findings and proposedsome fields where further study is needed

2 Botany

21 Origin and Distribution A paniculata is native to Tai-wan Mainland China and India It is also commonly foundin the tropical and subtropical Asia Southeast Asia and someother countries including Cambodia Caribbean islandsIndonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Sri Lanka Thailandand Vietnam [59ndash61] This plant is also found in differentphytogeographical and edaphic zones of China AmericaWest Indies and Christmas Island [61]

Table 1 The morphology and physiology of A paniculata [10 6263]

Traits ValuescharacteristicsPlant height 30ndash110 cmStem Dark greenLength 30ndash100 cmDiameter 2ndash6mm

ShapeQuadrangular with longitudinal furrows andwings on the angles of the young parts slightlyenlarged at the nodes

Leaves GlabrousLength 2ndash12 cmWidth 1ndash3 cmArrangement LanceolateShape Pinnate acute apex entire margin

Flowers White with rose-purple spots on the petals

Size Small in lax spreading axillary and terminalracemes or panicles

Seed Capsules linear-oblong acute at both endsSize 19 cm times 03 cmColor Yellowish brownShape Subquadrate numerous

Flowering andfruiting December to April

22 Plant Description A paniculata is an important medic-inal plant of Andrographis genus A total number of speciesof this genus varied in different reports which compriseseither 19 [64 65] 28 [59 66] 40 [62 67] or 44 [68] speciesThe exact numbers of species of Andrographis genus are notvalidated yet Total number of chromosomes of AP is 25and 50 in gametophytic [69] and sporophytic [70] countrespectively In addition genotypic differences are importantconsiderations to find out high yielding germplasms

A paniculata is an annual branched erect and herba-ceous plant which grows in hedgerows throughout theplane lands hill slopes waste ground farms moist habitatseashores and roadsides It also can be cultivated in gardenMoist shady places forests and wastelands are preferablefor their well development [59 71] The morphological andphysiological data of AP are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1This plant grows abundantly in Southern and SoutheasternAsia including India Java Sri Lanka Pakistan and Indonesiawhile it is cultivated in India China Thailand BruneiIndonesia the West Indies such as Jamaica Barbados andBahamas Hong Kong and the tropical areas in America andalso in southwestern Nigeria [10 71]

23 TaxonomicHierarchy Taxonomic hierarchy is as follows

Domain EukaryotaKingdom PlantaeSubkingdom TracheobiontaSuperdivision Spermatophyta

The Scientific World Journal 3

(a)

(g) (f) (e)

(c)

(b) (d)

Figure 1 Morphology of Andrographis paniculata (a) Mature A paniculata in polybag stage (b) flowering stage (c) harvested seeds (d)in vitro seedling (e) young A paniculata in polybag (f) adventitious roots of A paniculata and (g) vegetative seedlings Single direction ofarrow indicates the developmental stages and both directions of arrow denote vegetative propagation of plant (Photographs are taken fromMS Hossainrsquos research work except (b))

Division AngiospermaClass DicotyledonaeSubclass GamopetalaeSeries BicarpellataeOrder PersonalesFamily AcanthaceaeSubfamily AcanthoideaeTribe JusticiaeSubtribe AndrographideaeGenus AndrographisSpecies A paniculata (Burm f) Nees [71 73 74]

24 Vernacular Names Generally the tree is known as ldquoKingof Bittersrdquo for its extremely bitter taste InMalaysia AP is tra-ditionally known as ldquohempedu bumirdquo (bile of the earth)Thisplant has different names in different languages The vernac-ular names of AP are presented in Table 2 In addition local

people easily recognize plant species with vernacular namesinstead of binomial names

25 Agronomic Techniques Plants conventionally grow viaseed culture Planting and harvesting time has influenced theyield of plant [153 154] Usually May to July is the recom-mended time for sowingAP seedswith a spacing of 30times 15 cmthat resulted in a plant density of 222 thousands plantsha andaverage biomass of 3 tha [155 156] However seed dormancyis amajor constrain inAP cultivation commercially [157 158]Although hormonal media and hot water treatment havebeen suggested to overcome this problem [159 160] thistechnique is not enough to meet the commercial quantitiesrequired due to variability among the seed-derived progeniesand scanty and delayed rooting of seedlings [161 162]Therefore nonconventional propagation methods such asplant tissue culture techniques are alternative methods toproduce plenty of plantlets within a short time and improvephytochemical contents inAP Tissue culture techniques havebeen applied for large scale propagation of AP [162ndash164]


Table 2 The vernacular names of A paniculata [10 71 75 76]

Language NameArabic QuasabhuvaAssamese Chiorta KalmeghAzerbaijani Acılar Sahı Acılar Xanı (khanı)Bengali KalmeghBurmese Se-ga-gyiChinese Chuan Xin LianEnglish The Creat King of BittersFrench Chirette verte Roi des amersGujarati KariyatuHindi Kirayat KalpanathIndonesian Sambiroto SambilotoJapanese SenshinrenKannada NelaberuKonkani Vhadlem KiratyemLao La-Sa-BeeMalay Hempedu Bumi SambilotoMalayalam Nelavepu KiriyattuManipuri VubatiMarathi Oli-kiryata KalpaMizo HnakhapuiOriya BhuinimbaPanjabi ChooraitaPersian Nain-e HavandiPhilippines Aluy Lekha and SintaRussian AndrografisSanskrit Kalmegha Bhunimba and YavatiktaScandinavian Green ChirattaSinhalese Hın Kohomba or Heen KohombaSpanish AndrografisTamil NilavembuTelugu NilavembuThai Fa-Talai-Jorn Fah-talai-jon (jone)Turkish Acılar Kralı Acı Pasa Acı BeyUrdu Kalmegh Kariyat MahatitaVietnamese Xuyen Tam Lien

Dandin and Murthy [164] reported that in vitro regeneratedAP contains higher amount of andrographolide compared tothe mother plants Optimum production of andrographolidecan be achieved in a short span by employing the suspensioncultures of AP [165] Plant tissue culture has also beensuccessfully used to form new flavones from callus culture[166ndash168]

3 Ethnobotanical Uses

Ethnobotanically the leaves and roots of AP have been usedsince centuries in Asia and Europe to cure the wide spectrumof health ailments However the whole plant is also used forcertain limited purposes Due to its ldquocold propertyrdquo activityit is recommended to be used to get rid of the body heatin fevers and to dispel toxins from the body The plants are

also recommended for the use in cases of leprosy gonorrheascabies boils skin eruptions and chronic and seasonal feverfor its high ldquoblood purifyingrdquo properties [8 169] The overalltraditional uses of AP in different traditional medicinalsystems (TMS) or countries are pointed out in Table 3 Inaddition it is also widely used for medicinal purposes by thetraditional practitioners tribes or community as a folkloreremedies in different countries [9]

4 Phytoconstituents

Theaerial parts of AP have been described for its innumeroususe in the extraction of phytoconstituents however leavesstems roots and whole plants have also been reported forphytochemicals with pharmacological activitiesThe compo-sitions of phytochemicals widely differ in terms of the partused geography season and time of harvesting M Sharmaand R Sharma [76] reported that the highest amount ofandrographolide a major bioactive compound of AP wasfound in the sample harvested after 110 days of cultivationfollowed by that just before flowering stage (130 days) Thebioactive compounds were extracted with different typesof solvents such as methanol (MeOH) ethanol (EtOH)hexane acetone acetone-water chloroform (CHCl

3) and

dichloromethane from the whole plant leaves aerial partsstems and roots Extraction procedure of bioactive com-pounds of AP fromMeOH extracts for example is shown inFigure 2 In this extraction procedure whole plant materialof AP (115 kg) was shade dried ground extracted withmethanol (10 L times 6) under reflux for 8 h and filtered togive residue After filtration three residues of the extractwere found (i) CHCl

3residue (700 g) (ii) H

2O soluble

(15 kg) and (iii) H2O insoluble residue (150 g) The residues

were then chromatographed to get specific fractions Thesefractions were further chromatographed and followed severalprocedures to identify specific compound (Figure 2) A totalof 32 bioactive compounds with seven ent-labdane diter-penoids twelve flavonoids and two quinic acid derivativeshave been isolated and characterized by this procedurePrevious phytochemical studies of AP have reported morethan 55 ent-labdane diterpenoids 30 flavonoids 8 quinicacids 4 xanthones [132 150] and 5 noriridoids namelyandrographidoids A B C D and E [170 171]

Zhang et al [172] reported 3 new ent-labdane diter-penoids namely 19-norandrographolides A B and C fromthe ethanol extracts of the aerial parts of APTheir structureshave been established by HRESIMS and NMR spectral datain combination with X-ray crystallographic analysis thus the19-norandrographolide-A was identified as 3-dehydro-14-deoxy-19-norandrographolide However there is no reportfor pharmacological activity of these three compoundsThe quinic acids were extracted only from the whole plantsusing the methanol solvents and they are functioning asan antiplatelet aggregator [72] Recently Arifullah et al[141] demonstrated moderately potent antimicrobial andantioxidant activity of andrographolide and echiodininextracted from acetone and methanol extracts of in vitro leafcallus of AP Their structure elucidation was determined byelectrospray ionizationMSDNMR and IR spectraThe yield


Table 3 The ethnobotanical uses of A paniculata

CountryTMSlowast Traditional uses ReferenceAyurvedic Fever liver diseases torpid liver vitiligo [62]Japan Fever common cold [10]Malaysia Diabetes hypertension [10 77]Scandinavian Fever common cold [10]

TraditionalBangladeshi medicine

Acute diarrhea anorexia bloating with burning sensations in the chest bloodpurifier common cold constipation cough debility diabetes dysentery edemaemesis fever headache helminthiasis indigestion intestinal worms leucorrhealiver disorders loss of appetite low sperm count lower urinary tract infectionslung infections malaria mucus pharyngotonsillitis sexual and skin disorderssplenomegaly uncomplicated sinusitis vertigo

[9]

Traditional Chinesemedicine

Inflammation fever burn carbuncle cervical erosion chicken pox common coldcough with thick sputum detoxicant detumescent diarrhea dispel toxins of thebody dysentery eczema epidemic encephalitis B fever hepatitis herpes zosterlaryngitis mumps neonatal subcutaneous annular ulcer neurodermatitis pelvicinflammation pharyngitis pharyngolaryngitis pneumonia respiratory infectionssnake bites sores suppurative otitis media tonsillitis vaginitis

[8 10]

Traditional Indianmedicine

Diabetes dysentery enteritis helminthiasis herpes peptic ulcer skin infections(topical use) snake-bites (topical use) [10]

Traditional Thaimedicine Fever common cold noninfectious diarrhea [10]

Unani system ofmedicine

Anthelmintic anti-inflammatory antipyretic aperient astringent boilscarminative chronic and seasonal fevers convalescence after fevers diureticdysentery dyspepsia associated with gaseous distension emmenagogue emollientgastric and liver tonic general debility gonorrhea irregular bowel habits leprosyloss of appetite relieve griping scabies skin eruptions

[8]

lowastTraditional Medicinal Systems

of this compound was higher compared to the field plantOn the other hand a novel flavonoid 7 8-dimethoxy-21015840-hydroxy-5-O-120573-d-glucopyranosyloxyflavone together with15 known flavonoids was isolated from the aerial parts of APThe structure was elucidated on the basis of chemical andspectroscopic analysis Significant antiproliferative activityof these flavonoids against human leukaemia HL-60 cellwas also investigated [142] Dua et al [143] investigatedfour xanthones (12-dihydroxy-68-dimethoxyxanthone18-dihydroxy-37-dimethoxyxanthone 378-trimethoxy-1-hydroxyxanthone 48-dihydroxy-27-dimethoxyxanthone)from roots of AP using CHCl

3fraction and purity confirmed

byHPLC Xu et al [171] isolated and established structure of 5rare types of noriridoids with a known iridoid curviflorusideF from the ethanol extracts of roots They also assayedantibacterial activity of these compounds but none showedany inhibitory activity (MIC gt 100 120583gmL) In this reviewwe provided available information on around 46 isolatedphytoconstituents of AP with structure chemical propertiesIUPAC name reported pharmacological activities mode ofextraction and parts used (Table 4)

5 Potential Pharmacology

Extensive use of AP in traditional medicinal system hasproven its efficacy over the past three decades Severalresearches including in vitro in vivo (animal) and clinical(human) studies have confirmed various pharmacological

activities of AP extracts and products A wide range ofpharmacological activities such as antiplatelet aggregationactivity [72] immunomodulatory activity [57 109ndash113 139]and other myriad health benefits [10 75 132] were observedamong these researches Andrographolide a major ent-labdane diterpenoid of AP is the largest contributor of manypharmacological activities Other ent-labdane diterpenoids(such as neoandrographolide and 14-deoxyandrographolide)flavonoids quinic acids and xanthones are also reported fortheir significant contributions A few of the reported workson pharmacology are summarized below

51 Effect on Common Cold A paniculata is commonly usedfor the prevention and treatment of common cold in severalcommunities A double-blind placebo-controlled study of61 adult patients suffering from common cold used KanJang tablets (made from A paniculata dried extract) for5 days Within the treatment period significant clinicalimprovement was observed on day 4 for 1200mg extractdaily Both groups showed significant reductions in clinicalsymptoms like shivering sore throat tiredness muscularache rhinitis sinus pains and headache [173] A placebo-controlled studywas conducted in 1997 usingKan Jang tabletson 107 healthy students in a rural school as a dose of 2 tablets(200mg) per day for 3 months to evaluate its efficacy toprevent common cold The common cold was successfullyprevented by Kan Jang tablets with 21-fold higher preventionrate compared to the placebo group [174] Similar successful


(150 g)(700 g)

whole plant (115 kg)Shade dry and

grind MeOH MeOH extracts(dark green 235 kg) separation

SGCC (benzene and EtOAc gradient)

Onysilin (97 mg)

Tetracosyl ferulate (204 mg)

Fraction B SGCC [benzeneEtOAc (19 1)]

Fraction A SGCC [n-hexaneEtOAc (12 1)]

Methyl caffeate (23 mg)

Neoandrographolide (310 mg)

Ferulic acid (81 mg)

FractionX SGCC [CHCl3MeOH (49 1)]

SGCC (CHCl3MeOH gradient)

FractionY SGCC [CHCl3MeOH (19 1)]

Fraction C SGCC [n-hexaneMe2CO (9 1)]

TLC [CHCl3MeOH (9 1)]

-sitosterol (100mg)

Fraction D SGCC [CHCl3MeOH]

Isoandrographolide (173mg) 14-deoxy-1112-dihydro-andrographolide (208mg) 14-deoxy-12-methoxy-andrographolide (50mg) 14-deoxyandrographolide (21mg) apigenin (20mg)methyl ferulate (54mg) methyl vanillate (15mg)

CHCl3H2O

Andrographolide (10mg) andropaniculosin A(08mg) andropaniculoside A (11mg)

deoxyandrographiside (305 mg) isoswertisin (39 mg)7-O-methylwogonin (11 mg)skullcapflavone I (17mg) 5-hydroxy-7825-tetramethoxyflavone (10mg) scutellarin-6-O-b-D-glucoside-7-methyl ether (30mg) cinnamicacid (16mg) and adipic acid (30mg)

Andrographolide (135mg) and7-O-methylwogonin (11mg)

Fraction Z SGCC [CHCl3MeOH (19 1)]

Diaion HP-20 column chromatography(MeOHH2O gradient)

(15kg)

Fraction M sephadex LH-20 [H2OMeOH]TLC on silica gel [CHCl3MeOHH2O (9 1 01)]

cosmosiin (87mg) quercetin(12mg)34-dicaffeoylquinic acid (31mg)methyl-34-dicaffeoylquinate (38mg)vanillic acid (26mg)

Apigenin-7-O-b-D-methylglucuronide (43mg)

Caffeic acid (12mg) andp-hydroxybenzoic acid (14mg)

N sephadex LH-20 [H2OMeOH]Fraction

TLC on silica gel

(19 1 01 9 1 01 5 1 01)][CHCl3MeOHH2O

Fraction P sephadex LH-20[CHCl3MeOH]

Fraction O sephadex LH-20 [H2OMeOH]

120573

Andrographis paniculata

H2O soluble residue H2O insoluble residueCHCl3 soluble residue

methyl caffeate (08 mg)

Figure 2 Extraction of pure compounds ofA paniculata fromMeOH extracts Yield of pure compounds is in bracket inmgTheir structureshave been elucidated mainly by 1D and 2D NMR and MS spectroscopic methods SGCC silica gel column chromatography TLC thin layerchromatography MeOH methanol EtOAc ethyl acetate CHCl

3 chloroform (adopted from [72])

result was also demonstrated in another study includingcommon cold with sinusitis in another place [175]

52 Anti-Inflammatory Effect The anti-inflammatory activ-ity of AP and its bioactive compounds (such as andro-grapholide and neoandrographolide) has been reported indi-vidually by many investigators [28ndash32 95ndash100 118 119176] AP extracts and andrographolide showed several anti-inflammatory activities such as inhibition of intercellularadhesion molecule-1 expression in monocytes activated bytumor necrosis factor-120572 [177] suppression of inducible nitricoxide synthetase (iNOS) in RAW2647 [29] cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in neutrophils and microglial cells [9596] reduction of ERK12 phosphorylation in murine T cells[90] and IFN-120574 and IL-2 production [57 90] and inhibitionof TNF-120572 and GM-CSF induced by LPS [176] In a study con-ducted by Hidalgo et al [96] andrographolide was analyzedfor the activation of NF-120581B induced by platelet-activatingfactor (PAF) and N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine(fMLP) in HL-60 cells differentiated into neutrophils NF-120581B controls or contributes to the transcription of more than200 genes that are involved in a variety of physiological andpathophysiological processes particularly in immunity andinflammation It is a critical regulator of cell differentiationproliferation and apoptosis and plays pivotal roles in thenormal organ development and tumorigenesis [178] How-ever the NF-120581B can be activated via the signal transduction

pathways which are multiple and complex It was a surpris-ing achievement that andrographolide significantly inhibitedthe binding of NF-120581B to DNA which is the final step ofNF-120581B activation and it also decreased the expression ofcyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by inhibiting the activation ofNF-120581B in endothelial cells stimulated by PAF [179] and inmicroglial cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [95]In addition the kidney inflammation can also be recoveredusing andrographolide due to its ability to inhibit the NF-120581Bactivated by LPS in kidney [180]

Oral administration of andrographolide at a dose of300mgkg daily had shown significant analgesic activity onacetic-induced writhing in mice and on the Randall-Selittotest in rats but there was no effect on the hot plate testin mice [78] Oral administration of andrographolide at 30100 and 300mgkg also showed anti-inflammatory activityin different models in rats [181] Iruretagoyena et al [57]suggested that treatment with andrographolide at a dailydose equal to 4mgkg significantly reduced an inflammatorydemyelinating disease of the central nervous system autoim-mune encephalitis by inhibiting T cells inmiceThe balancingof proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is theresult of anti-inflammatory performance of andrographolideand regulation of Th1 Th2 and Th17 transcription factorsAndrographolide also increased GATA3 mRNA expressionbut decreased T-bet and ROR120574t mRNA expressions [182]

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ethyl-2

-methylid

ene-

344a678-hexahydro-1H

-naphthalen-1-y

l]ethenyl]-2H

-furan-5-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsMlowastsectcurrenmyenoslashethE

$ H

œD

CM

Pharmacologyantid

iabetic

[128]antifun

gal[123]antioxidant

hepatoprotectiv

e[129]antire

troviral[80]antithrom

botic

[81]cho

lestatic

[108]cytotoxic[130]vasorela

xantantihypertensive[126127131]

antih

erpes[33]vasorelaxantantihypertensive[126]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-((2S3aR

5aR

6R7R

9aR

9bS)-do

decahydro-7-hydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)-3a9a-dimethylnaphtho

[21-b]furan-2-yl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

centA

ePcurrenyendaggerW

PoslashR

yen

ExtractsM

currencentyenoslash EA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yanti-inflammatoryandanticancer[132]

antip

roliferative[133]cytotoxic[14

]differentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

inhibitsgrow

thof

Bacillussubtilis[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

7H42O10

Exactm

ass52628M

olW

t52662C

615

8H804O3038

IUPA

CNA

PartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsM

currenmDaggerethElowast$A

WdaggerP

tEDaggerC

HLDagger

Pharmacologyhepatoprotectiv

e[42]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

apan

in

H

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

H

14-D

eoxy

-11-

oxo-

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HO

O

O

O HCH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

HH

14-D

eoxy

-11-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R4aS5R

)-decahydro-1-(hydroxym

ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger

ExtractsE120573aeligH

œ

Pharmacolog

yanti-inflammatory[135136]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O5

Exactm

ass34819M

olW

t34843C

6894H

810

O2296

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR

5R8aS)-decahydro-2-hydroxy-1-

(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)-2-

oxoethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger

ExtractsMdaggerA

Wsect

Pharmacologyantileishmaniasis

[137]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusesA

ePcurrendaggerW

PmEx

tractsM

currenm AWdagger

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

15-M

etho

xy-3

19-

dihy

drox

y-15

-Met

hoxy

-31

9-di

hydr

oxy-

HO

H

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

H3CO

8(17

)11

13-e

ntla

bda-

trie

n-16

15-

olid

e8(

17)1

113

-ent

labd

a-tr

ien-

161

5-ol

ide

8(17

)13-

Ent-

labd

a-di

ene-

151

619

-tri

ol

HH

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H CH2O

H

H

CH2O

H

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

HO

HO

HOH

3-O

-120573-D

-glu

cosy

l-14-

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H30O5

Exactm

ass36221M

olW

t36246

C695

9H834O2207

IUPA

C3-((E)-2-((1R2R

4aR

5R8aS)-decahydro-

2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxym

ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)v

inyl)-5-metho

xyfuran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H34O3

Exactm

ass32225M

olW

t32248C

7449H

1063O

1488

IUPA

C(Z)-2-(2-((1R4aS5R

8aS)-decahydro-1-(hydroxym

ethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)but-2-ene-14-diol

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R

4aS5R)-decahydro-1-(hydroxymethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-methylene-2-(tetrahydro-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)-2H

-pyran-2-yloxy)naphthalene-5-

yl)ethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePthornW

PEx

tractsM

Ethorn

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]


Table4Con

tinued

14-D

eoxy

-12-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

OH

HO

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

314

-Did

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HH

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondashg

lcndash6

ndashAc

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren AWdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R4aS8aS)-decahydro-1-

(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

8H44O8

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym

ethyl)-tetrahydro-345-tr

ihydroxy-

2H-pyran-2-yloxy)m

ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-

6-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

And

rogr

apho

lact

one

H3C

CH3

CH3

OO

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

H

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

141

9-di

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H24O2

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym

ethyl)-

tetrahydro-345-tr

ihydroxy-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)m

ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsEnot

Pharmacologycytotoxic[139]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylene-2-oxonaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R

4aS5R8aS)-decahydro-1-

(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylene-2-(tetrahydro-

345-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxym

ethyl)-2H

-pyran-2-

yloxy)naph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]


Table4Con

tinued

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl-

OH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

andr

ogra

phol

ide

817

-Epo

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O O

HO

O

CH3

OH

HH

3C

14-D

eoxy

-17-

beta

-hyd

roxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

HO

HO

O

CH3

OH

H

CH2O

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O10

Exactm

ass51226M

olW

t51259C

6092H

787O312

1IU

PAC

(SE)-dihydro-3-(2-((1R2R


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylene-2-(tetrahydro-345-

trihydroxy-6-(hydroxym

ethyl)-2H

-pyran-2-yloxy)naphthalen-5-

yl)ethylidene)-4-hydroxyfuran-2(3H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aS5R8aS)-decahydro-2-hydroxy-16-

bis(hydroxym

ethyl)-14

a-dimethylnaphthalen-5-yl)ethyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

12-H

ydro

xyan

drog

raph

olid

e

OH

OH

HO

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H

Bisa

ndro

grap

holid

e A

OH

OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH2

H3C

H3C

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxy-

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

H3C

H2C

OHO

O

CH3

CH2

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O7

Exactm

ass36818M

olW

t36842C

619

4H766O3040

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 4

0H56O8

Exactm

ass66

44MolW

t66

487C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]transie

ntreceptor

potentialchann

elvanillo

id-4

(TRP

V-4)activatoranalgesic

anti-inflammatory[14

0]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H28O3

Exactm

ass3282MolW

t32845C

7679H

859O1461

IUPA

C(1R4aR5R

8aS)-octahydro-5-((1E)-2-(25-dihydro-2-

methylenefuran-3-yl)vinyl)-1-(hydroxym

ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-2(1H)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]


Table4Con

tinued

7-H

ydro

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

H

O

O

OH

OH

CH3

CH2

19-O

-[be

ta-D

-api

ofur

anos

yl-b

eta-

D-g

luco

pyra

noyl

]-3

14-

HH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondasha

pindashg

lc

dide

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

eCh

emicalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O6

Exactm

ass35219M

olW

t35242C

6475H

801O272

4IU

PAC

3-(2-((1S2R

4aS5S8aS)-decahydro-127-trihydroxy-1-

(hydroxymethyl)-4a-m

ethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 3

1H48O12

Exactm

ass61231M

olW

t61271C

6077H

790O313

4IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Echiod

inin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H12O5

MolW

t285

IUPA

CNA

Partusedinvitro

Callu

sparaEx

tractsM

para Apara

Pharmacolog

yantib

acteria

lantio

xidant

[141]

Flavon

oids

OO

OH

HO H

H

HH

HH

H

Apig

enin

OO

OH

H

H

HH

H3CO

OCH

3

7-O

-met

hylw

ogon

in

OO

OH

H3CO

H3CO

Ony

silin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O4

Exactm

ass25406M

olW

t25424C

7086H

396O2517

IUPA

C57-dihydroxy-2-ph

enyl-4H-chrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H14O5

Exactm

ass29808M

olW

t29829C

6845H

473O2682

IUPA

C5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-4

H-c

hrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslashm H

yen

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA

C(S)-23-dihydro-5-hydroxy-67-dimetho

xy-2-

phenylchromen-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

lateletaggregator[72]


Table4Con

tinued

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO

HO

HO

H3CO

dglu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

78-

Dim

etho

xy-2

998400-h

ydro

xy-

5-O

-120573-

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OH

H

7-O

-met

hyl-d

ihyd

row

ogon

in

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OH

H

H

H

Skul

lcap

avon

e-I 2

998400-m

etho

xyle

ther

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H25O11

Exactm

ass4771391MolW

t4771391

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA

C(S)-23-dihydro-5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenylchrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

8H16O6

Exactm

ass32809M

olW

t32832C

6585H

491O292

4IU

PAC

5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-(2-metho

xyph

enyl)-4H

-chromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OH

glcO

OO

O-b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosy

loxy

flavo

ne5

4998400-D

ihyd

roxy

-7-m

etho

xy-8

-OO

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

57

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

dihy

drofl

avon

e

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO H

OHO

H3CO

And

rogr

aphi

dine

A

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H26O10

Exactm

ass462152597

MolW

t46244

654

IUPA

C(2S)-78-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-


ethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxy-23-

dihydrochrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph

enyl)-57-dihydroxychrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extractssequentialextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15

-dihydroxy-27-dimetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R

)-3-((E)-3-(34-dihydroxyphenyl)a

cryloyloxy)-

4-((E)-4-(34-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-oxob

ut-3-enyloxy)-15

-dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylicacid

PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu

aeligetal2008[136]Matsuda

currenetal1994[18]Pramanickcent

etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[

80]SethDaggeretal2010[14

9]Shendagger

etal200

6[134]Sulecopyetal2011[121]Sule

etal2012[123]Wangnot

etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh

outhornetal2008[151]Zo

uethetal2010[152]


Besides the AP and andrographolide andrographolidederivatives (eg CHP1002 and andrographolide sulfonate)also exhibited anti-inflammatory properties [182 183]CHP1002 a novel synthetic derivative of andrographolidesignificantly inhibited LPS-induced iNOS COX-2 expres-sions iNOS derived nitric oxide (NO) and COX-2 derivedprostaglandin E

2(PGE2) production through the stimulation

of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in RAW2647macrophages CHP1002 also significantly faded LPS-stimulated TNF-120572 IL-1120573 and IL-6 production [182] Liu etal [183] demonstrated that intraperitoneal administration ofandrographolide sulfonate a water soluble andrographolide(trade name Xi-Yan-Ping injection) attenuated the severityof 2 4 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitisin mice A dose of 125ndash5mgkg of andrographolide sulfonatesignificantly recovered the loss of body weights and diarrheain colitis mice prevented inflammatory damages of colonsand proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-120574 IL-17A andTNF-120572 and suppressed the functions of Th1 andTh17 whichis a feasible strategy to control inflammatory bowel diseaseThe demonstrated results suggested that andrographolidesulfonate could be a strong therapeutic compound for thetreatment of gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders

53 Antihyperglycemic Effect Inhibitions of 120572-glycosidaseand 120572-amylase activity and stimulation of insulin sensi-tivity are considered as effective strategies to lower thelevel of postprandial blood glucose These enzymes involvedin digestion and absorption of carbohydrates resulting inpostprandial increase of blood glucose [184] Insulin resis-tance is mainly expressed by hyperinsulinemia and highblood glucose level and is associated with some metabolichormonal abnormalities such as dyslipidemia abnormal uricacid metabolism increased ovarian testosterone secretionendothelial dysfunction elevated procoagulant factors andelevated inflammatorymarkers [185] AP extracts and andro-grapholide effectively showed antihyperglycemic effect by(a) lowering blood glucose level through inhibition of 120572-glycosidase and 120572-amylase [26 27 111 186] (b) increasinginsulin sensitivity and thus stimulating glucose uptake andoxidation by peripheral tissues [94] (c) controlling abnormallipid metabolism (d) scavenging free radicals from circula-tion which disrupt the plasma membrane integrity resultingin decreased number of efficient plasmamembrane receptorsor transporter proteins necessary to uptake glucose from theblood stream [187] Blood glucose lowering effect of AP wasobserved in both insulin-lacking diabetic rats andnormal ratsin several studies [25 186 188 189]

Andrographolide at a dose of 50mgkg effectivelydecreased blood glucose level stimulated GLUT4 translo-cation [189] and improved diabetic ratrsquos islet and betacell functions [190] Glucose induced hyperglycemia (orallyadministered) has been prevented by water extracts of APin nondiabetic rats without affecting epinephrine-inducedhyperglycemia [77] Oral administration of ethanol extractsof AP significantly lowered the fasting blood glucose ofhuman [26 27 93 94] Another bioactive compound namely

14-deoxy-1112-didehydroandrographolide also showed theantihyperglycemic activity [128]

Besides controlling blood glucose level andrographolidealso effectively prevented the onset of insulitis in a dosedependent manner and thus delayed the onset and sup-pressed the development of diabetes in 30-week-old NODmice Andrographolide also regulates the Th1Th2Th17homeostasis through which it may prevent 120573-cell death andinhibit T-cell infiltration into pancreatic islets and therebyprevent development of type 1 diabetes [191] Recently Augus-tine et al [187] reported that AP decreases the blood glucoseby increasing glucose utilization and oxidation restoration ofinsulin signalingmolecules in liver and decreasing the serumlipid levels in high fat and sucrose induced type 2 diabeticrats without showing hypoglycemic effect A combination ofn-hexane insoluble fraction of AP (HIFA) with curcuminoidsfraction ofCurcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome (CFC) also signifi-cantly showed the antihyperglycemic effect on high-fructose-fat-fed rats [192] The combination of HIFA-CFC could be apotential source to develop an antidiabetic agent Thereforethe identification of more antihyperglycemic compounds ofAP and combination ofAPwith othermedicinal plantswouldbe a focusing point of researchers for the better treatmentoption of the diabetic patients

54 Hepatoprotective Effect A paniculata is widely usedtraditionally as a hepatoprotective agent and a stimulatingagent for multiple enzymes of the liver It is also usedas an ingredient in the polyherbal preparations for thetreatment of hepatic disorders in Ayurvedic and Unanimedicine [8] Along with different extracts of AP andro-grapholide neoandrographolide 14-dexoyandrographolideand 14-deoxy-1112-didehydroandrographolide compoundsare also reported to have hepatoprotective effect [40ndash42124 129] In a comparative study the leaf extract andandrographolide was tested against the carbon tetrachloride-(CCl4-) induced hepaticmicrosomal lipid peroxidationOnly

the leaf extract completely protected the high concentrationCCl4-induced microsomal lipid peroxidation in vitro but

not the andrographolide which indicated that the hepato-protective role is not solely due to the presence of andro-grapholide [48] Similar effect of crude alcohol extracts ofthe AP leaves against CCl

4-induced liver damage was also

reported byRana andAvadhoot [50]Handa and Sharma [40]reported that andrographolide methanol extract of wholeplant and andrographolide-free methanol extract improvedliver histology in rats by 486 32 and 15 respectivelyafter CCl

4-induced liver injury Verma et al [193] reported

the effect of ethanol extract of AP on restoration of differentenzyme after CCl

4-induced liver injury Further research

using specific bioactive compounds is demanding for thebetter understanding of the hepatoprotective role played bythe AP

55 Antimicrobial and Antiparasitic Effect

551 Antibacterial Effect Modern research has investigatedthe causes of extensive uses of AP in traditional healing


systems as an antimicrobial agent to treat a variety of healthmorbidities of infectious origin Leelarasamee et al [194]reported that crude powder suspended in water to be devoidof in vitro antibacterial activity against Salmonella ShigellaEscherichia coli gram A Streptococci and Staphylococcusaureus even at a concentration of 25mgmL crude powderHowever over the last 3 decades researchers reported thatdifferent types of extracts of A paniculata possess potentantibacterial activity against various pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria Nakanishi et al [195] reported antibac-terial activity of aqueous methanol (50 vv) crude extractsof whole plant against Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgarisAlthough Nakanishi et al [195] reported the negative resultagainst E coli ethanol extracts of aerial parts of AP werefound to be effective in inhibiting E coli growth alongwith other ten gram positive and gram negative bacteriaspecies in an investigation conducted by Mishra et al [196]The aqueous extract showed significant antibacterial activitydue to the combined effect of the isolated andrographolidesand arabinogalactan proteins [197] Similar effect was alsomentioned by Fbricant and Farnsworth [198]

The antibacterial activity of three different extracts(dichloromethane methanol and aqueous) of AP wholeplant was evaluated by Sule et al [199] against 12 skin infec-tion causing pathogenic bacterial strainsThe extracts showedsignificant effects against all the tested bacterial strains indifferent concentrations likely 1000 500 and 250 120583gdiscHowever methanol extract showed the highest antibacterialactivity against Enterococcus faecalis at 1000 120583gdisc withan inhibition zone of 24mm and dichloromethane extractshowed the least activity against Neisseria meningitis at250120583gdisc with an inhibition zone of 6mm Similar resultsagain were reported in anothermanuscript by Sule et al [200]in the following year In their study they investigated antibac-terial activity of methanol extract of whole plant against fivehuman pathogenic bacteria S aureus Streptococcus pyogenesMicrococcus luteus Proteus mirabilis and P aeruginosaTheirresults revealed that the highest inhibition (1967 plusmn 076mm)was exerted against S aureus at 1000 120583gmL and the least(0700 plusmn 150mm) activity shown against P aeruginosae at250120583gmL However it was a noteworthy result that themethanol extract exhibited more potent inhibitory activityagainst S aureus (1967 plusmn 076mm) and Streptococcus pyo-genes (1600 plusmn 058mm) at 1000 120583gmL compared to theantibiotic vancomycin (1700plusmn105mmand 1450plusmn100mmresp) [121] Furthermore they isolated and characterizedtwo important antibacterial bioactive compounds namely14-deoxyandrographolide (Figure 2) and 3-O-120573-D-glucosyl-14-deoxyandrographolide from the whole plant of AP andconcluded that the mentioned efficacy of methanol extracthad been shown due to the presence of these compounds(Table 4)

552 Antiviral Effect Researchers investigated significantantiviral activity of AP besides other pharmacological activ-ities in last two decades Although they reported antiviralactivity against limited viruses such as dengue virus serotype1 (DENV-1) [201] human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16)[202] herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) [203] influenza

A virus [102] and HIV [53 55 80 204] their findingswere very encouraging and noteworthy considering the lifethreatening role of these viruses in human community Thehot aqueous aerial parts extract of AP was reported forits significant antiviral activity to reduce the percentage ofHIV antigen-positive H9 cells [55] Recently Tang et al[201] reported that the methanol extract of AP possessessignificant inhibition activity against DENV-1 in vitro assayAnother study has revealed that andrographolide suppressedHPV16 transcription activity leading to the reduction of E6oncoprotein and restored p53 [202]

Several bioactive compounds such as andrographolideneoandrographolide dehydroandrographolide natural deri-vatives of andrographolide namely 14-deoxy-1112-didehy-droandrographolide and 14-deoxyandrographolide and syn-thetic derivatives namely dehydroandrographolide succinicacid monoester (DAMS) 14--lipoyl andrographolide (AL-1)14-acetyl-39-isopropyl-ideneandrographolide 14-acetylan-drographolide 31419-triacetylandrographolide and 39-isopropyl-ideneandrographolide have been shown to havesignificant antiviral activity against HIV influenza A andHSV-1 without any significant cytotoxic effect at virucidalconcentrations Andrographolide isolated from ethanolextracts of whole plant of AP showed a great promise in thetreatment of HIV infections It might be able to inhibit viralreplication by interfering CDK (cyclin dependent kinase)activity resulting in deregulation of HIV induced cell cycle[53 80 205] The overall findings of andrographolide effectsagainst different viruses indicate that andrographolide wouldbe an effective agent for prevention and treatment of viraldiseases

553 Antiparasitic Effect Antiparasitic activity of the APextract is reported in certain articles Dua et al [143] inves-tigated both in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activity of fourxanthones (Table 4) isolated from roots against Plasmodiumfalciparum and Plasmodium berghei One of the xanthones12-dihydroxy-68-dimethoxy-xanthone showed substantialantiplasmodial activity during in vitro (4120583gmL at IC

50value)

and in vivo (62 parasitaemia reduction at 30mgKg dose)study

The water extract of dried leaves was found to be activeagainst adult worms of Brugia malayi in vitro [206] RecentlyPadma et al [207] evaluated the aqueous and methanolextracts for in vitro anthelmintic activity against adult earthworms Pheretima posthuma The extracts showed significantresults at the concentrations of 25mgmL 50mgmL and75mgmL However the clinical relevancies of the antipar-asitic studies are inconclusive due to obtaining the results athigh concentration that may not be feasible clinically

56 Anticancer Effect Andrographolide exhibited both directand indirect effects on cancer cells by inhibiting proliferationof cancer cells cell-cycle arrests or cell differentiationenhancing bodyrsquos own immune system against cancer cellsand inducting apoptosis and necrosis of cancer cells [208]Dichloromethane fraction of methanol extract significantlyinhibited the proliferation of HT-29 colon cancer cells Themajor bioactive compound of AP andrographolide isolated


from dichloromethane inhibited the growth of a diversecancer cell representing different types of human cancers[11] In contrast recently Aditya et al [209] reported thatmethanol extract of AP was found to be very less effectiveagainst both MCF-7 breast and HT-29 colon cancer celllines This low activity exhibited might be due to the lowpenetration power of the active principles

Antiproliferative activities of andrographolide and isoan-drographolide along with other 16 ent-labdane diterpenoidsisolated from 85 ethanol extract of AP against humanleukaemia HL-60 cells have also been investigated by Chenet al [138] These results showed that andrographolide andisoandrographolide were more effective than others In arecent study Chen et al [142] identified a new flavonoid 7 8-dimethoxy-21015840-hydroxy-5-O-120573-d-glucopyranosyloxyflavoneisolated from the aerial parts of AP This flavonoid exhibitedpotent antiproliferative activity against human leukaemiaHL-60 cells with IC

50of 350 120583M Ethanol (70) extracts and

andrographolide were also found to be effective to increasethe life spans of thymoma injected mice cells in an in vivostudy [83] In the following year Geethangili et al [210]showed the effective cytotoxic activity of ethanol extractsagainst human cancer cells including Jurkat (lymphocytic)PC-3 (prostate) HepG2 (hepatoma) and colon 205 (colonic)cancer cells In another study use of andrographolide at adose 12120583gmL for 36 h against HL-60 cells improved 27 inG0G1 phase cells and significantly decreased cells numberat S and G2M phase [12] Shi et al [82] reported thatandrographolide can inhibit human colorectal carcinoma(CRC) Lovo cell growth by G1ndashS phase arrest and inducethe expression of cell-cycle inhibitory proteins p53 p21 andp16 These proteins repressed the activity of cyclin D1Cdk4andor cyclin ACdk2 required for G1 to S phase transitionIn a recent in vitro study andrographolide has been shownto suppress the growth and invasion of CRC Lovo cells andtrigger apoptosis Besides the effect of andrographolide aloneandrographolide in combination with chemotherapeuticscisplatin is likely to represent a potential therapeutic strategyfor CRC [211]

Andrographolide and its analogues exert direct inhibitoryeffect on cancer cells by inducing expression of cell cycleinhibitory proteins and depressing cyclin-dependent kinase(Cdk) resulting in blocking the cell cycle progression atG0G1 [12 13 82 212 213] Some other compounds alsoblock the cell cycle progression at G2M phase [210] Anovel semisynthetic analogue of andrographolide DRF3188exhibited anticancer activities against MCF 7 breast cancercells at a lower dosage than andrographolide through similarmechanism [212] Both the compounds block cell cycle at theG0-G1 phase through induction of the cell cycle inhibitor(p27) and concomitant decrease in the levels of Cdk4Therefore attention has been focused on the anticancerproperties of pure components of AP and the moleculartarget of andrographolide that blocks G1 stage still needs tobe determined

57 Immunomodulatory Effect Control of immune responseby regulating nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) atranscription factor essential for cytokine production during

T-cell activation is a widely known strategy Preventingtranslocation of NFAT to nucleus is the target of severalimmunosuppressive agents (eg cyclosporinA FK506) [112]AP is known to exert several immunomodulatory propertiesMore than two decades ago a laboratory test demonstratedthat AP inhibited growth of human breast cancer cells similarto the drug tamoxifen [17] Amroyan et al [214] reported thatandrographolide was effective to stop the clumping of bloodplatelets that lead to heart attacks and they also suggestedthat andrographolide has a major effect on activating thegeneral defense functions of immune system by stimulatingthe production of antibodies as well as nonspecific immuneresponses such as increased macrophage phagocytosis Anin vitro study with the increased proliferation of lympho-cytes and production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) confirmed theimmunostimulatory activity of AP [12] Three diterpenecompounds of AP isolated from dichloromethane fractionof methanol extract showed augmented proliferation andIL-2 induction in human peripheral blood lymphocytes(HPBLs) at a low concentration [11] In addition the chronicconsumption of the aqueous extract of AP also promotedthe immune functions at 250mgkg and 500mgkg however1000mgkg dose leading to development of autoimmunereactions anaemia and multiple myeloma [215] AP extractand andrographolide significantly promoted the lyses of nat-ural killer (NK) cell-mediated target cells on day 5 after tumorinduction Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity(ADCC) and antibody dependent complement-mediatedcytotoxicity (ACC) inmetastatic tumor bearing animals werealso enhanced significantly compared to the control by thetreatment ofAP extract and andrographolide In addition thelevels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1120573 IL-6 GM-CSF and TNF-120572 were also effectively reduced [216] Carrettaet al [112] demonstrated that andrographolide reduces IL-2production extracellular signal regulated kinase- (ERK-) 1and ERK-5 phosphorylation induced by anti-CD3 or phorbolmyristate acetate and ionomycin (PMAIonomycin) andNF-120581B activity in Jurkat cells and this effect can be related toa reduction in NFAT activity and an increase in c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation Moreover andro-grapholide inhibited tumor growth in animals by stimulatingthe production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes [83] Hencethe compounds modulate the host immune systems againstthese cells to confer the direct cytotoxicity to cancer cellsBased on the reported immunomodulatory properties APand andrographolide might be effective clinically to treat theautoimmune diseases

58 Cardiovascular Effect Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)are the leading cause of death throughout the world APis used widely for improving the cardiac health in tradi-tional medicinal systems Several studies have investigatedits activities in cardiovascular diseases [38 81 107 131 217ndash225] Wang et al [222] reported that AP is potential toincrease the nitric oxide cyclic guanosine monophosphateand superoxide dismutase activity with declines of lipidperoxide and endothelin in an atherosclerotic rabbit modelIn another study Wang and Zhao [223] also investigated thatthe AP extracts can be able to prevent constriction of blood


vessels and increase blood clotting time significantly in thepre- and postangioplasty procedures The extracts inhibitedthe cell growth and DNA synthesis in a dose dependentmanner which is a similarmechanism like stents that preventcell division

Aqueous extracts and active constituents of AP showedsignificant antihypertensive activity in both spontaneouslyhypertensive rats and normotensive Wister-Kyoto rats [226]improved the blood pressure status in both pre- and postexperimental myocardial infarction in animals [217 218] andexhibited platelet antiaggregation in in vitro [81 214] andex vivo [227] assays The existing reports suggested that APcan be used as alternative source of the treatment of CVDsFurther studies are necessary to know the insight of themechanism of actions of specific constituents of AP and inclinical perspectives

59 Antihyperlipidemic Effect Hyperlipidemia is an impor-tant factor for atherosclerosis that leads to heart attack(obstruction occurs in the coronary arteries) and stroke(obstruction occurs in the arteries of the brain) [228ndash230]Chen et al [231] suggested the andrographolide as candidatetherapeutic agent for atherosclerosis based on their researchresult Recently another study revealed antihyperlipidemiceffects of andrographolide and neoandrographolide [225]Yang et al [225] reported the effects of andrographolideand neoandrographolide on hyperlipidemic mice inducedby 75 yolk emulsion and hyperlipidemic rats inducedby high fat emulsion Andrographolide and neoandro-grapholide reduced triglyceride total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a dose dependent mannerPlasma aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminaselevels were also significantly (119875 lt 001) reduced comparedto the positive control (Simvastatin) These compoundsexhibited their lipid and lipoprotein reducing effects throughdownregulation of iNOS expression and upregulation ofeNOS expression in aorta of hyperlipidemic rats [225] Theresults of hypolipidemic study require further exploration ofthe molecular mechanism and the related signaling pathway

510 Sexual Functions and Contraceptive Effect AP andandrographolide showed earlier either contraceptive [58232ndash236] fertility [237ndash239] or no effects [240] in a varietyof studies AP showed contraceptive effects by terminatingspermatogenesis in male albino rats [233 236] Zoha et al[232] reported that there were no pregnant female micethat consumed AP mixed food daily after mating with theuntreated male of potential fertility which means that theAP has contraceptive effect on female mice AP and andro-grapholide were effective to prevent cytokinesis of dividingspermatogenic cell lines resulting in stopped spermatogenesis[235 236] The antifertility effects of andrographolide arecharacterized by marked decreases of protein content alongwith significant increases of cholesterol acid phosphataseand alkaline phosphatase levels with appearance of fructosein the reproductive systems of rats [234] Panossian et al[241] reported negative results of APrsquos powdered extract onblood progesterone content in rats However the testosteronelevel with mounting frequency was significantly increased in

mice at 4 weeks of andrographolide treatment There was notoxicity of andrographolide (50mgkg) treatment for up to8 weeks on number and motility of sperm Further studiesare needed to confirm the double stand activities of AP andandrographolide on female and male sexual behaviors Theinvestigation of specific mechanisms in regulation of fertilityand contraceptive effects of AP and its active constituentswould be valued to identify target point of controlling sexualbehaviors

511 Safety and Toxicity Effects Generally uses of AP as amedicine have been proved to be safe in various studies onmice rats and rabbits as well as in in vitro assays and someclinical trials Some conflicting results are also available Fewstudies showed the toxic effect of AP on reproductive systemby damaging the Sertoli cell in male gonads in albino ratsA dose of 25 and 50mgkg body weight for a period of 48days demonstrated that antispermatogenic effect [58 235236] However contradictory result was also demonstratedby numerous studies [237 239 240 242ndash245] The safetyof AP extracts regarding the oral acute toxicity (gt17 gKgLD50) [237] testicular toxicity (gt1 gKg LD

50) [240] and

genotoxicity (5 gKg LD50) [244] has been reported

Due to APrsquos extreme bitterness it may cause emesisSome adverse effects including allergic reaction gastric insta-bility fatigue headache loss of appetite lymphadenopathydiarrhea metallic taste and nausea are also observed inoverdosing of AP extracts [63 246] It is suggested to avoidthis plant during pregnancy due to ovulation preventiveeffects of the plant [232] To date all trials with few exceptionswere for short duration thus the prediction of safety for longterm use would be farfetched

6 Future Direction

Pharmacological activity of AP was investigated either usingcrude extracts or isolated bioactive compounds Though thecrude extract showed significant effects isolation of bioactivecompounds and investigation of pharmacology providemorespecific knowledge especially about mechanism of actionsof compounds Conventional extraction processes (such assoxhlet extraction maceration and hydrodistillation) havebeen using by most of the researchers all over the worldHowever selection of proper extractionmethods is crucial forqualitative and quantitative studies of bioactive compoundsderived from medicinal plant [247]

The reported pharmacology of bioactive compounds ofAP is based on conventional extraction methods with fewexceptions using different solvents for example methanolethanol water acetone acetone-water chloroform anddichloromethane (Table 4) The conventional extractiontechniques have some limitations including longer extractiontime costly and high purity solvent required huge amountof solvent evaporation low extraction selectivity and ther-mal decomposition of thermolabile compounds To over-come these problems some new and promising extractionmethods like ultrasound assisted extraction enzyme-assistedextraction microwave-assisted extraction pulsed electricfield assisted extraction supercritical fluid extraction and


pressurized liquid extraction have been introduced which aretermed as nonconventional extraction methods [248] Someof these techniques are known as ldquogreen techniquesrdquo andare applicable for high yield and more purified compoundswithin a short time compared to classical methods Forexample extraction of phenolic antioxidants from five citruspeels (Yen Ben lemon Meyer lemon grapefruit mandarinand orange) by enzyme-assisted extractionwas improved sig-nificantly with higher enzyme concentration [249] Howardand Pandjaitan [250] extracted flavonoids from spinach bypressurized liquid extraction effectively Therefore it canbe suggested that extraction of bioactive compounds fromAP using nonconventional extraction methods of bioactivecompounds would be valued to get high yield and purifiedcompounds

We mentioned earlier that tissue culture techniques havebeen applied successfully to form new flavones by differen-tiating callus culture Jalal et al [168] reported that differen-tiating tissue cultures of AP produce three new flavones 5-hydroxy-7821015840-trimethoxy- 521015840-dihydroxy-78-dimethoxy-and 5-hydroxy-78-dimethoxy-flavones Arifullah et al [141]isolated andrographolide and echiodinin from in vitro leafcallus of AP In vitro root culture system can be exploitedas a renewable source of minerals essential for designingeffective drugs [167] Other bioactive compounds can alsobe extracted via tissue culture Adventitious roots fromvegetative propagation of AP can also be an alternative sourceof plantmaterials for extraction of bioactive compounds fromroots We investigated a rapid and maximum adventitiousroots inAPrsquos shootmicrocuttings applying soakingmethod at3mM IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) (Figure 1(f)) (unpublisheddata) These adventitious roots can be further investigatedto see the quality and content of bioactive compounds andpharmacological effects Hence adventitious rooting andplant tissue culture techniques can be alternativeways tomeetthe commercial demand of AP

Stress alters growth and development of plants In ourinvestigation we found that salinity stress showed deleteriouseffects on morphophysiological parameters including colourplant height leaf area and root length of AP It also causesless production of AP [251] The stress conditions have astrong impact on the responsible metabolic pathways for theaccumulation of the related natural products [252] Howeverabiotic stress condition (as an agronomical approach) [253254] and biotechnological approaches (genetic transforma-tion) [255] can be used to improve the content of someactive compounds like flavonoids on a large scale in plantsTalei et al [256] reported that high salinity level (16 dSm)reached relatively higher andrographolide and neoandro-grapholide content compared to control The increase inandrographolide and neoandrographolide contents at highsalinity level (16 dSm) was 17757 and 13118 comparedto the control respectively Optimization of the yield ofandrographolide and neoandrographolide content and inves-tigation of other important bioactives of AP under abioticstresses would be valued to meet the commercial demand ofbioactive compounds of AP To date to our knowledge anyinvestigation of pharmacological activities of bioactive com-pounds obtained from salinity treated AP is not conducted

yet Therefore it is very crucial to know the comparativeefficacy of the compounds obtained from salinity treated andcontrol APTheobtained knowledge from the suggested studycould also be used for further research design on AP for thebetterment of human health

7 Conclusion

The demand of AP is greatly increased in the past few yearsfor its overwhelming therapeutic potentials Available dataon AP also clearly expresses a broad spectrum of pharmaco-logical properties of this plant Due to possessing extensivepharmacological activities the AP can be safely regarded asone of the modern catholicons However the investigatedpharmacological activities of AP need validation through theclinical study Though several clinical studies were success-fully completed without adverse effects or fatalities mostof them only investigated upper respiratory tract infectionsfor a variety of conditions Verification of the efficacy ofother biological activities of AP including antidiabetic anti-cancer anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activitieson human study subjects would bring a lot of benefits forthe largest population of the globe We assume that the APcould be useful as highly applied therapeutic agents for avariety of disorders in the near future to cure human diseasesas well as some animal diseases To fulfill this dream theresearchers might focus on multiplication of this plant tomeet commercial demand besides the pharmacology studyTissue culture techniquesmight be a good alternative tomakeAP available for researches (ie pharmacological study andphytochemical study to find new bioactive compounds) aswell as conservation of this plant

Disclosure

This study was not involved in any handling of animals or livespecies

Conflict of Interests

The authors have no conflict of interests to declare

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their cordial thanks toProf Dr Ahmed Jalal Khan Chowdhury from InternationalIslamic University Malaysia for his admirable inspirationThe authorsrsquo appreciation is also extended to Br AbdurRazzak and Br Md Al Amin for their assistance in providinguseful papers for the review The authors are also grateful toMr Mohammad Ibrahim Auli Ullah from Universiti SultanZainal Abidin Kuala Terengganu Malaysia for his criticalproof reading of this paper

References

[1] G Chaudhary S Goyal and P Poonia ldquoLawsonia inermis Lin-naeus a phytopharmacological reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research vol 2 no 2 pp 91ndash98 2010


[2] P Joy JThomas SMathew and B P Skaria ldquoMedicinal plantsrdquoTropical Horticulture vol 2 pp 449ndash632 1998

[3] I H Burkill W Birtwistle F Foxworthy J Scrivenor and JWatson A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the MalayPeninsula Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives KualaLumpur Malaysia 1966

[4] G Kavishankar N Lakshmidevi S M Murthy H Prakashand S Niranjana ldquoDiabetes and medicinal plantsmdasha reviewrdquoJournal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences vol 2 no3 pp 65ndash80 2011

[5] R Hajiaghaee and S Akhondzadeh ldquoHerbal medicine in thetreatment of Alzheimerrsquos diseaserdquo Journal of Medicinal Plantsvol 11 no 41 pp 1ndash7 2012

[6] Z Urbi S Hossain K M Hafizur Rahman and T M ZayedldquoGrape a medicinal fruit species in the holy Qurrsquoan and itsethnomedinical importancerdquo World Applied Sciences Journalvol 30 no 3 pp 253ndash265 2014

[7] J A Duke Dukersquos Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the BibleCRC Press Taylor amp Francis 2007

[8] S Akbar ldquoAndrographis paniculata a review of pharmacologi-cal activities and clinical effectsrdquo Alternative Medicine Reviewvol 16 no 1 pp 66ndash77 2011

[9] M H Kabir N Hasan M M Rahman et al ldquoA survey ofmedicinal plants used by theDeb barma clan of theTripura tribeof Moulvibazar district Bangladeshrdquo Journal of Ethnobiologyand Ethnomedicine vol 10 no 1 article 19 2014

[10] K Jarukamjorn and N Nemoto ldquoPharmacological aspects ofAndrographis paniculata on health and its major diterpenoidconstituent andrographoliderdquo Journal of Health Science vol 54no 4 pp 370ndash381 2008

[11] R Ajaya Kumar K Sridevi N Vijaya Kumar S Nanduri andS Rajagopal ldquoAnticancer and immunostimulatory compoundsfrom Andrographis paniculatardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 92 no 2-3 pp 291ndash295 2004

[12] S Rajagopal R A Kumar D S Deevi C Satyanarayana and RRajagopalan ldquoAndrographolide a potential cancer therapeuticagent isolated from Andrographis paniculatardquo Journal of Exper-imental Therapeutics and Oncology vol 3 no 3 pp 147ndash1582003

[13] H-Y Cheung S-H Cheung J Li et al ldquoAndrographolideisolated from Andrographis paniculata induces cell cycle arrestandmitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in human leukemicHL-60 cellsrdquo Planta Medica vol 71 no 12 pp 1106ndash1111 2005

[14] W Li X Xu H Zhang et al ldquoSecondary metabolites fromAndrographis paniculatardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bul-letin vol 55 no 3 pp 455ndash458 2007

[15] S Harjotaruno A Widyawaruyantil and N C Zaini ldquoApopto-sis inducing effect of andrographolide on TD-47 human breastcancer cell linerdquo African Journal of Traditional Complementaryand Alternative Medicines vol 4 no 3 pp 345ndash351 2008

[16] J Zhou S Zhang O Choon-Nam and H-M Shen ldquoCriticalrole of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members in androgra-pholide-induced apoptosis in human cancer cellsrdquo BiochemicalPharmacology vol 72 no 2 pp 132ndash144 2006

[17] A Puri R Saxena R P Saxena K C Saxena V Srivastavaand J S Tandon ldquoImmunostimulant agents from Andrographispaniculatardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 56 no 7 pp 995ndash999 1993

[18] TMatsuda M Kuroyanagi S Sugiyama K Umehara A Uenoand K Nishi ldquoCell differentiation-inducing diterpenes fromAndrographis paniculata Neesrdquo Chemical and PharmaceuticalBulletin vol 42 no 6 pp 1216ndash1225 1994

[19] S GuptaM A Choudhry J N S Yadava V Srivastava and J STandon ldquoAntidiarrhoeal activity of diterpenes of Andrographispaniculata (Kal-Megh) against Escherichia coli enterotoxin in invivomodelsrdquo International Journal of Crude Drug Research vol28 no 4 pp 273ndash283 1990

[20] S Gupta J N S Yadava and J S Tandon ldquoAntisecretory(antidiarrhoeal) activity of Indian medicinal plants againstEscherichia coli enterotoxin-induced secretion in rabbit andguinea pig ileal loop modelsrdquo International Journal of Pharma-cognosy vol 31 no 3 pp 198ndash204 1993

[21] A Sharma R T Singh V Sehgal and S S Handa ldquoAntihep-atotoxic activity of some plants used in herbal formulationsrdquoFitoterapia vol 62 no 2 pp 131ndash138 1991

[22] W Tang and G Eisenbrand ldquoAndrographis paniculata (Burmf) Neesrdquo in Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin Chemistry Pharma-cology and Use in Raditional and Modern Medicine W Tangand G Eisenbrand Eds pp 97ndash103 Springer Berlin Germany1992

[23] S Nanduri V K Nyavanandi S Sanjeeva Rao Thunuguntlaet al ldquoSynthesis and structure-activity relationships of andro-grapholide analogues as novel cytotoxic agentsrdquo Bioorganic andMedicinal Chemistry Letters vol 14 no 18 pp 4711ndash4717 2004

[24] B-C Yu C-R HungW-C Chen and J-T Cheng ldquoAntihyper-glycemic effect of andrographolide in streptozotocin-induceddiabetic ratsrdquo PlantaMedica vol 69 no 12 pp 1075ndash1079 2003

[25] B C Yu C K Chang C F Su and J T Cheng ldquoMediation of120573-endorphin in andrographolide-induced plasma glucose-lowering action in type I diabetes-like animalsrdquo Naunyn-Schmiedebergrsquos Archives of Pharmacology vol 377 no 4ndash6 pp529ndash540 2008

[26] R Subramanian and M Z Asmawi ldquoInhibition of 120572-gluco-sidase byAndrographis paniculata ethanol extract in ratsrdquo Pharma-ceutical Biology vol 44 no 8 pp 600ndash606 2006

[27] R Subramanian M Z Asmawi and A Sadikun ldquoIn vitro120572-glucosidase and 120572-amylase enzyme inhibitory effects ofAndrographis paniculata extract and andrographoliderdquo ActaBiochimica Polonica vol 55 no 2 pp 391ndash398 2008

[28] W F Chiou J J Lin and C F Chen ldquoAndrographolide sup-presses the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase inmacrophage and restores the vasoconstriction in rat aortatreated with lipopolysacchariderdquo British Journal of Pharmacol-ogy vol 125 no 2 pp 327ndash334 1998

[29] W-F Chiou C-F Chen and J-J Lin ldquoMechanisms of suppres-sion of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression inRAW 2647 cells by andrographoliderdquo British Journal of Phar-macology vol 129 no 8 pp 1553ndash1560 2000

[30] K Sheeja P K Shihab and G Kuttan ldquoAntioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant Andrographis paniculataneesrdquo Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology vol 28 no1 pp 129ndash140 2006

[31] Y C Shen C F Chen and W F Chiou ldquoAndrographolideprevents oxygen radical production by human neutrophilspossiblemechanism(s) involved in its anti-inflammatory effectrdquoBritish Journal of Pharmacology vol 135 no 2 pp 399ndash4062002

[32] Y-C Shen C-F Chen and W-F Chiou ldquoSuppression of ratneutrophil reactive oxygen species production and adhesion bythe diterpenoid lactone andrographoliderdquo Planta Medica vol66 no 4 pp 314ndash317 2000

[33] CWiart K Kumar M Y Yusof H Hamimah Z M Fauzi andM Sulaiman ldquoAntiviral properties of ent-labdene diterpenes


of Andrographis paniculata Nees inhibitors of herpes simplexvirus type 1rdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 19 no 12 pp 1069ndash1070 2005

[34] PMisra N L Pal P Y Guru J C Katiyar V Srivastava and J STandon ldquoAntimalarial activity of Andrographis paniculata(Kalmegh) against Plasmodium berghei NK 65 in Mastomysnatalensisrdquo International Journal of Pharmacognosy vol 30 no4 pp 263ndash274 1992

[35] R E Kamdem S Sang and C-T Ho ldquoMechanism of thesuperoxide scavenging activity of neoandrographolidemdasha nat-ural product from Andrographis paniculata neesrdquo Journal ofAgricultural and Food Chemistry vol 50 no 16 pp 4662ndash46652002

[36] R P Singh S Banerjee and A R Rao ldquoModulatory influenceof Andrographis paniculata on mouse hepatic and extrahepaticcarcinogen metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant statusrdquo Phy-totherapy Research vol 15 no 5 pp 382ndash390 2001

[37] G A Akowuah I Zhari and A Mariam ldquoAnalysis of urinaryandrographolides and antioxidant status after oral administra-tion of Andrographis paniculata leaf extract in ratsrdquo Food andChemical Toxicology vol 46 no 12 pp 3616ndash3620 2008

[38] C Y Zhang and B K H Tan ldquoMechanisms of cardiovascularactivity of Andrographis paniculata in the anaesthetized ratrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 56 no 2 pp 97ndash101 1997

[39] B-H Tan and A Zhang ldquoAndrographis paniculata and thecardiovascular systemrdquoOxidative Stress and Disease vol 14 pp441ndash456 2004

[40] S S Handa and A Sharma ldquoHepatoprotective activity ofandrographolide fromAndrographis paniculata against carbon-tetrachloriderdquo The Indian Journal of Medical Research vol 92pp 276ndash283 1990

[41] S S Handa andA Sharma ldquoHepatoprotective activity of andro-grapholide against galactosamine and paracetamol intoxicationin ratsrdquo Indian Journal ofMedical Research vol 92 pp 284ndash2921990

[42] A Kapil I B Koul S K Banerjee and B D Gupta ldquoAntihepa-toxic effects of major diterpenoid constituents of Andrographispaniculatardquo Biochemical Pharmacology vol 46 no 1 pp 182ndash185 1993

[43] R Chander V Srivastava J S Tandon andN K Kapoor ldquoAnti-hepatotoxic activity of diterpenes of Andrographis paniculata(Kal-Megh) against Plasmodium berghei-induced hepatic dam-age in Mastomys natalensisrdquo International Journal of Pharma-cognosy vol 33 no 2 pp 135ndash138 1995

[44] N Trivedi and U M Rawal ldquoHepatoprotective and toxico-logical evaluation of Andrographis paniculata on severe liverdamagerdquo Indian Journal of Pharmacology vol 32 no 5 pp 288ndash293 2000

[45] N P Trivedi and U M Rawal ldquoHepatoprotective and antiox-idant property of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in BHCinduced liver damage in micerdquo Indian Journal of ExperimentalBiology vol 39 no 1 pp 41ndash46 2001

[46] P K S Visen B Saraswat V Vuksan and B N Dhawan ldquoEffectof andrographolide on monkey hepatocytes against galac-tosamine induced cell toxicity an in-vitro studyrdquo Journal ofComplementary and Integrative Medicine vol 4 no 1 article 102007

[47] B Saraswat P K S Visen G K Patnaik and B N DhawanldquoEffect of andrographolide against galactosamine-induced hep-atotoxicityrdquo Fitoterapia vol 66 no 5 pp 415ndash420 1995

[48] B R Choudhury and M K Poddar ldquoAndrographolide andkalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) extract in vivo and in vitro

effect on hepatic lipid peroxidationrdquo Methods and Findings inExperimental and Clinical Pharmacology vol 6 no 9 pp 481ndash485 1984

[49] B R Choudhury S J Haque and M K Poddar ldquoIn vivo andin vitro effects of kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) extractand andrographolide on hepaticmicrosomal drugmetabolizingenzymesrdquo Planta Medica vol 53 no 2 pp 135ndash140 1987

[50] ACRana andYAvadhoot ldquoHepatoprotective effects ofAndro-grahphis paniculata against carbon tetrachloride-induced liverdamagerdquo Archives of Pharmacal Research vol 14 no 1 pp 93ndash95 1991

[51] PKSVisen BShukia GKPatnaik andBNDhawan ldquoAndro-grapholide protects rat hepatocytes against paracetamol-induced damagerdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 40 no 2pp 131ndash136 1993

[52] BShukla P K S VisenGK Patnaik andBNDhawan ldquoChol-eretic effect of andrographolide in rats and guinea pigsrdquo PlantaMedica vol 58 no 2 pp 146ndash149 1992

[53] C Calabrese S H Berman J G Babish et al ldquoA phase Itrial of andrographolide in HIV positive patients and normalvolunteersrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 14 no 5 pp 333ndash3382000

[54] T Otake HMoriMMorimoto et al ldquoScreening of Indonesianplant extracts for anti-human immunodeficiency virusmdashtype 1(HIV-1) activityrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 9 no 1 pp 6ndash101995

[55] R S Chang L Ding CGai-Qing PQi-Choa Z Ze-Lin andKM Smith ldquoDehydroandrographolide succinic acid monoesteras an inhibitor against the human immunodeficiency virus(43225)rdquo Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology andMedicine vol 197 no 1 pp 59ndash66 1991

[56] A Basak S Cooper A G Roberge U K Banik M Chretienand N G Seidah ldquoInhibition of proprotein convertases-1 -7and furin by diterpines of Andrographis paniculata and theirsuccinoyl estersrdquo Biochemical Journal vol 338 no 1 pp 107ndash113 1999

[57] M I Iruretagoyena J A Tobar P A Gonzalez et al ldquoAndro-grapholide interferes with T cell activation and reduces exper-imental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the mouserdquo Journalof Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics vol 312 no 1pp 366ndash372 2005

[58] M A Akbarsha and P Murugaian ldquoAspects of the male repro-ductive toxicitymale antifertility property of andrographolidein albino rats effect on the testis and the cauda epididymidalspermatozoardquo Phytotherapy Research vol 14 no 6 pp 432ndash4352000

[59] A Niranjan S K Tewari and A Lehri ldquoBiological activitiesof Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees) and its activeprinciples-A reviewrdquo Indian Journal of Natural Products andResources vol 1 no 2 pp 125ndash135 2010

[60] Z Wu P H Raven D Y Hong and M B Garden Flora ofChina Cucurbitaceae Through Valerianaceae with Annonaceaeand Berberidaceae Science Press Beijing China 1996

[61] G K Benoy D K Animesh M Aninda D K Priyanka andH Sandip ldquoAn overview on Andrographis paniculata (burm F)Neesrdquo International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Phar-macy vol 3 no 6 pp 752ndash760 2012

[62] C Boopathi ldquoAndrographis spp a source of bitter compoundsfor medicinal userdquo Ancient Science of Life vol 19 no 3-4 pp164ndash168 2000

[63] D Anju G Jugnu S Kavitha N Arjun and D Sandeep ldquoAreview on medicinal prospective of Andrographis paniculata


Neesrdquo Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation vol1 no 1 pp 1ndash4 2012

[64] S Patidar A S Gontia A Upadhyay and P S Nayak ldquoBio-chemical constituents in Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculataNees) under various row spacingrsquos and nitrogen levelsrdquo WorldApplied Sciences Journal vol 15 no 8 pp 1095ndash1099 2011

[65] S Bhattacharya SPuriA JamwalandS Sharma ldquoStudies on seedgermination and seedling growth in Kalmegh (Andrographispaniculata Wall Ex Nees) under abiotic stress conditionsrdquoInternational Journal of Science Environment and Technologyvol 1 no 3 pp 197ndash204 2012

[66] G Gnanasekaran and G V S Murthy ldquoLectotypifications inandrographis (Acanthaceae)rdquo Rheedea vol 22 no 2 pp 77ndash792012

[67] Y K Rao A G Damu A J Rao et al ldquoFlavonoids fromAndro-graphis viscosulardquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol51 no 12 pp 1374ndash1376 2003

[68] B Parixit C Bharath N Rajarajeshwari and S GanapatyldquoThe genus Andrographismdasha reviewrdquo International Journal ofPharmaceutical Sciences vol 4 no 1 pp 1835ndash1856 2012

[69] M Saggoo and S Bir ldquoMeiotic studies in certain members offamily Acanthaceae from South IndiardquoThe Journal of the IndianBotanical Society vol 65 no 3 pp 310ndash315 1986

[70] S K Roy and P Datta ldquoChromosomal biotypes ofAndrographispaniculata in India and BangladeshrdquoCytologia vol 53 no 2 pp369ndash378 1988

[71] S K Mishra N S Sangwan and R S Sangwan ldquoAndrographispaniculata (Kalmegh) a reviewrdquo Pharmacognosy Reviews vol 1no 2 pp 283ndash298 2007

[72] T-S Wu H-J Chern A G Damu et al ldquoFlavonoids and ent-labdane diterpenoids from Andrographis paniculata and theirantiplatelet aggregatory and vasorelaxing effectsrdquo Journal ofAsian Natural Products Research vol 10 no 1 pp 17ndash24 2008

[73] USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) RS (Agri-cultural Research Service) NGRP (National Genetic ResourcesProgram) and GRIN (Germplasm Resources Information Net-work) ldquoGRIN Taxonomy for Plantsrdquo April 2014 httpwwwars-gringovcgi-binnpgshtmltaxonpl414228

[74] Tropicosorg ldquoAndrographis paniculata (Burm f) Wall exNeesrdquo 2014 httpwwwtropicosorgName100007

[75] A Valdiani M A Kadir S G Tan D Talei M P Abdullah andS Nikzad ldquoNain-e havandi andrographis paniculata presentyesterday absent today a plenary review on underutilized herbof Iranrsquos pharmaceutical plantsrdquoMolecular Biology Reports vol39 no 5 pp 5409ndash5424 2012

[76] M Sharma and R Sharma ldquoIdentification purification andquantification of andrographolide from Andrographis panicu-lata (burm F) Nees by HPTLC at different stages of life cycleof croprdquo Journal of Current Chememical and PharmaceuticalSciences vol 3 no 1 pp 23ndash32 2013

[77] M Borhanuddin M Shamsuzzoha and A H Hussain ldquoHypo-glycaemic effects of Andrographis paniculata Nees on non-diabetic rabbitsrdquo Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletinvol 20 no 1 pp 24ndash26 1994

[78] S Madav H C Tripathi and S K Mishra ldquoAnalgesic anti-pyretic and antiulcerogenic effects of andrographoliderdquo IndianJournal of Pharmaceutical Sciences vol 57 no 3 pp 121ndash1251995

[79] K Sheeja C Guruvayoorappan and G Kuttan ldquoAntiangio-genic activity of Andrographis paniculata extract and andro-grapholiderdquo International Immunopharmacology vol 7 no 2pp 211ndash221 2007

[80] V L N Reddy S M Reddy V Ravikanth et al ldquoA new bis-andrographolide ether from Andrographis paniculata nees andevaluation of anti-HIV activityrdquo Natural Product Research vol19 no 3 pp 223ndash230 2005

[81] P Thisoda N Rangkadilok N Pholphana L Worasuttayan-gkurn S Ruchirawat and J Satayavivad ldquoInhibitory effect ofAndrographis paniculata extract and its active diterpenoids onplatelet aggregationrdquo European Journal of Pharmacology vol553 no 1ndash3 pp 39ndash45 2006

[82] M-D Shi H-H Lin Y-C Lee J-K Chao R-A Lin and J-HChen ldquoInhibition of cell-cycle progression in human colorectalcarcinoma Lovo cells by andrographoliderdquo Chemico-BiologicalInteractions vol 174 no 3 pp 201ndash210 2008

[83] K Sheeja and G Kuttan ldquoActivation of cytotoxic T lymphocyteresponses and attenuation of tumor growth in vivo by Andro-graphis paniculata extract and andrographoliderdquo Immunophar-macology and Immunotoxicology vol 29 no 1 pp 81ndash93 2007

[84] L Ji T Liu J Liu Y Chen and Z Wang ldquoAndrographolideinhibits human hepatoma-derived Hep3B cell growth throughthe activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinaserdquo Planta Medica vol73 no 13 pp 1397ndash1401 2007

[85] S D Manikam and J Stanslas ldquoAndrographolide inhibitsgrowth of acute promyelocytic leukaemia cells by inducingretinoic acid receptor-independent cell differentiation andapoptosisrdquo Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology vol 61 no5 pp 69ndash78 2009

[86] F-P Liang C-H Lin C-D Kuo H-P Chao and S-L FuldquoSuppression of v-Src transformation by andrographolide viadegradation of the v-Src protein and attenuation of the Erksignaling pathwayrdquo Journal of Biological Chemistry vol 283 no8 pp 5023ndash5033 2008

[87] C-G Jiang J-B Li F-R Liu T Wu M Yu and H-M XuldquoAndrographolide inhibits the adhesion of gastric cancer cells toendothelial cells by blocking E-selectin expressionrdquo AnticancerResearch vol 27 no 4 B pp 2439ndash2447 2007

[88] M-D Shi H-H Lin T-A Chiang et al ldquoAndrographolidecould inhibit human colorectal carcinoma Lovo cells migra-tion and invasion via down-regulation of MMP-7 expressionrdquoChemico-Biological Interactions vol 180 no 3 pp 344ndash3522009

[89] Y-C Lee H-H Lin C-H Hsu C-J Wang T-A Chiang andJ-H Chen ldquoInhibitory effects of andrographolide onmigrationand invasion in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cellsvia down-regulation of PI3KAkt signaling pathwayrdquo EuropeanJournal of Pharmacology vol 632 no 1ndash3 pp 23ndash32 2010

[90] R A Burgos K Seguel M Perez et al ldquoAndrographolideinhibits IFN-120574 and IL-2 cytokine production and protectsagainst cell apoptosisrdquo Planta Medica vol 71 no 5 pp 429ndash434 2005

[91] J Zhou C-N Ong G-M Hur and H-M Shen ldquoInhibition ofthe JAK-STAT3 pathway by andrographolide enhances chemo-sensitivity of cancer cells to doxorubicinrdquo Biochemical Pharma-cology vol 79 no 9 pp 1242ndash1250 2010

[92] X F Zhang and B K H Tan ldquoAntihyperglycaemic and anti-oxidant properties of Andrographis paniculata in normal anddiabetic ratsrdquo Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology andPhysiology vol 27 no 5-6 pp 358ndash363 2000

[93] R Subramanian M Z Asmawi and A Sadikun ldquoEffect ofandrographolide and ethanol extract of Andrographis panicu-lata on liver glycolytic gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymesin a type 2 diabetic rat modelrdquo Pharmaceutical Biology vol 46no 10-11 pp 772ndash780 2008


[94] R Subramanian M Z Asmawi and A Sadikun ldquoEffect ofethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (Burm F) neeson a combination of fat-fed diet and low dose streptozotocininduced chronic insulin resistance in ratsrdquo Diabetologia Croat-ica vol 37 no 1 pp 13ndash22 2008

[95] T Wang B Liu W Zhang B Wilson and J-S Hong ldquoAndro-grapholide reduces inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neu-rodegeneration in mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures byinhibiting microglial activationrdquo Journal of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics vol 308 no 3 pp 975ndash983 2004

[96] M A Hidalgo A Romero J Figueroa et al ldquoAndrographolideinterferes with binding of nuclear factor-120581B to DNA in HL-60-derived neutrophilic cellsrdquo British Journal of Pharmacology vol144 no 5 pp 680ndash686 2005

[97] J Li L Luo X Wang B Liao and G Li ldquoInhibition of NF-120581B expression and allergen-induced airway inflammation in amouse allergic asthma model by andrographoliderdquo Cellular ampMolecular Immunology vol 6 no 5 pp 381ndash385 2009

[98] Z Bao S Guan C Cheng et al ldquoA novel antiinflammatoryrole for andrographolide in asthma via inhibition of the nuclearfactor-120581b pathwayrdquo The American Journal of Respiratory andCritical Care Medicine vol 179 no 8 pp 657ndash665 2009

[99] L-H Qin L Kong G-J Shi Z-TWang and B-X Ge ldquoAndro-grapholide inhibits the production of TNF-120572 and interleukin-12 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages role of mito-gen-activated protein kinasesrdquo Biological and PharmaceuticalBulletin vol 29 no 2 pp 220ndash224 2006

[100] W Parichatikanond C Suthisisang P Dhepakson and AHerunsalee ldquoStudy of anti-inflammatory activities of the purecompounds from Andrographis paniculata (burmf) Nees andtheir effects on gene expressionrdquo International Immunopharma-cology vol 10 no 11 pp 1361ndash1373 2010

[101] H-C Ko B-L Wei and W-F Chiou ldquoThe effect of medicinalplants used in Chinese folk medicine on RANTES secretion byvirus-infected human epithelial cellsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 107 no 2 pp 205ndash210 2006

[102] J-X Chen H-J Xue W-C Ye et al ldquoActivity of andro-grapholide and its derivatives against influenza virus in vivo andin vitrordquo Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol 32 no 8pp 1385ndash1391 2009

[103] J Sinha S Mukhopadhyay N Das and M K Basu ldquoTargetingof liposomal andrographolide to L donovani-infected macro-phages in vivordquo Drug Delivery vol 7 no 4 pp 209ndash213 2000

[104] S Yang A M Evens S Prachand et al ldquoMitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in lymphoma cells by the diterpenoidlactone andrographolide the active component ofAndrographispaniculatardquo Clinical Cancer Research vol 16 no 19 pp 4755ndash4768 2010

[105] J Zhou G-D Lu C-S Ong C-N Ong and H-M ShenldquoAndrographolide sensitizes cancer cells to TRAIL-inducedapoptosis via p53-mediated death receptor 4 up-regulationrdquoMolecular CancerTherapeutics vol 7 no 7 pp 2170ndash2180 2008

[106] K Sheeja andGKuttan ldquoProtective effect ofAndrographis pan-iculata and andrographolide on cyclophosphamide-inducedurothelial toxicityrdquo Integrative CancerTherapies vol 5 no 3 pp244ndash251 2006

[107] A Y H Woo M M Y Waye S K W Tsui S T W Yeungand C H K Cheng ldquoAndrographolide up-regulates cellular-reduced glutathione level and protects cardiomyocytes againsthypoxiareoxygenation injuryrdquo Journal of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics vol 325 no 1 pp 226ndash235 2008

[108] T-Y Lee K-C Lee and H-H Chang ldquoModulation of thecannabinoid receptors by andrographolide attenuates hepaticapoptosis following bile duct ligation in rats with fibrosisrdquoApoptosis vol 15 no 8 pp 904ndash914 2010

[109] A Panossian T Davtyan N Gukassyan et al ldquoEffect of andro-grapholide and Kan Jangmdashfixed combination of extract SHA-10 and extract SHE-3mdashon proliferation of human lymphocytesproduction of cytokines and immune activation markers in thewhole blood cells culturerdquo Phytomedicine vol 9 no 7 pp 598ndash605 2002

[110] R A Burgos M A Hidalgo J Monsalve T P Labranche PEyre and J L Hancke ldquo14-Deoxyandrographolide as a plateletactivating factor antagonist in bovine neutrophilsrdquo PlantaMedica vol 71 no 7 pp 604ndash608 2005

[111] Y Xu A Chen S Fry R A Barrow R L Marshall and T K SMukkur ldquoModulation of immune response in mice immunisedwith an inactivated Salmonella vaccine and gavaged withAndrographis paniculata extract or andrographoliderdquo Interna-tional Immunopharmacology vol 7 no 4 pp 515ndash523 2007

[112] M D Carretta P Alarcon E Jara et al ldquoAndrographolidereduces IL-2 production inT-cells by interferingwithNFATandMAPK activationrdquo European Journal of Pharmacology vol 602no 2-3 pp 413ndash421 2009

[113] S R Naik and A Hule ldquoEvaluation of immunomodulatoryactivity of an extract of andrographolides from Andographispaniculatardquo Planta Medica vol 75 no 8 pp 785ndash791 2009

[114] W Wang J Wang S-F Dong et al ldquoImmunomodulatoryactivity of andrographolide on macrophage activation andspecific antibody responserdquoActa Pharmacologica Sinica vol 31no 2 pp 191ndash201 2010

[115] T-P Lin S-Y Chen P-D Duh L-K Chang and Y-N LiuldquoInhibition of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle by andro-grapholiderdquo Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol 31 no11 pp 2018ndash2023 2008

[116] S-KHung L-CHungC-DKuo et al ldquoAndrographolide sen-sitizes Ras-transformed cells to radiation in vitro and in vivordquoInternational Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics vol77 no 4 pp 1232ndash1239 2010

[117] P K Singha S Roy and S Dey ldquoProtective activity of andro-grapholide and arabinogalactan proteins from Andrographispaniculata Nees against ethanol-induced toxicity in micerdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 111 no 1 pp 13ndash21 2007

[118] J Batkhuu K Hattori F Takano S Fushiya K-I Oshimanand Y Fujimiya ldquoSuppression of NO production in activatedmacrophages in vitro and ex vivo by neoandrographolideisolated fromAndrographis paniculatardquo Biological and Pharma-ceutical Bulletin vol 25 no 9 pp 1169ndash1174 2002

[119] J Liu Z-T Wang L-L Ji and B-X Ge ldquoInhibitory effectsof neoandrographolide on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2production in LPS-stimulated murine macrophagerdquo Molecularand Cellular Biochemistry vol 298 no 1-2 pp 49ndash57 2007

[120] P H Pfisterer J M Rollinger L Schyschka A Rudy AM Vollmar and H Stuppner ldquoNeoandrographolide fromAndrographis paniculata as a potential natural chemosensitizerrdquoPlanta Medica vol 76 no 15 pp 1698ndash1700 2010

[121] A Sule QU AhmedO A Samah et al ldquoBioassay guided isola-tion of antibacterial compounds fromAndrographis paniculatardquoThe American Journal of Applied Sciences vol 8 no 6 pp 525ndash534 2011

[122] Q U Ahmed O A Samah and A Sule ldquoAndrographis panic-ulata (Burm f) Wall ex Ness a potent antibacterial plantrdquo in


Antimicrobial Agents V Bobbarala Ed pp 345ndash360 InTech2012

[123] A Sule Q U Ahmed J Latip et al ldquoAntifungal activity ofAndrographis paniculata extracts and active principles againstskin pathogenic fungal strains in vitrordquo Pharmaceutical Biologyvol 50 no 7 pp 850ndash856 2012

[124] D N Roy S Mandal G Sen S Mukhopadhyay and T Biswasldquo14-Deoxyandrographolide desensitizes hepatocytes to tumournecrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis through calcium-dependent tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily mem-ber 1A release via the NOcGMP pathwayrdquo British Journal ofPharmacology vol 160 no 7 pp 1823ndash1843 2010

[125] R A Burgos M Loyola M A Hidalgo T P Labranche andJ L Hancke ldquoEffect of 14-deoxyandrographolide on calcium-mediated rat uterine smoothmuscle contractilityrdquo PhytotherapyResearch vol 17 no 9 pp 1011ndash1015 2003

[126] C Y Zhang and B K H Tan ldquoEffects of 14-deoxyandrogra-pholide and 14-deoxy-1112-didehydroandrographolide onnitric oxide production in cultured human endothelial cellsrdquoPhytotherapy Research vol 13 no 2 pp 157ndash159 1999

[127] C Y Zhang and B K H Tan ldquoVasorelaxation of rat thoracicaorta caused by 14-deoxyandrographoliderdquo Clinical and Exper-imental Pharmacology and Physiology vol 25 no 6 pp 424ndash429 1998

[128] M-J Lee Y K Rao K Chen Y-C Lee Y-S Chung and Y-MTzeng ldquoAndrographolide and 14-deoxy-1112-didehydroandro-grapholide from Andrographis paniculata attenuate high glu-cose-induced fibrosis and apoptosis in murine renal mesangealcell linesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 132 no 2 pp 497ndash505 2010

[129] G A Akowuah I Zhari A Mariam and M F Yam ldquoAbsorp-tion of andrographolides from Andrographis paniculata andits effect on CCl

4-induced oxidative stress in ratsrdquo Food and

Chemical Toxicology vol 47 no 9 pp 2321ndash2326 2009[130] M Tan M Kuroyanagi S Sulaiman N Najimudin and

T T Muhammad ldquoCytotoxic activities of major diterpenoidconstituents of Andrographis paniculata in a panel of humantumor cell linesrdquo Pharmaceutical Biology vol 43 no 6 pp 501ndash508 2005

[131] N Yoopan P Thisoda N Rangkadilok et al ldquoCardiovas-cular effects of 14-Deoxy-1112-didehydroandrographolide andAndrographis paniculata extractsrdquo Planta Medica vol 73 no 6pp 503ndash511 2007

[132] R Subramanian M Z Asmawi and A Sadikun ldquoA bitterplant with a sweet future A comprehensive review of an ori-entalmedicinal plantAndrographis paniculatardquoPhytochemistryReviews vol 11 no 1 pp 39ndash75 2012

[133] X He X Zeng H Hu and Y Wu ldquoCytotoxic biotransformedproducts from andrographolide by Rhizopus stolonifer ATCC12939rdquo Journal of Molecular Catalysis B Enzymatic vol 62 no3-4 pp 242ndash247 2010

[134] Y-H Shen R-T LiW-L Xiao Z-W LinQ-S Zhao andH-DSun ldquoent-labdane diterpenoids from Andrographis paniculatardquoJournal of Natural Products vol 69 no 3 pp 319ndash322 2006

[135] L-L Ji Z Wang F Dong W-B Zhang and Z-T WangldquoAndrograpanin a compound isolated from anti-inflammatorytraditional Chinese medicine Andrographis paniculataenhances chemokine SDF-1120572-induced leukocytes chemotaxisrdquoJournal of Cellular Biochemistry vol 95 no 5 pp 970ndash9782005

[136] J Liu Z-T Wang and B-X Ge ldquoAndrograpanin isolated fromAndrographis paniculata exhibits anti-inflammatory prop-erty in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage cells throughdown-regulating the p38 MAPKs signaling pathwaysrdquo Interna-tional Immunopharmacology vol 8 no 7 pp 951ndash958 2008

[137] S Lala A K Nandy S B Mahato and M K Basu ldquoDeliveryin vivo of 14-deoxy-11-oxoandrographolide an antileishmanialagent by different drug carriersrdquo Indian Journal of Biochemistryand Biophysics vol 40 no 3 pp 169ndash174 2003

[138] L Chen H Zhu R Wang K Zhou Y Jing and F Qiu ldquoent-labdane diterpenoid lactone stereoisomers from Andrographispaniculatardquo Journal of Natural Products vol 71 no 5 pp 852ndash855 2008

[139] G-C Wang Y Wang I D Williams et al ldquoAndrographo-lactone a unique diterpene from Andrographis paniculatardquoTetrahedron Letters vol 50 no 34 pp 4824ndash4826 2009

[140] P L Smith K N Maloney R G Pothen J Clardy and D EClapham ldquoBisandrographolide from Andrographis paniculataactivates TRPV4 channelsrdquoThe Journal of Biological Chemistryvol 281 no 40 pp 29897ndash29904 2006

[141] M Arifullah N D Namsa M Mandal K K ChiruvellaP Vikrama and G R Gopal ldquoEvaluation of anti-bacterialand anti-oxidant potential of andrographolide and echiodininisolated from callus culture of Andrographis paniculata NeesrdquoAsian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine vol 3 no 8 pp604ndash610 2013

[142] L-X Chen H He G-Y Xia K-L Zhou and F Qiu ldquoA newflavonoid from the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculatardquoNatural Product Research vol 28 no 3 pp 138ndash143 2014

[143] V K Dua V P Ojha R Roy et al ldquoAnti-malarial activityof some xanthones isolated from the roots of Andrographispaniculatardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 95 no 2-3 pp247ndash251 2004

[144] L-X Chen F Qiu H Wei G-X Qu and X-S Yao ldquoNine newent-labdane diterpenoids from the aerial parts of Andrographispaniculatardquo Helvetica Chimica Acta vol 89 no 11 pp 2654ndash2664 2006

[145] T Fujita R Fujitani Y Takeda et al ldquoOn the diterpenoidsof Andrographis paniculata X-ray crystallographic analysis ofandrographolide and structure determination of new minorditerpenoidsrdquo Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol 32no 6 pp 2117ndash2125 1984

[146] S Pramanick S Banerjee B Achari et al ldquoAndropanolide andisoandrographolide minor diterpenoids from Andrographispaniculata structure and X-ray crystallographic analysisrdquo Jour-nal of Natural Products vol 69 no 3 pp 403ndash405 2006

[147] Y K Rao G Vimalamma C V Rao and Y-M TzengldquoFlavonoids and andrographolides from Andrographis panicu-latardquo Phytochemistry vol 65 no 16 pp 2317ndash2321 2004

[148] M K Reddy M V B Reddy D Gunasekar M M MurthyC Caux and B Bodo ldquoA flavone and an unusual 23-carbonterpenoid from Andrographis paniculatardquo Phytochemistry vol62 no 8 pp 1271ndash1275 2003

[149] S K Seth S Banerjee and T Kar ldquoCrystal structure and DFTcalculations of andrographisiderdquo Journal ofMolecular Structurevol 965 no 1ndash3 pp 45ndash49 2010

[150] C Xu G X Chou and Z T Wang ldquoA new diterpene from theleaves of Andrographis paniculataNeesrdquo Fitoterapia vol 81 no6 pp 610ndash613 2010

[151] K-L Zhou L-X Chen Y-L Zhuang N-L Wang X-S Yaoand F Qiu ldquoTwo new ent-labdane diterpenoid glycosides from


the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculatardquo Journal of AsianNatural Products Research vol 10 no 10 pp 939ndash943 2008

[152] Q Y Zou N Li C Dan W L Deng S L Peng and L S DingldquoA new ent-labdane diterpenoid fromAndrographis paniculatardquoChinese Chemical Letters vol 21 no 9 pp 1091ndash1093 2010

[153] M K Bhan A K Dhar S Khan S K Lattoo K K Gupta andD K Choudhary ldquoScreening and optimization of Andrographispaniculata (Burmf) Nees for total andrographolide contentyield and its componentsrdquo Scientia Horticulturae vol 107 no4 pp 386ndash391 2006

[154] S Nemade N Mohod S Wankhade and J Paturde ldquoEffect ofplanting and harvesting dates on yield and quality of kalmegh(Andrographis paniculata)rdquo Journal of Medicinal and AromaticPlant Sciences vol 25 no 4 pp 981ndash983 2003

[155] M Singh A Singh R Tripathi et al ldquoGrowth behavior biomassand diterpenoid lactones production inKalmegh (Andrographispaniculata Nees) strains at different population densitiesrdquoAgricultural Journal vol 6 no 3 pp 115ndash118 2011

[156] R Parashar AUpadhyay J Singh S KDiwedi andNAKhanldquoMorpho-physiological evaluation of Andrographis paniculataat different growth stagesrdquo World Journal of Agricultural Sci-ences vol 7 no 2 pp 124ndash127 2011

[157] D Talei A Valdiani M P Abdullah and S A HassanldquoA rapid and effective method for dormancy breakage andgermination of king of bitters (Andrographis paniculata Nees)seedsrdquoMaydica vol 57 no 2 pp 98ndash105 2012

[158] S K Lattoo R S Dhar S Khan et al ldquoComparative analysis ofgenetic diversity using molecular and morphometric markersin Andrographis paniculata (Burm f) Neesrdquo Genetic Resourcesand Crop Evolution vol 55 no 1 pp 33ndash43 2008

[159] B Kumar S K Verma and H P Singh ldquoEffect of temperatureon seed germination parameters in Kalmegh (Andrographispaniculata Wall ex Nees)rdquo Industrial Crops and Products vol34 no 1 pp 1241ndash1244 2011

[160] R N Kumar S Chakraborty and K Nirmal ldquoMethods to breakseed dormancy of Andrographis paniculata (Burm f Nees) animportant medicinal herb of tropical Asiardquo Asian Journal ofExperimental Biological Sciences vol 2 no 1 pp 143ndash146 2011

[161] A Kataky and P Handique ldquoMicropropagation and screeningof antioxidant potential of Andrographis paniculata (Burm f)Neesrdquo Journal of Hill Agriculture vol 1 no 1 pp 13ndash18 2010

[162] K PMartin ldquoPlant regeneration protocol ofmedicinally impor-tant Andrographis paniculata (Burm f) Wallich ex Nees viasomatic embryogenesisrdquo In Vitro Cellular and DevelopmentalBiology-Plant vol 40 no 2 pp 204ndash209 2004

[163] J Purkayastha T Sugla A Paul S Solleti and L SahooldquoRapid in vitro multiplication and plant regeneration fromnodal explants ofAndrographis paniculata a valuablemedicinalplantrdquo In Vitro Cellular amp Developmental BiologymdashPlant vol44 no 5 pp 442ndash447 2008

[164] V S Dandin and H N Murthy ldquoRegeneration of Andro-graphis paniculata Nees analysis of genetic fidelity and andro-grapholide content in micropropagated plantsrdquo African Journalof Biotechnology vol 11 no 61 pp 12464ndash12471 2012

[165] S Gandi K Rao B Chodisetti and A Giri ldquoElicitation ofandrographolide in the suspension cultures of Andrographispaniculatardquo Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology vol 168no 7 pp 1729ndash1738 2012

[166] B Bowes ldquoThe fine structure of wall modifications and associ-ated structures in callus tissue ofAndrographis paniculataNeesrdquoNew Phytologist vol 68 no 3 pp 619ndash626 1969

[167] P R Behera P Nayak D P Barik T R Rautray M Thirun-avoukkarasu and P K Chand ldquoED-XRF spectrometric analysisof comparative elemental composition of in vivo and in vitroroots of Andrographis paniculata (Burmf) Wall ex Nees-amulti-medicinal herbrdquo Applied Radiation and Isotopes vol 68no 12 pp 2229ndash2236 2010

[168] M A F Jalal K H Overton and D S Rycroft ldquoFormationof three new flavones by differentiating callus cultures ofAndrographis paniculatardquo Phytochemistry vol 18 no 1 pp 149ndash151 1979

[169] W Deng ldquoOutline of current clinical and pharmacologicalresearch on Andrographis paniculata in Chinardquo Newsletters ofChinese Herbal Medicine vol 10 pp 27ndash31 1978

[170] O Sareer A Ahad and S Umar ldquoProphylactic and lenitiveeffects of Andrographis paniculata against common humanailments an exhaustive and comprehensive reappraisalrdquo Journalof Pharmaceutical Research and Opinion vol 2 no 10 pp 138ndash162 2012

[171] C Xu G-X Chou C-H Wang and Z-T Wang ldquoRarenoriridoids from the roots of Andrographis paniculatardquo Phyto-chemistry vol 77 pp 275ndash279 2012

[172] X-Q Zhang G-CWangW-C YeQ Li G-X Zhou andX-SYao ldquoNew diterpenoids from Andrographis paniculata (Burmf) Neesrdquo Journal of Integrative Plant Biology vol 48 no 9 pp1122ndash1125 2006

[173] J Hancke R Burgos D Caceres and G Wikman ldquoA double-blind study with a new monodrug Kan Jang decrease ofsymptoms and improvement in the recovery from commoncoldsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 9 no 8 pp 559ndash562 1995

[174] D D Caceres J L Hancke R A Burgos and G K WikmanldquoPrevention of common colds with Andrographis paniculatadried extract A pilot double blind trialrdquo Phytomedicine vol 4no 2 pp 101ndash104 1997

[175] J Melchior S Palm and GWikman ldquoControlled clinical studyof standardized Andrographis paniculata extract in commoncold-a pilot trialrdquo Phytomedicine vol 3 no 4 pp 315ndash318 1997

[176] A A Abu-Ghefreh H Canatan and C I Ezeamuzie ldquoInvitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of andrographoliderdquoInternational Immunopharmacology vol 9 no 3 pp 313ndash3182009

[177] S Habtemariam ldquoAndrographolide inhibits the tumour necro-sis factor-120572-induced upregulation of ICAM-1 expression andendothelial-monocyte adhesionrdquoPhytotherapyResearch vol 12no 1 pp 37ndash40 1998

[178] S F Liu and A B Malik ldquoNF-120581B activation as a pathologicalmechanism of septic shock and inflammationrdquo The AmericanJournal of PhysiologymdashLung Cellular and Molecular Physiologyvol 290 no 4 pp L622ndashL645 2006

[179] AMMarrache F Gobeil Jr S G Bernier et al ldquoProinflamma-tory gene induction by platelet-activating factormediated via itscognate nuclear receptorrdquo The Journal of Immunology vol 169no 11 pp 6474ndash6481 2002

[180] J Pocock C Gomez-Guerrero S Harendza et al ldquoDiffer-ential activation of NF-120581B AP-1 and CEBP in endotoxin-tolerant rats mechanisms for in vivo regulation of glomerularRANTESCCL5 expressionrdquo The Journal of Immunology vol170 no 12 pp 6280ndash6291 2003

[181] S Madav S K Tandan J Lal and H C Tripathi ldquoAnti-inflammatory activity of andrographoliderdquo Fitoterapia vol 67no 5 pp 452ndash458 1996

[182] B Zhang L Yan P Zhou et al ldquoCHP1002 a novel andro-grapholide derivative inhibits pro-inflammatory inducible


nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expressions inRAW2647 macrophages via up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expressionrdquo International Immunopharmacology vol 15 no 2pp 289ndash295 2013

[183] W Liu W Guo L Guo et al ldquoAndrographolide sulfonateameliorates experimental colitis in mice by inhibitingTh1Th17responserdquo International Immunopharmacology vol 20 no 2pp 337ndash345 2014

[184] D Kajaria J Ranjana Y B Tripathi and S Tiwari ldquoIn vitroa amylase and glucosidase inhibitory effect of ethanolic extractof antiasthmatic drug-Shirishadirdquo Journal of Advanced Pharma-ceutical Technology andResearch vol 4 no 4 pp 206ndash209 2013

[185] G Reaven ldquoThe metabolic syndrome or the insulin resistancesyndrome Different names different concepts and differentgoalsrdquo Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North Americavol 33 no 2 pp 283ndash303 2004

[186] W-W Chao and B-F Lin ldquoIsolation and identification of bioac-tive compounds in Andrographis paniculata (Chuanxinlian)rdquoChinese Medicine vol 5 article 17 pp 1ndash15 2010

[187] A W Augustine A Narasimhan M Vishwanathan and BKarundevi ldquoEvaluation of antidiabetic property of Andro-graphis paniculata powder in high fat and sucrose-inducedtype-2 diabetic adult male ratrdquo Asian Pacific Journal of TropicalDisease vol 4 supplement 1 pp S140ndashS147 2014

[188] R Gupta K G Bajpai S Johri and AM Saxena ldquoAn overviewof Indian novel traditional medicinal plants with anti-diabeticpotentialsrdquo African Journal of Traditional Complementary andAlternative Medicines vol 5 no 1 pp 1ndash17 2008

[189] Z Zhang J Jiang P Yu X Zeng J W Larrick and YWang ldquoHypoglycemic and beta cell protective effects of andro-grapholide analogue for diabetes treatmentrdquo Journal of Transla-tional Medicine vol 7 article 62 2009

[190] A E Nugroho I R Rais I Setiawan et al ldquoPancreatic effect ofandrographolide isolated fromAndrographis paniculata (Burmf) Neesrdquo Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences vol 17 no 1 pp22ndash31 2014

[191] C Zhang L Gui Y Xu TWu and D Liu ldquoPreventive effects ofandrographolide on the development of diabetes in autoim-mune diabetic NOD mice by inducing immune tolerancerdquoInternational Immunopharmacology vol 16 no 4 pp 451ndash4562013

[192] A E Nugroho G Kusumaramdani A Widyaninggar D PAnggoro and S Pramono ldquoAntidiabetic effect of combinationsof n-hexane insoluble fraction of ethanolic extract of Andro-graphis paniculata with other traditional medicinesrdquo Interna-tional Food Research Journal vol 21 no 2 pp 785ndash789 2014

[193] V K Verma K K Sarwa A Kumar and M Zaman ldquoCom-parison of hepatoprotective activity of Swertia chirayita andAndrographis paniculata plant of North-East India against CCl

4

induced hepatotoxic ratsrdquo Journal of Pharmacy Research vol 7no 7 pp 647ndash653 2013

[194] A Leelarasamee S Trakulsomboon and N SittisomwongldquoUndetectable anti-bacterial activity ofAndrographis paniculata(Burma) wall ex nessrdquo Journal of the Medical Association ofThailand vol 73 no 6 pp 299ndash304 1990

[195] K Nakanishi S Sasaki A K Kiang et al ldquoPhytochemicalsurvey of Malaysian plants preliminary chemical and pharma-cological screeningrdquoChemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin vol13 no 7 pp 882ndash890 1965

[196] U S Mishra A Mishra R Kumari P N Murthy and B SNaik ldquoAntibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Andrographis

paniculatardquo Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences vol 71no 4 pp 436ndash438 2009

[197] PK Singha S Roy and SDey ldquoAntimicrobial activity ofAndro-graphis paniculatardquo Fitoterapia vol 74 no 7-8 pp 692ndash6942003

[198] D S Fabricant and N R Farnsworth ldquoThe value of plantsused in traditional medicine for drug discoveryrdquo EnvironmentalHealth Perspectives vol 109 no 1 pp 69ndash75 2001

[199] A Sule Q U Ahmed O Samah and M Omar ldquoScreeningfor antibacterial activity of Andrographis paniculata used inMalaysian folkloric medicine a possible alternative for thetreatment of skin infectionsrdquo Ethnobotanical Leaflets vol 2010no 4 pp 445ndash456 2010

[200] A Sule Q U Ahmed O A Samah and M N Omar ldquoBacte-riostatic and bactericidal activities of Andrographis paniculataextracts on skin disease causing pathogenic bacteriardquo Journal ofMedicinal Plants Research vol 5 no 1 pp 7ndash14 2011

[201] L I C Tang A P K Ling R Y Koh S M Chye and K G LVoon ldquoScreening of anti-dengue activity in methanolic extractsof medicinal plantsrdquo BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine vol 12 article 3 2012

[202] S Fangkham T Ekalaksananan C Aromdee et al ldquoThe effectof andrographolide on Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16)positive cervical cancer cells (SiHa)rdquo International Journal ofInfectious Diseases vol 16 supplement 1 p e80 2012

[203] C Aromdee S Suebsasana T Ekalaksananan C Pientongand S Thongchai ldquoStage of action of naturally occurringandrographolides and their semisynthetic analogues againstherpes simplex virus type 1 in vitrordquo Planta Medica vol 77 no9 pp 915ndash921 2011

[204] H X Xu M Wan B N Loh O L Kon P W Chow and KY Sim ldquoScreening of traditional medicines for their inhibitoryactivity against HIV-1 proteaserdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 10no 3 pp 207ndash210 1996

[205] S Holt and L ComacMiracle Herbs How Herbs Combine withModern Medicine to Treat Cancer Heart Disease AIDS andMore Kensington Caro Mich USA 1998

[206] M Z Zaridah S Z Idid A Wan Omar and S KhozirahldquoIn vitro antifilarial effects of three plant species against adultworms of subperiodic Brugia malayirdquo Journal of Ethnopharma-cology vol 78 no 1 pp 79ndash84 2001

[207] Y Padma C L Narasimhudu S Devi N M B Natha R BNaga and G H Philip ldquoIn vitro anthelmintic activity ofAndrographis paniculata (burmf) neesrdquo International Journalof Pharmaceutical Research and Developement vol 3 no 3 pp202ndash205 2011

[208] A Vojdani and J Erde ldquoRegulatory T cells a potent immuno-regulatory target for CAM researchers modulating tumorimmunity autoimmunity and alloreactive immunity (III)rdquoEvidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine vol3 no 3 pp 309ndash316 2006

[209] V S P K Aditya N L Kumar and A Mokkapati ldquoEvaluationof in vitro cytotoxicity of Andrographis paniculata Durantaserratifolia and Albizzia lebbeck whole plant extracts by MTTassay against MCF-7 and HT-29 cell linesrdquo Current Research inMicrobiology and Biotechnology vol 2 no 2 pp 351ndash353 2014

[210] M Geethangili Y K Rao S-H Fang and Y-M Tzeng ldquoCyto-toxic constituents from Andrographis paniculata induce cellcycle arrest in Jurkat cellsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 22 no10 pp 1336ndash1341 2008


[211] H-H Lin M-D Shi H-C Tseng and J-H Chen ldquoAndro-grapholide sensitizes the cytotoxicity of human colorectal car-cinoma cells toward cisplatin via enhancing apoptosis pathwaysin vitro and in vivordquo Toxicological Sciences vol 139 no 1 pp108ndash120 2014

[212] C Satyanarayana D S Deevi R Rajagopalan N Srinivas andS Rajagopal ldquoDRF 3188 a novel semi-synthetic analog of andro-grapholide cellular response toMCF7breast cancer cellsrdquoBMCCancer vol 4 article 26 2004

[213] S R Jada G S Subur C Matthews et al ldquoSemisynthesis andin vitro anticancer activities of andrographolide analoguesrdquoPhytochemistry vol 68 no 6 pp 904ndash912 2007

[214] E Amroyan E Gabrielian A Panossian G Wikman andH Wagner ldquoInhibitory effect of andrographolide from Andro-graphis paniculata on PAF-induced platelet aggregationrdquo Phy-tomedicine vol 6 no 1 pp 27ndash31 1999

[215] O Bukoye and A Musbau ldquoImmune modulation potentials ofaqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves in male ratrdquoResearcher vol 3 no 1 pp 48ndash57 2011

[216] K Sheeja and G Kuttan ldquoAndrographis paniculata downregu-lates proinflammatory cytokine production and augments cellmediated immune response in metastatic tumor-bearing micerdquoAsian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention vol 11 no 3 pp 723ndash729 2010

[217] H Zhao and W Fang ldquoProtective effects of Andrographis pan-iculata Nees on post-infarction myocardium in experimentaldogsrdquo Journal of TongjiMedical University vol 10 no 4 pp 212ndash217 1990

[218] H Y Zhao and W Y Fang ldquoAntithrombotic effects of Andro-graphis paniculata nees in preventing myocardial infarctionrdquoChinese Medical Journal vol 104 no 9 pp 770ndash775 1991

[219] G Zhi-ling Z Hua-yue and Z Xin-hua ldquoThe effect of Andro-graphis Paniculata Nees (APN) in alleviating the myocardialischemic reperfusion injuryrdquo Journal of Tongji Medical Univer-sity vol 14 no 1 pp 49ndash51 1994

[220] G Zhi-ling Z Hua-yue and Z Xin-hua ldquoAn experimentalstudy of themechanism ofAndrographis paniculata nees (APN)in alleviating the Ca2+-overloading in the process of myocardialischemie reperfusionrdquo Journal of Tongji Medical University vol15 no 4 pp 205ndash208 1995

[221] Z-L Guo H Zhao and L Fu ldquoProtective effects of API0134 onmyocardial ischemia and reperfusion injuryrdquo Journal of TongjiMedical University vol 16 no 4 pp 193ndash197 1996

[222] H W Wang H Y Zhao and S Q Xiang ldquoEffects of Andrographis paniculata component on nitric oxide endothelin andlipid peroxidation in experimental atherosclerotic rabbitsrdquoChinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicinevol 17 no 9 pp 547ndash549 1997

[223] DWWang andH Y Zhao ldquoPrevention of atherosclerotic arte-rial stenosis and restenosis after angioplasty with Andrographispaniculata nees and fish oil Experimental studies of effects andmechanismsrdquo Chinese Medical Journal vol 107 no 6 pp 464ndash470 1994

[224] C Zhang M Kuroyangi and B K H Tan ldquoCardiovascu-lar activity of 14-deoxy-1112-didehydroandrographolide in theanaesthetised rat and isolated right atriardquo PharmacologicalResearch vol 38 no 6 pp 413ndash418 1998

[225] T Yang H-X Shi Z-T Wang and C-H Wang ldquoHypolipi-demic effects of andrographolide and neoandrographolide inmice and ratsrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 27 no 4 pp 618ndash623 2013

[226] C Y Zhang andB Tan ldquoHypotensive activity of aqueous extractof Andrographis paniculata in ratsrdquo Clinical and ExperimentalPharmacology and Physiology vol 23 no 8 pp 675ndash678 1996

[227] Y Zhang J Tang and Y Zhang ldquoStudy of Andrographis pan-iculata extracts on antiplatelet aggregation and release reactionand its mechanismrdquo Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi vol14 no 1 pp 28ndash30 1994 (Chinese)

[228] A M Al-Attar ldquoHypolipidemic effects of coenzyme Q10 inexperimentally induced hypercholesterolemic model in femaleratsrdquoTheAmerican Journal of Pharmacology andToxicology vol5 no 1 pp 14ndash23 2010

[229] M Briel I Ferreira-Gonzalez J J You et al ldquoAssociationbetween change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol andcardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality systematicreview and meta-regression analysisrdquo British Medical Journalvol 338 article b92 2009

[230] J Stamler M L Daviglus D B Garside A R Dyer PGreenland and J D Neaton ldquoRelationship of baseline serumcholesterol levels in 3 large cohorts of younger men to long-term coronary cardiovascular and all-cause mortality and tolongevityrdquo Journal of the AmericanMedical Association vol 284no 3 pp 311ndash318 2000

[231] J-H Chen G Hsiao A-R Lee C-C Wu and M-H YenldquoAndrographolide suppresses endothelial cell apoptosis viaactivation of phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinaseAkt pathwayrdquo Bio-chemical Pharmacology vol 67 no 7 pp 1337ndash1345 2004

[232] M S Zoha A H Hussain and S A Choudhury ldquoAntifertilityeffect of andrographis paniculata in micerdquo Bangladesh MedicalResearch Council Bulletin vol 15 no 1 pp 34ndash37 1989

[233] M A Akbarsha B Manivannan K S Hamid and B VijayanldquoAntifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in malealbino ratrdquo Indian Journal of Experimental Biology vol 28 no5 pp 421ndash426 1990

[234] S Janarthanan ldquoAntifertility effects of andrographolide in ratsrdquoJournal of Ecobiology vol 2 no 4 pp 325ndash329 1990

[235] M A Akbarsha and B Manivannan ldquoBiochemical changesin the testis and male accessory organs of albino rats ontreatment withAndrographis paniculataNeesrdquo Indian Journal ofComparative Animal Physiology vol 11 no 2 pp 103ndash108 1993

[236] RKamal R SGupta andNK Lohiya ldquoPlants formale fertilityregulationrdquo Phytotherapy Research vol 17 no 6 pp 579ndash5902003

[237] R A Burgos E E Caballero N S Sanchez R A SchroederG K Wikman and J L Hancke ldquoTesticular toxicity assesmentof Andrographis paniculata dried extract in ratsrdquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 58 no 3 pp 219ndash224 1997

[238] A Mkrtchyan V Panosyan A Panossian G Wikman and HWagner ldquoA phase I clinical study of Andrographis paniculatafixed combination Kan Jang versus ginseng and valerian on thesemen quality of healthy male subjectsrdquo Phytomedicine vol 12no 6-7 pp 403ndash409 2005

[239] J Sattayasai S Srisuwan T Arkaravichien and C AromdeeldquoEffects of andrographolide on sexual functions vascularreactivity and serum testosterone level in rodentsrdquo Food andChemical Toxicology vol 48 no 7 pp 1934ndash1938 2010

[240] J J Allan M P Pore M Deepak B Murali A S Mayachariand A Agarwal ldquoReproductive and fertility effects of an extractof andrographis paniculata in male wistar ratsrdquo InternationalJournal of Toxicology vol 28 no 4 pp 308ndash317 2009

[241] A Panossian A Kochikian E Gabrielian et al ldquoEffect ofAndrographis paniculata extract on progesterone in blood


plasma of pregnant ratsrdquo Phytomedicine vol 6 no 3 pp 157ndash162 1999

[242] S Balu C A Boopathi and V Elango ldquoAntipyretic activities ofsome species of Andrographis wallrdquo Ancient Science of Life vol12 no 3-4 pp 399ndash402 1993

[243] K Jarukamjorn K Don-in C Makejaruskul et al ldquoImpactof Andrographis paniculata crude extract on mouse hepaticcytochrome P450 enzymesrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol105 no 3 pp 464ndash467 2006

[244] C V Chandrasekaran P Thiyagarajan K Sundarajan et alldquoEvaluation of the genotoxic potential and acute oral toxicity ofstandardized extract of Andrographis paniculata (KalmCold)rdquoFood and Chemical Toxicology vol 47 no 8 pp 1892ndash19022009

[245] Y Sharifuddin E M Parry and J M Parry ldquoThe genotoxicityand cytotoxicity assessments of andrographolide in vitrordquo Foodand Chemical Toxicology vol 50 no 5 pp 1393ndash1398 2012

[246] B Kligler C Ulbricht E Basch et al ldquoAndrographis paniculatafor the treatment of upper respiratory infection a systematicreview by the natural standard research collaborationrdquo ExploreThe Journal of Science and Healing vol 2 no 1 pp 25ndash29 2006

[247] RM Smith ldquoBefore the injectionmdashmodernmethods of samplepreparation for separation techniquesrdquo Journal of Chromatogra-phy A vol 1000 no 1-2 pp 3ndash27 2003

[248] J Azmir I S M Zaidul M M Rahman et al ldquoTechniquesfor extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials areviewrdquo Journal of Food Engineering vol 117 no 4 pp 426ndash4362013

[249] B B Li B Smith and M M Hossain ldquoExtraction of phenolicsfrom citrus peels II Enzyme-assisted extraction methodrdquoSeparation and Purification Technology vol 48 no 2 pp 189ndash196 2006

[250] L Howard and N Pandjaitan ldquoPressurized liquid extraction offlavonoids from spinachrdquo Journal of Food Science vol 73 no 3pp C151ndashC157 2008

[251] M S Hossain N A Ismail and I C Phang ldquoEffect ofsalinity stress on morphology and physiology of Andtrographispaniculatardquo in Proceedings of the International Associationfor Plant Biotechnology Congress Book of Abstracts p 204Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre MelbourneAustralia August 2014

[252] R Verpoorte R van der Hejden H J G ten Hoopen and JMemelink ldquoMetabolic engineering of plant secondary meta-bolite pathways for the production of fine chemicalsrdquo Biotech-nology Letters vol 21 no 6 pp 467ndash479 1999

[253] A Wahid and A Ghazanfar ldquoPossible involvement of somesecondary metabolites in salt tolerance of sugarcanerdquo Journalof Plant Physiology vol 163 no 7 pp 723ndash730 2006

[254] C Olano F Lombo C Mendez and J A Salas ldquoImprovingproduction of bioactive secondarymetabolites in actinomycetesby metabolic engineeringrdquoMetabolic Engineering vol 10 no 5pp 281ndash292 2008

[255] Y-P Yan and Z-Z Wang ldquoGenetic transformation of themedicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza by Agrobacterium tumefa-ciens-mediated methodrdquo Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culturevol 88 no 2 pp 175ndash184 2007

[256] D Talei A Valdiani M Maziah S R Sagineedu and M SSaad ldquoAnalysis of the anticancer phytochemicals in Andro-graphis paniculataNees under salinity stressrdquo BioMed ResearchInternational vol 2013 Article ID 319047 11 pages 2013


is one of the mostly used medicinal plants [8] In recenttimes commercial preparations of this plant extracts arealso used in certain countries However the preparationsyet need to be standardized for their better efficacy Theaerial part of AP is most commonly used its extracts containditerpenoids diterpene glycosides lactones flavonoids andflavonoid glycosides Whole plant leaves and roots are alsoused as a folklore remedy for different diseases in Asiaand Europe [8 10] AP has been reported to have a broadrange of pharmacological effects including anticancer [11ndash18] antidiarrheal [19 20] antihepatitis [21 22] anti-HIV[23] antihyperglycemic [24ndash27] anti-inflammatory [28ndash32]antimicrobial antimalarial [33 34] antioxidant [35ndash37]cardiovascular [38 39] cytotoxic [23] hepatoprotective [40ndash52] immunostimulatory [53ndash57] and sexual dysfunctions[58]

Since the AP is used for the treatment of many diseasesin traditional medicinal systems its intended benefits needto be evaluated critically Therefore this paper reviews theethnobotany some agronomic techniques isolation andcharacterization of phytoconstituents and pharmacologicalproperties ofAPAdditionally chemical properties biologicalfunctions and possible mode of actions of phytoconstituentsare also entertained The literature searches were conductedinworldwide accepted scientific database PubMed (httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpubmed) ScienceDirect (httpwwwscience-directcom) Scopus (httpwwwscopuscom) Web ofScience (httpwebofknowledgecom) Springer Link (httplinkspringercom) Wiley Online Library (httponline-librarywileycom) and advance search in Google scholar(httpscholargooglecommy) as well as recognized booksabstract and some nonimpact and nonindexed journalsThesearch strings used were ldquoAndrographis paniculatardquo or ldquoKingof Bittersrdquo or ldquoKalmeghrdquo or ldquoHempedu bumirdquo or ldquoAndrogra-pholiderdquo Further relevant papers were searched in the afore-mentioned databases from the list of references of all avail-able papers The authors went through more than 300 fullpapers and a total of 243 peer-reviewed papers focused onplant description agronomic techniques traditional usesbioactive compoundextraction phytoconstituents and pharma-cology properties (such as common cold anti-inflammatoryantihyperglycemic hepatoprotective antibacterial antiviralantiparasitic anticancer immunomodulatory cardiovascu-lar antihyperlipidemic sexual dysfunctions contraceptivesafety and toxicity effects) were selected for this review Webriefly discussed recent scientific findings and proposedsome fields where further study is needed

2 Botany

21 Origin and Distribution A paniculata is native to Tai-wan Mainland China and India It is also commonly foundin the tropical and subtropical Asia Southeast Asia and someother countries including Cambodia Caribbean islandsIndonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Sri Lanka Thailandand Vietnam [59ndash61] This plant is also found in differentphytogeographical and edaphic zones of China AmericaWest Indies and Christmas Island [61]

Table 1 The morphology and physiology of A paniculata [10 6263]

Traits ValuescharacteristicsPlant height 30ndash110 cmStem Dark greenLength 30ndash100 cmDiameter 2ndash6mm

ShapeQuadrangular with longitudinal furrows andwings on the angles of the young parts slightlyenlarged at the nodes

Leaves GlabrousLength 2ndash12 cmWidth 1ndash3 cmArrangement LanceolateShape Pinnate acute apex entire margin

Flowers White with rose-purple spots on the petals

Size Small in lax spreading axillary and terminalracemes or panicles

Seed Capsules linear-oblong acute at both endsSize 19 cm times 03 cmColor Yellowish brownShape Subquadrate numerous

Flowering andfruiting December to April

22 Plant Description A paniculata is an important medic-inal plant of Andrographis genus A total number of speciesof this genus varied in different reports which compriseseither 19 [64 65] 28 [59 66] 40 [62 67] or 44 [68] speciesThe exact numbers of species of Andrographis genus are notvalidated yet Total number of chromosomes of AP is 25and 50 in gametophytic [69] and sporophytic [70] countrespectively In addition genotypic differences are importantconsiderations to find out high yielding germplasms

A paniculata is an annual branched erect and herba-ceous plant which grows in hedgerows throughout theplane lands hill slopes waste ground farms moist habitatseashores and roadsides It also can be cultivated in gardenMoist shady places forests and wastelands are preferablefor their well development [59 71] The morphological andphysiological data of AP are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1This plant grows abundantly in Southern and SoutheasternAsia including India Java Sri Lanka Pakistan and Indonesiawhile it is cultivated in India China Thailand BruneiIndonesia the West Indies such as Jamaica Barbados andBahamas Hong Kong and the tropical areas in America andalso in southwestern Nigeria [10 71]

23 TaxonomicHierarchy Taxonomic hierarchy is as follows

Domain EukaryotaKingdom PlantaeSubkingdom TracheobiontaSuperdivision Spermatophyta


(a)

(g) (f) (e)

(c)

(b) (d)













4 Phytoconstituents


3) and



2O soluble









[9]



[8 10]






[8]










(150 g)(700 g)




Onysilin (97 mg)












-sitosterol (100mg)



CHCl3H2O






(15kg)






TLC on silica gel

(19 1 01 9 1 01 5 1 01)][CHCl3MeOHH2O



120573











ble4Preclin

icalph

armacolog

yof

isolated

phytocon

stituentsof

Apaniculata

Com

poun

d3D

2Dchemicalprop

ertiesIU


armacolog

yent-labd

aned

iterpenoids

And

rogr

apho

lide

HO

HO

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

Neo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

O

Ondashg

lc

CH3

CH2

H3C

14-D

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

14-D

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

O

O

OH

HO

HCH3

H3C

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

C(3E4S)-3-[2-[(1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

58a-dim

ethyl-2

-methylid


-naphthalen-1-


PartusedL

$sectcentA


PmoslashR

yen

ExtractsM


œA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yanalgesic


iogenic

[79]antire


rombo


1]

antid

iabetic


uenza


[103]antip

roliferativeproapo

ptotic[104105]

antiu


e[107]cho

lestatic[108]

hepatoprotectiv

e[40

41]immun

omod


nof

Epste

inBa


ctivity

againstalcoh

ol-in

duced


]renaltoxicity

[117]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O8

Exactm

ass48027M

olW

t48059C

6498H

839

O2663

IUPA


-methylid

ene-5-

[[(2R3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr


ethyl)o

xan-2-


-naphthalen-1-y

l]ethyl]-

2H-fu

ran-5-on

ePartusedL

$sectcentW

PmoslashR

yen Ae


ExactsM


Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantih

erpes-sim

plex


[100118119]antio

xidant


osensitise


e[943]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-oxonaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsM


œA

Wdagger

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]

hepatoprotectiv

e[124]immun

omod

ulator

[113]platele

tactiv

atingfactor


moo

thmuscle

relaxant


HO

H

O

O

OH

14-D

eoxy

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

H H

H

H

O O

O

Isoa

ndro

grap

holid

e

CH3

CH3

HO

H2C

HO

HO

O

O

And

rogr

aphi

side

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2ndashO

ndashglc

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC


ethyl-2

-methylid

ene-


-naphthalen-1-y

l]ethenyl]-2H

-furan-5-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA



$ H

œD

CM

Pharmacologyantid

iabetic

[128]antifun

gal[123]antioxidant

hepatoprotectiv

e[129]antire


botic

[81]cho

lestatic



antih


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-((2S3aR

5aR

6R7R

9aR

9bS)-do



[21-b]furan-2-yl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

centA

ePcurrenyendaggerW

PoslashR

yen

ExtractsM


Wdagger

Pharmacolog


antip


]differentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

inhibitsgrow

thof


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

7H42O10

Exactm

ass52628M

olW

t52662C

615

8H804O3038

IUPA

CNA

PartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsM


WdaggerP

tEDaggerC

HLDagger


e[42]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

apan

in

H

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

H

14-D

eoxy

-11-

oxo-

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HO

O

O

O HCH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

HH

14-D

eoxy

-11-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger


œ

Pharmacolog


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O5

Exactm

ass34819M

olW

t34843C

6894H

810

O2296

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)-2-

oxoethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger

ExtractsMdaggerA

Wsect


[137]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusesA

ePcurrendaggerW

PmEx

tractsM

currenm AWdagger

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

15-M

etho

xy-3

19-

dihy

drox

y-15

-Met

hoxy

-31

9-di

hydr

oxy-

HO

H

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

H3CO

8(17

)11

13-e

ntla

bda-

trie

n-16

15-

olid

e8(

17)1

113

-ent

labd

a-tr

ien-

161

5-ol

ide

8(17

)13-

Ent-

labd

a-di

ene-

151

619

-tri

ol

HH

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H CH2O

H

H

CH2O

H

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

HO

HO

HOH

3-O

-120573-D

-glu

cosy

l-14-

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H30O5

Exactm

ass36221M

olW

t36246

C695

9H834O2207

IUPA

C3-((E)-2-((1R2R

4aR

5R8aS)-decahydro-


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)v

inyl)-5-metho

xyfuran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H34O3

Exactm

ass32225M

olW

t32248C

7449H

1063O

1488

IUPA

C(Z)-2-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e


PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


14a-dimethyl-6


ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)-2H


yl)ethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePthornW

PEx

tractsM

Ethorn

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]


Table4Con

tinued

14-D

eoxy

-12-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

OH

HO

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

314

-Did

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HH

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondashg

lcndash6

ndashAc

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren AWdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

8H44O8

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym


ihydroxy-

2H-pyran-2-yloxy)m

ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-

6-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

And

rogr

apho

lact

one

H3C

CH3

CH3

OO

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

H

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

141

9-di

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H24O2

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym

ethyl)-

tetrahydro-345-tr


ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsEnot


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6


thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H

-pyran-2-

yloxy)naph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]


Table4Con

tinued

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl-

OH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

andr

ogra

phol

ide

817

-Epo

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O O

HO

O

CH3

OH

HH

3C

14-D

eoxy

-17-

beta

-hyd

roxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

HO

HO

O

CH3

OH

H

CH2O

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O10

Exactm

ass51226M

olW

t51259C

6092H

787O312

1IU

PAC



(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H



)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R


bis(hydroxym

ethyl)-14


ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

12-H

ydro

xyan

drog

raph

olid

e

OH

OH

HO

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H

Bisa

ndro

grap

holid

e A

OH

OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH2

H3C

H3C

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxy-

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

H3C

H2C

OHO

O

CH3

CH2

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O7

Exactm

ass36818M

olW

t36842C

619

4H766O3040

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 4

0H56O8

Exactm

ass66

44MolW

t66

487C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]transie

ntreceptor

potentialchann

elvanillo

id-4

(TRP



0]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H28O3

Exactm

ass3282MolW

t32845C

7679H

859O1461

IUPA

C(1R4aR5R



ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-2(1H)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]


Table4Con

tinued

7-H

ydro

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

H

O

O

OH

OH

CH3

CH2

19-O

-[be

ta-D

-api

ofur

anos

yl-b

eta-

D-g

luco

pyra

noyl

]-3

14-

HH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondasha

pindashg

lc

dide

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

eCh

emicalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O6

Exactm

ass35219M

olW

t35242C

6475H

801O272

4IU

PAC

3-(2-((1S2R



ethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 3

1H48O12

Exactm

ass61231M

olW

t61271C

6077H

790O313

4IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Echiod

inin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H12O5

MolW

t285

IUPA

CNA

Partusedinvitro

Callu

sparaEx

tractsM

para Apara

Pharmacolog

yantib

acteria

lantio

xidant

[141]

Flavon

oids

OO

OH

HO H

H

HH

HH

H

Apig

enin

OO

OH

H

H

HH

H3CO

OCH

3

7-O

-met

hylw

ogon

in

OO

OH

H3CO

H3CO

Ony

silin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O4

Exactm

ass25406M

olW

t25424C

7086H

396O2517

IUPA

C57-dihydroxy-2-ph

enyl-4H-chrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H14O5

Exactm

ass29808M

olW

t29829C

6845H

473O2682

IUPA

C5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-4

H-c

hrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslashm H

yen

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


xy-2-

phenylchromen-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip



Table4Con

tinued

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO

HO

HO

H3CO

dglu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

78-

Dim

etho

xy-2

998400-h

ydro

xy-

5-O

-120573-

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OH

H

7-O

-met

hyl-d

ihyd

row

ogon

in

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OH

H

H

H

Skul

lcap

avon

e-I 2

998400-m

etho

xyle

ther

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H25O11

Exactm

ass4771391MolW

t4771391

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


-dim

etho

xy-2-phenylchrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

8H16O6

Exactm

ass32809M

olW

t32832C

6585H

491O292

4IU

PAC

5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-(2-metho

xyph

enyl)-4H

-chromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OH

glcO

OO

O-b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosy

loxy

flavo

ne5

4998400-D

ihyd

roxy

-7-m

etho

xy-8

-OO

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

57

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

dihy

drofl

avon

e

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO H

OHO

H3CO

And

rogr

aphi

dine

A

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H26O10

Exactm

ass462152597

MolW

t46244

654

IUPA

C(2S)-78-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-


ethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxy-23-

dihydrochrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o


PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph


en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR


PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15


xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R


cryloyloxy)-


ut-3-enyloxy)-15


PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu



etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[


9]Shendagger

etal200



etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh


uethetal2010[152]



























50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4






































































(a)

(g) (f) (e)

(c)

(b) (d)













4 Phytoconstituents


3) and



2O soluble









[9]



[8 10]






[8]










(150 g)(700 g)




Onysilin (97 mg)












-sitosterol (100mg)



CHCl3H2O






(15kg)






TLC on silica gel

(19 1 01 9 1 01 5 1 01)][CHCl3MeOHH2O



120573











ble4Preclin

icalph

armacolog

yof

isolated

phytocon

stituentsof

Apaniculata

Com

poun

d3D

2Dchemicalprop

ertiesIU


armacolog

yent-labd

aned

iterpenoids

And

rogr

apho

lide

HO

HO

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

Neo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

O

Ondashg

lc

CH3

CH2

H3C

14-D

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

14-D

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

O

O

OH

HO

HCH3

H3C

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

C(3E4S)-3-[2-[(1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

58a-dim

ethyl-2

-methylid


-naphthalen-1-


PartusedL

$sectcentA


PmoslashR

yen

ExtractsM


œA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yanalgesic


iogenic

[79]antire


rombo


1]

antid

iabetic


uenza


[103]antip

roliferativeproapo

ptotic[104105]

antiu


e[107]cho

lestatic[108]

hepatoprotectiv

e[40

41]immun

omod


nof

Epste

inBa


ctivity

againstalcoh

ol-in

duced


]renaltoxicity

[117]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O8

Exactm

ass48027M

olW

t48059C

6498H

839

O2663

IUPA


-methylid

ene-5-

[[(2R3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr


ethyl)o

xan-2-


-naphthalen-1-y

l]ethyl]-

2H-fu

ran-5-on

ePartusedL

$sectcentW

PmoslashR

yen Ae


ExactsM


Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantih

erpes-sim

plex


[100118119]antio

xidant


osensitise


e[943]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-oxonaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsM


œA

Wdagger

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]

hepatoprotectiv

e[124]immun

omod

ulator

[113]platele

tactiv

atingfactor


moo

thmuscle

relaxant


HO

H

O

O

OH

14-D

eoxy

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

H H

H

H

O O

O

Isoa

ndro

grap

holid

e

CH3

CH3

HO

H2C

HO

HO

O

O

And

rogr

aphi

side

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2ndashO

ndashglc

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC


ethyl-2

-methylid

ene-


-naphthalen-1-y

l]ethenyl]-2H

-furan-5-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA



$ H

œD

CM

Pharmacologyantid

iabetic

[128]antifun

gal[123]antioxidant

hepatoprotectiv

e[129]antire


botic

[81]cho

lestatic



antih


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-((2S3aR

5aR

6R7R

9aR

9bS)-do



[21-b]furan-2-yl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

centA

ePcurrenyendaggerW

PoslashR

yen

ExtractsM


Wdagger

Pharmacolog


antip


]differentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

inhibitsgrow

thof


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

7H42O10

Exactm

ass52628M

olW

t52662C

615

8H804O3038

IUPA

CNA

PartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsM


WdaggerP

tEDaggerC

HLDagger


e[42]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

apan

in

H

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

H

14-D

eoxy

-11-

oxo-

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HO

O

O

O HCH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

HH

14-D

eoxy

-11-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger


œ

Pharmacolog


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O5

Exactm

ass34819M

olW

t34843C

6894H

810

O2296

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)-2-

oxoethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger

ExtractsMdaggerA

Wsect


[137]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusesA

ePcurrendaggerW

PmEx

tractsM

currenm AWdagger

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

15-M

etho

xy-3

19-

dihy

drox

y-15

-Met

hoxy

-31

9-di

hydr

oxy-

HO

H

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

H3CO

8(17

)11

13-e

ntla

bda-

trie

n-16

15-

olid

e8(

17)1

113

-ent

labd

a-tr

ien-

161

5-ol

ide

8(17

)13-

Ent-

labd

a-di

ene-

151

619

-tri

ol

HH

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H CH2O

H

H

CH2O

H

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

HO

HO

HOH

3-O

-120573-D

-glu

cosy

l-14-

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H30O5

Exactm

ass36221M

olW

t36246

C695

9H834O2207

IUPA

C3-((E)-2-((1R2R

4aR

5R8aS)-decahydro-


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)v

inyl)-5-metho

xyfuran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H34O3

Exactm

ass32225M

olW

t32248C

7449H

1063O

1488

IUPA

C(Z)-2-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e


PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


14a-dimethyl-6


ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)-2H


yl)ethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePthornW

PEx

tractsM

Ethorn

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]


Table4Con

tinued

14-D

eoxy

-12-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

OH

HO

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

314

-Did

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HH

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondashg

lcndash6

ndashAc

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren AWdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

8H44O8

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym


ihydroxy-

2H-pyran-2-yloxy)m

ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-

6-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

And

rogr

apho

lact

one

H3C

CH3

CH3

OO

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

H

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

141

9-di

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H24O2

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym

ethyl)-

tetrahydro-345-tr


ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsEnot


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6


thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H

-pyran-2-

yloxy)naph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]


Table4Con

tinued

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl-

OH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

andr

ogra

phol

ide

817

-Epo

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O O

HO

O

CH3

OH

HH

3C

14-D

eoxy

-17-

beta

-hyd

roxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

HO

HO

O

CH3

OH

H

CH2O

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O10

Exactm

ass51226M

olW

t51259C

6092H

787O312

1IU

PAC



(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H



)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R


bis(hydroxym

ethyl)-14


ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

12-H

ydro

xyan

drog

raph

olid

e

OH

OH

HO

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H

Bisa

ndro

grap

holid

e A

OH

OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH2

H3C

H3C

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxy-

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

H3C

H2C

OHO

O

CH3

CH2

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O7

Exactm

ass36818M

olW

t36842C

619

4H766O3040

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 4

0H56O8

Exactm

ass66

44MolW

t66

487C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]transie

ntreceptor

potentialchann

elvanillo

id-4

(TRP



0]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H28O3

Exactm

ass3282MolW

t32845C

7679H

859O1461

IUPA

C(1R4aR5R



ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-2(1H)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]


Table4Con

tinued

7-H

ydro

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

H

O

O

OH

OH

CH3

CH2

19-O

-[be

ta-D

-api

ofur

anos

yl-b

eta-

D-g

luco

pyra

noyl

]-3

14-

HH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondasha

pindashg

lc

dide

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

eCh

emicalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O6

Exactm

ass35219M

olW

t35242C

6475H

801O272

4IU

PAC

3-(2-((1S2R



ethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 3

1H48O12

Exactm

ass61231M

olW

t61271C

6077H

790O313

4IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Echiod

inin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H12O5

MolW

t285

IUPA

CNA

Partusedinvitro

Callu

sparaEx

tractsM

para Apara

Pharmacolog

yantib

acteria

lantio

xidant

[141]

Flavon

oids

OO

OH

HO H

H

HH

HH

H

Apig

enin

OO

OH

H

H

HH

H3CO

OCH

3

7-O

-met

hylw

ogon

in

OO

OH

H3CO

H3CO

Ony

silin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O4

Exactm

ass25406M

olW

t25424C

7086H

396O2517

IUPA

C57-dihydroxy-2-ph

enyl-4H-chrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H14O5

Exactm

ass29808M

olW

t29829C

6845H

473O2682

IUPA

C5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-4

H-c

hrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslashm H

yen

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


xy-2-

phenylchromen-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip



Table4Con

tinued

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO

HO

HO

H3CO

dglu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

78-

Dim

etho

xy-2

998400-h

ydro

xy-

5-O

-120573-

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OH

H

7-O

-met

hyl-d

ihyd

row

ogon

in

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OH

H

H

H

Skul

lcap

avon

e-I 2

998400-m

etho

xyle

ther

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H25O11

Exactm

ass4771391MolW

t4771391

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


-dim

etho

xy-2-phenylchrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

8H16O6

Exactm

ass32809M

olW

t32832C

6585H

491O292

4IU

PAC

5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-(2-metho

xyph

enyl)-4H

-chromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OH

glcO

OO

O-b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosy

loxy

flavo

ne5

4998400-D

ihyd

roxy

-7-m

etho

xy-8

-OO

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

57

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

dihy

drofl

avon

e

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO H

OHO

H3CO

And

rogr

aphi

dine

A

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H26O10

Exactm

ass462152597

MolW

t46244

654

IUPA

C(2S)-78-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-


ethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxy-23-

dihydrochrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o


PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph


en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR


PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15


xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R


cryloyloxy)-


ut-3-enyloxy)-15


PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu



etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[


9]Shendagger

etal200



etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh


uethetal2010[152]



























50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4












































































4 Phytoconstituents


3) and



2O soluble









[9]



[8 10]






[8]










(150 g)(700 g)




Onysilin (97 mg)












-sitosterol (100mg)



CHCl3H2O






(15kg)






TLC on silica gel

(19 1 01 9 1 01 5 1 01)][CHCl3MeOHH2O



120573











ble4Preclin

icalph

armacolog

yof

isolated

phytocon

stituentsof

Apaniculata

Com

poun

d3D

2Dchemicalprop

ertiesIU


armacolog

yent-labd

aned

iterpenoids

And

rogr

apho

lide

HO

HO

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

Neo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

O

Ondashg

lc

CH3

CH2

H3C

14-D

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

14-D

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

O

O

OH

HO

HCH3

H3C

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

C(3E4S)-3-[2-[(1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

58a-dim

ethyl-2

-methylid


-naphthalen-1-


PartusedL

$sectcentA


PmoslashR

yen

ExtractsM


œA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yanalgesic


iogenic

[79]antire


rombo


1]

antid

iabetic


uenza


[103]antip

roliferativeproapo

ptotic[104105]

antiu


e[107]cho

lestatic[108]

hepatoprotectiv

e[40

41]immun

omod


nof

Epste

inBa


ctivity

againstalcoh

ol-in

duced


]renaltoxicity

[117]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O8

Exactm

ass48027M

olW

t48059C

6498H

839

O2663

IUPA


-methylid

ene-5-

[[(2R3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr


ethyl)o

xan-2-


-naphthalen-1-y

l]ethyl]-

2H-fu

ran-5-on

ePartusedL

$sectcentW

PmoslashR

yen Ae


ExactsM


Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantih

erpes-sim

plex


[100118119]antio

xidant


osensitise


e[943]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-oxonaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsM


œA

Wdagger

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]

hepatoprotectiv

e[124]immun

omod

ulator

[113]platele

tactiv

atingfactor


moo

thmuscle

relaxant


HO

H

O

O

OH

14-D

eoxy

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

H H

H

H

O O

O

Isoa

ndro

grap

holid

e

CH3

CH3

HO

H2C

HO

HO

O

O

And

rogr

aphi

side

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2ndashO

ndashglc

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC


ethyl-2

-methylid

ene-


-naphthalen-1-y

l]ethenyl]-2H

-furan-5-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA



$ H

œD

CM

Pharmacologyantid

iabetic

[128]antifun

gal[123]antioxidant

hepatoprotectiv

e[129]antire


botic

[81]cho

lestatic



antih


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-((2S3aR

5aR

6R7R

9aR

9bS)-do



[21-b]furan-2-yl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

centA

ePcurrenyendaggerW

PoslashR

yen

ExtractsM


Wdagger

Pharmacolog


antip


]differentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

inhibitsgrow

thof


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

7H42O10

Exactm

ass52628M

olW

t52662C

615

8H804O3038

IUPA

CNA

PartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsM


WdaggerP

tEDaggerC

HLDagger


e[42]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

apan

in

H

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

H

14-D

eoxy

-11-

oxo-

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HO

O

O

O HCH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

HH

14-D

eoxy

-11-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger


œ

Pharmacolog


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O5

Exactm

ass34819M

olW

t34843C

6894H

810

O2296

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)-2-

oxoethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger

ExtractsMdaggerA

Wsect


[137]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusesA

ePcurrendaggerW

PmEx

tractsM

currenm AWdagger

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

15-M

etho

xy-3

19-

dihy

drox

y-15

-Met

hoxy

-31

9-di

hydr

oxy-

HO

H

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

H3CO

8(17

)11

13-e

ntla

bda-

trie

n-16

15-

olid

e8(

17)1

113

-ent

labd

a-tr

ien-

161

5-ol

ide

8(17

)13-

Ent-

labd

a-di

ene-

151

619

-tri

ol

HH

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H CH2O

H

H

CH2O

H

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

HO

HO

HOH

3-O

-120573-D

-glu

cosy

l-14-

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H30O5

Exactm

ass36221M

olW

t36246

C695

9H834O2207

IUPA

C3-((E)-2-((1R2R

4aR

5R8aS)-decahydro-


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)v

inyl)-5-metho

xyfuran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H34O3

Exactm

ass32225M

olW

t32248C

7449H

1063O

1488

IUPA

C(Z)-2-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e


PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


14a-dimethyl-6


ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)-2H


yl)ethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePthornW

PEx

tractsM

Ethorn

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]


Table4Con

tinued

14-D

eoxy

-12-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

OH

HO

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

314

-Did

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HH

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondashg

lcndash6

ndashAc

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren AWdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

8H44O8

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym


ihydroxy-

2H-pyran-2-yloxy)m

ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-

6-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

And

rogr

apho

lact

one

H3C

CH3

CH3

OO

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

H

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

141

9-di

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H24O2

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym

ethyl)-

tetrahydro-345-tr


ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsEnot


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6


thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H

-pyran-2-

yloxy)naph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]


Table4Con

tinued

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl-

OH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

andr

ogra

phol

ide

817

-Epo

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O O

HO

O

CH3

OH

HH

3C

14-D

eoxy

-17-

beta

-hyd

roxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

HO

HO

O

CH3

OH

H

CH2O

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O10

Exactm

ass51226M

olW

t51259C

6092H

787O312

1IU

PAC



(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H



)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R


bis(hydroxym

ethyl)-14


ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

12-H

ydro

xyan

drog

raph

olid

e

OH

OH

HO

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H

Bisa

ndro

grap

holid

e A

OH

OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH2

H3C

H3C

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxy-

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

H3C

H2C

OHO

O

CH3

CH2

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O7

Exactm

ass36818M

olW

t36842C

619

4H766O3040

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 4

0H56O8

Exactm

ass66

44MolW

t66

487C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]transie

ntreceptor

potentialchann

elvanillo

id-4

(TRP



0]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H28O3

Exactm

ass3282MolW

t32845C

7679H

859O1461

IUPA

C(1R4aR5R



ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-2(1H)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]


Table4Con

tinued

7-H

ydro

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

H

O

O

OH

OH

CH3

CH2

19-O

-[be

ta-D

-api

ofur

anos

yl-b

eta-

D-g

luco

pyra

noyl

]-3

14-

HH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondasha

pindashg

lc

dide

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

eCh

emicalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O6

Exactm

ass35219M

olW

t35242C

6475H

801O272

4IU

PAC

3-(2-((1S2R



ethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 3

1H48O12

Exactm

ass61231M

olW

t61271C

6077H

790O313

4IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Echiod

inin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H12O5

MolW

t285

IUPA

CNA

Partusedinvitro

Callu

sparaEx

tractsM

para Apara

Pharmacolog

yantib

acteria

lantio

xidant

[141]

Flavon

oids

OO

OH

HO H

H

HH

HH

H

Apig

enin

OO

OH

H

H

HH

H3CO

OCH

3

7-O

-met

hylw

ogon

in

OO

OH

H3CO

H3CO

Ony

silin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O4

Exactm

ass25406M

olW

t25424C

7086H

396O2517

IUPA

C57-dihydroxy-2-ph

enyl-4H-chrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H14O5

Exactm

ass29808M

olW

t29829C

6845H

473O2682

IUPA

C5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-4

H-c

hrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslashm H

yen

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


xy-2-

phenylchromen-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip



Table4Con

tinued

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO

HO

HO

H3CO

dglu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

78-

Dim

etho

xy-2

998400-h

ydro

xy-

5-O

-120573-

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OH

H

7-O

-met

hyl-d

ihyd

row

ogon

in

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OH

H

H

H

Skul

lcap

avon

e-I 2

998400-m

etho

xyle

ther

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H25O11

Exactm

ass4771391MolW

t4771391

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


-dim

etho

xy-2-phenylchrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

8H16O6

Exactm

ass32809M

olW

t32832C

6585H

491O292

4IU

PAC

5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-(2-metho

xyph

enyl)-4H

-chromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OH

glcO

OO

O-b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosy

loxy

flavo

ne5

4998400-D

ihyd

roxy

-7-m

etho

xy-8

-OO

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

57

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

dihy

drofl

avon

e

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO H

OHO

H3CO

And

rogr

aphi

dine

A

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H26O10

Exactm

ass462152597

MolW

t46244

654

IUPA

C(2S)-78-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-


ethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxy-23-

dihydrochrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o


PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph


en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR


PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15


xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R


cryloyloxy)-


ut-3-enyloxy)-15


PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu



etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[


9]Shendagger

etal200



etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh


uethetal2010[152]



























50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4










































































[9]



[8 10]






[8]










(150 g)(700 g)




Onysilin (97 mg)












-sitosterol (100mg)



CHCl3H2O






(15kg)






TLC on silica gel

(19 1 01 9 1 01 5 1 01)][CHCl3MeOHH2O



120573











ble4Preclin

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armacolog

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Com

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armacolog

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And

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phol

ide

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andr

ogra

phol

ide

14-D

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

O

O

OH

HO

HCH3

H3C

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

C(3E4S)-3-[2-[(1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

58a-dim

ethyl-2

-methylid


-naphthalen-1-


PartusedL

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ExtractsM


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Pharmacolog

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ctivity

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[117]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O8

Exactm

ass48027M

olW

t48059C

6498H

839

O2663

IUPA


-methylid

ene-5-

[[(2R3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr


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xan-2-


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Pharmacolog

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e[943]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-oxonaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

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ExtractsM


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Pharmacologyantib

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hepatoprotectiv

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atingfactor


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HO

H

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O

OH

14-D

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11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

H H

H

H

O O

O

Isoa

ndro

grap

holid

e

CH3

CH3

HO

H2C

HO

HO

O

O

And

rogr

aphi

side

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2ndashO

ndashglc

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC


ethyl-2

-methylid

ene-


-naphthalen-1-y

l]ethenyl]-2H

-furan-5-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA



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Pharmacologyantid

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hepatoprotectiv

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botic

[81]cho

lestatic



antih


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-((2S3aR

5aR

6R7R

9aR

9bS)-do



[21-b]furan-2-yl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

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ePcurrenyendaggerW

PoslashR

yen

ExtractsM


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Pharmacolog


antip


]differentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

inhibitsgrow

thof


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

7H42O10

Exactm

ass52628M

olW

t52662C

615

8H804O3038

IUPA

CNA

PartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsM


WdaggerP

tEDaggerC

HLDagger


e[42]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

apan

in

H

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

H

14-D

eoxy

-11-

oxo-

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HO

O

O

O HCH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

HH

14-D

eoxy

-11-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger


œ

Pharmacolog


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O5

Exactm

ass34819M

olW

t34843C

6894H

810

O2296

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)-2-

oxoethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger

ExtractsMdaggerA

Wsect


[137]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusesA

ePcurrendaggerW

PmEx

tractsM

currenm AWdagger

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

15-M

etho

xy-3

19-

dihy

drox

y-15

-Met

hoxy

-31

9-di

hydr

oxy-

HO

H

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

H3CO

8(17

)11

13-e

ntla

bda-

trie

n-16

15-

olid

e8(

17)1

113

-ent

labd

a-tr

ien-

161

5-ol

ide

8(17

)13-

Ent-

labd

a-di

ene-

151

619

-tri

ol

HH

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H CH2O

H

H

CH2O

H

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

HO

HO

HOH

3-O

-120573-D

-glu

cosy

l-14-

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H30O5

Exactm

ass36221M

olW

t36246

C695

9H834O2207

IUPA

C3-((E)-2-((1R2R

4aR

5R8aS)-decahydro-


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)v

inyl)-5-metho

xyfuran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H34O3

Exactm

ass32225M

olW

t32248C

7449H

1063O

1488

IUPA

C(Z)-2-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e


PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


14a-dimethyl-6


ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)-2H


yl)ethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePthornW

PEx

tractsM

Ethorn

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]


Table4Con

tinued

14-D

eoxy

-12-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

OH

HO

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

314

-Did

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HH

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondashg

lcndash6

ndashAc

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren AWdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

8H44O8

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym


ihydroxy-

2H-pyran-2-yloxy)m

ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-

6-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

And

rogr

apho

lact

one

H3C

CH3

CH3

OO

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

H

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

141

9-di

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H24O2

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym

ethyl)-

tetrahydro-345-tr


ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsEnot


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6


thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H

-pyran-2-

yloxy)naph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]


Table4Con

tinued

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl-

OH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

andr

ogra

phol

ide

817

-Epo

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O O

HO

O

CH3

OH

HH

3C

14-D

eoxy

-17-

beta

-hyd

roxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

HO

HO

O

CH3

OH

H

CH2O

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O10

Exactm

ass51226M

olW

t51259C

6092H

787O312

1IU

PAC



(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H



)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R


bis(hydroxym

ethyl)-14


ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

12-H

ydro

xyan

drog

raph

olid

e

OH

OH

HO

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H

Bisa

ndro

grap

holid

e A

OH

OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH2

H3C

H3C

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxy-

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

H3C

H2C

OHO

O

CH3

CH2

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O7

Exactm

ass36818M

olW

t36842C

619

4H766O3040

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 4

0H56O8

Exactm

ass66

44MolW

t66

487C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]transie

ntreceptor

potentialchann

elvanillo

id-4

(TRP



0]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H28O3

Exactm

ass3282MolW

t32845C

7679H

859O1461

IUPA

C(1R4aR5R



ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-2(1H)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]


Table4Con

tinued

7-H

ydro

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

H

O

O

OH

OH

CH3

CH2

19-O

-[be

ta-D

-api

ofur

anos

yl-b

eta-

D-g

luco

pyra

noyl

]-3

14-

HH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondasha

pindashg

lc

dide

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

eCh

emicalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O6

Exactm

ass35219M

olW

t35242C

6475H

801O272

4IU

PAC

3-(2-((1S2R



ethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 3

1H48O12

Exactm

ass61231M

olW

t61271C

6077H

790O313

4IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Echiod

inin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H12O5

MolW

t285

IUPA

CNA

Partusedinvitro

Callu

sparaEx

tractsM

para Apara

Pharmacolog

yantib

acteria

lantio

xidant

[141]

Flavon

oids

OO

OH

HO H

H

HH

HH

H

Apig

enin

OO

OH

H

H

HH

H3CO

OCH

3

7-O

-met

hylw

ogon

in

OO

OH

H3CO

H3CO

Ony

silin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O4

Exactm

ass25406M

olW

t25424C

7086H

396O2517

IUPA

C57-dihydroxy-2-ph

enyl-4H-chrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H14O5

Exactm

ass29808M

olW

t29829C

6845H

473O2682

IUPA

C5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-4

H-c

hrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslashm H

yen

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


xy-2-

phenylchromen-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip



Table4Con

tinued

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO

HO

HO

H3CO

dglu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

78-

Dim

etho

xy-2

998400-h

ydro

xy-

5-O

-120573-

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OH

H

7-O

-met

hyl-d

ihyd

row

ogon

in

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OH

H

H

H

Skul

lcap

avon

e-I 2

998400-m

etho

xyle

ther

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H25O11

Exactm

ass4771391MolW

t4771391

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


-dim

etho

xy-2-phenylchrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

8H16O6

Exactm

ass32809M

olW

t32832C

6585H

491O292

4IU

PAC

5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-(2-metho

xyph

enyl)-4H

-chromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OH

glcO

OO

O-b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosy

loxy

flavo

ne5

4998400-D

ihyd

roxy

-7-m

etho

xy-8

-OO

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

57

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

dihy

drofl

avon

e

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO H

OHO

H3CO

And

rogr

aphi

dine

A

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H26O10

Exactm

ass462152597

MolW

t46244

654

IUPA

C(2S)-78-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-


ethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxy-23-

dihydrochrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o


PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph


en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR


PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15


xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R


cryloyloxy)-


ut-3-enyloxy)-15


PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu



etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[


9]Shendagger

etal200



etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh


uethetal2010[152]



























50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4






































































(150 g)(700 g)




Onysilin (97 mg)












-sitosterol (100mg)



CHCl3H2O






(15kg)






TLC on silica gel

(19 1 01 9 1 01 5 1 01)][CHCl3MeOHH2O



120573











ble4Preclin

icalph

armacolog

yof

isolated

phytocon

stituentsof

Apaniculata

Com

poun

d3D

2Dchemicalprop

ertiesIU


armacolog

yent-labd

aned

iterpenoids

And

rogr

apho

lide

HO

HO

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

Neo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

O

Ondashg

lc

CH3

CH2

H3C

14-D

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

14-D

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

O

O

OH

HO

HCH3

H3C

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

C(3E4S)-3-[2-[(1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

58a-dim

ethyl-2

-methylid


-naphthalen-1-


PartusedL

$sectcentA


PmoslashR

yen

ExtractsM


œA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yanalgesic


iogenic

[79]antire


rombo


1]

antid

iabetic


uenza


[103]antip

roliferativeproapo

ptotic[104105]

antiu


e[107]cho

lestatic[108]

hepatoprotectiv

e[40

41]immun

omod


nof

Epste

inBa


ctivity

againstalcoh

ol-in

duced


]renaltoxicity

[117]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O8

Exactm

ass48027M

olW

t48059C

6498H

839

O2663

IUPA


-methylid

ene-5-

[[(2R3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr


ethyl)o

xan-2-


-naphthalen-1-y

l]ethyl]-

2H-fu

ran-5-on

ePartusedL

$sectcentW

PmoslashR

yen Ae


ExactsM


Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantih

erpes-sim

plex


[100118119]antio

xidant


osensitise


e[943]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-oxonaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsM


œA

Wdagger

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]

hepatoprotectiv

e[124]immun

omod

ulator

[113]platele

tactiv

atingfactor


moo

thmuscle

relaxant


HO

H

O

O

OH

14-D

eoxy

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

H H

H

H

O O

O

Isoa

ndro

grap

holid

e

CH3

CH3

HO

H2C

HO

HO

O

O

And

rogr

aphi

side

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2ndashO

ndashglc

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC


ethyl-2

-methylid

ene-


-naphthalen-1-y

l]ethenyl]-2H

-furan-5-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA



$ H

œD

CM

Pharmacologyantid

iabetic

[128]antifun

gal[123]antioxidant

hepatoprotectiv

e[129]antire


botic

[81]cho

lestatic



antih


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-((2S3aR

5aR

6R7R

9aR

9bS)-do



[21-b]furan-2-yl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

centA

ePcurrenyendaggerW

PoslashR

yen

ExtractsM


Wdagger

Pharmacolog


antip


]differentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

inhibitsgrow

thof


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

7H42O10

Exactm

ass52628M

olW

t52662C

615

8H804O3038

IUPA

CNA

PartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsM


WdaggerP

tEDaggerC

HLDagger


e[42]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

apan

in

H

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

H

14-D

eoxy

-11-

oxo-

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HO

O

O

O HCH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

HH

14-D

eoxy

-11-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger


œ

Pharmacolog


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O5

Exactm

ass34819M

olW

t34843C

6894H

810

O2296

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)-2-

oxoethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger

ExtractsMdaggerA

Wsect


[137]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusesA

ePcurrendaggerW

PmEx

tractsM

currenm AWdagger

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

15-M

etho

xy-3

19-

dihy

drox

y-15

-Met

hoxy

-31

9-di

hydr

oxy-

HO

H

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

H3CO

8(17

)11

13-e

ntla

bda-

trie

n-16

15-

olid

e8(

17)1

113

-ent

labd

a-tr

ien-

161

5-ol

ide

8(17

)13-

Ent-

labd

a-di

ene-

151

619

-tri

ol

HH

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H CH2O

H

H

CH2O

H

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

HO

HO

HOH

3-O

-120573-D

-glu

cosy

l-14-

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H30O5

Exactm

ass36221M

olW

t36246

C695

9H834O2207

IUPA

C3-((E)-2-((1R2R

4aR

5R8aS)-decahydro-


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)v

inyl)-5-metho

xyfuran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H34O3

Exactm

ass32225M

olW

t32248C

7449H

1063O

1488

IUPA

C(Z)-2-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e


PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


14a-dimethyl-6


ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)-2H


yl)ethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePthornW

PEx

tractsM

Ethorn

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]


Table4Con

tinued

14-D

eoxy

-12-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

OH

HO

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

314

-Did

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HH

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondashg

lcndash6

ndashAc

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren AWdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

8H44O8

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym


ihydroxy-

2H-pyran-2-yloxy)m

ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-

6-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

And

rogr

apho

lact

one

H3C

CH3

CH3

OO

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

H

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

141

9-di

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H24O2

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym

ethyl)-

tetrahydro-345-tr


ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsEnot


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6


thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H

-pyran-2-

yloxy)naph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]


Table4Con

tinued

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl-

OH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

andr

ogra

phol

ide

817

-Epo

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O O

HO

O

CH3

OH

HH

3C

14-D

eoxy

-17-

beta

-hyd

roxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

HO

HO

O

CH3

OH

H

CH2O

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O10

Exactm

ass51226M

olW

t51259C

6092H

787O312

1IU

PAC



(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H



)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R


bis(hydroxym

ethyl)-14


ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

12-H

ydro

xyan

drog

raph

olid

e

OH

OH

HO

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H

Bisa

ndro

grap

holid

e A

OH

OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH2

H3C

H3C

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxy-

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

H3C

H2C

OHO

O

CH3

CH2

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O7

Exactm

ass36818M

olW

t36842C

619

4H766O3040

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 4

0H56O8

Exactm

ass66

44MolW

t66

487C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]transie

ntreceptor

potentialchann

elvanillo

id-4

(TRP



0]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H28O3

Exactm

ass3282MolW

t32845C

7679H

859O1461

IUPA

C(1R4aR5R



ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-2(1H)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]


Table4Con

tinued

7-H

ydro

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

H

O

O

OH

OH

CH3

CH2

19-O

-[be

ta-D

-api

ofur

anos

yl-b

eta-

D-g

luco

pyra

noyl

]-3

14-

HH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondasha

pindashg

lc

dide

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

eCh

emicalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O6

Exactm

ass35219M

olW

t35242C

6475H

801O272

4IU

PAC

3-(2-((1S2R



ethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 3

1H48O12

Exactm

ass61231M

olW

t61271C

6077H

790O313

4IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Echiod

inin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H12O5

MolW

t285

IUPA

CNA

Partusedinvitro

Callu

sparaEx

tractsM

para Apara

Pharmacolog

yantib

acteria

lantio

xidant

[141]

Flavon

oids

OO

OH

HO H

H

HH

HH

H

Apig

enin

OO

OH

H

H

HH

H3CO

OCH

3

7-O

-met

hylw

ogon

in

OO

OH

H3CO

H3CO

Ony

silin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O4

Exactm

ass25406M

olW

t25424C

7086H

396O2517

IUPA

C57-dihydroxy-2-ph

enyl-4H-chrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H14O5

Exactm

ass29808M

olW

t29829C

6845H

473O2682

IUPA

C5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-4

H-c

hrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslashm H

yen

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


xy-2-

phenylchromen-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip



Table4Con

tinued

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO

HO

HO

H3CO

dglu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

78-

Dim

etho

xy-2

998400-h

ydro

xy-

5-O

-120573-

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OH

H

7-O

-met

hyl-d

ihyd

row

ogon

in

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OH

H

H

H

Skul

lcap

avon

e-I 2

998400-m

etho

xyle

ther

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H25O11

Exactm

ass4771391MolW

t4771391

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


-dim

etho

xy-2-phenylchrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

8H16O6

Exactm

ass32809M

olW

t32832C

6585H

491O292

4IU

PAC

5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-(2-metho

xyph

enyl)-4H

-chromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OH

glcO

OO

O-b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosy

loxy

flavo

ne5

4998400-D

ihyd

roxy

-7-m

etho

xy-8

-OO

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

57

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

dihy

drofl

avon

e

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO H

OHO

H3CO

And

rogr

aphi

dine

A

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H26O10

Exactm

ass462152597

MolW

t46244

654

IUPA

C(2S)-78-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-


ethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxy-23-

dihydrochrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o


PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph


en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR


PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15


xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R


cryloyloxy)-


ut-3-enyloxy)-15


PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu



etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[


9]Shendagger

etal200



etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh


uethetal2010[152]



























50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4






































































ble4Preclin

icalph

armacolog

yof

isolated

phytocon

stituentsof

Apaniculata

Com

poun

d3D

2Dchemicalprop

ertiesIU


armacolog

yent-labd

aned

iterpenoids

And

rogr

apho

lide

HO

HO

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

Neo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

O

Ondashg

lc

CH3

CH2

H3C

14-D

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

14-D

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

O

O

OH

HO

HCH3

H3C

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

C(3E4S)-3-[2-[(1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

58a-dim

ethyl-2

-methylid


-naphthalen-1-


PartusedL

$sectcentA


PmoslashR

yen

ExtractsM


œA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yanalgesic


iogenic

[79]antire


rombo


1]

antid

iabetic


uenza


[103]antip

roliferativeproapo

ptotic[104105]

antiu


e[107]cho

lestatic[108]

hepatoprotectiv

e[40

41]immun

omod


nof

Epste

inBa


ctivity

againstalcoh

ol-in

duced


]renaltoxicity

[117]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O8

Exactm

ass48027M

olW

t48059C

6498H

839

O2663

IUPA


-methylid

ene-5-

[[(2R3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr


ethyl)o

xan-2-


-naphthalen-1-y

l]ethyl]-

2H-fu

ran-5-on

ePartusedL

$sectcentW

PmoslashR

yen Ae


ExactsM


Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantih

erpes-sim

plex


[100118119]antio

xidant


osensitise


e[943]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-oxonaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsM


œA

Wdagger

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]

hepatoprotectiv

e[124]immun

omod

ulator

[113]platele

tactiv

atingfactor


moo

thmuscle

relaxant


HO

H

O

O

OH

14-D

eoxy

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

H H

H

H

O O

O

Isoa

ndro

grap

holid

e

CH3

CH3

HO

H2C

HO

HO

O

O

And

rogr

aphi

side

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2ndashO

ndashglc

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC


ethyl-2

-methylid

ene-


-naphthalen-1-y

l]ethenyl]-2H

-furan-5-on

ePartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA



$ H

œD

CM

Pharmacologyantid

iabetic

[128]antifun

gal[123]antioxidant

hepatoprotectiv

e[129]antire


botic

[81]cho

lestatic



antih


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O5

Exactm

ass33619M

olW

t33642C

678

3H839

O2378

IUPA

C3-((2S3aR

5aR

6R7R

9aR

9bS)-do



[21-b]furan-2-yl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

centA

ePcurrenyendaggerW

PoslashR

yen

ExtractsM


Wdagger

Pharmacolog


antip


]differentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

inhibitsgrow

thof


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

7H42O10

Exactm

ass52628M

olW

t52662C

615

8H804O3038

IUPA

CNA

PartusedL

sect$centDaggerW

PmcopyoslashA


ExtractsM


WdaggerP

tEDaggerC

HLDagger


e[42]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

apan

in

H

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

H

14-D

eoxy

-11-

oxo-

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HO

O

O

O HCH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

HH

14-D

eoxy

-11-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger


œ

Pharmacolog


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O5

Exactm

ass34819M

olW

t34843C

6894H

810

O2296

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)-2-

oxoethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger

ExtractsMdaggerA

Wsect


[137]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusesA

ePcurrendaggerW

PmEx

tractsM

currenm AWdagger

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

15-M

etho

xy-3

19-

dihy

drox

y-15

-Met

hoxy

-31

9-di

hydr

oxy-

HO

H

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

H3CO

8(17

)11

13-e

ntla

bda-

trie

n-16

15-

olid

e8(

17)1

113

-ent

labd

a-tr

ien-

161

5-ol

ide

8(17

)13-

Ent-

labd

a-di

ene-

151

619

-tri

ol

HH

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H CH2O

H

H

CH2O

H

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

HO

HO

HOH

3-O

-120573-D

-glu

cosy

l-14-

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H30O5

Exactm

ass36221M

olW

t36246

C695

9H834O2207

IUPA

C3-((E)-2-((1R2R

4aR

5R8aS)-decahydro-


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)v

inyl)-5-metho

xyfuran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H34O3

Exactm

ass32225M

olW

t32248C

7449H

1063O

1488

IUPA

C(Z)-2-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e


PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


14a-dimethyl-6


ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)-2H


yl)ethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePthornW

PEx

tractsM

Ethorn

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]


Table4Con

tinued

14-D

eoxy

-12-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

OH

HO

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

314

-Did

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HH

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondashg

lcndash6

ndashAc

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren AWdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

8H44O8

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym


ihydroxy-

2H-pyran-2-yloxy)m

ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-

6-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

And

rogr

apho

lact

one

H3C

CH3

CH3

OO

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

H

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

141

9-di

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H24O2

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym

ethyl)-

tetrahydro-345-tr


ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsEnot


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6


thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H

-pyran-2-

yloxy)naph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]


Table4Con

tinued

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl-

OH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

andr

ogra

phol

ide

817

-Epo

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O O

HO

O

CH3

OH

HH

3C

14-D

eoxy

-17-

beta

-hyd

roxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

HO

HO

O

CH3

OH

H

CH2O

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O10

Exactm

ass51226M

olW

t51259C

6092H

787O312

1IU

PAC



(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H



)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R


bis(hydroxym

ethyl)-14


ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

12-H

ydro

xyan

drog

raph

olid

e

OH

OH

HO

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H

Bisa

ndro

grap

holid

e A

OH

OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH2

H3C

H3C

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxy-

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

H3C

H2C

OHO

O

CH3

CH2

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O7

Exactm

ass36818M

olW

t36842C

619

4H766O3040

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 4

0H56O8

Exactm

ass66

44MolW

t66

487C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]transie

ntreceptor

potentialchann

elvanillo

id-4

(TRP



0]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H28O3

Exactm

ass3282MolW

t32845C

7679H

859O1461

IUPA

C(1R4aR5R



ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-2(1H)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]


Table4Con

tinued

7-H

ydro

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

H

O

O

OH

OH

CH3

CH2

19-O

-[be

ta-D

-api

ofur

anos

yl-b

eta-

D-g

luco

pyra

noyl

]-3

14-

HH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondasha

pindashg

lc

dide

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

eCh

emicalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O6

Exactm

ass35219M

olW

t35242C

6475H

801O272

4IU

PAC

3-(2-((1S2R



ethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 3

1H48O12

Exactm

ass61231M

olW

t61271C

6077H

790O313

4IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Echiod

inin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H12O5

MolW

t285

IUPA

CNA

Partusedinvitro

Callu

sparaEx

tractsM

para Apara

Pharmacolog

yantib

acteria

lantio

xidant

[141]

Flavon

oids

OO

OH

HO H

H

HH

HH

H

Apig

enin

OO

OH

H

H

HH

H3CO

OCH

3

7-O

-met

hylw

ogon

in

OO

OH

H3CO

H3CO

Ony

silin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O4

Exactm

ass25406M

olW

t25424C

7086H

396O2517

IUPA

C57-dihydroxy-2-ph

enyl-4H-chrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H14O5

Exactm

ass29808M

olW

t29829C

6845H

473O2682

IUPA

C5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-4

H-c

hrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslashm H

yen

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


xy-2-

phenylchromen-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip



Table4Con

tinued

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO

HO

HO

H3CO

dglu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

78-

Dim

etho

xy-2

998400-h

ydro

xy-

5-O

-120573-

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OH

H

7-O

-met

hyl-d

ihyd

row

ogon

in

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OH

H

H

H

Skul

lcap

avon

e-I 2

998400-m

etho

xyle

ther

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H25O11

Exactm

ass4771391MolW

t4771391

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


-dim

etho

xy-2-phenylchrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

8H16O6

Exactm

ass32809M

olW

t32832C

6585H

491O292

4IU

PAC

5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-(2-metho

xyph

enyl)-4H

-chromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OH

glcO

OO

O-b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosy

loxy

flavo

ne5

4998400-D

ihyd

roxy

-7-m

etho

xy-8

-OO

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

57

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

dihy

drofl

avon

e

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO H

OHO

H3CO

And

rogr

aphi

dine

A

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H26O10

Exactm

ass462152597

MolW

t46244

654

IUPA

C(2S)-78-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-


ethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxy-23-

dihydrochrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o


PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph


en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR


PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15


xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R


cryloyloxy)-


ut-3-enyloxy)-15


PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu



etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[


9]Shendagger

etal200



etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh


uethetal2010[152]



























50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4






































































Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

apan

in

H

H

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H

H

14-D

eoxy

-11-

oxo-

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HO

O

O

O HCH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

HH

14-D

eoxy

-11-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger


œ

Pharmacolog


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O5

Exactm

ass34819M

olW

t34843C

6894H

810

O2296

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R

4aR


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)-2-

oxoethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedL

sectaeligA

eP120573œdagger

ExtractsMdaggerA

Wsect


[137]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusesA

ePcurrendaggerW

PmEx

tractsM

currenm AWdagger

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

15-M

etho

xy-3

19-

dihy

drox

y-15

-Met

hoxy

-31

9-di

hydr

oxy-

HO

H

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

H3CO

8(17

)11

13-e

ntla

bda-

trie

n-16

15-

olid

e8(

17)1

113

-ent

labd

a-tr

ien-

161

5-ol

ide

8(17

)13-

Ent-

labd

a-di

ene-

151

619

-tri

ol

HH

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

CH2O

H CH2O

H

H

CH2O

H

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

HO

HO

HO

HOH

3-O

-120573-D

-glu

cosy

l-14-

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H30O5

Exactm

ass36221M

olW

t36246

C695

9H834O2207

IUPA

C3-((E)-2-((1R2R

4aR

5R8aS)-decahydro-


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)v

inyl)-5-metho

xyfuran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H34O3

Exactm

ass32225M

olW

t32248C

7449H

1063O

1488

IUPA

C(Z)-2-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-

14a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e


PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


14a-dimethyl-6


ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)-2H


yl)ethyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePthornW

PEx

tractsM

Ethorn

Pharmacologyantib

acteria

l[121122]antifu

ngal[123]


Table4Con

tinued

14-D

eoxy

-12-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

OH

HO

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

314

-Did

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HH

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondashg

lcndash6

ndashAc

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren AWdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

8H44O8

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym


ihydroxy-

2H-pyran-2-yloxy)m

ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-

6-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

And

rogr

apho

lact

one

H3C

CH3

CH3

OO

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

H

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

141

9-di

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H24O2

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym

ethyl)-

tetrahydro-345-tr


ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsEnot


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6


thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H

-pyran-2-

yloxy)naph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]


Table4Con

tinued

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl-

OH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

andr

ogra

phol

ide

817

-Epo

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O O

HO

O

CH3

OH

HH

3C

14-D

eoxy

-17-

beta

-hyd

roxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

HO

HO

O

CH3

OH

H

CH2O

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O10

Exactm

ass51226M

olW

t51259C

6092H

787O312

1IU

PAC



(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H



)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R


bis(hydroxym

ethyl)-14


ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

12-H

ydro

xyan

drog

raph

olid

e

OH

OH

HO

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H

Bisa

ndro

grap

holid

e A

OH

OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH2

H3C

H3C

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxy-

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

H3C

H2C

OHO

O

CH3

CH2

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O7

Exactm

ass36818M

olW

t36842C

619

4H766O3040

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 4

0H56O8

Exactm

ass66

44MolW

t66

487C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]transie

ntreceptor

potentialchann

elvanillo

id-4

(TRP



0]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H28O3

Exactm

ass3282MolW

t32845C

7679H

859O1461

IUPA

C(1R4aR5R



ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-2(1H)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]


Table4Con

tinued

7-H

ydro

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

H

O

O

OH

OH

CH3

CH2

19-O

-[be

ta-D

-api

ofur

anos

yl-b

eta-

D-g

luco

pyra

noyl

]-3

14-

HH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondasha

pindashg

lc

dide

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

eCh

emicalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O6

Exactm

ass35219M

olW

t35242C

6475H

801O272

4IU

PAC

3-(2-((1S2R



ethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 3

1H48O12

Exactm

ass61231M

olW

t61271C

6077H

790O313

4IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Echiod

inin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H12O5

MolW

t285

IUPA

CNA

Partusedinvitro

Callu

sparaEx

tractsM

para Apara

Pharmacolog

yantib

acteria

lantio

xidant

[141]

Flavon

oids

OO

OH

HO H

H

HH

HH

H

Apig

enin

OO

OH

H

H

HH

H3CO

OCH

3

7-O

-met

hylw

ogon

in

OO

OH

H3CO

H3CO

Ony

silin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O4

Exactm

ass25406M

olW

t25424C

7086H

396O2517

IUPA

C57-dihydroxy-2-ph

enyl-4H-chrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H14O5

Exactm

ass29808M

olW

t29829C

6845H

473O2682

IUPA

C5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-4

H-c

hrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslashm H

yen

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


xy-2-

phenylchromen-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip



Table4Con

tinued

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO

HO

HO

H3CO

dglu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

78-

Dim

etho

xy-2

998400-h

ydro

xy-

5-O

-120573-

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OH

H

7-O

-met

hyl-d

ihyd

row

ogon

in

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OH

H

H

H

Skul

lcap

avon

e-I 2

998400-m

etho

xyle

ther

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H25O11

Exactm

ass4771391MolW

t4771391

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


-dim

etho

xy-2-phenylchrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

8H16O6

Exactm

ass32809M

olW

t32832C

6585H

491O292

4IU

PAC

5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-(2-metho

xyph

enyl)-4H

-chromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OH

glcO

OO

O-b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosy

loxy

flavo

ne5

4998400-D

ihyd

roxy

-7-m

etho

xy-8

-OO

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

57

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

dihy

drofl

avon

e

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO H

OHO

H3CO

And

rogr

aphi

dine

A

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H26O10

Exactm

ass462152597

MolW

t46244

654

IUPA

C(2S)-78-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-


ethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxy-23-

dihydrochrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o


PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph


en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR


PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15


xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R


cryloyloxy)-


ut-3-enyloxy)-15


PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu



etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[


9]Shendagger

etal200



etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh


uethetal2010[152]



























50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4






































































Table4Con

tinued

14-D

eoxy

-12-

hydr

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

OH

HO

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

314

-Did

eoxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

HH

O

O

OH

CH3

CH2

H3C

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondashg

lcndash6

ndashAc

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

6998400-A

cety

lneo

andr

ogra

phol

ide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O5

Exactm

ass35021M

olW

t35045C

6854H

863O2283

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren AWdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H30O3

Exactm

ass31822M

olW

t31845C

7543H

950O1507

IUPA


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

8H44O8

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym


ihydroxy-

2H-pyran-2-yloxy)m

ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-

6-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]

And

rogr

apho

lact

one

H3C

CH3

CH3

OO

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

H

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl

O

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

141

9-di

deox

yand

rogr

apho

lide

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H24O2

Exactm

ass5083MolW

t50864

C6612H

872O2516

IUPA

C3-(2-(1-(((2R

)-6-(ethoxym

ethyl)-

tetrahydro-345-tr


ethyl)-decahydro-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsEnot


Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H28O4

Exactm

ass3322MolW

t33243C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R4aS5R


ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6


thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O9

Exactm

ass49627M

olW

t49659C

6288H

812

O290

0IU

PAC

3-(2-((1R2R


(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H

-pyran-2-

yloxy)naph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]


Table4Con

tinued

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl-

OH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

andr

ogra

phol

ide

817

-Epo

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O O

HO

O

CH3

OH

HH

3C

14-D

eoxy

-17-

beta

-hyd

roxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

HO

HO

O

CH3

OH

H

CH2O

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O10

Exactm

ass51226M

olW

t51259C

6092H

787O312

1IU

PAC



(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H



)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R


bis(hydroxym

ethyl)-14


ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

12-H

ydro

xyan

drog

raph

olid

e

OH

OH

HO

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H

Bisa

ndro

grap

holid

e A

OH

OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH2

H3C

H3C

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxy-

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

H3C

H2C

OHO

O

CH3

CH2

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O7

Exactm

ass36818M

olW

t36842C

619

4H766O3040

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 4

0H56O8

Exactm

ass66

44MolW

t66

487C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]transie

ntreceptor

potentialchann

elvanillo

id-4

(TRP



0]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H28O3

Exactm

ass3282MolW

t32845C

7679H

859O1461

IUPA

C(1R4aR5R



ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-2(1H)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]


Table4Con

tinued

7-H

ydro

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

H

O

O

OH

OH

CH3

CH2

19-O

-[be

ta-D

-api

ofur

anos

yl-b

eta-

D-g

luco

pyra

noyl

]-3

14-

HH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondasha

pindashg

lc

dide

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

eCh

emicalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O6

Exactm

ass35219M

olW

t35242C

6475H

801O272

4IU

PAC

3-(2-((1S2R



ethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 3

1H48O12

Exactm

ass61231M

olW

t61271C

6077H

790O313

4IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Echiod

inin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H12O5

MolW

t285

IUPA

CNA

Partusedinvitro

Callu

sparaEx

tractsM

para Apara

Pharmacolog

yantib

acteria

lantio

xidant

[141]

Flavon

oids

OO

OH

HO H

H

HH

HH

H

Apig

enin

OO

OH

H

H

HH

H3CO

OCH

3

7-O

-met

hylw

ogon

in

OO

OH

H3CO

H3CO

Ony

silin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O4

Exactm

ass25406M

olW

t25424C

7086H

396O2517

IUPA

C57-dihydroxy-2-ph

enyl-4H-chrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H14O5

Exactm

ass29808M

olW

t29829C

6845H

473O2682

IUPA

C5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-4

H-c

hrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslashm H

yen

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


xy-2-

phenylchromen-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip



Table4Con

tinued

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO

HO

HO

H3CO

dglu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

78-

Dim

etho

xy-2

998400-h

ydro

xy-

5-O

-120573-

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OH

H

7-O

-met

hyl-d

ihyd

row

ogon

in

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OH

H

H

H

Skul

lcap

avon

e-I 2

998400-m

etho

xyle

ther

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H25O11

Exactm

ass4771391MolW

t4771391

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


-dim

etho

xy-2-phenylchrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

8H16O6

Exactm

ass32809M

olW

t32832C

6585H

491O292

4IU

PAC

5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-(2-metho

xyph

enyl)-4H

-chromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OH

glcO

OO

O-b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosy

loxy

flavo

ne5

4998400-D

ihyd

roxy

-7-m

etho

xy-8

-OO

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

57

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

dihy

drofl

avon

e

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO H

OHO

H3CO

And

rogr

aphi

dine

A

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H26O10

Exactm

ass462152597

MolW

t46244

654

IUPA

C(2S)-78-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-


ethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxy-23-

dihydrochrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o


PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph


en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR


PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15


xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R


cryloyloxy)-


ut-3-enyloxy)-15


PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu



etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[


9]Shendagger

etal200



etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh


uethetal2010[152]



























50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4






































































Table4Con

tinued

3-O

-bet

a-D

-glu

copy

rano

syl-

OH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

OH

HO

ndashglc

andr

ogra

phol

ide

817

-Epo

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

O O

HO

O

CH3

OH

HH

3C

14-D

eoxy

-17-

beta

-hyd

roxy

andr

ogra

phol

ide

O

HO

HO

O

CH3

OH

H

CH2O

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H40O10

Exactm

ass51226M

olW

t51259C

6092H

787O312

1IU

PAC



(hydroxymethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6



ethyl)-2H



)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

0H32O5

Exactm

ass35222M

olW

t35247C

6815H

915

O2270

IUPA

C3-(2-((1R2R


bis(hydroxym

ethyl)-14


ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

12-H

ydro

xyan

drog

raph

olid

e

OH

OH

HO

HO

HO

O

O

CH3

CH2

H

Bisa

ndro

grap

holid

e A

OH

OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH2

H3C

H3C

3-O

xo-1

4-de

oxy-

11

12-d

ideh

ydro

andr

ogra

phol

ide

H3C

H2C

OHO

O

CH3

CH2

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O7

Exactm

ass36818M

olW

t36842C

619

4H766O3040

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 4

0H56O8

Exactm

ass66

44MolW

t66

487C

7226H

849O192

5IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsM

curren

Pharmacolog

ycelldifferentiatio

nindu

cer[18]transie

ntreceptor

potentialchann

elvanillo

id-4

(TRP



0]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

1H28O3

Exactm

ass3282MolW

t32845C

7679H

859O1461

IUPA

C(1R4aR5R



ethyl)-14

a-dimethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-2(1H)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]


Table4Con

tinued

7-H

ydro

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

H

O

O

OH

OH

CH3

CH2

19-O

-[be

ta-D

-api

ofur

anos

yl-b

eta-

D-g

luco

pyra

noyl

]-3

14-

HH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondasha

pindashg

lc

dide

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

eCh

emicalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O6

Exactm

ass35219M

olW

t35242C

6475H

801O272

4IU

PAC

3-(2-((1S2R



ethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 3

1H48O12

Exactm

ass61231M

olW

t61271C

6077H

790O313

4IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Echiod

inin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H12O5

MolW

t285

IUPA

CNA

Partusedinvitro

Callu

sparaEx

tractsM

para Apara

Pharmacolog

yantib

acteria

lantio

xidant

[141]

Flavon

oids

OO

OH

HO H

H

HH

HH

H

Apig

enin

OO

OH

H

H

HH

H3CO

OCH

3

7-O

-met

hylw

ogon

in

OO

OH

H3CO

H3CO

Ony

silin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O4

Exactm

ass25406M

olW

t25424C

7086H

396O2517

IUPA

C57-dihydroxy-2-ph

enyl-4H-chrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H14O5

Exactm

ass29808M

olW

t29829C

6845H

473O2682

IUPA

C5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-4

H-c

hrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslashm H

yen

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


xy-2-

phenylchromen-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip



Table4Con

tinued

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO

HO

HO

H3CO

dglu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

78-

Dim

etho

xy-2

998400-h

ydro

xy-

5-O

-120573-

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OH

H

7-O

-met

hyl-d

ihyd

row

ogon

in

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OH

H

H

H

Skul

lcap

avon

e-I 2

998400-m

etho

xyle

ther

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H25O11

Exactm

ass4771391MolW

t4771391

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


-dim

etho

xy-2-phenylchrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

8H16O6

Exactm

ass32809M

olW

t32832C

6585H

491O292

4IU

PAC

5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-(2-metho

xyph

enyl)-4H

-chromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OH

glcO

OO

O-b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosy

loxy

flavo

ne5

4998400-D

ihyd

roxy

-7-m

etho

xy-8

-OO

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

57

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

dihy

drofl

avon

e

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO H

OHO

H3CO

And

rogr

aphi

dine

A

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H26O10

Exactm

ass462152597

MolW

t46244

654

IUPA

C(2S)-78-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-


ethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxy-23-

dihydrochrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o


PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph


en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR


PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15


xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R


cryloyloxy)-


ut-3-enyloxy)-15


PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu



etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[


9]Shendagger

etal200



etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh


uethetal2010[152]



























50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4






































































Table4Con

tinued

7-H

ydro

xy-1

4-de

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

e

HO

HO

H

O

O

OH

OH

CH3

CH2

19-O

-[be

ta-D

-api

ofur

anos

yl-b

eta-

D-g

luco

pyra

noyl

]-3

14-

HH

O

O

CH3

CH2

H3C

Ondasha

pindashg

lc

dide

oxya

ndro

grap

holid

eCh

emicalprop

ertiesC 1

9H28O6

Exactm

ass35219M

olW

t35242C

6475H

801O272

4IU

PAC

3-(2-((1S2R



ethyl-6

-methylenenaph

thalen-5-yl)e

thyl)fu

ran-

2(5H

)-on

ePartusedA

ePEx

tractsE

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[138]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 3

1H48O12

Exactm

ass61231M

olW

t61271C

6077H

790O313

4IU

PAC

NA

PartusedA

ePEx

tractsA

Wdagger

Pharmacolog

yantim

icrobial[134]

Echiod

inin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H12O5

MolW

t285

IUPA

CNA

Partusedinvitro

Callu

sparaEx

tractsM

para Apara

Pharmacolog

yantib

acteria

lantio

xidant

[141]

Flavon

oids

OO

OH

HO H

H

HH

HH

H

Apig

enin

OO

OH

H

H

HH

H3CO

OCH

3

7-O

-met

hylw

ogon

in

OO

OH

H3CO

H3CO

Ony

silin

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O4

Exactm

ass25406M

olW

t25424C

7086H

396O2517

IUPA

C57-dihydroxy-2-ph

enyl-4H-chrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H14O5

Exactm

ass29808M

olW

t29829C

6845H

473O2682

IUPA

C5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-4

H-c

hrom

en-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslashm H

yen

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


xy-2-

phenylchromen-4-one

PartusedW

PoslashEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip



Table4Con

tinued

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO

HO

HO

H3CO

dglu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

78-

Dim

etho

xy-2

998400-h

ydro

xy-

5-O

-120573-

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OH

H

7-O

-met

hyl-d

ihyd

row

ogon

in

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OH

H

H

H

Skul

lcap

avon

e-I 2

998400-m

etho

xyle

ther

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H25O11

Exactm

ass4771391MolW

t4771391

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


-dim

etho

xy-2-phenylchrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

8H16O6

Exactm

ass32809M

olW

t32832C

6585H

491O292

4IU

PAC

5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-(2-metho

xyph

enyl)-4H

-chromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OH

glcO

OO

O-b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosy

loxy

flavo

ne5

4998400-D

ihyd

roxy

-7-m

etho

xy-8

-OO

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

57

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

dihy

drofl

avon

e

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO H

OHO

H3CO

And

rogr

aphi

dine

A

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H26O10

Exactm

ass462152597

MolW

t46244

654

IUPA

C(2S)-78-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-


ethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxy-23-

dihydrochrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o


PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph


en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR


PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15


xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R


cryloyloxy)-


ut-3-enyloxy)-15


PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu



etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[


9]Shendagger

etal200



etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh


uethetal2010[152]



























50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4






































































Table4Con

tinued

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO

HO

HO

H3CO

dglu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

78-

Dim

etho

xy-2

998400-h

ydro

xy-

5-O

-120573-

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OH

H

7-O

-met

hyl-d

ihyd

row

ogon

in

OOH

3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OH

H

H

H

Skul

lcap

avon

e-I 2

998400-m

etho

xyle

ther

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H25O11

Exactm

ass4771391MolW

t4771391

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

7H16O5

Exactm

ass3001MolW

t30031C

679

9H537

O2664

IUPA


-dim

etho

xy-2-phenylchrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

8H16O6

Exactm

ass32809M

olW

t32832C

6585H

491O292

4IU

PAC

5-hydroxy-78

-dim

etho

xy-2-(2-metho

xyph

enyl)-4H

-chromen-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OH

glcO

OO

O-b

-D-g

luco

pyra

nosy

loxy

flavo

ne5

4998400-D

ihyd

roxy

-7-m

etho

xy-8

-OO

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

57

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

dihy

drofl

avon

e

OO

OO

OH

OH

OCH

3

HO H

OHO

H3CO

And

rogr

aphi

dine

A

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesNA

IUPA

CNA

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H26O10

Exactm

ass462152597

MolW

t46244

654

IUPA

C(2S)-78-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-


ethyl)o

xan-2-yl]oxy-23-

dihydrochrom

en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o


PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph


en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR


PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15


xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R


cryloyloxy)-


ut-3-enyloxy)-15


PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu



etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[


9]Shendagger

etal200



etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh


uethetal2010[152]



























50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4






































































Table4Con

tinued

And

rogr

aphi

dine

COO

OO

O O H

OOO

H

H

H

O

Lute

olin

O

O

OO

H

H

H

H

O

O

5-O

-b-D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

OO

OCH

3

OCH

3

OCH

3

Ogl

c

H3CO

78

29984005998400 -T

etra

met

hoxy

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

3H24O10

MolW

t46

04306

6EM

46013

6947

IUPA

C78

-dim

etho

xy-2-phenyl-5

-[(2S3R

4S5S6R)-345-tr

ihydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)o


PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H10O6

Exactm

ass286047738M

olW

t2862363

IUPA

C2-(34-dihydroxyph


en-4-one

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

OH

OO

OO

O

OO

H

HO H

O

OH

pyra

ngly

curo

nate

but

yl es

ter

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-DO

HOO

OH

glcO D

-glu

copy

rano

sylo

xyfla

vone

54998400

-Dih

ydro

xy-7

-O-b

-

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesmdash

IUPA

Cmdash

PartusedA

ePsim

ExtractsEsim

Pharmacolog

yantip

roliferative[142]


Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C18

-dihydroxy-26-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

6H14O6

Exactm

ass30208M

olW

t30228C

6357H

467O317

6IU

PAC

8-hydroxy-12

6-tr

imetho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR


PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Xantho

nes

Quinica

cids

48-

Dih

ydro

xy-2

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

OOO

H

HO

H3CO

OCH

3

34-

Dic

affeo

ylqu

inic

aci

d

O

O

OO

OH OH

OH

OH

HO

HO

COO

H

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

ExactM

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C15


xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

Extracts

sequ

entia

lextractionwith

PtE

MC

HCl

3andwater

Pharmacolog

yantim

alarial[143]

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 2

6H26O12

Exactm

ass53014M

olW

t53048C

5887H

494O3619

IUPA

C(1S3R

4R5R


cryloyloxy)-


ut-3-enyloxy)-15


PartusedW

PEx

tractsM

oslash

Pharmacolog

yantip

latele

taggregator[72]

LleavesA

ePaerialp

arts

WP

who

leplants

RrootsMm

ethano

lE

ethano

lHhexaneAacetoneA

Wacetone

waterP

tEpetroleum

etherCH

Cl3chloroform

DCM

dichlorom

ethaneM

olW

tmolecular

weight

Refer

encesArifullahpara

etal2013[141]C

henlowast

etal200

6[14

4]C

hen

etal2008[138]Ch

ensimetal2014[14

2]Fujita

sectetal1984[14

5]Ji120573etal2005[135]Liu



etal200

6[14

6]R

aometal200

4[14

7]R

eddy

yenetal2003[

148]R

eddy

œetal2005[


9]Shendagger

etal200



etal200

9[139]Wuoslash

etal2008[72]X

u$etal2010[150]Zh


uethetal2010[152]



























50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4






































































Table4Con

tinued

Xantho

nes

OOO

H

OH

12-

Dih

ydro

xy-6

8-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3

OOO

HO

H

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

18-

Dih

ydro

xy-3

7-d

imet

hoxy

xant

hone

H3CO

OCH

3OO

OH

37

8-Tr

imet

hoxy

-1-h

ydro

xyxa

ntho

ne

H3CO

OCH

3

OCH

3

Chem

icalprop

ertiesC 1

5H12O6

Exactm

ass28806M

olW

t28825C

6250H

420O3330

IUPA

C12

-dihydroxy-68-dim

etho

xy-9H-xanthen-9-one

PartusedR

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50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4































































































50value)




















50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4





















































































50) [240] and



6 Future Direction








7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4










































































7 Conclusion


Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

















































































































































































































4




















































































































































































































































































4





































































Review Article Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees

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Transcript of Review Article Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees