EPHEMERIS NAPOCENSIS

XXIV2014

ROMANIAN ACADEMYINSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ART CLUJ‑NAPOCA

EDITORIAL BOARDEditor: Coriolan Horaţiu OpreanuMembers: Sorin Cociş, Vlad‑Andrei Lăzărescu, Ioan Stanciu

ADVISORY BOARDAlexandru Avram (Le Mans, France); Mihai Bărbulescu (Rome, Italy); Alexander Bursche (Warsaw, Poland); Falko Daim (Mainz, Germany); Andreas Lippert (Vienna, Austria); Bernd Päffgen (Munich, Germany); Marius Porumb (Cluj‑Napoca, Romania); Alexander Rubel (Iași, Romania); Peter Scherrer (Graz, Austria); Alexandru Vulpe (Bucharest, Romania).

Responsible of the volume: Vlad‑Andrei Lăzărescu

În ţară revista se poate procura prin poştă, pe bază de abonament la: EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE, Calea 13 Septembrie nr. 13, sector 5, P. O. Box 5–42, Bucureşti, România, RO–76117, Tel.  021–411.90.08, 021–410.32.00; fax. 021–410.39.83; RODIPET SA, Piaţa Presei Libere nr.  1, Sector 1, P.  O.  Box 33–57, Fax 021–222.64.07. Tel. 021–618.51.03, 021–222.41.26, Bucureşti, România; ORION PRESS IMPEX 2000, P. O. Box 77–19, Bucureşti 3 – România, Tel. 021–301.87.86, 021–335.02.96.

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All responsability for the content, interpretations and opinionsexpressed in the volume belongs exclusively to the authors.

DTP şi tipar: MEGA PRINTCoperta: Roxana Sfârlea

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ACADEMIA ROMÂNĂINSTITUTUL DE ARHEOLOGIE ŞI ISTORIA ARTEI

E P H E M E R I S NAPOCENSIS

X X I V2 0 1 4

EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMÂNE

SUMAR – SOMMAIRE – CONTENTS – INHALT

STUDIES

FLORIN GOGÂLTAN, ALEXANDRA GăVANDer bronzezeitliche Tell von Pecica „Şanţul Mare”. Ein metallurgisches Zentrum des Karpatenbeckens (I) 7

ALFRED SCHäFERDeliberate Destruction and Ritual Deposition as Case Study in the Liber Pater‑Sanctuary of Apulum 39

ZVEZDANA MODRIJANImports from the Aegean Area to the Eastern Alpine Area and Northern Adriatic in Late Antiquity 51

CORIOLAN HORAţIU OPREANU, VLAD-ANDREI LăZăRESCU, ANAMARIA ROMAN, TUDOR-MIHAI URSU, SORINA FăRCAŞ

New Light on a Roman Fort Based on a LiDAR Survey in the Forested Landscape from Porolissvm 71

O. V. PETRAUSKASKomariv – ein Werkstattzentrum barbarischen Europas aus spätrömischer Zeit (Forschungsgeschichte, einige Ergebnisse und mögliche Perspektiven) 87

JOAN PINAR GILComing Back Home? Rare Evidence for Contacts Between the Iberian Peninsula and the Carpathian Basin in the Late 5th – early 6th Century 117

ALEXANDRU AVRAMMarginalien zu griechisch beschrifteten Schleudergeschossen (IV) 131

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND EPIGRAPHICAL NOTES

LIGIA RUSCUOn Cult Associations at Istros and Tomis 139

ANDRáS SZABóInterprex Dacorum – Commentarioli Ad RIU 590 153

VITALIE BÂRCă, LAVINIA GRUMEZASarmatian Burials in Coffins and Funerary Timber Features Recently Discovered in the Western Plain of Romania 157

CSABA SZABóRoman Religious Studies in Romania. Historiography and New Perspectives 195

RADU ZăGREANU, DAN DEACNew Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum 209

COSMIN ONOFREIThe Jews in Roman Dacia. A Review of the Epigraphic and Archaeological Data 221

ȘTEFAN-EMILIAN GAMUREACThe Roman Common Pottery Discovered in an Archaeological Complex from the Middle of the 3rd Century at Micia 237

MONICA GUI, SORIN COCIȘMillefiori Inlaid Hilts, Strigil Handles, or What? 257

GáBOR PINTYEHun Age Single Graves at the Track of Motorway M3 277

CLAUDIA RADU, VLAD-ANDREI LăZăRESCU, SZEREDAI NORBERT, CECILIA CHIRIAC, BOGDAN CIUPERCă

Paleoanthropological Inferences Regarding Four Skeletons from an Archaeological Contex at Gherăseni, Buzău County 299

CăLIN COSMAA 7Th Century Warrior House at Iernut/Sfântu Gheorghe (Mureş County) 315

REVIEWS

Ovidiu ţentea, Ex Oriente ad Danubium. The Syrian Units on the Danube Frontier of the Roman Empire, 2012, 234 p. (Cosmin Onofrei) 339

Radu‑Alexandru Dragoman, Sorin Oanță‑Marghitu, Arheologie și Politică în România, Editura Eurotip Baia Mare, 2013, 297 p. (Paul Vădineanu) 343

Abbreviations that can not be found in Bericht der Römisch‑Germanische Kommission 347

Guidelines for “Ephemeris Napocensis” 351

Reviste publicate la Editura Academiei Române 353

Ephemeris Napocensis, XXIV, 2014, p. 209–220

NEW DATA ON ROMAN ART AND SCULPTURE IN POROLISSUM

Radu zăgreanu1, Dan Deac2

Abstract: This paper aims to present four artefacts discovered in the Roman settlement of Porolissum. One of them is an armour garniture decorated plaque (Ger. „Panzerbeschläge”) with a depiction of Mars previously published through a drawing together with a comment suggesting a representation of Hercules. The artefact was discovered in the courtyard next to the LM 3 building from the vicus militaris and based on the archaeological context must be dated in the 3rd century AD. The second artefact is a sculptural monument made out of limestone depicting Hercules, the Farnese type. It was found in the praetentura of the fort of Porolissum, being most probably part of a sacrarium in one of the buildings of the fort. The third monument which is a subject of this paper represents a marble statuette of Apollo?, found together with an altar dedicated to the same deity somewhere behind the principia of the fort. Finally the fourth artefact is represented by another marble statuette depicting Amor and Psyche. Unfortunately we do not possess any bits of information regarding the exact place of discovery but the idea that it came from the Pomet hill fort can be considered. Except for the first artefact, all the other three cannot be dated in a particular time frame, which forces us to propose a very wide period, namely the 2nd–3rd centuries AD.Keywords: Porolissum, Roman Sculpture, Hercules, Mars.

Porolissum represents one of the most important Roman settlements of the Roman province of Dacia, benefiting of a substantial bibliographical work from scholars all around3.

The purpose of this paper is to put into scientific circulation some new artefacts found during archaeological excavations, properly analysing them from the iconographical, typological and functional point of view as far as the discovered fragments permit.

These artefacts enrich the repertoire of the artistic and sculptural finds from Porolissum, offering new types of iconographic depictions unknown before not only in Porolissum, but in the whole of Dacia Porolissensis. As we will be able to see further on, these artefacts represent parts and pieces of information regarding the religious system of the above mentioned settlement, thus helping us in better understanding‑ especially referring to the Roman fort‑ the religious manifestations of the military camped there.

1. Decorated armour garniture (Ger. „Panzerbeschläge”) (pl. I, fig. 1 a-b)Dimensions: Length=11.3 cm; Width= 6.1 cm; Thick=0.2 cm.

1 Complexul Muzeal Bistrița‑Năsăud, Grigore Bălan str. 19, 420016, Bistrița, Bistrița‑Năsăud county, RO; e‑mail: raduzagreanu@gmail.com

2 Muzeul Județean de Istorie și Artă Zalău, Unirii str. 9, 450042, Zalău, Sălaj county, RO; e‑mail: dan_deac1923@yahoo.com.

3 GUDEA 1989, remains still the most important monographic work yet to be published regarding Porolissum. For the military vicus adjacent to the fort see TAMBA 2008. In recent years scientific approaches concentrated on non‑invasive methods, some of the results being recently published (see OPREANU ET ALII 2013, 83–106).

210 Radu Zăgreanu, Dan Deac

Material: bronze with silver patina.Place of discovery: LM 3 building in 2004, S1, quadrant 3/1, depth 0.25 cm.Place of preservation: History and Art County Museum, Zalău, inv. no.: currently being processed.Description: The plaque is made in the au repoussé technique and has a fairly good state of preser‑vation being slightly damaged on the edges, on the left part of Mars` torso and on the god`s forehead. The piece is divided in two main registers, marked on the left, right and lower edges with ovum lines, while de demarcation line of the registers and the upper line have beveled line decorations.

The artefact was previously published through a drawing, no dimensions being given, while the individual on the plaque was identified as Hercules4.

In the superior register the war‑god Mars is represented, nude, with his right leg stretching out of the register. On his head he wears a specific helmet, but with no comb, probably because the artisan did not have room to make it. His left hand is kept downwards with the palm resting on a round depicted shield seen from profile (decorated with parallel lines going from the edges to the umbo), while his right hand is kept upwards and bent from the elbow in a 90 degrees position. In his right palm the god has a javelin, very difficult to distinguish. Both arms are disproportionate with too large palms and fingers. He wears a chlamys on his shoulders, raped around his neck, while the edges fall down in plaits on his right bicep and respectively on his left forearm at the antecubital level. Mars is represented with curly hair falling down his shoulders while his face is looking slightly upwards, with the eyes, nose and mouth easy distinguishable. On his torso the craftsman depicted accurately the pectorals with semicircle lines, the abdomen also with incised lines, and the groin with the genital organs. The umbilical area cannot be observed properly.

In the inferior register a feline in attacking position is depicted, standing to the right, with the forelegs stretched forward. His head is proportionate with the mouth, nose and ears clearly distinguishable. The hind legs have the ankles and thighs recognizable and a bent torso. The tail takes a form of a volute.

Altogether some general remarks can be made while analysing this Roman parade plaque. The artistic characteristics must point out to a local, provincial manufacturer, coming from Porolissum or another settlement of the province. These types of garnitures with straight edges were worn on lorica squamata or hamata, in the area of the chest, usually in pairs5. The archaeological context in which it was found is a late aggrading layer on an outer courtyard north of the Streifenhaus conventionally named LM3, suggesting the fact that this particular artefact was manufactured and worn somewhere in the 3rd c. AD. Unfortunately, we do not possess any pieces of information regarding the owner or the connection between the ownership of the house and the owner of the artefact in question.

Until now eleven other armour decorated garnitures were discovered on the territory of Dacia Porolissensis: two in Porolissum (Moigrad/Jac, Sălaj county)6, two in Buciumi (Sălaj county)7 five in Potaissa (Turda, Cluj County)8 and two in Samum (Cășeiu, Cluj County)9.

The best analogy is the one discovered in the principia from the legionary fort from Potaissa, which was found alongside parts of a lorica squamata. The dimensions are similar:

4 TAMBA 2008, 251, fig. VI. 5. 35; TAMBA 2008a, 172, fig. 35.5 For 3rd century examples see also BISHOP/COULSTON 2006, 170–173, especially fig. 109, no. 1.6 BUDAY 1914, 73, fig. 5/1; ISAC/BăRBULESCU 2009, 72 and 75. The second one is mentioned only with a

drawing and no dimensions in GUDEA 1997, 21.7 CHIRILă ET ALII 1972, 74–75, pl. LXXXIV‑LXXXV; PETCULESCU 1987, 159, fig. 4/3; ISAC/

BăRBULESCU 2009, 72 and 75.8 ISAC/BăRBULESCU 2009, 72 and 75, fig. 5.9 ISAC/BăRBULESCU 2009, 76, no. 4–8, fig. 22–26.

211New Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum

almost identical width (6 cm against 6.1 cm) while the garniture from Porolissum is slightly longer than the one from Potaissa (11.3 respectively 9.3). Both garnitures have two registers, the difference being that the one from Potaissa has in the central registry the depiction of Minerva and in the inferior one the representation of the goddesses` shield. Based on the analogies and their contexts of discovery we can also add that this particular garniture had on her left edge a wider area in which holes were inserted for the attachment onto a lorica hamata/squamata, and on the right side two or more bearings or rectangular holes which matched with a similar bearing system of a garniture on the right side.

2. Fragment of an alto-relief with Hercules (Pl. II fig. 2 a-e)

Dimensions: height=23 cm; width= 18 cm; thick=12.5 cm. Material: limestone.Place of discovery: in the fort on Pomet, in building B3, in 1981, section S71.Place of preservation: History and Art County Museum, Zalău, field inv. no.: P81 Apm50.Description: the artefact was previously published through a picture, no dimensions being given, while the monument was identified as statue of Hercules10.

The monument is an alto‑relief representing Hercules (fig. 2, a). The god is in a Hercules Farnese posture, nude, with his right arm missing, probably turned back, and with the fur of the Nemean Lion hanging over his left arm. The body’s weight rests on the right foot. Hercules is caught in a rare moment of repose. Leaning on his knobby club which is draped with the pelt of the Nemean Lion, he would have held the apples of the Hesperides, but concealed them behind his back, cradled presumably in his right hand. The head is turned slightly to the right, but only the chin with a rich beard and a small portion of the nose is preserved (fig. 2, b). The muscles are well shaped; the abdominal and pectoral muscles stand out, but are exaggerated, giving a feeling of an athletic muscle mass, with the volume of the belly revealed excessively. No all the muscle details are highlighted. The legs are stumpy, while the right one is deteriorated in the zone of the shank, the left foot of the god is still visible, with the toes clearly marked. The genital organs are also well shaped. His customary wooden club is being cushioned by the lion`s skin. The animal`s head and the lower part of the legs of the lion`s skin can be distinguished. The entire relief is standing on a pedestal having 12,5 × 12,5 cm. The fact that the monument is a relief is clearly suggested by its left side (fig. 2, c). The entire sculpture is only half worked, the back of it being roughly made, having a hollow for fixing (fig. 2, d). Even underneath, the piece has a special hollow for fixing. It is very likely that the relief was part of a more complex scene.

The cult of Hercules can be identified at Porolissum from another discovery, a small marble fragmentary statuette11. On this statuette, Hercules is depicted young, beardless, with exuvia Leonis on the head, and the lion`s paws knotted on his chest. In Dacia Porolissensis the cult of Hercules is confirmed by 1012 inscriptions, 6 fragmentary statues13, 1 statuette14, 2 statues15 and 3 reliefs16.

The discovery of the relief in the interior of the Roman camp confirms the cult`s popularity in the soldierly world. Being the one that ensured Victory, Hercules was one of the

10 GUDEA 1986, 98, picture no. 44. It was also mentioned in BăRBULESCU 1985, 87, no. 29.11 BăRBULESCU 1977, 182, no. 23, fig. 10.12 BăRBULESCU 1977, 177, no. 23, no. 32, no. 36, no. 35; 177–178, no. 38; 178, no. 39; 179, no. 51, no. 52;

BăRBULESCU/CăTINAȘ 1992, 113–114, no. 3, fig. 7; PISO 1980, 123–124, no. 1, fig. a‑b.13 BăRBULESCU 1977, 181, no. 19; 185, no. 57, no 58; BăRBULESCU 1987, 46–47; BăRBULESCU 2009,

728, fig. 3a‑b.14 BăRBULESCU 1977, 185, no. 55, fig. VIII/2.15 BăRBULESCU 1977, 177,183, no. 1/37,11/38, fig. VII/4; 187, no. 75, fig. VIII/1.16 BăRBULESCU 1977, 185, no. 34, no. 36, no. 56.

212 Radu Zăgreanu, Dan Deac

favourite gods of the Imperial Household during the Antonine dynasty, some of the emperors of the era identifying themselves with Hercules and taking its mythological attributes and qualities into their own iconography17. But the most flourishing period of the cult within the army rages through the third century AD. In Dacia it is preferred by the governors, military tribunes, centurions, beneficiari, veterani or praefecti of the auxiliary18. As it happened in the case of other cults, the cult of Hercules was another way of the military to show their political loyalty towards the central power represented by the emperor19.

In Potaissa Hercules is worshipped in the thermae of the legionary fort, whence a head of a statue was discovered20. Fragments of a statue21 and a relief22 were discovered in the principia also. It is clear that in the local pantheon, Hercules had a privileged status, as demonstrated by the numerous epigraphic inscriptions all bearing the epithet Invictus23. The place of discovery for our piece is also inside a fort, namely in Porolissum. The excavation report mentions the fact that the monument was discovered in the praetentura, in the vicinity of the building conventionally named B 3, a building which at one time functioned as a horreum24. It is noted that in one of the compartments of the building several spearheads were discovered25. We do not exclude the fact that the monument was originally in the building, where according to the fort`s plan at one time probably a barrack was functioning. The fact is that on the backside (fig. 2, d) the relief has a space in which a brace or support must have been set or a possible vessel for libations was put, enforcing once more the idea that it was placed in the interior of a building.

Possible analogies for the monument representing Hercules are a statue from Brigetio26 with similar sizes, and another one discovered nearby Ajka (Pannonia Superior)27, where a villa existed. An altar dedicated to the deity was also found, the statuette being attached above it. But in terms of typological analogies the monument from Porolissum is a primitive copy of a statuary marble group found in Kugelstein28, the province of Noricum, also preserved extremely fragmentary. A somewhat similar relief comes from the museum deposit of Deva, but there are no data about the conditions of discovery of the monument29. Regarding the type of the pedestal of the relief, a possible analogy is a votive relief preserved in the museum at Adamclisi.30

The fragmentary state of preservation of the piece creates problems in interpreting correctly its exact functionality, but it must be linked to the religious life of the soldiers inside the Roman fort, as suggested by the archaeological discoveries in other forts of the province. Once again we must stretch out the fact that the monument is a modest achievement trying to copy a mythological scene with a familiar character in the soldierly world. F. Marcu31 considers B3 building as a horreum, since in the inside four parallel longitudinal thick walls were discovered. The presence of votive monuments in such buildings were signalled in Dacia Porolissensis at Samum (Căşeiu), were two statues representing Ceres and a votive altar dedicated to this deity

17 POPESCU 2004, 94.18 POPESCU 2004, 94.19 POPESCU 2004, 95.20 BăRBULESCU 2009a, 730, fig. 3.21 BăRBULESCU 2009, 93, no. 6, fig. 5.22 BăRBULESCU 2013, 219–221, no. 29, fig. 93.23 BăRBULESCU 2009a, 730.24 GUDEA ET ALII 1983, 128.25 GUDEA ET ALII 1983, 127.26 HARL/LÖRINCZ 2002, no. 42.27 CSIR Mogentiana 1999, no. 54.28 CSIR Flavia Solva 2008, no. 5.29 Lupa no. 18054.30 Lupa no. 21323, unfortunately there was no access to images regarding the area from the back of the monument.31 MARCU 2009, 97

213New Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum

were discovered32. Those monuments should have been part of a sacrarium, a place of worship in which must have originated even our relief from Porolissum. The questions regarding the connection between the cult of Hercules and the horreum are still to be answered, that is if in the time frame in which the sacrarium dedicated to Hercules was built the building was functioning indeed as a horreum or something else.

3. Fragment Apollo (?) statuette (Pl. II, fig. 3)

Dimensions: height = 9 cm; width = 6 cm; thick = 7 cm. Material: marble.Place of discovery: in the back of the commander’s headquarters, section 94, in 1989. Place of preservation: History and Art County Museum, Zalău, inv. no.: CC 327/89.Description: a fragment, of a small deteriorated statuette, representing probably the god Apollo. Only the pelvis of the divinity and the abdomen carefully shaped are being preserved. The genital organs are preserved partially, as well as the thighs. The buttocks are shaped with curved lines and preserve the spot of a mantle falling down from the shoulders. The entire statuette would have had a height of approximately 40 cm.

In Porolissum two other statues were found representing Apollo33, unfortunately all being fragmentary, thus the identification with Apollo must be affirmed with certain cautiousness. Nevertheless it seems that they were all produced in the same local workshop. One of them was discovered in the temple of Iupiter Dolichenus in the vicus militaris34. The second one has as place of discovery mentioned only “Pomet”, so it could be even from the fort or from the civilian settlement. An important remark should be noticed, that at the time of the excavations in the years 1939–1940, in the ruins of the fort, on the pavement next to the headquarters building an altar for Apollo was discovered also35. The altar was dedicated by a praefectus, Claudius, who exerted his militia in the cohors I Britonnum, to whom Apollo appeared in a divine dream, hence Claudius fulfilled his desire reverently. Dedications to Apollo can be interpreted as a correlation between oneiric experiences with oracular practices. Very likely the soldier thanked Apollo due to a febrile search for a contact with the divinity, in order to eliminate a disease or for a physical rehabilitation36. The fragmented statuette analyzed in this paper was found behind the commander building, in section S 94, where numerous fragments of sculptural monuments (capitals, columns shafts, column bases, friezes elements) and epigraphic inscriptions were found37. Both the statue and the inscription reveal that the worship of this deity seems to have enjoyed an important attention in the central area of the auxiliary fort. Unfortunately the fragmentary state of the piece prevents us to make a more complete analysis of the monument.

4. Fragment statuette Amor and Psyche

Dimensions: height = 8 cm; width = 18 cm; thick = 4 cm. Material: marble. Place of discovery: exact position unknown.Place of preservation: History and Art County Museum, Zalău, no inventory number.

32 For the editors the link between these monuments and the functionality of the building from which it derived‑namely the debris of the collapsed walls‑ is clear, since it is interpreted as a horreum (see ISAC/ISAC 2010, 353–354).

33 GUDEA 1978, 69, no. 2; GUDEA/TAMBA 2001, 30, no. 14, fig. 39–40.34 GUDEA/TAMBA 2001, 30, no. 14, fig. 39–40.35 RUSSU 1968, 453–454, no. 2, fig. 2.36 ZUGRAVU 2005, 108.37 GUDEA ET ALII 1992, 145.

214 Radu Zăgreanu, Dan Deac

Description: the statuette is preserved only fragmentary, at the thoracic level, showing the two characters embracing each other. The character positioned on the left side places the right arm on the left shoulder of the other character while the one in the left seems to be holding the other one into his arms, the arms being rendered quite symmetrically.

Unfortunately the place of discovery for the piece remains unknown. Most likely it originates in the area of the fort. This statue, like the previous one mentioned in this study, could have been posted in small lararium or shrine‑ as its height suggests‑ it did not exceed 30 cm. It is a unique representation for a sculptural monument in Dacia, but its fragmentary state prevents us from making a coherent analysis of the monument. In Porolissum representations of Amor can be identified on a relief with Venus38, a bronze statuette39, while the closest iconographic representation constitute a terracotta statuette, with the representation of Amor and Psyche40, depicted in an iconographic position very similar to the one dealt with in this study.

Amor’s representations usually appear in the barracks near the gates or in principia’s cubicula41. The deity is known mainly for its apotropaic role, as suggested by the large number of objects on which the deity is depicted, having more or less a religious role.

A possible analogy for the statuette comes from Savaria, from the Iseum, which is a marble torso with the same representation of Amor and Psyche42. The statue was interpreted as the personification of love’s psychological and physical aspects. It is not inappropriate to suggest the fact that the fragment from Porolissum could bear the same meanings.

In conclusion we can state the fact that through these new artefacts previously unpub‑lished in a scientific manner the general view regarding the religious life in the Roman fort on the Pomet hill in Porolissum has considerably improved. We can now firmly confirm the existence of a small shrine dedicated to Apollo in the central area of the fort, somewhere probably in the precinct of the principia‑thus confirming a public cult of Apollo in Porolissum, linked with the military‑, while in the praetentura another cultic area must have existed in relation with the cult of Hercules. Unfortunately we are not in a position to confirm a private or public cult of Amor and Psyche, because of the lack of information regarding the archaeological context in which the statuary fragment analysed was discovered.

Regarding the discovery of the decorated armour plaque from the vicus, we cannot talk about a cult of Mars43, but rather of a new depiction of Mars as a divinity closely related to the military improving the repertoire of the military equipment of the soldiers or officers of the Roman army in Porolissum.

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38 GUDEA 2003, 238, fig. 19.39 POP/MATEI 1978, 80, no. 7.40 CULCER/WINKLER 1970, 538, no. 2.41 POPESCU 2004, 93.42 SOSTARITS 2008, 199.43 The private cult of this deity is attested through two small bronze statuettes, one of them found in G1 pit, in

the area conventionally named the “terrace of the sanctuaries” (MATEI 1982, 78–79, no. 4; pl. IX–X, who dates it in the first half of the 2nd century AD= ȚEPOSU‑MARINESCU/POP 2000, 27–28, pl. 4, no. 7, who dates it in the second half of the 2nd century AD) and the second example in the area of the municipium Septimium (MINA ET ALII 2004, 606–616).

215New Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum

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217New Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum

Pl. I 1. General plan of the Roman settlement of Porolissum with a detailed area of the vicus (after Tamba 2011, p. 196, Pl. 3). 2. LM3 Building plan (after Tamba 2012, 119). 3. Places of discovery inside the Roman fort of Porolissum.

1 2

3

218 Radu Zăgreanu, Dan Deac

Pl. II 1. Decorated armor garniture a‑ obverse; b‑ reverse. 2. Hypothetical reconstruction.

a b

1

2

219New Data on Roman Art and Sculpture in Porolissum

Pl. III 1. Fragment of an alto‑relief with Hercules (a‑front; b‑right side; c‑left side; d‑back; e‑reconstruction).2. Fragment Apollo (?) statuette. 3. Fragment statuette Amor and Psyche.

a b c d

e

1

2 3