Qeneral Aarembly -3 59. - United Nations Digital Library System

UNITED NATIONS

Qeneral Aarembly Dietr. GENERAL

A/42/531 30 September 1987

ORIGINAL I ENGLISH

Forty-second sension Agendd item 82 ( a )

DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIOIIAL ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION I

TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT

Progress i n the implementation of specif ic actlclfi related t o the particular needs and problems of

the landzfocked devuloping countries

- Note by the Secretary-General

In accordance w i t h Gmeral Aeeembly roaolution 39/209 of 18 December 1984, the Secretary-Gener81 of the United Natiorrs Confere. ice on Trade and. Developyent prepared a report on progress i n t h e implementation of epaciflc action related t o the particular needs and problems of lend-locked developing countries (A/40/615, annex), w h i c h warr submitted to the General Assembly a t i ts fo r t i e th eeraion. I n i t s resolution 40/11J3 of 17 December 1985, the Genecel Assembly, welcaninq t h i s report, requested the Secretary-General of the Conference to prepare amther euch report for submission t o the General Assembly a t i ts forty-second session. The report prepared i n reeponse t o t h i a requert is annexed t o the present note.

-3 59. 87-23561 3604b ( E ) / . . I

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ANNEX

Progrees i n the implementatian of epecific action re la ted to the par t icu lar need8 and problem of land-locked

d eve1 og ing cou n t r i eo

Report of the Secretary-General o f t h e United Nationa Conference on Trade and Development

CON TENTS

Pnragraphe Page

PART ONE8 GEOGRAPHZCAL CONSTRAINTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON TRADE AND GROWTH

I. SALIENT FEATURES OF THE CURRENT TRANSIT-TRANSPORT SITUATION ............................................... A. The t r a n s i t corr idor systems ........................ B . Summary of current key bottle-necks along the

t r a n s i t cor r idors ...................................

A. Trade pa t te rns ...................................... 8 . Balance of payments and t ransport shocks ............ C. Geographical e i tua t ion and growth ...................

PART TWO: SPECfFIC ACTION BY THE INTERNATIO~AL COMMUNITY IN FAVOUR OF LAND-LOCKED DEVELOP1 NG COUNTRIES

I. SUMMARIES OF REPLIES RECEIVED FROM INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES . Austral ia ............................................... C r a z i l .................................................. Czechoslovakia .......................................... Denmark ................................................. Finland .................................................

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CONTENTS (cont inued)

Uni ted Kingdom of Qreat B r i t a i n and Northern Ireland

Am United Nations bodies and programer e e . e . m *

Departmeqt of Technical Co-operst ion for Devalapment

United Na t ions Conference on Trade and Development e m

United Nations Development Progranme e e e

Economic Conmission for Africa * . e m e . . . . . . . . . . e . e e e e e

Food and Agriculture organization of t h e United NatimA o e m e a e . . . . . . . e ~ e ~ . . . . . . . e . . . e . ~ e . . . . . .

International C i v i l A V i 8 t i O n Organization o e . e m . . * . e e

World Health Organization ...........................

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CONTENTS (con t inurd 1

A f r i c a n , C a r i b b e a n an8 P a c i f i c Count r ies . e e e e e e e m 8 8 * ~ a w e

Andean Devrlopnent C o r p o r a t i o n e e e e e e . . e ~ . e e . e . a e e e e e e e e

Central African C u s t o m a d Economic Union * . . e . . e e . . . ,

Eoonanic C o r n u n i t y of West African S ta t e s e . . . . . . International Road T r a n e p o r t Union . 8 ~ e e e e e . e r n e . e e e e e . e e .

OPEC Fund f o r Internat ional Development e e e e . e e e . . e . e e * * e

Organization of American S ta t e s e . . e e ~ e e e e e . e e e . e e ~ . e ~ . e

I V e REPORT OF THE AD HOC GROUP OF EXPXRTS TO STUDY WAYS AND MEAN8 OF IMPROVING TRANSIT-TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURES AND SERVICES FOR LAND-LbCKED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES8 ADDITIONA'A VIEWS AND COMMENTS OF MEMBER STATE8 e

Germany, Federal Republic of .............. e....e.......L

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CONTENTS (continued)

Page

Appendix. S t a t i s t i c a l t a b l e s .............................................. 29

1. Main access t u t h e s e a for land-locked developing countries . 29

2. Growth of expor t value and purchasing power of land-locked developing countries, 1970-1985 ............................. 31

3. Land-locked developing countries' share of world and developing country e x p o r t s of selected comnoditieer 1970 and 1983 ............................................... 32

4 , Current account balance an8 its f inanc ing , 1977-1903: Land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s and other developing c o u n t r i e s ........................................ 34

5. Payments t o foreign c a r r i e r t for transport s e r v i c e s a8 a propor t ion of to ta l expor t s of goods and s e r v i c e s ........... 35

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Par t One

GEWRAPHXCAL CONSTRAINTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON TRADE AND GROWTH

I . SALIENT FEATURES OF THE CURRENT TRANSIT-TRANSPORT SITUATION

A. The t ransi t corridor systema

1. The fac t that overseas trade plays an important roie i n t h e trade pattern of developing countries i n general and that land-locked dew sloping countrias have n o access to t h e sea am¶ are remotely situated from world markets implies that such countries are faced w i t h an additional challenge i n their developnent efforts. Indeed, t h i s challenge ronstitutes a particularly heavy burden because of the limited resource base of these countries, most of which are also least developd. Although t h e t rans i t countries share t h e burden of developing and maintaining viable t ransi t corridors, their resource cspabilitiev are limited since most of them are also developing countries. countries and insti tutions pay special attention to t h e particular needs and problems of land-locked develuping countries w i t h i n their assistance programmes.

Hence, i t is important that the donor

2. The problems facing land-locked developing countries have been accentuated during recent years by the external shocko aesoclated w i t h the deterioration of the world economic situation. countries are situated i n the ACrican region, where natural disasters have crippled econanies that are already h i g h l y vulnerable . Land-locked developing countries and their t rans i t neighbours have therefore not on ly had a l imited capacity t o expand the network of transit corridor system8 bu t have also failed to maintain existi:.g f ac il i t ies .

Furthermore, most of the land-locked developing

3. The inpact of these developments on t h e various corridors serving land-locked developing countries varies by region and subregion. number of factors.

T h i s is a reflection of a

( a ) The degree of remoteness of t h e land-locked developing countries from t h e ocean ports

Although a l l land-locked developing countries lack proprietary or sovereign access to t h e Ocean, an overview of t h e t ransi t corridom currently i n use reveals wide variations i n their distances from world markets. nearest t o t h e capital c i t y or major commercial centre of Bolivia, t h e Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malawi, Swaziland and Zimbabwe is less than 750 kilometres away, whereas i n t h e case of Afghanistan, Burundi, t h e Central African Republic, Chad, Paraguay, Uganda and Zambia, t h e corridor distance I s a t least 1,130 kilometres (see appendix, table 1).

E'or example, the port

(b) Physical structure of the transit-transport ietwork

The degree of segmentation varies i n t h e routep l i n k i n g t h e Ocean ports and the internal destinations i n the lad-locked Zevelaptng countries. 3 0 1 ~ of the

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A/4 2/5 37 E n g l i s h

r a i l corridors are l i n k e d to necesei ta tes trans-shipments

t h e interior destinations only by road or water. T h i s en route, which remults i n 1 4 9 Belay8 an8 damage to

cargo. The main t ransi t corridors of Bhutan, Burundi, t h e Central African Republic, Chad, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, Niger and Rwandrr are rail/road, rail/water or road/water/rail routes (see appendix, tsbla 1)

(c) Relative inportance of the t rans i t t r a f f i c i n the to t a l carqo being handled i n tha t ransi t ports

I n the past, the t rans i t corridors l i n k i n g Malawi, Zambia an8 Zimbabwe w i t h the Mozambican ports of Beira and Maputo, for example, had a relatively qood record of efficiency since the service industry related t o the movement of t rans i t cargo from these, land-locked States generated consideratle revenue for t h e Mozambican economy. By contrast, the t rans i t cargo of such countries as Bhutav and Nepal makes up a very minor portion of t h e cargo moving through the Indian port Of Calcutta. meet t h e requirements for moviny and handling t rans i t trafzic.

This has an influence on the decisions t o undertake special measures to

(d) =toricaP t i e s CJetween land-locked develqing countries and their t r ans i t ne ighbours

The development of the t rans i t corridots l i n k i n g the Sahelian land-lucked countrieL i n the west and central African subregion w i t h the coastal States previously administered by France benefited from the fact that these corridors served common comnercial and pol i t ical interests during t h e colonial era. SimiLar.Ly, the t rans i t corridor l i n k i n g Ugada and Kenya had, during the colonial period and briefly a f te r independence, j o i n t l y owned and administered transit-transport infrastructure systems and services, Recunt acute shor t fa l l s in resources, combined w i t h t h e overall ecanmic mismanagement during the 1970s i t 1 Uganda, have decreased the efficiency of trensit-transport operations i n these subregions.

(e) Availability of alternative routes

Although many land-locked developing countr iee have several potential routes to Ocean ports, i n practice most of them aLe heavily dvpendent on one maSn route because of l i m i t e d resources to develop and maintain alternative outlets. bJ T h i s situation has rendered many of the land-locked developing countries highly vulmrable t o dieruptiuns of t ransi t routes resulting from technical breakdowns, natura 1 d isa s t e r s , labour d i sputes , poli t ica 1 upheavals or internationa 1 confl ic ts . The emergence of monopolies - w i t h their h igh t rans i t cost implications - is an additiLra1 riek of heavy dependence o n one outlet . For exalnple, t h e main corridor l i n k i n g Rwanda t o t h e port of Mombasa i n Kenya was interrupted on several occasions following pol i t ical unrest i n Uganda during the la te 1970s and early 1980s. a i r l i f t part of its cargo t o and from Mombasa. new corridor via Lake Victoria t o Mombasa. road/water/rail route, whose physical infrastructure is underdeveloped, i t ie a Vital 'I inauralice route". Another route l i n k i n g Rwanda w i t h the Tanzanian r a i l system, w h i c h provides access to the port of Dar-es-Salaam, is being developed.

Rwanda wbs compelled for some consider:ble time to More recently, Rwanda began u s i n g a

Al though i t is a high-cost

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Malawi has also nad t o divert some of its t rans i t cargo from t h e tradit ional corridor, t h e Mozambican ports of Eeira and Nacala, to the port of bar-es-Salaam following .?olitical disturbances i n Mozambique. A t present, countries i n the southern C.frican aubregion are examining t h e feasibi l i ty of diverting a l l t rans i t cargo from the routes through South Africa t o the east African ports of Dar-es-Salaam and Mombasa should south Africa close Lts borders i n retaliation for sanutions by t h e international community.

B. Sumnary of current key bottle-neck8 alonq the t rans i t corridors

4 . Development (UNCTAD) has been carrying o u t three subregional transit-transport teahnical assistance projects i n Africa and one regional project i n Asia w i t h t h e aim of alleviating operational problems alung the t ransi t corridors and helping t o speed up t h e movement of t rans i t cargo a t a minimum cost (see para8. 4 4 and 4 5 below). I n s p i t e of these e f for t s , there are areas where increased assistance is still urgently requirad.

Over t h e past few years, t he United Nations Conference on Trade and

(a ) Shortages of experienced and skilled manpower

T h i s probl.em affects the operational efficiency of the whole transiC-transport system. transport operations are a l so affected, particularly i n the African region. One solution is t o eHtablish regional training i n s t i t u t i o n s , or where t h e y already exiBt, t o provide them w i t h adequate staffing, teaching aids and equipment so that systematic training programnee can be implemented. A major prerequisite is t o identify training needs by function and category i n a l l areas of transit-transport. The training programnes should involve specialized workshops and seminars for trainers, operational ataff and transit-transport managers and policy-makers, and they should be supplamented by nn-the- job training arrangements. Where feasible and desirable, opportunities for formal training i n more advanced i n s t i t u t i o n s should be made available. has been supporting training programes w i t h i n the f;amework of i ts technical assistance projects.

Although t h e problem is most serious i n the ports, railway an8 road

I n t h i s connection, UNCTAD

(b) Poor an8 deteriorating physical condition of transport infrastructure

T h i s problem is principally due to poor maintenance, which i n turn stems from a l a c k of adequate spare pat ts and experienced and skilled personnel. A number of proqrammes supported by international erganizations ace under way i n the different regions t o upgrade and develop traneit-transport infrastructures. Many programmes i n t h e African region are associated w i t h the United Nations Transport and Communications Decade in Africa. I n t h e southern African subregion, the Southern African Transport and Communications Cosmission is also playirrg a major role i n carrying out traneit-tranaport projects. t o rehabilitate the Beira corridor, l i n k i n g t h e land-locked countries i n the eouthern African subregion w i t h the Mozambican port of Beira, and t h e Tazara corridor, l i n k i n g Zambia w i t h the Tanzanian port of Dar-es-Salaam, I n the cast and

Amng the major donor effor ts is the work

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cen t r a l African oubregion, i n t e rna t iona i aeeis tance is being provided to dovelop the c ruc ia l a l t e rna t ive road/ ra i l route t o Dar-es-Salaam for Rwanda and to rehab i l i t a t e t h e Kigma-Dar-es-Salaam r a i l route and t h e Uganda road routee to t h e Kenyan border, E f fo r t s under way i n t h e west and oen t r a l African subregion include t h e rehabi l i ta t ion of the railway through the Burkina Faeo-Abidjan oor r (dor , t he road route between Burkina Faeo and Benin , t h s road along t h e Bangui-Camtoon corridor, t h e Bangui-Congo r iveu / r a i l cor r idor , t h e BamakolDakar-Abidjan road corridor and t h e Niger-Cotonou rai l / road l i n k . I n t h e Asian region, there is a mul t i l a t e ra l project to develop container izat ion along t h e Nepal-Indian cor r idor , Plans a re slso being made to develop and improve t h e a l t e rna t ive route through Bang 1 ad e 9 h a

(c) Poor communications f a c i l i t i e s between t h e t r a n s i t and land-locked developing countr ies

T h i s is one of t h e major consttaints i n t h e t rans i t - t ranspor t operations. remoteness of t h e land-locked developing countries from sea ports and overseam markets, coupled w i t h inadequa+e comnunicatlon l i n k n w i t h varioue commercial centres i n these countr ies and between por t s and overseas markets, oan t inue r to hamper t h e movenent of t r a n s i t cargo. Unreliable information about t h e a r r i v a l and departure timee of cargo has led to long delay6 i n moving oargo i n and out of t h e por t s i n recent years. T h i s problem i a par t i cu la r ly ser ious i n t h e Mozambioan and west Afrioan ports . I n t h e southern and eas t African aurxeqione, e f f o r t s a r e being made to establish oargo-tracking centree i n t h e t r a n s i t and land-locked developing oountriee and eventually t o l i n k them through a computer Bystem 80 a s to provide a rogular interchange of information on the movement of t r a n s i t t r a f f i c . T h i s w i l l considerably reduce delays and addi t iona l costs and improve t r a n s i t - t r a n e p r t operation s .

The

The coa t s caused by such delays can be coneiderablo.

.‘a) Inadequate b i l a t e r a l and Subregional agreements t o f a c i l i t a t e t r ans i t - t r anspor t

There a re a number of regional and subregional agreements concerning t r a n s i t , For exanple, implementation of t h e but most are too broad and poorly implemented.

recently ratilfied Northern Trans i t Corridor Agresment between Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and Zaire, which is designed to streamlirre t r a n s i t - t r a m p o r t operations along t h e corr idor l inking t h e land-looked countr iee i n t h e subregion w i t h t h e Kenyan por t of Mombasa, s t i l l requi res coneiderable substant ive and administrative assietance. Furthermore, there a re now some 20 international conventions regarding t r a n s i t , but many land-locked developing countr ieo and t r a n s i t countr ies have not y e t r a t i f i e d or acceded to them. g/ them t o remove some of thc, bottle-necks cur ren t ly ree t ra in ing t rans i t - t ranspor t t r a f f i c .

Doing 80 would help

Inadequate por t f a c i l i t i e s

T h i s problem i?, especial ly c r i t i c a l i n t h e Mozambican po r t s of Maputo and Beira. by poor f a c i l i t i e s i n recent years. cargo had to be diver ted t o southern African t r a n s i t routee because of aoute

Operations i n the Tanzanian port of Dar-es-Salaam have a l s o been hindered I n t h e l a t e 19708, t h e majority of Zambian

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congestion. Some corrective measures are now being taken t o meet the growing demand for port services ac Dar-es-Salaam by the land-locked countries of the eouthern African and east an8 central African subregions. i n t h e port of Asuncidn (Paraguay) a l so remain a major bottle-neck. f a c i l i t i e s i n these ports, as well a s i n many other t rans i t ports i n t h e west African subregion, are generally not adapted to modern technoloqy. Dahiage, deterioration and loss of cargo are st i l l quite cormnon i n many t rans i t por t s , and delays i n cargo loading/unlaading sometimes result i n large surcharges. Berth capacity i n these ports is often inadequate, and i n some cases the demand for berthhandling f ac i l i t i e s for specialized cargo cannot be met. These inefficiencies have led to increased demand for storage f ac i l i t i e s i n many t r ans i t ports, w h i c h i n many cases are also inadequate.

The very poor f a c i l i t i e s Cargo handling

( f ) Cumbersome documentation and customs prxedures

The movement of t ransi t cargo out of t h e ports is often delayed by complex documentation requirements, which increases the costs for many land-locked developing countries, particularly i n the African and Asian regions. ini t ia t ive recently taken w i t h i n t h e framework of UNCTAD technical assistance projects ?n t h e African region is the introdgction of a road t rans i t custom8 doclaration document, which is designed t o replsce multiple t ransi t daTumentEi. I f it is e f f e c t i v e l y and widely used, t h i s document k i l l contribute to t h e speedier and cheaper movement of t rans i t cargo across national frontiers. I t is now i n use i n the east and central African 0 ~ 1 1 - .gion. documentation problems related tr- cransit payments such as road to l l s , comnercial vehicle guarantee and third party insurance, which are now settled through the central banking systems, Y simple t rans i t expenees coupon system has been introduced i n the southern African subregion.

One important

I n order t o overcome t h e complex

11. TKANSIT-TRANSPORT CONSTRAINTS SKI THEIR IMPACT ON TRADE: AND GROWTH*

A. Trade patterns

5. and structure of trade. Land-locked countries that are on t h e periphery of t h o world economy have limited access t o international trade. Switzerland, for example, although land-locked, is a rich country surrounded by rich countries. terms of accessibility t o the European market, i t occupies a fa i r ly central poeitioii. I n contrast, the land-lozked developing countrieo of Africa, Asia and L a t i n America, though located a t or near the centre of their continents, are a t the margins of the world trading system. T h i s hampers their acces8 to the major markets for primary products and t o the primary sources of industrial goods.

Geographical situation i n f l u e n c e s production through its impact on the level

I n

Charles G. Gore, Lecturer a t the University of Swansea (United i(ingdom) made a significant contribution to t h i s analysis.

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6. The acce88 of Jrnd-looked counL.L&s t o international trade is constrained i n var iouo waye. F i r s t , the trans-shipment of exparte and import8 between the border of a land-locked developing country and 0 part involveR additional f re ight coet8. UNCTAD s t u d i e s have shown that these coats are i n many cat188 very high. i/ 1982, freight coete accounted for about 15.7 per cent of the value of imports for 1 snd-locked developing countr i eo , compared w i t h 10.7 per cent for a l l developing countries. There was aonsiderable variation between countries, however! t h e r a t i o was 25.5 per cent for Mali, 2 4 . 5 per cent for Chad, 22.8 per oent for t h e Central African Republic, 22 .1 pe. cent for Niger, 20.2 per uen t for Uganda a id 19.7 per cent for Rwanda. developing countries was Nepal w i t h 4.7 per cent. z/

I n

The only country w i t h a r a t i o below the average for a l l

7. ~ c c e s s t o international trade is aleo limited by additional transport time and additional tranvport rieks. Land-looked countries have no Sovereign power over t h e movement of their memhand iae trade through their noighbour ing aoaetal Statoe. PI noted e a r l i e r , t r ane i t trade may be Aierupted by events beyond t h e oontrol Of land-locked Statoe and, in the extreme, coaetal S ta tes oan eneroiee the i r sovereign - i g h t and delay t r ans i t trade through the i r t e r r i t o ry . rsn8-lockad Sta tes cannot reduce tho Aelaye due to capacity oonetrainte i n t h e coastal S ta tea t transport syetema. If an exporter i n a land-lwked developing country f a i l s t o deliver gaodo on time, the aontract i e broken and t h e buyer can refuee to accept the consignment. If imdortere i n lan-¶-lockad developing c o u n t r h e d o not receive the goods that thoy have purchaeed by the payment date and a re unable to pay for the goode because of foreiyn exchange requiremente, t h e y begin to incur penalt ies.

The Oovernmente of

0. Additions1 f re ight coats , lengthier transport t imes and unprediotable transport r i R k n have several effoctsr they narrow t h e range of primary comnodity exports and thereby decrease t h e tot01 volume of exports, reduce the degree of processing bsforo export, raiee the proportion af import6 from regional 8upplierS and increase the in s t ab i l i t y of export earninga. Theee pattern6 are gar t iou lar ly accentuated i n lnnd-locked developing courtriee an t h e coot and oieks of overland tranoit-transport are borne by producers and consumers i n tho0 countriee. Since each of those countries generally has a small ehara of tho world market for any parkicular export comnodity, i t cannot influence world price81 coneequently, t h e value of its exports a t the border is determined by eubtracting expected transport COBL* (transport time, r ieks of delay, t ieke of damago and expected foreign exchange fluctuatione) from t h e expected world market price. Similarly, t h e value of imports a t each country'n tmrder i e detelminod by adding traneport costa to factory-gate prices i n thcl I w i r t r y of production. I n par t icular , t h e double p e n a l t y of lower export prices and highar inport pr ices retarde t h o commercialization of peaaant agriculture, a 8 tho monetary returne from prducirig export crope arb lower and the C O B t s of CoiIBUtnor goode that are imported or manufactured locally u s i n g imported inputs are higher . 9. A v a i l a b l e evidence indicate8 that t h o level of exports per c a p i t a ie i n general much lower for land-locked developinq c o u n t r i e s t h a n fo r other developing countries. that exports are a small proportion of gross domestic product, and tha t t h e land-locked developing countries ' share of world trade has tended t o decline. I n 1984, the only land-lucked developinq cmuntr ies whose per c a p i t a exports

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exoeedad the average for non-oil expoyting developing countr ies , $US 138.20, wera Botswana an8 Swaailand. exports Were lee8 than half that average: Afghanistan, $US 41.601 Burkina Faao, #US 11.801 Burundi, $US 21.301 Central Afrioan Republio, $US 34.701 Chad, $US 22.60) Lao eeoplels Demwratio Republic!, #llS 5.401 Lesotho, $US 14.201 Malawi, $US 4 6 . 4 0 ~ mlb, $US 23.001 Nepal, @us 7.901 Niger, $US 38.301 Rwanda, $US 24.70) an8 Uganda, BUS 26.70. I n the Sam year, axporte exceeded 20 per cent of grow8 domeetto pruduct i n only f i v e countries: Afghaniatan, Botawana, Malawi, SwazilaI\d and Zambia (see appendix, table 2 ) . Data for 13 land-locked developing countr iea over t h e period 1970-1983 aleo indicate t h a t these, countr ies had a declining aham of both developing c o u n t r y and world exporte for moat of the i r t rading commodities ( m e appendix, t ab l e 3) .

For 13 land-looked developing countr ies , par capi ta

10. The exparte of land-lwked developing aountr ies a re mainly primary como4it iee . Minerals, fue l s and metale a re important export8 for Afghenietan, Bolivia, Botawana, Niger, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The other land-looked developing corantriee are dependent on a range of agr ioul tura l commoditiee, t h e most important oP whioh a r e aoffee, aot ton, tobaacm, l i v e animals, sugar, mate, oi l seeds , mod, hides and ekine, t ea and fresh or preeerved f r u i t s and vegetables. concentration is very high i n land-loaked developing countr ies , I n 1982/83, over 74 per cent of total export value waa a t t r i bu tab le to one commodity i n Burundi, Niger, Rwanda, Uganda and Zambia1 two aomnodities i n Chad, Malawi and Rwanda1 and three commodities i n Afghanistan, m l i v i a and Mali.

Export

11. Except for t h e major exportere of uopperl zina, t i n and other non-ferrous metale, which have smelting capaci ty , there is l i t t l e f i r s t - s t age processing of export comnoditiee, an8 t h i n UaQability i e developing very elowly. oample of 13 countr ies over the period 1970-1983, proceseing chain6 were developed for hide8 and sk ins , wood and raw aot ton clothing only . lack of prooeesirq i e t h e structure of land-locked developing countr iea ' t ranapot t coete. One might expect prooesehg before export t o be more prevalent in land-looked developing aountriee since it generally lowere t h e b u l k and r a i se s the value of produote. Howver, prmeseing also make8 products more f r a g i l e , more d i f f i o u l t t o handle and more subject to p i l fe rage . increaeee, inventory cootc beuome a major aomponent of total t r a n q m r t costs end t h e losses associated w i t h delays i n transi t- tranaport becmo greater . W?ncu, transport coats do not neceeearily dec l ine w i t h proceesing. Far low-value exports, overland Preight coa ts reduce the accese of lend-locked developing countr ise to internat ional trade. For high-value o x p r t s , l e n g t h y t ransport times ard t h e unpredictable r i s k s of t rans i t - t ranspor t a re t h e obstacles.

For t h e same

The main reanon f a r t h i s

Moreover, as tho value of goods

12. Tha higher import pr ice5 associated w i t h t h e costs and risk., of t rane i t - t ranspor t provide erne oppor tuni t ies for loca l import sub8titctiOn i t 1 land-locked developing countr iea, although domestic rnarketn are qeiwt 'c~ 1l.y unia 1.1. b'iirthflsrrnoce, capi t a l irivestment coots are inf1.atad by the ccist:r,; of t r a n 8 - ~ h l ~ p i w heavy equipment arld by traneport-induced delay8 i n devclopment p r o j w t s . Most important, import s u b s t i t u t i o n a c t i v i t i e s h e e d on imported inputs are s t i l l subject t o t h e uncer ta in t ies associated w i t h t rans i t - t ranapor t , and producers mu& t ie up working cap i t a l i n s t o c k s of mater ials i f t h e y a r e to ensure c o n t i n u i t y oE productiurl . I n theat\ circumntancen, t h e composition of importo of Lantl-~Lockcd

/. . *

developing c o u n t r i e s is s i m i l a r t o t h a t of other c o u n t r i e s t h a t were l a t e i n becoming i n d u s t r i a l i z e d . A l l such developing c o u n t r i e s require c e r t a i n impor ts of capital goods and i n t e rmed ia t e inpu t s . What d i s t i n g u i s h e s t h e land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s from o t h e r deve loping c o u n t r i e s is t h a t t h e former o b t a i n a l a r g e r s h a r e of t h e i r imports from r e g i o n a l sources.

13. Over t h e 1970s, a n i n c r e a s i n g p ropor t ion of t h e inports of land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s was purchased from o t h e r developing c o u n t r i e s on t h e same con t inen t . By 1963, on ly three o u t of a sainple of 1 5 land-locked developing c c u n t r i e s ob ta ined less t h a n 25 per c e n t of their imports through trade wi th thQSe c o u n t r i e s : t h e C e n t r a l A f r i c a n Republ ic , Malawi and Zambia. The most impor tan t r e g i o n a l s u p p l i e r s of land-locked developing count r ies w e k e Argent ina - 15 pe r Cent of Bol iv ia ' s i n p o r t s i n 1982; 1 9 per c e n t of Paraguay 's impor t s i n 1984; B r a z i l - 10 per c e n t of B o l i v i a ' s impor ts i n 1982; 29 per c e n t of Paraguay 's imports i n 1983: Cameroon - 1 1 p e r c e n t of Chad's inports i n 1982; C 6 t e d ' I v o i r e - 24 per c e n t of Burkina F~SO'S imports i n 1982; 29 per c e n t of Mali's imports i n 1980: 6 per c e n t of N i g e r ' s imports i n 1982; I n d i a - 5 4 per c e n t of Nepal's imports i n 1984; Kenya - 25 per c e n t of Rwanda's imports i n 1982; 39 per c e n t of Uganda's import5 i n 1981; 7 p@r c e n t of Burundi ' s inports i n 1981; N i g e r i a - 15 p e r cent of N i g e r ' s impor ts i n 1982; Thai land - 39 per c e n t of t h e Lao People ' s Democratic Repub l i c ' s i n p o r t s i n 1963; and t h e Union of S o v i e t S o c i a l i s t Republics - 59 per c e n t of Afghanis tan ' s imports i n 1981.

1 4 . enab le s importers to r e a l i z e large s a v i n g s on transport costs. Bowever, it iS u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e s e s a v i n g s are f u l l y r e f l e c t e d i n lower import prices, s i n c e producers i n r e g i o n a l supp ly ing c o u n t r i e s are a b l e to i n f l a t e t h e i r s e l l i n g p r i c e s to buyers i n t h e land-locked develcp ing c o u n t r i e s . The u n c e r t a i n t i e s of t r a n s i t - t r a n s p o r t may be so g r e a t t h a t importers prefer r e g i o n a l s u p p l i e r s , even though t h e i r f ac to ry -ga te prices p lus t r a n s p o r t costs are h ighe r t h a n o v e r s e a s s u p p l i e r s ' prices plus normal t r a n s p o r t costs. Even i n ideal c o n d i t i o n s , where t h e r i s k s of de lay are minimal, regional s u p p l i e r s can r e a l i z e monopoly profits e q u i v a l e n t to t h e e x t r a casts e n t a i l e d i n o b t a i n i n g imports from over seas . thexe is no d i r ec t ev idence of t h i s phenomenon, i t may be expec ted as t h e normal outcome of t h e f r e e p l a y o f t h e market mechanism i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l trade. government i n t e r v e n t i o n , sellers i n neighbouring c o a s t a l States can p r o f i t by t h e i r l o c a t i o n i n t he i r trade w i t h buyers i n land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s whenever t h e only a l t e r n a t i v e sources of supply are overseas.

T h i s adap ta t ion i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of trade of land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s

wh i l e

W i t h o u t

15. F i n a l l y , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems w i l l tend to lead t o higher-than-average i n s t a b i l i t y i n export: ea rn ings , a s shown i n a n UNCTAD s t u d y of 85 developing c o u n t r i e s d u r i n g t h e pe r iod 1970-1979. f/ c o u n t r i e s i n t h e sample exper ienced i n s t a b i l i t y i n e x p o r t e a r n i n g s , which was above t h e median for t h e group as a whole. related to h igh l e v e l s of c o m o d i t y s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . However, land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s a r e also subject t o t ranspor t - induced i n s t a b i l i t y whenever t r a n s p o r t b o t t l e n e c k s p reven t e x w r t a t i o n or i n c r e a s e t h e costs o f t ran si t- t ran spar t .

Nine of t h e 1 5 land-lacked developing

T h i s i n s t a b i l i t y i n export e a r n i n g s is

/. ..

$ 4 4 2/53 7 E n g l i s h

B. Balance of payments and t r a n s p o r t s h o c k s

1 6 . volume of their: t r a d e and worsens t h e terms of t h e i r trade, Trade volume is reduced because resources t h a t could p r o f i t a b l y be t ransformed i n t o export comodities i f t h e c o u n t r i e s d i d no t f a c e a t r a n s p o r t d i sadvan tage are l e f t u n u t i l i z e d . The terms of tradz ace worsened d i r e c t l y because t h e border prices of e x p o r t s a r e depressed by t h e costs and risks of t r a n s i t - t r a n s p o r t w h i l e t h e b r d e r p r i c e s of impor ts are s imul taneous ly i n f l a t e d . They are also sometimes worsened i n d i r e c t l y by comnodity buyers i n o v e r s e a s c o u n t r i e s who d i s c o u n t t h e world p r i c e of a g iven land-locked developing c o u n t r y ' s exports because of " u n r e l i a b i l i t y of supplies" s u p p l i e r s who take advantage of t h e i r monopol i s t ic p o s i t i o n to i n f l a t e import prices and by r e g i o n a l s u p p l i e r s who e x p l o i t t h e i r l o c a t i o n a l advantage i n t h e same way. For any g iven set of comnedities traded wi th o v e r s e a s c o u n t r i e s , t h e terms of trade are worse for land-lacked developing c o u n t r i e s t h a n for t h e i r c o a s t a l n e i g h b u r s .

The geograph ica l s i t u a t i o n of t h e land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s reduces t h e

17. The impact of t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l s i t u a t i o n on t h e volume and terms of t r a d e o f land-locked economies a t any g iven moment is reflected i n t h e i r ba lance of payments. 10 land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s fos t h e peKiod 1977-1983 are shawn i n table 4 of t h e appendix. Because of s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s , t h e sample has been d i v i d e d i n t o major mine ra l e x p o r t e r s ( B o l i v i a , Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe) and o t h e r land-lmked developing c o u n t r i e s ( C e n t r a l Af r i can Republic, Chad, Mali, Nepal, Paraguay and Rwanda). deficits. In t h e c a s e of t h e second group, t h i s reflects t h e low v a l u e of t h e i r expor t ea rn ings . exporters but its e x p o r t earnings for 1977-1983 a r e on ly about one q u a r t e r t h o s e o f t h e f i r s t group. merchandise t rade ba lances , bu t t h i s is offset by c h r o n i c deficits i n t h e f a c t o r and non-factor s e r v i c e s accounts . Interest payments and t r a n s p o r t payments are important e lements of t h e ba l ance of payments for s e r v i c e s for both sets of c o u n t r i e s , b u t for those which are n o t major mine ra l e x p o r t e r s , t h e ratio of i n t e r e s t payments to e x p o r t s of goods and services is much 1omr t h a n t h e average for o t h e r deve loping W u n t r i e s , and t h e ratio of t r a n s p o r t payments t o e x p o r t s of goods a d services is much h igher .

18. The major elements in t h e f i n a n c i n g of the aggrega te c u r r e n t account d e f i c i t s of t h e sample of c o u n t r i e s are off ic ia l t r a n s f e r s and mediunrterm and long-term government loans. Between 1977 and 1983, o f f ic ia l f i n a n c e covered 51 p e r c e n t of t h e c u r r e n t account d e f i c i t of t h e major m i n e r a l exporters and 71 per c e n t of t h e def ic i t of t h e o t h e r group. e x p o r t e r s c o n t r a c t e d s h a r p l y over t h e period 1981-1983, whi le flaws to t h e o t h e r land-lccked develap ing c o u n t r i e s i nc reased somewhat. a very minor f a c t o r i n t h e f inanc ing of t h e deLicit6 over t h e period 1977-1983, p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r t h e non-mineral e x p r t e r s .

Estimates of t h e main e lements of t h e ba lance of payments of a sample of

Both sets of c o u n t r i e s have ch ron ic c u r r e n t account

T h i s group has almost double t h e popula t ion of t h e major mineral

The major m i n e r a l e x p o r t e r s normally achieve s u r p l u s e s i n t h e i r

Flows of private c a p i t a l to t h e major mine ra l

Direct f o r e i g n investment w a s

19 A comparison of t h e blance-of-payments accoun t s of land-lacked developing c o u n t r i e s w i t h t h e accounts Of other develcpinq CQWtrieS r e v e a l s two major d i f f e r e n c e s . F i r s t , t h e land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s , w i t h f e w except ions ,

/...

A/42/537 Engl i sh Page 1 5

have difficulty a t t r a c t i n g p r i v a t e capital inf lows. t h e f o r e i g n exchange e a r n i n g s of land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s is absorbed by t r a n s p o r t payments. s e r v i c e s a r e t h e most r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e direct evidence of t h e cost6 t h a t land-locked developing w u n t r i e s i ncu r because of t h e i r g e q r a p h i c a l s i t u a t i o n . f n a sample of 15 land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s , such payments exceeded 1 0 per c e n t of t h e value of e x p o r t s of goods and s e r v i c e s for n ine c o u n t r i e s and 2 5 per Cent for f i v e c o u n t r i e s (see appendix, t a b l e 5 ) . For t h e m a j o r i t y of c o u n t r i e s i n t h e sample, t h e t r a n s p o r t payments ra t io was g r e a t e r than t h e d e b t s e r v i c e ratio and f a r exceeded t h e average for a l l deve lap ing countries ( 7 per c e n t ) .

Second, a large p r o p o r t i o n sf

Sta t i s t ics on payments tQ f o r e i g n carr iers f o r t ranspcr r t

2 0 . The magnitude of t r a n s p o r t payments i n t h e c u r r e n t account b l a n C e Of land-lacked developing c o u n t r i e s exposes them to a type of e x t e r n a l shock, namely t r a n s p o r t shock, to which o t h e r deve loping c o u n t r i e s are no t s u b j e c t . T ranspor t s h o c k s occur when there are major d i s r u p t i o n s i n t h e t r a n s p o r t c h a i n , which i n c r e a s e normal sh ipp ing costs and l e n g t h e n the normal t r a n s i t t i m e s and t h e r o u t i n e d e l a y s a f f e c t i n g shipments . I n t h e extreme, over land trade f lows t o and from land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s may be comple te ly c u t o f f . exace rba te t h e e f f e c t s of t r a n s i t - t r a n s p o r t d i f f i c u l t i e s on t h e growth of land-locked economies, caus ing f o r e i g n exchange squeez@s, p r o f i t a b i l i t y squeezes, purchas ing power squeezes and l i q u i d i t y squeezes; t h e y c a n e a s i l y "snowball" i n t o an economic crisis if strategic imports such as petroleum and fe r t i l i zers are curtailed. g/ t r a n s p o r t shocks. The f i t s t took place i n 1977-1980, a s supplies from Z i m b a b w e were d i s r u p t e d , d e l a y s i n Malawi's t r a d i t i o n a l t r a n s i t r o u t e s through Mozambique lengthened , and o i l price i n c r e a s e s a f f e c t e d f r e i g h t charges . The second shack occurred i n 1982-1984, as t h e c o u n t r y ' s tradit ional t r a n s i t trade r o u t e s through Mozambique were c u t off and t h e b u l k of its o v e r s e a s trade w a s r e r o u t e d through South Af r i ca . Over h a l f t h e i n c r e a s e i n Malaui ' s c u r r e n t account deficit between 1976 and 1980 is attr ibutable to t r a n s p o r t shocks, and d u r i n g t h e period 1981-1984, t h e t r a n s p o r t shock hampered and de layed t h e inprovement of t h e c u r r e n t account d e f i c i t .

These shocks

One classic case is t h a t of Malawi, which h a s expe r i enced two

C. Geographica l s i t u a t i o n and growth

21. Balance-of-payments statistics i n d i c a t e sane of t h e costs t h a t land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s must bear because of t h e i r g e o g r a p h i c a l s i t u a t i o n . and r i s k s of t r a n s i t - t r a n s p o r t t i g h t e n t h e f o r e i g n exchange c o n s t r a i n t a n land-locked economies by reducing t h e volume and v a l u e of e x p o r t s and i n f l a t i n g t h e costs of imports. product ion inputs . The medium-term e f f e c t s of f o r e i g n exchange s h o r t a g e s an growth a r e r e i n f o r c e d by t h e effects of t h e low l e v e l of e x p o r t a c t i v i t y , low expor t prices and high irrpart prices on e f f e c t i v e domestic demand and on t h e p r o f i t a b i l i t y of product ion . All t h i s l e a d s to low levels o f income arid econaa ic a c t i v i t y , which i n t u r n impose two f u r t h e r r e source c o n s t r a i n t s o n land-lmked economies: l imi ted domestic s a v i n g s and a weak c a p a c i t y to f i n a n c e public expend i tu re from domest ic sources .

The costs

T h i s l i m i t s t h e c a p a c i t y t o import necessa ry capi ta l g d s and

/. ..

A/42 /5 3 7 E n g l i s h

22. I t is through these cumulative disadvantages that geographical situation limits growth. countriec have experienced a similar degree of stagnation and decline. Macro-econanic s t a t irk ice on t h e growth rate of gross dmeat io product I

accumulat ion proaeaeee ancl intersectoral resource allocation patterns for 17 land-loaked developing aountries over t h e period 1960-1983 reveal important divergences. I n s i x oountries (8urundi , the Central African Republic, Chad, Mali, Nepal and Uganda), there was stagnation or decline i n real per capita groas domestic product over t h e period. Bortpnine per cent of t h e to ta l population of t h e countries i n t h e sample lived i n theae “no-growthn eoonanies. countries (Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Niger, Zambia and Zimbabwe), some growth occurred but real per capita groes domestic product expanded more slowly t h a n the average for developing countries. A further 32 per cent of the population i n t h e sample l ived i n these ‘Slow-growthu economies. sin countries (Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Paraguay, Rwanda an8 Swaziland) eustained above-average growth. These @‘high-growthu economies contained only 19 per cent of the population of the sample.

Yet it would be wrong to assume that a l l land-locked developing

I n five

23. The performance of tho high-growth suggests that i t might be possible for other lend-locked developing wuntriee to aohieve higher rates of economic growth. However, a closer 1- a t circumstanuee of t h e s i x high-growth eoonomies indicates that i t would be unwise t o be optimistic about the ionger-term proegect. Three of them - Botswana, Leootho and Swaziland - are the smallest countries i n t h e aample, w i t h populations of 1 m i l l i o n , 1.5 million and 700,000 respeatively. grown i n t h e economic shadow of South Africa, and i n 1983 neither Lesotho nor Botswana had more than 10 per cent of i t s gro8s domestic product i n manufacturing. The dramatio production inoreases i n Botswana etemed froiil mineral diecoveries that were axploited through foreign investment, while Swaziland has prospered hY attracting foreign oapi t a l t o exploit its good agricultural and forestry potential. Paraguay’s growth a l so reflecta i ts resource edowmentr plentiful agricultural land and excellent hydroelectric potential. Malawi and Rwanda have gram as a result of domeetic policies that have expanded t h e volume of agricultural exports. I n Malawi, there hae been a notable increase i n t h e rpte of domestic savings, whereari Rwanda has depended on high levels of capital inflowe. Overall, t h e economic performance of the high-growth economies may best be charactb.ized a s fragile. They have depended on t h e exploitation of newly discovered or u n u t i l i z e d natural resources, which are f i n i t e and are only abundant now because land-locked developing countriee, a s a result of their history, are la te primery comnodity exporters. capital i n f l o w . The future prospects for such fincncing, however, would appear to be bleak. I n addition, two of the mo& successful high-growth economies are now experiencing serious debt problems. 29 per cent of the value exports of gcode and services i n Paraguay and 2 1 per cent i n Malawi.

They have

They have also depended on h igh levels of

I n 1982, dobt service was equivalent to

24. As for the countries that experimced below-average growth, there is a crucial difference between the slow-growth and t h e no-qrowth economies. Wi th the exception of Bur kina Faso (whose economy depends primarily on remi ttancee of migrant workers an8 government t ransfers) , a l l the slow-qrowth economies are major mineral exporters. Niger i t would probably

is a new mineral exporter, and without t h e discovery of uranium, have been among the no-growth economies.

A/42/5 37 Eng l i eh Page 1 7

2 5 . rates of inport volume of a l l land-locked developing countriea. Between 1970 and 1980, export purchasing power at;t.ually declined for t h i s group of ~0untr ie6. Investment as u proportim of groee domeetia product i e also lower than i n t h e slow-growth and high-growth economies, and much of t h e investment ClepRnds on government transfers an8 loans since those countries have .¶if f i c u l t y a t t rac t i n g private capital in f l cws and have very low rates of domestic savinge.

The no-growth economies have the lowest export growth rates and loweet growth

111. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND POLICY IMPLICATION8

26. countries a t a competitive disadvantage vis-&-vie other develqing countries in their attempts to expand and diversify primary commodity exports. dieadvantage w i l l persiat as long a s the lad-locked developing countries rely on overseas markets, I n addition, these countries w " l l f i n d that produotion for t h e domestic market, particularly i n manufacturing, mus t compete w i t h regional suppliers, who are able to achieve economies of scale beoauee of t h e greater p p u h t i o n and greater income of t h e i r domst ic markets and their advantcgs i n exporting, Consequently, i t w i l l be d i f f i c u l t for prdlucera i n land-looked developing countries to uompete both i n export market6 ant! i n their o m markdts.

The w e t s and risks of traneit-transport place the land-looked developing

T h i s

27. While eupply-side measures designed, inter a l i a , t o bolster inveetment in transit corridor Infrastructure, promote b i la te ra l and eabregional t rane i t agreamenta, train transport managers and establish transit-transport information syeteme m u s t remain central to the response to the partiaular needs and problems of land-lwked developing countries, focus ing eiiclusively on the supply of transit-transport service0 would be an er ior . i n land-looked developing countries m u s t be planned so as t o pranote a pattern of growth t h a t renders the economies of these countries lees vulnerable to t h e adverse consequences of their land-locked situation. The Governments of land-looked developing countries can play an inportant role i n t h i e connection. particular importance are ( a ) t he expansion of regional exports through t h e identification of seetoes of regional comparative advantage) (b) provided that t h e problem of pilferage can be dealt w i t h , t h e pranotion 02 high-value, low-bulk oversea8 exports and t h e reduction of the ex ten t to whfoh overseas exporte depend on imported inputbl and ( c ) import oubetitution In both agriculture and manufacturing i n a way that take6 account of t h e domestic costs of local production.

I n the long run, s t ructural changes

Areas of

28, These structural slajuetmente w i l l require sale degree of regional co-operation. Experience has shown that t h i s Is n o t eaey t o aahieve. If broader regional co-operation is seen a 6 a process of pol icy harmonieation i n tqmcific sectors (euch 8s transport, energy and particular induetrie6) rather than an attempt to achieve econanic integration, it may be easier for t h e llrn8-lacked develaping countries and t h e i r coaatal neighbours to e i n d areas of c o m n intereat. International assistance should be expanded to support these ef fo r t s , which foster greater collective eelf-reliance and proeperi t y ,

/. ..

A/4 2 /5 3 7 E n g l i s h

Part Two

SPECIFIC ACTION BY TIlE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY I N FAVOUR OF LAND-IDCKED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

I. SUMMARIES OF =PLIES RECEIK30 FROM INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES

29. countries, b u t hae bi la teral assistance prgranmes i n those countries. estimated expenditure i n land-locked develwing count r ies amounted to some $A 10.6 m i l l i o n , w h k h includes project aid, t echdca l assistance and training assi8t.ance. Bhutan, Botswana, the Lao Peaplla's Democratic Republic, Lssotho, Malawi, Nepal, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe have benefited from these pr og r amnes

Australia does not have a specit ic programme of aid for land-locked developing I n 1985/86,

3 0 . Brazil has pledged a $US 15 million conttibutlon to t h e Emergency F u ~ d that is being organized by the Setcrstary-General of t h e United Nations i n aupport of the Stabil izatiar Programne for Bolivia. Since 1965, Paraguay has been able to use the f ac i l i t i e s of t h e Port of Rio Orande. By virtue of an agreement concluded i n 1985, Paraguay was also exempted from the payment of t h e port improiement tax that is generally levied for t h e use of t rans i t routks through Brazilian terri tory.

31. Czechoslovakia maintains trade relations w i t h more than 10 land-locked developing countrier9. and Zimbabr-. I n recent years, Czechoslovakia has delivered complete industrial plants and provided t h e relevant technical know-how t o a number of land-locked developing countrim i n b i la te ra l and multi lateral technical assistance projects. I n addition, approxlmately 800 students from ouch countries studied a t Czechoslovak universities i n 1985.

Its main trading partr:ers i n i985 were Afghanistan, Bolivia

32. Denmark, i n principle, al locates development assistance according t a poverty c r i t e r i a and does not favour t h e proliferation of rrpecial categories of developing countries demanding special and preferential treatment i n international development co-operation. The only exception t o t h i s principle is the group of least developed countries, Recognizing, homver, that these cauntriea may suffer from particular problems because of their geographical position, Denmark is w i l l i n q , O;I a case-by-case basis, to consider specific action t o dea l w i t h these problems w i t h i n t h e overall framework of Danish development assliatance p o l i c y . 1983-1985, land-locked developing countries received, on average, 1 2 , (I pex: cent of Danish bi la teral development assistance disburoements, or a to ta l of $US 85 m i l l i o n . T h i s assistance wa8 provided i n the form of bi la teral project assistance, multi-bilateral projects (projects financed by Denmark but executed by internetianal organizations) , t i e d financial aasistance and technical assistance i n the form of experts and scholarships.

Over t h e period

33 . I n 1985, grant assistance totall ing $US 18.4 million was extended t o Botswana for procurement of a maintenance depot for railway equipment and electr i f icat ion and extension of power stations. I n 1982 and 1984, concessional develcpment loans and grants totall ing $US 16 m i l l i o n were extendcrd to Burkina Faeo for procurement

/. ..

A/42/537 English

of radio cormnunication equipment and e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n . c m c e s s i o n a l development loans t o t a l l i n g $US 16.6 m i l l i o n were extended to Malawi for procurement of airport equipment, telecommunication equipment, t e lephone c a b l e s and e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n equipment. I n 1985, development loans t o t a l l i n g $US 4,7 m i l l i o n were extended to Swaziland for r econs t ruc t ion of railway br idges . I n 1983, 1985 and 1986, development lorans and g r a n t s t o t a l l i n g $US 7.5 m i l l i o n were extended to Zimbabwe fo r Procurement of telephone cables, t r a n e p o r t b r idges and a study of t h e road network. Grant a s s i s t a n c e t o t a l l i n g $US 4.5 mil l ion , f inanced j o i n t l y by t h e Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden), was extended t o t h e Southern Afr ican Transpor t and Conmunications Conuniesion coun t r io s , and a genera l comnitment of $US 47.1 million has been made for t h e next t h r e e y e a r s i n connec t fm wi th t h e agreement reached between t h e Nordic countries an8 t h e Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference (SADCC) c o u n t r i e s on economic and c d l t u r a l co-operat ion. Communi t y .

I n 1980 and 1983,

Ass is tance is also provided th ro tqh t h e European Eoonomic

34. F in land recognizes t h e specific pr7blems stemning from t h e geographica l circumetances of land-locked developing countries, b u t has repea ted ly expreeaed doubts a s to the n e c e s s i t y of a s p e c i a l a i d ca tegory f o r t hese countries, which i n o the r r e spec t s have widely d i f f e r i n g e e t s of circumstances an8 d i v e r s e problems r e s u l t i n g therefrom. Roughly one ha l f of Finnish b i la te ra l a id goes to a small number of r e c i p i e n t s . t h a t inc luded agriculture and co-operatives, f o r e s t r y and wood process ing , education, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and energy, and Nepal received a b u t Fink 100 m i l l i o n . Finland has a l s o supported p r o j e c t s i n Burundi and Lesotho and provided development c r e d i t s t o Zimbabwe t o t a l l i n g Fmk 55 m i l l i o n . Finland p a r t i c i p a t e s i n the f inanc ing of the fo l lawing transport p r o j e c t s ; ( a ) joint Nordic personnel suppor t to SADCC transport and communication sector co-( r d i r a t i o n (about Fmk 1 mi l l i on a n r u a l l y ) J (b) constructim of t h e new i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r p o r t a t Ma8eru, Lesotho ( t h e F i n n i s h s h a r e is Fmk 20 m i l l i o n ) ; (c) development of Nacala Port in Mazambiqur ( t h e F inn i sh comnitment for t h e p r o j e c t is roughly Fmk 50 m i l l i o n ) # and (d) development of t h e port of Dar-es-Salaam i n t h e Uni ted Republic of Tanzania ( t h e F innish share iti about Fmk 60 m i l l i o n ) . Finland a l s o provides assistance through c o n t r i b u t i o n s to m u l t i l a t e r a l f i n a n c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s .

I n 1985-1987, Zambia rece ived Fmk 220 m i l l i o n for p r o j e c t s

Within t h e framework of lADCCt

35. &etherla& takes account of t h e fac t t h a t t h e land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s are fac ing s e r i o u s needs and problems t h a t a r i s e from t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r geographical pos i t i on . A l t h o u g h a specific s u b t a r g e t for Land-locked developing countries does not exis t i n t h e Netherlands b i l a t e r a l a i d programmes, a s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t of t h e Netherlands b i l a t e r a l o f f i c i a l development a id is d i r e c t e d to t h i s group of a u n t r i e s . coun t r i e s " f o r Netherlands b i l a t e r a l assistance. A l m o s t a l l other l e n d - l a k e d developing c o u n t r i e s receive bi la teral a s s i s t a n c e on a n ad h o c basis or i n t h e framework of b i l a t e r a l reg iona l programnee concerning t h e Sahe l (Chad, Mali and Niger) and s o u t h e r n Africa (Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe). T o t a l n e t b i l a t e r a l o f f i c i a l develapment a s s i s t a n c e from t h e Netherlands to land-lacked developing countries i n 1985 amounted to f . 298,210,000, of which f . 282,620,000 was i n g r a n t form. The development of land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s is f u r t h e r supported through c o n t r i b u t i o n s to m u l t i l a t e r a l f i n a n c i a l i n s t itrlt ions.

Burkina Faso and Zambia belong to t h e group of " t a r g e t

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A/42/533 English Paqe 20

36. provides developnent assistance to them. I n 1985, t o t a l Norwegian development ass i s tance to lond-locked developing countr ieo amounted to NKr 326.5 million. rec ip ien ts were Botdwana (NKr 143.0 million), Nepal (NKr 16.8 mil l ion ) , Zambia (NKr 95.1 million) ~ K I Zimbabwe (NKr 71.6 mi l l ion) .

Norwax does not give spec ia l treatment t o land-lacked developing countr ies but

The

37. Paraguay baa undertaken a number of measures ai,.ed a t a l l ev ia t ing t h e pa r t i cu la r problems t h a t t h e country faces as a land-locked developing country, These ma6ures have included the s i g n i n g of several t r e a t i e s and convention6 w i t h neighbouring countr ies aimed a t improving t h e flow of t r a n s i t t r a f f i c . Many of these agreements a r e re la ted to the establishment ox f r ee zones i n t he t r a n s i t por t s serving Paraguay. ident i fying a l t e r n a t i v e routes to ocean ports . undertaken was adherence t o the United Nations Convention on t h e Law of t h e Sea. Arrangements are being made to move towards r a t i f i c a t i o n of t h e Convent ion.

Paraguay has a l s o in i t i a t ed a number of s tud ie s aimed a t Another important i n i t i a t i v e

38. - Sweden does n o t c l a s s i f y land-locked developing countr ies a s a specific group per 88, b u t recognizes t h e in te rna t iona l ly defined category of t h e least developed countries. The Swedish Government acknowledges, however , t ha t t h e pa r t i cu la r geographic loca t ion of land-locked developing countries may require s p e c i f i c action. f i v e land-locked developing countriest Botswana, t h e Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Zambia and Zinbabwe. Sweden a l s o provides assistance through contr ibut ions to m u l t i l a t e r a l f inoncial i n s t i t u t ions .

Among t h e main rec ip ien t countr ies of Swedish b i l a t e r a l ass i s tance a r e

39. aosis tance and therefore does not provide f inanc ia l and technical ass i s tance on t h a t basis. The S w i s s Government is, however, aware of t h e apecial problems reeul t ing from i so la t ion and lonq distances from t h e main t ransport links. SWiSS a i d is provided t o land-locked developing covntr ies on a case-by-case basis. I n 1984, Swise b i l a t e r a l o f f i c i a l development ass i s tance t o t a l l i n g SwF 93.5 mil l ion, an increase frrom SwF 51.8 million i n 1980, was provided to 20 land-locked developing countriee. develaping count r ies accounted for 19 pec cent of Swiss b i l a t e r a l o f f i c i a l develo-ment ass i s tance and 15 per cent of its t o t a l o f f i c i a l development ass i s tance .

Switzerland does not recognize land-lcckedness a s a c r i t e r i o n f o r development

I n 1984, off iciL11 development assistance to land-locked

40. developing muntciee, including land-locked Sta tes , on t h e pr inc ip les of externa l

The U n i o n of Soviet S o c i a l i s t Republics bases its co-operation w i t h the

economic policy, which t a k e into account the progressive provisions of r-comnendations adopted in Trade and Development Board resolution 319 ( X X X I ) Of 27 September 1985. I n Afghanistan, t h e S c v i e t Union has ass i s t ed i n t h e establishmdnt of a cen t r e for t ra in ing d r ive r s and maintenance workers through the involvement of Soviet 8pecia:ists and the t ra in ing of Afghan s p e c i a l i s t 6 by a joint Afghan-Soviet t ranspor t and forwarding company and by the Afghan-Soviet j o i n t company. E f fo r t s have been made to improve t h e t ransi t - t ransport . operat ions between Afghanistan and its trading partiberg i n Europe aild Asia, and p re fe ren t i a l t ransport r a t e s a re provided f o r Afghan goods heing sh ipped d i r e c t l y by r a i l between Afghanistan and t h e s o c i a l i s t countr ies 9f Eastern Europe and, s ince 1985, for t r a n s i t t r a f f i c between Baltic Sea and Black Sea p o r t s and Afqhan hnrder points. I n the town of Khairaton, a trans-sfiipmpnt w n t r c entrrcc l in to opc'rat 101.

/...

i n 1983 and the seoond phase of ra i l and road bridge acrosa the

its Amu

eetabliehment ie now oompleted. Dmya River waa opened near Khairaton.

I n 1981, a

Furthermore, the r a i l etation at Tucgundi ie being rebuilt a t the regurrt Of t h e Afghan Government. Mongolia, includiny preferential ratea for trane-shipment, storage and other p r t charges 8nd for road transport on apeoific routee, and an inorease i n containerization of Mongolian tranait goods a t trane-ehipment oentrse t o onrure the safety of cargo and silrylif ied trane-shipment aperat ione.

The Soviet Union has made a number of arrangement8 tor

41 . The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland i e ao-finanaing wi th the World Bank a eroject for the rehabilitation am¶ reaonetruation of a rwtiorr of the eaet-west highwa; i n Nepal. The major part of the 823 million oonmnitment by the United Kingdom to SADCC i o for projeats i n the transport and oomnuniaationa mxtor, largely for the benefit of land-locked SADCC msmber Stater. The largoat cormnitment (over el0 million) is for rehabi l i ta t im of part of the railway notwork i n Mozambique, which provides a t ransi t fac i l i ty to Zimbabwe. c~nsultancies on a Maputo port container terminal, sugar berth managemont and tho operation and management of the Naaala l ine i n Moaambigue. A temporary road link has also been provided to give Malawi a northern route to the eea.

There have also k e n

4 2 . Venezuela makes solidarity and co-operation w i t h the land-looked developing countries a permanent feature of its foreign goliay. Partioular eupgort i 8 provided to Bolivia, including a contribution of @US 25 million to the IbnetrgOMY Fund created w i t h i n the framework of the United Nation8 t o aeoirt the stabil iaation Frogreme for Bolivia and the financing of 21 development pzojwtr i n Bolivia w i t h i n the framework of the Inter-American Development Bank altreietanoe programno. Bolivia also receives preferential acceee to markete 8e a part of the Cartagena Agreement ar ra ngemen ts .

11. SUMMARIES OF REPLIEB RECEIVED FROM INTERNATIONAL OROANJZATIONS

A. United Nations W i e e and programnee

43. The Department of Technical Co-operation for Develqgment of the Seorotatiat has pcovided technical assistance t o improve the transport aapacity of the following land-locked developing countries, i n strengthening inland water transportation cagaoity) Malawi, i n tho rebuilding an8 inprovemnt of rural access r o d e and bridges; Swaziland, i n the rohabilitatioti of the country's physical infrastructure; and Uganda, i n the maintenanoe of the road physical infrastructure. assistance i n mapping to Burundi, the Lao People'e Democratic Republic and Nepal.

the Lao People'e Dernwralia Ropubllc,

The Department hae aleo provided technical

44 . leading role i n mobilizing international support i n favour of land-loakt!b develaping countries. I n i ts resolution 319 ( X X X I ) , the Trade and Develagment Board requested the Secretary-General of UNCTAD to oarty out studies r a p monbeb by the Ad H o c Group of E x p e r t s t o Btudy Ways an8 Means of Improving Tranrit dreneport Infraetructuree and Service6 for Land-locked Developing Countrise. these s tud ios have been conpleted w i t h i n the framework of subregianal

The U n i t e d Nations Conference on Trade and Development hae continued to p lay a

Several of

A/42/537 E n g l i s h

t r a n s i t - t r a n s p o r t p r o j e c t s i n t h e Af r i can reg ion t h a t were executed by UNCTAD and f inanced by t h e United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) . 45. I n t h e area of speratidnal t e c h n i c a l assistance, UNCTAD h a s cont inued its act. l v i t i e s w i t h i n t h e framework of UNDF-funded subreg iona l t r a n s i t - t r a n s p o r t projects i n t h e A f r i c a n region. t h e land-locked sou the rn African subreg ion (RAF/77/017) c o v e r s Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland, Zambia and Zinhabwe and is being implemented w i t h t h e f u l l p a r t i c i p a t i o n of Mozambique and t h e united Republ ic of Tanzania. p r o j e c t i n t r a n s i t - t r a n s p o r t for t h e land-lccked subregion of east and c e n t r a l A f r i c a ($.AF/78/015) c o v e r s t r a n s i t c o r r i d o r s a f f e c t i n g Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and t h e Kivu r eg ion of e a s t e r n Zaire. The assistance project i n t r a n s i t - t r a n s p o r t f o r t h e land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s of western and central A f r i c a (RAF/78/038) cove r s t r ans i t corridors a f f e c t i n g B u r k i n a Faso, t h e C e n t r a l A f r i c a n Republ ic , Chad, Mali and Niger. The main t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e a c t i v i t i e s i n 1985 under t h e s e p r o j e c t s i nc lude customs and t r a d e documentation, port management and account ing , deve lopnent of d r y ports and t rans-shipment facil i t ies, a s s i s t a n c e i n formula t ing bi la teral agreements , assistance i n i n s t i t u t i o n bu i ld ing t r a n s i t costs a n a l y s i s , establishment of t r a n s i t cargo and f r e i g h t forwarding. UNCTAD t e c h n i c a l assistance project e n t i t l e d "Ass is tance to least developed land-locked c o u n t r i e s " suppor t ed a t r a i n i n g progranmie i n t h e area of t r a n s i t - t r a n s p o r t i n Nepal and an assessment mission i n e x p o r t promotian i n Mongolia. N e p a l r ece ived f i n a n c i a l assistance for t h e e s t ab l i shmen t of Sto rage fac i l i t i es from t h e Wi. ted Nations S p e c i a l Fund for Land-lacked Developing Coun t r i e s .

The a s s i s t a n c e project i n t r a n s i t - t r a n s p o r t f o r

The a s s i s t a n c e

I n t h e Asian reg ion , t h e

46. and t h e Pacific, h a s provided a s s i s t a n c e t o t a l l i n g $US 2.5 m i l l i o n to t h e

The United Na t ions Develqpment P r c q r a m e , through its Regional Bureau f o r As ia

land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s i n t h e r eg ion since 1935. e f f i c i e n t t r a n s i t r o u t e s , m a l e s of t r a n s p o r t and t r ans i t management, and i nc reased co-opera t ian among t h e land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s and t h e i r t r a n s i t neighbours have been major programne goals . I n a d d i t i o n , transport facilities and equipment worth a total of $US 4 m i l l i a n are c u r r e n t l y be ing provided to land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s under t h e project e n t i t l e d "Trans i t and t r a n s p o r t f a c i l i t i e s and equipment for land-locked c o u n t r i e s " (RAs/81/076), which is scheduled for t e rmina t ion i n e a r l y 1988. Within Sub-Saharan A f r i c a , UNDP h a s responded to t h e particular needs of t h e 14 land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s p r i n c i p a l l y through t h e c o u n t r y programnes of UNDP-financed t e c h n i c a l co-operat ion P r o j e c t s . To supplement the i n d i c a t i v e p lanning f i g u r e resources, t h e sub-Saharan Af r i can r eg ion has received almost $US 1.2 m i l l i o n from t h e United Na t ions Special Fund f o r Land-locked DeveloQing Count r ies . budgeted for a c t i v i t i e s i n 1985-1987 and 11 of 14 c o u n t r i e s have a v a i l e d themselves of t h e s e supplementary funds. of t h e land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s i n Africa, Seve ra l i n t e r c o u n t r y projects have been funded by UNDP and executed by UNCl'AD (see para. 45 above)..

The development of

More than $US 600,000 of t h a t was

F i n a l l y , to foster economic and social development

47. The Econanic Comnission for Africa (ECA), pursuant to Trade and Development Board resolution 319 (XXXI ) am3 Genera l Assembly resolutims 38/150 of 1 9 December 1983 and 40/183 of 1 7 December 1985 has c a r r i e d o u t , i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h UNCTAD, a pre l imina ry a n a l y s i s of t h e specific t r a n s p o r t problems of a11

/...

A/4 2/5 37 Engl i sh

Afr i can land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s . nazded i n each t r a n s i t corridor s e r v i n g t h e A f r i c a n land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s . t r a n s i t t r a d e and t r a n s i t f ac i l i t i e s for land-locked S t a t e s i n t h e wes tern A f r i c a n subregion.

The r e p o r t indicates p r i o r i t y actions

I n t h e f i e l d of t r a d e , ECA has embarked on r e s e a r c h for t h e s tudy Of

48. The Economic Comnission for L a t i n America and t h e Caribbean i n 1983 adopted a r e s o l u t i o n t h a t c a l l e d f o r t h e s t u d y and e s t ab l i shmen t of a r e g i o n a l t r a n s i t system, which w i l l f a c i l i t a t e t h e movement of t r a n s i t g o d s t o and from B o l i v i a through t h e p o r t s of Matarani , 110 and Guagui, and f o r t h e establishment of a n - ad hoc t e c h n i c a l group, c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e Bol ivian and Peruvian Governments, r e s p o n s i b l e for co-ordinat in t h e project ac t iv i t ies f o r inproving t h e t r a n s i t - t r a n s p o r t system.

49. The Economic and S o c i a l Comnission for Asia and t h e P a c i f i c is c a r r y i n g o u t s e v e r a l a c t i v i t i e s fran which t h e land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s of t h e r eg ion b e n e f i t , i nc lud ing t h e assessment of agro -c l ima t i c factors t h a t cause s h o r t f a l l s i n food o u t p u t , t h e prmotion of agriculture and rural development, i n d u s t r i a l promotion and, w i t h respect to i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e , a s s i s t a n c e t o enable land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s to p a r t i c i p a t e i n r e g i o n a l co-operation act ivi t ies .

B. Uni ted Na t ions s p e c i a l i z e d agenc ie s and related o r g a n i z a t i o n s

SO. developing c o u n t r i e s i n 1985 under a l l s o u r c e s of funding , compared w i t h $US 12.1 m i l l i o n i n 1984. 1985 were Burundi ($US 1.46 m i l l i o n ) , Nepal ($US 2.89 m i l l i o n ) , Niger ($US 1.01 m i l l i a n ) , Rwanda ($US 1.19 m i l l i o n ) and Uganda ($US 1.04 milXion).

The I n t e r n a t i o n a l Labour Organ i sa t ion s p e n t $US 1 4 . 8 m i l l i o n i n 21 land-locked

C o u n t r i e s r e c e i v i n g r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e expend i tu re s i n

51. The Food and A g r i c u l t u r e Organiza t ion o f t h e Uni ted N a t i o n s (FAO) spent $US 50 m i l l i o n , a sum e q u i v a l e n t to 21 p e r c e n t of its to ta l f i e ld programme expend i tu re s , on p r o j e c t s i n land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s d u r i n g 1985. areas covered by t h e s e projects were food product ion , food s e c u r i t y , p reven t ion of food losses, i n t e g r a t e d r u r a l development and f o r e s t r y . The special FA0 i n i t i a t i v e to mobi l i ze donor suppor t for t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r e i n Africa was aimed a t 25 c o u n t r i e s , of which 1 0 were land-locked - Botswana, Burkina Faso , Burundi, Chad, Lesotho, Mali, Niger , Rwanda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. For t h e s e 1 0 c o u n t r i e s , n e a r l y 100 r e h a b i l i t a t i o n projects c o s t i n g $US 53 m i l l i o n were submi t t ed to donors i n March 1985.

Major

52. The I n t e r n a t i o n a l C i v i l Aviation Organiza t ion (ICAO) h a s cont inued to t a k e s p e c i f i c a c t i o n to ensu re t ha t as many States a s possible accord to t h e carriers of Other States t h e s c r c a l l e d F i r s t Freedom of t h e A i r , t h a t is, t h e p r i v i l e g e of f l y i n g across t h e t e r r i t o r y of ano the r State wi thout landing . w i t h i n t h e ICAO con t inu ing prcqrame of regional s t u d i e s o n t h e development of a i r passenger and f r e i g h t t r a n s p o r t , a s tudy cove r ing t h e Af r i can region was publ i shed i n 1985 and a s t u d y for the A s i a and P a c i f i c r eg ion was i s s u e d i n 1986. The to ta l cost of t h e 1-0 t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e prograrmne for t h e Af r i can land-lacked developing c o u n t r i e s was $US 6.3 m i l l i o n i n 1986. For t h e land-locked developing c o u n t r i e s i n t h e A s i a and P a c i f i c reg ion , t h e a s s i s t a n c e amounted to a b u t $US 3 m i l l i o n .

/. . .

~ 1 4 a15 3 7 Engl ieh

53. The World Health Organization providoo eupport to member State8 i n their effort8 to work tawarde a oruoial eooial target, namely the attainment, globellY, by t h e year 2000 of a level of health that w i l l enslble a l l people to lead a eooially and eoonaniaally prodwtive l i f e . dountriev involvod identify main areas for oo-operation, inoluding planning , management an8 strengthening of health eerviaea infraatruoturee, programnee in health mienoe an8 teuhnology and t h e promotion of environmene.al health.

Within its broad appcoaoh, the

54. The World Ban4 formulatee it& lending p l i c i e e to eui t the egcaoifh raoaomia oiroumetanoee an8 rsguiremnte of individual member aountriee rather than their partiaular geographioal eituation. For the 15 land-looked developing UOUnlriee also o l a e e i f i d as leaet Bevelaped oountries, the Bankla finanoial support i e provided almoef enfiraly through t h e International Developont Aet3ooiatiCm. I n f ieoal year 1985, t he Bankla lending t o land-lmked developing oeuntriee Por traneportation inoludedt (a) $us 18.1 million for t h e fourth highway projeut i n Burundi~ (b) BUS 47.5 m i l l i o n for t h e east-weot highway oonetruation p r ~ j ~ f i n Nepali (u) BUS 8.6 m i l l i o n for a road rehabilitation programne i n Bwaziland i n t h e wake uf damage oaueed by a oyolone i n January 19841 an8 (d) BUS 20 m i l l i o n for a projeot in ZaRlbda t o improve the operational effioienoy of t h e national railway 8 W t m The Bank ale0 eupported a teleoommunioatione projeat i n Nepal. I n f ieoa l year 198S, Bank l e d i n g for agrioulture i n these oount.rie8 amountod to 8US 137.8 m i l l i o n . Total Bank lending wae $US 409.6 mi l l ion i n 1985, uompared w i t h $US 670.4 m i l l i o n i n 1983. $US 7.5 mrllion was provided to t h e Sooi6t6 nigdrienne d'6leotricit6. of teohnioal aseietanoe i n Uganda ie also k i n g supported.

I n Niger, a technioal aeeietanoo loan of A programe

55. The International Monetary FunB1e relat iare w i t h it8 members are governed by the principle of uniformity of treatment, is given to members' egeoial oiraumetanoeo i n prapar ing and implementing adjuetment programnee ant¶ i n applying policies. During 1982-1985, e i g h t of t h e 20 hnd-locked menbar oountrioe made uee of Fund reeouroes totall ing 8DR 843 m i l l i o n under atand-by arrangements and extended financing faci l f t iee . Furthermore, between 1963 and Deaember 198% 1 4 land-locked member countries have rliade purohasee ander the Compeneatory Finanaing Feci l i ty total l ing 8DR 692 m i l l i o n . Ae a t t h e end of 1985, four land-looked members (Bolivia, Malawi, Swaziland and Zimbabwe) had ueed a t o t a l of SDR 4 2 m i l l i o n from the Bufker Stoak Facility. Sixteen of t h e 20 lend-locked members are also el igible for assistanoe under t h e gtructural Adjuetment Facility. Several land-locked developing countriee aloo continued to bonefi t from the technical aseiatanoe ptograme of t h e Fund.

I n practice, however, due aonaideration

56. from which many land-locked develaping countrieo in Afr ioa , Ada and Latin America

The Univereal Poetal Union has supportod soveral regional and country project8

have benefited. re la ted to international metine of transport used for postal blervico.i.

The project ac t iv i t ies included t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of pcrhlems

A/4 2/5 3 7 Englieh Page 2s

111. SUMMARIES OF REPLIES RECEIVED FROM INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

57. co-ogeratlve arrangemente that benefit the land-looked developing countries. I n

The African, Caribbean and Pacifio Countries (ACP) have a number Of

- - the area of ayriaiiture tind food security, theee countries reoeive parLiaUlar attention i n order to safeguard againet the riske of the dieruptions of food supply to whiah they are eepeaially vulnerable, Furthermore, the Induetrial Develogment CentrB is expeoted to provide industrial promotional eervioee to the land-locked developing muntriee. The third Lane Convention provide8 for speoial treatment for land-locked member countr iee.

98. developnent of traneport f ac i l i t i e s between Bolivia and the Baaif ia Wean port6 and

The Andean Development Corporation i e reegoneible for projeote for the

hae aeaieted i n carrying out some of the etudiee related to them3 projeotr.

59. The Central Afriaan Customs and Eoonanic Union (UDEAC) i n September 1985 conoludod a aonvention for the eetabliehment of warehoueing feci l i t iee i n a ou6tome free mone i n the harbour 0.f DUah (Cameroon) between Cameriion a8 a traneit oountry an8 the Central African Republic and Chad. Furthermore, theee two land-lwked developing wuntries are entitled to yearly tranefer payments agreed upon w i t h i n tho framework of UDEAC.

60. The Comnieeion of t h e European Comnunitie8 (CEC) recogniare the problem8 of land-looked developing countrles through articlle 1SS.1 of L a n e 11. I n the inplementation of Lord 11, about 40 per aent of the total resouroes made available t o ACO Statee for the transport and aomuniaatione esctor were provided to land-locked developing aountriee. reaouraee for the energy sector and 47 per aent of t h e reeourcee for t h e mining sector. and ieland member States.

Theee oountriee reoeived 37 per oent of the

Thirtythree per cent of regional fun& were also allaoated to land-larkod

61. The Cornonwealth Secretariat hae an ongoing programne of aativit iee under i t e Fund for Technical Co-operation, which covera a l l land-lwked developing WUntriee that are membtrre of the Commonwealth, I n 1984/85, 8me 66.1 m i l l i o n were provided to support technical expertise i n various f i e l d 6 of economic and eocial developnent i n the seven lanr3-lor;lked Cornonwealth countries,

6 2 , 2r any programne relating to the particular need8 aw! problem6 of land-lacked

The Econanic Cornunity of Wast Afriaan States ha6 no provieion i n its Treaty

developing countries i n the subregion. Hwever, when the single trade liberaliaation programme of the eubregicm was se t up, the geographical and economic eepects of t h e land-looked and island developing member S ta t e s were taken into considerat ion.

63. various international conventione related to traneit trade, i n partiaular the Convention on Traneit Trade of Land-locked States of 1965 an8 the Cuetoms Convention on the International Transport of Qmde under cover of TIR Carnets (TIR Convent ion).

The International Road Tran8Wrt Unim hap reiterated the inportance of the

A/42/537 Engl ieh

64. The Ielamic Develwment Bank does not aharge i n t e r e s t fo r ar of its financing but chargee a fee t h a t varies between 2.5 and 3 per cant . an8 land-looked member countr ies , t h e f ee is 2 . 5 per aent. During t h e period 1981-1985, t h e Bank'e t o t a l f inenoing in six land-looked member count r ies was $US 150.6 m i l l i o n .

For the l e a s t developed

65. developing countr ies amounting to ~ a n e $US 84.8 m i l l i o n and g ran t s t o t a l l i n g about 8US 1.5 mill ion during t h e p e r i d 1983-1985. proj ea t-tieC,

The OPEC Fund for In te rna t iona l Development approved loans t o land-locked

Most of t h e approvod loans were

66. The General Assembly of the Organization of American S t a t e s approved $US 1,897,300 and $US 2,393,200 fo r projecrts t o be implamented i n Bolivia and Paraguay reepeatively during t h e period 1983-1984. I n addi t ion, $US 844,700 ( f o r Bolivia) and #US 547,000 (for Paraguay) had been approved during previous years.

I V . REPORT OF THE AD HOC QROUP OF EXPERTS TO STUDY WAYS AND ME%N8 - OF IMPROVINQ TRANSIT-TRANSPO3T INFRASTRUCTURES AND SERVICES FOR LANWUXKED DEVELOPINO COUNTRIES# ADDITIONAL VIEWS AND COMMENTS OF MEMBER STATES

67, The General Aseembly, i n its reeolution 40/183, onae again requested Member S ta t e s to tranemit t o t h e Seoretary-General of UNCTAD t h e i r viewe and coments on t h e report of t h s Ad Hoa Group of Experte. hJ Pursuant t o t h i s reeolution, t h e Seoretary-General of UNCTAD eent out a reminder note verbale to Member Statee. r ep l i e s of t h e Government6 that have responded a r e summarized below. iJ

The

68. The Government of A&hanietan pointed out tha t t h e report o n t h e whole presents a very conpreheneive ana lye is of the various problems and obetac les aonfrontmg the land-loaked developing countr ios and tha t a t t h e same time i t makes valuable recomnendatione on how t o overcom or a t l e a s t ameliorate the numerous di t f icul t ies and conet ra in te a r i s ing from a land-looked s i tua t ion .

69. land-locked developing countr ies i n the subregion, inc luding t h e improvement of t r a n s i t roads and por t facil i t iee. Them measures a r e i n l ine w i t h 8ome of t h e recomnsndationo of t h e A d H w Group of Experts. furthrrr act ion would be uder t aken regarding, i n t e r ali ir , t h e streamlining of t r a n s i t documentation and procedure8 and t ra ining.

Tho Government of Cate d ' Ivo i r e is undertaking eeveral moasuree i n favour of

The Government pointed out t h a t

70. The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany notes t h a t t h e repor t provides u s e f u l genoral information, bu t for p r a c t i c a l purposes more spec i f i c da ta for a greater number of lndividual countries would have been necessary. Furthermore, the Government considers t h a t t h e ma in respons ib i l i ty for solving t h e P o l i t i c a l and i n s t i t u t i o n a l problem6 of t ranoi t - t ranspor t res ides i n t h e count r ies concerned. External co-operation can re inforce s u c h e f f o r t s , i f su i t ab le common arrangements can be made for t h e de l ivery of euch asoistance. As to t h e t r a n s i t in f ras t ruc ture i t se l f , the Government of t h e Federal Republic of Germany would have eXpect.ed grea te r enphasis to be placed on t he problems of economic v i a b i l i t y , ma A t i t ene nco a nd r e ha b i 1 i t a t A on of ex i a t i. ng i n f ra s t ruc tu re 8 .

/...

A/4 2/5 3 7 Engl iah

71. of Experts. i n the l ist of land-locked developing muntries.

The Government of Zaire f u l l y endorses the recommendations of the Ad Hoo Qroup I t further reiterates i t 8 position regarding the need to inolude Zaire

V. CONCLUSION

72. The response of the international community concerning i t e aeeietance programnee for land-lacked developing aountriee was, as on previoue ~ ~ c a s f o n s ~ fairly diverse. recognize the lad-locked develwing oountriee ae a oategory of countries for which they had establiehed special assistance programnee. They a l l agreed, however, that those oountries faced particular problem8 resulting from their geographical handicaps. I t is i n thie context t h a t t h e donor countries have continued t o provide assistance to the land-locked developing countries. T h i s basic coneideration aleo applies to the assietance paliciee of the two main multilateral donors i n the United Nations eyetem - the World Bank and the Internatiaral Monetary Fund. Other United Nations bodies, particularly the regional commissions, MDP and UNCTAD, have special technical assistance programnee speuifically deefgned for land-locked developing countries. The regliee from t h e United Nations specialized agencies and related organizat ions an8 t h e intergovernmental organization8 indicate that the assistance to land-locked developing countries ie generally given a 8 part of the overall programne for developing countries1 t h a t is, i t is not given on the besis of specific preferential treatment.

The majority of t h e donor countrios reiterated that they d id not

Notes - a/ A more detailed analysis of the corridor eystems i n the African region

was mide by the Economic Comission for Africa i n a recent report prepared for the Econmic and Social Council, which was based on work carried out by the UNCTAD secretariat a8 a contribution to +he Uni ted Nations Transport and Conununicatione Decade i n Africa. See E/ECA/(N,1-/49,

b/ Afghanis tan, Chad, Mongolia, Niger, Paraguay and Zambia have a t least Bolivia and Zimbabwe have s i x or aoven outlets. Almoet a l l three-main routes.

other lad-lacked developing countries have a t least two routes.

cJ For a more detailed anelyeie, see TD/B/1007.

clJ See i n particular E/5501. Restricted country reports prepared w i t h i n t h e framework of UNCTAD/UNDP technical assistance projects have aleo provided evidence of t h i s .

O f f i c i a l Records of the Trade and Development Board, Twenty-ninth Session, Annexei, agenda item 6, document TD/B/1002, table 7.

- f / See TD/B/C. 1/236.

I . ..

A,/42/5 3 7 English Page 20

Notee (continued) - a/ The magnitude of t h e t ranspor t shock and its impact o n land-lockad

oountriaa@ balance of payment8 is equivalent t o t h e terme-of-trade shacks ident i f ied i n some recent empirical s tud ies i n a number of developing countrios. 888 i n pa r t i cu la r G. K. Helleiner, n8alance-of-payments experience and growth proegeote of developing muntries, a syntheeis", i n world Development, 1986.

O f f i c i a l Records of t h e Trade and Development Board, Twenty-ninth Seadon, Annexea, agenda item 6, document TD/B/1002.

- i/ For earlier r ep l i e s , ee TD/~/1040 and Add.1-3.

/. ..

oJ=orog

O J o l o g

3JO.oB orom -z - -m

....................

...................... ...................... VQlPp

qpd.og mh3

--TYO~- ?mrs - m-8 -e

=6? R o%=-m

?Toy - mTes

ad2- ?-ww ",- an-

arroqog) ................... ...................... ....................... ........................ ..................... .....................

2 Z E ........................ Pop3 mm - - * - 3?1- m?Jm TomUaz)

kq 73-

rnkreg

W W S -P.-ClI0 ..................... omqm[ns ?-ma ................ nom60sa) Ospd Q W Y J W

.................... RIorrslae avoJocm =? J3v

mDle 1 (continued)

Asia Mgnaniatan .................

B a u m ...................... ~ a o People's Democratic

WJKqolia .................... lcongolia .................... Nepal .......................

EbepUDlAC ..................

Wmgolia .................... Latin k e r i c a

Bolivia ..................... I d Pat La P a z La Paz srcasica C M u i !anfa Crm-

C o r m santa cxuz-

Xacuioa paraquay .................... &mi&

=i& kunc i6n

Banq- kningrad Ilrthrul*r Tiamjin Calcutta

Buenos Aires AKgentMa

AKgentMa Brazil =uquaY

2 000 2 a00 5 575 5 753

600 950

670 5 000 4 040 1580

890

4% 1 u c

800 3 M 250

2 550

2 470

1 600 1 u o 1 700

Poadandrai l Boa0 &oan ard rail Road a m r a i l Boad and r a i l Bpad and rail

bad. vatex a00 r a i l mil Bail B a i l Boad and r a i l

Bail

soucce: updated information frcm USXAO questioanaire.

735 21.4 g/

773 9.4 674 60.5 80 8.9 98 lU.2 &6 14.5 111 2 . 2

20 2.6 21 7.3

313 26.1 1e.u

121) 5.1

386 7.5 14 F 8.8 256 51.6

655 25.1 1 0 0 3 19.3

.. I.

.. .. z a u . 7

399 12.1 gf

41.6

124.5 630.5 11.8 21.3 34.1 22.6

5.4 14.2 40.4 23.0

7-9 39.3

lo7.9 24.7

105.4 26.7

101-4 1 U . L

..

1-

21.4

19.Y 34.4 18.4 17 -2 l3 .4 14.0

l Y . 1 26.1 k6-4 21.1

9.8 33.8 18.8 21.3 16.0 4.6 3-5

12.9

..

..

3.1

-Y.O 3y.2 1.8

-9.1 -31.2 27.6

0.0 -45.7 4 . 3 U.0

6.8 -u.5 -U.9

17.5 -17.0

7.2 -22 .. 3 -11.4

..I

I.

0.7 -3.4 7.7

-5.5 -12.9 6.4

40.4 -17.5 4-8 22.5 12.2 3.0 14.7 33.7 0.9 50.0 -27.9 0.9

.- .. -. 6.0 7.9 18.0

7.U 1.7

-5.9 -3.1

6.5 42.6 -5.0 25.1

-29.2 16.5 34.8 51.6

I. .. 45.4 8.2

-50.0 45.0 4.6 4.5 -48.9 10.5 0.0 l0.8 -43.3 12.9 36.7 --1Y.5 2.8 -1.2 39.1

9-7 -3.3 0.8 18-1 u - 7 I. -.

36.2 25.8

35.9 4.4 19.1) -20.0 -9.5 -31.6

7.3 4 . 8 -20.9 -17.7 -11.1 5.0

-20.8 -2.5

.. -3.5 lu.2 2.7 7.3 1.2

-7.b -6.8 -1.5

.. .- 11.6 39.1 -9.7 -20.4 -7.4 39.3 21-8 20.8

-U.I -7.5 10.6 9.0

-17.4 -19.3 -7.2 -9.1

-3.5

-13.4 8.3

-17.6 12.7 32.3

-2u. 1

45.6 0.4

--.I -3.r

26.3 -1.6

5.3 - l Y .8 -31 7

-5.9 -17.6

4.9

..

..

5.1

3.7 U . 6 2.8 1.2 -1.1 -1.2

2.7 8.2 0.0 4.5

-5.9 15.3 -0.6

3.9 -1.5

-10.2 -1l.5

-4.7

I.

..

5.1 -0.9

-8.4 -5.6 40.1 4.3

4.0 39.3 -7.6 21.7

-30.11 14-0 31.7 48.3

2.2 -50.0 4 4 . 7 lo.1

-5.2 35.0 14.8 7.7

9.0 35.9 -U .2 -22.6 -10.2 35.3

17.9 lb.9 -15.7 -10.1

7.0 5.5 -20.1 -21.8 -10.4 -12.1

.- ..

.. .-

-5.9

-15.6 4.6

-19.4 9.8

29.4 -29.7

42.5 -2.0

-22.1 -5.7

23.5 -4.2 2.1

-22.6 -33.6 -9.1

-20.1 i . 6

I.

..

A l l Laad-locked

All aeOehQins dewloproq Qwnfxies 6 292 15.1 50.1 12.9 6 . 0 -0.5 4 - 5 -0.8 -1-3 1.5 -4 -5 -3.3 -4.1 -1.3 -7.1

countries DJ 275 153 21.9 eJ U8.2 20.9 3.4 12.6 -0.6 4.5 9.8 15.0 0.2 2.1 7.4 12.5 -1.9

Source: muxm secretariat c a k u h t i a n s , Dased oa of International Trade aDd D e v e l q a t Statistics, SugpAement 1986.

- a/ m e n t i d l tread functzm.

- D/

- c/

dJ

ef

Bxciudiog rajor petroleum exprters.

As a percentage of GDe in -81.

As a perceouge of GKP.

As a percentage of Gllp in 1983.

A/4 2 /53 7 E n g l i s h

T a b l e 3

Land-locked developing countries’ s h a r e o f world and d e v e l o p i n g country exports of selected commodit ies , 1970 and 1983*

Comnodity

Fxports of selected commodit ies o f land-locked - d e v e l o p i n g countrie8 a 8 B percentage o f deve 1- i ng c o u n t r y

exports of t h o s e o f wor ld exports o f comod it i es thotie commcditiee 1970 1983 1970 1 9 83

T r e d 1 t ional cotmnod i t i es

0 0 1 01 1 013 0 5 1

8 52 0 7 1 074 0 8 1 1 2 1 21 1 212 2 2 1

243 26 2 263 28 3

284 3 4 1 6 57 66 7 6 82 686 687 68 9

L i v e animals Meat, f r e s h , c h i l l e d and f r o z e n Meat i n a i r - t i g h t compartments F r u i t , f r e s h , and n u t s , f r e s h

and dr ied Dried f r u i t C o f f e e Tea and mat4 A n i m a l feed Tobacco, u ma nuf ac t u r ed Hide9 and s k i n s , undressed F u r s and s k i n s , u n d r e e s e d Oil seeds, n u t s , o i l s and

kernels Wood, s h a p e d W o o 1 and o t h e r animal h a i r C o t t o n Ores and concentrates of non-

f e r r o u s base metals Non-fer rous metal scrap Ga 8 , nature 1, m a n u f a c t u r e d F l o o r c o v e r i n g s , t apes t r ies Pearls, semi-prec ious stones Copper 2 i n c T i n MiSCellaneOU8 n o n - f e r r o u s metals

12.3 1.8 5.3 1.6

12.3 6.2 4.9 1.2 8.7 3 .1

3.6 77.9

2.2 3.6 6.3 6.3

22.1 11.1

5. ti 4.0

36.2 24.3 1 6 . 1 10.9

3.0 - - 4.2

- 6.4 4.7 0.6

14.7 8.6

75.2 10.9

4.2 0.1 3 . 7 4.8

1.9 4.3 4.5 3.7

26.7 6.2 9.7

51.6

1 .5 0.4 1.2 0.7

0.5 5.9 4.3 0.5 2.6 0.9 2.4 Om 9

0.3 0.4 4.1 3 . 0

2.5 2.0 1.0 0.6

16.6 3 . 1

13.0 1.3

0.5 0 - 1.7

0

5.8 4.0 0.2 6.8 1.1 2.3 1 . 4

0.8

3.7 3 . 0

-

0.3 1.5 1.8 0.5 9 .1 0.8 8 . 3 5.9

/. ..

~ a b l ~ 3 (cont inued)

Expotto of eelacted commdi t i ee of land-lockud

of c l evalag ing count ry expor t8 of those

Comod 1 t y 1970 1983 1970 1983

doveloping cauntriee as a parusntago

of world exporto of commod i t i e s thee u o m d i t i o 8

- New commod i t i es

061 Sugar and honey 0.1 1.0 242 wood, rough 0.1 8.8 275 Natu ra l ab ras ive8 9 27.1 291 Crude animal m a t e r i e l s 1.6 6.6 515 Radioactive an8 aosocis ted - 91.2

611 Leather 9 2.3 841 C l o t h i n g 9 0.2

products

0.3 0.7 0 . 1 0.4 .. 4.6 Om3 2 .2 - 3.6

- 0.8 I 0.2

Source: U n i t e d Nation6 Conference on Trede and Development, Hendbok Of - I n t e r n a t i o n a l Trade an8 Develwment S ta t i s t i c s , 1985.

* The sample of c o u n t r i e s i s 13 land-locked coun t r i ee . No information i e a v a i l a b l e for B h u t a n , Botswana, t h e Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lerotho, Mongolia, Nepal, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. The commdi t io s eelouted are the load in!^ expor t s of the sample of 13 lad- locked dovolrqing countries, which t o g e t h e r account f o r over 90 per c s n t of t h e t o t a l exportsl of the group i n 1970, 1983 or both years . a r e leading expor t s i n 1983 t h a t were of n e g l i g i b l e s i g n i f i c a n o e in 1970.

T r a d i t i o n a l conmoditice a r e lead ing export6 i n 19701 new commodrtieo

Table 4

Current aooount balanoe and l t u Oinanolny, 1977-lr( lJ1 Land-looked developing o o u n t r ~ e a end otnor developing oountriee*

(MAlllone of United Btatee do l l a r@)

LAND-LOCKED DhlVELOPINO COUNTCUE8 Mjor mineral e x m r t e r a

Merohandlse t rade balanoe Export8 (9eO.b.) .Imports (e,o,o.)

Transport paymente Lntereot payments

Curren t aaoount d e f l o l t Qlnanolng OfPloiaL traneeere Medium and long-term loano

Bervloee balanae

OYelolaA Pr l va t e

P i r ea t torolgn inv~e tmen t

0 t her land- loa kod du ve lop 1 np gountr lae

Meconandleu trddo balanoe Export@ (e.0.b.) Importo ( t . 3 . b . )

Traneport payments Intererst paymente

C u r r e n t aooount d o f i o l t Binano t ng

oee io i a i tranaeore Medium- and long-term loans

8ervloeo salanoe

OYelolal Pr lvste

Dlreot for r lgn inverrtment

OTHER DEVPLOPINQ COUNTRIEB (exoludlng major petroleum oxpor to re)

Yorohandlee t rade balanou Exports (f .o.b. ) Lmpor t e (P .o. b. )

Traneport paymento In toroe t payments

Current aooount doEiclt 6 Lnma Ing OfflcSa1 t r ans to re Modlur and long-term l o a m

Bervicou baAanaP

OY t ia la+ Pr l ve t e

Dlroat Coreiyn lnvestmont

463.1 2 622.1

-2 159.7 -790.1

-230.4 -269 s 1

-168 3

107.4

178.1 122.7

33.J

-114.7 870.5

-985.3 -280.8 -201 5

-50.1 -314. 1

327.6

142.1 36.3 6 1 .ti

-16 102 l%b 2 3 1

- 1 4 1 334 -13 919 -11 860 -11 4 4 4 -23 271

5 l t l Y

LJ b30 8 132 5 07H

650.4 4 388.3

-1 7J7.Y -1 665.5

-5.13.8 -435.6

-1 J11.7

248.1

6lZ.l -1YY.2

2J4.2

-b88 9 1 059.0

-1 146.0 -307.1 -360.6 -108.3 -942.5

445.7

33J. 1 94.0 72.2

-59 22M 222 4JB

- 2 8 1 666 - 2 5 179 -2J 247 - 3 2 Y4J - 7 1 422

8 581

17 500 19 534

9 065

-207.2 3 762.U

-3 Y I 9 . Y -1 75u.9

-550.9 -559.4

-2 239.4

274.1

649.0 277.5 191.3

- Y I ! i . 1 1 811.4

-1 836.4 -224.3 -333.5 -137.7 -9)J.Y

422.5

2LZ.Y 104.0

59.5

-64 130 2 3 1 2’16

-296 527 -30 782 -23 JB5 -45 510 -81 194

tJ 8b4

16 0 5 J J l 520 11 31b

6 7 . 1 3 549.5

-3 482.4 -1 590.5

-421. 2 -032,s

-1 701.0

100.1

665.1 107 a 6

72.8

-PYO. 2 Y O 6 1 s

-1 796.0 - 3 O Y . 5

-140.0 -I 151.8

-305.1

441.4

131.2 186.0

68.2

-51 267 222 366

-273 633 -3.3 024 - 2 1 516 - 5 1 966 -70 906

B 7L1

18 Jbtl 15 583

9 8 Y l

595.5 3 467.4

-2 “’“4.0 -1 610.7

-433.4 -817.4

-1 158.7

207.5

139. Y 26.2 92.4

-708.7 910 5

-1 699.3 -J13.8 -305.1 -130 7

-1 049.0

527.9

165.3 143.4

20.5

-J8 230 224 ‘198

-263 02tl - 2 9 i 4 F - 2 1 307 - 4 4 254 - 4 3 146

8 0 5 2

19 176 Z 576 tJ 2 2 1

- Sourcei United Notione Conterenco on Trade and Development, Handbook ot In t e rna t iona l Trade I a n d Devehgment S t a t l a t l c f ~ , 1 9 Y 5 .

Tne oomph naludee 10 land-locked doveloping count r ies . Tha majot mlnoral oxportera are bol lv ia , Botswana, Pambla and Zimbabwe. The other land-lwnod count r ies are the Cent ra l A f r lcan Hegublla, Chad, Mali, N u p a l , Paraguay and Rwanda.

I . . .

A/4 2/5 3 7 E n g l i s h

Table 5

Payments to f o r e i g n carr iers €or t r a n s p o r t s e r v i c e s a s a p ropor t ion of total e x p o r t s of goods and s e r v i c e s

To ta 1 e x p o r t s T ranspor t of goods and Tra nspor t payments services payments Debt s e r v i c e

[ M i l l i o n s of ( M i l l i o n s of r a t i o r a t i o Country Year US d o l l a r s ) US d o l l a r s ) (Percentage) (Percentage)

B o l i v i a 1983 66.2 875.7 7.6 28.3

Rots wa na 19 83 40.1 820.9 4.9 2.7

Burkina Faso 19 81 74.1 209.1 35.4 13.8 21’’

C e n t r a l Af r i can Republ ic 19 83 40.8 153.3 26.6 5.9

Chad

Lesotho

1983 32.1 106.8 30.1 0.9

19 83 20.4 485.8 4.2 2.9

Malawi 1982 86.3 30 1.3 28.4 21.0

Mali 1 9 83 103.3 208.8 49.5 5 .7

Nepa 1

Niger

1983 25.1 280.7 8.9 4.6

1980 108.2 643.6 16.8 13.5

Pa rag u ay 1983 52.5 571.7 9.2 28.7

Swazi land 19 83 8.7 406.2 2.1 7.1

Uganda 1981 31.7 275.9 11.4 18.6 a/ Zambia 19 83 136.8 1 016.6 13.5 12.2

2 i m b a bwe 1983 190.3 1 373.6 13.9 33.5

A l l deve loping c o u n t r i e s 1 9 83 40 898.0 579 160.0 7.1 - b/

Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Handbook of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Trade and Development S t a t i s t i c s , 1985.

z/ 1982.

- b/ Not a v a i l a b l e .

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