Rain Water Harvesting In Kjcoemr At Kjei Campus, Pune.

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering

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@IJMTER-2015, All rights Reserved

RAIN WATER HARVESTING IN KJCOEMR AT KJEI CAMPUS,

1Civil Engineering Departmen, K J College of Engg.& Mgm

2Civil Engineering Departmen, K J College of Engg.& Mgmt. Research,

Abstract—At the rate in which Indian population is increasing, it is said that India will surely

replace China from its number 1 position of most densely populated country of the world after

2030. These will lead to high rate of consumption of most valuable natural

resulting in augmentation of pressures on the permitted freshwater resources. Ancient method of

damming river and transporting water to urban area has its own issues of eternal troubles of

social and political. In order to conserve and me

water harvesting is one of the best methods fulfilling the requirements. The technical aspects of

this paper are rainwater harvesting collected from rooftop which is considered to be the

catchment area from KJ building of KJEI campus. First of all, required data are collected that is

catchment area & hydrological rainfall data. Water harvesting potential for the KJ building was

calculated, and the tank capacity with suitable design is being considered. Volume o

been calculated with most appropriate method of estimation.

hydrological analysis and Geographic Information System analysis was done in the campus.

Keywords-Rain Water Harvesting (RWH),

words)(minimum 5 keyword require

Water is essential to all life forms on earth

important that adequate supplies of water

water supplies should, however, be undertaken in such a way as to preserve the hydrological

balance and the biological functions of our ecosystems. Consequently, the human endeavor in the

development of water sources must be within the capacity of nature to replenish and to sustain. If

this is not done, costly mistakes can occur with serious consequences. The application of

innovative technologies and the improvement of indigenous ones should therefore inclu

management of the water sources to ensure sustainability and to safeguard the sources against

pollution. As land pressure rises, cities are growing vertical and in countryside more forest areas

are encroached and being used for agriculture. In India the

where rainfall is from June to October and much of the precious water is soon lost as surface

runoff. While irrigation may be the most obvious response to drought, it has proved costly and

can only benefit a fortunate few.

generally referred to as 'Rain Water Harvesting' (RWH).Water harvesting is the activity of direct

collection of rainwater, which can be stored for direct use or can be recharged into the

groundwater. Water harvesting is the collection of runoff for productive purposes. Rain is the

first form of water that we know in the hydrological cycle, hence is a primary source of water.

Rivers, lakes and groundwater are all secondary sources of water. In

depend entirely on such secondary sources of water. In the process, it is forgotten that rain is the

ultimate source that feeds all these secondary sources and remain ignorant of its value. Water


and Research www.ijmter.com

-ISSN No.:2349-9745, Date: 2-4 July, 2015

s Reserved


PUNE.

NikunjSolanki, Vishal Hulsure , K J College of Engg.& Mgmt. Research, Pune. [email protected]

Engineering Departmen, K J College of Engg.& Mgmt. Research, [email protected]

At the rate in which Indian population is increasing, it is said that India will surely


2030. These will lead to high rate of consumption of most valuable natural resource “Water”



social and political. In order to conserve and meet the daily demand of water requirement, Rain



building of KJEI campus. First of all, required data are collected that is


calculated, and the tank capacity with suitable design is being considered. Volume o

been calculated with most appropriate method of estimation. Apt location of tank on the basis of


Rain Water Harvesting (RWH),component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key

minimum 5 keyword require) [12pt, Times new roman, line spacing 1.0]

I. INTRODUCTION

Water is essential to all life forms on earth - human, animal and vegetation. It is therefore

important that adequate supplies of water be developed to sustain such life. Development of



er sources must be within the capacity of nature to replenish and to sustain. If


innovative technologies and the improvement of indigenous ones should therefore inclu



are encroached and being used for agriculture. In India the small farmers depend on Monsoon



can only benefit a fortunate few. There is now increasing interest inthe low cost alternative



er. Water harvesting is the collection of runoff for productive purposes. Rain is the


Rivers, lakes and groundwater are all secondary sources of water. In




794


. Research, Pune. [email protected]

Engineering Departmen, K J College of Engg.& Mgmt. Research,

At the rate in which Indian population is increasing, it is said that India will surely


resource “Water”



et the daily demand of water requirement, Rain



building of KJEI campus. First of all, required data are collected that is


calculated, and the tank capacity with suitable design is being considered. Volume of tank has

location of tank on the basis of


; style; styling; insert (key

]

human, animal and vegetation. It is therefore

be developed to sustain such life. Development of



er sources must be within the capacity of nature to replenish and to sustain. If


innovative technologies and the improvement of indigenous ones should therefore include



small farmers depend on Monsoon



There is now increasing interest inthe low cost alternative-



er. Water harvesting is the collection of runoff for productive purposes. Rain is the


present times, we



International Journal


harvesting is to understand the value of

where it falls.

II. STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION

2.1.Study Area

As discussed earlier in the section of introduction

K.J. Educational Institute, it is clear

implementing this small but highly efficient technique in the campus. Thus to increase the

potential, benefits of this system and draw maximum advantages from it, it is necessary to have

large rooftop areas which will act as catchment areas. More the catchment areas more will be the

surface runoff and thus more will be the amount of harvested water.

K.J.E.I building have a rooftop area (1577.25 sq

and the channel behind the building for the overflow of water continued ahead to the already

constructed stone-lined channel in which arrangements of percolation pits would be provided to

recharge the groundwater table helping to recharge wells.

Fig. No. 1 Location Map

2.2. Rainfall Data Collection

K.J Educational Institute situated at 18`25`N latitude and 73`54`E longitude in Pune

district of Maharashtra at an elevation of 560metres above mean sea level. Pune has a tropical

wet and dry climate with average temperature ranging between 20

from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from 22 to 28 °C (72

82 °F). Most of the 722 mm (28.4

September, and July is the wettest month of the year.

The average annual monthly rainfall data has been collected from Indian Metrological

Department, Shivajinagar, Pune. Again its followed that , PUNE

uniform average rainfall throughout the city in all location. Thus monthly rainfall data of the

Pune city is given below in the table which is assumed to be same for the station of

KJEducational Institute.

ournal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER

Volume 2, Issue 7, [July-2015] Special Issue of ICRTET’2015

s Reserved

harvesting is to understand the value of rain, and to make optimum use of rainwater at the place

STUDY AREA AND DATA COLLECTION

As discussed earlier in the section of introduction – importance of rainwater harvesting at

K.J. Educational Institute, it is clear about all the advantages which can be drawn by



ich will act as catchment areas. More the catchment areas more will be the

surface runoff and thus more will be the amount of harvested water.

K.J.E.I building have a rooftop area (1577.25 sq - m). Hence, considering the K.J.E.I building

behind the building for the overflow of water continued ahead to the already

lined channel in which arrangements of percolation pits would be provided to

recharge the groundwater table helping to recharge wells.

Fig. No. 2 Study Area



and dry climate with average temperature ranging between 20 -28°C. The monsoon lasts

from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from 22 to 28 °C (72

mm (28.4 inches) of annual rainfall in the city fall between June and

September, and July is the wettest month of the year.


Department, Shivajinagar, Pune. Again its followed that , PUNE ‟ is a small city and thus has



N

of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)

2015] Special Issue of ICRTET’2015

795

rain, and to make optimum use of rainwater at the place

importance of rainwater harvesting at

about all the advantages which can be drawn by



ich will act as catchment areas. More the catchment areas more will be the

m). Hence, considering the K.J.E.I building

behind the building for the overflow of water continued ahead to the already

lined channel in which arrangements of percolation pits would be provided to



28°C. The monsoon lasts

from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from 22 to 28 °C (72 to

between June and


‟ is a small city and thus has a



N

International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)


@IJMTER-2015, All rights Reserved 796

Table 1.Average Annual Rainfall data of Pune

Fig. No.3 Graph of Average Annual Rainfall of Pune City (25

years).

2.3. Determination of Catchment Area

The rooftop surface area is nothing but the catchment area which receives rainfall. Catchment

area of the KJEI building is measured. This measurement was done with the help of auto-cad

drawing.

Total catchment area = 1577.25m2

III. METHODS AND STATISTICS

3.1. Hydrological Analysis

As this discharge was directly proportional to head loss (H) and the area of cross-section (A)

of the soil, and inversely proportional to the length of the soil sample (L). In other words,

� � �

�. �

Here, H/L represents the head loss or hydraulic gradient (I) , K is the co-efficient of permeability.

Hence, finally, Q = K. I. A

Similarly, based on the above principle, water harvesting potential of the catchment area was

calculated. The total amount of water that is received from rainfall over an area is called the

rainwater legacy of that area. And the amount that can be effectively harvested is called the water

harvesting potential. The formula for calculation for harvesting potential or volume of water

received or runoff produced or harvesting capacity is given as:-

Harvesting potential or Volume of water Received (m3) =

Area of Catchment (m2) X Amount of rainfall (mm) X Runoff coefficient

Runoff coefficient for any catchment is the ratio of the volume of water that runs off a

surface to the volume of rainfall that falls on the surface. Runoff coefficient accounts for losses

Months Average Annual

Rainfall (mm)

Rainy

Days

JAN 1.7 0.2

FEB 1.5 0.1

MAR 0.6 0.1

APR 9.8 0.9

MAY 30.0 2.2

JUN 171.4 9.6

JUL 171.0 12.2

AUG 139.5 9.8

SEP 141.7 7.9

OCT 85.8 4.7

NOV 21.5 1.2

DEC 7.4 0.4

TOTAL 781.9 49.4




due to spillage, leakage, infiltration, catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all

contribute to reducing the amount of runoff.

Runoff coefficient varies from 0.5 to 1.0. In present problem statement, runoff coefficient

is equal to 1 as the rooftop area is totally impervious. Eco-Climatic condition (that is. Rainfall

quantity & Rainfall pattern) and the catchment characteristics are considered to be most

important factors affecting rainwater Potential. The table shows the value of runoff coefficient

with respect to types of surface areas.

Table 2.Value of Runoff Coefficient (k)

Sr. no.

Types of area

Value of K

Flat land 0-5%

slope

Rolling land 5%-

10% slope

Hill land 10%-30%

slope

1. Urban areas 0.55 0.65 -

2. Single family

residence 0.3

3. Cultivated Areas 0.5 0.6 0.72

4. Pastures 0.30 0.36 0.42

5. Wooden or forest 0.3 0.35 0.50

3.2. Methods for Storage of Harvested Rainwater in Tanks

3.2.1 Rationing Method (RM)

The Rationing method (RM) distributes stored rainwater to target public in such a way

that the rainwater tank is able to service water requirement to maximum period of time. This can

be done by limiting the amount of use of water demand per person.

3.2.2 Rapid Depletion Method (RDM)

In Rapid Depletion method, there is no restriction on the use of harvested rainwater by

consumer. Consumer is allowed to use the preserved rain water up to their maximum

requirement, resulting in less number of days of utilization of preserved water. The rainwater

tank in this method is considered to be only source of water for the consumer, and alternate

source of water has to be used till next rains, if it runs dries.

IV. COMPUTATION OF VOLUME OF RUNOFF AND CIRCULAR TANK

4.1 Computation of Volume of Runoff

Volume of water Received (m3) = Area of Catchment X Amount of Rainfall

Average annual rainfall in Pune=781.9mm/year = 0.7819m/year



Fig. No.4Amount of Rainfall collected throughout the year.

Fig. No.5 Volume of water collected from rainfall

throughout the year.

A study was planned to design a percolation pit to harvest rain water and recharge ground

water aquifers so as to improve or maintain the ground water quality of well located in our

campus K.J Campus receives torrential rains during monsoon season but nowa

water is a rare availability. Most of the rainwater goes as runoff as soils are heavy black with

poor infiltration rates. Further, due to large Asphalt roads spread all over the campus which have

a very high run-off coefficient. All this

caused by deforestation and loss of vegetation. Therefore, the campus suffer from deteriorating

soil health, receding water tables, polluted ground water, and water scarcity during summer

months and water logging during monsoon. Hence, a percolation pit can be designed to vertically

drain the stagnated water during monsoon and harvest rain water for improving the ground water

quality.

The dimensions of this pit are designed according to the area availabl

channel. The pits can be of dimension (1.5m X 5m X 3m).

0

500

1000

1500

JAN

APR

JUL

OCT

Total

VOLUME(m3)

VOLUME(cu.m)



s Reserved

Fig. No.4Amount of Rainfall collected throughout the year.

Volume of water collected from rainfall

Table 3.Cost of Labour for 21.91 meter cube R.C.C Tank

V. PERCOLATION PITS



campus K.J Campus receives torrential rains during monsoon season but nowadays, good quality



off coefficient. All this is ultimately affecting the ground water recharging



r logging during monsoon. Hence, a percolation pit can be designed to vertically


The dimensions of this pit are designed according to the area available at the base of the

channel. The pits can be of dimension (1.5m X 5m X 3m).

VOLUME(cu.m)

SR. No. Description No. Rate per

1. Mistry 2

2. Mason(first

class)

3

3. Male labor 5

4. Female

labor

5

5. Blacksmith 3

6. Carpenter 3

7. Bhisti 2

TOTAL



798

Table 3.Cost of Labour for 21.91 meter cube R.C.C Tank



days, good quality



is ultimately affecting the ground water recharging



r logging during monsoon. Hence, a percolation pit can be designed to vertically


e at the base of the

Rate per

day

Amount

(Rs.)

250 500

270 810

240 1200

230 1150

220 660

270 810

240 480

5610



WIDTH:

1.5m

SAND

RUBBLE

BOULDER

1m

1m

1m

PERCOLATION PIT OF DIMENSIONS (1.5mx5mx3m)

Fig. No. 6Dimensions of Percolation Pits.

6.1. Optimum Location of Tanks

This section deals with the optimum or the best location for underground tank or

recharging point if harvested water decides to recharge the underground reservoir, based on

studies carried by hydrology and GIS. After studying the whole area in detail there

locations where the underground tank can

be situated which indeed would be beneficial for the desired purpose. Thus, the figure

shown below would give a complete idea as to where the underground tank could be located out

of which any 1 location would be:

Figure 7.Location of Project Elements on site(plan of KJCOEMR building)

6.2. Rainwater Harvesting Potential on KJ building at the KJCOEMR Campus

Earlier, rainwater harvesting potential has been already explained and dealt with in brief

in the section 5.1of hydrological analysis. Hence, now the rainwater harvesting capacity of the

KJ building was found out with respect to the same rainfall data. The rooftop area of the KJ

building is about 1577.25 m2 so the runoff is equal to 1577.25x0.78



s Reserved

DEPTH: 3m

LENGTH: 5m

PERCOLATION PIT OF DIMENSIONS (1.5mx5mx3m)

Fig. No. 6Dimensions of Percolation Pits.

Table 4.Cost Economics Of Percolation Pit on KJ Campus.

VI. RESULTS

. Optimum Location of Tanks.



studies carried by hydrology and GIS. After studying the whole area in detail there

locations where the underground tank can



ion would be:

Figure 7.Location of Project Elements on site(plan of KJCOEMR building)





building is about 1577.25 m2 so the runoff is equal to 1577.25x0.781 = 1231.83m3

Item Dimensions

Boring &

gravel 250 mm diameter

Strainer pipe 200 mm Finolex pipe of 6

Kg/square centimeter

Pit digging 1.5m X 5m X 3m

Broken

bricks (Half

baked)

9.075 cum (or 2.5 brass)

Total



799

Table 4.Cost Economics Of Percolation Pit on KJ Campus.



studies carried by hydrology and GIS. After studying the whole area in detail there are 2-3 such







1 = 1231.83m3.

Dimensions Cost

(Rs)

250 mm diameter 3000

200 mm Finolex pipe of 6

Kg/square centimeter 5760

1.5m X 5m X 3m 2640

9.075 cum (or 2.5 brass) 4200

13500




6.3. Dimension of Tank and Cost of Construction

The dimension of the tank was so chosen so that depth of the tank is not too deep, which

would create trouble like high cost of excavation, high cost of construction of retaining walls

pressure increases at the rate of square of the height and finally there will be great difficulty in

maintenance. Hence the depth of the tank at max, was fixed to 5-6 m below the ground level.

Again, underground tank was chosen for best possible utilization of land by building some

playground or cycle stand above the tank.

Complete estimation of the KJ building rain water harvesting system is also shown above

in section.

VII. CONCLUSION

This paper dealt with all aspect of improving the water scarcity problem of the KJ

building in the KJ campus by implementing ancient old technique of rainwater harvesting. From

the above analysis, it was concluded that a huge amount of water got collected from the rooftop

surface of the KJ building. And if, this project is been implemented to the KJ building of the

campus has a huge harvesting potential. This reservoir should have to build for the storage of

1231.83m3 of water. Hence this tank has huge capacity of getting rainwater and on proper

storage, this tank can supply almost throughout the year for about 1600 consumers having a

consuming rate of 45liter/day as calculated by rational depletion method.

It is concluded that RCC tank which is to be constructed should be an underground one,

so that upper surface of the tank can be utilized economically for any land purpose such as

playground or cycle stands or any such small structure. Cost analysis has been done for all the

tanks. And it was concluded that cost of construction was not so high, if it is compared with

problems which are faced by the students and staffs inside the campus due to huge water scarcity.

The other component of the harvesting systems such as First-Flush, and Filtration mechanism

have also been reviewed and designed for the KJ building in the campus.

Hence it was finally concluded that implementation of RAINWATER HARVESTING

PROJECT to the KJ building in the KJEI campus will be the best approach to fight with present

scenario of water scarcity in all aspects, from financial as well as optimum utilization of land

resources.

REFERENCES

[1] K. S.Bhargav, K. DDobaria,.and U. N. Tank (2006) Ground water management through well recharge in

Kutch, Journal of Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 43 (3) : 44-46.

[2] K. LBhoi,. (2008) Recommendation “Recharge well for Bhal region” approved in 4th

combined Joint Agresco

of Agricultural Universities of Gujarat, Anand Agricultural University annul Agresco Report.

[3] B.NDutta,, Estimation and costing in civil engineering Book.

[4] S.K.Garg, Table 7.31, Chapter Hydrology and runoff computation, Irrigation Engineering & Hydraulic

Structure.

[5] Pacey, Arnold and Cullis, Adrian, (1989), Rainwater Harvesting: The collection of rainfall and runoff in rural

areas, Intermediate Technology Publications, London.

[6] B.CPunmia,.and Jain ,Ashok, and Jain, Arun Kumar Jain, R.C.C. Designs Book.




[7] Reddy P.SaiRukesh and A.KRastogi., (2008), Rainwater Harvesting in hostel 12 and hostel 13 of IIT Bombay,

The Indians society for Hydraulics and Journal of Hydraulic Engineering.

WEB SUPPORT PORTAL (INTERNET)

[8] Google Maps.

[9] http://as.ori.nic/balangir/rainfall/pubNormaldtl.asp

[10] http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org

[11] http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.html

[12] http://www.aboutrainwaterharvesting.com

Rain Water Harvesting In Kjcoemr At Kjei Campus, Pune.

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Transcript of Rain Water Harvesting In Kjcoemr At Kjei Campus, Pune.