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K.S.R.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

TIRUCHENGODE – 637215 (Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to Anna University, Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK

(FOR I YEAR B.E. - MECH I SEMESTER)

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K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Subject Name: TECHNICAL ENGLISH – I

Subject Code: 18EN151 Year/Semester: I / I

Course Outcomes: On completion of this course, the student will be able to

CO1 Understand and apply Grammar in context for professional communication.

CO2 Understand the gist and specific information.

CO3 Ability to speak, express and interact in the society and place of study.

CO4 Critically interpret by reading a text and comprehend a given text.

CO5 Correspond and communicate for jobs.

Program Outcomes (POs) and Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) A. Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to :

PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals; and an engineering specialation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO2 Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering

problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3 Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system

components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods

including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to

provide valid conclusions.

PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering

and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,

health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional

engineering practice.

PO7 Environmental and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9 Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and

design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and

management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12 Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

B. Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1 Research Culture : Read Literature, do research on new mechanical engineering problems and publish the results through patents, journals, conferences and symposium.

PSO2 Core Values : Contribute core universal values and social good to the community.

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K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

SEMESTER - I

18EN151 TECHNICAL ENGLISH – I

(common to all branches) L T P C

3 0 0 3

Objective(s):

• To develop basic conversation skills.

• To build vocabulary skills with the right choice of words.

• To improve students’ understanding of grammar in context progressively.

UNIT - I GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY [ 9 ]

Synonyms & Antonyms – Tenses (Simple Present, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Simple Past, and Simple Future)

- Use of Modal Auxiliaries – Infinitive and Gerund – Preposition of Time, Place and Movement – Concord (Subject & Verb

Agreement) - British & American Terminology – Phrasal Verbs (Put, Give, Look, Take, Get, Call) – Impersonal passive –

Standard Abbreviations and Acronyms

UNIT - II LISTENING

[ 9 ]

Active Listening - Listening for the main idea - Predicting - Drawing inferences - Listening for specific details - Listening to News – Listening to Dialogues – Listening to Telephonic Conversation.

UNIT - III PHONETICS & SPOKEN ENGLISH

[ 9 ]

Consonant Sounds – Pronunciation guidelines related to Vowels and Consonant – Drills using Minimal pairs – Welcome

Speech – Vote of Thanks – MoC – Anchoring – Role play in academic context.

UNIT - IV READING

[ 9 ]

Intensive Reading – Predicting Content – Interpretation – Skimming & Scanning - Vocabulary Building - Inference –

Context Based Meaning – Note making – Rearranging the jumbled sentences.

UNIT - V WRITING SKILLS [ 9 ]

Need based Correspondence (request for joining hostel, bonafide certificate, In plant training & Industrial Visit ) – Writing

Instructions – Recommendation Writing - Letter of Invitation (inviting , accepting and declining) – Paragraph writing - Letter

to the Editor of a News paper.

Total (L: 45) = 45 Periods

Course Outcomes:

• Understand and apply Grammar in context for professional communication.

• Understand the gist and specific information.

• Ability to speak, express and interact in the society and place of study.

• Critically interpret by reading a text and comprehend a given text.

• Correspond and communicate for jobs.

Text Books :

1 M Ashraf Rizvi, Effective Technical Communication, Tata McGRAW HILL, New Delhi (2005)

Reference Books :

1 Meenakshi Raman, Technical Communcation, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2004

2 Jeff Butterfield, Soft Skills for Everyone with CD, Cengage Learning India Pvt. Limited., 2011

3 Anne Laws, Writing Skills, Orient Blackswan Pvt. Limited., 2011

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KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/13/ENG

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous), TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

COURSE / LESSON PLAN SCHEDULE

SEMESTER – I / 2018 - 2019

SUBJECT: 18EN151 / REGULATION 2018 - TECHNICAL ENGLISH – I

Reference Book:

1. M Ashraf Rizvi, Effective Technical Communication, Tata McGRAW HILL, New Delhi (2005)

2. Meenakshi Raman, Technical Communcation, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2004.

3. Jeff Butterfield, Soft Skills for Everyone with CD, Cengage Learning India Pvt. Limited., 2011.

4. Anne Laws, Writing Skills, Orient Blackswan Pvt. Limited., 2011

5. P.Kiranmani Dutt, A course in Communication Skills,Cambridge University Press, New Delhi, 2008.

L - Lecture

RB - Reference Book

BB - Black Board

LL - Language Lab

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Session

No

Lecture

Hour Topics to be covered

Blooms

Taxonomy

Course

Outcomes

Teaching

Aid required

1 L1 Synonyms & Antonyms Remember CO1 BB

2 L2, L3,

L4 Tense Apply CO1 BB

3 L5 Model Auxiliary Understand CO1 BB

4 L6 Infinitive & Gerund Apply CO1 BB

5 L7, L8,

L9

Preposition (Time, Place &

Movement) Understand CO1 BB

6 L10, L11 Concord Apply CO1 BB

7 L12 British & American Terminology Understand CO1 L

8 L13 Intensive Reading, Analyze CO4 L

9 L14, L15 Need Based Correspondence

(Joining Hostel, Bonafide) Create CO5 BB

10 L16 Instruction, Paragraph Writing Create CO5 BB

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11 L17, L18 Phrasal Verbs (Put, Give, Look, Take, Get, Call)

Create CO1 BB

12 L19, L20 Error Correction Understand CO1 BB

13 L21,

L22, L23 Impersonal Passive Understand CO1 BB

14 L24 Technical Abbreviations &

Acronyms Remember CO1 BB

15 L25, L26 Guidelines Related to Vowels and

Consonants Understand CO3 BB

16 L27, L28 Minimal Pairs Create CO3 BB

17 L29 Context Based Meaning Analyze CO4 L

18 L30, L31 Invitation Letter (Accepting &

Declining) Create CO5 BB

19 L32 Welcome Speech & Vote of Thanks Create CO3 L

20 L33 Listening to News & Dialogues Create CO2 BB

21 L34 Anchoring (MoC) Understand CO3 L

22 L35 Role play in academic context Create CO3 BB

23 L36 Note making Create CO4 L

24 L37 Rearraging Jumbled Sentences Understand CO4 L

25 L38 Writing Recommendation Create CO5 BB

26 L39, L40 Need Based Correspondence

(In plant Training, Industrial Visit) Create CO5 BB

27 L41, L42 Developing Hints Create CO5 L

28 L43 Letter to Editor Create CO5 BB

29 L44 Predicting Content & Vocabulary

building Analyze CO4 L

30 L45 Listening to Telephonic

Conversation Understand CO2 LL

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K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

18EN151 / Technical English - I

QUESTION BANK

PART – A

I. Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B:

A. 1. Produce - (a) Division of atom (3)

2. Depletion - (b) Extended walking (5)

3. Fission - (c) Generate (1)

4. Tranquil - (d) Getting completely exhausted (2)

5. Trekking - (e) Calm; peaceful (4)

B. 1. Chip - (a) Producer (3)

2. Hazard - (b) Device composed of silicon (1)

3. Breeder - (c) Disadvantage (4)

4. Drawback - (d) Giving out rays (5)

5. Radiation - (e) Danger (2)

C. 1. Anticipate - (a) Necessary (2)

2. Indispensable - (b) Consider beforehand (1)

3. Informal - (c) Response (4)

4. Feedback - (d) The inner most part (5)

5. Core - (e) Unconventional (3)

D. 1. Intricate - (a) Hard working (2)

2. Studious - (b) Comparison (4)

3. Transparent - (c) Complex (1)

4. Analogy - (d) Utter confusion (5)

5. Chaos - (e) Clear (3)

E. 1. Estimate - (a) Command (3)

2. Stimulate - (b) Recollect (4)

3. Dominate - (c) Rouse suddenly (2)

4. Reminiscent - (d) Insist on (5)

5. Enforce - (e) Calculate (1)

F. 1. Alive x (a) Separate (3)

2. Backward x (b) Seldom (5)

3. Combine x (c) Encourage (4)

4. Discourage x (d) Dead (1)

5. Frequent x (e) Forward (2)

G. 1. Regular x (a) Borrow (3)

2. Odd x (b) Irregular (1)

3. Lend x (c) Pessimist (4)

4. Optimist x (d) Superior (5)

5. Inferior x (e) Even (2)

H. 1. Ancient x (a) Open (3)

2. Blunt x (b) Contract (4)

3. Close x (c) Sharp (2)

4. Expand x (d) Blame (5)

5. Forgive x (e) Modern (1)

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I. 1. Gentle x (a) Hell (2) 2. Heaven x (b) Crowded (4) 3. Individual x (c) Rough (1) 4. Lonely x (d) Minimum (5)

5. Maximum x (e) Group (3)

J. 1. Nothing x (a) Specific (4) 2. Obvious x (b) Complete (3) 3. Partial x (c) Something (1) 4. Random x (d) Complicated (5) 5. Simple x (e) Hidden (2)

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable tense form:

Simple Present

1. He always pays his bills on time. (pay)

2. Honey tastes sweet. (taste)

3. They play Chess. (play)

4. Ram goes to college by bus. (go)

5. He drinks tea at breakfast. (drink)

6. She only eats fish. (eat)

7. They watch television regularly. (watch)

8. It rains every afternoon in the hot season. (rain)

9. Water freezes at zero degrees. (freeze)

10. His mother arrives tomorrow. (arrive)

Present Continuous

1. At the moment she is making a dress for herself. (make)

2. John is reading a book now. (read)

3. What are you doing tonight? (do)

4. Jack and Peter are working late tonight. (work)

5. Maria is sitting next to Paul. (sit)

6. Poly is coming for dinner tomorrow. (come)

7. The kids are watching TV. (watch)

8. We are working hard these days. (work)

9. Children are reciting a poem. (recite)

10. I am travelling in a bus. (travel)

Present Perfect

1. The train has just left the station.(leave)

2. For five generations, members of my family have been doctors. (be)

3. She has swum the English Channel every summer. (swim)

4. They have selected the candidate. (select)

5. He has received a parcel. (receive)

6. I have worked hard this week. (work)

7. They have seen that film six times. (see)

8. I have just eaten. (eat)

9. We have had the same car for ten years. ( have)

10. We have seen her just now. (see)

Simple Past

1. She left the office very early last night. (leave)

2. Last year I went to England. (go)

3. It was fantastic. (is)

4. I visited lots of interesting places. (visit)

5. In the morning we walked in the streets of London. (walk)

6. We saw a rainbow. (see)

7. She wrote a letter to him. (write)

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8. I made a table. (make)

9. I killed a snake. (kill)

10. He ate a mango. (eat)

Simple Future

1. They will go to Ooty tomorrow. (go)

2. I will help you with your homework. (help)

3. She will be here very soon. (be)

4. Ralf will pay for it. (pay)

5. Amanda will win the game. (win)

6. They will bake some cakes. (bake)

7. We will stay at a hotel. (stay)

8. He will buy a new car next week. (buy)

9. They will work on the new project. (work)

10. Our Prime Minister will inaugurate the function. (inaugurate)

Fill in the blanks with suitable tense form:

1. Raju is (be) an English teacher. He lives (live) in Chennai. Last week Sunday he went (go) to

a market, there he met (meet) one of his old friends Ramu. When Raju asked about his

whereabouts Ramu replied “I am living (live) in Vepperi”, immediately Raju hearing his

reply he corrects (correct) his mistake by saying, “Ramu you must say “I live (live) in

Vepperi”. Ramu thanked (thank) Raju for his care and asked him “Have you had your

breakfast?” Raju replied “yeah I have had (have) my breakfast”.

2. She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep,

actually) were actually sleeping in class. Some of the students (talk) were talking about their

plans for the weekend and the student next to her (draw) was drawing a picture of a horse.

When Angela (tell) told me she was not satisfied with the class, I (mention) mentioned that

my biology professor was quite good and (suggest) suggested that she switch to my class.

3. In the last hundred years, traveling has become (become) much easier and very comfortable.

In the 19th century, it took (take) two or three months to cross North America by covered

wagon. The trip was (be) very rough and often dangerous. Things have changed (change) a

great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los

Angeles in a matter of hours.

III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate Modal Auxiliaries:

1. I must leave; I am getting late.

2. Would that I were selected Miss.India.

3. What is the point in crying over the spilt milk? You should have listened to us earlier.

4. I will leave for America next month.

5. Leave it; I will do this for you.

6. You father must be close to seventy now.

7. May his soul live in eternal peace.

8. You must improve your speech.

9. He said I might come home at any time.

10. Can you speak English fluently?

IV. Rewrite the following sentences using appropriate Gerund, Participles or to-Infinities:

1. Stop to talk to me in such a rude manner.

Stop talking to me in such a rude manner.

2. I want going through the whole exercise all over again.

I want to go through the whole exercise all over again.

3. The members resented the idea to invite her to the meeting.

The members resented the idea of inviting her to the meeting.

4. I don’t feel like to tell you that I am not happy with your performance.

I don’t feel like telling you that I am not happy with your performance.

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5. Avoid to be late all the time.

Avoid being late all the time.

6. He admitted to be there at the time of crime.

He admitted being there at the time of crime.

7. The speaker failed making a proper impression on the audience.

The speaker failed to make a proper impression on the audience.

8. We all detest to face difficult situations.

We all detest facing difficult situations.

9. To our surprise, she declined helping us even in those circumstances.

To our surprise, she declined to help us even in those circumstances.

10. How can you imagine to do such a thing!

How can you imagine doing such a thing!

V. Fill up the blanks with suitable prepositions:

1. Computers have been shrinking in size ever since the introduction of the concept almost two

centuries ago. The latest developments in microchip manufacturing is likely to make them even smaller.

The earliest prototype of a computer was invented by Charles Babbage. This machine was called the

Difference Engine. It has 26,000 parts and weighed over 15 tons. The first electronic computer was

introduced towards the end of World War II. It had 1,500 vacuum tubes and was even heavier than

Babbage’s computer. The introduction of the silicon based microchip in the early 1950s changed the

destiny of computers for ever. The first microchip computers were still very complex. They had more

than 100,000 transistors and measured several meters across. Today’s microchips are incredibly small

and scientists are working on making them even smaller.

2. The rain had just stopped. I went out into the garden. Then I heard a soft mewing. I saw a little

white kitten. It was so thin that its bones were showing. It was wet and shivering. I brought it into the

house and dried it. my brother came in "Do you know who this kitten belongs to ?" I asked him. My

brother said he had seen some kittens in the long grass near our house. The mother cat was just a stray.

He told me to give the kitten some fish. There was no more fish, so I took some rice and gave it to the

kitten. But it would not eat the rice. "I wonder if it's old enough to eat rice. It may still be feeding on its

mother's milk," said my brother. I warmed up to some milk and gave it to the kitten but it would not

drink the milk. " I wonder if I should give it back to its mother," I said. "Yes, you'd better do that," said

my brother. My brother and I carried the kitten out of the house. We heard loud mewing. I was the

mother cat. I put down the kitten. It mewed loudly but stayed still. The mother cat ran quickly to the little

kitten. It started licking the kitten all over. The kitten kept mewing loudly. "Do you think it's telling its

mother about me ?" I asked my brother.

3. I will never forgive her," Anne muttered as she walked away from the class. Panting and

running after her, Lilian came up to her and apologised profusely for accidentally spilling chocolate milk

all over Anne's new bag. Anne refused to listen to Lilian. She cupped her hands over her ears, glared at

Lilian and screamed. "I'll never talk to you again !" Then she ran away. Anne was still angry when she

reached home. She banged the door hard behind/after her and woke Granny from her

afternoon nap/sleep. She was rude to Mother when Mother asked her what she wanted for dinner.

She pinched little Tony when she found that he had messed up her room again. Tony ran

howling to Mother. His poor arm was red from Anne's pinching."What's the matter with you today,

Anne ?" Mother came into the room and asked. "You've made everybody upset since you stepped into

the house. Did something happen in school ?"

4. The chameleon is a relative of the lizard. It is a reptile. It can be found in Africa and

Madagascar. You can also find it in some parts of Asia and southern Europe. Some varieties of

chameleons can grow to a length of 60 centimeters. However, the most common variety does not grow

more than 30 centimeters long. The most interesting thing about the chameleon is that it is able to change

color. It is able to change quickly from white to yellow, black, green or brown. It is able to do this because

of the differences in light and temperature of its surroundings. The chameleon lives in trees. Its tail and

feet can hold on to the branches while it is reaching out to catch its prey. The chameleon can remain very

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still on a branch for hours. As a result, when it is hunting, its prey will not even know it is there. The

chameleon has a long, sticky tongue. It can shoot out its tongue to a distance of 10 centimeters. The

chameleon also has interesting eyes. Each eye can turn 180 degrees. Furthermore, each eye can turn

independently. Thus, the right eye can look right while the left one is looking left.

5. The dromedary is a type of camel kept by desert people. It is not an easy animal to handle. It

never becomes friends with its master or anybody else. Every night, these animals have to be pushed

down to their knees and tied up tightly. The dromedary is strong. It can easily throw off all it is carrying

and gallop madly away. To lead these animals, the nomads use long reins. These reins are tied to an iron

ring. The iron ring is pushed through the nostril of the animal. Dromedaries can live on thorny plants,

leaves, twigs and dried grasses that other animals cannot eat. They keep stores of fat in the humps on

their backs. Their bodies can use these stores of fat in bad times, when there is no food. They can make

water from these stores, too. Dromedaries are able to go without food and water for many days. Hence,

they are extremely useful for journeys across the desert.

6. There are of course no friends like living, breathing, corporeal men and women; my devotion

to reading has never made me a recluse. How could it? Books are for the people, by the people. Literature

is the immortal part of history; it is the best and most enduring part of personality. But book-friends have

this advantage over living friends; you can enjoy the most truly aristocratic society in the world

whenever you want it. The great dead are beyond our physical reach, and the great living are usually

almost as inaccessible; as for our personal friends and acquaintance, we cannot always see them.

Perchance they are asleep, or a way on a journey. But in a private library, you can at any moment

converse with Socrates or Shakespeare or Carlyle or Dumas or Dickens or Shaw or Barrie or Galsworthy.

And there is no doubt that in these books you see these men at their best. They wrote for you. They ‘laid

themselves out’, they did their ultimate best to entertain you, to make a favorable impression. You are

necessary to them as an audience is to an actor; only instead of seeing them masked, you look into their

inmost heart of heart.

7. My neighbor said she wanted to ask me for a small favor. Little did I know what was in

store for me when I agreed to feed her cat. After my neighbor left on her trip, I walked across the

street to her house. Once I got inside the house, I was overwhelmed by the stench of cat urine. I

looked around the house and couldn’t believe what I saw. My eyes fell on two salad dressing containers

sitting on a table beside the couch, which was completely covered with dirty laundry, except for this one

worn area by the table. The volume on the TV was turned up all the way. In disbelief and despite my

better judgment, I walked toward the restroom. Around the base of the tub I saw these red velvety

mushrooms coming up between the tub and tile floor. This filth was beyond anything I’d ever

seen in my life. Within two minutes the cat was fed and I was out of there. Since she returned from her

trip, I have never been available to watch her cat again.

8. Michael Phelps made sports history by winning eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympics in

Beijing, China. Born on June 30,1985. Phelps was just 15 years old when he qualified for the Sydney

Australia Olympics in 2000. Phelps Shattered the 200 meter butterfly by swimming it in record time. He

swam it in 1:56:50 seconds. He went on to break many more records at the 2004 Athens Olympics. In

August 2008, he arrived at the Beijing Olympic games determined to break, former Olympics swimmer.

Mark Spitz’ 6-gold medal record. He qualified to compete in three team and five individual events. He

swam 17 races in nine days and won gold medal in all eight events. On August 16, Phelps won his

seventh gold medal of the Games in the men’s 100-meter butterfly events, setting an Olympic record for

the event. He did it in 50.58 seconds, edging out his nearest competitor by 1/100 of a second. When his

team won the 4*100 meter medley relay, he stood on the podium overwhelmed with emotion as he

received his eighth record – breaking medal.

9. Last Saturday, my mother had a big surprise for my sister and I. We were visiting the

amusement park! Excitedly, we packed our lunches and hopped into the car. Mother drove along the

freeway and across town towards our destination. Finally, we arrived at the Thrills and Chills

Amusement Park. We almost started running in different directions! Mom told us it was important to

stay together. We took turns deciding on rides. Fortunately, my favorite ride was right by my sister’s

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favorite rollercoaster. We rode roller coasters, bumper cars and racing boats together. At the end of the

day, we were exhausted from all the fun we had. We pretended we were flying over rollercoaster tracks

on the way home. I had a wonderful time with my family.

10. The investigator went to his employer, Mr. Goh, with his findings. The result of his

investigation caused the dismissal of three senior personnel. A further inquiry into the matter was

ordered. One of the dismissed men bore a grudge against his employer for a long time. About two years

later, he tried to hire someone to beat up Mr. Goh. The hire thug hid behind Mr. Goh's car and when he

opened the door, he hit him on the head with an iron pipe.

VI. Fill up the blanks with Concord:

1. The girl or her sisters watch (watch, watches) television every day.

2. One of the cookies is (is, are) missing.

3. Someone in the game was (was, were) hurt.

4. Most of the news is (is, are) good.

5. Most of the flowers were (was, were) yellow. 6. Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes (go) on that shelf.

7. Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go (go) on that shelf.

8. Some su

gar is (is, are) required for taste. (sugar is uncountable so singular verb used)

9. The staff

have (has, have) gone their separate ways for the holidays.

10. Each

does (do, does) the good deal of work around the office.

VII. Give the American equivalent words for the following British words:

1. Aeroplane - Airplane

2. Aluminium - Aluminum

3. Anti clock wise - Counter clock wise

4. Bank holiday - Legal holiday

5. Biscuit - Cookie, Cracker

6. Chips - French fries

7. Cinema - Movie theater

8. Casualty - Emergency room

9. Cotton bud - Cotton swab

10. Crisps - Potato Chips

11. Current account- Checking account

12. Drinks party - Cocktail party

13. Dummy (for a baby)- Pacifier

14. Dustbin - Garbage can

15. Earth - Ground

16. Engaged - Busy

17. Flyover - Overpass

18. Goods train - Freight train

19. Hoarding - Billboard

20. Lift - Elevator

VIII. Frame a sentence of your own using the following Phrasal Verb:

1. Put

a. Put away – Put something back in the correct place.

He put the dictionary back on the shelf after he had finished the cross word.

b. Put in – install

They had to put in a whole new central heating system because the house was so cold.

c. Put off – Post pone

The concert’s been put off until next month because the singer’s got a throat infection.

d. Put out – Extinguish

He put out his cigarette before entering the building

e. Put up – Increase prices

The Government has put tuition fees for under graduate students up again.

2. Give

a. Give away – Distribute something for free

In this issue of the magazine, they are giving away a free DVD

b. Give back – Return something you have borrowed

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I gave the money back that she had lent to me.

c. Give in – Submit homework, etc…

The projects have to be given in three weeks before we break up for the end of tern.

d. Give in to – Allow a feeling or desire to control you

Eventually, I gave in to my anger and screamed at them.

e. Give out – Make public

They gave the names of the winners out last night.

3. Look

a. Look after – Take care

Their aunty looked after then while their mother was in hospital.

b. Look forward to – Wait for or anticipate something pleasant

I am looking forward to meeting you.

c. Look on – Watch something like a crime without helping

The crowed just looked on as the old lady was mugged.

d. Look round – Inspect a house

We looked round the house and decided that we didn’t like it enough to buy it.

e. Look up - Improve

The economy is looking up.

4. Take

a. Be Taken aback – Be shocked or surprised

I was taken aback when I saw him because he is lost all his hair.

b. Take apart – Take something to pieces

She took the photocopier apart to see what had got stuck in it.

c. Take back – retract a statement, admit that something was wrong

I had to take back everything bad I’d said about them when I learned how they’d helped out.

d. Take off – Reduce the price of an item

They have taken ten percent off designer frames for glasses.

e. Take out – Kill, murder

The gang took him out after he spoke to the police.

5. Get

a. Get ahead – Progress

Nowadays, you need IT skills if you want to get ahead.

b. Get along with – Deal with, handle

How are you getting along with the training course?

c. Get around – Avoid a problem

It will be tricky, but we will find a way to get around the regulations.

d. Get back – Move away

The police told the crowd to get back to allow the ambulance through.

e. Get onto – Contact someone because you need or want them to do something

We’d better get onto someone to fix this.

6. Call

a. Call for – Demand

The Opposition party called for the minister’s resignation after the scandal broke.

b. Call forth – Make something happen

The protests called forth a strong reaction from the police.

c. Call out – Expose or accuse someone of wrongdoing or incompetence

He called them out over awarding contracts to family members.

d. Call up – Summon someone for military service

The army called up the reserve soldiers when the war broke out.

e. Call around – Name someone after somebody else

She was called Rose after her late grandmother.

12

IX. Correct the following sentences (Tenses, Prepositions, Adverbs and Articles):

1. a) When she will join her new company, she will get a company car.

b) When she joins her new company, she will get a company car.

2. a) I had got a terrible headache the whole day yesterday.

b) I had a terrible headache the whole day yesterday.

3. a) Prabhu had avoided the traffic jam if he had set out a bit earlier.

b) Prabhu would have avoided the traffic jam if he had set out a bit earlier.

4. a) The programme starts at 6 p.m., so we don’t have to be late.

b) The programme starts at 6 p.m., so we mustn’t be late.

5. a) I’m afraid I did a mistake in the calculations.

b) I’m afraid I made a mistake in the calculations.

6. a) Kamala fractured her wrist and must to go to hospital last month.

b) Kamala fractured her wrist and had to go to hospital last month.

7. a) Babu made me do it.

b) Babu made me to do it.

8. a) I had worked for five years before I had started to work in this college.

b) I had worked for five years before I started to work in this college.

9. a) He invited Suguna, but she said me that she was busy.

b) He invited Suguna, but she said that she was busy.

10. a) This rare species of goat is living only in Nepal.

b) This rare species of goat lives only in Nepal.

1. a) I sat nearby your sister at the function.

b) I sat near your sister at the function.

2. a) Most of people know about email these days.

b) Most people know about email these days.

3. a) Raju is looking forward on starting his new job.

b) Raju is looking forward to start his new job.

4. a) Put your coat.

b) Put your coat on.

5. a) He read about the earthquake on the newspaper.

b) He read about the earthquake in the newspaper.

6. a) Suddenly, it was a loud bang from outside.

b) Suddenly, there was a loud bang from outside.

7. a) Meena is much younger than me.

b) Meena is much younger to me.

8. a) The vacation you get depends of your employer.

b) The vacation you get depends on your employer.

9. a) The coat is hung above the chair.

b) The coat is hung over the chair.

10. a) Kala has a good command of the language.

b) Kala has a good command over the language.

1. a) Giving free TV to everyone is a enormous mistake.

b) Giving free TV to everyone is an enormous mistake.

2. a) This is an unique opportunity.

b) This is a unique opportunity.

3. a) A lot of people argue about money.

b) A lot of people argue about the money.

4. a) My nephew is a electrical engineer.

b) My nephew is an electrical engineer.

5. a) Rani is a M.A. in Psychology.

b) Rani is an M.A. in Psychology.

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6. a) Yesterday they attended an one-day workshop.

b) Yesterday they attended a one-day workshop.

7. a) Kindness is a essential quality of a teacher.

b) Kindness is an essential quality of a teacher.

8. a) It was an wonderful opportunity for them to visit the temple.

b) It was a wonderful opportunity for them to visit the temple.

9. a) I would like to become a FBI special agent.

b) I would like to become an FBI special agent.

10. a) Amsterdam is the largest city and capital of Netherlands.

b) Amsterdam is the largest city and capital of the Netherlands.

X. Change the following into passive and impersonal passive form:

1. The Headmaster congratulated the players.( Active Voice).

The players were congratulated by the Headmaster. (Passive Voice).

The players were congratulated. (Impersonal Passive Voice)

2. The teacher teaches grammar. (A.V)

Grammar is taught by the teacher. (P.V)

Grammar is taught. (Imp. P.V)

3. The shop has sold things worth Rs. 1 lakh. (A.V)

Things worth Rs. 1 lakh have been sold by the shop. (P.V)

Things worth Rs. 1 lakh have been sold. (Imp. P.V)

4. You should have submitted the record book. (A.V)

Record book should have been submitted by you. (P.V)

Record book should have been submitted. (Imp. P.V)

5. Lakshmi did sing a song. (A.V)

A song was sung by Lakshmi. (P.V)

A song was sung. (Imp. P.V)

6. The bus conductors do respect the passengers. (A.V)

The passengers are respected by the bus conductors. (P.V)

The passengers are respected. (Imp. P.V)

7. I write two letters. (A.V)

Two letters are written by me. (P.V)

Two letters are written. (Imp. P.V)

8. I have written a letter to my father. (A.V)

A letter has been written by me to my father. (P.V)

A letter has been written to father. (Imp. P.V)

9. I will write a letter. (A.V)

A letter will be written by me. (P.V)

A letter will be written. (Imp. P.V)

10. The Principal announced that Monday would be a holiday. (A.V)

It was announced by the Principal that Monday would be a holiday. (P.V)

It was announced that Monday would be a holiday. (Imp. P.V)

XI. Expand the following Abbreviations:

1. ALU - Arithmetic and logic unit

2. ROM - Read only memory

3. RAM - Random access memory

4. PROM - Programmable read only memory

5. ICT - Information communication technology

6. HTML - Hypertext markup language

7. Et al. - And others

8. GPS - Global Positioning System

9. PING - Private Internet Group

10. VHSIC - Very High Speed Integrated Circuit

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Expand the following Acronyms:

1. CAT - Common Admission Test

2. NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

3. DARE - Drug Abuse Resistance Education

4. DTP - Desk Top Publishing

5. CALL - Computer Aided Language Learning

6. ISO - International Standardization

7. MODEM - Modulator De Modulation

8. DOS - Disk Operating System

9. MOL - Machine Oriented Language

10. FAT - File Allocation Table

XII. Use the following minimal pairs to bring out the differences in sound between the following

sounds:

a) /g/ and /k/ b) /b/ and /p/

c) /æ/ and /ʌ/

/ æ / / ʌ /

cap cup

match much

hat hut

ran run

e) /ɪ/ and /i:/

/ ɪ / / i: /

fit feet

bins beans

lick leek

ship sheep

g) /e/ and /ɪ/

/ e / / ɪ /

ten tin

mess miss

left lift

pet pit

i) /f/ and /v/

d) /æ/ and /ɑ: /

/ æ / / ɑ: /

cat cart

ham harm

ants aunts

back bark

f) /n/ and /ŋ/

/ n / / ŋ /

thin thing

sun sung

wins wings

ban bang

h) /ʤ/ and /ʧ/

/ ʤ / / ʧ /

jeep cheap

large larch

jokes chokes

gin chin

j) /g/ and / ʤ /

/ g / / ʤ /

get jet

gale jail

egg edge

lager larger

/ f / / v /

fan van

off of

fine vine

fault vault

/ b / / p /

big Pig

bath path

cab cap

bin pin

/ g / / k /

bag Back

log lock

wig wick

snag snack

15

PART – B

I. 1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:

Some 40 million years ago, the plate bearing India began colliding with the one carrying Eurasia.

The mighty collision in Himalayas rose as a result of this ongoing collision and the Tibetan plateau is

thought to have been pushed up by as many as three kilometers over the last 10 million years. The rise of

this majestic mountain range and the adjacent plateau led to the onset of the Asian monsoon some eight

million years ago. As the India plate continues to push into Eurasia, fearful stresses accumulate at the

faults marking the boundaries between the two plates. For long periods, the two plates remain locked

together rather like Sumo wrestlers trying to get the better of each other. Then suddenly, when the strain

becomes too great one or more of the faults rupture, setting off an earthquake and allowing a bit of the

Indian plate to slip beneath Eurasia. When the rupture happens under the sea, as it did on that fateful

morning on December 26, 2004, it can set off a tsunami.

Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers that actually monitor the position of places on either

side of the plate boundary provide an indication of the strain that is building up. This, combined with

estimates of the strain released by past earthquakes, gives researchers an indication of which faults are

most likely to rupture again. A leading geologist has estimated that sufficient strain had accumulated at

about a dozen places across the Himalayas to drive a ‘great earthquake’ (one with a magnitude greater

than 8). However, no one can predict when or precisely where such an earthquake redistributing stresses

and causing another nearby fault to act up. There are active fears that December’s earthquake might also

push faults in the Himalayas, already teetering on the edge, into rupturing. A great earthquake in the

Himalayas could claim tens of thousands of lives.

It is not as though dangers to India from earthquakes are restricted to the plate boundaries. Faults

marking weak zones within the Indian plate can also fail, as happened at Bhuji in Gujarath on the

Republic Day in 2001 when about 20,000 people died. Over 60 percent of the Indian land mass is liable to

be affected by earthquakes of various intensities. Many of India’s populous cities, including Delhi,

Mumbai, and Chennai, are located in zones with considerable seismic risk. A government document

remarks grimly; ‘some of the most intense earthquakes of the work have occurred in India, but

fortunately none of these have occurred in any of the major cities. Typically, the majority of the

constructions in these cities are not earthquake resistant. Thus any earthquake striking in one of these

cities would turn into a major disaster.’ It will be prudent not to push that sort of luck too far.

Considering how much of the country and its people are vulnerable to earthquakes, a serene awareness

in the face of these risks is deeply disturbing. Creating the necessary awareness at all levels in vulnerable

cities, towns, and villages must be the top priority. Only then can measures to make buildings and other

types of construction better able to withstand earthquakes really take root.

(a) Choose the correct answer:

(i) The Asian monsoon was the result of

(1) Severe earth quakes in the Himalayan region

(2) Frequent earthquakes in the Himalayan region

(3) Rise of the Himalayan range and the nearby plateau

(4) Fall of the Himalayan range and the nearby plateau

(ii) Major Indian Cities are prone to

(1) Danger (2) Destruction

(3) Tsunami (4) Earthquake

(iii) A great earth quake in the Himalayas means

(1) Loss of lives (2) Loss of cattle

(3) Loss of natural resources (4) Loss of tens of thousands of lives

(iv) The earthquake at Bhuj occurred on

(1) December 26th 2004 (2) January 26th 2001

(3) December 26th 2001 (4) January 26th 2004

(b) Mention whether the following statements are True or False:

(i) The Tibetan plateau moved up due to a collision between two plates. ( T )

(ii) The colliding plates are Sumo wrestlers. ( F )

(iii) Scientists cannot exactly predict when earthquakes will occur. ( T )

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(iv) Earthquakes will occur near plate boundaries only. ( F )

(v) Delhi, Mumbai, and Chennai can also be affected by earthquakes anytime. ( T )

(vi) Awareness alone will save the people from earthquakes completely. ( T )

(c) Choose the appropriate definition for the given words or phrases used in the text:

(i) Accumulate

1) Gather fast 2) Collect gradually 3) Put together 4) Count

(ii) Faults

1) Cracks 2) Mistakes 3) Wrongs 4) Errors

(iii) Setoff

1) Close 2) Rise 3) Push 4) Begin

(iv) Building up

1) Construct 2) Develop 3) Make 4) Create

(v) Act up

1) Behave badly 2) Behave nicely 3) Perform well 4) Show up

(vi) Teering

1) Fall down heavily 2) Stand straight

3) Move steadily 4) Move unsteadily

4. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below:

To get a chocolate out of box requires a considerable amount of unpacking; the box has to be

taken out of the paper bag in which it arrived; the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lid opened

and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its own piece of paper. But

this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries. It is now becoming increasingly difficult to

buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene or paper.

The package itself is of no interest to the shopper who usually throws it away immediately.

Useless wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put out by the average London household each week.

So why is it done? Some of it, like the cellophane on meat, is necessary, but most of the rest is simply

competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy resources and messing up the

environment.

Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types of packing. Just how possible

is it, for instance, for local authorities to salvage paper, pulp it, and recycle it as egg-boxes? Would it be

cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packing 20 million paper bags that

are apparently used in Great Britain each day – but very little is salvaged.

A machine has been developed that pulps paper, then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes

and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have

to separate their refuse into paper and non-paper, with a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact,

probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices,

the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable. Recycle of this kind is

already happening with milk bottles, which are returned to the dairies, washed out, and refilled. But both

glass and paper are being threatened by the growing use of plastic. More and more dairies are

experimenting with plastic bottles, and it has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were

made of plastic, then British dairies would be producing the equivalent of enough plastic tubing to

encircle the earth every five or six days!

The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only

solution to the problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic

altogether in the shops, a suggestion unacceptable to many manufactures who say there is no alternative

to the handy plastic packs.

It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and re-use of various materials and

into the cost of collecting and recycling containers as opposed to producing new ones. Unnecessary

packing, intended to be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is

clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packing as

using it sensibly. What is needed now is a more sophisticated approach to use scarce resources for what

is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.

(a) Read the passage carefully, choose the response which best reflects:

(1) ‘This insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries’, means

(i) Not enough wrapping is used for luxuries.

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(ii) More wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary products.

(iii) It is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is used.

(iv) The wrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary

(2) The ‘local authorities’ are

(i) The Town Council (ii) the police

(iii) the paper manufactures (iv) the most influential citizens

(3) If paper is to be recycled

(i) More forests will have to be planted.

(ii) The use of paper bags will have to be restricted.

(iii) People will have to use different dustbins for their rubbish.

(iv) The local authorities will have to reduce the prices of paper.

(4) British dairies are

(i) Producing enough plastic tubing to go round the world in less than a week.

(ii) Giving up the use of glass bottles.

(iii) Increasing the production of plastic bottles.

(iv) Re-using their old glass bottles.

(5) The environmentalists think that

(i) More plastic packaging should be used.

(ii) Plastic is the most convenient form of packaging.

(iii) Too much plastic is wasted.

(iv) Shops should stop using plastic containers.

(6) The author thinks that

(i) The function of packaging is not important.

(ii) People will soon stop using packaging altogether.

(iii) Not enough research has been done into the possibilities of recycling.

(iv) The cost of recycling is so great that it is better to produce new materials than use old

ones.

(b) State whether the following statements are True or False:

(1) Too many products nowadays are wrapped in unnecessary packaging. True

(2) Most London families refuse to throw away packaging. False

(3) The countryside is being spoilt by the overproduction of packaging. True

(4) It is possible to use paper again. True

(c) Choose the definition which best fits these words or phrases as they are used in the text:

(1) Confined

(i) Used for (ii) restricted to (iii) need for (iv) suited to

(2) Accounts for

(i) makes up (ii) compensates for (iii) is recovered from (iv) is kept out of

(3) So why is it done?

(i) Why do people buy things they don’t need?

(ii) Why is so much wrapping thrown away?

(iii) Why do the shops try to sell things people don’t want?

(iv) Why is so much unnecessary wrapping used?

(4) Most of the rest

(i) the other kinds of packaging (ii) what is left over

(iii) the other shopkeepers (iv) the rest of the time

(5) Messing up

(i) Spoiling (ii) altering (iii) improving (iv) poisoning

(6) Apparently

(i) Obviously (ii) regularly (iii) undoubtedly (iv) supposedly

II. 1. Read the following passage carefully and make notes using it:

There are two problems that cause great worry to our educationists – the problem religious and

moral destruction in the land of many faiths and the prolems arising out of the large variety of languages.

18

Taking up the education of the children we see that they should be trained to live one another, to

be kind and helpful to all, to be tender to the lower animals and to observe and think right. The task of

teaching them how to read and write and to count and to calculate is important but it should not make us

lose sight of the primary aim of moulding personality in the right way.

For this, it is necessary to call into aid culture, tradition and religion. But in our country we have,

in the same school, to look after boys and girls born in different faiths and belonging to families that live

diverse ways of life, easy path of evading the difficulty by attending solely to physical culture and

intellectual education. We have to evolve a suitable technique and method for serving the spiritual needs

of school children professing different faiths. We should thereby promote an atmosphere of mutual

respect, a fuller understanding and helpful co-operation among the different communities in our society.

Again we must remain one people and we have, therefore, to give basic training to our schools to speak

and understand more languages than one and to appreciate and respect the different religions prevailing

in India. It is not right for us in India to be overtaking the young mind. What is necessary must be done.

And it is not in fact the great a burden.

Any attempt to do away with a stream roll the differences through governmental coercion and

indirect pressure would be as futile as it would be unwise. Any imposition of a single way of life and

form of workshop on all children or neglect of a section of the pupils in this respect, or barren

secularization will lead to conflict between school and home life which is harmful. On the other hand, if

we give due recognition to the different prevailing faiths in the educational institutions by organizing

suitable facilities for religious teaching for boys and girls of all communities our problem will be solved

to a larger extent. This may itself serve as a broadening influence of great national values.

Answer: Title : Influence of Faiths and Language on Education

Notes :

1. Worry of our educationists

problem of religion and moral education

innumerable faiths and variety of languages 2. Task of teaching

moulding right personality

loving one another

being kind and helpful to all

tender to lower animals

observing and thinking right 3. Spiritual needs of school children

teaching mutual respect

co-operation among different communities

speaking and understanding more languages than on.

2. Read the following passage carefully and make notes using it:

The small village of Somnathpur contains an extraordinary temple, built around 1268 A.D. by the

Hoyasalas of Karnataka – one of the most prolific temple-builders. Belur and Helebid are among their

better-known works. While these suffered during the invasions of the 14th century, the Somnathpur

temple stands more or less intact in near-original condition.

This small temple captivates with the beauty and vitality of its detailed sculpture, covering

almost every inch of the walls, pillars and even ceilings. It has three shikharas and stands on a star-

shaped, raised platform with 24 edges. Th eouter walls have a profusion of detailed carvings: the entire

surface run over by carved plaques of stone. There were vertical panels covered by exquisite figures of

gods and goddesses with many incarnations being depicted. There were nymphs too, some carrying an

ear of maize a symbol of plenty and prosperity. The elaborate ornamentation, very characteristics of

Hoyasala sculptures, was a remarkable feature. On closer look – and it is worth it – the series of friezes on

the outer walls revealed intricately carved caparisoned ( covered decorative cloth ) elephants, charging

horsemen, stylized flowers, warriors, musicians, crocodiles and swans.

The temple was actually commissioned by Soma Dandanayaka or Somnath (he named the village

after himself), the minister of the Hoyasala king, Narasimha, the Third. The temple was built to house

three versions of Krishna.

19

The inner center of the temple was the kalyana mandapa. Leading from here were three corridors

each ending in a shrine, one for each kind of Krishna – Venugopala, Janardana and Prasanna Keshava,

though only two remain in their original form. In the darkness of the sanctum sanctorum, I tried to

discern the different images. The temple’s sculptural perfection is amazing and it includes the doors of

the temple and the three elegantly carved towers.

Answer: Title : Temple of Somnathpur

Notes:

1. Temple: the beauty and vitality

Detailed sculpture – covering walls, pillars, ceilings

series of frieszes on outer walls

intricately carved elephants

charging horsemen

stylized flowers

warriors, musicians, crocodile and swans

Three shikharas – stands shaped, raised platform=m – 24 edges

The outer walls – detailed carvings

The entire surface – carved plaques of stone

Vertical panels covered by exquisite figure 2. Representation of Hinduism

incarnations

many deities 3. Temple in the history

commissioned Soma Dandanayaka or Somnath

the inner center of the temple – kalyana mandapa

three corridors ending in a shrine

3. Read the following passage carefully and make notes using it:

The practice of soil conservation involves methods to reduce soil erosion, prevent depletion of

soil nutrients, and restore nutrients, already lost by erosion and excessive crop harvesting. Most methods

used to control soil erosion involve, keeping the soil covered with vegetation.

In conventional farming, the land is ploughed several times and smoothed to make a planting

surface – a practice that makes it vulnerable to soil erosion. To reduce erosion, an increasing number of

farmers in many countries are using conservation – tillage farming, also known as minimum – tillage, or

no-till farming, depending on the degree to which the soil is disturbed. Farmers using these methods

disturb the soil as little as possible in planting crops.

For the minimum-tillage method, special tillers break up and loosen the subsurface soil without

turning over the topsoil. In no-till farming special planting machines inject seeds, fertilizers and weed-

killers into slits made in the unploughed soil.

In addition to reducing soil erosion, conversation – tillage and no-till farming reduce Fuel and

tillage costs and water loss from soil. They can also increase the number of crops that can be grown

during a season.

Soil erosion can also be reduced by 30-50 percent on gently sloping land by means of contour

farming- ploughing and planting crops in rows across, rather than up and down, the sloped contours of

the land. Each row planted horizontally along the slope of the land acts as a small dam to help hold and

slow the runoff of water.

Terracing can be used on steeper slopes. Each terrace retains some of the water running down the

vegetated slope. Terracing provides water for crops at all levels and decreases soil erosion by reducing

the amount and speed of water runoff. In areas of high rainfall, diversions ditches must be behind each

terrace to permit adequate drainage.

In strip cropping, a series of rows of one crop, such as corn or soybeans, is planted in a wide strip.

Then the next strip is planted with a soil-conserving cover crop, such as grass o grass-legume mixture,

which completely covers the soil and thus reduces erosion. These alternating tows of cover trap soil that

erodes from the other rows, catch and reduce water runoff, and help prevent the spread of plant diseases

and pests from one strip to another.

20

Windbreaks can reduce erosion caused by exposure of cultivated lands to high winds or shelter

beats. These are long rows of trees planted to partially block the wind. Windbreaks also provide habitats

for birds, pest eating and pollinating insects and other animals.

4. Read the following passage carefully and make notes using it:

The tests of life are its plus factors. Overcoming illness and suffering is a plus factor for it moulds

character. Steel is iron plus fire, soil is rock plus heat. So let’s include the plus factor in our lives.

Sometimes the plus factor is more readily seen by the simple-hearted. Myers tells the story of a

mother who brought into her home – as a companion to her own son – a little boy who happened to have

a hunchback. She had warned her son to be careful not to refer to his disability, and to go right on playing

with him as if he were like any other boy.

The boys were playing and after a few minutes she overheard her son say to his companion: “Do

you know what you have got on your back?” The little boy was embarrassed, but before he could reply,

his playmate continued: “IT is the box in which your wings are and someday God is going to cut it open

and then you will fly away and be an angel”.

Often it takes a third eye or a change in focus, to see the plus factor. Walking along the corridors

of a hospital recently where patients were struggling with fear of pain and tests, I was perturbed. What

gave me fresh perspective were the sayings put up everywhere, intended to uplift. One saying made me

conscious of the beauty of the universe in the midst of pain, suffering and struggle. The other saying

assured me that God was with me when I was in deep water and that no troubles would overwhelm me.

The import of those sayings also made me aware of the nether springs that flow into people’s

lives when they touch rock bottom or lonely or even deserted. The nether springs make recovery

possible, and they bring peace and patience in the midst of pain and distress.

The forces of death and destruction are not so much physical as they are psychic and

psychological. When malice, hate and hard-heartedness prevail, they get channeled as forces of

destruction. Where openness, peace and good-heartedness prevail, the forces of life gush forth to

regenerate hope and joy. The life force is triumphant when love overcomes fear. Both fear and love are

deep mysteries, but the effect of love is to build whereas fear tends to destroy. Love is often the plus

factor that helps build character. It helps us to accept and to overcome suffering. It creates lasting bonds

and its reach is infinite.

It is true there is no shortage of destructive elements – forces and people who seek to destroy

others and in the process, destroy themselves – but at the same time there are signs of love and life

everywhere that are constantly enabling us to overcome setbacks. So let’s not look only at floom and

doom let’s seek out positivity and happiness. For it is when you seek that you will find what is waiting to

be discovered.

5. Read the following passage carefully and make notes using it:

In a very short period of time the internet has had a profound impact on the way we live. Since

the Internet was made operational in 1983, it has lowered both the costs of communication and the

barriers to creative expression. It has challenged old business models and enabled new ones. It has

provided access to information on a scale never before achievable. It succeeded because we designed it to

be flexible and open. These two features have allowed it to accommodate innovation without massive

changes to its infrastructure. An open, border less and standardized platform means that barriers to entry

are low competition is high, interoperability is assured and innovation is rapid.

The beauty of an open platform is that there are no gatekeepers. For centuries, access to and

creation of information was controlled by the few. The internet has changed that and is rapidly becoming

the platform for everyone, by everyone.

Of course, it still has a way to go. Today there are only about 2.3 billion internet users,

representing roughly 30% of the world’s population. Much of the information that they can access online

is in English, but this is changing rapidly.

The technological progress of the internet has also set social change in motion. As with other

enabling inventions before it, from the telegraph to television, some will worry about the effects of

broader access to information – the printing press and the rise in literacy that it affected were, after all,

long seen as destabilizing. Similar concerns about the internet are occasionally raised, but if we take a

long view, I’m confident that its benefits far outweigh the discomforts of learning to integrate it into our

21

lives. The internet and the World Wide Web are what they are because literally millions of people have

made it so. It is a grand collaboration.

It would be foolish not to acknowledge that the openness of the internet has had a price. Security

is an increasingly important issue and cannot be ignored. If there is an area of vital research and

development for the internet, this is one of them. I am increasingly confident, however, that techniques

and practices exist to make the internet safer and more secure while retaining its essentially open quality.

After working on the internet and its predecessors for over four decades, I’m more optimistic

about its promise than I have ever been. We are all free to innovate on the net every day. The internet is a

tool of the people, built by the people for the people and it must stay that way.

III. 1. Develop the following hints into a meaningful passage and give a suitable title.

Dick – actor – brilliant - strange character - insists on realism - headache to the manager - a new

drama - first drinking scene - water provided in a cup as usual - Dick insists on liquor - manager has to

buy a bottle of liquor - second scene – fight - insists on real swords - refuses to handle wooden swords -

steel swords brought - third scene - hero drinks poison - manager has real poison - actor in a fix -

promises to be sensible in future.

Answer: Dick An Actorn

Dick was an actor. He was brilliant. He had a strange character. He insisted on realism. He was a

head ache to the manager. A drama was played. The first was a drinking scene. Water was provided in a

cup. Dick insisted on liquor. The manager had bought a bottle of liquor. The second scene was a fighting

scene. He insisted on real swords. Steel swords were brought. The third scene was the hero drinking

poison. The manager had real poison. The actor was in a fix. He promised to be sensible in future.

2. Develop the following hints into a meaningful passage and give a suitable title

Devan - clever thief - robs the rich - gives all to the sick and the needy - other thieves jealous -

plan to get rid of him - challenge Devan to steal the King's pyjamas - Devan accepts challenge - finds king

sleeping - opens a bottle of red ants on the bed - King badly bitten - cries for help - servants rush in

pretends to look for ants - Devan removes King's pyjamas – escapes - other thieves dumbfounded - accept

Devan their leader.

Answer: Clever Thief

Devan was a clever thief. He robbed the rich and gave all to the sick and the needy. The other

thieves were jealous of him. They planned to get rid of him. They challenged to steal the king's Pyjamas.

Devan accepted the challenge. He found the king sleeping. He opened a bottle of red ants on the bed. The

king was badly bitten. He cried for help. The servants rushed in. They pretended to look for ants. Devan

removed king's pyjamas and escaped. Other thieves were dumb founded. They accepted Devan their

leader.

3. Develop the following hints into a meaningful passage and give a suitable title.

Manager of a firm advertised - night watchman - applicants presented - manager not satisfied -

found something wrong with each man - there was Raju - an applicant - sat in a corner - patiently waiting

- his turn came - manager found nothing wrong in his appearance - questioned about his health - got the

reply - I suffering from sleeplessness - manager happy – appointed him. 4. Develop the following hints into a meaningful passage and give a suitable title.

Abee – falls into a tank – a dove flies past – drops a large leaf into the water – the bee climbs on

the leaf – flies away – a boy takes aim at the dove – the bee stings – the dove is saved.

5. Develop the following hints into a meaningful passage and give a suitable title.

Aking had a clever jester – a favourite of the king's – made jokes about the courtiers – offended

the king – condemned to death – bagged the king for mercy – allowed to choose the kind of death he

would like to die –he said, “I choose, Your Majesty, to die of old age” – the king pleased – pardoned him.

IV. 1. Dialogue Writing:

Model : Opening a Savings Bank Account

Ms.Seema : Excuse me, I want some details on opening a savings account here.

Officer : Oh, sure, madam! Are you new to this bank?

22

Ms.Seema : Yes. I have come to Chennai from Pune just a week ago. But I have

an account with your Pune branch.

Officer : Oh! Then that shouldn't be a problem at all. Do you want to

transfer your account from Pune to this branch or do you want to open a

new account here?

Ms.Seema : Please tell me which would be easier and faster?

Officer : Transferring the account would be faster and easier. Please fill up

this form and bring two passport size photos.

Ms.Seema : By the way, does the Chennai branch have ATM facility?

Officer : Sure, madam. We have ATM facility all over India.

Ms.Seema : Thank you very much.

Officer : You're most welcome!

2. Dialogue Writing:

Teacher : Good morning, dear students.

Student : Good morning, sir.

Teacher : Ali, bring your home work note-book to me.

Student : Sorry sir. I forgot my note-book at home.

Teacher : Did you do your home work?

Student : Yes, sir. But I left my note-book at home.

Teacher : How is it possible? I think you have not completed your home

work and it is just an excuse.

Student : Sorry sir. Infact, I had to go to my uncle's yesterday.

Teacher : Do you prefer other things to your studies? Very strange thing.

Student : My father asked me to go there.

Teacher : That's right. After coming back, you could have completed your

home work.

Student : It was late at night when I came back.

Teacher : If you do not work regularly, you will fail in the Exam. keep in

mind that regularity conquers the mountains.

Student : Next time, I shall be careful.

Teacher : One more thing. There is nothing important than studies in the

world.

Student : I have realized it sir.

Teacher : Now you must develop your routine and show me your note-

book tomorrow.

Student : O.K. Sir. I will complete my note-book today.

Teacher : Now you sir down.

Student : Thank you sir.

3. Complete the following conversation between two students coming out of examination centre:

Qamar : Hello, Rizwan! How are you?

Rizwan : I am not fine today.

Qamar : Why?

Rizwan : I could not solve my paper properly.

Qamar : But question paper was very easy.

Rizwan :

Qamar : Don't tell me! You should prepare for the examination in time.

Look, I am very happy and my paper is correct more than eighty

percent. But I am sorry, I could not solve a question due to the shortage

of time. But my performance in examination is very fine. Please tell me

about your paper.

Rizwan :

Qamar : It means that you can get nine marks in it. How did you write the

letter?

23

Rizwan :

Qamar : It means that you will obtain seven marks only in letter. Which

essay was written by you?

Rizwan :

Qamar : How did you write it?

Rizwan :

Qamar : How many marks can you get in it?

Rizwan :

Qamar : How is your translation in English?

Rizwan :

Qamar : How is your translation in Urdu.

Rizwan :

Qamar : How are your sentences?

Rizwan :

Qamar : It means that you can get thirty one marks from seventy five. And you will pass in English paper.

Rizwan :

4. Complete the following dialogue between the Principal and a student for promotion to the next

class:

Khansa : May I come in, Madam?

Principal : You may come in.

Khansa : Good morning, Madam.

Principal : Good morning, What is your purpose to come here?

Khansa :

Principal :

5. Write a dialogue between a HoD and a Student (Not less than eight exchanges):

V. 1. Write

eight instructions that can be followed by the public to preserve the environment and keep it free

from pollution.

1. Start

using renewable sources of energy for transportation, for domestic purposes, and also in

industries.

2. Keep the

vehicles in condition to prevent spewing out toxic gases.

3. Reduce

use of private vehicles.

4. Treat

sewage and industrial effluents before discharging into the water bodies.

5. Use

natural fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture.

6. Employ

methods for proper recycling of non- biodegradable wastes such as plastics.

7. Do not

cut tress, i.e. deforestation, in the name of expansion of land space.

8.

Encourage afforestation.

9. Impose

strict punishment on poachers and illicit users of forest wealth.

10. Profane

using things made from the skin or other parts of endangered animals like tiger, peacock,

snake etc.

11. Create

awareness among the public on the needs and methods for environmental conservation.

24

2. Write

some important instructions to be followed in the chemical laboratory to avoid unforeseen

accidents.

1. Always

wear shoes and lab coats while entering a chemistry laboratory and use gloves and apron

while using concentrated solutions.

2. Keep

strong acids on sand mound.

3. Be

careful not to add excess reagents.

4. Always

wash all apparatus with distilled water before and after use.

5. Any

residual chemical could cause dangerous reactions.

6. Keep the

test tube in a slanting position away from the face while using it

7. Switch

off the burners when not in use.

8. Do not

wash glass apparatus in cold water when it is hot.

9. Use test

tube holders while heating or adding concentrated acids.

10. Do not

heat the glass test tubes and beakers too much to avoid any crack or break.

11. Always

keep the bottles containing chemicals such as ammonia or concentrated acids that give out

strong, unpleasant fumes closed.

12. Take

care while pipetting out the chemicals. In case of intake of chemicals while using a pipette,

rinse mouth well with water and a suitable emetic.

3. Write a

set of 12 instructions to be followed in the college Library.

4. Write a

set of 12 instructions to maintain Laptop.

5. Write a

list of 10 instructions for road users for the best and effective use of roads.

VI. 1. Letter Inviting Dignitaries to preside over the Valedictory Function.

From

The Secretary,

K.S.R. College of Engineering,

Tiruchengode – 637 211.

22nd Aug 2016

To

Sir,

The Director,

Next Generation consultancy,

Trichy – 602 042.

Sub: Invitation to preside over the valedictory function – Reg.

As the Secretary of students of English Literary Club, I feel happy and proud to extend our

invitation to you to preside over the valedictory function of the club. The function is arranged to take

place on the 25th of August 2016 at 3.P.M in our college premises. We will be fortunate to hear from you

about your industrial experiences, which will supplement our course of study. I am optimistic to get a

positive reply from you.

25

Please reply us whether the time and date specified is suitable to you. We would make the

necessary arrangement for your conveyance and accommodation.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,

Secretary

K.S.R. College of Engineering,

2. Assuming yourself to be the Senior Manager of a local bank, write a formal letter accepting the

above invitation.

From

To

Sir,

Ashok Chopra. M,

Senior Manager,

Canara bank,

Cutchery Road,

Erode – 638 001.

The Secretary,

Mechanical Engineering Association,

ABC College of engineering,

Erode.

Sub: Accepting the Invitation – Reg.

15nd Aug 2016

I would like to thank you for your gracious invitation to be the guest speaker to address the final

year students on “How to be Self – employed” on 27 September 2016 at your college.

I am very much elated and have much pleasure in accepting your invitation. I will indeed be

most happy to attend the seminar and have a talk on the topic suggested by you.

I very much look ahead to being present at the seminar and render my speech.

Thank you once again for honoring me with your invitation.

Thanking you,

Yours sincerely,

Ashok Chopra. M

(Senior Manager)

3. Write a letter to the Minister of Human Resources inviting him to inaugurate an international

conference on Computer Applications in your College.

4. Assuming yourself to be the Collector of Salem district, Write a formal letter accepting the

invitation you received prior to preside over the inauguration function for fresher.

5. Assuming yourself to be the Senior Manager of a local bank, Write a formal letter declining

the invitation you received earlier to preside over the Annual day function.

26

VII. 1. Imagine that you are a student in second year, Mechanical Engineering. You like to go for in-

Plant training for 2 weeks in Ford India Ltd. Write a letter to Human Resources Department

seeking permission for practical training.

From

To

Sir,

XXXX,

K.S.R.College of Engineering,

Tiruchengode,

637 215.

The Personal Manager.

Human Resources Department,

Ford India Ltd.,

Chennai.

Sub: Requisition for Practical Training - Reg.

Chennai,

13.07.2016.

I am a student doing Second year in the Mechanical Department at XYZ College of Engineering.

It is one of the criteria that all engineering students should undergo in-plant training in some industry

atleast for a period of four weeks.

The Ford Company is my dream company. I wish to undergo practical training in your company

atleast for a period of two weeks. The training under the prestigious hands of your reputed company

will boost my confidence and prospects. So, I request you to grant permission to undergo training.

I assure you, Sir that I will abide by the rules and regulations stipulated by your office. I am

enclosing a copy of my bonafide certificate duly attested by our HOD and our Principal.

Anticipating your positive response .

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,

2. Write a letter to the Principal to get a bonafide certificate for practical training.

From

XYZ

To

Sir,

R.Deepak (1414006),

I year, B.E.,EEE,

K.S.R. College of Engineering,

Tiruchengode,

637 215.

The Principal,

K.S.R. College of Engineering,

Tiruchengode,

637 215.

Sub: Getting a bonafide certificate - Reg.

I am R.Deepak, studying I year EEE in our college. As I have planned to visit the company during

15th August to 20th September for doing my project on Electrical Machine. I am in need of bonafide

certificate from our college. Hence, I kindly request you to grant me the same at the earliest.

Thanking you,

Yours obediently,

R.Deepak.

27

3. Write a letter to the Principal to get permission for industrial visit.

From

R. Deepika (1214008),

III year, B.E.,EEE,

K.S.R.College of Engineering,

Tiruchengode - 637 215.

To

Sir,

The Principal,

K.S.R.College of Engineering,

Tiruchengode - 637 215.

Sub: Getting Permission for Industrial Visit - Reg.

I am writing this letter to seek your permission for the visit at your industry based in Kochin on

the 5th of February. I would like to share that we have planned this industry visit for our students, in

order to give them an insight about the way things work in the real life scenario.

There would be a total of 20 students accompanied by a faculty member from our college. The

visit is aimed at enhancing their knowledge. We intend to take a round of the entire industry and show

the tasks handled in different departments to our students.

I hope you will allow us the opportunity to visit your industry and meet your skilled staff.

I anticipate a positive response from your end.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,

R.Deepika (1214008),

4. Write a letter to a factory requesting them to permit you to undergo practical training in

their factory. Give the reason of your choice, your project work, your elective, your academic

achievement, the duration of the training and how you could be useful to them.

5. Assume suitable names and address. Write a requisition letter to the ladies hostel warden for joining

in the college hostel.

VIII. 1. Letter to the Editor complaining about the increasing water pollution in your locality.

25th September 2016

From

To

Sir,

Mr. K. Ramalingam,

No: 39/6, Gandhi Nagar,

3rd Street, Kadambakkam,

Chennai – 600 024.

The Editor,

“The Hindu”,

Chennai – 600 001.

Sub: Increase of water pollution in our locality – Reg.

I would like to bring to your kind notice regarding the increase of water pollution in our locality.

I am living in an area where there are nearly thousand residents. The roads are not proper and there is no

underground drainage system. So water gets stagnated in the ditches. In most of the places the drainage

water flows on the road which pollutes the whole area. The stagnated water has become the dwelling

place of the mosquitoes which has caused all types of water borne diseases.

28

The small children and aged people are mostly affected by this nuisance. Water pollution spoils

the whole atmosphere and destroys the healthy environment of our area. Please do the needful to

overcome this issue.

Thanking you, Yours faithfully,

(K.Ramalingam)

2. Letter to the editor of the news paper highlighting the problems faced by the commuters in the city

buses. Suggest suitable solutions for each one of the problems highlighted in about 200 words.

From

To

Sir,

K.P.Hari,

55, Brough Road,

Erode – 1

The Editor

“The Hindu”

Chennai – 600 001

Sub: Problems face by the commuters in city buses – Reg

I shall be grateful if you kindly publish the following in the following in the “Letters to the

Editor” column of your esteemed daily.

Commuters in the city buses face several problems: some of which are overcrowding, accidents,

thefts and irresponsible behavior of the conductor and the driver among others.

The following solutions are suggested for these problems.

i. Let there be more buses during peak hours. Besides the government buses, more private buses

may be permitted on busy routes. Mini buses and share autos could also bre of great help.

ii. There are frequent accidents due to rash and negligent driving. Also, there are unhealthy

competitions among the bus drivers for making their buses ‘super fast’.

iii. The authorities should take strict action against such drivers in the interest of public safety. Speed

limit and speed breakers are needed at important points.

iv. Crowed bus seems to be the best place for pickpockets. Their sharp fingures work wonders. To

check this menace at least during peak hours, Police personnel should be posted.

v. We are anticipating suitable solutions for these problems.

Thanking you,

Yours truly,

(K.P.Hari)

3. Write a letter to the Editor of a local newspaper expressing your anguish over the pollution caused by

the discharge of untreated effluents by the factories of your locality.

4. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper on reckless driving

5. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper about insanitary condition of your area.

IX. Welcome address:

1. Prepare a welcome address for a seminar conducted by your department. Invent necessary details.

A wonderful morning to one and all present here. I extend my warm welcome to all gathered

here for the seminar on “Recent trends in learning modern English as a Second language” conducted by

the department of English.

29

On behalf of the management, I would like to welcome everyone gathered here. It gives me an

immense pleasure to welcome the Chief guest of the day Dr. Venugopal, Prof . & Head, Department of

English, Cambrige University for this auspicious occasion. I welcome you sir.

We are honoured to welcome our Chairman Dr. P. Ramasamy, RGP Educational Institutions &

Mr. R. Kumar,Managing Trustee in absentia.

We are very much obliged to welcome our beloved Principal Dr. Kannan. Welcome you sir.

I also extend my warm welcome to our Vice Principal Dr. Selvam. Welcome you sir.

Now I take the privilege to welcome our respected Deans, Directors, Heads of various

departments, faculty members and staff .Welcome you all for this great occasion.

Once again I welcome everyone gathered here.

Thank you.

2. Prepare a welcome address for a conference conducted by your department. Invent necessary

details.

A pleasant morning to one and all present here. I extend my heartiest welcome to all gathered

here for the conference on (write a title of a conference) conducted by the department of

.

On behalf of the management, I would like to welcome everyone present here. It gives me an

enormous delight to welcome the chief guest of the day (Name),

(Designation), Department of , (name of the college) for this propitious

occasion.

We are privileged to welcome the (Founder/Chairman/ Correspondent) of our

(institution name), & Managing Trustee. Note: If they are not present

you should add ‘in absentia’.

We are very much grateful to welcome our beloved Principal (Name) to grace

this occasion. Welcome you sir.

sir.

We also extend our warm welcome to our Vice Principal (Name). Welcome you

Now I take the opportunity to welcome our respected Deans, Directors, Head of various

departments and faculty members and staff. Welcome you all for this grand occasion.

Once again I welcome everyone gathered here.

Thank you.

3. Prepare a welcome address for your college sports day function. Invent necessary details.

4. Prepare a welcome address for a conference conducted by your department. Invent necessary details.

5. Prepare a welcome address for your college annual day. Invent necessary details.

X. Vote of Thanks

1. Prepare a Vote of thanks for your college annual day. Invent necessary details.

Most honoured Chief Guest of the day, Esteemed President, guests of honour, ladies and

gentlemen !.....

Good Evening!

30

My joy knows no bounds to be called upon to perform the most privileged and pleasant task of

proposing a hearty vote of thanks on this memorable occasion.

It is my bounden duty to offer our sincere thanks to the chief guest for his readiness in accepting

our invitation to be with us this evening and deliver the keynote address.

Sir / Madam, your speech was interesting, informative, inspiring and enlightening Your brilliant

speech was decorated with sagacity, practical wisdom, subtle humour and a sober sense of optimism. We

thank you Sir / Madam from the very depth of our heart.

The President of the function has done us a great honour with his luscious presence and with his

purposeful and forceful presidential address.

Sir / Madam, your speech had a clear positive message with constructive approach and

enthusiastic encouragement. We feel highly enlightened on listening your speech. We are grateful to you

for your soul-stirring speech.

We are much thankful to the Secretary, Executive members, Well-wishers and Patrons who have

contributed much to the growth and development of our organization. We express our sincere feelings of

gratitude to all who have honoured us with their presence at this function / meeting in response to our

invitation.

We express our heartiest thanks to everyone who helped us in making this function / meeting a

grand success.

We say “A Big Thank you” to everyone.

Our grateful thanks to one and all.

Thank you !.....

2. Prepare a Vote of thanks for a Commerce Association by your department. Invent necessary

details.

Our honoured and most distinguished Chief Guest of the day Prof. Jeyakar,

Respected Principal,

Respected Vice Principal’

Beloved HOD’s

My dear students’

Ladies and Gentlemen.

I consider it a great privilege to propose a vote of thanks to all the dignitaries who have

witnessed it as a memorable and successful event.

Prof. Jeyakar, Impart Executive director and Former Principal of Bishop Heber College, Trichy,

Sir, our first gratitude is due to you for the excellent inaugural address with which you have inaugurated

the Commerce Association activities for this academic year. Sir, when we made a request to you to

inaugurate this Session, we were not aware that you are also an Executive Director and Counsellor of

Many Organisations in and around Trichy. On behalf of the Commerce Association I extend my gratitude

to you sir.

I take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to Our Principal Rev.Dr.Sebsatin SJ, the

dynamic and flexible person in all academic matters for gracing this occasion. His presence today in this

function has immensely enhanced its importance. We are extremely grateful to you father, for your

insightful address.

31

3. Prepare a Vote of thanks for a seminar conducted by your department. Invent necessary details.

4. Prepare a Vote of thanks for a conference conducted by your department. Invent necessary details.

5. Prepare a Vote of thanks for your college sports day function. Invent necessary details.

XI. Master of ceremony

An agenda is a list of programme arranged in a coherent manner. Master of ceremony is an art to

bring out the harmony of any function as introductory of the successive event. Agenda is mandatory

to prepare the master of ceremony of any function. Minimum 2 students shall do it.

Sample Agenda for a National Conference

Agenda

General welcome note followed by

1. Prayer song

2. Lighting of Kuthuvillakku

3. Welcome address

4. Inaugural address

5. Presidential address

6. Felicitation Address

7. Chief guest introduction

8. Honouring the guest

9. Keynote address by the Chief Guest

10. Releasing the Proceedings

11. Vote of thanks

12. National anthem

1. MASTER OF CEREMONY

Imagine that you are doing I year B.E Computer Science Engineering in a reputed college. You

are asked to prepare master of ceremony for a National Conference conducted by your department.

Master of Ceremony / Anchoring:

WELCOME NOTE

A pleasant good morning and a warm welcome to one and all present here.

“Coming together is a beginning

keeping together is progress

working together is success”

Yes, we are all gathered here for the National Conference on “Recent development in IT field”

conducted by the department of Computer Science Engineering of our college.

I express my deep gratitude to our respected Deputy Principal Rev.Dr.John Bosco SJ for guidance

to us in all our activities ensure that we always do the right thing in the right way.

I would also like to thank beloved HOD for his moral support and guidance.

I am happy to express vote of thanks to our Staff members, and all the people who have made it a

success.

I would like to thank the volunteers and the secretaries of this association who have been running

around doing a lot things and thank you so much.

Finally, the wonderful students who have turned up in such great numbers, not only form our

department but also from other departments of the College. We thank you so much for your cooperation.

Thanks for coming. Have a nice day.

32

PRAYER SONG

"In worship, God present himself to us. Divine power is supreme which brings success in all our

endeveours”.

So let us begin this function with the blessings of God, the almighty, to fulfill our wishes in all

our accomplishments.

May I request the gathering to rise for the prayer song.

LIGHTING of KUTHUVILAKKU

Lighting the kuthuvilakku will remove the darkness and bring brightness everywhere. Likewise,

to remove the ignorance and to provide the light of intelligence, May I call up on all the dignitaries to

light up the lamp and blow up the gloom of ignorance in the minds. Thank you.

WELCOME ADDRESS

“The journey of thousand miles starts with one step”

Our gracious and inclusive welcomes to all present here, May I now call up on Mr.G.Aravind to

welcome the gathering.

INAUGURAL ADDRESS

Next, I would like to invite our respected Principal , the man of distinct vision, a

seasoned scholar to deliver the inaugural address.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

The superior man is modest in his speech but exceeds in his actions. Yet he is none other than our

superior, self-determined giant of optimism. Our founder Lion Dr.K.S.Rangasamy, MJF and Thiru

R.Srinivasan, Chairman -Managing Trustee, KSR group of Institutions in absentia

FELICITATION ADDRESS

Today, the Leadership is a necessary quality to get along with the people. To achieve this, one

should have the best understanding with the people who is accompanied with everyone to have

an inward satisfaction and recognition of the duty rendered by the subordinates and to reward them

sufficiently based on their performance.

One such great personality is amongst today as the chief guest,

CHIEF GUEST INTRODUCTION

“Thousands of candles can be lighten from a single candle and the pride of candle will not be

shortened”

I cordially invite (Name of the Chief Guest, Designation, Department) to

introduce the chief guest.

HONOURING THE GUEST

The strength of a man's virtue should not be measured by his special exertions, but by his

habitual acts. Nothing so conclusively proves a man's ability to lead others as what he does from day to

day to lead himself. To convey our pleasure and gratitude.

May I invite (Name of Principal or Chairman)To present a bouquet to our

honorable chief guest.

33

RELEASING THE PRECEEDINGs

VOTE OF THANKS

Gratitude is way of thanks giving and appreciation in return for support and honoring one's virtue. But gratitude should not be only an utter word but one should live by it. Gratitude can motivate

others, builds social ties and increases self esteem. Gratitude is the essence of good mental health and

spirituality.

Now I call upon (Name of the faculty, designation, department) to deliver the vote

of thanks.

NATIONAL ANTHEM

May I request everyone to stand up for National Anthem.

2. MASTER OF CEREMONY

Science Club Inauguration

Politics without principle

Business without morality

Religion without humanity

And Life without science is impossible rather miserable.

A wonderful morning to the dignitaries on the dais, and off the dais of our college. I take

immense pleasure in welcoming you all to the grand inauguration of SCIENCE CLUB “16.

INTRODUCTION

Even if the open windows of science at first make us shiver, the fresh air brings great vigor.

Science is the great antidote to the poison of enthusiasm and superstition. Science is reasoned-based

analysis of sensation upon our awareness. It is the branch of knowledge dealing with people and the

understanding we have of our environment and how it works. It cannot resolve moral conflicts, but it can

help to more accurately frame the debates about those conflicts. It may have found a cure for most evils;

but it has found no remedy for the worst of them all -- the apathy of human beings. There is a single light

of science, and to brighten it anywhere is to brighten it everywhere.

PRAYER

God is a circle whose center is everywhere and whose circumference is nowhere. He is the first,

and the last, the manifest and the hidden. Let us start this journey with a salutation to the almighty. I

request everyone to stand up for the prayer.

LIGHTING OF KUTHUVILLKAKU:

May I call upon our honorable chief guest and the dignitaries to light up the kuthuvillku.

WELCOME ADDRESS:

Now may I call upon our DR. S. PALANIAMMAL HOD of the Science and humanities to

present the welcome address.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS:

34

May I request DR.S.SUBRAMANYAN, Dean to give the presidential address. Thank you sir for

your inspiring speech.

INAUGURAL ADDRESS:

I feel it my privilege to call upon our beloved principal DR.V.SOUNDARAJAN to give the

inaugural address. Thank you sir.

INTRODUCTION TO CHIEF GUEST:

Now may I request Ms. R. SHANTHAMANI to give the introduction of the chief guest.

HONOURING THE CHIEF GUEST:

May I now request our principal to present the memento to the chief guest. Please accept this as a

token of love.

Thank you Sir.

INAUGURAL ADDRESS BY CHIEF GUEST:

I feel it my privilege to invite the most respected chief guest DR.P.K. MANOHARAN to give the

inaugural address.

Thank you sir for your valuable and inspirational speech. It will act as guidelines for our future

endeavors.

VOTE OF THANKS

May I now request Ms.Anitha to give the vote of thanks.

NATIONAL ANTHEM…

All is well that ends well. I request all of you to join for the national anthem.

3. Prepare an agenda and a master of ceremony for one day seminar conducted by your department.

4. Prepare an agenda and a master of ceremony for an inaugural function of English Literary Club

conducted by English department.

5. Prepare an agenda and a master of ceremony for an inaugural function of National Conference of

your department.

XII 1. Rewrite the following sentences which are Jumbled in the correct order:

(i) Consequently, the mucus remains and starts accumulating in the lungs, making them liable to

infection.

(ii) The damage caused to lungs and respiratory passages inhibits the process that removes

mucus and dust particles.

(iii) There is overwhelming statistical and experimental evidence to associate smoking with

diseases like lung cancer and coronary heart attacks.

(iv) This, in turn, induces cancer in the lung tissues.

Apart from early death from these two diseases, heavy smokers suffer from persistent coughs

that damage the lungs. Answer : 3,5,2,1,4

2. Rewrite the following sentences which are Jumbled in the correct order:

(i) Antarctica which is regarded as a continent by itself is located in this southern polar region.

(ii) Geographers have found that there are some important differences between the northern and

southern polar regions of the earth.

(iii) Antarctica is snow-bound almost throughout the year, but the snow in the arctic melts in

summer.

35

(iv) The Arctic region, in the north, is mostly sea, surrounded by masses of land.

(v) But, on the whole, both the polar regions help nature, in maintaining the ecological balance.

(vi) The southern pole, on the other hand, is situated in a land mass surrounded by oceans.

(vii) Both the regions, in general, have very cold climate.

(viii) The winter in the Arctic is not so severe as the Antarctic.

3. Rewrite the following sentences which are Jumbled in the correct order:

(i) When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language.

(ii) Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions.

(iii) Many of these symbols of whole words are very picturesque and exact and can be used

internationally.

(iv) Ever since humans have inhabited the earth, they have made use of various forms of

communication.

(v) Other forms of non-linguistic language can be found in Braille, Signal Flags, Morse Code and

Smoke Signals.

(vi) A Nod signifies approval while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction.

(vii) Generally this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech.

(viii) Nonetheless verbalization is the most common form of communication.

4. Rewrite the following sentences which are Jumbled in the correct order:

(i) Both had cities- state type of government.

(ii) Athens and Sparta were the two most- advanced Greek cities of Hellenic period.

(iii) For Example, Sparta was hostile, war like and military.

(iv) However the differences outweigh the similarities.

(v) Whereas, Athens catered more towards the democratic and cultural way of life.

(vi) Also both took slaves from the people they conquered.

(vii) The latter city lifts its mark in the fields of art, literature, philosophy and science.

(viii) Also, the former passed on its totalitarianism and superior military radiations to the latter.

5. Rewrite the following sentences which are Jumbled in the correct order:

(i) Another disadvantage is that diesel engines are difficult to start in cold weather.

(ii) For one, the higher compression that makes the diesel more efficient necessitates the use of

heavier engine components.

(iii) Thirdly, diesel engines have been noted for their loud noise and vibration.

(iv) However, the popularity of diesel engines still continues,

(v) This is due to the price of diesel being low when compared to the price of petrol.

(vi) Finally, these engines are known for the emission of heavy smoke.

(vii) The diesel engine is an increasingly popular engine in automobiles.

(viii) Though it is popular, it has its own disadvantages.

(ix) But, plugs are available to preheat the engines to provide easier starting.

(x) Therefore, diesel engines remain heavier than petrol engines.

XII. 1. Write ten recommendations to save the planet

a) It is recommended to wrap gifts in fabric and tie with ribbon; both are reusable and prettier than

paper and sticky-tape.

b) It is recommended to start a compost heap to reduce the waste you send to landfill sites.

c) It is recommended to buy your own hive: without bees the planet would last for only 60 years

(and honey is good for your health).

d) It is recommended to use a nappy washing service: they use 32% less energy and 41% less water

than home washing.

e) It is recommended to slow down driving at 50mph uses 25% less fuel than 70mph.

f) It is recommended to wash your clothes with your flatmates' instead of wasting water on half-

empty loads.

g) It is recommended to turn down your central heating and put on a jumper.

h) It is recommended to take a brisk shower, not a leisurely bath, to save water.

i) It is recommended to tell a Tupperware party. Airtight food containers can be reused; sandwich

bags and plastic wrap cannot.

j) It is recommended to choose energy-efficient appliances when you replace old ones.

36

2. Write ten recommendations to save water

a) It is recommended to turn off the tap when you brush your teeth – this can save 6 liters of water

per minute.

b) It is recommended to place a cistern displacement device in your toilet cistern to reduce the

volume of water used in each flush.

c) It is recommended to take a shorter shower. Showers can use anything between 6 and 45 liters

per minute.

d) It is recommended to always use full loads in your washing machine and dishwasher . e) It is recommended to fix a dripping tap.

f) It is recommended to install a water butt to your drainpipe and use it to water your plants, clean

your car and wash your windows.

g) It is recommended to water your garden with a watering can rather than a hosepipe

h) It is recommended to fill a jug with tap water and place this in your fridge..

i) It is recommended to install a water meter.

j) It is recommended to invest in water-efficient goods when you need to replace household

products

3. Write ten recommendations to reduce noise pollution

a) It is recommended to close the windows. By simply closing the windows, we can reduce the

amount of noise entering into our homes and buildings.

b) It is recommended to put on earplugs. Wearing earplugs is a cost-effective solution of reducing

noise pollution.

c) It is recommended to improve your insulation. Insulation measures are some of the basic and

most practical ways to reduce noise pollution at home

d) It is recommended to invest in noise-canceling headphones.

e) It is recommended to do wall-to-wall carpeting. Wall-to-wall carpeting comes in as another

simple and practical way of reducing noise pollution.

f) It is recommended to install a fence.

g) It is recommended to be creative with the office or house layout. Invest in noise friendly

flooring.

h) It is recommended to invest in sound friendly furniture.

i) It is recommended to turn off the electronic or reduce the volume.

4. Write ten recommendations on how to avoid accidents.

5. Write ten recommendations to save electricity.

37

a) I run a mile in 8 minutes.

b) You clean your plate before you have dessert.

KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/39/ENG/CT1

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous), TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215

18EN151 - TECHNICAL ENGLISH – I

CYCLE TEST – I

PART – A (5 x 2 = 10)

1. Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B: (R / CO1)

i. Aggravate - (a) native

ii. Renowned - (b) schedule

iii. Indigenous - (c) intensify

iv. Regimen - (d) famous

2. Rewrite the following as directed : (Ap / CO1)

a) After he left the party, John drove home.(Into Gerund)

b) He started studying after dinner. (Into Infinitive)

3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of the verb: (Ap / CO1)

I (be) an employee of the Central Government, I (start) my career in

Bombay in 1955. In 1970 I-------- (get) a transfer to Calcutta. Now I (work) in Chennai.

4. Fill in the blanks with Preposition : (U/CO1)

Raju wasn’t work today, because he is ill. He is resting at home

his bed. He will come office tomorrow.

5. Complete the following with Model Auxiliary Verbs. (U/CO1)

PART – B

1. Write a requisition letter to the Bank Manager asking him to the approval of your

home loan. (7 Marks) (C / CO5)

2. Write a set of eight instructions that are to be followed in a Computer Laboratory. (8 Marks) (C / CO5)

Answers :

Meanings: intensify, famous, native, schedule

Tense :

Am, started, got, am working

Preposition :

At, at, in, to

Model Auxiliary Verbs :

Can, must

38

KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/39/ENG/CT1

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous), TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215

18EN151 - TECHNICAL ENGLISH – I

CYCLE TEST – II

PART – A (5 x 2 = 10)

6. Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of the verb: (Ap / CO1)

a) Every boy a pair of shoes.

b) Almost all of the water contaminated.

c) A large sum of money stolen

d) Plenty of mangoes and bananas available in this season. 7. Give the American equivalent for the given British words : (U / CO1)

a) parcel b) holiday c) maize d) frost 8. Correct the following passage : (U / CO1)

Sam is an artist. He loves paint and draw. He loves colour. His favrite colour is bright green.

Sam built his house. He’s house has two bedrooms, a kitchen, a bathroom and one big room. A big room

is Sam’s art room. The art room has many window larges. Sam like paint in natural light. Of course sams

house is painted bright green.

9. Rewrite the following into Impersonal Passive Voice : (U/CO1)

a) They expect him to arrive soon.

b) People believe he is working in Germany. 10. Frame a sentence for the following Phrasal Verbs. (C/CO1)

a) Call off b) Put away c) Take down d) Hold up PART – B

3. Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper about the loud speaker nuisance in your

locality. (8 Marks) (C / CO5)

4. Develop the following hints into a readable passage and give a suitable title. (7 Marks) (C / CO5)

A deer on hot day – hungry wandering here and there – looking for something to eat – sees

grapes growing up tall poles – several useless jumps – did not reach – at last grapes sour. Answers :

Concord :

Has, is, was, are

American word :

Package, vacation, corn, ice

Error Correction :

To paint and draw, favourite, his house has, The big room, Large windows, likes to paint, sam’s house.

Voice :

a. He is expected to arrive soon.

b. He is believed to be working in Germany.

Phrasal Verb:

a. Call off – cancel

b. Put away – save or store

c. Take down – make a written copy

d. Hold up – delay

39

a) Gowtham (run) for a bus when he (hit) his foot on something on the pavement.

b) I (learn) French from my friend who (live) in France.

KSRCE/QM/7.5.1/39/ENG/CT3

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous), TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215

18EN151 - TECHNICAL ENGLISH – I

CYCLE TEST – III

PART – A

(5 x 2 = 10)

11. Fill in the blanks with appropriate form of the verb: (Ap / CO1)

12. Fill in the blanks with Preposition: (U / CO1)

All the members my family go to church every Sunday the morning, usually

nine O’clock.

13. Rewrite the following sentences into Impersonal Passive Voice: (U / CO1)

a) People say that Mr. President is in China.

b) Police have reported that it was peter who caused the accident.

14. Give the Abbreviation for the following: (R / CO1)

a) ZIP b) RAM c) LED d) GPS 15. Write five words for the Phonetic sound given below: (Ap / CO3)

a) /p/ b) /s/

PART – B

5. Prepare a welcome speech for the Annual Day Function. (8 Marks) (C / CO5)

6. Write a letter inviting an eminent Engineer to preside over the Hostel Day function. (7 Marks) (C /

CO5)

Answers:

Tense :

Preposition :

a) Was running, hit

b) Learnt, lives

Of, on, in, atImpersonal Passive Voice:

a) Mr. President is said to be in China.

b) Peter has been reported to have caused the accident.

Abbreviations:

a) Zigzag Inline Package

b) Random Access Memory

c) Light Emitting Diode

d) Global Positioning System

40

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Subject Name: ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – I

Subject Code: 18MA151 Year/Semester: I / I

Course Outcomes: On completion of this course, the student will be able to

CO1 Interpret the basics of Matrix applications in the field of engineering.

CO2 Acquire knowledge in solving ordinary differential equations.

CO3 Explain and apply the concepts of differential calculus problems.

CO4 Skills in Developing and solving the functions of several variables.

CO5 Acquire the basics of vector calculus and its applications.

Program Outcomes (POs) and Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) B. Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to :

PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals; and an engineering specialation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO2 Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering

problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and

engineering sciences.

PO3 Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system

components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health

and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering

and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,

health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7 Environmental and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in

societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable

development.

PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9 Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and

management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage

projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12 Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

B. Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1 Research Culture : Read Literature, do research on new mechanical engineering problems and publish the results through patents, journals, conferences and symposium.

PSO2 Core Values : Contribute core universal values and social good to the community.

41

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous) R 2018 SEMESTER - I

18MA151 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – I (COMMON TO ALL BRANCHES)

Prerequisite: No prerequisites are needed for enrolling into the course. Objectives

▪ To study the concepts of Matrices and its Applications.

L T P C 3 1 0 4

• To study the concepts and its applications of Ordinary Differential Equations and solving differential calculus problems.

• To study the concepts of functions of several variables and basics of Vector Calculus.

UNIT - I LINEAR ALGEBRA [12] Characteristic equation – Eigen values and Eigen vectors of a real matrix – Properties of Eigen values and Eigen vectors (Excluding proof) – Cayley Hamilton theorem (excluding proof) - Quadratic forms – Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form by orthogonal transformation.

UNIT - II ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS [12] Linear differential equations of second and higher order with constant coefficients – Differential equations with variable coefficients – Cauchy’s and Legendre’s linear equations – Method of variation of parameters.

UNIT - III DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS [12] Curvature - Radius of curvature (Cartesian co-ordinates only) – Centre of curvature and Circle of curvature – Involutes and Evolutes.

UNIT - IV FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES [12] Partial derivatives – Total derivatives – Euler’s theorem for homogenous functions – Taylor’s series expansion - Maxima and Minima for functions of two variables – Method of Lagrangian multipliers.

UNIT - V VECTOR CALCULUS [12] Gradient, Divergence and Curl – Directional derivative – Irrotational and solenoidal vector fields – Green’s theorem in plane, Gauss divergence theorem and Stoke’s theorem – Problems in Cube, Cuboid and Rectangular paralleopiped only.

Total (L: 45 T:15) = 60 Periods Course Outcomes: On Completion of this course, the student will be able to

• Interpret the basics of Matrix applications in the field of engineering.

• Acquire knowledge in solving ordinary differential equations.

• Explain and apply the concepts of differential calculus problems.

• Skills in Developing and solving the functions of several variables.

• Acquire the basics of vector calculus and its applications. Text Books : 1. Ravish R Singh and Mukul Bhatt, Engineering Mathematics – I, McGraw Hill

Publications, 3rd Edition, New Delhi 2016. 2. Grewal B.S, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing

Company, 43rd Edition, New Delhi, 2015. References :

1. Bali N. P and Manish Goyal, Text book on Engineering Mathematics, Laxmi Publications (p) Ltd., 7th Edition, 2016.

2. H.K. Dass, Advance Engineering Mathematics, S. Chand and company, 11th Edition, 2015. 3. http://www.sosmath.com/matrix/matrix.html

42

1

K.S.R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)

18MA151 – ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS I QUESTION BANK

UNIT I LINEAR ALGEBRA

PART A

1. Construct the characteristic equation of 1 −2

. (Creating)

−5 4

6 −2 2 2. The product of two Eigen values of the matrix A = −2 3 −1

is 16.

2 −1 3

Find the third Eigen value. (Remembering)

Let the Eigen values of the matrix A is 1, 2, 3. Given that 1 2 = 16.

We know that 1 2 3 = determinant of A = 32. (Verify yourself)

i.e. 1 2 3 = 32 16 3 = 32 3 = 2.

11 −4 3. Two Eigen values of the matrix

7 −2 −7 −5

are 0 1, obtain the third Eigen value. (R)

10 −4 −6

Given that 1 = 0 , 2 = 1 then find 3 = ?.

W.K.T. sum of the Eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements.

i.e. 1+ 2+ 3 = 11 + (-2) + (-6) = 3.

i.e. 0 + 1 + 3 = 3 3 = 2. Hence the third Eigen value = 2.

8 −6 2 4. Two Eigen values of the matrix A =

−6 7 −4

are 3 and 0.

What is the third Eigen value?

2 −4 3

What is the product of the Eigen values of A?. (Remembering)

Given that 1 = 3 , 2 = 0 then find 3 = ?.

By property, 1+ 2+ 3 = 8 + 7 + 3 = 18 3 = 15.

Hence product of the Eigen values = 1 2 3 = (3)(0)(15) = 0.

7 4 −4 5. One of the Eigen values of 4 −8 −1

is -9.

4 −1 −8

Find the other two Eigen values. (Remembering)

W.K.T. sum of the Eigen values = sum of the diagonal elements.

i.e. 1+ 2+ 3 = 7 + (-8) + (-8) = -9.

Given that 3 = -9. Hence we get, 1+ 2 – 9 = -9 1+ 2 = 0 …….(i)

Product of Eigen values = |A| = 441 (verify yourself).

i.e. 1 2 3 = 441 1 2(-9) = 441 1 2= -49. …(ii)

From (i), 2 = - 1.

From(ii), 1 2= -49 1(- 1) = -49 - 2 = -49 1 = ±7.

43

5

1 b

If 1 = 7 then 2 = -7 and if 1 = -7 then 2 = 7.

Hence the remaining two Eigen values are 7 and -7.

1 2 1 6. The matrix A =

2 0 −2 is singular. One of its Eigen value is 2. Find the other two

1 2 3

Eigen values. (Remembering)

1 2 1 A =

2 0 −2 , let the Eigen values be 1 , 2 , 3. Given 1 = 2.

1 2 3

Sum of the Eigen values = 1+ 2+ 3 = 1 + 0 + 3 2 + 2+ 3 = 4 2+ 3 =

2.

Product of the Eigen values = det. Of A = -8 (verify). i.e. 1 2 3 = -8 2 2 3 = -8

2 3 =-4.

X2 – (sum of the Eigen values)x + product of the Eigen values = 0.

x2 – 2x + (-4) = 0 x = 1 ± 5 . Hence 2 = 1 + and 2 = 1 - 5 .

7. Form the matrix whose Eigen values are α-5, β-5, -5 where α,β, are the Eigen values

of

−1 −2 −3 A =

4 5 −6 . (Understanding)

7 −8 9

W.K.T the matrix A-KI has the Eigen values 1-k, 2-k….. n-k.

−1 −2 −3 1 0 0 −6 −2 −3 Hence the matrix is A-5I =

4 5 −6 -5 0 1 0

= 4 0 −6

.

7 −8 9 0 0 1 7 −8 4

8. Find the constants ‘a’ and ‘b’ such that the matrix a

(Remembering)

4 has 3 and -2 as its Eigen values.

W.K.T. sum of the Eigen values of a matrix = sum of the elements of the main diagonal.

(3) + (-2) = a + b a + b = 1 …(i)

Product of the Eigen values = determinant of the matrix

i.e. (3) (-2) = a

1

4 -6 = ab – 4 ab = -2. …(ii)

b

Solving (i) and (ii) we get x2 – (a+b)x + ab = 0 x2 – x – 2 = 0 x = 2 , -1.

Therefore a = 2 , b = -1 or a = -1 , b = 2.

9. If 1,1,5 are the Eigen values of A =

(Remembering)

2 1

2 1

3 1 find the Eigen values of 5A.

2 2

1

44

0

If 1 , 2 , 3 be the Eigen values of A then k 1 , k 2 ,k 3 be the Eigen values of KA.

Therefore the Eigen values of 5A are 5 , 5 , 25.

10. If 2,3 are the Eigen values of

2

a

0 1

2

0 2

. Find the value of a. (Remembering)

Let 1 , 2 , 3 be the Eigen values of A. Given 1 = 2 , 2 = 3.

W.K.T. 1 + 2 + 3 = sum of the main diagonal elements 2 + 3 + 3 = 2 + 2 + 2 5 + 3 =

6 3 = 1. Also W.K.T. 1 2 3

2

= |A| (2)(3)(1) = 0

a

0 1

2 0 6 = 8 – 2a a = 1.

0 2

11. Obtain the Eigen values of adjA if A =

3 0

2 1

4 2 . (Understanding)

0 1

Since A is a upper triangular matrix, the Eigen values of A are 3 , 4 , 1.

W.K.T. A-1 = 1

| A | adjA adj A = |A| A-1.

The Eigen values of A-1 are 1/3 , ¼ , 1. |A| = Product of the Eigen values = 12.

Therefore the Eigen values of adjA is equal to the Eigen values of 12A-1. i.e.

i.e.4,3,12.

Hence the Eigen values of adj A = 4 , 3 , 12.

12 ,

3

12 , 12.

4

4 6

12. Two Eigen values of A = 1

3

−1 − 5

6

2 are equal they are double the third.

− 2

Find the Eigen values of A2. (Remembering)

Sol: Let the third Eigen values be . The remaining two Eigen values are 2 , 2 .

Sum of the Eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements

2 + 2 + = 4 + 3 + (-2) = 1.

Therefore the Eigen values of A are 2 , 2 , 1. Hence the Eigen values of A2 are 22,22,12.

i.e.4,4,1.

1 2

13. If A = 0 3

0 0

− 3

2 , then develop the Eigen values of 3A3 + 5A2 – 6A + 2I. (Creating)

− 2

Since A is an upper triangular matrix, the Eigen values of A are 1 , 3 , -2.

Let 1 =1, 2 =3, 3 =-2.

Let the Eigen values of 3A3 + 5A2 – 6A + 2I are k1,k2,k3.

1 = 1 k1 = 3(1)3 + 5(1)2 – 6(1) + 2 = 3 + 5 – 6 + 2 = 4.

2 = 3 k2 = 3(3)3 + 5(3)2 – 6(3) + 2 = 3(27) + 5(9) – 18 + 2 = 110.

0

0

45

3 = -2 k3 = 3(-2)3 + 5(-2)2 – 6(-2) + 2 = 3(-8) + 5(4) +12 + 2 = 10.

46

2 1

2 1

2

2 1

2 1 2 4 4 0 1

− 3

Therefore the required Eigen values are 4 , 110 , 10.

14. Prove that Eigen values of -3A-1 are the same as those of A = 1

2

. (Evaluating)

The characteristic equation of A is | A - I |= 0 2 - 2 - 3 = 0 = 3 , -1.

Hence the Eigen values of A = -1 , 3. ….(i) Therefore the Eigen values of A-1

are -1, 1/3.

The Eigen values of -3A-1 = (-3)(-1) , (-3) (1/3). i.e. 3 , -1….(ii)

From (i) and (ii), we conclude that the Eigen values of (-3A-1) are same as those of A.

15. The Eigen values of the matrix

7 − 2 − 2 6

0 − 2

0

− 2 are distinct. If the Eigen vectors of the

5

1 2 b given matrix are a ,

1

, − 2 . Find the value of a b. (Remembering)

2 − 2 1

Given matrix is a symmetric matrix. Hence the Eigen vectors are orthogonal.

1 2 b 2 Let X1 =

a

, X2 = 1

, X3 = − 2 . Now X1

T X2 = 0 1 a 2 1

= 2 + a – 4 = 0 a

= 2.

2 − 2 1

b

− 2

Similarly X2T X3 = 0 2 1 − 2 − 2

= 2b - 2 – 2 = 0 b = 2.

1

16..Explain Cayley-Hamilton theorem. (Understanding)

Ans: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

17. Explain the uses of Cayley-Hamilton theorem. (Understanding)

To calculate (i) the positive integral powers and (ii) the inverse of a given square matrix.

18. Show that the matrix 1

− 2

satisfies its own characteristic equation. (Or) Verify

Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix A = 1

− 2

(Understanding)

Let A = 1

− 2 . The cha. Eqn. of A is | A - I | = 0 2 – S1 + S2 = 0.

S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements = 1 + 1 = 2. S2 = | A | = 5 (verify).

Hence the cha. Eqn. becomes 2 – 2 + 5 = 0. To prove that A2 -2A + 5I = 0.

A2 = 1

− 2 1 − 2 = − 3

− 4 . A2 -2A + 5I = − 3 − 4

-2 1 − 2

+5 1 0

=

0 0

− 3

Therefore the given matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

1

0 0

1 2 1

.

47

2 3

2 3

2 3

0 1

−

1

2 3

2 3

1

0

1

19. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of 1

4 . (APP CO01)

Given A = 1

yourself)

4 . The char eqn. of A is | A - I | = 0 A2 - 4A -5I = 0 ….(i) (verify

Divide (i) by A we get A – 4I = 5

5A-1 = A – 4I A-1 = A

1 [A – 4I] =

5

1 1 4 [

5

4 1

0 ].

Therefore A-1 = 1 − 3

5

4 .

20. Use Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix A = 1

4 to express

A5 – 4A4 – 7A3 + 11A2 – A – 101 as a linear polynomial in A. (APP CO01)

Given : A = 1

4 . The cha. Eqn. of A is | A - I | = 0 2 − 4 − 5 = 0 (verify yourself).

By Cayley Hamilton theorem, we have A2 – 4A – 5I = 0. …(i)

A5 – 4A4 – 7A3 + 11A2 – A – 101 = (A2 – 4A – 5I)(A3-2A+3)+A+5 = 0 + A + 5 by (i) which is

a linear

polynomial in A.

21. Define the quadratic form. (Remembering)

A homogeneous polynomial of the second degree in any number of variables is called a

quadratic form.

22. Write the matrix form of the Quadratic form 2x2 + 8z2 + 4xy – 10xz – 2yz.

(Remembering)

coeff .of .x 2

1 coeff .of .xy

1 coeff .of .xz

2 2 5

Quadratic form = 2 2 =

2

−1 .

coeff .of .xy 2

coeff .of .y coeff .of .yz 2

5 −1

8

1 coeff .of .xz

2

1 coeff .of .yz

2 coeff .of .z 2

23. Determine the nature of the following quadratic form. F(x1,x2,x3) = x12 + 2x2

2.

(Evaluating)

The matrix of the quadratic form is Q =

question.

1 0

0 0

2

0 0

by using the formula in the previous

1 0 1 0 0 D1 = | 1 | = 1 (+ve) , D2 = = 2 (+ve), D3 = 0 2 0

= 0 (verify).

0 2

0 0

0

Therefore the quadratic form is positive definite.

2

0

-

2 0

48

2

0

5

1 2

1 1

0

0

1

24. When do you say a quadratic form is positive definite?. (Remembering)

A quadratic form is said to be positive definite if all the Eigen values are positive.

25. Write the equivalent quadratic form of the matrix

8 − 6

2

− 6 2

7 − 4 .

− 4 3

8 − 6 2 a11 a12 a13 Given matrix form is − 6 7 − 4

= a a a

. (Remembering) 21 22 23

2 − 4 3 a31

a32 a

33

Therefore its equivalent quadratic form is 8x2 + 7y2 + 3z2 -12xy – 8yz + 4xz.

PART B

1 0

− 1

1. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the following matrices: (a) 1 2

2

1 ;

(b)

− 2 2 −1

2 − 3

1 − 6 (c)

− 2

2 2 1 3

1

1 ; (d)

2 1 0 2

0

1 ; (e)

7 − 2

− 2 0

6 − 2 ; (f)

− 2

0 1 1 0

1

1 .

(Remembering) 2 −1 2

2. Using Cayley – Hamilton theorem, find A4 A-1 when (a) A = −1 2

−1

1 0 3 −1 0 3

−1

(b) 2 1 −

; (c) . (APP CO01) 1

−1 8 1 − 3 0

− 7

3. Verify Cayley – Hamilton theorem hence find A-1 for the following matrices: 1 2 − 2 7 2 − 2

(a) −1 3 0

; (b) − 6 −1

2 . (Understanding) − 2

1

0 0

2 −1

4. If A =

0 1 , then show that An = An – 2 + A2 – I for n > 3 using CH theorem.

1

(APP CO01) 1 2

n

5. If A =

0 , find A

2 in-terms of A. (Remembering)

6. Reduce the quadratic form into canonical form by an orthogonal transformation and

hence determine its nature: (a) 6x2 + 3y2 + 3z2 – 4xy – 2yz + 4zx, (b) x2 + y2 + z2 – 2xy – 2yz – 2zx,

(c) 8x12 + 7x2

2 + 3x32 – 12x1x2 – 8x2x3 + 4x3x1, (d) x1

2 + 2x2x3. (Remembering)

3

1 2 0 2 0 1 0

;

8

1 6

0

2 0 1

49

UNIT II ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

PART A 1. Define linear differential equation of second order.

Solution: Linear differential equation of second order with constant coefficient is defined as,

d 2 y

+

dx2

a dy

+ a y = X 1

dx 2 (D

2 + a1 D + a2 ) y = X .

2. Find P.I of (D 2

− 4D + 13) y = e2x

.

Solution: P.I = 1

D 2 − 4D + 13

e2 x 1

4 − 8 + 13 e2 x

1 e2 x .

9

3. Give the particular integral for (D2 + 4) y = sin 2x .

Solution: P.I= sin 2x = −

x cosx = −x

cos 2x .

d

2 y

D 2 + 22 24 dy

4. Solve: dx

2

+ 6 + 9 y = 0. . dx

Solution: (D2 + 6D + 9) y = 0

A..E : m2

+ 6m + 9 = 0 (m + 3)(m + 3) = 0 m = −3,−3.

Roots are real and equal. y = (C1 C2

x)e−3x

.

5. Find the C.F for (D2 − 2D + 4) y = e

x sin 2x.

Solution: (D2 − 2D + 4) = 0 m

2 − 2m + 4 = 0 m = 1 i

C.F = e x Acos 3x + B sin 3x.

6. Reduce the equation (2x + 3)2 y

" − (2x + 3) y

' −12y = 6x into a linear differential

equation with constant coefficient.

Solution: This is the Legendre’s linear equation: (2x + 3)

2 D

2 − (2x + 3)D − 12

y = 6x … (1)

Put

z = log( 2x + 3), ez = 2x + 3 (2x + 3)D = 2 (2x + 3)2 D 2 = 4( 2

− ), = d

dz

Put in (1): ( 4 2 − 6 −12) y = 3e

z − 9.

7. Find the particular integral of (D −1)2

y = sinh 2x. 1 e

2 x − e

−2 x 1 e2 x

e−2 x e2 x e−2 x

Solution: P.I = (D −1)2

2 =

2 (2 −1)

2 −

(−2 −1)2

− . 2 18

8. Solve d

2 x

+

dt 2

n2 x = 0.

A.E = m2 + n

2 = 0 m = in x = Acos nt + B sin nt.

9. Solve (x2

D2

− 3xD) y = 0.

Solution: Choose x = ez , z = log x

( 2 − 4 ) y = 0 m

2 − 4m = 0 m = 0, m = 4. y = Ae

0 z + Be

4 z = A + Be

4 z .

3

50

3 3

10. Solve d

2 y

dx2

= y.

Solution: (D2 −1) y = 0 A.E : m

2 −1 = 0 m = 1 y = Ae

− x + Be

x .

11. Transform the equation (2x −1)2 y

" − 4(2x −1) y

' + 8y = 8x into the linear

differential equation with constant coefficient.

Solution: 2x −1 = ez (or)z = log( 2x −1)(2x −1)D = 2 , (2x −1)

2 D

2 = 4 ( −1)

2 8 e z

+1 z 2 z

Put in (1) : ( − 3 + 2) y =

4

= (e

2 +1) ( − 3 + 2) y = (e +1) .

12. Find the particular integral of (D2 − 2D + 4) y = e

x cos x.

Solution:

P.I = e

x cos x

(D2 − 2D + 4)

= e x

1

(D + 1)2 − 2D(+1) + 4

(cos x) e x

1

D2 + 3

cos x = e

x cos x

. 2

13. Solve (D2 +1)

2 y = 0.

Solution:

A.E = (m2 + 1)(m2 + 1) = 0 m = i, m = i. y = (C

C2

x) cos x + (C3

C4

x) sin x.

14. Solve 2 d

2 y

x dx

2

+ 4x dy

+ 2 y = 0. dx

Sol : x = ez , z = log x, xD = , x2

D2 = ( −1) ( 2

+ 3 + 2) y = ze z

A.E : m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 m = −1,−2. y = Ae

− z + Be

−2 z .

15. Reduce the equation d

2 y

x dx

2

− x dy

+ y = x dx

in to a linear differential equation

with constant coefficient.

Solution: Put z = log x, x = ez , xD = , x2

D2

= ( −1) ( 2 − 2 +1) y = e

z .

16. Solve (D2 + D +1) y = 0.

Solution: A.E : m2 + m + 1 = 0 m = −1 i

3

= − 1

i

3

= − 1

, = 3

−

x 2 2 2 2 2

− x

C.F = e 2 A cos

2 x + B sin x y = e

2

2 A cos

2 x + B sin x.

17. Write the Cauchy’s homogeneous linear equation.

Solution: xn d n y + a

xn−1 d n−1y

+ ........ + a

y = X .

dxn 1

dxn−1 n

18. Find the particular integral of (D + 1)2

y = e− x

cos x.

Solution: P.I = 1

(D + 1)2

e− x

cos x e− x

1

cos x e− x

(− cos x). D 2

3 3

1

2

2

51

19. Solve:

d 2

u du r + = 0.

dr 2 dr

Solution: d

2u

r dr

2

r

du dr

= 0 and put : z = log r, r = e z , D =

d

dr = , D

2 =

d 2

dr 2

= ( − 1)

2 = 0 u = Az + B = A log r + B.

20. Find the particular integral of (D3 −1) y = e

2 x .

Solution: P.I =

e2 x

=

D3 −1

e2 x

=

8 −1

e2 x

. 7.

21. Find the particular integral of (D 2

+ 4) y = cos 2x. cos 2x x sin 2x x sin 2x cosx x sin x

Solution:P.I = D

2 + 2

2 =

=

2(2) 4 .

2 =

2

22. Find the particular integral of (D2 + 4D + 4) y = xe

−2 x .

Solution: P.I = 1

e−2x

(x) e−2x x3

.

d

2 y

−

(D + 2)2

dy x

6

PART B

1. Solve: dx

2

d 2 y

−

2 + y = xe dx dy

sin x.

2. Solve: dx

2

3 + 2 y = (1+ x). dx

3. Solve: (D2 − 4D + 3) y = sin 3x cos 2x.

4. Solve: (D2 − 4D + 4) y = e

2 x x

4 + cos 2x.

5. Solve: (D2 + 4) y = 4e

2 x sin 3x.

6. Solve: (D2 + 4D + 3) y = e

− x sin x + xe

3x .

7. Solve: (D2 + 4) y = x

4 + cos

2 x.

8. Solve: (x2 D

2 + 4xD + 2) y = cos(log x).

9. Solve: x2 y

" + 3xy

' + 5y = x cos(log x).

10. Solve: (x2 D

2 + xD + 4) y = log x sin(log

11. Solve: (x2 D

2 + 4xD + 2) y = x log x.

x).

12. Solve: 2 d

2 y

x dx

2

+ 4x dy

+ 2 y = x2

dx +

1 .

x2

13. Solve: (D2

+ 9) y = cot 3x .

14. Solve: y"

− 4

y'

+ 4

x x2

y = x2 + 1 by the method of variation of parameter.

15. Solve: d

2 y

+

dx2

a2 y = sec ax , by the method of variation of parameter.

16. Solve: d

2 y

+

dx2

y = cos ecx cot x by the method of variation of parameters.

2

52

17. Solve: d

2 y

dx2

+ 4 y = tan 2x by the method of variation of parameter.

18. Solve: by the method of variation of parameter (D2

+ 16) y = sec2

4x.

UNIT III DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

PART A

1. Find the radius of curvature for the curve at any point (x, y). (Remembering)

Solution: Given

Differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’ we get ;

2. Solve: for the curve y = 4 sin x – sin 2x at x = 90 . (Applying)

Solution : Given y = 4 sin x – sin 2x

=

3. Find the envelope of the family of lines x + yt = 2c , t being the parameter.

t

(Remembering)

Sol: Given x + yt = 2c .

t x + yt

2 − 2ct = 0 Which is quadratic in ‘t’ . A= y, B =-2c, C= .

Envelope is – 4 A C =0 4 -4 y=0 c2 = xy .

4. Solve: the radius of curvature at y = 2a on the curve = 4a . (Applying)

Sol: Given = 4a . Diff.w.r.t . , = 4a. When = 2a, = =a. ) (a,2a)

=1 ;

d 2 x

-1/2a. [1+ ( dy

3 )2 ]2 = 2a.2 3/2.

( dy 2

)(a,2a ) = = dx

d 2 y

dx2

5. Define curvature and radius of curvature. (Remembering)

Solution: Curvature=Rate of bending= d

ds ; Radius of curvature= Reciprocal of curvature,

= ds

d

53

6. Prove the radius of curvature of the curve at is . (Evaluating)

Solution: Given ………….. (1)

Diff. (1) w.r.t. ‘x’ we get,

7. Find the radius of curvature of the curve at any point. (Remembering)

Solution : Given

8. Determine for the curve x = cos Ѳ, y = a sin Ѳ at Ѳ. (Evaluating)

Solution : Given x = a cos Ѳ Y = a sin Ѳ

54

=

9. Find the radius of curvature of the curve at any point ‘t’. (Remembering)

Solution: Given , y = 2at

10. What is the curvature of a circle of radius ‘ r ’?. (Remembering)

Solution: The curvature of a circle of radius r = 1 . Radius of curvature = 1/curvature of a r

curve.

11. What is the curvature of a circle

x2 + y 2 = 25 at any point on it..(Remembering)

Solution: The given curve is a circle of radius 5. The curvature at any point on the

circle 1 =

1 . r 5

12. Estimate the radius of curvature at any point( x, y) on the curve

(Creating)

Solution : Given

;

13. Summarize the formula for radius of curvature is Cartesian form. (Understanding)

Solution :

14. Find the radius of curvature at (3, 10) on the curve x y = 30. (Remembering)

Solution : x y = 30

15. Find ‘ ’ for the curve at any point (x, y).(Remembering)

Solution : ;

55

16.. Determine the radius of curvature at any point on (Evaluating)

17. Prove that the radius of curvature for y = ex at the point where it cuts the Y-axis is .

(Evaluating)

To find the point, put x = 0, y = 1 the point is (0,1).

18. What is the radius of curvature at (3, 4) on x2+ y2 = 25? (Remembering)

Solution: Since the given curve is a circle of radius 5 unit, and we know that the radius that

the radius of curvature of a circle is equal to the radius of the given circle which 5, = 5.

19. Find the radius of curvature at x = 1 on (Remembering)

Solution :

20. Show that the radius of curvature at any point on x2 = 4 by is 2 b sec2 where tan is

the gradient of the curve at that point.(Understanding)

Solution : Given gradient t = tan

;

21. What is average of curvature? Solution: d = 1

ds (Remembering)

22. Which is the equation of the circle of curvature? (Remembering)

Solution: (x − x)2

+ ( y − y)2

= 2

24. Define evolute and involute of C. (Remembering) Solution: The locus C of the center of curvatures for a curve ‘c’ is called its evolute. The

curve ‘c’ is called an involute of C.

25. State any two properties of an evolute of a curve. (Remembering)

Solution:

(i) The normal at any point of a curve touches the evolute at the corresponding centre of

curvature.

(ii) The length of an arc of the evolute is equal to the difference between the radii of

curvature at the points on the original curve corresponding to the extremities of the arc.

26. The evolute of the curve y 2 = 4ax. is a. 27ay 2 = 4(x − 2a)3 , b. 27ax2 = 4( y − 2a)3 ,

c. 4ax2 = 27( y − 2a)3 Solution: a. 27ay 2 = 4(x − 2a)3

. (Analyzing)

27. Define evolutes of a curve. (Remembering)

The locus of the centre of curvature of a curve is called evolutes of a curve.

Solution :

56

y

2 2

4 4

PART B 1. What the radius of curvature at the point

3a

, 3a

on the curve X3 + Y3 = 3aXY.

(Remembering)

2. Develop the radius of curvature at the point (x, y) on y = clog sec(x/c). (Applying)

3. Determine the radius of curvature at the point (a, 0) on the curve xy2 = a3 – a2x.(Evaluating)

4. Find the radius of curvature at the point on the curve x = 3acos - acos3 , y =

3asin - asin3 (Remembering)

5. Estimate the radius of curvature at the point ‘t’ on x = etcos t, y = etsin t.(Creating)

6. Find the radius of curvature at the point (acos3 , asin3 ) on x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3. (Remembering) 7. Formulate the radius of curvature at the point on x = a( - sin ), y = a(1 - cos ). (Creating)

8. Prove that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid x = a( + sin ), y = a(1 -

cos ) is 4acos /2. (Evaluating)

9. If is the radius of curvature at any point (x, y) on

y = ax

a + x

, Prove that

2 2 / 3

x 2

y 2

.

a

= y + x

(Evaluating) 8. Find the circle of curvature of the curve a

, a .(Remembering)

x + = a

at the point

9. Solve: the circle of curvature of the parabola y2 = 12x at (3,6). (Creating) 10. Find the evolute of the curves: (a) x 2

− y 2

=

, (b) x2 = 4ay , (c) x = a( - sin ),

1 a 2 b2

y = a(1 - cos ), d) x = acos , y = bsin , (e) xy = c2, (f) x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3. (Remembering)

UNIT IV FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES PART A

1. Find du/dt if u = x3y4. Where x = t3, y= t2. (Remembering)

du/dt = = 3x23t2+4x3y3 2t = 9 t16 + 8t16 = 17t16.

2. Find dy/dx if x3 + y3 = 3axy.( Remembering )

Given f(x, y) = x3 + y3 - 3axy. f/x = 3x2 - 3ay. f/y = 3y2 - 3ax.

dy/dx = - (f/x) / (f/y) = - (3x2 - 3ay) / (3y2 - 3ax) = (ay - x2 ) / (y2 - ax).

57

3. Find the Taylor’s series expansions of near the point (1, 1) up to the first degree

terms. (Remembering)

The Taylor’s series expansion is f (x, y) = f (a, b) +

degree terms. (Remembering)

y) = 1 + x -1 = x.

(-1, up to the first

The Taylor’s series expansion is f (x, y) = f (a, b) +

7. Define maximum. (Remembering)

A function f(x,y) is said to have a relative maximum at (a, b) if f(a, b) > f(a+h, b+k) for all

values of h and k.

8. Define minimum. (Remembering)

A function f(x,y) is said to have a relative minimum at (a, b) if f(a, b) < f(a+h, b+k) for all

values of h and k.

9. Define saddle point. (Remembering)

The point at which f(x, y) is neither a maximum nor a minimum is called saddle point.

10. Define functionally dependent. (Remembering)

u, v are said to be functionally dependent functions of x, y if = 0.

f (x, y) = +

5. If u

Given

, find . (Understanding)

is homogeneous in x, y, z with degree n = 0, By Euler’s theorem,

6.

u =

If u = , find . (Apply)

; ;

;

f (x, y) = f (1, 1) = 1

4. Find the Taylor’s series expansions of

(i.e)f (x,

near the point

58

11. If z = eax+byf(ax-by), show that .(Apply)

Let u = ax+by, v = ax-by. Therefore, z = euf(v).

z/x = = euf(v).a + euf’(v) .a= az + a euf’(v).

Therefore, b(z/x) = abz + abeuf’(v). Also a(z/y) = abz - abeuf’(v).

Now .

12. If x3 + 3x3y + 6xy2 + y3 = 1. Find dy/dx.( Understanding)

Let f(x,y) = x3 + 3x3y + 6xy2 + y3 – 1.

Therefore, dy/dx = . Now = 3x2 + 6xy + 6y2; = 3x2 + 12xy + 3y2

Therefore, dy/dx = -(3x2 + 6xy + 6y2)/( 3x2 + 12xy + 3y2).= -(x2 + 2xy + 2y2)/( x2 + 4xy + y2)

13. In Lagrangian multiplier method to find the values of x, y, z for which f(x, y, z) can

have a conditional extremum, we have to construct the auxiliary function F(x, y, z) as ….

(f(x, y, z) + g(x, y, z)). .(Remembering)

14. If z = log(x2+xy+y2), show that . .(Apply)

Ans: Given , z = log(x2+xy+y2).Then,

15. Find the stationary points of the function f(x, y) = x3-y3-3xy (Evaluate)

Ans: Given, f(x, y) = x3-y3-3xy. Then,

From , it follows that

W

hen x =0, becomes y = 0 When x =-1, becomes y = 1.

Therefore the stationary points are (0,0) (-1, 1).

16. Write the necessary and sufficient condition for maxima and minima of a function of

two variables. .(Remembering)

Necessary conditions: The necessary conditions for f(x, y) to have a maximum or

minimum at (a, b) are that at (a, b). These conditions are not sufficient for

f(x, y) to possess an extremum. Sufficient conditions: Let r = fxx(a, b), s = fxy(a, b) and t =

fyy(a, b). The function f(x, y) will possess an extremum at (a, b) if fx(a, b) = 0, fy(a, b) = 0 rt-

s2 > 0, r>0 r<0. Hence, if rt-s2 > 0, then f(x, y) has a maximum or minimum at (a, b)

according as r<0 or r>0. If rt-s2 < 0, then there is no maximum and minimum at (a, b).

+ .

Hence, .

59

1

PART B 2 2u

2u 2 2u

.(Evaluate)

1. If u = (x - y)f(y/x), find x + 2xy + y x 2 xy y 2 .

2. x2

+ y 2

u u

.(Apply)

If u = tan -1 x + y Show that x

x + y

y = sin 2u .

3. If g(x, y) = (u, v) where u = x2 – y2 v = 2xy, prove that 2 g

2 g

2 2 2 2 .(A)

+ = 4(x

x2 y 2

+ y ) u 2

+ v2

.

4. Given the transformations u = excosy v = exsiny and that is a function of u and v 2

2

2 2 2

2 .(Apply)

and also of x and y, prove that + = (u x2 y 2 + v )

u 2 +

v2 .

5. If u = x log xy, where x3 + y3 + 3xy = 1, find du/dx. .( Understanding))

6. Obtain terms up to the third degree in the Taylor series expansion of ex sin y around the point (1,π/2).(Evaluate)

7. Expand the function sin xy in powers of x – 1 and y – π/2 up to second degree

terms.(Understand) 8. Obtain the Taylor series of x3 + y3 + xy2 at (1, 2).

9. If x + y + z = u, y + z = uv, z = uvw, prove that (x, y, z)

(u, v, w) = u2v. (Evaluate)

10. Find the extreme values of the following functions: (a) x3 + y3 – 12x – 3y + 20, (b) x3

+ y3 – 3axy, (c) x3y2(12 – x - y). .(Evaluate)

11. Find the minimum values of x2yz3 subject to the condition 2x + y + 3z = a.

.(Evaluate)

12. A rectangular box open at the top, is to have a volume of 32cc. Find the dimensions of that requires the least material for its construction. (Evaluate)

13. The temperature u(x, y, z) at any point in space is u = 400xyz2. Find the highest

temperature on surface of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1. (Evaluate)

14. Find the maximum volume of the largest rectangular parallel piped than can be

inscribed in a ellipsoid x2

+ y

2

+ z

2

= . (Evaluate)

a 2 b2 c2

15. Find the maximum value of xmyn zp when x + y + z = a (Evaluate)

16. Find the minimum value of x2 + y2 + z2 with the constraint xy + yz + zx = 3a2.

(Evaluate) 17. u = log( x3 + y3 + z3 − 3xy)

2

9

.(Apply)

If prove that x

+ y

+ z

u = (x + y + z)2

60

UNIT V – VECTOR CALCULUS

PART - A

1. Find the gradient of x2+y3+z4 at the point (1,-1,1).

61

Solution: Given = x2+y3+z4 at (1,-1,1) , grad = = i

x

j

y + k

dz

Ie, i(2x)+j(3y2)+k(4z3) at (1,-1,1), hence = i(2)+j(3)+k(4) = 2i+3j+4k

2. Find the magnitude and direction in which the following function 2yz+3x-z2at

(2,1,3)

Solution: grad = = i

x

j

y + k

dz = 3i+2zj+(2y-2z)k at (2,1,3)

= 3i+(2x3)j+(2-6)k = -4k , = 61

3. Find the directional derivative of = xy+ yz+ zx at (1,2,0) in the direction of i+2j+2k.

Solution: Given = xy+ yz+ zx at (1,2,0) in the direction of a =i + 2 j + 2k

Directional derivative = .a

,

a

= i

x

j

y + k

dz

i(y+0+z)+j(x+z+0)+k(0+y+x) at (1,2,0), =2i+j+3k ,

.a = (2i+j+3k). (i+2j+2k) = 10 , a = 3, hence Directional derivative = 10/3

4. Find the angle between the following surfaces x2+y2+z2 = 9 and z= x2+y2-3 at

the point (2,-1,2).

Solution: = x2+y2+z2 = 9 , = i(2x)+j(2y)+k(2z), at (2,-1,2) =

a = 4i − 2 j + 4k

= z- x2+y2+3 , = -4i+2j+k, b = -4i+2j+k, now a . b = -16 ,

a = 6 b = 21 , now angle between the lines is cos =

a.b

Hence cos = -8/3x21 = cos -1 (-8/321)

5. Find the divergence of F = x2i + y

3 j + z

4 k .

Solution: f1 = x2, f2 = y3 , f3 = z4, now

div F = .F = f1 +

f 2 + f3 = 2x + 3y 2 + 4z 3

x y z

6. If

F = x2 i + y

2 j

evaluate F.d r along the line y = x from (0,0) to (1,1). c

Solution: F.d r = c

(x 2 i + y

2 j).(dxi + dy j + dzk ) =

c

1

x 2 dx + y

2 dx, put y = x and

c

dy = dx F.d r = 2 x 2 dx = 2/3

c 0

7. What is the unit normal to the surface = c?

Solution: Given = c, ie, (x,y,z) = c, hence unit normal = /

8. Define grade and div F .

a .b

+

+

+

62

9

Solution: Let (x,y,z) be a scalar point function and is continuously

differentiable then the vector = i x

+ j y

+ k z

= i x

+ j y

+ k z

is called the gradient of the scalar function and is written as grade .

9. Define Div F .

Solution: If F is a vector function, the scalar product of the vector operator

and F gives a scalar which is called the divergence of F or . F

10. For what value of k is the vector r k r solenoidal? Solution: Let F = r k r = r k (xi + y j + zk) , .F =

(r k x) =

r k + xkrk−1

r

x x

r k + xkrk−1

x = r k + krk−2 x 2 = 3r k + krk−2 (r 2 ) = (3 + k)r k

r

If k = -3 we get . F = 0, hence r k r solenoidal only if k = -3.

11. Prove that (r

n ) = nr

n−2 r .

Solution:

(r n ) = i / x(r

n ) = inr

n−1r / x = inr

n−1 (x / r) = nr

n−2 (xi + y j + zk) = nr

n−2 r

.

12. Find a unit normal vector to the surface x2

+ y 2

− z =10 at (1, 1, 1).

Solution: Given = x2 + y

2 − z =10

=i / x + j / y + k / z = 2xi + 2y j − k.

(1,1,1) = 2i + 2 j − k , = = =3 n =

=

2i + 2 j − k / 3

13. If F = x3 i + y

3 j + z

3 k , find div curl F .

Solution: Curl F =

i

xF = / x

x3

j

/ y

y3

k

/ z =

z 3

i(0 − 0) − j(0 − 0) + k(0 − 0) =0 , Div curl F =. F =0 .

14. If v =(x + 3y)i + ( y − 2z) j + (x + z)k is solenoidal find the value of .

Solution: Given .v = 0

(x + 3y) +

x

( y − 2z) +

y

(x + z) = 0 ,

z

1 + 1 + = 0 = − 2

15. What is the condition for the vector point function F to be solenoidal.

Solution: The condition for the vector point function F to be solenoidal is

div F =0.

4 + 4 +1

63

16. Prove that

yzi + zx j + xyk is irrotational.

64

( )

Solution: Let

i

xF = / x

yz

F =

j

/ y

zx

yzi + zx j + xyk

k

/ z = i(x − x) = 0i = 0i + 0 j + 0k

xy

F =0 ,

Hence the given vector is irrotational.

17. State Gauss divergence theorem.

Solution: The surface integral of the normal component of a vector function taken over a closed surface s enclosing a volume v is equal to the volume

integral of the divergence of F taken through the volume v.

i.e., F.n ds = .F dv . s v

18. State Green’s theorem.

Solution: If u and v are continuous functions of x and y having partial derivatives in a region R enclosed by a simple closed curve C,

then (udx + vdy) = (v

− u

) dxdy . c R x y

19. State Stoke’s theorem.

Solution: If F is a continuous vector function with continuous partial

derivatives on an open surface S bounded by a simple closed curve C, then

F.d r = F .n ds . c

20. If 2 = 0 , prove that is both solenoidal and irrotational.

Solution: Given

solenoidal)

2 = 0 . = 0

is solenoidal. ( . F =0 F is

Now 2 = 0 . = 0 = 0 , = 0 = 0 is

irrotational.

21. If A and B are irrotational vectors, show that

Solution: A and B are irrotational vectors.

A B is solenoidal.

A= 0 and

.(A B) = 0

B = 0……..(1). To show that A B is solenoidal. i.e.,

WKT .(A B) =( A).B −( B). A = 0-0 =0 by (1) A B is solenoidal.

PART - B

65

→ →

1. Given r = x i + y j+ z k .Then prove that r n r is solenoidal only when n = -3 , but

irrotational for all values of n.

2. Find a and b such that the surfaces

orthogonally at (1,-1,2).

ax

2 − byz = (a + 2)x and

4x

2 y + z

3 = 4 cut

→

3. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F = x2

i + y2

j+ z 2 k where S is the surface

of the cuboid formed by the planes x = 0,x = a,y = 0,y = b, z = 0 ,z = c . →

4. If r = x i + y j+ z k ,then prove that div(grad (r n )) = n(n +1)r

n−2 .Hence deduce

that div(grad 1

) = 0 . r

→ → → → → → → →

5. Prove that .( A B) = B.curl A− A.curl B . Hence deduce that A B is solenoidal → →

where A and B is irrotational. →

6. Show that F = (2xy + z3 ) i + x

2 j+ 3xz

2 k

potential.

is a conservative field. Find the scalar

→ → →

7. Evaluate f .dr where c

f = (2xy + z3 ) i + x

2 j+ 3xz

2 k along the straight line

joining (1,-2,1) and (3,2,4). → →

8. Evaluate f .ndS s

where f = (x + y2 ) i − 2x j+ 2 yz k and S is the surface of the

plane 2x + y + 2z = 6 in the first octant. → → →

9. If A = 2xyi + (x2

+ 2 yz) j+ ( y2

+1) k, find the value of A. dr c

around the unit

circle with centre at the origin in the xy plane.

10. Find the values of a and b such that the surfaces

4x2 y − z

3 =11cut orthogonally at (2,-1,-3).

ax

3 − by

2 z = (a + 3)x

2 and

→ → →

11. Prove that curl(curl F) = grad (div F ) − 2

F . →

12. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F = 4xz i − y2 j+ yz k taken over the cube

formed by the planes x = 0,x = 1,y = 0,y = 1, z = 0 ,z = 1 . →

13. Prove that F = ( y2

cos x + z3 ) i + (2 y sin x − 4) j+ 3xz

2 k is irrotational and find

the scalar potential . →

14. Prove that F = ( y 2 + 2xz

2 ) i + (2xy − z) j+ (2x

2 z − y + 2z) k is irrotational and

find the scalar potential . → → →

15. Find F. dr c

where F = (2 y + 3) i + xz j+ ( yz − x) k along the line joining the

points (0,0,0) to (2,1,1).

66

→

16. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = (x2

− y2 ) i + 2xy j in the rectangular region in the

xy plane bounded by the lines x = 0,x = a,y = 0 and y = b.

17. Apply Green’s theorem in the plane to

evaluate (3x2 − 8y

2 )dx + (4 y − 6xy)dy where C is the boundary of the region

c

defined by x = 0,y = 0 and x + y = 1. → → →

18. If = 2xyz3 i + x

2 z

3 j + 3x

2 yz

2 k ,find (x, y, z), if(1,−2,2) = 4.

19. Find the directional derivative of = x2

+ yz + 4z2 at P(1,-2,-1) in the direction

of PQ where Q is (3,-3,-2). → → →

20. If F = (3x2

+ 6 y) i −14 yz j+ 20xz2

k , evaluate F. dr c

from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1)

along the curve x = t, y = t2, z = t3.

21. If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and if →

→

A = ax i + by j+ cz k, prove

that A.n ds s

= (a+b+c)v.

22. Verify Green’s theorem for (xy + y2 )dx + x

2 dy where C is the boundary of the

c

common area between y = x2 and y = x. → → →

23. Evaluate by Stoke’s theorem F. dr c

where F = sin z i − cos x j+ sin y k C is

the boundary of the rectangle 0 x ,0 y 1, z = 3.

67

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Subject Name: APPLIED PHYSICS

Subject Code: 18PH144 Year/Semester: I / I

Course Outcomes: On completion of this course, the student will be able to

CO1 Utilize the conceived concepts and techniques for synthesizing novel crystals with enhanced multifunctional properties.

CO2 Enumerate the preambles of quantum physics and implement its concepts to tackle the cumbersome engineering problems.

CO3 Comprehend the fundamental ideas of strength of material for designing engineering components.

CO4 Categorize the types of laser and utilize it for specific application based on their desirable requisite.

CO5 Tackle the impact of engineering problem using nondestructive testing and biological applications.

Program Outcomes (POs) and Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) C. Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to :

PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals; and an engineering specialation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO2 Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering

problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3 Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system

components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods

including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to

provide valid conclusions.

PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering

and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,

health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional

engineering practice.

PO7 Environmental and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in

societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable

development.

PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9 Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and

management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12 Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

B. Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1 Research Culture : Read Literature, do research on new mechanical engineering problems and publish the results through patents, journals, conferences and symposium.

PSO2 Core Values : Contribute core universal values and social good to the community.

68

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

R 2018

SEMESTER - I

18PH144

APPLIED PHYSICS

(Common to AU & ME)

L T P C

3 0 0 3

Prerequisite:Basic knowledge on physics

Objectives:

Understand the various types of crystal structure and its application in the field of

Engineering.

Compute and analyze various problems related to Engineering Physics. Understand the basic concepts behind the Crystal Structures, Quantum Physics, Materials &

Laser Technology

and Ultrasonics.

UNIT - I CRYSTAL PHYSICS [ 9 ]

Introduction to crystalline and amorphous solids – lattice and unit cell – seven crystal system and

Bravais lattices – Miller indices(hkl) –d-spacing in cubic lattice – atomic radius – coordination

number – packing factor calculation for sc,

bcc, fcc and hcp– Crystal growth techniques – solution, melt (Bridgman and Czochralski).

UNIT - II QUANTUM PHYSICS [ 9 ]

Black body radiation – Planck’s theory (derivation) – Deduction of Wien’s displacement law and

Rayleigh – Jeans’ Law from Planck’s theory – Compton effect - Theory and experimental

verification – Matter waves – Schrödinger’s wave equation – Time independent and time

dependent equations – Physical significance of wave function – Particle in a one

dimensional box.

UNIT - III MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY [ 9 ]

Properties of matter:Hooke's Law - Stress -Strain Diagram - Elastic Moduli - Poisson's ratio -

Expression for bending moment and depression - Cantilever - Expression for Young's modulus by

Non uniform bending and its experimental determination. Materials testing: Mechanism of plastic

deformation- slip and twinning – types of fracture –fatigue and

creep test - Vickers Hardness test.

UNIT - IV LASER TECHNOLOGY [ 9 ]

Introduction – Properties - Einstein’s Quantum theory of radiation: A and B coefficients - amplification of light by

population inversion –pumping methods - Types of lasers: gas lasers - CO2, solid state lasers (Nd -

YAG) - semiconductor lasers - Applications.

UNIT - V ULTRASONICS [ 9 ]

Introduction – properties - Production: Piezoelectric oscillator – Detection of ultrasonic waves – acoustic grating -

velocity measurement –Industrial applications –drilling, welding, soldering and cleaning – SONAR -

Non Destructive Testing – pulse echo system through transmission and reflection modes - Medical

applications – Sonograms.

Total = 45 Periods

69

Course Outcomes: On Completion of this course, the student will be able to

• Utilize the conceived concepts and techniques for synthesizing novel crystals with enhanced multifunctional properties.

• Enumerate the preambles of quantum physics and implement its concepts to tackle the cumbersome engineering problems.

• Comprehend the fundamental ideas of strength of material for designing engineering components.

• Categorize the types of laser and utilize it for specific application based on their desirable requisite.

• Tackle the impact of engineering problem using nondestructive testing and biological applications.

Text Book :

1 Dr.M. Arumugam, “Engineering physics”.Anuradha Publications, Kumbakonam, 2017.

2 R.K.Gaur&S.L.Gupta, “Engineering Physics”, Dhanpat Rai Publication, New Delhi, 2014.

Reference Books :

1 A.S. Vasudeva, “Modern Engineering Physics”, S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi, 2012.

2 Rajendran V, “Engineering Physics”, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2011.

3 www.fadooengineers.com

70

KSRCE/QM/40/7.5.1/PHY

K.S.R COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215 (Autonomous)

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

COURSE / LESSON PLAN SCHEDULE

NAME :

CLASS :

SUBJECT : APPLIED PHYSICS COURSE CODE: 18PH144

A. TEXT BOOK: 1. Dr.M. Arumugam, “Engineering physics”.Anuradha Publications, Kumbakonam, 2017. 2. R.K.Gaur & S.L.Gupta, “Engineering Physics”, Dhanpat Rai Publication, New Delhi, 2014.

B. REFERENCE BOOK:

1. A.S. Vasudeva, “Modern Engineering Physics”, S. Chand and Company Ltd., New Delhi, 2012.

2. Rajendran V, “Engineering Physics”, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2011.

C. LEGEND:

L – Lecture PPT – Power point

T – Tutorial BB – Black Board

OHP – Over Head Projector pp – Pages

Rx – Reference Ex – Extra

S. No Lecture

Hour

Topics to be covered

Teaching Aid

Required Book No/ Page No

UNIT I - CRYSTAL PHYSICS

1 L1 Introduction to crystalline and amorphous solids BB

2 L2 lattice and unit cell BB

3 L3 Seven crystal system and Bravais lattices BB

4 L4 Miller indices (hkl) BB

5 L5 d-spacing in cubic lattice BB

6 L6 atomic radius and coordination number BB

7 L7 packing factor calculation for sc, bcc, fcc and hcp BB

8 L8 Crystal growth techniques BB

9 L9 Solution, melt (Bridgman and Czochralski) BB

UNIT II - QUANTUM PHYSICS

10 L10 Black body radiation BB

11 L11 Planck’s theory (derivation) BB

12 L12 Deduction of Wien’s displacement law and Rayleigh Jeans’ Law from Planck’s theory

BB

13 L13 Compton effect – Theory and derivation BB

71

14 L14 Experimental verification of Compton theory BB

15 L15 Matter waves and Physical significance of wave

function BB

16 L16 Schrödinger’s wave equation - Time independent wave equation

BB

17 L17 Time dependent wave equation BB

18 L18 Particle in a one dimensional box BB

UNIT III - MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY

19 L19 Properties of matter: Hooke's Law BB

20 L20 Stress - Strain Diagram BB

21 L21 Elastic Moduli and Poisson's ratio BB

22 L22 Expression for bending moment and depression of Cantilever

BB

23 L23 Expression for Young's modulus by Non uniform bending and its experimental determination.

BB

24 L24 Materials testing - Mechanism of plastic deformation BB

25 L25 Slip and twinning BB

26 L26 Types of fracture , fatigue and creep test BB

27 L27 Vickers Hardness test BB

UNIT IV - LASER TECHNOLOGY

28 L28 Introduction and Properties of Laser BB

29 L29 Einstein’s Quantum theory of radiation - A and B coefficients

BB

30 L30 Amplification of light by population inversion BB

31 L31 pumping methods BB

32 L32 Types of lasers: CO2 laser BB

33 L33 Solid state lasers - Nd – YAG laser BB

34 L34 Semiconductor lasers – homojunction semiconductor laser

BB

35 L35 Heterojunction semiconductor laser BB

36 L36 Applications of laser BB

UNIT V - ULTRASONICS

37 L37 Introduction and properties of ultrasonics BB

38 L38 Production: Piezoelectric oscillator BB

39 L39 Detection of ultrasonic waves BB

40 L40 Acoustic grating - velocity measurement BB

41 L41 Industrial applications –drilling and welding BB

42 L42 Industrial applications –Soldering and cleaning BB

43 L43 SONAR BB

72

44 L44 Non Destructive Testing - pulse echo system through

transmission and reflection modes BB

45 L45 Medical applications - Sonogram BB

Staff in charge HOD

K. S. R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215.

(Autonomous)

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

APPLIED PHYSICS

FIRST YEAR SEMESTER – I BATCH: 2018 -2019

Sub Code: 18PH144 QUESTION BANK

PART – A: 2 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

UNIT I: CRYSTAL PHYSICS

1. What is an amorphous solid? Give example. [CO1,R] [ AU, May 2011]

It is a type of solid, in which the atoms (or) molecules are not arranged in an orderly fashion. i.e.,

the same atomic groups are arranged more randomly.Example: Plastic, rubber.

2. Point out the differences between crystalline and non – crystalline (or) amorphous material.

[CO1, AN] [AU, Nov 2010]

S.No. Crystalline Material Non – Crystalline Material /

Amorphous

1.

2.

3.

4.

They have definite and regular

geometrical shapes which extend

through the crystal.

They are anisotropic

They are most stable

Example: NaCl, KCl

They don’t have definite

geometrical shape.

They are isotropic

They are less stable

Example:Plastic,glass,rubber

3. Define space lattice (or) crystal lattice. [CO1,R] [AU, May 2003, 2011, 2014, June 2015]

A three dimensional collection of points in space is called a space lattice (or) crystal lattice. The

environment about any particular point is in every way the same.

4. What are lattice points? [CO1,R]

The points in the space to represent position of atom or group of atoms of the crystal are called

lattice points.

5. Define unit cell. [CO1,R] [AU, May 2003, 2014, Jan2011, Nov 2013]

The unit cell is defined as the smallest geometric figure, the repetition of which gives the actual

crystal structure.

6. Explain primitive cell? [CO1,R] [AU, May 2003,2011,Jan 2011, Nov 2013]

A primitive cell is the simplest type of unit cell which contains one lattice point per unit cell.

7. What is a crystal? (or) What are crystalline materials? Give example. [CO1,R]

[AU,Jan2010,May2012]

73

A crystal is a three dimensional solid composed of a periodic and regular arrangement of atoms.

Example: Copper, Silver.

8. What is a Basis (or) Motif? [CO1,R] [ AU, May 2008]

A unit assembly of atoms (or) molecules identical in composition, arrangement and orientation is

called the basis (or) Motif.

9. Distinguish between Primitive and Non- Primitive Cell? Give example. [CO1,AN]

[AU, Jan 2010]

S.No. Primitive cell Non-primitive Cell

1.

A primitive cell is the simplest type of

unit cell which contains only one lattice

point per unit cell

If there are more than one lattice

points in a unit cell, it is called a non-

primitive cell.

2.

Example: Simple Cubic (SC)

Example: BCC and FCC contain

more than one lattice point per unit

cell.

10. What is Bravais lattice? How many lattice types are possible in 3 – dimensional space.

[CO1,U] [AU, May 2010, 2011, Jan 2012]

According to Bravais, there are fourteen possible independent ways of arranging points in three

dimensional space. These 14 possible space lattices of the seven crystal systems are Bravais

lattices. 11. Show that the lattice parameter of triclinic crystal is simple. [CO1,U] [ AU, Jan / Feb 2010]

In triclinic crystal system, all the three crystal axes are not perpendicular to each other. The axial

lengths are also not equal(different) along the three axes.

Lattice parameters are . Therefore the triclinic lattice has only one formi.e.,

simple.

12. Name the seven crystal systems.[CO1,R][AU, Jan2010]

(i) Cubic

(ii) Tetragonal

(iii) Orthorhombic

(iv) Monoclinic

(v) Triclinic

(vi) Rhombohedral

(vii) Hexagonal

13. What are miller indices?[CO1,R][AU, April 2002,Jan 2011,May2011, 2014]

Miller indices are the smallest possible integers which have the same ratios as the reciprocals of

the intercepts of the plane concerned on the three axes.

14. The interplanar distance of (110) planes in a BCC crystal is 2.03Å. What is the lattice

parameter of the crystal?[CO1,AP][AU, Jan 2011]

Given data:

h = 1; k =1; l =0

d110 = 2.03X 10-10m

Formula:

74

: 12 X

=

a = d110 X

a = 2.03 X10-10 X

a = 2.8708 X 10-10m

Lattice parameter of the crystal = 2. 8708 Å

15. What are the coordination numbers for SC, BCC, FCC and HCP structures?[CO1,R]

[AU, Jan2009,May 2009,July2010,Jan2011]

Coordination number is the number of nearest neighboring atoms to a particular atom. The

coordination numbers of the structure are given below

S.No. Type of Structure Coordination number

1. Simple cubic (SC) 6

2. Body centered cubic(BCC) 8

3. Face centeredcubic(FCC) 12

4. Hexagonal close packed(HCP) 12

16. A crystal plane cuts at 3a, 4b and 2c distances along the crystallographic axes. Find the Miller

indices of the plane.[CO1,AP][AU, Jan 2011,May/June2014]

Given data:

Intercepts = 3a : 4b : 2c

Solution:

Step (i) Co-efficients of intercepts = 3:4:2

Step (ii) Reciprocal of intercepts = : :

Step(iii) LCM = 12

Step(iv)Multiplying by LCM with the reciprocals we get

12 X : 12 X

Miller indices = (4 3 6)

17. Give the values of number of atoms in unit cell for SC, BCC, FCC and HCP.[CO1,R]

[AU, Jan2008,2009]

S.No. Type of Structure Number of atoms in unit cell

1. Simple cubic (SC) 1

2. Body centered Cubic (BCC) 2

3. Face centeredcubic (FCC) 4

4. Hexagonal close packed (HCP) 6

18. Calculate packing factor in the case of simple cubic structure.[CO1,AP][AU Dec 2012,Apr

2011,May2012,2013,May/Jun2014]

75

Packing factor =

=

For SC, r =

Packing factor =

PF =

PF = = = 0.52

PF = 52%

19. State ratio and packing factor for HCP. [CO1,AP][AU,Jun2010, 2011,Apr/May2011]

Packing factor = = 0.74

PF = 74%

=

= 1.6333

20. How to determine that a crystal structure is loosely packed? Give an example of this type of

material. [CO1,U]

The loosely packed crystal structure has the packing factor less than 0.74.That is, in which more

vacant site is available. Simple cubic polonium and body centered cubic sodium are examples for

loosely packed crystal structures.

21. How a crystal structure is identified as a closely packed structure? Give one example for this.

[CO1,U]

Closely packed structure has the highest packing factor of 0.74.Here the atoms are closely packed

leaving a small space as vacant site in the crystal. Face centered cubic copper and hexagonal

close packed magnesium are examples to this closely packed structure.

22. Classify some of the crystal growth techniques. [CO1, AN]

The various crystal growth techniques are

1. Solution growth

2. Melt growth

3. Vapour growth

23. What is meant by solution growth? [CO1, R]

The material to be grown is dissolved using a solvent and its kept ideal until the super saturation

state is achieved. At some degree of super saturation, parent nuclei is formed, which leads to further

growth of crystal.

24. List out the various types of melt growth. [CO1, U]

The various melt growth techniques are

1. Normal freezing

76

2. Crystal pulling

3. Zone melting

4. Flame fustion

25. What is the principle used in Bridgman technique for growing crystals? [CO1, R]

In this technique the material is heated to a very high temperature until the molten state is reached.

The molt is moved across the temperature gradient so as to solidify and form a seed. Further such

movements will lead to the crystal growth.

26. What is the principle used in Czochralski method?[CO1, R]

Crystal pulling from the melt is the principle used in Czochralski method. Here the material is

melted over the monocrystalline seed and is rotated. Further, with the help of a pull rod it is slowly

drawn upwards and hence the melt freezes on the crystal and thus the crystal grows.

27. What is melt growth? Name the two important melt growth techniques. [CO1, R]

Melt growth is the process of crystallization by fusion and resolidification of the starting materials

from the melt. Czochralski's and Bridgman technique are the two important techniques of crystal

growth from melt.

28. What are the advantages of Czochralski's method? [CO1, R]

• Growth from free surface (stress free)

• Crystal can be observed during the growth process

• Forced convection easy to impose

• Large crystals can be obtained

• High crystalline perfection can be achieved

29. What are the limitations of Bridgman technique?[CO1, R]

• Confined growth (crucible may induce stresses during cooling)

• Dislocation of nucleus due to the contact with the walls of the container for long period.

• Instead of single crystal ploy crystal may grow.

30. State the conditions imposed on the cell parameters for crystal systems having the largest of

Bravais lattices and the least number of nearest neighbors. [CO1,U][AU,Jan2008]

(i) System having largest number of Bravais lattices is orthorhombic (4 Bravias lattices). It’s

cell parameters b c; = = = 90

(ii) System having least number of nearest neighbors in SC (6 neighbors)/diamond cubic

(4neighbors). It’s cell parameters b c; = = = 90

31. Draw the crystal planes for (1 1 0) and (0 0 1).[CO1,U][AU, Jan 2008]

UNIT- II QUANTUM PHYSICS

1. Explain Planck’s hypothesis? Mention any two postulates of Planck’s quantum theory?

[CO2, R]

The black body radiation chamber is filled up not only with radiations but also with large

number of oscillating particles. The particles can vibrate in all possible frequencies. The

frequency of radiations emitted by an oscillator is the same as that of the frequency of the

vibrating particles.

The oscillatory particles cannot emit energy continuously. They will radiate energy only in

the form of a discrete packet of energy, i.e., a small unit called quantum or photon.

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2. What is meant by blackbody and blackbody radiation?[CO2, R, Jun 2012]

A perfect blackbody is one which absorbs radiation of all wavelengths incident on it. Further,

such a body cannot transmit or reflect any radiation and therefore it appears black. A black body

can radiate energy in all possible wavelengths when it is heated to a suitable temperature. The

radiation emitted from black body is known as blackbody radiation or total radiation. 3. State Compton Effect. (or) Give a brief account on Compton Effect.[CO2, R]

When a monochromatic beam of X – rays having wavelength ‘λ’ is allowed to fall on a block

of paraffin or carbon, the beam is scattered into two components. One of the components has a

wavelength equal to the incident wavelength. This phenomenon in which there is a change in

wavelength of the scattered X – rays is called Compton shift and this effect is known as Compton

Effect. 4. Discuss the special cases of ф.[CO2, R]

In Compton experiment, scattered beam consists of X – rays of two components, one with an

equal to the incident wavelength and the other with a higher wavelength compared to the incident

wavelength. The Compton shift or Compton wavelength is given by,

dλ = λ' – λ= (1 - cos ),

When the scattering angle = 0, dλ = 0

When the scattering angle = , dλ = = 0.02427

When the scattering angle = , dλ = = 0.04854

5. Explain the phenomenon that can be explained by quantum mechanics.[CO2, U] i. Quantum mechanics is used to explain the concept of photoelectric effect.

ii. Based on quantum ideas, the problem of specific heat of solids at low temperature is

explained successfully.

iii. The atomic structure and the origin of spectral lines are explained by Bohr, based on

quantum concepts.

iv. The phenomenon like scattering of X – rays is explained by Compton, based on quantum

ideas.

6. What are the different types of scattering of X – rays?[CO2, R]

Coherent scattering or Classical scattering Incoherent scattering or Compton scattering

7. What are the physical significances of the wave function? [CO2, R, Jun 2012, Jan 2013,

AU Jan 2013, Jun 2013, AU June 2013, Jan 2014, June 2014, Jan 2015] 1. It relates the particles and wave nature of matter elastically.

2. It provides the information about the particle behavior.

3. It is a complex quantity and hence we cannot measure it.

4. The square of the wave function is a measure of the probability of finding the particle at a

particular position. It cannot predict the exact location of the particles.

8. What is meant by photon? Give its properties.[CO2, R]

The discrete energy values in the form of small packets or quanta’s of definite frequency or

wavelengths are called photons. Photons propagate like a particle with speed of light as 3 X 108

m/s. Properties:

1. Photons will not have any charge. They are neutral and hence they are not affected by

magnetic and electric field. 2. They do not ionize gases.

3. The energy of one photon is given by E = which varies with respect to the type of

radiation frequencies.

4. Mass of a photon is given by m and momentum of the photon is given by p =

9. What is wave function?[CO2, R]

A variable quantity which characterizes de – Broglie waves is known as wave function and

is denoted by the . The value of the wave function associated with a moving particle at a

point (x, y, z) and times’ gives the probability of finding the particle at that time and at that point.

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10. What is Schrödinger wave equation?[CO2, R]

Schrödinger wave equation is a mathematical equation to describe the dual nature of matter

waves. Schrödinger equation is one of the basic quantum mechanical equations. This equation is

used to describe both macroscopic as well as microscopic particles.

11. Write down the Schrödinger time independent and dependent wave equation and explain why

Schrödinger time independent equation is widely used rather than Schrödinger timedependent

wave equation? [CO2, U]

Schrödinger time independent equation,

+ (E – V) = 0

Schrödinger time dependent equation,

H = E

Where, is the Laplacianoperator

E is the energy operator (E = )

H is the Hamiltonian operator (H = - + V)

Schrödinger time dependent wave equation is very complex to solve rather than Schrödinger time independent equation.

12. Explain zero point energy of a particle in a 1-dimensional box. [CO2, U]

The possible energies of a particle in one dimensional box having length ‘L’ is given by,

E =

If n = 1, then E =

This is the energy of the ground state of the particle. Since, the particle in a box cannot be

at rest, its minimum energy is positive and is often called as the zero point energy.

13. Define Wien’s displacement law and write its limitation. [CO2, R, Dec 2012, AU Jan 2014,AU

Dec 2014, Jan 2015]

According to Wien’s displacement law in the energy spectrum of a black body, the product of the

wavelength corresponding to maximum energy and absolute temperature is a constant. i.e.,

T = constant.

Limitations: It is applicable for short wavelengths only. 14. State Rayleigh – Jean’s law. What are its limitations? [CO2, R]

According to Rayleigh – Jean’s law, the energy distribution in the black body spectrum is

given by,

= ,

where, k is Boltzmann constant. The energy distribution is directly proportional to the

absolute temperature and is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength.

Limitations: It is applicable for longer wavelength only. 15. State Planck’s radiation law. [CO2, R, AU2013]

According to Planck’s theory, energy is emitted in the form of packets or quanta called photons

and energy of photon is given by E = , where n = 1, 2, 3, etc. In black body radiation, total

energy of photons within the wavelength range ‘λ’ and ‘λ + dλ’ is given by,

=

16. What is meant by perfect black body.[CO2, R]

A body which absorbs radiations of all wavelengths incident on it and also emits all the

wavelengths of radiations is called the perfect black body. 17. What is black body and what are its characteristics??[CO2, R, AUJune 2013, Jun 2013]

A Perfect black body is the one which absorbs radiation of all wavelength incidents on it

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and also emit all wavelength of radiation. Characteristics:

Practically, there is no perfect black body

We can artificially paint the black colour over the surface to make black body.

It is a perfect absorber and radiator. Radiation emitted from black body is known as blackbody radiation.

18. Define Eigen value and Eigen function. [CO2, R] Eigen value is the energy of the particle and it is represented by ‘En’.

Eigen function is the state or the wave function of the particle and it is represented by ‘𝛹n’.

19. What is matter wave? (or) What is de – Broglie wave?[CO2, R, Jan 2014]

All the matter particles like electron, neutron, atom or molecules have an associated wave with them, called as matter wave or de – Broglie wave.

20. Write an expression for the wavelength of matter waves. (or) What is de – Broglie wave

equation?[CO2, R]

de – Broglie wavelength (λ) = = =

where,

h is the Planck’s constant m is the mass of the particle

v is the velocity of the particle

p is the momentum of the particle

E is the energy of the particle. 21. State the properties of the matter waves.[CO2, R]

1. The wavelength associated with matter wave get shorter when the mass of the particles

becomes larger. 2. Matter waves are electromagnetic waves. 3. The function of matter wave is to guide the matter particles; hence it is called as pilot wave.

4. These waves can travel faster than the velocity of light.

5. The velocity of matter wave is not a constant.

6. The phase velocity of matter waves is inversely proportional to its wavelength. 22. Explain the significance of de – Broglie equation.[CO2, U]

de – Broglie equation connects the particle and its associated waves.

It gives the matter waves wavelength λ .

23. Distinguish degenerate and non degenerate state? Give example. [CO2, An]

Degeneracy:

Different wave functions with three different quantum numbers may have same energyvalue. We

have same energy value but different Eigen functions. Such states and energylevelsare called

degenerate state. Examples: Three different states having quantum numbers (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 1) and (2, 1, 1)

have the same energy.

Non – degeneracy:

If only one energy Eigen function corresponding to certain energy, the state and the energy level are said to be non – degenerate state.

Examples: the quantum numbers (111) has the , no other state has thisenergy.

24. Explain the entities that can be determined from Schrödinger’s wave equation. [CO2, U]

It is used to find the electron in the metal.

It is used to find the energy levels of an electron in an infinite potential well.

It is used to describe both macroscopic as well as microscopic particles.

25. Define normalization process and write down the normalized wave function for an

electron in a one dimensional potential well.[CO2, R]

Normalization is the process of finding the probability or probability density of a particle inside any

potential well.For a one dimensional potential well of length ‘L’ meter, the normalized wave function

is given by,

80

=

26. Explain the special features of quantum theory of radiation.[CO2, U]

1. We can deduce Stefan – Boltzmann’s law, Wien’s displacement law and Rayleigh – Jean’s law

from quantum theory of radiation. 2. Wien’s displacement law holds good only for shorter wavelength and Rayleigh – Jean’s

law holds good only for longer wavelength. But Planck’s quantum theory of radiation holds

good both for longer and shorter wavelengths.

3. According to quantum theory of radiation, we know that the exchange of energy values between the light radiation and particles have discrete energy values known as photons.

27. Deduce Rayleigh – Jean’s law from Planck’s quantum theory of

radiation.[CO2, Ap]

Planck’s quantum theory of radiation interms of wavelength is,

[ ]

When is very large, is very small, and 1+

Therefore, = [ ]

= [ ] =

This is Rayleigh – Jean’s law.

28. What is normalization and how it differs from wave function? [CO2, An]

Wave function determines the probability of finding a particle at that point and at that time

whereas the normalization is the process by which the particle can be found inside the box. 29. Why the photons are not affected by electric and magnetic fields ?Justify [CO2, U]

The photons are not affected by electric and magnetic fields because they are charge less particle.

30. In Compton scattering, the incident photons have wavelength 0.5 nm. Calculate the

wavelength of scattered radiation if they are viewed at an angle of 450 to the direction of

incidence.[CO2, Ap]

Change in wavelength

Therefore, Wavelength of scattered radiation (

=

= 0.5 X 10-9 +

= 0.5007 nm.

31. Find the energy of an electron moving in one dimension in an infinitely high potential box of

width 0.1 nm. (or) An electron is trapped in a cubical box of side . Find the energy for the

ground state and the first excited state.[CO2, R]

Energy of an electron =

1. For ground state n = 1,

Energy of an electron =

= 6.022 X 10-18 J (or) 37.64 eV.

2. For first excited state, n = 2,

= 4 X 37.64

= 150.56 eV.

32. Calculate the wavelength associated with the electron speed is 0.001 C.[CO2, Ap]

81

de – Broglie wavelength (λ) =

λ =

= 2.424 X10-9 m (or) 2.424 nm.

33. Find the change in wavelength of an X – ray photon when it is scattered through an angle of

900 by a free electron. [CO2, Ap]

Compton wavelength

= = 0.0242 X 10-10 m (or) 0.0242

34. Calculate the de – Broglie wavelength of an electron of energy 100 eV.[CO2, Ap, Jun 2015]

de – Broglie wavelength (λ) = = =

=

λ = 1.235 X 10-10 m (or) 1.235

35. For a free particle moving within a 1Dimensional box potential box, the ground state energy

cannot be zero. Why?[CO2, U, AU Jan 2014]

For ground state n=1,

=

UNIT III:MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY

1. Define Elasticity. [CO3, R]

Elasticity is the property of the body by virtue of which it tends to regain its original shape (or)

size after the removal of deforming external forces.

2. State Hooke’s law. [CO3, R, JUNE 2014, KSRCE] According to this law,” Stress is directly proportional to the strain produced within the elastic limit”.

i.e., Stress α Strain

Stress = E x Strain

E = Stress/ Strain Nm-2 where E is a constant called modulus of elasticity.

3. What is elastic limit? [CO3, R]

The maximum stress up to which a body can recover its original shape and size, after removing the

external forces is called elastic limit.

4. Define plastic limit. [CO3, R]

After elastic limit, if the elasticity of the body is completely lost, then the body will be in a limit

called as plastic limit.

5. Mention the factors affecting the elasticity of a material. [CO3, R]

(i) Temperature

(ii) Impurities

(iii) Hammering , rolling and annealing

(iv) Stress

6. Define a beam. [CO3, R]

A beam is defined as a rod or bar (rectangular) of uniform cross- section whose length is very much

greater than its other dimensions such as breadth and thickness.

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7. What is meant by bending of beams? [CO3, R]

A beam is defined as a rod (or) bar [Circular or rectangular] of uniform cross - section whose

length is very much greater than its other dimensions, such as breadth and thickness.

8. Mention the assumptions to be followed while studying the bending of bending of beams. [CO3, R]

❖ The length of the beam should be large compared to other dimensions.

❖ The load (forces) applied should be large compared to the weight of the beam.

❖ The shearing stresses are negligible.

❖ The curvature of the beam is very small.

9. Define a cantilever. [CO3, R]

A cantilever is a beam fixed horizontally at one end and loaded at the other end.

10. What is meant by shearing stress (or) tangential stress? [CO3, R]

When a force is applied along the surface of the body, then the stress applied is called tangential stress (or) shearing stress.

11. Define shearing strain. [CO3, R]

It is defined as the angular deformation produced in the body due to the application of external

tangential forces on it . 12. What is meant by elastic fatigue? [CO3, R]

If a body is continuously subjected to stress (or) strain, it gets fatigued (weak) called as elastic

fatigue.

13. Define stress. [CO3, R, AU June 2013]

Stress is defined as the restoring force per unit area which brings back the body to its original

state from the deformed state. Unit of stress is N/m2.

14. Define Strain. [CO3, R, AU June 2014]

Strain is defined as the change in dimension produced by the external force on the body. It can

also be defined as the ratio of the change in dimension to the original dimension. It has no unit. 15. What do you infer from Stress- Strain diagram? [CO3, U]

From the Stress –Strain diagram, we can infer the following points,

❖ The stress is directly proportional to the strain, within elastic limit.

❖ It distinguishes the elastic and plastic limit of a material.

❖ It determines the ultimate strength of the aterial.

❖ The stress-strain diagram also helps us to distinguish the material based on the properties such as ductility and brittleness.

16. Define Young’s Modulus. [CO3, U]

It is defined as the ratio between the longitudinal stress to the longitudinal strain, within theelastic limit.

Y= = FL/Al (Nm-2)

17. Define Bulk modulus. What is the relationship between bulk modulus and compressibility?

[CO3, U]

Bulk modulus is defined as the ratio between the volume stress to volume strain within the elastic limit,

K= : K = PV/v (Nm-2). The reciprocal of bulk modulus of a material is known as compressibility of

that material. 18. Define Rigidity modulus. [CO3, U]

It is defined as the ratio between the tangential stress to the shearing strain within the elastic limit.n=

= F/AΦ (Nm-2)

19. What is Poisson’s ratio? [CO3, R]

It is defined as the ratio between the lateral strain per unit stress (β) to the longitudinal strainper unit stress (α), within the elastic limit.

Poisson’s ratio (α) = = = a constant.

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20. Define Yield point. [CO3, R]

If the external stress applied is very large, then the body will lose its elastic property, even after the

removal of the stress. The point at which the body loses its elasticity (elastic nature) iscalled as yield

point. 21. How will you classify three types of elastic moduli? [CO3, AN]

Depending on the three types of strain, there are three types of elastic modulus.

(i) Young’s modulus (Y) (or) modulus corresponding to longitudinal strain.

(ii) Bulk modulus ( K) (or) modulus corresponding to the volume strain

(iii) Rigidity modulus (n) (or) modulus corresponding to the shearing strain

22. A wire of length 1 m and diameter 10-3m is stretched by 6 x 10-4m by a load 10 Kg. Calculate

Young’s modulus. [CO3, Ap]

Y = =

Young’s Modulus = 20.806 X 1010 N m-2

23. A wire of length 1 m and diameter 10-3m is stretched by 6 x 10-4m by a load 10 Kg. The wire

is twisted by by a force of 5 x10-3 kg. Applied to each end of 0.2m length rod soldered at

its midpoint to the end of the wire . Calculate Bulk modulus. [CO3, R]

=

= Bulk modulus = 15.20 X 1010 Nm-2

24.A wire of length 1 m and diameter 10-3m is stretched by 6 x 10-4m by a load 10 Kg. The wire is

twisted by by a force of 5 x10-3 kg. Applied to each end of 0.2m length rod soldered at its

midpoint to the end of the wire . Calculate Poisson’s ratio. [CO3, R]

- 1

= 1.272 Poisson’s ratio = 0.272

25. The Modulus of rigidity and Poisson’s ratio of the material of a wire are 2.87 X 1010 N m-2 and

0.379 respectively. Find the value of young’s modulus of the material of the wire. [CO3, U]

We have =

= 1+

Y = 2n )

= 2 X 2.87 X1010 X (1+ 0.379)

= 7.915 X 1010 N m-2

Young’s modulus of the wire = 7.915 X 1010Nm-2

26. Calculate the Poisson’s ratio for the material, given Y = 12.25 X 1010 N m-2 and n = 4.55 X 1010

Nm-2[CO3, U]

We have =

= – 1

= 1.34615 – 1

= 0.34615

Poisson’s ratio = 0.34615

K =

K =

=

84

27. Give the relation between the three moduli. [CO3, U]

Y =

Where Y - Young’s modulus K - Bulk modulus.

28. Calculate the density of lead under a pressure 2x108 N/m2.Density of lead = 11.4 x 103kg/m3.

Bulk Modulus of elasticity = 8 x 109Nm2. [CO3, R]

K = -------- (1)

Where dV is the change in volume

Also, we know mass (M) = Vρ

Differentiating, Vdρ + ρdV = 0

= -------- (2)

Substituting eqn. (2) in eqn.(1),we have

K =

d = --------- (3)

Given P = 2x 108 N m-2

ρ = 11.4 x 103 Kg m-3

K = 8 x 109 N m-2

d =

= 0.285 X 103 Kg m-3

Density under applied pressure = ρ + d ρ

= 11.4 x 103 + 0.285 X 103

= 11.685 X 103 Kg m-3

Density under applied pressure of 2x 108 N m-2 = 11.685 X 103 Kg m-3

29. What are creep and creep resistance. [CO3, R]

Creep is the property of a material by which it deforms continuously under a steady load (yielding).

The deformation during creep is non recoverable. The creep can produce fracture or rupture even

though the applied stress is lower than the ultimate stress. So the creep in materials should be

avoided, particularly at high temperatures. Creep resistance is the property of the material by which

the continuation of creep is stopped.

30. What are the uses of Vickers hardness test? [CO3, R]

i) The material is tested without any destruction so it’s a nondestructive testing. After testing

the material or product can be used or sold. ii) Only smaller loads are applied. That would not produce cracks or fractures inside the

specimen.

iii) Micro hardness of the surface hardened materials can be determined accurately. 31. What are the four types of fractures? [CO3, R]

Four types of fractures are

i) Brittle fracture ii) Ductile fracture

iii) Fatigue fracture and

iv) Creep fracture.

32. Define fatigue limit or endurance limit. [CO3, R]

Fatigue limit or endurance limit can be defined as the stress that would cause failure after a

specified number of stress reversals. 33. What are the methods to increase the fatigue resistance?[CO3, U]

The fatigue resistance of a component can be increased to improve its life by the following

methods:

85

i) Good design a voiding the sharp corners and thereby eliminating the stress concentration.

ii) Removal of surface irregularities which may initiate a crack by polishing the surface of

the component and

iii) Hardening the surface either by carburizing or nitriding to increase the resistance to the crack initiation at the surface.

34. What are factors which affect creep resistant materials? [CO3, U]

Creep is influenced by minor variations in metallurgical conditions. Some of these affecting variables are:

i) Grain size ii) Prior strain

iii) Formation of solid solutions and

iv) Precipitation and dispersion hardening

35. What are the characteristics of creep resistance materials? [CO3, R]

The characteristics of a creep resistance material are

i) Instantaneous extension produced as soon as the test load is applied.

ii) A steady state or secondary creep during which the work-hardening effect of plastic

deformation is balanced by recovery.

iii) Primary or transient creep is a stage during which further work hardening occurs.

iv) A period of accelerating or tertiary creep leading to eventual fracture. 36. Define plastic deformation.[CO3,R]

Permanent deformation is a permanent deformation that remains even after the removal of load.

37. Name the mechanics of plastic deformation in metals.[CO3,R]

Plastic deformation in metals takes place by two mechanisms. They are slip and twinning.

38. Define slip.[CO3,R]

During plastic deformation, the atoms on certain crystallographic places glide over the other. This

cause a permanent displacement of one part of crystal related to the other. This phenomenon is

called slip.

39. What are slip system.[CO3,R]

Slip occurs in some specific (high density planes) and specific derections(high density directions). The combination of the slip plane and the slip direction is called slip system

40. Define Twinning.[CO3,R]

The shear deformation in a solid crystalline material through a process by which a portion of the

crystal takes up an orientation which makes that portion as a mirror image of the parent crystal is

called twinning.

41. Why are aluminum and its alloys more ductile than magnesium and its alloys.[CO3,U]

Plastic deformation depends on number of slip system present in a metal as aluminum and its alloys

have slip system than magnesium and its alloys, they are more ductile. 42. What is meant by creep resistance? [CO3,R]

Creep resistance can be defined as a materials ability to resist any kind of distortion when under a

load over an extended period of time. 43. Name few mechanisms whereby creep deformation occurs.[CO3,U]

The mechanisms of creep deformation are

(i) Dislocations climb

(ii) Dislocation glide (iii) Diffusion creep (iv) Grain boundary sliding

44. Suggest few methods to improve the creep resistance in alloys.[CO3,U]

Dispersion strengthening and reduction of grain boundaries by single grain solidification are few methods to improve the creep resistance in alloys.

86

45. Define fracture.[CO3,R]

Fracture is defined as the separation of a solid body into two or more pieces in response to the applied

stress.

46. Distinguish between ductile and brittle fracture.[CO3,AN]

S.No Ductile fracture Brittle fracture

1.

Ductile fracture exhibits large

amount of plastic deformation with

high energy adsorption before

fracture.

Brittle fracture involves little or no

plastic deformation with no energy

absorption.

2. Slow rate of crack propagation. Rapid rate of crock propagation.

3. It is characterised by the formation

of cup and cone.

It is characterized by separation

normal to tensile stress.

4. It occurs when the material is in

Plastic region.

It occurs when the material is in

Elastic region.

47. Why ductile fracture is more preferred than brittle fracture?[CO3,U]

Brittle fracture occurs suddenly without any warning. But in ductile fracture, the presence of plastic

deformation gives preventive measures can be taken. Hence ductile fracture is preferred.

48. Define fatique.[CO3,R]

When the components are subjected to repetive or fluctuating load, they fail at much lower stress than

that can withstand under the application of single static load. Such a mode of failure is referred to as

fatique. 49. What information we can get from fatique test.[CO3,U]

The fatique test can tell us how long a part may survive or the maximum allowable loads that can be

applied to prevent failure. 50. What is fatique life?[CO3,R]

Fatique life tells us how long a component survives at a particular stress.

51. What is hardness test?[CO3,R]

Hardness test measures the resistance to penetration of the surface of a material by a hard object.

52. Write the marthematical formula for vicker’s harness number.[CO3,R]

Vicker’s hardness number HV =

P =applied load in kg

D =

53. A piece of copper originally 305mm way is tension with a stress of 2.76 MPa.If the

deformation is entirely elastic what will be the resultant elongation? Give young”s modulus

E = 110 GPa. [CO3,AP]

Original length = 305mm = 305 X 10-3 m

Elongation length l =?

Stress = 276MPa = 276 X 109 Pa

E = 110 GPa = 110 X 109 Pa

Since, deformation is elastic,

E = = = = = = = 0.77 X 10-3 m.

54. The axis of a cylindrical crystal of copper lies in the (111) plane. Show that, when a tensile

stress is applied alomg the axis of the crystal, theresolved shear stress in any direction

on this plane is zero. Does this mean that this crystal will not plastically deform however large

is the applied shear?[CO3,AP]

The angle is 900 for the plane (111)

87

Hence = 0

The resolved shear stress = cos cos

So, from above equation, the resolved shear stress for any value of is zero.

This does not mean that the crystal will not plastically deform, as all planes in the family of (111)

are not parallel to one another. There are planes other than (111), when will have a finite resolved

shear stress.As soon as this reaches critical value, plastic deformation will be initiated.

UNIT- IV: LASER TECHNOLOGY

1. Define LASER.[CO4, R]

Lasers are the coherent light sources having high intensity, high monochromaticity, high

coherence and high directionality. Laser is acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission

of Radiation.

2. What is spontaneous emission?[CO4, R]

Emission of light photons takes place immediately without any inducement during the transition

of atoms from higher energy levels to lower energy levels is called spontaneous emission. 3. What is stimulated emission?[CO4, R,AU2013]

Emission of a light photon takes place through an inducement given by a photon having energy

equal to the emitted photon's energy is called stimulated emission. 4. Define pumping action. How many pumping methods are available?[CO4, R]

Pumping is the mechanism of exciting atoms from the lower energy state to a higher energy state

by supplying energy from an external source. The most commonly used pumping mechanisms are 1.

Optical pumping 2.Electrical pumping 3.Direct conversion.

5. What are the difference between ordinary light and laser?[CO4, An]

Ordinary light differs from laser light since ordinary light is less intense, polychromatic and

incoherent. But laser light is more intense, monochromatic and coherent.

6. Define population inversion and why is population inversion necessary for LASER

action?[CO4, R,Dec 2012]

Normally the population of atoms is more in the lower energy level than in the higher energy

level. But in the case of lasers, the number of atoms in the higher energy levels at which the laser

transition starts is more than the number atoms in the lower energy level at which the laser transition

ends. This condition in the active medium of the laser source is called population inversion. 7. What is meant by optical resonator?[CO4, R]

It is a pair of reflecting surfaces (mirrors) of which one is being a perfect reflector and other being

a partial reflector. It is used for amplification of photons thereby producing an intense and highly

coherent output.

8. What are the uses of N2 and He in CO2 laser?[CO4, U]

Nitrogen helps to increases the population of the upper level ofCO2,while helium helps to

depopulate the lower level.

9. Write the difference between photography and holography?[CO4, An]

S.No Photography Holography

1. Ordinary light is used Laser is used

2. Amplitude recording Both amplitude and phase recording

3. Two dimension recording Three dimensional recording

4. Lens (camera) is used Generally no lens is used

5. Ordinary film Very high resolution film

6. No need for vibration isolation table Vibration isolation table is required

7. When cut into pieces,information is lost when cut into pieces,each bit carries full

information

10. State the properties of laser beam.[CO4, R]

Laser beam has high intensity, high monochromocity, high coherence and high directionality.

11. Explain metastable state.[CO4, U]

The metastable states are the energy levels in an atomic system where the life time of atoms is

88

very large. This property helps in achieving the population inversion.

12. Define holography and hologram.[CO4, R]

Holography is a technique of recording the amplitude and phase of the light waves reflected from

an object. Hence, a three dimensional image of the object can be obtained. The recorded photograph

is called a hologram.

13. Write the principle of semiconductor laser.[CO4, R]

When a forward bias is applied to the laser diode, the holes are released from the p- region and

electrons are released from the n-region of the diode. After some time, the recombination of holes and

electrons takes place and results in the recombination radiation. If the junction current is large

enough, stimulated emission takes place followed by population inversion. This will finally leads to

high power laser output.

14. What is semiconductor Laser? [CO4, R]

The semiconductor laser is very small in size and appearance. It is similar to a transistor and has the

operation like LED but the output beam has the characteristics of laser light. The material which often

used in the semiconductor laser is the Gallium Arsenide, therefore semiconductor laser is sometimes

known as Gallium Arsenide Laser. It is also called injection laser.

15. What are the applications of CO2 laser?[CO4, R]

CO2 laser is widely used in material processing such as drilling, cutting, etching, welding,

melting, annealing, also in pollution monitoring, remote sensing, open air communication, in LIDAR

(Light Detection and Ranging), in medical field to perform microsurgery and bloodless surgery. 16. What are the basic requirements for the laser systems?[CO4, R]

i. Active medium

ii. Pumping system

iii. Optical resonator

17. What are the conditions required for laser action?[CO4, U]

i. Emission of light radiation should be stimulated emission.

ii. The higher energy state should have a longer mean lifetime that is it should be a

metastable.

iii. The number of atoms in the higher energy state E2 must be greater than that in E1. 18. Give the applications of laser in medical field.[CO4, R, AU2013]

i. It is used for cancer operation and treatment of brain tumors.

ii. It is used to carry out, micro surgery, neurosurgery and cosmetic plastic surgery. iii. It is used to drill minute holes inside the cell walls of human body without destroying. iv. It is used for the treatment of detached retina.

19. Define the termsactive medium and active material.[CO4, R]

The medium in which the population inversion takes place is known as active medium. The material which is used to achieve population inversion is known as active material.

20. Mention the applications of lasers in industries.[CO4, R]

i. It is used for welding, drilling, cutting, etc.

ii. It is used to produce small holes in diamonds and hard steels.

iii. It is used to test the quality of the materials.

iv. Various isotopes of elements can be separated.

21. What are the different types of lasers available?[CO4, U]

i. Solid state laser (Ruby laser,Nd-YAG laser)

ii. Gas laser (CO2 laser,He-Ne laser) iii. Semiconductor laser (GaAs laser)

iv. Liquid laser (Europium chilate laser)

v. Dye laser (Coumarin dye laser)

22. What are the applications of Nd-YAG laser?[CO4, R]

i. It is used in long distance communication.

ii. They also find applications in resistor trimming, scribing, micro machining operations as

well as drilling, welding etc.

iii. The find applications in medical field like endoscopy, neurosurgery, dental surgery and general surgery.

89

iv. It is used in radio sensing applications. 23. State the applications of laser in scientific and engineering field.[CO4, R]

i. It can be modulated to transmit thousands of programs at a time on radio and

television. ii. Using laser we can get three dimensional lenses less photography.

iii. Computer printouts done with laser printers.

iv. They are used in computer storage devices and to design integrated circuits.

24. Give the applications of Holography.[CO4, U]

i. Holograms are used in the preparation of photographic masks

ii. In nondestructive testing, holograms are used extensively. iii. During the identification of figure, holograms are used. iv. They are also used in optical signal process, data storage etc.

25. How the light emitting diode differs from a laserdiode?[CO4, An]

S.No LED LASER DIODE

1. Small current is enough It requires high current

2. Emission of light is due to spontaneous emission

Emission of light is due to stimulated emission

3. No optical resonator on LED Highly polished junction of the

diode is used as an optical resonator

4. Power output and intensity of LED are low Power output and intensity of laser diode are high

26. What are Coherent sources?[CO4, R]

Coherent sources are the sources of light radiation which have same wavelength and frequency.

There is no difference in amplitude and phase of the emitted photons. 27. Explain the importance of holographic storage.[CO4, U]

i. Each point of an object is recorded on the whole hologram.

ii. LASER is used for recording and reconstructing process. iii. From each point of a hologram we can construct the image.

iv. The phase and amplitude information in the reflected waves from the object are

Completely recorded in the hologram.

28. Distinguish between homojunction and heterojunction.[CO4, An]

S.No Homojunction Heterojunction

1 The p-n junction is made by the same

semiconductor

The p-n junction is made by the

different semiconductor

2 It has only one junction It has one or two heterojunction

3 The output power is low The output power is high

4 e.g.,GaAs,InP e.g.,GaAlAs,IAlP

29. What are difference Ruby and Nd-YAG Laser?[CO4, An]

S.No Ruby Laser Nd-YAG Laser

1 It is a three level laser It is a four level laser

2 Elliptical cavity resonator is not used Elliptical cavity resonator is used

3 Power output is 104 to 105 Watts Power output is 2x 104 Watts

4 Wavelength of output is 6943Ǻ Wavelength of output is 1.064µm

90

30. Distinguish between spontaneous and simulated emissions of

radiation.[CO4, An, Jun 2012]

S.No Spontaneous Emission Stimulated Emission

1 The emission of light photons takes place without any external influence.

The emission of light photons takes place with external influence.

2 Emitted photons are in random direction Emitted photons are in single direction

3 Polychromatic Monochromatic

4 Low intensity High intensity

31. What are Einstein’s relations or Einstein’s coefficient?[CO4, App]

In Einstein’s theory of spontaneous emission and stimulated emission, we have

B21 = B12

=

32. Calculate the wavelength of emission from GaAs whose bandgap is 1.44eV.[CO4, Ap]

Energy gap Eg = 1.44eV = 1.44x 1.6x 10-19J

Wavelength λ =

= = 8626Ǻ

33. An atom is stimulated from the ground state energy of 1x 10-34J to an excited level of 7.62x10-

34J.What is the frequency of the stimulating photon. [CO4, App]

Given: E1 = 1x 10-34J E2

= 7.62x 10-34J

= 1Hertz

34. Calculate the number of photons from green light of mercury (λ= 4961 Ǻ) requires to do 1J of

work. [CO4, App]

Energy E =

=

= 4.0063 J

No of photons (n) = Joules

= = 2.496 1018

UNIT-V: ULTRASONICS

1. Classify sound waves based on frequency.[CO5, An]

Based on frequency sound waves are classified into the three types. They are,

i)Infrasonics (Frequency lies below 20Hz) ii) Audible sound (Frequency lies between 20Hz to 20 KHz)

(Audible sound waves are further classified into Noise and Music)

iii) Ultrasonics (Frequency lies above 20 KHz)

2. Name the methods by which ultrasonics are produced? [CO5, An, Nov 2002]

Mechanical generator, Magnetostrictiongenerator and Piezo electric generator

3. What are ultrasonic sound waves?[CO5, R]

The sound waves having frequencies above 20 KHz are known as ultrasonic waves.

=

91

4. Are the ultrasonic waves are electromagnetic waves? Give reason.[CO5, U]

No.Ultrasonic waves are not electromagnetic waves. Ultrasonic sound waves are high

frequency sound waves. There are electric and magnetic vectors in ultrasonic waves as in

electromagnetic waves.

5. Why not ultrasonic be produced by passing high frequency alternating current through a loud

speaker? [CO5, U]

1. When high frequency alternating current is passing through a loud speaker, inductance of the

speaker coil becomes so high and hence no current is passing through it.

2. Loud speaker coil cannot vibrate at high frequency. Therefore, ultrasonic waves cannot be

produced by passing high frequency alternating current through a loud speaker.

6. What are the properties of ultrasonic waves?[CO5, R, AU Dec 2006]

Ultrasonic waves propagate as oscillatory pressure disturbance (nothing but mechanical

waves)with associated changes in particle displacement, particle velocity and density when they

pass through a medium. Also it undergoes i, reflection (echo) ii, scattering iii, refraction and

diffraction iv, absorption, v, attenuation and vi, beam divergence. 7. Give the important applications of ultrasonics. [CO5, R]

Industrial drilling, welding, soldering and cleaning – SONAR – Non destructing testing –

pulse echo system through transmission and reflection modes- A,B and C Scan displays – medical

applications- ultrasonic imaging systems – sonograms. 8. What are the merits of Piezo-electric oscillator?[CO5, R]

1. It is more efficient than Magnetostriction oscillator.

2. Ultrasonic frequencies as high as 5x108 or 500 MHz can be obtained by this oscillator.

3. The output of this oscillator is very high.

4. It is not affected by temperature and humidity.

9. What are the demerits of the Piezo-electric oscillator?[CO5, R ]

1. Piezo-electric crystals are very expensive.

2. Cutting and shaping are not easy.

10. How are ultrasonic waves detected by thermal method?[CO5, U ]

During the ultrasonic wave propagation in a medium, alternate compression and rarefactions

are generated. At any point in the medium, temperature increases during compression and decreases

during rarefaction. If platinum wire is introduced in the path, the resistance of the wire changes

alternatively during the propagation of ultrasonic waves. The change in the resistance of the platinum

wire can be detected using a sensitive bridge arrangement. Such a method is known as thermal

detection method of ultrasonic waves.

11. What is the principle of SONAR? (or) How can SONAR be used to find the depth of the

sea?[CO5, U ]

SONAR is a device which stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging. It is based on the echo

sounding technique of ultrasonic waves. When ultrasonic waves are towards the object in the water, it

is reflected and forms an echo signal. By measuring the time difference between the transmitted

signal and echo signal, the distance of the object can be calculated. The frequency of the echo signal

is changed due to Doppler Effect. This change in frequency is used to locate the object and to

determine the velocity and its direction.

12. Name any four methods of detection of ultrasonic waves.[CO5, R ]

Piezo electric transducer, static transducer, Real time transducer like linear, sector and convex

array transducers

13. What’s an acoustical grating?[CO5, R ]

When ultrasonic waves propagate in a liquid medium, the alternating compression and

rarefactions vary the density of the medium. The change in density results in variation of

refractive index of the liquid. Under this condition, if a parallel beam of monochromatic light is

passed through them at right angles to the waves, the liquid causes the light to undergo

diffraction. Such a liquid column behaving like a grating is calling a acoustic grating.

14. Define Doppler Effect. (Dec 2007)[CO5, R ]

Doppler Effect is the getting echo from the distant objects by exposing ultrasonic waves

towards them. Bats, Natural producer of ultrasonic waves find out the distant object by following

this method.

92

15. Define inverse piezoelectric effect. (May 2005)[CO5, R ]

If an alternating voltage is applied to one pair of opposite faces of the crystal,

alternatively mechanical contractions and expansions are produced in the crystal and the crystal

starts vibrating. This phenomenon is known as inverse piezoelectric effect or electrostriction

effect. 16. Define piezoelectric effect.[CO5, R ]

When pressure is applied to one pair of opposite faces of crystals like quartz, tourmaline,

Rochelle salt, etc…cut with their faces perpendicular to its optic axis equal and opposite charges

appear across its other faces. This is known as piezoelectric effect. 17. What is meant by NDT?[CO5, R ]

Non-destructive testing(NDT) is the method of testing the material without damaging and

destroying. It is used to examine the materials and to detect the flaws, defects and other

irregularities present in the material without damaging it. It is a quality assurance managing tool

and it gives a good result, safety and reliability.

18. What are the applications of SONAR?[CO5, R ]

1. It is used to locate the shipwrecks and sub-marines on the bottom of the sea.

2. It is used for fish-finding applications and the detection of fish shoals. 3. It is useful for all merchant and military ships.

4. It is used for seismic (earth quake) survey.

5. It is used to find the depth of the sea and the depth of the rocks in the sea.

19. Given any four NDT methods.[CO5, U ]

1. Ultrasonic inspection.

2. Liquid penetrant method

3. Radiographic method 4. Thermography

5. Eddy current testing.

20. The time interval between the transmitted and received ultrasonic signal is 8 Secs. Determine

the depth of sea.Velocity of sound in sea water is 410 ms-1.[CO5, Ap ]

Solution:

Given v = 410 ms-1 t = 8 sec.

Depth of the sea is, d

d= = 1640 m.

21. Calculate the frequency of the fundamental note emitted by a Piezo-electric

crystal of vibration length 3 mm.Young’s modulus =8x1010 Nm-2 and density of the

crystal ρ=2500 kgm-3.[CO5, Ap] Solution:

Solution:

Given l= 3 mm =3x10-3 m

ρ=2500 kgm-3 E=8x1010 Nm-2

P=1

The frequency of the fundamental note, F = = 943 kHz

22. An ultrasonic generator consists of a quartz plate of thickness 2 mm.Calculate the

fundamental frequency.Young’s modulus of the quartz= 8.69x1010 Nm-2 and its density

=2.65x103 kgm-3. [CO5, Ap ]

Solution:

Given l = 2 mm =2x10-3 m

ρ=2.65x103 kgm-3 =2650 kgm-3

93

E=8.69x1010Nm-2 , P=1

The fundamental frequency, F = =1.43 MHz

23. What is sonogram?Mention its applications.[CO5, R ]

Sonogram is an instrument used to monitor and visualize the image of the interior parts of the body

using high frequency sound waves. It provides high resolution, high accuracy and high contrast

ultrasonic images using digital image processing unit.

Applications: i. To monitor the interior parts of the body more accurately. ii. It is used to confirm pregnancies and to indicate delivery date more accurately.

iii. To monitor the health and development of fetus.

24. Give some of the important industrial applications of ultrasonic waves.[CO5, R]

• Ultrasonic drilling

• Ultrasonic welding

• Ultrasonic soldering

• Ultrasonic flaw detection

• Ultrasonic thickness determination

• Ultrasonic cleaning

25. What are the advantages of ultrasonic cleaning?[CO5, R ]

1. Able to clean delicate parts without damage.

2. Able to clean small apertures, blind holes and crevices. 3. Able to clean sensitive parts (writing, plastics) with relatively mild chemistries. 4. Does not require line-of-sight for effective cleaning.

5. Cleaning speed is high and low cost.

6. Environmental pollution free and highly safe. 26. List out the main components of the ultrasonic imaging system.[CO5, R ]

i. Transmitter

ii. ii.Time- based generator iii. Swept- gain generator

iv. CRO

27. Differentiate destructive and non-destructive testing method.[CO5, An ]

S.No. Destructive Non-destructive

1. It is applied to only a small sized sample. This is applied to large sized samples also i.e.,

directly on production time.

2. Samples are damaged during testing There is no damage to the sample during

testing.

3. Only single test can be done on one

sample

Many numbers of tests can be done on the

same sample.

4. Sample preparation is required No need of sample preparation

5. It is not used even a single part is in

service It can be used when any parts are in service.

6. It has high time consumption It has low time consumption

7. Labor cost is very high Labor cost is low

94

28. Give the principle behind the ultrasonic NDT.[CO5, R ]

The basic principlebehind the ultrasonic testing is transmission of ultrasound into the medium

and the reflection or scattering at any surface or internal discontinuity. The scattering or reflection in

the medium is due to the change in acoustic impedance. The discontinuity means the existence of

flaw or defect in the material. The reflected or scattered sound waves are received and amplified and

hence, the defects in the specimen are suitably characterized.

29. What are the three different methods used for ultrasonic testing?[CO5, R ]

Pulse echo method, through transmission method and Resonance method.

30. What is Pulse echo technique?[CO5, R ]

Pulse echo technique is one of the ultrasonic inspection techniques. In Pulse echo method, a

single transducer is used for the transmission and reception of the signal. The reflected echo from the

test specimen is processed and depicted to produce a useful image on the screen.

31. Write the principle of ultrasonic welding.[CO5, ]

Ultrasonic welding is a solid state phenomenon of producing metallurgical bond between the

materials without welding. The bonding is produced due to local application of high frequency

vibratory energy by keeping the work pieces together under pressure. 32. What is SONAR?Mention two applications of it.[CO5, R ]

SONAR is device which stands for Sound Navigation and Ranging. It uses highly directional

ultrasonic waves for locating objects and determining their distance in the sea. It is based on echo

sounding technique of ultrasound. Applications:

i. It is used to locate the ship wrecks and submarines on the bottom of the sea.

ii. It is used for fish finding applications and the detection of fish shoals.

33. Mention any two medical applications of ultrasonics.(or) Mention any four uses of ultrasound

in clinical medicine.[CO5, U ]

i. It is used to detect tumors in human body.

ii. Ultrasonics is used to find velocity of blood flow and the movement of heart in the human

body. iii. It is used for bloodless brain surgery and painless extraction of teeth.

iv. It is used to measure the internal dimensions of the eye.

34. What are the advantages of ultrasonics over the other techniques?[CO5, U ]

i. Oneside accessibility is sufficient for accurate evolution of the defects.

ii. Extended to all types of materials due to its wide range of frequency and mode selection.

iii. Extremely small size flaws are detected due to the high sensitivity and reliability. iv. It can be done on large thickness specimens.

v. There are no side effects

vi. It is highly portable which leads to online inspection.

35. Give the Principle of ultrasonic cleaning.[CO5, R ]

Ultrasonic cleaning works by producing sound waves in liquids. The principle behind this

method is the conversion of electrical vibrations into the corresponding mechanical vibrations. The

waves consist of both high and low pressure fronts. The low pressure fronts are small enough to cause

bubbles to form. The High pressure fronts cause the bubbles to collapse. The expanding and

collapsing of bubbles in the liquid removes the contaminants from the surface of the specimen.

36. What is cold welding?[CO5, ]

Cold welding is a solid-state welding process in which joining takes place without fusion/heating

at the interface of the two parts to be welded. Unlike in the fusion-welding processes, no liquid or

molten phase is present in the joint

95

PART- B: 16 MARK QUESTIONS

UNIT-I:CRYSTAL PHYSICS

1. (a)Explain (i)space lattice (ii) Basis (iii) unit cell. [CO1, R]

(b)Explain the various types of crystal systems with example. [CO1, R]

2. What are Bravais lattice? Describe using diagrams of unit cell the different Bravais lattices and

their grouping into the seven crystal systems.[CO1, R] [AU, Nov 2013]

3. Calculate the number of atoms per unit cell, coordination number and packing factor for FCC and

BCC structures.[CO1,U] [AU, May 2013]

4. What is packing factor? Prove the packing factor of HCP is 0.74. [CO1,U] [AU, Nov 2014]

5. Show that the packing factor for FCC and HCP are equal.[CO1,U]

6. Describe a HCP structure. Show that for an HCP structure = and hence calculate the packing

fraction for the HCP structure. [CO1,AP]

7. What are miller indices? Sketch two successive (110) planes. Show that for a cubic lattice the

distance between two successive plane (h k l) is given by d = [CO1, U] [AU, May

2009]

8. What are the one dimensional and two dimensional in the crystal structures and explain it. [CO1,

R]

9. (i)Derive an expression for the interplanar spacing for (hkl) planes of a cubic structure.

(ii)Calculate the interplanar spacing for (101) plane in a simple cubic crystal whose lattice

constant is 0.42nm. [CO1, U]

10. Explain any two crystal growth techniques. [CO!, R]

11. Describe Bridgmann method of crystal growth. Mention its advantages and disadvantages. [CO1, U]

12. Explain the construction and working of czochralski techniques of growing crystal with its

advantages and disadvantages. [CO1, U]

UNIT-II: QUANTUM PHYSICS

1. What is meant by blackbody radiation? Derive an expression for Planck’s radiation law and

Discuss the same for shorter and longer wavelengths.[CO2, U] 2. What is Compton Effect? Give the theory of Compton Effect with experimental verification

. [CO2, U]

3. Derive time dependent Schrodinger wave equation and hence deduce the time independent

Schrodinger wave equation. And solve Schrodinger wave equation for a particle in a one

Dimensionalbox and obtain the energy Eigen values. (Dec 2005)[CO2, Ap]

4. Derive an expression for energy distribution based on the concept of quantum theory of black

Body radiation and deduce Wien’s displacement law and Rayleigh-Jeans law.(June 2005)[CO2, U] 5. Explain briefly the development of quantum theory with applications.[CO2,R]

6. Derive the time independent Schrödinger wave equation for a particle. Hence obtain the

expression for the Energy levels of a free particle in an one dimensional potential well.[CO2,Ap]

7. Solve the Schrodinger wave equation for an electron moving in cubical and rectangular

boxes.[CO2, U] 8. Derive an expression for de Broglie wavelength. Hence deduce the same in terms of energy and

voltage.[CO2, AP]

UNIT III: MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY

1. Derive an expression for the depression of cantilever at a distance ‘L’ from the fixed end loaded at

its free end, neglecting the mass of cantilever.[ CO 3, R]

2. Explain with necessary theory, the determination of Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material

of a beam, supported at its ends and loaded in the middle. [CO 3, R]

96

3. How will you determine the Young’s modulus of a material of a bar by non - uniform bending

method? Explain in brief the theory behind the determination of Young’s modulus.[CO 4, U]

4. Derive an expression for depression at the free end of a cantilever due to load.[ CO 4, U]

5. Describe a method of determining Young’s modulus of the material by using non - uniform

bending? [CO 4, R]

6. Explain the mechanisms of plastic deformation of metals by slip and twinning.[CO3, R]

7. Distinguish between slip and twinning.[CO3, AN]

8. Distinguish the characteristics of ductile and brittle fracture.[CO3, AN]

9. Give the construction and working of fatigue test.[CO3, R]

10. What is a creep? Draw a typical creep curve and explain the different stages of creep.[CO3, R]

11. What are the different types of fatigue in metals.[CO3, R]

12. Explain the testing procedure for micro Vickers hardness test and mention the advantages and

limitations.[CO3, U]

13. Discuss the creep curve at different stages.[CO3, R]

UNIT- IV: LASERS TECHNOLOGY

1. With a neat diagram, explain the construction and working of CO2 laser? and give its merits, demerits, applications.(Dec 2007, 05, 04, Apr 2006)[CO4, R]

2. a. With a neat diagram, explain the construction and working of semiconductor laser?[CO4, R ]

b. Give the advantages, disadvantages and applications of semiconductor laser[CO4, R]

3. Discuss the various methods to achieve population inversion. What are the essential parts of laser

system? (OR) What are different pumping mechanism used in LASER’s given example for

each[CO4, An ]

4. Discuss the Einstein’s theory of stimulated absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission of

radiation. What are the conditions for light amplification?[CO4, U ]

5. What is meant by Holography? Describe the construction and reconstruction of a hologram. (Dec

2004)[CO4, R ]

6. Discuss the application of laser in various fields. (Dec 2007)[CO4, R]

7. With a neat diagram explain the principle construction and working of homojunction

semiconductor laser and give its merits, demerits and applications.[CO4, R ]

8. Explain the working and construction of Nd- YAG laser. Classify different types of lasers based

on active medium, with sufficient examples and give its merits, demerits and applications. (Nov

2002)[CO4, An ]

9. What is Electroluminescence? Explain the construction and working of a Ga As semiconductor

laser and give its merits, demerits and applications.[CO4, R ]

UNIT- V: ULTRASONICS

1. What is Piezoelectric effect? Describe the Piezoelectric method of producing ultrasonic waves. (Dec 2007,05)[CO5, R ]

2. What is acoustical grating? Explain the determination of ultrasonic velocity in liquid using

acoustical grating.[CO5,R ] 3. Explain SONAR with a neat diagram. Give its applications.[CO5, R ]

4. Describe all the methods of detecting ultrasonic waves.[CO5, U ]

5. Elucidate the process of NDT of materials using pulse echo method and through transmission method.[CO5, U ]

6. Explain the production of ultrasonics by Piezoelectric methods.[CO5, R ]

7. Elaborate the industrial applications of ultrasonic waves.[CO5, R ] 8. Explain the process of non destructive testing of materials using:[CO5, R ]

a. Pulse echo method

b. Through transmission method

*****ALL THE BEST*****

97

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHENGODE.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

CYCLE TEST – I (2018 – 2019)

APPLIED PHYSICS (Sub.Code: 18PH144)

TIME: 50 minutes SEM / BRANCH: I / B. E/ B. Tech MARKS: 25

Part-A (5x2=10)

1. What is an amorphous solid? Give example. [CO1,R]

2. Distinguish between Primitive and Non- Primitive Cell? Give example. [CO1,AN]

3. The interplanar distance of (110) planes in a BCC crystal is 2.03Å. What is the lattice parameter of

the crystal?[CO1,AP]

4. List out the various types of melt growth. [CO1, U]

5. Draw the crystal planes for (1 1 0) and (0 0 1).[CO1,U ]

Part – B

6. What is packing factor? Prove the packing factor of HCP is 0.74. [CO1,U] (8)

7. Describe Bridgmann method of crystal growth. Mention its advantages and disadvantages. [CO1,

U] (7)

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHENGODE.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

CYCLE TEST – II (2018 – 2019)

APPLIED PHYSICS (Sub.Code: 18PH144)

TIME: 50 minutes SEM / BRANCH: I / B. E/ B. Tech MARKS: 25

Part-A (5x2=10)

1. What is meant by blackbody and blackbody radiation?[CO2, R]

2. What are the physical significances of the wave function? [CO2, R]

3. Explain zero point energy of a particle in a 1-dimensional box. [CO2, U] 4. Define Eigen value and Eigen function. [CO2, R]

5. Why the photons are not affected by electric and magnetic fields ?Justify [CO2, U]

Part – B

6. What is meant by blackbody radiation? Derive an expression for Planck’s radiation law and Discuss the same for shorter and longer wavelengths.[CO2, U] (8)

7. Derive an expression for de Broglie wavelength. Hence deduce the same in terms of energy and

voltage.[CO2, AP] (7)

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHENGODE.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

CYCLE TEST – III (2018 – 2019)

APPLIED PHYSICS (Sub.Code: 18PH144)

TIME: 50 minutes SEM / BRANCH: I / B. E/ B. Tech MARKS: 25

Part-A (5x2=10)

1. State Hooke’s law. [CO3, R ] 2. What do you infer from Stress- Strain diagram? [CO3, U]

3. How will you classify three types of elastic moduli? [CO3, AN]

4. Why are aluminum and its alloys more ductile than magnesium and its alloys.[CO3,U]

5. Distinguish between ductile and brittle fracture.[CO3,AN]

Part – B

6. Derive an expression for the depression of cantilever at a distance ‘L’ from the fixed end loaded at

its free end, neglecting the mass of cantilever.[ CO 3, R] (8)

7. Explain the testing procedure for micro Vickers hardness test and mention the advantages and

limitations.[CO3, U] (7)

98

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHENGODE.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

CYCLE TEST – IV (2018 – 2019)

APPLIED PHYSICS (Sub.Code: 18PH144)

TIME: 50 minutes SEM / BRANCH: I / B. E/ B. Tech MARKS: 25

Part-A (5x2=10)

1. Define pumping action. How many pumping methods are available?[CO4, R]

2. What are the difference between ordinary light and laser?[CO4, An]

3. What are the uses of N2 and He in CO2 laser?[CO4, U] 4. Explain metastable state.[CO4, U]

5. Calculate the number of photons from green light of mercury (λ= 4961 Ǻ) requires to do 1J of work.

[CO4, Ap]

Part – B

1. Discuss the Einstein’s theory of stimulated absorption, spontaneous and stimulated emission of

radiation. What are the conditions for light amplification?[CO4, U] (8)

2. With a neat diagram explain the principle construction and working of homojunction semiconductor

laser and give its merits, demerits and applications.[CO4, R] (7)

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS), TIRUCHENGODE.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

CYCLE TEST – V (2018 – 2019)

APPLIED PHYSICS (Sub.Code: 18PH144)

TIME: 50 minutes SEM / BRANCH: I / B. E/ B. Tech MARKS: 25

Part-A (5x2=10)

1. What are the properties of ultrasonic waves?[CO5, R] 2. What’s an acoustical grating?[CO5, R]

3. Define piezoelectric effect.[CO5, R ]

4. What are the applications of SONAR?[CO5, ]

5. The time interval between the transmitted and received ultrasonic signal is 8 Secs. Determine the depth of sea. Velocity of sound in sea water is 410 ms-1.[CO5, Ap ]

Part – B

1. What is Piezoelectric effect? Describe the Piezoelectric method of producing ultrasonic waves.

[CO5, R ] (8)

2. Elucidate the process of NDT of materials using pulse echo method and through transmission

method.[CO5, U] (7)

99

100

97

98

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Department of Mechanical Engineering Subject Name: ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY Subject Code: 18CH051 Year/Semester: I / I Course Outcomes: On completion of this course, the student will be able to

CO1 Know the manufacture, properties and uses of advanced engineering materials.

CO2 Perceive knowledge on the concept of corrosion and its control.

CO3 Gain knowledge about thermodynamics.

CO4 Rationalize periodic properties such as ionization energy, electron affinity and electro negativity.

CO5 Recognize the usage of various spectroscopic techniques.

Program Outcomes (POs) and Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) D. Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to :

PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals; and an engineering specialation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO2 Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3 Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system

components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

PO7 Environmental and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9 Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and

with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make

effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management

principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12 Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life- long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

B. Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1 Research Culture : Read Literature, do research on new mechanical engineering problems and publish the results through patents, journals, conferences and symposium.

PSO2 Core Values : Contribute core universal values and social good to the community.

99

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

SEMESTER – I

18CH051

ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY (Common to All Branches)

L T P C

3 0 0 3

Prerequisite: NIL.

Objectives:

• To Impart knowledge about the manufacture, properties and uses of advanced engineering

materials

• To acquaint the students with the basic concepts of corrosion mechanism and its control

• To understand the concept of thermodynamics

• To gain knowledge about atomic structure and chemical bonding • To make the students conversant with various spectroscopic techniques

UNIT - I ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS [ 9 ]

Abrasives – Moh’s scale of hardness – types – natural [Diamond] – synthetic [SiC]; Refractories –

characteristics – classifications [Acidic, basic and neutral refractories] – properties – refractoriness

– RUL – porosity – thermal spalling; Lubricants – definition – function – characteristics – properties

– viscosity index, flash and fire points, cloud and pour points, oiliness; Solid lubricants – graphite

and MoS2; Nano materials – CNT– synthesis [CVD, laser evaporation,

pyrolysis] – applications – medicine, electronics, biomaterials and environment.

UNIT - II ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CORROSION [ 9 ]

Introduction – electrode potential – Nernst equation – EMF series and its significance – types of

cells (Electrolytic & electrochemical); Corrosion – causes, consequences – classification – chemical

corrosion – electro chemical corrosion – mechanism; Galvanic & differential aeration corrosion –

factors influencing corrosion – corrosion control – corrosion

inhibitors.

UNIT - III CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS [ 9 ]

Terminology of thermodynamics – second law; Entropy – entropy change for an ideal gas –

reversible and irreversible processes – entropy of phase transition – Clausius inequality; Free

energy and work function – Helmholtz and Gibb’s free energy functions (Problems) – criteria of

spontaneity; Gibb’s – Helmholtz equation (Problems) – Clausius-Clapeyron

equation; Maxwell’s relations – Van’t Hoff isotherm and isochore (problems).

UNIT - IV ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL BONDING [ 9 ]

Effective nuclear charge – orbitals – variations of s, p, d and f orbital – electronic configurations –

ionization energy – electron affinity and electro negativity; Types of bonding – ionic, covalent and

coordination bonding – hydrogen bonding and its types; Crystal field theory – the energy level

diagram for transition metal complexes ([Fe(CN)6]3-, [Ni(CN)4]2- and

[CoCl4]2- only); Role of transition metal ions in biological system; Band theory of solids.

UNIT - V PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES

[ 9 ]

Laws of photochemistry – Grotthuss Draper law – Stark-Einstein law – Beer-Lambert law –

phosphorescence – fluorescence and it’s applications in medicine – chemiluminescence;

Colorimetry – principle – instrumentation (block diagram only) – estimation of iron by colorimetry;

principles of spectroscopy – selection rules – vibrational and rotational spectroscopy – applications;

Flame photometry – principle – instrumentation (block diagram only) – estimation of sodium;

Atomic absorption spectroscopy – principle – instrumentation (block diagram only) – estimation of nickel.

Total = 45 Periods

100

Course Outcomes: On Completion of this course, the student will be able to

• Know the manufacture, properties and uses of advanced engineering materials.

• Perceive knowledge on the concept of corrosion and its control.

• Gain knowledge about thermodynamics.

• Rationalize periodic properties such as ionization energy, electron affinity and electro

negativity. • Recognize the usage of various spectroscopic techniques.

Text Book :

1 P.C. Jain and Monica Jain, Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai Pub. Co., New Delhi, 2015.

2 Dr. A. Ravikrishnan, Engineering Chemistry, Srikrishna Hi-tech Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, 2016.

Reference Books :

1 S S. Dara and S. S. Umare, A Text book of Engineering Chemistry, S.Chand & Co.Ltd., New Delhi, 2015.

2 S. Vairam, P. Kalyani and Suba Ramesh, Engineering Chemistry, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2013.

3 https://www.vidyarthiplus.com/vp/attachment.php?aid=12082

101

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous),

TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

FIRST YEAR - I SEMESTER – BATCH 2018-2019

(COMMON TO CIVIL, CSE, IT & MECH)

18CH051 – ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY – QUESTION BANK

UNIT-I : ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS

PART – A: TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What are abrasives? Give two examples each for natural and artificial abrasives

(R) (CO-1)

Abrasives are hard substances used for grinding, cutting, sharpening, polishing or drilling

purpose. They are used in the form of granules or powder. They are characterized by high

hardness, high melting point and chemical inertness.

Natural abrasives - Diamond, quartz

Artificial abrasives - Silicon carbide, boron carbide

2. Mention the characteristics of abrasives. (R) (CO-1)

➢ It should be very hard

➢ It should possess high refractoriness.

➢ It should be resistant to mechanical shock

➢ It should not be affected by the frictional heat.

3. Define hardness of an abrasive? What is their unit? (R) (CO-1)

It is the ability of an abrasive to grind or scratch away other materials. The harder

the abrasive quicker will be its abrading action. Hardness of the abrasive is measure on

Moh’s scale or Vicker’s scale.

4. Write some applications of abrasives (R) (CO-1)

Abrasives are used for making

➢ Abrasive paper or cloth which is used to prepare smooth wood, metal and plastic

surfaces.

➢ Grinding wheels to remove the scales from iron surfaces.

➢ Abrasives powder to clean the metal surface prior to coating.

5. What are soft abrasives? (R) (CO-1)

Abrasives having their hardness 1-4 in Moh’s scale are known as soft abrasives.

6. How are abrasives used? (U) (CO-1)

Abrasives are used in three forms

➢ As loose powder

➢ As abrasive paper or cloth

➢ As grinding wheels

7. Explain moh’s scale for different abrasives. (E) (CO-1) (JUNE 2018)

Moh’s scale is a scale, in which common abrasives are arranged in the order of increasing

hardness.

8. What are refractories? How are they classified? (R) (CO-1) (JAN 2017) (JUNE 2017)

(JAN 2018)

Refractories are materials that can with stand high temperatures without softening or

102

deformation in shape. They are used for the construction of lining in furnaces, kilns, etc.,

Refractories are classified into 3 types

i) Acidic refractories : Alumina, fireclay

ii) Basic refractories : Magnesite, dolomite.

iii) Neutral refractories: Graphite, Carborundum

9. Recall the characteristics of a good refractory. (R) (CO-1)

➢ It should be infusible at the operating temperatures.

➢ It should be chemically inert towards the corrosive gases, metallic slags and

liquids.

➢ It should resist the abrading action of flue gases, flames, etc.,

➢ It should not crack and suffer loss in size at the operating temperatures.

10. How would you define the term refractoriness? (U) (CO-1)

Refractoriness is the property of a material by virtue of which it can withstand high

temperature without appreciable deformation under working conditions. It is measured as

pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) numbers.

11. What is RUL? What is it’s significance?(R) (CO-1)

Refractories under load (RUL) is the ability of the refractory to withstand the loads, at

high operating temperatures. It indicates the actual capacity of the refractory under

service.

12. What is meant by dimensional stability? (U) CO-1)

Dimensional stability is the resistance of a refractory to change in volume due to

prolonged exposure to high temperatures.

13. Define Porosity. (R) (CO-1)

Porosity of a material is the ratio of its pore volume to its bulk volume

14. What do you mean by thermal spalling? (U) (CO-1)

Thermal spalling is a property of refractory, by virtue of which it suffers breaking,

craking, peeling off or fracturing at high temperatures.

15. What are the causes of Thermal Spalling? Mention their remedies. (U) (CO-1)

Causes:

• Rapid change in temperature in the furnace temperature.

• Slag penetration into the refractory

Remedies:

• Employ refractories with low coefficient of expansion and good thermal

conductivity.

• Avoiding sudden change in temperature.

• By improving furnace design to minimize stress and strain.

16. Define a Lubricant. (R) (CO-1) (JAN 2018)

A lubricant is a substance capable of reducing the friction between two rubbing surfaces.

The process of reducing friction, by introducing a lubricant is called lubrication.

17. Can you list out the role of a lubricant? (An) (CO-1)

A lubricant forms a film, that seperates the moving parts of two bodies. Following are the

functions of a lubricant

103

• Reduces wear and tear of machine parts

• Reduces loss of heat energy

• Act as a coolant

• Prevents welding of a machine

• Act as a corrosion inhibitor

• Act as a sealant and prevents leakage.

18. How would you classify lubricants? (R) (CO-1)

Based on the physical states of lubricants, they are classified as

• Solid Lubricants Eg. Graphite, Teflon, MoS2

• Semi-Solid Lubricants Eg. Grease, Vaseline

• Liquid Lubricants Eg.. Tallow Oil, Castor Oil, Silicones

• Gaseous Lubricants Eg.. CO2, Air, Helium 19. Outline the terms Viscosity and viscosity index. (U) (CO-1)

Viscosity of a liquid is the property, by virtue of which it offers resistance to its flow.

Generally, viscosity of a lubricating oil is determined by using a Redwood, Saybolt or

U-tubes (Ostwald or Ubbelhode) visco meters. Its unit is centipoises.Viscosity index of a

lubricant is the average decrease in viscosity for 10 rising temperature, between 100 and

2100 F. It is determined by a standard procedure.

If the viscosity of a liquid rapidly falls with the increase in the temperature, the

liquid is said to have a low viscosity index. Whereas, if the viscosity does not change

much, with the increase in temperature, the oil is said to posses a high viscosity index.

20. Define the terms flash point and fire point. (R) (CO-1) (JAN 2017)

Flash point of a lubricating oil is the lowest temperature, at which it gives enough

vapours that flash (ignite) for a moment, when exposed to a tiny-flame.

Fire point of a lubricating oil is the lowest temperature, at which it gives enough vapours

that ignites(burns) continuously for atleast 5 seconds, which exposed to a tiny flame.

21. List out the significance of flash and fire points? (An) (CO-1)

A good lubricating oil should have high flash point and high fire point. The values must

be greater than the temperature of the operating conditions in order to protect against any

fire hazards.

22. Define the terms cloud point and pour point. What are their significance? (R) (CO-

1) (JUNE 2017)

On cooling, the temperature at which the lubricating oil becomes cloudy or hazy in

appearance is called cloud point. On cooling, the temperature at which the lubricating oil

ceases to flow or pour is called pour point. Both the cloud and pour points indicate

suitability of a lubricating oil in cold conditions. A good lubricant must have low cloud

point and pour point.

23. Define Oiliness of a lubricant. (R) (CO-1)

Oiliness of a lubricant is the property, virtue of which the oil sticks to the surface of

machine parts, under heavy pressure and load.

Oiliness of mineral oils can be improved by adding animal and vegetable oils.

24. What are nanoparticles? (R) (CO-1)

According to the widely accepted definitions, nanoparticles are difined as those

particles, in which atleast one of their dimensions is less than 100mm.

104

25. Recall the unique characteristics of nanoparticles? (R) (CO-1)

• High surface area-to-volume ratio of the particles

• Increased strength, chemical and thermal resistance

• Transparency

26. What are the two types of carbon nanotubes? (U) (CO-1)

Carbon nanotubes are classified into two types. They are

• Single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT)

• Multi wall carbon nanotube(MWNT)

27. Mention few applications of nanotechnology. (R) (CO-1)

• Carbon black industry

• Electrical and Electronic applications

• Protective coatings

• Packaging industry

• Cosmetic applications

• Medical field

28. What are the advantages of nanotechnology in fuel cells? (R) (CO-1)

Nanotechnology in fuel cells promises the following:

• Cheap bipolar molecules and efficient electrocatalysts,

• Stable and durable conducting membranes.

29. Can you recall the application of nanoparticles in catalysis. (R) (CO-1)

Nanoparticle catalysts, on application restructure themselves and thereby improves the

surface mobility. Nanocatalysts are of two types-natural and systhetic. Enzymes are the

natural catalysts that are responsible for overall growth of living organisms. Synthetic

catalysts are widely used in a number of industrial applications.

30. Bring out the role of gold nanoparticles in medicines. (R) (CO-1)

• Biological electron microscopy

• Identification of bacteria

• Curing of cancer

• HIV drugs.

PART-B- QUESTIONS

1. What are abrasives? How are they classified? Give its important properties and

uses. (U) (CO-1) (JUNE 2017)

2. Write a note on artificial abrasives. (R) (CO-1)

3. What are refractories? How are they classified? Give examples for each type. (U)

(CO-1)

4. Give the preparation and application of any one acid refractory. (R) (CO-1)

5. Explain the various properties of refractories. (E) (CO-1) (JAN 2017) (JAN 2018)

(JUNE 2018)

6. Explain the preparation and uses of silicon carbide. (U) (CO-1)

7. Explain the preparation and uses of MoS2. (U) (CO-1) (JAN 2017)

8. Define refractoriness and explain thermal spalling and porosity of refractories. (R &

E) (CO-1)

9. What are refractory materials? What are the important characteristics of

105

refractories? (R) (CO-1) (JUNE 2017)

10. What are solid lubrications? When are they used? Explain the structure of any one

solid lubricant? (R & U) (CO-1) (JUNE 2017)

11. Write detailed account on the graphite.(R) (CO-1)

12. Discuss the importance of viscocity, flash point in selecting lubricating oil for a

particular use. (U) (CO-1)

13. Write notes on flash and fire points of a lubricant. (R) (CO-1) (JAN 2018)

14. Write a note on solid lubricants.(R) (CO-1)

15. Explain the various properties of lubricants. (E) (CO-1) (JAN 2018) (JUNE 2018)

16. Explain the synthesis of CNT by the following methods (U & E) (CO-1) (JAN 2017)

(JUNE 2017) (JAN 2018) (JUNE 2018)

I. Chemical vapour deposition method

II. Laser evaporation

III. Pyrolysis

17. Discuss the applications of nanomaterials. (C) (CO-1) (JAN 2018)

-- --- --- --- --- ---

UNIT-II: ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND CORROSION

PART – A: TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is corrosion? (R) (CO-2) (JAN 2017)

Any destruction or deterioration of metals or alloys by undergoing chemical and

electrochemical reaction with the environment.

2. List the two conditions for wet corrosion to take place. (An) (CO-2)

(i) When two dissimilar metals are in contact with each other in presence of an

aqueous solution or moisture (ii) When a metal is exposed to an electrolyte with varying amount of oxygen.

3. State (a) Pilling-Bedworth ratio (b) Pilling-Bedworth rule (U) (CO-2) (JUNE 2013,

JUNE 2014, JAN 2016, JUNE 2016, JAN 2018, JUNE 2018)

(a) The ratio of volume of oxide film formed to the volume of metal consumed is

known as pilling-Bedworth ratio (PB ratio). It gives an idea about whether the oxide

film formed on the metal surface is protective or non-protective. (b) Pilling-Bedworth

rule: If PB ratio > 1, protective oxide layer, if PB ratio < 1, non-protective oxide

layer.

4.

Differentiate between dry corrosion and wet corrosion. (An) (CO-2)

106

S.

No. Dry or chemical corrosion Wet or Electrochemical corrosion

1. It occurs in dry state It occurs in presence of moisture or

electrolyte.

2. It involves direct chemical attack

of metals by the gases

It involves setting up of large number of

tiny galvanic cells.

3. It follows adsorption mechanism It follows the mechanism of

electrochemical reactions.

4.

Corrosion product accumulates on

the same spot where corrosion

occurs.

Corrosion occurs at anode while the

product accumulates at cathode.

5. Define galvanic corrosion. (R) (CO-2) (JUNE 2018)

When two dissimilar metals are electrically connected and exposed to an electrolyte,

the metal higher in electrochemical series undergoes corrosion.

6. Iron corrodes faster than aluminium, even though iron placed below aluminium in

electrochemical series. Why? (An) (CO-2)

This is because aluminium forms a non-porous, very thin, tightly adhering protective

oxide film (Al2O3) on its surface and this film does not permit further corrosion to

occur.

7. Zinc is more readily corroded when coupled with copper than with lead. Why? (An)

(CO-2)

It is due to galvanic corrosion. The extent of corrosion of a metal in a bimetallic

couple depends upon the difference in their position in emf series. Greater the

difference faster is the corrosion rate. Since the difference between Zn - Cu is higher

than Zn – Pb, zinc gets corrodes vigorously when couple with copper.

8. Bolt and nut made of same metal is preferred in practice. Why? (R) (CO-2) (JUNE

2015)

Bolt and nut made of same metal is preferred in practice in order to avoid galvanic

type corrosion.

9. Zinc gives better protection to iron than tin under corrosive environment. Why?

107

(An) (CO-2)

This is because zinc is anodic to iron where as tin is cathodic to iron. Therefore zinc

dissolves in corrosive environment and sacrificially protects iron.

10. Impure metal corrodes faster than pure metal under identical conditions. Justify. (E)

(CO-2)

Impurities in a metal generally cause heterogeneity (i.e. anodic and cathodic part) and

form minute electrochemical cells at the exposed parts, whereby the anodic parts get

easily corroded.

11. Wire mesh corrodes faster at the joints. Why? (Ap) (CO-2)

The joints of wire mesh are stressed, so these become anodic with respect to unjoined

wires. At these anodic parts, oxidation takes place and the metal is corroded fast; while the cathodic parts remain unaffected.

12. A steel screw in a brass marine hardware corrodes. Justify. (E) (CO-2)

This is due to galvanic corrosion. Iron (higher in emf series than brass) becomes

anodic and is attacked and corroded; while brass (lower in emf series) acts as cathodic and is not attacked at all.

13. Rusting of iron is quicker in saline water than in ordinary water. Why? (R) (CO-2)

The presence of sodium chloride in water leads to increased conductivity of liquid

(water) in contact with iron surface, there by rusting is speeded up.

14. Small anodic area results in intense corrosion. Justify. (E) (CO-2)

Corrosion is more rapid, intense and highly localized, if the anodic area is small,

because the current density at a smaller anodic area is very large, and the demand for

electrons by the large cathodic area can be met by the smaller anodic area.

15. What are reversible and irreversible cells? Give examples. (R) (CO-2) (JAN 2014)

Cells which obey the conditions of thermodynamic reversibility are called reversible

cells, example – Daniel cell. Cells which do not obey the conditions of thermodynamic reversibility are called irreversible cells, example – Dry cell, Zinc- Silver cell.

16. What are vapour phase inhibitors? Give examples. (R) (CO-2)

Vapour phase inhibitors readily vaporize and form protective layer on the metal surface. They are used to avoid corrosion on the metal surface. They are used to avoid corrosion in closed containers. Examples: Benzotriazole, Phenylthiourea.

17. Stainless steel is a corrosion resistant alloy. Prove it. (E) (CO-2)

Stainless steel containing chromium produces an exceptionally coherent oxide film

which protects steel from further attack.

18. Find the factors affecting corrosion? (R) (CO-2)

Nature of the metal: (i) Position in emf series, (ii) Relative areas of the anode and

cathode, (iii) Purity of the metal, (iv) Over voltage, (v) Nature of surface film and

corrosion products.

108

Nature of the environment: (i) Temperature, (ii) Humidity, (iii) Presence of corrosive gases, (iv) pH, (v) Presence of suspended particles.

19. Can we use a Cu vessel to store 1M AgNO3 solution? = + = +

0.80V). (An) (CO-2)

Yes, since the reduction potential of Ag+/Ag electrode is higher than that of Cu2+/Cu

electrode.

20. Can we use nickel spatula to stir a solution of CuSO4? =+0.34V,

=+0.025V). (An) (CO-2)

No, since the reduction potential of Ni2+/Ni electrode is less than that of Cu2+/Cu

electrode. Ni will otherwise displace Cu from CuSO4 solution.

Ni (s) + Cu2+(aq) Ni2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

21. What is rust? (R) (CO-2) (JAN 2013)

Corrosion product of Iron is called rust. If enough oxygen is present ,ferrous hydroxide is

easily oxidized to ferric hydroxide.

4 Fe (OH)2 +O2 +2 H2 O 4 Fe (OH)3 (rust)

This product ,called yellow rust, actually corresponds to Fe2 O3 .H2 O.

22. Name any two cathodic inhibitors. (R) (CO-2) (JAN 2014)

Thiorea, aniline and its derivatives

23. What are corrosion inhibitors? Give any two examples. Or Categorize inhibitors

used for corrosion control? Give egs. (R) (CO-2) (JUNE 2015, JAN 2016, JUNE

2016, JUN 2017)

Substances which reduced the corrosion of a metal when it is added to the corrosive

environment.

Eg: Anodic inhibitor: Chromates, Phosphates of transition elements with high oxygen

content

Cathodic inhibitor: Amines and mercaptanes

24. What are electrochemical cells? (R) (CO-2) (DEC 2014)

Electrochemical cells are the cells in which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy.

25. Recommend any two suggestions to avoid galvanic corrosion. (E) (CO-2) (DEC 2014)

Galvanic corrosion is avoided by using homogenous metals and providing an insulating

material between the two metals.

109

PART-B QUESTIONS

1. What is electrochemical (EMF) series?Give its applications with suitable examples.

(R) (CO-2) (DEC 2014, JUNE 2015, JAN 2016, JAN 2018, JUNE 2018)

2. Distinguish between electrolytic and electrochemical cells. (An) (CO-2)

3. Distinguish between reversible cells and irreversible cells. (An) (CO-2). (JUNE 2013,

JAN 2018)

4. What are different types of corrosion? Explain the electro chemical theory of wet

corrosion with mechanism. (R) (CO-2).

5. Explain the mechanism of electrochemical corrosion with an example (E) (CO-2).

(JAN & JUNE 2014, DEC 2014, JUNE 2016, JAN 2017, JUNE 2018)

6. Explain the following types of corrosion. (i) Pitting corrosion (ii) Hydrogen

embrittlement and (iii) Waterline corrosion. (E) (CO-2). (JUN 2017)

7. How is corrosion prevented by cathodic protection? Explain (E) (CO-2). (JUNE

2014, JAN 2016, JAN 2017, JUN 2017)

8. List out propose the various factors influencing the rate of corrosion. (An) (CO-2)

(JAN 2014, JUNE 2015, JAN 2017, JUN 2017, JAN 2018, JUNE 2018)

9. Illustrate the reactions involved in differential aeration corrosion with reference to

the iron materials. Or explain differential aeration corrosion with any two examples

(U) (CO-2). (JUNE 2013 & JAN 2013, DEC 2014, JAN 2016, JUN 2017, JUNE 2018).

10. What is meant by corrosion inhibitors? Give examples. (R) (CO-2)

11. Explain chemical corrosion. Also explain the intensity of corrosion varying with the

nature of oxide layer formation over the metal. (U) (CO-2)

12. Explain differential aeration corrosion? Explain with an example. (U) (CO-2) (JUNE

2013& JAN 2014, JAN 2016, JUN 2017).

13. Illustrate the protection of underground pipeline from its corrosion by

sacrificial anodic and impressed current cathodic protection. Or Explain sacrificial

anode method for corrosion control (U) (CO-2) (JUNE 2015, JAN 2016, JUNE 2016,

JAN 2018).

14. Deduce the Nernst equation for the oxidation and reduction potential of an

electrode. (U) (CO-2) (JAN 2017, JUN 2017)

UNIT-III: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

PART – A: TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. State second law of thermodynamics. (R) (CO-3)

It is impossible to construct a machine which will transfer heat from a low temperature

reservoir to high temperature reservoir without using external work.

2. Define entropy. (R) (CO-3)

It is measure of the loss of capacity of the system to do work. Or it is measure of disorder or randomness of the system.

3. What is significance of Gibb’s Helmholtz equation? (R) (CO-3)

It is helps in understanding the force that causes chemical reaction in the forward

direction. For example, if

∆G is negative, the reaction is spontaneous.

∆G =0, the reaction is at equilibrium.

∆H is negative, ∆G tend to be negative. Thus exothermic reaction is spontaneous at

ordinary temperature. ∆ S is positive, ∆G tend to be negative. Thus increase in entropy leads to spontaneous

110

process.

4. Derive the condition for spontaneity of a process in terms of entropy? (R) (CO-3)

Criteria for spontaneity of in terms of entropy

A process is spontaneous, if ∆ S is positive.

A process is non- spontaneous, if ∆ S is negative. A process is equilibrium, if ∆ S is zero.

5. Comment on the statement ‘entropy of the universe is always increasing’. (R) (CO-3)

All naturally occurring process in the universe are spontaneous, this leading to increase in

entropy. Thus entropy of the universe is always increasing.

6. What is the effect on entropy of a system when temperature is increased? (R) (CO-3)

As the temperature of the system increase, the molecules become more mobile and random, the entropy of the system increases.

7. State Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics. (R) (CO-3)

It states that heat can flow from hot body to cold without any external aid but heat

cannot flow from cold body to hot body without any external aid.

8. What is Gibb’s free energy change? (R) (CO-3)

It is a state function related to enthalpy change, entropy change and temperature as ∆G=∆H-T∆S

9. What is signicance of decrease in Gibbs free energy? (R) (CO-3)

Decrease in Gibb’s free energy is equal to the maximum amount of useful work that a

system can perform at constant T and P.

10. What is condition for the reaction to be at equilibrium? (R) (CO-3) ∆G =0, ∆ S = constant.

11. Under what condition does the entropy of a system becomes zero? (R) (CO-3) The substance should be perfectly crystalline and the temperature is absolute zero.

PART-B QUESTIONS

1. Derive Gibb’s Helmholtz equation. (R) (CO-3)

2. Derive Van’t Hoff’s Isotherm for chemical reaction. (R) (CO-3)

3. Derive entropy change for a reversible and irreversible system. (R) (CO-3)

4. What is van’t hoff isochore? Derive an expression for it. (R) (CO-3)

5. Derive four Maxwell’s relationship. (R) (CO-3)

UNIT-IV: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL BONDING

PART – A: TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. What is meant by effective nuclear charge? (R) (CO-4)

The effective nuclear charge is the net positive charge experienced by valence electrons. It

can be approximated by the following equation Zeff = Z – S Where Z is the atomic number and S is the number of shielding electrons.

2. What is meant by shielding effect? (R) (CO-4)

The shielding effect can be defined as a reduction in the effective nuclear charge on the

electron cloud, due to difference in the attraction forces on the electron in the atom.

3. Define Ionization energy. (R) (CO-4)

The ionization energy is qualitatively defined as the minimum amount of energy required

to remove the most loosely bound electron, the valence electron, of an isolated neutral

gaseous atom to form a cation.

4. What is meant by electron affinity? (R) (CO-4)

The electron affinity (Eea)of an atom or molecule is defined as the amount of energy

released or spent when an electron is added to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous

110

state to form a negative ion.

5. Define electronegativity. (R) (CO-4)

Electronegativity is a chemical property that measures the tendency of an atom to attract

electrons towards itself. Electronegativity is affected by the atomic number and the

distance between the valence electrons and its nucleus.

6. Differentiate Ionic bonding and Covalent bonding (An) (CO-4)

Ionic Bonding Covalent Bonding

It is formed by the transfer of electrons

from one atom to another atom

It is formed by the sharing of valence

electron between atom of similar

electronegativity

It occurs between a metal and a non metal It occurs between two non metals

Ionic bonds do not have definite shape It have definite shape

They exist in solid state at room temperature

They exist as liquid or gaseous stateat room temperature

They have high boiling and melting points They have low boiling and melting points

7. What is meant by Coordinate bond? (R) (CO-4)

A coordinate bond is a covalent bond formed between two atoms in which the shaired pair

of electron is contributed by only one of the atom. The atom providing the electron pair is

called the donor atom. The atom which accepts the electron pair is called the acceptor

atom. A coordinate bond is denoted by an arrow towards the acceptor atom.

8. How is hydrogen bond formed? (U) (CO-4)

Hydrogen bond is formed when a charged part of a molecule having polar covalent bond

forms an electrostatic (charge, as if positive attracted to negative) interaction with a

substance of opposite charge.

9. Give the postulates of Crystal Field theory. (R) (CO-4)

(i) Central metal atom is surrounded by ligands to form complex.

(ii) Types of ligand

Point charge, point dipole

(iii) The bonding between metal cation and ligand arises due to electrostatic interaction.

Thus the metal bond between metal and ligand is purely ionic.

(iv) The interaction between electron of the metal cation and those of the ligand is entirely

repulsive. These repulsive forces are responsible for the splitting of the d orbital of the

metal cation.

(v) The d-orbital which are degenerated in free metal ion have their degeneracy destroyed

by the approach of ligand during the formation of complex.

10. Why does the same covalent bond have different bond energies in different

molecules? (R) (CO-4)

The strength of the covalent bond depends on the amount of electron-density shared by

the two atoms involved. This will be influenced by other atoms in the molecule. For

example, highly electronegative atoms will tend to attract electron-density away from the

bond and so weaken it.

11. Why is sigma-bond stronger than a pi-bond? (R) (CO-4)

Orbital’s can overlap to a greater extent in a sigma bond, due to their axial orientation, so

sigma bond is quite strong. On the other hand, in a pi-bond sideways overlapping of

orbital’s takes place. The sideways overlapping is not to an appreciable extent, due to the

already present sigma bond, which restricts the distance between the involved atoms.

Hence, sigma bond is much stronger than a pi-bond.

111

12. Arrange LiCl, BeCl2, BCl3, CCl4 in order of increasing covalent bond character.

Give reason. (Ap) (CO-4) LiCl < BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4.

Electronegativity difference in M-Cl bond decreases as we move from Li → Be → B → C

and, therefore, covalent character varies as indicated.

PART-B QUESTIONS

1. What is hydrogen bonding explain an inter and intra molecular hydrogen bonding. (R) (CO-4)

2. Derive the energy level diagram for following transition metal complexes ([Fe(CN)6]3-, [Ni(CN)4]2- and [CoCl4]2- only). (U) (CO-4)

3. Role of transition metal ions in biological system. (Ap) (CO-4)

4. Explain Band theory of solids. (E) (CO-4)

UNIT-V: PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES

PART – A: TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Define the terms: (a) Wavelength (b) Frequency (c) Wave number (R) (CO-5)

(a) Wavelength:The linear distance between successive maxima or minima of a wave.It is

usually expressed in Nm,cm,µm or Å units. (b) Frequency: The number of vibrations per second.It is expressed in Hertz (Hz) (c) Wave number: The reciprocal of wavelength. It is usually expressed in cm-1

2. Distinguish between atomic spectra and molecular spectra. (A) (CO-5)

(i) Atomic spectrum arises from the transition of electrons from one energy level to

another due to changes of energy (adsorption or emission) in the atom.

(ii) Atomic spectrum consists of sharp lines which are grouped in series. The frequency of

the lines is determined from the differences in energy between the two energy levels of

the atom.

(iii) Molecular spectrum involves transition of electrons between rotational and

vibrational energy levels in addition to electronic transition. (iv) Molecular spectrum consists of bands composed of innumerable closely packed lines.

The molecular spectra provide most useful information regarding shape and size of the

molecules,the bond lengths,strength of bonds,bond dissociation energies and bond angles.

3. State Beer-Lambert’s law. (U) (CO-5)

The amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the absorbing substance and the thickness of the absorbing material.

4. What is a colorimeter? (R) (CO-5)

It is an instrument used to measure the intensity of a colour present in a solution and to

determine the concentration of a particular substance.

5. Why the spectrophotometers superior to colorimeters? (R) (CO-5)

(i) Spectrophotometers use a prism or a diffraction grating and they possess the

wavelength of 0.5nm or less.Colorimeters use glass filters and they possess a band pass of

10-20 nm.

(ii) Small sample volume is required for spectrophotometers whereas comparatively large volume of sample is required for colorimetric analysis.

(ii) Spectrophotometers maintain greater accuracy than calorimeters.

112

6. Write the applications of UV-visible spectrometry.(R) (CO-5)

(i) UV-visible spectrometry is extensively used in qualitative and quantitative analysis.

(ii) It finds application in chemical kinetics to determine the rate of a reaction.

(iii) Impurities in a compound can be detected by UV-spectroscopy.

(v) pH and dissociation constant of compounds can also be determined.

7. Give any two applications of IR spectroscopy. (App) (CO-5)

(i) IR spectroscopy is widely used for studying hydrogen bonding.The amount of

intermolecular hydrogen bonding varies with concentration while intra-molecular

hydrogen bonding shows no such effect.

(ii) The progress of a chemical reaction can easily be followed by examining a small

portion of spectrum to indicate whether the desired product is formed or not.

8. What is flame photometry? Name few metals which can be easily detected by this

method. (R) (CO-5)

Flame photometry is based on emission of seven radiations in visible region by a metal atom.This method is used for determining the concentration of alkali and alkaline earth metals such as sodium,potassium and lithium.

9. What are the wavelength ranges for UV, IR and Visible regions? (R) (CO-5)

1. The Near Infrared Region (Overtone Region): It ranges from 0.8 to 2.5µ (12500-4000

cm-1).

2. The Mid Infrared Region (Vibration-Rotation Region): It ranges from 2.5 to 15µ (4000-

667cm-1)

3. The Far Infrared Region (Rotation Region): It ranges from 15 to 200µ (667-50cm-1)

4. The Near or Quartz Ultra-violet Region: It ranges from 200 to 380nm. 5. The Visible Region: It ranges from 380 to 780nm.

10. What are the sources of UV light in uv visible spectrophotometer? (R) (CO-5) 1.Hydrogen lamp 2.Deuterium lamp 3.Tungsten filament lamp

11. Define the terms bathochromic shift and hypsochromic shift. (R) (CO-5)

Bathochromic shift: (red shift-the shift of absorption to a longer wavelength)is due to

presence of auxochrome.It may be produced by a change in medium (solvent) or by the

presence of auxochrome. Hypsochromic shift(blue shift-the shift of absorption to a shorter wavelength) is due to removal of conjugation.This is also caused by a change in medium.

12. What happens to a molecule when it is irradiated with (i) IR light (b) Microwave

radiation? (R) (CO-5)

(i) IR light causes to undergo vibrational and rotational transitions. (ii) Microwave radiation causes to rotational transition.

13. What are chromophores? Give some examples. (R) (CO-5)

A grouping of atoms in a molecule that is responsible for the absorbtion of radiation is

called a chromophore.Compounds containing the chromophoric groups are called

chromogens. Examples: Some typical chromophores are

----N =O Nitroso --N=N-- Azo ---N=N---O Azoxy

14. What are auxochromes? Give some examples. (R) (CO-5)

Auxochromes are groups that do not themselves show any characteristic absorption above

200nm but which,when attached to a given chromophoric system, usually cause a shift in

the absorption to longer wavelength and also result in increase in the intensity of the

absorption peak.Groups containing non-bonding electrons are responsible for this effect.

Examples --NH2 Amino, --Cl Chloro, --SO3H Sulphonic acid, --OCH3 Methoxy

113

PART-B QUESTIONS

1. Give the applications of fluorescence in medicine. (App) (CO-5)

2. Discuss the principle and instrumentation of colorimetry. (C) (CO-5)

3. Explain how iron can be estimated by colorimetry. (U) (CO-5)

4. Describe the principle and instrumentation of flame photometry. (Anl) (CO-5)

5. Estimate the amount of sodium by flame photometry. (E) (CO-5)

6. Discuss the principle and instrumentation of AAS. (C) (CO-5)

7. How nickel can be estimated by AAS. (R) (CO-5) -- --- --- --- --- ---

.

114

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Department of Mechanical Engineering Subject Name: ENGINEERING DRAWING Subject Code: 18ME144 Year/Semester: I / I

Course Outcomes: On completion of this course, the student will be able to

CO1 Gain knowledge on basic drafting concepts, procedure for constructing plane curves and general principles of orthographic projections.

CO2 Explicit the projection of points, lines and plane surfaces.

CO3 Demonstrate the concepts of projection of solids

CO4 Perceive knowledge on sectioning the solids and developing the surfaces of solids.

CO5 Construct isometric and perspective projection of solids.

Program Outcomes (POs) and Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs) E. Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to :

PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals; and an engineering specialation to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO2 Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3 Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system

components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods

including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to

provide valid conclusions.

PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering

and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of

the limitations.

PO6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,

health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional

engineering practice.

PO7 Environmental and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in

societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.

PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

PO9 Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and

design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and

management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12 Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

B. Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1 Research Culture : Read Literature, do research on new mechanical engineering problems and publish the results through patents, journals, conferences and symposium.

PSO2 Core Values : Contribute core universal values and social good to the community.

115

18ME144

Prerequisite: No Prerequisites are needed for enrolling into the course.

Objective:

• To develop students’ graphic skill for communication of concepts, ideas and design of engineering products and expose them to existing national standards related to technical drawings.

UNIT - I PLANE CURVES AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION [09]

Introduction on drafting instruments, BIS conventions and specifications, Lettering and

Dimensioning-Conics-Construction of ellipse, parabola and hyperbola by eccentricity method -

Construction of cycloid-Construction of involutes-Drawing of tangents and normal to the above

curves. Representation of three dimensional objects-General principles of orthographic projection-

First angle projection.

UNIT - II PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE SURFACES [09]

Projection of points and straight lines located in the first quadrant -Determination of true lengths and

true inclinations - Projection of polygonal surface and circular lamina inclined to any one reference

plane.

UNIT - III PROJECTION OF SOLIDS [09]

Projection of simple solids like prisms, pyramids, cylinder and cone when the axis is inclined to one

reference plane by change of position method.

UNIT - IV SECTION OF SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES [09]

Sectioning of above solids in simple vertical position by cutting planes inclined to one reference

plane and perpendicular to the other- Obtaining true shape of section. Development of lateral

surfaces of simple and truncated solids-Prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones.

UNIT - V ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS [09]

Principles of isometric projection - isometric scale -isometric projections of simple solids,

truncated prisms, pyramids, cylinders and cones. Perspective projection of prisms, pyramids

and cylinders by visual ray method.

Total ( L : 15 T : 30) = 45 Periods

Course Outcomes: On completion of this course, the students will be able to

• Gain knowledge on basic drafting concepts, procedure for constructing plane curves and general principles of orthographic projections.

• Explicit the projection of points, lines and plane surfaces.

• Demonstrate the concepts of projection of solids.

• Perceive knowledge on sectioning the solids and developing the surfaces of solids.

• Construct isometric and perspective projection of solids.

Text Books :

1. Natarajan, K.V., “A text book of Engineering Graphics”, Dhanalakshmi Publishers, Chennai, 2015.

2. Kumar, M.S., “Engineering Graphics”, D.D. Publications, (2007).

Reference Books :

1. Venugopal & Prabhu Raja, V., “Engineering Graphics”, New Age International (P) Limited (2008).

2. Bhatt, N.D., “Engineering Drawing”, Charotar Publishing House, 53rd Edition, (2014).

3. Shah, B., and Rana, B.C., “Engineering Drawing”, Pearson Education (2009).

4. Gopalakrishna, K.R., “Engineering Drawing” (Vol.I & II), Subhas Publications (2010).

5. Basant Agarwal and Agarwal C.M., “Engineering Drawing”, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited.2013.

K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous) R 2018

SEMESTER - I

ENGINEERING DRAWING L T P C (Common to AU & ME) 1 2 0 3

116

K.S.R.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING: TIRUCHENGODE – 637 215.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE / LESSON PLAN SCHEDULE

NAME :Dr.M.GNANASEKARAN,

CLASS : I BE/I SEM- MECH

SUBJECT : 18ME 144- ENGINEERING DRAWING

A). TEXT BOOK:

1. K.V.Natarajan, “A Text Book of Engineering Graphics”. Dhanalashmi Publishers,(2012)

2. M.S.Kumar, “Engineering Graphics”, D.D.Publications, 13th Edition,2011

3. K.Venugopal, “Engineering Graphics” New age international Publishers, 5th Edition,

2005

B). REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Dhanjay A. Jothe, “Engineering Drawing with introduction to AutoCAD” TMH

Publishing Company limited (2008)

2. K.R.Gopalakrishna, “Engineering Graphics” (VolI& II), Subhas Publications(1998)

3. K.V.Natarajan, “A Text Book of Engineering Graphics”. Dhanalashmi

Publishers,(2006)

C). LEGEND:

L - Lecture PPT - Power Point

TB1 - Text Book BB - Black Board

OHP - Over Head Projector pp - Pages Rx - Reference Ex - Extra

T - Tutorial

Sl. No Lecture

Hour

Topics to be covered

Teaching

Aid

Required

Book

No./Page No

UNIT-IPLANE CURVES AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

1.

L1

Introduction on drafting instruments, BIS

conventions and specifications, Lettering &Dimensioning

BB

TB1/pp 1-32

2. L2, L3, Conics - Construction of Ellipse by eccentricity method

BB TB1/pp 57-61

3. L4 Parabola &Hyperbola by eccentricity method BB, T TB1/pp67-74

4. L5,L6 Construction of Cycloids and involutes BB TB1/pp 79-82

5. L7, Construction of involutes - tangent and normal for

above curves. BB, T TB1/pp83-85

6.

L8, L9

Representation of 3D objects Principles of orthographic projection, 1st angle projection

BB, T

TB1/PP 92-

129

117

UNIT - II PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND PLANE SURFACES

7.

L10,L11

Projection of points in first quadrant, Projection of

straight lines in first quadrant (inclined to HP,

perpendicular to VP)

BB TB1/pp 130-

131

8. L12,L13 Projection of straight lines in first quadrant ((inclined to VP and perpendicular to HP)

BB, T TB2/pp 8.1

9. L14, L15 Projection of polygonal surfaces and circular

lamina inclined to HP and parallel to VP BB TB2/pp8.2

10. L16,

L17, L18 Projection of polygonal surfaces and circular lamina inclined to VP and parallel to HP

BB, T

TB2/pp 8.4

UNIT –III PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

11. L19,L20, Projection of prisms and cylinder when the axis

inclined to HP and parallel to VP

BB

TB1/pp 228- 235 and 244-

260

12. L21,L22 Projection of and pyramids and cone when the

axis inclined to HP and parallel to VP BB, T

TB1/pp 255 and 266

13. L23, L24, Projection of prisms and cylinder when the axis inclined to VP and parallel to HP

BB, T TB1/pp 271- 273 and 276

14. L25,L26,

L27

Projection of pyramids and cone when the axis

inclined to VP and parallel to HP

BB, T TB1/pp

252,256 and 267-270

UNIT-IV SECTION OF SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

15.

L28,L29

Sectional views and true shape of section of prisms

and cylinder when cutting plane inclined to HP and

VP

BB

TB1/pp 307

and 310,312- 313

16.

L30,L31 Sectional views and true shape of section of

pyramids and cone when cutting plane inclined to HP and VP

BB, T TB1/pp 315-

338

17. L32,L33 Development of surfaces of truncated prism and

pyramids BB

TB1/pp 349- 360

18. L34,L35,

L36

Development of surfaces of simple and truncated

solids cylinders and cone BB

TB1/pp 367-

382

UNIT-V- ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS

19. L37, L38 Isometric projection of simple solids, truncated prisms and pyramids

BB TB1/pp 421-

425

20. L39, L40 Isometric projection of truncated cylinders and cone

BB, T TB1/pp 434-

440

21. L41, L42 Perspective projection of simple solids like prism

and cylinders by visual ray method. BB, T

TB1/pp 444-

445

22. L43,

L44, L45 Perspective projection of simple solids like pyramid and cone by visual ray method.

BB TB1/pp 441-

448

PREPARED BY H.O.D./MECH

(Dr.M.Gnanasekaran)

118

K.S.R.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TIRUCHENGODE-637215.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

QUESTION BANK – 18ME144 - ENGINEERING DRAWING

UNIT I – PLAIN CURVES AND ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

1. Make the front, top and left side views of the given pictorial drawing (CO1)

2. Make the front, top and right side views of the given pictorial drawing(CO1)

3. Make the front, top and right side views of the given pictorial drawing(CO1)

119

4. Make the front, top and right side views of the given pictorial drawing(CO1)

5. Draw the conic curve, if the distance of focus from the directrix is 70mm and the eccentricity

is ¾. Also draw the tangent and normal at any point on the curve. (CO1)

6. Construct a parabola given the distance of the focus from the directrix as 50 mm. Also draw

tangent and normal to the curve from any point on it. (CO1)

7. A circle of 50 mm diameter rolls along a straight line without slipping. Draw the curve traced

by a point P on the circumference for one complete revolution. Draw a tangent and normal on it

40 mm from the base line. (CO1)

8. A Coir is unwound from a drum of 30mm diameter. Draw the locus of the free end of the coir

for unwinding through an angle of 360°. Draw also a tangent and normal at any point on the

curve. (CO1)

UNIT II – PROJECTION OF POINTS, LINES AND SURFACES

1. A line AB of length 70mm has its end A 10mm above HP and 15mm in front of VP. It is

inclined at 35o to HP and parallel to VP. Draw the projections of the straight line. (CO2)

2. A line CD of length 60mm is inclined at 45o to HP and parallel to VP. The line is on VP,

and the end C is 15mm above HP. Draw its projections. (CO2)

3. A line PQ, 70mm is inclined to HP and parallel to VP. The top view of the line measures

55mm. Find its true inclination with HP. (CO2)

4. Draw the projections of a line AB of length 60mm is inclined at 35o to VP and parallel to HP.

Point A of the line is 15mm above HP and 20mm in front of VP. (CO2)

120

5. A square plate of side 40mm is resting on HP with one of its corner. The surface of the plate

making an angle of 30o with HP. Draw the projections. (CO2)

6. A circular plate of diameter 60 mm has the end P of the diameter PQ in the HP and the plate is

inclined at 40° to HP and perpendicular to VP. Draw its projections. (CO2)

7. A hexagonal plate of side 30mm is resting on HP with one of its edges. The surface of the

plate making an angle of 35o with HP.. Draw the projections. (CO2)

8. Draw the projections of the following points with a common reference line (CO2)

i. Point A is 10mm above HP and 20mm in front of VP.

ii. Point B is on VP and 15mm above HP

iii. Point C is on HP and 20mm in front of VP

iv. Point D is in both HP and VP.

UNIT III – PROJECTION OF SOLIDS

1. An equilateral triangular prism 20mm side and 50mm long rests with one of its shorter edges

on HP such that the rectangular face containing the edge on which the prism rests is inclined at

30o to HP. The shorter edge on HP is perpendicular to VP. Draw the projections of the prism.

(CO3)

2. A square prism of base side 40mm and axis 60mm is resting on HP with one of its corners of

the base. Axis is inclined at 45o to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections. (CO3)

3. A cylinder of base diameter 50mm and axis 80mm rests on its base point on HP with its axis

inclined at 30o to the HP and parallel to VP. Draw the front and top views. (CO3)

4. A pentagonal pyramid side of base 25mm and axis 50mm long is lying with one of its

triangular face on HP and axis parallel to VP. Draw its projections. (CO3)

5. A square prism of base side 35mm and axis 60mm lies on HP on one of its longer edges with

its faces equally inclined to HP. Draw the projections when its axis inclined at 30o to the VP.

(CO3)

6. A cone of base diameter 50mm and altitude 80mm rests on its base on HP with its axis

inclined at 30o to the HP and parallel to VP. Draw the front and top views. (CO3)

7. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30mm and axis 60mm is resting on HP with one of its base

corners such that its axis is inclined at 30o to VP and parallel to HP. Draw its projections. (CO3)

8. A cylinder of base diameter 60mm and axis 70mm is resting on HP with its axis inclined at

60o to VP and parallel to HP. Draw its projections. (CO3)

121

UNIT IV SECTION OF SOLIDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES

1. A hexagonal prism of base side 20mm and axis 55mm rests on HP on its base with two base

edges parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 30o to HP and cutting the axis of the prism at

15mm from top. Draw the sectional top view, front view and true shape of the section. (CO4)

2. A square prism of base side 40mm and axis 60mm is resting on HP on its base with two of its

rectangular faces are equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 45o to HP and

bisecting the axis. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of section. (CO4)

3. A cylinder of base diameter 60mm and axis 70mm is resting on the ground on its base. It is cut

by a plane inclined at 60o to HP and passing through the axis at a distance of 15mm from the

top. Draw the sectional top view and true shape of section. (CO4)

4. A hexagonal pyramid of base side 20mm and axis 55mm rests on HP on its base with two

shorter edges parallel to VP. It is cut by a vertical plane inclined at 30o to VP and cutting the

pyramid at 5mm from the top view of the axis. Draw the top view, sectional front view and true

shape of the section. (CO4)

5. Draw the development of the lateral surface of right portion of the cylinder of base diameter

50mm and axis 65mm cut by a plane inclined at 60o to HP and passing through the axis at 40mm

above the base. (CO4)

6. A pentagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis 60mm is resting on HP on its base with one of

its rectangular faces is perpendicular to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 45o to HP and

bisecting the axis. Draw the development of truncated portion of prism. (CO4)

7. Draw the development of truncated portion of a cone of base diameter 50mm and axis 70mm

which is cut by a plane perpendicular to VP and inclined at 45o to HP and passes through the

midpoint of the axis. (CO4)

8. Draw the development of a hexagonal pyramid of base edge 30mm and axis 60mm is resting

on HP with its base such that two of its base edges parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at

35o to HP and passing through the axis at 15mm from the base. (CO4)

UNIT V – ISOMETRIC AND PERSPECTIVE PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS

1. A hexagonal prism of base side 30mm and axis 60mm resting on the ground on one of its base

with a base side parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 40o to HP and passing through the

axis at 20mm from the base. Draw the isometric view of the truncated portion of the prism (CO5)

2. A square prism of base side 40mm and axis 60mm resting on the ground on one of its base

with a base side parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 40o to HP and passing through the

axis at 20mm from the base. Draw the isometric view of the truncated portion of the prism.

(CO5)

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3. A cone of base diameter 50mm and axis 70mm rests on its base on HP. It is cut by a plane

inclined at 60o to its base and passing through the axis at 20mm from the base. Draw the

isometric view of the truncated cone. (CO5)

4. A cylinder of base diameter 50mm and axis 70mm rests on its base on HP. It is cut by a plane

inclined at 60o to its base and passing through the axis at 20mm from the base. Draw the

isometric view of the truncated cylinder. (CO5)

5. A cube of side 45mm is lying on the ground on one of its faces, with nearest vertical edge is

25mm behind PP and the faces equally inclined to PP. The station point is 45mm in front of PP

and 55mm above the Ground plane. The central plane passes through the point 15mm to the left

of the centre of the cube. Draw the perspective view. (CO5)

6. A square prism of base side 45mm and axis 45mm rest on the ground with its base sides

equally inclined to PP. The station point is 55mm above the ground 45mm in front of PP. The

nearest longer edge is 25mm behind PP and 15mm to the right of the station point. Draw the

perspective view of the pyramid. (CO5)

7. A square pyramid of base side 45mm and axis 45mm rest on the ground with its base edges

equally inclined to PP. The station point is 55mm above the ground 45mm in front of PP. the

nearest base corner is 25mm behind PP and 15mm to the right of the station point. Draw the

perspective view of the pyramid. (CO5)

K.S.R.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TIRUCHENGODE-637215.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CYCLE TEST I – 18ME144 – ENGINEERING DRAWING

1. Construct a parabola given the distance of the focus from the directrix as 50 mm. Also draw tangent and normal to

the curve from any point on it. (10)

2. Make the front, top and right side views of the given pictorial drawing (15)

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K.S.R.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TIRUCHENGODE-637215.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CYCLE TEST II – 18ME144 – ENGINEERING DRAWING

1. A line AB of length 70mm has its end A 10mm above HP and 15mm in front of VP. It is inclined at 35o to HP and

parallel to VP. Draw the projections of the straight line. (10)

2. A square plate of side 40mm is resting on HP with one of its corner. The surface of the plate making an angle of

30o with HP. Draw the projections. (15)

K.S.R.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TIRUCHENGODE-637215.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CYCLE TEST III – 18ME144 – ENGINEERING DRAWING

1. A square prism of base side 40mm and axis 60mm is resting on HP with one of its corners of the base. Axis is

inclined at 45o to HP and parallel to VP. Draw its projections. (10)

2. A cone of base diameter 50mm and altitude 80mm rests on its base on HP with its axis inclined at 30o to the HP

and parallel to VP. Draw the front and top views. (15)

K.S.R.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TIRUCHENGODE-637215.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CYCLE TEST IV – 18ME144 – ENGINEERING DRAWING

1. A square prism of base side 40mm and axis 60mm is resting on HP on its base with two of its rectangular faces

are equally inclined to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 45o to HP and bisecting the axis. Draw the sectional top

view and true shape of section. (10)

2. Draw the development of the lateral surface of right portion of the cylinder of base diameter 50mm and axis

65mm cut by a plane inclined at 60o to HP and passing through the axis at 40mm above the base. (15)

K.S.R.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TIRUCHENGODE-637215.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CYCLE TEST V – 18ME144 – ENGINEERING DRAWING

1. A square prism of base side 40mm and axis 60mm resting on the ground on one of its base with a base side

parallel to VP. It is cut by a plane inclined at 40o to HP and passing through the axis at 20mm from the base. Draw

the isometric view of the truncated portion of the prism. (10)

2. A cube of side 45mm is lying on the ground on one of its faces, with nearest vertical edge is 25mm behind PP and

the faces equally inclined to PP. The station point is 45mm in front of PP and 55mm above the Ground plane. The

central plane passes through the point 15mm to the left of the centre of the cube. Draw the perspective view.

(15)

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K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

Vision of the Institution

• We envision to achieve status as an excellent educational institution in the global

knowledge hub, making self-learners, experts, ethical and responsible engineers,

technologists, scientists, managers, administrators and entrepreneurs who will

significantly contribute to research and environment friendly sustainable growth of the

nation and the world.

Mission of the Institution

• To inculcate in the students self-learning abilities that enable them to become

competitive and considerate engineers, technologists, scientists, managers,

administrators and entrepreneurs by diligently imparting the best of education, nurturing

environmental and social needs.

• To foster and maintain a mutually beneficial partnership with global industries and

Institutions through knowledge sharing, collaborative research and innovation.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Vision of the Department

• To be a centre of excellence in the field of Mechanical Engineering for providing its

students and faculty with opportunities to excel in education and targeted research

themes in emerging areas.

Mission of the Department

• To excel in academic and research activities that meets the industrial and social needs.

• To develop competent, innovative and ethical Mechanical Engineers.

Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)

• SUCCESSFUL CAREER: Identify, design and apply the technical skills to solve mechanical

engineering problems for enhancing the quality of life.

• LIFELONG LEARNING: Apply the modern tools and techniques to face the challenges in

mechanical and related engineering areas.

• SERVICE TO SOCIETY: Understand the responsibility, communicate and implement

innovative ideas in multidisciplinary teams ethically for uplifting the society.