Pyro~hnics Pyrolat~, ~Alt. to S. A. Coman) (Air. toJ. Zucchero)

Report of the Committee on

Pyro~hnics

Randall W. A. Davidson, Cha/r Risk Int'l & Assoc., CA

Kenneth L. Kosanke, S~re~r 3 Pyrolat~,

Dane Boles, Quest Aerospace Education, Inc., AZ Jose IL Colon, Connecticut Dept. of Public Safety, CT

Rep. Fire Marshals Assn. of North America Steve A. Comaa, Remote Effects Systems, Inc., MN Rep. Pyrotechnics Guild Int'l, Inc.

John A. Conkling, O~estertown, MD Rep. American Pyrotechnics Assn.

Ettore Contestabile, Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory, ON Hugh Council, State of CA Office of the F'we Marshal, CA Thomas'DeW'dle, Luna Tech Inc., AL Vernon Este~ Canon City, CO. Gary A. Fadorsen, Pyrotech Int'l Inc., OH FelixJ. Grucci, Jr., F'treworks by Grucci, Inc., NY Garry Hanson, Precocious Pyrotechnics, Inc., MN Rep. Nat'l Fh'eworks Assn.

Lanklen E. Hill, Jr., F_ E. Hill & Son, Inc./Pyro Shows, TN AlfredJ. Hogan, Reedy Creek Improvement District, FL DonaldF. McCanlley, D &J Assoc., VA LarryJ. McCune, U~S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms, DC Frederick L. Mclntyre, FLMc, Inc., MS Robert E. Melton, Dallas Fire Dept., TX

Rep. NFPA Fire Service Section Dale C. Miller, Falls Church, VA J. Patrick Miller, Garland, TX

Rep. Nat'l Assn. of Rocketry David J, Pier, MP Assoc., Inc., GA Michael W. Math High Power Rocket Mfrs. & Dealers Assn., Inc., NY Mary Roberts, Estes Industries, CO Charles E. Rogers, Lancaster, CA Rep. Tripoli Rocketry Assn., Inc

Gary C. Rosenfield, Industrial Solid Propulsion Inc., NV Pamela K. Stout Hunt, Fireworks Productions Int'l Inc., AZ Ken Strunk, Nobel Insurance Group, TX Charles Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Iiac., WI JohnJ. Weinbrecht, Virginia Beach Fire Dept., VA

Alternates

Arthur H. Barber, HI, Springfield, VA (Alt. to V. Estes)

Bruce E. Biota, Pyrotechnics Guild lnt'l, OH ~Alt. to S. A. Coman)

Richard Bowcs, Canadian Explosives Research Laboratory, ON l ~ k t. to E. Contestablle)

B. Bundick, First Oaicago Capital Markets, IL (Alt. toJ. P. Miller)

Tom Foster, Luna Tech Inc., AL F(elixAlt. to T. DeWille)

J. (Phil) Grncci, Fireworks by Grucci, Inc., NY (Alt. to F.J. Grucci,Jr.)

Paul C. Hans, P. Hans & Co., Inc., AZ (AlL to G. C. Rosentieid)

Julie L. Heckman, Keller and Heckman, MD (Alt. toJ. A. Conkling)

Bruce E. Kelly, Orem, UT (Alt. to G E. Rogers) "

BonnieJ. Kosauke, PyroLabs, Inc., CO (AIt. to IL I~ gesanke)

Larry M a ~ MP Assoc., Inc., CA (Air. t o D . ~ Pier)

Jane B. MeCaalley, D &J Assoc., VA (Air. to D. F. McCanlley)

David S. Shatter, U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearrm, DC (Alt. to L M. McCune)

James 11. Souza, pyro Spectaculars, Inc., CA (AIt. to P. IL Stout Hunt)

Bill Stine, Quest Aerespace Education, Inc., AZ (Alt. to D. Boles)

Gerald D. Ward, Bethany Fire & Protection District, IL (Alt. to 1L F_. Melton)

Nonvoting

Glen E. Gardner, U~S. Occupational Safety & Health Admin, DC (Air. toJ. Zucchero)

Samuel B. Hall, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, DC G. Harry Stine, Phoenix, AZ

(Member Emeritus) Gary Zeller, Zeiler Int'l, NY JamcsJ. Zucchero, U.S. Dept. of Labor, OH

(Member Emeritus)

Staff Liaison: Martha H. Curtis

This list wpr~n t s the , ~ , r s h i p at the t i ~ the ~ was baUoted on the text of this ati~on. S i ~ that t in~ changes in the , n ~ h i p ,na 3 have occurred.

Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary rcspomibil- it T for documents off protection against the'fire and life hazards associated with the manuf~ure , transportation, and storage of fireworks; fireworks used in outdoor display; pyrotechnics used before a proximate audience; and the construction, launching, and other operations that involve model and high power rockets, including the manufacture of model and high power rocket motors. This committee doesnot cover documents on the use of fireworks by the general public.

The Report of the Technical Committee on Pyrotechnics is presented for adoption.

This Report was prepared by the Technical Committee on l~-otechlfics and proposes for adoption a complete revision to NFPA 1126-1992, Smadard for the Use of Pyrotechnics before a Proximate Audience. NFPA 1126-1992 is published in Volume 8 of the 1995 National I'we C¢~cs and in separate pamphlet form.

This Report has been submited to letter ballot of the Technical Committee on Pyroteclmics, which consists of 30 voting members. The results of the balloting can be found in the report.

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N F P A 1 1 2 6 - - A 9 6 R O P

(Log #2) 1126- 1 - (Chapter 1): Reject SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise the title to "Use of Pyrotechnic Special Effects before a Proximate Audience" SUBSTANTIATION: The current Scope 1-1.1 used the term "pyrotechnic special effects" and special effects is the term most people are familiar with when thinking of pyrotechnics. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COM~'I~I'EE STATEMENT: The current title is appropriate, well- known to users, authorities having jurisdiction, and referenced in other publications under the current tide. N ~ E R OF COIVlMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COIVlMITTEE ACTION: AFFIRMATIVE: 28 NOT RETURNED: 2 Colon, Hill

(Log #7) 1126- 2 - (1-1.x): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add the following 5 paragraphs to 1-1:

"This code shall apply to the planning, setup, operation and cleanup of pyrotechnic special effects by the Operator and Assistants, in cooperation with the Authorities Having Jurisdiction, Venue Manager and Producer.

This code shall apply to the planning, setup and operation of crowd control, security measures, fire protection and other emergency services by the Venue Manager, in cooperation with the Operator, Produce and Authorities Having Jurisdiction. This code shall apply to the planning, setup and operation of

crowd control, security measures, fire protection and other emergency services by the Authorities Having Jurisdiction in cooperation with the Operator, Venue Manager, and Producer.

This code shall apply to the planning, setup, operation and cleanup of pyrotechnic special effects, as well as crowd control, security measures, fire protection and other emergency by the Producer, and in cooperation with the Operator, Venue Manager, and Authorities Having Jurisdiction. This code shall apply to the performance specifications,

instructions, notifications, and labeling by the Manufacturer of pyrotechnic special effects and pyrotechnic special effects equipment and supplies. SUBSTANTIATION: Separates and claxifies the different responsibilities of the 5 principals this Code applies to (Manufacturers, Operator, Authorities Having Jurisdiction, Producer and Venue Manager). This tells them up front and without question they all have responsibilities under that are detailed in this Code. COMMITrEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

1. Add a new section 4-1.3 to read: 4-1.3 The authority having jurisdiction shall determine that

appropriate measures are planned to provide acceptable crowd management, security, fire protection, and other emergency services.

2. Add a new scope statement as 1-1.2 to read: 1-1.2 This standard shall apply to the performance specifications,

instructions, notifications, and labeling by the manufacturer of pyrotechnics special effects materials, devices, equipment and supplies.

3. Renumber the subsequent paragraphs of the scope section. COlVllVIITrEE STATEMENT: 1. The pyrotechnics in a performance are usually a small part of the overall event planning considerations. Considerations such as crowd management, security, and fire protection should normally be handled in the overall planning of such events.

2. The new scope statement adds an important element of safety in the presentation of pyrotechnics to the scope of the document. NUlVlBER OF COlVlMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COlVlMITTEE ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 28 NOT RETURNED: 2 Colon, Hill

COMMrITEEACTION: Accept in Principle. Make the following replacements of the word "display" to the word

"use" in the identified paragraphs: 1-1.2; C-2(a); and C-3. COMMrlq'EE STATEMENT: Consistency with the use of terminology within the document. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION: AFFIRMATIVE: 28 NOT RETURNED: 2 Colon, Hill

(Log #10) 1126- 4- (1-1.3): Reject SUBMIqffrER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise into two parts with one part as follows:

"This code shall not apply to the use of display fireworks at distances equal to or greater than those required by NFPA 1125, Code for the Display of Fireworks when used in conformance with NFPA 1123, Code for the Display of Fireworks." Also revise the exception to "Any use of display fireworks..."

SUBSTANTIATION: The use of display fireworks at distances equal to or greater than 1123 is not exempt. Clarification. Also, display fireworks is more comprehensive. Aerial shells are only one type of aerial fireworks. COMMITrEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITI'EE STATEMENT: The current language in the existing edition of NFPA 1126 clearly defines the scope of this standard with respect to the outdoor presentation of pyrotechnics. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #9) 1126- 5 - (1-1.11): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add "by fire service, law enforcement or similar government agencies." SUBSTANTIATION: SPFX are also used by some law enforcement agencies in training and should be exempted. COMMITrEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

Revise the wording of 1-1.11 to read: 1-1.11 This standard shall not apply to the use of pyrotechnics in

training by fire service, law enforcement, or similar government agencies. (See NFPA 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions in Structures.)

Exception: Where there is a proximate audience not part of the training, this standard shall apply. COMMITrEE STATEMENT: The Committee revision provides better safety for training situations. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION: AFFIRMATIVE: 28 NOT RETURNED: 2 Colon, Hill

(Log #11 ) 1126- 6 - (1-1.16): Accept SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockets of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise tide of NFPA 1122 to "NFPA 1122, Code for Model Rocketry." SUBSTANTIATION: Updates to current title. COMMITI'EE ACTION: Accept.

Make the same change in 1-1.15. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #8) 1126- 3 - (1-1.1): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Replace the term "display" with the term "use" throughout the document. (1-1.2) SUBSTANTIATION: The term "use" predominates this document and "display" predominates NFPA 1123. Generally pyrotechnics are used to augment or supplement other entertainment and not as the primary entertainment. Clarity.

(Log #12) 1126- 7 - (1-1.17): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add text as follows:

"This code shall not apply to the sale and use of high power sport rockets and high power sport rocket motors used in conformance with NFPA 1127, Code for the Use of High Powered Rockets." SUBSTANTIATION: Adds exemption for new high power rocket code.

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N F P A 1126 - - A 9 6 R O P

COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. Add paragraph 1-1.17 to read: 1-1.17 This s tandard shall no t apply to the sale and use of h igh

power sport rockets and h igh power sport rocket motors used in conformance with NFPA 1127, Code for the High Powered Rocketry. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Commit tee changed the word "code" to "standard" because that is what NFPA 1126 is. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE O N COMMITTEE ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 28 N O T RETURNED: 2 Colon, Hill

SUBSTANTIATION: The cur ren t definit ion describes aerial shells used in display fireworks and no t pyrotechnic special effects. Small aerial shells and especially breaking stars like crossetts have not be adequately def ined . COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The proposed definit ion of aerial shell does no t differentiate between comets and aerial shells. See Commit tee Proposal 1126-43 (Log #CP5). NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #13) 1126- 8 - (1-2.1): Accept SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add "property and buildings" after "viewing

~ roximate audiences." UBSTANTIATION: The primary subjects to provide protection

have been listed, bu t these should also be part of the purpose was well. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 30 VOTE O N COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log # 14) 1126- 9 - (1-3 (New)): Accept in Principle SUBMITI'ER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: 1. Add new text as follows:

1-3 Equivalency and New Developments . 1-3.1 This code shall no t prevent the deve lopment or use of new,

modif ied or improved pyrotechnic special effects, systems, or me thods that mee t or exceed the purpose of dais Code, providing equivalency can be presented or demons t ra ted to the Authori ty Having Jurisdiction.

1-3.2 This code shall no t prevent the use of pyrotechnic special effects in un ique venues, providing equivalency can be presented or d e m o n s t r a t e d to the Authori ty Having Jurisdiction.

1-3.3 The Opera tor shall be responsible for providing the Authori ty Having Jurisdict ion with the necessary informat ion of the new, modif ied or improved pyrotechnic special effects, systems, or me thods in order to receive approval f rom the Authori ty Having Jurisdiction. This informat ion shall be in the form of a demonstra t ion, reference or o ther documenta t ion .

1-3.4 The Manufac turer shall be responsible for providing the Opera tor with the necessary informat ion of any new, modif ied or improved pyrotechnic special effects, systems, or me t hods in order for the Opera tor to demons t ra te equivalency to the Authori ty Having Jurisdiction.

2. R e n u m b e r Definitions to 1-4. SUBSTANTIATION: There is cur rendy no provision for equivalency. Given the rapid rate new pyrotechnic special effects, systems and me thods are being developed, one is needed. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

1. Add new text for Equivalency to become 1-3 to read: 1-3 Equivalency. This s tandard is no t in t ended to prevent the use

of systems, methods , or devices tha t provide equivalent protect ion to the provisions of this st~mdard, providing equivalency can be demons t r a t ed to the authori ty having jurisdiction.

2. R e n u m b e r the subsequen t sections. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The addit ion of an equivalency s t a tement allows new technology to be used. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #15) 1126- 10 - (1-3 Aerial Shell): Reject SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise text as follows:

Aerial Shell or Star. A cylindrical or spherical paper or plastic cartridge conta in ing pyrotechnic material, or a single pyrotechnic star, with a black powder lift charge. Aerial shells or stars are usually a pre-load and are fired f rom mortars or tubes into the air where they break into their effect. Pyrotechnic special effect aerial shells and stars are common ly small, .05 in. (12.50 mm) to 2.0 in. (50 turn) in diameter . (See mine, mor ta r and preload).

(Log #16) 1126- 11 - (1-3 Airburst, Concussion Effect, Preload): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Replace the phrase " in tended to be" with the phrase "that is" in AirbursL "that produces" in Concussion Effect, and "is" in Preload. SUBSTANTIATION: NFPA definit ions define what some th ing is, while in tent is a state of mind. Inanimate objects canno t have a state of m i n d and whatever an i tem was des igned for, does not always mean it can, will or should be used that way in all si tuations and instances. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

I. Revise the definit ion of airburst to read: Airburst. A pyrotechnic device tha t is su spended in the air to

simulate outdoor aerial fireworks shells without hazardous debris. 2. Revise the definit ion of concussion effect to read: Concussion effect. A pyrotechnic effect tha t produces a loud noise

and a violent j a r r ing shock for dramatic effect. 3. Revise the definit ion of Preload to read: Preload. A pyrotechnic device suppl ied by the manufac tu re r in a

ready-to-use condit ion. COMMITI'EE STATEMENT: 1. The changes more accurately define the terms as used in this document .

2. The changes more accurately define the terms as used in this document .

3. The changes more accurately define the terms as used in this document . NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 30 VOTE O N COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #CP2) 1126- 12 - (1-3 Comet) : Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Commit tee on Pyrotechnics, RECOMMENDATION: Revise definit ion to read as follows:

Comet. A pellet of pyrotechnic composi t ion which is igni ted an d propel led from a mor ta r tube by a charge of black powder. Comets frequent ly leave a trail of sparks as they rise in the air, and they somet imes burst into smaller f ragments at their zenith. SUBSTANTIATION: The definit ion more accurately defines the te rm as currently used in the pyrotechnic industry. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 28 NOqZ RETURNED: 2 Colon, Hill

(Log #17) 1126- 13- (1-3 Display Fireworks (New)): Reject $UBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add new definition as follows:

Display Fireworks. Traditional fireworks made specifically for outdoor performances . They are generally larger and more powerful than fireworks for consumers or have more specialized an d specific purposes. They range f rom small lance pieces, wheels and o ther g r o u n d level fireworks to very large and heavy aerial fireworks. SUBSTANTIATION: This d o c u m e n t should make a s ta tement regarding the use of display fireworks before proximate audiences, especially indoors. A definit ion is needed to do this. See 6-2.x. COMMIq['rEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Commit tee has decided tha t it is no t necessary to add this definit ion as it was not used in the s tandard. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 30

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VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION: AFFIRMATIVE: 28 NOT RETURNED: 2 Colon, Hill

(Log #18) 1126- 14- (1-3 Electric Firing Uni t (New)): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: 1. Add definit ion for Electric Fire Unit:

Electrical Firing Unit. There are three basic types used: Manual Electrical Firing Unit. Apane l ( s ) or box(es) which have a

n u m b e r of manual ly operated switches and is the source of electrical current used to ignite electric matches. The un i t is a t tached by cables, often th rough junct ions , that are connec ted to the electric matches a t tached to the pyrotechnic special effects. Units usually have an external electrical power source or connect ion, test circuits and warning indicators, etc.

Hand Held Electrical Firing Unit. A small, h and held box with only a small n u m b e r of manual ly operated switches and is a source of electrical cur ren t used to ignite electric matches. The uni t is directly connec ted to the electric matches via electrical wires and has an internal electrical battery as the source of electrical power.

Automat ic Electrical Firing Unit. A panel(s) or box(es) wltich are automatically operated and is the source of electrical cur ren t used to ignite electric matches. Automat ic units are often compute r or magnet ic tape operated a t tached by cables to junc t ions are connec ted to the electric matches. They often have an external source of electrical power to operate the uni t and to ignite electric matches.

2. Replace the terms "firing systems" and "f i r ingpanels" with "Electrical Firing Unit" 6-3,2 Exception, 6-3.3, 6-3.3.1, 6-6.3. SUBSTANTIATION: T he term electrical "firing systems" and "firing panels" is used in the d o c u m e n t and definit ions for the different types n e e d to be defined. The te rm shou ld also be used consistently t h roughou t the document . COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

Retain the existing definit ion of firing systems and change the words "firing panels" to "firing systems" in section 6-3.3.1 and its exception. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: T he existing definition is inclusive and better defines the systems used inpy ro t echn ic per formances . NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #19) 1126- 15- (1-3 Fire Watch Officer (New)): Reject SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add new definit ion as follows:

Fire Watch Officer. A qualified fire protect ion official f rom the authori ty having jur isdict ion who manages and is responsible for the fire protect ion at a venue du r ing a product ion. Generally the fire watch officer will moni to r the product ion while smoke detect ion and other systems have been placed on manua l override. SUBSTANTIATION: Provides a definit ion for a un ique te rm used in Code. 6-1.6 and 6-7.6. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITrEE STATEMENT: Section 6-1.6 describes the duties of a fire watch officer. The Commit tee does no t believe that a definit ion for this te rm is necessary. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TOVOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:

AFFIRMATIVE: 28 N O T RETLIRNED: 2 Colon, Hill

(Log #20) 1126- 16- (1-3 lndoor Use (New), Ou tdoor Use (New)): Reject SUBMITTEI~ Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add new definit ions as follows:

Indoor Use. The use of pyrotechnic special effects within a building, venue, s tad ium or o ther occupancy that has a roof or ceiling that is mostly or fully enclosed, and that relies on a mechanical air exchange system for more than 50 percen t of the air. (See Ou tdoor Use,)

Outdoor Use. The use of pyrotechnic special effects within a building, venue, s tad ium or o ther occupancy that has a room or ceiling that is mostly or fully open, mad that relies on a mechanical air exchange system for less than 50 percen t of the air. (See Indoor Use.)

SUBSTANTIATION: Clarifies what this d o c u m e n t means when the te rm indoors and outdoors are used. There has been some confusion at some venues, such as football s tadiums without a fully enclosed roof as to whether it was inside or outside a building. Traditionally the fire service view anything inside of a bui lding with an occupancy permi t as "inside," even when it has no roof. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The bui lding codes regulate what locations are considered indoor and outdoor. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #21) 1126- 17 - (1-3 Perrnittee): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockets of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise Permit tee to include the following:

"The Permit tee will vary f rom jurisdict ion tojurisdicfion, bu t

~ enerally is the Operator , Producer or Venue Manager." UBSTANTIATION: None.

COMMITrEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. Revise the existing definit ion of permit tee to read: Permittee. The person or persons who are responsible for

obta ining the necessary permits for a product ion. The permit tee could vary from jurisdict ion to jurisdict ion. The pyrotechnic operator is no t necessarily the permittee. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Commi t tee has de t e rmined that this better defines who the permit tee migh t be. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMrYrEE ACTION:


(Log #22) 1126- 18 - (1-3 Producer (New)): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockets of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add new definit ion as follows

Producer. The person with the overall responsibility for operat ing and manag ing the per formance where the pyrotechnic special effects are to be used. Generally the Producer is the m an ag e r of the promot ion company, en t e r t a inmen t company, festival, t h em e park, and o ther en te r t a inmen t group, but somet imes may be private companies or individuals. SUBSTANTIATION: Producers have responsibility in organizing the en t e r t a inmen t and providing communica t ions between the Operator, Venue Manager, and Authori t ies Having Jurisdict ion as well as performers . COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

Add a new definit ion for producer to read: Producer. An individual with overall responsibility for the

operat ion and m a n a g e m e n t O f the pe r fo rmance where the pyrotechnics are to be used. Generally, the p roducer is an employee of the p romot ion company, en t e r t a inmen t company, festival, t heme park, or o ther en t e r t a inmen t group. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The revised definit ion better clarifies who the p roduce r is. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #23) 1126- 19 - (1-3 Product ion Staff (New)): Reject SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add new definit ion as follows:

Product ion Staff. The person(s) who have primary responsibility for the operat ion of the physical, m e c h a n i c a l a n d electrical componen t s of the pe r fo rmance and who repor t to the Producer. A m o n g others, suppor t personnel include sound technicians, video technicians, l ighting technicians, electricians, stage hands, an d others. SUBSTANTIATION: None. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Conuni t tee has decided tha t it is no t necessary to add this definit ion as it was not used in the standard. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30

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(Log #24) 1126- 20 - (1-3 Pyroteclmic Special Effect): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise the definition "Pyrotechnic Special Effect" to include pre-loads and binary systems that have been mixed. SUBSTANTIATION: The current definition does not include these two pyrotechnic special effects. COMMITrEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. COMMITrEE STATEMENT: See Committee Action and Statement on Proposal 1126-11 (Log #16). NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #25) 1126- 21 - (1-3 Support Personnel): Reject SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise the definition Support Personnel" to:

"Any person who is not a performer or a member of the audience. Among others, support personnel include the production staff, venue staff..." SUBSTANTIATION: The addition of Production Staff and Venue Staff provides more clarity. COMMITrEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee has decided that it is not necessary to add dais definition as it was not used in the standard. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #26) 1126- 22 - (1-3 Venue Manager (New)): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: 1. Add new definition as follows:

Venue Manager. The person with the overall responsibility for operating and managing the area, room, auditorium, building, stadium or facility at which the performance where pyrotechnic special effects are to be used. Generally the Venue Manager is the manager of the auditorium, arena, stadium, or other facility.

2. Also replace "management of the performance" in 6-1.4 with Venue I~anager. SUBSTANTIATION: Defines one of the 5 principals who have

OoeCific responsibilities under dais code. MMITrEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

1. Add a definition for Venue Manager to read: Venue Manager. The person with overall responsibility for the

operation and management of the facility where pyrotechnics are to be used in a performance.

2. In 6-1.4, re~lace the words "management of the performance" with the words 'Venue Manager." COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The additional term clarifies the

o~j~l~Etion of the standard. R OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30


(Log #27) 1126- 23 - (1-3 Venue Staff (New)): Reject SUBMITTERa Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add new definition as follows: Venue Staff. The person(s) who have primary responsibility for the

operation of the venue and who repor t to the Venue Manager. Among others, venue staff the venue engineer ing staff who manage and operate the physical, mechanical and electrical components of the venue, as well as ticket takers, ushers, concessionaires, security personnel and others.

SUBSTANTIATION: Defines the staff of one of the 5 primary principals who have specific responsibilities under dais code. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee has decided that it is not necessary to add this definition as it was not used in the standard. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #29) 1126- 24 - (4-1.3 (New)): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add new text as follows:

"All planning and use of pyrotechnic special effects shall be

~ erformed in cooperation with the Venue Manager and Producer." UBSTANTIATION: Provides a requirement that the Venue

Manager and Producer be part of the planning and permit process. COMMITrEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. Add a new permit requirement to become 4-1.3 to read: 4-1.3 All planning and use of pyrotechnics shall be coordinated

with the Venue Manager and Producer. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee agrees with the submitter 's substantiation in the need for this provision to be added to the standard. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #30) 1126- 25 - (4-2): Accept in Principle in Part SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise the current 4-2 so it includes the Venue Manager and Producer. Also, separate into different subsections under 4-2.

4-2 Pyrotechnic Special Effects Plans. 4-2.1 Before the performance, the applicant (Operator, Venue

Manager, Producer) for the permit from the authority having jurisdiction shall submit a plan for the use of pyrotechnic special effects for that production(s) at that venue(s).

4-2.2 After a permit has been issued, the permittee shall make the plan available for the Authority Having Jurisdiction, Operator, Producer and Venue Manager and their staffs at the venue(s) of the production(s).

4-2.3 Any significant change, modification or addition of pyrotechnic special effects, operations or methods of the performance, or venue shall require notification of the anthority having jurisdiction and re-approval of the permit. SUBSTANTIATION: This is easier to read and follow and provides more detail of what is required, especially of changes that are made in the performance or operation of the venue, not just pyrotechnic special effects. COMMITrEEACTION: Accept in Principle in Part.

Revise entire section 4-2 to read: 4-2 Pyrotechnics Plans. 4-2.1 Before the performance of any production, the permit

applicant shall submit a plan for the use of pyrotechnics to the authority having jurisdiction.

4-2.2 After a permit has been granted, the permittee shall keep the plan available at the site for safety inspectors or other designated agents of the authority having jurisdiction.

4-2.3 Any addition of pyrotechnics to a performance or any significant change in the presentation of pyrotechnics shall require approval by the authority having jurisdiction. COMMITrEE STATEMENT: The Committee revision to 4-2.3 of the submitter 's last sentence rar i t ies that additions as well as changes need to receive the authority havingjurisdiction's approval. The Committee does not believe that the additional language in the recommendat ion was necessary to be added. The individual number ing of paragraphs was done to comply with the NFPA Manual of Style. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


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(Log#31) 1126- 26- (4-3.2): Reject SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockets of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise 4-3.2 as follows:

(a) Contact information (name, address, and phone) for the Producer of the production, including names and titles of any key Production Staff.

(c) Contact information (name, address, and phone) for the venue and Venue Manager including names and titles of any key Venue Staff, with the exact location of the production at the venue.

(d) Contact information (name, address, and phone) for the Operator of the pyrotechnic special effects at the production, including names and ages of all assistants.

(k) A diagram of the venue and facilities at which the production will be p.erformed, including the point where pyroteclmic, special effects will be located and fired from, the fallout radms for each.

(*) A diagram of where the audience will be located and how they will be kept there during tile performance, as well as where performers are expected to be during the performance.

(*) Where and which product ion staff and venue staffwill be with specific performance, safety, fire protection or emergency service responsibilities that are an integral part of the pyrotechnic special effects performance will be, what their responsibilities are and how communications with them will be setup (examples: equipment operators, monitors of alarm or ventilation overrides, fire watchers with fire extinguishers, etc.)

(n) Delete. SUBSTANTIATION: (a), (b), (c), (d) Uses new definition and asks for important basic information.

(k) Clarifies other important responsibilities of the principals and removes the second shall (all of these are shalls under 4-3.2).

(*) Adds more detail and includes other important considerations. (*) Adds more detail and includes other important considerations. (n) The manufacturer becomes the Operator or an Assistant at

this point. If dais statement is needed, it belongs in 1-1.x under Manufacturer. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee has de te rmined that the current wording of 4-3.2 is effective and the new text is not

ruMBactical to implement. ER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30


(Log #CP4) 1126- 27- (4-3.2(p)): Accept SUBMITTER: Teclmical Committee on Pyrotechnics, RECOMMENDATION: Revise the wording 4-3.2 (p) to read:

(p) Certifications that the set, scenery, and rigging materials are inherently flame retardant or have been t reated to achieve flame retardency. SUBSTANTIATION: The Committee has decided that the revision of the wording will enhance the enforceability of the document. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accepu NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #32) 1126- 28 - (4-4.2): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockets of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Replace "Building engineer ing staff' with "appropriate venue staff." SUBSTANTIATION: Uses new def ined term. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

Revise the second sentence of 4-4.2 to read: The individual responsible for the life safety systems of the building

shall place all fire protection and fire detection appliances, devices, and systems back to normal operating condition immediately upon completion of the demonstrat ion. (See also 6-7.6.) COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee decided that the revised wording more accurately describes the person responsible for this duty. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION"


(Log #28) 1126- 29 - (Chapter 5): Accept in Principle in Part SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: 1. Revise the title and sections, and renumber accordingly, to encompass all requirements of the manufacturer so they are in one place and clearly delineated t~om the requirements of the Operator and other principals. Also, revise applicable requirements of pre-loads to include all pyrotechnic special effects, including preloads and binary systems.

Chapter 5 Requirements of the Manufacturer of Pyrotechnic Special Effects

5-1 Pyrotechnic Special Effects. 2. Revise and renumber current 5-1 to 5-1.1: 5-1.1 The Manufacturer shall provide written instructions detailing

the following: (a) A description of the pyrotechnic special effect. (b) The performance specifications or range of specifications

when the pyrotechnic special effect is used in the proper amounts with the p roper material(s) or equipment, including (where applicable) the length of burn time, height, and diameter (fallout area) created by the pyrotechnic special effect or preload.

(c) A material safety data sheet (MSDS) for the pyrotechnic special effect.

(d) A detailed description of the proper method(s) of placing, loading and using the pyrotechnic special effect, including any cautions or special considerations.

(e) The manufacturer 's recommendat ion on whether the pyrotechnic special effect is acceptable for indoor use, or requires any cautions or special considerations for indoor use.

(f) The name, address, and phone number of the manufacturer. 3. Add 5-1.2: 5-1.2 The manufacturer shall provide a sufficient number of

instruction sheets with the shipments of pyrotechnic special effects so the Operator receives them.

5-2 Labeling of Pyrotechnic Special Effects. 4. Revise and renumber current 5-2 to 5-2.1: 5-2.1 The Manufacturer shall label pyrotechnic special effects or

their containers with the following: (a) The name of the preload or binary system (and which is A or

B). (b) The name, address, and phone number of d~e manufacturer. (c) An appropriate warning statement describing the conditions of

use and the nature of any hazards. (d) The manufacturer 's recommendat ion on whether the

pyrotechnic special effect is acceptable for indoor use, or requires may cautions or special considerations for indoor use.

5. Add 5-2.2: 5-2.2 The text on the label shall be at least 8 point type size or if

the pyrotechnic special effect is too small to include this information in 8 point type size, it shall be permit ted to be placed on a tag.

6. Add 5-3: 5-3 Pyrotechnic Special Effects Equipment. 5-3.1 The manufacturer of concussion mortars, flash pots, holders,

mortars, and other equipment shall provide instructions for their use, including ratings of the types and quantities of special effects for that devices, and the expected lifespan for that device using those rated pyrotechnic special effects.

5-3.2 The manufacturer of Electrical Firing Systems shall provide instructions for the setup and use of the system with pyrotechnic

al effects. TANTIAT1ON: Whenever requirements for instructions or

labels are called for, it is important to delineate which principal is responsible for compliance. Instructions and labels also need to be available to the Operator and Authority Having Jurisdiction for pyrotechnic special effects other than preloads as well as fl~e equipment used with them. COMMITrEE ACTION: Accept in Principle in Part.

1. Revise the entire wording of Chapter 5 to read: Chapter 5 Requirements for Manufacturers of Pyrotechnics and

Associated Equipment 5-1 Instructions for Pyrotechnics. The manufacturer shall provide

written instructions detailing the following: (a) the name of the pyrotechnic device and a description of its

effect; (b) the performance characteristics (duration, height, and

diameter of the effect) for the pyrotechnic device when used as specified, or in the case of binary materials, in the specified amounts for the designated materials and equipment;

(c) a material safetydata sheet (MSDS) for the pyrotechnic materials;

(d) detailed instructions for the proper method(s) of placing, loading and using the pyrotechnic device, including any cautions or special considerations;

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(e) the manufacturer's recommendation on whether the pyrotechnic'device is designed for indoor use, and requires any cautions or special considerations;

(f) the name, address, and phone number of the manufacturer. 3. Revise the wording of existing 5-2 to read: 5-2 Identification of Pyrotechnic Devices or Binary Systems. 5-2.1 The manufacturer shall identify pyrotechnic devices or binary

systems with the following: (a) the name of the pwotechnic device or binary system; (b) the name, address, and phone number of the manufacturer; (ca a statement describing die conditions of use and potential

hazards; (d) the manufacturer's statement of applicability for indoor use. 5-2.2 The marking on the device shall be at least 6 point type size. Exception: If the pyrotechnic device is too small, the information

shall be permitted to be placed on its packaging. 5-3 Pyrotechnic Equipment. 5-3.1 The manufacturer of equipment shall provide instructions

for use, including radng~ of the types and quantities of material(s) for those devices.

5-3.2 The manufacturer of electrical firing systems shall provide instructions for the setup and use of the system with pyrotechnics. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee has decided that essential information should be provided to the user and the authority having jurisdiction about the safe operation of the device and has so revised the title and the requirements of the chapter. The Committee has determined that it is equally important to provide safety information for pyrotechnic materials and binary systems as well as for pyrotechnic preloads. The format change reflected in the revised text is to conform with the NFPA Manual of Style. Those portions of the submitter's recommendation not accepted were not considered to be practical to implement. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #33) 1126- 30 - (5-x, 5-x.1 (New)): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add new text as follows:

"The manufacturer of concussion mortars, flash pots, holders, mortars, and other equipment shall provide instructions for their use, including ratings of the types and quantities of special effects for that device, and the expected lifespan for that device using those rated pyrotechnic special effects." SUBSTANTIATION: Provides more detail of what is required and bywhom. COMMITI'EE ACTION: Accept in Principle. COMMITrEE STATEMENT: See Committee Action and Statement on Proposal 1126-29 (Log #28). NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #34) 1126- 31 - (6-1.2, 6-1.3): Reject SUBMITTER; Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: 6-1.2 Replace "personnel with "assistants."

6-1.3 Replace "their knowledgeable operators" with "assistants." SUBSTANTIATION: These sections require personnel knowledgeable with fire extinguishers when pyrotechnics are present. Since dais is specific to pyrotechnics, this level of fire protection should be provided by persons knowledgeable with p pcoOtechnics as well.

MMITI'EE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee has decided that the suggested change is not necessary as the current wording in NFPA 1126 accurately addresses the need. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION: AFFIRMATIVE: 28 NOT RETURNED: 2 Colon, Hill

(Log #CP3) 1126- 32- (6-1.5): Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Pyrotechnics, RECOMMENDATION: Revise the wording in 6-1.5 to read:

6-1.5 No personnel shall use or handle pyrotechnic materials or devices under the influence of intoxicating beverages, narcotics, controlled substances, prescription or nonprescription drugs that can impair judgment~ SUBSTANTIATION: Editorial clarification. COMMITrEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #37) 1126- 33 - (6-2.x (New)): Reject SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Grosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Add new text as follows:

"Display fireworks shall be permitted to be used before a proximate audience for outdoor use, provided that all the requirements of this code are complied with. Display fireworks shall not be permitted to be used for indoor use." SUBSTANTIATION: Allows display fireworks for outdoor use before a proximate audience for outdoor use, but not indoors. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITrEE STATEMENT: The Committee believes that the existing wording in 1-1.3 and 5-2 accurately addresses the subject. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #35) 1126- 34- (6-2.2): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise to:

"Pyrotechnic special effects shall be fired only from concussion mortars, flash pots, holders, mortars, and other equipment specifically manufactured for the purpose of firing pyrotechnic

aleffects." ANTIATION: Details the types of SPFX equipment.

Clarification. COMMITrEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

Revise the existing wording in 6-2.2 to read: 6-2.2 Pyrotechnic materials shall be fired only from equipment

specifically constructed for the purpose of firing pyrotechnic materials. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee believes the change in wording from "devices" to "equipment" more specifically identifies the equipment that isbeing used in this application. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLETO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION: AFFIRMATIVE: 28 NOT RETURNED: 2 Colon, Hill

(Log #1 ) 1126- 35 - (6-2.2.1): Accept SUBMITTER: Thomas DeWille, Luna Tech Inc. RECOMMENDATION: 1. Add a new 6-2.2.1 to read:

6-2.2.1 When a pyrotechnic special effect is placed on or in contact with a performer s body, there shall be provided a means of shielding or containment adequate to prevent any injury to the performer. This protection shall be sufficient to protect against normal functioning of the pyrotechnic special effect as well as any possible malfunction.

2. Renumber existing 6-2.2.1 as 6-2.2.2. SUBSTANTIATION: This TIA is proposed due to the fact that this practice had not been sufficiently addressed in the proposed standard and to emphasize tile Committee's intent of providing appropriate measures to safeguard the safety of performers. COMMrITEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


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(Log #36) 1126- 36- (6-2.2.1): Accept in Principle SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockets of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise to:

"Converted electrical switch boxes, lamp sockets, or lamp holders, plug fuses or other similar thin walled, metal or brittle plastic equipment for concussion mortars or flash pots shall not be used." SUBSTANTIATION: Clarification. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle.

Revise the wording of existing 6-2.2.1 to read: 6-2.2.1 Converted electrical switch boxes; lamp sockets; or lamp

holders, plug fuses, or other similar thin waled, brittle devices shall not be used for concussion mortars or flash pots. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The revised text incorporates the use of defined terms to clarify the requirement in dais section. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #38) 1126- 37- (6-2.7): Reject SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise "designated performance security staff" with "production or venue staff with security responsibilities." SUBSTANTIATION: Clarifies with new definitions. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Committee believes that the existing language in 6-2.7 is clear and effective. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #39) 1126- 38 - (6-3.5): Accept SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc.

I Replace "firing." RECOMMENDATION: SUBSTANTIATION: Use of a def ined term with a less negative implication. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMM1TI'EE ACTION:


(Log #6) 1126- 39 - (Entire Document): Accept in Principle in Part SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise entire document , changing, modifying, deleting, or adding appropriate language to take into account the requirements of NFPA Life Safety (8-3.2,5 and 31-2.3, 8-3.2.6, 9-3.2.5, 9-4.4.5), but are not currently included in NFPA 1126. SUBSTANTIATION: Life Safety 101 has additional or somewhat different or additional minimum requirements for pyrotechnic

~ )oeCial effects than NFPA 1126. MMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle in Part.

1. Add the following wording from NFPA 101-1994, 8-3.2.6(a) to become 5-4 to read:

5-4 Binary materials shall be preweighed, premeasured, prepackaged, and identified by the manufacturer as being suitable for indoor use.

2. Add the following wording from NFPA 101-1994, 8-3.2.6(c) (1) (2) (4) to become 6-2.14 to read: 6-2.14 Airbursts shall be permit ted to be fired above the assembled

public subject to the following conditions: (a) The alrburst shall be suspended by a minimum 30-gauge metal

wire that is substantially attached to a secure support acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.

(b) The airburst shall be at a minimum height of three times the diameter of the effect.

(c) Where the effect is demonstrated, there shall be no burning or glowing particles below the 15 ft (4.6 m) level above the floor.

3. Add the following wording from NFPA 101-1994, 8-3.2.6(d) second sentence to become 6-4.3 to read:

6-4.3 There shall be no glowing or flaming particles within 10 ft (3 m) of the audience.

4. Add the following wording f rom NFPA 101-1994, 8-3.2.6(0 to become 6-6.6 to read:

6-6.6 Smoke Control. Where pyrotechnics are fired, the quantity of smoke developed shall not obscure the visibility of exit signs or paths of egress travel. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: 1. The addition of this language incorporates an important provision into this document from NFPA 101 for consistency between documents. 2. The addition of this language incorporates an important

provision into this document from NFPA 101 for consistency between documents.

3. The addition of this language incorporates an important provision into this document from NFPA 101 for consistency between documents.

4. The addition of this language incorporates an impormxlt provision into this document from NFPA 101 for consistency between documents. The other portions of NFPA 101-1994, 8-3.2.6(b) and 8-3.2.6(e) were covered by proposal 1126-30 (Log #33). The Committee has decided that 8-3.2.6(c) (3) is addressed by 4-4.1 of the existing edition of NFPA 1126.

5. The Committee has decided that 8-3.2.5, 9-3.2.5, and 31-2.3 do not apply to the provisions necessary for safe conduct of indoor pyrotechnics. The Committee believes that 9-4.4.5 is not within the scope of the standard and therefore was not added. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE T O VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #5) 1126- 40 - (Entire Document): Accept in Principle in Part SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Replace the terms "pyrotechnic materials or devices," "pyrotechnic special effects materials or devices," "pyrotechnic materials," "pyrotechnic devices," "materials," "devices," or "effects" with the term "pyrotechnic special effects." [2-1, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 4-1.2, 4-3.2(j), (k), (1), (m), (n), (o), 4-4.1 Exception, 5-2(d), 6-1.1, 6-1.2, 6-1.3, 6-1.4, 6-1.5, 6-2.1, 6-2.2, 6-2.5, 6-2.6, 6-2.7, 6-2.8, 6-2.13, 6-3.1, 6-3.2, 6-3.4, 6-4.1, 6-5.1, 6-5.2, 6-5.3, 6-5.4, 6-5.5, 6-5.6, 6-5.7, 6-6.1, 6-6.2, 6-6.3, 6-6.4, 6-6.5, 6-7.1, 6-7.2, 6-7.3, 6-7.4. SUBSTANTIATION: It is important to use the same subject that is the primary focus of dais document throughout the entire document . Consistency and readability. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle in Part. Accept in Principle in Part. 1. In 1-1.1, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects" with

"pyrote chni cs." 2. In 1-1.2, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects" with

"pyrotechnics." • 3. In 1-1.3, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects" with "pyrotechnics" in two places.

4. In 1-1.4, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects" with "pyrotechnics." 5. In 1-1.5, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects" with

"pyrote chni cs." 6. In 1-1.9, replace the words "pyrotechnic materials and devices"

with "pyrotechnics." 7. In 1-1.11, replace the words "pyrotechnics special effects" with

"pyrotechnics." 8. In 1-1.12, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects" with

"pyrotechnics" in two places. 9. In 1-2.1, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects" with

"pyrotechnics." 10. In 1-3 definition of binary system, replace the words

"pyrotechnic materials" with "pyrotechnic." 11. In 1-3 def ln i t ionoff i re , replace the words "pyrotechnic

materials" with "pyrotechnics. 12. In 1-3 definition of firing system, replace the words

"pyrotechnic special effects" with "pyrotechnics." In the second sentence of dtis definition, replace the words "pyrotechnic devices" with "pyrotechnics."

13. In 1-3 definition of flashpowder, replace the word "mixture" with the words "pyrotechnic material composed."

14. In 1-3 definition of lift charge, replace the words "special effect" in the first line with "device" and delete the words "pyrotechnic special" ahead of the second use of the word "effect."

15. In 1-3 definition of performer, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects" with "pyrotechnics."

16. In 1-3 definition of pyrotechnics material, delete the "s" at the end of the word "pyrotechnic."

17. In 1-3 definition of saxon, replace the words "rotating effect" with "pyrotechnic device."

18. In 2-1, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects materials and devices" with "ingredients, pyrotechnic materials, and pyrotechnic devices."

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19. In 3-2, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects devices" with "pyrotechnic materials and devices."

20. In 3-3 note, replace the words "Binary materials" with "Binary systems." In the second sentence of the same note, insert the word "pyrotechnic" between the words "more" and "material."

21. In 4-1.2, replace the words "pyrotechnic materials or devices" with "pyrotechnics."

22. In 4-3.1, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects" with "pyrotechnics."

23. In 4-3.2(d), replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects" with "pyrotechnics."

24. In 4-3.2(o), replace the word "effect" with the words "pyrotechnic material."

25. In 4-4.1, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects" with "pyrotechnics." In the second sentence of 4-4.1, replace the word "effects" with "pyrotechnics." In the exception to 4-4.1, replace the words "pyrotechnic devices" with "pyrotechnics."

26. In 4-4.2, replace the words "pyrotechnic displays" with "pyrotechnics."

27. In 6-1.2, replace the words "pyrotechnic materials" with "pyrotechnics."

28. In 6-1.3, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects devices and materials" with " pyrotechnics."

29. In the first sentence of 6.2.1, delete the words "special effect" between "pyrotechnic" and "devices." In the second sentence of 6- 2.1, delete the word "special" between "pyrotechnic" and "effects." In the note to 6-2.1, delete the word "pyrotechnic" ahead of the words "special effects."

30. In 6-2.3 and 6-2.4 (two places), replace the words "Binary materials" with the words "Binary systems."

31o In 6-2.7, delete the word "pyrotechnic" allead of the words "special effects" at the end of the sentence only.

32. In 6-2.8, insert the word "pyrotechnic" between the words "Rotating" and "devices)'

33. In 6.6.1, replace the words "special effect" at the end of the first sentence with the word "device." In the second sentence of 6-6.1, replace the word "device" with "effect."

34. In 6-7.2, replace the words "pyrotechnic materials or devices" with "pyrotechnics."

35. In 6-7.3, replace the word "devices" with "equipment." 36. In 6-7.4, replace the words "pyrotechnic materials" with

"pyrotechnics." 37. In 6-7.5, replace the word "Binary materials" with "Binary

systems." 38. In 6-7.6, replace the words "pyrotechnic special effects" with

"pyrotechnics." 39. In Appendix D - Glossary, in the definition of day box, replace

the words "pyrotechnic materials" with "pyrotechnics." COMMITI'EE STATEMENT: See Committee Action on Proposal 1126-43 (Log #CP5). The standard contains specific requirements for pyrotechnic materials or devices, pyrotechnic special effects materials or devices, and pyrotechnic materials, and these terms are not used synonymously in the standard. The Committee does not believe that it is appropriate to make the r ecommended change in all of the identif iedlocat ions (45 places). NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMrrTEE ACTION:


(Log #4) 1126. 41 - (Entire Document): Reject SUBMITTER: Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Include provisions for special effects that may not be pyrotechnic, but are often used with pyrotechnic special effects in the performing arts and by the pyrotechnic special effects operator. Request an expansion of the Committee Scope from the Standards Council to other types of special effects, including explosive, flammable liquids and gases, non-flammable liquids, solids ¢anU~TTANes, etc.

TIATION: The majority of special effects used in the performing arts, whether pyrotechnic or not, are usually designed, plad'ned, placed and used by the "operator." This is the only Committee capable of incorporating minimum requirements into a single document that will be used by the "operator," the authorities having jurisdiction and venue managers. COMMITTEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The subject addressed in dais ~ q r i ~ ~ is not currendy within the scope of the Committee.

R OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #3) 1126. 42 - (Entire Document): Reject SUBMITTERa Charles P. Weeth, Skyrockers of La Crosse, Inc. RECOMMENDATION: Revise entire document language and structure from a Standard to a Code in conformance to NFPA document requirements, changing, adding or deleting appropriate text in order to do so. SUBSTANTIATION: There is a significant difference between a Standard and a Code and the usefulness by authorities having jurisdiction and operators. All of the other documents that this Committee has developed are Codes and we should and can raise the level of this documen t to Code status. COMMITrEE ACTION: Reject. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: The Conunittee has decided that NFPA 1126 as a standard meets the needs of its users. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


(Log #CP5) 1126- 43 - (Entire Document): Accept SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Pyrotechnics, RECOMMENDATION: Completely revise die 1992 edition of NFPA 1126, Standard for the Use of Pyrotechnics Before a Proximate Audience, in the draft shown at the end of this report. SUBSTANTIATION: This complete revision has incorporated improvements in tile language to bring the document into conformance with the NFPA Manual of Style that assist in making the document more usable, adoptable and enforceable. In addition, changes were made to the terminology used in the standard to make it consistent with terminology used in Federal Regulations and other rotechnic documents

EE ACTION: Accept. NUMBER OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS ELIGIBLE TO VOTE: 30 VOTE ON COMMITTEE ACTION:


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N F P A 1126 m A 9 6 R O P

NFPA 1126

Standard for the

Use of Pyrotechnics be fore a Proximate Audience

1996 Edition

NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the n u m b e r or letter des ignat ing a p a r a g r a p h indicates explanatory material on that paragraph in Appendix A.

Informat ion on referenced publications can be f o u n d in Chapter 7 and Appendix E.

Chapter 1 General

1-1 Scope.

1-1.1 Tiffs s tandard shall apply to the use of pyrotechnics in the per forming arts in conjunct ion with theatrical, musical, or any similar product ions before a proximate audience, performers, or suppor t personnel .

1-1.2 This s tandard shall apply to the per fo rmance specifications, instructions, notifications, and labeling by the manufac tu re r of pyrotechnic special effects materials, devices, equ ipment , and supplies.

1-1.3 This s tandard shall apply to any indoor use of pyrotechnics.

1-1.4 This s tandard shall apply to any outdoor use of pyrotechnics at distances less than those required by NFPA 1123, Code for Fireworks Display. The use of pyrotechnics before a proximate audience shall no t be cons t rued as a display of fireworks as regulated by NFPA 1123, Code for Fireworks Display.

Exception: Any use of aerial shells as regulated in NFPA 1123, Code for Fireworks Display_, shall compO with the provisions of that code.

1-1.5 This s tandard shall apply to the videotaping, audiotaping, or f i lming of any television, radio, or movie product ion only i f such product ion shall be before a proximate audience a n d such product ions include the use of pyrotechnics.

1-1.6 This s tandard shall apply to the rehearsal of any product ion in which pyrotechnics are used.

1-1.7 This s tandard shall no t apply to the manufac ture , t ransportat ion, or storage of fireworks at a manufac tu r ing facility.

NOTE: For informat ion on fireworks manufac tur ing , see NFPA 1124, Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, and Storage of Fireworks.

1-1.8 This s tandard shall no t apply to the use of consumer fireworks by the general public.

1-1.9 This s tandard shall no t apply to the manufac ture , t ransportat ion, storage, and use of explosives.

NOTE: For informat ion on the manufacture , t ransportat ion, storage, and use of explosives, see NFPA 495, Explosive Materials Code.

1-1.1O This s tandard shall no t apply to tile t ransportat ion, handl ing, or use of pyrotechnics by the Armed Forces of the Uni ted States of America.

1-1.11 This s tandard shall no t apply to the t ransportat ion of pyrotechnic materials and devices approved and governed by U.S. Depar tment of Transpor ta t ion regulations.

1-1.12 This s tandard shall no t apply to the use of pyrotechnics in t ra ining by fire service, law enforcement , or similar gove rnmen t agencies.

NOTE: For informat ion on t ra ining uses of pyrotechnics, see NFPA 1403. Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions in Structures.

Exception: Where there is a proximate, audience not part of the training, this standard shall appl~.

1-1.15 Facilities in or at which pyrotechnics are to be used or s tored shall complywi th the applicable provisions of NFPA I01®, Life Safe~ Code~. Pyrotechnics shall be permi t ted to be used in accordance with the provisions of NFPA 101, 9-3.2.5 and 9-3.2.6, where approved by the authori ty having jurisdict ion.

I-1.14 This s tandard shall no t apply to the use of f lammable liquids and f lammable gases in the pe r fo rming arts.

NOTE: For informat ion on f lammable and combust ible liquids, see NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. For informat ion on storage and hand l ing of liquefied pe t ro leum gases, see NFPA 58, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases.

1-1.15 This s tandard shall no t apply to the manufac tu re of model rocket motors as covered in NFPA 1125, Code for the Manufacture of Model and High Power Rocket Motors.

1-1.16 This s tandard shall no t apply to the design, construction, limitation of propel lant mass and power, and reliability of all rocket motors, o ther than fireworks rockets, p roduced commercial ly for sale to or use b y t h e public for purposes of education, recreation, and sport ing competi t ion.

NOTE: For informat ion on model rockets, see NFPA 1122, Code for Model Rocketry.

1-1.17 This s tandard shall no t apply to the sale and use of model rockets and model rocket motors used in conformance with NFPA 1122, Code for Model Rocketry.

1-1.18 This s tandard shall no t apply to the sale and use of hil{h power sport rockets and h igh power sport rocket motors used in conformance with NFPA 1127, Code for the Use of High Power Rocketry.

1-2 Purpose.

1-2.1 The purpose of this s tandard shall be to provide requ i rements for reasonable protect ion for pyrotechnic operators, performers, suppor t personnel , proximate audiences, property, and buildings where pyrotechnics are used indoors or outdoors.

1-2.2 The purpose of this s tandard shall be to provide guidel ines to the authori ty having jur isdict ion for approval of such use.

1-2.3 The purpose oft.his s tandard shall be to provide requ i rements for local permi t requirements .

1-3 Equivalency. This s tandard is no t in t ended to prevent the use of systems, methods , or devices tha t provide protection equivalent to the provisions of this s tandard, provided equivalency can be demons t ra ted to the author i ty having jurisdict ion.

14 Def'mitions.

NOTE: The following definitions are used in the body of this s tandard. Additional te rms are listed in Appendix D.

Aerial Shell. Usually a cylindrical or spherical cartridge conta in ing pyrotechnic material, a long fuse or electric match wires, an d a black powder lift charge. The shells are most commonly 3 in. to 6 in. (76 m m to 152 ram) outside diameter and are fired f rom mortars. Upon firing of the shell, the fuse and lift charge are consumed.

Airburst. A pyrotechnic device tha t is su spended in the air to simulate outdoor aerial fireworks shells without hazardous debris.

Approved.* Acceptable to the authori ty having jurisdiction.

Assistant. A person who works u n d e r the supervision of the pyrotechnic operator.

Audience. Spectators whose primary purpose is to view a performance.

Authority Having Jurisdiction.* The organization, office, or individual responsible for approving equ ipmenL an installation, or a procedure.

Binary Materials. See Binary System.

Binary System. A two-component pyrotechnic system. These i tems are sh ipped as separate ingredients: an oxidizer and a fuel. The ingredients do not become a pyrotechnic material until they are

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mixed. For the purposes ofdf is s tandard, the supplier of such ingredients sha l lbe considered the manufacturer .

Black Powder. A low explosive consist ing of an int imate mixture of pot,xssium or sod ium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur.

Comet. A pellet of pyrotechnic composi t ion that is ignited and propel led f rom a mor ta r tube by a charge of black powder. Comets f requendy leave a t ~ l of sparks as they rise in d~e air, and they somet imes burst into smaller f ragments at their zenith.

Concuss ion Effect. A pyrotechnic effect that produces a loud noise and a violent j a r r ing shock for dramatic effect.

Concussion Mortar. A device specifically des igned and constructed to produce a loud noise and a violent j a r r ing shock for dramatic effect wi thout p roduc ing any damage.

Electric Match. A device conta in ing a small a m o u n t of pyrotechnic material that ignites wben cur ren t flows t h rough the leads and is used to initiate the burn ing of pyrotechnics. Electric matches are often incorrectly called squibs.

Electrical Isolation. See Isolated Power Supply.

Explosive Special Effect. See Pyrotechnic Special EffecL

Fallout Area. The area in which any hazardous debris falls after a pyrotechnic device is fired. The fallout area is def ined as a circle that, in turn, is def ined lay the fallout radius.

Fallout Radius. A line that defines the fallout area of a pyrotechnic device. It is def ined by two points. T he first point is the center of a pyrotechnic device. The second point is the poin t most distant f rom the center of the pyrotechnic device at which any hazardous debris f rom the device can fall.

Fire (v.). To ignite pyrotechnics by us ing an electric match, electrical current, or some o ther means.

Firing System. The source of ignition for pyrotechnics. For an electrical system, it is the source of electric cur ren t used to initiate electric matches or o ther devices. Generally, the electrical firing system will have components , such as a primary key switch, test circuits, warning indicators, cables, isolation transformers, and switches to control the rout ing of the cur rent to various pyrotechnics.

Fixed Product ion. Any product ion repeatedly pe r fo rmed in only one geographic location.

Flare. A pyrotechnic device des igned to p roduce a single source of intense light for a def ined period of time.

Flash Pot. A device that is used with f lashpowder that produces a flash of light and is capable of directing die flash in an upward direction.

Flashpowder. A pyrotechnic material composed of metal fuel(s) and oxidizer(s). It is in tended to be used to p roduce a flash of light, sparkles, an audible report, or a combina t ion of dlese effects.

Fuel. In pyrotechnics, anyth ing combust ible or act ing as a chemical reducing agent, such as, bu t no t l imited to, sulfur; a l u m i n u m powder; iron powder; charcoal; magnes ium; gums; and organic plastic binders. Fuels are an ingredient of pyrotechnic materials.

Gerb. A cylindrical preload in t ended to produce a controlled spray of sparks with a reproducible and predictable durat ion, height , a n d diameter .

Hazardous Debris. Any debris p roduced or expelled by the func t ion ing of a pyrotechnic device that is capable of causing personal injury or unpred ic ted property damage. This includes but is no t l imited to ho t sparks, heavy casing f ragments , and un ign i t ed components . Confetti, l ightweight foam pieces, feathers, novelties, etc., are no t to be cons t rued as hazardous debris.

Holder. Any device to hold a pyrotechnic device o ther than a mortar . The purpose of a holder is to mainta in the position of a pyrotechnic device. Holders hold preloads, which are serf- contained. A holder shall no t be cons t rued to be a mortar.

Igniter. An electrical, chemical, or mechanical device normally used to fire pyrotechnics.

Ingredient. A chemical used to create a pyrotechnic material. Such a chemical is no t a pyrotechnic material by itself.

Integral Mortar. A p r e l o a d e d mortar conta in ing pyrotechnic materials and in tended for only one firing.

Isolated Power Supply. An u n g r o u n d e d power supply that provides electricity with bo th ou tpu t wires isolated from ground. An isolated power supply can be an u n g r o u n d e d generator , an u n g r o u n d e d dc- to-ac converter, or a commercial power suppl ied th rough an isolation t ransformer.

Labeled. Equ ipmen t or materials to which has been at tached a label, symbol, or o ther identifying mark of an organization that is acceptable to the authori ty having jur isdict ion and conce rned with product evaluation that mainta ins periodic inspection of product ion of labeled equ ipmen t or materials and by whose labeling the manufac tu re r indicates compliance with appropriate s tandards or per formance in a specified manner .

Listed.* Equ ipmen t or materials included in a list publ ished by an organization acceptable to the authori ty having jurisdict ion a n d concerned with product evaluation that mainta ins periodic inspection of product ion of listed e q u i p m e n t or materials and whose listing states ei ther that the equ ipmen t or material meets appropriate s tandards or h a s b e e n tested and found suitable for use in a specified manner .

Lift Charge. Tha t composi t ion in a pyrotechnic device that propels (lifts) the effect into the air when ignited. It usually consists of a black powder charge.

Magazine. Any building, structure, or indoor container used exclusively for the storage of explosive materials as def ined in NFPA 495, Explosive Materials Code.

Manufacturer. The person who:

(a) Prepares any pyrotechnic material;

(b) Loads or assembles any pyrotechnic device.

Exception No. 1: In the case of binary systems, the supplier of preweighed or premeasured ingredients, not the person mixing the ingredients, shall be considered the manufacturer of any pyrotechnic materials created fwm binary components.

Exception No. 2: The person loading binary materials into devices supplied by the manufacturer of binary systems shall not be considered a manufacturer when such loading is performed according to the instructions of the manufacturer.

NOTE: A federal manufac tu re r license is required when a binary system is used and the componen t s are mixed in the course of a trade or business to create an explosive material.

Mine. A pyrotechnic device, usually a preload, tha t projects mult iple pellets of pyrotechnic material p roduc ing sparks or flame. It is usually suppl ied with an integral mortar .

Mortar. A tube or a pot-like device used to direct and control the effect of the pyrotechnic material. Mortars also prevent debris f rom falling into unsafe areas.

Oxidizer. Usually oxygen-rich, ionically bonded chemicals that decompose at modera te to h igh temperatures . When these chemicals decompose , they release oxygen. In addit ion to ionic solids, an oxidizer can be a material having covalent molecules containing ha logen atoms. An oxidizer is an ingredient of pyrotechnic materials.

Performance. The enac tmen t of a musical, dramatic, or operatic show or o ther en t e r t a inmen t product ion. The enac tmen t starts at its beg inn ing and goes to its end according to a script, plan, or o ther preconceived list of events. A per formance can include encores.

Performer. Any person active in dae per formance du r ing which pyrotechnics are used and who is no t audience or suppor t personnel . A m o n g others, performers can include, but are not l imited to, actors, singers, musicians, acrobats, and the like.

Permittee. The person or persons who are responsible for obta ining the necessary permits for a product ion. The permit tee could vary f rom jur isdict ion to jurisdiction. The pyrotechnic operator is no t necessarily the permittee.

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Preload. A pyrotechnic device supplied by the manufacturer in a ready-to-use condition.

Producer. An individual with overall responsibility for the operation and management of the performance where the pyrotecimics are to be used. Generally, the producer is an employee of the promotion company, enter ta inment company, festival, theme park, or other enter ta inment group.

Production. All the performances of a musical, dramatic, operatic, or other series of shows. There are two types of productions: fixed and touring.

Proximate Audience. An audience closer to pyrotechnic devices than permit ted by NFPA 1123, Code for Fireworks Display.

Pyrotechnic Device. Any device containing pyrotechnic materials and capable of producing a special effect as defined in dais standard.

Pyrotechnic Operator (Special Effects Operator). The person with responsibility for pyrotechnic safety and who controls, initiates, or otherwise creates special effects. The operator is also responsible for storing, setting up, and removing pyrotechnic materials and devices ,after a performance.

Pyrotechnic Special Effect. A special effect created through the use of pyrotechnic materials and devices. See Special Effect.

Pyrotechnics. Controlled exothermic chemical reactions that are t imed to create the effects of heat, gas, sound, dispersion of aerosols, emission of visible electromagnetic radiation, or a combination of these effects to provide the maximum effect from the least volume.

Pyrotechnic Material (Pyrotechnic Special Effects Material). A chemical mixture used in the en ter ta inment industry to produce visible or audible effects by combustion, deflagradon, or detonation. Such a chemical mixture predominantly consists of solids capable of producing a controlled, self-sustaining, and self-contained exothermic chemical reaction that results in heat, gas, sound, light, or a combination of these effects. The chemical reaction functions without external oxygen.

Rehearsal. A practice performance during which no audience is present.

Rocket. A pyrotechnic device that moves by tile ejection of matter produced by the internal combustion of propellants.

Saxon. A pyrotechnic device consisting of a tube that rotates about a pivot point to produce a circular shower of sparks.

Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement.

Should. Indicates a reconunendat ion or that which is advised but not required.

Special Effect. A visible or audible effect for enter ta inment

~ urposes. Frequently an illusion; that is, something that appears to e other than what it really is. For example smoke m i g h t b e created

to give an audience the impression of fog being present. Or a puff of smoke, a flash of light, and a loud sound might be produced to give an audience the impression that a cannon has fired, when in reality the cannon has not been fired.

Support Personnel. Any person who is not a performer or member of the audience. Among others, support personnel include the road crew of any production, stage hands, property masters, security guards, fire watch officers, janitors, or any other employee.

Touring Production. Any product ion per formed in more than one geographic location.

Venue Manager, Tile person with overall responsibility for the operation mad management of the facility where pyrotechnics ace to be used in a performance.

Waterfall, Falls, Park Curtain. An effect of a cascade of sparks usually produced by multiple devices fired simultaneously.

Wlleel. A pyrotechnic device that rotates on a central axis consisting of multiple gerbs or rockets attached to a framework.

Chapter 2 Transportation of Pyrotechnic Materials

2-1 Transportation. All ingredients, pyrotechnic materials, and pyrotechnic devices shall be transported in accordance with Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (Federal Regulation for Transport), and any state and local requirements.

Chapter 3 Storage of Pyrotechnic Materials and Devices

3-1 Storage Requirements. All pyrotechnic materials and devices shall be stored in accordance with Title 27, Code of FederalRegulations, Subpart K (Federal Storage Regulation), and any state and local regulations.

3-9 In-transit Requirements. All pyrotechnic materials and devices not stored in magazines meet ing the requirements of Title 27, Code of Federal Regulations, Subpart tL shall remain in their prescribed U.S. Depar tment of Transportation containers until it becomes necessary to set them up for a performance. The time between removal from storage and actual use shall be the shortest practical time in view of the needs of a performance. Unless the pyrotechnic materials and devices are secured or inaccessible, tlley shall be supervised.

3-3 Separation Distance from Unprotected Heat Source or Open Flame. Pyrotechnic materials and devices shall not be stored within 50 ft (15.3 m) of any unprotec ted source of heat or open flame.

NOTE: Binary systems are usually supplied in fuel and oxidizer packages, which are in tended to be mixed as single units of fixed size. If more pyrotechnic material than is required for the performance is prepared by mixing a single unit, the excess mixed material shall be considered, handled, stored, and disposed of as a pyrotechnic material of the applicable explosive class as defined in Title 27, Code of FederalRegulations, Part 55.

Chapter 4 Permit Requirements and Operator Qualifications

4-1 Permit Requirements.

4-1.1 Permit requirements vary with each location. This standard shall provide requirements for the authority having jurisdiction to make a sound j udgmen t as to the safety of the product ion and tile qualifications of the pyrotechnic operator.

4-1.2 All use of pyrotechnics shall be approved by the authority having jurisdiction.

4-1.3 The authority having jurisdiction shall de termine that appropriate measures are p lanned to provide acceptable crowd management , security, fire protection, and other emergency services.

4-1.4 All planning and use of pyrotechnics shall be coordinated with the venue manager and producer.

4-2 Plans for the Use of Pyrotechnics.

4-2.1 Before the performance of any production, the permit applicant shall submit a plan for the use of pyrotechnics to tile authority having jurisdiction.

4-2.2 After a permit has been granted, the permittee shall keep the plan available at the site for safety inspectors or other designated agents of the authority having jurisdiction.

4-2.3 Any addition of pyrotechnics to a performance or any significant change in the presentation of pyrotechnics shall require approval by tile authority having jurisdiction.

4-3 Content of Plans.

4-3.1 The plan for the use of pyrotechnics shall be made in writing or such other form as is approved by the authority having jurisdiction.

4-3.2 Tile plan shall set forth the following:

(a) The name of the person, group, or organization sponsoring the production.

(b) The date and time of day of the production.

(c) The exact location of the production.

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(d) The name of the person actually in charge of firing the pyrotechnics; that is, the pyrotechnic operator.

(e) The number, names, and ages of all assistants that will be present.

(f) The qualifications of tile pyrotechnic operator.

(g) The pyrotechnic experience of the operator.

(h) Confirmation of any applicable state and federal licenses of the operator or assistant(s).

(i) Evidence of the permit tee 's insurance carrier or financial responsibility.

(j) The number and types of pyrotechnic devices and materials to be used, the operator 's experience with those devices and effects, and a definition of the general responsibilities of assistants.

(k) A diagram of the grounds or facilities where the production will be held. This diagram shall show the point at which the pyrotechnic devices are to be fired, the fallout radius for each pyrotechnic device used in the performance, and the lines behind which the audience shall be restrained.

(1) The point of on-site assembly of pyrotechnic devices.

(m) Tile manner and place of storage of the pyrotechnic materials and devices.

(n) A material safety data sheet (MSDS) for the pyrotechnic material(s) to be used.

(o) Certifications that the set, scenery, and rigging materials are inherendy flame-retardant or have been treated to achieve flame ret,-irdancy.

4-3.3 All plans shall be submit ted as soon as feasible so that the authority having jurisdiction has time to be present and to notify other interested parties. In no event shall such notice be less than 24 hours unless acceptable to the audlority having jurisdiction.

4-4 Pyrotechnics Demonstration.

4-4.1 Upon request, a walk-through and a representative demonstrat ion of the pyrotechnics shall be given to the satisfaction of the anthority having jurisdiction before a p e r m i t shall be approved. The demonstrat ion shall be scheduled with enough time allowed to rese t / re load the pyrotechnics before the arrival of the audience.

Exception: The authority having jurisdiction shall be permitted to waive this requirement based on past history, prior knowledge, and other factors i f the authority is confident that the discharge of pyrotechnics can be conducted saI@.

4-4.2 Because the use of certain indoor pyrotechnics require smoke detectors to be bypassed and air-handling systems to be disengaged, the fire depar tment shall be notified and a representative shall be present for the demonstrat ion. The individual responsible for the life safety systems of the building shall place all fire protection and fire detection appliances, devices, and systems back to normal operating condition immediately upon complet ion of the demonstration. (See also 6-7. 6.)

4-5 Qualifications of Operators and Assistants.

4-5.1 All pyrotechnic operators shall be at least 21 years old and licensed or approved by the anthority having jurisdiction in accordance with any and all applicable laws.

4-5.2 All assistants shall be at least 18 years old.

Chapter 5 Requirements for Manufacturers of Pyrotechnics and Associated Equipment

5-1 Instructions for Pyrotechnics. The manufacturer shall provide written instructions det~dling the following:

(a) The name of tile pyrotechnic device and a description of its effect;

503

(b) The performance characteristics (duration, height, and diameter of the effect) for the pyrotechnic device when used as specified, or, in the case of binary materials, in tile specified amounts for the designated materials and equipment;

(c) A material safety data sheet (MSDS) for the pyrotechnic materials;

(d) Detailed instructions for tile proper method(s) of placing, loading, and usinl{ the pyrotechnic device, including any cautions or special consideranons;

(e) The manufacturer 's recommendat ion on whether the pyrotechnic device is designed for indoor use and whether it shall be used with any cautions or special considerations;

(f) The name, address, and phone number of the manufacturer.

5-2 Identification of Pyrotechnic Devices or Binary Systems.

5-2.1 The manufacturer shall identify pyrotechnic devices or binary systems with the following:

(a) The name of the pyrotechnic device or binary system;

(b) The name, address, and phone number of the manufacturer;

(c) A statement describing the conditions of use and potential hazards;

(d)* The manufacturer 's s ta tement of applicability for indoor use.

NOTE: If the preload is too small to bear this label, this information shall be pr inted on the instruction sheet or on the shipping container for the preload.

5-2.2 The marking on the device shall be of at least 6-point type size.

Exception: I f the pyrotechnic device is too small, the inJbrmation shall be permitted to be marked on its packaging.

5-3 Pyrotechnic Equipment.

5-3.1 The manufacturer of pyrotechnic equipment shall provide instructions for use, including ratings of the types and quantities of material(s) for those devices.

5-3.2 The manufacturer of electrical firing systems shall provide instructions for the setup and use of the system with pyrotechnics.

5-4 Indoor Use of Binary Materials. Binary materials shall be preweighed, premeasured, prepackaged, and identified by the manufacturer as being suitable for indoor use.

Chapter 6 Use of Pyrotechnics

6-1 General Fire Protection.

6-1.1" Portable Fire-Fighting Equipment. Two or more fire extinguishers of the proper classification and size as approved by the authority having jurisdiction shall be readily accessible while the pyrotechnics are being loaded, prepared for firing, or fired.

6-1.1.1 In all cases, there shall be present at least two pressurized water or pump extinguishers.

6-1.1.2 Additional fire extinguishing equipment shall be provided as required by NFPA 10, Standard for Potable Fire Extinguishers, and the authority having jurisdiction.

6-1.2 Personnel having a working knowledge of the use of these fire extinguishers shall be present where the pyrotechnics are present so the fire extinguishers ca~, be utilized, if necessary.

6-1.3 These fire extinguishers and their knowledgeable operators shall remain on site until all pyrotechnics have been tired or disposed of in a safe manner .

6-1.4 The venue manager for the site shall provide a separate, lockable room or facility for the preparation of pyrotechnic materials and devices, approved by the authority having jurisdiction and acceptable to the pyrotechnic operator, to prevent unauthorized personnel from gaining access to the pyrotechnic materials and devices. Provisions for lockable storage approved by the authority having jurisdiction shall be provided.

N F P A 1 1 2 6 w A 9 6 R O P

6-1.5 No personnel shall use or handle pyrotechnic materials or devices unde r the inf luence of intoxicating beverages, narcotics, controlled substances, and prescript ion or nonprescr ip t ion drugs that can impair j udgmen t .

6-1.6 If the per formance requires die bypassing of may smoke detectors, the permit tee shall a r range for a fire watch officer f rom the authori ty having jurisdict ion to b e available dur ing per formances and rehearsals. This fire watch officer shall be in direct communica t ion with the local fire protection establ ishment. Bypassing of smoke detectors can be necessary to reduce the possibility of audience panic but shall be kept to a m i n imum, and all smoke detectors shall be reactivated to working order as soon as possible. (Seealso 6-7.6.)

6-2 Firing Prerequisites.

6-2.1 All pyrotechnic devices shall be m o u n t e d in a secure m a n n e r to mainta in their p roper positions and orientat ions so that, when they are fired, the pyrotechnic effects described in the plan submit ted by the pernfit tee are produced. Pyrotechnic devices shall be m o u n t e d so that no fallout f rom the device endangers h u m a n lives, results in personal injury, or damages property.

NOTE: Deliberate destruct ion of propert ies or port ions of the set, where destroyed as part of the special effects, shall no t be cons t rued as property damage.

6-2.2 Pyrotechnic materials shall be fired only f rom e q u i p m e n t specifically const ructed for the purpose of firing pyrotechnic materials.

6-2.2.1 Where a l~yrotechnic special effect i sp laced on or in contact with a per former s body, there shall be provided a means of shielding or con ta inmen t adequate to prevent any injury to the performer. This protect ion shall be sufficient to protect against normal func t ion ing o f the pyrotechnic special effect as well as any possible malfunct ion.

6-2.2.2 Converted electrical switch boxes; lamp sockets; or lamp holders, plug fuses, or o ther similar thin-walled, brittle devices shall no t be used for concussion mortars or flash pots.

6-2.5 Binary systems shall be mixed and used in accordance with the manufac tu re r ' s instructions.

6-2.4 Binary systems shall be mixed one uni t at a time, a n d no more units than are required for immedia te use shall be mixed. Binary systems shall only be mixed in the bottles supplied. No addit ional tools shall be used.

6-2.5 All holders shall be cons t ruc ted and secured so that they remain in a f ixed position when the pyrotechnic device is fired.

6-2.6 Mortars and flash pots shall be const ructed so that they do no t f r agment when die pyrotechnic material is fired and so their shapes are not distorted after use. Distorted mortars and flash pots shall no t be used.

6-2.7 Before firing of the pyrotechnic device, the pyrotechnic operator or des ignated per formance security staff shall prevent unau thor ized entry into the area where the special effects shall o c c u r .

6-2.8 Rotat ing pyrotechnic devices, such as wheels and saxons, shall be securely m o u n t e d so that their rotat ion does not cause the holder to fail.

6-2.9 Where rockets are l aunched before a proximate audience, performers , or suppor t personnel , the rockets shall be securely a t tached to a guide wire or cable with both ends securely a t tached and an impact-resistant surface at the terminal end of the guide. This guide wire or cable shall be of sufficient s t rength and f lame resistance to withstand the exhaus t f rom the rocket. An effective s topping a r r a n g e m e n t shall be provided.

6-2.10 Flares shall be placed so tha t any debris falls into a safe, flame-resistm~t area.

6-2.11 Comets and mines shall be fired so tha t the trajectory of their pyrotechnic material is no t carried over the audience.

6-2.12 Waterfalls shall be placed so that no f lammable materials are within their fallout area.

6-2.13 Pyrotechnic devices and materials used indoors shall be specifically manufac tu red and marked for indoor use by the ulanufactu re r.

6-2.14 Airbursts shall be permit ted to be fired above the assembled public, subject to the following conditions:

(a) The airburst shall be suspended by a m i n i m u m 30%~auge metal wire that is a t tached securely to a secure suppor t acceptable to the authori ty having jurisdiction.

(b) The airburst shall be at a m i n i m u m he igh t of three t imes the diameter of the effect.

(c) Where the effect is demonst ra ted , there shall be no burn ing or glowing particles below the 15-ft (4.6-m) level above the floor.

6-3 Firing Safeguards.

6-3.1 Circuit testers shall supply no more than 25 mA. Permissible testers include, bu t are no t l imited to, blasting galvanometers, low- cur rent mult imeters , or a fir ing system with a built-in circuit tester.

6-3.2 Power sources used for firing pyrotechnic devices shall be restricted to batteries or isolated power supplies used for firing purposes only.

Exception: Firing systems employing isolation transformers shall be permitted to be powered by commercial power. Transform~s shall be permitted to be located within the controllers of firing systerns, within the pyrotechnic devices themselves, or elsewhere within the firing circuit.

6-3.3 All f ir ing systems shall be des igned to ensure against accidental firing by providing at least a two-step interlock in which no firing power can be applied to any firing circuit unless the operator intentionally.

(a) Enables or a rms the fir ing system; and

(b) Deliberately applies fir ing power.

6-$.$. l Firing systems shall no t be left una t t ended when connec ted to loaded pyrotechnic devices.

Exception: Firing systems that are disconnected from their power source and have a removable activator, keya.viteh, or coded arming system.

6-3.4 Pyrotechnic devices shall be fired only when the area where the effect will occur is in clear view of the pyrotechnic operator or an assistant who is in direct communica t ion with the operator. This communica t ion can be accompl ished with signal lights or o ther nonverbal means of communica t ion .

6-3.5 To allow the suppor t personnel to take appropriate action, the use of warning signal lights shall be p e r m i t t e d t o indicate the impend ing firing of a pyrotechnic effect, where necessary.

6-3.6 Because of their potential hazard, concussion mortars shall be placed in a secured location that shall prevent the audience and suppor t personnel f rom gaining access to the secured location. The concussion mortars can be secured by placing t h e m u n d e r the stage or by placing t h e m beh ind barricades made of equ ip m en t road C a s e s .

6-3.7 While the author i ty having jur isdic t ion has the authori ty to stop the discharge of pyrotechnics, the ul t imate responsibility for firing shall lie with the pyrotechnic operator.

8-4 Separation Distances for Audiences.

* 6-4.1 Each pyrotechnic device fired dur ing a pe r fo rmance shall be separated from the audience by at least 15 ft (4.6 m) but no t less than twice the fallout radius of the device, unless otherwise approved by the authori ty having jurisdict ion.

6-4.2 Concussion mortars shall be separa ted f rom the audience by a m i n i m u m of 25 ft (7.6 m).

6-4.3 There shall be no glowing or f laming particles within 10 ft (3 m) of the audience.

6-5 Safety Precautions.

6-5.1 The premises where pyrotechnic materials a n d devices are hand led and used shall be main ta ined in a nea t and orderly condit ion and free of any condit ions dlat can create a fire hazard.

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6-5.2 The pyrotechnic operator shall inspect the containers in which all pyrotechnic materials and devices have been shipped. No damaged pyrotechnic materials and devices shall be used, and they sbail be disposed of in accordance with the manufacturer 's instructions. Before disposal, shipping containers shall be inspected for loose pyrotechnic materials, ff a shipping container is found to contain loose pyrotectmic materials, it also shall be disposed of in accordance with the manufacturer 's instructions.

6-5.3 Pyrotechnic materials and devices shall be stored in accordance with regulations promulgated by d~e Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF). A closed vehicle, such as a truck, shall be permit ted to be used for storage where permitted by BATF regulations.

6-5.4 No quantity of pyrotechnics greater than that needed for the production of special effects in one performance or rehearsal shall be removed from storage.

6-5.5 Smoking shall not be permit ted within 25 ft (7.6 m) of the area where pyrotechnic~ are being handled or fired.

Exception: Smoking by performers as part of the performance shall be permitted as blocked in rehearsals and approved by the pyrotechnic operator and the authority having jurisdiction.

6-5.6 No pyrotechnics shall be left una t tended unless in a secured, approved location.

6-5.7* The pyrotechnic operator and assistants shall wear safety glasses and protective clothing applicable to the hazard of the material during preparation and loading of pyrotechnic devices.

6-6 Performance.

6-6.1 The pyrotechnic operator shall warn all performers and support personnel that they are exposed to a hazardous situation when performing or otherwise carrying out their responsibilities in the vicinity of a pyrotechnic device. Performers and support personnel familiar and experienced with the effects being used can elect to be in the fallout area of a pyrotechnic effect, but only of their own volition and only if in the performance of their duties.

6-6.2 No part, projectile, or debris from the pyrotechnic material or device shall be propel led so that it damages overhead properties, overhead equipment, or the ceiling and walls of the performance site.

6-6.3 Immediately before any performance, the pyrotechnic operator shall make a final check of wiring, position(s), hookups, and pyrotechnic devices to ensure dmt all is in proper working order. The pyrotechnic operator shall also verify safety distances.

6-6.4 The placement and wiring of all pyrotechnic devices shall be designed to minimize thepossibUity of performers and support personnel disturbing the devices during a performance.

6-6.5 The pyrotechnic operator shall exercise extreme care throughout the performance to see that the pyrotechnic devices function correctly and that the performers, support personnel, and audience are clear of the devices.

6-6.6 Smoke Control. Where pyrotechnics are fired, the quantity of smoke developed shall not obscure the visibility of exit signs or paths of egress travel.

6-7 Requirements after Performance.

6-7.1 Immediately after' each performance and before support personnel remove any property relating to a performance, the pyrotechnic operator shall verify that all pyrotechnic devices have fired. Any unfired pyrotechnic materials or devices shall be either fired or disposed of in accordance with the manufacturer 's recommendations.

6-7.2 All unused pyrotechnics shall be disposed of in accordance with the manufacturer 's instructions or re turned to storage as soon as possible following the performance or rehearsal.

6-7.2, After all other propert ies and equipment relating to the production have been removed from the performance site, the pyrotechnic operator shall verify that the performance site is free of any pyroteclmic devices or materials.

6-7.4 All pyrotechnic materials and devices shall be stored properly for transportation to the next performance. No pyrotechnics shall be t ransported unless such transportation meets U.S. Depar tment of Transportation regulations.

6-7.5 Binary systems that have been mixed in excess of requirements for a rehearsal or performance shall be stored as an explosive of the applicable class or disposed of in accordance with the manufacturer 's instructions. See Section 3-3 for storage requirements.

6-7.6 Fire safety systems and other building systems that have been disarmed or disengaged as permit ted by 4-4.2 and 6-1.6 shall be reinstated to normal functioning each day within 4 hours of the last use of pyrotechnics, and the fire watch required by 6-1.6 shall be maintained until the restoration nf normal functioning has been verified.

Chapter 7 Referenced Publications

7-1 The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this standard and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document . The edition indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document .

7-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarcb Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.

NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 1994 edition.

NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, 1994 edition.

NFPA 495, Explosive Materials Code, 1992 edition.

NFPA 1122, Code for Model Rocketo, 1994 edition.

NFPA 1123, Code for Fireworks Display, 1995 edition.

NFPA 1125, Code for the Manufacture of Model Rocket and High Power Rocket Motors, 1995 edition.

7-1.2 Other Publications.

7-1.2.1 U.S. Government Publications. Super in tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

Title 27, Code of FederalRegulations, Part 55, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, Explosives Law and Regflations.

Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, U.S. Depar tment of Transportation, Parts 171 to end, Hazardous Materials Regulations.

Appendix A Explanatory Material

This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only.

A-l-4 Approved. The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installations, prncedures, equipment, or materials, the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said authority may require evidence of proper installation, procedure, or use. The authority having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of an organization concerned with product evaluations that is in a position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current product ion of listed items.

A-I-4 Authority HavingJudsdlct ion. The phrase "authority having jurisdiction" is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner , since jurisdictions and approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Wherepubl ic safety is primary, the authority having jurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional depar tment or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department , or health depar tment ; building official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection depar tment , rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the authority having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the property owner or his or

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her designated agent assumes the role of the authority having jurisdiction; at government installations, the commanding officer or departmental official may be the anthority having jurisdiction.

A-14 Listed. The means for identifying listed equipment mayvary for each organization concerned with product evaluation, some of which do not recognize equipment as listed unless it is also labeled. Tile authority having jurisdiction should utilize the system employed by the listing organization to identify a listed product.

A-5-2.1 (d) Forbidden Chemicals. These chemicals include but are not limited to: arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium, nickel, and any dye rated as a carcinogen.

A-6-1.1 Attempting to extinguish pyrotechnic fires is not r ecommended . Fire extinguishers should be chosen to fight potential secondary fires.

A-6-3.5 Warning lights should be used for warning support personnel of the presence of concussion special effects.

A-64.1 For example, i fa pyrotechnic device has a 10-ft (3-m) fallout radius, the pyrotechnic device shall be separated from the audience by a minimum distance of 20 ft (6.1 m).

A-6-5.7 Protective clothing should include long-sleeved shirts and long pants made of 100 percent cotton, leather, or other equivalent fabric.

Appendix B Inspection Requirements

This Appendix is not apart of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only.

B-1 Inspection Requirementso Tile authority baying jurisdiction, who is required to judge tile safety of any production, might or might not be familiar with pyrotedmic special effects. Tile following guidelines are presented as a possible inspection routine that can be used as a model:

I. Access.

A. Fire lane kept clear.

B. Hydrants not blocked.

C. Fire deparunen t connections clear.

D. Standpipe connections clear.

E. At lea.st two fire extinguishers provided.

F. Extinguishing equipment charged and in good working order.

G. Warning signs.

II. Exits.

A. All designated exits clear.

B. Exits visible.

III. Pyrotechnic Materials and Devices.

A. Proper mad current license in the possession of the pyrotechnic operator.

B. Permit on site.

C. Fire depar tment briefed on proposed activity.

D. Proper ventilation.

IV. Electrical.

A. Cords and connections in good condition.

B, Power supply.

C. Pyrotechnic firing mechanism in good working order.

V. Flameproofing.

A. Set a~jd scenic materials t reated for flame retardance.

B. Burlap or other protective materials used for rigging treated for flame retardance.

Appendix C Licensing Requirements for Pyrotechnic Operators

This Appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only.

C-I No person who has not actively participated in the setup and loading of at least five performances where pyrotechnic special effects were used should be granted a license. (At the option of the issuing office, an alternative number should be permit ted to be substituted.)

C-2 No person should be granted a license who has not met at least one of the following requirements:

(a) Successfully completed a comprehensive written examination covering this standard and state laws pertaining to the use of pyrotechnic special effects.

(b) Received a competency certificate from a national organization that promotes the safe use of pyrotechnic special effects.

(c) Has been licensed for the use of pyrotechnic special effects by axlother state.

C-3 Provisions for License Renewal. A license should be permitted to be renewed upon review of the applicant 's record proving active participation in at least three pyrotechnic special effect performances during the last 4 years and demonstrat ing that these performances were conducted in a safe manner . The uses can be either indoor or outdoor.

Appendix D Glossary

This Appendix is not apart of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only.

NOTE: The following terms are not necessarily inclusive of all of the terms used in the pyrotechnic special effects industry.

Alternating Current (ac). Electrical current that reverses direction in a circuit at regular intervals. Almost all electrical current supplied from wall outlets or sockets is alternating current.

Black Match. A fuse made from thread impregnated with black powder and used for igniting pyrotechnic devices.

Blank Cartridge. A blank cartridge is constructed from a cartridge case with a percussion primer and filled with various loads of smokeless powder or other propellant. Weapons using blank cartridges are often used in conjunction with bullet hits.

Bridgewlre. A fine wire that either heats up or explodes when an electric current is applied. It is used to fire pyrotechnic devices.

Bullet Effect. An effect in tended to simulate a slug from a weapon striking a person or object.

Bullet Hit. A small explosive charge attached to a person's clothing or body, or to an inanimate object to simulate a slug from a weapon striking a person or object.

Color Pot. A tube containing pyrotechnic materials. It produces a colored flame when ignited.

Colored Smoke. An aerosol of special dyestuffs of chemical reactants dispersed by pyrotechnic heat or explosion.

Concussion Effect. A pyrotechnic effect in tended to produce a loud noise and aviolent jar r ing shock for dramatic effect.

Consumer Fireworks. (Formerly known as "Common Fireworks.") Any small firework devices designed primarily to produce visible effects by combustion that complies with the construction, chemical composition, and labeling regulations of the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission, as set forth in Title 16, Code of Federal RegulationL Parts 1500 and 1507. Some small devices designed to produce audible effects are included, such as whistling devices, g round devices containing 50 mg (0.8 grains) or less of explosive composition (salute powder), and aerial devices containing 130 mg (2 grains) or less of explosive composition (salute powder) per

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explosive unit. C o n s u m e r fireworks are classed as Explosives 1.4G and described as Fireworks UN0336 by the U.S. Depa r tmen t of Transportat ion.

Concussion Flasbpowder. Flashpowder in t ended to be used in a concussion mor ta r to produce a loud concussive effect.

Day Box. A portable magazine used for immedia te storage of pyrotechnics.

Deflagration. A rapid chemical reaction in which the ou tpu t of hea t is sufficient to enable the reaction to proceed and be accelerated without inpu t of hea t f rom ano the r source. Deflagration is primarily a surface p h e n o m e n o n , with most reaction products flowing away f rom the unreac ted material a long the surface at less than supersonic velocity. The effect o f a deflagration unde r conf inemen t is an explosion. Conf inemen t of the reaction increases pressure, rate of reaction, and t empera tu re and in some cases can cause transit ion into a detonat ion.

Det Cord. A flexible de tona t ing cord. it is a highly explosive material encased in a plastic-covered cord resembling a-clothesline.

Detonation. An extremely rapid chemical reaction in which the pressure genera ted is sufficient to cause the format ion of a shock wave, which acts to cause the reaction to proceed. Detonat ion is a p h e n o m e n o n with reaction products flowing in tile direction of unreac ted materials at supersonic velocity. The effect of a detonat ion with or without con f inemen t is an explosion.

Detonator. Any device conta in ing an initiating or pr imary explosive tha t is used for init iating detonat ion. The term includes, but is no t l imited to, electric blasting caps (of ins tantaneous and delay types), blasting caps for use with safety fuses, de tona t ing cord delay connectors , and nonelectr ic caps tha t use a de tonat ing cord, shock tube, or any other r ep lacement for electric legwires. A detonator could also be an explosive or device initiated by a pr imer and used t o initiate ano the r explosive that is less sensitive ,and larger.

Direct Current (dc). Electrical cur ren t that flows in one direction. Most frequently, direct cur ren t is suppl ied by a battery.

Display Fireworks. (Formerly known as "Special Fireworks. ') Large fireworks articles des igned to produce visible or audible effects for en te r t a inmen t purposes by combust ion, deflagration, or detonat ion. This te rm includes, but: is no t l imited to, salutes conta in ing more than 130 m g (2 grains) of explosive composi t ion (salute powder), aerial shells conta in ing more than 60 g (2.1 oz) of total pyrotechnic and explosive composit ion, and other display pieces that exceed the limit for cl~.ssification as consumer fireworks. Display fireworks are described as Fireworks UN0335 and classed as Explosives 1.3G by tile U.S. Depar tmen t of T~mspor ta t ion .

Explosion. The rapid product ion of ho t gases at a high pressure as the result of a chemical reaction and the sudden release of the energy to cause s t rong dynamic stresses in the surroundings . The term usually relates to the effects of a de tona t ion of initiating explosives and h igh explosives, bu t also applies to the effect of a deflagrating propel lant explosive in certain circumstances such as heavy conf inement . Explosion is also a mechanical p h e n o m e n o n in which failure of the container results in sudden release of pressure f rom within a vessel.

Explosive. Any chemical compound , mixture, or device whose primary or c o m m o n purpose is to funct ion by explosion. The term includes, bu t is no t l imited to, dynamite, black powder, pellet powder, initiating explosives, detonators , safety fuses, squibs, de tona t ing cords, igniter cords, and igniters. The term "explosives" includes any material de t e rmined to be within the scope of Title 18, United States Code, Chapter 40, Importat ion, Manufacture , Distribution, and Storage of Explosive Materials, and also includes any material classified as 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 Explosives by the Hazardous Material Regulat ions of the U.S. Depar tment of Transportat ion.

Fireworks. Any composi t ion or device for p roduc ing avisible, audible, or both visible and audible effect by combust ion, deflagration, or de tonat ion and that meets the definit ion of "consumer" or "display" fireworks as set forth in the U.S. Depar tment of Transpor ta t ion ' s Hazardous Material Regulations, Title 49, Code of Federal Begulations.

First Fire. The ignited mixture used with pyrotechnic devices and loaded in direct contact: with die main pyrotechnic charge. A pyrotechnic first-fire mixture is c o m p o u n d e d to produce a h igh tempera ture and ho t slag. T he mixture is readily ignitible and capable of ignit ing the under ly ing pyrotechnic charge.

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Lycopodium° The spores p roduced by the genus of mosses called lycopodium. This powdery, organic, yellow material can be agitated and dispersed mechanical ly into a cloud and then ignited by a spark, pilot flame, or electrical hea t ing device. Al though not a pyrotechnic material, dais material is used by special effects operators to p roduce fire effects or in conjunct ion with o ther pyrotechnics to create a special effect.

Nonelectric Detonator. A detonator that does not require the use of electric energy to function.

Photoflash Flashpowder. A loose pyrotechnic mixture that yields a very large a m o u n t of l ight for a small fraction of a second on exploding.

Quick Match. Black match that is encased in a loose-fitting paper sheath. Al though exposed black match burns slowly, quick match burns extremely rapidly, a lmost instantaneously. Quick match is used in fuses for aerial shells and for s imul taneous ignition of a n u m b e r of pyrntechnic devices, such as lances in a g r o u n d display piece.

Safety Fuse. A flexible cord conta in ing an internal burn ing m e d i u m by which fire or f lame is conveyed at a cons tant and relatively un i form rate f rom the point of ignition to the point of use.

Salute Powder. See Sonic Flash.

Smoke Pot. A pyrotechnic device used to create smoke du r ing a production.

Soft Detonator. A detonator with a h igher velocity than a bullet hit, but with no metallic e lements or jacket. This is essentially a blasting cap without a metal jacket.

Sonic Flash (Salute Powder, Extra-Fast Flash, Concussion Flashpowder). Flashpowder specifically formula ted to p roduce a loud concussive effect.

Sparkle Flashpowder. A flashpowder that produces a bright flash of light and a shower of sparks when it is ignited.

Sparkle Pot. A pyrotechnic device in t ended to contain and control the discharge of sparkle flashpowder.

Squib. A .device consisting of an electric match, plus. a base pyrotechnic charge. T h e y a r e usually conta ined m a thin metal tube and often have a hole or slit to direct the f lame p roduced upo n their f i r ing. Note that squibs are regulated m u c h like blasting caps. Squibs are not usually used in fireworks, a l though electric matches are often incorrectly called squibs.

Stars. Small masses of pyrotechnic compounds that are projected f rom aerial shells, mines, or roman candles. Stars burn while in the air, p roduc ing color or s t reamer effects.

Theatrical Flashpowder. A pyrotechnic material in tended for use in theatrical shows. Theatrical f lashpowder produces a fl3.sh of light when ignited. Typical theatrical f lashpowders burn more slowly than salute powder and might also p roduce a shower of sparks. Theatrical f lashpowder is no t in t ended to p roduce a loud report.

Appendix E Referenced Publications

E-1 The following document s or port ions thereof are referenced within this s tandard for informational purposes only and thus are no t considered part of the requ i rements of this document . The edit ion indicated for each reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document .

E-I.1 NFPAPublicat ions. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.

NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 1993 edition.

NFPA 58, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases, 1995 edition.

NFPA 495, Explosive Materials Code, 1992 edition.

NFPA 1122, Code for Model Rocketry, 1994 edition.

NFPA 1124, Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, and Storage of Fireworks, 1995 edition.

N F P A 1126 1 A 9 6 R O P

NFPA 1403, Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions in Structures, 1992 edition.

E-1.2 Other Publications.

E-1.2.1 U.S. Government Publications. Superintendent of Documents, U.K Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

Title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 1500 and 1507, U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission Labeling Regulations, Federal Hazardous Substances Act.

Title 18, United States Code, Chapter 40, Importation, Manufacture, Distribution, and Storage of Explosive Materials, 1970.

Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, U.S. Department of Transportation.

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Pyro~hnics Pyrolat~, ~Alt. to S. A. Coman) (Air. toJ. Zucchero)

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