QUANTIFICATION OF CARBON SINKS AND ITS EMISSION DUE TO HUMAN CONSUMPTION IN FOREST AREAS OF THE...

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CHAPTER-6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

[A] Carbon Sink Potential of Plant Species:

6.1 Biomass and Carbon sink in dominant tree species:

Trees are standing cylindrical biological volumes and terrestrial carbon reservoir in

any land of the ecosystem (Pandya, 2012). From the reference list of 124 tree species

(Chapter-4), I found 77 species during the field. In our study areas we found the 10 most

dominant tree species which were also rich in their stem individual counting and standing

density per hectare. As the dominant species Tectona grandis shows the maximum carbon

sink capacity in their above and below ground biomass. From our study we found that as the

diameter of the trunk increases the carbon stock of species also increases, statement is

applicable to all species of the ecosystem. The Wood density of the species is one of the most

important factor which influences the biomass of the species. Out of the total 77 species the

10 species were recorded as major carbon sinks, (because of a maximum number of stem

individuals availability) which harvest maximum carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in

Dangs and Valsad forest ecosystem. The species are following; Tectona grandis, Terminalia

crenulata, Wrightia tinctoria, Casearia graveolens, Miliusa tomentosa, Butea monosperma,

Lagerstroemia parviflora, Adina cordifolia, Garuga pinnata and Anogeissus latifolia. The

results are following for aforementioned species. The average of girth and height was taken

from each girth class of species and allometric equations were applied. The above and below

ground biomass was estimated. The results of major dominant 65 species are following while

remaining 12 species which were encountered in single girth are tabulated separately in Table

No.-6.66.

1. Tectona grandis:

Tectona grandis was spotted in all girths class ranges except in above than 300cm.

The mean organic carbon 347.07 MT/ha was estimated in its 2174 stem individuals of

different girth classes. Table No.-5.1 illustrates the average carbon value in each girth

class of the tree. Maximum mean organic carbon (MOC) is 5556.09 Kg is evaluated for

girth 267.5cm and minimum MOC is 6.94 Kg is calculated for a 19.8 cm girth. The total

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biomass of the species is the sum of AGB and BGB, the TB 13.88 Kg and 11112.18 Kg

are estimated for 10-30cm and 251-300cm girth class respectively. Increasing the budget

of carbon in each girth class is depicted in Figure No.-6.1:

Table No.-6.1 Tectona grandis: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg

GBH Avg H AGB BGB TB C Kg

10-30 19.8 4.9 11.01 2.86 13.88 6.94

31-60 40.7 8.6 81.66 21.23 102.90 51.45

61-90 72.8 13 394.96 102.69 497.64 248.82

91-120 106.6 17.2 1120.43 291.31 1411.75 705.87

121-150 133.8 20.9 2144.87 557.67 2702.54 1351.27

151-180 165.6 23 3615.69 940.08 4555.77 2277.89

181-210 194 22 4746.45 1234.08 5980.53 2990.26

211-250 218 24.7 6729.04 1749.55 8478.58 4239.29

251-300 267.5 21.5 8819.19 2292.99 11112.18 5556.09

1. Terminalia crenulata:

It is the 2nd most dominant plant species recorded in all forest areas. Total 515 stems

enumerated in quadrates on the field which absorbs the 136.32Metric tons of MOC.

Total 10677.30 Kg biomass comprise of 5338.65 Kg in 270cm girth and 20m height of

the plant as shown in Table No.-6.2:

Table No.-6.2: Terminalia crenulata: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg GBH Avg H AGB BGB TB C Kg

10-30 18.6 3.7 7.44 1.93 9.37 4.69

31-60 44.2 8 90.84 23.62 114.46 57.23

61-90 75.8 12.9 430.79 112.00 542.79 271.40

91-120 105.4 18.8 1213.87 315.61 1529.48 764.74

121-150 133.3 21.5 2220.40 577.31 2797.71 1398.85

151-180 160.7 21.6 3242.04 842.93 4084.97 2042.49

181-210 195 28 6188.14 1608.92 7797.06 3898.53

211-250 250 29 10534.43 2738.95 13273.39 6636.69

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251-300 270 20 8474.04 2203.25 10677.30 5338.65

2. Adina cordifolia:

Total 35.02MT carbon is estimated in 79 stems which is very less comparative than

Tectona grandis and Terminalia crenulata. The species has reserve maximum biomass in

AGB and BGB pools in girth of 337cm. The variation in carbon may be seen in Figure

No.-6.3. Biomass of the species is raised from 9.62Kg to up to 18149.16Kg in minimum

to maximum girth range as been following in Table No.-6.3:

Table No.-6.3: Adina cordifolia: Biomass vs. Carbon


10-30 19 4.5 7.63 1.98 9.62 4.81

31-60 40.5 8.1 62.41 16.23 78.64 39.32

61-90 67 5 105.43 27.41 132.85 66.42

91-120 112 15.6 919.23 239.00 1158.23 579.11

121-150 132.3 26 2137.74 555.81 2693.56 1346.78

151-180 164 27 3411.25 886.93 4298.18 2149.09

181-210 190.5 27.5 4687.97 1218.87 5906.84 2953.42

211-250 241 25.5 6957.23 1808.88 8766.12 4383.06

>300 337 27 14404.09 3745.06 18149.16 9074.58

3. Garuga pinnata Vs. Terminalia bellerica:

Garuga pinnata and Terminalia bellerica belongs to Bursceraceae and Combretaceae

family. 23.86 MT and 26.35 MT Carbon stores respectively in both plants. Total 51

stems were enumerated in G. pinata than 25 stems in T. bellerca. C scrutinized for the

growth in the form of CO2 was highly consumed in girth 310cm T. bellerica than 205cm

of G. pinata. The carbon values of both the species are very closer to girth range 151-

180cm. The competition results of carbon sinks in both plants are given in Table No.-6.4

and 6.5.

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Table No.-6.4: Garuga pinnata: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class Avg GBH Avg H AGB BGB TB C Kg

10-30 18.7 3.8 6.77 1.76 8.53 4.27

31-60 47 6.9 77.67 20.19 97.86 48.93

61-90 82.8 16 558.95 145.33 704.27 352.14

91-120 106.7 16.5 957.20 248.87 1206.07 603.04

121-150 130 17.5 1507.01 391.82 1898.83 949.41

151-180 163.5 24 3269.17 849.98 4119.15 2059.58

181-210 205 23 4925.22 1280.56 6205.78 3102.89

Table No.-6.5: Terminalia bellerica: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth


10-30 18.3 3.8 7.70 2.00 9.70 4.85

31-60 44 7.7 90.20 23.45 113.66 56.83

61-90 73.6 13.5 442.50 115.05 557.55 278.78

91-120 107.7 21.7 1523.05 395.99 1919.05 959.52

121-150 142.6 19 2337.85 607.84 2945.69 1472.85

151-180 166.3 24.6 4116.65 1070.33 5186.97 2593.49

>300 310 25 14537.42 3779.73 18317.15 9158.57

4. Anogeissus latifolia:

Total 19.35 MTC is sequestered in 54 individual stems. Species accounts for 3837.66

KgC in the girth range of 181-210 cm by following 1483.68 KgC in average girth of

129 cm. The carbon is less occupied in girth 21cm. The species belongs to the

Combretaceae family but the carbon value is differing than T.crenulata and T.bellerica.

Carbon storage is quite differing in minor girth class 10-30cm than above two species.

Quantitative figures of carbon on different parameters are tabulated in Table No.-6.6.

The relationship between total biomass and organic carbon in respect to each girth class

is shown in Figure No.-6.5 which is following:

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Table No.-6.6: Anogeissus latifolia: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth


10-30 21 5.5 15.26 3.97 19.22 9.61

31-60 45.7 10.6 139.24 36.20 175.45 87.72

61-90 80.1 12.5 504.44 131.16 635.60 317.80

91-120 106.8 18.3 1312.90 341.35 1654.25 827.13

121-150 129 22.5 2355.05 612.31 2967.36 1483.68

181-210 193 26 6091.52 1583.79 7675.31 3837.66

5. Madhuca indica:

Total 13.40MT C/ha is estimatedin 17 stems of different girth classes. The plant

belongs to sapotaceae family. Species sequestered 3.2MT Carbon in upper girth 270 cm

while 4.6 MTcarbon is sinking into 215cm. The height of the plant is also one of the

major parameters for carbon delivery from canopy to root. Tree height is exceeded in

both stems. A higher standing biomass for the girth 215cm is 9265.17 Kg estimated

which is comparatively higher than 6494.14 Kg in 270cm. The results of varying

biomass are following in Table No.-6.7. (The red line of the graph denotes the carbon

and blue for biomass).

Table No.-6.7: Madhuca indica: Biomass vs. Carbon


10-30 21.1 4.7 12.33 3.21 15.53 7.77

31-60 45.5 8 97.58 25.37 122.95 61.47

61-90 64 7 168.93 43.92 212.85 106.42

91-120 102 20 1225.95 318.75 1544.70 772.35

121-150 124 16.5 1494.75 388.64 1883.39 941.69

181-210 187 27 5562.74 1446.31 7009.06 3504.53

210-250 215 27 7353.31 1911.86 9265.17 4632.58

251-300 270 12 5154.08 1340.06 6494.14 3247.07

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6. Holoptelia integrifolia:

The occurrence of the plant in forests was moderate. We spotted 23 individuals of

different girths. It belongs to Ulamceae family and significant at 14.14MT C/ha storage.

However, biomass carbon is significantly less in 300cm girth than T. bellerica of

310cm. 4.9 or approx 5tC/ha is sequestered in Holoptelia integrifolia in the girth class

of 251-300cm. The results of biomass are mentioned in Table No.-6.8.

Table No.-6.8: Holoptelia integrifolia: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg

GBH

Avg

H AGB BGB TB C Kg

10-30 15.5 6.5 8.08 2.10 10.18 5.09

31-60 55.5 12 191.29 49.74 241.02 120.51

61-90 75 12.2 355.15 92.34 447.48 223.74

91-120 106.8 15.8 932.66 242.49 1175.15 587.58

121-150 137.3 24.3 2370.67 616.37 2987.04 1493.52

251-300 300 22 7882.17 2049.36 9931.53 4965.76

7. Ficus racemosa:

21 individual stems were enumerated in different girths and carbon storage is 6.2 MT

carbon in 300cm girth which is significantly higher than that of Holoptelia integrifolia.

Total 10.48MTC/ha is estimated in all stems. Above and below ground biomass of the

species is ecologically significant and exhibited carbon variation in different girth

ranges. The causes of variation in tree carbon and biomass may be genetic variation and

also depends on environmental parameters like soil fertility, water availability etc. The

estimate budget of carbon in different girths is calculated in Table No.-6.9 and Figure

No.-6.9:

Table 6.9: Ficus racemosa: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg

GBH

Avg

H AGB BGB TB C Kg

10-30 23.3 3 7.78 2.02 9.80 4.90

31-60 47.7 6.4 69.56 18.09 87.65 43.82

61-90 85.5 9.5 331.75 86.26 418.01 209.01

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91-120 104.5 14 730.34 189.89 920.22 460.11

121-150 127 14.3 1101.81 286.47 1388.28 694.14

251-300 300 23 9888.54 2571.02 12459.55 6229.78

8. Lagerstroemia parviflora:

Species belongs to Lythraceae family and was not found in girth more than 150cm

during field. 4.37MT C/ha is estimated in 70 different girth stems. 1.1 tC/ha carbon is

sinking in approximate girth of 150cm which is significantly less than Anogeissus

latifolia. Total quantitative biomass 2200.42Kg was estimated in its above and below

ground carbon pools. Generally, from the analysis, minor girth has less carbon than

major girth class. The carbon storage capacity of the species depends on the species

surveillance and other management practices. The species individuals per hectare were

also less than above discussed species. Quantification of carbon in different girths and

biomass is computed in Table No.-6.10:

Table 6.10: Lagerstroemia parviflora: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg

GBH

Avg

H AGB BGB TB C Kg

10-30 15.7 3.8 4.62 1.20 5.83 2.91

31-60 44.1 6.1 58.56 15.23 73.79 36.89

61-90 72.5 11.5 298.38 77.58 375.96 187.98

91-120 120 20 1421.66 369.63 1791.29 895.64

121-150 133 20 1746.37 454.06 2200.42 1100.21

9. Butea monosperma:

This plant belongs to the Fabaceae family and total 97 stems were encountered in

various GBH classes. 4.88MT/ha carbon is stocked in its biomass. The mean organic

biomass was stunted 1643.22 Kg/ha in mean girth of 150cm, which is comparatively less

enumerated than Lagerstroemia parviflora. The mean organic carbon increases as

diameter of the species increases. (Table No.-6.11).

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Table 6.11: Butea monosperma: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg

GBH

Avg

H AGB BGB TB C Kg

10-30 18.3 2.9 4.33 1.13 5.46 2.73

31-60 42.9 6.2 50.88 13.23 64.10 32.05

61-90 73.3 10.3 246.74 64.15 310.90 155.45

91-120 108.7 9.5 500.47 130.12 630.60 315.30

121-150 150 13 1304.14 339.08 1643.22 821.61

10. Wrightia tinctoria:

Plants belong to Apocynaceae family and the individuals per hectare 29.7d/ha, i.e.152

plants stems were recorded from floral survey. Total 9.94MT/ha carbon is consumed

from ecosystem, the maximum carbon storage was 477.29Kg carbon in mean girth of

101.7cm (Table No.-6.12).

Table 6.12: Wrightia tinctoria: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg

GBH

Avg

H AGB BGB TB C Kg

10-30 18.6 3.5 7.71 2.01 9.72 4.86

31-60 42.4 6.2 70.99 18.46 89.45 44.73

61-90 73.3 11.7 400.40 104.10 504.50 252.25

91-120 101.7 11.5 757.60 196.98 954.58 477.29

11. Lannea coromandelica:

Plant belongs to the Anacardiaceae family and only 41 individual stems were

recorded. The plants were not found in exceeding girth class of 151-180cm. 10.72

MT/ha carbon is absorbed in the form of biomass. Almost, 1.2carbon MT /ha is stocked

in 135cm girth (Table No.-6.13).

Table 6.13: Lannea coromandelica: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg

GBH

Avg

H AGB BGB TB C Kg

10-30 20.2 3.8 5.31 1.38 6.69 3.34

31-60 51 10 89.05 23.15 112.20 56.10

61-90 81.3 15.5 350.75 91.19 441.94 220.97

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91-120 103.7 15.8 581.69 151.24 732.93 366.47

121-150 135 22 1372.68 356.90 1729.58 864.79

151-180 163.5 22.5 2059.19 535.39 2594.58 1297.29

12. Ougeinia oojeinensis:

This plant belongs to the Fabaceae family and total 22 stems were encountered in

various GBH classes. Plants occurrence in forest areas was very less, the standing

individuals density was 4.3d/ha projected. 8.94 MT/ha carbon is sink which is

comparatively higher than Butea monosperma but if we compare the maximum girth’s

carbon than this plant has satisfactory carbon budget in its biomass. 5.4tons total

biomass has reserved 2.7 tons of organic carbon in upper girth (Table No.-6.14). D.

Paniculata and D. latifolia are also competitive carbon sinking species which are

identified under the same family. All these species are timber species and having their

ecological and economic significance. The standing density 2.9 d/ha and 2.0 d/ha is

estimated for D. latifolia and D. paniculata i.e. 15 trees and 10 trees enumerated both

species, respectively. But, D. latifolia was not found in upper top girth class than that of

D.paniculata, thus the biomass and carbon values are very significant than D.latifolia. It

is observed that comparison of top GBH class among these three species, D. paniculata

has maximum carbon sink potential which is further higher than B. monosperma (Table

No.-6.14,15,16).

Table 6.14: Ougeinia oojeinensis: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 20 4 7.64 1.99 9.63 4.82

31-60 53.4 9.8 133.50 34.71 168.21 84.10

61-90 79.3 13.6 408.55 106.22 514.77 257.39

91-120 101 15.7 765.08 198.92 963.99 482.00

121-150 144 19.5 1931.62 502.22 2433.84 1216.92

181-210 190 25 4311.31 1120.94 5432.25 2716.12

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Table 6.15: Dalbergia paniculata: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 12.5 3 2.24 0.58 2.82 1.41

61-90 78 32.5 944.57 245.59 1190.16 595.08

91-120 102 19 944.31 245.52 1189.83 594.92

151-180 158 20.5 2444.72 635.63 3080.35 1540.18

181-210 188 30 5065.22 1316.96 6382.18 3191.09

211-250 214 20 4375.41 1137.61 5513.02 2756.51

Table 6.16: Dalbergia latifolia: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 15.5 4 6.12 1.59 7.71 3.86

31-60 45.5 11.5 151.64 39.43 191.07 95.53

61-90 66.2 9.6 267.97 69.67 337.64 168.82

91-120 112.5 20 1612.26 419.19 2031.45 1015.72

121-150 147 20 2752.74 715.71 3468.45 1734.23

151-180 158.5 24 3840.34 998.49 4838.83 2419.42

13. Acacia chundra:

Species belong to the Mimosaceae family and was enumerated in 27 different girths

with individuals density of 5.3d/ha. The mean carbon sink potential is 20.74carbon

MT/ha is estimated. The consistent girth interval was found between all GBH classes.

The carbon values are upgraded from minimal to maximum order of respective diameter

of the trunks. Total biomass is upgraded in all GBH class i.e. from 10-30cm class to 121-

150cm class (Table No.-6.17).

Table 6.17: Acacia chundra: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 17.6 5 12.08 3.14 15.23 7.61

31-60 48.5 7 128.47 33.40 161.88 80.94

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61-90 78.6 11.1 535.06 139.12 674.18 337.09

91-120 103.4 18 1501.59 390.41 1892.00 946.00

121-150 132 18.7 2542.29 661.00 3203.29 1601.65

14. Mitragyna Parviflora:

M. parviflora belongs to the Rubiaceae family and it is a timber species. 34 stems

were recorded which are relatively less than that of A. cordifolia 6.6 d/ha standing

density is estimated, which has sinks 9.69 MT/ha carbon in their above and below

ground biomass. 1.2 MT/ha carbon is sequestered by the mean girth 133.2 cm while the

1.3 MT/ha carbon is sorted out for A. cordifolia of equal girth in same GHB class.

Carbon interval is a difference of absorb or sink carbon in different girth class. The

carbon sink interval of A. cordifolia and M. parviflora is 0.1 MT for 121-150 GBH class

(Table No.-6.18).

Table 6.18: Mitragyna parviflora: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 15.5 3.8 4.65 1.21 5.86 2.93

31-60 42.4 6 54.96 14.29 69.25 34.63

61-90 75.4 13.3 385.29 100.17 485.46 242.73

91-120 105.2 20.8 1172.97 304.97 1477.94 738.97

121-150 133.2 22.7 2052.22 533.58 2585.80 1292.90

15. Casearia graveolens:

Casearia graveolens belongs to the Flacourtiaceae family. It was fourth dominant

plant species and 94 trees were counted in different girths. Species stem density 18.4d/ha

was quite less estimated than B. monosperma. Plants were consistently encountered in

minimum to maximum GBH class difference. Only 2 species were recorded from this

family, these are; Flacourtia indica and Casearia graveolens. The species standing

density is high but having less strength to sequester the carbon, 2.89 MT/ha carbon was

estimated in 94 stems. 0.5 MT/ha carbon is estimated for 107.5cm plant. (Table No.-

6.19).

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Table 6.19: Casearia graveolens: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth


10-30 15.8 3.1 3.73 0.97 4.70 2.35

31-60 43.5 7.2 65.73 17.09 82.83 41.41

61-90 81 10.1 319.72 83.13 402.85 201.43

91-120 107.5 15 836.36 217.45 1053.81 526.90

16. Miliusa tomentosa:

Plant is categorized in Annonaceae family, 60 individuals of various girths in respect

to 11.7d/ha stem density was measured, which sinks 2.05MT/ha carbon. 489.20 KgC is

estimated in 978 Kg total biomass for the 106cm girth tree (Table No.-6.20).

Table 6.20: Miliusa tomentosa: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 14.9 2.6 2.85 0.74 3.59 1.80

31-60 49.2 5.3 63.33 16.47 79.80 39.90

61-90 84.5 14.3 504.02 131.05 635.07 317.54

91-120 106 14 776.50 201.89 978.39 489.20

17. Careya arborea:

C.arborea belongs to the Lecythidaceae family and 14 stems were counted in

different GBH class, the occurrence of the plant is 2.7 d/ha is calculated. 7.23MT/ha

mean organic carbon is estimated for overall stems. The carbon sink potential of this

plant is higher than O. oogenensis of 91-120cm, whereas, carbon storage of this plant

is competitive in highest upper GBH class. Premium mean organic carbon is analyzed

in 121-150 GBH class than 151-180 GBH class (Table No.-6.21). The height of the

plant and canopy is also an important parameter which can amend the carbon sink

capacity of the species.

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Table 6.21: Careya arborea: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg


10-30 12.3 2.1 1.52 0.39 1.91 0.96

31-60 48 10 110.06 28.62 138.68 69.34

61-90 74.6 11.3 300.41 78.11 378.52 189.26

91-120 101 19.3 940.51 244.53 1185.04 592.52

121-150 142 24 2311.80 601.07 2912.86 1456.43

151-180 159 12.5 1509.61 392.50 1902.11 951.06

18. Dalbergia lanceolaria:

This Plant species also belongs to the Fabaceae family and only 7 stems were

documented. Species stem density 1.4d/ha is linked for 5.69MT/ha mean organic carbon

storage in form of biomass. The species has equivalent potential to sequester the carbon

from the atmosphere like as other plant species of the same family (Table No.-6.22).

Table 6.22: Dalbergia lanceolaria: Biomass vs. Carbon


10-30 24.5 6.5 17.71 4.60 22.31 11.16

61-90 70 21 466.98 121.42 588.40 294.20

91-120 98.5 21 924.65 240.41 1165.06 582.53

121-150 132 30 2372.22 616.78 2989.00 1494.00

151-180 175 31 4308.47 1120.20 5428.67 2714.34

19. Schleichera oleosa:

This species belongs to the Sapindaceae Plants family. The occurrence of the plant is

2.7d/ha like as C.arborea. 14 stems has store 3.84 carbon MT/ha in the above and below

ground biomass. Mean organic carbon is deviated from 976.31Kg to 1582Kg from

128cm to 106cm due to contrast height of the same plant (Table No.-6.23). The same

theory of biomass dependence on girth and height increasing is enlighted in C.arborea.

No plant in the toppest GBH class was documented during floral survey but there is no

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significant difference in mean organic carbon between young plants of S. oleosa and D.

lanceolaria.

Table 6.23: Schleichera oleosa: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth


10-30 22 4.3 17.90 4.65 22.55 11.27

31-60 43.7 6.4 105.09 27.32 132.42 66.21

61-90 73 13.5 618.61 160.84 779.44 389.72

91-120 106 26 2512.00 653.12 3165.12 1582.56

121-150 128 11 1549.70 402.92 1952.62 976.31

20. Albizia lebbek:

Only 5 stems are enumerated in 1.0 d/ha stem density. Plant is identified from

Mimosaceae family and potency for carbon is 6.17 MT/ha is estimated. Carbon sink

potential is less than A. chundra because of the less occurrence in forests (Table No.-

6.24).

Table 6.24: Albizia lebbek: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth


10-30 16 5 8.15 2.12 10.27 5.14

31-60 36 3 24.76 6.44 31.20 15.60

61-90 81 26 1086.54 282.50 1369.03 684.52

121-150 150 19 2722.93 707.96 3430.89 1715.45

151-180 161 36 5943.67 1545.35 7489.02 3744.51

21. Bridelia retusa:

B. retusa is categorised in Euphorbiaceae family, 25 stems of various girths were

measured and 4.9d/ha standing density is calculated. 2.36MT/ha carbon sequestration is

estimated for overall trees. Very less carbon is estimated from minor girth class, 593.38

KgC analyzed for maximum girth. The carbon sequestration potential is very

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competitive between middle girth ranges due to further heights as measurement

parameter (Table No.-6.25).

Table 6.25: Bridelia retusa: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 17.3 3.8 4.53 1.18 5.70 2.85

31-60 44.1 9.5 73.55 19.12 92.67 46.34

61-90 73.5 16.7 359.15 93.38 452.52 226.26

91-120 114 7.7 398.36 103.57 501.94 250.97

121-150 130 14 941.88 244.89 1186.77 593.38

22. Tamarindus indica:

Through the analysis of existing studies of aforementioned biomass studies,

Caesalpiniaceae is also documented in our inventory. Only 4 stems in very less 0.8d/ha

standing density were enumerated. Mean organic carbon 6.97MT/ha is evaluated for this

following stems. Plants accounted only as young and mature trees. Trees were not found

in >210cm girth. 4.0MT/ha mean organic carbon is estimated for the upper GBH class

(Table No.-6.26). The carbon sink potential is elevated in 61-90cm than B. retusa.

Table 6.26: Tamarindus indica: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg


31-60 58 5.5 188.56 49.02 237.58 118.79

61-90 80 10 652.23 169.58 821.81 410.90

151-180 164 14 3837.39 997.72 4835.11 2417.56

181-210 198 16 6392.50 1662.05 8054.55 4027.27

23. Meyna laxiflora:

Plant belongs to Rubiaceae family and 40 stems are enumerated on field, the standing

density of the trees is 7.8 d/ha, and 2.47 MT/ha carbon storage is analyzed. There was

less availability of the trees exceeding the girth 120cm in forests (Table No.-6.27). This

plant has less potential to store the carbon than A.cordifolia and M.parviflora. The

16

difference of mean carbon sink interval is very high on the plants of the same family.

The descending order of carbon sink in plants is A.cordifolia >M. parviflora >M.

laxiflora.

Table 6.27: Meyna laxiflora: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg


10-30 17.5 3.2 4.68 1.22 5.90 2.95

31-60 48.2 5.3 58.82 15.29 74.11 37.06

61-90 77.2 8.5 242.00 62.92 304.92 152.46

91-120 114.3 12.3 767.64 199.59 967.23 483.61

24. Acacia ferruginea:

This plant belongs to Mimosaceae family. Stem calculation was limited to 18. Stem

standing density 3.5 d/ha is estimated. The mean organic carbon 2.11 MT/ha is analyzed for

overall stems of A. ferruginea. The carbon sink potential of this plant is reducing than

A.lebbek (Table No.-6.28).

Table 6.28: Acacia ferruginea: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg


10-30 17.2 5.2 10.78 2.80 13.58 6.79

31-60 37.5 11.6 94.81 24.65 119.46 59.73

61-90 80 25 929.94 241.78 1171.72 585.86

91-120 98 15.7 876.37 227.85 1104.22 552.11

25. Sterculia urens:

This species belongs to the Sterculiaceae family. Only 9 trees were found in all 128

quadrates. The number of trees is less rather than other species. 2.36 MT/ha mean

organic carbon is sequestered by this plant (Table No.-6.29). The standing stem density

is 1.8 d/ha recorded.

17

Table 6.29: Sterculia urens: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth


10-30 18.7 3.8 5.74 1.49 7.24 3.62

31-60 41 6.5 47.24 12.28 59.52 29.76

91-120 105 12 571.97 148.71 720.68 360.34

121-150 150 13 1264.55 328.78 1593.33 796.67

151-180 172 14 1790.59 465.55 2256.14 1128.07

26. Eucalyptus hybrid:

Plant belongs to Myrtaceae family and only 4 trees were enlisted during field

investigation. 3.39 MT/ha carbon is consumed by this species with the standing density

of 0.8d/ha. Plant growth is more rapid than other species. 2 MT/ha carbon sinks in trees

of 151-180 GBH class (Table No.-6.30).

Table 6.30: Eucalyptus hybrid: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 16 4 4.89 1.27 6.16 3.08

31-60 55 19 274.56 71.39 345.95 172.97

121-150 135 21 1828.30 475.36 2303.66 1151.83

151-180 151 30 3267.66 849.59 4117.25 2058.63

27. Diospyrous melanoxylon:

This plant species is a native species of Ebenaceae family. 38 individuals were

enumerated on field and visible in 3 GBH classes. 0.43Mt/ha mean organic carbon is

figure out for overall individuals. Total biomass 633.92Kg is analyzed by in-situ non-

destructive method (Table No.-6.31).

Table 6.31: Diospyrous melanoxylon: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth


10-30 17 2.6 4.07 1.06 5.13 2.56

18

31-60 35.5 2.7 18.42 4.79 23.21 11.61

61-90 88 12 503.11 130.81 633.92 316.96

28. Ficus asperrima:

9 individual stems are enumerated by 1.8d/ha standing density, from our study we

estimated 1410.73Kg total phytomass in major girth. The carbon sink 705.36 Kg

carbon is estimated in upper girth range. Total 1.91MT/ha carbon is quantified in all

individuals of this species. This plant belongs to the Moraceae family (Table No.-

6.32).

Table 6.32: Ficus asperrima: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 21.5 4.5 9.94 2.58 12.52 6.26

31-60 39 14 101.72 26.45 128.17 64.09

91-120 101.6 12 591.74 153.85 745.59 372.80

121-150 125 15 1119.63 291.10 1410.73 705.36

29. Cassine gluca:

Species is least recorded in individuals than other species, 11 stem individuals are

documented in field. Species belongs to the Celastraceae family. Total 1.51 MT/ha

carbon is sequestered in respect to 2.1d/ha standing density.

Table 6.33: Cassine gluca: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 14 2.4 2.43 0.63 3.07 1.53

31-60 37 11 77.93 20.26 98.20 49.10

61-90 73 7 193.05 50.19 243.24 121.62

121-150 130.5 12 1057.61 274.98 1332.59 666.29

19

30. Pterocarpus marsupium:

Species possesses anti-diabetic properties and less occurred, only 5 stems were

spotted on the field. Plant has carbon holding capacity 1.71 MT/ha carbon in 1.0 d/ha

standing density. We spotted the largest girth and height parameter 165cm and 20m

respectively (Table No.-6.34), carbon sink by plant is 1.6 MT. It belongs to the Fabaceae

family, and carbon sink potency is less than other plants of the same family.

Table 6.34: Pterocarpus marsupium: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 21.2 2.7 5.99 1.56 7.55 3.77

151-180 165 20 2687.82 698.83 3386.65 1693.33

31. Grewia tiliaefolia:

Only 8 stems were documented in our field observations, the largest girth of the plant

was 100cm and 18m height. It belongs to the Tiliaceae family, plants individuals density

1.6d/ha and sequestered 0.83MT/ha carbon. This is the only species which is marked solely

in this family during entire field work (Table No.-6.35).

Table 6.35: Grewia tiliaefolia: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 12.6 3.3 2.71 0.70 3.42 1.71

31-60 33 5 28.18 7.33 35.51 17.75

61-90 61 18 346.62 90.12 436.74 218.37

91-120 100 18 931.53 242.20 1173.73 586.86

32. Syzyigum cumini:

This species is common in agriculture land and less occurred in forests. Only 4 stems

are encountered on field which sinks 1.44 MT/ha carbon. This species belongs to Myrtaceae

plant family. The occurrence and carbon sink potency is less in comparison to the Eucalyptus

hybrid (Table No.-5.36).

20

Table 6.36: Syzyigum cumini: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 13.5 2.7 2.98 0.77 3.75 1.88

61-90 77 13 466.39 121.26 587.65 293.83

121-150 133 17 1819.60 473.10 2292.70 1146.35

33. Gmelina arborea:

Plants belongs the Verbenaceae family but the occurrence is exceptionally less than

T.grandis. Species standing density is 1.4d/ha which is number of times less than T.grandis.

We speckled 7 stems of different girths, 0.10MT/ha carbon is stored. Largest girth 123cm

sinks the 0.6 MT carbon in behalf of the total biomass (Table No.-6.37).

Table 6.37: Gmelina arborea: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg


10-30 17 5.2 6.70 1.74 8.44 4.22

31-60 57 9 130.37 33.90 164.27 82.14

121-150 123 16 1079.27 280.61 1359.88 679.94

34. Anacardium occidentale:

25 stem individuals are documented; Plant belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. 0.44

MT/ha carbon is sink in overall standing 4.9 d/ha density. Carbon sink potential of this plant

is comparatively lower than Lannea coromandelica of the same family (Table No.-6.38).

Table 6.38: Anacardium occidentale: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 20.4 3.8 5.89 1.53 7.42 3.71

31-60 41 6.1 38.21 9.93 48.14 24.07

61-90 80 8.5 202.70 52.70 255.40 127.70

21

35. Kydia calycina:

35 stem individuals were spotted on field; Plant belongs to the Malvaceae family. Plants

were observed in 3 girth classes. 0.31 MT/ha carbon is stored in all individuals in standing

density 6.8 d/ha (Table No.-5.39).

Table 6.39: Kydia calycina: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class Avg GBH

Avg

H AGB BGB TB C Kg

10-30 19.2 6.2 4.69 1.22 5.92 2.96

31-60 37.9 8 23.60 6.14 29.74 14.87

61-90 64 12 100.97 26.25 127.22 63.61

36. Zizyphus xylopyra:

Only single plant species is recorded from Rhamnaceae family and 13 stems were

enumerated of various girths. 0.50MT/ha carbon is consumed by 2.5d/ha trees. Maximum

carbon is absorbed in 152.66 Kg in 305.33 Kg total biomass of girth of 79.3cm. (Table No.-

6.40).

Table 6.40: Zizyphus xylopyra: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth


10-30 15.6 3.1 3.98 1.04 5.02 2.51

31-60 40 4.5 38.01 9.88 47.89 23.94

61-90 79.3 7.3 242.32 63.00 305.33 152.66

37. Flacourtia indica (Shrub):

6 individuals were spotted in different girths. 0.34 MT/ha carbon sequestered by 1.4 d/ha

trees. Trees were not found in the larger girth classes on the field. Plant belongs to the

Flacourtiaceae family; the carbon storage is further less than Casearia graveolens of same

family (Table No.-6.41).

Table 6.41: Flacourtia indica: Biomass vs. Carbon

22

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 19.6 2.8 5.91 1.54 7.45 3.72

31-60 32.6 3 17.52 4.55 22.07 11.03

61-90 78 14 467.93 121.66 589.59 294.79

38. Bauhinia racemosa:

Species are native of the Caesalpiniaceae family and 10 stems were enumerated of

different girths. 0.26 MT/ha carbon is merged in 2.1 d/ha trees. Carbon sink allocation in

AGB and BGB pools is varying than Tamarindus indica of the same family (Table No.-

6.42).

Table 6.42: Bauhinia racemosa: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 18.2 3.6 6.02 1.57 7.58 3.79

31-60 36.2 3.3 21.83 5.68 27.50 13.75

91-120 92 7 299.07 77.76 376.83 188.41

39. Ailanthus excelsa:

Species identified from Simaroubaceae family and 9 stems were counted in quadrates.

0.24tC/ha carbon is reserved in 1.8d/ha trees. Solely species are found from this family,

no other plants belong to the same family were encountered on the field (Table No.-

6.43).

Table 6.43: Ailanthus excelsa: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 18.3 3.8 4.05 1.05 5.11 2.55

31-60 56.5 10 101.66 26.43 128.10 64.05

61-90 68 10 147.26 38.29 185.55 92.77

23

40. Bombax ceiba:

Total 9 trunks were encountered in 1.8d/ha standing density of trees. 0.26MT/ha carbon

is estimated in all individuals. Species belongs from Bombacaceae family. 129.03 Kg

carbon is sequestered in form 258.07 Kg total biomass (Table No.-6.44).

Table 6.44: Bombax ceiba: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 14.3 2.8 1.60 0.41 2.01 1.01

31-60 45.8 6.8 39.75 10.33 50.08 25.04

61-90 70 15 204.82 53.25 258.07 129.03

41. Soyamida febrifuga:

Only 3 stems were spotted in whole floral survey, 0.6d/ha trees has sequestered 0.82

MT/ha (Table No.-6.45). Species identified from Meliaceae family.

Table 6.45: Soyamida febrifuga: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 13 3 3.88 1.01 4.88 2.44

61-90 76.5 14.5 648.59 168.63 817.23 408.61

42. Piliostigma foveolatum:

Only 2 trunks were documented in 0.4d/ha standing density of trees, which stores

0.59MT/ha carbon in ecosystem (Table No.-6.46). Species belongs to the

Caesalpiniaceae family and stores less carbon than Tamarindus indica and Bauhinia

racemosa (Table No.-6.46).

Table 6.46: Piliostigma foveolatum: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg


10-30 17 5 6.90 1.79 8.70 4.35

91-120 107 17 929.78 241.74 1171.52 585.76

24

43. Acacia auriculiformis:

Species belongs to the Mimosaceae family and 8 stems were recorded which sinks 0.24

MT/ha carbon. Carbon sink potential is lesser than Acacia chundra, Albizia lebbeck,

and Acacia ferruginea of the same family (Table No.-6.47).

Table 6.47: Acacia auriculiformis: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg


10-30 19.7 3.5 7.35 1.91 9.27 4.63

31-60 43 6.3 63.07 16.40 79.46 39.73

61-90 70 6 159.17 41.38 200.56 100.28

44. Cordia macleodi:

Species belong to the Ehretiaceae family and only 3 trunks were enumerated (Table

No.-6.48), occurrence of species density was restricted in 0.6d/ha. Mean Carbon

captured by plants was 0.30MT/ha.

Table 6.48: Cordia macleodi: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 22 2 5.16 1.34 6.51 3.25

31-60 36 6.5 44.94 11.68 56.62 28.31

61-90 70 16 418.22 108.74 526.95 263.48

45. Heterophragma quadriloculare:

Species belongs to the Bignoniaceae family, and no larger trunks were spotted. Only 3

young plants were recorded of 10-30cm girth class. Mean organic carbon 1.83Kg was

estimated, total 0.55MT/ha carbon sink is assessed in their total biomass. The occurrence

is very less and required protection because stems availability in not beyond than

0.6d/ha.

25

Table 6.49: Heterophragma quadriloculare: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 13.6 2.6 2.91 0.76 3.67 1.83

46. Cassia fistula:

Species belongs to the Caesalpiniaceae family, only 7 stems were spotted. Larger girths

were not speckled during the field. 0.12MT/ha carbon sink potential is estimated in

standing density of 1.7d/ha (Table No.-6.50).

Table 6.50: Cassia fistula: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 18.3 6.1 15.61 4.06 19.67 9.84

31-60 50 8.0 96.50 25.09 121.59 60.79

47. Erythrina variegata:

This species is a member of Fabaceae family and less visible in forests. 4 stems were

encountered in tree standing density of 0.8d/ha. The 0.24MT/ha carbon is sinks by

carbon bio-sequestration. A very less quantity carbon sink is assumed in the species than

aforementioned all plants of this family (Table No.-6.51).

Table 6.51: Erythrina variegata: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


31-60 44 10.5 45.32 11.78 57.10 28.55

61-90 77 11 145.39 37.80 183.19 91.60

48. Lagerstroemia lanceolata:

This plant species is also very less spotted, only 9 stems were enumerated, species is

classified under Lythraceae family of plants. Plant standing density is 1.8d/ha and

stores 0.20MT/ha carbon. Quantification prevail the less carbon storage than

Lagerstroemia parviflora, due to almost less visibility in the forests (Table No.-

6.52).

26

Table 6.52:Lagerstroemia lanceolata: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 13.4 2 1.66 0.43 2.09 1.04

31-60 48.2 7.2 77.11 20.05 97.16 48.58

49. Spondias pinnata:

Species belongs to the Anacardiaceae family and only 4 stems were counted in respect

to stems standing density of 0.8 d/ha for 0.26 MT/ha mean organic carbon sink in form

of biomass. Species carbon is considerably less momentous than other species of the

same family (Table No.-6.53).

Table 6.53: Spondias pinnata: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 26 7 8.44 2.19 10.63 5.32

61-90 74.6 13.8 136.97 35.61 172.58 86.29

50. Cordia dichotoma:

Species identified from Ehretiaceae family and 4 individuals were counted with 0.8d/ha

standing density in forest areas, 0.07MT/ha carbon is significant in comparision to

Cordia macleodii of the same family but the carbon sink is very much competitive in

the young age GBH class 10-30cm i.e. if the chances of survivalance increased for the

species, enormous biomass is sinks and greater values of carbon can delivered to the

carbon pools (Table No.-6.54).

Table 6.54:Cordia dichotoma: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 18.6 2.8 5.17 1.34 6.51 3.26

31-60 56 6 100.37 26.10 126.47 63.23

51. Ixora brachatia:

27

Species belongs to the Rubiaceae family of the plants. Only 3 individuals were

encountered i.e. 0.6 d/ha individuals availability. Species recorded from the Valsad

South Forest Division, 0.12 MT/ha carbon is allocated different mean organic carbon

pools. (Table No.-6.55).

Table 6.55:Ixora brachatia: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg


10-30 30 2 11.35 2.95 14.30 7.15

31-60 54 5 91.94 23.90 115.84 57.92

52. Oroxylum indicum:

O.indicum is a Bignoniaceae family plant, we found 11 individuals of this species

during vegetation survey. Species were not spotted in maximum girth class.

0.08MT/ha carbon is estimated for the availability of 2.1d/ha trees (Table No.-6.56).

Table 6.56: Oroxylum indicum: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class

Avg


10-30 21.1 5.4 9.19 2.39 11.58 5.79

31-60 36.6 3.1 15.87 4.13 20.00 10.00

53. Morinda tomentosa:

1.0d/ha trees availability has strength to sink the 0.07MT/ha carbon. Species is

belonging to the Rubiaceae family. Only 5 individuals were enumerated, but not larger

girth trees were found. Carbon sinks potential of this plant species considerably lower

than Adina cordifolia, Mitragyna parvifolia and Ixora brachittia species of the same

family (Table No.-6.57).

Table 6.57:Morinda tomentosa: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth class Avg


28

10-30 18.6 3.3 4.64 1.21 5.84 2.92

31-60 43.5 6.5 49.94 12.99 62.93 31.46

54. Wrightia tomentosa:

Species identified from Apocynaceae family, 9 stems were spotted on field i.e. stem

individuals are less than Wrightia tinctoria, 0.06MT/ha mean organic carbon is

analyzed for 1.8d/ha trees (Table No.-6.58).

Table 6.58:Wrightia tomentosa: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 18.8 3.5 5.91 1.54 7.45 3.72

31-60 35.6 3.6 21.80 5.67 27.46 13.73

55. Aegle marmelos:

Species belongs to the Rutaceae family. Only 2 stems of same girth class were

recorded, 49.66 Kg carbon sink potential is observed for average girth of 37.5cm. 0.10

MT/ha carbon sinks in all biomass pools of 0.4d/ha trees. (Table No. - 6.59 ).

Table 6.59:Aegle marmelos: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


61-90 37.5 8 78.82 20.49 99.32 49.66

56. Xeromphis spinosa and Xeromphis uliginiosa:

Both plants are recognized from Rubiaceae family. Plants were not encountered in

higher girth class. Only 2 stems individuals of each species were recorded during survey.

0.4d/ha trees are available in forests. X. spinosa has store comparative more carbon than

X. ulginiosa. 0.03MT/ha and 0.002MT/ha carbon is estimated for both plant species

respectively (Table No.-6.60, 6.61).

29

Table 6.60:Xeromphis spinosa: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 21 3 6.32 1.64 7.96 3.98

31-60 41 6 48.18 12.53 60.71 30.35

Table 6.61:Xeromphis Uliginiosa: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 13 2 1.61 0.42 2.03 1.02

57. Trewia polycarpa:

Species is rarely visible in our study forests, only 2 stem individuals were marked in

young phase, no mature trees were found during field work. 0.03MT/ha carbon is

estimated for 0.4d/ha trees. Plant is native of Euphorbiaceae family. Carbon sink

potential of this species is relatively very less than B.retusa of the same family (Table

No.-6.62).

Table 6.62:Trewia polycarpa: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 17 4 4.05 1.05 5.10 2.55

31-60 35 9 38.62 10.04 48.66 24.33

58. Hymenodictylon excelsum:

It belongs to the Rubiaceae family and the stems of this species are also less

encountered during the survey. We enumerated 2 young stems of his species, 0.4d/ha a

tree has potential to sequester 0.01MT/ha mean organic carbon (Table No.-6.63).

Table 6.63: Hymenodictylon excelsum: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 21 3 5.16 1.34 6.50 3.25

30

59. Buchanania lanzan:

Species are native from Anacardiaceae family. Only 2 stems were encountered in our

whole enumeration survey. Very young plants were recorded in our study. 0.4 d/ha trees

has fertilized 0.01 MT/ha carbon in total biomass (Table No.-6.64).

Table 6.64:Buchanania lanzan: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 18.5 4 4.96 1.29 6.25 3.12

60. Ficus arnottiana:

Species spotted from Moraceae family of plants, we encountered 2 stem individuals in

admiration to 0.04d/ha standing density (Table No.-6.65). 0.01 MT/ha carbon sink is

analyzed for this species.

Table 6.65:Ficus arnottiana: Biomass vs. Carbon

Girth

class

Avg


10-30 21.5 2 4.42 1.15 5.56 2.78

1.2 Carbon Sink Potential of Less encountered or Suppress Tree Species:

In spite of normal occurrence of the aforementioned species on forest land, 12 species are

exceptionally being spotted in forest vegetation. The species are marked in different

girths and only sole stem was found in quadrates. We can call them suppress species due

to their minor occurrence in forests. 53126 MTCarbon/ha is stored in 4012 trees of

quadrants of which following 12 species accounts for 1.47 MT Carbon/ha. Species Morus

alba is newly recorded in 11cm girth and 2m in height, which sequesters 0.71Kg C/ha.

The tree standing density in consideration among all 77 plants is very less that is 0.2d/ha.

Sterculia villosa almost rare species were enumerated in 23 cm and 6 m height of

physical parameters at Valsad forests. Only one stem was occurring in all 128 quadrates.

4.06Kg C/ha is absorbed by this plant. Terminalia chebula belongs to the Combretaceae

31

family was enumerated in Dangs forests, the carbon storage potential was 111.23 KgC/ha

exhibited in respective physical parameters. Mangifera indica easily visible plant of

agriculture land was marked single point location of all quadrates. Albizia odorastissima

and Mangifera indica were enumerated in same girth class, and sequestered 625.79

KgC/ha and 409.30 KgC/ha, respectively. Moreover, the information of above and below

ground biomass and total biomass (Kg/ha) are following in Table No.-6.66.

Table No.-6.66: Carbon Storage in 12 less occurred species

Species GBH

Class GBH H AGB BGB TB C Kg/ha

Albizia odoratissima 91-120 114 16 993.32 258.26 1251.59 625.79

Mangifera indica 91-120 100 12 649.68 168.92 818.60 409.30

Acacia Senegal 61-90 77 11 311.56 81.00 392.56 196.28

Terminalia chebula 31-60 60 7 176.56 45.91 222.47 111.23

Sapindus emarginatus 31-60 53 7.5 100.64 26.17 126.81 63.40

Thespesia populnea 61-90 72 3 75.53 19.64 95.17 47.58

Sterculia viliosa 10-30 23 6 6.44 1.68 8.12 4.06

Albizia procera 10-30 17 4 5.89 1.53 7.42 3.71

Annona squamosa 10-30 17 3.5 5.88 1.53 7.41 3.70

Alangium salvifolium 10-30 25 2 3.98 1.04 5.02 2.51

Emblica officinalis 10-30 10 2.5 1.19 0.31 1.50 0.75

Morus alba 10-30 11 2 1.13 0.30 1.43 0.71

Note: Above species were encountered in one girth class only.

AGB,BGB, TB (Unit) = Kg, C = Carbon (Kg per hectare)

32

0.00

2000.00

4000.00

6000.00

8000.00

10000.00

12000.00

Figure-6.1T. grandis - GBH class vs Biomass

& Carbon

0.00

2000.00

4000.00

6000.00

8000.00

10000.00

12000.00

14000.00

Figure- 6.2T. crenulata GBH class vs Biomass

& Carbon

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

10-

30

31-

60

61-

90

91-

120

121-

150

151-

180

181-

210

211-

250

>3

00

Figure-6.3A.cordifolia - GBH class vs Biomass

& Carbon

0.001000.002000.003000.004000.005000.006000.007000.00

Figure6.4G.pinnata- GBH Class vs Biomass

& Carbon

0.00

5000.00

10000.00

15000.00

20000.00

Figure-6.5T.bellerica-GBH vs Biomass &

Carbon

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

Figure-6.6: A.latifolia- GBH vs Biomass &

Carbon

33

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Figure-6.7M. indica-GBH vs Biomass &

Carbon

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Figure-6.8H.integrifolia- GBH vs Biomass &

Carbon

02000400060008000

100001200014000

Figure-6.9F.racemosa- GBH vs Biomass &

Carbon

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Figure-6.10L. parviflora- GBH vs Biomass &

Carbon

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

Figure-6.11B. monosperma- GBH Class vs

Biomass & Carbon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

10-30 31-60 61-90 91-120

Figure-6.12W. tinctoria- GBH vs Biomass &

Carbon

34

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Figure-6.13L. coromandelica- GBH Class vs

Biomass & Carbon

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Figure-6.14O. oojeinensis-GBH class vs

Biomass & Carbon

01000200030004000500060007000

Figure-6.15D. paniculata-GBH Class vs.

Biomass & Carbon

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Figure-6.16D. latifolia- GBH Class vs. Biomass

& Carbon

35

0500

100015002000250030003500

Figure-6.17A.chundra-GBH vs. Biomass &

Carbon

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Figure-6.18M. parviflora-GBH vs. Biomass &

Carbon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

10-30 31-60 61-90 91-120

Figure-6.19C. graveolens- GBH vs Biomass &

Carbon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

10-30 31-60 61-90 91-120

Figure-6.20M. tomentosa- GBH vs. Biomass &

Carbon

0500

100015002000250030003500

Figure 6.21C.arborea: GBH vs. Biomass &

Carbon

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Figure 6.22D.lanceolaria-GBH class vs.

Biomass & Carbon

36

0500

100015002000250030003500

Figure 6.23S.oleosa-GBH Class vs. Biomass &

Carbon

010002000300040005000600070008000

Figure 6.24A.lebbek - GBH Class vs. Biomass &

Carbon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Figure 6.25B.retusa: GBH Class vs. Biomass &

Carbon

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

31-60 61-90 151-180 181-210

Figure 6.26T.indica-GBH Class vs. Biomass &

Carbon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

10-30 31-60 61-90 91-120

Figure 6.27M.laxiflora-GBH Class vs. Biomass

& Carbon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

10-30 31-60 61-90 91-120

Figure 6.28A.ferruginea-GBH vs Biomass &

Carbon

37

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Figure 6.29S.urens-GBH Class vs Biomass &

Carbon

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

10-30 31-60 121-150 151-180

Fig.6.30-E.hybrid: GBH Class vs. Biomass & Carbon

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

10-30 31-60 61-90

Figure 6.31D.melanoxylon: GBH Class vs.

Biomass & Carbon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

10-30 31-60 91-120 121-150

Figure 6.32F.asperrima-GBH Class vs. Biomass

& Carbon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

10-30 31-60 61-90 121-150

Figure 6.33C.gluca-GBH vs Biomass & Carbon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

10-30 31-60 61-90 91-120

Figure 6.34G.tiliaefolia-GBH Class vs. Biomass

& Carbon

38

0.002.004.006.008.00

10.0012.0014.0016.00

Figure 6.35 Biomass & Carbon Sink Potential of

few species in GBH class 10-30cm

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

Figure 6.36Biomass & Carbon sink of Species GBH

Class 31-60cm

0.00

500.00

1000.00

1500.00

2000.00

2500.00

10-30 61-90 121-150

Figure 6.37S.cumini-GBH vs. Biomass &

Carbon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

10-30 31-60 121-150

Figure 6.38G.arborea- GBH Class vs. Biomass

& Carbon

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

10-30 31-60 61-90

Figure 6.39A.occidentale GBH Class vs.

Biomass & Carbon

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

10-30 31-60 61-90

Figure 6.40K.calycina- GBH Class vs. Carbon

39

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

350.00

10-30 31-60 61-90

Figure 6.41Z.xylopyra GBH Class vs. Biomass

& Carbon

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

10-30 31-60 61-90

Figure 6.42GBH Class vs. Carbon Sink of

F.indica

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

10-30 31-60 91-120

Figure 6.43B.racemosa-GBH Class vs. Biomass

& Carbon

0

50

100

150

200

10-30 31-60 61-90

Figure 6.44A.excelsa-GBH Class vs. Biomass &

Carbon

40

6.2 Carbon Sink Potential of Dominant Plant Families:

Total 32 plant families and 77 plant species in 4012 individual stems of 10 different girth

classes were enumerated on the field. Verbenaceae family is encountered as a dominant

plant family which is having maximum strength of carbon storage in its above and below

ground biomass. Two plants were recognized by team on the field these are; Tectona

grandis, and Gmelina arborea. The Teak or Tectona grandis are territorial carbon reservoirs

of the forest ecosystem. 781.41MT carbon is estimated at 32 families, out of which

347.18tC/ha carbon is itself reserved in the Verbenaceae family followed by Combretaceae

family. Combretaceae family was identified as second most dominant family in case of

number of stems, and carbon storage potential of 182.13tC/ha carbon among all

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

300.00

10-30 31-60 61-90

Figure 6.45B.ceiba-GBH vs. Biomass & Carbon

0

50

100

150

200

250

10-30 31-60 61-90

Figure 6.46A.auriculiformis-GBH Class vs.

Biomass & Carbon

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

10-30 31-60 61-90

Figure 6.47C.macleodi- GBH Class vs. Biomass

& Carbon

0200400600800

100012001400

C (

Kg/

ha)

Figure 6. 48Suppress Species-Biomass &

Carbon

41

communities. Fabaceae family was enumerated in 7 plant species of 160 stems and

exhibited carbon sink of 44.95tC/ha. Rubiaceae family was encountered in 8 plant species of

167 stems which harvest 47.41TC/ha carbon from the atmosphere in forms atmospheric

carbon dioxide. 30.05tC/ha photosynthetic carbon was assimilated in 7 plant species of 691

stems of Mimosaceae family. Only 1 plant species was marked from Burseraceae family and

occurrence of 51stems absorbs 23.86 tC/ha carbon. Moraceae family was spotted in 4 plant

species of 33 stems which sinks 12.39tC/ha carbon in the ecosystem. Anacardiaceae and

Sapotaceae family has store 11.84tC/ha and 13.40tC/ha carbon, respectively. Carbon storage

competition was observed between Caesalpiniaceae and Lythraceae families, both families

has stored 7.50tC/ha and 4.57tC/ha, in which 4 plants are recorded from Caesalpiniaceae and

2 plants of Lythraceae. 23 stems of Caesalpiniaceaehas great capacity to store the carbon

than 79 stems of Lythraceae family. All familes has good strength to absorb the carbon and

regulate the carbon cycle in ecosystem, which can be seen in following Table No.-6.67and

in Figure No.-6.49:

Table No.-6.67: Carbon Sink in 32 Plant Families

Family Species Stems C Kg tC/ha

Verbenaceae 2 2181 347176.25 347.18

Combretaceae 4 595 182131.93 182.13

Rubiaceae 8 167 47413.80 47.41

Fabaceae 7 160 44948.23 44.95

Mimosaceae 7 61 30053.54 30.05

Burseraceae 1 51 23860.52 23.86

44%

23%

6%

6%

4%

17%

Figure-6.49: Carbon Sink- Top 5 Families vs. 27 Families

Verbenaceae

Combretaceae

Rubiaceae

Fabaceae

Mimosaceae

Other (27)

42

Ulmaceae 1 23 14143.41 14.14

Sapotaceae 1 17 13397.51 13.40

Moraceae 4 33 12394.97 12.39

Anacardiaceae 5 73 11841.37 11.84

Apocynaceae 2 161 10006.93 10.01

Caesalpiniaceae 4 23 7496.82 7.50

Lecythidaceae 1 14 7232.54 7.23

Myrtaceae 2 8 4830.45 4.83

Lythraceae 2 79 4570.63 4.57

Sapindaceae 2 15 3898.99 3.90

Flacourtiaceae 2 101 3227.06 3.23

Euphorbiaceae 3 28 2383.72 2.38

Sterculiaceae 2 10 2363.14 2.36

Annonaceae 2 61 2052.56 2.05

Celastraceae 1 11 1514.01 1.51

Tiliaceae 1 8 831.53 0.83

Meliaceae 1 3 819.66 0.82

Bignoniaceae 2 14 625.32 0.63

Rhamnaceae 1 13 504.51 0.50

Ebenaceae 1 38 429.78 0.43

Ehretiaceae 2 7 368.05 0.37

Malvaceae 2 36 354.75 0.35

Bombacaceae 1 9 257.26 0.26

Simaroubaceae 1 9 236.17 0.24

Rutaceae 1 2 99.32 0.10

Alangiaceae 1 1 2.51 0.003

Total-32 77 4012 781467.24 781.47

6.3: Quantification of carbon sinks-Forest sub-types and Density Class:

43

Total 6 forest sub-types were encountered in study areas in their 3 density class-

Very dense (VD), Moderate dense (MD) and Open (O). Scrub (S) forest land of A-4 forest

subtype was noticed in Dangs North Forest Division, only 1plant Meyna laxiflora is

recorded from scrub land. The average of girth and height was taken from each forest sub-

type and its density class. The co-relationship between diameter and biomass is established

by measuring the bio-volume by applying the standard mean wood density 0.6g/cm3 or

600Kg/m3. Carbon (MT/ha) is estimated by simply multiplying the mean carbon value with

the number of trees found in the respective forest subtype and density class (Number of

trees, see -Table No.-4.1). The following results are found in biomass (tons/ha) and Carbon

(MT/ha), represented in Table No.-5.67, 5.68, 5.69, 5.70 and Figure No.-5.50. Total 184.80

Carbon MT/ha is estimated in all six forest sub-types in respect of its diverse density class.

85.1Carbon MT/ha maximum and 10.2 Carbon MT/ha minimum carbon storage potential

are estimated for A-3 and B-2 forest sub-type, respectively. 94.5 Carbon MT/ha, 62.3Carbon

MT/ha, 28Carbon MT/ha and 0.002Carbon MT/ha are estimated for Moderate dense forest

cover, Open forests, Very dense forest cover and Scrub forests, respectively, i.e. the order of

carbon sinks in the forests of our study areas was following: Moderate dense forests (51%

Carbon) > Open forests (34% Carbon) > Very dense forests (15%) > Scrub land in territorial

ecosystem.

Table No.-6.68- Carbon Sink (MT/ha): Forest Sub-type vs. Very Dense Forest

FST GBH* H* AGB* BGB* TB*

C

Kg/ha*

Total

CKg/ha* MT/ha*

A-1 67.93 11.6 255.7 66.5 322.2 161.1 12404.4 12.4

A-2 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

A-3 45.6 6.9 68.5 17.8 86.4 43.2 5570.2 5.6

A-4 41 8.9 71.5 18.6 90.1 45.0 7024.0 7.0

B-1 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

B-2 63 9 170.6 44.4 215.0 107.5 3010.1 3.0

Total 566.4 147.3 713.6 356.8 28008.7 28.0

Note- * Mean, AGB,BGB,TB Units-Kg,

44

Table No.-6.69- Carbon Sink (MT/ha): Forest Sub-type vs. Moderate Dense Forest

FST GBH* H* AGB* BGB* TB*

C

Kg/ha*

Total

CKg/ha* MT/ha*

A-1 42.13 9.5 80.6 20.9 101.5 50.7 22277.8 22.3

A-2 30 6.5 27.9 7.3 35.2 17.6 8345.2 8.3

A-3 45.2 7.9 77.1 20.0 97.1 48.6 42988.2 43.0

A-4 44 7.3 67.5 17.6 85.1 42.5 7060.5 7.1

B-1 68 9.3 205.4 53.4 258.8 129.4 9059.4 9.1

B-2 50.28 9.3 112.3 29.2 141.5 70.8 4740.8 4.7

Total 570.9 148.4 719.3 359.6 94472.0 94.5

Table No.-6.71- Carbon Sink (MT/ha): Forest Sub-type vs. Scrub Forest

FST GBH* H* AGB* BGB* TB* Kg/ha* Total

CKg/ha* MT/ha*

A-4 15 2.5 2.7 0.7 3.4 1.7 1.7 0.002

Table No.-6.70- Carbon Sink (MT/ha): Forest Sub-type vs. Open Forest

FST GBH* H* AGB* BGB* TB* Kg/ha* Total

CKg/ha* MT/ha*

A-1 41.2 7.5 60.8 15.8 76.6 38.3 7854.4 7.9

A-2 29 6 24.1 6.3 30.4 15.2 9810.3 9.8

A-3 58.3 8.7 141.3 36.7 178.0 89.0 36487.4 36.5

A-4 41.1 5.5 44.4 11.5 55.9 28.0 3411.2 3.4

B-1 40.8 6.3 50.1 13.0 63.1 31.6 2240.9 2.2

B-2 48.68 5.23 59.2 15.4 74.6 37.3 2461.8 2.5

Total 379.9 98.8 478.6 239.3 62265.9 62.3

45

Table No.-6.72: Forest Sub-type and Density Class wise Carbon/ha

FST VD MD O S CMT/ha

A-1 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forest 12.4 22.3 7.9 0 42.6

A-2 3B/C1c-Slightly Moist Teak Forest 0 8.3 9.8 0 18.1

A-3 3B/C2-Southern Moist Mixed Decidious Forest 5.6 43 36.5 0 85.1

A-4 3B/C2/S1-Southern Secondary Moist Mixed

Decidious 7 7.1 3.4 0.002 17.502

B-1 5A/C1b-Dry Teak Forest 0 9.1 2.2 0 11.3

B-2 5A/C3-Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest 3 4.7 2.5 0 10.2

Total 6 28.0 94.5 62.3 0.002 184.8

6.4: Results of Carbon Sink in grass samples:

17 main grass samples were collected for the atomic carbon % from study areas.

Maximum 37.57C% is analyzed from 5A/C3-Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest in the

very dense category of forests while the minimum 15.35C% value has been analyzed from

3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forest in open category forests. Grasses of very dense forests of all

forest sub-types have potential to stores mean 32.53 C%, which is higher than mean 28.05

C% of moderate dense forests of their forest sub-types. Open forest grasses has less potential

to reserve the carbon than very dense and moderate dense forests, the mean 24.34 C% value

estimated. i.e. the order of reserved biomass organic carbon is Very dense forests <

Moderate dense forests < Open forests. Only a small patch of 3B/C2/S1-Southern

10.2 11.317.5 18.1

42.6

85.1

0

20

40

60

80

100

B-2 B-1 A-4 A-2 A-1 A-3

C (M

T/h

a)

Figure-6.50Forest Subtype & Carbon (MT/ha)

46

Secondary Moist Mixed Decidious in Scrubland category forests has store 35.25C% which

is relatively less than 5A/C3-Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest in the very dense

category of forests but, relatively higher than Moderate and Open forests. Further, I specify

that only one quadrate was foundfrom scrubland forests and this category was not repeated

in any other sites of our study areas.5A/C1b-Dry Teak Forests grass samples shown

significant higher 36.41C% mean value than 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forests 24.79C%. Grasses

from 3B/C1c-Slightly Moist Teak Forests and withdrawn mean 21.56 C%, which is less than

aforementioned teak forests.Hence, the mean organic carbon (C%) of all forests sub-types

and density class is 28.22% estimated. Green weight and dry weight of grass samples along

with C% value is given in Table No.-6.73.

Table No.- 6.73: Results: Grass Samples- Organic Carbon (%)

by CHNS/O Elemental Analyzer

Sample

No. Forest Sub-type Density

Weight Analysis Carbon/Sq.Ft.

GW* DW* CW* C %

G-1 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forest VD 134.00 88.00 44.0 30.96

G-2 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forest MD 82.00 48.00 24.0 28.08

G-3 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forest O 30.00 20.00 10.0 15.35

G-4 3B/C1c-Slightly Moist Teak Forest MD 22.00 12.00 6.0 24.12

G-5 3B/C1c-Slightly Moist Teak Forest O 34.00 18.00 9.0 19.01

G-6 3B/C2-Southern Moist Mixed

Decidious Forest VD 160.00 102.00 51.0 35.83


Decidious Forest MD 106.00 70.00 35.0 21.12


Decidious Forest O 120.00 46.00 23.0 22.09

G-9 3B/C2/S1-Southern Secondary Moist

Mixed Decidious VD 110.00 80.00 40.0 25.79


Mixed Decidious MD 48.00 34.00 17.0 22.5

G-11 3B/C2/S1-Southern Secondary Moist O 80.00 58.00 29.0 25.81

47

Mixed Decidious


Mixed Decidious S 20.00 10.00 5.0 35.25

G-13 5A/C1b-Dry Teak Forest MD 80.00 24.00 12.0 36.94

G-14 5A/C1b-Dry Teak Forest O 50.00 10.00 5.0 35.88

G-15 5A/C3-Southern Dry Mixed

Deciduous Forest VD 50.00 14.00 7.0 37.57


Deciduous Forest MD 62.00 20.00 10.0 35.54


Deciduous Forest O 102.00 28.00 14.0 27.94

Note: GW- Green weight (gm), DW - Dry weight (gm), CW - Carbon weight (gm)

6.4: Results of Carbon sink in Forest Floor Pool:

Dead woody plants less than 10cm girth, twigs, fallen leaves excluding soil were

considered as forest floor pool, total 17 original samples without replicates were analyzed.

3B/C2/S1-Southern Secondary Moist Mixed Deciduous moderate dense categories stores

maximum carbon in above ground biomass i.e. 42.93C% followed by 5A/C3-Southern Dry

Mixed Deciduous Forest very dense category of 42.80C% in organic biomass. Minimum

carbon sink potential 12.41C% analyzed from 3B/C2-Southern Moist Mixed Deciduous

Forests of very dense categories in sample no. 6 was estimated. Mean organic carbon of

forest floor samples from all very dense forests is 31.02C% estimated, which is relatively

less estimated than moderate dense forests of 39.03C%. Open forests has quite equivalent

carbon sink potential to the very dense forests i.e. 31.94C%. A scrub land forest shows the

mean organic carbon 32.95C%. The order of forest floor carbon pool ranges from Moderate

dense forests < Open forests <Very dense forests. 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forests sequesters

relatively higher mean carbon value 37.73C% than 5A/C1b-Dry Teak Forests of 35.88C%.

36.73C% mean carbon analyzed for 3B/C1c-Slightly Moist Teak Forests. Results of litter

layer/forest floor samples are mentioned in Table No.-6.74.

48

Table No.-6.74: Results: Forest Floor Samples- Organic Carbon (%)

by CHNS/O Elemental Analyzer

Sample


Weight Analysis Carbon/Sq. Ft.

GW DW CW C %

FF-1 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forest VD 20 16 8.0 39.37

FF-2 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forest MD 86 76 38.0 41.76

FF-3 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forest O 46 36 18.0 32.06

FF-4 3B/C1c-Slightly Moist Teak Forest MD 112 108 54.0 42.02

FF-5 3B/C1c-Slightly Moist Teak Forest O 80 78 39.0 31.45

FF-6 3B/C2-Southern Moist Mixed

Deciduous Forest VD 144 124 62.0 12.41


Deciduous Forest MD 108 98 49.0 41.15


Deciduous Forest O 116 94 47.0 23.22

FF-9 3B/C2/S1-Southern Secondary Moist

Mixed Deciduous VD 54 46 23.0 29.5


Mixed Deciduous MD 80 68 34.0 42.93


Mixed Deciduous O 64 56 28.0 34.56


Mixed Deciduous S 26 20 10.0 32.95

FF-13 5A/C1b-Dry Teak Forest MD 56 44 22.0 32.20

FF-14 5A/C1b-Dry Teak Forest O 52 44 22.0 39.57

FF-15 5A/C3-Southern Dry Mixed

Deciduous Forest VD 40 30 15.0 42.8


Deciduous Forest MD 58 46 23.0 34.12


Deciduous Forest O 84 66 33.0 30.78

Note: GW- Green weight (gm), DW - Dry weight (gm), CW - Carbon weight (gm)

49

6.5: Results of Soil Organic Carbon:

There was significant difference in the percentages of total organic carbon (TOC%)

in top soil depth of 0-30cm. Total 17 samples were analyzed from different forest sub-types

and density classes. Generally, 6.5 to 8.2 pH range is knowing for normal soil but below the

6.5 is indicator of acidic soil. Lower pH mean value 5.7 is estimated for 3B/C1c-Slightly

Moist Teak Forests in moderate and open class forests and higher pH mean value 7.6

measured for 3B/C2-Southern Moist Mixed Decidious Forest in moderate class. But, if we

calculate the average of pH range, than soil belonging to these forests is normal i.e. mean pH

6.6. Collected samples were dark brown in color, loamy and clayey in nature. The values of

OC% 0.0 to 0.25to 0.50 are considerably less accounts for carbon, 0.51 to 0.75 ranges

accounts for moderate presence of carbon and >0.76 to 1.25 above denotes the very high

availability of the carbon in soils, hence, the soil fertility increases. The lowest 0.39 was

calculated for 5A/C1b-Dry Teak Forests in open class and the maximum 4.48TOC%

estimated in same forest sub-type of moderate dense class followed by competitive 4.09

TOC% value estimated in 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forests of moderate dense class. Very dense

forests exhibits the low carbon value (mean) 2.38 TOC% which are comparatively less than

moderate dense forests 3.00 TOC%. Open forests has shown significant value of mean 2.15

TOC%, which is relatively less than moderate and very dense categorized forests. The high

TOC% indicates higher decomposition of biomass may have occurred through the

decomposition of plant and animal residues. Source of organic carbon in soil is soil organic

matter which transforms the organic carbon into soils. Significantly greater TOC% might be

due to greater inputs of organic matter through surface forest floor layer in ecosystem (Table

No.-6.75).

Table No.-6.75: Results: Soil Samples- Organic Carbon (%) by Walkley Black Method

Sample


Parameters (0-30cm)

pH B.D. T.O.C. T.O.M.

S-1 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forest VD 7.2 1.16 2.53 7.51

S-2 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forest MD 7.5 1.10 4.09 12.13

S-3 3B/C1b-Moist Teak Forest O 6.2 1.13 2.53 7.51

S-4 3B/C1c-Slightly Moist Teak Forest MD 5.7 1.10 3.12 8.67

S-5 3B/C1c-Slightly Moist Teak Forest O 5.7 1.08 1.99 10.00

50

S-6 3B/C2-Southern Moist Mixed Decidious Forest VD 7.4 1.12 2.72 8.07

S-7 3B/C2-Southern Moist Mixed Decidious Forest MD 7.6 1.01 2.24 6.64

S-8 3B/C2-Southern Moist Mixed Decidious Forest O 7.3 1.24 3.79 11.26

S-9 3B/C2/S1-Southern Secondary Moist Mixed

Decidious VD 6.4 1.13 2.43 7.22


Decidious MD 7.2 1.16 2.04 6.06


Decidious O 6.8 1.28 2.82 8.36


Decidious S 6.1 1.13 2.12 6.15

S-13 5A/C1b-Dry Teak Forest MD 6.5 1.09 4.48 13.29

S-14 5A/C1b-Dry Teak Forest O 6.6 0.98 0.39 1.16

S-15 5A/C3-Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest VD 6.2 1.23 1.90 5.49

S-16 5A/C3-Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest MD 6.4 1.05 1.26 3.75

S-17 5A/C3-Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest O 6.6 1.22 1.40 4.04

Note: B.D. - Bulk density (g/cm3), T.O.C. - Total Organic Carbon (%), T.O.M. - Total Organic

Matter (%)

6.6 Results of Carbon Emission due to human impact on Forests:

Out of total 3138 HH’s, 316 HH’s in 34 sample forest fringe villages were surveyed

for flora as fuel and carbon emission study in both the districts. 316questionnaires were

discussed with all communities in sampled households. Reluctant responding household

were left out of the study and instead of that next HH to be sampled was decided. Konkani,

Warli, Bhil, Kolcha, Kotwaliyas and Vansfodiya’s, Hadpati’s, Patels (interior communities

verbally known as Dhodhiya’s) communities were covered in our study. From a sampling

survey we observed about the daily requirements of livelihood and depends on forest-

ecosystem. All communities are partially dependent on Bioresources. They are dependent on

the floras as fuel, collect the grasses as fodder from forest, Non-forest timber products like

gum, honey, leaves business especially the leaves of Diospyrous melanoxylon are collected

for cigarate making, flowers collection like Butea monosperma which are producilble for

orange dyes, and Madhuca Indica in wine making, shrubs like Carvia callosa as house

construction material, Bamboos-Dendrocalamus strictus, Bamboosa arundinacea,

51

(herbaceous plant, Poeaceae family), Tectona grandis, Adina cordifolia, Oougenia

oogenensis, Mitragyana parviflora, Dalbergia latifolia etc. as timber is used in their houses.

Ultimately all the livelihoods of our study points are directly and indirectly dependent on

forests. The rates of extraction from forests are very high due to deficient of other resources.

25% HH’s shows dependence on Terminalia crenulata as fuel, 40% HH’s observed for

Wrightia tinctoria as fuel consumption, Holarrhena antidycentrica was used in 20% HH,

10% HH’s Acacia spp., Garuga pinnata, A.latifolia were closely observed in villages (Table

No.-6.76, Figure No.-6.51). Other resources like Kerosene, Biogas fuel plants were observed

in 5%HH i.e. 95% HH’s were observed dependence on fuel wood. Fuel wood is mostly

extracted from forests. 85% fuel wood is extracted from forests, 10% of their agricultural

land by a process of pruning, thinning and lopping. These processes include extraction of

secondary branches from standing bio-volume. 5% of fuel wood is purchased from dealers.

Mangifera indica was observed as marketing fuel wood. The following species were

frequently recorded during the survey, which are consumed as fuel;

Table No.-6.76: Flora as fuel wood dependence

Species D SHH

Terminalia crenulata 25% 79

Wrightia tinctoria 40% 126

Acacia spp., Garuga pinnata, A.latifolia 10% 31

Holarrhena antidycentrica 20% 63

Other resources 5% 16

Total 100% 314

Note: D- percentage dependence, SHH-Sample households

52

6.6.1 Carbon dependence and emission in Dangs District:

Total 15 villages were embattled in the study. Total population (Humans) 881 in 133

households was surveyed. Collectively, 443 males and 438 females were surveyed. The

mean fuel wood in summer for 107 days was a 1.08 Kg / day/person/HH estimated. Average

1.97Kg/day/person/HH fuel wood consumption was analyzed for 138 days of the Monsoon

season. A maximum average of fuel wood 2.76Kg/day/person/HH was evaluated for winter

season of 120 days. The rate of extraction of fuel wood observed higher in dry summer

because it's followed by the monsoon season. Communities prepare the fuel wood stock,

drained or moisturized fuel wood is not utilized to sustain the livelihood. Frequency of visits

in forests was moderate observed during the winter. Average 90-120 man-days per

household per year projected for frequently visits in forests. Mostly the dry biomass are

extracted and head-loads are prepared by walking in nearing forests. Helicteres Isora

(Shrub) bark is used to tie the head load. The minimum dry weight of each head-load of fuel

wood is 10Kg but varied as per capacity to weighing by person. 102.23MT (Metric tons) of

dry weight fuel wood is utilized in summer per year by surveying households, which rapidly

increased to 239.11 MT in monsoon per year and maximized to winter per year at

292.02MT. 1Kg dry fuel wood is producible for 3.66Kg CO2on ecosystem (Murugan, 2011).

Results for total fuel wood quantification by sampling households are following in Table

No.-6.77. Total fuel wood utilization and Carbon di-oxide emission in the present study is

analyzed by following statistical formula;

Fuel wood utilization/Season = Φ x θ x Tsp

25%

40%

10%

20%

5%

Figure-6.51 Flora as Fuel Dependence

Terminalia crenulata

Wrightia tinctoria

Acacia spp., Garuga pinnata, A.latifolia

Holarrhena antidycentrica

Other resources

53

Where;

Φ = Mean of the fuel wood / day/ person/ HH

θ = Respective season days, Tsp = Total Surveyed Population

∆CO2 (CO2 Emission) = Total Dry weight of fuel wood x 3.66

∆CO2 is carbon di-oxide emission in the atmosphere after decomposition of fuel wood. 3.66

is the ratio of carbon di-oxide to carbon.

Table No.-6. 77: Dangs District Fuel-wood vs. CO2E/Yr.

Season FW Kg/yr MT/yr CO2E/Yr.

Summer 102231.66 102.23 374.17

Monsoon 239110.26 239.11 875.14

Winter 292015.46 292.02 1068.78

6.6.2 Carbon dependence and emission in Valsad District:

Total 1956 population was surveyed in 183 HH’s of 19 forest fringe villages in

Valsad. 550 males and 525 females were surveyed in population. Mean

0.94Kg/day/person/HH fuel wood is optimum utilization in summer which is relatively less

than 1.41Kg/day/person/HH in monsoon. The carbon dependence is further maximum in

winter season like Dangs i.e. 1.97Kg/day/person/HH. Frequency of forest visits was 75-90

days per year, which is quite less than Dangs. The maximum CO2 emission was common in

winter season of the both districts. 254.13MT/yr. Fuel wood is extracted and utilized for

livelihood which is comparatively higher than summer and monsoon season (Table No.-

6.78). The comparative account of carbon dependence in both the districts is tabulated in

Table No.-6.79.

Table No.-6.78: Valsad District Fuelwood vs.∆ CO2/Yr.

Season/Yr FW Kg/yr MT/yr CO2E/Yr.

Summer 108123.50 108.12 395.73

Monsoon 209173.50 209.17 765.58

Winter 254130.00 254.13 930.12

Total 1204.78MT/yr. Fuel wood dependence was quantified for 316 sampled HH’s which

produces 4409.49MT/yr. Carbon di

due to fuel wood decomposition accounts for Dangs District.

Table No.- 6.79: ∆ CO

District VS* PS* *HH

Dangs 15 881 133

Valsad 19 1075 183

Total 34 1956 316

Note: VS* - Villages surveyed,

Summer, M* - Monsoon, W*

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Summer

∆ C

O2

Em

issi

on

∆ CO2 Emission in Dangs & Valsad Districts


produces 4409.49MT/yr. Carbon di-oxide in atmosphere. Out of which 53% of CO

due to fuel wood decomposition accounts for Dangs District.

CO2 Emission/Year in Dangs and Valsad Districts

*HH

Seasonal Fuel wood

Utilization (MT/Yr.) MT/

Year

∆

Emission/YearS* M* W*

133 102.23 239.11 292.02 633.36

183 108.12 209.17 254.13 571.42

316 210.35 448.28 546.15 1204.78

Villages surveyed, PS* - Population surveyed, HH* - Household,

W* - Winter.

MonsoonWinterSeason type

Figure-6.53Emission in Dangs & Valsad Districts

54


of which 53% of CO2emission

Valsad Districts

∆ CO2

Emission/Year

2318.10

2091.40

4409.49

Household, S*-

55

6.7 Discussion:

As for the results the Tectona grandis has maximum carbon storage potential is

estimated due to its large occurrence in its all GBH class. The individuals of the species are

scattered in all patches of forests and density per hectare 424.6d/ha is recorded which just

twice time higher than earlier records of PWLS (GEER, 2004). 347.07MT/ha carbon is

absorbed the T.grandis among all 77 encountered plant communities. Analytical study

prevailes that T.crenulata was occupying as second most dominant tree species in the study

areas has great competence with T.grandis, the carbon sink estimated mean carbon, the

number of stem individuals are consequently less than that of T.grandis. 136.32tC/ha carbon

storage was estimated in T.crenulata which is significantly higher in our study areas (Gupta,

2009) due to the maximum number of individuals stems per hectare. Buchnania lanzan were

quantfied in less numbers thus carbon stores of the species is 0.01MT/ha is evaluated which

is lower than 256128tCof Shorea robusta forests (Gupta, 2009). 0.162t/hm2 organic carbon

was estimated by destructive sampling for A. cordifolia in Bangladesh forests, whiles the

mean organic carbon storage 35.02tC/ha was assumed from our calculation. 0.964t/hm2

carbon reserved for Butea monosperma, while 4.88tC/ha mean organic carbon has been

analyzed the present study. Only 0.12tC/ha mean organic carbon stores from Cassia fistula

which is relatively higher in tropical moist deciduous forests (TMDF), than 0.221t/hm2carbon

in evergreen forests. Only one stem of Morus alba was marked in our study, the population

density is almost unfixed because it was not marked in previous studies of PWLS as well as

VNP of TMDF (GEER, 2004, 2000). The carbon sink potential of the species was

0.001tC/ha, from non-destructive sampling, while 0.043t/hm2 mean organic carbon store was

estimated by destructive sampling (Alamgir M. and Al-amin M., 2007). Albizia procera

Roxb.Stores 6.24tC/tree in different forest types of Western ghats while 0.004tC/ha carbon

sink potency was observed which is surprisingly less estimated, Dalbergia lanceolaria has

satisfactory higher carbon 5.69tC/ha found from our analysis which is reducing 73.08tC/tree

than the study of evergreen and dry deciduous forests. Meyna laxiflora Robyus sinks

8.82tC/tree which is relatively less than 2.47tC/ha carbon sink our study. Bombax ceiba 900

individuals were enumerated and sink mean 11.7tC/tree carbon which is further increasing

than 0.26tC/ha carbon of the various GBH classes of our study, we encountered only 9

individuals which are 100 times less than above mentioned particulars.. (Hangarge et al.,

2012). Eucalyptus hybrid stores 3.39tC/ha in 4 trees of our study areas while 320.67tC ha-1

stores in 4099 stems individuals of Eucalyptus spp. of Aurangabad City (Chavan and Rasal,

56

2011). 53.36tha-1carbon detected from 6048 individuals, while 0.41MT/ha carbon analyzed in

only 1 stem exhibited from the allometric equation used in the present study (Chavan and

Rasal, 2012). 73.5Kg/ha carbon storage potential was estimated for Annona squamosa from

Aurangabad city by destructive sampling and 3.7Kg/ha carbon sink is evaluated in diameter

<10cm has been analyzed (Chavan and Rasal, 2012). The results of carbon sink varied due to

different methodology followed. Mitragyna parviflora stores 10.7tC carbon in largest girth

(4.1meter) and Miliusa tomentosa stores 3.0tC in largest girth (2.3meter)from Dangs District

were enumerated. Bio-volumes were determined as Warran, (2001) and BGB as suggested by

Hangarge et al.,(2012), which are further higher than our estimations (Pandya et al., 2013).

Above Mitragyna parviflora and Miliusa tomentosa were analyzed from different

methodology resulted 9.10tC and 2.58tC, respectively (Pandya et al., 2012). It means the

girth and height variables of all the studies are constant, but techniques followed in the study

makes the different conclusion (Patil et al., 2010). Total biomass and carbon varies widely

within and among the species and across various seasons i.e. 9.69tC/ha and 2.05tC/ha,

respectively.5A/C1b-Dry Teak Forest and 5A/C3-Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest has

jointly sequesters 21.5tC/ha carbon in our study areas, which are similar nearing to the mean

carbon density 19.44tC/ha was estimated for dry mixed deciduous forests and moist

deciduous forests in Southern Gujarat (Patil et al., 2010). Our analysis has proven that

Tropical moist deciduos forests stores huge biomass than Tropical dry forests. Atmost,

163.30MT/ha carbon sinked in organic biomass which is relatively very high than 21.5MT/ha

carbon of dry forests. Uneven distribution of plants in ecosystem might be one of the reason

for the carbon stocks difference in forest sub-types. In addition, presence or absence of trees

might be determined by the disturbance factors, slope and soil variables (Kumar et al, 2012;

Rodriguez et al., 2005). 483trees/ha density estimated in dry deciduous forests (DDF) of

North Gujarat region, while 783.6d/ha trees density estimated from tropical moist deciduous

forests (TMDF) of study areas, T.grandis were 32/ha reportedfor DDF, the appearance in

TMDF is considerably very less than 424.61 d/ha in our study areas. (Kumar et al, 2012).i.e.

3B-South Indian Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests has greater significance than tropical dry

deciduous forests. Following Table No.-6.80 suggests about the carbon sink potential of plant

species (with individuals) study areas.

57

Table No.-6.80- Species and their Carbon Sequestration (MOC/ha)

Species Family C Kg/ha tC/ha

Tectona grandis Verbenaceae 347073.01 347.07

Terminalia crenulata Combretaceae 136324.90 136.32

Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae 35023.29 35.02

Terminalia bellirica Combretaceae 26345.26 26.35

Garuga pinnata Burseraceae 23860.52 23.86

Acacia chundra Mimosaceae 20714.98 20.71

Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae 19350.54 19.35

Holoptelea integrifolia Ulmaceae 14143.41 14.14

Dalbergia paniculata Fabaceae 14006.79 14.01

Madhuca indica Sapotaceae 13397.51 13.40

Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae 10720.94 10.72

Ficus racemosa Moraceae 10475.81 10.48

Wrightia tinctoria Apocynaceae 9943.42 9.94

Mitragyna parvifolia Rubiaceae 9687.96 9.69

Dalbergia latifolia Fabaceae 9486.29 9.49

Ougeinia oojeinensis Fabaceae 8940.11 8.94

Careya arborea Lecythidaceae 7232.54 7.23

Tamarindus indica Caesalpiniaceae 6974.52 6.97

Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae 6165.22 6.17

Dalbergia lanceolaria Fabaceae 5689.92 5.69

Butea monosperma Fabaceae 4876.41 4.88

Lagerstroemia parviflora Lythraceae 4371.11 4.37

Schleichera oleosa Sapindaceae 3835.59 3.84

Eucalyptus hybrid Myrtaceae 3386.51 3.39

Casearia graveolens Flacourtiaceae 2888.02 2.89

Meyna laxiflora Rubiaceae 2465.01 2.47

Sterculia urens Sterculiaceae 2359.08 2.36

Bridelia retusa Euphorbiaceae 2356.09 2.36

Acacia ferruginea Mimosaceae 2109.57 2.11

Miliusa tomentosa Annonaceae 2048.86 2.05

58

Ficus asperrima Moraceae 1912.89 1.91

Pterocarpus marsupium Fabaceae 1708.41 1.71

Cassine gluca Celastraceae 1514.01 1.51

Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae 1443.94 1.44

Grewia tiliaefolia Tiliaceae 831.53 0.83

Soymida febrifuga Meliaceae 819.66 0.82

Albizia odoratissima Mimosaceae 625.79 0.63

Piliostigma foveolatum Caesalpiniaceae 590.11 0.59

Heterophragma quadriloculare Bignoniaceae 549.00 0.55

Zizyphus xylopyra Rhamnaceae 504.51 0.50

Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae 440.70 0.44

Diospyros melanoxylon Ebenaceae 429.78 0.43

Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae 409.30 0.41

Flacourtia indica Flacourtiaceae 339.04 0.34

Kydia calycina Malvaceae 307.17 0.31

Cordia macleodii Ehretiaceae 295.04 0.30

Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae 264.19 0.26

Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniaceae 262.36 0.26

Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae 257.26 0.26

Erythrina variegata Fabaceae 240.30 0.24

Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae 237.99 0.24

Ailanthus excelsa Simaroubaceae 236.17 0.24

Lagerstroemia lanceolata Lythraceae 199.52 0.20

Acacia Senegal Mimosaceae 196.28 0.20

Ixora brachittia Rubiaceae 122.99 0.12

Cassia fistula Caesalpiniaceae 119.83 0.12

Terminalia chebula Combretaceae 111.23 0.11

Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae 103.24 0.10

Aegle marmelos Rutaceae 99.32 0.10

Oroxylum indicum Bignoniaceae 76.32 0.08

Cordia dichotoma Ehretiaceae 73.01 0.07

Morinda tomentosa Rubiaceae 71.68 0.07

59

Wrightia tomentosa Apocynaceae 63.51 0.06

Sapindus emarginatus Sapindaceae 63.40 0.06

Thespesia populnea Malvaceae 47.58 0.05

Xeromphis spinosa Rubiaceae 34.33 0.03

Trewia polycarpa Euphorbiaceae 26.88 0.03

Hymenodictyon excelsum Rubiaceae 6.50 0.01

Buchanania lanzan Anacardiaceae 6.24 0.01

Ficus arnottiana Moraceae 5.56 0.01

Sterculia viliosa Sterculiaceae 4.06 0.004

Albizia procera Mimosaceae 3.71 0.004

Annona squamosa Annonaceae 3.70 0.004

Alangium salvifolium Alangiaceae 2.51 0.003

Xeromphis uliginosa Rubiaceae 2.04 0.002

Emblica officinalis Euphorbiaceae 0.75 0.001

Morus alba Moraceae 0.71 0.001

6.8 Conclusion:

Usually 50% of the biomass of the trees is considered as carbon. Infact, the present study has

shown the listing of 77 wild tree species. Our study prevails that a considerable amount of the

carbon is sink in various carbon pools of Dangs and Valsad forest ecosystem. Carbon sink

among 77 species of 4012 individual stems has carbon sink potential of 781.92MT/ha in

average soil pH 6.6 and average 2.4 TOC%/Sq.ft. However, Tectona grandis, Adina

cordifolia, Terminalia crenulata species requires more attention for the conservation

purposes. If Southern Gujarat forests will conserved and protect for coming 10 years, the

huge carbon stock can be achieved in ecosystem. Our study also suggests that species which

withdraws more CO2 from the atmosphere should be planted more. Species should be planted

as keeping all environmental parameters in mind viz. Bio-geograhic location, Ground water

availability, solar radiations, Soil type etc. Tectona grandis, Terminalia crenulata, and Adina

cordifolia should be conserved. Bamboos gain good length in shorter duration, so the

combination of Tectona grandis and D. strictus could be better solution to minimize the

carbon emission and enhances the carbon sequestration in forests.

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