Pte Self Study - 1 File Download

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یحرفه ا تیفعال (1396تیر 3تاریخ ) 2017سال از ا،یو استرال رانیدر ا یا یت یگروه پ نیو موفق تر نیبزرگتر ن،یبه عنوان اول ،یسلف استاد یا یت یپگروه

را نام برد. علیرضا پلوییو فراز تاج فیروزفرزین غفارنژاد، موسسان اولیه این گروه میتوان و از آغاز نمود یا یت یخود را در عرصه زبان و پ

ته اند فوق العاده، توانس یالهایو متر یحرفه ا یها ییراهنما ،یربردقابل فهم و کا یها کیگروه بزرگ، تکن نیباعث افتخار است که تا به امروز هزاران نفر به واسطه ا

بارز یها یژگی. از وندیکشورها اخذ نما گریو د ایدر استرال یو زندگ یگذار هیسرما ،یکار ،یلیخود را جهت مقاصد تحص ازیورد ناز سد آزمون زبان عبور نموده و نمره م

در گانیبه صورت را معروف است، MethodFarazیا FM، که به ها الیها و متر کیتکن یاست که تمام نیا گروه پی تی ای سلف استادی ی گروه حرفه ا

یفه او حر دییمورد تا دیگروه توسط اسات نیدر ا گانیرا یها نیبه اشتراک گذاشته شده است. تمر زیشما دوستان عز یبرا تلگرامدر PTEMATERIAL@کانال

هر هفته جمعه ها، دیتوان یم Pte_self_study با عنوان زین نستاگرامیدر ا یسلف استاد یا یت یگروه پ جیپ رگردد. د یبرگزار م زیهفته ن امیهر روزه و در طول ا

.دییگردد شرکت نما یبرگزار م گروه دییمورد تا دیدر برنامه پرسش و پاسخ که توسط اسات نیو آنال گانیبه صورت را

نیز از زیر مجموعه عای این گروه بزرگ می باشد که افراد از سراسر دنیا در آن با PTEیزرگترین سایت بین المللی متریال www.ptestudy.netسایت محبوب

رین می پردازند.در محیط شبیه سازی آزمون به تم PTEکامل ترین متریال آزمون

در این کانال قرار می گیرد. 90می باشد که اطالع رسانی تمرین های روزانه و سپل انسرهای نمره pteexercise@کانال تمرین های روزانه در تلگرام به نام

برگزار میگردد. PTE SELF STUDYاد مورد تایید گروه این تمرین ها به رایگان و هر روزه برای اعضای گروه توسط افر

میباشد و اعضای عزیز پس از امتحان تجربیات و سوال های امتحان خود را اعم از تکراری PTEدر تلگرام که بزرگترین گروه آپدیت متریال PTERQ@گروه بزرگ

که این امر خود به پویایی و کامل شدن متریال به صورت هر روزه کمک می نماید. امیدواریم شما هم برای تکمیل این مجموعه و غیر تکراری به اشتراک میگزارند

ارزشمند بعد از امتحان خود قدمی بردارید و تجربیات را به اشتراک بگزارید.

و رانیا در نیحل تمر و رفع اشکال یورکشاپ ها ن،یو آنال یبه صورت حضور یا یت یپ یکالس ها ،یا یت یپ یپر یسطح، کالس ها نییتع ،یدرس یزیر برنامه

یدیبه آ دیتوان یگروه م نیا ژهیو یدر خصوص کالسها و برنامه ها شتریجهت اطالعات ب لیموجود است. در صورت تما انیمتقاض ازیبنا به ن زیو مشاوره ن ایاسترال

@pte_a دیده امیپ زیتلگرام ن در.

های فراوان 90معرفی میگردند. به امید PTE SELF STUDYدر زیر مجموعه کامل

http://ptestudy.net سایت تمرین http://t.me/selfstudy_pte گروه اصلی

http://www.farazpayment.com ثبت نام آزمون و ماک http://t.me/pterq پرتکرارگروه سواالت

http://t.me/ptepodcast کانال پادکست http://t.me/ptematerial کانال متریال

thttp://t.me/pterobot_bo ربات راهنما http://t.me/pterq کانال تمرین

http://instagram.com/pte اینستاگرام

_self_study

http://t.me/selfstudy_pte

http://www.t.me/faraz_tajfirooz

http://www.t.me/Alireza_AUS


http://t.me/ptematerial

http://instagram.com/pte_self_study

http://www.ptestudy.net/

http://t.me/pteexercise

http://t.me/pterq

http://t.me/pte_a


http://ptestudy.net/

http://t.me/pterq

http://www.farazpayment.com/

http://t.me/ptematerial

http://t.me/ptepodcast

http://t.me/pterq

http://t.me/pterobot_bot



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توجه

طبق تحلیل های به عمل آمده، سواالت منتخب امتحان به سنتر و محل .1

آزمون بستگی ندارد.

باشد که می LMP (July 2018-July 2019)پکیج های 15فایل موجود شامل سواالت .2

منتشر گردیده است. گروه توسط

به دلیل وارد شدن سواالت از پکیج های مختلف ممکن است شماره سواالت .3

با شماره همان سوال در اخرین متریال متفاوت باشد، تیتر و محتوای آن

توجه فرار بدهید. را مورد

.ترتیب سواالت رو با متریال اصلی چک نمایید ROدر قسمت سواالت .4

جاهای خالی که بارنگ دیگر مشخص گردیده به این معنی Rfibدر قسمت .5

است که برای عدهای از دوستان جای خالی کلمات آنها بودند و با متریال

اصلی متفاوت بوده.

عنوان شده به معنی سواالتی هست که Newسواالتی که با عالمت *** یا

هنوز به متریال اضافه نشده است

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Contents # Read Aloud (Repeated Questions: 89) ................................................................................................. 5

#Repeat Sentence (Repeated Questions: 393) ..................................................................................... 18

#Describe Image (Repeated Images: 126) ............................................................................................ 32

#Re-tell Lecture (Repeated Questions: 149) ......................................................................................... 93

#Answre Short Question (Repeated Questions: 378) ......................................................................... 140

#Summarize Written Text (Repeated Questions : 75) ........................................................................ 155

#Write Essay (Repeated Questions :111) ........................................................................................... 202

#Re-Order Paragraphs (Repeated Questions : 125) ........................................................................... 208

#Rfib_#Rwfib (Repeated Questions: 401) ........................................................................................... 241

#RMCSA-#RMCMA (Repeated Questions :235) .................................................................................. 399

#Summarise Spoken Text (Repeated Questions: 162) ........................................................................ 415

#LMCMA (Repeated Questions: 197) ................................................................................................. 479

#LMCSA (Repeated Questions: 201) ................................................................................................... 494

#SMW (Repeqted Questions: 139) ..................................................................................................... 508

#HCS (Repeated Questions: 159) ........................................................................................................ 516

#LFIB (Repeated Words: 911) ............................................................................................................. 524

#WFD (Repeated Questions: 480) ...................................................................................................... 545

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# Read Aloud (Repeated Questions: 89) RA 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

Akimbo, this must be one of the odder-looking words in the language and puzzles us in part because it doesn’t seem to have any relatives. What's more, it is now virtually a fossil word, until recently almost invariably found in arms akimbo, a posture in which a person stands with hands on hips and elbows sharply bent outward, one that signals impatience, hostility or contempt.

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A young man from a small provincial town - a man without independent wealth, without powerful family connection and without a university education - moved to London in the late 1580’s and, in a remarkably short time, became the greatest playwright not of his age alone but of all time. How did Shakespeare become Shakespeare?

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Two sisters were at a dinner party when the conversation turned to upbringing. The elder sister started to say that her parents had been very strict and that she had been rather frightened of them. Her sister, younger by two years, interrupted in amazement. “What are you talking about?” she said. Our parents were very lenient.

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Yellow is the most optimistic color, yet surprisingly, people lose their tempers most often in yellow rooms and babies cry more in them. The reason may be that yellow is the hardest color on the eye. On the other hand, it speeds metabolism and enhances concentration; think of yellow legal pads and post-it notes.

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Lincoln’s apparently radical change of mind about his war power to emancipate Slaves was caused by the escalating Scope of war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken the confederacy and strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.

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While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing. Blue food is rare in nature. Food researchers say that when humans searched for food, they learned to avoid or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black or purple. When food dyed blue is served to study objects, they lose appetite.

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Tesla’s theoretical work formed the basic of modern alternating current electric power systems. Thomas Edison promised him almost one million dollars in today’s money to undertake motor and generator improvement. However, when Tesla unethical serbs asked 7 about the money, Edison reported reply “Tesla, you don’t understand our American humor,” The pair become arched rivals.

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MBA is one of fastest growing areas of studying in the UK so that must be sustainable benefit against form in one pain.

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RA 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum Exhilarating, exhausting and intense, there are just some of the words used to describe doing an MBA, everyone’s experience of doing MBA is, of course, different through denying that it's hard and demanding work whichever course you do.

Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as the preserver of republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or state council, with great respect, and was made Consul year after year. He successfully reduced the political power of the army by retiring many soldiers, but giving them land or money to keep their loyalty.

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It isn't rare for private equity houses to hire grads fresh out of business school, he said, but 9 times out of 10, the students who nab these jobs are the ones who had private equity experience under their belt before even starting their MBA program.

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The southerners did not accept Lincoln as a president because of certain reasons, based on historical grounds. Southerners wished to protect their rights in the government and become more independent from the north. They considered president elections to be unfair. Moreover, they thought that their own rights will be ignored and limited. All this caused the separation of the southern states and marked the beginning of the Civil War.

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As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has succeeded in inaugurating in a number of countries a level of mass prosperity which was undreamt of in the days preceding the Industrial Revolution. But, on the immediate impact of Industrial Revolution, there were substantial divergences among writers.

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Tesla actually worked for Edison early in his career. Edison offered to pay him the modern equivalent of a million dollars to fix the problems he was having with his DC generators and motors. Tesla fixed Edison’s machines and when he asked for the money he was promised, Edison laughed him off and had this to say, Tesla, you don’t understand our American humor.

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In 1861, Matthew Brady, a well- known portrait photographer, approached President Lincoln requesting permission to move freely about the country photographing the Civil War. Lincoln granted him permission to travel anywhere with the Union armies, and his record of this conflict brought home to millions the horrors of war.

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The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on the world’s palate. It’s also the

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RA 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum second most expensive spice after saffron. But highly labor intensive cultivation methods and the plant’s temperamental life cycle and propagation mean production on a global scale is struggling to keep up with the increasing demand for the product.

Pluto Pluto lost its official status as a planet yesterday, when the International Astronomical Union downsized the solar system from nine to eight planets. Although there had been passionate debate at the IAU General Assembly Meeting in Prague about the definition of a planet - and whether Pluto met the specifications - the audience greeted the decision to exclude it with applause.

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The founding fathers established constitutional protections for the press because they understood that leaving the watchdog function to partisan politicians wouldn’t necessarily serve the public interest; both sides have too many incentives to preserve the status quo and ignore problems that elude quick fixes.

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For any marketing course that requires development of marketing plan, such as marketing management, marketing strategy and segmentation support marketing, this is the only planning handbook that guide students through the step by step creation of customized marketing plan. While offering commercial software to aid in the process.

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How quickly is the world’s population growing? In the United States and other developed countries, the current growth rate is very low. In most developing countries, the human population is growing at 3 people per second. Because of this bustling growth rate, human population is grown to reach 9 billion within your lifetime.

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At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each State account in accordance with the University’s financial plan. Funds are allocated to each account by object of expenditure. Account managers are responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are available in the appropriate object before initiating transactions to use the funds.

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When countries assess their annual carbon dioxide emissions, they count up their cars and power stations, but bushfires are not included presumably, because they are deemed to be events beyond human control. In Australia, Victoria alone sees several hundred thousand hectares burn each year in both 2004 and the present summer, the figure has ever been over 1 million hectares.

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RA 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

Although it hails from a remote region of the western Himalayas, this plant now looks entirely at home on the banks of English rivers. Brought to the UK in 1839, it quickly escaped colonized river banks and damp woodlands. Now it is spreading across Europe, New Zealand, and Canada. In the Himalayas the plant is held in check by various pests, but take these away and it grows and reproduces unhindered.

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The elaborate and refined Japanese tea ceremony is meant to demonstrate respect through grace and good etiquette as demonstrated here by Genshitsu Sen, 15th Grand Master of the Urasenke Tea School.

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Tesla came over from Graz and went to work for Thomas Edison. Nonetheless Edison offered him a job, promising Urban & Rural comparison fifty thousand dollars if Tesla could redesign Edison’s breakdown-prone DC generator designs. The new generator designs were a vast improvement over Edison’s originals. Upon completing the job Tesla went to Edison to collect the$50,000 promised for the task. Tesla, Edison replied, you don’t understand our American humor. And Tesla was never paid.

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Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in the development like the Reformation that many Russians taking pride in their unique culture, find dubious value. Russia is, as a result, the most unusual member of European family, if indeed it is European at all. The question is still open to debate, particularly among Russians themselves.

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Along with customary classes on subjects such as finance, accounting, and marketing, today’s MBA students are enrolling on courses for environmental policy and stewardship. Indeed, more than half of business schools require a course in environmental sustainability or corporate social responsibility, according to a survey of 91 US business schools, published in October 2005

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How do we imagine the unimaginable If we’re asked to think of an object say, a yellow tulip a picture immediately forms in our mind’s eye? But what if we try to imagine a concept such as the square root of negative number?

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Major breeding areas, and breeding islands, are shown as dark green areas or darts. Open darts shown no-breeding records on islands, and are also used for offshore sightings, that is from ships or boats. Other areas where species is not meant to be seen are plain pale green, with pale green hatching where records are usually sparse.

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Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities subjects, and precision is more important than variety. Sentence structure should not be too complex; it is usually unnecessary to make extensive use of adjectives or adverbs, and consistency of terms is often required

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The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the country’s productive capacity and the ability of people to consume. Great innovations in productive techniques during and after the war raised the output of industry beyond the purchasing capacity of U.S farmers and earners.

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Orientalists, like many other early-nineteenth-century thinkers, conceive of humanity either in large collective terms or in abstract generalities. Orientalists are neither interested in nor capable of discussing individuals; instead, artificial entities predominate. Similarly, the age-old distinction between "Europe" and "Asia" beneath very wide labels every possible variety of human plurality, reducing it in the process to one or two terminal, collective abstractions.

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The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton has greatly altered from the usual mammal, design for two main reasons. One is to cope with the great weight of huge grinding cheek teeth and elongated tusk, making the skull particularly massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk of such a huge body.

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In classes, your teachers will talk about topics that you are studying. The information that they provide will be important to know when you take tests. You must be able to take good written notes from what your teacher say.

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Introverts (or those of us with introverted tendencies) tend to recharge by spending time alone. They lose energy from being around people for long periods of time, particularly large crowds. Extroverts, on the other hand, gain energy from other people. Extroverts actually find their energy is sapped when they spend too much time alone. They recharge by being social.

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***(new) The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of electric systems for more than four decades by making ever-smaller devices. However, this approach will soon encounter both scientific and technical limits,

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RA 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum which is why the industry is exploring a number of alternative device technologies.

Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now they try to move them into growout ponds in less than 30 days (at 0.5 to 0.8 grams each). This reduces stress on the animals and dramatically increases survivals in the growout ponds. Many farms in Honduras that abandoned nursery ponds have gone back to them, and the results have been surprisingly positive. They're using the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.

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Electronic discourse is one form of interactive electronic communication. In this study, we reserve the term for the two-directional texts in which one person using a keyboard writes language that appears on the sender's monitor and is transmitted to the monitor of a recipient, who responds by keyboard.

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Australians do speak English, however, for some tourists and travelers, it can be difficult to understand the slang. Also, the links between Australian and American English were seen to be very tenuous. At least some colloquialisms in Australian English does not exist in other types of English.

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A study found that the research funded by the soft drinks industry have different results from research funded by other sources and went on to suggest that there may have been biased by the research itself. The whole point of the scientific methods is to ensure the research results are not influenced by the source of funding.

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Although introvert and extrovert personality types differ from one another on various grounds, the major difference between the two is their source of rejuvenation. While for extroverts, this may mean interaction or excursions with friends and family, the same may mean reading a book or listening to music for introverts.

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new**** Public demand for education has remained strong, reflecting the importance of education as a means of social progress. Aware of the added value of education to the world of work, the government continues to innovate and update the education system in order to produce a qualified and competent workforce

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The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide and attains a depth of over a mile. While the specific geologic processes and timing that formed the Grand Canyon is the subject of debate by geologists, recent evidence suggests the Colorado River established its course through the canyon at least 17million years ago.

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Blue is the most popular color. Food researchers disagree –when humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled objects, which were often blue, black, or purple. When food dyed blue is served to study subjects, they lose their appetite.

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new ****As introverts are thinking, they reach back into long-term memory to locate information. An introvert will often compare old and new experiences when making a decision, which slows the processing down but leads to carefully thought-out decisions. This means that introverts have an active dialogue with themselves and usually walk around with many thoughts in their minds.

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This is what needs to happen on climate change: the world needs to put a price on carbon emissions and let the market respond. If politicians pretend this can be done without pain, it will probably result in another five to ten years of pretending to take action.

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The diversity of human language may be compared to the diversity of the natural world. Just as the demise of plant spices reduces genetic diversity, and deprives humanity or potential medical and biological resources. So extinction of language takes with it a wealth of culture, art and knowledge

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As we progress into the 21st century, communications are becoming faster and faster and faster. Think of the millions of different media images you are bombarded with every day. It is as important now to be able to read and make sense of those images, as it has been to be able to read ordinary text.

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new**** Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger students was in part the result of a realization that they had inadvertently limited their application pool by requiring several years’ work experience. Talented students who might otherwise have gone to business school instead opted for a law or policy degree because they were intimidated by the expectation of work experience.

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****NEWHundreds of millions of American people eat fast food every day without giving it too much thought, unaware of the subtle and not so subtle ramifications of their purchases. They just grab their tray off the counter, find a table, take a seat, unwrap the paper, and dig in. The whole experience is transitory and soon forgotten.

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Hundreds of millions of people eat fast food every day without giving it much thought, they just unwrap their hamburgers and dig in. An hour or so later, when the

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RA 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum burgers are all gone and wrappers were tossed in the bin, the whole meal has already been forgotten.

Cheerful sunny yellow is an attention getter. While it is considered an optimistic color, people lose their tempers more often in yellow rooms, and babies will cry more. It is the most difficult color for the eye to take in, so it can be overpowering if overused. Yellow enhances concentration, hence its use for legal pads. It also speeds metabolism.

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Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results they generate, but equally for the imprint they leave on society as a whole. First, ensuring that their products contribute positively. Second, operating in a way that approaches a "net-neutral" impact to the natural environment. And third, cherishing their people

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****NEW A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized businesses has uncovered 65 instances of theft in more than five years, with more than $31 million stolen. Of the cases identified by the research, 56 involved women and nine instances involved men. However, male bookkeepers who defrauded their employers stole three times, on average, the amount that women stole.

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A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow vendors to create retail interfaces with highly interactive features. One desirable form of interactivity from a consumer perspective is the implementation of sophisticated tools to assist shoppers in their purchase decisions by customizing the electronic shopping environment to their individual preferences.

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As a historian, if you really want to understand the sensibilities of those who lived in the past, you must be like a novelist and get into the skins of your characters and think and feel as they do. You are asked to imagine what it's like to be a peasant in medieval times, asking the sort of questions a peasant might ask. What the writer is saying is that a historian needs imaginative sympathy with ordinary people in the past.

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Surprisingly, despite what appear to be infinite variations, all difficult conversations share a common structure. When you're caught up in the details and anxiety of a particular difficult conversation, this structure is hard to see. But understanding that structure is essential to improving how you handle your most challenging conversations.

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The brain is divided into two hemispheres, called the left and right hemispheres. Each hemisphere provided a different set of functions, behaviors, and controls. The right hemisphere is often called the creative side of the brain, while the left hemisphere is the logical or analytical side of brain.

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The human animal's status as the only clever tool-user who can talk about our feelings is crumbling. Prairie dogs can make up words for new animals. Crows are born with the ability to make tools. Elephants recognize and stroke the bones of a lost family member. As biologists delve into these subjects, they're demonstrating that we're not nearly as unique as we once thought. It's the perfect time, scientifically speaking, to reassess our place in the animal kingdom

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Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist, because of The strong association of the home with humanity and with masculinity to challenge that home is arguably equivalent to challenge what it is to beat a woman or man.

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The preparation of abstract is an intellectual effort, requiring general familiarity with the subject. To bring out the salient points of author’s argument calls for skill and experience. Consequently a considerable amount of qualified manpower that could be used to advantage in other ways must be diverted to the task of facilitating access to information

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Before European explorers had reached Australia, it was believed that all swans were white. Dutch mariner, Antonie Caen, was the first to be amazed at the sight of Australia's Black swans on the Shark Bay in 1636. Explorer Willem de Vlamingh captured two of these creatures on Australia's Swan River and returned with them to Europe to prove their existence. From that point on, black swans and Australia have been closely linked

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***NEW Internal combustion engine, enabling the driver to decide which source of power is appropriate for the travel requirements of given journey. Major US auto manufacturers are now developing feasible hybrid electric vehicles, and some are exploring fuel-cell technology for their electric cars.

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Tasmania is a large and relatively sparsely populated island off the south coast of Australia. The island is of particular interest to natural scientists, who go there to research the unique wildlife. Tasmania has, for example, twelve species of bird that are not found anywhere else in the world.

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Although Botswana's economic outlook remains strong, the devastation that AIDS has caused threatens to destroy the country's future. In 2001, Botswana has the highest rate of HIV infection in the world. With the help of international donors it launched an ambitious national campaign that provided free antiviral drugs to anyone who needed them, and by March 2004, Botswana's infection rate has dropped significantly.

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Investigators also compared those microbes with those living in 52 other soil samples taken from all around the planet. The park had organisms that also exist in deserts, frozen tundra, forests, rainforests and prairies. Antarctica was the only area that had microbes that did not overlap with those found in Central Park. Only a small percentage of the park’s microbes were found to be already listed in databases.

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Charlie Parker noticed that the solos were only improvised through the melodies, but that he could also improvise them through the chords, thus creating new variations over the structure of the songs, and also playing more notes and faster.

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A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving distillations of organic liquids and should thoroughly address issues relating to residual water and possible decomposition of the solvent in question, as well as the physical placement of the distillation apparatus and heating equipment to be employed.

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The beginning of the twenty-first century will be remembered, not for military conflicts or political events, but for a whole new age of globalization -a ‘flattening’ of the world. The explosion of advanced technologies now means that suddenly, knowledge pools and resources have connected all over the planet, leveling the playing field as never before.

1 2 3

Another administration option is to bake marijuana at a relatively low temperature to kill any dangerous microorganisms and then allow that patient to eat it or drink it. Both of these methods of administration make smoking the drug unnecessary. However, criticism of medical marijuana has also been raised because as a natural plant, it cannot be patented and marketed by pharmaceutical companies and is unlikely to win widespread medical acceptance

2 1 3

This finding is understandable in certain cases in spite of its high significance; that is because energy efficiency of

1 2 3

15

RA 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum building operation just represents a single aspect of sustainability.

****NEW Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning, you open the front door and discover houses all around you. You see neighbors tending their gardens and children walking to school. Where did all the people come from? What if the answer turned out to be that they had always been there—you just hadn’t seen them?

3 3

****NEW Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, "The Tramp", and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy

2 2

****NEW The next wave of leaders in industrial manufacturing will build an ecosystem that capitalizes on the promise of analytics and connectivity to maximize efficiency for themselves and their customers. They will map out their strategies and prioritize measures that will bring the most value to their business, starting now with pilot projects, and building greater strengths in data analytics with cross-functional teams of experts.

2 2

Environment problems caused by hard rock mining involve water pollution by metals themselves, chemicals used in processing, acid drainage, and sediment. Metals and metal-like elements in the ore are toxic and prone-to cause trouble by ending up in nearby streams and water tables as a result of mining operations

1 1

Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down overall retail sales last month, but excluding those three categories, retailers enjoyed healthy increases across the board, according to government figures released Wednesday. Moreover, December sales numbers were also revised higher.

1 1

Psychologist Saho Takagi, a graduate student at Kyoto University in Japan, strolls into one of Japan’s many cat cafes. These establishments allow customers to pay an hourly fee for the chance to cuddle some cats. They're popular in Japan because so many apartment buildings forbid pet ownership. But Takagi isn’t a typical customer. She’s not there for feline affection, but to probe their minds.

1 1

16


The Ford Company provides plenty of opportunities for its employees. It guarantees not only comfortable and appropriate working conditions, but also many other advantages. Therefore, becoming a part of the Ford Motor company is always profitable and beneficial. Moreover, it is important to mention that Ford Motors provides its employees with effective and useful services and takes care of their well-being.

1 1

A team of Johns Hopkins scientists study sodium channels responsible for electrical signaling in nerve cells from humans and from cockroaches. Spider venom protein messes with these sodium channels-which is why venom is dangerous. The researchers then use spider venom protein to disrupt the channels and thus clarify exactly how the channels function.

1 1

Studying Abroad Studying abroad is a very popular option for students who come from a wealthy family. Most people believe that overseas experience provides a deeper understanding of cultures and develops communication skills. While this may be true, not all of these new experiences are useful for finding a job. Employers tend to value interpersonal skills and industry knowledge more than cultural background.

1 1

One of the unidentifiable objects in this study lies just outside Centaurus A (NGC 5128), an elliptical galaxy located about 12 million light-years from Earth. The other is in a globular cluster of stars found just outside NGC 4636, another elliptical galaxy located 47 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo.

1 1

There are perhaps three ways of looking at furniture: some people see it as purely functional and useful, and don't bother themselves with aesthetics; others see it as essential to civilized living and concern themselves with design and how the furniture will look in a room - in other words, function combined with aesthetics; and yet others see furniture as a form of art.

1 1

New research shows that during the global financial crisis, workers who stayed in the jobs did not reduce their working hours, despite claims that cuts in hours have to prevent job losses, the study found that life of people who remained same employers stayed relatively unchanged

1 1

Domestication is an evolutionary, rather than a political, development. They were more likely to survive and prosper in an alliance with humans than on their own. Humans provided the animals with food and protection, in exchange

1 1

17


for which the animals provided the humans their milk and eggs and their flesh.

****NEW In this study, we reserve the term for the two-directional texts in which one person using a keyboard writes language that appears on the sender's monitor and is transmitted to the monitor of a recipient, who Respond by keyboard.

1 1

A guild is an association of artisans or merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular area. The earliest types of guild formed as a confraternities of tradesmen. They were organized in a manner something between a professional association, a trade union, a cartel, and a secret society.

1 1

The one-year program of the master in global management is designed only for those who have the graduate degree in the thesis, increasing temporary skill of new managers in an international capacity, something that recruiters are looking for more and more

1 1

Internal hybrid electric, enabling the driver to decide which source of power is appropriate for the travel requirements of given journey. Major U.S. auto manufacturers are now developing feasible hybrid electric vehicles, and some are exploring fuel-cell technology for their electric cars.

1 1

The training of an actor is an intensive process which requires curiosity, courage and commitment. You will learn how to prepare for rehearsal, how to rehearse and how to use independent and proactive processes that inform you to do the best work possible for both stage and screen.

1 1

***NEW Market research is vital part of the planning of any business. However experienced you or your staff may be in a particular field, if you are thinking of introducing a service to a new area. It is important to find out what the local population thinks about it first.

1 1

18

#Repeat Sentence (Repeated Questions: 393) RS 2018 Mid-2019 July SUM

The library is located at the other side of the campus behind the student center.

16 24 1 41

The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible throughout the night.

9 23 6 38

39.5% of California residents speak a language other than English at home.

12 17 2 31

People with (an)active lifestyle(s) are less likely to die early or to have major illness.

9 21 30

We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our Faculty.

12 15 2 29

We divide/divided our class into two groups. You come with me, the rest/others should stay here.

10 18 28

Knives and forks should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table.

23 3 1 27

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.

14 10 2 26

If you forgot your student/identification number, you should contact Jenny Brice.

8 16 1 25

The Psychology department is looking for volunteers to be involved in research projects.

6 14 5 25

Please write your name on essay cover sheet. 18 6 24

Students can download the materials on/from the website 13 9 22

The real(main) reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty.

8 8 6 22

what distinguishes him from others is the dramatic use of black and white photography.

4 16 20

I would like tomato and cheese sandwiches on white bread with orange juice.

6 12 2 20

I was overwhelmed with too much irrelevant information. 11 8 19

Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is still impossible.

2 12 5 19

The tutor is there to help, so do ask if you don’t understand anything.

4 10 3 17

Elephant is the largest mammal on the land. 6 9 2 17

A full bibliography is needed at the end of all assignments. 9 6 1 16

Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician in physical structure.

4 10 2 16

I will be in my office every day from 11 to 12. 9 6 15

Rules of breaks and lunch time vary from one country to another/to the next.

5 10 15

All the assignments should/must be submitted by the end of this week.

11 4 15

The wheelchair lift has been upgraded this month. 11 1 2 14

The United States has become coffee culture recent years. 2 9 3 14

19

RS 2018 Mid-2019 July SUM

Students are instructed to hand in their assignments by the end of this week.

9 3 1 13

Please register your student email account at your earliest convenience.

5 8 13

We are not going to accept the assignment after the due date on Friday.

6 6 12

No more than four people can be (are allowed) in the lab at once.

5 7 12

A computer virus destroyed all my files. 4 7 1 12

Meteorology is the detailed study of the earth atmosphere. 2 9 1 12

I need more quotations to back up my argument. 3 7 1 11

Eating too much can lead to (too) many health problems. 5 5 1 11

She is an expert of the 18th century French literature. 4 3 4 11

The teacher asked the group to commence the task. 11 11

The glass is not the real solid, because it doesn't have a crystal structure.

3 8 11

The verdict depends on which side was more convincing to the jury.

4 4 3 11

The first person in space was from the Soviet Union. 5 4 2 11

39.5% of Californian residents don’t speak English at home. 4 6 1 11

Interpreters are not readily available in this department 1 8 1 10

Many health workers think that pensioners are too old to understand.

3 7 10

To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts.

2 8 10

Our university has strong partnerships with industry as well as collaborative relationships with government bodies.

8 2 10

The bookshop is located at the north of main campus(behind the library).

3 5 1 9

Every year, students pass biology course easily. 8 1 9

A preliminary bibliography is due the week before the spring break.

4 5 9

The first few sentences of an essay should capture the readers’ attention.

7 1 1 9

The professor has promised to put his lecture notes online. 6 2 1 9

The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly follow. 6 3 9

The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly follow the freshman's categories.

2 6 1 9

But distinguishes him from others is the dramatic use of black and white photography.

6 3 9

When demand for the course rose, university authorities took on additional academic staff.

2 6 1 9

The lecture was meant to start at 10. 3 5 8

You can find a lot more information on the university website.

2 4 2 8

Our logbooks make up five percent of total marks. 5 3 8

20


meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional help.

3 4 1 8

On behalf of our department,i would like to thank you for your participartion.

7 1 8

He was(We're) constantly looking for ways to bring agriculture and industry close together.

7 1 8

The US ranks 22nd in foreign aid, given it as a percentage of GDP.

5 3 8

You need to finish the reporting of the chapter before going to the field trip.

2 3 2 7

We provide a wide range of courses to undergraduate and postgraduate students.

3 3 1 7

The topic next week on colonial will be the nuclear disarmament

6 1 7

In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty committee.

2 3 2 7

Answering this complex question with a simple yes or no is absolutely impossible.

2 4 1 7

Vessels(Arteries) carry/pump blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

5 2 7

Elephant is the largest land living mammal. 6 1 7

You can have your laptop during the exam. 5 1 1 7

you are not allowed to bring materials(laptop) in the exam 2 5 7

Students will not be given credits for assignments submitted after the due date. **(new)

1 3 3 7

Don’t forget to hand in your assignment by next Friday. 2 5 7

Anatomy is the study of Internal and external structure of the body. این جمله در بخش wfd هستش

1 4 2 7

A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.

1 5 1 7

Could you pass the material/handouts to students that are in your row?

6 1 7

Put the knife and fork next to the spoon near the edge of the table.

5 1 6

The theoretical proposal was challenged to grasp. 1 4 1 6

Would you prepare some PowerPoint slides with the appropriate graphs?

5 1 6

Most of the assignments should be submitted on the same day.

3 2 1 6

Label the beakers and put them away (for tomorrow). 4 2 6

Due to rising demand for courses, universities should increase their staff too/simultaneously.

4 2 6

I used to have a cup of coffee with one sugar. 3 3 6

would you pass the material text book on the table? 2 4 6

Students should hand in their assignments by Monday/Friday.

1 5 6

21


The Reference materials/books in the library can be borrowed for up to 3 hours.

3 2 1 6

Meteorology is the accurate study of earth's atmosphere. *(new)

6 6

The gap between the rich and poor was not decreased rapidly as expected.

4 2 6

Higher fees cause the student to think more critically about what universities offer.***new

5 1 6

Please hand in assignments at the main office. 5 5

The college welcomes (postgraduate) students from all over the world.

4 1 5

Biographical information should be removed before(prior to) the publication of the results.

2 1 2 5

you can find the students service desk located on the ground floor of the whole building.

2 1 2 5

There is no entrance fee for tonight’s lecture. 4 1 5

Meteorology is a subject of Earth's atmosphere. 5 5

It is important to take gender into account when discussing these figures.

1 4 5

Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic selective clash on my timetable.

3 1 1 5

In this library, reserve collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours.

4 1 5

The interaction of climate change an soil degradation will probably aggravate conditions.

1 4 5

Biographic information should be removed before the publication of the results.

3 2 5

The application process is longer than expected. 5 5

Globalization has been an overwhelming urbanization phenomenon.

2 1 2 5

Rules of breaks and lunch time vary from one company to another.

2 3 5

She used to be always here but today she is missed. 1 3 1 5

The professor will be the last speaker this evening. 5 5

Once more under the pressure of economic necessity practice outstripped theory.

5 5

Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill. 5 5

A renowned economist is selected to have a speech tonight at eight.

3 2 5

Applicants for the course preferably have a preference over english or journalism.

4 4

Conferences are always scheduled on the third Wednesday of the month.

1 2 1 4

Residence Hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time in the semester.

1 3 4

22


Don't forget to hand in your assignment by the end of next week.

3 1 4

The recent study has thrown out the validity of the argument.

2 2 4

Your enrollment information, results and fees will be available online.

1 1 2 4

Number the beakers and put them away. 4 4

The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals

1 1 2 4

There will be ample opportunities to ask questions about the presentation.

2 1 1 4

There are varying plagiarisms across different university departments.

2 2 4

The chemistry exam results would be posted on the website. 4 4

You need to hand in your assignments ... *** 2 2 4

The context includes both the land history and the human history.

3 1 4

Assignment will be due on Friday next week. 3 1 4

He's acknowledged that his work was ground breaking. 4 4

Experts are now able to forecast the weather for a long period.

4 4

Despite their differences, all forms of life share the same characteristics.

4 4

The agricultural sector in that country has heavily subsidized. 1 2 1 4

More females than males graduated from universities/colleges last year.***new

1 2 1 4

You should raise your concern with the head of the school. 2 2 4

I have a lecture on thursday from 9 to 12. 4 4

Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine.

3 1 4

He's almost never in his office. 4 4

Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to topics and speech time.

2 2 4

Please visit the department's website for registration information.***new

4 4

It is good for environment also good for your bill. 3 1 4

I expect a long and stagnant debate for a week or two on this issue.

4 4

Organic food is growing without applying chemicals and no artificial additives.

4 4

She sold all of her furniture, so she could afford to feed herself and her dog.

2 1 3

The mismatch between the intended and reported users of the instrument has become clear.

3 3

The campus tour runs daily during summer for prospective students.

3 3

23


All essays and seminar papers submitted must be emailed to your tutor.

3 3

Students need to finish their assignments during the next four weeks.

2 1 3

Would you pass the book on the left hand side? 2 1 3

Children are not allowed in the chemical labs. 1 2 3

you should include your name and identification number in the application form.

1 2 3

Many students are so scared of writing essays, because they never learned how.

3 3

I don’t like Cheese tomato sandwich on white bread. 2 1 3

Our professor is hosting the business development conference next week.

1 2 3

Portfolio is due to the internal review office no later than Tuesday.

1 2 3

The result of the study will be published next month. 2 1 3

Being a vegan means not eating any other meat. 2 1 3

I can't attend the lecture because I have a doctor appointment.

2 1 3

Fish is for sport, meat is for surviving 1 2 3

I always have one milk in my coffee in the morning. 2 1 3

Many medical volunteers no longer access to medical literature.

3 3

The program will be shown on the Television during the weekend.

3 3

This is not a question to be absolutely answered with a simple yes or no.

3 3

America's foreign aid is 28 percent of GDP. 1 2 3

students must hand in their assignments until Friday. 2 1 3

Dr. Green's office is located in the first floor of the building. 3 3

I could not save my work as my computer got crashed. 1 1 1 3

Assignment should be submitted before the due date. 1 2 3

Leading scientists speculate that numerous planets could support life forms.

1 2 3

All the assignments will be submitted due to next week.***new

3 3

Please do not bring food in the classroom. 3 3

Meeting with mentors can be scheduled for students who need additional help/support.

1 2 3

The small Indian island is made up of forests and snowy valleys.

1 2 3

Student services building is situated in the university campus behind the library.

3 3

If she doesn’t speak the language, she’s not going to sit around a week for translator.

2 1 3

24


The bookstore is located on the main campus behind the library.

1 2 3

In our consortium, students have access to 13 libraries. 2 1 3

Being a vegan means not eating/consuming any/other animal meat/products.

3 3

Scientists are getting closer to the answers of these questions.

1 1 2

Several copies must be supplied to the university department to fulfill the requirement.

2 2

Students are held accountable for adhering to established community standards.

1 1 2

Students are not allowed to take journals out of the library. 2 2

Sport is the cause of traumatic brain injuries in the Unites States.

2 2

I still don't understand the (meaning of) last sentence. 2 2

We would like a first draft of the assignment by Monday. 2 2

Our professor is hosting a business development conference. 1 1 2

Review all resources (sources) before drawing any conclusion.

1 1 2

She used to be everywhere but today she is missing. 1 1 2

I missed yesterday's lecture. Can I borrow your notes? 2 2

(The) lecture theatre one is located on the ground floor of the (Pack) Building.

2 2

The new hypothesis needs to be tested with a new controlled experiment.

2 2

The lecture on geology is postponed to another day. 1 1 2

Unfortunately, the two most interesting economics electives clash on my timetable.

1 1 2

A 100 years ago Albert Einstein first published his theory of general relativity.

2 2

There is position available for assistant lecture. 2 2

As time passes you get information where wind blowing. 2 2

Make sure you correctly cite all your sources. 1 1 2

The professor plans to discuss these issues in this evening. 2 2

She doesn't even care about anything but what is honest and true.

2 2

... is loacated in the first floor of the building *** 2 2

Many students are afraid of writing essays, because they've never learned how to write one.(new)

2 2

Vegans do not use any animal products. 1 1 2

Student should take advantages of the online resources/internet before attending the lecture.***(new)

2 2

Chocolate is used for beverages and confectionary.***new 1 1 2

please put knives and forks next to the spoon on the edge of the table.***new

1 1 2

25


Students for information go to information desk in ground floor near to reception desk.***new

1 1 2

I would like to drink my coffee with sugar and milk.*** 1 1 2

Hemoglobin carries oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body.

2 2

We developed a method for evaluation of dynamic changes. 2 2

Library located behind student center provide course for graduate and postgraduate students.***new

2 2

The cafe will close soon but you can still use the snack machine which is running overnight.***new

2 2

Dr Green's office has been moved to the second floor of the building.***new

2 2

Our university welcomes postgraduate students from all over the world.

1 1 2

Hypothetically insufficient mastery in the areas slows future progress.

2 2

Research has found that there is no correlation between diet and intelligence.

2 2

Please hand in assignments along the rest of students that are in your row.

2 2

The author expressed the idea that modern readers invariably cannot accept.

2 2

Students are not allowed to bring materials/resources in the library(exam).

2 2

Please make sure all works follow the department deadlines. 1 1 2

Opposition to the government tax policies are widespread across business sectors.

2 2

She used to be an editor of the students' newspaper. 2 2

I would like to have one cheese sandwich with white bread. 2 2

In Europe, the political pressure is similar regarding globalization.

1 1 2

Students must observe lab safety regulations at all times. 1 1 2

The office opens on Mondays and Thursdays directly follow the freshmen seminar session. New***

1 1 2

History is not the simple collection of dates and events. NEW***

2 2

That country’s economy is primarily based on tourism. 2 2

Expertise in particular areas distinguishes you from other graduates.

1 1 2

The student service center is located behind the library. 1 1 2

Exam results will be available next week/online. 1 1 2

Student loans are now available for international students. 1 1 2

Please explain what the author means by sustainability. 1 1 2

The United States has the maximum production of chocolate.

2 2

26


This hypothesis on black hole is rendered moot as the explanation of the explosion.

2 2

Our professor is hosting the economic development conference next week.

2 2

I know how to solve the problem, but I’ve been asked not to tell you.

1 1

There will be a conference here next summer on using the web for academic research.

1 1

Students were instructed to stand in a straight line outside of the classroom.

1 1

The economic class will take place in the main lecture room. 1 1

I think it’s a shame that some foreign language teachers were able to graduate from college without ever having studied with a native speaker.

1 1

If it helps you to concentrate, take notes, please do it. 1 1

All students and staff have the access to printer. 1 1

The country achieved its prosperity by opening the port for trade.

1 1

The program depends entirely on private funding. 1 1

She has been in the library for a long time. 1 1

The bar chart provides useful means of data comparison. 1 1

Various measures were proposed which would not have aggravated to the situation.

1 1

The registration for courses is open for new students. 1 1

He told me it was the most important assignment of all. 1 1

The content of the book on the cover must be in capital. 1 1

There is absolutely no archaeological evidence to prove that Alexander the great existed.

1 1

I spent my life really studying human beings. 1 1

Most of the visitors to the library are simply looking for hope and inspiration.

1 1

Columbia is a world leading coffee exporter. 1 1

The chief economist has radical ideas for the economy. 1 1

Most of these criticisms can be shown too false. 1 1

All lectures handout are downloadable on the university website.

1 1

Adults need to have more sleeping time. 1 1

If you like to take notes you can, but there will be handouts. 1 1

University students pay a lot of money for their education. 1 1

Residential enclosed to the academic building *** 1 1

Ecological problems --- results --- excessive consumption. ***

1 1

If you have a question (problem) ask me by email. 1 1

For writing bibliography you need to use Italic fonts. *(new) 1 1

you need to complete the application forms *(new) 1 1

27


A verdict is required for the jurisdiction in the court (or a verdict is needed for the jurisdiction of the district) *(new)

1 1

The lecture topic on … next week is considered … (* new) 1 1

Call me for more information *(new) 1 1

You are not allowed to submit your assignments after the due date on next week.

1 1

Many students are so scared of writing essays because they never learned how to write one.

1 1

A lot of people who have up until now been spending money having a good time now need to be more careful with their money. *(new)

1 1

Talented people do special marketing. 1 1

The commission of funds supported among authorities has raised an argument.

1 1

She feared becoming an object of ridicule. 1 1

Portfolio due to..... 1 1

The plight of wildlife has been ignored by developers.***(new)

1 1

There is a welcome party for all new students each term. 1 1

The business plan seminar includes an internship with a local firm. ***(new) در بخشاین جمله wfd هستش

1 1

The department has a higher proportion of postgraduate students. ***(new)

1 1

The marketing budget is doubled since the beginning of the year. ***(new)

1 1

Students can put their lecture on the web side…***(new) 1 1

Television programs….***(new) 1 1

The commissioner will push fund for authorities. 1 1

Now that the task is finished, let’s hear Helen’s theory. 1 1

The mentors are so helpful for students 1 1

On this project, you will be asked to work as a group of three.

1 1

It is hard to anticipate all the characters that were in react. 1 1

It was hard to anticipate how all the characters would react. ***

1 1

my name is...and i'm going to talk about...today.***new 1 1

journalism is a collection and publication or transmission of news.***new

1 1

The aesthetic implications of the study have not yet been fully explored/noticed.

1 1

The ... is located near the supermarket behind the campus.***new

1 1

That man is standing at the door,speaking with phone is your tutor.***new

1 1

All the necessary(essential)books and materials can be bought from this library.

1 1

28


The university clinic is located in north of campus beside the student union.***new

1 1

Hand in the assignments/assignment to other people in the line/queue.***new

1 1

A student discount card can be used only by the applicant.***new

1 1

The university plant trees for the earth's day.***new 1 1

animals with bigger size and strength can hunt easily.***new

1 1

Assignments should be emailed by friday. 1 1

If you want to be a part of the university sport team,write your name here.

1 1

Some methods for clinical applications have been presented as well.

1 1

There has been a rapid growth in the commercial market. 1 1

It is clear that little accurate documentation is in support of this claim.

1 1

If you need any information about the university,you should contact Jeny Brice.

1 1

The computer broke and i lost all my works/files. 1 1

We can’t accept the assignment submitted after the due date on Friday.

1 1

Tomorrow’s lecture will discuss education policy in the united states.

1 1

Student center ... every floor of the building.***new 1 1

We don’t have any seminar on Wednesday evening this semester.

1 1

Most animals have triangular vocal cords,but the lion's mighty pipes are square.***new

1 1

The clear evidence between barin events and behavioral events is fascinating.***new

1 1

The assignment should be submitted by Friday.***new 1 1

Economy department is located at the ground ... ***new 1 1

To be graded distinction at least 80% of the score is needed.***new

1 1

They actually do have one key common ingredient.***new 1 1

She has been the editor of students newspaper. 1 1

Assignments should submitted due to next week. 1 1

You can find all the materials on the university website. 1 1

One of the salient of academic writing is the tendency to use formal words.

1 1

Critical thinking theory broaden interpretation. 1 1

Newpapers across the world are reporting stories of presidents.

1 1

Remember keep the medicine in the fridge. 1 1

29


There is a workshop on the other side of the campus behind the library.

1 1

During that period,heavy industry grew rapidly in the north of the country.

1 1

All the assignments should be submitted by the end of next week.

1 1

Provide personal powerpoint for your lecture. 1 1

All english month's name start with capital letter. 1 1

You can change... registeration on the university website. 1 1

A key feature in drug development is the examination of pharmacological effects.

1 1

.. my free time, I read a book as well as newspaper. 1 1

unfortunately, the most important economic lecture clashes with my timeline.

1 1

The contradiction demonstrates a need for further research in this field.

1 1

Critic literature theory tends to broaden. 1 1

There will be significantly raise in tuition. New*** 1 1

The cafeteria closes soon but you use the snak machine which is running over night. New***

1 1

Before electric lighting adults generally slept about 9 or 10 hours per night. New***

1 1

Students can Change their courses during registration period. New***

1 1

Evironment friendliness is a new category in which campuses are competing. New***

1 1

His appointment as culture minister was seen as demotion. New***

1 1

I’ll start with a brief history of the district, and then focus on life in the first half of the 20th century.

1 1

Your watch is fast, you need to reset it… New*** 1 1

Make sure you have saved all files before turning off the computer. New***

1 1

The reception staff provide advice on renting private accommodation.

1 1

Protective clothing must always be worn in the laboratory. 1 1

There is not enough space for my car. Or There is not enough space for me in the car. تا بود داشتم که یکی از این دو rs یه

1 1

The course registration is open early March for new students.

1 1

This can be used as a starting point of my discussion today. 1 1

We don’t accept assignments submitted after due day. 1 1

The natural science department offers .... NEW*** 1 1

30


The development in the information technology has greatly changed the way people work.

1 1

Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy. 1 1

I’m glad you got here safely. 1 1

Number the beakers and put them aside till tomorrow. 1 1

His academic supervisor called in to see him last night. 1 1

Water and earth are the two most common elements. 1 1

Today, we will be discussing the role of the government in preventing injustice.

1 1

Many undergraduate students go back home to stay with their parents after … NEW***

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You can buy the university scarf from the shop in campus beside … building. NEW***

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The new English classes will start next Monday morning. 1 1

You can only choose one subject from history and media. NEW***

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We didn’t have any noticeable variance between two or three tasks. NEW***

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You should enquire about the direct deposit. NEW*** 1 1

The students’ health center is located on the west side of the campus.

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Free campus tours run daily in summer for prospective students.

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Care needs to be taken for vulnerable groups during the periods of turmoil.

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Nearly half of Television outputs are given a way for educational program.

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The student welfare officer can help students with different issues.

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There is varying plagiarism across different university departments.

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Tutorials are held for two hours every Thursday during semester.

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There is a pharmacy on campus near the store. 1 1

In the past people ate different food. NEW*** 1 1

This year, we are planning to use a different type of assessment on this module.

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A study shows that the people’s mood can be affected by news and weather reports.

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In 1830, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America. 1 1

In English, the month of the year is always capitalized. 1 1

Essays with few or no citations will be regarded as invalid. NEW***

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I thought the mid-term exam was only worth half of our course grade.

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The maximum production of chocolate is in the U.S. 1 1

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Our class is divided into two groups, you come with me, the others stay here.

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Please pass the handouts along to the rest of the people in your row.

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There is a new pharmacy on the north side of the university campus. NEW***

1 1

The university celebrated the Earth Day last week. NEW*** 1 1

Anatomy is the study of internal and external structures. 1 1

America is related to the chocolate industry. 1 1

The results will be available in the main course and online. 1 1

We must hand in our assignments by end of the week. 1 1

We did not consider noticeable variance between two or three tasks.

1 1

You must ensure (that) you do not include too much irrelevant information. NEW***

1 1

The politics combine both the legislative and the political authorities.

1 1

Make sure the financial director knows the full details of the pay agreement.

1 1

Since the problem we face are global, we need global solutions. NEW***

1 1

We offer a broad range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses.

1 1

All students on engineering courses spent one year working on the wall experience. NEW***

1 1

Tomorrow’s weather will be dry with sunny periods. NEW***

1 1

Children start school between the ages of four and five. NEW***

1 1

We believe in investing in scientific research. NEW*** 1 1

Throughout history the achievements of women have been largely ignored. NEW***

1 1

The money will be divided equally among the charities. NEW***

1 1

Please do not bring food into the classroom. 1 1

Exam results will be available next week from the course office.

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I lost the lecture yesterday, because I had a doctor appointment. NEW***

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#Re-tell Lecture (Repeated Questions: 149) RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

Monkeys and Typewriters theorem The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text, such as the complete works of William Shakespeare. In this context, "almost surely" is a mathematical term with a precise meaning, and the "monkey" is not an actual monkey, but a metaphor for an abstract device that produces a random sequence of letters ad infinitum. The theorem illustrates the perils of reasoning about infinity by imagining a vast but finite number, and vice versa. The probability of a monkey exactly typing a complete work such as Shakespeare's Hamlet is so tiny that the chance of it occurring during a period of time of the order of the age of the universe is minuscule, but not zero. But technologies can help monkeys to write. If the monkeys are given a pen and some papers to spell the word "monkey", they can only scratch on the paper. By contrast, if they are given a typewriter, it will take them over 10 years to produce the right spelling. However, if they can use computer programming, they can finish the task within a day.

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The first Robots This is a kind of object that you’re probably all familiar with when you hear the term robot. But I’m going to show you the very very first robots. These were the very first robots. There were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s universal robots and their play was written by a Czech writer called Karel Capek and basically these robots. You know people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or you know Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the first world war. You finished that had a devastating impact across Europe. And people kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human what makes us human those kind of questions and this kind on context is what inspired Czech x to kind of write this play and interestingly these robots have been humans. They are actually in the play assembled on a production line a bit like the Ford manufacturing production line. So even though they are human they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor and manage their primary purpose in society.

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Green Revolution In 1943 what became known as the green revolution began with Mexico unable to feed this growing population shouted for help. Within a few years the Fourth and Rockefeller Foundations founded the international rice research institute in Asia and by 1962 a new strain of rice called IRAs was feeding people all over the world. IOH was the first really big modified crop to make a real impact on world hunger. In 1962 the technology did not yet exist to directly manipulate the genes of plants and so IRH was created by carefully crossing existing

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum varieties. Selecting the best from each generation further modifying them and finally finding the best. Here’s the power of modified crops. IR8 with no fertilizer straight out of the box produce five times the yield of traditional rice varieties in optimal conditions with nitrogen it produced 10 times the yield of traditional varieties. By 1980 IR36 resisted pests and grew fast enough to allow two crops a year instead of just on doubling the yield and by 1990 using more advanced genetic manipulation techniques. IR72 was outperforming even IR36. The green revolution saw worldwide crop yields explode from 1960 through 2000. Green revolution/ rice resources/IR8/ feeding the world/ the 1st big modified crop/ world hunger/technology/ directly manipulation of plants' genes/ selecting the best/ different generations/no fertilizer/optimal conditions/Nitrogen/ 10 times more yield production/advanced genetic manipulation techniques/IR72+A16

Climate change There are some adverse effects of climate changes to agricultural productions because some lands are unsuitable for growing crops. There will be millions of people facing hunger in Africa in the future. Climate change will result in less production and less food. It is difficult for developing countries to deal with climate change due to their financial status and other issues. There are many people living in hunger especially in Africa. The climate change has devastating effects on world economy. The tropical areas on earth are dry and hot, and are originally not suitable for food production. The change of the climate leads to extreme weather conditions such as flood and hurricane, which exacerbates the food production. As a result, it leads to a continuous decline in food supply annually around 10-17%. And this trend is perceived to be continue in the future by 2070. The regions suffering the most will be some African countries.

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Multi dimension The lecture is about multi dimension, which are required to describe a position. He talked about four major dimensions, which are Longitude, Latitude, Altitude and Time. Longitude is required for describing a position on equator. If describe a position on the earth, latitude and longitude is required. Longitudes, latitude, and altitudes denote for a position over the earth. She explained that when describing a position in the space, time will be taken into account. In conclusion, the lecture was related to how different dimensions describe a position.

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Civil Society But in the face of this sense of dis-empowerment, there is surprisingly is no decline in involvement in organizations which seek to share wealth and opportunities, protect one another's rights and work towards the common good. According to the United Nations, civil society groups have grown 40-fold since the turn of last century. Internationally, the non-profit sector is worth one trillion dollars, and there are 700,000 such

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum organizations in Australia alone. The UN recognizes 37,000 specifically civil society organizations across the globe, and gave 3,500 accreditation to the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development. This profound movement towards harnessing voices and resources from outside the realm of governments and officialdom reflects a profound growth in NGOs, "the third sector", as some call it. As Robert Putnam discovered in the field of local government in Italy, the best predictor of governmental success was the strength and density of a region's civic associations. This Lecture talks about the disempowerment and non-profit sector. The non-profit sector is worth 1 trillion dollars and there are 700,000 organizations in Australia. The United Nations recognizes 37,000 civil social organizations and 3,500 of which was accredited to the World Summit on sustainable development. The best predictor of governmental success was power and density of a countries' non-governmental association.

Water on Mars The research conducted on the habitability of Mars indicates the prior existence of liquid water. There are some similarities such as polar caps, atmospheres and water climate. The evidence is that researchers found several elements which are essential to form water (hydrology), such as calcium carbonate, salt, mineral, and perchlorate. Consequently, we can speculate that water used to exist in liquid form on the surface and underground of of Mars and Mars may be a hospitable planet long time ago. ---------------------------------------------------------------- ▫️ Mars, comparison with Antarctica, poles, Polar Regions, inhospitable places of Antarctica, Mars is much more inhospitable, differences and similarities, ice holes and ice caps, trapped ice in the holes, Mars surface, below and above the surface of Mars

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Welsh Language Welsh is a Celtic language spoken in Wales by about 740,000 people, and in the Welsh colony in Patagonia, Argentina by several hundred people. There are also Welsh speakers in England, Scotland, Canada, the USA, Australia and New Zealand. At the beginning of the 20th century about half of the population of Wales spoke Welsh as an everyday language. Towards the end of the century, the proportion of Welsh speakers had fallen to about 20%. According to the 2001 census 582,368 people can speak Welsh, 659,301 people can either speak, read or write Welsh, and 797,717 people, 28% of the population, claimed to have some knowledge of the language. According to a survey carried out by S4C, the Welsh language TV channel, the number of Welsh speakers in Wales is around 750,000, and about 1.5 million people can ‘understand’ Welsh. In addition there are an estimated 133,000 Welsh-speakers living in England, about 50,000 of them in the Greater London area

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum Second version:This busy little town is named after sir David's first cousin. It's also a Welsh language stronghold. According to the 2001 census results seventy percent of the town's population could speak Welsh but even here the language may not be completely safe. The Welsh language board expects last year's census results to show a fall in the number of Welsh speakers living in its northern and western heartlands. One of the main reasons for that the board says is migration. Many Welsh speakers are choosing to leave the country. At the same time only a small percentage of those moving in can speak the language or choose to learn it. Historically, over the past 1788 Wales people have continually left in order to find better standard of pay maybe in quality of employment and the things have change was probably is that them there is a larger amount of English people now who have found Wales of the last 20-25 years particularly this corner of Wales and regarded is a desirable place to come and live and as opposed to many areas in England and cheaper as well.

Grand project in Paris Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works program commissioned by Emperor Napoleon III and directed by his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugene Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. It included the demolition of crowded and unhealthy medieval neighborhoods, the building of wide avenues, parks and squares, the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris, and the construction of new sewers, fountains and aqueducts. Haussmann's work met with fierce opposition, and he was finally dismissed by Napoleon III in 1870; but work on his projects continued until 1927. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the center of Paris today is largely the result of Haussmann's renovation. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the center of Paris was overcrowded, dark, dangerous, and unhealthy. In 1845 the French social reformer Victor Considerant wrote "Paris is an immense workshop of putrefaction, where misery, pestilence and sickness work in concert, where sunlight and air rarely penetrate. Paris is a terrible place where plants shrivel and perish, and where, of seven small infants, four die during the course of the year." The street plan on the Tie de la Cite and in the neighborhood called the "quartier des Arcis", between the Louvre and the "Hotel de Ville" (City Hall), had changed little since the Middle Ages. The population density in these

neighborhoods was extremely high, compared with the rest of Paris； in the neighborhood of the Champs—EIysees, there was one resident for

every 186 square meters； in the neighborhoods of Arc is and Saint- Avoye, in the present Third Arrondissement, there was one inhabitant for every three square meters. In 1840, a doctor described one building in the tie de la Cite where a single room five meters squares on the fourth floor was occupied by twenty-three people, both adults and children. In these conditions, disease spread very quickly. Cholera epidemics ravaged the city in 1832 and 1848. In the epidemic of 1848,

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum five percent of the inhabitants of these two neighborhoods died. Traffic circulation was another major problem. The widest streets in these two

neighborhoods were only five meters wide； the narrowest were only one or two meters wide. Wagons, carriages and carts could barely move through the streets. The center of the city was also a cradle of

discontent and revolution；between 1830 and 1848, seven armed uprisings and revolts had broken out in the centre of Paris, particularly along the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, around the Hotel de Vi Ile, and around Montagne Sainte Genevive on the left bank. The residents of these neighborhoods had taken up paving stones and blocked the narrow streets with barricades.

Clouds Absolutely. There's a lot of interest in what forms those clouds. Why are those clouds there, why do they stick around? At the center of every cloud drop is a particle. You can't grow a cloud drop without having a particle there for the water to condense on. The key questions that people have not directly addressed until very recently is what actually forms those clouds. And so the ones that you're looking at over the ocean, it turns out sea salt is a very effective nucleator for forming clouds, so there's a really good chance that those are loaded with sea salt. But as you go inland you start to have pollution come from all different kinds of sources, and so different sources form clouds more effectively than others and we're trying to unravel which sources are actually contributing to the clouds. The clouds are incredibly important players in climate change in that they reflect the light back to space, and so they're keeping things much, much cooler than they would be if they weren't there. They also play a huge role in regional weather. So we're actually starting to see shifts where having more pollution input into the clouds is affecting weather patterns, and in particular it's actually reducing the amount of precipitation, so we're starting to see drought in areas with super high levels of air pollution.

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Soot Soot, which comes from combustion of many different things, is black so it's a strong absorber. In fact it's second only to CO 2 in terms of warming, so it's actually ahead of methane, which you hear a lot about. The interesting thing about soot and aerosols' impact on climate is that their lifetimes are so much shorter. So if we can reduce the soot we can make changes within months versus tens of years. It's not to say we should ignore the CO 2 and the greenhouse gases but it could buy us some time while we actually do the right strategies to reduce the greenhouse gases

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Rat Experiment The lecture is about rat experiments with low and high LG. The speaker mentioned that some mother rats spend a lot of time for licking,

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum grooming and nurturing their off springs, while others seem to ignore them. He discussed that highly nurtured off springs tend to grow up to be calm adult, while some others who received little nurturing has proven to be anxious. He finally concluded that the offspring of high LG rats have better ability to deal with stress and alcohol, but low LG did not.

Night sky darkness You might think that space appears dark at night because that is when our side of Earth faces away from the Sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24 hours. But what about all those other far away suns that appear as stars in the night sky? Our own Milky Way galaxy contains over 200 billion stars, and the entire universe probably contains over 100 billion galaxies. You might suppose that that many stars would light up the night like daytime! Until the 20th century, astronomers didn’t think it was even possible to count all the stars in the universe. They thought the universe went on forever. In other words, they thought the universe was infinite. Besides being very hard to imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is that no matter where you look in the night sky, you should see a star. Stars should overlap each other in the sky like tree trunks in the middle of a very thick forest. But, if this were the case, the sky would be blazing with light. This problem greatly troubled astronomers and became known as “Olbers’ Paradox.” A paradox is a statement that seems to disagree with itself. To try to explain the paradox, some 19th century scientists thought that dust clouds between the stars must be absorbing a lot of the starlight so it wouldn’t shine through to us. But later scientists realized that the dust itself would absorb so much energy from the starlight that eventually it would glow as hot and bright as the stars themselves. Astronomers now realize that the universe is not infinite. A finite universe—that is, a universe of limited size—even one with trillions and trillions of stars, just wouldn’t have enough stars to light up all of space.

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Children Overweight

The lecture talks about the overweight problem. There are 20% of children today have the overweight problems, which bring the heart diseases are more and more common in children, the smallest is five years old. This situation makes the heart attack and ther health problems become earlier and earlier. This issue needs to be solved because the overweight problems will result in more severe situations such as diabetes type 2 and blindness.

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Loggerhead Turtles

Geomagnetic cues help young loggerhead turtles navigate the open ocean during their epic 8,000-mile journey between leaving their natal beaches in Florida, and returning 5-10 years later to breed. Researchers have just worked out how they do it. Hatchling loggerhead sea turtle is tethered via a soft cloth harness, or

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum "bathing suit," to an electronic tracking system that monitors its steering in response to different magnetic fields.

Bilingual education parents should not use two languages to educate their children. Most parents suppose bilingual education can benefit children, but it is not always beneficial in reality. Bilingual education can easily confuse children when parents explain and talk about the same content in two different languages.

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Aristotle But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is we have to be able to use it. To use rhetoric influence the ramble, we try to get them to understand truth. Truth is suggest ... is different than XX Rhetoric is the dressing, is the body, right? Truth is the spirit, is the soul, is abstract. It doesn't have a body. It's not particular. If you wanna get somebody to the truth, you might have to use some kind of tricks. Right? Because most of people are not sound and can see the truth. That's what we think. Most people are rambles. Really. Only the educated be erudite are actually capable of seeing the truth. If you wanna get the general mass there, you may have to do a little bit. So Aristotle that is rhetoric. Rhetoric is something that is used to influence people. Right? And it's a kind of mentally promised a logic. Rhetoric is important because it can help us to understand truth and influence morons. Some people can understand truth, because they are rational. But most people don't. If you want to make people get into truth, you have to use tricks because truth itself is abstract. We can use rhetoric to help people understand truth. Truth is the spirit, the soul and is abstract, but rhetoric is the body, which is fundamentally based on logic.

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Superhuman strength Today we’re going to recount heroic tales of superhuman feats of strength, when in the face of disaster, some people are said to have summoned up incredible physical power to lift a car off of an accident victim, move giant rocks, or like Big John of song, single-handedly hold up a collapsing beam to let the other miners escape. Are such stories true? There are many anecdotes supporting the idea, but we’re going to take a fact-based look at whether or not it truly is possible for an adrenalin-charged person to temporarily gain massive strength. In proper terminology, such a temporary boost of physical power would be called hysterical strength. The stories are almost always in the form of one person lifting a car off of another. In one case in Colorado in 1995, a police officer arrived at a single-car accident where a Chevy Chevette ended up on top of a baby girl and sank into the mud. The officer lifted the car and the mother pulled the girl out. In 2009, a man in Kansas lifted a Mercury sedan off of a six-year-old girl who had been trapped underneath when it backed out on top of her. In 1960, a Florida mom lifted a Chevy Impala so that a neighbor could pull out her son, who had become trapped when he was working on the car and his jack collapsed.

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum There’s even the case where the MD 500D helicopter from Magnum, P.I. crashed in 1988, pinning the pilot under shallow water; and his burly friend (nicknamed Tiny) ran over and lifted the one-ton helicopter enough for the pilot to be pulled out. And, of course, the list goes on, and on, and on. In each of these cases, some aspect of leverage or buoyancy probably played some role in reducing the magnitude of the feat to something more believable. And even lifting many cars by several inches still leaves most of its weight supported by the suspension springs. But our purpose today is not to "debunk" any of the specific stories. The majority of them are anecdotal, and interestingly not repeatable; in many cases, the person who summoned the superstrength later tried it again only to find that they couldn’t do it. Basically, what we have is a respectably large body of anecdotal evidence that suggests that in times of crisis, danger, or fear, some people have the ability to temporarily exercise superhuman strength.

Brain Development The key to forming strong brain architecture is what's known as " serve and return" interaction with adults. In this developmental game, new neural connections form in the brain as young children instinctively serve through babbling, facial expressions, and gestures, and adults return the serve, responding in a very directed, meaningful way. It starts very early in life when a baby coos and the adults interacts and directs the baby's attention to a face or hand. This interaction forms the foundation of brain architecture upon which all future development will be built. It helps create neural connections between all the different areas of the brain, building the emotional and cognitive skills children need in life. For example, here's how it works for literacy and language skills. When the baby sees an object, the adult says its name. This makes connections in the baby's brain between particular sounds and their corresponding objects. Later, adults show young children that those objects and sounds can also be represented by marks on a page. With continued support from adults, children then learn how to decipher writing and, eventually, to write themselves. Each stage builds on what came before. Ensuring that children have adult caregivers who consistently engage in serve and return interaction, beginning in infancy, builds the foundation in the brain for all the learning, behavior, and health that follow.

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The utilization of robots The lecture talks about robot application and developing of robots which applied to car manufacturers in the factories. Many robots service in the home for the general purpose. The special purposes change. The robot can replace human doing many heavy and hard works. Instead of robots for general use, robots for particular purposes such as vacuum cleaner. Robots have been purchased by many bachelors. The number of the

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum robot will increase rapidly in the next few years, and 25000 robots have been sold out in a year.

Traffic Light, Food System We should categorize food and drinks into three colors including the red category, yellow category and green category. Each color provides various health benefits, so labeling food with different colors can help consumers choose the right type of food as their bodies need and develop healthy diet habits. Retailers should introduce a color-coding system because traffic light labeling can guide consumers to make a wise decision while doing grocery shopping.

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Edmund Wilson 1st version Transcribe: And I want to say that Wilson who died over 30 years ago, began his career before modern lit was taught and analyzed in the universities, as he said at one time and I think a piece about Christian golfs Gauss's I called him Gauss as my father in his generation at Princeton a year or two after Wilson called him. When Wilson was studying there that was the latest daring writers to get into the curriculum were widths of the 90s and maybe Gauss had his reputation as a bohemian romantic because he had known Oscar in Paris, but there was no modern literature. Wilson came then from a different world and he became the focal point of a broad mainstream American culture that thought modern literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by ordinary people. They were not modernists in an abstract sense and certainly some of them like TS Eliot and Faulkner were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people, but this was a world before the division between the brows or between a lead or whatever had established itself as part of our consciousness. 2nd version Transcribe: Wilson came from a different world. And he became the focal point of a board mainstream. American culture that thought that modern literature and wanted modern literature to be able to be read and appreciated by ordinary people. They were not modernists in an abstract sense. And certainly, some of them like TS Eliot and Faulkner were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people. But this was a world before the division between the brows or between a lead or whatever had established itself as a part of our consciousness. Wilson was a major player in the successful effort of his generation to establish at the heart of American life and innovative literature that would equal the great

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Biology Welcome to your very first tutorial in biology. Now, in this video series what I want to do is I want to talk to you guys about many different topics concerning biology. For example, I want to talk to you guys about DNA and genetics in cells, in bacteria, in life and a whole bunch of interesting stuff. But since this is the very first video, I think what we

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum should do in this video is just stick with the very basics. And the first thing I want to do is talk to you guys about what is biology. So, let’s go ahead and answer that question. And the definition of biology is this: the study of life in living organisms. All right, that makes sense up to a certain point up until organisms because you may have heard of organisms before. And you may have your own definition but the scientific definition of an organism is a living thing. Well, that’s easy. We know what living things are. I’m a living thing, plants, grass is a living thing. My puppy named old Dan, cutest puppy ever, by the way, is a living thing but whenever we talk about living things. Believe it or not, things get rid of complicated because then you have to ask yourself ‘what is life’. Well, of course, if you ask your grandma or your best friend or even if you ask a philosopher ‘what is life’, everyone is going to give you kind of a different definition of their outlook on life. However, whenever scientist and biologists were first deciding, you know what, what is life? That’s the problem that they had everyone had their own separate definition of life itself. So, what they need to do before biology was even invented, which is, of course, the study of life is scientists needed to agree on the definition of life.

Linguistics

Actually a woman in the class I’m teaching at Sydney at the moment, a career woman, expressed this very nicely, although she was talking about something else, she was distinguishing expertise from authority. And certainly linguists because of our training we do have expertise in certain very narrow areas of language, but we don’t have the authority over what to do with that knowledge or what to do with other knowledge that the community produces. I guess for me the bottom line is languages are lost because of the dominance of one people over another. That’s not rocket science, it’s not hard to work that out. But then what that means is if in working with language revival we continue to hold the authority, we actually haven’t done anything towards undoing how languages are lost in the first place, so in a sense the languages are still lost if the authority is still lost.

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Darkness between galaxies Our friends at the Highlands Museum and Discovery Center in Ashland, Kentucky, asked a very good question. Why is it dark in space? That question is not as simple as it may sound. You might think that space appears dark at night because that is when our side of Earth faces away from the Sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24 hours. But what about all those other far away suns that appear as stars in the night sky? Our own Milky Way galaxy contains over 200 billion stars, and the entire universe probably contains over 100 billion galaxies. You might suppose that many stars would light up the night like daytime! Until the 20th century, astronomers didn't think it was even possible to count all the stars in the universe. They thought the universe went on forever. In other words, they thought the universe was infinite. Besides being very

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum hard to imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is that no matter where you look in the night sky, you should see a star. Stars should overlap each other in the sky like tree trunks in the middle of a very thick forest. But, if this were the case, the sky would be blazing with light. This problem greatly troubled astronomers and became known as "Olbers' Paradox." A paradox is a statement that seems to disagree with itself. To try to explain the paradox, some 19th century scientists thought that dust clouds between the stars must be absorbing a lot of the starlight so it wouldn't shine through to us. But later scientists realized that the dust itself would absorb so much energy from the starlight that eventually it would glow as hot and bright as the stars themselves. Astronomers now realize that the universe is not infinite. A finite universe—that is, a universe of limited size—even one with trillions and trillions of stars, just wouldn't have enough stars to light up all of space. Although the idea of a finite universe explains why Earth's sky is dark at night, other causes work to make it even darker.

Happiness There was a time when the subject of happiness was the business of philosophers, as part of their discussion of what makes for the good life. Then, much later, psychologists and sociologists got in on the act, and now, it seems, so has the government. I understand that governments should have the welfare and well-being of those it governs at heart from the purely practical point of view of keeping people quiet, at home enjoying their gadgets and comfort, rather than on the streets rioting. But surely it's not something you can legislate for. Today there are numerous journals on the topic and it is even included in the curriculum at some universities and colleges. Surveys are done, statistics compiled, graphs drawn, yet all they seem to "prove" is what most people have conducted themselves from personal experience. An obvious example would be that having a lot of money doesn't necessarily make you happy. We all wish to be happy and have ideas about what it is we think would make us so. But we also know or suspect that it's not that easy. Most of us learn that it is a by-product of something else, usually being totally absorbed or involved in some task or pastime, and can only be reached that way. These activities, of course, must be worthwhile in themselves.

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Narratives The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a form of description. We use different kinds of methods to describe a situation. Sometimes we have to use visual description, mainly when we do not witness the scenario. I was born during the Second World War, and my hometown is XX, for example when I asked my mother about the war, I always ask her you have mentioned this or that when you talked to me ... when asked her about the shelter, I asked her what the shelter looks like and when did you go to the shelter. From her response, I could get more visual evidence as I can to write my book.

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

Pavlov’s experiments with dogs conditioning actually has three stages as you see here. in stage one the dogs drool in response to food but they have no reactions to the bell so food is called an unconditioned stimulus because no special condition is required the dogs naturally drew in response to food and when the dogs drooled in response to food that's called an unconditioned response things that have been naturally are considered unconditioned my learned connections are called conditions Wesley the bell is called a neutral stimulus because it produces no reaction stage two is where the conditioning occurs Pavlov would ring the bell then give the dogs food this was repeated multiple times so that the dogs could learn the connections between the bell and the food, Pavlov knew the dogs had made the connection when the Bell made them drool however if he rang the bell and waited too long the dogs wouldn’t learn the connection this is called temporal contiguity and stage 3 the conditioning is complete the dogs drool in response to the bell now the bell is called conditioned stimulus and the drooling is called a conditioned response so two things happened here the bell went from being a neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus and the dogs are showing a new conditioned response to the pedal you can also reverser the conditioning process if you keep ringing the bell without getting the dogs food they will drool less and less until the response disappears that's called extinction this concludes the video thanks for watching.

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Community service Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. Your education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching, that is, tutoring in math and English. You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hourlessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors. He'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week.

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Bomb calorimeter This is a bomb calorimeter, this is the actual piece of equipment that researchers used to calculate the energy content of either biodiesel or maybe even the potato chips that you had for lunch today. When they

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum calculate the amount of energy. They're going to calculate it in heat units which would either be joules or calories. I want you to look inside the bomb calorimerter inside here, you can see that there's a silver bucket water goes all in here and this is actually the bomb is the smaller silver cylinder what you do is put your fuel sample in there than these two electrodes are connected to the bomb. These provide the spark that will ignite your sample when your sample burns or combust that gives off energy. So how is the energy collected or how did a scientist figure out how much energy is being given off. Well, it's a closed system, there's a lid here that goes on top of this calorimeter and what's in here in the lid is a stirrer. The stir is going to stir the water. That's in this big pool here so that the heat given off from the sample is going to warm the water in a uniform way. This is the temperature probe, this goes down in the water also and measures the change in temperature because as the sample is burned, it will give off heat and the temperature the water will increase. So the lid goes on the sample is prepared. The last thing that you need to make a combustion reaction happen is oxygen and at some point during the process, some oxygen is added by a tank. That's connected to the calorimeter here. So we are going to burn a sample of the biodiesel that you've prepared and got some feedback on the energy content of it. You'll be able to use this to compare it to petroleum-based fuels like octane.

DNA But I am going to focus on today, is really different larger forms of genetic variation involving essentially gains losses and inversions of sequence. So showing here is a 30 in the simple diagram. We have an example of some structural variation operationally defined as events greater than a KB in size. So we have pieces of DNA that sometimes become deleted. We have pieces of DNA that sometimes become duplicated on chromosomes and regions which can be in fact inverted or turned around with respect to another orientation. So this very busy map here represents probably about three years of work in my lab, just to kind of characterize the general pattern of structural variation in eight human genomes. So shown here are different human chromosomes for from African, and for from non-African the distinctions really aren't that important, but what I'm showing you here, is the presence of insertions deletions and inversions as red as blue red and green and so each line here represents a different human genome that has been analyzed looking for structural variation of events greater than 5,000 base pairs in size, so a couple things you can maybe get from. this is you can see that there's a lot of genetic variation out there , that is above the level of single base pair change and most of the events that you're seeing here are essentially inherited , but we now know based on studying roughly about 2,000 human genomes, but there's a significant fraction of very large events often hundreds of KB in size that are either individually specific

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum or specific to specific families , so this is kind of changing our view of the dynamic nature of the human genome.

Vitamin D The lecture is about the vitamin D concentration in people. Vitamin D is not a real vitamin but one type of pro-hormone, it is produced by the skin when skin is exposed to sunlight, then it can travel via the bloodstream to have effects on other parts of the body. There have been advancements in technologies that could measure the fat content of Vitamin D, which has shown that people often suffer from Vitamin D deficiency because of their diet or reducing the sun exposure. In the end, the speaker stressed that we should be aware of fat-soluble vitamins, which could produce intoxication. The formation of Vitamin D can be affected by climate. For example, people need more Vitamin D supplements during winter when they wear more clothes due to the lack of sunshine. Some regions where people are less exposed to sunlight don't have enough VD compared to those who live near the equator.

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DNA AND RNA Your body’s composed of trillions of cells – lots of different types of cells that make up different organs and other parts of your body. Your body is also where 10 times that number of bacteria call ‘home sweet home.’ But don’t be afraid – these bacteria do more good than harm to you. And besides, just in case you wanted to strike up a conversation with your tenants, you and your bacteria do have a few things in common. All cells share some common characteristics that make them living things. All organisms are composed of cells, the basic fundamental unit of life. They contain DNA as a heritable genetic material, and they can reproduce. They transcribe DNA into RNA and translate RNA into proteins on ribosomes. They can also regulate transport across a cell membrane and require chemical energy for some cellular processes. Organelles are the biggest difference between bacteria and cells that make up the human body Organelles

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Poverty in rural and urban areas The topic is the poverty in rural and yrban areas. Firstly, the poverty rates in rural areas are much higher than those in urban areas, because most of the poor live in rural areas. Rural areas also have high infant mortality rate and low education level. It is important to make sure the population in rural areas have access to sanitation and education. Environmental problems including water pollution and the sanitation of drinking water, indoor smoke and gas emission. Poor people are especially affected especially regarding their health. The rising demand for energy consumption is likely to sustain until 2030, which will affect a range of environmental problems.

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Human behaviors Determinant, human behavior is affected by internal and external factors. At the end of lecture, the speaker mentioned that psychologists are interested in explaining human behavior. Determinant is influenced

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum by two factors, the personal factors which are internal and the environmental factors which are external. The personal factors include people's belief on certain things and their individual thinking about it, while the environmental factors include temperature, air pressure and the others' thinking about them. In conclusion, one's determinants are affected by both himself and the environment.

practicing (with a picture of a little girl playing Violin) If you want to master a skill, you have to practice and make it perfect. For example, if you want to learn to play the violin, you need practice. If you practice every day and solitary practices... You have to understand your weakness during the practice. For example, when you learn mathematics, and you find you are not good at geometry, then you will have to practice more on geometry. Even for those who are talented, they also need to practice. *practicing 10 thousand times *Playing Violin *Solitary practices *becoming an expert

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Childbirth rate in Europe The lecture is about childbirth rate in Europe. The speaker mentioned that in the recent years, European females have no interest to get birth to the babies. This particularly is the case for people under age of 30. He explained that these phenomena have had serious detrimental effects of development of males. He finally concluded that low birth rate causes some family issue and unemployment.

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Food labels Current studies show that what goes on labels is an important consideration for manufacturers, since more than seventy percent of shoppers read food labels when considering whether to buy a product. A recent controversy as to whether labels on prepared foods should educate or merely inform the consumer is over, and a consumer group got its way. The group had maintained that product labels should do more than simply list how many grams of nutrients a food contains. Their contention was that labels should also list the percentage of a day's total nutrients that the product will supply to the consumer, because this information is essential in planning a healthy diet. A government agency disagreed strongly, favoring a label that merely informs the consumer, in other words, a label that only lists the contents of the products. The agency maintained that consumers could decide for themselves if the food is nutritious and is meeting their daily needs. The consumer group, in supporting its case, had cited a survey in which shoppers were shown a food label, and were then asked if they would need more or less of a certain nutrient after eating a serving of this product. The shoppers weren't able to answer the questions easily when

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum they were not given a specific percentage. This study, and others helped get the new regulation passed, and now food products must have the more detailed labels.

Paris آمده است rl هست ولی دوستان گفتن در rwfib این متن در جزوه Paris is very old—there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years and its shape has been determined in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France's rulers. But the great boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any more barricades being created by the rebellious population; that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part a maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you can imagine that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused great distress among the half a million or so residents whose houses were simply razed, and whose neighborhoods disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn down.

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The politics of happiness (Bhutan) only one country, tiny little Bhutan, wedged between China and India, has adopted the Gross National Happiness as the central index of government policy, and actually has a good deal of success in education and in health and in economic growth and in environmental preservation. They have a rather sophisticated way of measuring the effects of different policies on people's happiness. They are the only country to go that far. But you are now beginning to get other countries interested enough to do kind of white paper policy analyses of happiness research—what effects would it have if we used it more for public policy? You are beginning to get countries like Australia, France, Great Britain, that are considering publishing regular statistics on happiness. So it is beginning to become a subject of greater interest for policymakers and legislators in different advanced countries.

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Industrialization The lecture illustrated the influence of industrialization on European society in the 18th and 19th centuries. Specifically, the creation of power machines and factories provided numerous job opportunities, and it facilitated production efficiency and ability to transport raw materials. Industrialization also resulted in the urbanization movement, and that citizens prefer to live closer to the factories. Thus, the western world changed from rural and agricultural to urban industrial.

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European countries educational expenditure (GDP) There is a bar chart with a GDP comparison of more than a dozen countries. UK's investment in education is a high percentage of GDP. Mentioned public and private education. Mentioned OECD countries ( OECD is indicated on the left side of the figure ). The UK is in the middle of the five countries. Mention that Italy is the same as Mexico. Finally mentioned Finland GDP.

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum This lecture is about the education expenditure in UK, compared with other European countries. The speaker mentioned that UK has only spent 1% of its total GDP on the tertiary education, which was insufficient as compared with other European countries such as Finland and Denmark. he discussed the expenditure of Spain is close to UK however, Denmark and Finland spent much more than the other European countries. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the education expenditure of UK in compare to the other countries.

Nutrition guideline Interviewer: What nutritional guidelines should we be following? Interviewee: Well, probably the best source of nutritional guidelines are those that are issued by the American Cancer Society or the National Cancer Institute. And the American Cancer Society, for example, offers four really basic, simple nutrition guidelines. The first guideline, which in my mind is the most important, is to choose most of the foods that you eat from plant sources, and we can talk in more detail about that in a moment. The second guideline is to limit your intake of high fat foods, particularly from animal sources. The third guideline is to be physically active and achieve a normal, healthy body weight. And the final guideline is to limit consumption of alcoholic beverages if you choose to drink at all. Interviewer: So Susan, one of the things we always hear about ...from the American Cancer Society is this five-a-day recommendation. Maybe if you could explain to our listening audience what that actually means. Interviewee: The five-a-day recommendation is a very simple way of communicating the message to increase consumption of these plant foods. And what five-a-day means is five servings per day of fruits and vegetables in total. And some people misunderstand this guideline, and they may think it's okay if I have five glasses of fruit juice a day, and I've met my five-a-day guideline. The goal is really to choose both fruits and vegetables as part of the five-a-day guideline, to vary the fruits and vegetables that you eat on a daily basis, and that alone is a very major step forward in terms of reducing your risk for cancer.

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Australia’s changing role The lecture is about Australia’s changing role. The speaker mentioned that Australia has changed its role in trading with the world. He discussed that in the past Australia was isolated from UK and USA, but it has now become a famous destination due to rise of Asian countries especially china. He explained that Japan is ranked in the first position and China will become the number one in the future. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the role of Australia in trading with world.

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*(new) Turtle, hard-shell turtle, living in the coasts, travels thousands of miles, as you see in the picture, a satellite (or GPS) tracker is placed at the back of turtle to keep track of its activities, migration pathways…

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Thermodynamics The lecture was discussing thermodynamics, which is about transferring of heat, temperature, and their relation to energy and work. The speaker mentioned that most of the thermodynamics laws are firmly constant and unchangeable; however, there are some exceptions. He mentioned that these exceptions happen when kinetic energy of molecules takes into account, which is about the random motions of atoms. In conclusion, the lecture described some of the thermodynamic processes.

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Space time If we want to talk about relativity, we have to talk about space-time. Space-time is the four dimensional world we live in We need four numbers to specify a point in space. Also, the four dimensional world is the arena of physics, everything happens physically in space time.

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Globalization There are many definitions of what the economic globalization is, but an important aspect of most is that it involves reducing or removing the barriers limiting the free movement of business, trade (exports and imports), investment and even labor across national borders. First, globalization means the increase in international trade transactions and multinational companies across the border. Secondly, globalization represents an integrated economic system than ever before. Some countries produce goods, and some consume goods, which means one country’s economy may depend on another country, and more transactions across countries. But in the past, they were economically independent while they are now parts of the global economy

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Language death Language death is not mainstream theater. It is not mainstream anything. Can you imagine Hollywood taking it on? It’s so far outside the mindsets of most people, but they have a difficulty appreciating what the crisis is all about because they’re not used to thinking about language as an issue in itself. Somehow we need to change these mindsets. We need to get people thinking more about language. More explicitly, more intimately, more enthusiastically. Interest in language is certainly there in the general population most people are fascinated by such topics as where words come from or what the origin of their towns name is or whether their baby’s name means anything and they’re certainly prepared to play scrabble and a host of other language games ad infinitum when you get language games on radio and television – but a willingness to focus that interest on general issues a prepared us to take onboard the emotion and drama inherent in the situation of language endangerment is not something that happens much.

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The Large Hadron Collider Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator lies

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum in a tunnel. The LHC is a ring roughly 28km around that accelerates protons almost to the speed of light before colliding them head-on. Protons are particles found in the atomic nucleus, roughly one thousand-million-millionth of a meter in size. The LHC starts with a bottle of hydrogen gas, which is sent through an electric field to strip away the electrons, leaving just the protons. Electric and magnetic fields are the key to a particle accelerator.

Housing shortage in the UK We have a housing shortage in the UK we are not building enough new homes to meet the needs of a growing population the population is growing because we are living longer and we are living in smaller households last year we built around 150,000 new homes but we need to build around 300,000 every year to meet the needs of the growing number of households to replace the houses that are no longer suitable to live in and to meet the backlog of unmet need or we have a shortage of housing but the problem of how to build the houses is but one aspect of the national housing problem there are three others we have a problem of allocation how to use the housing stock so that it best meets people as needs and then thirdly there is quality if everyone lived in a decent house in a pleasant neighborhood there’d be no housing problem then finally there is a serious problem of affordability not all households can afford to buy or rent housing of an acceptable standard that meets their needs.

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Welsh Language This busy little town is named after sir David's first cousin. It's also a Welsh language stronghold. According to the 2001 census results seventy percent of the town's population could speak Welsh but even here the language may not be completely safe. The Welsh language board expects last year's census results to show a fall in the number of Welsh speakers living in its northern and western heartlands. One of the main reasons for that the board says is migration. Many Welsh speakers are choosing to leave the country. At the same time only a small percentage of those moving in can speak the language or choose to learn it. Historically, over the past 1788 Wales people have continually left in order to find better better standard of pay maybe in quality of employment and the things have change was probably is that them there is a larger amount of English people now who have found Wales of the last 20-25 years particularly this corner of Wales and regarded is a desirable place to come and live and as opposed to many areas in England and cheaper as well.

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Winston Churchill The Right Honorable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer--Churchill, KG, OM,

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum CH, FRS, PC(November 30, 1874 – January 24, 1965) was a British statesman, best known as prime minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. At various times a soldier, journalist, author, and politician, Churchill is generally regarded as one of the most important leaders in British and world history. Considered reactionary on some issues, such as granting independence to Britain's colonies and at times regarded as a self-promoter who changed political parties to further his career, it was his wartime leadership that earned him iconic status. Some of his peacetime decisions, such as restoring the Gold Standard in 1924, were disastrous as was his World War I decision to land troops on the Dardanelles. However, during 1940, when Britain alone opposed Hitler's Nazi Germany in the free world, his stirring speeches inspired, motivated, and uplifted a whole people during their darkest hour. Churchill saw himself as a champion of democracy against tyranny, and was profoundly aware of his own role and destiny.

The economic structures change of Europe The lecture is mainly About a change in economy structures in Europe. After industrial revolution around the 19th century, the machinery was widely used in the manufacturing, so the production in factories increased. As a result, circulation of goods became faster, and this led to more accumulation of social wealth. Because of this, the population of middle class expanded and this resulted in the additional accumulation of wealth.

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Australian export market 2 3 5

Wildlife in Africa Wildlife is important for people's livelihood, especially fish. Billions of people in the world rely on fish as their main food source, the source of protein, and source of income. As the food source, fish is beneficial to health, whereas a source of income, it alleviates poverty. It is expected that fish industry will become the prime source of foreign income. Transcript: Africa is one of the poorest continent in the world, and its economy is at stake. So, what is the source of major income than can boost its economy? Well, there is relationship between food and income in Africa. According to a recent research, most residents in Africa suffer from poverty and the main livelihood is wildlife, especially fish from the river. Fish is the major source of food and protein. Many Africans suffer from protein deficiency. So, it is important for African that fish is the major source of their income since fish industry can attract tourists around the world which can effectively facilitate the economic development. Fish will become the top one source of income in Africa and mind you even the income for foreign economies. This is why income is closely associated with food.

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Immigration effects The lecture was discussing the immigration effects. The speaker mentioned that these days, the immigrants who work in industrialized

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum countries, are able to save and send money to their home country about 200000 dollars. However, they money that they receive from their government is about 100000 million dollars.

Universe civilization The lecture was discussing universe civilization. The speaker mentioned that the universe produces 100 of planets annually, however, only an average of seven planets are suitable for high civilization. He discussed that most of planets are not suitable for living since they are either so cold or hot. He explained that only 20 percent of planets can support human to survive. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the possibility of living in the other planets.

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Are we animals? Far too many people, hmmm….often say things like animals do this but we don’t, or else this animal does this and that animal does this, but the humans don’t do things like that. Those statements have some hiddens assumption that we are not animals. When we say animals do this animals do that, we often assume that we're not animals. If we are not animals, what are we? Are we plants or trees or flowers? No, we are not. Then okay, we are not plants, are we microorganisms, really tiny microscopic things? No, we are not. Then the natural conclusion must be we are not living things. That’s not true. Yes, we are animals and I see animals in us and I see humans in animals. So, I'm going to talk about the animal behavior and human nature. In order to understand human nature, we can look into animals’ eyes and animal behavior and find something about what made us who we are.

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Water challenge Today I want to talk about water, and the…the law that surrounds drinking water, to talk about its quality, talk about what your rights are to clean water, to also give you a sense of what key threats are to drinking water, what your exposure might be, and what we might do about it, both legally but also personally. Water is a critical component of our environment and our bodies, your body is close to 70% water. You can go for several weeks, two to three on average without food, you can only go for about four minutes without air, and you can go for maybe four or five days without water before you die. So water is absolutely critical, and one of the key arguments I want to make today is that it's a largely neglected area of environmental law, given the rapid increase in our knowledge about chemical threats to water quality, and where those threats come from.

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*(new) Energy consumption

This is a 40-watt light bulb. If you leave it on all the time, it uses one kilowatt every day. And it’s possible to express all forms of power consumption using this unit of the light bulb. I started measuring everything around my house, around my office. And I found some surprising things. First, I plug in a phone charger. And it didn’t even

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum register on this power meter. It uses one hundredth of a light bulb of power. So I don’t think the phone chargers can be our NO.1 phone energy consumption. Just taking one hot bath everyday uses the same energy, same power of five light bulbs on all the time, non-stop. And I found I’ve been steadily using 40 light bulbs worth of gas for heating, making hot air or hot water. And that surprises me. Transport is one of the biggest forms of energy consumption, and it uses about a third about our energy. If you drive an average car 50 kilometers a day, that corresponds to adding 40 light bulbs on all the time. Today, the average British person is using 125 light bulbs of power. That’s 125 light bulbs on all the time , non-stop. That’s huge.

Government Blogging We usually see blogging as a two-way interaction, in which the blogger creates the content, and the readers interact or challenge the author. But the case will be much difficult when it comes to government, such as the White House. Because people will become more coarse and ride online, especially in the comment area. Hence the governor blog may go wild and chaotic. So the government will have to administrate the comment. Once the government starts administrating the comment, citizens may find the government manipulating what should be said and what should be shown, which contradicts the original intention.

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Air pollution

In today's lecture I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution since the middle of the last century and what has created these changes. So, um - by the 1950s, air pollution was very visible with frequent thick black fogs known as 'smogs' in many large cities around the world. The main source of this pollution was from factories and it caused severe health problems. For example, a particularly severe smog in London in 1952 caused over four thousand deaths. Obviously something had to be done and in 1956 a Clean Air Act was introduced in Britain. This addressed the pollution from factories and the smogs soon disappeared. However, as you know, these days air pollution is still a big issue. The main difference between now and the 1950s is that you can't see it - it's invisible. Also, the main source of pollution now is from cars and lorries, and although these don't produce visible signs, this air pollution is still a significant risk to health. And one of the key factors in the rise of this type of pollution is that we have all become much more vehicle-dependent. There are far more cars and lorries, trains and planes than in the 1950s and this is now the main source of air pollution around the world.

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Science and scientist Science is all about evidence. Differences between science and scientists, and he said he likes scientists rather than science. Because scientists can do research and propose questions to find out what is true. Science is like furniture.

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Why the Australian housing is so expensive Australian housing price has increased dramatically recently as Australia has been through a long period of uninterrupted economic growth over the past 15 years. At that time, the mortgage rate was half. Therefore, everyone can afford to borrow money from banks to buy a house. However, the house price has been soaring now because of the increase in immigration and purchasing power. Additional keywords: 90%, accommodation cost. Transcript: One of the headlines we will often hear in the news would be the hike in living in Australia. We have seen Australian housing price has increased dramatically in the recent years. Australians have witnessed an uninterrupted economic growth over the past 15 years, and it will continue in the later years as well. So what has driven this growth? There are three main factors. Firstly, the rate of mortgage by the bank has halved. This encouraged everyone to borrow money from the banks and buy a house. Secondly, people have more purchasing power than ever before which simply means housing has become more unaffordable for the Australian residents. Thirdly, the immigration policy made by the federal government has allowed more people coming into the country and this has resulted in more demand in housing.

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Language distinguish or Small Language extinction The lecture was about small language extinction. Now language accelerates to, and little languages are disappearing at an accelerated rate that has never been before in history. The main reason for the distinction is urbanization where people are moving to cities and urban area to find more work opportunities, and being influenced by mainstream language. The ideal place for little languages to survive is in isolated areas.

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Biomedical engineering ( chest x-ray) So, this is one picture of probably you all know what it is. When you see it, it is a familiar looking image. It is Something probably we all have some personal experience with, right? This is a chest x-ray that would be taken in your doctor’s office, for example, or a radiologist’s office. And it is a good example of Biomedical Engineering and that it takes a physical principle, that is how x-rays interact with the tissues of your body, and it uses that physics, that physical principle to develop a picture of what’s inside your body, so to look inside and see things that you couldn’t see without this device. And you'll recognize some parts of the image, you can see the ribcage here, the bones you can see the heart is the large bright object down here if you have good eyesight from the distance, you can see the vessels leading out of the heart and into the lungs, and the lungs are darker spaces within the ribcage.

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Non-governmental organization (NGO) A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a not-for-profit organization that is independent from states and international governmental organizations. They are usually funded by donations but some avoid formal funding altogether and are run primarily by volunteers. NGOs are highly diverse groups of organizations engaged in a wide range of activities, and take different forms in different parts of the world Some may have charitable status, while others may be registered for tax exemption based on recognition of social purposes. Others may be fronts for political, religious, or other interests. The number of NGOs worldwide is estimated to be 3.7 million. Russia has 277,000 NGOs. India is estimated to have had around 2 million NGOs in 2009, just over one NGO per 600 Indians, and many times the number of primary schools and primary health centers in India. China is estimated to have approximately 440,000 officially registered NGOs. NGOs are difficult to define, and the term 'NGO' is not always used consistently. In some countries the term NGO is applied to an organization that in another country would be called an NPO (nonprofit. organization). And vice versa. There are many different classifications of NGO in use. The most common locus is on "orientation" and "level of operation". An NGO's orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on. These activities might include human rights, environmental, improving health, or development work. An NGO's level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works. Such as local, regional, national, or international.

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Invention and innovation He says innovation equals invention. Let me just stop here. Innovation equals invention often people mistake these two things for the same thing. innovation equals invenntion, they are not. Innovation is something that generates value fot the world. It makes something faster, better, cheaper. It gives someone some great satisfaction. an invention is an idea, a technology, a patent. in and of itself, it does not generate value. So these two are not the same thing. And sometimes you see them interchange. and that's not correct. So innovation equals invention times commercialization. So and when we look at this equation of innovation something of value, it requires a new idea and then it requires someone or some organization that is going to commercialize that idea, and to make it a value to the world.

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Learning process All of my research and that I conducted was my 60plus graduate students, was motivated by their need to learn, so that we can teach. Of course, in some inventions happened along the way but I've always considered the end the result. And I always consider that this invention to be byproduct, byproducts of the learning process. The end product for me was always better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that can help us in teaching the subject. I've also looked

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum at teaching as a vehicle to try new ideas, of new ways to doing things on an intelligent group of learners. That is as the vehicle for the teaching research results. And in my experience, this kind of teaching is the most stimulated and motivating to students. I am also uncovered many interesting research problems is the cause of teaching assumption. It is this unity of research and teaching their close connection and the benefits gathered by exercising and the interplay that to me recognized the successful professor.

wind power Wind turbine is a device that will convert wind into mechanical movement, which we can use to power water pump or elecricity generator. Now the power that the turbine creates is obviously depended on the wind speed, it also depended obviously on the number of sails, the area of the sails, the angle of the sails makes to the wind. So you can imagine if the turbine blades flat onto the wind, the wind is going to just bend it, if there is slight angle when the wind hits it, it's going to turn the blades. We can use that for powering things. Now, we're going to have a go, making some of the very very simple paper windmills, a sort of things that you can make from the bits and pieces lying around home, and use that to drive very small generator to power electric devices.

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Urbanization and agriculture The lecture was about the relationship between urbanization and agriculture. It first stated that a tremendous number of people move to the city to find more opportunities. It then followed by giving an example about agriculture, farmers could grow food in the countryside, which could benefit many families in the city. In the end, the speaker concluded that many people tend to live in the city even if they lose their jobs.

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Robot application The lecture talks about robot application. In the beginning of the lecture, the speaker says that there are many industries such as car manufactory nowadays using robots. Robot can replace human doing many heavy and hard works. Instead of robots for general purpose, robots for special purposes such as vacuum cleaner robots have been purchased by many bachelors. The number of robot will increase rapidly in next few years.

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social identity ***(new) The lecture talks about the information of the concept of social identity. He has studied several aspects of social identity including social identity threats. As for the social identity, it is part of the personal identity, including age, s ex, region, religion, etc. He raised two questions about why social identity is important and what influence it will have on us.

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New Musical Instrument The Skoog is a new university accessible musical instrument. It is designed to use by children or adults with special needs or in fact be used by anyone. It’s soft, it’s easy to play, it’s robust and it can be customized to suit anyone’s abilities. The Skoog helps students with special needs by allowing them to get involved in making music themselves. It’s an instrument that they can play it and they can take ownership of and start creating their own sounds and music. Traditional instruments are the shape and size and made of the materials they are because of the sound that they need to make. If you want to make a sound like a plucked string, you need a string and it needs to be under tension, whereas with a Skoog, because it’s a mixture of software and a sensor, then thus the computer can handle making the sound. And so we can design an object that’s designed to be touched and designed to be played with. In developing the screen and working with kids in the schools and in the classrooms, it’s really helped us make the Skoog something that’s usable by the children themselves. They’ve informed us massively on how it needs to work and they’ve given their opinions on colors and designs. And just the feedback they’ve given to us has been just marvelous. It’s just so enriching and it’s really inspiring to actually work with these kids, particularly when you can provide them with an ability to start to playing their own music as opposed to just taking part through listening and listening to other musicians and really learning from.

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Opening borders I believe our borders should be open. But if that is not politically acceptable for now, Europe should at least open up a legal route for people from developing countries to come work here. Over time, hopefully, we can move to a position where borders are completely open. Persuading sceptics won't be easy. That's why I think the argument for free migration has to be made at several levels: a principled case: it increases freedom and reduces injustice; a humanitarian case: it helps people much poorer than ourselves; an economic case: it makes us richer; and a pragmatic case: it is inevitable, so it is in everyone's interests to make the best of it. Freedom of movement is not just a matter of human rights and international solidarity; it is in our self-interest. Opening our borders may seem unrealistic. But so too, once, did abolishing slavery or giving women the vote. Campaigning for people's right to move freely is a noble cause for our time.

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Famous novelist I have been written non-fictions for years actually and but secretly I wanted to be a novelist. When I first started writing at the age of thirty was with the intension of writing a fiction. But I took a long detour and for ten or twelve years and wrote nonfiction which I absolutely had no regret about it at all. I think it exactly the right thing for me to do. But

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum that was that dream took away and side of me to do this. Now I remember reading something that Eudora Welty wrote, who is, you know, the great novelist who has a big influence on me actually, and she said 'No art ever came out of not risking your neck.' And I think she is absolutely right about that. It doubts that way to me at that time and it actually feels that way to me every time I sit down to write something. Finally, in the early 90s, I took my deep breath and started writing fiction. It felt risky to me at the time to do that. And one of the very first things that I wrote was what I thought was going to be, the first chapter of the novel called 'The Secret Life of Bees'. I wrote it in 1992 and it is actually an essentially the first chapter of the novel, as it is now.

Frogs The graph shows three types of frogs in different region, indicating their life habits and their influence on human. The variation of frog has been existing for many years that some have more limbs while some have fewer limbs. The lecture also explains the reason for the gene mutation. Many people are worried that river those frogs live will be polluted by them and affect our health. Frog population changes in North America with different limb, 20-30%, people would worry such species may affect and post risk to people in the local area cause their drinking water is from the river.

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Dogs tell growls When this dog approaches some food, another dog's playful snarls are played back. The dog seems curious but the sound doesn’t stop it from taking the bone. Here, a dog hears the growls of a dog being approached by a stranger. But these don’t deter it from grabbing the bone either. In another scenario, the sound of a dog protecting its food is played back. This time the dog backs off. These experiments suggest the dogs can distinguish between different types of growls.

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Einstein theory and universe The lecture was about the motion of the universe and the Einstein theory. Although people used to believe that the world is fixed and unchangeable, Einstein claimed that stars and planets are continuously expanding and changing over the time. In the end, the speaker concluded that while some people know this theory as a discovery of Einstein, Edward Hubble was the first person who proposed this theory. Philosophers and scientists from 100 years ago and prior believed that the universe is fixed and unchangeable, all planets, people, earth and sky are all in one place without any change, but it was until Einstein prediction about our thick universe, and he believed everything is evolving, but Einstein hadn’t the honor to see it for himself, as Edwin Hubble has made this discovery in 1920s.

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Survey Let's say if I'm asking which source do you often use to get information. Newspaper? Radio? TV? And the survey shows 62% of the people chose

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum internet. You might be thinking I am going to say, how important the internet is, or how quickly it has changed the world for a few years. But what if I tell you this survey is conducted on the website globalandmail.com? Our answer will be different because the people who did this survey on a website must be frequent users of internet. This sample is a biased sample. So we have to pay attention to how a survey is conducted.

Body fat Change The lecture demonstrated an experiment of body fat challenge which was volunteered by thirty-one women. Specifically, the Canadian researchers revealed that these women were provided a healthy diet and regular exercise and thus some candidates were lost body weight. However, a few of them did not have significant change or even gain the weight. The main reasons are that they cheat on the diet and that they subconsciously dislike the challenge. 31 women volunteered in a program conducted by Canadian researchers, in which they are provided with the healthy diet and asked not to change diet and regular exercise for six months so they could burn 2000 calories weekly. After six months, some people lost weight, some remain the same, while others gain weight. There are two explanations. One is that they ate a lot and cheated on the diet, and the other is they ate subconsciously.

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Green economy

The green economy could easily be the next Industrial Revolution. I mean energy is... you know, we all need energy. We do an annual report which studies how much oil is left in the world and demand for oil. And with China, India, South America, Africa even, growing at the rate they're now growing, you know, we think that four or five years from now the demand for fuel will exceed supply. That could push prices, you know, through the roof. For that reason you know, forget global warming for one minute just for that reason alone, we should be hurrying up, you know, saving on energy and creating alternative sources of energy. And I think those people who invest in this sector, hopefully, you know, will get their thanks, and get the right; get their just returns.

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***NEW*** Learning more than one language The lecture was discussing the importance of learning language. The speaker mentioned that there is a controversial debate among people that learning second language is beneficial in some ways. He mentioned that firstly it would enhance communication skills. Secondly, it is advantageous in terms of employment because it is one of the valuable skills that employers looking for. In conclusion, second language is one of the most valuable skills in the fact-changing world.

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Life expectancy and human health 2 1 3

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***NEW***

Population of London 3 3

New Venus Venus, Similarity to earth, paintings of Venus with lush shrubs, imagination of artists, Venus is nothing like earth, high pressure atmosphere, scorching heat… Now this picture is a picture sort of artist’s impression before the Space Age of what Venus might be like on its surface and so this was looking at the planet Venus. It was science fiction and science fact and also tell you about some the latest results about Venus express what share same actually some Earth last picture but to logic think that’s my idea

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Truck space The lecture was discussing a shuttle designing to be a space truck used as a multi-purpose vehicle. The speaker mentioned that the main application of this incredible vehicle is launching satellites, repairing them and bringing them back in orbit or even the earth to repair. In the end, he concluded that this space truck is used internationally to build an international space station.

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Britain Press Britain Press industry in the 18th century (with a painting of men in printing house) * Britain press * sophisticated press industry *newspapers and pamphlet

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Economic Development The lecture was discussing about the economic development in Latin America. The speaker mentioned that in the past 20 years, there is significant increase in the economic development at about 80 percent, however, after globalization and reform, there is a considerable decrease from 80 percent to 10, which made the economic unsustainable. He explained that there are plenty of others who begin to ask the question whether the reform is positive or negative. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the development of economic in Latin America.

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Population growth and resource consumption The lecture was about population growth and resource consumption. It first stated that the population has increased from 1.5 million to 6 million between 1900 and 2000. It then followed by addressing the increase in the energy consumption, which is about 16 folds. In the end, the speaker concluded that megacities have 50 percent of the population, but they consume 70 percent of energy sources and produce tons of waste.

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Boys and Girls performance The lecture is about how boys and girls score marks in English and Math. He mentioned that girls perform better than boys in English

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum around 10 percent higher, however, there is no clear difference for math exam. He discussed their performance highly depends on their cognitive, physical and social factors. He explained that they develop the cognitive knowledge during pre-schools. In conclusion, the lecture was related to the performance of girls and boys in math and English exam.

English language change 2nd was challengers to change English language why can't we change it because it has some standardized spelling and universal education format. So it's very hard to change the entire language. Secondly, there is variety in the English language from the number of villagesregions, so it's wise to have a universal one.

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British Standards Institution (BSI) The British standards institution is a service organization that produces standards across a wide variety of industry sectors. All products must have a BSI license to get access into the market. There are two types of standard. One is compulsory, and the other one is elective. Under the compulsory standard, the products cannot come into the market unless they meet the requirements. Otherwise, without the license, these products will be seen as illegal. This is for the purpose of safety. Take matchboxes as an example.

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Human Rights in UK The UK was the first country to announce conservational human rights after the Second World War, and that the rights consist of positive and negative sides. Furthermore, the positive rights include the right to marry, free religion, free trade, and right to vote, while the negative rights are considered about equality of sex.

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Measuring food I'm dietitian and I work in clinical weight-loss recently. Accurately estimating portion sizze is critical in research or real-world settings. For example, if you're trying to watch your weight and you're out to dinner and you're presented with a bowl of food, there's no really good way to actually estimate how much you're eating unless you're gonna whip some scales out of your bag. so we wanted to find a more objective way for people to quatify what they're eating when the dimensions of the food using width of their fingers and remembering back to primary school maths. we use the geometric volume formulas to estimate the weight of the food. To show you how this works, I've ordered a piece of lasagna. And that's my box, a glass of wine and that's my cylinder. And I'm feeling pretty healthy, so I order some watermelon for dessert. And that's my wedge. So this was I know it's seven by five, by four fingers. In the future, I see this method be incorporated into smartphone applications. So you put your finger, it's in along with your height and your weight. And the app will do all of the calculations for you. And then you've got a more accurate way to estimate the portion size.

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Seed and pesticide in India The debt today is so high, it’s two hundred thousand rupees, three hundred thousand rupees of peasant who have no capital. They who know within a year or two, when they accumulate that kind of debt. They never able to pay back. Where is the debt coming from? It’s coming from a seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand rupees per kilogram, depending on what you got. Seed that used to be free, used to be theirs. Pesticides each time, they more they use, the more they have to use, 12 sprays, 15 sprays, 20 sprays. Pesticides used in just the last five years in the land areas of India has shot up by 2000 percent. That’s why the free market and globalization have brought and since we are talking about peasants, who have no money, who have no capital, they can only by expensive seeds and expensive pesticides by borrowing. And who lend that money? The seed companies that sell the pesticides, which are the same companies that sell the seeds, as you know, are now also the major creditors.

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Alternative(renewable) energy The natural resources we consumed are not sustainable, so we need to develop alternative energy, such as wind power, biological energy, and hydropower. But among of all them solar energy should be placed at the first priority because it's not only reusable and renewable, but also can be easily acquired from the land. However, these types of energy are hard to store, so new technology is required.

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Cariboo gold rush Today, I want to talk about the Cariboo gold rush of 1858, which began when gold was discovered in the frontier town of Quesnel Forks in the Canadian province of British Columbia. By 1861 thousands of men had flocked to the region hoping to strike it rich. Naturally, as the town grew, supplies had to be brought in, and this was done with mules. Now the mules were quite reliable, but there were some drawbacks. For example, a mule carrying a heavy load could travel only 15 miles in a day, meaning that a typical trip into Quesnel could take as long as 20 days. So, as the demand for supplies continued to grow, a group of merchants and packers decided to try a new approach, believe it or not, they shipped in a herd of camels. I know that sounds strange, but camel trains had been used quite effectively during the California gold rush some 10 years earlier. But the results in the Cariboo region weren't quite the same. In fact it was a disaster. The camels couldn't carry the heavier loads the merchants expected them to. Their two-toed feet were perfect for desert travel, but they weren't suited for Cariboo's rugged mountain terrain. To make matters worse, the mules became very agitated whenever they came across a camel and that caused a lot of accidents on the treacherous mountain trails. The mulepackers went so far as to threaten the camel owners with a lawsuit. But the reason the merchants finally got rid of the camels is because these animals simply weren't cut out for the job.

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***NEW*** Robot development

All we're trying to do when we build robots is to get those skills and perceptions and mechanical designs into machines, into robots. I think our long-term goal is to do this. To build robots that have the functional levels of performance. That are equal to, or greater, than people and animals. I don't mean that they have to work the way people animals work or that they have to look like them just at the level of performance in terms of mobility the ability to move around in the world. Dexterity the ability to use our hands. Look I'm handling this device. I can rotate it around. I'm sensing there's a remarkable amount going on that we make seem so easy. And then perception. I mean here's a room with two hundred people just within this theater and I can look and see every one of you. I can do it while I'm moving. It's totally remarkable. Yet, we can all do it and we don't think about it. We didn't have to be specially trained. Yet, those are the skills that we're trying to put into our robots.

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International environmental law Before we consider international environmental law and climate change we need to consider domestic legislation, as it is within the sovereign states that international law is put into practice. This reflects the environmentalists' maxim, 'think globally act locally'. United Kingdom legislative control over the impacts of mans' activity on the environment is not new. As long ago as the reign of Charles II the main concern was the production of smoke from the burning of 'sea coal. Almost all areas of trade and industry were subject to very detailed legislative controls at that time, although some were governed by 'self- regulation' in the form of guilds, who regulated both supply and methods of production. However, the measures implemented were mostly ineffective because then, as now, the specifying of legal duties and standards without providing any appropriate enforcement merely indicated good intentions but were of little practical effect. The next stage was prompted by the Industrial Revolution with the urbanization of society and its profound effects on the environment. Local industrialists used the Adam Smith model to maximize their economic benefit, but this was to the detriment of the local environment with the operation of 'Gresham's Law' that is, the bad drives out the good. Those industrialists who were concerned for either the health of their employees or the local environment faced higher costs than their competitors.

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***NEW*** Patent We're thinking about this and we're trying to say, alright well, let’s file a patent on this clicker. If I were to go to the patent office and say, alright, I want a patent on a clicker, period. The patent office would just laugh. The clickers have been around for a while. Presentation clickers have been around for a while, and so there would be a 0% chance that you would actually get that. If we were to, somehow, to convince the patent

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum office that we should be able to get a patent on clicker, period, it would however be incredibly valuable. Every single clicker that was made after this point would infringe and when it infringes maybe we take one or two dollars each. That would add up to be a decent amount of money. On the other end of the spectrum, let's go to the million word version. I got to the million word version. I got to the patent office and I say, I want a patent on this exact thing. And those million words describe every single radius, material, every single thing about this. And the patent office says, yeah, we've never seen that before, go ahead and take it. Almost 100% chance of getting that patent, but the value of that patent would be close to zero. ***NEW***

Robots, Technology and unemployment The video title, about the robot, mentions that the certain is the father of technology, looks like Henry Ford, and mentions unemployment. With the robot, some jobs don't need to be done, which leads to an increase in the unemployment rate. Is the emergence of a robot good or bad?

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***NEW***

Frog in Amber Mexico City -- A miner in the state of Chiapas found a tiny tree frog preserved in amber is believed to have lived about 25 million years ago, a Mexican researcher says. The chunk amber containing the centimeter-long frog was uncovered by a miner in southern Chiapas State in 2005 and bought by a private collector, who lent it to scientists for study. Only a few preserved frogs have been found in chunks of amber _ a stone formed by ancient tree sap _ mostly in the Dominican Republic. Like those, the frog found in Chiapas was of the genus Craugastor, whose relatives still inhabit the region. GErardo Carbot, the biologist with Chiapas Natural History and Ecology Institute who announced the discovery on Wednesday, said it was the first such frog found in amber in Mexico. Carbot said he would like to extract a sample from the frog's remains to see whether they contain well-preserved DNA, in order to identify the frog's species. However, he expressed doubt that the stone's owner would allow researchers to drill a small hole into the chunk of amber.

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U.S economy size In terms of economy size, the US is more than of China, Japan, UK and Germany combined. Despite serious crisis of the US, the size of the US economy is still large. In terms of the industrial output, US output is $2.8 trillion, but it only equals to the sum of China and Japan. IT is vital to understand the scale of American economy.

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Melk Monastery, Austria The Melk is not typical of all monasteries for many reasons. Firstly, it is very grand which most especially later foundations aren’t. Secondly, it

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum was founded in the countryside, whereas in 17th and 18th centuries, a good proportion of foundations were made in Towns. Thirdly, it still owns substantial amount of land, because fourthly it lies in the Austrian Republic, the only European country where grand old monasteries have been in continuous existence, since they were founded nine hundred a thousand even in one case twelve hundred years ago.

***NEW*** B2 Personality

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Big Bang theory The universe we know it is actually really old. Do you know exactly how old is the universe? The universe is about 50 billion years old and it is discovered that the oldest star is about 30 billion years old, not older than the universe which is perfectly matched. Well, people thought it might expand it 10 to 20 billion years ago; however according to the theory of big bang it actually happened 13.7 billion years ago. The big bang theory is also known as the cosmological model is simply an amazing discovery. The expansion of the universe had really occurred 13.7 billion years ago which is can match the current prediction of the cosmological model. However, we still not sure how many years more it will expand in the future is really unknown to us. The lecture is about dark energy. Dark energy Is an unknown form of energy, which is hypothesized to permeate all of space and accelerate universal expansion. Dark energy constitutes most of the total energy in the observable universe though its density is low. Two proposed forms of dark energy are cosmological constant and inconstant scalar fields. A field that is similar to dark energy and could inflate early universe is called the big bang. The lecture is about the Big Bang Theory which is a cosmological model for the universe. The detailed measurements regarding the expansion are at around 13.7 billion years ago, which is far before then the first estimation of about 10 – 20 billion years. The newest found star is roughly 30 billion years old, and thus it can be matched with the current prediction regarding the expansion. Our universe was in a hot dense state, then about 1.4 billion years ago, the expansion started. People usually think Big Bang happened 10-20 billion years ago but study indicated that it actually happened x billion years ago. The universe is a little older than the oldest stars, the observation is perfectly matched with the big bang theory. However, we still don't know how the big bang happened.

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Life on Europa *(new)

Scientists preparing for NASA's proposed Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter believe that Jupiter's moons Europa may be a corrosive mixture of acid and peroxide. Thus, it may not

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum be the ideal place for life to exist as was thought possibly to be the case. Virtually all the information we have about Europa comes from the spacecraft Galileo, which completed its mission to study Jupiter and its moons close up before NASA dramatically crashed it into Jupiter in 2003. Although the general perception of Europa is of a frozen crust of water ice harboring a salty subterranean ocean kilometers below, researchers studying the most recent measurements say light reflected from the moon's icy surface bears the spectral fingerprints of hydrogen peroxide and strong acids. However they accept that it could just be a thin surface dusting and might not come from the ocean below.

Media Some media exaggerate the truth while reporting, although some news happens globally they should be reported locally. People from different countries have the different understanding about news, which depends on whether they have relevant knowledge or not.

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Healthcare Workers

According to the World Health Organization, 400 million people worldwide have no access to essential health care. That's a staggering number of people. Some of those services include things like basic sanitation and clean water prenatal care and vaccinations or immunizations for children. Many things contribute to this crisis sometimes people live to remotely to get timely care if the emergency occurs even when living in a city the patient to doctor ratio can be as high as 50,000 people to just one doctor. Making it impossible for that doctor to meet the demands of health care in that area. These are valuable people made in the image of God who are physically suffering many of them without a personal relationship with Christ. So we do this with a week of hands-on training consisting of a variety of topics like basic sanitation and hygiene taking vital signs wound care and infection prevention basic birth assisting and emergency skills. Those who participate in the training then have practical skills in supplies to care for others in their community in a way that glorifies God and opens the door for sharing the gospel in a new way brought to you.

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Pull and push ***(new) Force is done by either push or pull. When you push or pull the trolley/shopping cart, it will experience forces. But force does not necessarily move the object. The object can experience forces but be stationary at the same time. Even when an object is pushed or pulled by

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum forces, it doesn’t mean that the object will move. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAThuCmwp9I

The business essence The lecture was discussing the essence of business entity, which is exchange. He explained that you exchange your goods to other goods. He also mentioned that the goal of marketing is transfer products from supplier to consumers to meet the demands of customers. In the end, he concluded that Capital gain is very important because only if by marketing profits, company would reinvest and produce more.

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Stanford university conference Welcome to Stanford University Business School. Today, I would like to talk about management and leadership. It is very important that you realize the importance of management and leadership in this university. It is obvious that the purpose of this education is to learn management and leadership skills. But you have to remember this education of management should not be only about delivering services and making sure the good quality. However, you should realize it is responsibility of students to accomplish assignments by themselves instead of depending on others. Students should be responsible for the management performance and identify how it could happen appropriately. The responsibility means that the accomplishments achieved by others does not necessarily indicate what they are truly capable of.

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The Role of Language Languages develop unconsciously when people try to communicate with each other. The rule of language is the convention. Every language is unique, valuable and not translatable since the meaning of a word in different languages is not the same. Language reflects own culture, represents personal thinking and understanding. It is important that a simple language should be documented for human beings. Different languages need to be documented as they are of human heritage.

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Remote technology The lecture is about the development of remote technology. The speaker mentioned that remote technology plays a pivotal role in observing fish reactions without being physically there. He discussed that these detectors could be installed underwater to monitor fish reaction to feeding. He concluded that this technology also helps to identify the water quality as well as change the feeding strategy when fish do not react to the feeding. The lecture talks about a new kind of remote distant monitoring technology called underwater Antares detectors. These detectors can

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum be used to observe the environment change and water temperature change. More importantly, these detectors are installed under water to monitor fish’s’ reaction to the feeding. By putting a camera into the cage and then put into the water, people can observe the fish’s reaction to feed so that it can help people to observe fish reactions without being physically there. This makes it possible for people to change their feeding strategy quickly when fish do not react to the feeding. The technology can also identify the water quality.

Hans Krebs

This is Hans Krebs. Who in 1937 published a paper so in the sequence of chemical reactions by which energy is released in individual cells. It’s called the Krebs cycle which some of you may remember from your chemistry course in high school. Krebs is a wonderful example to me of how a scientist who was determined can overcome all kinds of human obstacles. Krebs father constantly discouraged him and told him that he had just mediocre intelligence and would never do anything important in his life as a teenager. What Krebs remembers in his memoir his father said to him you can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear. And later on when Krebs studied with the great biochemist Otto Warburg. Warburg also told him the same thing not saying quote but that he had only mediocre ability and would never be a great scientist and we all hear about how important it is for parents encourage their children. But sometimes the children will go on to do great things no matter what we say to them.

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Computer and artificial intelligence People have been talking about symbolic representation of computers long before they were invented. Human tells the computer what to do and how to do. Computers can operate given the meaning of certain words. A human brain can be a symbol processor; at the same time a computer relies on analyzing messages into bytes which is similar to a human brain. If we can know more about how a human manipulate and work with symbols just like computers work with bits and bytes, then there is a high potential to develop artificial intelligence.

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Government information disclosure Citizens should be well informed or Government trick, policymaking-rule book throw by govt.: The lecturer explained about the government information disclosure. He mentioned that citizens should be well-informed by their governments, and however, some western democratic countries took it for granted. The speaker also argued that they use tricks in the book to cover up the things that already happened. Finally, the speaker concluded that the government's misleading policies are to hide information to keep their citizens. The western countries are democratic countries, but the government

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum policies are often interpreted in a wrong way and misleading people, but in some society people are deliberately hidden from the truth. Governments do all trick in the book to cover their mistakes. The lecture is about the government information disclosure. Although it is supposed that citizens in democratic countries are well informed about their rights, the government uses tricks to deliberately hide the information and mislead the people in the wrong direction. In the end, the speaker concluded that politicians use tricks in the book to cover up their mistakes.

Description (Abstraction) Today we will

discuss about abstraction commonly known as description. There are two methods of description. These are symbolic language and body

language. The abstraction is an important part for developing a computer. This is originated from the symbolic system in a computer

system. The origin of symbolic system was developed when people try to communicate with each other. Sign language was developed, which

means hand words in language. Sign language and movement could help people ask for help when they encounter rhinocers(rhino). Hands were language. Oral languages developed while people's hands were busy in

hunting.The symbolic language took communication to wider people and its popularity grew. The other part of abstraction is the body language.

People accepted body language as well. The physical movement facilitates the development of sign language which popularly became

hand words.

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Talent shortage First version: Talent is premium and there is a war for talents in 1990s because of the talent shortage. Companies and countries are recruiting young talented people from different countries and sending young people to universities. Some young people immigrated after they graduated from the university. They compete with the local students. Countries and organizations should put talents at the primary positions. The collapse of loyalty makes employees happy to change their workplace because for the higher income. There are three reasons: first, the change of nature of economy leads to increase in the talents demand and skills needed. Second, the shrinking labor force after the baby-boom causes less supply of skilled workers and the retirement of baby-boomers will cause a shortage of experienced workers. Third, there is also a mismatch between what schools are producing and what companies need. Second version: I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented and the most intellectually able people. There is a time when I think companies have many of the adventures in the world. That involves the companies’ world. It was the bosses’ world. Now I think the reverse is the case. We have a shortage of talent base within countries and between countries, have an intense battle between companies to hire the most talented workforce and also between

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum countries, which are looking to recruit talented young people, talented young immigrants. We have this sense of immigrants being things that countries are battled to keep out, and immigrants want to get in, climb of the walls. I think the opposite isn’t the case. And the topic is that countries are trying to lure bright young people to get them to go to universities and get them to become immigrants. So, on many levels, talent is a premium. There is a shortage of talent, and so countries, companies, all sorts of organizations, of course, volunteer organizations as well as, are competing to hire the best and the brightest. You know we have a baby-boom population which is aging. We have an economy which is becoming more sophisticated. And so, for all those sorts of reasons, talent is a premium.

History of Rome in London But what we are going to discuss today is how the port of London was discovered and what we discovered about it. Now if you look at the historical records of Roman London, there is only about 14 actual references to London in antiquity I contemporary references. And all those only one is in the first century, there are none at all at the second or third century. There is only one in the late third century and there is four in the fourth century. So if you are a historian trying to write the history of Rome in London, it's really difficult. you don't have much data, you are going to depend on the archeological evidence, the material evidence of the port and indeed the town to have any understanding of what happened then. And so, what we're looking at here is how did we discover about the port of London, there is no historical documentations, no custom books, no terrorists, no idea of the taxes. We have to understand the port entirely from the archeological evidence. So, if we move on to the next slide, I love lifestreaming. thank you very much.

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Civilization crises The first thing I want to argue is that the former civilization is running into pretty profound crisis in its relationships to the rest of nature, which we do and what we have depended on for survival and for flourishing. And this is the most widely and well-recognized in relation to climate change, CO2 emissions, greenhouse gas emissions. But I want to argue the certain dangers in the way that has been presented as the central question that we have to address. Because it interlocked with a number of other crises that is most noticeably as the crisis in access to fresh water, crisis in access to food, biodiversity loss on a huge scale, and associated problems of human in equality not just in a common world, but actually in the kinds of environmental resources, and pleasures that i can enjoy. so all those together, have to be looked at an interconnected set of really deep profound crisis.

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Joseph Lister Joseph Lister was an English surgeon who was the first man to realize the importance of aspetic techniques during the surgical procedures.

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum Lister was born in Essex England, and after obtaining a bachelor of Arts degree from University College London, he qualified as a doctor in 1852. Lister became an assistant surgeon at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and was later made surgeon at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary in Scotland. The accepted believe at the time was the contact of an open wound with moisture in the air caused infection. So surgical wounds were covered after operating with non-sterile cloths which increase the risk of infection. Lister refused to accept this theory and after reading the works of Louis Pasteur, he tried to prevent bacterial infection of surgical woundsby applying pure carbonic acid to surgical dressing as well as cleaning wounds with acid during and after surgery. Lister studied the effects of his treatment for 2 years and then published his findings. This led to the adaption of doctors white gowns which were used to show dirt and using surgical gauze and carbonic acid to clean wounds after surgery. Lister successfully treated Queen Victoria using his new method and he was appointed chairman of Clinical surgery at King's College Hospital London. Where he continued his research into antiseptics and clean surgery until he retired in 1893 and died in Kent England aged 85.

Australia immigration history The first inhabitants in Australia were the ancestors of the present indigenous people. Whether these first migrations involved one or several successive waves and distinct peoples is still subject to academic debate, as is its timing. The minimum widely accepted time frame places presence of humans in Australia at 40000to 43000 years Before Present, while the upper range supported by others is 60000 to 70000 years BP. In any event, this migration was achieved during the closing stages of the Pleistocene epoch, when sea levels were typically much lower than they are today. Repeated episodes of extended glaciation resulted in decreases of sea levels by some 100150 m. The continental coastline therefore extended much further out into the Timor Sea than it does today, and Australia and New Guinea formed a single landmass( known as Sahul), connected by an extensive land bridge across the Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait. The ancestral Australian Aboriginal peoples were thus long established and continued to develop, diversity and settle through much of the continent. As the sea levels again rose at the terminus of the most recent glacial period some 10000 years ago the Australian continent once more became a separated landmass. However ,the newly formed 150 km wide Torres Strait with its chain of islands still provided the means for cultural contact and trade between New Guinea and the northern Cape York Penisula. During the 1970s and 1980s around 120000 southern Asian refugees migrated to Australia. During that twenty years, Australia first began to adopt a policy of what Minister of Immigration AI Grass by termed “multiculturalism”. In 2004-5, Australia accepted 123000 new settles , 19 a 40% increase over the past 10 years. The largest number of immigrants (40000 in 200405) moved to Sydney. The majority of immigrants came from Asia, led by China and India.

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Description( symbolic language) Today we will discuss about abstraction commonly known as description. There are two methods of description. These are symbolic language and body language. The abstraction is an important part for developing a computer. This is originated from the symbolic system in a computer system. The origin of symbolic system was developed when people try to communicate with each other. Sign language was developed, which means hand words in language. Sign language and movement could help people ask for help when they encounter rhinocers(rhino). Hands were language. Oral languages developed while people's hands were busy in hunting.The symbolic language took communication to wider people and its popularity grew. The other part of abstraction is the body language. People accepted body language as well. The physical movement facilitates the development of sign language which popularly became hand words.

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Art and civilization I have said before that you can't have a civilization that doesn't have art. When we think about the great civilizations historically. All of them had great production of culture and art. Because a society has to be able to observe itself. and the sophistication of the great civilizations were their ability to look at themselves and what allows a society to do that Are the producers of Art and Culture mirror back? To the core of the society. Exactly what is being produced at that moment? How people are thinking of themselves and how individuals are relating to the social structure at that time? Art is the vehicle through which we understand that. Were you to take away art? What would be that mirror. How would we see what we are about? how would we understand what was going on in Paris? at the time of the impressionists when people were learning to see in a completely different way. Pre cinematograph appear all of these things are just emerging and here are people looking at the world in a very different way which was considered so radical at the time.

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Roman city But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as they look from above today, You can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way, as I mentioned. It wasn't planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth century B.C..Now this is interesting. Because what we know about the Romans is when they were left to their own devices and they could build the city from scratch, they didn't let it grow in an ad hoc way. They, they structured it in a, in a very care-, very methodical way. That was basically based on military strategy, military planning. The Romans they couldn't have conquered the world without obviously having a masterful military enterprise. And they everywhere they went on their various campaigns, their various military campaigns.

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum They would build, build camps and those camps were always laid out in a very geometric plan along a grid, usually square or rectangular.

Sweet smell of books Indeed, the library. We've all been to a historic library. We've all enjoyed the smell of a historic library. But what is it? And what does it mean? When we’ve recently, when at UCL Center for Sustainable Heritage, we’ve recently been asked to access the environment at another historical library at Saint Paul's Cathedral, the Wren Library, an incredible place. And it has a such an intensive smell of old books. And we were also asked for the first time really I was actually taken aback by the brief, we were asked whatever you do please preserve the smell. It is so important to our audience. It is so important how people perceive the library. So that is, that was quite an important message in our research. And indeed, the smell is an important way of how we communicate with the environment. This piece of research was done by an advertising company because advertisers are so interested in how we how we interact with each other and the environment. And we see that the majority of people use sight obviously to interact with the environment, but on the second place, we see the smell is also very, very important.

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Women participation in the Civil War (Mary Walker) Well, in answer to your question, several women actively participated in the Civil War. The one that comes immediately to mind is Mary Walker. She's important because she's the only woman ever to be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. As you know, this medal is given to people who've served the United States with exceptional bravery. In addition, she was the only female physician in either of the two armies that fought in that war. Even though she had two medical degrees, many officers made her life difficult because they didn't believe that a woman should be a doctor. However, she refused to back down and leave the army. In fact, she risked her life several times during the war and was even captured at one point, but she was soon released. Umm, after the war, she was arrested several times for wearing pants. And although Congress eventually tried to take her medal away, she refused to give it back and continued to wear it wherever she went. She died in 1919, a year before women received the right to vote, which brings me to my next point.

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***NEW*** Salt

So today we're continuing to talk about the social history of foodstuffs, and we're going on to consider next the importance of salt and the significant role it has played. Salt was a highly valued commodity in ancient times. Not because it made food taste nicer, but because of the way it could be used to preserve food. This meant that people were not so dependent on seasonal variations in what was available for them to eat - they could preserve what they produced and consume it as required. It also meant that food could be transported long distances.

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum Salt was not easy to obtain and so prices for it were high. It was often necessary to transport it long distances and it is believed that one of the reasons for building some of the roads that led to the ancient city of Rome was to make it easier to bring salt to the city from various parts of the Roman Empire. Roman rulers took financial advantage of the population's need for salt. When they wanted to raise money for some war or another, they raised the price of salt. Elsewhere salt was important too. In Africa, for example, caravans consisting of up to forty thousand camels are said to have travelled four hundred miles across the Sahara to transport salt to the inland markets of places like Timbuktu.

***NEW*** The People Act This month marks 100 years since the 1918 Representation of the People Act, which tripled the electorate and for the first time granted the vote to (some) women in Great Britain and Irland. The 1918 Representation of the People Act was a parliamentary act passed in the final year of the First World War that tripled suffrage in Britain and Irland and expanded the frenchise to include some women. It entitled all men over the age of 21 to the vote and granted suffrage to women over 30 - as long as they were either owners of property, or married to owners of property. http://www.historyextra.com/period/20th-century/what-was-the-1918-representation-of-the-people-act/

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***NEW***

Great Depression One of the things that was goig on during the Great Depression was the beginning of this sort of modern food technology that rules, you know, the way Americans eat today. That is there are a lot of canned foods were being_coming onto the market at the time. And also, refrigerators were really becoming very, very popular during the Great Depression, both in cities and in rural parts of the country. Thanks to electrification, the Rural Electrification Administration, people could buy appliances. you know, farmers could buy appliances. And that meant frozen foods were becoming big. And, you know, at that time, people could afford to buy them during the early years of the Great Depression. But, you know, gradually, these things picked up. And so this was, like, the sort of beginning of the era when people were starting to think about supermarkets with rows and rows of freezer cases and rows of canned foods.

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Sigmund Freud For better or worse, we live in a world profoundly affected by Sigmund Freud. If I had to ask you to name a famous psychologist, the answer of most of you would be Freud. He was the most famous psychologist ever and he had a profound influence on the 20th and 21st century. Some

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum biographical information: he was born in the 1850s. He spent most of his life in Vienna, Austria, but he died in London and he escaped to London soon after retreating there at the beginning of World War Two as the Nazis began to occupy where he lived. He was one of the most famous scholars ever but he was not known for any single discovery. Instead, he was known for the development of mind, one that he developed over the span of many decades.

***NEW*** Curator keywords: curator, national museum, introducing techniques and methods, learning from history courses, giving special examples, learning from previous people, making choices, historians, various elements, communicating with the past, transmission of the world, keeping objects of the past, starting an exhibition.

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***NEW*** The effect of stress on presentation

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***NEW***

Black color, energy absorber 1 1

***NEW*** The study of history

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***NEW*** The role of father in family

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Bad architecture Today I would like to talk about a book in this class. This book focuses on architecture design in London. Not just any place in London. It is in the West side of London called West Street of London. The architecture made a very poor design of the buildings there. This can cause a moon swing. An awful design of the building can have a negative influence on people’s mood. If you want some beautiful designs, then you must visit Stanford and Frankfurt. They are good examples of the best architectural designs. Different architects have different perspectives on beauty, which is an arrogant word since is in the eye of the beholder. One can write the … out in the play, but how one can design bad and ugly buildings. Well, it is difficult for architects to realize about architectural design.

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Implicit and Explicit Memory I want you to try and remember two things. First, I want you to try and remember learning how to ride a bike. Maybe you have a scar you received when you flipped over the handlebars. The next thing I want you to remember is how to ride a bike. The reason I asked you to recall both of these memories is that they belong to two different designated realms of memory. Memory is a fluid and dynamic system that is exceedingly complicated. To this end, psychologists have attempted to divide memory up to make it easier to study. There are two main categories. Explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum consciously recalled. This is your memory of riding a bike, of falling over the handlebars and skinning your knee. The other is implicit memory, which is an experiential or functional form of memory that cannot be consciously recalled. This is your memory of how to ride a bike or how to balance. These are often not tied to a visual memory but are more like muscle memory. Let's look at explicit and implicit memory in a little more detail and see how age influences these. Again, an explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and consciously recalled. It has been typically divided up into two main categories itself: episodic memory, a personal event that can be recalled, semantic memory are facts and figures which can be recalled. Episodic memories unlike episodes of a TV series that is all about you. You can recall the episode of the first time you asked someone else …, the first broken bone you had …, and what you ate for breakfast. It is an experimental or functional form of memory. Explicit memory consists of a great deal of highly personal memories related to time, space and people. It is totally different from implicit memory. Now, if we look at the examples of explicit memory, it includes remembering people’s birthdays and answering multiple questions on the test.

***NEW*** Absolute Zero Sample answer: Absolute zero is the point at which the fundamental particles of nature have minimal vibrational motion. Absolute zero is not achievable and does not exist. But scientists are putting a lot of effort in designing experience and trying to achieve or create absolute zero. The reason they do so is not for a predetermined and they are not focusing on the goal of the experiment. Define in this experiment is to find and prove whether something you don't know that exist or not and this is the beauty of science that scientists fall in love with.

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***NEW*** Creativity

Sample answer: The lecture was discussing the definition of creativity, which is the phenomenon of generating new valuable ideas. The speaker mentioned that there are three Ps representing people, process and product, which the process is the key. He explained that existing things are assets as sometimes new idea comes from the existing things. In the end, he concluded human can survive due to the creativity.

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***NEW***

Recycling Water Why do we need to recycle water? Because we don’t generate much new water. Chemically the process of generating water, which is basically taking hydrogen and oxygen and burning them to produce water, is not a process that happens a lot anymore. So in terms of our total volume of water in the world, yes it is changing, but it’s not changing significantly

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum relative to the rate at which we are using or demand fresh new water. Now there are a lot of different areas of technology involved in water recycling, and we are later in the interview going to get to industrial use and the reclamation of sewerage. What about in the home at the moment; what sort of technology is being utilized in the home when we talk about water recycling? Well very little on average. Typically in a modern home, we turn on the tap, we take a glass of water, we probably in turning on that tap flush ten glasses of water down the sink. We take a shower, we use fresh water, we do a whole range of things, and there is nominally very little recycling of that. It goes down the drain and it goes off to a wastewater treatment plant. There is actually very, very little recycling at a local level. People don’t actually say well I’m now going to take the water I just used, put it through a sophisticated process and reuse it and have a closed loop. It’s not a closed loop in the home.

***NEW***

Wonder Babies So, there is an example comes from the other end of life and has to do with what’s called wonder babies. This was a study which was done a few years ago in Trieste which is basically at the border on Slovenia and Italy. So there are a lot of Italians and there are a lot of Slovenians and there are of course a lot of mixed marriages. What they did was they took three groups of babies, all babies were seven months old so there were a bunch of Italian speaking babies, bunch of Slovenian speaking babies and a bunch of Italian- Slovenian babies from mixed families. They showed those babies various puppets and then they switched the situation. Typically when the seven-month-old baby is used to particular setting and the situation switches it takes them a little while to regroup. So turned out that seven-month-old Italian and seven-monthold Slovenian babies would get used to the puppet appearing on the right, and then when the puppet would appear on the left they would continue looking to the right as if nothing had changed. Whereas the bilingual babies very quickly would turn their head and notice that the puppet has changed its position.

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Amory Lovins

Amory Lovins, who knows who Amory Lovins is? Nobody. Amory Lovins 1 1

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RL 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum is an unusual character. He’s something of polymath. Just to say, he sorts of soaks up knowledge across the wide range of fields. He’s not an academic. He has a consulting company which he runs off until him recently out of his home in Colorado. He’s outside snow mass in a house built into the side of a mountain that has no furnace. For about thirty years, he has been kind of iconoclastic or bold genius, thinking of ways save energy, thinking of ways to solve problems, using demology that already exist. And he has demonstrated several of them. He also offers he’s something that he’s such a rebel that people tends to think he’s kind of crazy. Anyway, Elizabeth Kolbert went and spent some time with Amory Lovins and so he’s written this piece called Mr. Green.

***NEW***

Depression in US and Eastern Europe 1 1

***NEW***

Cognitive advantages of bilingualism 1 1

***NEW*** Former civilization

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#Answre Short Question (Repeated Questions: 378) ASQ Answers 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

In which direction does the sun come up? East 28 37 5 107

Where do students provide material and resources at the university?

Library 27 36 6 105

Which device can be used for telling the time by using the sun?

Sundial 20 36 7 99

What do we call the alphabetical list, at the end of the book that tells you where to find specific information?

Index 27 29 13 98

Which kind of book can we find Africa maps? Atlas 15 30 11 86

What do you call equipment we use to look at stars?

Telescope 10 34 6 84

How many years are in a decade? 10 Years 16 28 8 80

What is the line in the middle of the candle? candle wick 18 30 78

The stars, earth, and moon belong to what system?

solar system 15 27 4 73

What do we call a person who studies ancient bones, rocks and plants?

Archeologist 6 32 1 71

What is the solid form of water? Ice 13 26 6 71

Camel lives in which habitat? Desert 9 29 2 69

When ice is in the room temperature, what does it become?

Water 7 25 11 68

What do we call the content listed at the beginning or the end of a book?

Index 27 13 67

What do we call the things of 88 keys covered by the color white and black?

Piano 9 26 5 66

Which kind of mountain can erupt? Volcano 9 27 3 66

you want to reference all pages in a book that discuss a particular topic, where to find it?

Index 26 13 65

If your teeth are in pain, who do you visit, dentist or psychologist?

dentist 7 27 3 64

What do we call the book with a list of words, with their meanings?

Dictionary 14 21 8 64

What kind of liquid do mammals feed their babies?

Milk 27 13 10 63

Which field of study relates to the human mind and behavior?

Psychology 15 23 61

When we say a couple of children, how many children we mean?

two 11 21 7 60

If you are lost in a city, what should you buy? Map 6 25 4 60

What is the melting snow (ice)? Water 2 23 12 60

Where do crocodiles live? In forest or swamp? Swamp 3 26 2 57

Where we can find a Crossword? Newspaper 8 21 7 57

Which one is the result of economic growth, High unemployment or low unemployment?

low unemployment

13 22 57

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ASQ Answers 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

Whenever a person goes to an interview, would he be in an enthusiastic mood or a sad mood?

Enthusiastic mood

8 24 56

How many faces does a pentagon have? Five 13 19 4 55

What is the name of birds' regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway?

Migration 7 22 4 55

What is the string or lace for fastening the shoes usually called?

Shoelaces 16 17 5 55

What do we call the land of college or university?

Campus 12 20 3 55

what does the premises that colleges, faculties, libraries, and locations in the university called?

University Campus

14 20 1 55

What is the name of the instrument used to measure variations in temperature?

Thermometer 9 20 6 55

What is the job of someone that looks after your teeth and gums?

Dentist 17 17 3 54

Which is not a way of public transportation, Train, Model car or Airplane?

Model car 11 20 51

What is the visible joint between the upper and lower parts of the arm?

Elbow 5 19 7 50

What are the names of the two genders? male and

female 5 21 2 49

What kind of dictionary provides synonyms, antonyms and related words?

Thesaurus 15 15 3 48

What is the antonym of predecessors? Successors 16 14 4 48

Which device at home is used for waking up? alarm clock 4 22 48

What do we call the person who can speak two languages?

Bilingual 6 17 8 48

How many wheels does a tricycle have? Three 8 19 2 48

If you want to buy a ring, who do you approach, a jeweler or a pharmacist?

Jeweler 4 21 46

Which Animal is not a mammal, Butterfly, cow or Goat?

Butterfly 16 15 46

What is the sweet food produced by bees? Honey 9 17 3 46

What do you call the document that tells your qualification and work experience?

CV / Resume 10 14 8 46

If a newspaper published in 7 days of a week, and a magazine published one day a week, what is that journal which is published four months a year?

Quarterly journal

9 16 4 45

What do we call the material used in carpenter?

Wood 8 16 4 44

How do you call the seasonal flying from cold to warmer areas, mitigation or migration?

Migration 20 4 44

Who seats at the cockpit of an airplane? Pilot 17 12 3 44

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What do ornithologists study, human, birds or machines?

Birds 5 19 43

What is the opposite of stale? Fresh 8 16 3 43

What is the location of the index within a book?

end of a book 6 18 1 43

Which of the following is not fiction, unicorn or giraffe?

giraffe 18 12 42

What is more fuel-efficient, car or truck? Car 10 16 42

In the library, which books we are not allowed to bring them out with ourselves?

Reference materials

10 15 2 42

Which natural material is used to make a tire? Rubber 5 17 3 42

Who controls the flight of an aircraft? pilot 19 3 41

What is a document protecting people’s works? Patent 1 16 8 41

What kind of book is written by a person about his/her own life?

Autobiography 6 16 3 41

What is the red liquid that flows through a body?

Blood 1 15 10 41

Which continent has most of the Indian and Chinese population in the world?

Asia 5 16 3 40

What is the list of chapters at the beginning of a book?

Table of contents

8 13 6 40

What do we call the piece of paper that proves that you have bought an item?

Receipt 10 13 4 40

What is the name of a building where you can borrow books?

Library 17 6 40

Which source is more reliable, magazine or journal?

Journal 8 15 1 39

What color is the medal if you win the competition?

Gold 12 11 4 38

What century are we now? twenty one 4 15 4 38

How many years in a century? 100 1 16 5 38

What do we call the Times New Roman in Microsoft Word?

Font 8 14 1 37

if you are happy with the agreement, what would you like to put at the bottom of the contract with the date?

Signature 1 17 2 37

What is hematology related to? Blood 1 15 6 37

What is the source of solar energy? Sun 6 14 3 37

What do you call a person who is working for a company?

Employee 8 12 5 37

In which branch of science, the periodic table comes?

Chemistry 10 13 1 37

What will snow become after it melts? Water 4 10 13 37

How many hemispheres does the earth have? two 3 13 6 35

What are the birds' bodies covered with? Feather 7 12 4 35

The material that a carpenter uses? Wood 3 14 4 35

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Which drink has caffeine alongside tea and hot chocolate?

Coffee 5 13 3 34

Why plants need bees? Pollination 3 15 1 34

What do we call a period of 1000 years? Millennium 8 11 4 34

Some calendars begin the week on Sunday. What is the other day which commonly starts a week?

Monday 11 10 3 34

What do tons, ounces, and pounds refer to? Weights 7 13 1 34

Whose job is it to treat people that are ill or have an injury at a hospital?

Doctor 6 13 2 34

What is the safety device of the plane? Seat belt 2 15 2 34

What do we call the animals with white ivory and long trunk?

Elephant 15 16 2 33

What do we put in a backpack? Chair or book? Book 7 13 33

Who is the person hired to do a specific job in a company?

Employee 14 5 33

What is the name of the planet in our solar system that supports life?

Earth 6 12 3 33

What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people together as a sporting event?

The Olympic Games

7 13 33

Today is Thursday; a person has a doctor appointment on Wednesday when he has an appointment, Today, tomorrow, next week?

Next week 2 15 1 33

Which is fastest, running, jogging, walking? Running 5 14 33

A list of books representing some scholarly work for reference?

Bibliography 6 13 1 33

Two children born at the same time? Twins 9 10 4 33

What is the Daily publication of a periodical called?

Newspaper 2 12 7 33

A dozen is a grouping of which number? twelve 3 10 9 32

What type of shape has four corners, four lines that are equal in length?

Square 3 13 3 32

What does a sundial measure? Time 4 14 32

Who is a physician who performs surgical operations?

Surgeon 3 13 3 32

What is the cracking or breaking of a hard object or material?

Fracture 3 14 1 32

Which kind of transportation involves human effort, horse riding or cycling?

Cycling 6 13 32

What is the chemical formula of water or What is the name of H2O?

H2O or Water 8 11 2 32

What is a hard seed inside a cherry, plum, peach, and similar fruits called?

stone / pit / Pyrene

7 11 3 32

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What do we call a place selling gold and silver? Jewelry store

or bullion market

4 13 1 31

“We went somewhere”, how do you understand it’s a past sentence?

went 10 9 3 31

What organ do cardiologists specialize in? Heart 5 9 7 30

When you rub 2 things, what will happen? Friction 3 12 3 30

How many letters are there in the English alphabet?

26 11 9 29

The instructions that tell you how to cook food?

Recipe 3 11 4 29

Who will give you drugs at the pharmacy? Pharmacist 7 10 2 29

After more work, you will be exhausted or refreshed?

Exhausted 1 14 29

who writes a prescription in a hospital? Doctor 3 12 2 29

Who works on the historical artifact? Archeologist 1 14 29

What is common between these musical instruments, Guitar, Violin, Cello?

string 7 10 1 28

What do you call the strap that circulates a person in a car or an airplane?

Seatbelt 7 9 3 28

What are roses and tulips? Flowers 2 12 2 28

The part of a computer you can carry with you and has the same name as that of animal?

Mouse 3 11 3 28

What is the pointing device of a computer? Mouse 1 12 3 28

If you are feeling fed up, is it a positive or a negative feeling?

Negative 2 12 2 28

What is the title of a newspaper called? Headline 8 8 3 27

What do you touch when you play guitar? Strings 2 11 3 27

What can be added to the drink to cool it down on a hot day?

Ice 2 10 5 27

What general part of the day is known as dawn?

Sunrise or Morning time

6 10 26

In mathematics, there are four basic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication and what?

Division 6 8 2 24

In what continent do most people speak Korean and Thai?

Asia 1 10 3 24

If in an application form there are two choices for gender, what will you expect to see?

male and female

2 10 2 24

What do these following belong to: chrysanthemums, roses, daisies, tulip, etc?

flowers 11 2 24

When you fill in a form, what are the two options for genders?

male and female

11 2 24

What is the subject of studying changes in the temperature of the weather?

Meteorology 10 3 23

14


What Is the characteristic of the desert a humidity or aridity?

Aridity 3 9 2 23

Which is easier to be recycled, plastic or paper? Paper 1 11 23

What is the verb form of the noun Abstention? Abstain 7 8 23

What do we call a period of 100 years? Century 11 5 2 23

Which geometrical shapes are a circumference, radius, and diameter form?

Circle 2 10 1 23

What is half of a hundred percent? 50% 1 11 23

What is the opposite of convex? Concave 10 3 23

Circle formula to find radius was given an equation was also given?

Square 4 8 3 23

The pair is a term for the group of how many things?

2 1 8 5 22

Which one is renewable energy: solar energy or oil energy?

solar energy 3 9 1 22

If the profit of a company is tripled, how many manifolds it means?

Three 10 2 22

What does ASAP mean? As soon as

possible 6 6 3 21

What is the 26th letter of the modern English alphabet?

Z 9 6 21

What is an evaluative process that leads to the disappearance of a species or a population?

Extinction 6 7 1 21

What is the material of the body's skeleton? bone 2 9 1 21

What is the fluid that pumped from the organ related to cardiology?

Blood 4 5 7 21

Would a supermarket, a cafe or book store probably have the widest range of products available?

A supermarket 1 10 21

Which field of science has a periodical table? chemistry 6 7 1 21

What is the antonym of vertical? Horizontal 5 7 1 20

What is an instruction written by a medical practitioner that authorizes a patient to take medicine?

Prescription 4 7 2 20

If there are 8 balls white and 1 black ball, and I randomly pick one, which color is most likely to be picked?

white 1 9 1 20

Where does solar power generate energy? Sun 5 6 3 20

Which organ pumps the blood into vessels? Heart 2 5 8 20

Is the dress hanging in a closet or a drawer? Closet 1 9 1 20

Which one is not mythological animal? Unicorn, giraffe, dragon or mermaid?

giraffe 10 20

What is the opposite of positive? Negative 9 2 20

Where do you normally watch a play? Theater 1 9 19

What are preserved remains of a long-dead plant or animal?

Fossils 8 3 19

14


What is the name of the student who has not completed his course?

Undergraduate student

5 6 2 19

How did people use to travel to the sea before the advent of airplanes?

ship 1 9 19

What is the line between countries? Boundary or

border 7 6 19

If you drink alcohol what activity you can’t do? Driving 3 6 4 19

a play or novel containing elements of both comedy and tragedy?

Tragicomedy 2 7 3 19

What is a standard set of letters that is used to write one or more languages based upon the general principle?

alphabet 2 8 18

When we go hiking in the mountains what do we use to protect our feet?

Hiking boots 2 5 6 18

What planet do we live on? Earth 1 7 3 18

Which subject is in the sphere of biology? Genetic 2 8 18

what does Post mean in "Postgraduate"? After 1 8 1 18

What is a vehicle used for traveling in space? Spacecraft 5 6 17

What is 3/4th of percentage called as? 0.75 5 6 17

What is the name of money people pay for public construction?

Taxation 2 7 16

What is 3 quarters of 100%? 75% 4 6 16

What is the altitude related to? Weight or height?

height 5 5 1 16

What materials are generally used in glasses and windows?

glass 2 6 2 16

What is the word used to describe animals and plants which do not exist anymore?

extinct 7 2 16

when sth fall decrease or increase? Decrease 2 7 16

which shape of mathematics consists of pyramid and diameter?

Circle 1 7 1 16

Which one would a vegetarian most likely to eat, sandwiches or fruit salad?

fruit salad 8 16

Where would you most likely go to buy some flour, a bakery A florist or a supermarket?

Supermarket 3 6 15

Doctors warn that the Inhalation of which tobacco substance or activity is dangerous?

Smoking 2 6 1 15

How many additional days are added to February in a leap year?

one 1 6 2 15

how many persons are involved in a parallel conversation?

Two 1 4 6 15

When your bone is injured and broken, what would you say you have?

Fracture 7 1 15

What kind of school admit children between the ages of 5 through 11?

primary school 6 3 2 14

14


What is a reference book providing summaries of information from all branches of knowledge?

Encyclopedia 3 5 1 14

Where do people invest their money? Bank 7 14

Do scapegoats escape or undertake the crime? Undertake 1 6 1 14

Where would you expect to find equipment like microscopes, Bunsen burner, beaker and petri dish?

Laboratory 1 6 13

What you must not do after drinking? Driving 1 4 4 13

What is green color meaning? Nature ,

environment 1 6 13

What do we call the restricted area of a library in a university, in which you can read books, but you can’t borrow (or take them away)?

Archives Or Reference collection

2 5 1 13

Gravity comes in physics or biology? Physics 1 6 13

What is the 1st paragraph of a report called? Introduction 2 5 1 13

If a species is described as venomous, what substance does it have?

venom 6 1 13

If you want to keep your clothes neat, do you put them in a closet or drawer?

Closet 1 6 13

How often does one day add to February? 4 years 6 1 13

Which symbol is used to complete a sentence? Full stop 1 4 3 12

What appliance do people use to keep their food cool and prevent it from spoiling?

Fridge 2 5 12

What do we call the foods or substances that we use in a recipe?

Ingredients 1 5 1 12

Which of following sports is more dangerous, parachuting or long distance running?

parachuting 6 12

In which container is the water kept? Bottle 6 12

Which area has a humid environment, a desert or a rainforest?

rainforest 6 12

The correlation is related to cause and? effect 1 5 1 12

The science of studying the earth’s atmosphere?

Meteorology 1 4 3 12

what does a thermometer measure? Heat 1 5 1 12

What we call the unit for measuring weight? Kg or pound 5 2 12

The material of lamp bulb? Glass 5 2 12

What divides a circle into 2 halves? Diameter 1 4 2 11

What material is used for most vehicles and aircraft?

Metal 3 4 11

Which is more expensive, Gold or silver? Gold 1 3 4 11

What do we call a tower which is designed to emit light to serve as a navigational aid at sea?

Lighthouse 1 5 11

Do unions work for workers or managers? Workers 1 5 11

Sea levels rise or fall as a result of climate change?

Rise 5 3 11

What is money you owe called, debt or asset? Debt 1 5 11

14


What is the outer covering of a banana? Peel 2 4 1 11

What type of food vegetarians doesn’t eat? Meat 1 5 11

What is the event which takes place every two hundred years?

bicentenial 5 1 11

What is the subject of study at a culinary institute?

Cooking 3 2 3 10

What is the opposite of the southeast? Northwest 1 4 1 10

What is the bone forming joints at the shoulder and the elbow?

Humerus 5 2 1 10

What do you call a very long essay that students have to write for a doctoral degree?

Thesis or dissertation

5 10

Who is the person cooks in the kitchen? Cook 4 2 10

What does an optic person deal with? Spectacles 5 10

The study of ancient societies: Anthropology, Archaeology, History, Ethnology?

Archeology 6 2 10

Are most scientific articles published in journals or newspapers?

Journals 1 4 1 10

The green color is representing what? Environment 5 10

How many days are there in February during a leap year?

29 days 5 10

Which unit is used to measure a 200-meter race? Seconds or minutes?

seconds 5 10

Which part of the body does ophthalmologist work with?

eyes 4 2 10

What do we call it when we find the information in front of a book?

Content 4 1 3 9

The equator divides the earth into which two hemispheres?

Northern and Southern

5 2 9

What do we call the study of living things? Biology 3 3 9

What would you call one half of the percentage?

0.005 3 3 9

the part with the name of gastrointestinal is related to which part of the body?

Stomach 1 4 9

For 100m distance, which one is faster: walk, run or jog?

Run 1 4 9

A comprehensive written text about someone's life?

biography 4 1 9

What is the opposite of artificial? Natural 2 3 8

Would you go to get a prescription filled after visiting a doctor, pharmacy or surgery?

A Pharmacy 4 2 8

What term is used for animals such as humans that usually give birth to live young; Mammals or reptiles?

Mammals 4 8

What is a storytelling book with pictures called?

comic book 4 8

The place that protects your money? Bank 4 8

14


The period of transition between childhood and adulthood is known as…?

adolescence 4 8

How do you call the book where you collect all your photos together?

Album 3 2 8

What do we wear in mountains to protect our body ?

warm clothes 2 4 8

What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people together as a sporting event?

Olympic games 3 2 8

What do you need if you want to see things far away?

Binoculars 2 2 1 7

Which sense of human relates to the following words, Soft, and roughness?

Touch 3 2 7

What studies the structure of the earth, geology or geography?

Geology 7 7

What vegetarians can eat? Vegetables 5 1 7

If you have to owe, are you in debt or gain? Debt 1 3 7

What is the 100th national anniversary of an event called?

Centenary 1 3 7

What is the ripening agent or chemical substance to ripen fruits?

Ethylene 1 3 7

What form of law protects the work/ authorizes the ownership/ of an author?

Copyright 1 3 7

What is the economic sector that deals with farming?

Agriculture 3 6

What does ophthalmologist specialize in? Eye operations 4 1 6

On a compass, what is the opposite of northwest?

Southeast 2 2 6

One who attends to sick people and prescribe medicines?

Physician 1 1 3 6

What is the public department, responsible for mail services?

post office 3 6

What happens when the temperature drops down, decrease or increase?

Decreasing 2 2 6

a speech which somebody does it on his own? Monologue 1 2 1 6

Part of a motorcycle, ship, aircraft or car? Engine 1 2 1 6

What can be carried easily? Portable 3 6

Where do you gather your photographs? Album 2 2 6

Fear of being in a small space or room and unable to escape?

Claustrophobia 2 2 6

In mathematics and arithmetic, there are addition, multiplication, division. What’s the other one?

Subtraction 1 1 2 5

What type of plant is mint? Herb 1 2 5

How do you use to weigh yourself? Scale 5 5

15


Which kind of shop contains more kinds of products?

Supermarket 1 2 5

On what geographical location would someone be living if their country is surrounded by water on all side?

Island 1 2 5

What mechanical device is used to keep airplanes and cars working?

Engine 2 1 1 5

What is the opposite of "still"? Moving / active / dynamic

2 1 5

the part of a river where it joins the sea? the mouth of the River Tees

/ estuary 1 2 5

Which store has more variety of supermarket or grocery shop?

Supermarket 1 2 5

How does a bird fly? With wing 2 1 4

In a recession, does economic activity increase or slow down?

Slow down 2 4

Which category does a novelist specialist in, a book or a printer?

book 2 4

What department studies the human’s body part of the eyes?

ophthalmology 2 4

If telescope is used for far distant object, what instrument is employed for miniscule objects?

Microscope 2 4

What is the word for the place where rivers start?

Source 2 2 4

What is the word in geometry, for shape has three sides?

Triangle 2 4

What do we call a picture that a doctor takes to see inside your body?

X-ray 4 4

One who tests eyesight and sells spectacles? Optician 2 1 4

What is boiling water converted to? water vapor or

steam 1 1 1 4

A person who studies the past? Historian 1 1 1 4

If the knee is part of the leg, the elbow is part of …?

Hand 2 4

What is huge car that contains oil? oil container 2 4

What is the joint between the thigh and the lower leg in humans?

knee 2 4

A person who does something without being forces or paid to do it?

volunteer 2 4

Which one is more fuel efficient, a big vehicle or a small car?

small car 2 4

Which one has more interactions between a teacher and a student, a lecture or a tutorial?

Tutorial 2 4

Who writes the novel? novelist 2 4

15


what do you call a person who studies ancient bones, rocks and plants?

Paleontologist 1 2 4

what is a person that belongs to an organization called?

Member 2 4

Noisy environments affects which sense? hearing 1 1 3

What is the first stage of applying for graduate students and Ph.D.?

Degree application

1 1 3

A lack of which kind of weather causes drought, dry weather or rainy weather?

Rainy weather 1 1 3

What instrument do you use when long-distance learning?

Computer 3 3

What do you call a person who eats vegetables?

Vegan 3 3

Colloquial phrases are not normally used in the academic language, is tolerate or put up with more appropriate in academic writing?

tolerate 1 1 3

A business does not want to make a loss, What does it want to make?

Profit 1 1 3

What is the general term for paintings of the countryside or natural views?

Landscape 1 1 3

What are the people that plant food and raise crop commonly known as?

Farmers 1 1 3

The bones around your chest that protect organs such as the heart are called what?

Ribs 3 3

How can we send satellites into space? Space shuttle,

Rocket launcher

3 3

How many times does a biannual magazine published in one year?

twice 1 1 3

What is the collection of pictures called? Album or

gallery 1 1 3

In mathematics and arithmetic, there are Subtraction, multiplication, division. What’s the other one?

Addition 1 1 3

What fruit can be made into wine? Grape 1 1 3

How do you describe the line that divides a circle in two pieces

chord 1 1 3

How do you describe the line that segment a circle?

chord 1 1 3

What are sisters and brothers called? Sibling 3 3

What is the ceremony called for marriage? Wedding 1 2

What is the natural coloring or form of an animal which enables it to blend in with its surroundings?

Camouflage 1 2

Historians use evidence to conclude the past, would a contemporary artist's painting of an

secondary source

1 2

15


ancient battle be an original source or secondary source?

Would it be better to use kilometers or kilograms to measure the distance between two cities?

Kilometers 1 2

What type of food is an apple? Fruit 2 2

How would you describe an economy based largely on farming?

Agronomics 1 2

What word describes moving a program or other material from a website to your computer?

Download 1 2

What is someone that can't see called? blind 1 2

Which is the largest living bird? Ostrich 1 2

A government publication relating to the order, notification, etc. Gazette, Journal, Magazine?

Gazette 1 2

A person who is above hundred years? Centenarian 1 2

One who goes on foot? Pedestrian 1 2

Do we need wood or creative thought to write a novel?

creative thought

1 2

A list of events placed in time order is usually described as what?

A chronology or a timeline

1 2

What do you call a person who makes and builds sculptures?

Sculptor 2 2

How do you call a student that has finished his first year?

Sophomore 1 2

Before the invention of the airplane, how did people travel long distances?

horse or carriage

1 1 2

Paraglide or cycle, which one is more dangerous?

Paraglide 1 2

Who produce books? Publisher 1 2

What is the name of occupation that somebody write a book?

Author 1 2

What do you put in your disposal (or tubing) in your house?

Garbage / trash

1 2

What does the job of an optician relate to? eyesight 1 2

A string of beads used for counting prayers. Rosary or Garland?

rosary 1 2

A notice of death in a newspaper? obituary 1 2

Who is the main journalist responsible for producing a newspaper or magazine?

editor 1 2

Which traffic light color means to stop? red 1 2

How do you weigh yourself? weight scale 1 2

How often a leap year occurs? every four

years 1 2

What does sun doing? heat ot light 1 2

15


What is the payment of a student's education by an organization called?

scholarship 1 2

Which sense of human relates to the following words, Soft, and roughness?

Sense of touch 1 2

Who does not have a job and looking for a job? Unemployed 1 2

Journal which published for months a year? Monthly 1 2

Which sense of human relates to the following words, Opaque, vivid, birilliant and shiny?

vision 1 2

What is the processing of using something again after consuming?

recycle 1 2

The act of killing another one? Patricide, Homicide

Homicide 1 2

what is a series of events that happen in your mind while are sleeping?

Dream 1 2

Which politician won the Nobel Prize in Literature?

Winston Churchill

1 2

The artificial body that turns around the Earth? Satellite 1 2

How would you describe the process in which ice becomes water?

melting 2 2

How are agricultural products obtained? farming 2 2

What is the name of a person who is ill in the hospital?

Patient 1 1

Which of these would probably be found in most homes around the world; A computer, a bed, or a television?

A bed 1 1

What key mineral makes sea water different from fresh water?

salt 1 1

What is the name for the huge natural body that orbits the sun?

Planet 1 1

One who plans and draws the design of buildings and superintends their erection?

Architect 1 1

If you don't feel like eating, what do we say you don't have?

Appetite 1 1

the people who protect the public from criminals are called?

Police 1 1

If something is POST, then what does Post mean?

Post means after

1 1

With which device the earthquakes are recorded?

Seismograph 1 1

Which is the largest planet in the solar system, Jupiter or Mars?

Jupiter 1 1

The national flower of India? Lotus 1 1

What do we call a city in a country that is responsible to govern it?

political capital 1 1

A connected series of mountains? mountain chain or

1 1

15


mountain range

The voice after lightening? Thunder 1 1

Opposite of maximum? Minimum 1 1

What does curiosity mean? Interest or the desire to know

1 1

What is the opposite of moving? Staying 1 1

What do we call the list of steps, which tells you to put something together?

instruction 1 1

What do we call the new gratuated student? freshman 1 1

What of these words have the meaning of next?

then 1 1

What we call when the moon completely blocks out the light from the sun?

eclipse 1 1

Anyone has Claustrophobia? Clausttrophic 1 1

What is a dormitory, Inner part of the city, sleeping room in an institution, exercise room in an institution?

dormitory 1 1

Which color we made by blending black and white?

grey 1 1

High volume of sone which falling in the mountains?

Avalanche 1 1

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#Summarize Written Text (Repeated Questions : 75)

SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

2. Children’s Watching TV Why and to what extent should parents control their children’s TV watching? There is certainly nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much television a child watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the amount of time spent watching TV goes up, the amount of time devoted not only to homework and study but other important aspects of life such as social development and physical activities decreases. Television is bound to have its tremendous impact on a child’ both in terms of how many hours a week he watches TV and of what he sees. When a parent is concerned about the effects of watching television’ he should consider a number of things: what TV offers the child in terms of information and knowledge, how many hours a week a youngster his age should watch television, the impact of violence and sex, and the influence of commercials. What about the family as a whole? Is the TV set a central piece of furniture in your home! Is it flicked on the moment someone enters the empty house? Is it on during the daytime? Is it part of the background noise of your family life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing that television should be watched selectively? Since television is clearly here to stay’ it is important that parents manage their children’s TV viewing so that it can be a plus rather than a minus in the family situation. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of controlling children’s TV watching emphasizes the significance of spending too much time on watching TV, the corresponding impacts of homework and study such as the social development and physical activities are acknowledged, and tremendous impacts on kids’ life and sex could be inferred evidently from information and knowledge, which the potential implications of being a plus as well as the family situation are presumed. (69 words)

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35. Compulsory Voting Compulsory voting is often suggested as a solution to the problem of declining turnout. But how are individuals and countries affected by compulsory voting beyond boosting electoral participation? Shane Singh investigates the social, economic, and political consequences of compelling citizens to vote. There has been a lot of discussion about compulsory voting these days. In the United Kingdom, in particular, as voter turnout rates have declined, many commentators and politicians have begun advocating for mandatory electoral participation. Those in favor of compulsory voting often adduce the importance of participation among all segments of society. Citizens of democracies are forced to do many things in the interest of the public good, they maintain, including serving on juries and educating their children, and full participation serves the country as a whole. Those opposed to compulsory voting often argue that, from a democratic theory perspective, the right to vote implicitly includes

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum a right not to vote. Such a right of abstention, they argue, is more important than any societal good that might accompany high turnout. In fact, opponents of compulsory voting often contend that the country may be better off if those who are disinclined to vote are not pushed to participate in public affairs. Regardless of whether one of these sets of arguments is more persuasive than the other, compulsory voting is commonly used around the world. Several European democracies mandate voting, as do Australia and most of the countries in Latin America. By evaluating results from these countries, it is possible to assess the mechanics and effects of compulsory voting. Sample answer: Whereas the fundamental essence of compulsory voting emphasizes the significance of advocating for mandatory electoral participation, the corresponding impacts of adducing the significance of participation such as the interest of the public and serving on juries are acknowledged, and educating children could be inferred evidently from a democratic theory perspective, which the potential implications of a right of abstention as well as the mechanics and effects of such voting are presumed. (71 words)

65. Malaysia Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast Asia. Aside from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the most superb beaches, mountains and national parks in the region. Malaysia is also launching it’s biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20 million visitors here this year. More than 16 million tourists visited in 2005, the last year for which complete statistics were available. While the majority of them were from Asia, mostly neighboring Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Brunei, China, Japan and India, a growing number of Western travelers are also making their way to this Southeast Asian tropical paradise. Of the 885,000 travelers from the West, 240,000 were from the United Kingdom, 265,000 from Australia and 150,000 from the U.S. Any tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find the Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the world's tallest buildings and now hold the title of second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are connected by a sky-bridge on the 41st floor. Also worth visiting is the Central Market, a pre-war building that was the main wet market for the city, and has now been transformed into an arts and cultural center.The limestone temple Batu Caves, located 9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines, including a 141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu deity. To reach the caves, visitors have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island -- not to be confused with Indonesia's Borneo -- you'll find the small mushroom-shaped Sipadan island, off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world. Sipadan is the only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300-foot abyss in the Celebes Sea. You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia, visit the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a glimpse of the bizarre Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in Borneo with a huge pendulous nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange honking sounds. While you're in Malaysia,

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this southern state was a powerful Malay sultanate and a booming trading port in the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca, this historical state is now a place of intriguing Chinese streets, antique shops, old temples and reminders of European colonial powers. Another interesting destination is Penang, known as the "Pearl of the Orient." This island off the northwest coast of Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural heritage, good food and beautiful beaches. Keywords: Whereas the fundamental essence of Malaysia emphasizes the significance of a tourism campaign, the corresponding impacts of the second-tallest building in the world such as a pre-war building and a cultural center are presumed, and a cave with a statue could be inferred evidently from an island for diving, which the potential implications of a trading port and cultural heritage are presumed. (61 words)

4. Cow and Grass The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature’s underappreciated wonders; it also happens to be the key to understanding just about everything about modern meat. For the grasses, which have evolved to withstand the grazing of ruminants, the cow maintains and expands their habitat by preventing trees and shrubs from gaining a foothold and hogging the sunlight; the animal also spreads grass see, plants it with his hooves, and then fertilizes it with his manure. In exchange for these services, the grasses offer ruminants a plentiful and exclusive supply of lunch. For cows (like sheep, bison, and other ruminants) have evolved the special ability to convert grass— which single-stomached creatures like us can’t digest—into high-quality protein. They can do this because they possess what is surely the most highly evolved digestive organ in nature: the rumen. About the size of a medicine ball, the organ is essentially a forty-five-gallon fermentation tank in which a resident population of bacteria dines on grass. Living their unseen lives at the far end of the food chain that culminates in a hamburger, these bacteria have, just like the grasses, coevolved with the cow, whom they feed. Truly this is an excellent system for all concerned: for the grasses, for the bacteria, for the animals, and for us, the animal eaters. There is a co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass as the cows’ which is one of the ruminants that has rumen to digest the grass into high quality protein even though the grasses already evolved to against the grazing of ruminants’ can help the grass spread seed by their hooves and also provide manure to it. Sample answer: Whereas the fundamental essence of the co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass emphasizes the significance of the modern meat and ruminants, the corresponding impacts of withstanding the grazing of ruminants such as maintaining habitat and the manure are acknowledged, and offering a plentiful supply of lunch could be inferred evidently from converting grass into high-quality protein, which the potential implications of the rumen as well as a resident population of bacteria are presumed. (73 words)

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7 . The City of London Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little band of stockbrokers from Jonathan’s Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the founder-members of what would become the world’s mighty money capital? Progress was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were finally hung up, you wouldn’t have bet the farm on London surpassing New York, Frankfurt and Tokyo as Mammon’s international nexus. Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital’s financial hub have now overtaken their New York rivals in size of the funds managed (including offshore business); they hold 70% of the global secondary bond market and the City dominates the foreign exchange trading. And its institutions paid out £9 billion in bonuses in December. The Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf and westwards into Mayfair, where many of the private-equity ‘locusts’ and their hedge-fund pals now hang out. For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes-Oxley and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport systems groan and there’s an ever-present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the time being, the deals just keep on getting bigger. Sample answer: Whereas the fundamental essence of London emphasizes the significance of the world’s mighty money capital, the corresponding impacts of overtaking the New York rivals such as the global secondary bond market and dominating the foreign exchange trading are acknowledged, and having no Sarbanes-Oxley could be inferred evidently from being expensive, which the potential implications of groaning transport systems as well as an ever-present threat of terrorist attack are presumed. (69 words)

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89. The World Wide Web By 1984, the internet had grown to include 1,000 host computers. The National Science Foundation was one of the first outside institutions hoping to connect to this body of information. Other government, non-profit, and educational institutions followed. Initial attempts to catalogue this rapidly expanding system of networks were simple. Among the first was Archie, a list of FTP information created by Peter Deutsch at McGill University in Montreal. However, the greatest innovation in the Internet was still to come, brewing in an MIT laboratory in Cambridge, Mass. The World Wide Web, or the Web, is often confused with the Internet. In fact, it is just one part of the Internet, along with email, video conferencing, and streaming audio channels. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee, now a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, introduced a new system of communication on the Internet which used hyperlinks and a user-friendly graphical interface. His slice of the Internet pie camera to be known as the World Wide Web. Berners- Lee says, “The Web is an abstract (imaginary) space of information. On the Net, you find computers –on the Web, you find

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum documents, sounds, videos, …information. On the Net, the connections are cables between computers; on the web, connections are hypertext links. The Web exists because of programs which communicate between computers on the Net. The Web could not be without the Net. The Web made the Net useful because people are really interested in information (not to mention knowledge and wisdom!) and don’t really want to know about computers and cables.” Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the internet growth emphasizes the significance of the World Wide Web, the corresponding impacts of the body of information such as using hyperlinks and the user-friendly graphical interface are acknowledged, and expanding networks systems could be inferred evidently from the abstract space of information, which the potential implications of hypertext links, cable connections, and making the net useful as well as communicating programs are presumed. (70 words)

3. SLP Officer Armed police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and educate students. The 40 School Liaison Police (SLP) officers have been allocated to public and private high schools across the state. Organizers say the officers, who began work last week, will build positive relationships between police and students. But parent groups warned of potential dangers of armed police working at schools in communities where police relations were already under strain. Among their duties, the SLPs will conduct crime prevention workshops, talking to students about issues including shoplifting, offensive behavior, graffiti and drugs, and alcohol. They can also advise school principals. One SLP, Constable Ben Purvis, began to work in the inner Sydney region last week, including at Alexandria Park Community School’s senior campus. Previously stationed as a crime prevention officer at The Rocks’ he now has 27 schools under his jurisdiction in areas including The Rocks, Redfern and Kings Cross. Constable Purvis said the full-time position would see him working on the broader issues of crime prevention. “I am not a security guard”, he said. “I am not there to patrol the school. We want to improve relationships between police and schoolchildren, to have a positive interaction. We are coming to the school and giving them the knowledge to improve their own safety.” The use of fake ID among older students is among the issues he has already discussed with principals. Parents’ groups responded to the program positively, but said it may spark a range of community reactions. “It is a good thing and an innovative idea and there could be some positive benefits”, Council of Catholic School Parents executive officer Danielle Cronin said. “Different communities will respond to this kind of presence in different ways.” Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the armed police emphasizes the significance of bringing into NSW schools and improving schoolchildren’s safety, the corresponding impacts of reducing crime rates such as educating

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum students and building positive relationships are acknowledged, and parent groups could be inferred evidently from potential dangers of armed police working at schools, which the potential implications of conducting crime prevention workshops as well as sparking a range of community reactions are presumed. (73 words) Sample answer 2: School liaison police have been brought into NSW schools to reduce crime rates and improve students’ safety by conducting workshops and some people believe it a good thing while others not. (31 words)

15. Beauty Contest Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned Miss Universe and Miss Teen International respectively, there has been a dramatic increase in interest in beauty pageants in this country. These wins have also sparked a debate as to whether beauty pageants are just harmless reminders of old-fashioned values or a throwback to the days when women were respected for how good they looked. Opponents argue that beauty pageants, whether it’s Miss Universe or Miss Teen International, are demeaning to women and out of sync with the times. They say they are nothing more than symbols of decline. In the past few decades, Australia has taken more than a few faltering steps toward treating women with dignity and respect. Young women are being brought up knowing that they can do anything, as shown by inspiring role models in medicine such as 2003 Australian of the Year Professor Fiona Stanley. In the 1960s and 70s, one of the first acts of the feminist movement was to picket beauty pageants on the premise that the industry promoted the view that it was acceptable to judges women on their appearance. Today many young Australian women are still profoundly uncomfortable with their body image, feeling under all kinds of pressures because they are judged by how they look. Almost all of the pageant victors are wafer thin, reinforcing the message that thin equals beautiful. This ignores the fact that men and women come in all sizes and shapes. In a country where up to 60% of young women are on a diet at any one time and 70% of school girls say they want to lose weight, despite the fact that most have a normal BMI, such messages are profoundly hazardous to the mental health of young Australians. Sample answer: Whereas the fundamental essence of Australian’s interest in beauty pageants emphasizes the significance of harmless reminders of old-fashion values, the corresponding impacts of demeaning women such as symbols of decline and dignity and respect are acknowledged, and judging based on appearance could be inferred evidently from coming from all sizes and shapes, which the potential implications of hazardous messages as well as the mental health of young Australians are presumed. (70 words) Sample answer: Opponents to beauty pageants argue that it is demeaning to women and is a symbol of decline because in the past, Australian women were treated with dignity and respect, while beauty pageants, promoted from the 1960s, seem to convey that women could be judged on their appearance. (47 words)

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17. Nobel Peace Prize This year’s Nobel Peace Prize justly rewards the thousands of scientists of the United Nations Climate Change Panel (the IPCC). These scientists are engaged in excellent, painstaking work that establishes exactly what the world should expect from climate change. The other award winner, former US Vice President Al Gore, has spent much more time telling us what to fear. While the IPCC’s estimates and conclusions are grounded in careful study, Gore doesn’t seem to be similarly restrained. Gore told the world in his Academy Award-winning movie (recently labeled “one-sided” and containing “scientific errors” by a British judge) to expect 20-foot sea-level rises over this century. He ignores the findings of his Nobel co-winners, the IPCC, who conclude that sea levels will rise between only a half-foot and two feet over this century, with their best expectation being about one foot. That’s similar to what the world experienced over the past 150 years. Likewise, Gore agonizes over the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland and what it means for the planet, but overlooks the IPCC’s conclusion that, if sustained, the current rate of melting would add just three inches to the sea level rise by the end of the century. Gore also takes no notice of research showing that Greenland’s temperatures were higher in 1941 than they are today. Gore also frets about the future of polar bears. He calms they are drowning as their icy habitat disappears. However, the only scientific study showing any such thing indicates that four polar bears drowned because of a storm. The politician-turned-movie maker loses sleep over a predicted rise in heat-related deaths. There’s another side of the story that’s inconvenient to mention: rising temperatures will reduce the number of cold spells, which are a much bigger killer than heat. The best study shows that by 2050, heat will claim 400’000 more lives, but 1.8 million fewer will die because of cold. Indeed, according to the first complete survey of the economic effects of climate change for the world, global warming will actually save lives. Sample answer: Whereas the fundamental essence of the Nobel peace prize emphasizes the significance of the IPCC, the corresponding impacts of another award winner such as accelerated melting of ice and sea-level rises are acknowledged, and polar bears could be inferred evidently from rising temperatures, which the potential implications of the economic effects of climate change as well as saving lives by global warming are presumed. (64 words) Sample answer: Al Gore, in his award-winning movie, expresses his fear about sea-level rises over this century, the accelerated melting of ice in Greenland, the future of polar bears predicted rise in heat-related deaths and these concerns go against scientific studies done by his co-winner of this year’s Nobel Peace Prize, the IPCC. (51 words)

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63. American English American English is, without doubt, the most influential and powerful variety of English in the world today. There are many reasons for this. First, the United States is, at present, the most powerful nation on earth and such power always brings with it influence. Indeed, the distinction between a dialect and a

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum language has frequently been made by reference to power. As has been said, a language is a dialect with an army. Second, America's political influence is extended through American popular culture, in particular through the international reach of American films (movies, of course) and music. As Kahane has pointed out, the internationally dominant position of a culture results in a forceful expansion of its language.... the expansion of language contributes... to the prestige of the culture behind it. Third, the international prominence of American English is closely associated with the extraordinarily quick development of communications technology. Microsoft is owned by an American, Bill Gates. This means a computer s default setting for language is American English, although of course this can be changed to suit one's own circumstances. In short, the increased influence of American English is caused by political power and the resultant diffusion of American culture and media, technological advance and the rapid development of communications technology. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of American English emphasizes the significance of a powerful nation, the corresponding impacts of the difference between a dialect and a language such as American's political influence and prestigious culture are acknowledged, and communications technology could be inferred evidently from political power, which the potential implications of the media as well as the technological advances are presumed. (61 words)

56. Frog in Amber Mexico City -- A miner in the state of Chiapas found a tiny tree frog preserved in amber is believed to have lived about 25 million years ago, a Mexican researcher says. The chunk of amber containing the centimeter-long frog was uncovered by a miner in southern Chiapas State in 2005 and bought by a private collector, who lent it to scientists for study. Only a few preserved frogs have been found in chunks of amber — a stone formed by ancient tree sap — mostly in the Dominican Republic. Like those, the frog found in Chiapas was of the genus Craugastor, whose relatives still inhabit the region. Gerardo Carbot, the biologist with the Chiapas Natural History and Ecology Institute who announced the discovery on Wednesday, said it was the first such frog found in amber in Mexico. Carbot said he would like to extract a sample from the frog's remains to see whether they contain well-preserved DNA, in order to identify the frog's species. However, he expressed doubt that the stone's owner would allow researchers to drill a small hole into the chunk of amber. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of an ancient tree frog emphasizes the significance of being preserved in amber, the corresponding impacts of doing some scientific research such as living in the region and extracting a sample are acknowledged, and the frog`s remains could be inferred evidently from

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum containing well-preserved DNA, which the potential implications of the frog`s species as well as drilling a hole are presumed. (65 words)

61. Rosetta Stone When the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that covered its surface were quickly copied. Printer's ink was applied to the Stone and white paper laid over it. When the paper was removed, it revealed an exact copy of the text—but in reverse. Since then, many copies or "facsimiles" have been made using a variety of materials. Inevitably, the surface of the Stone accumulated many layers of material left over from these activities, despite attempts to remove any residue. Once on display, the grease from many thousands of human hands eager to touch the Stone added to the problem. An opportunity for investigation and cleaning the Rosetta Stone arose when this famous object was made the centerpiece of the Cracking Codes exhibition at The British Museum in 1999. When work commenced to remove all but the original, ancient material the stone was black with white lettering. As treatment progressed, the different substances uncovered were analyzed. Grease from human handling, a coating of carnauba wax from the early 1800s and printer's ink from 1799 were cleaned away using cotton wool swabs and liniment of soap, white spirit, acetone and purified water. Finally, white paint in the text, applied in 1981, which had been left in place until now as a protective coating, was removed with cotton swabs and purified water. A small square at the bottom left corner of the face of the Stone was left untouched to show the darkened wax and the white infill. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of copying the characters of Rosetta Stone emphasizes the significance of applying ink, the corresponding impacts of many facsimiles such as maintaining some residue and touching the stone are acknowledged, and a cleaning opportunity could be inferred evidently from unlike substances, which the potential implications of a protective coating as well as an untouched square are presumed. (61 words)

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36. Skipping Breakfast Skipping breakfast seems a simple way of losing weight or saving time while getting the children ready for school or rushing off to work. But it can also be a sign of an unhealthy lifestyle with potentially dangerous consequences, including a higher risk of premature death. According to a study, adults and teenagers who miss the first meal of the day are less likely to look after their health. They tend to smoke more, drink more alcohol and take less exercise than those who do eat. Those who skip food in the morning are also more likely to be fatter and less well-educated, meaning they find it harder to get a job. Researcher Dr. Anna Keski-Rahkonen said: “Smoking, infrequent exercise, a low level of education, frequent alcohol use and a high body mass index were all associated with skipping breakfast in adults and adolescents. Our findings suggest this association exists throughout adulthood. ‘Individuals who skip breakfast may care less about their health than those who eat breakfast.”

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum Previously, experts assumed that missing breakfast — often called ‘the most important meal of the day’ — was simply the marker of a hectic life or a way to try to lose weight. But Dr. Keski-Rahkonen, who led the study at Helsinki University, said the results revealed starting the day without food suggests an unhealthy lifestyle. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of skipping breakfast emphasizes the significance of a sign of an unhealthy lifestyle, the corresponding impacts of potentially dangerous consequences such as a higher risk of early death and less caring about health are acknowledged, and being fatter could be inferred evidently from being less well-educated, which the potential implications of hardly getting a job as well as the marker of hectic life or losing weight are presumed. (72 words) Sample answer 2: Although skipping breakfast seems a simple way of losing weight and was the marker of a hectic life, a study has revealed that more smoking and drinking, less exercise, being fatter and less educated as well as higher body mass index are all associated to the adults who miss ‘the most important meal of the day’, and this association exists during adulthood. (62 words)

11. The Problem of Prediction As far as prediction is concerned, remember that the chairman of IBM predicted in the fifties that the world would need a maximum of around half a dozen computers, that the British Department for Education seemed to think in the eighties that we would all need to be able to code in BASIC and that in the nineties Microsoft failed to foresee the rapid growth of the Internet. Who could have predicted that one major effect of the automobile would be to bankrupt small shops across the nation? Could the early developers of the telephone have foreseen its development as a medium for person-to-person communication, rather than as a form of broadcasting medium? We all, including the ‘experts’ seem to be peculiarly inept at predicting the likely development of our technologies, even as far as the next year. We can, of course, try to extrapolate from experience of previous technologies, as I do below by comparing the technology of the Internet with the development of other information and communication technologies and by examining the earlier development of radio and print. But how justified I might be in doing so remains an open question. You might conceivably find the history of the British and French videotex systems, Prestel and Minitel, instructive. However, I am not entirely convinced that they are very relevant, nor do I know where you can find information about them on-line, so, rather than take up space here, I’ve briefly described them in a separate article. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of predicting the development of new technologies by experts emphasizes the significance of being peculiarly inept, the corresponding impacts of extrapolating from the experience of previous technologies such as comparing and examining the earlier developments are acknowledged, and the comparison could be inferred evidently from the development of other information, which the potential implications of the

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum communication technologies as well as relevant information are presumed. (69 words) Sample answer 2: We all, including expert, seem to be unlikely to predict the development of our, even recent, technologies, though you could compare them with earlier technologies and find relevant information. (29 words)

69. Electric Vehicle - PEV Here's a term you're going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the acronym PEV. It's what you and many other people will drive to work in, ten years and more from now. At that time, before you drive off in the morning you will first unplug your car - your plug-in vehicle. Its big on board batteries will have been fully charged overnight, with enough power for you to drive 50-100 kilometers through city traffic. When you arrive at work you'll plug in your car once again, this time into a socket that allows power to flow form your car's batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things you did when you bought your car was to sign a contract with your favorite electricity supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of power from your car's batteries should they need to, perhaps because of a blackout, or very high wholesale spot power prices. The price you get for the power the distributor buys form your car would not only be most attractive to you, it would be a good deal for them too, their alternative being very expensive power form peaking stations. If, driving home or for some other reason your batteries looked like running flat, a relatively small, but quiet and efficient engine running on petrol, diesel or compressed natural gas, even biofuel, would automatically cut in, driving a generator that supplied the batteries so you could complete your journey. Concerns over 'peak oil', increasing greenhouse gas emissions, and the likelihood that by the middle of this century there could be five times as many motor vehicles registered world-wide as there are now, mean that the world's almost total dependence on petroleum-based fuels for transport is, in every sense of the word, unsustainable. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of Plug-in vehicles emphasizes the significance of board batteries, the corresponding impacts of the electricity grid such as power prices and peaking stations are acknowledged, and an efficient engine could be inferred evidently from supplying batteries with a generator, which the potential implications of increasing greenhouse gas emissions and depending on petroleum-based fuels are presumed. (59 words)

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68. The Story of Columbus When Christopher Columbus arrived at Hispaniola during his first transatlantic voyage in the year A.D. 1492, the island had already been settled by Native Americans for about 5,000 years. The occupants in Columbus’s time were a group of Arawak Indians called Tainos who lived by farming, were organized into five chiefdoms, and numbered around half a million (the estimates range from 100,000 to 2,000,000). Columbus initially found them peaceful and friendly, until he and his Spaniards began mistreating them. Unfortunately for the Tainos, they had gold, which the Spanish coveted but didn’t want to go to the work of mining themselves. Hence the conquerors

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum divided up the island and its Indian population among individual Spaniards, who put the Indians to work as virtual slaves, accidentally infected them with Eurasian diseases, and murdered them. By the year 1519, 27 years after Columbus’s arrival, that original population of half a million had been reduced to about 11,000, most of whom died that year of smallpox to bring the population down to 3,000. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of Christopher Columbus emphasizes the significance of a voyage to Hispaniola, the corresponding impacts of Native Americans such as living by farming and mistreating the Tainos are acknowledged, and dividing up the island could be inferred evidently from gold mining, which the potential implications of dying of a disease and reducing the population are presumed. (59 words)

18. Parent’s Birth Order Affects Their Parenting Parent’s own birth order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they are raising replicate the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common examples, such as a firstborn parent getting into “raging battle” with a firstborn child. “Both are used to getting the last word. Each has to be right. But the parent has to be the grown-up and step out of that battle,” he advises. When youngest children become parents, Agati cautions that because they “may not have had high expectations placed on them, they, in turn, may not see their kids for their abilities.” But he also notes that since youngest children tend to be more social, youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who may have a harder time with social situations. These parents can help their eldest kids loosen up and not be so hard on themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth order didn’t seem to affect her parenting until the youngest of her three children, Julie, was born. Julie was nine years younger than Ritz’s oldest, Joshua, mirroring the age difference between Susan and her own older brother. “I would see Joshua do to Julie what my brother did to me,” she says of the taunting and teasing by a much older sibling. “I had to try not to always take Julie’s side.” Biases can surface no matter what your own birth position was, as Lori Silverstone points out. “M a middle myself, I can be harder on my older daughter. I recall my older sister hitting me,” she says of her reactions to her daughters, tussles. “My husband is a firstborn. He’s always sticking up for the oldest. He feels bad for her that the others came so fast. He helps me to see what that feels like, to have that attention and then lose it.” Silverstone sees birth-order triggers as “an opportunity to heal parts of ourselves. I’ve learned to teach my middle daughter to stand up for herself. My mother didn’t teach me that. I’m conscious of giving my middle daughter tools so she has a nice way to protect herself.” Whether or not you subscribe to theories that birth order can affect your child’s personality, ultimately, “we all have free will,” Agati notes. It’s important for both parents and kids to realize that, despite the characteristics often associated with birth order, “you’re not locked into any role.” Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the parental birth order emphasizes the

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum significance of dynamics in the family, the corresponding impacts of replicating such as the raging battle and high expectations are acknowledged, and social situations could be inferred evidently from the free will, which the potential implications of affecting children’s personality as well as not locking into any roles are presumed. (61 words) Sample answer 2: Despite the theory that parents' own birth order can affect their parenting, and that parents usually replicate the family in which they were raised, both parents and children have free will to build up their own personality and characteristics. (39 words)

13. Country Living Live in the country and last three years longer than my city friends? Good news indeed, more backing for a lifestyle choice made half a lifetime ago when it seemed a good idea to exchange an Edinburgh terrace for a farm cottage. I knew it was a good idea because I had been there before. Born and reared on a farm I had been seduced for a few years by the idea of being a big shot who lived and worked in a city rather than only going for the day to wave at the buses. True, I was familiar with some of the minor disadvantages of country living such as an iffy private water supply sometimes infiltrated by a range of flora and fauna (including, on one memorable occasion, a dead lamb), the absence of central heating in farm houses and cottages, and a single-track farm road easily blocked by snow, broken-down machinery or escaped livestock. But there were many advantages as I told Liz back in the mid-Seventies. Town born and bred, eight months pregnant and exchanging a warm, substantial Corstorphine terrace for a windswept farm cottage on a much lower income, persuading her that country had it over town might have been difficult. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of country living emphasizes the significance of a farm cottage, the corresponding impacts of a good idea such as an iffy private water supply and being familiar with disadvantages are acknowledged, and blocking a single-track farm road could be inferred evidently from persuading a town-born and bred person, which the potential implications of the lack of central heating in farmhouses as well as being difficult are presumed(71 words) Sample answer 2: Although there are many advantages of country living, it is still difficult to persuade a town born and bred person to live in the country due to disadvantages and inconvenience of country living life. (34 words)

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22. Computer Programming Consider the current situation: Like their counterparts in the United States, engineers and technicians in India have the capacity to provide both computer programming and innovative new technologies. Indian programmers and high-tech engineers earn one-quarter of what their counterparts earn in the United States. Consequently, India is able to do both jobs at a lower dollar cost than the United States: India has an absolute advantage in both. In other words, it

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum can produce a unit of programming for fewer dollars than the United States, and it can also produce a unit of technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that mean that the United States will lose not only programming jobs but innovative technology jobs, too? Does that mean that our standard of living will fall if the United States and India engage in international trade? David Ricardo would have answered no to both questions—as we do to. While India may have an absolute advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India or the United States will produce. India has a comparative advantage in doing programming in part because such activity requires little physical capital. The flip side is that the United States has a comparative advantage in technology innovation partly because it is relatively easy to obtain capital in this country to undertake such long-run projects. The result is that Indian programmers will do more and more of what U.S. programmers have been doing in the past. In contrast, American firms shift to more and more innovation. The United States will specialize in technology innovation; India in programming. The business managers in each country will opt to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. As in the past, the U.S. economy will continue to concentrate on what are called the “most best” activities. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the United States and India emphasizes the significance of computer programming, the corresponding impacts of the technology innovation such as a lower dollar costs and a comparative advantage are acknowledged, and obtaining easily American’s capital could be inferred evidently from the long-run projects, which the potential implications of the U.S. economy as well as the best activities are presumed. (64 words)

62. Online learning What makes teaching online unique is that it uses the Internet, especially the World Wide Web, as the primary means of communication. Thus, when you teach online, you don’t have to be someplace to teach. You don’t have to lug your briefcase full of papers or your laptop to a classroom, stand at a lectern, scribble on a chalkboard, or grade papers in a stuffy room while your students take a test. You don’t even have to sit in your office waiting for students to show up for conferences. You can hold “office hours” on weekends or at night after dinner. You can do all this while living in a small town in Wyoming or a big city like Bangkok, even if you’re working for a college whose administrative offices are located in Florida or Dubai. You can attend an important conference in Hawaii on the same day that you teach your class in New Jersey, longing on from your laptop via the local cafe’s wireless hot sport or your hotel room’s high speed network. Online learning offers more freedom for students as well. They can search for courses using the Web, scouring their institution or even the world fro programs, classes and instructors that fit their needs. Having found an appropriate course, they can enrol and register, shop for their books, read articles, listen to lectures, submit their homework assignments, confer with their instructors, and receive their final grades – all online. They can assemble in virtual classrooms, joining other students from diverse

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum geographical locales, forging bond and friendships not possible in conventional classrooms, which are usually limited to students from a specific geographical area. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of online teaching emphasizes the significance of using the internet, the corresponding impacts of a mean of communication such as not being in a specific place and offering freedom for students are acknowledged, and online learning could be inferred evidently from searching for courses, which the potential implications of assembling in virtual classrooms as well as forming friendships are presumed. (64 words)

The inventor of WWW He is the man who has changed the world more than anyone else in the past hundred years. Sir Tim Berners-Lee may be a mild-mannered academic who lives modestly in Boston, but as the inventor of the world wide web he is also a revolutionary. Along with Galileo, William Caxton and Sir Isaac Newton, he is a scientist who has altered the way people think as well as the way they live. Since the web went global 20 years ago, the way we shop, listen to music and communicate has been transformed. There are implications for politics, literature, economics — even terrorism — because an individual can now have the same access to information as the elite. Society will never be the same. The computer scientist from Oxford, who built his own computer from a television screen and spare parts after he was banned from one of the university computers, is a cultural guru as much as a technological one. “It is amazing how far we’ve come,” he says. “But you’re always wondering what’s the next crazy idea, and working to make sure the web stays one web and that the internet stays open. There isn’t much time to sit back and reflect.” We speak for more than an hour about everything from Facebook to fatwas, Wikipedia to Google. He invented the web, he says, because he was frustrated that he couldn’t find all the information he wanted in one place. It was an imaginary concept that he realized. sample answer:

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109. Tree Ring Dating – Dendrochronology (2) Dendrochronology or tree ring dating is the scientific method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings, also known as growth rings. Dendrochronology can date the time at which tree rings were formed, in many types of wood, to the exact calendar year. This has three main areas of application: paleoecology, where it is used to determine certain aspects of past ecologists (most prominently climate) archaeology and the history of art and architecture, where it is used to date old panel paintings on wood, buildings etc; and radiocarbon dating, where it is used to calibrate radiocarbon ages. In some areas of the world, it is possible to date wood back a few thousand years, or even many thousands. As of 2013, fully anchored chronologies in the northern hemisphere extend back 13,900 years. Dendrochronology is more visible in temperate zones, where the seasons differ more markedly. The inner

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum portion of a growth ring is formed early in the growing season, when growth is comparatively rapid (hence the wood is less dense) and is known as "early wood" (or "spring wood", or "late-spring wood"); the outer portion is the "late wood' (and has sometimes been termed 'summer wood", often being produced in the summer, though sometimes in the autumn) and is denser. Many trees in temperate zones make one growth ring each year, with the newest adjacent to the bark. Hence, for the entire period of a tree's life, a year-by-year record or ring pattern is formed that reflects the age of the tree and the climatic conditions in which the tree grew. Adequate moisture and a long growing season result in a wide ring, while a drought year may result in a very narrow one. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the dendrochronology emphasizes the significance of analyzing patterns of tree rings, the corresponding impacts of the paleoecology such as calibrating radiocarbon ages and the climatic condition are acknowledged, and temperate zones could be inferred evidently from a growth ring’s inner portion, which the potential implications of the late wood as well as a year-by-year record, a long growing season, adequate moisture, a drought and narrow rings are presumed. (73 words)

57. Overqualified worker If your recruiting efforts attract job applicants with too much experience a near certainty in this weak labor market you should consider a response that runs counter to most hiring managers MO: Don't reject those applicants out of hand. Instead, take a closer look. New research shows that overqualified workers tend to perform better than other employees, and they don't quit any sooner. Furthermore, a simple managerial tactic empowerment can mitigate any dissatisfaction they may feel. The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive. Companies tend to prefer an applicant who is a perfect fit over someone who brings more intelligence, education, or experience than needed. On the surface, this bias makes sense: Studies have consistently shown that employees who consider themselves overqualified exhibiting her levels of discontent. For example, over-qualification correlated well with job dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call-center reps by Israel-ire searchers Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And unlike discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire overqualified workers is perfectly legal. But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of overqualified candidates was a global problem, particularly in developing economies, where rising education levels are giving workers more skills than are needed to supply the growing service sectors. If managers can get beyond the conventional wisdom, the growing pool of too-good applicants is a great opportunity. Berrin Erdogan and Talya N. Bauer of Portland State University in Oregon found that overqualified workers' feelings of dissatisfaction can be dissipated by giving them autonomy in decision making. At stores where employees didn't feel empowered, over-educated workers expressed greater dissatisfaction than their colleagues did and were more likely to state an intention to quit. But that difference vanished where self-reported autonomy was high.

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of overqualified workers emphasizes the significance of a managerial tactic, the corresponding impacts of decreasing job dissatisfaction such as legal discrimination and a global problem are acknowledged, and rising education levels could be inferred evidently from skillful employees, which the potential implications of a great opportunity as well as self-reported autonomy are presumed. (62 words)

66. Benefits of Honey (1) If you've been buying sports gels to keep you going during your workout, you might want to try honey instead. According to findings presented today at the annual Experimental Biology conference, honey delivers a significant performance boost to athletes during strenuous exercise. "Numerous studies have singled out carbohydrates as a critical nutrient in endurance exercise," says principal investigator Richard Kreider of the University of Memphis Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory. "Most of the studies to date have shown supplementation with glucose to provide the extra staying power. We were pleased to find that honey, a 'cocktail' of various natural sugars, performed just as well." The team let nine competitive male cyclists cycle for 64 kilometers each week for three weeks, feeding them honey, dextrose gel or a flavored, calorie-free placebo. Participants received 15 grams of that supplement along with 250 millilitres of water before they raced and then every 16 kilometres while cycling. Both the honey and the dextrose gel led to better times and more cycling power among the athletes, as compared with the placebois effects. While the dextrose gel slightly outperformed honey, the difference was negligible, leading the researchers to conclude that honey can be a natural and effective carbohydrate source for endurance athletes. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of using honey instead of sports gels emphasize the significance of a performance boost, the corresponding impacts of strenuous exercises such as a critical nutrient and the staying power are acknowledged, and conducting an experiment on cyclists could be inferred evidently from a negligible difference, which the potential implications of a natural carbohydrate and endurance athlete are presumed. (62 words)

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5. Australian Education When Australians engage in debate about educational quality or equity, they often seem to accept that a country cannot achieve both at the same time. The lecture will present compelling international evidence that there are countries which do, though Australia is not among them. Curriculum reforms intended to improve equity often fail to do so because they increase breadth or differentiation in offerings in a way that increases differences in quality. Further, these differences in quality often reflect differences in students, social backgrounds because the ‘new’ offerings are typically taken up by relatively disadvantaged students who are not served well by them. Evidence from New South Wales will be used to illustrate this point.

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum The need to improve the quality of education is well accepted across OECD and other countries as they seek to strengthen their human capital to underpin their modern, knowledge economies. Improved equity is also important for this purpose since the demand for high-level skills is widespread and the opportunities for the low-skilled are diminishing. Improved equity in education is also important for social cohesion. There are countries in which the education system seems primarily to reproduce existing social arrangements, conferring privilege where it already exists and denying it where it does not. Even in countries where the diagnosis might be less extreme, the capacity of schooling to build social cohesion is often diminished by the way in which schools separate individuals and groups. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of Australian educational equity and quality emphasizes the significance of not achieving at the same time, the corresponding impacts of increasing differences in quality such as improved quality and strengthening the human capital are acknowledged, and a widespread demand for high-level skills could be inferred evidently from diminishing opportunities for low-skilled, which the potential implications of improved equity as well as the social cohesion are presumed. (70 words) Sample answer 2: Although improved educational equity increases differences in quality so that educational equity and quality can’t be achieved at the same time, improved educational equity and quality are still important because they could strengthen human capital and social cohesion. (38 words)

87. Small wars In such an environment, warfare is no longer purely directed against the military potential of adversarial states. It is rather directed at infiltrating all areas of their societies and to threaten their existences. The comparatively easy access to weapons of mass destruction, in particular relatively low-cost biological agents, is of key concern. Both governmental and non-governmental actors prefer to use force in a way that can be characterized as “unconventional” or also as “small wars”. War waged according to conventions is an interstate phenomenon. The “small war” is the archetype of war, in which the protagonists acknowledge no rules and permanently try to violate what conventions do exist. The protagonists of the “small war” observe neither international standards nor arms control agreements. They make use of territories where they do not have to fear any sanctions because there is no functioning state to assume charge of such sanctions or because the state in question is too weak to impose such sanction. This type of war does not provide for any warning time. It challenges not only the external security of the nation states and international community, but also their internal safety. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of warfare emphasizes the significance of the military potential of adversarial states, the corresponding impacts of easy access to weapons such as low-cost Biological agents and small wars are acknowledged, and international standards could be inferred evidently from

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum protagonists and sanctions, which the potential implications of weak states and the external security as well as the internal safety are presumed. (64 words)

6. National Prohibition Act In 1920, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was enacted, creating yet another serious setback to the American wine industry. The National Prohibition Act, also known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation, importation, exportation, delivery, or possession of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes, and nearly destroyed what had become a thriving national industry. In 1920 there were more than seven hundred wineries in California. By the end of Prohibition, there were 160. If Prohibition had lasted only four or five years, its impact on the wine industry might have been negligible. But it continued for thirteen years, during which time grapes went underground literally and figuratively, becoming an important commodity in the criminal economy. One loophole in the Volstead Act allowed for the manufacture and sale of sacramental wines, medicinal wines for sale by pharmacists with a doctor’s prescription, and medicinal wine tonics (fortified wines) sold without a prescription. Perhaps more importantly, Prohibition allowed anyone to produce up to two hundred gallons of fruit juice or cider each year. The fruit juice, which was sometimes made into concentrate, was ideal for making wine. Some of this yield found its way to bootleggers throughout America who did just that. But not for long, because the government stepped in and banned the sale of grape juice, preventing illegal wine production. Vineyards stopped being planted, and the American wine industry ground to a halt. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the American wine industry emphasizes the significance of the National Prohibition Act, the corresponding impacts of prohibiting the trade of intoxicating liquors such as the criminal economy and one loophole are acknowledged, and producing fruit juice could be inferred evidently from being ideal for making wine, which the potential implications of banning by the government as well as preventing illegal wine production are presumed. (69 words)

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99. Napping (2) Naps aren't generally included in the litany of good-for-your-heart lifestyle choices recommended for lowering cardiovascular risk, but they may soon be. New research suggests a midday siesta may reduce a person's risk of death from heart disease, possibly by lowering stress levels. The findings must be confirmed, but Dimitrios Trichopoulos, MD, a study author, tells us that there is little downside to taking naps — and there could be big health benefits. "The siesta is a victim of progress. Most of us aren't in the position to take a daily nap," he says. "But our research suggests that the practice could help protect the heart, and we need further studies to find out if this really is the case." Trichopoulos says the research stemmed from the observation that heart disease death rates are lower in Mediterranean and Latin American countries where midday siestas are part of the culture. His own earlier research in a

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum Greek population provided weak evidence in favour of the nap hypothesis, but another, larger study, conducted in Costa Rica failed to show an association. The newly published Greek study by Trichopoulosl and colleagues from the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, and Greece's University of Athens Medical School is the largest ever to examine the issue in a previously healthy population. A total of 23,681 residents of Greece with no history of heart disease, stroke, or cancer at enrollment were followed an average of 6.3 years. And the study revealed that people who took naps at least three times a week for average of at least 30 minutes were 37% less likely to die of heart disease than people who did not take regular naps. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of a daily nap emphasizes the significance of reducing the risk of heart diseases, the corresponding impacts of siesta's health benefits such as lowering stress levels and reducing heart disease death rates are acknowledged, and the nap hypothesis could be inferred evidently from being a part of the culture, which the potential implications of being less likely to die as well as nap length and cardiovascular diseases prevention are presumed. (74 words)

31. Greenhouse Gases When an individual drives a car, heats a house, or uses an aerosol hairspray, greenhouse gases are produced. In economic terms, this creates a classic negative externality. Most of the costs (in this case, those arising from global warming) are borne by individuals other than the one making the decision about how many miles to drive or how much hairspray to use. Because the driver (or sprayer) enjoys all the benefits of the activity but suffers only a part of the cost, that individual engages in more than the economically efficient amount of the activity. In this sense, the problem of greenhouse gases parallels the problems that occur when someone smokes a cigarette in an enclosed space or litters the countryside with fast-food wrappers. If we are to get individuals to reduce production of greenhouse gases to the efficient rate, we must somehow induce them to act as though they bear all the costs of their actions. The two most widely accepted means of doing this are government regulation and taxation, both of which have been proposed to deal with greenhouse gases. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of greenhouse gases emphasizes the significance of economic terms, the corresponding impacts of a classic negative externality such as costs of global warming and bearing by individuals are acknowledged, and reducing production of such gases could be inferred evidently from the efficient rate, which the potential implications of inducing individuals as well as the government regulation and taxation are presumed. (64 words)

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85. Paying for child Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home. These jobs are a normal part

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum of family life. Paying children to do extra work around the house, however, can be useful. It can even provide an understanding of how a business works. Allowances give children a chance to experience the things they can do with money. They can share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save and maybe even invest it. Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice: you have to cut costs and plan for the future. Requiring children to save part of their allowance can also open the door to future saving and investing. Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about personal finance. A savings account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest. Interest rates on savings can be very low these days. But compounding works by paying interest on interest. So, for example, one dollar invested at two percent interest will earn two cents in the first year. The second year, the money will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents, and so on. That may not seem like a lot. But over time it adds up. Sample Answer: Whereas the fundamental essence of paying children for extra work around the home emphasizes the significance of allowances, the corresponding impacts of business understanding such as future saving and learning personal finance are acknowledged, and a savings account could be inferred evidently from sacrificing for costly goals, which the potential implications of compound interest power as well as ways of spending money are presumed. (64 words) 19. Napping (1) A large new study has found that people who regularly took a siesta were significantly less likely to die of heart disease. “Taking a nap could turn out to be an important weapon in the fight against coronary mortality,” said Dimitrios Trichopoulos of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, who led the study published yesterday in the Archives of Internal Medicine. The study of more than 23,000 Greek adults the biggest and best examination of the subject to date — found that those who regularly took a midday siesta were more than 30 percent less likely to die of heart disease. Other experts said the results are intriguing. Heart disease kills more than 650,000 Americans each year, making it the nation’s No. 1 cause of death. “It’s interesting. A little siesta, a little snooze may be beneficial,” said Gerald Fletcher, a cardiologist at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Fla., speaking on behalf of the American Heart Association. “It’s simple, but it has a lot of promise.” While more research is needed to confirm and explore the findings, there are several ways napping could reduce the risk of heart attacks, experts said. “Napping may help deal with the stress of daily living,” said Michael Twery, who directs the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute’s National Center on Sleep Disorders Research. “Another possibility is that it is part of the normal biological rhythm of daily living. The biological clock that drives sleep and wakefulness has two cycles each day, and one of them dips usually in the early afternoon. It’s possible that not engaging in napping for some people might disrupt these processes.” Researchers have long known that countries such as Greece’ Italy and Spain’ where

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum people commonly take siestas’ have lower rates of heart disease than would be expected. But previous studies that attempted to study the relationship between naps and heart disease have produced mixed results. The new study is first to try to fully account for factors that might confuse the findings’ such as physical activity’ diet and other illnesses. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of taking a siesta emphasizes the significance of an important weapon, the corresponding impacts of fighting against mortality such as napping and reducing the risk of heart attacks are acknowledged, and dealing with the daily stress could be inferred evidently from the normal biological rhythm, which the potential implications of the relationship between naps and heart disease as well as mixed results are presumed. (68 words) Sample answer 2: Although more research is needed, some studies show that a regular midday siesta could reduce the probability of death caused by heart disease, by helping to deal with stress and biological rhythm of daily living. (35 words)

10. Call for Revolutionary Thinking We live in an ageing world. While this has been recognized for some time in developed countries, it is only recently that this phenomenon has been fully acknowledged. Global communication is “shrinking” the world, and global ageing is “maturing” it. The increasing presence of older persons in the world is making people of all ages more aware that we live in a diverse and multigenerational society. It is no longer possible to ignore ageing, regardless of whether one views it positively or negatively. Demographers note that if current trends in ageing continue as predicted, a demographic revolution, wherein the proportions of the young and the old will undergo a historic crossover, will be felt in just three generations. This portrait of change in the world’s population parallels the magnitude of the industrial revolution – traditionally considered the most significant social and economic breakthrough in the history of humankind since the Neolithic period. It marked the beginning of a sustained movement towards modern economic growth in much the same way that globalization is today marking an unprecedented and sustained movement toward a “global culture. The demographic revolution, it is envisaged, will be at least as powerful. While the future effects are not known, a likely scenario is one where both the challenges as well as the opportunities will emerge from a vessel into which exploration and research, dialogue and debate are poured. Challenges arise as social and economic structures try to adjust to the simultaneous phenomenon of diminishing young cohorts with rising older ones’ and opportunities present themselves in the sheer number of older individuals and the vast resources societies stand to gain from their contribution. This ageing of the population permeates all social, economic and cultural spheres. Revolutionary change calls for new, revolutionary thinking, which can position policy formulation and implementation on sounder footing. In our ageing world, new thinking requires that we view ageing as a lifelong and society-wide phenomenon, not a phenomenon exclusively pertaining to older persons. Sample answer 1 (Template):

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum Whereas the fundamental essence of an aging world emphasizes the significance of a demographic revolution, the corresponding impacts of undergoing a historic crossover such as the challenges and opportunities and the economic and cultural spheres are acknowledged, and the industrial revolution could be inferred evidently from revolutionary thinking, which the potential implications of viewing aging as a lifelong and the society-wide phenomenon are presumed. (64 words) Sample answer 2: If the fact and trend that we are living in an ageing world continues, the demographic revolution, as powerful as the industrial revolution, will bring both challenges and opportunities to the society and will be a lifelong and society wide phenomenon. (41 words)

72. Books and Television To understand the final reason why the news marketplace of ideas dominated by television is so different form the one that emerged in the world dominated by the printing press, it is important to distinguish the quality of vividness experienced by television viewers from the “vividness” experienced by readers. I believe that the vividness experienced in the reading of words is automatically modulated by the constant activation of the reasoning centres of the brain that are used in the process of cocreating the representation of reality the author has intended. By contrast, the visceral vividness portrayed on television has the capacity to trigger instinctual responses similar to those triggered by reality itself – and without being modulated by logic, reason, and reflective thought. The simulation of reality accomplished in the television medium is so astonishingly vivid and compelling compared with the representations of reality conveyed by printed words that it signifies much more than an incremental change in the way people consume information. Books also convey compelling and vivid representation of reality, of course. But the reader actively participates in the conjuring of the reality the book’s author is attempting to depict. Moreover, the parts of the human brain that are central to the reasoning process are continually activated by the very act of reading printed words: Words are composed of abstract symbols – letters – that have no intrinsic meaning themselves until they are strung together into recognisable sequences. Television, by contrast, present to its viewers a much more fully formed representation of reality – without requiring the creative collaboration that words have always demanded. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of dominating news marketplace by television emphasizes the significance of the quality of vividness, the corresponding impacts of activating the brain’s reasoning centers such as representing author’s ideas and triggering instinctual responses are acknowledged, and the visceral vividness could be inferred evidently from the reality simulation comparison, printed words, and recognizable sequences, which the potential implications of reasoning processes as well as the creative collaboration are presumed. (73 words)

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101. Benefits of honey (2) According to Dr. Ron Fessenden, M D ,M.P.H. the average American consumes more than 150 pounds of refined sugar, plus an additional 62 pounds of high fructose com syrup every year. In comparison, we consume only around1.3 pounds of honey per year on average in the U.S. According to new research, if you can switch out your intake of refined sugar and use pure raw honey instead, the health benefits can be enormous. What is raw honey? Its a pure, unfiltered and unpasteurized sweetener made by bees from the nectar of flowers. Most of the honey consumed today is processed honey that’s been heated and filtered since it was gathered from the hive. Unlike processed honey, raw honey does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional value and health powers. It can help with everything from low energy to sleep problems to seasonal allergies. Switching to raw honey may even help weight-loss efforts when compared to diets containing sugar or high fructose corn syrup. I’m excited to tell you more about one of my all-time favorite natural sweeteners today. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the health benefits of sweeteners emphasizes the significance of consuming refined sugar, the corresponding impacts of natural sweeteners such as pure raw honey and the nectar of flower are acknowledged, and weight-loss efforts could be inferred evidently from an unpasteurized sweetener, which the potential implications of nutritional values as well as health powers are presumed. (60 words)

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20. Tree Ring Dating – Dendrochronology (1) Here’s how tree-ring dating, known to scientists as dendrochronology (from the Greek roots Dendron = tree, and Chronos = time), works. If you cut a tree down today, it’s straightforward to count the rings inwards, starting from the tree’s outside (corresponding to this year’s growth ring), and thereby to state that the 177th ring from the outermost one towards the center was laid down in the year 2005 minus 177, or 1828. However, the widths of tree growth rings vary from year to year, depending on the rain or drought conditions in each year. Hence the sequence of the rings in a tree cross-section is like a message in Morse code formerly used for sending telegraph messages; dot-dot-dash-dot-dash in the Morse code’ wide-wide-narrow-wide-narrow in the tree ring sequence. Actually’ the tree ring sequence is even more diagnostic and richer in information than the Morse code’ because trees actually contain rings spanning many different widths’ rather than the Morse code choice between dot and dash. Tree-ring specialists (known as dendrochronologists) proceed by noting the sequence of wider and narrower rings in a tree cut down in a known recent year, and also noting the sequences in beams from trees cut down at various times in the past. They then match up and align the tree ring sequences with the same diagnostic wide/narrow patterns from different beams. In that way, dendrochronologists have constructed tree-ring records extending back for thousands of years in some parts of the world. Each record is valid for a

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum geographic area whose extent depends on local weather patterns because weather and hence tree growth patterns vary with location. A bonus of dendrochronology is that the width and substructure of each ring reflect the amount of rain and the season at which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to reconstruct the past climate, e.g., a series of wide rings means a very wet period, and a series of narrow rings means a drought. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of tree-ring dating emphasizes the significance of the dendrochronology, the corresponding impacts of rain or drought conditions and being diagnostic are acknowledged, and the sequence of wider and narrower rings could be inferred evidently from a geographic area, which the potential implications of local weather patterns as well as reconstructing the past climate are presumed. (59 words) Sample answer 2: Dendrochronology is a scientific method of dating based on the construction and analysis of patterns of tree rings and it can help to reconstruct the past climate for a geographic area. (31 words)

279. ageing world (From RWFIB material) We live in an ageing world. While this has been recognized for some time in developed countries, it is only recently that this phenomenon has been fully acknowledged. Global communication is "shrinking" the world, and global ageing is "maturing" it. The increasing presence of older persons in the world is making people of all ages more aware that we live in a diverse and multigenerational society. It is no longer possible to ignore ageing, regardless of whether one views it positively or negatively. Demographers note(observe) that if current trends in ageing continue as predicted(anticipated), a demographic revolution, wherein the proportions of the young and the old will undergo a historic crossover, will be felt in just three generations. This portrait of change in the world's population parallels the magnitude of the industrial revolution - traditionally considered the most significant social and economic breakthrough in the history of humankind since the Neolithic period. It marked the beginning of a sustained movement towards modern economic growth in much the same way that globalization is today marking an unprecedented and sustained movement toward a "global culture". The demographic revolution, it is envisaged, will be at least as powerful. While the future effects are not known, a likely scenario is one where both the challenges as well as the opportunities will emerge from a vessel into which exploration and research, dialogue and debate are poured. Challenges arise as social and economic structures try to adjust to the simultaneous phenomenon of diminishing young cohorts with rising older ones, and opportunities present themselves in the sheer number of older individuals and the vast resources societies stand to gain from their contribution. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of an aging world emphasizes the significance of global communication, the corresponding impacts of universal

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum aging such as a multigeneration society and a demographic revolution are acknowledged, and undergoing a historic crossover could be inferred evidently from the industrial revolution, which the potential implications of moving toward modern economic growth as well as unknown future events, challenges and opportunities are presumed. (65 words)

16. Comparative Advantages With an abundance of low-priced labor relative to the United States, it is no surprise that China, India and other developing countries specialize in the production of labor-intensive products. For similar reasons, the United States will specialize in the production of goods that are human- and physical-capital intensive because of the relative abundance of a highly-educated labor force and technically sophisticated equipment in the United States. This division of global production should yield higher global output of both types of goods than would be the case if each country attempted to produce both of these goods itself. For example, the United States would produce more expensive labor-intensive goods because of its more expensive labor and the developing countries would produce more expensive human and physical capital-intensive goods because of their relative scarcity of these inputs. This logic implies that the United States is unlikely to be a significant global competitor in the production green technologies that are not relatively intensive in human and physical capital. Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new technology, the United States has a comparative advantage in the production of the products enabled by this innovation. However, once these technologies become well-understood and production processes are designed that can make use of less-skilled labor, production will migrate to countries with less expensive labor. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the American’s low-priced labor emphasizes the significance of developing countries, the corresponding impacts of the labor-intensive goods, such as human-and physical-capital intensive and not being a significant global competitor are acknowledged, and producing green technologies could be inferred evidently from having a comparative advantage, which the potential implications of less-skilled labor as well as a high-educated labor force are presumed. (65 words) Sample answer 2: Although some developing countries, such as China, become competent in the production green industries because they have a comparative advantage over the United States, in producing labor intensive goods due to the relatively lower-priced labor, the United States still has a comparative advantage enabled by innovation in the production at the early stage of the development of a new technology. (60 words)

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26. War of Talent – The Demand for Talent 2 Some of this panic is overdone—and linked to the business cycle: there was much ado about “a war for talent” in America in the 1990s, until the dotcom bubble burst. People often talk about shortages when they should really be discussing price. Eventually, supply will rise to meet demand and the market will adjust. But, while you wait, your firm might go bust. For the evidence is that the talent shortage is likely to get worse.

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum Nobody really disputes the idea that the demand for talent-intensive skills is rising. The value of “intangible” assets—everything from skilled workers to patents to know-how—has ballooned from 20% of the value of companies in the S&P 500 to 70% today. The proportion of American workers doing jobs that call for complex skills has grown three times as fast as employment in general. As other economies move in the same direction, the global demand is rising quickly. As for supply, the picture in much of the developed world is haunted by demography. By 2025 the number of people aged 15-64 is projected to fall by 7% in Germany’ 9% in Italy and 14% in Japan. Even in still growing America, the imminent retirement of the baby-boomers means that companies will lose large numbers of experienced workers in a short space of time (by one count half the top people at America’s 500 leading companies will go in the next five years). Meanwhile, two things are making it much harder for companies to adjust. The first is the collapse of loyalty. Companies happily chopped out layers of managers during the 1990s; now people are likely to repay them by moving to the highest bidder. The second is the mismatch between what schools are producing and what companies need. In most Western countries schools are churning out too few scientists and engineers—and far too many people who lack the skills to work in a modern economy (that’s why there are talent shortages at the top alongside structural unemployment for the low-skilled). Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of a war of talent emphasizes the significance of the talent shortage, the corresponding impacts of the talent-intensive skills such as the global demand are acknowledged, and the imminent retirement of baby-boomers could be inferred evidently from losing numbers of experienced workers, which the potential implications of the mismatch between schools’ production and companies’ need as well as the structural unemployment are presumed. (67 words) Sample answer 2: Talent shortage is likely to get worse globally in the future because of the imminent retirement of babyboomers, the collapse of loyalty and the mismatch between what schools are producing and what companies need. (34 words)

106. Brain It was once believed that the brain was independent of metabolic processes occurring elsewhere in the body. In recent studies, however, we have discovered that the production and release in brain neurons of the neurotransmitter serotonin (neurotransmitters are compounds that neurons use to transmit signals to other cells) depend directly on the food that the body processes. Our first studies sought to determine whether the increase in serotonin observed in rats given a large injection of the amino acid tryptophan might also occur after rats ate meals that change tryptophan levels in the blood. We found that, immediately after the rats began to eat, parallel elevations occurred in blood tryptophan, brain tryptophan, and brain serotonin levels. These findings suggested that the production and release of serotonin in brain neurons were normally coupled with blood-tryptophan increases. In later studies we found that injecting insulin into a rat’s bloodstream also caused parallel elevations in blood and brain tryptophan levels and in serotonin levels. We then decided to see whether the secretion of the animal’s own insulin similarly affected serotonin production. We gave the rats a carbohydrate-containing meal that we knew would elicit insulin secretion. As we had

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum hypothesized, the blood tryptophan level and the concentrations of tryptophan serotonin in the brain increased after the meal. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of brain’s independence from body’s metabolic processes emphasizes the significance of production and release of neurons, the corresponding impacts of the neurotransmitter serotonin such as depending on food, Changing blood-tryptophan level and a parallel elevation are acknowledged, and increasing serotonin levels could be inferred evidently from injecting insulin into bloodstream, which the potential implications of eliciting insulin secretion, as well as raising concentration of brain’s tryptophan serotonin, are presumed. (73 words)

41. Electric Cars Although we tend to think of electric cars as being something completely modern, they were in fact some of the earliest types of motorized vehicle. At the beginning of the twentieth-century electric cars were actually more popular than cars with an internal combustion engine as they were more comfortable to ride in. However, as cars fueled by petrol increased in importance. Electric cars declined. The situation became such that electric vehicles were only used for certain specific purposes – as fork-lift trucks, ambulances and urban delivery vehicles, for example. Although electricity declined in use in road vehicles, it steadily grew in importance as a means of powering trains. Switzerland, for example, was quick to develop an electrified train system, encouraged in this no doubt by the fact that it had no coal or oil resources of its own. Nowadays there is renewed interest in Electricity as a means of powering road vehicles. Why is this case? Well, undoubtedly economic reasons are of considerable importance. The cost of oil has risen so sharply that there is a strong financial imperative to look for an alternative. However, there are also environmental motivations. Emissions from cars re-blamed in large part for – among other things – the destruction of the ozone layer and the resultant rise in temperatures in the Polar Regions. A desire not to let things get any worse is also encouraging research into designing effective electric transport. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of a renewed interest in modern electric cars emphasizes the significance of petrol-driven vehicles, the corresponding impacts of an internal combustion engine such as powering trains and oil resources are acknowledged, and economic reasons could be inferred evidently from a strong financial imperative, which the potential implications of environmental considerations as well as a strong financial imperative are presumed. (63 words) Sample answer 2: Electric vehicles have been around since the beginning of the twentieth century, but petrol-driven cars became more important so electric power was only used for specific purposes, such as a means of powering trains; nowadays there is a renewed interest in electric vehicles due to economic and

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum environmental considerations, as people do not wish to let things get any worse. (61 words)

48. The greatest climate change The greatest climate change the world has seen in the last 100,000 years was the transition from the ice age to the warm interglacial period. New research from the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen indicates that, contrary to the previous opinion, the rise in temperature and the rise in the atmospheric CO2 follow each other closely in terms of time. The results have been published in the scientific journal, Climate of the Past. In the warmer climate, the atmospheric content of CO2 is naturally higher. The gas CO2 (carbon dioxide) is a greenhouse gas that absorbs heat radiation from Earth and thus keeps Earth warm. In the shift between ice ages and interglacial periods, the atmospheric content of CO2 helps to intensify the natural climate variations. It had previously been thought that as the temperature began to rise at the end of the ice age approximately 19,000 years ago, an increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere followed with a delay of up to 1,000 years. “Our analysis of ice cores from the ice sheet in Antarctica shows that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere follows the rise in Antarctic temperatures very closely and is staggered by a few hundred years at most,” explains Sune Olander Rasmussen, Associate Professor and centre coordinator at the Centre for Ice and Climate at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen. Sample answer (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the greatest climate change emphasizes the significance of the ice age, the corresponding impacts of the warm interglacial period such as the temperature rise and the atmospheric CO2 are acknowledged, and a greenhouse gas could be inferred evidently from the Earth heat radiation, which the potential implications of the natural climate variations as well as Antarctic temperatures are presumed. (64 words)

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82. Coffee experience 5 Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the “coffee experience” has become a staple of our modern life and culture. This is according to the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), an international nonprofit scientific society of professionals engaged in food science, food technology, and related areas in academia, government and industry that is based in the US. While the current body of research related to the effects of coffee consumption on human health has been contradictory, a study in the in the June issue of the journal Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, which is published by IFT, found that the potential benefits of moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers for the majority of major health outcomes considered. Researchers at Ulster University in the UK systematically reviewed 1,277 studies from 1970 to date on coffee’s effect on human health and found the general scientific consensus is that regular, moderate coffee drinking (defined as three to four cups per day) essentially has a neutral effect on health, or can be mildly beneficial. The authors noted causality of risks and benefits cannot be established for either with the research currently available as they are largely

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum based on observational data. Further research is needed to quantify the risk-benefit balance for coffee consumption, as well as identify which of coffee’s many active ingredients, or indeed the combination of such, that could be inducing these health benefits. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of coffee experience emphasizes the significance of coffee’s effects on human health, the corresponding impacts of moderate coffee drinking such as adult consumers and major health outcomes are acknowledged, and observational data could be inferred evidently from further scientific research, which the potential implications of the risk-benefit balance, being mildly beneficial as well as coffee’s active ingredients are presumed. (63 words)

96. Democracy Government A government is the organization, machinery, or agency, through which a political unit exercises its authority, controls and administers public policy, and directs and controls the actions of its members or subjects. The government makes laws, regulate economies, conduct relations with other countries, provide infrastructure and services, and maintain an army and a police force amongst others on behalf of the people of the country. Democracy is any system of government in which the people have the rule. The ancient Greeks used the word democracy to mean government by the many in contrast to government by the few. They key of democracy is that the people hold ultimate power. Abraham Lincoln best captured this spirit by describing democracy as a government of the people, by the people, for the people. Democratic government is opposed to an authoritative government, where the participation of its citizenry is limited or prohibited, and a state of anarchy where no form of government exists. Over the years there has been a dramatic growth in the number of political regimes that meet basic standards of procedural democracy. Such procedures include freedom of association and expression, competitive elections that determines who holds political power, and systematic constraints on the exercise of authority. The establishment of democracy in countries with no prior democratic experience, its reestablishment in countries that had experienced periods of authoritarian rule, and the expansion in the number of independent states following the demise of European and Soviet communism led to the adoption of democracy in most countries. As a result of these changes, attention has been focused on constitutional rules that guide competition for and the exercise of political authority under democracy. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of a government emphasizes the significance of public policy, the corresponding impacts of making laws such as democracy and holding ultimate power are acknowledged, and a government of the people by the people could be inferred evidently from an authoritative

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum government, which the potential implications of a state of anarchy as well as freedom of association, competitive elections, independent states and constitutional rules are presumed. (69 words)

Micro-plastics ***(new) Fish are being killed, and prevented from reaching maturity, by the litter of plastic particles finding their way into the world’s oceans, new research has proved. Some young fish have been found to prefer tiny particles of plastic to their natural food sources, effectively starving them before they can reproduce. The growing problem of microplastics – tiny particles of polymer-type materials from modern industry – has been thought for several years to be a peril for fish, but the study published on Thursday is the first to prove the damage in trials. Microplastics are near-indestructible in natural environments. They enter the oceans through litter, when waste such as plastic bags, packaging and other convenience materials are discarded. Vast amounts of these end up in the sea, through inadequate waste disposal systems and sewage outfall. Another growing source is microbeads, tiny particles of hard plastics that are used in cosmetics, for instance as an abrasive in modern skin cleaners. These easily enter waterways as they are washed off as they are used, flushed down drains and forgotten, but can last for decades in our oceans. The impact of these materials has been hard to measure, despite being a growing source of concern. Small particles of plastics have been found in seabirds, fish and whales, which swallow the materials but cannot digest them, leading to a buildup in their digestive tracts. For the first time, scientists have demonstrated that fish exposed to such materials during their development show stunted growth and increased mortality rates, as well as changed behavior that could endanger their survival.

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Cocoa 1 During the time of the Aztecs, cocoa was mainly used as a beverage. Wines and drinks were made from white pulp around the seeds of the cocoa pod. The beans themselves were used to make hot or cold chocolate drinks. Both the Maya and the Aztec secular drinks used roasted cocoa beans, a foaming agent sugar, toasted corn and water. Vanilla and/or chilli were also used as an ingredient in the drinks. Cocoa beans were also used as a currency and as a tribute tax from peoples ruled by Aztecs. The oily layer floating in the chocolate drink cocoa butter was used to protect the skin against the sun. For the Aztecs cocoa had a religious significance. Cocoa was believed to be of divine origin: the cocoa tree was a bridge between earth and heaven. Human sacrifices to propitiate God or sun were first sanctified by giving him chocolate. Cocoa beans were given to priest’s assistants at children’s coming of age ceremonies. During marriage ceremonies, the couple drank a symbolic cup of chocolate and exchanged cocoa beans. Aztecs believed that drinking chocolate gave mortals some of Quetzalcoatl wisdom. – God of learning and of the wind. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of Aztec time emphasizes the significance of

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum cocoa beverage, the corresponding impacts of chocolate drinks such as a currency and a tribute tax are acknowledged, and religious significance could be inferred evidently from protecting the skin, which the potential implications of divine origin as well as sacrificing to propitiate god are presumed. (56 words)

Eye surgery - Blindness 2 Scientists believe they may have found a way to prevent complications that can arise following cataract surgery, the world’s leading cause of blindness. Detailing why complications can occur after surgery, researchers from the University of East Anglia (UEA) explained that while cataract surgery works well to restore vision, a few natural lens cells always remain after the procedure. Over time, the eye’s woundhealing response leads these cells to spread across the underside of the artificial lens, which interferes with vision, causing what’s known as ‘posterior capsule opacification’ or secondary cataract. UEA’s School of Biological Sciences academic, Dr Michael Wormstone, who led the study, said: “Secondary visual loss responds well to treatment with laser surgery. But as life expectancy increases, the problems of cataract and posterior capsule opacification will become even greater in terms of both patient well being and economic burden. It’s essential that we find better ways to manage the condition in future.” As a result, researchers are designing new artificial lenses that can be placed into a capsular bag that stays open, instead of shrink-wrapping closed, which currently occurs. It is believed that, through the new approach, fluid in the eye can flow around the artificial lens, therefore diluting and washing away the cell-signalling molecules that encourage cell re-growth. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of preventing complications emphasizes the significance of cataract surgery, the corresponding impacts of blindness such as secondary visual loss and laser surgery are acknowledged, and increasing life expectancy could be inferred evidently from posterior capsule opacification, which the potential implications of encouraging cell re-growth as well as the artificial lens are presumed. (56 words)

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29. Geothermal Energy in Africa What is the solution for nations with increasing energy demands, hindered by frequent power cuts and an inability to compete in the international oil market? For East Africa at least, experts think geothermal energy is the answer. More promising still, the Kenyan government and international investors seem to be listening. This is just in time according to many, as claims of an acute energy crisis are afoot due to high oil prices, population spikes and droughts. Currently, over 60% of Kenya’s power comes from hydroelectric sources but these are proving increasingly unreliable as the issue of seasonal variation is intensified by erratic rain patterns. Alternative energy sources are needed; and the leading energy supplier in Kenya, Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), hopes to expand its geothermal energy supply from 13% to 25 % of its total usage by 2020. The potential of geothermal energy in the region was first

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum realized internationally by the United Nations Development Program, when geologists observed thermal anomalies below the East African Rift system. Locals have been utilizing this resource for centuries; using steam vents to create the perfect humidity for greenhouses, or simply to enjoy a swim in the many natural hot lakes. Along the 6000 km of the rift from the Red Sea to Mozambique, geochemical, geophysical and heat flow measurements were made to identify areas suitable for geothermal wells. One area lies next to the extinct Olkaria volcano, within the Hell’s Gate National Park, and sits over some of the thinnest continental crust on Earth. This is a result of the thinning of the crust by tectonic stretching, causing hotter material below the Earth’s surface to rise, resulting in higher temperatures. This thin crust was ideal for the drilling of geothermal wells’ reaching depths of around 3000 m, where temperatures get up to 342°C, far higher than the usual temperature of 90°C at this depth. Water in the surrounding rocks is converted to steam by the heat. The steam can be used to drive turbines and produce electricity. Wells like those in Olkarla operate by pumping cold water down to permeable “geothermal reservoir” rocks, causing steam to rise back up a nearby production well. Care must be taken with the rate at which cold water is added so as to not permanently cool the source rock. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of East Africa emphasizes the significance of the geothermal energy, the corresponding impacts of an acute energy crisis such as the erratic rain patterns and observing thermal anomalies are acknowledged, and identifying suitable areas could be inferred evidently from geothermal wells, which the potential implications of producing electricity as well as higher temperatures are presumed. (59 words)

78. Sunshine Revolution The suburbs of Las Vegas do not look like the cradle of a revolution. Golden stucco-clad houses stretch for street after identical street, interspersed with gated communities with names such as Spanish Oaks and Rancho Bel Air. The sky is the deepest blue, the desert air is clear and the distant mountains are beautiful. The only sounds are the buzz of a gardener's hedge trimmer and a squeaking baby buggy pushed by a power-walking mother. The bright lights of Sin City seem a very long way away. Yet these quiet streets are being changed by a movement that is gathering momentum across America and around the world, challenging one of the most fundamental of economic relationships: the way we use and pay for energy. There are now more than 7,000 homes in Nevada fitted with solar panels to generate their own electricity, and the number is rising fast. Just five years ago, residential solar power was still a niche product for the homeowner with a fat wallet and a bleeding heart. Not any more. Technology, politics and finance have aligned to move it into the mainstream. Solar power has become the fastest-growing energy source in the US. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of solar power emphasizes the significance of changing by the revolution, the corresponding impacts of energy consumption such as technology, politics, and economy are acknowledged,

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum and generating electricity could be inferred evidently from a residential solar power, which the potential implications of solar panels, wealthy homeowners, and niche products as well as fastest-growing energy sources in the US are presumed. (64 words) Sample Answer: Although the suburbs of Las Vegas don not look like the cradle of a revolution, a moment that challenge one of the most fundamental of economic relationship in energy consumption has increases the number of solar panels that used to be a niche product of wealthy homeowners, and solar power has become the fast-growing energy source in US.

107. Why is the night sky dark? We see stars all around, so why doesn't their combined light add up to make our night sky--and surrounding space, for that matter--bright? German physicist Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers put the same puzzle this way in 1823: If the universe is infinite in size, and stars (or galaxies)are distributed throughout this infinite universe, then we are certain to eventually see a star in any direction we look. As a result, the night sky should be aglow. Why isn't it?In fact, the answer is far more profound than it appears. There have been many attempts at explaining this puzzle, dubbed Olbers' Paradox, over the years. One version implicated dust between stars and perhaps between galaxies. The idea was that the dust would block the light from faraway objects, making the sky dark. In reality, however, the light falling on the dust would eventually heat it up so that it would glow as brightly as the original sources of the light.Advertisement Another proposed answer for the paradox held that the tremendous red shift of distant galaxies--the lengthening of the wavelength of light they emit due to the expansion of the universe--would move light out of the visible range into the invisible infrared. But if this explanation were true, shorter, wavelength ultraviolet light would also be shifted into the visible range--which doesn't happen. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the dark night sky emphasizes the significance of explaining the puzzle, the corresponding impacts of distributing stars throughout the universe such as the infinite universe, blocking the light and implicating dust between stars and galaxies are acknowledged, and the wavelength of light could be inferred evidently from glowing brightly, which the potential implications of the invisible infrared as well as the visible range are presumed. (70 words)

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103. Pace of Aging: Australia and Japan In 2005 Japan had the highest median age of all countries in the world, while Australia's population was only moderately aged. Some 50 years ago the demographic situation was quite different, with the median age of Australia's population being seven years older than Japan's. The ageing of the population is a major issue for Australian policy makers, particularly in regard to the long-term implications for reduced economic growth and the increasing demand for Age Pensions, and health and aged care

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum services. As the population ages, growth in the number of people of working age will slow, while the proportion of people of retirement age will increase. Sustained population ageing also leads to slowing or negative population growth. While declining population growth in developed countries is welcomed by some environmentalist and social scientists, economists tend to agree that population decline brings gloomy economic prospects. In addition to the decrease in the labour supply, the demand side of the economy may be affected through shrinking markets for goods and services. How quickly this occurs depends on the dynamics of fertility, mortality and overseas migration. While a moderate pace of demographic change allows for gradual adjustment of the economy and policies to the changing population demographics, rapid changes are more difficult to manage. As a result, governments and society as a whole may need to take actions to address these issues. But how severe is the ageing of Australia's population, relative to other countries? One way of applying a degree of perspective to the ageing debate is to compare ageing in Australia with that of other countries. This article examines the population structures in Australia and Japan and the demographic forces that shape the respective populations, both historically and projections for the future. In 2005 Japan's population was ranked the oldest in the world, with half the people aged over 42.9 years. In comparison, Australia's median age is not projected to reach this level until 2032. Japan's population is projected to decline by 21% between 2005 and 2050 (from 128 million to 101 million). Over the same period, Australia's population is projected to increase by 38% from 20 million to 28 million people. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the highest median age emphasizes the significance of Australia's population, the corresponding impacts of Reducing economic growth such as the dynamic of fertility and mortality are acknowledged, and overseas migration could be inferred evidently from Japan`s population, which the potential implications of demographic situation as well as labor supply are presumed. (56 words)

58. Overqualified New research shows that overqualified workers tend to perform better than other employees, and they don’t quit any sooner. Furthermore, a simple managerial tactic—empowerment—can mitigate any dissatisfaction they may feel. The prejudice against too-good employees is pervasive. Companies tend to prefer an applicant who is a “perfect fit” over someone who brings more intelligence, education, or experience than needed. On the surface, this bias makes sense: Studies have consistently shown that employees who consider themselves overqualified exhibit higher levels of discontent. For example, overqualification correlated well with job dissatisfaction in a 2008 study of 156 call-center reps by Israeli researchers Saul Fine and Baruch Nevo. And unlike discrimination based on age or gender, declining to hire overqualified workers is perfectly legal, as shown by U.S. federal court rulings upholding the New

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum London, Connecticut, police department’s rejection of a high-IQ candidate on the grounds that he’d probably become dissatisfied and quit. This kind of thinking has tossed untold numbers of experienced, highly skilled people into the ranks of the long-term unemployed, a group that now constitutes nearly half of all U.S. jobless. But even before the economic downturn, a surplus of overqualified candidates was a global problem, particularly in developing economies, where rising education levels are giving workers more skills than are needed to supply the growing service sectors. In China, where the number of college graduates has tripled since 1998, more than one-fourth of this year’s 6.3 million college grads are out of work, according to Bloomberg Businessweek. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of overqualified workers emphasizes the significance of empowerment, the corresponding impacts of alleviating job dissatisfaction such as quitting the job and being a perfect fit are acknowledged, and a surplus of overqualified candidates could be inferred evidently from a global problem, which the potential implications of education levels as well as long-term unemployment are presumed. (59 words) 2 2 برابری حقوق زن و مرد

***(new) According to the theory of continental drift, the world was made up of a single continent through most of geologic time. That continent eventually separated and drifted apart, forming into the seven continents we have today. The first comprehensive theory of continental drift was suggested by the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1912. The hypothesis asserts that the continents consist of lighter rocks that rest on heavier crustal material—similar to the manner in which icebergs float on water. Wegener contended that the relative positions of the continents are not rigidly fixed but are slowly moving—at a rate of about one yard per century. According to the generally accepted plate-tectonics theory, scientists believe that Earth's surface is broken into a number of shifting slabs or plates, which average about 50 miles in thickness. These plates move relative to one another above a hotter, deeper, more mobile zone at average rates as great as a few inches per year. Most of the world's active volcanoes are located along or near the boundaries between shifting plates and are called plate-boundary volcanoes. The peripheral areas of the Pacific Ocean Basin, containing the boundaries of several plates, are dotted with many active volcanoes that form the so-called Ring of Fire. The Ring provides excellent examples of plate-boundary volcanoes, including Mount St. Helens. However, some active volcanoes are not associated with plate boundaries, and many of these so-called intra-plate volcanoes form roughly linear chains in the interior of some oceanic plates. The Hawaiian Islands provide perhaps the best example of an intra-plate volcanic chain, developed by the northwest-moving Pacific plate passing over an inferred “hot spot” that initiates the magma-generation and volcano-formation process.

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Research on Birds- Climate Change As warmer winter temperatures become more common, one way for some animals to adjust is to shift their ranges northward. But a new study of 59 North American bird species indicates that doing so is not easy or quick -- it took about 35 years for many birds to move far enough north for winter temperatures to match where they historically lived. For example, black vultures have spread northward in the last 35 years and now winter as far north as Massachusetts, where the minimum winter temperature is similar to what it was in Maryland in 1975. On the other hand, the endangered red56 cockaded woodpecker did not alter its range at all despite the warming trend, possibly because it’s very specific habitat requirements precluded a range shift. Both of these scenarios could represent problems for birds, La Sorte said. Species that do not track changes in climate may wind up at the limits of their physiological tolerance, or they may lose important habitat qualities, such as favored food types, as those species pass them by. But they also can't move their ranges too fast if the habitat conditions they depend on also tend to lag behind climate. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of bird species movement emphasizes the significance of warmer winter temperatures, the corresponding impacts of shifting ranges northward such as matching historical habitats and tracking climate changes are acknowledged, and problems could be inferred evidently from specific habitat requirements, which the potential implications of physiological tolerance, endangered species, and losing habitat qualities as well as depending on habitat conditions are presumed. (66 words)

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(New) *** A text about the importance of vote and the reason for decreasing turnout in UK in recent years because people don't trust on politicians and the journalists' role to encourage people to vote.

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105. Are Individuals Enough? Many human activities are responsible for the production of greenhouse gases. Generating electricity is the single largest source of CO2 emissions in the United States, followed by transportation. Negative externalities are created by individuals that engage in more than the economically efficient amount of an activity, such as driving. Because the driver enjoys all of the benefits that come along with driving and only suffer part of the cost, they do not put a limit on how far or how often they should drive. The only way to get individuals to participate in reducing greenhouse gases is by having them bear all the costs of their actions. This is difficult because the costs are so little compared to the benefit, so why give up something that benefits more than sets you back. Two different methods are being proposed in order to help humans take into consideration the costs of their actions in order to reduce production of greenhouse gases. The methods proposed are government regulation and taxation. Unless the government sets regulations and taxes, the individual level of involvement will be very low and unless many people participate, the amount of greenhouse gases will not be significantly reduced.

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of human activities emphasizes the significance of being responsible for CO2 emissions, the corresponding impacts of generating electricity such as reducing greenhouse gases production and bearing the cost of individuals’ actions are acknowledged, and comparing little costs with higher benefits could be inferred evidently from governmental regulation and taxation, which the potential implications of the rate of involvement, as well as requiring a greater Public participation are presumed. (72 words)

30. Language Development What is text/written language anyway? It’s an ancient IT for storing and retrieving information. We store information by writing it, and we retrieve it by reading it. Six thousand to 10,000 years ago, many of our ancestors’ hunter-gatherer societies settled on the land and began what’s known as the agricultural revolution. That new land settlement led to private property and increased production and trade of goods, generating a huge new influx of information. Unable to keep all this information in their memories, our ancestors created systems of written records that evolved over millennia into today’s written languages. But this ancient IT is already becoming obsolete. Text has run its historic course and is now rapidly getting replaced in every area of our lives by the ever-increasing array of emerging ITs driven by voice, video, and body movement rather than the written word. In my view, this is a positive step forward in the evolution of human technology, and it carries great potential for a total positive redesign of K-12 education. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of a written language emphasizes the significance of an ancient IT, the corresponding impacts of storing and retrieving information such as ancestor’s hunter-gatherer societies and creating systems of written records are acknowledged, and becoming obsolete could be inferred evidently from replacing with emerging ITs, which the potential implications of the evolution of human technology as well as a positive redesign of K-12 education are presumed. (69 words) *the agricultural revolution *a great potential Sample answer 2: Written language, which can be defined as an ancient method of storing and retrieving information, is quickly replaced by the modern information technologies, which involve more audio, visual or kinetic elements, and the writer consider this as a positive movement. (40 words)

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53. Orbital Debris For decades, space experts have worried that a speeding bit of orbital debris might one day smash a large spacecraft in to hundreds of pieces and start a chain reaction, a slow cascade of collisions that would expand for centuries, spreading chaos through the heavens. In the last decade or so, as scientists

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum came to agree that the number of objects in orbit had surpassed a critical mass or, in their terms, the critical spatial density, the point at which a chain reaction becomes inevitable they grew more anxious. Early this year, after a half-century of growth, the federal list of detectable objects (four inches wide or larger) reached10,000, including dead satellites, spent rocket stages, a camera, a hand tool and junkyards of whirling debris left over from chance explosions and destructive tests. So our billion dollar of satellites are at risk. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of orbital debris emphasizes the significance of smashing a spacecraft, the corresponding impacts of a chain reaction such as a cascade of collisions and a critical mass are acknowledged, and spreading chaos could be inferred evidently from the critical spatial density, which the potential implications of an inevitable chain reaction as well as a list of detectable objects are presumed. (64 words)

111. Newborns don't imitate adults 1 Many studies have indicated that from birth, infants imitate the behaviours and facial expressions of the adults around them. However, a team of Australian, South African and British researchers have released a study this week that refutes this widespread belief. "Numerous studies from the 1980s and 90s indicated no imitation by newborns, while others claimed it was there," says Virginia Slaughter, a biologist at the University of Queensland and co-author of the study. "We wanted to clear up the confusion because the 'fact' that newborns imitate is widely cited, not just in the fields of psychology, neuroscience and paediatrics, but also in popular sources for parents." The international research team, led by Janine Oostenbroek, a psychologist at the University of York in the UK, exposed more than 100 infants to a broad range of gestures and recorded their responses at one, two, six and nine weeks of age. The gestures included social cues like adults poking their tongues out, frowning or grinning, as well as non-social cues such as pointing or opening a box. The findings showed no link between behaviours exhibited by babies in their first few months and the gestures they were exposed to. The babies were just as likely to exhibit gestures they had never seen before as repeat ones they had. For instance, babies stuck their tongues out just as frequently if they were being exposed to pointing or opening a box, rather than anything to do with mouths or tongues. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of imitating the behaviors emphasizes the significance of the facial expressions, the corresponding impacts of Refuting a widespread belief such as indicating no imitation by newborns and clearing up the confusion are acknowledged, and a broad range of gestures could be inferred evidently from behaviors exhibited by babies, which the potential implications of repeating behaviors as well as exhibiting new gestures are presumed. (67 words)

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Great Managers What do great managers actually do? In my research, beginning with a survey of 80,000 managers conducted by the Gallup Organization and continuing during the past two years with in-depth studies of a few top performers, I’ve found that while there are as many styles of management as there are managers, there is one quality that sets truly great managers apart from the rest: They discover what is unique about each person and then capitalize on it. Average managers play checkers, while great managers play chess. The difference? In checkers, all the pieces are uniform and move in the same way; they are interchangeable. You need to plan and coordinate their movements, certainly, but they all move at the same pace, on parallel paths. In chess, each type of piece moves in a different way, and you can’t play if you don’t know how each piece moves. More important, you won’t win if you don’t think carefully about how you move the pieces. Great managers know and value the unique abilities and even the eccentricities of their employees, and they learn how best to integrate them into a coordinated plan of attack. This is the exact opposite of what great leaders do. Great leaders discover what is universal and capitalize on it. Their job is to rally people toward a better future. Leaders can succeed in this only when they can cut through differences of race, sex, age, nationality, and personality and, using stories and celebrating heroes, tap into those very few needs we all share. The job of a manager, meanwhile, is to turn one person’s particular talent into performance. Managers will succeed only when they can identify and deploy the differences among people, challenging each employee to excel in his or her own way. This doesn’t mean a leader can’t be a manager or vice versa. But to excel at one or both, you must be aware of the very different skills each role requires. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of great managers emphasizes the significance of management styles, the corresponding impacts of discovering and capitalizing on employees’ unique abilities such as coordinating an attack plan and turning talents into performance are acknowledged, and great leaders could be inferred evidently from different skills, which the potential implications of role requirements, Challenging employees as well as a better future are presumed. (64 words)

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111. UBC expeditions to the Canadian Arctic (From RWFIB material) This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the legendary Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and learning accompanied their exploration of the great outdoors aboard the Russian-flagged. Akademik Ioffe, designed and built in Finland as a scientific research vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on board presented on topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and history, and early European explorers. UBC professor Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a growing cause of debate as ice melts, new shipping routes open, and natural resources become accessible. Recommended pre-trip reading was late UBC alumnus Pierre Bertons book, The Arctic Grail.

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of participating in expeditions emphasizes the significance of the Canadian Arctic, the corresponding impacts of a scientific research vessel such as being open to passengers and presenting different topics are acknowledged, and the issue of Arctic sovereignty could be inferred evidently from a cause of debates, which the potential implications of recommending pre-trip reading as well as the great outdoors are presumed. (66 words)

38. Office Space The notion that office space has a role in promoting or inhibiting performance is backed up by solid research. A recent study conducted by Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital showed that improvements to the physical surroundings of workers impacted on productivity not just because the working environment was more attractive, but because the changes made cared for. A Swedish research paper revealed a strong link between the type of office an employee worked in and their overall job action and health. Various findings have emerged a result of studies such as this. Pot plants and greenery can apparently have a real impact on psychological well-being. Those who work in private room tend to be in better health than workers in open-plan offices. Sufficient light can reduce sickness among workers and increase productivity, and an attractive office can make workers feel more cared for and therefore more loyal to their company. Mo these points make good rational Sense. But some companies aren't content sim y to increase the health, productivity and contentment of their employees. Pioneers such as Google, Walt Disney and Dyson have tilled to create offices that will do everything from promoting collaboration between workers to stimulating their creative juices. “Environment, both physical and cultural, can make or break creativity”, says Kursty Groves, author of I Wish I Worked There! A Look Inside the Most Creative Spaces in Business. “Stimulating spaces expose the mind to a variety of stimuli — planned or random, in order to encourage people to think differently. Reflective spaces promote the filtering of information into the brain, slowing it to make connections. An environment which encourages a team to build trust and to play freely is an essential ingredient for innovation.” Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of office space emphasizes the significance of promoting or inhibiting performance, the corresponding impacts of improving the physical surroundings such as impacting on productivity and more loyalty are acknowledged, and physical and cultural environment could be inferred evidently from making or breaking creativity, which the potential implications of stimulating and reflecting spaces as well as an essential ingredient for innovation are presumed. (66 words) * solid research / *psychological well-being / *feeling of being more valued / *making slower connections Sample answer 2: A recent study conducted by Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital showed that there is a strong link between office space and

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum performance of employees, as physical surroundings plays an important role in boosting productivity and job satisfaction which has caused pioneers such as Google, Walt Disney and Dyson to create healthy offices that enhance their creativity, innovation and psychological well-being. (61 words)

32. Australian Indigenous Food In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia automatically looks to its indigenous ingredients, the foods that are native to this country. “There can be little doubt that using an indigenous product must qualify a dish as Australian”, notes Stephanie Alexander. Similarly, and without qualification, Cherikoff states that “A uniquely Australian food culture can only be based upon foods indigenous to this country”, although, as Craw remarks, proposing Australian native foods as national symbols rely more upon their association with ‘nature’ and geographic origin than on common usage. Notwithstanding the lack of justification for the premise that national dishes are, of necessity, founded on ingredients native to the country—after all, Italy’s gastronomic identity is tied to the non-indigenous tomato, Thailand’s to the non-indigenous chili—the reality is that Australians do not eat indigenous foods in significant quantities. The exceptions are fish, crustaceans and shellfish from oceans, rivers and lakes, most of which are unarguably unique to this country. Despite valiant and well-intentioned efforts today at promoting and encouraging the consumption of native resources, bush foods are not harvested or produced in sufficient quantities for them to be a standard component of Australian diets, nor are they generally accessible. Indigenous foods are less relevant to Australian identity today than lamb and passionfruit, both initially imported and now naturalized. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of indigenous ingredients emphasizes the significance of Australian food culture, the corresponding impacts of an association with nature such as the geographic origin and the common usage are acknowledged, and encouraging the consumption of native resources could be inferred evidently from not sufficient quantities of bush foods, which the potential implications of not being accessible as well as less related to Australian identity are presumed. (69 words) Sample answer 2: Despite the effort to associate traditional Australian food ingredients with national diets, it is impossible to make such link because those indigenous food are produced and consumed in insufficient quantities, and in fact imported foods are much more representative of what the nation eats. (44 words)

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43. Plants Research Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and materials used by humans, and they shape our environment. According to Ehrhardt and Frommer, the three major challenges facing humanity in our time are food, energy, and environmental degradation. All three are plant related. All of our food is produced by plants, either directly or indirectly via animals that eat them. Plants are a source of energy production. And they are

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum intimately involved in climate change and a major factor in a variety of environmental concerns, including agricultural expansion and its impact on habitat destruction and waterway pollution. What’s more, none of these issues are independent of each other. Climate change places additional stresses on the food supply and on various habitats. So, plant research is instrumental in addressing all of these problems and moving into the future. For plant research to move significantly forward, Ehrhardt and Former say technological development is critical, both to test existing hypotheses and to gain new information and generate fresh hypotheses. If we are to make headway in understanding how these essential organisms function and build the foundation for a sustainable future, then we need to apply the most advanced technologies available to the study of plant life, they say. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of serving plants emphasizes the significance of the conduit of energy, the corresponding impacts of climate change such as energy and environmental degradation are acknowledged, and providing food could be inferred evidently from agricultural expansion, which the potential implications of shaping our environment as well as three interrelated challenges are presumed. (55 words) Sample answer 2: Plants serve as the conduit of energy into the biosphere, provide food and materials used by humans and shape our environment, but they are also strongly related to three interrelated challenges, namely food, energy and environmental degradation. (37 words)

42. Experimental Treatment Four years ago, Darek Fidyka was stabbed in the back, leaving his spinal cord severed, and his body from the chest down paralyzed. Now, after an experimental treatment, Fidyka has regained some feeling in his lower body and is learning to walk again. The researchers are looking to use less invasive techniques in the future, because undergoing brain surgery to extract the olfactory tissue isn’t anyone’s idea of a good time, much less someone who is paralyzed. The BBC reports that over 100 micro injections of olfactory unsheathing cells were injected into the injury site, and strips of nerve tissue from Fidyka ankle were laid across the gap in the spinal cord, in the hopes that the cells from the olfactory bulbs would encourage regrowth. A similar procedure had been successfully tested on dogs in 2012. Now, 19 months after the operation, Fidyka has regained sensation in parts of his lower body, and after intense physical therapy is able to walk using a walker. As an added bonus, even with one olfactory bulb removed, Fidyka retained his sense of smell. He told the BBC:”I think it’s realistic that one day I will become independent. What I have learned is that you must never give up but keep fighting, because some door will open in life.” The story is the subject of an episode of the BBC television program Panorama airing today at 10:35 pm in the UK. The study

1 1

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum itself will be published in the journal Cell Transplantation at a later date, but the researchers acknowledge that as exciting as this result is, there is still a lot more work to be done. “Our results are very encouraging,” the medical team is quoted as saying in a statement. “However, our results need to be confirmed in a larger group of patients with a similar injury. In the meantime, we are investigating surgical techniques for more minimally invasive access to the olfactory bulb.” Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the experimental treatment emphasizes the significance of the patient, the corresponding impacts of lower body such as using less invasive techniques and brain surgery are acknowledged, and extracting the olfactory tissue could be inferred evidently from regrowth encouragement, which the potential implications of a similar injury as well as walking again are presumed. (58 words) Sample answer 2: The experimental treatment is proven to be successful, as the patient has regained some feeling in his lower body and is learning to walk again, and the researchers are looking to use less invasive techniques in the future, because undergoing brain surgery to extract the olfactory tissue is not a good idea, especially for someone who is paralyzed. (58 words)

51. Nurse Sharks Nurse sharks are nocturnal animals, spending the day in large inactive groups of up to 40 individuals. Hidden under submerged ledges or in crevices within the reef, the Nurse sharks seem to prefer specific resting sites and will return to them each day after the nights hunting. By night, the sharks are largely solitary. Nurse sharks spend most of their time foraging through the bottom sediments in search of food. Their diet consists primarily of crustaceans, molluscs, tunicates and other fish such as spiny lobsters, crabs, shrimps, sea urchins, octopuses, squid, marine snails and bivalves and in particularly, stingrays. Nurse sharks are thought to take advantage of dormant fish which would otherwise be too fast for the sharks to catch, although their small mouths limit the size of prey items, the sharks have large throat cavities which are used as a sort of bellows valve. In this way, Nurse sharks are able to suck in their prey. Nurse sharks are also known to graze algae and coral. Nurse sharks have been observed resting on the bottom with their bodies supported on their fins, possibly providing a false shelter for crustaceans which they then ambush and eat. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of nocturnal nurse sharks emphasizes the significance of living in inactive groups by day, the corresponding impacts of hunting in nights such as being solitary and searching for food are acknowledged, and some dormant fish could be inferred evidently from the size of pray items, which the potential implications of sucking in the prey, grazing algae as well as providing a false shelter are presumed. (69 words)

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49. Cyberbullying Despite the growth of social media, the internet and their central role in modern childhood, traditional bullying — such as name-calling or being excluded by others — remains considerably more common than cyberbullying, according to the largest study of its kind published in The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health journal. The study estimates that less than 1% of 15-year-olds in England report only being bullied online regularly, while more than one in four (27%) experience only face-to-face bullying methods. With nine out of 10 of the teenagers who are bullied online also facing regular traditional bullying, the researchers suggest that cyberbullying is an additional tactic in the bullies’ arsenal, and that both forms must be tackled together to prevent bullying and improve teenagers’ resilience. Concerns have been raised that cyberbullying has the potential to cause more harm than traditional bullying due to the relative anonymity of perpetrators in many cases, larger audiences, increasing prevalence, and permanence of posted messages. However, in the study, the experience of only cyberbullying was found to have a very small association with well-being and life satisfaction when compared with traditional bullying alone. Sample answer (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of the growth of social media emphasizes the significance of the internet role in modern childhood, the corresponding impacts of face-to-face bullying methods such as name-calling and being excluded by others are acknowledged, and cyberbullying prevention could be inferred evidently from improving teenagers’ resilience, which the potential implications of posted messages as well as life satisfaction are presumed. (62 words)

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ولی متن من اصال به هیچ عنوان شبیه این نبود و در مورد سیگار Skipping breakfastیه متن بود در مورد کشیدن و الکل و اینا صحبت نکرده بود اصال. بلکه تاثیرات نخوردن صبحانه را می گفت که بچه ها که به تقلید از

یارن. و یاد بمامان باباهاشون صبحانه نمیخورن و بعدش میرن مدرسه درس خوب یاد نمیگیرن و اطالعات را نمیتونن به بعدش می گفت صبحانه ی خوب نباید فقط غالت باشه بلکه باید ترکیبی از سریال و میوه و اینا باشه. بعد در انتها می

گفت به نظر میاد وعده صبحانه تبدیل شده به یه عادتی که بر اساس فرهنگ و روتین خانوادگی شکل میگیره نه به عنوان یک نیاز غریزی بدن.

1 1

starbocks brothers coffee 1 1

equal voting right 1 1

Summer school holiday 1 1

Mediterranean diet 1 1

59. Presidential election According to the United States Constitution, a presidential election is to be held once every fourth year. The process of electing a President and Vice-President begins long before Election Day. Candidates from both major and minor political parties and independent candidates begin to raise money and campaign at least one year in advance of the general presidential election. In order to officially represent a political party, a candidate must be nominated by that party.

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum This primary nomination process is a contest that often produces factions within political parties. These divisions impact the policy stances and agendas of the candidates running for nomination as they attempt to garner the support of party leaders and activists. The nominating process officially begins with the first state primaries and caucuses, which usually occur in the month of February of the election year. It is at these local events that voters are given their first chance to participate in electing the nations next President. There are many factors that influence who will ultimately become the candidate for a party. The public's perception of the candidates is influenced by such things as media reports, public opinion polls, candidate preference surveys, and advertising. These factors will help determine the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the candidates in the months leading up to the caucuses and primaries. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of a presidential election emphasizes the significance of political parties, the corresponding impacts of a nomination process, such as producing factions and the support of party leaders are acknowledged, and the first state primaries could be inferred evidently from local events, which the potential implications of the public`s perception and some influential factors are presumed. (59 words)

9. Diaspora Consciousness Diasporas — communities which live outside, but maintain links with, their homelands — are getting larger, thicker and stronger. They are the human face of globalization. Diaspora consciousness is on the rise: diasporans are becoming more interested in their origins, and organizing themselves more effectively; homelands are revising their opinions of their diasporas as the stigma attached to emigration declines, and stepping up their engagement efforts; meanwhile, host countries are witnessing more assertive diasporic groups within their own national communities, worrying about fifth columns and foreign lobbies, and suffering outbreaks of ‘diasporaphobia’. This trend is the result of five factors, all of them connected with globalization: the growth in international migration; the revolution in transport and communications technology, which is quickening the pace of diasporans, interactions with their homelands; a reaction against global homogenized culture, which is leading people to rethink their identities; the end of the Cold War, which increased the salience of ethnicity and nationalism and created new space in which diasporas can operate; and policy changes by national governments on issues such as dual citizenship and multiculturalism, which are enabling people to lead transnational lives. Diasporas such as those attaching to China, India, Russia and Mexico are already big, but they will continue to grow; the migration flows which feed them are likely to widen and quicken in the future. Sample answer 1 (Template): Whereas the fundamental essence of Diasporas emphasizes the significance of the globalization, the corresponding impacts of the emigration declines such as

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SWT 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum the suffering of diasporaphobia and the growth in international migration are acknowledged, and the revolution in transport and technology could be inferred evidently from a reaction against globally homogenized culture, which the potential implications of the end of the cold war as well as policy changes by national governments are presumed. (72 words)

107. Apeuni Tax on meat

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#Write Essay (Repeated Questions :111) WE 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

it's difficult to maintenance the balance between work and other aspects of life such as family and leisure time, what is your opinion to keep it balanced.

63 118 15 196

Whether experimental learning can work well in formal education, agree or disagree? Or Experience is a more effective way to teach, compared to books? Agree or disagree.

43 105 7 155

Whether design of building will have a positive or negative impact on people's life and work?

42 97 11 150

Medical technology is responsible for the human's life expectancy. To what extent do you agree or disagree? Or Medical technology helps to live long life. Is that curse or blessing for society and mankind?

42 97 9 148

In a cashless society, people use more credit cards. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this phenomenon?

43 93 9 145

Parents should be held legally responsible for children's act. What is your opinion?

38 93 10 141

Cities are now expanding; the government should make better network for public transport or should build more roads to facilitate car ownership? Agree or Disagree?

33 84 9 126

In town and cities, the large shopping mall should replace the small local shop. --------------------------- Large shopping malls are replacing small local shops in cities and towns. In your own experience, is it a positive development?

28 78 11 117

Effective learning requires time, comfort and peace so it is impossible to combine study and employment. Study and employment distract one from another. To what extent do you think the statements are realistic? Support your opinion with examples?

28 77 8 113

The university will deduct the student's score for late assignments, opinions and solutions. Or Should University penalize students for late submission of their work?

34 62 3 99

with the available information online, the role of a library is becoming obsolete, keeping books, universities, procure new digital media, updating textbooks, adv. & disadvantage

24 52 9 85

describe the biggest issue that governments are facing in the global scale

40 43 83

Should government build more roads to allow more vehicle owner or improve the network of public transport? Or People emphasizing government to build an advanced

20 51 5 76

20

WE 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum transport system rather new road for vehicles that are overcrowding the cities. Do you agree or disagree?

For government and organizations, what is critical global problem and what is the solution? Human activity temperature rising…

27 45 3 75

Experience is more important than books and formal school education. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? --------- Experience is a more effective way to teach, compared to books? Agree or disagree. -------------------------- Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can teach more effectively than books or formal school education

17 42 6 65

What is your opinion on deducting marks on student's work if it is late?

10 41 6 57

"More information available online so library books are useless." Agree or disagree with statement?

16 31 1 48

In today’s world, different government and international organization are confronting many problems. What is the most pressing problem among them?

8 33 4 45

Some say that music is as important as other subjects in schools to promote learning in children life. Do you agree or disagree? Give your opinion. ----------------------------------------------------- Some believe that certain kind of music promote the learning skills in young child. Agree or disagree.

21 21 42

Nowadays, people spend too much time at work to the extent that they hardly have time for their personal life. Discuss

2 38 40

Some people claim that public transport should be free of charge, while other disagree. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

17 17 1 35

Business and financial organizations need to hard work to .... environmental challenges. *** اقدامات ارگانهای دولتی برای کره زمین و کم شدن تاثیرات زیست محیطی

9 9 18

Some students work while studying. This often results in lacking time for education and constantly feeling under pressure. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest?

4 13 17

online library & updating book*** 7 7 14

school leavers and university education Some students leave school to find job. Some students leave school to find jobs. What do

6 6 12

20

WE 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

you suggest? School leaving or university education. Why? Support your answer with examples. Effect of internet and social media on young people communication and forming language

5 6 11

Do you think driving and voting for youngsters below 25 year old is necessary?

5 5 10

School children nowadays are not playing more sports compared to their parents in their childhood. Do you agree or disagree? Support your ideas with examples.

5 5 10

Some people prefer to play team sports, while other prefer to play individual sports. Discuss the advantages of each. Then indicate which you prefer and why?

5 5 10

What is your idea about lazy journalism that is commonplace in digitalized world?

1 9 10

time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How widespread is the problem? What problem will this shortage of time cause?

9 9

Some people work for long hours and hard to achieve success and some give importance to free time for them. Give your opinion and discuss your views.

3 5 8

Online library and traditional library 1 5 1 7

Should wealthy nations help poor countries with food and education, or is it the responsibility of poor nations to improve their condition?

3 3 6

In a social events, Being a good talker or a good listener which one is better *(new)

3 3 6

Is it equality important for school children and university student to participate in extra-curricular activities.

3 3 6

Why we should use digital media for education? 3 3 6

Is the Internet making traditional schools unnecessary in future?

2 3 5

The only way for decreasing Air pollution is increasing fuel price, what is your opinion

5 5

Traditional education or continuous assessment 4 1 5

Learning a new language at an early age is helpful for children. Is it more positive for their future aspect or have some adverse effects? Do u agree or disagree? Give examples from your experience.

2 2 4

Companies use advertisements to influence people to buy things sometimes which they don’t need. Give your opinion about this practice?

2 2 4

Children should learn good handwriting, or typing at school, which is more important? *(new)

2 2 4

Legislate some rules to avoid people under 25 years old to vote or drive

2 2 4

20


some believe that commercial advertising is beneficial while others suspicious about it, discuss and give your opinion

2 2 4

Strength and weakness of education system in your country.

2 2 4

Globalization has brought people closely together, especially in culture, communication and business field. Who do you think would

2 2 4

Soon retirement of workers to create job opportunities for young people.

1 3 4

The most pressing problem facing inhabitant. 1 3 4

Life university is more important than real university, do you think real life experience or education is more important in job market?

4 4

negaranie dolat babate climate change 4 4

Students should be banned from computer and online gaming at school as they have no educational values. Do you agree or disagree?

3 1 4

The governments usually promises to do economic growth

4 4

As urban population growing, city roads are busy and public areas such as parking is packed. People feel that city space is overcrowding. What solutions can you think of for this problem?

1 2 3

increasing cost of fuel for decreasing pollution 1 2 3

Personal Development is the base for professional development and advancing in one's career. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

1 2 3

Companies prefer to employee young people instead of older people. Agree or disagree?

3 3

Business today have no benefit to society and planet, they think a bout their own benefits.

3 3

Technology and useful life in the past Technology made previous life easier

3 3

Some people point out that experiential learning (i.e. learning by doing it) can work well in formal education. However, others think a traditional form of teaching is the best. Do you think experiential learning can work well in high schools or colleges?

3 3

speculation و government بود ***(new) 1 1 2

Do you think that people need to learn how to spend their money from early ages at school?

1 1 2

TV commercials 1 1 2

Digital media compare to textbook 1 1 2

Traditional learning or reading books 1 1 2

20


Geography and learning 1 1 2

Financial management in students at school 1 1 2

formal books for education 1 1 2

The ability to learn more than one language will be less important in future. Do you agree or disagree?

1 1 2

new medical treatment 1 1 2

Students with degree earn high salary than who doesn'tاhave. Some say that they have to pay the full cost of their courses. Give opinion.

1 1 2

should children take extra classes after school or play ? argue both

2 2

42- Criminals in prisons are dealing with new cases, and some are teaching them. Which method is more effective to reduce crime rate? Rehabilitation or punishment? Give examples.

2 2

Higher salary or work conditions رضایت شغلی به

حقوق باالست یا به شرایط کار 2 2

Life experience is more efficient than books and formal school education

2 2

Government should allocate educational resources to science subjects

2 2

with the recent medical developments, people can now live longer, do u think it is a blessing or a curse?

2 2

Xenophobia has accelerated rapidly in the western countries. According to you what solutions can be proposed by government and individuals?

2 2

Cars come in all different shapes and sizes. Some prefer a large one, while others a compact one. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type and which would you prefer?

1 1

همون موضوع که راجع به مسئولیت دولت و ارگانها در مواجه با مشکالت

جهانی از نظیر غیر قابل سکونت شدن و کاهش جمعیت بعضی از مناطق

جهان 1 1

Professional workers like doctors, nurses and teachers make a greater contribution to society and so should be paid more than sports and entertainment personalities. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

1 1

Any new technological development in the recent years is a boon or curse for the society in general

1 1

Technology on modern life 1 1

Comparing between higher salaries and better work condition, which one in more important

1 1

All examinations in some countries take place at the end of the academic year, but others spread out throughout an academic year's. Pros & Cons

1 1

1 1 درباره گران کردن قیمت سوخت و حمل و نقل

20

WE 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum 1 1 ساختمان های مدرن چه تاثیری بر کار و زندگی روزمره ما دارند

یا بده در در مورد این بود که بازی های آنالین خوبه برای دانش آموزه

موردش بحث کنید 1 1

Hosting World Cup Or Olympic Games have benefits for countries

1 1

dar bareye in bod ke mellat baraye inke morekhasi nagiran zendegie shakhsishoono mibaran zire soal, in moshkel jahanie aya va ta inke cheghadr jeddie

1 1

Kinds of Life and personality 1 1 1 1 بر کودکانتاثیر دیدن فیلم های خشن

children gaming vs valuable time at school 1 1

Dar bare mazerrat o soodmandihaaye railway bood baraye qat nakardan e derakhta

1 1

Banning computer and online gaming at schools 1 1 1 1 نقش شخصیت شخص در جامعه

Punishing prisoners or educating them? 1 1

Extra classes and parental view-office working hours and personal life

1 1

The space travel is fantastic these days and people are very fascinated towards it but there are many

environmental problems in our planet that need to be resolved first. What is your opinion? Should money be

spent on space travel or on environmental issues? Theme: space environment Business/money

1 1

1 1 در خصوص دولت، تکنولوژی و زندگی مردم

Is hosting the Olympic Games bring any benefit to the host countries?

1 1

life expectancy 1 1و تاثیر بر روی Outlineداشتن 1 1 تاثیر دیدن فیلم های خشن بر کودکان

The strengths and weaknesses of your country public transportation

1 1

peace, comfort and time improvement in education and future life

1 1

Computer and online games should be banned to students in schools as they have no educational value. What's your opinion?

1 1

traditional learning practical teaching 1 1

Experiential education system rather than traditional teaching methods

1 1

It is alleged that making balance between work and other aspects of life is important. Why do you think this issue is important and why many people think such balance is difficult to make?

1 1

University students, increase in the number of failure in exam, exam scores guide, solutions to overcome.

1 1

Illusion dangerous 1 1

20

#Re-Order Paragraphs (Repeated Questions : 125) RO 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

08 Jet Stream 1. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi (11.3–12.9 km) above the surface of the earth. 2. They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses. 3. Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than the wind speed itself. 4. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or head winds are encountered, in the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.

قسمتی هم آمده است 5بصورت *

21 27 3 51

135 earthquake 1. At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco were awakened by an earthquake that would devastate the city. 2. The main temblor, having a 7.7–7.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute and was the result of the rupturing of the northernmost 296 miles of the 800-mile San Andreas fault. 3. But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second place to the great fire that followed. 4. The fire, lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas lines and, in some cases, was helped along by people hoping to collect insurance for their property—they were covered for fire, but not earthquake, damage.

18 19 5 42

32 Literacy Project 1. A University of Canberra student has launched the nation’s first father- led literacy project, to encourage fathers to become more involved in their children’s literacy. 2. Julia Bocking’s Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to increase the number of fathers participating as literacy helpers in K-2 school reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools. 3. “There’s no program like this in Australia,” Ms. Bocking said, who devised the project as the final component of her community education degree at the University. 4. Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms. Bocking

14 21 2 37

20

RO 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

saw the need for good attitudes towards reading to be formed early on-with the help of more male role models.

15 Indian IT 1. Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun Maria, chairman of Boston Consulting Group in India. 2. Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to provide services in a more cost-effective way. This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research. 3. He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsource research to foreign universities if the capability is not available locally. 4. “This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to produce them myself,” says Mr. Maria.

قسمت تقسیم شده بود 2به 2در بعضی از سواالت شماره *

10 17 7 34

03 Sepahu in Peru 1. Sepahua, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru’s Amazon jungle, nestles in a pocket on the map where a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba. 2. That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched between four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the town. 3. In 2001 the government egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is allowed. 4. It abolished the previous system of annual contracts. 5. Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the right to log 5% of the area each year. The aim was to encourage strict management plans and sustainable extraction.

11 19 1 31

29 Retired Engineer 1. In 1992, a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that wiped out his memory. 2. Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day he didn’t have the foggiest idea. 3. Yet whenever he was hungry he got up and propelled himself straight to the kitchen to get something to eat. 4. Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains where habits are stored has nothing to do with memory or reason. 5. It offered proof of what the US psychologists William James

10 21 31

21


noticed more than a century ago – that humans “are mere walking bundles of habits”.

211 Heart attack (Only the gist, not the original text.) 1. Heart attack is the caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot. 2. When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels. 3. The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow. 4. Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.

9 15 3 27

10 Pilot 1. After finishing first in his pilot training class, Lindbergh took his first job as the chief pilot of an airmail route operated by Robertson Aircraft Co. of Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri. 2. He flew the mail in a de Havilland DH-4 biplane to Springfield, Peoria and Chicago, Illinois. 3. During his tenure on the mail route, he was renowned for delivering the mail under any circumstances. 4. After a crash, he even salvaged stashes of mail from his burning aircraft and immediately phoned Alexander Varney, Peoria’s airport manager, to advise him to send a truck.

14 11 1 26

110 Recipe for Companies 1. Take an underperforming company. 2. Add some generous helpings of debt, a few spoonful of management incentives and trim all the fat. 3. Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits. 4. That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200 years.

11 9 6 26

48 Engineers 1. Engineers are much needed to develop greener technologies, he says. 2. “The energy sector has a fantastic skills shortage at all levels, both now and looming over it for the next 10 years,” he says. 3. “Not only are there some good career opportunities, but there’s a lot of money going into the research side, too. 4. With the pressures of climate change and the energy gap, in the last few years funding from the research councils has probably doubled.”

12 13 25

158 Monash student 1. Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending the first

4 13 6 23

21


semester of this year studying at the University of California, Berkeley as part of the Monash Abroad program. 2. Ne (Tan), an international student from Shanghai, China, began her Monash journey at Monash College in October 2006. 3. There she completed a diploma that enabled her to enter Monash University as a second-year student. 4. Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will see her complete four units of study in the US before returning to Australia in May 2009.

181 Linguistics 1. It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other cognitive skills, because language stands apart in several ways. 2. For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing children learn to speak at least one language, and many learn more than one. 3. By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a tune. 4. Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it may seem to be simple. 5. But just the opposite is true—language is one of the most complex of all human cognitive abilities.

7 13 2 22

16 Car Accident 1. More car accident in the morning, 2. Examples and figures, (For example in port Macquarie) 3. In particular, teenage driver accidents, (They some other people) Link: these case 4. Attention should be paid to the young people more concern, (More concern about them) 5. New measures, recommendations more qualifications for teenager to get license (Also there is a system) Car Accident(V2): A. Accounting to the research, more car accident in the morning. B. Most of those accidents happen between 1am and 5am, for example in port Macquarie. C. Especially this happens very often among teenage drivers. D. This should draw the public attention, and people should put more concern on teenagers. E. New method, it is advised to have more qualifications for teenager to get license

8 12 1 21

30 Barnes’s Books 1. Unlike Barnes’ previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly

6 12 3 21

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large cast of viewpoint characters. 2. This usually irritates me, but I didn’t mind it here, and their interactions are well-handled and informative, although occasionally in moving those about the author’s manipulation are a bit blatant. 3. They’re not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes wrecking wholesale destruction upon the world’s coastal areas, ethical categories tend to become irrelevant. 4. But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.

55 A map in the ticket hall 1. For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus tube station supposedly showing night and day across the time zones of the world. 2. This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground's historic difficultly in grasping the concept of punctuality. 3. But this map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now seems very primitive. 4. This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard the reality of either political divisions or the changing seasons. .

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124 Historical records 1. Historical records, coins, and other date-bearing objects can help - if they exist. But even prehistoric sites contain records - written in nature's hand. 2. The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date recovered objects relatively, if not absolutely. 3. However, when archaeologists want know the absolute date of a site, they can often go beyond simple stratigraphy. 4. For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, ―tree �me‖) dates wooden artifacts by matching their ring patterns to known records, which, in some areas of the world, span several thousand years.

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139 New Ventures and Environmental Entrepreneurship 1. New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world's most dynamic, emerging economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico. 2. We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with 250 innovative businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits, such as clean energy, efficient water use, and sustainable agriculture. 3. Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world's poor.

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4. For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Ecostar, refurbishes copy machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20 percent less than a branded photocopier.

Electronic device disposal 241 V 1: (Only the gist, not the original text.) 1. The invention of electronic devices is a huge step and advancement of humans. 2. Such as washing machine, video game players, etc. 3. But how to deal with these e-waste has become a problem. 4. The amount of e-waste has been growing by 3% to 5% every year. 178 V 2: 1. The global market for electrical and electronic equipment continues to expand, while the lifespan of many products becomes shorter. 2. The current global production of E-waste is estimated to be 20-25 million tonnes per year, with most E-waste being produced in Europe, the United States and Australasia. 3. In Europe e-waste is increasing at three to five percent a year, almost three times faster than the total waste stream. 4. Consequently, large amounts of “e-waste” are constantly generated worldwide, posing an increasing global challenge for their disposal. 183 V 3: 1. The invention of electronics has become a challenge. 2. An Indian university persuaded IT service department to have an Electronic Recycling Collection Day. 3. During these days, people are encouraged to recycle their e-waste instead of throwing them into the bin. 4. On certain days throughout the year, many electronic devices like …. From families and households … have been recycled…200,000 electronic products had been recycled in 2010.

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40 Progress in Aviation 1. Great progress was made in the field of aviation during the 1920s and 1930s, such as Charles Lindbergh’s transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith’s transpacific flight the following year. 2. One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner that was profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of

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passenger airline service. 3. By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous quailed pilots available. 4. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.

126 Native English speaker 1. Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or academia (but possibly not sport) needs to be able to speak English to a pretty high level. 2. Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high achievers needs to know how to talk without baffling them. 3. Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea how difficult it is to master another language. 4. Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and informal. 5. This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial expressions, it makes comprehension harder.

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186 Fibers 1. Fibres suitable for clothing have been made for the first time from the wheat protein gluten. 2. The fibres are as strong and soft as wool and silk, but up to 30 times cheaper. 3. Narenda Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibres at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. 4. He say that because they are biodegradable they might be used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures.

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51 Roads of rails 1. Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as 1550. 2. These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads. 3. In 1813 The ‘Puffing Billy’ was built by William Hedley to pull coal wagons at the Wylam Colliery in Northumberland. 4. In 1825, George Stephenson designe d locomotives that could pull 21 coal wagons 25 miles at 8mph – unheard of at the time.

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136 An African American woman 1. It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to vacate her seat in the middle of the bus so that a white man could sit in her place. 2. She was arrested for her civil disobedience. 3. Parks' arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a grassroots

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movement, succeeded in catalyzing the Montgomery bus boycott. 4. Parks was chosen by King as the face for his campaign because of Parks' good standing with the community, her employment and her marital status. 5. Earlier in 1955, Claudette Colvin, a 15-year old African American girl, had been arrested for the same crime. However, King and his civil rights compatriots did not feel that she would serve as an effective face for the civil rights campaign.

57 The hypothesis 1. There are numerous examples of this, dating from the Greek philosophers to the present day. One common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not support the hypothesis. 2. Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the hypothesis is correct or incorrect. 3. Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the hypothesis is true (or false), or feels internal or external pressure to get a specific result. 4. In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find "something wrong", such as systematic effects, with data which do not support the scientist's expectations, while data which do agree with those expectations may not be checked as carefully. 5. The lesson is that all data must be handled in the same way. .

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134 Brazilian Music 1. Early in 1938, Mário de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here, dispatched a four-member Folklore Research Mission to the northeastern hinterlands of Brazil on a similar mission. 2. His intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s distinctive culture. 3. Traveling by truck, horse and donkey, they recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys, beggars, voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at play. 4. But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.

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170 Sherbet powder 1. A reaction that needs some type of energy to make it go is said to be endothermic. It takes in energy. 2. For example, the sherbet you used for the chapter problem on page 25 is a mixture of baking soda and citric acid.

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3. When it is mixed with water in your mouth an endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler. 4. Another example of an endothermic reaction is seen with the cold packs used by athletes to treat injuries. These packs usually consist of a plastic bag containing ammonium nitrate dissolves in the water. 5. This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the injured part of your body. In this way the cold pack acts like an ice pack.

176 Sea level 1. Many people are living under the threat of flood. 2. There would be more people are living at risk once the sea level rises. 3. Scientists predict that every 0.5 cm sea level rises will lead*** lives at risk. 4. And every 1 cm level rises lead*** lives at risk.

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179 Carbon Pricing in Canada 1) There is a growing consensus that, if serious action is to be taken to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canada, a price must be applied to those emissions. 2) There are, however, challenges associated with the political acceptability of carbon pricing. 3) If Canada implements a carbon price on its own, there are worries that Canadian factories will relocate to other countries to avoid the regulation. 4) Even if other countries act in concert with Canada to price carbon, the effects will be uneven across sectors, and lobbying efforts by relatively more-affected sectors might threaten the political viability of the policy

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13 Vegetarian 1. Vegetarians eat things which do not include meat. 2. The school restaurant according to their request to make the relevant food. 3. Many vegetarian also attract non vegetarians. 4. Many vegetarians have been successful from these foods. 5. But this diet still has some risk.

*کمی متفاوت در امتحان آمده بود

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167 Opinion Compromise 1. In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to discuss and resolve an issue on which two people initially have different views.

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2. The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the reality of views different from their own and to accept change or compromise. 3. It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the other person immediately to accept the logic of the exposition. 4. They (and probably you) have to be persuaded and helped to feel comfortable about the outcome that is eventually agreed. 5. People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react badly to any attempt to rush them into an agreement.

42 Carbon Detox 1. In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by information. 2. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. (2-2).Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those which offer us some reward. 3. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the rewards might lie. 4. We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and community action.

قسمت تقسیم شده بود 2به 2در برخی از امتحانات شماره *

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109 Journalists 1. Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased they invariably share the system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which they work. 2. Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular issue. 3. Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an issue as it is to invite candidates from all political parties to a presidential debate. 4. Some perspectives ultimately are not included.

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153 Tutorial 1. Many students sit in a tutorial week after week without saying anything. 2. Why is that? 3. Maybe they do not know the purpose of a tutorial. 4. They think it is like a small lecture where the tutor gives them information. 5. Even if students do know what a tutorial is for, there can be other reasons why they keep quiet.

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196 Conveying messages 1) Over the years many human endeavours have had the benefit of language. In particular a written language can convey a lot of information about past events, places, people and things. 2) But it is difficult to describe music in words, and even more difficult to specify a tune. 3) It was the development of a standard musical notation in the 11th century that allowed music to be documented in a physical form. 4) Now music could be communicated efficiently, and succeeding generations would know something about the music of their ancestors.

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45 Young People (Only the gist, not the original text.) 1. Many people face serious financial crisis when they are only 20-30 years old. 2. This is because they do not really pay attention to their daily spending, and has poured their spending on buying. 3. This will lead to them paying piling credit card loan and monthly payments. 4. Although they can have student loan, people should… (giving suggestion)

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115 The Highway Code 1. In language learning, there is a distinction between ―competence‖ and ―performance‖. Competence is a state of the speaker's mind - what he or she knows. 2. Separate from actual performance - what he or she does while producing or comprehending language. In other words, competence is put to use through performance. 3. An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the Code and have indeed been tested on it to obtain a driving license. 4. In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the Code to a continuous flow of changing circumstances, and may even break it from time to time. 5. Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.

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150 Motivation of employee 1. The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees. 2. To do this, the manager should be able to motivate his/her employees. 3. It is not as simple as it appears.

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4. Motivation practices and theories are difficult subjects relying on several disciplines.

166 A history of God 1. My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are spiritual animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also Homo religious. 2. Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became recognizably human they created religions at the same time as they created works of art. 3. This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces. 4. But these early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always to have been an essential component of the human experience of this beautiful yet terrifying world.

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137 Humanities 104 1. A requirement of Humanities 104 is to write a persuasive paper on a topic of your choice. 2. The topic you choose should be supported by a range of sources. 3. The source should be cited under APA guidelines, and the final draft should be written in APA styles. 4. The final draft is due one week before the final exam

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157 Arcelor 1. It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by its biggest single shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first business in Indonesia. 2. The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses finally listened to shareholders who wanted the board to accept Mittal's third offer. The story tells us two things about European business, both positive. 3. First, shareholder activism is increasing in a continent where until recently it was depressingly rare. 4. Second, and more important, the Arcelor-Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's deepening integration into the global economy.

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180 Lecture 1. In the lecture, you should be a good listener. 2. To be a good listener, you should take notes. 3. This make you memorize, for these you take note, and should construct sentences. 4. After that, this would help you in revising and exercising key

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words.

متن مشابه

144 The house that students built 1. When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog entry on Harvard Business Review in August 2010 mooting the idea of a “$300-house for the poor”, they were merely expressing a suggestion. 2. “Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment,” wrote Prof Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar, – an almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a “far-out” idea. 3. Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why hadn’t it been done before? 4. Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: “We ask chief executives, governments, NGOs, foundations: Are there any takers?”

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46 UN 1. … called UN; 2. UN … ; 3. it … to focus on world problems; 4. for example, it invites presidents etc. to attend the conference and discuss problems as … 5. … those problems will otherwise not able to …

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125 Festival in The Desert 1. The "Festival in The Desert" is a celebration of the musical heritage of the Touareg, a fiercely independent nomadic people. 2. It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of Timbuktu, the ancient city on the Niger River. 3. Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to negotiate. 4. The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-day feast of music 1and dance. .

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141 eating habits 1. Researchers surveyed more than 2,000 young people about their eating habits in 1999; 2. When they surveyed the same group five years later, most of the teenagers were eating fewer fruits and vegetables. 3. The study, which appeared in the February issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, looked at eating habits among adolescents in junior high and high school in Minnesota. 4. The researchers, led by Nicole Larson of the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, found two dips in the intake

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of fruits and vegetables during the teenage years. .

173 Consumers spent money 1. Wal-Mart's core shoppers are running out of money much faster than a year ago due to rising gasoline prices, and the retail giant is worried, CEO Mike Duke said Wednesday. 2. "We're seeing core consumers under a lot of pressure," Duke said at an event in New York. "There's no doubt that rising fuel prices are having an impact." 3. Wal-Mart shoppers, many of whom live paycheck to paycheck, typically shop in bulk at the beginning of the month when their paychecks come in. 4. Lately, they're "running out of money" at a faster clip, he said.

متن مشابه در امتحان اومده بود*

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207 Railway Development 1. The railway is a good invention, but there is only wood railway on the beginning. 2. The railway can save time and money. 3. Later on, someone invented a new wagon. 4. With the industrial development, steel railway was invented in the year***, which then replaced wood railway. .

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43 Healthy Food 1. Fruit and vegetable intake is important for the prevention of future chronic disease. So it’s important to know whether intakes of teens are approaching national objectives for fruit and vegetable consumption. 2. Larson and colleagues from the University of Minnesota undertook the study to examine whether or not teens in the state were increasing their intake of fruits and vegetables. The study gathered information about fruit and vegetable intake among 944 boys and 1,161 girls in 1999 and again in 2004. 3. Ultimately, Teens in middle adolescence are eating fewer fruits and vegetables than in 1999, Larson and colleagues found. 4. This is giving us the message that we need new and enhanced efforts to increase fruit and vegetable intake that we haven’t been doing in the past.

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162 Neutron 1. The Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering will be holding the eleventh neutron summer school at Chalk River on May 8 – 13, 2011. 2. The aim of the school is to cover a wide range of topics

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associated with thermal neutron scattering, including powder diffraction, stress analysis, texture, reflectometry, and small-angle neutron scattering together with the underlying theory associated with neutron scattering. 3. The theory will be presented in a way that should be understood by people in any of these fields. 4. For more information, see the Canadian Institute for Neutron Scattering's Neutron Summer School.

171 scientific dishonesties 1. I think we should be wary of the reporting of science — it is often over-dramatized in order to secure an audience — but not of science itself 2. Of course, there are rare extremely scientific dishonesties, which will be seized upon by the news organizations. 3. The role of science in modern society remains valuable. 4. Mobile phones, for example. Can cause incidents if drivers insist on talking on the phone instead of looking at roads. 5. But no one would argue that mobile phones cannot help to make a phone call when we are in a crisis.

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39 Foreign Aid 1. But beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve. 2. Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad practices. 3. Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected b watchdog groups. 4. Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.

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142 Mayoral control 1. Mayoral control of schools can be effective. 2. Mayor-controlled districts have seen improved student achievement across all subjects and student groups. 3. Moving to a mayor-led district can also help spur innovation and advancement. 4. In cities with lagging student achievement, getting more engagement from mayors or increasing their authority over schools could be part of the solution.

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182 Study Abroad 1. All over the world students are changing countries for their university studies. 2. They don't all have the same reasons for going or for choosing a particular place to study.

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3. They may choose a university because of its interesting courses or perhaps because they like the country and its language. 4. Some students go overseas because they love travel. 5. Whatever the reason, thousands of students each year make their dreams of a university education come true.

145 animals exploratory urge 1. All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than others. 2. It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of evolution. 3. If they have put all their efforts into the perfection of one survival trick, they do not bother so much with the general complexities of the world around them. 4. So long as the ant eater had its ants and the koala bear had gum leaves, then they are satisfied and the living is easy. 5. The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never afford to relax.

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188 UN Conference (2) 1. Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the United Nations since its very inception. 2. These conferences have turned into a high-profile level in need to resolve both security issues and make progress on every aspect of human development. 3. The summits involve Heads of State and Government and other high-profile world leaders from intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. 4. UN Conference venues are designated United Nations territory and governed by the rules and regulations of the international body.

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192 Arcelor 1. until late last year Arcelor was Europe's largest steelmaker. 2. It was a European champion forged from the merger of France's Usinor, Luxembourg's Arbed and Spain's Aceralia in 2001. 3. Today it is the core of the world's largest steel company, with production of about 100m tonnes. 4. It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by its biggest single shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first business in Indonesia. 5. The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses finally listened to shareholders who wanted the board to accept Mittal's third offer.

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6. The story tells us two things about European business, both positive (though they may not seem so at first sight).

204 Looking for schools 1. There are more than 100 schools in the country. 2. Do not ever choose a school without going to the place and having a look. You should go and see once you have a chance. 3. You can see the facilities and accommodations around the school. 4. Because you might be living there. 5. And they can be helpful to your study as well.

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05 International Dateline 1. International dateline, imaginary line on the earth’s surface, generally following the 180° meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates. 2. Traveling eastward across the line, one subtracts one calendar day; traveling westward, one adds a day. 3. The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result. 4. For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hours would elapse as it circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would be one day later for those on the ground below them. 5. The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point on the opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant. 6. The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line change his date, thus bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet

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11 Technology Pros and Cons 1. Technology has drawbacks but also benefits; 2. For example, mobile phone; 3. Someone driving a car and calling, causing an accident or hazard; 4. But we cannot deny the benefits of science and technology;

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50 Mr Bloomberg 1. Mr Bloomberg's small-schools initiative has drawn criticism, yet the mayor, when faced with complaints, has usually forged ahead. 2. Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts, but they are starting to utter warnings. 3. Last summer the editors of the Harvard Educational Review warned that mayoral control can reduce parents’ influence on schools.

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4. And they pointed to Mr Bloomberg’s aggressive style as an example of what not to do. 5. All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009, when mayoral control is up for renewal—or scrapping.

72 Children's depression 1. Just as with adults, pessimistic ways of interpreting defeats seem to feed the sense of helplessness and hopelessness at the heart of children's depression.That people who are already depressed think in these ways has long been known 2. What has only recently emerged, though, is that children's beliefs about their own ability to control what happens in their lives 3. This insight suggests a window of opportunity for inoculating them against depression before it strikes. 4. One line of evidence comes from studies of children's belief about their own ability to control what happens in their lives- for example, being able to change things for the better. This assessed by children's rating of themselves in such term as: 'when I have problems at home I'm better than most kids at helping to solve problems' and 'When I work hard, I get good grades'.

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174 Time Management for employees 1. Because of great demand, more and more employees are putting themselves into limit. 2. They go to work very early, from 7:00 am to 8:00 am 3. And they went home very late, some even overwork 4. Many managers find the employee’s performance column is decreasing 5. They (managers) should avoid this phenomenon, because this is not good for the company.

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187 Games 1. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have long been intrigued by games, and not just as a way of avoiding work. 2. Games provide an ideal setting to explore important elements of the design of clever machines, such as pattern recognition, learning and planning. 3. Today, They also hold out the tantalizing possibility of fame and fortune should the program ever clobber a human champion. 4. Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running on an IBM supercomputer, over Gary Kasparov, then world chess champion, in 1997, it has been clear that computers would dominate that particular game.

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23 German Invasion 1. German invasion of Poland officially triggered the Second World War. 2. In the beginning, Britain and France were hopeful that Poland should be able to defend her borders. 3. But Polish forces could not defend long a border. 4. They lacked compact defense lines and additionally their supply line were also poorly protected. 5. Meanwhile, the world had woken up to the potential of atomic energy and countries were conducting tests to exploits the same.

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116 A German sociologist 1. This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias, a German sociologist. 2. The site lists not only his published books and articles but also manuscripts and oral communications, in a variety of media and including reprints and translations. 3. The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and organized by date. 4. There is, however, no search facility.

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127 Embryonic stem cells 1. Embryonic stem cells are valued by scientists because the cells' descendant can turn into any other sort of body cell. 2. These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver. 3. They might thus be used as treatments for diseases that require the replacement of a particular, lost cell type. 4. Some example cited for a possible treatment using these cells are diabetes, motor neuron disease and Parkinson's disease.

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155 Reading

1. Humans appear to be the only species which is able to translate

their communication into another medium, and in this case the

medium provides a semi-durable record of the elements of the

communication.

2. So reading is a very special ability that we have.

3. Reading also is special because, unlike language, most children

have to be taught to read, write and spell.

4. So though we may be predisposed to being able to read and

usually have the abilities necessary to master reading, it is

something that most of us only accomplish through the direct help

of others.

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201 the future 1. Whatever happened to the idea of progress and a better future? I still believe in both. 2. The Brundtland Report, Our Common Future (1987), defines sustainable development as “development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. 3. Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development could not be sustained. Is this true? 4. Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led to new technologies and huge improvements in living standards. 5. To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of future generations will be is mistaken and inevitably leads to the debilitating sense that we are living on borrowed time.

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202 International Economics 1. International Economics: Theory and Policy is a proven approach in which each half of the book leads with an intuitive introduction to theory and follows with self-contained chapters to cover key policy applications. 2. The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, data, and policy in hot topics such as outsourcing, economic geography, trade and environment, financial derivatives, the subprime crisis, and China’s exchange rate policies. 3. New for the Eighth Edition, all end-of-chapter problems are integrated into MyEconLab, the online assessment and tutorial system that accompanies the text. 4. Students get instant, targeted feedback, and instructors can encourage practice without needing to grade work by hand. For more information visit MyEconLab .

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17 System (Only the gist, not the original text.) 1. For accounting firms, is there an efficient way to manage clients? (Ask what system can be how?) 2. Well, there is a direct answer to the question. 3. It is a system.... (Note that the pronoun refers to the first sentence of the system), 4. This enables ... tools.... (This refers to the system and introduce tools) 5. These tools.......

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140 Hire young people 1.Employers are often reluctant to hire young people, even

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though there are more than 850,000 unemployed 16 to 24-year-olds and UK businesses are struggling to fill one in five vacancies because of skills shortages. 2. They are skeptical about young people’s skills and their readiness for work. 3. But a growing number of companies are setting up schemes to recruit young workers. 4. They can be surprised by the results.

195 England’s universities 1. England's most selective universities must do more to attract teenagers from disadvantaged backgrounds if they want to change higher tuition fees, the country's fair access watchdog has warned. 2. Professor Les Ebdon, director of Fair Access to Higher Education, has said universities can no longer make excuses about the number of poorer students they take on. 3. In a statement issued yesterday, Prof Ebson dismissed the argument from the country's most selective universities, which claim that young people from poorer backgrounds generally secure worse grades. 4. Such defenses from the country's most elite universities "do not hold water", Prof Ebdon said, as he urged the institutions to do more to widen their intakes.

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197 the Great Western Railway 1. Ever since the completion of the Great Western Railway, in the 1840s, intrigue has swirled around the Box Tunnel, a long, steep bypass near Bath, England. 2. The question was this: did the railway’s creator, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, really have the tunnel carved in such a way that when the sun rose on his birthday—April 9th—it would be flooded with light? 3. This past Sunday, April 9th, the railway’s current engineers decided to test the rumor once and for all. They weren’t disappointed. 4. “When you look from the east portal, the cutting provides a lovely V-shape,” communications manager Paul Gentleman told the Guardian. “ 5. While the west side’s view wasn’t quite so impressive, the engineers generously chalked that up to centuries of dirt and grime.

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New 1. Rose Parks has a great impact on the civil rights movements.

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2. She refused to give her bus seat to a white man. 3. The bus driver arrested her. 4. Her arrested was … by Martin Luther King. 5. King then … a boycott on the bus system.

01 Language of Chimpanzees 1 1. A simple way to disprove this Innateness Hypothesis, as linguists call it, is to demonstrate that other species have the capacity to speak but for some reason simply have not developed speech. 2. A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human genetic code. 3. Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike humans, their vocal cords are located higher in their throats and cannot be controlled as well as human vocal cords. 4. It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable of language, that is, a human-like grammar. 5. Perhaps they can acquire grammar and speak if they could only use grammar some way other than with a voice. The obvious alternative is sign language.

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28 Ants 1. The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even to 500,000 individuals. 2. And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen quarrel between any two ants belonging to the same community. 3. However, they are in hostility not only with most other insects, including ants of different species, but even with those of the same species if belonging to different communities. 4. I have over and over again introduced ants from one my nets into another nest of the same species, and they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or an antenna, and dragged out. 5. It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one another, which is very remarkable. .

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54 Language of Chimpanzees (2) 1. A simple way to disprove this Innateness Hypothesis, as linguists call it, is to demonstrate that other species have the capacity to speak but for some reason simply have not developed speech. A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of the human genetic code. 2. Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike humans, their vocal cords are located higher in their throats and cannot be controlled as well as human vocal cords.

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3. It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are incapable of language, this is, a human-like grammar. Perhaps they can acquire grammar and speak if they could only use grammar some way other than with a voice. 4. The obvious alternative is sign language. All primates have extremely dexterous hands and sign language is a language. You have probably already read about the regular chimpanzees Washoe and Nim Chimpsky, and the lowland gorilla, Koko, all of whom learned to sign and interact very naturally with their trainers. 5. All of these animals were taught to sign in order to get food, tickling, grooming, and toys and to get out of their cages. The question, then, is whether chimpanzee and gorilla signing is language; is it based on grammatical rules?

100 Economic reform 1. It is clear that there is no consensus on economic reform 2. Otherwise the Congress would not have opposed PSU disinvestment today 3. Nor would allies of ruling NDA opposes privatization 4. All this would stop India from becoming the next superpower.

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108 Policy of open encouragement 1. Since Independence the policy of the government of India towards private foreign investment and collaboration has moved from cautious encouragement through a brief spell of near 'open door' in the fifties, a long phase of rigorous selectivity from 1968 to 1991 onto current post-1991 policy of open encouragement of direct investment specially in priority areas even with 51 percent participation in equity. Independent India started with a legacy of well-established foreign capital and all the fear and prejudice associated with it 2. While the overwhelming thrust has all along been towards the goal of a self-sufficient economy and of freeing national economic and industrial policy from the dictates and manipulates of foreign capital, the compulsions of an economy of scarcity and chronic foreign exchange deficiency also had an effect in shaping official policy towards foreign investment and foreign collaboration. 3. During the seventies and eighties, official view has been inevitably influenced by the controversy the world over on the role of multinational corporations in relation to third world countries 4. Based on the exposure of a series of misdeeds perpetrated on some third countries by some of the multinational like

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International Telephone and Telegraph corp. (ITT), United Fruit, Union Miniere and Lockheed, criticism welled up against the MNCs in the Indian parliament and outside. On the other hand, there was also a realisation that all foreign enterprises operating in India should not be tarred with the same brush and that there were some amongst them who were performing a useful role in the economy by their import-substitution or export-oriented operation, or by making valuable contribution to the technological skill and capability of our country.

152 Organize a meeting 1. People always think it is easy to organize a meeting; however, there are many potentials can hinder the starting time. 2. This is especially true when employees are working with a large number of partners. 3. Employees may meet troubles such as contacting and organizing a date and time, arranging accommodations, etc. 4. In addition, sometimes you have to find children facility or other health care for the meeting participants.

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159 Jean Briggs 1. Jean Briggs has worked with the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic and has described how, within these communities, growing up is largely seen as a process of acquiring thought, reason and understanding (known in Inuit as ihuma). 2. Young children don’t possess these qualities and are easily angered, cry frequently and are incapable of understanding the external difficulties facing the community, such as shortages of food. 3. Because they can’t be reasoned with, and don’t understand, parents treat them with a great deal of tolerance and leniency. 4. Its only when they are older and begin to acquire thought that parents attempt to teach them or discipline them.

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185 Vegetarian 1. Nutritious vegan diets are popular among the vegetarian are typically high in fibre, low in saturated fat, full of vitamins and minerals, rich in healthy plant protein, and completely free of cholesterol. 2. They also like to eat peanut butter on graham crackers or celery sticks top with raisins. 3. Schools’ administration is able to implement an all-vegetarian menu with the support of the Coalition for Healthy School Food. 4. Vegetarians have lower rates of heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity than meat-eaters do because of this approach, and studies indicate that the earlier children in

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primary level are started on a healthy diet, the better off they will be later in life.

New 1. many photos were taken from the site since ….. 2. sheStudents who do not listen to lectures a light was turned on in her mind. 3. this was the invention of …. Method. 4. ?????

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New- UN Conference (V3) 1. Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the United Nations since its very inception. 2. In fact, the world body was born when delegates from 50 nations met in san francisco in April 1945 for the United Nations Conferences on international organization. 3. The recent high-profile conferences on development issues, which have continued a series that began in the 1970s, have broken new ground in many areas: by involving presidents, Prime Ministers and other heads of state; as pioneered at the 1990 World Summit for Children. 4. These events have put long-term, difficult problems like poverty and environmental degradation at the top of the global agenda. 5. These problems otherwise would not have the political urgency to grab front-page headlines and command the attention of world leaders.

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19 Australia’s Immigration Policy 1. Australia used to have a generous immigration policy for refugees fleeing violence and conflict. 2. We took even more than our share of refugees on a population-weighted basic. 3. With the election of a new administration, all refugees were subject to detention while waiting for a decision on their application. 4. At the same time, a raft of changes was introduced to alter Australia's migration law and policy. 5. The rate of refugee arrivals has indeed slowed; but, as some argue, at the expense of our human rights reputation.

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20 the German writer (Only the gist, not the original text.) 1. A German writer has books list for ***, 2. The lists also has other publications…;

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3. it sorted by dates and ***; 4. but it doesn’t provide search function

27 Purpose of Military 1. With regard to defense, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation and be prepared to do battle with its enemy. 2. How do you battle with your enemy? 3. The idea is to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, and depending upon the economic foundation, that productive capacity is different in each case. 4. So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, what you want to do is bum his fields, or if you’re really vicious, salt them. 5. But in the industrial era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means bombing the factories which are located in the cities. 6. Now in the information era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means destroying the information infrastructure.

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38 Evolution Progress 1. Paleontologists still argue about the origins of major groups, though new fossil finds since Darwin’s time have cleared up many of the disparities in the fossil record. Even during Darwin’s lifetime, some transitional forms were found. 2. Today, many years later, many believe that evolution has progressed at the same steady rate and that the absence of transitional forms can be explained by Darwin’s argument that there are huge gaps in the fossil record and that transition usually occurred in one restricted locality. 3. Others, however, believe that the fossil evidence suggests that, at various stages in the history of life, evolution progressed rapidly, in spurts, and that major changes occurred at these points. 4. An evolving group may have reached a stage at which it had an advantage over other groups and was able to exploit new niches in nature. Climate change may also have produced a “spurt”, as might the extinction of other groups or species, leaving many niches vacant.

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56 Nomadic hunter-gatherers 1. A consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food surpluses, since storage would be pointless if one didn't remain nearby to guard the stored food. 2. So, while some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally

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bag more food than they can consume in a few days, such a bonanza is of little use to them because they cannot protect it. 3. But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists, and certainly for supporting whole towns of them. 4. Hence nomadic hunter- gatherer societies have few or no such full-time specialists, who instead first appear in sedentary societies.

58 September

1. Normally in Delhi, September is a month of almost equatorial fertility and the land seems refreshed and newly-washed. 2. But in the year of our arrival, after a parching summer, the rains had lasted for only three weeks. 3. As a result dust was everywhere and the city’s trees and flowers all looked as if they had been lightly sprinkled with talcum powder. 4. Nevertheless, the air was still sticky with damp-heat, and it was in a cloud of perspiration that we began to unpack. https://bi.hcpdts.com/reflowable/scrollableiframe/9780007378784

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70 Investors 1. Most investors feel they lose out when the market rallies. While the index and several scripts may be running with each passing day, the investor may find that the specific shares in his portfolio are hardly moving 2. Every time such a thing happens you wish to include in your portfolio some of the stocks scaling the new highs every day 3. All this can lead to rash decisions. 4. There are times when one is not sure of the direction in which a sector will move. Picking a winner even within a booming sector is tough.

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104 Democracy in America 1. No visitor to the US left a more enduring record of his travels and observations than the French writer and political theorist Alexis de Tocqueville, whose ‘Democracy in America’, first published in 1835, remains one of the most trenchant and insightful analyses of American social and political practices 2. Tocqueville was far too shrewd an observer to be uncritical about the US, but his verdict was fundamentally positive 3. "The government of democracy brings the nation of political rights to the level of the humblest citizens. He wrote," Just as the dissemination of wealth brings the notion of property within the reach of all the members of the community" 4. Nonetheless, Tocqueville was only one of the first of a long

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line of thinkers to worry whether such rough equality could survive in the face of a growing factory system that threatened to create divisions between industrial workers and a new business elite

112 house price 1. Americans bought far fewer new homes last month, according to government data released on Wednesday that showed sales fell at the fastest rate in 13 years. 2. House prices also eased as the median cost of a new home fell 2.1 per cent from a year ago to $239,800. 3.The pace of sales fell to 937,000 from a rate of 1.1m the previous month, while inventories of unsold homes stood at 537,000. 4.The biggest drop was in the west, where sales fell 37 per cent to an annual rate of 166,000. 5. Stephen Stanley, chief economist at RBS Greenwich Capital, said: "Builders will probably have to continue to work off bloated stocks of finished homes for most of 2007." 6. However, the Federal Reserve views the overhang of unsold homes as cause for concern but remains cautiously.

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119 De-industrialization 1. De-industrialization causes problems in economies unable to absorb the workers released by manufacturing. 2. But those who would tackle this by subsidies or trade barriers are missing the point. 3. As manufacturing continues to shrink in an economy, overall growth will increasingly depend on boosting productivity in services. 4. Policy should therefore focus on removing obstacles (such as trade barriers and regulation), to such productivity growth, and creating a labor market in which workers can move freely from factory employment to services. 5. Protection and subsidies push just the wrong way.

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123 Wholesales 1. A person or company located in New South Wales may not supply by wholesales any substance which is for their therapeutic use and included in Schedule 2 of the Poisons List. 2. Unless they are licensed or authorized to do so under the Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Regulation 2002, no one may supply these Schedule 2 substances. 3. Additionally, wholesales have an obligation to ensure that the persons or companies they supply are licensed or authorized, to obtain, use, supply or possess the substance.

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4. Any breach of these regulations will result in immediate termination employment.

132 A wandering mind 1. The researchers asked volunteers to perform one of two simple tasks -- either pressing a button in response to the appearance of a certain letter on a screen, or simply tapping in time with one's breath -- and compared people's propensity to drift off. 2. Throughout the tasks, the researchers checked in periodically with the participants to ask if their minds were on task or wandering. 3. At the end, they measured each participant's working memory capacity. 4. Scored by their ability to remember a series of letters given to them interspersed with easy math questions.

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138 Language skills 1. According to recent research, the critical period for developing language skills is between the ages of three and five and a half years. 2. Children who are read to in these years have a far better chance of reading well in school, indeed, of doing well in all their subjects. 3. This correlation is far and away the highest yet found between home influences and school success. 4. And the reason is actually quite simple. 5. The read-to child already has a large vocabulary and a sense of grammar and sentence structure. 6. Her comprehension of language is therefore very high.

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146 Food manufacturers 1. Over the last half-century, organic farming has become a driving force in the world's food market. 2. In the late 1900s. Food manufacturers were challenged by the organic community to ensure they were using ingredients that had been produced in natural healthy ways. 3. It was a time when managers had to take a critical look at every aspect of their production process and make improvements where necessary. 4. Whether these systems have been maintained seems questionable, particularly as contracts depend so heavily on efficiency and quick sales. 5. As a result, some people believe it is now time to re-assess many companies in terms of the standards they agreed to some years ago.

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189 Science and technology V1 1. It is a truism to say that in 21st century society science and technology are important. 2. Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent on some fairly recent developments in science and technology. 3. Whether this is good or bad is, of course, up for argument. 4. But the fact that science underlies our lives, our health, our work, our communications, our entertainment and our transport is undeniable.

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190 Science and technology V2 1. Science and technology have had a major impact on society, and their impact is growing. By drastically changing our means of communication, the way we work, our housing, clothes, and food, our methods of transportation 2. But it has also placed us in the unique position of being able to destroy ourselves. 3. A new study suggests that doing things that require thinking—like talking on a cell phone—could in fact be stealing your attention away from the road. 4. This evidence suggests that it's the mental drain of the cell phone conversation, and not simply holding or operating the cell phone, that impairs driving skills.

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191 Behavioral science 1. In 'Easier Said than Done', we set out some of the reasons why we might find it hard to live in a healthy way, exercising, eating well, getting adequate sleep, and checking for early warning symptoms. 2. Perhaps most importantly, we look to the field of behavioural science for strategies that people can use to overcome those hurdles and to initiate lifestyle changes. 3. These include Commitment devices, where we make it very unattractive to not follow through on an intention. 4. Changing existing behaviour can be a difficult task, but with the help of these strategies new behaviours can become habitual, facilitating a long-term sustained healthy lifestyle.

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200 Montana 1. "In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older mines respond to demands to pay for cleanup in either of two ways. 2. Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the company bankrupt, in some cases conceal its assets, and transfer

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their business efforts to other companies or to new companies that do not bear responsibility for cleanup at the old mine. 3. If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be bankrupted by cleanup costs... the company instead denies its responsibility or else seeks to minimize the costs. 4. In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it remain toxic, thereby endangering people, or else the U.S. federal government and the Montana state government (hence ultimately all taxpayers) pay for the cleanup through the federal Superfund and a corresponding Montana state fund,"

214 Video games and brain 1. Palaus and his colleagues wanted to see if any trends had emerged from the research to date concerning how video games affect the structure and activity of our brains. 2. They collected the results from 116 scientific studies, 22 of which looked at structural changes in the brain and 100 of which looked at changes in brain functionality and or behavior. 3. The studies show that playing video games can change how our brains perform, and even their structure. 4. For example, playing video games affects our attention, and some studies found that gamers show improvements in several types of attention, such as sustained attention or selective attention.

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چالشهیی که هست از انواع ایونت و یکیش هم همون که راجع به مدیریت برنامه بود و

شرکت کننده ها تا برانگیختن کارکنان بود1 1

Something about local sessions about new economic strategie 1 1

House prices 1 1

1 1 بود concrete mixtureراجب roیه 1 1 در مورد انتخاب كتاب در كتابخونه

recycling waste Material 1 1یه مدل جدید از

کاهش قدرت خرید مردم در انگلیس به خاطر سیاستهای دولت و اگر این روند ادامه داشته .

باشد 1 1

student need help to go to another level volunteers 1 1 ٢٠٠٤و ٢٠٠٠انجام یك تحقیق در سال

اینكه دانشگاهها باید به دانشجوهایي كه اوضاع مناسبي ندارند فرصت بدهنداقایي در مورد 1 1

Yeki dige rajebe karkhanehaie america bud ke bankrupt mishan va 2 rahe hal barashun gofte bud ke mishod rahat ertebate beine jomleharo fahmid. 4 ta jomle bud

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1 1 ( 1٤1سال مختلف و مقایسه نتایج آنها )شماره ٢در مورد انجام یک آزمایش در

هستن و در مواردی هم نه یه مثال overlapراجع به قانون و اخالق بود که یه جاهایی

تو خیابون right-sideو left-sideحرکت تو 1 1

٠تحقیقی کردن و نتیجه ای رو ارایه دادندراجع به یسری دانشمند بود که جمع شده بودن یه

FDA وUN داشت راحت میشد ترتیبش رو پیدا کرد 1 1

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a text about sun a earth and a candian research about these planets and new findings. I think it had 5 or 6 sections.

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یدونه جدید بود که تقریبا یادمه کامل

green zoneدر مورد یه فضایی برای مطالعه میگفت به اسم . 1

. مشخصا در ادامه یک بود، ٢

In this environment

میگفت که میشه موبایل برد. ۳

ولی باید سایلنت باشه. ۴

However, you should switch it to silent mode

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1 1 دداشت توش و درباره مسافرت با کشتی بو hudsonجدید

مربوط به امکانات اسکان دانشگاه و اینکه دانشجوها فقط به اطالعات وبسایت

بسنده نکنند.

New

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New 1) Humans are able to make sense of sounds at a much higher pitch than previously thought. 2) A note has a fundamental tone- the pitch we hear- and a series of overtones that occur at higher frequencies. Overtones are what give a sound its timbre, and enable us to distinguish an oboe from a trumpet from its sound alone. 3) Previous studies have shown that humans are unable to recognise melodies whose notes have a fundamental tone above 5 kilohertz. It was thought that, at frequencies this high, the rapidly cycling sound wave was too fast for the auditory nerve to cope with. 4) To test this theory, Andrew Oxenham and his colleagues at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis asked a group of six students whether two four-note melodies were identical or not. As in previous studies, the volunteers could not recognise melodies with fundamental tones above 5 kHz. 5) The team then took a fundamental tone pitched below 5 kHz and digitally filtered it to leave just the overtones above 6 kHz. Surprisingly, the volunteers were able to distinguish these melodies

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New

سبز هستبه اسم مکان ی جایی (1

.. این مکان زیر زمین هست و(2

یکی از قانونهای آن استفاده نکردن از تلفن همراه هست (3

ولی میشه تلفن خاموش باشه(4

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New EU fishing

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1) The European Union has two big fish problems. 2) One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries can no longer meet European demand. 3) The other is that its governments won’t confront their fishing lobbies and decommission all the surplus boats. 4) The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa. Since 1979 it has struck agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleets access to its waters. 5) As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.

New (only the gist) 1) A study showed man can not hear voice higher than 5 hertz … 2) To test this theory, xxx from xxx university gathered 6 students … 3) As in the previous study, the volunteers cannot hear any sound higher than 5 hertz 4) In thought of … as this frequency is too high that … 1

1

New- Conveying messages(V2) 1. Over the years many human endeavours have had the benefit of language. 2. In particular a written language can convey a lot of information about past events, places, people and things. 3. But it is difficult to describe music in words, and even more difficult to specify a tune. 4. It was the development of a standard musical notation in the 11th century that allowed music to be documented in a physical form. 5. Now music could be communicated efficiently, and succeeding generations would know something about the music of their ancestors.

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#Rfib_#Rwfib (Repeated Questions: 401) RFIB & RWFIB 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

5 Edible Insects FANCY a locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but elsewhere it's a different story. Edible insects — termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs — are on the menu for an estimated 80 per cent of the world’s population. More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, “kungu cakes” —made from midges — are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating — or entomophagous — hotspot, where more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are now under threat, including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly fetch around $250 a kilogram. Eating insects makes nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80 per cent protein. Insects can be a good source of vitamins and minerals too: a type of caterpillar (Usta terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine. What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects are often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration even issues guidelines for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example, it is acceptable for 225 grams of macaroni to contain up to 225 insect fragments.

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291 SpaceX SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on Friday at 1845 GMT (1445 EDT), reaching orbit 9 minutes later. The rocket lofted an uncrewed mockup of SpaceX's Dragon capsule, which is designed to one day carry both crew and cargo to orbit. "This has been a good

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RFIB & RWFIB 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

day for SpaceX and a promising development for the US human space flight program," said Robyn Ringuette of SpaceX in a webcast of the launch. In a teleconference with the media on Thursday, SpaceX's CEO, Paypal co-founder Elon Musk, said he would consider the flight 100 per cent successful if it reached orbit . "Even if we prove out just that the first stage functions correctly, I'd still say that's a good day for a test," he said. "It's a great day if both stages work correctly." SpaceX hopes to win a NASA contract to launch astronauts to the International Space Station using the Falcon 9. US government space shuttles, which currently make these trips, are scheduled to retire for safety reasons at the end of 2010.

11 Jean Piaget Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his professional life listening to children, watching children and poring over reports of researchers around the world who were doing the same. He found, to put it most succinctly, that children don’t think like grownups. After thousands of interactions with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein called it a discovery “so simple that only a genius could have thought of it.” Piaget’s insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide-ranging and remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75 years--from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in progress when he died at 84--Piaget had developed several new fields of science. رو زدم fashioned نبود تو گزینه ها من championed به جای

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14 Estee Lauder – A Biography Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always thought she “was

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growing a nice little business.” And that it is. A little business that controls 45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118 countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder family’s shares are worth more than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn’t a burgeoning business, there weren’t houses in New York, Palm Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one person to answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the shipping or billing department as needed. You more or less know the Estee Lauder story because it’s a chapter from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her father’s hardware store in Corona, a section of Queens in New York City. She started her enterprise by selling skin creams concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the potions were good — Estee Lauder was a quality fanatic — but the saleslady was better. Much better. And she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She stalked the bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling approach that proved as potent as the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes.

54 Advertising Drive down any highway, and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants — most likely, if you navel long and far enough, you’ll see McDonald’s golden arches as well as signs for Burger King. Hardee’s and Wendy’s the “big four” of burgers. Despite its name, though, Burger King has fallen short of claiming the burger crown unable to surpass market leader McDonald’s number 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains number 2.

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Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping, while ratings for the other contenders have increased. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified, long-term strategy can be put in place. The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must communicate the same message as Burger King’s famous tagline, “Have it your way.” or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable.

2 Kashmir Whispers of Rediscovered Appeal Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travellers and wide‐eyed Japanese. Carpet‐sellers honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the houseboats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. The economy boomed. Then, in 1989, (One extra sentence and blank: Then, in 1989, separatist ____ and everything changed. (choices: attacks, lands) everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives - proved in 1995 when five young Europeans

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were kidnapped and murdered. آخرش یکم متفاوت

.با کلمات جدید اومده بود

150 Egg-eating snakes Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat only bird’s eggs, which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead, these snakes have spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the egg open as it passes through the throat. (DIET, EASY, TIME, OPEN, treatment).

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25 Edison Matthew Josephson does an excellent job of covering the life and works of Thomas Alva Edison. The author of the book covered every aspect of Thomas Edison’s life from the time his grandparents lived in the original Thirteen colonies to the point where he was born in Milan, Ohio and later up to the point where he died in 1931. Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. When he was Born in 1847. Edison would see tremendous change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty, a fad. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1093 inventions, earning him the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.” The most famous of his inventions was an incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the “kinetoscope,” a small box for viewing moving films. He also improved upon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. He believed in hard work, sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, “Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent

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perspiration.” In tribute to this important American, electric lights in the United States were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death. ... (to honor the memory of Edison and the Centennial. )

98 Dairy Farms A few summers ago I visited two dairy farms, Huls Farm and Gardar Farm, which despite being located thousands of miles apart were still remarkably similar in their strengths and vulnerabilities. Both were by far the largest, most prosperous, most technologically advanced farms in their respective districts. In particular, each was centered around a magnificent state-of-the-art barn for sheltering and milking cows. Those structures, both neatly divided into opposite-facing rows of cow stalls, dwarfed all other barns in the district. Both farms let their cows graze outdoors in lush pastures during the summer, produced their own hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows through the winter, and increased their production of summer fodder and winter hay by irrigating their fields. The two farms were similar in area (a few square miles) and in barn size, Huls barn holding somewhat more cows than Gardar barn (200 vs. 165 cows, respectively). The owners of both farms were viewed as leaders of their respective societies. Both owners were deeply religious. Both farms were located in gorgeous natural settings that attract tourists from afar, with backdrops of high snow-capped mountains drained by streams teaming with fish, and sloping down to a famous river (below Huls Farm) or 3ord (below Gardar Farm).

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8 The Snake that Hears Sound through its Jaw The horned desert viper’s ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its head buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears. Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany

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have developed a computer model of the snake’s auditory system to explain how the snake “hears” its prey without really having the ears for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. “The snakes don’t have external eardrums,” says van Hemmen. “So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake won’t hear it.”

43 Nature Nature is no longer an alien enigma, but instead something immediately beautiful, an exuberant opus with space for us to join in. Bird melodies have always been called songs for a reason. As long as we have been listening, people have presumed there is music coming out of those scissoring beaks.

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12 Exploring the Deep Ocean Floor The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2000-km-long coral formation off the northeastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on solar energy for growth (photosynthesis). The sun’s energy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to make most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms. In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) off the coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise. Since the early 1970s, scientists had predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the active spreading centers along the mid-oceanic ridges, where magma, at temperatures over 1000 °C,

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presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust. More exciting, because it was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life – giant tube worms, huge clams, and mussels — that thrived around the hot springs.

40 Evaluating a Career Decision It has been a year since I started writing my Graduate Journal column for Nature jobs, the past 12 months have been marked with fundamental changes and fundamental constants, both of which I’m glad to have experienced. When I enrolled in my master’s course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with the decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I didn’t put very much weight on this decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my original profession. When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on medical problems have diverged. They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of the problem, although I do occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients. However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have dissipated, the years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes wonder if these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career. Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences when working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how they can strike a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.

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15 Power Drinking in Iron Age Europe By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheet metal, primarily bronze or gold. However, the peak of feasting — and in particular, of the “political” type of feast — came in the late Hallstatt period (about 600 — 450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek colony of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of the grape began to make its way north and east along major river systems together with imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world. Wine was thus added to the list of mood-altering beverages — such as mead and ale available to establish social networks in Iron Age Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hillforts such as Heuneburg in Germany and luxury goods such as the monumental 5th century Greek bronze krater (or wine mixing vessel) found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological evidence of this interaction. Organic containers such as leather or wooden wine barrels may also have travelled north into Europe but have not survived. It is unknown what goods were traded in return, but they may have included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.

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119 DOG A DOG may be man’s best friend. But man is not always a dog’s. Over the centuries selective breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies. Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America’s National Human Genome

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Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal. میشد unusual animalباید ,experimental animal بجای *

270 The Foreign Policy The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt an exaggeration, this aphorism nevertheless has an element of truth. A state's relation with its neighbors, at least in the formative years, are greatly influenced by its frontier policy, especially when there are no settled borders. Empire builders in the past sought to extend imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings and princes to gain their allegiance (as well as handsome tributes for the coffers of the state), and, security of the 'core' of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas adjoining the frontiers. The history of British empire in India was no different. It is important to note in this connection that the concept of international boundaries (between two sovereign states), demarcated and delineated, was yet to emerge in India under IM ugh& rule. * allegiance نفر از دوستان اشاره به این جای خالی 3)هم توی جا خالی ها بود

(کردن

Delineated (Element- settled- formative- allegiance- delineated)*

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166 Australia and New Zealand (1) Australia and New Zealand have many common links. Both countries were recently settled by Europeans, are predominantly English speaking and in that sense, share a common culture heritage. Although in close proximity to one another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations by world standards. They have similar histories and enjoy close relations on many fronts. In terms of population characteristics, Australia

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and New Zealand have much in common. Bothe countries have minority indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady stream of migrants from a variety of regions throughout the world. Both countries have experienced similar declines in fertility since the high levels recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed the benefits of continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trend is that both countries are faced with an aging population, and the associated challenge of providing appropriate care and support for this growing group within the community.

101 Impressionism (2) Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colors, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).

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241 Intelligence of Animals Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species

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is difficult, how do you compare a dolphin and a horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at intelligence that DOES not require the cooperation of the animal involved. The relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence. Comparing ACROSS species is not as simple an elephant will have a larger brain than a human simple because it is a large beast. INSTEAD we use the Cephalization index, which compare the size of an animal's brain to the size of its body. Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the planet are humans, FOLLOWED by great apes, porpoises and elephants. As a general RULE animals that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter than strict vegetarians (you don't need much intelligence to outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups are always smarter and have large ECit's than solitary animals.

75Colorful poison frogs Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great diversity to ancestors that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. "Basically, the Amazon basin is a 'melting pot' for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role."

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(reservoirs- evolution- major- basin)* جاهای خالی یکی از دوستان در امتحان

117 Corn people Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as 'the corn people'. The phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it's mean to acknowledge their abiding dependence on this miraculous grass, the staple of their diet for almost 9000 years. The supermarket itself-the wallboard and joint compound, the linoleum and fiberglass and adhesives out of which the building itself has been built-is in no small measure a manifestation of corn. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it's mean to ACKNOWLEDGE their abiding dependence on this miraculous grass, the STAPLE of their diet for almost 9000 years. The building itself has been built-is in no small measure a MANIFESTATION of corn.

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45 Paying for University Education Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full responsibility for funding higher education - abolishing tuition fees with the intention of making university accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to participate in higher education. Since the late 1980s there has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included a

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loans scheme to help students finance their contributions This enabled universities to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines the three main sources - Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS While the proportion of total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small. HECS payments are a significant component of students’ university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.

58 Classic Music Away from the rumble of Shanghai’s highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early evening or on a weekend morning, you’ll hear the sound of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wander down another alley toward drab high-rises and you’ll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is booming as mightily as the 1812 overture, its fortissimo in Shanghai, is home to China’s oldest orchestra, forte in Beijing and other lively cities, and on a crescendo in farther-flung areas. Commanding YI00-200 (512.50425) per hour, private music teachers in Shanghai can readily earn more than five times the average per capita monthly income. توی امتحان جاخالی بود ولی به که قبال در جزوه جاخالی نبود high-rises به جای

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بود که بهش میخورد و خبری از skycrapers فقط rfib جاش توی انتخابهای

high-rises نبود

154 Twin No two siblings are the same, not even identical twins.Parents often puzzle about why their children are so different from one another. They'll say, 'I brought them l up all the same.' They forget that what determines our behavior isn't what happens to us but how we interpret what happens to us, and no two people ever see anything in exactly the same way.

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162 Bronze vs. Silver In an often -cited study about counterfactuals, Medvec, Madey, and Gilovich (1995) found that bronze medalists appeared happier than silver medalists in television coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics. Medvec et al. argued that bronze medalists compared themselves to 4th place finishers, whereas silver medalists compared themselves to gold medalists. These counterfactuals were the most salient because they were either qualitatively different ( gold vs. silver) or categorically different (medal vs. no medal) from what actually occurred. Drawing on archival data and experimental studies, we show that Olympic athletes (among others ) are more likely to make counterfactual comparisons based on their prior expectations, consistent with decision affect theory. Silver medalists are more likely to be disappointed because their personal expectations are higher than those of bronze medalists. We provide a test between expectancy-base versus category-based processing and discuss circumstances that trigger each type of processing.

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99 Sharks Sharks killed four people and injured 58 others around the world in 2006, a comparatively dull year for dangerous encounters between the two species. Shark bite numbers grew steadily over the last century as

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humans reproduced exponentially and spent more time at the seashore. But the numbers have been flat (Stable) over the past five years as overfishing thinned the shark population near shore and swimmers have learned about the risks of wading into certain areas, Burgess said.

165 Walt Disney World Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its cross-cultural and marketing and partly because it’s utopian aspects appeal powerfully to real needs in the capitalist society. Disney’s marketing is unique because it captured the symbolic essence of childhood but the company has gained access to all public shows, comic books, dolls, apparels, and educational film strips all point to the parks and each other.

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91 Question You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account of how many marks are available for each part when you answer it. Even if you think you can write more, don't spend 15 minutes answering a part worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end of your answer and come back to it if you have time to spare later. And if you can't think of an answer to some part, leave a space and move on to the next part. Don't write about something else if you don't know the correct answer ‐‐ this is just a waste of your valuable time (and the examiner's).

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61 Seatbelt I, for example, am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I have persuaded many friends to wear helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call those without helmets “donors on wheels”. But a book on ‘Risk’ by my colleague John Adams has made me re-examine my convictions. Adams has completely undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible

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precautions. What he has persuasively argued, particularly in relation to seatbelts, is that the evidence that they do what they are supposed to do is very suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat belts save many thousands of lives every year. Between 1970 and 1978 countries in which the wearing of seat belts is compulsory had on average about five percent more road accident deaths than before the introduction of the law. In the United Kingdom road deaths decreased steadily from about seven thousand a year in 1972 to just over four thousand in 1989. There is no evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983; there’s actually evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed increased by about ten percent. That twice as many children were killed in road accidents in 1922 as now must not be taken as evidence that there is less risk when children play in the street today. It almost certainly reflects the care taken by parents in keeping children off the streets. How are these figures, which are both puzzling and shocking to be explained? The answer seems to lie in our perception of risk and how we modify our behavior. An important concept that has been developed to account for people's' handling of risk is the “Thermostat Model”. An individual’s propensity to take risks is influenced by their own experience and that of others and this model assumes that the degree to which we take risks varies from one individual to another. The key feature in risk taking is the balancing of perceptions of the risk and the possible rewards, and this balance may be a reflection of an individual’s particular type of personality. In general, the more risks an individual takes the greater will be both the positive and negative rewards.

128 Space work The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor machines and the work is carried out alongside the craft. They also need to make sure the

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Space Travel. Outside the craft, they can see how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send seeds to them to investigate how seeds change their biological character. When outside the craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the space rubbish. (Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic stellar systems called galaxies. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way System; happens to be one of the two largest systems in the Local Group of two dozen or so galaxies_ The other is the Andromeda galaxy; it stretches more than one hundred thousand light- years from one end to the other, and it is located about two million light-years distant from us.)

31 How to define a country? When people ask how many countries there are in the world, they expect a simple answer. After all, we’ve explored the whole planet, we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know how many countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people say there are 192 countries: but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn’t there a straight forward answer? The problem arises because there isn’t a universally agreed definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries.

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131 The allure of the book The allure of the book has always been negative and positive, for the texts and pictures between the covers have helped many young readers to discover and grasp the world around them in a pleasurable and meaningful way. But the allure has also enabled authors and publishers to prey upon young readers’ dispositions and desires and to sell them a menu that turns out to be junk

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food. The texts and pictures titillate children or reinforce certain formulaic patterns of thinking that reduce the possibility for the child to develop his or her own creative and critical talents.

107 Equitable and sustainable management Equitable and sustainable management of water resources is a major global challenge. About one third of the world's population lives in countries with moderate to high water stress with disproportionately to high impacts on the poor. With current projected human population growth, industrial development and the expansion of irrigated agriculture in the next two decades, water demand will rise to levels that will make the task of providing water for human sustenance more difficult. Since its establishment, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has worked to promote sustainable water resources management practices through collaborative approaches at the national, regional and global levels. After more than 30 years, water resources management continues to be a strong pillar of UNEP's work. UNEP is actively participating in addressing water issues together with partner UN agencies, other organizations and donors. They facilitate and catalyse water resource assessments in various developing countries; implement projects that assist countries in developing integrated water resource management plans; create awareness of innovative alternative technologies; and assist the development, implementation and enforcement of water resource management policies, laws and regulations.

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295 a new wrinkle cure

BARRIE FINNIN, a professor at Monash University's college of pharmacy in Melbourne, and PhD student

Anita Schneider ,recently tested a new wrinkle cure.

Twice daily, 20 male and female volunteers applied a

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liquid containing Myoxinol, a patented extract of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed, to one side of their faces. On

the other side they applied a similar liquid without Myoxinol. Every week for a month their wrinkles were

tested by self-assessment, photography and the size of depressions made in silicon moulds. The results were

impressive. After a month the depth and number of wrinkles on the Myoxinol-treated side were reduced by

approximately 27 per cent.

But Finnin's research, commissioned by a cosmetics company, is unlikely to be published in a scientific

journal. It's hard to even find studies that show the active

ingredients in cosmetics penetrate the skin, let alone more comprehensive research on their effects. Even

when rigorous studies are commissioned, companies usually control whether the work is published in the

traditional scientific literature.

گذاشته بودند. publicationکلمه journalیکی از دوستان گفتند به جای

67 Modern Lifestyle One thing is certain. Most people do not get enough exercise in their (ordinary, regular, daily, periodic) routines. All of the advances of modern technology – from electric can openers to power steering – have made life easier, more comfortable and much less physically demanding. Yet our bodies need activity, especially if they are carrying around too much fat. Satisfying this need requires a definite plan, and a commitment. regular اومده بود ordinary جای

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353 history books What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but what historians have selected. They cannot out in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school history lessons. So, for example, when a national school curriculum for England

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and Wales was first discussed at the end of 1980s, the history curriculum was the subject of considerable public and media interest. Politicians argued about it; people wrote letters to the press about it; the Prime Minister of the time, Margaret Thatcher, intervened in the debate. Let us think first about the question of content. There were two main camps on this issue — those who thought the history of Britain should take pride of place , and those who favored what was referred to as ‘world history’.

9 Technology Education The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College, London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design innovators. The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about “having, growing, and proving” ideas. Colloquial judgments are evident in terms such as “wow” and “yawn” and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term, “sparkiness”, which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as “technical” and “aesthetic” pertaining to users, are too narrow and ill-defined. The author provides examples of the project, its

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features and structures, student’s notes and judgments, and their sketches and photographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix.

313 supply and demand The supply of a thing, in the phrase “supply and demand," is the amount that will be offered for sale at each of a series of prices; the demand is the amount that will be bought at each of a series of prices. The principle that value depends on supply and demand means that in the case of nearly every commodity, more will be bought if the price is lowered, less will be bought if the price is raised. Therefore sellers, if they wish to induce buyers to take more of a commodity than they are already doing, must reduce its price; if they raise its price, they will sell less. If there is a general falling off if in demand — due, say, to trade depression — sellers will either have to reduce prices or put less on the market; they will not be able to sell the same amount at the same price. Similarly with supply. At a certain price a certain amount will be offered for sale, at a higher price more will be offered, at a lower price less. If consumers want more, they must offer a higher price; if they want less, they will probably be able to force prices down. That is the first result of a change in demand or supply.

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326 The study of objects The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic enquiry, commonly referred to as material culture studies. Students of material culture seek to understand societies, both past and present, through careful study and observation of the physical or material objects generated by those societies. The source material for study is exceptionally wide, including not just human-made artefacts but also natural objects and even preserved body parts (as you saw in the film ‘Encountering a body’). Some specialists in the field of material culture have made bold claims for its pre-eminence. In certain disciplines, it reigns supreme. It

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plays a critical role in archaeology, for example, especially in circumstances where written evidence is either patchy or non-existent. In such cases, objects are all scholars have to rely on in forming an understanding of ancient peoples. Even where written documents survive, the physical remains of literate cultures often help to provide new and interesting insights into how people once lived and thought, as in the case of medieval and post-medieval archaeology. In analyzing the physical remains of societies, both past and present, historians, archaeologists, anthropologists and others have been careful to remind us that objects mean different things to different people.

77 Universe It seems we live in a bizarre Universe. One of the greatest mysteries in the whole of science is the prospect that 75% of the Universe is made up from a mysterious substance known as ‘Dark Energy’, which causes an acceleration of the cosmic expansion. Since a further 21% of the Universe is made up from invisible ‘Cold Dark Mater’ that can only be detected through its gravitational effects, the ordinary atomic matter making up the rest is apparently only 4% of the total cosmic budget. These discoveries require a shift in our perception as great as that made after Copernicus’s revelation that the Earth moves around the Sun. This lecture will start by reviewing the checkered history of Dark Energy, not only since Einstein's proposal for a similar entity in 1917, but by tracing the concept back to Newton's ideas. This lecture will summarize the current evidence for Dark Energy and future surveys in which UCL is heavily involved: the "Dark Energy Survey", the Hubble Space Telescope and the proposed Euclid space mission

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118 Alaska’s Aleutian Islands Alaska’s Aleutian Islands have long been accustomed to shipwrecks. They have been part of local consciousness since a Japanese whaling ship ran aground near the

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western end of the 1,100-mile (1,800-km) volcanic archipelago in 1780, inadvertently naming what is now Rat Island when the ship’s infestation scurried ashore and made itself at home. Since then, there have been at least 190 shipwrecks in the islands.

201 Progressive Enhancement Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing for the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every browser, we should provide a core set of functionality and information to all users, and then progressively enhance the appearance and behavior of the site for users of more capable browsers. It's very productive development practice. Instead of spending hours working out how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use the standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to implement it in browsers that don't. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers won't know what they are missing. The biggest challenge to progressive enhancement is the belief among developers and clients that websites should look the same in every browser. As a developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive enhancement.

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170 UBC expeditions to the Canadian Arctic This summer, 41 UBC alumni and friends participated in expeditions to the Canadian Arctic and the legendary Northwest Passage. Presentations, conversations and learning accompanied their exploration of the great outdoors aboard the Russian-flagged. Akademik Ioffe, designed and built in Finland as a scientific research vessel in 1989. Her bridge was open to passengers virtually 24 hours a day. Experts on board presented on topics including climate change, wildlife, Inuit culture and

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history, and early European explorers. UBC professor Michael Byers presented on the issue of Arctic sovereignty, a growing cause of debate as ice melts, new shipping routes open, and natural resources become accessible. Recommended pre-trip reading was late UBC alumnus Pierre Bertons book, The Arctic Grail.

172 Volcano’s eruption Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year but the gas is usually harmless. When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere and isn’t concentrated in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped underground under enormous pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a dense cloud, it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly. Huge clouds of carbon dioxide were released from California's volcanic Mammoth Mountain in 1984, killing thousands of trees. The U.S. Forest Service declared the area off-limits to campers and keeps a close eye on gas levels there to this day.

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84 Exams It's that me again! Exams looming, essays or reports outstanding and you wonder where the year's gone already. You start wondering how you're going to cope with it all. A limited amount of anxiety can help you to be more motivated and more purposeful. It can help you to plan your work and to think more clearly and logically about it. In other words, it can help you stay on top of things. Sit down at your desk and make a start on writing down all the things you have to do to prepare for the exams.

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144 High‐protein diet In our studies, those people on a higher-protein diet lost the same amount of weight as those on a higher-carbohydrate diet. This is because the two diets offered an equal amount of fat. However, body composition (that is, the ratio of fat to muscle) showed/observed greater

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improvement among those people on the higher-protein diet. When the participants in other studies were allowed to eat until they were no longer hungry, those on the higher-protein diet lost more weight than those on the higher carbohydrate diet, even after more than a year. The reduction in hunger and the beneficial effect on muscle provided by the higher-protein diet is mostly related to its protein content, while the enhanced fat-loss seems to be related to its lower amounts of carbohydrate. The diet is healthy because its protein comes from lean red meat fish, chicken and low-fat dairy products, all of which provide good nutrition. A high-protein diet in which the protein comes from protein powders and supplements is unlikely to be healthy, unless the supplements are fortified with vitamins and minerals. In our studies, those people on a high‐protein diet lost the same amount of weight... [source of, offer , contain, Observed, Participants, Provide, Supplied].

247 Energy from the Wind Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move as fast as a racing car, over 100 miles an hour _ Winds can travel around the world. Wind can make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body faster when it is windy. Weather forecasters need to know the speed and direction of the wind_ The strength of wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from wind force when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses and buildings and is called hurricane force.

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19 Does Space Travel Damage Eyesight? Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment — such as that inside the International Space Station (ISS) — results in loss of bone density and damage to the body’s muscles. That’s partly why stays aboard the ISS are capped at six months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their degenerated eye vision faded after spending

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time in space, with many needing glasses once they returned to Earth. (restricted or limited insted of capped, Deteriorated instead of faded)

207 The Physical Universe Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic stellar systems called galaxies. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way System; happens to be one of the two largest systems in the Local Group of two dozen or so galaxies_ The other is the Andromeda galaxy; it stretches more than one hundred thousand light- years from one end to the other, and it is located about two million light-years distant from us.

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66 How to Win Votes? It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried. The difficulty is that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a politician’s face without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious smirk? It’s hard to find anyone who can look at the president without assessing him politically as well as physically.

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123 Complementary therapies Complementary therapies – such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors and acupuncturists – have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades. Interest initially coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with China have also had an influence. The status of complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors’ associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific research into their efficacy. With the exception of acupuncture, complementary therapies are not routinely funded through Medicare, so there is little administrative data regarding their use. However, the ABS has some data about the use of complementary therapies which can help inform discussion.

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182 sales representative Sales jobs allow for a great deal of discretionary time and effort on the part of the sales representatives - especially when compared with managerial, manufacturing, and service jobs. Most sales representatives work independently and outside the immediate presence of their sales managers. Therefore, some form of goals needs to be in place as motive and guide their performance. Sales personnel are not the only professionals with performance goals or quotas. Health care professionals operating in clinics have daily, weekly, and monthly goals in terms of patient visits. Service personnel are assigned a number of service calls they must perform during a set time period. Production workers in manufacturing have output goals. So, why are achieving sales goals or quotas such a big deal? The answer to this question can be found by examining how a firm's other departments are affected by how well the company's salespeople achieve their performance goals. The success of the business hinges on the successful sales of its products and services. Consider all the planning, the financial, production and marketing efforts that go in to (producing what the sales force sells. Everyone depends on the sales force to sell the company's products and services and they eagerly anticipate knowing things are going.

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46 Ikebana Flower Arrangement Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It is more than simply putting flowers in a container. It is a disciplined art form in which the arrangement is a living thing where nature and humanity are brought together_ Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant. It is steeped in the philosophy of developing a closeness with nature. Such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain

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rules govern its form. The artist's intention behind each is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the implied meaning of the arrangement. As is true of all other arts, ikebana is creative expression within certain rules of construction. Its materials are living branches, leaves, grasses, and blossoms. Its heart is the beauty resulting from color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the meaning latent in the total form of the arrangement. Ikebana is, therefore, much more than mere floral decoration.

73 Mass exodus For a start, we need to change our concept of 'retirement', and we need to change mindsets arising from earlier government policy which, in the face of high unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to take early retirement. Today, government encourages them to delay their retirement. We now need to think of retirement as a phased process, where mature age workers gradually reduce their hours, and where they have considerable flexibility in how they combine their work and non work time. We also need to recognize the broader change that is occurring in how people work, learn, and live. Increasingly we are moving away from a linear relationship between education, training, work, and retirement, as people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure. Employers of choice remove the barriers between the different segments of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a range of leave entitlements. They take an individualized approach to workforce planning and development so that the needs of employers and employees can be met simultaneously.

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79 Where does wind come from? The world's atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air moves slowly, giving a

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gentle breeze. At other times it moves rapidly creating gales and hurricanes. Gentle or fierce, wind always starts in the same way. As the sun moves through the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and land more than others. The air above these hot spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and begins to rise. Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it's heavier. Winds blow because- air squeezed out by sinking, cold air is sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow wherever there is a difference in air temperature and pressure, always flowing from high to low pressure. Some winds blow in one place, and have a local name — North America's chinook and France's mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that sends winds over the entire globe.

271 The Art and Commerce Film is where art meets commerce. As Orson Welles said: "A painter just needs a brush and the writer just needs a pen, but the producer needs an army." And an army needs money. A producer is just like an entrepreneur, we raise money to make films. First we need to find an original idea or a book or a play and purchase the rights, then we need money to develop that idea often a reasonably small sum. Besides, to commission a writer for the screenplay isn't something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you find a partner. We are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film Council, all of these are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is very different to producing in America or even Europe because the economic dynamic is different.

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72 Arbitration Arbitration is a method of conflict resolution which, with more or less formalized mechanisms, occurs in many political and legal spheres. There are two main characteristics to arbitration. The first is that it is a

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voluntary process under which two parties in conflict agree between themselves to be bound by the judgment of a third party which has no other authority over them; the judgment, however, is not legally binding. The second is that there is usually no clear body of law or set of rules that must apply; the arbitrator is free, subject to any prior agreement with the conflicting parties, to decide on whatever basis of justice is deemed suitable. Arbitration has been used successfully, for example, to decide on disputed borders between Israel and Egypt, where local history was a major part of the arbitrator’s decision.

41 America’s skies By 2025, government experts say, America’s skies will swarm with three times as many planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner altitudes, competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding midair collisions, and with commercially operated rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space. (times- altitudes,- collisions,- thousands)* جاهای خالی یکی از دوستان در امتحان

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16 The Role of a Doctor In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians’ practices don't just need to know medicine. They must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal decisions. "The focus in medical school is to train good doctors, but pan of being a good doctor is being a good manager." says Fawax Siddiqi, a neurosurgical resident at the London Health Sciences Centre in Canada. "It's having a core understanding of how to work within the context of an organization."

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The desire to be a "good manager" is precisely the reason Dr Siddiqi. who aspires one day to run a hospital. decided to go back to school. This past autumn he enrolled in a health-sector MBA program at the Ivey School of Business at the University of Western Ontario.

173 Japan learned knowledge from China Japan and China At times, a broad stream of knowledge flowed from China to Japan. At other times, this transfer was halted from one side or the other, and Japan developed on its own. But whether in isolation or not, Japan was always itself. Everything that arrived from China was adapted to suit Japanese tastes and needs.

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171 The United Nations (2) The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. Due to its unique international character, and the powers vested in its founding Charter, the organization can take action on a wide range of issues and provide a forum for its 193 Member States to express their views, through the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees. The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the globe. Although best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention, and humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the United Nations and its system (specialized agencies, funds, and programs) affect our lives and make the world a better place.

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50 Video-conference Technology Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the environment. The Anglo-US company Telins has introduced a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to

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become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to be held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden of international travel. Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm’s VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people together from up to five separate locations anywhere in the world-with unrivaled transmission quality.

103 Dark Energy The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible substance called dark matter (25 percent) and a force that repels gravity known as dark energy (70 percent). Scientists have not yet observed dark matter directly. It doesn't interact with baryonic matter an; it's completely invisible to light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark matter impossible to detect with current instruments. But scientists are confident it exists because of the gravitational effects it appears to have on galaxies and galaxy clusters.

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113 Copyright No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can confer so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 per cent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law is a scandal, recently exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the ownership of corporations (although Agatha Christie’s no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of West End success for her who dunnits and members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A. Milne’s Christopher Robin

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books)? No. The scandal is that been peasants politicians have attempted to appear cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their existence and by giving away much more in value than any public benefit could justify. In doing so they have betrayed our trust.

299 fresh water Everybody needs fresh water. Without water people, animals & plants cannot live. Although a few plants and animals can make do with saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water to stay fit & healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only about 3% of it is fresh, & most of that is stored as ice & snow at the poles, or is so deep under the surface of the Earth that we cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still have a million cubic miles of it that we can use (consume). That's about 4,300,000 cubic kilometers of freshwater to share out between most of the plants, animals & people on the planet!

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304 fund selection Dr Matthews said demographic characteristics had a substantial impact on the choices people made about KiwiSaver funds and retirement savings more generally. When it came to fund selection, she found there were significant differences based on gender. Men are more likely to INVEST in aggressive and growth funds, while women are more likely to choose CONSERVATIVE funds. “Males are risk takers, WHETHER it’s in their choice of car or their investment fund,” she says. “But when it comes to long-term savings, risk taking can ACTUALLY be an advantage.” ( جای خالی های یکی از دوستان با هایالت متفاوت بوده)

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231 Travelling To Germany Last year I was in Germany... The worst trip that I have ever been/taken on... (5 Blanks) Answers: trip, been, connecting, land, another

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It's a trip to Germany not for leisure but for Germany exchange. This is the worst flight I have ever been in my life, I have (before)... We were originally from Amsterdam, I arrived half hour due the time that plane take off, but our plane was late, we took another plane and flew somewhere, and the result was still wrong, landed. Another airport, this airport is a few hundred kilometers away from my destination. We can only wait for the next (connecting) flight to continue the journey, for which I have waited for (another) one and half hour. No wonder we all hope to go home straight away

374 Kiwi A Massey ecologist has teamed up with a leading wildlife photographer to produce the definitive book on New Zealand’s national bird, the kiwi. Kiwi: A Natural History was written by Dr Isabel Castro and features photographs by Rod Morris. Dr Castro has been working with kiwi since 1999, with a focus on their behaviour. “I’ve specifically been looking at the sense of smell that kiwi uses when foraging, but also in their interactions with their environment and other kiwi,” she says. “They really are a very unique bird. They are a collection of odd characteristics – some of them coming from dinosaurs – that have been patched together in a strange way.” She says the book is aimed at a general audience “and compiles all of the literature that has already been written about kiwi, it is a great reference tool”. The book covers all aspects of kiwi, from their evolution, prehistory and closest relatives to their feeding and breeding behaviour and current conservation issues, making this the perfect introduction for anyone with an interest in these fascinating birds. There are five recognised species of kiwi, distributed unevenly in locations throughout New

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Zealand and ranging from the most widespread, the North Island brown kiwi, to the most endangered, the rowi. The book is the second title in a new series on New Zealand’s wildlife, targeted at a family readership. Since acquiring her PhD at Massey, Dr Castro has closely studied New Zealand’s native birds, with particular focus on hihi, saddlebacks and kiwi. Among other published works, she is co-author of A Guide to the Birds of the Galápagos Islands. (feature,since, unique, Education and well-being, photographs , was written,also , among جاهای خالی بوده)

آخر این متن کلمه در جمله series جای خالی بود. از گزینه ها فقط sequence

!رو یادم میاد seriesو

200 What’s a herbal? A herbal is a book of plants, describing their appearance, their properties and how they may be used for preparing ointments and medicines. The medical use of plants is recorded on fragments of papyrus and clay tablets from ancient Egypt, Samaria and China that date back 5,000 years but document traditions far older still. Over 700 herbal remedies were detailed in the Papyrus Ebers, an Egyptian text written in 1500 BC. Around 65 BC, a Greek physician called Dioscorides wrote a herbal that was translated into Latin and Arabic. Known as ‘De materia medica’, it became the most influential work on medicinal plants in both Christian and Islamic worlds until the late 17th century. An illustrated manuscript copy of the text made in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) survives from the sixth century. The first printed herbals date from the dawn of European printing in the 1480s. They provided valuable information for apothecaries, whose job it was to make the pills and potions prescribed by physicians.

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248 The History of Clothing About 10,000 years ago, people learned how to make

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cloth. Wool, cotton, flax, or hemp was first spun into a thin thread, using a spindle. The thread was then woven into a fabric. The earliest weaving machines probably consisted of little more than a pair of sticks that held a set of parallel threads, called the wrap, while the cross-thread, called the weft, was inserted. Later machines called looms had roads that separated the threads to allow the weft to be inserted more easily. A piece of wood, called the shuttle, holding a spool of thread, was passed between the separated threads. The basic principles of spinning and weaving have stayed the same until the present day, though during the industrial revolution of the 18th century many ways were found of automating the processes. With new machines such as the spinning mule, many threads could be spun at the same time, and, with the help of devices like the flying shuttle, broad pieces of cloth could be woven at great speed.

303 disciplines of politics This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the exciting disciplines of politics and international relations and commerce. Students will learn about the workings of political institutions in countries around the world and explore the complex field of relations between nations. Topics in governance, public policy, public administration, national security, border control and commerce ensure that students receive a broad and current education in the range of issues which are covered under the label of politics and international relations and commerce. Bachelor of Commerce students specialize in one of the following areas Accounting, Banking & Financial Services, Business Administration, Economics, Financial Planning, Human Resource Management, Information Systems, International Business, Marketing Management, Public Sector Management, or Tourism Management. In addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and

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competencies in Politics and International Relations and Commerce, students will graduate with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking, enhanced communication abilities, problem solving and strong capacities to work with others. They will also develop ethically based and socially responsible attitudes and behaviors.

334 the moon and the sun In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily journey across the sky. At night the moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a few nights it did not appear at all. At night the great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They became known as the stars. It was thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the secrets of the universe could be discovered by making a study of them. In was well know that there were wandering stars, they appeared in different nightly positions against their neighbors and they became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact it took millennia, for man to determine the true nature of these wandering stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them and to predict their positions in the sky.

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183 The Texas Cosmology Center The Texas Cosmology Center will be a way for the university's departments of Astronomy and Physics to collaborate on research that concerns them both. "This center will bring the two departments together in an area where they overlap--in the physics of the very early universe," said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair. Astronomical observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy, discoveries that challenge our knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading theories in physics involve energies so high that no Earth-bound particle accelerator can test them. They need the universe as their laboratory.

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Dr. Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate and professor of physics at the university, called the Center's advent "a very exciting development" for that department.

314 An exhibit An exhibit that brings together for the first time landscapes painted by French impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to the national Gallery of Canada this June. The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of London and the Philadelphia Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings from 45 public and private collections.

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85 Poverty Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across extremely divergent economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the prices of goods and services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least developed countries, primarily African; the $2‐per‐day level is used for middle income economies such as those of East Asia and La n America.

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261 Climate Climate is the word we use for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry climate, because there is very little rain. The UK has a 'temperate climate' which means winters are, overall, mild and summers, generally, don't get too hot.

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53 Essays Essays are used as an assessment tool to evaluate your ability to research a topic and construct an argument, as well as your understanding of subject content. This does not mean that essays are a “regurgitation” of everything your lecture has said throughout the course. Essays are your opportunity to explore in greater depths aspects of the course theories, issues, texts etc., and in some cases

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relate these aspects to a particular context. It is your opportunity to articulate your ideas, but in a certain way: using formal academic style.

86 Sportswomen Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't exist, we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point on it, while we still have a chance. After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are lost too.

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271 The Film and Commerce Film is where art meets commerce. As Orson Welles said: "A painter just needs a brush and the writer just needs a pen, but the producer needs an army." And an army needs money. A producer is just like an entrepreneur, we raise money to make films. First we need to find an original idea or a book or a play and purchase the rights, then we need money to develop that idea often a reasonably small sum. Besides, to commission a writer for the screenplay isn't something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you find a partner. We are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film Council, all of these (those) are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is very different to producing in America or even Europe because the economic dynamic is different.

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254 Calendar Reform Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western calendar more useful or regular. Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official acceptance, but each was put out of use shortly after its introduction.

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97 Jury Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for jury service. A jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict. Procedures and requirements may include a fluent

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understanding of the language and the opportunity to test jurors' neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as likely to be less than neutral or partial to one side.

339 Ice storms When rain drop cools, it will freeze, turns into ice drops (or particles), on flat surface, creating an ice storm. It can be so heavy, and shut down the entire city (or a previous ice storm has shut down an entire city) Icy –cold rainfall. Ice storm is a type of weather // cold rainfall down into

the cold air // from water into ice ，ice

storm，（more）than（after）

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125 TV advertising From a child’s point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give actors the opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done to make people buy things? Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are not, or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the literature (e.g. Butter et al. 1981; Donohue, Henke, and Donohue 1980; Macklin 1983 and 1987; Robertson and Rossiter 1974; Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children are able to distinguish between programs and commercials and are aware of the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.

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102 Impressionism (3) Impressionism was an art movement of the 19th century, which began as a private association of Paris-based artists who exhibited publicly in 1874. It is characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the moment, especially in terms of the shifting effect of light and color. The term impressionism originated from art critic Louis Leroy, who commented Monet's painting 'Impression: Soleil Levant'. Leroy said that it indeed was

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just an impression and that the work could not be considered finished. The impressionists adopted this term and decided to use it for their own benefit. Early Impressionist painters were radicals in their time, breaking many of the rules of picture making that had been set by earlier generations. Up until the Impressionists, history had been the accepted source of subject matter for paintings.

120 Major stressors Research has suggested that major stressors in our lives are life changes, for example, moving house, marriage or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, including unemployment and boredom, are also common causes of stress. Differences in personality may also play a part.

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234 The Evolution of Culture People modify cultural ideas in their minds, and sometimes they pass on the modified versions. Inevitably, there are unintentional modifications as well, partly because of straightforward error, and partly because inexplicit ideas are hard to convey accurately: there is no way to download them directly from one brain to another like computer programs. Even native speakers of a language will not give identical definitions of every word. So it can be only rarely, if ever, that two people hold precisely the same cultural idea in their minds. That is why, when the founder of a political or philosophical movement or a religion dies, or even before, schisms typically happen. The movement's most devoted followers are often shocked to discover that they disagree about what its doctrines —really are.

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106 Allergies Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to most people. When you're allergic to something, your immune system mistakenly believes that this substance is harmful to your body. Substances that cause allergic reactions such as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines are known

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as allergens. In an attempt to protect the body, the immune system produces the antibodies to that allergen. Those antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to release chemicals into the bloodstream, one of which is histamine. The histamine then acts on the eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future exposure to that same allergen will trigger this antibody response again. This means that every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have some form of allergy symptoms.

55 Just in Time “Just-in-time” is a management philosophy and not a technique. It originally referred to the production of goods to meet customer demand exactly, in time, quality and quantity, whether the “customer” is the final purchaser of the product or another process further along the production line. It has now come to mean producing with minimum waste. “Waste” is taken in its most general sense and includes time and resources as well as materials.

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96 Australia Australia is a dynamic multi-cultural society, viewed by many as the world's most desirable place to live. Here Frank Welsh traces Australia's intriguing and varied history to examine how this society emerged, from its ancient Aborigine tribes and earliest British convict settlements to today's modern nation- one that retains strong links with it's colonial past but is increasingly independent and diverse.

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159 Genius Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity doing something truly creative; we’re inclined to think, requires the freshness and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece Citizen Kane, at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year through his late twenties, culminating at age thirty-two,

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with Moby-Dick. Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No.9 in E-Flat-Major at the age of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the importance of precocity had hardened into an iron law. How old was T.S. Eliot when he wrote The Love Song of Alfred Prufrock (I grow old… I grow old)? Twenty-three. Poet’s peak young, the creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains, the author of flow agrees: “The most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young.” According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading authority on creativity Lyric poetry is a domain where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age.

257 Interior Design Interior design is a professionally conducted, practice-based process of planning and realization of interior spaces and the elements within. Interior design is concerned with the function and operation of the space, its safety and efficiency, its aesthetics and its sustainability. The work of an interior designer draws upon many other disciplines, such as environmental psychology, architecture, product design and , aesthetics, in relation to a wide range of building spaces including hotels, corporate and public spaces, schools, hospitals, private residences, shopping malls, restaurants, theaters and airport terminals. جای خالی Alteredدر ادامه متن

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74 Agrarian parties Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or, more broadly, the rural sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or whether they even exist, depends mainly on two factors. One, obviously, is the size of an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the urban population. The other is a matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be important, the representation of

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countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the other major sections of society. Thus a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system in which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to their incomes, not to their occupations or location; and in such a country the political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.

37 Folklore and Flying Folklore is a modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of repetition not reliant on the written word. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition.

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217 The private Library Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two kinds, you may know a thing yourself, and you may know where to find it. Now the amount which you may actually know yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what you may know of the sources of information may, with proper training, become almost boundless. And here come the value and use of reference books--the working of one book in connexion with another—and applying your own intelligence to both. By this means we get as near to that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and although the single volume or work which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast number of reference books in existence, a knowledge and proper use of which is essential to every intelligent person.

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Necessary as I believe reference books to be, they can easily be made to be contributory to idleness, and too mechanical a use should not be made of them. Very admirable reference books come to us from America, where great industry is shown, and funds for publishing them never seem to be short. The French, too, are excellent at reference books, but the inferior way in which they are printed makes them tiresome to refer to.

181 Classroom Setting circular table, to improve student engagement, Every table has microphone and bulb to signal if students have questions or want to speak to the entire room, requirement, lecture) (signal,entire, engagement)

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286 Primates With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most attractive primates on earth. Theo fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests of South America. Their small size makes it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and snails. Marmosets have another unusual food source —they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree bark and lap up the gummy op that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the braches when they have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are clearly for plantations of cattle ranches marmosets and tamarins are in serious danger of extension.

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65 Works of Hans Christian Andersen Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was near-pathologically uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course all three had to work and interact with adults, but all three really related well to children and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theatre and was incredibly popular with children,

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and, of course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in thousands of editions since the 19th century. Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of Andersen’s works: “The Ugly Duckling,” “The Emperor’s New Clothes,” “The Nightingale,” “The Little Mermaid,” “The Match Girl,” and many others. Though, as with most folk and fairy tales, they strike adult re-readers much differently than they do young first-time readers. Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don’t fit in, only to exult in the discovery that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-identifiable messages: don’t tease people because they’re different; don’t fret about your being different because some day you’ll discover what special gifts you have. A closer, deeper look at many of Andersen’s tales (including “The Ugly Duckling,” which is not on our reading list), reveals a darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often cruel and unfeeling, love is torturous – in general, the things of the material world cause suffering. There is often a happy ending, but it’s not conventionally happy. Characters are rewarded, but only after they manage (often through death) to transcend the rigors of the mortal world.

229 Paris Paris is very old—there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years and its shape has been determined in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France's rulers. But the great boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any more barricades being created by the rebellious population; that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part a maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you can imagine that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused great distress among the half a million or so residents whose houses were simply razed, and whose

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neighborhoods disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn down.

230 Trust Your Gut What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feeling separate winners from losers? And is it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can possess? My observations of successful company owners lead me to believe that a highly analytical attitude can be a drawback. At critical junctures in commercial life, risk-taking is more an act of faith than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments require decisiveness and absolute conviction above all else. There is simply no time to wait for all the facts, or room for doubt A computer program cannot tell you how to invent and launch a new product. That journey involves too many unknowns, too much luck — and too much sheer intuition, rather than the infallible logic that machines deliver so well. As Chekhov said: "An artist's flair is sometimes worth a scientist's brains" —entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have been considering whether to buy a company and what price to offer, I have been blinded too often by reams of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers_ Usually it pays to stand back from such mountains of grey data and weigh up the really important issues — and decide how you feel about the opportunity_

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386 feature of business(2) One distinguishing feature of business is its economic character. In the world of business, we interact with each other not as family members, friends, or neighbors, but as buyers and sellers, employers and employees, and the like. Trading, for example, is often accompanied by hard bargaining, in which both sides conceal their full hand and perhaps engage in some bluffing. And a skilled salesperson is well versed in the art of arousing a customer’s attention (sometimes by a bit of puffery) to clinch the sale. Still, there is an “ethics of trading” that

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prohibits the use of false or deceptive claims and tricks such as “bait-and-switch” advertising. برای یکی از دوستان یکی از جای خالی ها بعد از

difficulty بود که میشود understanding

121 Labor market Higher education qualifications provide a substantial advantage in the labor market. Higher education graduates are less likely to be unemployed and tend to have higher incomes than those without such qualifications. Having a highly educated workforce can also lead to increased productivity and innovation and make Australia more competitive in the global market.

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327 Work-ready international students Work-ready international students are providing greater options for local employers who are having difficulties finding local staff due to high employment rates and ongoing labor shortages. International students in accounting and information technology take part in a year-long program consisting of classroom work and practical experience, which provides them with valuable skills, industry contacts and a working knowledge of Australian workplaces.

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127 Living away from home For many first-year students, the University may be their first experience living away from home for an extended period of time. It is a definite break from home. In my point of view this is the best thing that you can do. I know you have to fend for yourself, cook and clean after yourself, basically look after yourself without your parents but the truth is – some time in your life you are going to have to part with lovely Mummy and Daddy. But they are only just a phone call away and it is really good to have some QUALITY TIME without them. The first few weeks can be a lonely period. There may be concerns about forming friendship. When new students look around, it may seem that everyone else is self-confident

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and socially successful! The reality is that everyone is having the same concerns. Increased personal freedom can feel both wonderful and frightening. Students can come and go as they choose with no one to “hassle” them. The strange environment with new kinds of procedures and new people can create the sense of being on an emotional roller coaster. This is normal and to be expected. You meet so many more people in the halls than if you stayed at home. The main points about living away from home are: NO PARENTS! You don’t have to tell them where you’re going, who you’re going with, what time you’ll be coming, why you’re going etc. etc. You learn various social skills; you have to get along with your roommates Living with them can present special, sometimes intense, problems. Negotiating respect of personal property, personal space, sleep, and relaxation needs, can be a complex task. The complexity increases when roommates are of different backgrounds with very different values. It is unrealistic to expect that roommates will be best friends. Meaningful, new relationships should not be expected to develop overnight. It took a great deal of time to develop intimacy in high school friendships; the same will be true of intimacy in university friendships. You have a phone! So if you ever get homesick or miss you Mummy then she’s always at the end of a phone-line for you – and so are your friends.

355 The mummy The last tourists may have been leaving the Valley of the Kings on the West Bank in Luxor but the area in front of the tomb of Tutankhamun remained far from deserted. Instead of the tranquility that usually descends on the area in the evening it was a hive of activity. TV crews trailed masses of equipment, journalists milled and photographers held their cameras at the ready. The reason? For the first time since Howard Carter discovered the tomb in 1922 the mummy of Tutankhamun was being

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prepared for public display. Inside the subterranean burial chamber Egypt's archaeology supremo Zahi Hawass, accompanied by four Egyptologists, two restorers and three workmen, were slowly lifting the mummy from the golden sarcophagus where it has been rested -- mostly undisturbed -- for more than 3,000 years. The body was then placed on a wooden stretcher and transported to its new home, a high- tech, climate-controlled plexi-glass showcase located in the outer chamb

365 herbicides Chemicals used to control weeds in crops such as corn and soybeans may sometimes run off farm land and enter surface water bodies such as lakes and streams. If a surface water body that is used as a drinking water supply receives excess amounts of these herbicides, then the municipal water treatment plant must filter them out in order for the water to be safe to drink. This added filtration process can be expensive. Farmers can help control excess herbicides in runoff by choosing chemicals that bind with soil more readily, are less toxic, or degrade more quickly. Additionally, selecting the best tillage practice can help minimize herbicide pollution.

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210 The Civil Society For too long we have held preconceived notions of 'the' market and 'the' state that were seemingly independent of local societies and cultures_ The debate about civil society ultimately is about how culture, market and state relate to each other. Concern about civil society, however, is not only relevant to central and eastern Europe and the developing world. It is very much of interest to (of) the European Union as well. The Civil Dialogue initiated by the Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give the institutions of society-and not only governments and businesses-a voice at the policy-making tables in Brussels. The EU, like other international institutions, has a long way to go in trying to

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accommodate the frequently divergent interests of non-governmental organizations and citizen groups. There is increasing recognition that international and national governments have to open up to civil society institutions.

251 The way of Revising Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times when you just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you don't like, but the ones you find usually find OK, but on some occasions you just can't be bothered with it. You may have other things on your mind, be tired, restless, or looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent effort from you The same is true of revision. Your mental and physical attitude are important. If you try to revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will be inefficient and just about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be so much easier and you will learn more, faster. However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of revision when you feel like it, you probably wont do much revision! You need a revision timetable so you don't keep putting it off.

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264 The Resultant Force The overall result of two or more forces acting on an object is called the resultant force. The resultant of two forces is a single force, which has the same effect as the two forces combined. if two forces pull an object in opposite directions, the size of the resultant can be found by subtracting one force form the other. If the forces are equal, they balance each other

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206 Saving Money Friedman showed that, while people do save more when they earn more, it is only to spend later_ Those in work save against a time of sickness, unemployment or old age - but because the sick, unemployed and elderly spend

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their savings, overall consumption does not fall as people get richer.

252 Distance Learning Distance learning can be highly beneficial to a large variety of people from young students wanting to expand their horizons to adults looking for more job security. With programs that allow learners of all ages to take courses for fun, personal advancement and degrees, distance learning can meet the needs of a diverse population. Perhaps one of the most notable and often talked about advantages of distance learning is the flexibility. The majority of programs allow students to learn when and where it's convenient for them. For those who are struggling to balance their distance learning goals with working a full-time job and taking care of a family, this kind of flexibility can allow many people to pursue education who would not otherwise be able to do so. Since there are no on-campus courses to attend, students can learn from their own homes, at work on their lunch breaks and from virtually anywhere with internet access. For some, it can even be a big source of savings on the fuel costs and time required to commute to classes.

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216 Music and Identity Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as a way of projecting our self-identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy — whether it's country or classical, rock n' roll or rap — reflects who we are. But where did music, at its core, first come from? It's a puzzling question that may not have a definitive answer. One leading researcher, however, has proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and child. In a lecture at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from 'motherese' — the

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playful voices mothers adopt when speaking to infants and toddlers.

219 How Darwin thought Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of tremendous intricacy and energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists were awed by the beauty of the Neotropics, where they collected tens of thousands of species new to science. But they couldn't have guessed at the complete contents of the rain forest, and they had no idea of its value to humankind.

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263 The Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost incorporates the notion of scarcity: No matter what we do, there is always a trade-off. We must trade off one thing for another because resources are limited and can be used in different ways. By acquiring something, we use up resources that could have been used to acquire something else. The notion of opportunity cost allows us to measure this trade-off. The opportunity cost of something is what you sacrifice to get it. Most decisions involve several alternatives. For example, if you spend an hour studying for an economics exam, you have one less hour to pursue other activities. To determine the opportunity cost of an activity, we look at what you consider the best of these "other" activities. For example, suppose the alternatives to studying economics are studying for a history exam or working in a job that pays $10 per hour. If you consider studying for history a better use of your time than working, then the opportunity cost of studying economics is the 4 extra points you could have received on a history exam if you studied history instead of economics. Alternatively, if working is the best alternative, the opportunity cost of studying economics is the $10 you could have earned instead.

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362 sleep patterns

Children have sound sleep patterns. They can successfully sleep for 8-9 hours and get up at a fixed time. But

teenagers don’t. Their need of early start to schools or other schedules can influence their sleep patterns .

Despite these factors, they actually need longer sleep time.

نداشت. sound)ولی جای خالی اول

و یک لغت پرت دیگه جای خالی erraticو explicitو expressiveلغتهای بود. (

فقط دو خط به اخرش اضافه شده بود که دو تا جاخالی داشت و جواب یکیش

pattern بود

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289 plate In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the Greek root "to build." Putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics, which refers to how the Earth's surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's outermost layer is fragmented into a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving relative to one another as they ride atop hotter, more mobile material.

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180 QLD school David Lynch is professor and head of education at Charles Darwin University. Prior to this he was sub dean in the Faculty of Education and Creative Arts at Central Queensland University and foundation head of the University's Noosa campus. David's career in education began as a primary school teacher in Queensland in the early 1980's and progressed to four principal positions. David's research interests predominate in teacher education with particular interest in building teacher capability to meet a changed world.

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295 experience of crime Most students commencing legal studies will have some

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experience of crime, whether directly, as a victim of crime or indirectly through exposure to media coverage. This means that most offences covered on the syllabus, such as murder, theft and rape will be familiar terms. This tends to give students the impression that they know more about criminal law than they do about other subjects on the syllabus. This can be a real disadvantage in terms of the academic study of criminal law because it tends to lead students to rely on preconceived notions of the nature and scope of the offences and to reach instinctive, but often legally inaccurate, conclusions. It is absolutely essential to success in criminal law that you put aside any prior knowledge of the offences and focus on the principles of law derived from statutes and cases. By doing this , you will soon appreciate just how much difference there is between everyday conceptions of crime and its actuality. (By کلمه in terms of به جای)

262 Neuron Systems We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired to mimic other people, and this mimicry involves actual involuntary, physiological experience in the observer. Human beings tend to imitate actions that they see. Physiologically, our brains include mirror neurons, which react to actions that are seen as if we are doing the action ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and automatic experience. When we hear people speak, observe their vocal nuances, watch their posture, gestures, and facial expressions, etc., neural networks in our brains are stimulated by the "shared representations," generating feelings within us that reflect the experience of those we are observing.

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104 Do you know what makes you happy? Want to know what will make you happy? Then ask a total stranger — or so says a new study from Harvard University, which shows that another person’s

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experience is often more informative than your own best guess. The study, which appears in the current issue of Science, was led by Daniel Gilbert, professor of psychology at Harvard and author of the 2007 bestseller Stumbling on Happiness, along with Matthew Killingsworth and Rebecca Eyre, also of Harvard, and Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia. “If you want to know how much you will enjoy an experience, you are better off knowing how much someone else enjoyed it than knowing anything about the experience itself,” says Gilbert. “Rather than closing our eyes and imagining the future, we should examine the experience of those who have been there. Previous research in psychology, neuroscience, and behavioral economics has shown that people have difficulty predicting what they will like and how much they will like it, which leads them to make a wide variety of poor decisions. Interventions aimed at improving the accuracy with which people imagine future events have been generally unsuccessful.

34 Top Business Schools Woo Young Students to Foil Rivals Top US business schools are recruiting younger, less experienced candidates in an effort to boost applications and head off competition for the best students from other graduate programs such as law and public policy. In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools - including Harvard, Stanford, the University of Chicago and Wharton - have moved away from the unofficial admissions prerequisite of four years work experience and instead have set their sights on recent college graduates and so-called “early career” professionals with only a couple years of work under their belt.

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256 The Secrets of Alchemy To learn the speech of alchemy, an c in which people

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attempted to turn metals into gold, it helps to think back to a time when there was no science: no atomic number or weight, no periodic chart, no list of elements. To the alchemists the universe was not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and quarks. Instead it was made of substances, and one substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pure as another-say, silver-even though modern chemistry would say one is heterogeneous and the other homogeneous. Without knowledge of atomic structures-how would it be possible to tell elements from compounds? (آمده بود scientist برای یکی از دوستان alchemist به جای)

323 the economic depression As the economic depression deepened in the early 30s, and as farmers had less and less money to spend in their town, banks began to fail at alarming rates. During the 20s, there was an average of 70 banks failing each year nationally. After the crash during the first 10 months of 1930, 744 banks failed – 10 times as many. In all, 9,000 banks failed during the decade of the 30s. It's estimated that 4,000 banks failed during the one year of 1933. By 1933, depositors saw $140 billion disappear through bank failures.

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315 potential in our minds In the In the process of studying these techniques, I learned something remarkable: that there’s far more potential in our minds than we often give them credit for. I’m not just talking about the fact that it’s possible to memorize lots of information using memory techniques. I’m talking about a lesson that is more general, and in a way much bigger: that it’s possible, with training and hard work, to teach oneself to do something that might seem really difficult.

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258 Larger Dwellings, Smaller Households The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving, with current homes having more bedrooms on average than homes

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ten years ago. At the same time, households are getting smaller on average with decreasing proportions of couple families with children and increasing couple only and lone person households. This article examines the changes in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994-95 to 2003-04.

273 Nutrition Since nutrition scientists are constantly making new discoveries, we need to revise our recommendations for healthy eating from time to time. However, nutrition is an art as well as a science It's an art because it requires creativity to develop a healthy eating plan for people who differ in their food preferences, beliefs and culture, let alone in their nutritional needs according to their genes and life stage. As we discover more about how our genes and our environment interact, it's becoming increasingly difficult to provide a single set of dietary recommendations that will be suitable for everyone. What we do know is that there is more than one approach to healthy eating. For example, although this book focuses on a high-protein eating plan, it is also possible to lose weight healthily with a high-carbohydrate or a vegetarian eating pattern. What is important is what works for you.intermingle

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161 A sewing Machine A sewing machine is a machine used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention pf the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1970, the sewing machine has generally improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing industry. Home sewing machines are designed for one person to sew individual items while using a single stitch type. In a modern sewing machine the fabric easily glides in and out of the machine

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without the inconvenience of needles and thimbles and other such tools used in hand sewing, automating the process of stitching and saving time. Industrial sewing machines, by contrast to domestic machines, are larger, faster, and more varied in their size, cost, appearance, and task.

340 spotted owls Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the range of the subspecies allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify landscape features that influence the subspecies’ genetic structure. Although no distinct genetic breaks were found in northern spotted owls, several landscape features were important in structuring genetic variation. Dry, low elevation valleys and the high elevation Cascade and Olympic Mountains restricted gene flow, while the lower Oregon Coast Range facilitated gene flow, acting as a “genetic corridor.” The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, suggesting owls readily fly over this large river. Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted owls with potential for long-distance dispersal, landscape features can have an important impact on gene flow and genetic structure.

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334 Photography and Glamour Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until photography finally supplanted illustration as the "primary means of advertising clothing" in the 1950s, glamour inhered less in the face of the drawing, which was by necessity schematic and generalized, than in the sketch's attitude, posture, and gestures, especially in the strangely dainty positions of the hands. Glamour once resided so emphatically in the stance of the model that the faces in the illustrations cannot really be said to have expressions at all, but angles or tilts. The chin raised upwards in a haughty look; the eyes lowered in an attitude of introspection; the head cocked at an inquisitive or coquettish angle; or the

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profile presented in sharp outline, emanating power the severity like an emperor's bust embossed on a Roman coin. inhered* less"توجه کنید که اینجا اصافه دیگه هم داشت که در و یک خط

جز گزینه هاش بودadvisers و sellers.جزوه نیست

129 Radioactivity So why is it a concern? It is because radioactivity is invisible and un-sensed, and for that reason is perceived as scary. Nevertheless, we understand quite well the radiation levels to which people can be exposed without harm, and those levels, are orders of magnitude above the typical background levels. (مواد رادیواکتیو بود ingestion یه جای خالیش هم )

combbination & association هم برای یکی از دوستان اومده بود

با تغییر

combine/ associate/ ingest لغات

در جاهایی بود اما فقط جاخالی اولش از این بود، بقییش حرف از ترکیب مواد و سرطان بود

exposed وض شده بود بنظرم توگزینه هاع ingest درست بود

association combination ام داشت

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51 Letting Your Readers Know What You Mean Learning to write well means discovering how to write plainly and clearly. Now that doesn’t mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a slave to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can carry us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should strive to be sensibly simple, to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear actions or identities. It’s faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise abandoning altogether.

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228 Settlement In Cities Over the last ten thousand years there seem to have been two separate and conflicting building sentiments throughout the history of towns and cities_ one is the desire to start again, for a variety of reasons: an earthquake or a tidal wave may have demolished the settlement, or fire destroyed it, or the new city marks a new political beginning. The other can be likened to the effect of a magnet: established settlements attract people, who tend to come whether or not there is any planning for their arrival. The clash between these two sentiments is evident in every established city unless its development has been almost completely accidental or is lost in history. Incidentally, many settlements have been planned from the beginning but, for a variety of reasons, no settlement followed the plan. A good example is Currowan, on the Clyde River in New South Wales, which was surveyed in the second half of the 19th century, in expectation that people would come to establish agriculture and a small port. But no one came. Most country towns in New South Wales started with an original survey, whose grid lines are still there today in the pattern of the original streets.

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56 Chinese Communist Party The book advances five fundamental and, in my view, fundamentally correct propositions. First, for all its manifest achievements. The Chinese attempt to marry a communist party-state with the market is unsustainable. Hutton does not deny the economic achievements of the past three decades. But he stresses that the result has been “not free-market capitalism but Leninist corporatism”. This is not a viable new model, but an ultimately dysfunctional hybrid. The inevitable consequences include rampant corruption, an absence of globally competitive Chinese companies, chronic waste of resources, rampant environmental degradation and

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soaring inequality. Above all, the monopoly over power of an ideologically bankrupt communist party is inconsistent with the pluralism of opinion, security of property and vibrant competition on which a dynamic economy depends. As a result, Chinese development remains parasitic on know-how and institutions developed elsewhere.

126 Country What is a country, and how is a country defined? When people ask how many countries there are in the world, they expect a simple answer After all, we've explored the whole planet, we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know how many countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people say there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn't there a straightforward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries. For example, Taiwan claims to be a country, but China states that Taiwan is just another part of China. The consequence is that the USA, that doesn't want to upset China, doesn't recognize Taiwan as a country. Conversely from the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union annexed the countries of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania but the USA continued to regard them as independent countries that were 'occupied' because it didn't really get on with the USSR. So, how do governments define what makes a country?

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167 Legal deposit Legal deposit has exist in English law since 1662. It helps to ensure that the nation’s published output (and thereby its intellectual record and future published heritage) is collected systematically, to preserve the

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material for the use of future generations and to make it available for readers within the designated legal deposit libraries. The Legal Deposit Libraries are the British Library, the National Library of Scotland, the National Library of Wales, the Bodleian Libraries, Oxford and the University Library, Cambridge. The legal deposit system also has benefits for authors and publishers: Deposited publications are made available to users of the deposit libraries on their premises, are preserved for the benefit of future generations, and became part of the nation’s heritage. Publications are recorded in the online catalogs and become an essential research resource for generations to come.

114 Problem of communication The writer- or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought ‘whole’, as a unity, but must express it in a line of words; the reader- or listener- must take this line of symbols and from it reconstruct the original wholeness of thought. There is little difficulty in conversation, because the listener receives innumerable cues from the physical expressions of the speaker; there is a dialogue, and the listener can cut in at any time. The advantage of group discussion is that people can overcome linear sequence of words by conversing/ converging on ideas from different directions; which makes for wholeness of thought. But the reader is confronted by line upon line of printed symbols, without benefits of physical tone and emphasis or the possibility of dialogue or discussion. ( به

( بود combining کلمه conserving جای

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Impressionist Impressionist painters were radicals in their time, breaking many of the rules of picture making that had been set by earlier generations. They found many of their subjects in life around them rather than in history, which was then the accepted source of subject matter.

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260 The origin of Psychology Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West, since the late nineteenth century. During this period there has been an emphasis on scientific thinking. Because of this emphasis, there have been many scientific studies in psychology which explore different aspects of human nature. These include studies into how biology (physical factors) influence human experience, hove people use their senses (touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why people behave in certain ways, how memory works, how people develop language, how people understand and think about the world, what motivates people, why people have emotions and how personality develops. These scientific investigations all contribute to an understanding of human nature.

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71 People who see doctors People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the general population, because illness increases with age. However, the proportion of the population who visited complementary health therapists was highest between the ages 25 and 64 years. The lower rates for people aged 65 years and over contrasted with the rate of visits to other health professionals which increased steadily with increasing age. The reasons for this difference might include lower levels of acceptance of complementary therapies by older people. Alternatively, older people may have different treatment priorities than do younger people because their health on average is worse while their incomes are generally lower.

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242 Women Empowerment With the increase in women's participation in the labor force, many mothers have less time available to undertake domestic activities. At the same time, there has been increasing recognition that the father's role and relationship with a child is important. A father can have

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many roles in the family, ranging from income provider to teacher, carer, playmate and role model. Therefore, balancing paid work and family responsibilities can be an important issue for both fathers and mothers in families.

80 Sustainable job growth ‘SUSTAINABLE JOB GROWTH’ is a motto for many governments, especially in the aftermath of a recession. The problem of ‘job quality’ is less often addressed and may be seen as hindering job growth. The sentiment ‘any job is better than no job’ may resonate with governments as well as people, especially in the context of high unemployment. However, if the balance between improving the quality of existing jobs and creating new jobs becomes greatly imbalanced towards the latter, this could increase work stress among current and future workers, which in turn has health, economic and social costs. A recent British Academy Policy Centre Report on Stress at Work highlights these concerns, and describes the context, determinants and consequences of work‐related stress in Britain.

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250 Engaging Learners Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational role is to provide an opportunity for you to discuss interesting and/or difficult aspects of the course. This is founded on the assumption that it is only by actively trying to use the knowledge that you have acquired from lectures and texts that you can achieve an adequate understanding of the subject. If you do not understand a point it is highly unlikely that you will be the only person in the group in that position; you will invariably be undertaking a service for the entire group if you come to the seminar equipped with questions on matters which you feel you did not fully understand.

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226 The Rough Guide To Climate Change Three degrees does not sound like much but it represents a rise in temperature compatible with the global heating that occurred between the last ice age,

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some 15,000 years ago, and the warmth of the eighteenth century. When Earth was cold, giant glaciers sometimes extended from the polar-regions as far south as St Louis in the US and the Alps in Europe. Later this century when it is three degree hotter glaciers everywhere will be melting in a climate of often unbearable heat and drought, punctuated with storms and floods. The consequences for humanity could be truly horrific; if we fail to act swiftly, the full impact of global heating could cull us along with vast populations of the plant and animals with whom we share Earth. In a worst case scenario, there might - in the 22nd century - be only a remnant of humanity eking out a diminished existence in the polar-regions and the few remaining oases left on a hot and arid Earth.

130 Scholar Award In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for Microbiology. Mike’s research is focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments, and for the past 12 years he has studied the microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his research papers, he has edited a major treatise on phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief editor of the journal Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of Environmental Microbiology. Mike’s nonscientific interests include forestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives beside a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut, and Merry), and four horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Mike ... has edited a major TREATISE on phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief editor of the JOURNAL

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Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of Environmental Microbiology. Mike’s nonscientific interests include forestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives BESIDE a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs.

290 Protestors Protestors see globalization in a different light than the Treasury Secretary of the United States. The differences in views are so great that one wonders, are the protestors and the policy makers talking about the same phenomena. Are the visions of those in power clouded by special and particular interests?

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238 Special Effects If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid behaving in an unusual way, it was probably made using technology based on the work of a Monash researcher. Professor Joseph Monaghan who pioneered an influential method for interpreting the behavior of liquids that underlies most special effects involving water has been honored with election to the Australian Academy of Sciences. Professor Monaghan, one of only 17 members elected in 2011, was recognized for developing the method of Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has applications in the fields of astrophysics, engineering and physiology, as well as movie special effects. His research started in 1977 when he tried to use computer simulation to describe the formation of stars and stellar systems. The algorithms available at the time were incapable of describing the complicated systems that evolve out of chaotic clouds of gas in the galaxy. Professor Monaghan, and his colleague Bob Gingold, took the novel and effective approach of replacing the fluid or gas in the simulation with large numbers of particles with properties that mimicked those of the fluid. SPH has become a central tool in astrophysics, where it is currently used to simulate the

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evolution of the universe after the Big Bang, the formation of stars, and the processes of planet building.

233 The Global Textile Industry The environmental impact of the global textile industry is hard to overstate. One-third of the water used worldwide is spent fashioning fabrics. For every ton of cloth produced, 200 tons of water is polluted with chemicals and heavy metals. An estimated 1 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity powers the factories that card and comb, spin and weave, and cut and stitch materials into everything from T-shirts to towels, leaving behind mountains of solid waste and a massive carbon footprint. "Where the industry is today is not really sustainable for the long term," says Shreyaskar Chaudhary, chief executive of Pratibha Syntex, a textile manufacturer based outside Indore, India. With something of an "if you build it, they will come" attitude, Mr. Chaudhary has steered Pratibha toward the leading edge of eco-friendly textile production. Under his direction, Pratibha began making clothes with organic cotton in 1999. Initially, the company couldn't find enough organic farms growing cotton in central India to supply its factories. To meet production demands, Chaudhary's team had to convince conventional cotton farmers to change their growing methods. Pratibha provided seeds, cultivation instruction, and a guarantee of fair-trade prices for their crops. Today, Pratibha has a network of 28,000 organic cotton growers across the central states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Orissa.

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82 New coastal residents People move to a new region for many different reasons. The motivation for moving can come from a combination of what researchers sometimes call 'push and pull factors' - those that encourage people to leave a region, and those that attract people to a region. Some of the factors that motivate people to move include seeking a

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better climate, finding more affordable housing, looking for work or retiring from work, leaving the congestion of city living, wanting a more pleasant environment, and wanting to be near to family and friends. In reality many complex factors and personal reasons may interact to motivate a person or family to move. (motivation-include-congestion-factors)* جاهای خالی امتحان یکی از دوستان

320 Chemistry in physiology Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes occur as the result of chemical changes that occur within the body. These changes include the influx/efflux of ions across a neuron's membrane, causing a signal to pass from one end to the other. Other examples include the storage of oxygen in the blood by a protein as it passes through the lungs for usage throughout the body.

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337 Australian fiction In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the 1970s was a time of unprecedented growth in homegrown Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and talking about books by young Australian women. But it was no until recently that a researcher was able to measure just how many novels were published in that decade, and she found that there had been a decline in novels by Australian writers overall, but confirmed an increase in women's novels. It this sort of research- testing ideas about literacy history- that is becoming possible with the spread of “Digital Humanities". The intersection of Humanities and digital technologies is opening up opportunities in the fields of literature, linguistics, history and language that were not possible without computational methods and digitized resources to bring information together in an accessible way. Transcription software is being developed for tuning

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scans of books and documents into text, as the field of digital humanities really takes off.

275 Book Reviews Books and articles highlighting intractable debt, poverty and development abound in both the academic and popular literature. This addition to the debate is both timely and interesting AS it subsumes the economic debate to the broader social, political, environmental and institutional context of debt in developing countries. Debt-for-Development Exchanges: History and New Applications is intended for a wide audience including: academics from a range of disciplines (including accounting and finance); non-Government organizations (NGOs); civil society groups; and, both debtor and creditor governments and public sector organization. Professor Ross Buckley, author and editor, has developed an international profile in the area of debt relief and this book is the outcome of an Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery grant to explore debt-for development mechanisms that relieve debt, improve development outcomes from aid, are practically and politically attractive to creditors and contribute to regional

security.disciplines ,as هم جاخالی بود

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160 Joseph Engelberger Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once marked, “I can’t define a robot, but I know one when I see one.” If you consider all the different machines people call robots, you can see that it’s nearly impossible to come up with a comprehensive definition. Everybody has a different idea of what constitutes a robot.

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143 Sydney Sydney is becoming effective in making the best of its limited available unconstrained land... [Comparable, Patronage, Affordability, Consumption, comparison]

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219 Copyright The presentation will cover copyright's position as one of

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the intellectual property rights and how it differs from other intellectual property rights. It will give an overview of what copyright protects as well as what may be done with copyright protected works without permission under permitted acts (sometimes or so-called exceptions). It is by manipulating the restricted acts through licensing arrangements that rights owners establish and exploit commercial markets. In contrast to commercial markets, the growth of open source and open content licensing models has challenged established business models. The presentation gives a brief commentary on two of the more prominent open licensing frameworks: the GNU Creative Commons licences.

281 Symbiosis (1) Symbiosis is a biological relationship in which two species live in close proximity to each other and interact regularly in such a way as to benefit one or both of the organisms. When both partners benefit, this variety of symbiosis is known as mutualism. متن با کمی تغییر

هم بود metaphor کلمه

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110 Science based on observation Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do experiment. After these have been done, he got his results. Then there are a lot of data from scientists. The scientists around the world have a picture of world.

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396 flower and pollination According to a research conducted by cambridge university, flowers can their own ways to attract insects to help them pollination. Flowers will release an (iridescent/irresistable) smell. Beverley Glover from the university of Cambridge and her colleagues didi an experiment in which they use fake flowers to attract bees and insects. In their experiments, they feed many bumblebees from their origins repeatedly and got the

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same results. :توضیح یکی از دوستان برای این سوال

گرده افشانی از زنبورها و حشرات استفاده می اگرچه مردم فکر می کنند که گلها برای کنند. ماجرا به این سادگی ها نیست. گلها کاری میکنند که شهد آنها برای حشرات

.شود (irresistable) غیرقابل مقاومت

دانشمندان دریافته اند با آزمایش که حرارت تاثیرگذار است و زنبورها/حشرات در شرایط ف به شهد/آب شکر با حرارت بیشتر /گرمتر جذب می مشابه از میان شهدهای مختل

.شوند

68 Influential Music Those were his halcyon days, when his music was heard constantly in Venice and his influence blanketed Europe. He spent much of his time on the road, performing and overseeing productions of his music. In Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi’s scores, copied them for performance and arranged some for other instruments.

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340 Treat students For non-attendance students, each has [unique] reason, and [deserve] a response, need to be treated [equally]… For students who feel [embarrassed] to … or In reality, however, the cause of truancy and non-attendance are diverse and multi-faceted. There are as many causes of non-attenders. Each child has his/her own unique story, and whilst there many often be certain identifiable factors in common, each non-attending child demands and deserves an individual needs. This applies equally to the 14-year-old who fails to attend school because a parent is terminally ill, the overweight 11-year-old who fails to attend because he is embarrassed about changing for PE in front of peers, the 15-year-old who is ‘bored’ by lessons, and the 7-year-old who is teased in playground because she does not wear the latest designer-label clothes.

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317 the Great Barrier Reef One of Australia’s most remarkable natural gifts, the Great Barrier Reef is blessed with the breathtaking

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beauty of the world’s largest coral reef. The reef contains an abundance of marine life and comprises of over 3000 individual reef systems and coral cays and literally hundreds of picturesque tropical islands with some of the world’s most beautiful sun-soaked, golden beaches. Because of its natural beauty, the Great Barrier Reef has become one of the world’s most sought after tourist destinations. A visitor to the Great Barrier Reef can enjoy many experiences including snorkeling, scuba diving, aircraft or helicopter tours, bare boats (self-sail), glass-bottomed boat viewing, semi-submersibles and educational trips, cruise ship tours, whale watching and swimming with dolphins.

100 Investment One city will start to attract the majority of public and/ or private investment. This could be due to natural advantage or political decisions. This in turn will stimulate further investment due to the multiplier effect and significant rural to urban migration. The investment in this city will be at the expense of other cities.

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49 Basic Instincts In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has argued that swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have originated as evolutionary adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the small number of women who become mechanical engineers – all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that

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parenting may have little influence on personality. بعضی

.جاهای خالی فرق داشت

276 Individualism It is commonly said by anthropologists that the primitive man is less individual than civilized man. This is an element of truth. Simpler societies call for, and provide opportunities for, a far smaller diversity of individual skills and occupations than the more complex and advanced societies, and as a result those who live in those societies are less individual. In this sense, individualism is a necessary product of modern advanced society, and runs through all its activities.

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214 Good Customer Services Good customer service relates to the service you and your employees provide before, during and after a purchase. For example, it's how you interact with your customer. Improving your customer service skills can lead to greater customer satisfaction and a more enjoyable experience for them. No matter the size of your business good customer service needs be at the heart of your business model if you wish to be successful. It is important to provide good customer service; to all types of customers, including potential, new and existing customers. Although it can take extra resources, time and money, good customer service leads to customer satisfaction which can generate positive word-of-mouth for your business, keep your customers happy and encourage them to purchase from your business again. Good customer service can help your business grow and prosper.

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193 The Gallery's Conservation Department The Gallery's Conservation Department performs one of the Gallery's core functions, the long-term preservation of all Collection items, to make them accessible now and in future. The Collection dates from the 8th century to the present

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day, and consists of portraits in a variety of media, so the Gallery employs Conservators with expertise in a range of disciplines, including Framing, Painting, Paper, Sculpture and Photography.

375 charity Americans approached a record level of generosity last year. Of the $260.28bn given to charity in 2005, 76.5 percent of it came from individual donors. These people gave across the range of non profit bodies, from museums to hospitals to religious organizations, with a heavy emphasis on disaster relief after the Asian tsunami and US hurricanes. In total, Americans gave away 2.2 per cent of their household income in 2005, slightly above the 40-year average of 2.1 per cent.

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297 Pre-Raphaelitism Pre-Raphaelitism was Britain’s most significant and influential 19th-century art movement. Founded in 1848, it centered on a group of three young artists: William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais. These artists sought to revive English art by radically turning away from the old studio tradition and bringing painting into direct contact with nature. With an eye for absolute accuracy, every detail was now to have intense realist as well as symbolic meaning.

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306 information One of the characteristics of ‘good’ information identified earlier was that it should be ‘balanced’. In an ideal world, ‘objective’ or ‘balanced’ information would present all the evidence for and against, and leave you to weigh this up and draw conclusions. In the real world, however, we recognize that all information presents a position of interest, although this may not necessarily be intentional. Objectivity may therefore be an unachievable ideal. This means that the onus is on you as the reader and user of the information to develop a critical awareness of the

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positions represented in what you read, and to take account of this when you interpret the information. In some cases, authors may explicitly express a particular viewpoint – this is perfectly valid as long as they are open about the perspective they represent. Hidden bias, whether or not it is deliberate, can be misleading.

287 History of Antibiotics Although for centuries preparations derived from living matter were applied to wounds to destroy infection, the fact that a microorganism is capable of destroying one of another species was not established until the latter half of the 19th cent. When Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on the anthrax organism and pointed out that this action might be put to therapeutic use.

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348 Interior designing Interior designing is professionally conducted… Concerned Topic Unrelated Altered

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122 Ministerial staffing system The contemporary ministerial staffing system is large, active and partisan – far larger and further evolved than any Westminster equivalent. Ministers’ demands for help to cope with the pressures of an increasingly competitive and professionalized political environment have been key drivers of the staffing system’s development. But there has not been commensurate growth in arrangements to support and control it. The operating framework for ministerial staff is fragmented and ad hoc.

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194 An Expert Teacher The casual observer does not necessarily recognize the skill in how a teacher, for instance, responds to a thoughtful question from a normally quiet student and how that may be very different from the ‘standard response’ to a commonly inquisitive or talkative student. Expert teachers are aware of what they are doing; they

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monitor and adjust their teaching behaviors to bring out the best in their students.

188 An Act The Nature Conservation Amendment Act of 1996 enables the Minister of Environment and Tourism to register a conservancy if it has a representative committee, a legal constitution, which provides for the sustainable management and utilization of game in the conservancy, the ability to manage the funds, an approved method for the equitable distribution of benefits to members of the community and defined boundaries.

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305 Chaucer's Tales Chaucer's Tales quickly spread throughout England in the early fifteenth century. Scholars feel The Canterbury Tales reached their instant and continued success because of their accurate and oftentimes vivid portrayal of human nature, unchanged through 600 years since Chaucer's time.

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212 Mathematical Sophistication Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false conclusions about the Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman's final observation-that ancient Greece enjoys unrivalled progress in the subject while failing to teach it at school- leads to a radical punchline; Mathematics could be better learnt after we leave school.

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10 Personal Politics The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some people don’t contribute and many are irresponsible, the choice of those who do contribute and are responsible is either to tolerate the free riders, refuse to pay for the effects of their irresponsibility or trust the state to educate them. Hence the government campaigns against smoking, alcoholism, obesity and gas guzzling ‐ the first two solidly

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in place, the other two ramping up. But the British state now goes further: it acts in favor of sexual and racial minorities. In the case of gay men and women this means progressively removing the legal disadvantages under which they have lived, and ensuring that society as a whole observes the new order.

Education and well-being Education and well-being have often been associated. The idea that education can promote individual well-being indirectly. By improving earnings and promoting social mobility, is an old one; so are notions of education helping to promote the good society by contributing to economic growth and equality of opportunity. involved, invested, medium, associated, improving ,social, contributing

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354 Double Trees Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew to double the biomass of clones planted outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says Jillian Gregg, now of the Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in Corvallis, Ore.The growth gap comes from ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues report. Ozone chemists have known that concentrations may spike skyscraper high in city air, but during a full 24 hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from urban pollution that blows in and lingers. A series of new experiments now shows that this hang-around ozone is the overwhelming factor in tree growth, the researchers say in the July 10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing us most vividly that rural areas pay the price for [urban] pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "This work should be a wake-up call," he adds.

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319 plagiarism How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within students work. The University also actively investigates plagiarism in students assessed work through electronic detection software called Turnitin. This software compares students work against text on the Internet, in journal articles and within previously submitted work (from LSBU and other institutions) and highlights any matches it finds.

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366 heroes For a long time, people have been fascinated with heroes who've somehow survived great danger and brutal hardship. Back in 800 B.C.E., the Greek poet Homer composed "The Odyssey," one of the great adventure tales of all time, in which his protagonist Odysseus survives shipwrecks, encounters with myriad monsters and a wily sorcerer before finally returning to his family. While some of Odysseus' adventures were fanciful, it now turns out that he may well have been a real person. In 2010, archeologists announced they had uncovered a palace in ancient Ithaca that fit Homer's description of the place where his hero lived.

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89 Heart disease If you have a chronic disease — such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or back or joint pain, exercise can have important health benefits. However, it's important to talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. He or she might have advice on what exercises are safe and any precautions you might need to take while exercising.

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225 conservancy committee To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy's boundary elect a representative conservancy committee, negotiate a legal constitution, prove the committee's ability to manage funds, and produce an acceptable plan for equitable distribution of wildlife-related benefits. Once approved, registered

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conservancies acquire the rights to a sustainable wildlife quota, set by the ministry.

281 Symbiosis (2) Symbiosis is a biological relationship in which two species live in close proximity to each other and interact regularly in such a way as to benefit one or both of the organisms. When both partners benefit, this variety of symbiosis is known as mutualism. Metaphor……neither

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328 Sociology Sociology is, in very basic terms, the study of human societies. In this respect, It is usually classed as one of the social sciences (along with subjects like psychology) and was established as a subject in the late 18th century (through the work of people like the French writer Auguste Comte). However, the subject has only really gained acceptance as an academic subject in the 20th century through the work of writers such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Talcott Parsons (names that will be visited throughout this course). One name that you may have heard of - Karl Marx (the founder of modern Communism) - has probably done more to stimulate people’s interest in the subject than anyone else, even though he lived and wrote (1818-1884) in a period before sociology became fully established as an academic discipline. Sociology, therefore, has a reasonably long history of development, (150-200 years) although in Britain it has only been in the last 30-40 years that sociology as an examined subject in the education system has achieved a level of importance equivalent to, or above, most of the other subjects it is possible to study.

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314 The American cabinet The American cabinet, unlike the British, has no connection with the legislature, and this lack of coordination between executive and legislature is one of the distinctive features of American federal government.

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It came as a reaction against George Ill’s very intimate relations with the House of Commons. The Constitution guarded against executive control through "place- men” by disqualifying federal officials.

133 Private schools Private schools in the UK are redoubling their marketing efforts to foreigners. Almost a third of the 68,000 boarding pupils at such schools already come from overseas. But now, with many UK residents unwilling or unable to afford the fees – top boarding schools are edging towards £30,000 ($49,759) a year – and a cultural shift away from boarding, many schools are looking abroad to survive. Sue Fieldman, press officer at The Good Schools Guide, says: “It’s a whole new world out there. Ten years ago, English private schools were full of English pupils. Now you see foreigners in most schools. With the recession, there are gaps in desks and beds. If they can’t fill them with English, they fill them with foreigners, especially Russians and Chinese.” Overseas students now account for about £500m of fee income a year for boarding schools in the UK.

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285. In the online campus Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with students sitting in the aisles, balancing books on their knees? No more, it seems. E-leaning is as likely to stand for empty lecture theatres as for the internet revolution, which has greatly increased the volume and range of course materials available online in the past five years." The temptation now is to simply think, 'Everything will be online so I don't need to go to class'," said Dr Kerri-Lee Krause, of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the University of Melbourne. The nation's universities are in the process of opening the doors for the new academic year and, while classes are generally well attended for the early weeks, it often does not last." There is concern at the university level about student attendance dropping and why students are not coming to

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lectures," Dr Krause said. But lecturers' pride - and fierce competition among universities for students - mean few are willing to acknowledge publicly how poorly attended many classes are

157 Inflation pressure When people worry about a glut of liquidity, they are concerned with overall monetary conditions. If money is too abundant or too cheap, inflationary pressures may build up or bubbles may appear in financial markets. Then a slackening of economic activity or a drop in asset prices can leave households, businesses and financial institutions in trouble if their balance sheets are not liquid enough or if they cannot find a buyer for assets.

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349 activities The purpose of this study was to: (1) determine energy expenditure (EE) during a range of active video games (AVGs) and (2) determine whether EE during AVGs is influenced by gaming experience or fitness. Twenty-six boys (11.4±0.8 years) participated and performed a range of sedentary activities (resting, watching television and sedentary gaming), playing AVGs (Nintendo® Wii Bowling, Boxing, Tennis, and Wii Fit Skiing and Step), walking and running including a maximal fitness test. During all activities, oxygen uptake, heart rate and EE were determined. The AVGs resulted in a significantly higher EE compared to rest (63-190%, p≤0.001) and sedentary screen-time activities (56-184%, p≤0.001). No significant differences in EE were found between the most active video games and walking. There was no evidence to suggest that gaming experience or aerobic fitness influenced EE when playing AVGs. In conclusion, boys expended more energy during active gaming compared to sedentary activities. Whilst EE during AVG is game-specific, AVGs are not intense enough to contribute towards the 60min of daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity that is currently recommended for children.

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350 Critical thinking Critical thinking involves looking at something you may have seen many times and examining it from many different angles and perspectives. It involves going beyond the obvious or beyond “easy” to seek new understanding and rare solutions. It encourages you to dig deeper than you have before, to get below the surface, to struggle, experiment, and expand. It asks you to look at something from an entirely different view so that you might develop new insights and understand more about the problem, situation, question, or solution. Critical thinking involves looking at common issues with uncommon eyes, known problems with new skepticism, everyday conflicts with probing curiosity, and daily challenges with greater attention to detail.

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329 Most Respected Companies Look at the recent ―Most Respected Companies‖ survey by the Financial Times. Who are the most respected companies and business leaders at the current time? Rather predictably, they are Jack Weich and General Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft both have achieved their world class status through playing nice. Wetch is still remembered for the brutal downsizing he led his business through and for the environmental pollution incidents and prosecutions. Microsoft has had one of the highest profile cases of bullying market dominance of recent times - and Gates has been able to achieve the financial status where he can choose to give lots of money away by being ruthless in business.

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273 Life Expectancy Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and internationally recognized indicators of population health. It focuses on the length of life rather than its quality, and provides a useful summary of the general health of the population. While an indicator describing how long Australians live that simultaneously takes into account quality of life would be a desirable summary

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measure of progress in the area, currently no such measure exists and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as the Main Progress Indicator here. During the decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth improved for both sexes. A girl born in 2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years of age, while a boy could expect to live to 79.3 years. Over the decade, boys' life expectancy increased slightly more than girls' (3.1 compared with 2.1 years). This saw the gap between the sexes' life expectancy decrease by one year to 4.6 years. In the longer term, increases in life expectancy also occurred over most of the 20th century. Unfortunately life expectancy isn't shared across the whole population though, being lower in Tasmania and the Northern Territory, and for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

272 The Tokyo's SKYTREE Mural Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo's Skytree, one of the world's monster skyscrapers, is 40 meters long and immensely detailed. But however massive this form of digital art becomes — and it's a form subject to rampant inflation — Inoko's theories about seeing are based on more modest and often pre-digital sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer games, he recognized when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all those forms had something in common: something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been taught that photographic lenses, along with the conventions of western art, were the logical way of transforming three dimensions into two, conveying the real world on to a flat surface. But Japanese traditions employed "a different spatial logic", as he said in an interview last year with j-collabo.org, that is "uniquely Japanese".

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21 Empty Lecture Halls in the online Campus Richard Morris, of the school of accounting at the

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University of NSW, which requires an entrance score in the top 5 per cent of students, says attendance has been a problem since the late 1990s. “Sometimes in the lectures we’ve only got about one third of students enrolled attending,” he said.” It definitely is a problem. If you don’t turn up to class you’re missing out on the whole richness of the experience: you don’t think a whole lot, you don’t engage in debates with other students - or with your teachers.” It is not all gloom, said Professor John Dearn, a Pro Vice-Chancellor at the University of Canberra, who said the internet was transforming the way students access and use information. “It is strange that despite all the evidence as to their ineffectiveness, traditional lectures seem to persist in our universities.”

اون متن که در مورد شرکت نکردن بچه ها سر کالس بود ولی فقط خط اولش یکی بقیه اش فرق داشت بود،

387 organisms Some of the most basic organisms are smarter than we thought. Rather than moving about randomly, amoebas and plankton employ sophisticated strategies to look for food and might travel in a way that optimizes their foraging. Biophysicists have long tried to explain how creatures of all sizes search for food. However, single-celled organisms such as bacteria seem to move in no particular direction in their search. To investigate, Liang Li and Edward Cox at Princeton University studied the movements of amoebas (Dictyostelium) in a Petri dish, recording the paths travelled by 12 amoebas, including every turn and movement straight ahead, for 8 to 10 hours per amoeba. Immediately after an amoeba turned right, it was twice as likely to turn left as right again, and vice versa, they told a meeting of the American Physical Society meeting in Denver, Colorado, last week. This suggests that the cells have a rudimentary memory, being able to remember the last direction they had just

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turned in, says Robert Austin, a biophysicist at Princeton who was not involved in the study. جاخالی ها تغییر کرده بود

319 education for Indigenous Australians Education is generally considered to be a key factor in improving outcomes for Indigenous Australians, with many studies showing that improved health and socioeconomic status are directly linked to educational participation and achievement. There is a range of issues affecting participation in education for Indigenous Australians, including access to educational institutions, financial constraints, and community expectations.

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32 Space, Time, and Why Things Are As They Are Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking this way in day-to-day life; it’s easy to be seduced by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first encountering Camus' test, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story. The overarching lesson that has emerged from scientific inquiry over the last century is that human experience is often a misleading guide to the true nature of reality.

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179 E-learning E-Learning is the new way forward. We believe passionately in e-Learning. Our innovative approach opens up new opportunities for busy professionals that simply did not previously exist - the chance to combine a prestigious Master’s program with a demanding professional and personal life. Our small virtual classrooms facilitate intensive interaction and collaboration among professionals from all over the world.

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283. English English is the world's language. Such dominance has its downside, of course. There are now about 6,800 languages left in the world, compared with perhaps twice that number back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks in part to the rise of über-languages, most importantly English, the remaining languages are now dying at the rate of about one a fortnight.

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38 William Shakespeare William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, allegedly on April 23, 1564. Church records from Holy Trinity Church indicate that he was baptized there on April 26, 1564. Young William was born of John Shakespeare, a glover and leather merchant, and Marry Arden, a landed local heiress. William, according to the church register, was the third of eight children in the Shakespeare household –three of whom died in childhood. John Shakespeare had a remarkable run of success as a merchant, alderman, and high bailiff of Stratford, during William’s early childhood. His fortunes declined, however, in the late 1570s. For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.

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24 University to Offer Arabic MBA Course HERIOT-WATT University in Edinburgh has become the first in Europe to offer an MBA in Arabic. Arab students will be able to sign up to study at a distance for the business courses in their own language. The Edinburgh Business School announced the project at a reception in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course will improve links between the university and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said: “The Arabic MBA will

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raise the profile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among businesses in the Arabic-speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the region.” The first intake of students is expected later this year. Professor Keith Lumsden, director of Edinburgh Business School, said: “Arabic is a major global language and the Arab world is a center for business and industrial development. We are proud to work with Arab International Education to meet the demands of the region.”

243 Music and The Story Most important of all is the fact that for each new ballet-pantomime created at the Paris Opera during the July Monarchy, a new score was produced. The reason for this is simple: these ballet-pantomimes told stories—elaborate ones—and music was considered an indispensable tool in getting them across to the audience. Therefore, music had to be newly created to fit each story. Music tailor-made for each new ballet-pantomime, however, was only one weapon in the Opera's explanatory arsenal. Another was the ballet-pantomime libretto, a printed booklet of fifteen to forty pages in length, which was sold in the Opera's lobby (like the opera libretto), and which laid out the plot in painstaking detail, scene by scene. Critics also took it upon themselves to recount the plots (of both ballet-pantomimes and operas) in their reviews of premieres. So did the publishers of souvenir albums, which also featured pictures of famous performers and of scenes from favorite ballet-pantomimes and operas.

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265 Consumer Preferences Differential rates of price change can also shape consumption patterns. To satisfy their needs and wants, consumers sometimes choose to substitute spending on a particular product or service with spending on an alternative product or service in response to a relative price movement of the items. All other factors being

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equal, consumption expenditure volumes would be expected to rise more strongly on spending options subject to lower rates of price inflation.

***(new) Trees, as ever, are or should be at the heart of all DISCUSSION [1] on climate change. The changes in carbon dioxide, in temperature, and in patterns of rainfall will each affect them in many ways - and each parameter [2] INTERACTS with all the others, so between them these three main VARIABLES [3] present a bewildering range of possibilities.

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347 Capital Capital is often narrowly known as physical capital… Lean towards Support Regulating Unreliable rely on

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342 Digital media Digital media and internet has made sharing things… Enforcement Prompted Challenges Creative ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Capital has often been thought of narrowly as physical capital-the machines, tools, and equipment used in the production of other goods, but our wealth and well-being also RELIUS on natural capital. If we forget this, we risk degrading the services that natural ecosystems provide, witch SUPPORT our economies and sustain our lives. These services include purifying our water, REGULATION our climate, reducing flood risk, and pollinating our

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crops. One reason why our natural resources continue to be degraded is that decision makers do not have a RELIABLE way to assess the true value of the services that ecosystems provide.

#new That Sigmund Freud became a major intellectual presence in twentieth-century culture is not in doubt. Nor (Otherwise/Nor/Yet) is that at all times there was both fervent enthusiasm over and bitter hostility to his ideas and influence. But the exact means by which (by whom/to which/to whom/by which) Freud became, despite his hostility, a master of intellectual life, on a par, already in the 1920s, with Karl Marx, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie and Bertrand Russell, has not been sufficiently explored. Strikingly, Freud emerged as a twentieth-century icon without the endorsement and support of (with/of) an institution or a pression (in contrast to Einstein, Curie and Russell). Where are we to look for the details of this story of an emergent – and new – figure of immense cultural authority? One of the principal aims of this book is to show how this happened in one local, parochial yet privileged, site – Cambridge, then as now a university town stranded in the English Fens with a relatively small (fluctuating) population.

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388 concrete jungle Spending too much time in the concrete jungle is bad for city dwellers’ health and could have potentially catastrophic consequences for the environment, conservation biologist Richard Fuller will argue during a seminar at the University of Canberra today. Dr Fuller, lecturer in biodiversity and conservation at the University of Queensland and CSIRO, will explore the fact that although there’s evidence that the well-being of humans increases with exposure to our surrounding biodiversity, the opportunities for people to experience nature are declining rapidly in the modern world.

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3 Stress Knows Few Borders Stress that tense feeling often connected to having too much to do, too many bill to pay and not enough time or money is a common emotion that knows few borders. About three-fourths of people in the United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy South Korea and the United Kingdom say they experience stress on a daily basis, according to a polling. Those anxious feelings are even more intense during the holidays. Germans feel stress more intensely than those in other countries polled. People in the US cited financial pressure as the top worry. About half the people in Britain said they frequently or sometimes felt life was beyond their control, the highest level in the 10 countries surveyed.

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108 History of Railways Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as 1550. These primitive roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads. Wagonways were the beginnings of modern railroads. By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts. Wagonways evolved into Tramways and spread throughout Europe. Horses, however. Still provided all the pulling power. In 1789. Englishman William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged wheels. The flange was groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail, this was an important design that carried over to later locomotive.

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311 details of the sounds Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what a strange and miraculous gift it is. All over the world members of our species fashion their breath into hisses and hums and squeaks and pops and listen to others do the same. We do this, of course, not only because we like the sounds but because details of the sounds contain information about the intentions of the person making them. We humans are fitted with a means of sharing our

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ideas, in all their unfathomable vastness. When we listen to speech, we can be led to think thoughts that have never been thought before and that never would have occurred to us on our own.

212 Causes of Unemployment One cause of unemployment may be downswings in the trade cycle, ie. periods of recession. Another explanation of wide-scale unemployment refers to structural employment. Structural unemployment arises from longer-term changes in the economy, affecting specific industries, regions and occupations. Structural unemployment often explains regional unemployment. Some regions of the UK such as Central Scotland, and the North-West have higher rates of unemployment because the traditional heavy industries which located there have gone into decline as they are replaced by cheaper imports from abroad. The new high-tech industries based on new technologies tend to be based in the South-East and along particular growth corridors.

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149 DNA fingerprint Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a human entered a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police to identify an individual to crack a case. An institute in London can help reserve DNA and be used to match with the samples taken from the crime scenes.

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27 Language If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native speakers, they should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in US schools. The confusion is partly political - the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect.

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The most common Spanish dialect taught in the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called “Highland” Spanish since it is generally spoken in the mountainous areas of Latin America. While each country retains its own accents and has some unique vocabulary, residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and its strong “r” sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and was brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian, developed characteristics that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of “ci” and “ce” as “th.” In Madrid, “gracias” (thank you) becomes “gratheas” (as opposed to “gras-see-as” in Latin America). Another difference is the use of the word “vosotros” (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of “ustedes” in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to US residents.

292 biological systems Since biological systems with signs of complex engineering are unlikely to have arisen from accidents or coincidences, their organization must come from natural selection, and hence should have functions useful for survival and reproduction in the environments in which humans evolved.

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345 An American retail An American retail giant is set to ask its suppliers to measure and report their greenhouse gas emissions disclose Data Conflate Campaigners

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230 Travelling To Germany Last year I was in Germany... (5 Blanks) Answers: trip, been, connecting, land, another

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#new The universality of story Feature films are narratives—they tell stories. Even films based on true events will fictionalize them in order to produce drama, to telescope time, to avoid being filled up with too many minor characters, or simply to be more entertaining. Even in the current welter of special-effect movies, feature films are usually summarized by their plots—in their first ‘treatment’ (or outline of the script idea), in the advance publicity, in the TV guide, in reviews, and in conversations. Films may differ from other kinds of narrative—literary fiction or television drama, for instance—in the medium used and the representational conventions. They do, however, share with literary fiction and television drama the basic structure and functions of narrative.

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400 Farming In the last years of the wheat boom, Bennett had become increasingly frustrated at how the government seemed to be encouraging an exploitive farming binge. He went directly after his old employer, the Department of Agriculture, for misleading people. Farmers on the Great Plains were working against nature, he thundered in speeches across the country.

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52 Has university really changed? University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society predicts that as few as six departments could remain open by 2014. Most recently, Exeter University closed down its chemistry department, blaming it on “market forces”, and Bristol took in some of the refugees. The closures have been blamed on a fall in

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student applications, but money is a factor: chemistry degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and some scientists say that the way the government concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol, exacerbates the problem.

62 Smallpox According to the literature, the history of vaccination can be traced back to as early as the 7th century when the monks in India tried to immunize themselves by drinking snake venom. The first vaccination was inoculation with human smallpox, a practice widely carried out in ancient India, Arabia, and China. This method of vaccination consisted of collecting pus from a patient suffering from mild form of smallpox virus infection and inoculating the sample to a healthy human, which later led to a minor infection. This method was first introduced in England by a Greek named E. Timoni. However, this method had a risk of spreading smallpox in the community and even worsening the health condition of the person who received the inoculation. While the use of human smallpox vaccine was controversial. E. Fenner came up with bovine smallpox vaccine in 1796: this new method also faced controversy, but continued to be universalized. Smallpox became a preventable disease by injecting pus extracted from a human infected with cowpox virus. Jenner named the substance “vaccine” after the Latin word “vacca” which means “cow,” and thus the process of giving vaccine became “vaccination”.

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18 A Big, Bad Idea From the wolves' perspective, this is clearly good news. But it also had beneficial effects on the ecology of the park, according to a study published in 2004 by William Ripple and Robert Beschta from Oregon State University. In their paper in BioScience, the two researchers showed that reintroducing the wolves was correlated with

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increased growth of willow and cottonwood in the park. Why? Because grazing animals such as elk were avoiding sites from which they couldn’t easily escape, the scientists claimed. And as the woody plants and trees grew taller and thicker, beaver colonies expanded.

***new a text about how honey bees help flowers for pollination in exchange for what flowers provide the honey bees with food -> (correct words = co-evolved, disperse , efficient) Co-evolution and Pollination Bees and flowers have evolved together for millions of years. It is a mutual relationship where the bee is provided with food (nectar or pollen) and the stationary plant gets to disperse its pollen (sperm cells) to other plants of the same species. For the plant this is much more efficient than using wind to disperse its pollen. Consequently, over millions of years plants have developed flowers with increasingly specialised features to attract visiting bees who, in turn, would distribute pollen grains and optimise the plant’s reproductive capabilities. Simultaneously, bees underwent physiological, behavioural and structural adaptations to take advantage of the nutritional benefits offered by flowering plants. This is an example of a co-evolutionary relationship.

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#new The Roman people had at first been inclined to regard the french revolution with either indifference or DERISION. But as the months went by and the EMIGRES who remained in the city were less and less hopeful of an early return home, the mood of the romans became increasingly antagonistic towards the assassins of Paris. The nationalization of church property in France, the confiscation of papal territories, the DWINDLING of

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contributions and the paucity of tourists and pilgrims all contributed to an exacerbation of this antagonism.

267 Violence Exposure to gun violence makes adolescents twice as likely to perpetrate serious violence in the next two years, according to a University of Michigan study. Researchers found there is a substantial cause and effect relationship between exposure and perpetration of violence. Jeffrey B. Bingenheimer, a doctoral student in health behavior and health education, analyzed five years of data from adolescents living in 78 neighborhoods in Chicago. Bingenheimer is lead author on a paper in this week's journal Science.

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259 The Criminal Law The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of individual guilt and responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues of personal responsibility and culpability, to which the state responds by way of policing, prosecution, adjudication and punishment. This is but one level at which crime and criminal justice can be analyzed. The problem is that so often analysis ends there, at the level of individual action, characterized in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil.

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227 Bats in Ecosystem Of the more than 1,000 bat species worldwide, 22 are native to North America. And while there are no pollinator bats in our area, gardeners should champion those that do live here, because they're insectivorous. These bats consume moths, beetles and mosquitoes, and can eat up to 500 mosquito-sized insects per hour. They also protect gardens and crops from such pests as cucumber beetles, cutworms and leafhoppers.

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#new The process of delegation comprises the decision to delegate, the briefing, and the follow up. At each of these points, anticipate the potential problems. When you delegate, you are not delegating the right to perform

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an action, you are delegating the right to make decisions. It is important to be flexible, as the person to whom you delegate may have a better and faster way of completing a job than you overall responsibility for a delegated task remains with you. It is helpful to others if you can provide constructive feedback on their performance

93 Participation in Education: Attending Preschool Disadvantage in early childhood poses multiple risks to children's development. Factors such as low socioeconomic status, long-term unemployment of parents, and social isolation may have lasting impacts on a child's chance of reaching their full potential. Whilst not eliminating disadvantage, preschool education can help to lessen the effects of these risk factors and can provide children with a better start to school. However, some of these factors may also be barriers to preschool attendance for groups that would benefit most from preschool education. In Australia, the early years of children's education is the responsibility of many government and non-government agencies and it occurs in a range of settings. Preschool is aimed at children around four years of age to prepare them for compulsory schooling from the age of six years. In most states and territories, children can start full-time schooling at five years of age, when they enrol in a kindergarten or preparatory year. In 2001, just over half of five year olds (57%) were at school with about a third (34%) attending preschool. While in some states and territories children can commence preschool before they turn four, participation rates for three year olds are much lower than four year olds (24% compared with 56% for four year olds in 2001). The preschool participation rate of four year olds in 2001 (56%) was similar to the rate in 1991 (58%).

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#new London's National portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty year career of the photographer Sandra Lousana.

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The twenty one portraits on display depict key figures in literature, film and fashion from the early 1960s. Subsequent to the acquisition of forty portraits by Lousanda, the display at the National Portrait Gallery highlights shots taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which feature in Lousanda's book Public faces private places (2008).

367 absence Because of the instructional methods, expected class participation and the nature of the courses vary, no fixed number of absences is applicable to all situations. Each instructor is responsible for making clear to the class at the beginning of the semester his or her policies and procedures in regard to class attendance and the reasons for them.

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#new Over many centuries and across many territories the Romans were able to win an astonishing number of military victories and their success was due to several important factors. Italy was a peninsula not easily attacked, (there was, but with) a huge pool of fighting men to draw upon, a disciplined and innovative army, a centralized command and line of supply, expert engineers, effective diplomacy through a network of allies, and an inclusive approach to conquered peoples which allowed for the strengthening and broadening of the Roman power and logistical bases. Further, her allies not only supplied, equipped and paid for additional men but they also supplied vital materials such as grain and ships. On top of all this Rome was more or less in a continuous state of war or readiness for it and believed absolutely in the necessity of defending and imposing on others what she firmly believed was her cultural superiority.

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23 Stream Plants & Animals Waltzed in from the Rumbling Plants & Animals are a Montreal-based indie rock trio

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that began playing together as kids. Touring arduously for about five years after their proper full-length debut in 2008, they pretty much made their records on the go until 2013. So the band’s decision to be slow, deliberate, and thorough on their latest offering, Waltzed in from the Rumbling, represents a major change of pace. Finally sleeping in their in own beds while recording, the band assembled the album over the course of nine seasons. It’s a return to their origins, but it also pushes audaciously forward. The aesthetic varies wildly and wonderfully from track to track, each song having its own hermetic seal but somehow still melding cohesively as a body of work. Jangling guitars, drums leaning toward the off-kilter swing of J Dilla, found sounds, a hint of shoegaze, and unorthodox instrumentation come together to keep the ear constantly engaged with a feeling of constant evolution. They found an antique guiro next to a broken VCR and recorded both. They made an empty fridge sound like a timpani drum. They recorded gossip on a city bus. They brought in classical string flourishes. They sometimes left mistakes if they felt they were perfectly imperfect. It’s truly DIY, but with a feel of big production value that makes the album soar. Contemplative lyrics anchor the album through all the exploratory wandering. The words are delivered melodically, belying their potency, but listening beyond the pretty aesthetic reveals piercing observations and an undeniable translation of feeling. The simplicity of the penetrating refrain on the three-part mini opus “Je Voulais Te Dire” is a paragon of how the lyrics effortlessly cut through the instrumentation. Guitarist/ vocalist Warren Spicer sings “It’s only love, but you want it bad,” encompassing how we try to avoid and downplay our desire for love and affection, but ultimately search and long for it anyway.

136 Buy a house Buying a house can seem like a daunting process —First you need to work out how much you can borrow. This is

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where our services will really help you. Make sure you have an accurate and detailed budget that takes into account all associated with purchasing a property, including stamp duty, council rates, and other fees. We can help you identify these extra costs. Ask us for our budget planner if you don't already have one. Interest rates move constantly, so you will need to allow room in your budget for interest rate increases and for other unforeseen events. All purchase funds are paid at settlement. In the ordinary course of events, settlement takes place, the purchase price is paid in full and the deposit bond simply lapses group certificates for the past two years.

218 MBA Deciding to go to business school is perhaps the simplest part of what can be a complicated process. With nearly 600 accredited MBA programs on offer around the world, the choice of where to study can be overwhelming. Here we explain how to choose the right school and course for you and unravel the application and funding process. "Probably the majority of people applying to business school are at a point in their careers where they know they want to shake things up, but they don't know exactly what they want to do with their professional lives," says Stacy Blackman, an MBA admissions consultant based in Los Angeles. "If that's the case with you, look at other criteria: culture, teaching method, location, and then pick a place that's a good fit for you with a strong general management program. Super-defined career goals don't have to be a part of this process."

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20 DNA Barcoding DNA barcoding was invented by Paul Hebert of the University of Guelph, in Ontario, Canada, in 2003. His idea was to generate a unique identification tag for each species based on a short stretch of DNA. Separating species would then be a simple task of sequencing this

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tiny bit of DNA. Dr. Hebert proposed part of a gene called cytochrome c oxidase I (CO1) as suitable to the task. All animals have it. It seems to vary enough, but not too much, to act as a reliable marker. And it is easily extracted, because it is one of a handful of genes found outside the cell nucleus, in structures called mitochondria. Barcoding has taken off rapidly since Dr. Hebert invented it. When the idea was proposed, it was expected to be a boon to taxonomists trying to name the world’s millions of species. It has, however, proved to have a far wider range of uses than the merely academic—most promisingly in the realm of public health. One health-related project is the Mosquito Barcoding Initiative being run by Yvonne-Marie Linton of the Natural History Museum in London. This aims to barcode 80% of the world’s mosquitoes within the next two years, to help control mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes are responsible for half a billion malarial infections and 1m deaths every year. They also transmit devastating diseases such as yellow fever, West Nile fever and dengue. However, efforts to control them are consistently undermined by the difficulty and expense of identifying mosquitoes—of which there are at least 3500 species, many of them hard to tell apart.

59 Banking The first banks were probably the religious temples of the ancient world, and were probably established sometime during the third millennium B.C. Banks probably predated the invention of money. Deposits initially consisted of grain and later other goods including cattle, agricultural implements, and eventually precious metals such as gold, in the form of easy-to-carry compressed plates. Temples and palaces were the safest places to store gold as they were constantly attended and well built. As sacred places, temples presented an extra deterrent to would-be thieves.

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33 “Mud Volcano” in Indonesia Caused by Gas Exploration Gas drilling on the Indonesian island of Java has triggered a “mud volcano” that has killed 13 people and may render four square miles (ten square kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable for years. In a report released on January 23, a team of British researchers says the deadly upwelling began when an exploratory gas well punched through a layer of rock 9,300 feet (2,800 meters) below the surface, allowing hot, high-pressure water to escape. The water carried mud to the surface, where it has spread across a region 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in diameter in the eight months since the eruption began. The mud volcano is similar to a gusher or blowout, which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt to the surface, the team says. This upwelling, however, spews out a volume of mud equivalent to a dozen Olympic swimming pools each day. Although the eruption isn’t as violent as a conventional volcano, more than a dozen people died when a natural gas pipeline ruptured. The research team, who published their findings in the February issue of GSA Today, also estimate that the volcano, called Lusi, will leave more than 11,000 people permanently displaced.

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324 Crime prevention Crime prevention has a long history in Australia, and in other parts of the world. In all societies, people have tried to protect themselves and those close to them from assaults and other abuses. Every time someone locks the door to their house or their car, they practice a form of prevention. Most parents want their children to learn to be law abiding and not spend extended periods of their lives in prison. In this country, at least, most succeed. Only a small minority of young people become recidivist offenders. In a functioning society, crime prevention is part of everyday life. While prevention can be all-pervasive at the grassroots, it is oddly neglected in mass

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media and political discourses. When politicians, talkback radio hosts and newspaper editorialists pontificate about crime and possible remedies, it is comparatively rare for them to mention prevention. Overwhelmingly, emphasis is on policing, sentencing and other ‘law and order’ responses.

310 The University of Maryland The University of Maryland boasts 78 academic programs ranked in the top 25 nationally and 29 academic programs in the top 10 according to U.S. News and World report. By drawing top-notch faculty, attracting the brightest students and investing in the quality of our academic programs, we are a force to reckon with on a national basis.

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246 How Bees Make Honey Bees need two different kinds of food. One is honey made from nectar, which actually is a fluid that is collected in the heart of the flowers to encourage pollination by insects and other animals. Secondly, come from pollen, it is fine powdery substance in yellow, consisting of microscopic grains stored from the male part of a flower or from a male cone_ It contains a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule, which is transferred by wind, insects or other animals. Let us go with the honeybee from her flower to the hive and see what happens. Most bees gather only pollen or nectar_ As she sucks the nectar from the flower, it is stored in her special honey stomach ready to be transferred to the honey- making bees in the live.

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های جاهای خالی رو مشخص یه متن بود به شکل زیر حدوداً، گزینه️▫

کردم:Allowance ,Taxes. Utility units. Pays .Most of utilities, are

not measured by units

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بود با این گزینه ها environment policyیک متن درباره

concern-policy-phenomenon-establishment Thus the environmental policy does not contribute to

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the profitability in any real sense at all. In practice it is companies that are well organised and efficient, or that

are already comfortably profitable, that have time to establish and police environmental policies. However, if

profitable companies are the ones most likely to establish “environmental best practice” this is confusing cause

with effect. It is not that environmental best practice causes profitability, but that being profitable allows for

concern for the environment.

#new (electrons) The electrnos that orbit closest to the nucleus are strongly attracted. They are called bound electrons. The electrons that are farther away from the pull of nucleus can be forced out of their orbits. These are called free electrons. Free electrons can move from one atom to another. This movement is known as electron flow. Electricity is the movement or flow of electrons from one atom to to another. A condition of imbalance is necessary to have a movement of electrons. In a normal atom, the positively charged nucleus balances the negatively charged electrons. This holds them in orbit. If an atom loses electrons, it becomes positive in charge. It attracts more electrons in order to get its balance. A conductor ia any material that allows a good electron flow and conducts electricity. A good conductor must be made of atoms that give off free electrons easily. Also, the atoms must be close enough to each other so that the free electron orbits overlap. ignition systems use cooper and aluminum wires to conduct electricity. They allow good electron flow

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145 Creature A creature may have fine physical defenses … (APPALLING, STRUGGLE, FEATURES, IMPORTANT, TRIAL).. defend themselves in (game/competition/struggle) their size, color and the other (features/asepects/shape) is formed in nature. Some of them has special defence

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armor like (enchanting/appalling/..) smell.They don't learn the most (important/dangerous/..) behavior of themselves from anything or anywhere or by (testing/trial/trying/..) and error.

297. English language English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us, these changes are fine as long as they're well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we can be curious about word origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our language, but we experience a queasy distaste for any change that might be happening right under our noses. There are even language critics who are convinced that English is dying, or if not dying at least being progressively crippled through long years of mistreatment.

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156 Behaviorism Another way to looking at personality is the behaviorist approach according to the behaviorists, the inner facts of the consciousness are not important. Instead they believed that our behaviors, and therefore our personalities are learned primarily through our experiences. The theories of behaviorism arose through experiments largely on animals in which behaviors were learned through carefully controlled stimuli.

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164 Internet The exponential growth of the internet was heralded, in the 1990s, as revolutionizing the production and dissemination of information. Some people saw the internet as a means of democratizing access to knowledge. For people concerned with African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of leapfrogging over the technology gap that separates Africa from advanced industrialized countries . However, the initial optimism about the internet's potential to provide an enormous and ever expanding body of publicly available knowledge has had to come to

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terms with material and social obstacles.

360 A crime A crime is generally a deliberate act that results in harm, physical or otherwise, toward one or more people, in a manner prohibited by law. The determination of which acts are to be considered criminal has varied historically and continues to do so among cultures and nations. When a crime is committed, a process of discovery, trial by judge or jury, conviction, and punishment occurs. Just as what is considered criminal varies between jurisdictions, so does the punishment, but elements of restitution and deterrence are common.

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184 Ancient Egyptians music Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society. Although it is thought that music played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that study the Egyptian writings have discovered that music seemed to become more important in what is called the ‘pharaonic’ period of their history. This was the time when the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established (around 3100 BCE) and music was found in many parts of every day Egyptian life.

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328 The fall of smallpox The fall of smallpox began with the realization that survivors of the disease were immune for the rest of their lives. This led to the practice of variolation - a process of exposing a healthy person to infected material from a person with smallpox in the hopes of producing a mild disease that provided immunity from further infection. The first written account of variolation describes a Buddhist nun practicing around 1022 to 1063 AD. By the 1700's, this method of variolation was common practice in China, India, and Turkey. In the late 1700's European

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physicians used this and other methods of variolation, but reported "devastating" results in some cases. Overall, 2% to 3% of people who were variolated died of smallpox, but this practice decreased the total number of smallpox fatalities by 10-fold.

#new The universality of story Feature films are narratives—they tell stories. Even films based on true events will fictionalize them in order to produce drama, to telescope time, to avoid being filled up with too many minor characters, or simply to be more entertaining. Even in the current welter of special-effect movies, feature films are usually summarized by their plots—in their first ‘treatment’ (or outline of the script idea), in the advance publicity, in the TV guide, in reviews, and in conversations. Films may differ from other kinds of narrative—literary fiction or television drama, for instance—in the medium used and the representational conventions. They do, however, share with literary fiction and television drama the basic structure and functions of narrative.

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191 Growing customer power Organizations need to integrate their sales activities more both internally and with customers' needs according to a new book co-authored by an academic at the University of East Anglia. The book addresses how sales can help organizations to become more customer oriented and considers how they are responding to challenges such as increasing competition, more demanding customers and a more complex selling environment. Many organizations are facing escalating costs and a growth in customer power, which makes it necessary to allocate resources more strategically. The sales function can provide critical customer and market knowledge to help inform both innovation and marketing. However, the authors say that within the industry there is still uncertainty about the shape a future sales team should take, how it should be

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managed, and how it fits into their organization's business model.

#new Postures, gestures, and facial expressions communicate many messages and “emotions” within a group. When “greeting” a dominant individual after an absence or in response to an aggressive gesture, nervous “subordinates” may approach with submissive signal, crouching, presenting the rump, hold the hand out accompanied by pant-grunts or squeaks. In response, the dominant individual is likely to make gestures of “reassurance”, such as touching, kissing, or embracing the subordinate. :منبع

www.janegoodall.org.nz/africa-programmes/all-about-chimps/chimpanzee-communication-1/

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155 Space travel space travel, heartbeat, pilots, tourism

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83 cognitive psychologist Steven Pinker, a cognitive psychologist best known for his book “The Language Instinct”, has called music “auditory cheesecake, an exquisite confection crafted to tickle the sensitive spots of at least six of our mental faculties.” If it vanished from our species, he said, “the rest of our lifestyle would be virtually unchanged.” Others have argued that, on the contrary, music, along with art and literature, is part of what makes people human; its absence would have a brutalizing effect. Philip Ball, a British science writer and an avid music enthusiast, comes down somewhere in the middle. He says that music is ingrained in our auditory, cognitive and motor functions. We have a music instinct as much as a language instinct, and could not rid ourselves of it if we tried.

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47 The Teen Brain Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains

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the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle. How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible—and reckless at the same time? Easily, according to two physicians at Children’s Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been exploring the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain. “The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it,” says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. “It’s a paradoxical time of development. These are people with very sharp brains, but they’re not quite sure what to do with them.”

35 Stress Management Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to. When you are stressed, your body responds as through you are in danger. It makes hormones that speed up your heart, make you breathe faster, and give you a burst of energy. This is called the fight-or-flight stress response. Some stress is normal and even useful. Stress can help if you need to work hard or react quickly. For example, it can help you win a race or finish an important job on time. But if stress happens too often or lasts too long, it can have bad effects. It can be linked to headaches, an upset stomach, back pain, and trouble sleeping. It can weaken your immune system, making it harder fight off disease.

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255 The Petrified Forest National Park The Petrified Forest is home to some of the most impressive fossils ever found and more are being discovered each year as continuing erosion is exposing new evidence. Fossils found here show the Forest was once a tropical region, filled with towering trees and extraordinary creatures. More than 150 different species of fossilized plants have been discovered by

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paleontologists and evidence indicating ancient native people who inhabited this region about 10,000 years ago have been confirmed by archeologists.

196 transportation Before the 20th century the horse provided day to day transportation in the United States. Trains were used only for long-distance transportation. Today the car is the most popular means of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely replaced the horse as a means of everyday transportation. Americans use their car for nearly 90 percent of all personal trip. Most Americans are able to buy cars. The average price of a recently made car was, $ 2500 in 1950, $2740 in 1960 and up to $4750 in 1975.During this period American car manufacturers set about improving their products and work efficiency. As a result, the yearly income of the average family increased from 1950 to 1975 faster than the price of cars. For this reason purchasing a new car takes a smaller part of a family's total earnings today. In 1951 proportionally it took 8.1 months of an average family's income to buy a new car. In 1962 a new car cost 8.3 of a family's annual earnings. By 1975 it only took 4.75 months income. In addition, the 1975 cars were technically superior to models from previous years. The influence of the automobile extends throughout the economy as the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money to keep their cars running than on any other item.

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17 The Market for Vegetarian Food Mintel Consumer Intelligence estimates the 2002 market for vegetarian foods, those that directly replace meat or other animal products, to be $1.5 billion. Note that this excludes traditional vegetarian foods such as produce, pasta, and rice. Mintel forecasts the market to nearly double by 2006 to $2.8 billion, with the highest growth coming from soymilk, especially refrigerated brands. The Food and Drug Administration’s 1999 decision to allow manufacturers to include heart-healthy claims on

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foods that deliver at least 6.25 grams of soy protein per serving and are also low in saturated fat and cholesterol has spurred tremendous interest in soymilk and other soy foods. A representative of manufacturer Food Tech International (Veggie Patch brand) reported that from 1998 to 1999, the percentage of consumers willing to try soy products jumped from 32% to 67%. Beliefs about soy’s effectiveness in reducing the symptoms of menopause also attracted new consumers. A 2000 survey conducted by the United Soybean Board showed that the number of people eating soy products once a week or more was up to 27%. Forty-five percent of respondents had tried tofu, 41% had sampled veggie burgers, and 25% had experience with soymilk (Soy-foods USA e-mail newsletter). Mintel estimates 2001 sales of frozen and refrigerated meat alternatives in food stores at nearly $300 million, with soymilk sales nearing $250 million.

151 Good customer service Promoting good customer service must start at the top. If management doesn't realise how important this ASPECT of their business is, they will be at an instant disadvantage in their industry. Good customer response EQUATES to loyal customers, which are the cornerstone of any successful business. No matter how much money you invest in your marketing, if you don't have the fundamental elements of your business right, it's wasted money.

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142 Weightless environment Living in a weightless environment for long periods of time can also result in bone mineral loss and muscle atrophy as well as dangerous exposure to the sun’s radiation, and it is because of these health hazards that stays on the International Space Station are restricted to six months.

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115 The invasion of non-indigenous plants The invasion of non-indigenous plants is considered a primary threat to integrity and function of ecosystems.

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However, there is little quantitative or experimental evidence for ecosystem impacts of invasive species. Justifications for control are often based on potential, but not presently realized, recognized or quantified, negative impacts. Should lack of scientific certainty about impacts of non-indigenous species result in postponing measures to prevent degradation? Recently, management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), has been criticized for lack of evidence demonstrating negative impacts of L. salicaria, and management using biocontrol for lack of evidence documenting the failure of conventional control methods. Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts on native wetland biota and wetland function was available at the onset of the control program in 1985, recent work has demonstrated that the invasion of purple loosestrife into North American freshwater wetlands alters decomposition rates and nutrient cycling, leads to reductions in wetland plant diversity, reduces pollination and seed output of the native Lythrum alatum, and reduces habitat suitability for specialized wetland bird species such as black terns, least bitterns, pied-billed grebes, and marsh wrens. Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), have continuously failed to curb the spread of purple loosestrife or to provide satisfactory control. Although a number of generalist insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife, wetland habitat specialists are excluded by encroachment of L. salicaria. We conclude that negative ecosystem impacts of purple loosestrife in North America justify control of the species and that detrimental effects of purple loosestrife on wetland systems and biota and the potential benefits of control outweigh potential risks associated with the introduction of biocontrol agents. Long-term experiments and monitoring programs that are in place will evaluate the impact of these insects on purple loosestrife, on wetland plant succession and other wetland biota.

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10 Personal Politics The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some people don’t contribute and many are irresponsible, the choice of those who do contribute and are responsible is either to tolerate the free riders, refuse to pay for the effects of their irresponsibility or trust the state to educate them. Hence the government campaigns against smoking, alcoholism, obesity and gas guzzling ‐ the first two solidly in place, the other two ramping up. But the British state now goes further: it acts in favour of sexual and racial minorities. In the case of gay men and women this means progressively removing the legal disadvantages under which they have lived, and ensuring that society as a whole observes the new order.

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44 Joy through Pain All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots of muscle known as “trigger points”. “Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost constantly contracting,” says Kippen. “The contraction causes pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what deep tissue massage aims to break.” The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe’s elbow, is to apply pressure to the point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the affected area with blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen, you can fool the tensed muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a complementary one nearby. “If you cause any muscle to contract, its opposite will expand. So you try to trick the body into relaxing the muscle that is in spasm.”

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209 How Many Hours Do You Sleep A Day? The amount of sleep you need depends on many factors, especially your age. Newborns sleep between 16 and 18 hours a day and preschool children should sleep between 10 and 12 hours. Older children and teens need at least

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nine hours to be well rested. For most adults, seven to eight hours a night appears to the best amount of sleep. However, for some people, "enough sleep" may be as few as five hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep. As you get older, your sleeping patterns change_ Older adults tend to sleep more lightly and awaken more frequently in the night than younger adults. This can have many causes including medical conditions and medications used to treat them. But there's no evidence that older adults need less sleep than younger adults. Getting enough sleep is important to your health because it boosts your immune system, which makes your body better able to fight disease. Sleep is necessary for your nervous system to work properly. Too little sleep makes you drowsy and unable to concentrate. It also impairs memory and physical performance. So how many hours of sleep are enough for you? Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day — even during boring activities — you are not getting enough sleep. Also, quality of sleep is just as important as quantity. People whose sleep is frequently interrupted or cut short are not getting quality sleep. If you experience frequent daytime sleepiness, even after increasing the amount of quality sleep you get, talk to your doctor. He or she may be able to identify the cause of sleep problems and offer advice on how to get a better night's sleep.

186 Security footage The introduction of security footage in courtrooms as evidence is increasingly common. With the number of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras rising, the likelihood of images deemed relevant for criminal proceedings being recorded also increases. However, while CCTV footage may arguably have assisted in achieving convictions in some high-profile cases, can it assist in the overall reduction of violence against women?

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A well-known example in Australia of CCTV helping solve a crime is the footage pulled from a shop on Sydney Road the night Jill Meagher was raped and murdered by Adrian Bayley. This footage was mentioned in his sentencing in 2013. In the same year, Simon Gittany was found guilty of the murder of his partner Lisa Harnum. CCTV footage – taken from his own security cameras – was again interpreted as key evidence. Beyond the courtroom, news media reports of crime are saturated with the use of CCTV footage. In both contexts, it is often seen to be decisive – an authoritative and objective witness that can tell us “what really happened”. While used in a range of offences, its inclusion in instances of extreme (and public) violence against women can mean certain images receive significant and sustained media attention, and may remain online indefinitely. The strength of CCTV in our public consciousness is such that questions of privacy are often dismissed as inconsequential. CCTV installed in the homes of family violence victims has even been considered.

338 The first motion pictures The first motion pictures were filmed in the 1980s, when film production companies started producing commercial movies . Before that, films used to have one-minute duration. Fortunately, filmmakers figured out how to produce prolonged films using several shots. Later, when other innovations such as rotating camera were introduced, the overal perfomance of cinematographers changed forever.

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63 Sound Depressing Sound depressing, even apocalyptic? Well, it could be the future. If government forecasts are right, about 20 years from now, two out of five households will be single occupancy. And there is evidence the situation is already deteriorating. According to a report. Social Isolation in America, published in the American Sociological Review

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in 2006, the average American today has only two close friends. Twenty-five per cent of those surveyed said they do not have anyone to talk with about important things. And yet, while some are declaring a crisis in our ability to make friends, others are saying exactly the opposite. For example. MSN’s Anatomy of Friendship Report, published last November, suggests that the average Briton has 54 friends - a spectacular rise of 64 per cent since 2003.

26 Chomolungma Called Chomolungma (“goddess mother of the world”) in Tibet and Sagarmatha (“goddess of the sky”) in Nepal, Mount Everest once went by the pedestrian name of Peak XV among Westerners. That was before surveyors established that it was the highest mountain on Earth, a fact that came as something of a surprise - Peak XV had seemed lost in the crowd of other formidable Himalayan peaks, many of which gave the illusion of greater height. In 1852 the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India measured Everest’s elevation as 29,002 feet above sea level. This figure remained the officially accepted height for more than one hundred years. In 1955 it was adjusted by a mere 26 feet to 29,028 (8,848 m). The mountain received its official name in 1865 in honor of Sir George Everest, the British Surveyor General from 1830-1843 who had mapped the Indian subcontinent. He had some reservations about having his name bestowed on the peak, arguing that the mountain should retain its local appellation, the standard policy of geographical societies. Before the Survey of India, a number of other mountains ranked supreme in the eyes of the world. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Andean peak Chimborazo was considered the highest. At a relatively unremarkable 20,561 feet (6,310 m), it is in fact nowhere near the highest, surpassed by about thirty other Andean peaks and several dozen in the Himalayas. In 1809, the Himalayan peak Dhaulagiri (26,810 ft.; 8,172 m) was declared the ultimate, only to be shunted aside in

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1840 by Kanchenjunga (28,208 ft.; 8,598 m), which today ranks third. Everest’s status has been unrivaled for the last century and a half, but not without a few threats.

112 Roman Arena Many popular ideas about the Roman arena were formed in the nineteenth century from popular images and accounts. The influential artist Jean Léon Gérôme used genuine gladiatorial art and equipment from Pompeii as models for his paintings of ancient Rome and the arena, but he also invented freely in dramatizing his scenes. Movies from Quo Vadis to Gladiator have drawn on such works to depict a world of strangely armed gladiators, Christians nobly awaiting attack by lions, and "thumbs down" death-gestures by emperors and rabid crowds. Actual Roman images of the arena are quite different: crowds and emperors are rarely shown, we are not sure which direction the thumb actually pointed in the famous death gesture, and victims of attack by big cats were certainly neither dignified nor noble. The Romans glorified the bravery shown in the arena, but trivialized the events and degraded the participants. Mosaic pictures of executions and combats, graphically violent to our eyes, were displayed in the public rooms and even dining rooms in the homes of wealthy Romans. How can the viewer today possibly understand such images? Until fairly recently, modern authors writing about the arena minimized its significance and represented the institutionalized violence as a sideline to Roman history. The tendency was also to view the events through our own eyes and to see them as pitiful or horrifying, although to most Romans empathy with victims of the arena was inconceivable. In the past few decades, however, scholars have started to analyze the complex motivations for deadly public entertainments and for contradictory views of gladiators as despised, yet beloved hero-slaves.

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111 Final price Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then determine the appropriate price to sell it at. The price is set by balancing many factors including supply‐and‐demand, cost, desired profit, competition, perceived value, and market behavior. Ultimately, the final price is determined by what the market is willing to exchange for the product. Pricing theory can be quite complex because so many factors influence what the purchaser decides is a fair value.

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78 Global warming You may well ask why science did not warn us of global warming sooner; I think that there are several reasons. We were from the 1970s until the end of the century distracted by the important global problem of stratospheric ozone depletion, which we knew was manageable. We threw all our efforts into it and succeeded but had little time to spend on climate change. Climate science was also neglected because twentieth‐century science failed to recognize the true nature of Earth as a responsive self‐regulating entity. Biologists were so carried away by Darwin’s great vision that they failed to see that living things were tightly coupled to their material environment and that evolution concerns the whole Earth system with living organisms an integral part of it. Earth is not the Goldilocks planet of the solar system sitting at the right place for life. It was in this favourable state some two billion years ago but now our planet has to work hard, against ever increasing heat from the Sun, to keep itself habitable. We have chosen the worst of times to add to its difficulties.

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346 socioeconomic climate Recent developments in socioeconomic climate and technology Important Gap Increase

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Speed Respond

***new a text about how honey bees help flowers for pollination in exchange for what flowers provide the honey bees with food -> (correct words = co-evolved, disperse , efficient)

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235 Typewriter Monkeys This illustration often used is the one that the monkey and the typewriters_ OK, we have a monkey sitting at a typewriter and the claim here is basically if you leave chance in time long enough you will get life. Don't worry about it, yes, its strange, yes it's wonderful, but leaves enough matter 600 million years on earth and you will have life. So, the monkey sitting at the typewriter: the chances are eventually he produces the complete works of Shakespeare but he doesn't manage to do it in 600 million years_ So what I decide to do is to run the numbers_ I instead of saying typing the complete work of Shakespeare. I just run the numbers for how long would it take a monkey typing one key striker a second_ To type "to be or not to be that is the question", right? On average how long is it gonna take my monkey friend one keystroke a second. Don’t know how you think it would be_ Maybe you could have a guess. Would it be less or more than 600 million years, which is the period life on earth isn't supposed to have emerge within and when I run the numbers "to be or not to be is the question" tikes 12.6 trillion trillion trillion year to type just that phrase and a DNA string that something of that complexity emerges by chance undirected within 600 million years? Again, it's mathematically possible but it's so incredible unlikely that it would have that it tilts me in favor of the Christian story in which God creating life, simply a question of saying let that be and there was.

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321 brains of robots Snails are not traditionally known for quick thinking, but new research shows they can make complex decisions using just two brain cells in findings that could help engineers design more efficient robots. Scientists at the University of Sussex attached electrodes to the heads of freshwater snails as they searched for lettuce. They found that just one cell was used by the mollusk to tell if it was hungry or not, while another let it know when food was present. Food-searching is an example of goal-directed behavior, during which an animal must integrate information about both its external environment and internal state while using as little energy as possible. Lead researcher Professor George Kemenes, said: “This will eventually help us design the “brains” of robots based on the principle of using the fewest possible components necessary to perform complex tasks. “What goes on in our brains when we make complex behavioral decisions and carry them out is poorly understood. “Our study reveals for the first time how just two neurons can create a mechanism in an animal’s brain which drives and optimizes complex decision-making tasks.

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حوالی یه دریاچه ای تو آفریقا یه غار پیدا کردن توش نقاشی و بقایا استخوان انسان و

,tools, stone , boneکردن ,حیوان پیدا کردن که به عنوان وسیله استفاده

lack, area اینا توش بود

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300 Leaders In search of lessons to apply in our own careers, we often try to emulate what effective leaders do. Roger Martin says this focus is misplaced, because moves that work in one context may make little sense in another. A more productive, though more difficult, approach is to look at how such leaders think. After extensive interviews with more than 50 of them, the author discovered that most are integrative thinkers – that is, they can hold in their heads two opposing ideas at once and then come up with

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a new idea that contains elements of each but is superior to both.

#new متن راجع به این بود که هزینه خدمات ساختمانو اژانس ها میارن روی اجاره واسه -

اینکه هر واحد خوش به

میشد اگه اشتباه نکنم unitصورت جدا قبض پرداخت نکنه یکی از جا خالی ها هم

بود lmpداشت اما نه اینی که تو icy fragmentsیه متن دیگه هم بود -

اینا تیکه تیکه میشن و پخش clashیه تیکش فکر کنم میگفت در اثر

(یه همچین چیزی...، نمیدونم متنش هست یا نه اما سخت نبود..distributeمیشن)

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210 Minds Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas:- How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store which the busy and boundless fancy of man has painted on it with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from experience.

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276 The Psychology of Voting It would be reassuring to think that the electorate choose who to vote for based on the candidates' track records and future policy promises. In truth, many of us are swayed simply by the way that politicians look. Consider a 2009 study that asked Swiss students to look at multiple pairs of unfamiliar French political candidates and in each case to select the one who looked most competent. Most of the time, the candidate selected by students as looking the most competent was also the one who'd had real life electoral success, the implication being that voters too had been swayed by the candidates' appearance (there's little evidence that appearance and competence actually correlate). Unsurprisingly, being attractive also helps win votes, especially in war time (in peace time, looking trustworthy is more of an advantage). Other research has shown that we're more likely to vote for male and female candidates with deeper voices.

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378 Neo-Latin Those of you who’ve never heard the term neo-Latin, may be forgiven for thinking it’s a new South American dance craze. If you’re puzzled when I tell you it has something to do with the language of Romans, take heart, over the years many classes who have confessed they are not really sure what it is either. Some have confessed that they are so-called ‘Late-Latin’, written at the end of the Roman Empire. Others have supposed it must have something to do with the middle ages. Or perhaps it’s that pseudo-Latin which my five and seven-year-old boys seem to have gleaned from the Harry Potter books, useful for spells and curses that they zip one another with makeshift paper ash ones. No, in fact, neo-Latin is more or less the same as the Latin that was written in the ancient world, classical Latin. So, what’s so new about it?

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293 computer science What can computer science tell us about what biological systems do and how they do it? Can these chemical information-processing functions be replicated in digital computing systems? What are the implications of developments in computer science in understanding the nature of causality? Aaron Sloman, author of Computer Revolution in Philosophy delves into the world of connections between ideas developed in computer science, biology and philosophy, providing new insights into some fundamental questions about the nature of consciousness and free will.

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307 Alpine Newt The Alpine Newt is native to much of central, continental Europe and occurs up the coasts of northeast France through to Holland but it does not appear to have been native to the British Isles. As its name suggests it can be found in montane habitats up to 2,500 meters in altitude but it can also be abundant in lowlands, and it will use a

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variety of water-bodies including both shallow and deep ponds and slow flowing streams (Griffiths, 1995).

#new NEW (recreational, virtually, originally) 2 2

یکی هم در مورد جلبک بود که برا شکار استراتژی خاص داره کلماتشم

(Strategy, memory, pattern) 2 2

336 Students income Students are increasingly finding it necessary to obtain employment in order to subsidize their income during their time in higher education. The extra income helps to pay for necessities, to maintain a social life and to buy clothes, and holding a part-time job helps students to gain skills for life after university or college. Using a part-time job to cut down on borrowing is a sound investment, as it reduces the debt that will be waiting to be paid off after graduation. How many hours students are currently working each week during term-time is not really certain. Some institutions advise that students should not work more than ten hours a week, and there are others that set a higher recommend limit of fifteen hours a week. There is no doubt that some students exceed even fifteen hours a week.

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#new یه متنم بود در مورد زندگی رو کرات دیگه که توش اسم تمام سیاره هایمنظومه شمسی رو نوشته بود و میگفت که اگرم بشه روشون زندگی گرد تو محیط

جزوه limitedو environmentهای محدود و شرایط کنترل شده باید باشه، و یکی از جاهای خالی یکی دیگه در مورد امکان زندگی رو سیارات دیگه بود جاخالی

رو believe که من ("believe / like" it or not) این بود که می گفت انتخاب کردمها بود

های زمین سایر کرات هم گفت باید برای جبران خسارتیه متنم داشتم که می

habitable بشن )جای خالی ها یادمه اینطوری بود که Believe it or not,

to repair the damage of the earth)

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331 maternal employment rates Affordable early year’s education and childcare potentially enables parents, particularly mothers, to be in paid employment. International studies have found that

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countries with greater enrolment rates in publicly funded or provided childcare also have higher maternal employment rates, although untangling causal relationships is complex. From the point of view of the household, additional income, especially for the less well-off, is itself associated with better outcomes for children, as child poverty has been shown to be a key independent determinant of children's outcomes. From the point of view of the public purse, as mothers enter employment they are likely to claim fewer benefits and to generate extra revenues through income tax.

#new Elements of both the psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories arrange in modern approaches to personality Advances in neuroscience have begun to bridge the gap between biochemistry and behavior, but there is still a great deal that needs to be explained. Without a consistent understanding of personality, how can we begin to categorize risk takers? If we cannot, we will be unable to compare their genes with those of others.

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#new Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today. The report is the first snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by the Measuring National Well-being programme and will be updated and published annually. Well-being is discussed in terms of the economy, people and the environment. Information such as the unemployment rate or number of crimes against the person are presented alongside data on people's thoughts and feelings, for example, satisfaction with our jobs or leisure time and fear of crime. Together, a richer picture on 'how society is doing' is provided.

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#new Teens write for a variety of reasons—as part of a school assignment, to get a good grade, to stay in touch with friends, to share their artistic creations with others or simply to put their thoughts to paper (whether virtual or

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otherwise). In our focus groups, teens said they are motivated to write when they can select topics that are relevant to their lives and interests, and report greater enjoyment of school writing when they have the opportunity to write creatively. Having teachers or other adults who challenge them, present them with interesting curricula and give them detailed feedback also serves as a motivator for teens. Teens also writing for an audience motivates them to write and write well.

380 microbes On the journey, we learn about the teamwork required to rot human teeth, the microbe superheroes who feed on radioactive waste, suicide genes, the origins of diseases and antibiotic resistance, and the numerous respects in which microbes benefit human life – from manufacturing food and medicine, to mining gold, finding oil, cleaning up the mess we make, and generally rendering the Earth habitable.

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#new در مورد فرهنگ هندی و پاکستانی بود

جزو جواب ها بود impressiveداشت اولی و cultureو جواب هاش به ترتیب

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#new فرصت ایجاد کردند .گزینه های درست militaryجدید که برای زنها در fibیک

فکر کنم:

Provide jobs in military Nonetheless

With the advances of military, the demand of armed force is decreasing ......opened more position to women ,

including ...in military ,provided they work behind the

front line of war.

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391 What is music? What is music? In one sense, this is an easy question. Even the least musical among us can recognize pieces of music when we hear them and name a few canonical examples. We know there are different kinds of music

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and, even if our knowledge of music is restricted, we know which kinds we like and which kinds we do not.

A mini helicopter modeled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying overhead. Evan Ulrich and colleagues at the University of Maryland in College Park turned to the biological world for inspiration to build a scaled-down helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-size aircraft. The complex design of full-size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk, meaning that standard mini helicopters expend most of their power simply fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realized that a simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use much less power and reduce manufacturing costs to boot. It turns out that nature had beaten them to it. The seeds of trees such as the maple have a single-blade structure that allows them to fly far away and drift safely to the ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need no engine to spin through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analyzing the behavior of the samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team were able to copy its design. The samara copter is not the first single-winged helicopter– one was flown in 1952, and others have been attempted since – but it is the first to take advantage of the samara's autorotation. This allows Ulrich's vehicle to perform some neat tricks, such as falling safely to the ground if its motor fails or using vertical columns of air to stay aloft indefinitely. “We can turn off the motor and autorotate, which requires no power to sustain,” says Ulrich

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Before effective anaesthetics, surgery was very crude and very painful. Before 1800 alcohol and opium had LITTLE success in easing pain during operations. Laughing gas was used in 1844 in dentistry in the USA, but failed to ease all pain and patients REMAINED conscious. Ether (used from 1846) made patients totally unconscious and lasted a long time. However, it could make patients cough during operations and sick afterwards. It was

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highly flammable and was TRANSPORTED in heavy glass bottles. Chloroform (used from 1847) was very effective with few side effects. However, it was difficult to get the dose right and could kill some people BECAUSE OF the effect on their heart. An inhaler helped to regulate the dosage.

48 A Beard Full of Bunkum In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by information. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those which offer us some reward. A story which tells us that the world is cooking and that we’ll have to make sacrifices for the sake of future generations is less likely to be accepted than the more rewarding idea that climate change is a conspiracy hatched by scheming governments and venal scientists, and that strong, independent-minded people should unite to defend their freedoms. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the rewards might lie: that understanding what the science is saying and planning accordingly is the smart thing to do, which will protect your interests more effectively than flinging abuse at scientists. We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and community action. Projects like the transition towns network and proposals for a green new deal tell a story which people are more willing to hear.

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232 Evolutionary Changes In The Origin of Species, Darwin provided abundant evidence that life on Earth has evolved over time, and he proposed natural selection as the primary mechanism for that change. He observed that individuals differ in their inherited traits and that selection ads on such differences, leading to evolutionary change. Although Darwin realised that variation in heritable traits is a

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prerequisite for evolution, he did not know precisely how organisms pass heritable traits to their offspring. Just a few years after Darwin published The Origin of Species, Gregor Mendel wrote a groundbreaking paper on inheritance in pea plants. In that paper, Mendel proposed a model of inheritance in which organisms transmit discrete heritable units (now called genes) to their offspring. Although Darwin did not know about genes, Menders paper set the stage for understanding the genetic differences on which evolution is based.

163 Choose your roommate If you’re choosing to use the random pairing or are letting the college choose your roommate for you, you’ll probably have to fill out some kind of profile or questionnaire. These usually include things like: what time do you usually go to bed, where do you prefer to study, do you keep your space clean or are you more messy, etc. When you’re answering these questions, be as honest as possible. If there’s something you’re dead set against (e.g., a roommate who smokes) you can mark that and you will not be paired with someone who fits that criteria. Choosing a roommate ca be kind of stressful. In some cases, it can feel like as big of a decision as actually choosing which school to attend. But don’t worry, if you get to campus and live with your roommate for a few weeks and find out that your lifestyles are just too different, you can always move. I swapped roommates my first semester of college, and after I moved my college experience was much more positive. In fact, I lived with different people every year of college and it all worked out. So have fun with it! Be open to meeting new people and trying new things. Sometimes the best roommates are the ones that are the ones that are completely different than you because they cannot only introduce you to new cultural experiences, but they can also expand your ways of thinking and isn’t that what college is all about?

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152 Australian literature had been, not until, is becoming

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149 DNA fingerprint DNA fingerprint can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime reserve …samples

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13 Hip and Back Pain-Remedy Icing and anti-inflammatories will help with the pain and swelling. Vigorous massage of the knot in the muscle will help it to relax and ease the pain. Meanwhile, work on strengthening and stretching your hip, hamstring and lower-back muscles. For stretching, focus on the hamstring stretch, the hip and lower-back stretch, and the hamstring and back stretch. For strengthening, try side leg lifts.

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95 Professor Phoenix Phoenix is adamant that the new course will teach "solid chemistry", but he thinks that an attraction for students will be a teaching approach that differs significantly from his days as an undergraduate. This takes real-life issues as the starting point of lectures and modules, such as how drugs are made or the science behind green issues. Out of this study, he says, students will be exposed to exactly the same core chemistry, unchanged over decades, but they will be doing it in a way that is more engaging and more likely to lead to more fundamental learning.

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148 psychic theories survive, categories, risk averse, compare them with others.

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287 Sun When our skin is directly exposed to the sun, our bodies make vitamin D, a vital tool that helps with calcium absorption and building strong bones. Some of it comes from diet, but a good portion also comes from the sun. And according to the Mayo Clinic, as little as 10 minutes of sun exposure can provide us with our daily dose. According to the vitamin D council, "your body can

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produce 10,000 to 25,000 IU of vitamin D in just a little under the time it takes for your skin to turn pink.

338 The first motion pictures The first motion pictures were filmed in the 1980s, when film production companies started producing commercial movies . Before that, films used to have one-minute duration. Fortunately, filmmakers figured out how to produce prolonged films using several shots. Later, when other innovations such as rotating camera were introduced, the overal perfomance of cinematographers changed forever.

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***new آموزان بوداجع به دیر شروع شدن مدارس شیفت صبح و تاثیر اون در یادگیری دانش

9, 11, morning, researchers, thanks to, because of

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***new های راجع به چند تا کشور بود که انگار تجمیع شده بودن تو یه کشور و در مورد تفاوت

گفتشون میزبانی

Milestone,language,Britain,welsh :جاهای خالی

Begun, considered, continued It is difficult to tell precisely when the Breton language was born. As early as the sixth century the new country was established and known as "Lesser Britain", but for many centuries its language remained close to the one of Great Britain - very close even to the dialect spoken in the South West. The eighth century is the milestone where Breton, Cornish and Welsh are considered as different languages. The Breton language remained spoken by the heads of the Breton state until the twelfth century when they abandoned it. Little by little, it became the language of the west-end of Brittany and of the low class of the

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society as noble and "bourgeois" people left it in favor of the French language.

***new ومیر ناشی از فقر در کودکانراجع به فقر بود و مرگ

Poverty, kid, children, 500 millions, 15 to 18 million people, killed :جاهای خالی

Amid, maximum, minimize, no doubt, protest

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***new First, new ideas are the wheels of progress. Without them, stagnation reigns. Whether you're a designer dreaming of another world, an engineer working on a new kind of structure, an executive charged with developing a fresh business concept, an advertiser seeking a breakthrough way to sell your product, a fifth-grade teacher trying to plan a memorable school assembly program, or a volunteer looking for a new way to sell the same old raffle tickets, your ability to generate good ideas is critical to your success.

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*(new) for the first time Japanese researchers have conducted a real-life experiment that shows how some traffic jams appear for no apparent reason they placed 22 vehicles on a single track and asked the drivers to cruise round at a constant speed of 30 kilometers an hour at first traffic moves smoothly but soon the distance between cars started to vary and vehicles clumped together at one point on the track but the jams spread backwards around the track like a shock wave at a rate of about 20 kilometers an hour real-life jams move backwards at about the same speed.

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359 Light pollution The widespread use of artificial light in modem societies means that light pollution is an increasingly common

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feature of the environments humans inhabit. This type of pollution is exceptionally high in coastal regions of tropic and temperate zones, as these are areas of high rates of human population growth and settlement. Light pollution is a threat for many species that inhabit these locations, particularly those whose ecology or behavior depends, in some way, on natural cycles of light and dark. Artificial light is known to have detrimental effects on the ecology of sea turtles, particularly at the hatchling stage when they emerge from nests on natal beaches and head towards the sea. Under natural conditions, turtles hatch predominantly at night (although some early morning and late afternoon emergences occur) and show an innate and well-directed orientation to the water, relying mostly on light cues that attract them toward the brighter horizon above the sea surface. Artificial lighting on beaches is strongly attractive to hatchlings and can cause them to move away from the sea and interfere with their ability to orient in a constant direction. Ultimately, this disorientation due to light pollution can lead to death of hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and predation.

238 DNA The recipe for making any creature is written in its DNA. So last November, when geneticists published the near-complete DNA sequence of the long-extinct woolly mammoth, there was much speculation about whether we could bring this behemoth back to life. Creating a living, breathing creature from a genome sequence that exists only in a computer's memory is not possible right now. But someone someday is sure to try it, predicts Stephan Schuster, a molecular biologist at Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and a driving force behind the mammoth genome project.

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*** new For a long time, people have been FASCINATED with heroes who've somehow survived great danger and

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brutal hardship. Back in 800 B.C.E., the Greek poet Homer composed "The Odyssey," one of the great adventure tales of all time, in which his protagonist Odysseus survives SHIPWRECKS, encounters with myriad monsters and a wily sorcerer before finally returning to his family. While some of Odysseus' adventures were FANCIFUL, it now turns out that he may well have been a real person. In 2010, ARCHAEOLOGISTS announced they had uncovered a palace in ancient Ithaca that fit Homer's description of the place where his hero lived.

آمده است. rfibهست اما یکی در SWTاین متن در قسمت

Greenhouse gases When an individual drives a car, heats a house, or uses an

aerosol hairspray, greenhouse gases are produced. In economic terms, this creates a classic negative

externality .Most of the costs (in this case, those arising

from global warming) are borne by individuals other than the one making the decision about how many miles

to drive or how much hairspray to use. Because the driver (or sprayer) enjoys all the benefits of the activity

but suffers only a part of the cost ,that individual

engages in more than the economically efficient amount of the activity. In this sense, the problem of greenhouse

gases parallels the problems that occur when someone smokes a cigarette in an enclosed space or litters the

countryside with fast-food wrappers. If we are to get individuals to reduce production of greenhouse gases to

the efficient rate, we must somehow induce them to act as though they bear all the costs of their actions. The

two most widely accepted means of doing this are government regulation and taxation, both of which have

been proposed to deal with greenhouse gases.

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یک متن جدید در رابطه با پروتون و نوترون بود با این گزینه ها

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یک متن درباره معماری بود با این گزینه ها

project- architectural -committee 1 1

- Some special animal deffence armors: defend them selves in (game/competition/struggle...)...... their size, color and the other (features/aspects/shape,...) is formed in nature. some of them has special defence armor like (enchanting/apalling,...) smell. they dont learn the most( important/dangerous/...) behavior of themselves from anything or anywhere or by (testing/trial/trying,...) and error.

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To invest, you need to draw up a clear plan, do your own research, build in a margin of safety by always thinking about the valuation and, ultimately, be patient. By all means include some speculative picks if you wish, but ensure they are only a small part of your portfolio. Looking for an oil explorer whose shares double, treble and double again is exciting but such firms are very rare. There are a lot more which have a consistent record of paying out the dividends which really make the markets work for you, once they are reinvested.

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,motion picturesداشتم که در مورد rfibدوستان من در امتحان یک سئوال

brain illusion, pictures that stay in brain for some moments اگر کسی متنشو داره یا سئوالش بوده در امتحان ممنون میشم کمک

کنه پیداش کنیم.

هست و تصاویر چند لحظه در brain illusionدر مورد این بود که فیلم در واقع ه این باعث میشه ما فکر کنیم که تصاویر متحرک هستن. متن مغز میمونند ک

هم از جاخالی ها بود البته فقط لغت brain illusionموضوعش این بود.

illusion

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در مورد تاریخ پیشرفت کامپیوتر و افزایش RWFIBدوستان سوال ریدینگ جدید

hard , data, capacity, expandظرفیت هارد کامپیوتر شامل ارقام و کلمات جدید هست

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#new Under-nutrition and related diseases kill between 15 and

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18 million people a year, the majority are children. At least 500 million are chronically hungry. The tragic paradox of massive suffering amid global plenty traces in part to widespread poverty, which denies access to food even where it piles high in village market

90 Darkness in the Northern The increasing darkness in the Northern Hemisphere this me of year "indicates to the plant that fall is coming on. So it starts recouping materials from the leaves before they drop off." Evergreens protect their needle‐like foliage from freezing with waxy coatings and natural "antifreezes." But broadleaf plants, like sugar maples, birches, and sumacs, have no such protections. As a result, they shed their leaves. But before they do, the plants first try to salvage important nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

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278 low-priced labor With an abundance of low-priced (inexpensive) labor relative to the United States, it is no surprise that China, India and other developing countries specialize in the production of labor-intensive products. For similar reasons, the United States will specialize in the production of goods that are human- and physical-capital intensive because of the relative abundance of a highly-educated labor force and technically sophisticated (advanced) equipment in the United States. This division of global production should yield higher global output of both types of goods than would be the case if each country attempted to produce both of these goods itself. For example, the United States would produce more expensive labor-intensive goods because of its more expensive labor and the developing countries would produce more expensive human and physical capital-intensive goods because of their relative scarcity of these inputs. This logic implies that the United States is unlikely to be a significant global competitor in the production green technologies that are not relatively intensive in

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human and physical capital. Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new technology, the United States has a comparative advantage in the production of the products enabled by this innovation. However, once these technologies become well-understood and production processes are designed that can make use of less-skilled labor, production will migrate to countries with less expensive labor.

#new a new rfib that talked about something like this: the world is described and people have to find their places in the world. (one of options was jobs but I chose places...)

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#new ,behavior یکی جدید بود گزینه ها در مورد یک جور حشره بود اگر اشتباه نکنم

nevertheless,this explanation,

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#new رو داده بودند RA 34شماره

In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of a chief

executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians’ practices don’t just need to know medicine. They must

also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal

decisions.

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29 United Nation (1) Founded after World War II by 51 “peace-loving states” combined to oppose future aggression, the United Nations now counts 192 member nations, including its newest members, Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, and Montenegro in 2006. United Nations Day has been observed on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the Objectives and accomplishments of the organization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN engages in peacekeeping and humanitarian

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missions across the globe. Though some say its influence has declined in recent decades, the United Nations still plays a tremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then Secretary-General of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize “for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world.” Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations, 16 are currently under way. Thus far, close to 130 nations have contributed personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As of August 31, 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel. The small island nation of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada.

#new Employers often offer employees perks in addition to cash wages, for example, membership of a health insurance or company pension scheme if they do, they must ensure that they are fair in providing these benefits in order to avoid discrimination. For instance, if an employer includes an entitlement to low-interest loan in male, but not female, employees' contracts, the female employees could take the emloyer to court on the basis of unequal treatment.

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32 Space, Time, and Why Things Are As They Are Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking this way in day-to-day life; it’s easy to be seduced by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first encountering Camus' test, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story. The overarching lesson that has emerged from scientific inquiry over the last century is that human experience is often a misleading guide to the true nature of reality.

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متن جدید در مورد ورزش هایی همچون تیراندازی که از لحاظ ظاهر شبیه به شکار می باشند ولی کامال هدف آنها متفاوت و صرفا ورزش خواهد بود. برخی ار واژگان )

Simulate - Survival - Sport)

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متن جدید در مورد یک گروه باستان شناس می باشد که استخوان انسان و حیوانات رو کشف کرده اند. همچنین وسایلی را پیدا نموده اند که به عنوان ابزار در زمان باستان

( واژگان Bone - both animal and human - toolsاستفاده شده اند. ) ار برخی

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دفعه قبل هم برام اومده بود، یکی دیگه که تو متریال ها نیست در مورد اینکه موزیک

در مدارس نادیده گرفته میشه و نقش مثبتش در و ریاضیات و ... این دفعه قبل هم

بود، deniedبرای من اومده بود و بنظرم اولین جای خالیش لمه زیر بودیه مورد جدید دیگه یکی از جاهای خالیش شامل سه ک

likewise, alike, likely

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236 Latin America Declares Independence In the southern cone especially, from Venezuela to Argentina, the region is rising to overthrow the legacy of external domination of the past centuries and the cruel and destructive social forms that they have helped to establish. The mechanisms of imperial control — violence and economic warfare, hardly a distant memory in Latin America — are losing their effectiveness, a sign of the shift toward independence. Washington is now compelled to tolerate governments that in the past would have drawn intervention or reprisal. Throughout the region a vibrant array of popular movements provide the basis for a meaningful democracy. The indigenous populations, as if in a rediscovery of their pre-Columbian legacy, are much more active and influential, particularly in Bolivia and Ecuador. These developments are in part the result of a phenomenon that has been observed for some years in Latin America: As the elected governments become more formally democratic, citizens expressed an increasing disillusionment with democratic institutions.

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They have sought to construct democratic systems based on popular participation rather than elite and foreign domination.

220 Forests Forest plays a crucial role in migration of climate change Answers: PRIMARILY, PROMOTING, INCREASING, EQUIVALENT

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332 Study anywhere You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are better than others. Libraries, study lounges or private rooms are best. Above all, the places you choose to study should not be distracting. Distractions can build up, and the first thing you know, you’re out of time and out of luck. Make choosing a good physical environment a part of your study habits.

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304 sounds of iceberg Twenty years ago, not so long before B-15 broke off from Antarctica, “we didn’t even know that icebergs made noise,” says Haru Matsumoto, an ocean engineer at NOAA who has studied these sounds. But in the past few years, scientists have started to learn to distinguish the eerie, haunting sounds of iceberg life—ice cracking, icebergs grinding against each other, an iceberg grounding on the seafloor—and measure the extent to which those sounds contribute to the noise of the ocean. While they’re just now learning to listen, the sounds of ice could help them understand the behavior and breakup of icebergs and ice shelves as the poles warm up.

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267 Psychological Theories Attempts to apply psychological theories to education can falter on the translation of the theory into educational practice. Often, this translation is not clear. Therefore, when a program does not succeed, it is not clear whether the lack of success was due to the inadequacy of the theory or the inadequacy of the implementation of the theory. A set of basic principles

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for translating a theory into practice can help clarify just what an educational implementation should (and should not) look like. This article presents 12 principles for translating a triarchic theory of successful intelligence into educational practice.

265 The Method of Difference The logic of the scientific method was set out by John Stuart Mill in 1843, and was named the method of difference. A simple example of what he meant by this is to take two glasses of water which are identical in every respect. Introduce a few drops of ink into one of these glasses. The water changes colour! According to Mill's method of difference it is safe to assume that the change in the colour of the water is due to the introduction of a new factor - the independent variable - in this case, the ink.

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324 Learning from experience Learning is a process by which behavior or knowledge changes as a result of experience. Learning from experience plays a major role in enabling us to do many things that we clearly were not born to do, from the simplest tasks, such as flipping a light switch, to the more complex, such as playing a musical instrument. To many people, the term “learning” signifies the activities that students do reading, listening, and taking tests in order to acquire new information. This process, which is known as cognitive learning, is just one type of learning, however. Another way that we learn is by associative learning, which is the focus of this module. You probably associate certain holidays with specific sights, sounds, and smells, or foods with specific flavors and textures. We are not the only species with this skill even the simplest animals such as the earthworm can learn by association.

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243 Reading Comprehension Reading is an active process, not a passive one. We always read within a specific context, and this affects what we notice and what seems to matter. We always

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have a purpose in reading a text, and this will shape how we approach it. Our purpose and background knowledge will also determine the strategies we use to read the text.

#new This book unlocks the secrets of maths - revealing it to be our lost, native language, as much a part of us as the words we use every day. Number and form are the essence of our world: from the patterns of the stars to the pulses of the market, from the beats of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our shoelaces. Drawing on science, literature, history and philosophy, this book makes the rich patterns of maths brilliantly clear.

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310 Academic writing Academic writing is an expression of logic that is the product of thinking. This means that the writing that you produce is a reflection of your intellectual abilities. It puts into words your knowledge and your conceptual understanding and shows evidence of your ability to think critically.

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394 Researcher Not only does not have head but also has no heart

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#new Colonisation, variety, cultivated

این متنش راجع به کاشت محصول بود که تو استرالیا مهاجرین که وارد شدن بخاطر محصوالت رو استفاده نکردن، بجاش ذرت و لوبیا که در تنوع زیاد گونه ها فالن

.مکزیک کاشت شده بود رو استفاده کردن. متن تو همین داستانا بود

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#new - Hypothesis, راجع به بوجود اومدن نظریه و ... بود که اول یه دانشمند بر اساس

میاد اون رو بررسی میکنن فرضیاتش میاد یه مسئله ای رو بیان میکنه بعد تو کل دنیا و بر اساس نتایج و شواهد بدست آمده اثباتش میکنن

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186 The UW course descriptions The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the academic year. All announcements in the General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change without notice and do not constitute an agreement between the University of Washington and the student.

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Students should assume the responsibility of consulting the appropriate academic unit or adviser for more current or specific information.

505 Clown fish Clown fish became famous thanks to the movie Finding Nemo. In real life, their social hierarchy is simple: larger fish dominate their smaller counterparts. Now we know that to reinforce this social structure, the fish communicate with aggressive and submissive audio signals. The new info is in the journal PLoS ONE. Researchers recorded clown fish calls, capturing this noise as one chased a smaller fish. [Aggressive audio] These popping sounds function as an aggression signal. When a clown fish has been chased and wishes to submit, it shakes its head in a submissive gesture and produces clicking noises like these. The researchers compared the aggressive and submissive calls, and found that the sound pulses in a submissive signal were shorter and more high-pitched. Unlike many animals that use sound to draw in potential mates, clown fish appear to use their calls only as labels of social status. When a little fish makes submissive sounds to a larger one, neither has to invest in a physical confrontation. Which is good news for small-fry like Nemo.

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36 My Father’s Bookshelf None of the books in my father’s dusty old bookcase were forbidden. Yet while I was growing up, I never saw anyone take one down. Most were massive tomes—a comprehensive history of civilization, matching volumes of the great works of western literature, numerous others I can no longer recall—that seemed almost fused to shelves that bowed slightly from decades of steadfast support. But way up on the highest shelf was a thin little text that, every now and then, would catch my eye because it seemed so out of place, like Gulliver among

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the Brobdingnagians. In hindsight, I’m not quite sure why I waited so long before taking a look.

بود که با جزوه فرق داشت و Coral Reefsیک متن در مورد

new#هم داخلش داشت. diversکلمه

Coral reefs support more marine life that any other ocean ecosystem and, not SURPRISINGLY, a favorite

pursuit for many divers. But as well as being physically and spectacular, coral reefs also SUPPORT the livelihoods

of over half a billion people. What is more, this number is expected to DOUBLE in coming decades while the area

of high-quality reef is expected to halve .

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345 An American retail An American retail giant is set to ask its suppliers to measure and report their greenhouse gas. (There is a need to DISCLOSE business emission. The DATA of emission can be used to test which company causes climate change CONFLATE the government CAMPAIGNERSand environmental INVIGLATORS) emissions disclose Data Conflate Campaigners

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#new به اینکه برای موفقیت بازار کارمون باید فارغ یک متن رد مورد زبان و شبیه و ولی اکثرا نیستن )تو التحصیلین مسلط به زبان باشن

کلمات -متریال و سایتای چینی پیداش نکردم bi-lingual و native توش بود) 1 1

403 Development Strategy The principal and most consistently articulated recommendation of the world conferences was that countries must take full responsibility for their own development. National responsibility for national development is the necessary consequence of sovereignty. The Mon-terrey Consensus states that 'Each country has primary responsibility for its own economic and social development, and the role of

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national policies and development strategies cannot be overemphasized. National development strategies and policies are therefore critically important. This was reflected most recently at the 2005 Summit when Member States agreed on a target date of 2006 for all developing countries to adopt and start to implement/start implementation of these strategies to achieve the internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the M DGs. The automatic corollary of that principle is that each country must be free to determine its own development strategy. It is essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of country ownership of national development strategies. This implies the acceptance of the principle that development strategies should not only be attuned to country circumstances, but also be prepared and implemented under the leadership of the governments of the countries themselves. The 2005 World Summit also acknowledged, in this regard, that all countries must recognize the need for developing countries to strike a balance between their national policy priorities and their international commitments.

196 SARS Scientists around the world are racing to learn how to rapidly diagnose, treat and stop the spread of a new, deadly disease. SARS--Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome--was detected for the first time in February 2003 in Hanoi, and since then has infected more than 1,600 people in 15 countries, killing 63. At this point, there are more questions than answers surrounding the disease. Symptoms start with a fever over 100. 4 degrees F, chills, headache or body aches Within a week, the patient has a dry cough, which might progress to shortness of breath. In 10% to 20%of cases, patients require mechanical ventilation to breathe. About 3.5%die from the

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disease. Symptoms generally begin in two to seven days, but some reports suggest it might take as long as 10 days. Scientists are close to developing a lab test to diagnose SARS. In the meantime, it is diagnosed by its symptoms. There is no evidence that antibiotics or anti-viral medicines help, so doctors can offer only supportive care. Patients with SARS are kept in isolation to reduce the risk of transmission. Scientists aren’t sure yet, but some researchers think it’s a newly discovered coronavirus, the family of viruses that cause some common colds. Most cases appear to have been passed through droplets expelled when infected patients cough or sneeze. Family members of infected people and medical workerswho care for them have been most likely to contract the illness. But recent developments in Hong Kong suggest that the disease might spread through air, or that the virus might linger for two to three hours on doorknobs or other surfaces. Health experts say it is unlikely, though, that sharing an elevator briefly with an infected person would be enough to pass the virus.

#new ارتش متن در مورد پیشرفت زنان توی موقعیت های شغلی و از جمله 1 1

#new در مورد جغدها که توی جاخالی هاش several 1 1 داشت

#new 1 1 یکی از متن های ریدینگ هم توش کلمه ی کنسرشیم داشت

#new در رابطه با مطالعه DNA شامپانزه ها بود که میگفت DNA sequence

.هست uniform مشابهه ای ندارن در حالی که برای انسانها 1 1

457 Push and pull factors People move to a new region for many different reasons. The motivation for moving can come from a combination of what researchers sometimes call 'push and pull factors' - those that encourage people to leave a region, and those that attract people to a region. Some of the factors that motivate people to move include seeking a better climate, finding more affordable housing, looking for work or retiring from work, leaving

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the congestion of city living, wanting a more pleasant environment, and wanting to be near to family and friends. In reality, many complex factors and personal reasons may interact to motivate a person or family to move

283 English English is the world's language. Such dominance has its downside, of course. There are now about 6,800 languages left in the world, compared with perhaps twice that number back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks in part to the rise of über-languages, most importantly English, the remaining languages are now dying at the rate of about one a fortnight.

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#new بود assume va critisim های ریدینگ کلمه یتوی یکی از متن 1 1

#new یکی از متن ها یک متن کوتاه بود در مورد یک عده کارمند که احساس یا لیاقت نمی کردند )از خاطرم رفته دقیق ترش( و میگن که ما حتی در زبان رقابت

.خودمون که انگلیسی هست احساس لیاقت نمیکنیم اصلی

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92 Artists In the U.S., artists in the mid-1950s began to create a bridge to Pop and a new style of art, strongly influenced by Dada and its emphasis on appropriation and everyday objects. Artists increasingly worked with collage, consumer products, and a healthy dose of irony. Jasper Johns re- imagined iconic imagery like the American flag; Robert Rauschenberg employed silk-screen printings and found objects; and Larry Rivers used images of mass- produced goods. These three are considered to be the forerunners of American Pop.

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454 Relationship between art and business Keith Haring began as an underground artist, literally. His first famous projects were pieces of stylized graffiti drawn in New York subway stations. Haring travelled from station to station, drawing with chalk and chatting with commuters about his work. These doodles helped him develop his classic style and he grew prolific, doing up to 40 drawings a day, that it was not long before fame

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and a measure of fortune followed. Soon, galleries and collectors from the art establishment wanted to buy full-sized pieces by Haring. The paintings skyrocketed in price but this did not sit well with Haring's philosophy. He believed that art, or at least his art, was for everyone. Soon, Haring opened a store which he called the Pop Shop, which he hoped would attract a broad range of people. While somewhat controversial among street artists, some of whom accused Haring of 'selling out', the Pop Shop changed the way people thought about the relationship between art and business

147 European tales European tales, vivid, portrait

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417 Creative Writing This exciting new M.A. in Creative Writing is designed for graduates who wish to examine and expand their work. Through workshops, seminars, and individual tutorials, students will discover new writing strategies and refine their writing. The course offers students the practical expertise needed for researching and structuring texts, and understanding traditions and genres, as well as the critical and creative proficiencies necessary to develop a career in creative writing or in a related field.

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New Gauss was a child prodigy. There are many **anecdotes*** concerning his precocity as a child, and he made his first ground-breaking mathematical ***discoveries*** while still a teenager. At just three years old, he ***corrected**** an error in his father payroll calculations, and he was looking after his father’s accounts on a regular basis by the age of 5. At the age of 7, he is reported to have amazed his teachers by summing the integers from 1 to 100 almost instantly (having quickly spotted that the sum was actually 50 pairs of numbers, with each pair summing to 101, total 5,050). By the age of 12, he was already attending gymnasium

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and criticizing Euclid’s geometry. این اومده بود ولی اخراش متفاوت بود با این متن

487 Rodents Rodents are the workhorses of biomedical labs. So it's important to know if they're stressed out, which could affect results. Now we know that lab rodents may be regularly exposed to a big stressor: men. Researchers noticed that mice showed a lower pain response —a sign of stress—when a human was present. So they put mice and rats into clear cubicles, where their faces were visible, and injected them with an irritant. The rodents expressed pain through grimacing when no humans were nearby. But when confronted with a male researcher, or even just his odoriferous T-shirt, the animals grimaced less. Female observers did not get the same rodent reaction. Turns out that smelling a human male made rodents produce higher levels of a stress hormone and increase their body temperature. That stress response also blunted their sensitivity to pain. The study is in the journal Nature Methods. Researchers may have to come up with ways to ward off the stress effects of researchers. Because to a rodent, men smell like hell.

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new# I have a question that is not a chicken. Before I talked

about the gorilla ,I have a classmate who recalled this

time. I remember all the answers. The first one is an exhibition. What do you say about the gorilla? Then

through the sth of the continent and then say to pick two gorillas at random. You can get much more

"information" than any other two Radom human.... It is concluded that We are a special "uniform" species!

Overall, it is not difficult to interfere with the option is the third empty, but you can see the other to confirm

that other excerpts have differences, and the reading of through is not outstanding, but it feels right.

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new# the famous dictionary of Samuel Johnson, published in London in 1755; its principles dominated English lexicography for more than a century. This two-volume work surpassed earlier dictionaries not in bulk but in precision of definition. Its strength lay in two features: the original, carefully divided and ordered, elegantly formulated definitions of the main word stock of the language; and the copious citation of quotations from the entire range of English literature, which served in support and illustration and which exemplified the different shades of meaning of a particular word. A Dictionary of the English Language included a history of the language, a grammar, and an extensive list of words representing basic general vocabulary, based on the best conversation of contemporary London and the normal usage of respected writers. The original was followed in 1756 by an abbreviated one-volume version that was widely used far into the 20th century. Johnson’s accomplishment was to provide for the English language a dictionary that incorporated with skill and intellectual power the prevailing ideals and resources and the best available techniques of European lexicography. It was the standard English dictionary until Noah Webster’s (1828).

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#new grandparentsیکی از متن های ریدینگ در مورد نگهداری بچه ها توسط

هاشون هست و تاثیربر روی بچه ها.

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#new ها بود که توی یه قسمتش گفته بود pesticideیکی از متن های ریدینگ درمورد

they can not gain ... fat composition ... sufficient in winter بود.

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#new صحبت میکرد و جای communicationیکی از متن های ریدینگ در مورد

,Traditionallyبود. useful, process, modelخالی ها

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mass-communications research has conceptualized the process of communication in terms of a circulation circuit

or loop. This model has been criticized for its linearity, for its concentration on the level of message exchange

and for the absence of a structured conception of the different moments as a complex structure of relations.

But it is also possible ( and useful) to think of this process

in terms of a structure produced and sustained through the articulation of linked but distinctive moments-

production, circulation, distribution, reproduction. This would be to think of the process as a 'complex structure

in dominance', sustained through the articulation of connected practices, each of which, however retains its

distinctiveness and has its own specific modality, its own forms and conditions of existence.

#new صحبت میکرد و که با make purchaseیکی از متن های ریدینگ در مورد

creadit card .انجام می شود

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#new Sydney public transportationیکی از متن های ریدینگ در مورد

می گذاشتیم. patronizeصحبت میکرد و که یه جای خالیش

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#new صحبت میکرد. university consortiumیکی از متن های ریدینگ در مورد

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#new یکی از متن ها در مورد اهمیت شواهد باستان شناسی صحبت می کرد واینکه نمیشه

رونادیده گرفت.نقش باستانشناس ها

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#new صحبت می کرد atom, proton, notron , orbitیکی از متن ها در مورد

بود. attracted, orbit, forcedوجا خالی هاش

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341 the changing climat This article explains that the changing climate will be very costly for US states… Losses rainfall

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catastrophic economic

381 Helping people There are many different ways to help other people. Perhaps the most common of these involves giving others practical help. In our society, there are many individuals who spontaneously help others in this way. Additionally, there are others who belong to organizations which have been set up to provide help to specific groups, such as the elderly, the disabled, and those with serious physical or mental health problems. Most importantly, there are many occupations, such as nursing, occupational therapy and social work, which involve professionals who are trained to provide or organize practical help for others. While helping other people in a practical way, many volunteer and professional helpers also make use of some counselling. These skills can be very useful in enabling people to feel better as described in this book and our book, Counselling Skills in Everyday Life. However, it needs to be recognized that just being able to make use of some counselling skills does not qualify a person as counsellor.

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203 Most students bored at schools A majority of U.S. high school students say they get bored in class every day, and more than one out of five has considered dropping out, according to a survey released on Wednesday. The survey of 81,000 students in 26 states found two-thirds of high school students complain of boredom, usually because the subject matter was irrelevant or their teachers didn’t seem to care about them.

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#new

, داشتbilingual, archeologistیه متن راجع به زبان بود و کلمات 1 1

#new Roberto's story is just one of countless success stories.

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Research has shown that bilingual education is the most effective way both to teach children English and ensure that they succeed academically. In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students consistently outperform their peers in monolingual programs. Calexico, Calif. , implemented bilingual education, and now has dropout rates that are less than half the state average and college acceptance rates of more than 90%.In E1 Paso, bilingual education programs have helped raise student scores from the lowest in Texas to among the highest in the nation.

#new یه متن دو سری هست برام داره میاد تو ریدینگ

جواباش

model Useful

but Specific

در مورد یه مدل مخابراتی صحبت میکنه .

گشتم تو متریال اینا نبود .

داخل پرانتز بود. usefulجاخالی

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#new EE (energy expenditure) and AVG (active video games). The sedentary video games cannot meet the minimum exercise intensities... Playing AVGs increases energy expenditure, but can’t be a replacement of exercise.... The study, of 322 overweight 10- to 14-year-olds, found that those whose usual, sedentary video games were partly replaced with active games gained less weight over six months. For years, experts have worried that the growing amount of time children are spending in front of TVs and computers is helping to feed an epidemic of childhood obesity. نصفش از این متن بود، نصف بقیشم جدید بود

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#new که پیدا نکردمش humorیک متن در مورد

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#new ice storm بود ولی نه اونی که تو جزوه بود

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#new داره heartless managerو headlessمتنی که توش

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#new ))یکی هم بود که راجع به این صحبت میکرد که چرا کشاورزی در امریکا رشد نکرد تا

زمانی که ذرت از مکزیک رسید و دلیلش فراوانی گیاهان خوراکی و حیوانات بود که منابع رو تامین میکردن((

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#new یک متن راجع به رسانا بودن مس و حرکت الکترونهای آزاد دور اتم و بین مولکولهای

مس )متنهای زیر رو از اینترنت گرفتم شبیه اینا بود تقریبا مثال یکی از جای خالیها فورس بود(

Each copper atom has lost one electron and become a positive ion. So copper is a lattice of positive copper ions

with free electrons moving between them .

We now have all the tools to make charges flow. Electrons in atoms can act as our charge carrier, because

every electron carries a negative charge. If we can free an electron from an atom and force it to move, we can

create electricity

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188 Laurence Stephen Laurence Stephen Lowry (1 November 1887 — 23 February 1976) was an English artist. Many of his drawings and paintings depict Pendlebury, Lancashire, where he lived and worked for more than 40 years, and also Salford and its surrounding areas. Lowry is famous for painting scenes of life in the Industrial districts of North West England in the mid-20th century. He developed a distinctive style of painting and is best known for his urban landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as "matchstick men". He painted mysterious unpopulated landscapes, brooding portraits and the unpublished "marionette" works, which were only found after his death.

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#new دورهم جمع کرده بود و یک گزینه باید بین UNمتنی بود راجع به چند تا گروه که

choosing وselecting انتخاب میکردی. یک جای خالی دیگه همین متن هم

بودکه up. توی یک متن دیگه هم یک جای خالی بود بعالوهinterestedمیشد

broughtمیشد

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414 National Portrait Gallery The majority of early pictures in the National Portrait Gallery's care are by unknown artists, with fundamental questions, such as when, where and why they were painted still remaining to be answered. Through the application of scientific methods, a new project has the potential to unlock evidence that will allow researchers to determine answers to these questions. They will use a combination of cutting-edge scientific techniques, such as X-ray and infra-red reflectography. In order to reveal new information about individual paintings.

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190 Classic One of the most important things to remember is that “classic” does not necessarily translate to “favorite” or “bestselling”. Literature is instead considered classic when it has stood the test of time; and it stands the test of time when the artistic quality it expresses be it an expression of life, truth, beauty, or anything about the universal human condition continues to be relevant, and continues to inspire emotional responses, no matter the period in which the work was written. Indeed, classic literature is considered as such regardless of book sales or public popularity. That said, classic literature usually merits lasting recognition from critics and other people in a position to influence such decisions and has a universal appeal. And, while effective use of language as well as technical excellence is a must, not everything that is well-written or is characterized by technical achievement or critical acclaim will automatically be considered a classic. Conversely, works

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that have not been acknowledged or received positively by the writer’s contemporaries or critics can still be considered as classics.

بود که قبال برا ماشین و مبلمان فقط credit cartیکی در مورد فراگیر شدن استفاده میشد ولی االن فراگیر شده

Enormous-few-available

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Repair / restore گرینه damage در مورد خسارت و آسیبها در گذشته بود که جای خالی قبل از

دیدم repair زدم. در النگمن هم repair بود که من restore و repair هاش

.آورده بود damage که برای

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Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study. Others study best in a crowded, noisy room because the noiseactually HELPS them concentrate. Some students like quiet music playing; OTHERS do not. The point is, you should know the levelof noise that is optimal for your own studying. However, one general rule for all students is that the television seems to be more of adistraction than music or other background noise, so LEAVE the TV off when you are reading or studying.A LSO, don’t let yourself become distracted by computer games, email, or Internet surfing.

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480 Causes of Dinosaurs Extinction

The November 26th issue of the journal Science included a study showing that the extinction of the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago allowed puny mammals to get really big. But well before all that happened, another event triggered a different burst of evolutionary activity. A new study finds that about 300 million years ago, the tropical rainforests along the equator fell apart. The familiar culprit—global warming. Present-day Europe and North America were on the equator back then, and were covered with rainforests. But global warming made things even hotter and drier. The expansive rainforests broke up into smaller fragments, and reptile populations became isolated from each other in the fragments. Such

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geographical isolation allows different populations to evolve in different directions, which led to a great increase in reptile diversity. The research appears in the journal Geology. The explosion in reptiles ultimately led to the evolution of the dinosaurs, which dominated the planet until they fell victim to the massive impact that allowed us mammals to take over. As Vonnegut would say, so it goes.

39

#RMCSA-#RMCMA (Repeated Questions :235) RMCSA-RMCMA

Why did White maize price increase? The reason was that the president changed, the immigrants were more, the yellow corn was subsidized, and most of the yellow corn was eaten. The price went up, so most merchants began to buy white corn, and the policy tax should be changed.

ی پرانتز نوشته بود مثال پی جامه میپوشه و تا صبح زود کار رو انجام میده، یک متن بود در مورد انجام کارهای دیجیتال و آی تی در منزل، که تو سوال این بود که نقش اطالعات توی پرانتز چیه؟ فکر میکنم جواب صحیح اینه که: مثالی بود که دیدگاه فرد رو توضیح بده.

ساده دارین ، researchخالصه ی متن و در واقع جواب سوال این بود که شما قبل از هر کاری نیاز به یه

صحبت کنین و یا وقتی می رین خرید ... tutorمتن مثال می زد که مثال وقتی میرین داخل کتابخونه و ... باید قبلش با

همسایه شما یه سگ داره که اون سگه از خونه میزنه بیرون و شما میبریدش پیش صاحبش و صاحبش از شما تشکر میکنه و هدیه ای هم برای دید و یا ن دردانی به شما میده، حاال فرض کنید بعد از چند بار که سگو بردید براش یکبار دیگه تشکر نکنه، آیا این باعث میشه دیگه اونکارو انجامق

د ششما صرفا به دلیل اینکه ذات کار مثبت هست اون رو انجام دادید و سوال این بود که نویسنده در مورد چه چیز صحبت کرده که جواب می

people’s motives engeneeringو physicsهای تحصیل و کار کردن زن و مرد در رشته

ها: زنان درآمد بیشتری نسبت به مردان دارندیکی از گزینه

شکل مارتباط بین فضای مجازی و سالمت بود ولی میگفت که اونایی که بیشتر از فضای مجازی استفاده میکنن، تنها ترن ولی ثابت نشده که کنن یروانی داشته باشن. توی مثال هاش فیسبوک رو گفته بود که نوشته بود مردم بیشتر برای ارتباط با دوستای قدیمی شون از فیسبوک استفاده م

ننه برای ارتباط های جدید. یکی از گزینه های غلط هم همین بود که نوشته بود مردم برای ایجاد ارتباط جدید از فیسبوک استفاده میکن

1. What part of context shows uncertainty of author about future financial conditions? Answer: precarious calm 2. What is purpose of author? Choices: describing problem, describing trends, describing solution, 1. A scientist and logical positivism. Answers: confronting with Albert Einstein removed his reputation; he thought sth is the highest human ability.

جواب –( چیه )درباره مزایای کار با اینترنت بود که نویسنده توی )( نوشته بود مثال میشه از توی خونه با پیژامه کار کرد و سوال پرسیده بودهدف از گزینه ای میشه که نویسنده مثال میزنهدرست

عکس یه حیوان شبیه اردک توی اب با یه اسم سخت، و درمورد یه وسیله صحبت میکرد که در دریا به کار برده میشه و پرسیده بود برای چی استفاده میشه

گه این وسیله توی قایق های ماهیگیریتوی متن نوشه شده بود که وسیله کمک میکنه که حیوان منقرض نشه و گزینه درست بعدی هم می استفاده میشه و باعث میشه پرنده ها ماهی هایی که ماهیگیرها می گیرن و نخورن

✔️To avoid birds from dying روش اول بود ) بود ، جواب فقط توی پاراگراف "یادگرفتن کار برای کسایی که تازه وارد بازار کار میشن "تا پاراگراف طوالنی درباره روش های 3

هاش یادم نیست ولی هرکدوم یه تایتل مشخص داشت(

Q: what are the advantages of “on the job“ learning? جواب گزینه هایی میشد که با این روش لرنرها میتونن از نظرات پروفشنال ها بهره مند بشن ، و سرعت یادگیریشون دست خودشون

✔️they can learn at any pace ✔️Get advice from professionals

ینه که ایکی هم راجع به اینکه فیدبک گرفتن در اموزش خیلی تاثیر دارد کلی راجع به تاثیر مثبت فیدبک گفته بود ولی اخرش گفته بود بهترین کار آموز خودشدانش

self-assessment داشته باشد جوابی که این گزینه را اشاره میکرد درست بود

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بهت میده. دومین بار فقط تشکر هم میشه و پیداش میکنی میبری تحویل میدی و طرف ازت تشکر میکنه و یه ظرف کیکهمسایه گم ر سگیه باچی همیکنه. دفعه های بعد نه. حاال باید دفعه های بعد با اینکه میدونی حتی ممکنه تشکرم نکنه کمک کنی یا نه؟ سوالش این بود که متن دربار

رف میزنه؟ جوابش میشد انگیزه برای کمک و همچنین رفتار.داره ح

Insurance policy in Australian university for abroad student which is optional. They can use university offer or find themselves.

درصد نمره بر اساس امتحان ۸0نبود متن رو بخونید. آخر متن نوشته بود یه استادی داشت میگفت بچه ها باید توی کالس شرکت کنن. اصال الزم درصد بر اساس حضور در کالس هست. 20کتبی و

در کالس. attendanceبعد سوال این بود که نمره بر چه اساسی داره داده میشه؟ جواب میشد امتحان کتبی و

Because it has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, Pluto is considered a dwarf planet ... می نامند؟DWARFرو PLUTOچرا سیاره

طی قرار های قرون وس یک شخصی سفر کرده بود آسیا برای امور مذهبی که نکته انحرافیش همینجا بود. سوال پرسیده بود چی مورد توجه اروپایی گرفته بود که به احتمال زیاد بحث توپوگرافی و نقشه یا همچین چیزی جواب سوال چون این کارم انجام داده بود.

و یک سایت با ویژوال بیسیک برای خودش ساخته و مند شده ههای رایگان اون بهردانشجویی که از دانشگاهش خیلی خوشش اومده و از دورههای غلط یادمه که میگفت دانشگاه را دوست دارد چون رایگان است و چون بهش کمک میرسانند و یک سایت دارد که این موضوع سایت فقط جواب

داخل متن یک موضوع فرعی بود و جوابی که سایت را اشاره کرده غلطه

قلعه و شهر اسکندریه و شکل اون و توسعه آن

ه که گفتهیک مقاله نوشت 1934یک دانشمند در سال

usefulness of useless research هو شرح داده که تحقیقاتی که ظاهرا بدرد نمیخوره هم باید حمایت بشه چون بعدا معلوم میشه بدرد میخورند و باید حمایت مالی از اونها بش

international students in Uk انگلستان توضیح می داد و در پاراگراف که پاراگراف اول درباره وضعیت فعلی دانشجویان بین المللی دردوم درباره کمک ها و حمایت هایی که از دانشجویان خارجی در دانشگاه ها میشه توضیح میداد و گزینه درست درباره انگیزش دانشجویان بین المللی بالقوه بود

رو زدم health soil championیه ویدیو بود در مورد خاک و آخرش می گه باید چیکار کنیم من برداشتم برای محافظت از خاک بود

در مورد نقشه ای در زمان داروین بود که پرسیده بود هدفش چیه

transition powerبوده. بعدش 17تا 1۶رن یکیش گفته بود که رزدنانس چیه؟ شکسپیر در دوران رزونانس زندگی کرده. این دوره از ق

from culture کهpower اومده تغییر کرده و بعدland در اگریکالچر دولوپ کرده. و چونtrade زیاد شده باعث میشهlanguage

چیه؟ purposeپیشرفت کنه. بعد میگه

: یکی دیگه از سینگل انسرهام یک پالستیک روی یک جوجه اردک انداختن میگه این برای چی 1صورت مطرح شده است :نوع 3این سئوال به : در مورد یه پرنده در حال انقراض بود که از یه پالستیک های صورتی 2استفاده میشه که نمیذاره به کشتی های ماهیگیری نزدیک بشن . نوع

:عکس یه مرغابی 3فاده میکنند که این پرنده از این رنگ میترسه و خوب باعث میشه که از مناطق خطرناک ماهیگیری دور بشه. نوع روی آب است

چیه و میگفت کارش اینه پرنده ها رو دور کنه به ماهی هم اشاره داشت pink tubeرو گذاشته بود و بعد میگفت

اومده بود. نوشته بود که حدود دو میلیون گونه جانوری شناخته شده که مردم معموال نمی شناسند یک متن راجع به نامگذاری گونه های جانوریچون جاهای دور زندگی می کنند و یا خیلی ذره بینی هستند. یه دانشمندی یه سیستم نامگذاری اختراع کرده که دو قسمت هست. یک قسمت

( بعد میگفت این نام ها طوری هست که ارتباط بین گونه های جانوری رو مشخص می کنه مربوط به رده جانوری میشه و قسمت بعدی )یادم نیست

چجوری اتفاق میافته. یکی از گزینه های درست این بود که این نامگذاری لینک بین جانوران را مشخص می کنه. Evolutionو مشخص میکنه بقیه گزینه ها یادم نیست.

ام شده که مشخص شده والدینی که نگران درس ریاضی بچه هاشون هستند این نگرانی رو به بچه ها منتقل می نوشته بود که در دنیا تحقیقی انجکنند و باعث میشن که توی درس ریاضی ضعیف تر بشن. یکی از گزینه ها این بود که ریاضی باید ژنتیکی خوب باشه و یکی گزینه دیگه میگفت

ها شده و یکی دیگه که درست بود این بود که گفته بود نگرانی والدین روی درس ریاضی بچه ها تاثیر که نگرانی والدین باعث بهبود ریاضی بچه

( کرده ولی نمیگفت مثبت یا منفیinfluenceگذاشته)

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ز ها رو که چه فرقی داره تو دبیرستان و دانشگاه بود. اینکه معلم ها تشویق میکنن دانش آمو writingدو تا پاراگراف بود راجع به اینکه

writing شون خوبه ولی در واقع خیلی فرق داره نوشتن در دانشگاه و باید یه سری موارد رو رعایت کرد سوالش پرسیده بود در پاراگراف اول به چی اشاره شده

گزینه هاش این جوری بود

در دبیرستان و دانشگاه رو تاکید میکنه writing.تفاوت 1

ری باشه تو دانشگاه و...باید چه جو writing. اینکه 2

Effects of music on the way we study Gozine dorost: improved the wAy we study

ساده دارین ، researchخالصه ی متن و در واقع جواب سوال این بود که شما قبل از هر کاری نیاز به یه

…صحبت کنین و یا وقتی می رین خرید tutorمتن مثال می زد که مثال وقتی میرین داخل کتابخونه و ... باید قبلش با

ولد اینا بیک متن داده بود در مورد اطالعات اولیه که دانشگاه به دانشجوهای تازه وارد میده و بعضی جاهاشو بولد کرده بود و سوال کرده بود چرا شده

موسیقی گفت که در زندگی روزمره مثل صدای زنگ موبایل، صدای آالرم ساعت و ... ازش استفاده میکنیم. که یکی از گزینه ها هم راجع به استفاده در زندگی روزمره بود

بنگ در جهان میگفت و بعد میگفت تعداد نامعلومی اتفاق افتادهراجع با تعداد بیگ

وپولو یا خودش که در زمان های قدیم رفته بود چین و آسیا رو دیده بود، بعد پادشاه ها تجربه هاش رو می راجع به یه بنده خدایی بود مثل مارک خوندن که دانششون زیاد شه و یسری هم نقشه شرق دور رو از روی نوشته های این بنده خدا کشیدن، که جواب همین دوتا گروه میشد.

یگفتیکی هم راجع به یک نقاشی از ملکه الیزابت م

داشت که جواب میشد هم نکات مثبت و هم منفی رو dystopiaو utopiaراجع به یه نقاشی بود که می گفت چیرو نشون میده؟ توش

کار یمیگفت شما مثالً سگ همسایه رو که میاد خونتون میبرید بهش تحویل میدید و اون تشکر میکنه، اگر بعد از چندمین بار برید و تشکر نکنه چ میکنید که توی متن چندتا سوال پرسیده بود که دیگه اینکار رو نمیکنید یا ... و بعد سوال این بود که هدف نویسنده چیه که گزینه هاش

نتایج رو پیش بینی کند رفتار رو بررسی کند

اعمال رو نقد کنه که بازم اگه سگه گم شد ببرید تحویل بدید؟ کاملش اینه ک بعد از اینکه دیگه همسایه تشکر نکنه مگر نه بهترین کار این هستش

آدم رو بررسی کنه)یا انگیزه فرد باعث میشه بازم سگه رو motivationگزینه چهارم هم عالوه بر گزینه های باال این بود ک نویسنده میخاد ببره پس بده به صاحبش(. که این گزینه جواب هستش بنظرم

Propelling, Lithography, photography, 2 brothers, one brother traveled back home after the war to help his family. Interest of one brother in photography, Someone helped one brother in Londin, to publish his works. Answers:

❌One bother traveled back home to help the other brother.

✅The people knew their photography/their lithography was known by another name.

✅The brother “X” had the means to publish his work in London. ادر رو توی لندن برادر پیشنهاد داده و تونسته مقدمات انتشار محصول این بر به یک در مورد جواب آخر، توی متن نوشته بود که فالن شخص

.مستقیماً که این برادر شرایط انتشار کارش توی لندن رو داشت، هم میتونست اشتباه باشه و هم صحیح، من صحیح زدم فراهم کنه، ولی نگفته بود اسم دو برادر دوتا اسم خیلی عجیب بودن، اسم و فامیلشون بود

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employeers and workers, managers should allow employers to make their decisions, freedom in desicion making :متن باال از لحاظ معنایی در مورد بسته بودن محیط و خفقان بود، و اینکه مدیرانی که اجازه تصمیم گیری نمیدن به کارگران. از جوابها مدیران باید کارمندان رو در تصمیم گیری دخیل کنند

یح چی بود و کدوم گزینه رو زدمحدودی خاطرم نیس که جواب صح .

.از این سوال فقط همین محتوا خاطرم هست، متن خیلی کوتاهی بود و هیچ لغت تخصصی نداشت

Courses, Places, Check carefully before selection, you can contact the university to get more information about the course or place

A type of corn in Mexico, can be wrapped and can be eaten like bread, it’s a substantial food of people, prices of this corn in Mexico has increased by 0.75% due to lack of supply, this type of corn is exported to US and is popular in “a US state”, demand is high. Answers:

✅ Prices have increased due to lack of corn supply

❌ Prices increased because of high demand in the US یه متن بود درباره نام گذای قله اورست ) یه قسمت هاییش شبیه همون متنی بود که توی جزوه ریدینگ داریم ( که به نام بریتیش سرویر نام

درصورتی که مردم تبت و نپال از این قضیه خیلی ناراحت بودنگذاری شده

task to delegatesدر مورد واگذاری کارها به کارمندان از سمت مدیران

Alexander اجرا نکرده greenhouse gassesدرباره آمریکا بود فک کنم که چرا زودتر راه حلی برای یه مسئله ای مثل

رو داده بود و گفته بود که نظر نویسنده در مورد نامگذاری اورست چی بوده؟ rfib#جزوه 2۶شماره یه دونه سوال بود که متن

داشت فکر کنم مولتیپل چویس بود frontierدر سیستم اموزشی انگلیس بحث

بازی را انتخاب کردمتشریح یه بازی محلی هندی بود و سوال این بود که کدام گزینه از ویژیگی های بازی نیست که من آسون نبودن

یک متن راجع به اقبال جوانان به شرکت در انتخابات.

بود. healthcareیک متن راجع به اقبال مردم به پرداخت مالیات و

یک متن بسیار طوالنی که مربوط به درصد افزایش زندانیها در آمریکا بود

دوم رو یادم نمیاد فکر کنم ادیسون بود، بخاطر ترس از اینکه جونشون در خطر بیوفته از در گذشته خیلی از افراد پیشگام در علم مثل گالیله و نفر بیان کردن اعتقاداتشون سر باز میزدن

آخرشم میگفت درمقایل افراد مشهوری مثل بتهوون و یک نفر دیگه که باز اسم اونم یادم نمیاد که اوکی بودن سوال این بود

What point the author wants to make? Ans= the difference between two kinds of pioneers (hamchin chizi)

دلیل مخالفت برخی با تبلیغات : من زدم مخالفت با اینکه شرکت های بزرگ تبلیغات رو بدست بگیرند چون می تونن جهت دهی کنند

Planets with shining particles have a strong gravity, planets like earth and sun, with particles in their atmosphere, but until recently, scientists discovered that Venus also has a gravitational pull. The discovery suggests that 4 billion years ago there was a thick layer of shining particles around Venus.

✅Answer: Venus had a strong gravitational pull a long time ago but it is diminished now ( دقیقاً همین

(کلمات نیستن ولی جوابش همینه دقیقاً

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3d printer, taking picture from finger bones using 3d imaging device (or 3d scanner), printing a finger bone (or tissue) with printer, feeding the printer with two types of materials, which can be found inside human body (or they naturally occur (material X and material Y نام تخصصی دو نوع ماده

.if a finger (or part) is lost, we should use the other finger to print a replica (or 3d model) ,(بودن

Wrong and Correct Answers:

✅ Printer is fed with chemical materials – ود متریال در بدن انسان هست، اما این گزینه ابتدا فکر کردم اشتباهه چون گفته ب منظور این بود که این متریال شیمیایی، نمونش در بدن انسان هم هست

🚫the printed finger will dissolve (or deconstructed) after printing

✅ The second hand finger will be used for printing if primary finger(or bone, or tissue) is damaged در مورد تحمل انواع درختان در فصل زمستان در برار سرما بود مثال سوزنی برگ ها به یک طریق میتونن از خودشون محافظت کنن و داشت

میگفت مثال این نوع درخت تووی خاکی خاصی میتونه در سرما تاب بیاره

ه درختان چطوری در سرما تاب میارنداره و داره میگه ک low temperatureجواب: گزینه ای که داخلش

3d printer, taking picture from finger bones using 3d imaging device (or 3d scanner), printing a finger bone (or tissue) with printer, feeding the printer with two types of materials, which can be found inside human body (or they naturally occur (material X and material Y نام تخصصی دو نوع ماده

.if a finger (or part) is lost, we should use the other finger to print a replica (or 3d model) ,(بودن

Mount Everest

Anti-bullying project فقیر رو مسخره نکنن و همه بچه ها یکسان باشندتوی مدرسه به بچه ها آموزش میدن که بچه های

Helping children in mathematic by parents

Extrovert Management . 0یک نقشه قدیمی که ازش تو مسافرت ها استفاده میکردن

در مورد اثر دروغ در جامعه از نظر روانشناسها

کاغددر مورد صنعت چاپ بود و مراحل چاپ قبل از واردات سوال این بود که این متن میتونه مقدمه یه کتاب با چه موضوعی باشه

آزمایش هایی که روی سگ ها انجام داده اند و نتیجه اینه که سگ ها میتونن چیزی که تو ذهن افراد هست رو بفهمن

و ابت نشده که این ربط داره و میزان جوانهایی که بیکارنمیزان بیکاری در جوانها چقدر تاثیر داره در پیوستنشون به تروریزم در اخر میگه که ولی ث تروریست میشن کمه

یکی از مالتی پل سینگل انسر ریدینگ این بود که یک باغ وحش باید آموزشی باشه یا مثل یک موزه باشه.یه متن درباره باغ وحش بود

کار گروهی کردن چه مزیت هایی داره

خیلی زود به دلیل فشار هایی که روش هست استخدام میکنه و این نیروها در جایگاه های مناسب قرار یک سازمان برای استخدام نیروهاش ندارد.چرا؟

رو به تکامل رسوندن. romanticهای زمان ناپلئون بود با بقیه متفکرین اون زمان که این دو نفر بحث thinkerسوال درباره تفاوت دو تا از کی هم گوته.یکیشون بتهوون بود و اون ی

دن یمتن در مورد اینکه ریسرچ های گذشته چه مزیتی نسبت به جدید ها دارن؟ جواب رو واضح تو جمله آخر پاراگراف آورده بود که بیشتر دیتیل م تحقیقات گذشته

مرد ها با بازه زمانی خاصی گفته میشه و یه متن بلند داشت با چنتا حالت خالصه ی مطلب که من گزینه TYPICALبه کدوم دسته زندانی های که یادم نیست رو انتخاب کردم..ولی مطمئن نیستم از جواب

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ها رو تیه سوال کوتاه بود که یه ماجرای رو داشت تعریف میکرد.. و گزینه ها به این ترتیب بود که متن چی رو داره میگه .. پیشرفت ها رو ؟ شکس

که در واقع به چیز خاصی اشاره نمیکرد و فقط یه روند و مرحله 3جواب یه روند بود ..گزینه ی ( رو و یه چیز دیگه.. که TREND؟ یک روند ) ای رو شرح میداد.

ز ا برای تغییر نگرش دانش آموزان نسبت به دانشمندان، برنامه ای گذاشتن که دانشمندان با دانش آموزان بیشتر در تعامل باشند، می گفت اولشعکس یه دانشمند رو بکشن، اونا همه یه شکل کلیشه ای کشیده بودن و اصال به واینکه یه دانشمند می تونه خانم باشه فکر بچه ها خواسته بودن

نکرده بودند، اما بعد یهو یه خانم با کت سفید وارد شده بود. بعدش هم گفته بود این تعامل برای دانشمندا هم مفید بوده

د که واقعا نفهمیدمم جواب درشتش چیه گزینها تا اونجایی که یادم میاد این بود که باید روی قفسه اهنی باشه شرایط نگهداری گل ارکید گلدانی بو زیر ایر کاندیشنر باشه بعل پنجره باز باشه زیر افتاب مستقبم باشه .

ا جلوی آینه نسبت به تصویرشون وقتی که در مورد آزمایشی بود که روی حیوانات بخصوص میمون ها انجام شده بود که در مورد عکس العمل اونه ییک نور رو داخل تصویر آینه مینداختن تحقیق میکرد. سوال این بود که هدف چی بوده؟ جواب هم همین بود که دانشمندان میخواستن ببینن وقت

که یک نور به تصویر داخل آینه تابیده میشه عکس العمل حیوانات چی هست.

1-Dentistery has changed due to increasing life expectancy and general health Industrial Revolution, American unions

پ از ودرباره یه ازمایش بود که بچه های نوپا رو توی یه اتاق پیش والدینشون مینشوندن و یه نفر روی صندلی میشینه و یه جوری نشون میده که تمیکنه سمت توپ ولی بلند نمیشه و میخوان ببینن چندتا از بچه ها میان و کمک میکنن و توپ رو به دست اون دستش افتاده و دستش رو دراز

شخص میدن. سوال این بود که ازمایش درباره چی بود که یکی از گزینه های غلط رابطه وادین و بچه بود ولی گزینه درست همین کمک به دیگران بود.

که سوال این بود این پروسه به چی کمک میکنه که جوابش میشد به دانش اموزاان برای یادگیری دروسشوندرباره پروسه یادگیری بود

یک پاراگراف در مورد اینکه خانمها بیشتر خدمات کلیسا مدرسه و امثال ان قبول کرده اند و دخترانشان را هم ... بقیه یادم نیستدر مورد تحصیل دختران کدام گزینه صحیح است خیلی بسختی میشد فهمید ربط اون متن کوتاه با کال طول متن خیلی کم بود سوال کرده بود که

گزینه ها را

میگفت زنان از اوایل قرن نوزده به سر کار میروند و دیرتر ازدواج میکنند یا حتی ازدواج نمیکنند و دیرتر بچه میارن گزینه ها

ها کم شدهتعداد اعضای خانواده مادران مجرد مقبولیت پیدا کردهوجود

دو تای دیگه یادم نیست ولی بنظر من وجود مادران مجرد ربطی به متن نداشت

کار گروهی کردن چه مزیت هایی داره

یک سازمان برای استخدام نیروهاش خیلی زود به دلیل فشار هایی که روش هست استخدام میکنه و این نیروها در جایگاه های مناسب قرار ندارد.چرا؟

ریدینگ سینگل انسرهام یکیش راجع به عمق اقیانوس ها بود که چه عاملی باعث افزایش میشه؟ توی متنش از عبارت های زیر استفاده شده بود

magma / riding on the crust / ocean depth کنه و بعدش دیگه واسش جذابیت نداره که یه تست انجام در خصوص این بود که هر اسباب بازی واسه مدت کوتاهی میتونه توجه یه بچه رو جلب

دادن به این صورت که اول از پشت یک شیشه یه اسباب بازی رو به بچه ها نشون میدادن بعد از مدتی که جذابیتش از بین میرفت و حوصله بچهاسباب بازی دیگه پشت شیشه بود بچه ها هیجان سر میرفت، شیشه رو واسه مدتی مات میکردن، بعد که دوباره شیشه رو شفاف میکردن اگه یه

زده میشدن ولی اگه همون اسباب بازی قبلی پشت شیشه میبود همچنان واسه بچه ها جذابیت نداشت.

.kids cannot be deceivedپاسخ: بچه ها گول نمیخورند

رو به نمایش میذاره. ( 17و 1۶یا نقاشیهای کمتر شناخته شده قرن ) 17و 1۶نمایشگاه نقاشی که البته برخالف همیشه چهره های ناشناخته قرن رو نوشته. 17و 1۶پاسخ: نقاشیهای ناشناس. یه گزینه انحرافی هم بود که واسه گمراه کردن توش قرن

1- Assessment method? -> answer: written assessment and class involvement

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2- The text is about 3 different codes and explain that in case of conflict between the codes (such as ethic code, department code,..) which code overwrite and tell us what to do. Question: is about the priority of one code comparing to the other two ones which are introduced in the text. Meaning of the options: - Both are higher - Both are lower - Between this code and that code - Is higher(lower) than this and MAY be higher/lower than that Answer: the option which contain the word “MAY” is the answer as in the last few sentences of the text it is said that if conflict between these two codes happens refer the case to a professor from education department (but he doesn’t mention what the outcome will be-> which makes us to conclude that MAY or MAY not be higher)

companies: lock, stock and barrel yani chi? (:این اومده بود، امیدوارم تو جزو نباشه

راجع به تولید مواد مخدر تو کلمبیا بود و سول پرسیدهبود چرا نمیتونن کنترلش کنن

میکنن رراجع به استخدام افراد نامناسب بود که توضیح داده بود تو شرکتها تا پستی خالی میشه به سرعت اون جا رو با استخدام یه فرد نامناسب پ که اشتباه

شن تر دوریه متن راجع به پلوتون بود که چرا سیاره نیست جوابش فکنم میشه چون بخشی از جاذبه اش رو با مداری که سیارک های کوچیک مشترکه

یت لدر مورد یه آزمایش که بچه ها رو در شرایط مختلف قرار میدن تا ببینن چقدر طول میکشه از والدینشون دل بکنن و بروند به سمت انواع فعا های مختلف

سوال : چرا آزمایش انجام شد؟ قرارگیری کودکان در شرایط مختلف غ

سنجش تمرکز کودکان غ والدین ص سنجش وابستگی کودک و

+ turing test (mohtavash motefavet as (computer/intelligent) ke bacheha goftan bood) Elizabeth portrait, painter

یک سازمان برای استخدام نیروهاش خیلی زود و باعجله اقدام میکند که دلیلش رو پرسیده بود متن زیر اومده بود سوال پرسیده بود خانم

Evalyn Gates چه کاری انجام داده ؟

NINETY-FIVE per cent of the universe is made of invisible stuff: the dark matter that holds the galaxies together and the dark energy that causes space to expand at a quickening pace. There is

no shortage of theoretical candidates for these elusive ghosts. But how are astronomers to look for things that can’t be seen? That’s where “Einstein’s telescope” comes in. It’s a term Evalyn

Gates gives to gravitational lensing, the process by which a massive object distorts light that is streaming by, producing spectacular optical illusions in the sky and revealing the presence of

unseen … در مورد دوران رومانتیک و زمان ناپلئون و نحوه برخورد با متفکرین و دگر اندیشان . می گفت با بتهوون و گوته برخورد متفاوتی داشتند

برای دانشجوها بحث بشود interior designمتنی بود درمورد ویزگی های و مواردی که قراره در درس

Jobدر مورد

Companies and employment, companies often make mistakes in the employment process. in most cases, they want to fill a position quickly, and this is not the only reason that they fail in recruitment, the other reason is that they don’t really have a proper recruitment plan and process.

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Choices:

▫️ The want to fill a vacant position (or a vacancy) quickly ✅

▫️ Their recruit plan and procedure is not fair ❌ Jobدر مورد

باید باهم بحث کنند. بین فیلسوف ها بود که چه جورى debateراجع به

یت براجع به یک دانشمندى بود که در اروپا و امریکا شناخته شده بود، با انیشتین راجب موضوعى بحثى داشت، که چطور در جنگ جهانى دوم محبو شان را از دست دادند

Something about impressionists and their beliefs and works. .Something about some workers that they should have a lot of experiences to do that job.

young workforce under the age 25 years old have less unemployment. Government protection. Workforce older than 25 have not solved their unemployment. Why young workforce have less unemployment? Because of flexibility

در مورد یک موشک فضایی و سوال این بود که موشک های قبل اون چه کاربردی داشتند که در متن اومده بود موشک های قبل از اون میان

mapping outer space رو انجام می دادند

هم از نظر survivalدر مورد اینکه خواستگاه همه انسانها افریقاست و دانشمندا روش اشتراک نظر دارن ولی بعدش ادما با هم فرق کردن واسه زبانی هم فرهنگی

denistery change according other changes such as life expectance ون لغت کلیدی جواب بود و فکر کنم معنی ارتکاب جرم بود ولی شدیدتر از جرم کال مفهومی یک متنی که لغتی درش بود که یادم نمونده ولی ا

ود که ببود دوتا مثال اخرش زده بود رانندگی با سرعت باال و فرار مالیاتی که میگفت این ها هم نمونه ای از ارتکاب جرم گزینه درست گزینهای

مون لغت(=هxاشاره میکرد به مثالش که یه همچین چیزی :)

some crime like driving at high speed is not necessarily x راجع به دو تا هنر مند بود یکیش و اونیکی هم یه اسم مشابه همین که میگفت این دو نفر استانداردهایی رو تعیین کردن برای هنر اما

Rosenberg رو دیگران موقع استفاده از این استانداردها بای خودشون اونreformulate کنن ه کسوال هیچ چیز خاصی نبود فقط اسم اون دونفر نوشته شده بود و چندتا نقطه که جواب درست جوابی بود که اشاره میکرد به همون استاندارها

افراد رو درگیر میکنه

people challenge و مالیات ... و گزینه ها:اونها جوانند و مالیات زیادی نمیدن یک تحقیق بود در خصوص اینکه دانشجو ها چرا به رای دادن بی تفاوت هستند

و دوم اونها جوانند و نیاز زیادی به بیمه سالمت ندارند

یک مقاله در خصوص تاثیرات ورزش حرفه ای توسط متخصصین چاپ شده هدفش چیه؟ که به نظر من دنبال بهبود رابطه مربیان ورزشی با س بودمتخصصین علوم ورزشی و بالعک

توضیح می داد ukمتن درباره برنامه دانشگاه های

Something about a book which was written about American culture revolution mothers in homes for education of their girls

unemployment rate of young workforce has raised between the years 1993 to 2000 and women employment ...

the relationship between management skills and companies’ sizes. ه و دیکیش راجع به این بود که چرا یک منیجر کارهاش رو به زیردستاش واگذار نمی کنه، یک دلیلش این بود که نگرانه کار زیادی به زیردستاش ب

انجام بدن دیگه روی کار کنترلی نداره. یک گزینه بی ربط هم بود که می گفت نگران اینه که کارگرا فکر کنن منیجر دوم اینکه اگه کار رو بده اونا تنبلی هست.

Similarities between language and cognitive skills میشد Suggestiveبه چه معناست و جواب درست Allusiveیک متن بود و یک کلمه داخلش بود و پرسیده بود

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نفر کشته شدن 13000در مورد جنگ در کشور ترکیه یا اروپا بود که نزدیک به

که بعد از برپایی نمایشگاه چند نویسنده در مورد آنها مینویسند و بعد ملکه الیزابت آن نقاشی ها را میخرد،سوال در 17تا 13در مورد هنرمندان قرن هست 17تا 13را به نمایش میگذارند؟که من فک ر میکنم جواب درست گزینه مربوط به قرن مورد این هست که این نقاشی ها چه چیزی

از چه منظری سن صخر های کف اقیانوس مهم است وچند تا گزینه بود و اینکه متن میگفت که مواد مذاب اول سبک هستند و روی سطح مواد دیگر قرار می گیرند و با افزایش سن سردتر می شوند

همچنین چگالی انها بیشتر می شود و درنتیجه به پایین می روند

در مورد کتاب گالویر بود که میگفت از زمان خودش جلوتر بوده و می توان در قرن بیست و یکم بعنوان رمان شناختش..

نوشته بود extintion, fishing vesselو , fishingعکس یک پرنده بود و راجب مه اینها بود گزینه هایی که یاد

_محدود کردن محدوده ماهیگیری

prevent of dying راجب وظایف مدیر یک شرکت اینکه افراد رو طوری انتخاب کنه که در راستای اهداف شرکت باشه و سوال این بود که طبق متن وظیفه اصلی

مدیر چی هست

تحویل میدین و اون تشکر میکنه. اگر این روند چند بار تکرار شه و شما سگ سگ همسایه میاد دم در خونتون، شما سگ رو میبرید و به صاحبش هدف نویسنده از این متن چی بود؟ -رو واسش ببرید، ولی اون تشکر نکنه، چیکار میکنید؟

انگیزه افراد رو بررسی کرد*- رفتار افراد رو آنالیز کرد-

Text 26.Chomolungma (rfib)-question why they choose Everest? سیاست استخدام جوانان در انگلیس برای افزایش انعطاف پذیری نسبت به سایر کشورها

یک متنی داشت که درموردنحوه اموزش مادر ها به کودکانشون بود، سوال بود که تحقیق روی کدام مادرها بود ؟ درپاراگراف سومش داشت میگفت که محققان روی مادران با درامد کم که در شهرها زندگی

می کردند انجام شد،

و allو سوال کرده بود که به چه معناست؟ که معنی companies'lock, stock and barrelیه سوال دیگه بود که یه جای متن گفته بود

total میده

the odor of the past Christal palace in britain javab mishod bozogtarin dar zamn khodesh va 50 mile pipe built

manzor author az dar matntypical prisoner به کورس آنالین و پیژامه بودمالتیپل ریدینگ راجع

در مورد گرافیتی بود

یشن میه متن بود در مورد اینکه دانشجویان دستشون بازتره برای انتخاب رشته شون چون مثال ترم اول یه سری واحدها رو پاس میکنن بعد اشناتر واب میشد ابیلیتی دانشجویان برای انتخاب رشته راحتتربا رشته های مختلف، اون وقت ترم دوم راحت میتونن رشته اصلیشون رو انتخاب کنن. ج

ا ر یکی تفاوت یه نوع حکومت با دموکراسی بود که توش انتخابات نبود و اینا و شباهتش را با حکومت دموکرات خواسته بود که من دو گزینه آخر زدم که یکیش ظهرش بود

داندانیها در سالهای اخیر توضیح داده بود. بعدم پرسده بود ؛ی متن بسیار طوالنی چند پاراگرافه که راجع به تعداد زن

who is the common prisoner? فکر کنم جواب تو پاراگراف آخر بو

نظریه داروین

ینکه کورس ااینکه باید دانش اموزان خودشون کورس مورد عالقشونو انتخاب کنن ولی متاسفانه دانش اموزا نع بر اساس عالقه بلکه بر اساس مثال چه ساعتی از روزه یا دوستاشون کدوم کورسن انتخاب میکنن.

one of them was about methods of students' assessment, and the question was like: how does the performance of students assess? the text mentioned to written assignments and the amount

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of students' participation in the class. The answer was written assessment (assignments) and involved in class activities.

جدا ادرشیه متن راجع یه یه آزمایش بود که هر بچه رو با مادرش و یه محقق میذارند تو یه اتاق و اون محقق عمدا یچیزیو میندازه ببینه بچه از م که اونو برداره بهش بده یا نه. که گفته بود یه تعدادی از مادرشون جدا نشدن ولی تعداد زیادی به محقق کمک کردن و اون و چیزو دادن به میشه

محقق. پرسیده بود که هدف این آزمایش چیه؟ دوتا گزینه پرت داشت و دو گزینه دیگه این بود رابطه فرزند با پدرمادر- ه دیگراننشون دادن کمک کردن ب-

من اولیو زدم ولی حدس میزنم دومی درست باشه

راه لونه شون رو پیدا میکنن. اخرش هم میگفت زنیورها هم با همین Magnetic fieldو اینکه از روی یک Pigeonsیک متن در مورد سیستم راهشون رو پیدا میکنن.

به مرور داره با هر لهجه ای انگلیسی صحبت می کنه که ابن باعث میشه این زبان یه متنی بود در مورد اینکه زبان انگلیسی فراگیر شده و هر کسی تغییر کنه . سوال این بود که منطور نویسنده چیه ؟ جواب میشد تغییر زبان انگلیسی اجتناب ناپذیر هست

پاراگراف داشت می گفت رشته اش خیلی در مورد یه دانشجوی رشته کامپیوتر بود که داشت در مورد نکات مثبت رشتش صحبت می کرد چند تاگاهش شخوبه میتونه وب سایت دیزاین کنه و ارتباط گسترده داشته باشه بخاطر همین خیلی لذت میبره از رشتش، و در پاراگراف اخر هم در مورد دان

ی سوال این بود که نویسنده به چه نکات صحبت کرده بود که بهش این امکان رو میده هر روز چیزهای جدید یاد بگیره و افق دیدش گسترده بشه، اشاره کرده بود، جواب یک لذت بردن از رشته، جواب دو راضی بودن از دانشگاه

یه پاراگراف بود در مورد رفرنس و بیبالگرافی توضیح داده بود و جمله اخر نحوه قرار دادن اون در اسی رو گفته بود سوال متن در مورد چی بود

در رایتینگ source materialجواب صحیح نحوه قرار دادن یه گزینه هم این بود که تفاوت رفرنس و بیبلیاگرافی رو گفته که به نظرم صحیح نبود چون فقط تعریفشون کرد و مقایسه ای انجام نداد

میشه suggestiveدر پاراگراف اخر چیه که گویا allusiveمنظور نویسنده از کلمه

توضیح داده بود که هر دانش آموزی یه مدل یادگیری داره و دانش آموزان تو یادگیری متفاوت هستن که باید به این مسأله دقت بشه و خود اول ننکنه که بتونن دانش آموزان تو درسشون پیشرفت کدانش آموزان رو آگاه کنن از این مسأله بعد گفته بود که اون دانشگاه کمک به این مسأله می

متنی درباره شباهت

Autocracy & democracy بود

بهت بیاد vacantمشکل بعضی از شرکت ها در استخدام چیه ؟ اونها عجله ای نصمیم میگیرند و منتظر نمونند یک

داشت رو زدم)مطمین نیستم، برداشت من هست ( socialدخترهاشون چیه؟ گزینه که توش educationزنها نطرشون راجع به

ر دمغز انسان میتونه چوری بهیود پیدا کنه که تصیمات سریع که خوب بگیره ، لزوما تصمیات سریع خطا دار نیست. لزوما طول دادن و فکر کردن تصمیم گیری نتیجه خوبی نمیده.

پاراگراف دوم به چه معنی در انتهای ” Inside“بود، با این تفاوت که گفته واژه Cماک RMCSAاومده بود. آخرین تست MOCK Cسوال از

بود یا یه واژه دیگه Confidentialهای جواب درست میشد محرمانه. حاال یادم نیست ¬هست؟ که فکر توی گزینه

در مورد یه دانشجوی رشته کامپیوتر بود که داشت در مورد نکات مثبت رشتش صحبت می کرد چند تا پاراگراف داشت می گفت رشته اش خیلی وب سایت دیزاین کنه و ارتباط گسترده داشته باشه بخاطر همین خیلی لذت میبره از رشتش، و در پاراگراف اخر هم در مورد دانشگاهش خوبه میتونه

یصحبت کرده بود که بهش این امکان رو میده هر روز چیزهای جدید یاد بگیره و افق دیدش گسترده بشه، سوال این بود که نویسنده به چه نکات بود، جواب یک لذت بردن از رشته، جواب دو راضی بودن از دانشگاه اشاره کرده

در مورد حضور زنان در بازار کار و جامعه

as the sameو سوال کرده بود که این مراسم با چی همزمانه orientationدر مورد مراسم خوش آمد گویی دانشگاه به دانشجوها بود.

time as که تو پاراگراف آخر متن گفته بود که باO week .دانشگاه سیدنی همزمانه. البته مطمئن نیستم درست برداشت کرده باشم

متن راجب به دوران ناپولین و اینکه افراد معمولی چه جوری فکر میکردن ولی دو شخصیت معروف دیگه )اسمشون یادم نمیاد( خالف بقیه بودن. رو زدم. من تو گزینه ها همین

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به فضا 1 این بود که قبل از ارسال اسپوتنیک

اتمسفر و جو surveyموشک ها ی دیگه ای هم به فضا ارسال شده بودن بعنوان مثال برای و یا برای شناسایی اشعه های ایکس از پرتوهای خورشیدی

از ارسال موشکها کارایی انجام میشد 1سوال این بود قبل از اسپوتنیک

space explorationینه بود اکتشافات فضایی یه گز یه گزینه بود نقشه برداری از زمیتن

یه گزینه هم توسعه اشعه ایکس ک جکاب میشد اکتشافات فضایی

ط قراجع تصمیم گیری انسان بود ، که مغز انسان این توانایی رو داره که حتی در شرایط سخت و استرس زا هم تصمیم درست رو بگیره و حتما ف الزم نیست که آدم کلی وقت و اطالعات داشته باشه تا بتونه تصمیم بگیره

یه متن درباره شباهت و تفاوت خلیج فارس و دریای سرخ تو پکیج هست

ال این ویه سوال بود راجع به میزان بیسوادی در کشورهای مختلف،و مقایسه میزان بیسوادی بین زنان و مردان و کشورهای مختلفی نام برده بود،س بود که بودجه رفع بیسوادی توی کدوم کشور متمرکز شده و توی متن اشاره مستقیم نشده بود و استداللی بود و من گزینه زنان در نیجریه رو

انتخاب کردم.

ده با امکانات کمتری دیتحقیقی درباره آموزش به نوزادان توسط مادرشان بود. تحقیقات نشان داده بودند که بچه هایی که اموزش های ساده تر و بودند عملکرد مغزشان در اینده در یادگیری مهارت ها بهتر بوده . سوال این بود که تحقیق در بین کدام دسته از مادران انجام شده ؟

poor mothers live in the cityجواب:

این سوال تا به حال دوبار برای من اومده

باشه و اینکه یک سری پیش فرضها را باید هر کسی بدونه و نباید انتظار داشته leaderیداد که باید یک نفر درباره کار تیمی بود و داشت توضیح م باشه که بقیه افراد بهش یاد بدن

متنش طوالنی بود و گزینه ها خیلی گمراه کننده بودند

برنامه کمکی در اختیارشان قرار گرفته. متنی درباره اینکه چرا نرخ بیکاری جوانان انگلیسی کمتر است. جوابش این بود که

تو ،یه دانشجوی سال آخر رشته کامپیوتر که خیلی راضی بود از دانشکده و رشته اش و تو فعالیتهای فوق برنامه رایگان دانشگاه هم شرکت میکرد گزینه ها سال آخر تحصیلش و اینکه دوره های متفرقه رایگانه بود که من اونارو انتخاب کردم.

هتاثیر اینترنت و شبکه های اجتماعی روی مردم که برخالف نظر خیلیا که میگن اثراتش مخربه یه محققی میگه مفیده به خاطر اینکه افرادی ککم ون شتنها هستند تگو توانایی ارتباط برقرار کردن با دیگران رو ندارن از این طریق دوستای خیلی زیادی پیدا کردن و میتونن از احساس تنهایی

کنن، فیسبوک تونسته به خیلی از افراد تنها کمک کنه که دوستای زیادی داشته باشند.

اسوال داشتم اخرش اینجوری بود که میگف ی سری ازمایش رو حیوانات انجام داده که فهمیدن حیوانات گونه های متفاوتی از ی لحاظی هستند ام

uniformانسان های .... هستند که من زدم

داشته باشند ، اون کمپانی ها خیلی سوده می شن و درآمد زیادی بدست می آورند leadershipو chief executiveها نقش اگر زن ی گزینه بود اگر شرکت ها خانم ها توش فعال باشند ، درآمد زیاد بدست می آورند که غلط یود

متن گفته بود خانم های مدیر

و سن های مختلف . indigenousن زنان ، مردان ، آمار جرم و جنایت و زندان رفتن بی

Analysis of prehistoric air trapped in tiny bubbles beneath the polar ice sheets and of the composition of ice surrounding those bubbles suggests a correlation between carbon dioxide levels in the Earth's atmosphere and global temperature over the last 160,000 years. Estimates of global temperature at the time air in the bubbles was trapped rely on measuring the relative abundances of hydrogen and its heavier isotope, deuterium, in the ice surrounding the bubbles. When global temperatures are relatively low, water containing deuterium tends to condense and precipitate before reaching the poles; thus, ice deposited at the poles when the global

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temperature was cooler contained relatively less deuterium than ice deposited at warmer global temperatures. Estimates of global temperature based on this information, combined with analysis of the carbon dioxide content of air trapped in ice deep beneath the polar surface, suggest that during periods of postglacial warming carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere increased by approximately 40 percent. ANZAC（Australian and New Zealand Army Corps) in the battle field of World War One in Gallipoli, Turkey

کنند بودنظرسنجی انجام داده بودن در مورد مادرها که جوابش مادران فقیر تر که در شهر زندگی می

داره که باعث کاهش flexibleجوانان تو انگلیس در مقایسه با اروپا بود بود بعد اول میگفت انگلیس بازار کار در مورد علت کم بودن بیکاری

سال اخیر کال 25برای اشتغال جوانان به صورت چشمگیری موثر بوده و تو active marketingبیکاری شده و بعد میگفت برنامه های شامل یه سری اتفاقا افتاده

تو گزینه ها بود ولی چون اکتیو رو مستقیم قبل از جوانان اشاره کرده بود من اونو زدم activeو flexibleجفت

2Dتو یه دانشگاه بود مزیت های اونو نسبت به بقیه دانشگاه ها و نسبت به 3D Architecture coursesیکی دیگه در مورد اطالعات یه ی باشنگفته بود و دانشجوای جدید باید منتظر چ

یا مزایا و مقایسه requirementمیگه یا timetableگزینه هام این بود که داره که من مزایا و مقایسه رو زدم

little adultsو اینکه تا قرنهای اخیر چنین نگرشی به بچه ها وجود نداشت و به اونها به عنوان childhoodدر مورد پیدایش مفهوم مدرن نگاه میکردند.

متن در مورد باغ وحش و اینکه باغ وحش ها باید بیشتر آموزشی باشند.یک

جریمه های رانندگی فقط بار مالی دارن و بار اخالقی و فرهنگی ندارن که طرف از کار خودش پشیمون بشه.

جوابشم این بود که گوینده نسبت به وضعیت افکار عمومی شاکی هستش.

مون فرق می کرد ولی چون با موضوع آشنا هستید مشکل خاصی نداره. RFIBامپرسیونیسم های جزوه در مورد امپرسیونیسم بود. متنش با

در مورد این بود که انشان از بعد نقشه کشیدن برای زندگی آینده ش با حیوان و ماشین فرق داره. جواب صحیح هم همین جمله من بود.

چون شاگرد کم داره با هم به صورت گروهی برگزار میشه ولی تو کیفیت متریال تفاوتی نمیذارن در مورد مقایسه اندازه کالسها که بعضی از کالیها معلم ها

Teachers offer same material ....

ماه در زندان هستند و .... 4,5در زندانها بیشتره و حداقل localو maleدرمورد زندانی ها که تعداد

داشت autisticپیشرفته ای برای بچه های راجع به یک مدرسه که امکانات

آمریکا با این که دوره شکوفایی اقتصادی بود 1920ها در دهه unionچگونگی بد شدن شرایط

متنی بود راجع به دلیل کاهش اتحادیه های کارگری که جواب هم همین بود

سوال: تفاوت پاراگراف اول چی رو میخواد بگه ؟

فرق داره. high school , universityنوشتن تو writingاومده بود توضیح داده بود که

هست . بلکه به requiredکرده بود . نه گفته بود چه چیزی compareکرده بود . نه highlightطبق گزینه ها نه تفاوت اینها رو

principle یکwriting اشاره کرده بود مثلclear تن نوشparagraph )بندی کردن و غیره )این نظر من هست

چرا ریس ها تسک رو دلیگیت نمیکنند؟

شون باال بره workloadمی ترسند کارمنداشون سرشون شلوغ بشه و -1

امور رو از دست بدهند. direct controlمیترسند -2

دانش اموزان به همون روال دبیرستان سبک نگارششونو تکرار می کنند. در مورد تفاوت نوشتن انشا در دوران دبیرستان و دانشگاه که هنوز

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مشکله که میشد نیاز به یادگیری مهارت ترجمه داره. written evidenceیکی بود که گفته بود با توجه به پاراگراف اول چرا استفاده از

ه دیکی بود که می گفت نظر نویسنده راجب به نام گذاری اورست چیه که گزینه هایی تو جواب بود که تو متن اومده بود اما کال متن نظر نویسن نداشت.

از هر کدوم دوتا بود اگر یادم اومد اضافه می کنم.

:بهش. ولی اگر یک مانع جلوی شی قرار بدیم و دوباره برداریم در مورد بچه ها بود که وقتی یک شی براشون خسته کننده میشه دیگه دقت نمیکنن اگر همان شیء باشد بعد مدت کوتاهی کسالت آور -1 شی جدید را بچه ها با دقت نگاه و دنبال میکنند. -2

در گزینه ها یک گزینه بود که تقریبا این بود : بچه ها توانایی تشخصی دارندماه هست، یا 4,9سال و تو گزینه ها به 4,9ندانیان و جرم در استرالیا بود مواظب باشید یا توی سوال میگه سوال دیگه هم در مورد نرخ و سن ز

برعکس، اشتباه نزنید

هزار سرباز کشته شدند. 1۸و ساخت تونل در جنگ و اینکه حدود فک کنم anzac dayدر مورد جنگ استرالیا و کشور های اروپایی و روز

که behaviour studyیکی motiveکه همسایه به شما پاداش میدهد، و میگفت این متن راجب چیه؟ گزینه هاش یکی متن سگ همسایه من مطالعه ی رفتار رو زدم

1-Imperssionism به قوانین ویژگی های سبک نقاشی امپرسیونیسم رو توضیح داده بود که چه چیزهایی براشون مهمه, اینکه نقاش های این سبک اعتراض کردن

.قبلی، و میگفتن احساس نقاش مهم تر از خود نقاشیه و ترجیح میدادن از واقعیت ها ی موجود نقاشی کنن تا از چیزهای هیستوریکال

2-primary school and secondry school in an island in turkey, they both have chairs in rows in front of board/ they are similar/ quality of tutors are not lower than other parts of world .در مورد اطالعیه دانشگاه بود که یکسری کلمات مثل ساعت لکچر و مکانش هایالت شده بود و پرسیده شده بود که چرا این کلمات پر رنگ شدن.

نزدیک کشتی ها یک سری موانع قرمز روی اب قرار می دهند که متن بهمراه تصویر اردک بود و محتوای متن به این صورت بود که در دریا و اردک ها از اینها بترسند و نزدیک کشتی نشده و در نتیجه مرگ ومیرشون کمتر بشه

درباره نامگذاری هیمالیا

بهترن به خاطر پولیمتنی راجع به نگهداری بچه ها در مهد کودک های خصوصی و دولتی و تاثیرش بر آینده تحصیلی و اینکه خصوصی ها بودنش

ن ردیه متنی هم در مورد یطری های اب حاوی هیدروژن که عموم مردم فکر میکنند خیلی روی انرزی اونها تاثیر داره ولی دانشمندان این رو رد ک

ها آورده بود. gameع ها بر زندگی آدم چیره میشه و تا جایی که یادمه کل پاراگراف تا آخر مثالهایی از انوا gameدرباره اینکه

هنوز نتونسته و داره شروع میکنه به بازوندن انسان GOاما در خط آخر گفت بازی به نام تا گزینه داشت : 3

1- Go )آلردی از زندگی انسان پیشی گرفته ) که این گزینه نمیشه

2- GO )هیچ وقت نمیتونه انسان رو مغلوب کنه ) که این گزینه نمیشه

3- GO داره شروع میکنه به نفوذ در زندگی ) که این گزینه به نظرم درست بود

سوال این بود که متن راجع به چی هست:

توضیح میداد و اینکه از همه دنیا دانشجو می پذبره . اونقد دانشجو داره که تو هر دانشگاهی میتونی کسایی رو پیدا UKدرباره دانشجو پذیر بودن نمایی های الزم رو بکنن . قیل از شروع ترم برات جلسه معارف تشکیل میدن و ....کنی کمکت کنن و راه

population undergraduatesگزینه ها :

UKجلسه توجیهی گذاشت در دانشگاه های

reassure the potential of international studentاصلن توش نداشت: uKاین آخری به نظرم درست بود با این که کلمه

acceptance سوال این بودکه نظریه فالنی چی هست.

پرنده ها توضیح میداد. navigation systemمتن راجع به

هست و قادر نیستند هنوز بفهمنش mysteryاون قالنی در تحقیقاتش گفته بود این هنوز به صورت

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درو توضیح داده بو black seaو دیگری birmangamدوتا جا یکی

Black sea معادن طبیعی فلزات داشت ولیbirmangam .خودش نداشت ولی از جاهای دیگه می آورد من فکر میکنم گزینه ای درست بود که این تجارت در هر دو انجام میشه

میگفت در سنین اولیه بچه healthcareاهمیت در آخزش گفت

The ones with public investment was more successful than those with parent or private funding موفق تره ، گزینه صحیح بود government fundingتو گزینه ها

یک سری کلمات بلد شده بود که در مورد ساعت و زمان برگزاری کالس بود.گفته بود چرا؟

to standoutیاTo revision "دوتا گزینه.

به عهدش هست و هر فرد انگلیسی که باهوش باشه بهش میگن مثال یجورای cognitive functionو قرار دارد و یک قسمت از معز که در جل این قسمت معزش کار میکنه.جواب هم همین دو نکته بود

الوا و عمق دریا.که هرچه بیشتر باشه ارتفاع سطح دریا بیشتر

که چرا دانش اموزا تو رایتینگ هاشون مطالب رو تکرار میکنن که جواب میشد که چون تفاوت رایتینگ در دبیرستان و دانشگاه که سوال میپرسید میخوان طول رایتینگشون بیشتر بشه. البته این نظر منه.

ازمایشی بود که یکسری بچه هارو نشوندن روی پای والدین و یکنفر که وسایلش از دستش ریخته هی به اونها نگاه میکرده. پرسیده بود هدف (1 ازمایش چی بوده که فکر کنم میشد سنجش میزان اهمیت کمک به دیگران در بچه ها

استرالیا دارن توضیح داده بود و پرسیده بود هدف این متن چی بود؟ فکرکنم میشد معرفی دانشگاهها به راجع به تسهیالت که دانشگاههای (2

(دانشجوهای بین المللی)نه استرالیایی

با چی همزمان شده بود. که جواب می شد دانشگاه سیدنی. orientationیکی از سوال ها یه متن خیلی طوالنی بود که گفته بود

کامال یراجع به ساختن یک باغ بود، میگفت باغبون اونجا تبدیل شد به طراح باغ. که پرنس ویکتوریا اونجا رو افتتاح کرد. جواب رو یادم نیست ول مشخص بود

حقوق رو ماهیانه میده بهشون. جواب میشد : %۸0راجع به بیمه بیکاری بود توی فکر میکنم اسکاندیناوی که اگه بیکار بشن دولت باید دنبال کار بگردن -1 باید دوره های آموزشی برن -2

سرعت میاد بیرون ولی توی سرما زبونش دیرتر برمیگرده در مورد یه جانوری شبیه مارمولک یه ویدیو نشون داد که توی سرما و گرما زبونش با یه داخل

suit to flexible workersهست: که جوابش میشد low unemploymentیکیش پرسیده بود چرا در انگلستان

become in differentنقاط مثبت چیزی رو ورسیده بود که غیر از خط اول که جواب بود بقیش نکات منفیشو گفته بود که جوابش میشد

purpose پرسیده بود که اگر بصورت گروهی کار کنن چی میشه توی پروژه

که جوابش این بود که نقاط ضعف پوشش داده میشه

بود ل اینوایه سوال برلی من اومده بود که توی متنش یه سری از کلمات رو بولد کرده بود، متن تقریبا یه اعالمیه بود دارای زمان و مکان و ... و س که چرا این کلمات در متن بولد شده،

دو تا از گزینه ها یادمه، یکی گفته بود چون این بخش ها ممکنه تغییر کنه یکی هم این بود برای اینکه موارد بولد شده مورد توجه قرار بگیرن، بقیه گزینه ها یادم نیس

meaning of Allusive ? Correct answer is Suggestive ی نقشه عجیب غریب صحبت کرده بود مثال شمال سمت چپ بود شرق باال بود . درباره

شده ودیگه وجود نداره . و فک lostرو مشخص میکرد اما االن این نقشه plan of city/townاین نقشه مثل چشم شاه عمل میکرد و میکنم گزینه درست هم همین بود.

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بود . چون pessimisticکه نظر نویسنده رو پرسیده بود. فکر میکنم گزین درست این بود که میگفت environmentدرباره حل مشکالت

بود و با سرعت حرکت می کردند acceleratedمشکالت رو به ی اسبی تشبیه کرده بود که هر چی می دود نمیرسد چون مشکالت

فرق بین ریاضی و زبان چیه .

ولی ریاضی رو الزم نمیدونستند مردم قدیم .communicationچون تو متن گفته بود برای بود vitalنیاز survivalزبان برای ضافه االبته آخرش گفت اگر با نگاه دیگه ای ریاضی رو بخونیم اونم مثل زیان میشه برامون ولی این ربطی به سوال وگزینه ها نداشت .و اطالعات

بود.

از شعر و ستاره شناسی و مهندسی و .....فیلسوف های قدیم همه دانش ها رو داشتند آنها همه چی رو بلد بودند و در اون زمان انشار و چاپ کتاب تازه شروع شده بود و همه چی شفاهی بود.

گزینه ها میشد

They did not bound themselves to limited area 3- they prefer spoken language than written

چگونه انسان در طول این سالها خودشو به محیط اطرافش وفق داده و تونسته روز به روز پیشرفت کنهکه موضوعی بود

بود که تعدادشون رو با داخل انگلستان و خارج انگلستان مقایسه میکرد ۸در مورد تعداد جمعیت انگلیس زبان در قرن

Is the moon a part of the earth because their rocks are similar? Do secondary scientists wear distinctive clothes and work in none-scientific jobs?

در مورد شخصی که یکسال از تحصیالتش در دانشگاه مانده بود و کورس های مختلفی که میگذراند را شرح میداد و در نهایت رضایت خودشو از صحیح:کمک کارکنان دانشگاه بیان کرد. دو گزینه

: یک سال از تحصیل او باقی مانده است.1

کارکنان دانشگاه رضایت داشت help: از کمک، 2 گزینه های انحرافی غلط:

. از دانشگاه و دوره ها خیلی رضایت داشت.1 یکرد.. درساشو از طریق وبسایت یاد میگیره. درصورتی که تو متن فقط گفته بود برای یکی از درسهاش باید وبسایت درست م2 . دوره هاشو دوست داشت چون رایگان بودند. تو متن فقط گفته بود یکی از دوره ها رایگان بوده نه همه شون.3

تکرار می کنن که جوابش می شد چون می خوان طول نوشتشون essayیه متن بود در مورد اینکه چرا دانشجو ها خودشون رو توی نوشتن بیشتر بشه

مکان آموزشی و نگهداری از بچه های اوتسیم و ناتوان بود که پرسیده بود نظرات کلیه نوسینده راجع به این مرکز چی که یکی دیگه در مورد یه جواب ها یادم نیست

ات اخیر و ولی به واسطه تغییر "کشورهای درحال توسعه ، کشورهای پیشرفته "متنی بود راجع به نقش بانک جهانی: که میگفت قبال میگفتن

برداشته شده و gapاقاتی که در زمینه مالی افتاده تو دنیا افتاده دیگه اینجوری کشورها تفکیک نمیشن، من گزینه ای رو زدم که میگفت این اتف این فاصله کم شده

دوران حال مقایسه متن دیگه راجع به درس خوندن بچه در خانواده های فقیر در زمان های گذشته بود که محدودیتهای نمیزاشت برن مدرسه و با باعث عوض شدن این موضوع شده و بنظرم جواب صحیح بود "تکنولوژی"کرده بود، تنها یک گزینه بود که اشاره میکرد

چرا ریس ها تسک رو دلیگیت نمیکنند؟

شون باال بره workloadمی ترسند کارمنداشون سرشون شلوغ بشه و -

ت بدهند.امور رو از دس direct controlمیترسند -

رو توضیح میداد که با چه متریالی و کی و چگونه ساخته شده و ملکه اون رو افتتاح کرده . سوال کرده کدوم گزینه راجع به این placeیک

palace .درست است گزینه درست :

It was the first fair مفهوم متن را دقیق یادم نیست ولی سوالش دقیقا این بود؟

Why is it flawed?

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جوابش به وضوح تو متن اومده بود:

Because it does not consider economic risks and ….

د...نیک متن بود درمورد پایین بودن سرعت دسترسی به اینترنت و ایمیل که باعث شده وقت کارمندها تلف بشه و دیر بتونند به ایمیل ها جواب بد که جوابم میشد سرعت پایین دسترسی

ات اخیر و ولی به واسطه تغییر "کشورهای درحال توسعه ، کشورهای پیشرفته "متنی بود راجع به نقش بانک جهانی: که میگفت قبال میگفتن

برداشته شده و gapاتفاقاتی که در زمینه مالی افتاده تو دنیا افتاده دیگه اینجوری کشورها تفکیک نمیشن، من گزینه ای رو زدم که میگفت این ین فاصله کم شدها

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#Summarise Spoken Text (Repeated Questions: 162)

SST 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

Talent shortage

First version: Talent is premium and there is a war for talents in 1990s because of the talent shortage. Companies and countries are recruiting young talented people from different countries and sending young people to universities. Some young people immigrated after they graduated from the university. They compete with the local students. Countries and organizations should put talents at the primary positions. The collapse of loyalty makes employees happy to change their workplace because for the higher income. There are three reasons: first, the change of nature of economy leads to increase in the talents demand and skills needed. Second, the shrinking labor force after the baby-boom causes less supply of skilled workers and the retirement of baby-boomers will cause a shortage of experienced workers. Third, there is also a mismatch between what schools are producing and what companies need. Second version: I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented and the most intellectually able people. There is a time when I think companies have many of the adventures in the world. That involves the companies’ world. It was the bosses’ world. Now I think the reverse is the case. We have a shortage of talent base within countries and between countries, have an intense battle between companies to hire the most talented workforce and also between countries, which are looking to recruit talented young people, talented young immigrants. We have this sense of immigrants being things that countries are battled to keep out, and immigrants want to get in, climb of the walls. I think the opposite isn’t the case. And the topic is that countries are trying to lure bright young people to get them to go to universities and get them to become immigrants. So, on many levels, talent is a premium. There is a shortage of talent, and so countries, companies, all sorts of organizations, of course, volunteer organizations as well as, are competing to hire the best and the brightest. You know we have a baby-boom population which is aging. We have an economy which is becoming more sophisticated. And so, for all those sorts of reasons, talent is a premium.

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Implicit and Explicit Memory I want you to try and remember two things. First, I want you to try and remember learning how to ride a bike. Maybe you have a scar you received when you flipped over the handlebars. The next thing I want you to remember is how to ride a bike. The reason I asked you to recall both of these memories is that they belong to two

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different designated realms of memory. Memory is a fluid and dynamic system that is exceedingly complicated. To this end, psychologists have attempted to divide memory up to make it easier to study. There are two main categories. Explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and consciously recalled. This is your memory of riding a bike, of falling over the handlebars and skinning your knee. The other is implicit memory, which is an experiential or functional form of memory that cannot be consciously recalled. This is your memory of how to ride a bike or how to balance. These are often not tied to a visual memory but are more like muscle memory. Let's look at explicit and implicit memory in a little more detail and see how age influences these. Again, an explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and consciously recalled. It has been typically divided up into two main categories itself: episodic memory, a personal event that can be recalled, semantic memory are facts and figures which can be recalled. Episodic memories unlike episodes of a TV series that is all about you. You can recall the episode of the first time you asked someone else …, the first broken bone you had …, and what you ate for breakfast. It is an experimental or functional form of memory. Explicit memory consists of a great deal of highly personal memories related to time, space and people. It is totally different from implicit memory. Now, if we look at the examples of explicit memory, it includes remembering people’s birthdays and answering multiple questions on the test.

Vitamin D

The lecture is about the vitamin D concentration in people. There has been advancements in technologies that could measure the fat content of Vitamin D, which has shown that people often suffer from Vitamin D deficiency because of the their diet or reducing the sun exposure. In the end, the speaker stressed that we should be aware of fat-soluble vitamins, which could produce intoxication. **Vitamin D is not a real vitamin but one type of hormone, it is produced by the skin when skin is exposed to sunlight, then it can travel via the bloodstream to have effects on other parts of the body. The formation of Vitamin D can be affected by climate. For example, people need more Vitamin D supplements during winter when they wear more clothes due to the lack of sunshine. Some regions where people are less exposed to sunlight don't have enough Vd compared to those who live near the equator.

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Mr. Green - Amory Lovins Amory Lovins is an American consultant experimental physicist and he has been active at the nexus of energy, resources, economy, environment, development and security in more than 50 countries for over 40 years. He pays attention on energy saving and how to

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use energy in a more efficient and sustainable ways. He built a house with plenty of energy-saving concepts. He’s an unusual character with a wide range of knowledge and a genius, but he’s not a scientist. He has a consulting company and lives in the mountains. For 30 years, he used a lot of ways to save energy and solved problems with technologies that already existed and demonstrated them. Some people think he is so crazy. A female writer wrote a book about him which is called Mr. Green.

Seed & pesticide in India Sample answer: The lecture was about huge debts, which comprised having no capital and Indian peasants. The spokesperson described accumulating debts, and the fundamental essence of the free market emphasized the significance of globalization. Ultimately, although expensive seeds and pesticides could be inferred evidently from the major creditors, the corresponding impacts of borrowing money from the seed companies were acknowledged. Transcript: The debt today is so high, it’s two hundred thousand rupees, three hundred thousand rupees of peasant who have no capital. They who know within a year or two, when they accumulate that kind of debt. They never able to pay back. Where is the debt coming from? It’s coming from a seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand rupees per kilogram, depending on what you got. Seed that used to be free, used to be theirs. Pesticides each time, they more they use, the more they have to use, 12 sprays, 15 sprays, 20 sprays. Pesticides used in just the last five years in the land areas of India has shot up by 2000 percent. That’s why the free market and globalization have brought and since we are talking about peasants, who have no money, who have no capital, they can only by expensive seeds and expensive pesticides by borrowing. And who lend that money? The seed companies that sell the pesticides, which are the same companies that sell the seeds, as you know, are now also the major creditors.

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Sound receptor The lecturer explained about the Sound receptor, which is a little spiky device to translate an ear vibrational energy into fluid and physical motion. Meanwhile it can hurt an eardrum. He delineated that it is very impressive that the physical motions of sound can be translated to electric signals in the ear. Hence, the speaker invited MIT students to learn more about this remarkable device and genetic neuron.

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The definition of risk

The lecture demonstrated the definitions of risk and safety. Specifically, the word of risk has two different meanings include the situation of being in danger and the consequence

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or the possibility of being in danger. However, the definition of safety has opposite meaning of risk, which refers to being out of dangerous situations or a condition of being safe. If we look up the dictionary, there are different literal definitions of risk. The first definition is consequences of some kinds, like injuries. The second definition is possibility or chance of loss or injury. The speaker also compares the definition of safe and safety, which means being free from risk.

Faults and Earthquake The dislocation of the rock occurs from the earth’s surface seven kilometers to several hundred kilometers vertically down to the crust. It refers to the epicenter which located vertically to the focus or hypocenter, and the energy releases and transfers through epicenter. It will result in a seismic wave which decreased as it moved away from the epicenterThe location below the earth's crust where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter Faults are fractures in the earth's crust. By using fault maps, we could identify the location of the earthquake.

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Why the Australian housing is so expensive Australian housing price has increased dramatically recently as Australia has been through a long period of uninterrupted economic growth over the past 15 years. At that time, the mortgage rate was half. Therefore, everyone can afford to borrow money from banks to buy a house. However, the house price has been soaring now because of the increase in immigration and purchasing power. Additional keywords: 90%, accommodation cost. Transcript: One of the headlines we will often hear in the news would be the hike in living in Australia. We have seen Australian housing price has increased dramatically in the recent years. Australians have witnessed an uninterrupted economic growth over the past 15 years, and it will continue in the later years as well. So what has driven this growth? There are three main factors. Firstly, the rate of mortgage by the bank has halved. This encouraged everyone to borrow money from the banks and buy a house. Secondly, people have more purchasing power than ever before which simply means housing has become more unaffordable for the Australian residents. Thirdly, the immigration policy made by the federal government has allowed more people coming into the country and this has resulted in more demand in housing.

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Famous novelist I have been writing non-fiction for years actually, and, but secretly wanting to be a novelist. When I first started writing at the age of thirty, it was with the intention of writing fiction, but it took a little detour for ten to twelve years and wrote nonfiction, which I have absolutely no regret about at all. I think it was exactly the right thing for me to do. But there was that dream tucked away inside of me to do this. Now remember reading something that Eudora Welty wrote, who is, you know, the great novelist from Mississippi who had a big influence on me actually. She said “No art ever came out of not risking your neck”, and I think she is absolutely right about that. It felt that way to me at the time, and actually it feels that way to me every time I sit down to write something. Finally, in the early 90s, I took my deep breath and started writing fiction. It felt risky to me at the time to do that and one of the very first things that I wrote was, what I thought, was going to be the first chapter of a novel called “The Secret Life of Bees”. I wrote it in 1992 and it is actually essentially the first chapter of the novel as it is now.

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Bad architecture Today I would like to talk about a book in this class. This book focuses on architecture design in London. Not just any place in London. It is in the West side of London called West Street of London. The architecture made a very poor design of the buildings there. This can cause a moon swing. An awful design of the building can have a negative influence on people’s mood. If you want some beautiful designs, then you must visit Stanford and Frankfurt. They are good examples of the best architectural designs. Different architects have different perspectives on beauty, which is an arrogant word since is in the eye of the beholder. One can write the … out in the play, but how one can design bad and ugly buildings. Well, it is difficult for architects to realize about architectural design.

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Citizenship curriculum Sample answer: The lecture was about implementing the citizenship curriculum, which comprised a subject report and being critical of reluctant school leaders. The spokesperson described being marginalized by schools, and the essence of worthwhile reasons emphasized the significance of addressing core skills, attitudes, and values. Ultimately, although a changing world could be inferred evidently from the lack of commitment to the curriculum, the impacts of an insufficient training provision were acknowledged. Transcript: Last month, I published a subject report on the development of citizenship in schools. The report celebrates the success of some

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schools in implementing the citizenship curriculum. It praises those schools where there have been substantial developments in the subject, and which now go a long way towards fulfilling national curriculum requirements. In the report we are critical of schools which have not taken citizenship seriously, either through reluctance or lack of capacity to make appropriate provision in the curriculum. Citizenship is marginalized in the curriculum in one fifth of schools. It is less well established in the curriculum than other subjects, and less well taught and some critics have seized on this as a reason for wanting to step back from supporting it. Yet, the progress made to date by the more committed schools suggests that the reasons for introducing citizenship are both worthwhile and can be fulfilled, given the time and resources. While not claiming too much, citizenship can address core skills, attitudes and values that young people need to consider as they come to terms with a changing world. The main problems standing in the way of implementation of citizenship continue to be: the lack of commitment on the part of many school leaders; an insufficient amount of initial and in-service training provision to ensure that every school can call upon teachers with subject expertise; and its uncertain place in the curriculum.

Big Bang theory The universe we know it is actually really old. Do you know exactly how old is the universe? The universe is about 50 billion years old and it is discovered that the oldest star is about 30 billion years old, not older than the universe which is perfectly matched. Well, people thought it might expand it 10 to 20 billion years ago; however according to the theory of big bang it actually happened 13.7 billion years ago. The big bang theory is also known as the cosmological model is simply an amazing discovery. The expansion of the universe had really occurred 13.7 billion years ago which is can match the current prediction of the cosmological model. However, we still not sure how many years more it will expand in the future is really unknown to us. The lecture is about dark energy. Dark energy Is an unknown form of energy, which is hypothesized to permeate all of space and accelerate universal expansion. Dark energy constitutes most of the total energy in the observable universe though its density is low. Two proposed forms of dark energy are cosmological constant and inconstant scalar fields. A field that is similar to dark energy and could inflate early universe is called the big bang. The lecture is about the Big Bang Theory which is a cosmological model for the universe. The detailed measurements regarding the expansion are at around 13.7 billion years ago, which is far before then the first estimation of about 10 – 20 billion years. The newest

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found star is roughly 30 billion years old, and thus it can be matched with the current prediction regarding the expansion. Our universe was in a hot dense state, then about 1.4 billion years ago, the expansion started. People usually think Big Bang happened 10-20 billion years ago but study indicated that it actually happened x billion years ago. The universe is a little older than the oldest stars, the observation is perfectly matched with the big bang theory. However, we still don't know how the big bang happened.

Humor and laugh Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combating adversity and whole communities and nations have frequently relied on humor to get them through the bleakest time. On August 13th, 1961, the barbed wire was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin Wall. For nearly 30 years until it was dismantled, wall jokes proliferated especially among those living in the east. Laughing was all that was left. Jokes about those who rule and sometimes those who tyrannize you are a form of folklore that is existed in societies as seemingly different as communist Eastern Europe, Czarist Russia, modern Egypt, 12th century Persia and modern day (Iran). Humor can also be wonderfully subversive. They can protect self-respect and identity. In more totalitarian societies laughter relieves, at least temporarily, the pressures and anxiety of political oppression. Political jokes may not in themselves topple dictators, but they can provide solace. In a democracy like our own, perhaps the trouble with political jokes is that they sometimes get elected.

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Human Rights in UK The UK was the first country to announce conservational human rights after the Second World War, and that the rights consist of positive and negative sides. Furthermore, the positive rights include the right to marry, free religion, free trade, and right to vote, while the negative rights are considered about equality of sex.

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Biology The biology lecture is about DNA and RNA. In the PPT, from the left to right are butterflies, flowers and dolphins and other animals. They look different, but actually, they are interconnected. All creatures are based on genetic and inherited information. Cells are the foundation of building organs, within which the same chemicals are contained. All cells have DNA and RNA, which are used for storing and transmitting genetic and inherited material. All organs have metabolism systems, which convert energy from one form to another by chemical reaction. DNA RNA is to record and transmit genetic information 23% from each parent.

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Competition faced by LSE Two factors, English and funding of government. Five main kind

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competitions: for students, academic staff, research funding, research contracts, pound against other currencies. „ The lecture was about competition faced by LSE University. The speaker mentioned that there are two main factors there. The first one is to speak English and the other is funding of government. He also argued that there are 5 main kinds of competitions: for students, academic staff, research funding, research contracts, Pound against other currencies. Finally, the lecture provided some information about competition faced by LSE. „ The lecture was discussing the fierce competitions faced by LSE. The speaker mentioned that there are two main factors there, which are Speaking English and the governmental funding. In the end, he concluded that there are five different competitions, which LSE may encountered: for students, academic staff, research contracts, research funding and Pound against other currencies.

Prescription medicine ( drug ads.) Sample answer: The lecture was about TV ads, which comprised drug companies and advertising prescription drugs. The spokesperson described promoted messages, and the fundamental essence of the prime time emphasized the significance of arming consumers with technically accurate information. Ultimately, although the misleading tone and regaining complete control of life could be inferred evidently from lifestyle changes, the corresponding impacts of mass marketing and not being like soap were acknowledged. Transcript: The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in recent years. And it’s no wonder: studies show the commercials’ work: consumers go to their doctors with a suggestion for a prescription drug they saw advertised on TV. Now a study in the Annals of Family Medicine raises questions about the message these ads promote, NPRs Patty Neighmond reports. You’re most likely to see drug ads during prime time, especially around the news. Researchers analyzed 38 ads aimed at people with conditions like hypertension, herpes, high cholesterol, depression, arthritis, and allergies. The drug industry says the ads arm consumers with information. But researchers found that though the information was technically accurate, the tone was misleading. UCLA psychologist Dominick Frosch headed the study. "What we would see in these ads is that

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Globalization There are many definitions of what the economic globalization is, but an important aspect of most is that it involves reducing or removing the barriers limiting the free movement of business, trade (exports and imports), investment and even labor across

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national borders. First, globalization means the increase in international trade transactions and multinational companies across the border. Secondly, globalization represents an integrated economic system than ever before. Some countries produce goods, and some consume goods, which means one country’s economy may depend on another country, and more transactions across countries. But in the past, they were economically independent while they are now parts of the global economy.

Wildlife in Africa Wildlife is important for people's livelihood, especially fish. Billions of people in the world rely on fish as their main food source, the source of protein, and source of income. As the food source, fish is beneficial to health, whereas a source of income, it alleviates poverty. It is expected that fish industry will become the prime source of foreign income. Africa is one of the poorest continent in the world, and its economy is at stake. So, what is the source of major income than can boost its economy? Well, there is relationship between food and income in Africa. According to a recent research, most residents in Africa suffer from poverty and the main livelihood is wildlife, especially fish from the river. Fish is the major source of food and protein. Many Africans suffer from protein deficiency. So, it is important for African that fish is the major source of their income since fish industry can attract tourists around the world which can effectively facilitate the economic development. Fish will become the top one source of income in Africa and mind you even the income for foreign economies. This is why income is closely associated with food.

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Taking wrong drugs Well, I think the drugs we use are not taken seriously into account parents leave their drugs all over the place at home but their children may accidentally take these drugs before they know it, and soon many children are victim to accidents. Now, this must be avoided at all cost. One way preventing accidents is to put drugs in closed boxes. Also, parents can firmly close the lid really well, I am sure kids would not be able to reach it. Another problem we find in mismanagement of drugs is how these medicines can be allergic to many people. We have to remember different drugs have different resistance and duration that is extremely dangerous if someone takes a wrong drug. So what are the ways we can stop this from happening? Well, I suggest introduce the course, which will primarily improve the misuse of drugs and greatly improve our lives.

People usually take wrong drugs for several reasons, especially when kids accidentally take wrong drugs. Since it is extremely

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dangerous, the parents should prevent this occurrence by using the lidded and closed box. Moreover, they choose wrong medication because of the wrong prescription which results in the allergic reaction in some situations, and that the different resistance and duration of drugs also can be the causations.

Description (Abstraction) Today we will discuss about abstraction commonly known as description. There are two methods of description. These are symbolic language and body language. The abstraction is an important part for developing a computer. This is originated from the symbolic system in a computer system. The origin of symbolic system was developed when people try to communicate with each other. Sign language was developed, which means hand words in language. Sign language and movement could help people ask for help when they encounter rhinocers(rhino). Hands were language. Oral languages developed while people's hands were busy in hunting.The symbolic language took communication to wider people and its popularity grew. The other part of abstraction is the body language. People accepted body language as well. The physical movement facilitates the development of sign language which popularly became hand words.

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International environmental legislation and law Main points: International environmental law on climate change Domestic legislation Thinking globally and acting locally The UK government The Human impacts on the environment Inappropriate law enforcement The Industrial Revolution Local industrialists The Adam Smith model Maximizing economic benefits Employees' health Facing higher costs (or becoming less competitive) Other points (supporting details and examples): An environmental maxim Sea coal smoke Legislative controls Self-regulation Ineffective measures Legal duties and standards Little practical effects Urbanization Gresham's law

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The local environment Sample answer: The lecture was about international environmental law, which comprised domestic legislation, thinking globally, and acting locally. The spokesperson described the UK government, and essences of the human impacts on the environment emphasized the significance of inappropriate law enforcement and the Industrial Revolution. Ultimately, although both local industrialists and the Adam Smith model could be inferred evidently from maximizing economic benefits and employees' health, impacts of becoming less competitive were acknowledged. Transcript: Before we consider international environmental law and climate change we need to consider domestic legislation, as it is within the sovereign states that international law is put into practice. This reflects the environmentalists' maxim, 'think globally act locally'. United Kingdom legislative control over the impacts of mans' activity on the environment is not new. As long ago as the reign of Charles II the main concern was the production of smoke from the burning of 'sea coal. Almost all areas of trade and industry were subject to very detailed legislative controls at that time, although some were governed by 'self- regulation' in the form of guilds, who regulated both supply and methods of production. However, the measures implemented were mostly ineffective because then, as now, the specifying of legal duties and standards without providing any appropriate enforcement merely indicated good intentions but were of little practical effect. The next stage was prompted by the Industrial Revolution with the urbanization of society and its profound effects on the environment. Local industrialists used the Adam Smith model to maximize their economic benefit, but this was to the detriment of the local environment with the operation of 'Gresham's Law' that is, the bad drives out the good. Those industrialists who were concerned for either the health of their employees or the local environment faced higher costs than their competitors.

Genes affect behaviors The lecture demonstrated the correlation between human behavior and physical features. Genes are not the only factor in determining the physical appearance such as height and hair, but also the behavior can change it. According to the recent research, the psychological features can be altered by person’s habits which resulted in tremendous interests among the variety of scientific fields such as biology, psychology, sociology, and neuroscience. Since the discovery of DNA, people have believed that genes have an impact only on people's physical structure. But since 2001, researchers have found that there is a genetic responsibility to human's physical and psychological behaviors. This discovery has

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changed the way we understand our behaviors, and the findings can benefit biologists, psychologists and neurologists. Transcript: If you look at the recent research conducted on human behavior. You will be surprised about the findings. It is said that there is a correlation between human behavior and our physical feature. It was believed that genes are the only factor that determine the physical appearance. This includes height and hair color. However, the recent study showed that behavior is also another factor that can change height and hair color. The findings in the study further state that a person’s habits can change the physical features of human. These findings have tremendous interests impact on scientific fields such as biology, psychology, sociology and neuroscience.

Body fat Change

The lecture demonstrated an experiment of body fat challenge which was volunteered by thirty-one women. Specifically, the Canadian researchers revealed that these women were provided a healthy diet and regular exercise and thus some candidates were lost body weight. However, a few of them did not have significant change or even gain the weight. The main reasons are that they cheat on the diet and that they subconsciously dislike the challenge. 31 women volunteered in a program conducted by Canadian researchers, in which they are provided with the healthy diet and asked not to change diet and regular exercise for six months so they could burn 2000 calories weekly. After six months, some people lost weight, some remain the same, while others gain weight. There are two explanations. One is that they ate a lot and cheated on the diet, and the other is they ate subconsciously.

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Einstein theory and universe The lecture was about the motion of the universe and the Einstein theory. Although people used to believe that the world is fixed and unchangeable, Einstein claimed that stars and planets are continuously expanding and changing over the time. In the end, the speaker concluded that while some people know this theory as a discovery of Einstein, Edward Hubble was the first person who proposed this theory. Philosophers and scientists from 100 years ago and prior believed that the universe is fixed and unchangeable, all planets, people, earth and sky are all in one place without any change, but it was until Einstein prediction about our thick universe, and he believed everything is evolving, but Einstein hadn’t the honor to see it for himself, as Edwin Hubble has made this discovery in 1920s.

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The special theory of relativity was developed by Albert Einstein in Spring of 1905 and the space of perhaps 5 and tenth weeks of thought, where he rewrote our understanding of space and time. Newton had given us an understanding of space and time back in late 1600s which is very intuitive. It’s the way we all think about space and time. Here is a space, it’s just this environment where things happen and time is this relentless thing that ticks forward on our watches, our clocks. Taking us moment after moment, second after second into the future in a completely uniform, absolute and unchanging way. In special relativity, Einstein said that’s not right. He said space and time can change depending upon how you move. He showed that if you’re moving relative to somebody else, time for you slows down. And these kinds of revolutionary ideas are not simply esoteric, pen and paper type understandings of the universe.

Prevention of epidemic transmitting In the developed world, like the United States, it uses various methods to prevent epidemic transmission with a wide range of resources such as the invention of antiviral drugs and vaccines and health management. However, epidemic prevention can be a big challenge for some less developed countries since they do not have the same level of resources and technology as rich countries do. Hence, it is the significant challenge in the future.

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Modification of governments or democracy The lecturer explained the modification of governments. He/she stated that there is a need to modify government powers, and this can be achieved by devolution. One aspect is devolution, transfer power from the federal government to state government. He also highlighted the different opinions holding by both Democratic and Republican Parties. While the Democratic Parties claim that the big power and entitlements should be held by the government, the Republicans believe that the power should be shared between states and people.

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Climate change effects There can now be no reasonable, science-based, doubt about the reality of global climate change effects brought on by the cumulative and rapidly growing emission of greenhouse gases - primarily carbon dioxide - into the atmosphere. As these effects become increasingly more obvious worldwide, so commercial interests, groups of concerned individuals and national governments have been gripped by what amounts to mass panic about what to do about it. To many, Paul Ehrlich's Malthusian "Population Bomb" of 1968 appears about to explode in the world's face in an indirect version of his millenarian vision of population growth which outpaces agricultural production capacity - with predictably catastrophic results for humanity. And his three-

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part crisis scenario does indeed seem now to be present: a rapid rate of change, a limit of some sort, and delays in perceiving that limit. Ehrlich's work was roundly criticized at the time, and later, from many quarters, and much of what he predicted did not come about. Nevertheless, can the world afford to take the risk that the climate scientists have got it wrong? As the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Mr. Rajendra Pachauri, has recently pointed out, eleven of the warmest years since instrumental records began have occurred in the past twelve, while major precipitation changes are taking place on a global scale.

Government information disclosure Citizens should be well informed or Government trick, policymaking-rule book throw by govt.: The lecturer explained about the government information disclosure. He mentioned that citizens should be well-informed by their governments, and however, some western democratic countries took it for granted. The speaker also argued that they use tricks in the book to cover up the things that already happened. Finally, the speaker concluded that the government's misleading policies are to hide information to keep their citizens. „ The western countries are democratic countries, but the government policies are often interpreted in a wrong way and misleading people, but in some society people are deliberately hidden from the truth. Governments do all trick in the book to cover their mistakes. „ The lecture is about the government information disclosure. Although it is supposed that citizens in democratic countries are well informed about their rights, the government uses tricks to deliberately hide the information and mislead the people in the wrong direction. In the end, the speaker concluded that politicians use tricks in the book to cover up their mistakes.

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Stanford university conference Sample answer: The lecture was about Stanford University Business School, which comprised the importance of management and leadership. The spokesperson described learning management, and the essence of learning leadership skills emphasized the significance of delivering services and good quality. Ultimately, although both the students’ responsibility and accomplishing assignments by students could be inferred from not depending on others, the impacts of the management performance were acknowledged. Transcript: Welcome to Stanford University Business School. Today, I would like to talk about management and leadership. It is very important

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that you realize the importance of management and leadership in this university. It is obvious that the purpose of this education is to learn management and leadership skills. But you have to remember this education of management should not be only about delivering services and making sure the good quality. However, you should realize it is responsibility of students to accomplish assignments by themselves instead of depending on others. Students should be responsible for the management performance and identify how it could happen appropriately. The responsibility means that the accomplishments achieved by others does not necessarily indicate what they are truly capable of.

Market economy Sample answer: The lecture was about the market economy, which comprised developed countries and the Industrial Revolution. The spokesperson described negative effects on working classes, and essences of the reduced life expectancy and hikes emphasized the significance of declining living standards. Ultimately, although both passing legislation on working conditions and restricting worst behavior could be inferred evidently from better environmental conditions, impacts of widely shared benefits and 100 years ago were acknowledged. Transcript: …that within most developed countries notions of pragmatism, notions of the fact that we have democracies have succeeded in tempering the market economy. In the 19th century 18th century the Industrial Revolution had some very negative effects on people particularly working classes all over the world. We see data where life expectancy was reduced, hikes were reduced, we can look at medical records and see that actually living standards and much of among large fractions of the population actually went down. But eventually we passed legislation about working conditions and eventually we circumscribe some of the worst kinds of behavior we eventually in the 20th century we put regulations that imposed better environmental conditions and so some of the damage was reversed and that we have made the market economy work in ways that the benefits of it are at least far more widely shared than they were a hundred years ago.

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Adam Smith theory It's often considered a kind of mystery why Adam Smith didn't write more clearly about the industrial revolution. Let's look at this one a little more closely. One striking fact is that thre really is a lot of history in The Wealth of Nations wether it's history of medieval times, history of the collapse following the Roman Empire, history of silver prices, history of the colonies or history of the East India

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Company. But can we look in that book and actually see also a history of the INdustrial Revolution. that's a lot less clear. It's definitely the case that Smith clearly saw the rise of the consumer society which in today's world looks a bit like this photo, but in mid-18th century Great Britain was already well underway. It's perhaps when you look at Smith's discussion of the rise of towns and nobles spending their money on baubles and trickets rathers than supporting workers on the land that you can see this in Smith most clearly. So to the extent the industrial revolution was first and foremost a consumer revolution as it's been stressed by such contemporary writers as Mc Kendrick. Well in that regard Smith in a way did see the onset of the industrial revolution. He just didn't focus so much on all those machines. You don't get the sense reading Smith that he understood that the modern world end up looking a bit like this and that there could be discontinuous jumps in the command of humanity over say energy and material resources. Indeed Smith is still quite worried about the notion of keeping capital intact as is reflected by his analysis of productive and unproductive labor. And he actually suggest its agriculture which stands the greatest chance of keeping capital intact.

smart consumer

The consumers are smart, consumer values are important for business. They are smart in choosing the product, brand image; it is essential for the business to create value. An advertisement regarding the softest product which is also strong can fulfill demands of the smart consumer. Majority of people are using only a few seconds to decide whether to buy. This is fundamental engineering contradict. You don't want it to be separated when you put it in the washing machine.

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DNA But I am going to focus on today, is really different larger forms of genetic variation involving essentially gains losses and inversions of sequence. So showing here is a 30 in the simple diagram. We have an example of some structural variation operationally defined as events greater than a KB in size. So we have pieces of DNA that sometimes become deleted. We have pieces of DNA that sometimes become duplicated on chromosomes and regions which can be in fact inverted or turned around with respect to another orientation. So this very busy map here represents probably about three years of work in my lab, just to kind of characterize the general pattern of structural variation in eight human genomes. So shown here are different human chromosomes for from African, and for from non-African the distinctions really aren't that important, but what I'm showing you here, is the presence of insertions deletions and inversions as red as blue red and green

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and so each line here represents a different human genome that has been analyzed looking for structural variation of events greater than 5,000 base pairs in size, so a couple things you can maybe get from. this is you can see that there's a lot of genetic variation out there , that is above the level of single base pair change and most of the events that you're seeing here are essentially inherited , but we now know based on studying roughly about 2,000 human genomes, but there's a significant fraction of very large events often hundreds of KB in size that are either individually specific or specific to specific families , so this is kind of changing our view of the dynamic nature of the human genome.

Happiness The survey of happiness, followed a pattern and contained large samples of the different regions, country, and even worldwide. According to the lecture, the core factors which result in people feel happy include health, marriage, employment status, and that other factors also consist of the environment, quality, and instinct. However, the later provides more critical influence on happiness. Transcript: We will now move on to our next topic today. Recently we have conducted a survey on happiness. The survey has large samples from regions, countries, and even worldwide. One factor that makes people happy is the consistent patterns and they are prevalent and consistent across countries and borders. Consistent patterns include some basic things like income, marital status, and employment status. Lastly, other critical factors include that make people happy include environment, quality of life, and natural instinct.

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Language death Sample answer: The lecture was about the language death, which comprised a mainstream issue and changing people's mindsets. The spokesperson described thinking explicitly about language, and the fundamental essence of the interest of the general population in language emphasized the significance of language games. Ultimately, although the origins of words could be inferred evidently from the emotion and drama, the corresponding impacts of language endangerment were acknowledged. Transcript: Language death is not mainstream theater. It is not mainstream anything. Can you imagine Hollywood taking it on? It’s so far outside the mindsets of most people, but they have a difficulty appreciating what the crisis is all about because they’re not used to thinking about language as an issue in itself. Somehow we need to change these mindsets. We need to get people thinking more about language. More explicitly, more intimately, more

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enthusiastically. Interest in language is certainly there in the general population most people are fascinated by such topics as where words come from or what the origin of their towns name is or whether their baby’s name means anything and they’re certainly prepared to play scrabble and a host of other language games ad infinitum when you get language games on radio and television – but a willingness to focus that interest on general issues a prepared us to take onboard the emotion and drama inherent in the situation of language endangerment is not something that happens much.

HTML Tim Berners-Lee is an inventor who invented and designed HTML and WWW. HTML stands for Hypertext Markup language and WWW means World Wide Web. During the first decade, there were lots of extraordinary creativity and people created plenty of websites and online contents. However, they did these without advertisements, profits, or traditional and motivational incentives. They did these only because they enjoy it.

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***NEW VERSION***

Bad Architecture in London The architectures in West London are very ugly, which can have negatively impacts on people's mood making them feel frustrated and angry. Ugly buildings are worse than bad books because they last for a long time. Architects should learn from buildings in Rome, which are beautiful. However, architects said beautiful is an arrogant word and didn't think their works are ugly because beauty is in the beholder's eye. Make the speaker feel very distressed, and bad buildings is not like bad play or books which only last for short time, ugly buildings last for hundreds of years, which make people more frustrated and angry about it. There are many nice architectures in other cities such as San Francisco, but if you ask the architect about this, they will say beauty is an arrogant word but it's only in beholders' eyes, architects should think more what does make architecture and waht's the bad influence is it doesn't do good. Another version: It seems to me that architecture is very much something that causes us both pleasure and trouble. I live in the part of western London where I think many of the streets are, where I live are really really ugly, and this distresses me every time I walk to a supermarket or walk to a tube. I think why did they built that and with terribly without architecture. It last so long, and if you write a bad book or do a bad play, you know, I will be shocked when it be showed and then no one would suffer. A bad building has a serious impact for, could

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be hundreds of years on the people around it. And suppose the book arose a little bit from the frustration, almost anger than there is so much bad architecture around. And then I realize if you talk about architecture, you will say why building are not more beautiful. Then you will say I can use such work as "beauty", that's a really arrogant word. And no one knows what beautiful is. It's all in the eye of beholder. I couldn't help but think that actually. Well, you know that we all attempt to agree that Rome is nice than Milkykings, and San Francisco has the edge of Frankfurt, so we can make that sort of generalization, surely they are somethings we can say about why a building work or why it doesn't. So the books really attempt to suggest why architecture works when it does and what might going to be wrong when it doesn't work..

Industrialization The lecture illustrated influence of industrialization on European society in the 18th and 19th centuries. Specifically, the creation of power machines and factories provided numerous job opportunities, and it facilitated production efficiency and ability to transport raw materials. Industrialization also resulted in the urbanization movement, and that citizens prefer to live closer to the factories. Thus, the western world changed from rural and agricultural to urban industrial.

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Decline of bees Sample answer: The lecture was about the decline of bees, which comprised different conclusions and a well-documented decline. The spokesperson described scientific evidence, and the fundamental essence of various species emphasized the significance of pollinator loss effects. Ultimately, although a catastrophe could be inferred evidently from raising awareness, the corresponding impacts of fixing the problem and people's efforts were acknowledged. Transcript: So various conclusions. Yes, bees are in decline. These declines are well-documented. There are real and reported by good strong scientific evidence. Which is the only evidence. The drivers of decline are many varied depending on species. The effects of pollinator loss, could be absolutely huge. So is it a catastrophe? Not yet, but it could be. The positive side we are aware of the problem. Awareness is being raised with time and people are taking action to fix the problem, we recognize the problem, at least these being done.

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Internet Internet, an innovation by graduate students and researchers who

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were good at programming, can achieve many things but has both advantages and disadvantages. Initially, internet didn't take security into consideration because there was no suspicion between internet users at that time, such as the email system. Using email needs trust between the senders and the receivers as the authentication process was not originally built in this system.

Water Problem

The lecture demonstrated the application of science to deal with problems, especially on the purification of water and human health. The foundation of CBAM is mainly working on problems of water resources, and that it improves health standards. Although people from the developed countries are supplied bottled water, while the purification of water is major global problem. Hence, the nanotechnology would be used to find corresponding solutions.

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Urbanization and Agriculture The lecture was about the relationship between urbanization and agriculture. It first stated that a tremendous number of people move to the city to find more opportunities. It then followed by giving an example about agriculture, farmers could grow food in the countryside, which could benefit many families in the city. In the end, the speaker concluded that many people tend to live in the city even if they lose their jobs.

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***NEW*** Washing Machine History Here in the wagon barn are some of the most important inventions in human history. Sure, you can see examples here of the wheel or the automobile, but the inventions I'm talking about are the domestic appliances that allowed for increased leisure time and redefined gender roles in society. To a degree as never seen before in human history, the evolution of the washing machine as demonstrated in this barn is a representative example of this changing domestic life. For many centuries, sailors used to place their clothing in a cloth bag, tie the back to a rope and throw it overboard, letting the ship drag it for hours. The principle was simple: force water through the clothes to remove the dirt. But in the household before running water and electricity washing clothes took a staggering amount of labor. To wash, boil and rinse a single load of clothes could take 50 gallons of water, which had to be hand carried from a pump or well. Pan wringing rubbing and lifting the clothes could expose women to caustic substances in the soaps. The whole process for a households laundry could take an entire day or more of backbreaking labor. In 1846, a patented

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washing machine imitated the human hand moving cloth over a washboard by using a lever to rub the clothes between two rib surfaces. This machine was sold in the U.S. as late as 1927. The first electric clothes washers in which a motor rotated the tub were introduced into America about 1900 the motor underneath the machine often had water drip into it causing short circuits these machines all came with a manual or motor powered wringer that removed the need for hammering the clothes before hanging them to dry the next development was for machines to use an agitator inside the wash drone which forced water through the cloth just like the old sailors bags but could do so without shredding the clothes as the old ribbed surface machines did other modifications added would include clock timing devices in the 1930s that allowed the machine to run at a predetermined length of wash cycle by the 1950s machines added a spin dry cycle that removed the need for a wringer which had always been a bit dangerous to women with long hais washing machines have continued to evolve but consider the drastic difference this one invention has made in daily life what had taken a day or more of heavy constant work ever week can now be done in relatively short actions of lifting clothes into a machine and pushing a simple button women who had been the primary laborers in this area can now use their time and talents to contribute to society in different and more fulfilling ways.

Language distinguish or Small Language extinction Language accelerates to distinct. Now languages distinguish with an ever-fast rate. Globalization contributes to it, as more people are go to urban to live and work. Urbanization makes small language hard to survive. „ The lecture was about small language extinction. Little languages are disappearing at a rate that has never been before in history. The main reason for the disappearing is urbanization where people are moving to cities and being influenced by mainstream language. The ideal place for little languages to survive is in isolated areas. „ The lecture was about the extinction of small languages. It first stated that small languages are disappearing at an accelerated rate due to urbanization. It then followed by addressing the fact that people are increasingly moving to the big cities in order to find more opportunities, which has detrimental impact on small languages. In the end, the speaker concluded that small languages could survive in isolated areas.

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Children's depression sample answer: The lecture was about children's depression, which comprised increasing the risk of life and the 16th century. The spokesperson described long-term illnesses, and the fundamental essence of

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responding differently to medical treatment emphasized the significance of various studies and specialists. Ultimately, although both a perfect medicine and an increased number of depressed children could be inferred evidently from a common sickness, the corresponding impacts of resolving the puzzle were acknowledged. Transcript: A depression in a child dates back as far as the 16th century when the first concept of children’s depression was discovered. A research was taken at that time to find out what happened to children who suffer from depression. The study revealed that the dramatic increase in children depression can increase the risk of life. For example, long-term illness such as diabetes and heart disease are caused by depression. One of the studies shows children with depression behave differently and respond differently to medical treatment. This is why many specialists have tried to bring a cure, but no one found a perfect medicine. It is quite rare that children suffer from depression, but in the recent study, the number has dramatically increased. Nowadays no one doubt about children depression. It has become a common sickness in a child. Children's depression is still a puzzle for scientists and specialists and needs to be resolved sooner than later.

Human mind The pace, the pace of which that the human minds have evolved over the last half million years and more recently the last 200'000 years has been so frighteningly rapid that the evolution of cognitive function and perception in different ways, can only happen to the actions of a small number of genes. If one needed to adapt dozens of genes changes and concert, in order to acquire the penetrating minds that we now have, which our ancestors 500'000 years ago didn't have' the evolution could not have taken, could not have occurred so quickly. And for that reason alone, one begins to suspect that the genetic differences between people who lived 500'000 years ago sever that cognitive functions than ours are not so large. Therefore, a rather small number of genes, maybe responsible for comforting us that powerful minds which we now, which the most of us now possessed.

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***NEW***

The literal definition of risk key points: a literal definition of risk exposing to danger and harm the possibility of losing the original investment intentional interactions of uncertainty unmeasurable outcomes a consequence of action

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the result of consequences an uncertain event

Water Purification So really when you talk about using science to solve problems which I think most about pseudoscience. We of course want to understand the world but at the end of the day we want to change the world. We always have an impact really to hard problems. And the two that CBAM focuses on are actually water purification and how to make clean water which is actually a huge issue for all of us. And in fact really intersects with the second aspect of CBAM which is health, human health. How do we improve human health across the world? Those two areas, those two social drivers are the things that all of the faculty in the UN are working towards in their individual and collaborative research. And the ones that I'll be focusing on today is this problem of water will be taken granted entry before it now to provide bottled water. We can get it right out of the tap whether we'll be able to do that in 10 years as the cost of energy rises is an interesting question. And certainly if you're not fortunate enough to live in the developed world, you won't find ready-access water around the corner. So this particular issue is one that is a big global problem and one that new technologies are well suited to address and nanotechnology is one of the most promising and exciting areas to turn to for finding solutions to problems.

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***NEW*** The Human Rights Act The Human Rights Act protects things like your right to life. Freedom of speech and education.It also bans slavery torture and discrimination. Although was only 15 years old its roots rumors spread right back to the 1950s after horrific human rights abuses across Europe during World War Two. Theb then UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill asked lawyers to Europe the European convention on Human Rights. And it's this that the Human Rights Act is based upon. Although now it's under threat. And here's why you see the Conservative Party promised to replace it with something called the British Bill of Rights. If they win the 2015 general election which they did. Their problem with the current Human Rights Act is that it requires British courts to comply with judgements made in the European court of Human Rights. Supporters of the Human Rights Act though say it was the European court ruling in 2000 that drove the UK government to change the low to allow gay men and women to serve openly in the armed forces. So the conservatives want to scrap the current model. It won't be easy. All European countries signed up and bound by the European Convention on Human Rights except Belarus which is affectionately known as Europe's last dictatorship.

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And on top of that the European Convention on Human Rights is a key part of a deal to Scotland, Wales and Northern Irland to keep those countries more power and any changes may mean these agreements need altering to.

Dark Energy The lecture is about dark energy. Dark energy Is an unknown form of energy, which is hypothesized to permeate all of space and accelerate universal expansion. Dark energy constitutes most of the total energy in the observable universe though its density is low. Two proposed forms of dark energy are cosmological constant and inconstant scalar fields. A field that is similar to dark energy and could inflate early universe is called the big bang.

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***NEW***

Sign language & symbol language Abstraction is an important layer of computer because people cannot do anything on computers without symbolic system. People use sign language and movements when they do something at the same time. For example, people asked for help by waving hands whe they repelled rhinoceros at the same time. Thus, human can use hands to communicate when they do things simultaneously.

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***NEW VERSION*** Implicit and Explicit memory So I'm going to talk a little briefly about different systems of memory. And in fact, much of the memory that influences and guides out our everyday life actually kind of hide in the background, you actually don't know that when you're using the bulh of your memory. And this is called implicit or procedural memory. This includes things like cultural and social norms. So kind of understanding how you're supposede to behave in a classroom or expecting a certain thing to happen when you walk into a restaurant. These are all things that we've learned and acquired over the years. But it's not necessarily something that we think about. Language, also, in many aspects is something that is fairly automatic, and that we've acquired and learned us very naturally and other learned skills such as reading or diving, these are things that might have been effortful at one time, but now they just come very easily ans automatically to us. And in fact, if you actually try to discribe to somebody how you drive, or how to drive, you actually kind of messes you up. So, these are in a lot of women, a lot of cases, consciousness kind of gets in the way of a lot of these aspects of influence memory. Now, we're talking about our memory, so for instance, people tell me a lot, that their memories are bad, when people are saying when they talk about their memory, they usually talking about explicit or episodic memory. And these are very different from implicit memories. These are memories that have a very specific tag of space and time. These are

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highly personal memories, usually. So this could be everything from remembering what you ate for breakfast to what you did on your last vacation or remembering a signficant birthday that you had several years ago. Or in the past, or just an answer to a multiple choice question in the test.

Writing Quality of History and Journal The lecture demonstrated the important factors of quality academic writing. The qualities of a good history and journal are similar since they all require the resource and evidence, the attention to logic, style, and writing, and that these factors are crucial for academic and journal papers. Hence, there is no clear line between them. Transcript: Today, I would like to focus on some of the important features of academic writing. The quality is the first most aspect of any writing. When you write about history, you need half the same quality as journal writing. They are both similar. When you are writing academic and journal papers, you might consider some of these factors. Both require resources and evidence as well as writing style. Furthermore, the attention of logic in writing is also important. One thing that puzzles me is that there is no clear connection between history and journal writing, but somehow they are so much alike.

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Civil society (disempowerment) Sample answer: The lecture was about the sense of disempowerment, which comprised sharing welfare opportunities and protecting one another's rights. The spokesperson described the common good, and the fundamental essence of a forty-fold increase emphasized the significance of the UN-accredited civil society organizations. Ultimately, although harnessing voices and resources could be inferred evidently from growing trust in NGOs, the corresponding impacts of the strength and density of civic associations were acknowledged. Transcript: But in the face of this sense of disempowerment, there is no decline in involvement in organizations which seek to share welfare opportunities which seek to protect one another's rights and work towards the common good. According to the UN, civil society groups have grown 40 fold since the turn of the last century. Internationally, the non-profit sector is worth $1 trillion. There are 700,000 non-profit organizations in Australia alone 700,000. The UN recognizes 37,000 specifically civil society organizations across the globe working in international relief and gives accreditation to many of them. This profound movement towards harnessing voices and resources from the outside the realm of

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governance and officialdom reflects a growth in trust "the third sector" NGOs. Putnam who discovered in the field of local government in Italy. This best predictor of governmental success was the strength and density of a region's, civic associations.

Power sharing There has always been the lively debate of power-sharing. Who should have the power? There is an issue of moving power to people or moving power from away from federal to state. That power system is private power. There is a need is to modify government powers. One aspect is devolution transfer power from federal government to state government. The different opinions are holding by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party created persistent debate while the Democratic Party claims that government should hold the big power and the entitlements, the Republicans believe government should share its powers with the states and people. However, government holding the power normally means taking power away from people. Main points: Power-sharing Moving power to people Modifying government powers Devolution The federal government The state government The Democratic Party (Democrats) The Republican Party (Republicans) Holding the big power and entitlements Sharing powers with states Other points (supporting details and examples): A lively debate (or a persistent debate) The power system The private power Different opinions Taking power away from people Sample answer: The lecture was about power-sharing, which comprised moving power to people as well as modifying government powers. The spokesperson described devolution, and the fundamental essence of the federal government emphasized the significance of the state government. Ultimately, although both Democratic and Republican parties could be inferred evidently from holding the big power and entitlements, the corresponding impacts of sharing powers with states were acknowledged.

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***NEW***

The role of women Not about the materiarchal society, but about the transformation of female characters in the 19th century and the role played in the

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family. In the 19th century, women did not have social identity, and most of them stayed at home to see children, expand knowledge for their children and husband. Later, women had a special role of social identity, and status became more important. Other keywords: motherhood, domesticity, having a special role.

Tide detergent To identify key features in the perception of consumer satisfaction of washing performance, a survey among detergent users from five European countries was run. Respondents from each country were volunteers recruited through the Internet without previous selection criteria. The size of the sample (over 4,000 participants) and the wide geographical distribution of the respondents delivered a large set of data. According to the collected answers, respondents show a significant degree of satisfaction with the detergents they use, regardless of type and country. They were only dissatisfied by tough stains and exceptional problems with their wash lands. Detergent additives are widely used but the use and type of laundry additive showed significant differences from country to country. Respondents understood the usefulness of stain removers and showed a high degree of satisfaction using them. damages to textiles, when it occurs, are not usually associated with the quality of the detergent used but with other factors in the washing process.

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***NEW*** Fast Radio Burst A fast radio burst is very much like what it sounds. It’s a very fast burst of radio waves. It comes from outer space, a long way away. And by fast, I mean really fast. So it starts and stops in about a thousandth of a seconds, so you click your fingers, and it’s finished. Fast radio burst is a real mystery. We don’t really understand exactly where they come from or what actually makes them. And there’s a lot of open questions that we really don’t have an answer for. There are probably more theories about what makes fast radio bursts than there are actual detection of these things. So since 2007 we only had 20, but there are probably 30 or 40 different theories on what makes them. The most interesting thing about this burst is the fact that we found it with the Australian square kilometer ray path finder. So that is, it wasn’t really obvious that we would be able to do this as well as we ended up being able to do it. So this telescope is really a fantastic telescope. In fact, it’s probably the best telescope on the planet at the moment for finding these bursts. So whereas in the past, it is taken ten years to find 20

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bursts, once we are really going with this new instrument, we’ll be able to find them much more quickly. One or two every week. And that will blow open the field. We'll be able to do much more detailed studies of these things, get better statistica, understand what, hopefully understand what they are, and they're coming from. So the thing that's most interesting about this burst is the fact that it heralds a new era. Not only for the telescope, but for the whole field. Where we'll be able to actually have lots more things to play with. That's probably the most important thing. I like it a little bit to the Saron of space, the all-seeing eye, because we see so much of the sky. In comparison with other telescopes, we really can catch things really easily. When you can find a whole bunch really quickly, which is what we can do now with the Australian square kilometer array pathfinder, we'll be able to get a nice uniform. Set that we can start to do some statistics with. So a classic thing we can do is measure how many really bright ones there are, versus how many faint ones, and tells us whether things that we're looking at come from fairly nearby, or really far away in the universe, much further than we might ever think.

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Judgement Firstly, a company executive did not recruit the candidate who are highly recommended by previous employer and with a good record of past performance. Furthermore, another example is that a kid is unfit for pursuing a football coach, for he was hard to control football, although there are positive impressions and comments on his abilities. In conclusion, it is hard to judge people how good they are within 30 minutes.

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SECOND VERSION

Wildlife in Africa In my view, it’s impossible to talk about wildlife, and not think about its role in livelihood. And I guess part of that is my own view, part of the research that I do in Africa. In most eastern-west Africa. I look a role; all the humans rely on wildlife as the source of food, and also the source of income. And we talk about our wildlife, it seems we talk about fish, we are talking about what probably the single most important source of protein for human that across the globe. And, so, billions of, or more than a billion of people rely on fish as their primary source of animal protein, and most of these people living in poverty. So the management of fish resource of wildlife in that sense causing incredibly important to livelihoods and health. And also, wildlife tourism is the multiple billion dollar industry, and in many places, such as Africa, South

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America, it can be the No.1 source of income, it can be the No.1 source of foreign income for economies.

Marco Polo (The travels of Sir John Mandeville) Memories1: The book is popular in 1300 to 1400 in the library than Marco Polo which is about sir John Mandeville's journey to mid east, africa and asia. this book is valuable even the foreign land described in the book is not real, because it shows how the European people think about the foreign land outside Europe and their imagination of the unknown. Memories2: what is the foreign lands? I started by saying that the title of the book can help you guide in the library, then I heard Marco Polo, western people do not know what is the foreign lands, and also heard the civilization. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- another version: http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=bAwC6wic16M

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Instinct Instinct is a term used to describe a set of behaviors that are both unlearned and set in motion as the result of some environmental trigger. Instincts are also often discussed in relation to motivation since they can also occur in response to an organism's need to satisfy some innate internal drive tied to survival. Instincts are present across species and are consistent within individual species. In other words, many different species rely on instincts, and if one member of a species possesses an instinct, then they all do. Before we move into a discussion of specific types of instincts, it is important to distinguish the difference between an instinct and a reflex. Both are types of unlearned behavior that tend to serve a survival purpose. The difference is that a reflex is a typically a simple reaction or a response to an environmental trigger whereas an instinct is a much more complex set of behaviors. For instance, an example of a reflex would be when a baby turns his head toward an object that is pressed against one cheek in an effort to nurse. The head turn is a simple reactionary process. An instinct would be the manner in which a mother bird regurgitates her food to feed her young in response to their signals of hunger. Both are reactions to environmental cues; however, the mother bird must engage in a series of much more complex behaviors in order to respond to the cues the

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environment is providing her. Instinct is in relation to motivation which means using the internal drive to survive. difference between reflex are common among many species. Species rely on instincts to search fo food snd survive. Instinct is complex but a reflex is an interaction.

***NEW*** Dogs The question about dogs is a broad one, and the answer to it depends on individual; Dogs are concerned about can I get a nice bed and sleeping area when I need it? Dogs need interactive communications, people do not provide enough for animals yet. Other keypoints: happiness, stimulation, interactive stimulation, basic needs, food

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Governments Use Tricks I suppose it's the truism to point out that citizens need to be well informed. Maybe it's something we take for granted in our liberal western democracies. But there will be plenty of societies, well, that is run counter to explicit government policy. Many areas of the world still suffer from the reverie of the deliberate missing information. Governments, especially the unelected ones, but also some elected ones, have denied the events that have ever taken place. They pretend that other events did take place. They would help spin what they cannot deny. Ensure they've used every trick of the book, to pull the eyes of the world, and in an attempt to cover up their mistakes.

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The economic structures change of Europe The lecture is mainly About a change in economy structures in Europe. After industrial revolution around the 19th century, the machinery was widely used in the manufacturing, so the production in factories increased. As a result, circulation of goods became faster, and this led to more accumulation of social wealth. Because of this, the population of middle class expanded and this resulted in the additional accumulation of wealth.

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Antiviral drugs What we know is that the impact of the pandemic would be catastrophic if it is similar to what we had in 1918. In the United States, there has been unprecedented amount of preparation so far. it's ...um, affects every aspect of public health. We have efforts for treatment, efforts for better prevention, clinical management,

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key communications, the domestic and international responses, and also efforts to try to prevent transmission within community. The federal government has had tremendous amount of resources that they have put into development of the new antiviral drugs, antiviral drugs stock piles; development of new vaccines and manufacturing facilities for vaccines. So, there's quite a lot that's happening in the United States. However, developing countries do not have the level of resources found in more developed countries. That's the real challenge.

Roman city But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as they look from above today, You can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way, as I mentioned. It wasn't planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the eighth century B.C..Now this is interesting. Because what we know about the Romans is when they were left to their own devices and they could build the city from scratch, they didn't let it grow in an ad hoc way. They, they structured it in a, in a very care-, very methodical way. That was basically based on military strategy, military planning. The Romans they couldn't have conquered the world without obviously having a masterful military enterprise. And they everywhere they went on their various campaigns, their various military campaigns. They would build, build camps and those camps were always laid out in a very geometric plan along a grid, usually square or rectangular.

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Water demand in Chinatown( Los Angeles ) Water demand exceeded supply in Los Angeles in 19th century, so Los Angeles derived water from Owens Valley in 1913. The farmers in the valley tried to destroy aqueduct in 1924 until the valley was dried out. Then in 1941, Los Angeles derived water from Mono Lake which was a habitat for migration birds, until in 1992 litigation stopped the water flowing from Mono Lake to Los Angeles. In chinatown, waterfalls are common creations. They are vital habitats for birds migration. Water usage in agriculture. The demand exceeds supply. Farmers conflict with finite resources. water is derived from a lake which is become habitats for birds migration.

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Wonder Babies So, there is an example comes from the other end of life and has to do with what’s called wonder babies. This was a study which was done a few years ago in Trieste which is basically at the border on Slovenia and Italy. So there are a lot of Italians and there are a lot of Slovenians and there are of course a lot of mixed

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marriages. What they did was they took three groups of babies, all babies were seven months old so there were a bunch of Italian speaking babies, bunch of Slovenian speaking babies and a bunch of Italian- Slovenian babies from mixed families. They showed those babies various puppets and then they switched the situation. Typically when the seven-month-old baby is used to particular setting and the situation switches it takes them a little while to regroup. So turned out that seven-month-old Italian and seven-monthold Slovenian babies would get used to the puppet appearing on the right, and then when the puppet would appear on the left they would continue looking to the right as if nothing had changed. Whereas the bilingual babies very quickly would turn their head and notice that the puppet has changed its position.

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Geography 5 5

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Wonder Babies So, there is an example comes from the other end of life and has to do with what’s called wonder babies. This was a study which was done a few years ago in Trieste which is basically at the border on Slovenia and Italy. So there are a lot of Italians and there are a lot of Slovenians and there are of course a lot of mixed marriages. What they did was they took three groups of babies, all babies were seven months old so there were a bunch of Italian speaking babies, bunch of Slovenian speaking babies and a bunch of Italian- Slovenian babies from mixed families. They showed those babies various puppets and then they switched the situation. Typically when the seven-month-old baby is used to particular setting and the situation switches it takes them a little while to regroup. So turned out that seven-month-old Italian and seven-monthold Slovenian babies would get used to the puppet appearing on the right, and then when the puppet would appear on the left they would continue looking to the right as if nothing had changed. Whereas the bilingual babies very quickly would turn their head and notice that the puppet has changed its position.

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Lawyers My name is Graham Virgo, I’m a professor of English Private Law in the Faculty of Law at the University

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of Cambridge. And I’m going to consider the question why you should study law, if you don’t want yo become a lawyer. A lot of people who study law at university do so because they want to become practising lawyers, whether barristers or solicitors. But it is not necessary to read law at university to become a practising lawyer. Equally, studying law at university is a legitimate subject for academic study even if you definitely don’t want to become a lawyer or think that you may not become a practising lawyer. That’s because the study of law at university is not a vocational subject, it is an academic subject and an intellectual discipline. Even for those students who study law at university intending to become practising lawyers, they are required to do additional vocational training to prepare them for working either as a barrister or a solicitor, for them the study of law at university by it self is not sufficient to train them to become lawyers. So why do such students study law at university and why do others study law even is they don’t want to become a lawyer? The answer is fairly similar in both cases, namely that studying law at university trains the students to think and write logically and clearly. Another version:Students study law in university, can help them understand the way of thinking (of law). Law is an academic subject, provides a lot of career opportunities for student in their future. Law involves a lots of / a wide range of discipline, including history/ historical xx, xx and xx. We need to think about the future of law.

Translators and interpreters Hello. It’s Megan this week I’m going to talk about the difference between translators and interpreters. It’s a common misconception that translators and interpreters di the same thing. So I just like to highlight a few similarities and differences between the two… firstly translation refers to written communication whereas interpreting refers to verbal communication. So for example a translator will not attend a court hearing to verbally translate between the parties involved but would translate the written evidence used in the case. Secondly both jobs require different skills and translate to require the ability to write well and comprehensively into a target language. This means that they need to have an excellent command of their native language. For example although I can speak French to a good standard I cannot

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translate from English to French. Although I could translate from French into English. Which means I’m only halfway there to being an international player. An interpreter needs to be able to speak both languages proficiently. Thirdly the qualifications and experience required to become either a professional translator or interpreter do differ. Both roles acquire years of training the resulting qualification. But what they can learn on the training will be completely different. So just to be clear translators will translate written texts and interpreters will translate a verbal communication.

Pavlov’s experiments with dogs This lecture talks about a phenomenon, which described how the brain works. It answers an old question of how motivation works. In an experiment, Pavlov studied a dog. When the dog hears sounds, the salivation increases with the noise. This is an experiment that tries to reveal why the brain works in this way.

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Air Pollution In today's lecture I'm going to talk about changes in air pollution since the middle of the last century and what has created these changes. So, um - by the 1950s, air pollution was very visible with frequent thick black fogs known as 'smogs' in many large cities around the world. The main source of this pollution was from factories and it caused severe health problems. For example, a particularly severe smog in London in 1952 caused over four thousand deaths. Obviously something had to be done and in 1956 a Clean Air Act was introduced in Britain. This addressed the pollution from factories and the smogs soon disappeared. However, as you know, these days air pollution is still a big issue. The main difference between now and the 1950s is that you can't see it - it's invisible. Also, the main source of pollution now is from cars and lorries, and although these don't produce visible signs, this air pollution is still a significant risk to health. And one of the key factors in the rise of this type of pollution is that we have all become much more vehicle-dependent. There are far more cars and lorries, trains and planes than in the 1950s and this is now the main source of air pollution around the world.

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socialism Today we will discuss the two main origins of the concept of political ideology. These are the terms left and right appeared during the French Revolution of the 18th century, when members

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of the national assembly divided into supporters of the kings of the president’s right and supporters of the revolution to his left. However, the left and right wing became conceptualized since the French Revolution, the left side of the speaker podium in the assembly became the political left wing. This left wing is aggressive in nature. On the other hand, the right side of the speaker podium became conservative, which is the part of the old regime.

The Large Hadron Collider Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest particle accelerator lies in a tunnel. The LHC is a ring roughly 28km around that accelerates protons almost to the speed of light before colliding them head-on. Protons are particles found in the atomic nucleus, roughly one thousand-million-millionth of a meter in size. The LHC starts with a bottle of hydrogen gas, which is sent through an electric field to strip away the electrons, leaving just the protons. Electric and magnetic fields are the key to a particle accelerator.

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Human behaviors Transcribe: Determinant, human behavior is affected by internal and external factors. At the end of lecture, the speaker mentioned that psychologists are interested in explaining human behavior. Determinant is influenced by two factors, the personal factors which are internal and the environmental factors which are external. The personal factors include people's belief on certain things and their individual thinking about it, while the environmental factors include temperature, air pressure and the others' thinking about them. In conclusion, one's determinants are affected by both himself and the environment. Sample answer: The lecture talks about human behaviors. There are so many psychologists are interested in explaining that human behavior. The internal and external factors can affect human behavior. The personal factors are internal, and the environmental factors are external. The personal factors include people's belief and their thinking. The environmental factors include temperature, air pressure and so on. In conclusion, human behaviors are determined by himself and environment.

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The role of the language Languages develop unconsciously when people try to communicate with each other. The rule of language is the convention. Every language is unique, valuable and not translatable since teh meaning of a word in different languages is not the same. Language reflects own culture, represents personal thinking and understanding. It is important that a simple language should be

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documented for human beings. Different languages need to be documented as they are of human heritage.

Poverty in rural and urban areas The topic is the poverty in rural and yrban areas. Firstly, the poverty rates in rural areas are much higher than those in urban areas, because most of the poor live in rural areas. Rural areas also have high infant mortality rate and low education level. It is important to make sure the population in rural areas have access to sanitation and education. Environmental problems including water pollution and the sanitation of drinking water, indoor smoke and gas emission. Poor people are especially affected especially regarding their health. The rising demand for energy consumption is likely to sustain until 2030, which will affect a range of environmental problems.

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Feeding people in cities By 2050 we're supposed to have between 9.5 to 10 billion people. But even more importantly, we're going to have a big shift of people living in cities. In fact, by 2050 it is estimated that we'll have as many people living in cities as we have people alive today. So we've got to figure out how to feed people who basically can't feed themselves. That means logistics, infrastructure and transportation, etc. One thing a lot of people who move into cities miss is the food from their local area, so this is called nostalgia food. And I think if we could figure out how to increase productivity of local varieties in the first instance, then we could actually begin to feed some of these cities. In urban areas with poorer population price trumps everything. So if we can get food into cities that's affordable, than people are going to eat it. So I think we need to build on the foods that people are already used to, but also transition them to the foods that we can produce more cheaply_ that are both calorie and nutrient dense. That's really what we should focus on, how do we get more calories and nutrients into cities that have a shelf-life that are not going to have more waste that come with them automatically? I think global trade is perhaps the single best answer toward food security at a planetary level. We need to produce the things in surplus where we can produce them best. And then trade them with other places. We also need to make sure that the areas that produce the most are producing surplus that can fill the gaps in all the other parts of the world when there's a famine or war, or when there's some other disruption of production. If we can figure out how to link trade to more sustainable production, then we can begin to manage the planet as a whole planet, not just urban versus rural or one country versus another. we've got to start looking at how we produce food

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for this many people, this many people in cities within the confines of a single planet.

performance of boys and girls Sample answer: The lecture was about the performance of boys and girls, which comprised math and English. The spokesperson described outperforming boys, and essences of different results emphasized the significance of key differences, biological, and cognitive factors. Ultimately, although both childhood development and a range of social factors could be inferred evidently from having direct consequences, impacts of school achievements, learning cognitive skills and creating a reinforcement of patterns were acknowledged. Transcript: You can see that the two charts each give quite a different picture of the performance of boys and girls in the two key subjects of Math and English. It shows that in English, girls consistently outperform boys over a period of six years, achieving scores about 10% above their male peers. There is quite a different picture when we look at the math results with no real difference between genders in the results. What is the explanation for these key differences? To answer this question, researchers look at biological and cognitive factors and a range of social factors. The interaction between these different components in early childhood development, are seen as maintained and reinforced in the school context and this leads to distinct gender patterns of behavior in skills with direct consequences for school performance and achievement. The argument uses this evidence to show that biological factors such as patterns of cognitive development are closely linked to social factors such as learned gender categories. These cognitive skills are learned both preschool and subsequently at school, supported by the responses of teachers, creating a reinforcement of patterns.

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Nutrition guideline Interviewer: What nutritional guidelines should we be following? Interviewee: Well, probably the best source of nutritional guidelines are those that are issued by the American Cancer Society or the National Cancer Institute. And the American Cancer Society, for example, offers four really basic, simple nutrition guidelines. The first guideline, which in my mind is the most important, is to choose most of the foods that you eat from plant sources, and we can talk in more detail about that in a moment. The second guideline is to limit your intake of high fat foods, particularly from animal sources. The third guideline is to be physically active and achieve a normal, healthy body weight. And the final guideline is to limit consumption of alcoholic beverages if you choose to drink at all.

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Interviewer: So Susan, one of the things we always hear about ...from the American Cancer Society is this five-a-day recommendation. Maybe if you could explain to our listening audience what that actually means. Interviewee: The five-a-day recommendation is a very simple way of communicating the message to increase consumption of these plant foods. And what five-a-day means is five servings per day of fruits and vegetables in total. And some people misunderstand this guideline, and they may think it's okay if I have five glasses of fruit juice a day, and I've met my five-a-day guideline. The goal is really to choose both fruits and vegetables as part of the five-a-day guideline, to vary the fruits and vegetables that you eat on a daily basis, and that alone is a very major step forward in terms of reducing your risk for cancer.

***NEW*** Dropping from school Boy is a high risk group of leaving school early, and the main reason is push and pull, the main reason for pull is economy and some jobs which can be easily acquired by boys. For girls, the transition will be hard, if they drop out of school they only have two options_ unemployment or part time job, which is not so bad, but for girls. It is usually boys, and then they are pushed into the pool of employment. Because they have a lot of job opportunities, mainly in two destinations, one shipping related, one is traineeship. The remains are mainly girls who are less likely to leave school, because there is no job for them, leaving the school too early can lead to bad results, such as only part-time job or stay unemployed.

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Australian Driving problems 4 4

Types of family Three types of family: 1. Nuclear family includes mom dad and children. 2. Extended family with grandparents, parents, and children. Families live close geographically. 3. Single parent family, not live together but keep contact daily over phone and internet There is no denying that the concept of family has certainly changed in American society over the last few decades. Statistics continue to show that fewer Americans are getting married, and those who do so are having fewer children or none at all. More marriages are ending in divorce. More people are living alone, cohabiting with someone, or marrying more than once in a lifetime and creating stepfamilies. Traditional families once dominated every neighborhood. A traditional family consists of a husband and wife, plus their children, whether biological or adopted, if they have any. Today, American society displays greater diversity, and many American households can be considered non-traditional under this definition.

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Family structures that may be considered non-traditional or alternative include single parenthood, cohabitation, same-sex families, and polygamy. Let's take a brief look at each of these. Single parenthood was fairly common prior to the 20th century due to the more frequent deaths of spouses. But at that time, there was a certain stigma surrounding being a single parent. Today, single parenthood is considered more acceptable. One-parent families may still result from the death of a significant other, but now also come about through circumstances, including a parent's choice or divorce. Cohabitation is the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple. This arrangement continues to gain popularity in the U.S., and cohabiting couples and their children made up approximately 15 million households according to the 2012 U.S. Census. Cohabitation can be seen as an alternative form of marriage.

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The Republic Why we should read the Republic? I image lots of question to me when they're given it as a set book at the beginning of their university course, but in fact there are many good reasons to read the Republic. And first one I would pick on is just that it is immensely readable. It's not Plato did not write philosophy like a dry text book. He wrote it like a living conversation. The whole of the Republic which is fairly fat book is a living conversation written in short almost soundbite type answers, but nevertheles, developing some very important ideas so my first answer then we should read the Republic just because it is readable. It is readable it was written by a genius and it's worth reading. It's easy to read. It's not difficult. But then there's also obviously the thoughts, the content of the book and he's asking this absolutely fundamental question why should we bother to be good, what's in it for us effectively. It seems when we look at the world, it looks as through injustice pays. It looks as though crime pays or as the good people get trodden down. So, Plato addresses this absolutely fundamental question why should we be good. I'm not going to tell you his answer. Read the book.

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New Zealand diversity

This is my next contribution to New Zealand’s super diverse future. The status quo is not sustainable. Super diversity stocktake. What I would talk to you about now is designed to help us to adept to a super diverse New Zealand. To make sure that we are foot for the future. Because New Zealand is super diverse right now. Predominantly in Auckland, but actually throughout New Zealand. Here, we are already 50 percent Maori,

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Pacifican and Asian. 44 percent are not born in New Zealand. And we have over two hundred ethnicities. Now the definition academically of super-diversity is 25 percent are born in New Zealand a hundred ethnicities. So we are almost double that number already. And Auckland will continue to become younger and browner as Angela says some population ages and shrinks. So the megatrend here is not age. And the megatrend here is not urbanization. The megatrend is demography. It’s ethnicity. And we need to get our head around that because most of the benefits from super-diversity that we, as a country, are enjoying at the moment such as great renovation, productivity and investment increase New Zealand’s financial capital, whereas the most of the challenges from super-diversity adversely affect New Zealand’s social capital. However, if you don’t mitigate the challenges to your social capital, you are not gonna maximize sustainably the diversity dividing benefits for your financial capital.

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Smart city Key words: smart city, technology, on or off, at night, because of recent technology, to save energy, should have principle or baseline, urban technology, city, urbanization, traffic light, integrated technology, sensor, guide driver, given location, turn on or off, save energy, collect data, make sure the tech do not cross the line.

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IT & Globalization Well I would argue that what they will say was the most important thing to happen in the early 21st century was thr merger of globalization and the IT revolution the two really fused in a way that more and more IT started to drive more and more globalizationand more and more globalization started to drive more and more IT and what that fusion did was take the world from connected to hyper connected and from interconnected to interdependent these are huge differences of degree that are differences in kind it happened over the last decade you are all feeling it in your jobs in your universities in your schools but no-one's really explaining it to people everyone's living this fusion that the plumbing of the world fundamentally changed in the last ten years.

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***(new) The main problem of time traveling is that people need to understand what time is, but nobody can explain it. People know what time means when they talk about it, but no one can explain it

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in specific. Talking about what is time has been a popular topic in modern society. However, time is not a new subject because it actually started around 600 years ago.

Motivation ***(new) The lecturer who has learned psychology, describes motivations with concepts and examples. Motivation means the move to take action. There are lots of factors that can affect motivation such as interests, value, and inspiration. The most fundamental elements are of punishment and rewards. Motivation changes with age, when people grow older, there are more things they have done

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Face recognition How can people recognize human faces? This is a hard but brilliant question. People should appreciate something. People can get visual information from faces and put a name on it. We can tell one’s identity, age, work, health condition, politics, and friends. Recognizing faces is amazing, difficult and a clever thing. In conclusion, people can get a lot out of faces.

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Grand project in Paris Sample answer: The lecture was about the renovation of Paris, which comprised growing in size and importance. The spokesperson described a medieval city, and the fundamental essence of a modern city emphasized the significance of Napoleon III. Ultimately, although bringing light and air into the central districts could be inferred evidently from improving sanitation and living areas, the corresponding impacts of a beautiful city and connecting districts together were acknowledged. Transcript: Cities are interesting places. Some cities are carefully planned built for a reason and reflect the needs of the people as it grows. Others are less conscientiously designed. Paris, for example, was originally founded in the third century as a small village and with every passing generation it grew in size and importance. It grew from a medieval city to a modern city but the transition was not always smooth. Emperor Napoleon the third had to hire someone to oversee the rebuilding of Paris. The man he chose was George Eugene Haussmann. In 1853 Haussmann began the process of renovating France's capital city. His basic instructions were to bring light and air into the central districts, improve the sanitation and living areas, and make Paris a more modern beautiful city. Not your average weekend renovation. Haussmann's projects included the destruction of the old medieval neighborhoods, widening of streets, building large parks and public squares, and additional fountains and sewer lines. To add to all this, the size of Paris had to be increased, doubled actually, and Napoleon the third issued official decrees annexing nearby suburbs to make them part of the

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city. One of the main priorities of this massive renovation was to connect all of the districts together.

The first robots This is a kind of object that you’re probably all familiar with when you hear the term robot. But I’m going to show you the very very first robots. These were the very first robots. There were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s universal robots and their play was written by a Czech writer called Karel Capek and basically these robots. You know people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or you know Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the first world war. You finished that had a devastating impact across Europe. And people kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human what makes us human those kind of questions and this kind on context is what inspired Czech x to kind of write this play and interestingly these robots have been humans. They are actually in the play assembled on a production line a bit like the Ford manufacturing production line. So even though they are human they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor and manage their primary purpose in society.

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Timeline of the Big Bang and universe Sample answer: The lecture was about the timeline of the universe, which comprised the Big Bang and a formless ball of matter. The spokesperson described the merged forces of nature, and the fundamental essence of the cooling and expansion of the universe emphasized the significance of crystallized particles. Ultimately, although the mass could be inferred evidently from the atomic nuclei, the corresponding impacts of the simplest chemical elements were acknowledged. Transcript: This is the timeline of the Big Bang timeline of the universe. Now we know that it began around 13.7 billion years ago. Back there, In the Big Bang. And we know that when it began it was really a formless unimaginably hot ball of not even matter. In fact, we think that all the forces of nature emerged together. There were no particles as we know them today. But as the universe continued to cool and expand, then we think that the particles that we are made of and the forces that we're familiar with today crystallized out in one of the most important moments with something called a fancy name called electroweak symmetry breaking is the point when mass entered the universe for the first time when things got substance for the first time. It's just back there about a billionth of a second after the big bang and we're investigating that at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva. We then know that the

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universe continued to cool and expand. After around about a second. Then the familiar particles that make up the atomic nuclei of stars and planets, the protons and neutrons formed in the universe. We know after about 3 minutes, somewhere around there was hydrogen and helium in the universe. The first two the simplest chemical elements. The universe then continued to expand and cool. And after about 350 to 400 thousand years the universe was cold enough and diffuse.

Water on Mars The research conducted on the habitability of Mars indicates the prior existence of liquid water. There are some similarities such as polar caps, atmospheres and water climate. The evidence is that researchers found several elements which are essential to form water ( hydrology ), such as Calcium Carbonate, Salt, mineral, and Perchlorate. Consequently, we can speculate that water used to exist in liquid form on the surface and underground of Mars and Mars may be a hospitable planet long time ago.

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***NEW*** The Old Stone Age 23000 years ago, towards the end of the Old Stone Age, also known as the upper Paleolithic, the weather in Europe and in many parts of the world took a turn for the worse. Temperatures plammeted, rain levels fell and a massive ice sheet slowly advanced to cover most of northern Europe and stay there for the next few thousand years. We know that during this glacial period many animal and plant species sought shelter in Europe's three warmer southern Peninsulas, Iberia, Italy, and the Balkans. But the question is, where did the people go? Archeological material recovered from this time period has shown that a large number of our ancestors retreated to Franco Cantabria, an area covering the southwest of France and the northeastern tip of Spain. But was this the only area where people traveled to escape the worst of the weather? Let's go back to the growing ice sheet. In order to grow, the ice mass had to take up water, causing sea levels to fall. At its maximum when the ice reached as far south as Germany, sea levels were up to 120 meters lower than today. That's approximately the same height as the London Eye. As a result, areas of the shallow sea became exposed and Europe's shape was very different from the one we recognized. It could be that humans lived on these exposed shores during the Paleolithic, but we have no evidence of their settlements because it's now we're underwater.

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English language English isnot a pure language, influenced by other 350 languages in history. English borrows vocabulary and phrases from other languages. History and language are connected, so when you learn the language, you also learn history. People from different periods

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have had different views about this. In shakespeare's period, some people felt angry about the words which are not original English.

Sweet smell of books Indeed, the library. We've all been to a historic library. We've all enjoyed the smell of a historic library. But what is it? And what does it mean? When we’ve recently, when at UCL Center for Sustainable Heritage, we’ve recently been asked to access the environment at another historical library at Saint Paul's Cathedral, the Wren Library, an incredible place. And it has a such an intensive smell of old books. And we were also asked for the first time really I was actually taken aback by the brief, we were asked whatever you do please preserve the smell. It is so important to our audience. It is so important how people perceive the library. So that is, that was quite an important message in our research. And indeed, the smell is an important way of how we communicate with the environment. This piece of research was done by an advertising company because advertisers are so interested in how we how we interact with each other and the environment. And we see that the majority of people use sight obviously to interact with the environment, but on the second place, we see the smell is also very, very important.

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Great Depression One of the things that was goig on during the Great Depression was the beginning of this sort of modern food technology that rules, you know, the way Americans eat today. That is there are a lot of canned foods were being_coming onto the market at the time. And also, refrigerators were really becoming very, very popular during the Great Depression, both in cities and in ryral parts of the country. Thanks to electrification, the Rural Electrification Administration, people could buy appliances. you know, farmers could buy appliances. And that meant frozen foods were becoming big. And, you know, at that time, people could afford to buy them during the early years of the Great Depression. But, you know, gradually, these things picked up. And so this was, like, the sort of beginning of the era when people were starting to think about supermarkets with rows and rows of freezer cases and rows of canned foods.

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Online research Rapid growth of the internet and the data collected has changed our life in terms of both quality and quantity. As for the advantages of online research, it is quick, less expensive and help usto access hard-to-reach groups. But online research has some drawback, as there are no face-to-face communications or body language and other side is not real people so we don't know who they are.

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Ocean

key points: Pragmatical and potential solutions, damage ocean, sea levels, footprint

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Ancient People Keypoints: 5000 years, Stone Age, agriculture. Stone tools came to use. Skeleton, the quality of diet, Ancient people have a wide variety of food source including 100 different animals, spreading infectious disease, chopping, gathering food from crops,haunting, farmers' tools, agriculture, food quality, diet.

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Money What makes you itch? What's all of the situation would you like? Let's suppose, I do this often in vocational guidance of students, they come to me and say, well, we're getting out of college and we have the faintest idea what we want to do. So I always ask the question, "what would you like to do if money were no object? How would you really enjoy spending your life? " Well' it's so amazing as a result of our kind of educational system, crowds of students say well, we'd like to be painters, we'd like to be writers, but as everybody knows you can't earn any money that way. Or another person says well, I'd like to live an out-of-doors life and ride horses. I said you want to teach in a riding school? Let's go through with it. What do you want to do? When we finally got down to something, which the individual says he really wants to do, I will say to him, you do that and forget the money, because, if you say that getting the money is the most important thing, you will spend your life completely wasting your time. You will be doing things you don't like doing.

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Music and Brain Music and the brain interest in music in the mind is as ancient as philosophy itself. Plato was marveled at the power of music over human character and human emotions. In fact, he was quite concerned about the way music could either degrade or elevate the minds of young people. So you can see, in some sense, nothing has changed. He said rhythm and harmony find their ways into the inward places of soul. Well, yes, that's true and he said this in 400 BC. But what has changed since then? It's just in the last few years, brain science has started to seriously investigate music and this young science is confirming music's power over us. For example, some colleagues in Montreal decided to do a study to investigate what happens in the brain when people get chills to music. This is intense emotional responses that often manifest themselves as shivers tingling of the spines. Anybody here had this? OK, it's not

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uncommon. And they specifically looked at chills instrumental music. So this wasn't due to any associations that people has with lyrics. It was just sounds of music and they looked it. They took advantage of the fact that people often know quite well what music gives them chills they know piece, sometimes the very passage in the piece and so they had people bring in their own self-selected CDs and they scan their brains while they were having these experiences listening to music.

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Conclusions The good thing is people began to be aware of the problem and have taken some actions. It declines, documents are the only evidence, it occurs in various species, it results in huge loss and maybe will have catastrophe, the positive thing is people began to be aware of it and are taking actions to fix it. Those conclusions are real and well documented, and they declined. Conclusions have been supported by strong evidence, which is the only one. The drivers contributed to the decline are varied depending on the species There is a possibility of a huge loss, but the positive thing is that people began to be aware of this and take some actions to fix the problems

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Voynich manuscript Well, the Voynich manuscript does have many different theories proposed for it .some people think that it's a complete hoax, it's now been carbon dated from the 15th century. so it's most likely if it is hopes to have been a 15th century hoax which I personally don't believe, but some people think it's just gobbledygook it's just an invention to make money, somebody made it to fool people and make money other people think it's probably a code in other words someone encoded lots of secrets in it hoping that no one would find out and if so that's been very successful because no one's corrector so far. But in my opinion it is actually a genuine script obviously a human devised script, but masking behind it a genuine human language. In a language it seems to me to have more if you like Near Eastern maybe Caucasian Asian aspects to it rather than European, because of some of the words that I've decoded. So I would imagine that once we've actually managed to decode the script will find that the language underneath is a natural human language probably from that part of the world.

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Two types of spectacles Normally, however, spectacles are a part of an assemblage of items giving us an overall look. In fashion terms, they are classes of accessories, along with shoes, jewelry, handbags or watches. But in healthcare terms, they are called a medical device and, in many languages, other than English, they are often described as a

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prosthesis, an artificial part of the body, part of you, making you who you are and choosing your spectacles is therefore your major decision. Increasingly, people own two or more pairs for different occasions or times of the day and there is a phrase for this in the industry, it is called lifestyle dispensing. And it dates back to the 1950s. The idea is that you wear one type of spectacles in the workplace and quite other at leisure or on the beach.

Similarity between music and language Every human in culture we know the music and language, these are universe, genuine human universe when they go way back in our specie’s history. So the question what these two things might have been common has occurred a lot of people when it’s two of them both involve complex sequences that afford in time both forms in communication, it’s interesting, philosophers since Plato going back over 2000 years, scientists including Darwin who wrote about possible evolutionary links between music and language in his book “The Descent of Man”, an artist including Leonard Bernstein who gave a set of lectures Harvard in the 70s about possible connections between the grammar of music and the grammar of language according to Noam Chamsky theories. So it’s a persist question and I think it continuously at from scientists today, because they are just in basic obvious similarities. For example, both music and language have rhythm by which I mean systematic patterns of timing, accent and grouping. They both have melody, meaning structure patterns of pitch over time. And they both have syntax, mean .. . elements like notes, words and principles where combining those elements of sequence sentences are just random sequences verbs, music is nowadays compositions of far from random sequences of notes, their principles. And they both convey emotion or affect using sound, you can tell somebody’s emotions ... their voices, you can get a lot of emotional information about music is conveying happiness, sadness or mixed emotions ...happy.

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Traffic Light, Food System We should categorize food and drinks into three colors including the red category, yellow category and green category. Each color provides various health benefits, so labeling food with different colors can help consumers choose the right type of food as their bodies need and develop healthy diet habits. Retailers should introduce a color-coding system because traffic light labeling can guide consumers to make a wise decision while doing grocery shopping.

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Green Revolution In1943 what became known as the green revolution began with Mexico unable to feed this growing population shouted for help.

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Within a few years the Fourth and Rockefeller Foundations founded the international rice research institute in Asia and by 1962 a new strain of rice called IRAs was feeding people all over the world. IOH was the first really big modified crop to make a real impact on world hunger. In 1962 the technology did not yet exist to directly manipulate the genes of plants and so IRH was created by carefully crossing existing varieties. Selecting the best from each generation further modifying them and finally finding the best. Here’s the power of modified crops. IR8 with no fertilizer straight out of the box produce five times the yield of traditional rice varieties in optimal conditions with nitrogen it produced 10 times the yield of traditional varieties. By 1980 IR36 resisted pests and grew fast enough to allow two crops a year instead of just on doubling the yield and by 1990 using more advanced genetic manipulation techniques. IR72 was outperforming even IR36. The green revolution saw worldwide crop yields explode from 1960 through 2000.

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Hospital design Sample answer: The lecture was about the design of hospitals, which comprised nearby access to gardens and dealing with stress. The spokesperson described essential components of healing, and essences of improving health outcomes emphasized the significance of green nature, sunlight and fresh air. Ultimately, although both recovering faster and viewing hospitals' yards could be inferred evidently from meeting patient's needs, impacts of nurses' experience, well-developed hospitals, and means of treatment were acknowledged. Transcript: Nearby access to the natural landscape or a garden can enhance people’s ability to deal with stress and thus potentially improve health outcomes. In past centuries, green nature, sunlight and fresh air were seen as essential components of healing. Along the history of the design of hospitals, researchers have found that patients recover faster when they get access to the view of the outside environment through hospital’s windows and are frequently visited by friends and families. Viewing of hospital’s yard can help people rest and sleep faster and also release stresses easily. Nurses’ experience suggests that hospitals should be well-developed. The hospital makes

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Advertising and brands

Advertisers spent over 100 billion dollars worldwide in 2000, and consumer product advertisements accounted for a little under half of that. What did they get for it? Does advertising actually work?

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Does it that is persuade customers to pay a premium price for the extra intangible value which a brand confers on a product. Some businessmen say that one cannot quantify the effect of advertising because it meant to have an unquantifiable effect. Such as improving product awareness reinforcing brand loyalties or increasing total consumption of a product category. However, that hasn't stopped advertising executives from tying for many years to prove the claims that advertisements have a very quantifiable effect indeed on sales. Advertising is, of course, only a part of the total marketing mix thinking up the product or service, naming it, deciding its price, getting it to retailers, arranging the shelf display are all important too. Advertising was very successful in American Britain during the 1950s and early 1960s. It slowed down in the early 1970s and totally collapsed in the recession of 1974, 1975 with the economic recovery from 1976 through 1979 came some improvement. But higher media prices pushed up total expenditure. By 1990, that expenditure in most places had regained its real pre-1974 level. The 1990s were not good though. Although spending on advertising grew slowly in France, Britain and Japan. Only in Germany and America did it increase significantly in real terms and that was mainly because of the 1996 Olympics. The American elections and export drives in Japan and Germany.

Space time If we want to talk about relativity, we have to talk about space-time. Space-time is the four dimensional world we live in We need four numbers to specify a point in space. Also, the four dimensional world is the arena of physics, everything happens physically in space-time.

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Alternative(renewable) energy The natural resources we consumed are not sustainable, so we need to develop alternative energy, such as wind power, biological energy, and hydropower. But among of all them solar energy should be placed at the first priority because it's not only reusable and renewable, but also can be easily acquired from the land. However, these types of energy are hard to store, so new technology is required.

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Manager A manager should have a broad perspective. The manager should read more book, go learning from universities and studying abroad to improve themselves. Experience is not necessary, but gaining management knowledge is important. The best manager is not to know their organization better, but to be a professor of management. running organizations, the widest knowledge of managing skills The Education Leadership Initiative was started by Dean Bob Joss, of Stanford Graduate School of Business. He talked a lot about the

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importance of education leadership. Education leaders need to be dynamic and entrepreneurial change agents. Managing is not enough increasingly leaders must rise to the challenge of changing their organizations through innovative, problem-solving strategies. So we are combining forces from our School of Education and School of Business to support the development of management skills and leadership capacity for current superintendents and other central office leaders. The School of Education will focus on learning while the School of Business will focus on management. Now many institutes are providing education leadership learning opportunities, for profit or non-profit. We want to make sure that here at Stanford, we are not only delivering the services but with good quality. The program incorporates case-studies and research-based presentations, discussions, and exercises. Participants also collaborate and build relationships through group work. However, they must realize that it is their own responsibility to achieve and accomplish - what others can do does not indicate what you are capable of.

Night sky darkness You might think that space appears dark at night because that is when our side of Earth faces away from the Sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24 hours. But what about all those other far away suns that appear as stars in the night sky? Our own Milky Way galaxy contains over 200 billion stars, and the entire universe probably contains over 100 billion galaxies. You might suppose that that many stars would light up the night like daytime! Until the 20th century, astronomers didn’t think it was even possible to count all the stars in the universe. They thought the universe went on forever. In other words, they thought the universe was infinite. Besides being very hard to imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is that no matter where you look in the night sky, you should see a star. Stars should overlap each other in the sky like tree trunks in the middle of a very thick forest. But, if this were the case, the sky would be blazing with light. This problem greatly troubled astronomers and became known as “Olbers’ Paradox.” A paradox is a statement that seems to disagree with itself. To try to explain the paradox, some 19th century scientists thought that dust clouds between the stars must be absorbing a lot of the starlight so it wouldn’t shine through to us. But later scientists realized that the dust itself would absorb so much energy from the starlight that eventually it would glow as hot and bright as the stars themselves. Astronomers now realize that the universe is not infinite. A finite universe—that is, a universe of limited size—even one with trillions and trillions of stars, just wouldn’t have enough stars to light up all of space.

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Population Bomb To many, Paul Ehrlich's Malthusian "Population Bomb" of 1968 appears about to explode in the world's face in an indirect version of his millenarian vision of population growth which outpaces agricultural production capacity- with predictably catastrophic results for humanity. And his three-part crisis scenario does indeed seem noe to be present: a rapid rate of change, a limit of some sort, and delays in perceiving that limit. Ehrlich's work was roundly criticized at the time, and later, from many quarters and much of what he predicted did not come about. Nevertheless, can the world afford to take the risk that the climate scientists have got it wrong? Is it not in everyone's interests to apply the precautionary principle in attempting to avoid the worst of their predictions - now, rather than at some future time? As the chairman of of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Mr. Rajendra Pauchauri, has recently pointed out, eleven of the warmest years since instrumental records began have occurred in the past twelve years, while major precipitation changes are taking place on a global scale.

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***NEW*** Semantic noise in communication Semantic noise in communication is a type of disturbance in the transmission of a message that interferes with the interpretation of the message due to ambiguity in words, sentences or symbols used in the transmission of the message. Let's take a step back for a moment to provide a larger framework that helps you understand the idea of semantic noise a bit easier. communication is the process of transmitting information from one person to another. Information is a pattern of data organized in a particular way. For example, a sentence consists of symbols that form words in a particular language with a particular meaning. The sentence also utilizes grammar, which is a recognized way to structure words forming a sentence. Noise is any type of disturbance that interferes with the interpretation of the information.Some argue that noise exists in all communication. Semantic noise doesn't involve sound but rather ambiguity in words, sentences or other symbols used in communication. The ambiguity is caused because everybody sees a different meaning in the same words, phrases or sentences. The differences in interpretation can be quite small, even undetectable, in regular communication between people from the same culture, age, education and experience, or drastically different because of such things as culture, age or experience.

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London history But what we are going to discuss today is how the port of London was discovered and what we discovered about it. Now if you look

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at the historical records of Roman London, there is only about 14 actual references to London in antiquity I contemporary references. And all those only one is in the first century, there are none at all at the second or third century. There is only one in the late third century and there is four in the fourth century. So if you are a historian trying to write the history of Rome in London, it's really difficult. you don't have much data, you are going to depend on the archeological evidence, the material evidence of the port and indeed the town to have any understanding of what happened then. And so, what we're looking at here is how did we discover about the port of London, there is no historical documentations, no custom books, no terrorists, no idea of the taxes. We have to understand the port entirely from the archeological evidence. So, if we move on to the next slide, I love lifestreaming. thank you very much.

Monkey and Typewriter theorem The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text, such as the complete works of William Shakespeare. In this context, "almost surely" is a mathematical term with a precise meaning, and the "monkey" is not an actual monkey, but a metaphor for an abstract device that produces a random sequence of letters ad infinitum. The theorem illustrates the perils of reasoning about infinity by imagining a vast but finite number, and vice versa. The probability of a monkey exactly typing a complete work such as Shakespeare's Hamlet is so tiny that the chance of it occurring during a period of time of the order of the age of the universe is minuscule, but not zero. But technologies can help monkeys to write. If the monkeys are given a pen and some papers to spell the word "monkey", they can only scratch on the paper. By contrast, if they are given a typewriter, it will take them over 10 years to produce the right spelling. However, if they can use computer programming, they can finish the task within a day.

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Robots, Technology and unemployment The video title, about the robot, mentions that the certain is the father of technology, looks like Henry Ford, and mentions unemployment. With the robot, some jobs don't need to be done, which leads to an increase in the unemployment rate. Is the emergence of a robot good or bad?

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Participate in community The research on a wide range of young students and people aged 3~25 is about how they participate in their communities, how to

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form value and character education the outcomes involve parents, friends, school and siblings, figure out which is essential and more important than others the impacts of the research do with....

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Community service Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. Your education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching, that is, tutoring in math and English. You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hourlessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors. He'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week.

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***NEW*** Water conflict key points: water need, water resources, demand and supply, farmers, plant….

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***NEW*** Credit Card In an experiment on customers' behaviors, one group of inactive credit card users received a message offering benefits that they could gain by using the cards, while the other group received a message implying a penalty if it's not used. The result shows customers are more motivated by potential loss when not using this card than benefit they could gain by using the card.

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***NEW*** Recycling water We need recycling water because fresh water cannot be easily generated by burning hydrogen because it's too costly, and also because the total volume of fresh water is limited. Technology is available for industrial use, but there is little technology available for home use. On local level, people are not aware of how to recycle water at home, but we can do little on this level.

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DNA and RNA Your body’s composed of trillions of cells – lots of different types of cells that make up different organs and other parts of your body. Your body is also where 10 times that number of bacteria call ‘home sweet home.’ But don’t be afraid – these bacteria do more good than harm to you. And besides, just in case you wanted to strike up a conversation with your tenants, you and your bacteria do have a few things in common. All cells share some common characteristics that make them living things. All organisms are composed of cells, the basic fundamental unit of life. They contain DNA as a heritable genetic material, and they can reproduce. They transcribe DNA into RNA and translate RNA into proteins on ribosomes. They can also regulate transport across a cell membrane and require chemical energy for some cellular processes. Organelles are the biggest difference between bacteria and cells that make up the human body Organelles.

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Einstein and Hubble For thousands of years, scientists and philosophers believe that the universe is fixed and unchanged. However, this was changed in the 20th century by Einstein. With the Theory of Relativity and concept of transformation, he proposed that the universe was in continuous dynamic changes. But this theory was first proposed by Hubble, and Einstein only confirmed and developed this theory.

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Poverty in China Poverty control is important in emerging world. In the development in 2000 China has promised to half the poverty and the goal has been met. China has moved and took actions to make poverty reduction. China also created a lot of middle income people and opportunities to other countries. China also benefits other economies, such as Australia.

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***NEW*** Industrial revolution France, one thought that they were called them "retarded", a word that was used, unfortunately, at that time. And then one tried to see why not. Now, that analysis has been really rejected greatly over the past years, because Industrial Revolution is measured by more than simply large factories with industrial workers and the number of machines. This is the point of the beginning of this. The more that we look at the Industrial Revolution, the more that we see that the Industrial Revolution was first and foremost an intensification of forms of production, of kinds of production that were already

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there. And thus, we spend more time looking at, you know, the intensification of artisanal production, craft production, of domestic industry, which we've already mentioned, that is people mostly women but also men and children, too, working in the countryside. The rapid rise of industrial production was very much tied to traditional forms of production. In Paris, for example, in 1871, alright, 1870, the average unit of production had only slightly more than seven people in it. So, if you only look for big factories and lots of machines, you'll be missing the boat on the Industrial Revolution.

Flower temperature Why the bumble bees pick some flowers over others? Researchers have known for a while that flower’s color can be a signal. Color in short hand that says to a bee: hey, I get some good quality nectar here, want to stop by for a visit. But new findings show that bees also use color to get clues about a flower’s temperature. And according to a study from a British research team published in the journal Nature, some like it hot. Bees use up a lot of energy just stay in warm on some days. In fact, they can’t even fly if they are too cold. So if one flower is warmer than another, a bee can save some of its fuel by basking on that flower while it’s doing its pollinating business. And it turns out that bumble bees consistently do choose warmer flowers over cooler ones, even when the two flowers offer up the same quantity and quality of nectar. Some plants seem to be evolutionarily adapted to be slightly warmer because the warmer ones get visited more by the chilly bees. When it comes to getting pollinated, apparently the heat is on, and that is the buzz.

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Jean Briggs 1. Jean Briggs has worked with the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic and has described how, within these communities, growing up is largely seen as a process of acquiring thought, reason and understanding (known in Inuit as ihuma). 2. Young children don’t possess these qualities and are easily angered, cry frequently and are incapable of understanding the external difficulties facing the community, such as shortages of food. 3. Because they can’t be reasoned with, and don’t understand, parents treat them with a great deal of tolerance and leniency. 4. Its only when they are older and begin to acquire thought that parents attempt to teach them or discipline them.

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Sunshine Revolution The suburbs of Las Vegas do not look like the cradle of a revolution. Golden stucco-clad houses stretch for street after identical street,

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interspersed with gated communities with names such as Spanish Oaks and Rancho Bel Air. The sky is the deepest blue, the desert air is clear and the distant mountains are beautiful. The only sounds are the buzz of a gardener's hedge trimmer and a squeaking baby buggy pushed by a power-walking mother. The bright lights of Sin City seem a very long way away. Yet these quiet streets are being changed by a movement that is gathering momentum across America and around the world, challenging one of the most fundamental of economic relationships: the way we use and pay for energy. There are now more than 7,000 homes in Nevada fitted with solar panels to generate their own electricity, and the number is rising fast. Just five years ago, residential solar power was still a niche product for the homeowner with a fat wallet and a bleeding heart. Not any more. Technology, politics and finance have aligned to move it into the mainstream. Solar power has become the fastest-growing energy source in the US. Sample Answer: Although the suburbs of Las Vegas don not look like the cradle of a revolution, a moment that challenge one of the most fundamental of economic relationship in energy consumption has increases the number of solar panels that used to be a niche product of wealthy homeowners, and solar power has become the fast-growing energy source in US.

Food labels Current studies show that what goes on labels is an important consideration for manufacturers, since more than seventy percent of shoppers read food labels when considering whether to buy a product. A recent controversy as to whether labels on prepared foods should educate or merely inform the consumer is over, and a consumer group got its way. The group had maintained that product labels should do more than simply list how many grams of nutrients a food contains. Their contention was that labels should also list the percentage of a day's total nutrients that the product will supply to the consumer, because this information is essential in planning a healthy diet. A government agency disagreed strongly, favoring a label that merely informs the consumer, in other words, a label that only lists the contents of the products. The agency maintained that consumers could decide for themselves if the food is nutritious and is meeting their daily needs. The consumer group, in supporting its case, had cited a survey in which shoppers were shown a food label, and were then asked if they would need more or less of a certain nutrient after eating a serving of this product. The shoppers weren't able to answer the questions easily when they were not given a specific percentage. This study, and others helped get the new regulation passed, and now food products must have the more detailed labels.

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The use of web (with a graph on the screen demonstrating the whole speech) The lecture mainly talks about the use of web 2.0 on helping government functions better and serve the public better. There are three steps. 1. The web collects information from users. 2. Two government use the info to understand the public. 3. Make a better connection with citizens and response to their needs.

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Telescope Sample answer: The lecture was about telescopes and powerful eyes, which comprised tools for collecting and detecting light. The spokesperson described lenses and mirrors, and essences of determining telescope features and resolution emphasized the significance of defining image details and bringing starlight to focus. Ultimately, although blurry images, primary mirrors, and having fractions could be inferred evidently from collecting light in frequency bands and astronomy fields, impacts of digital detectors were acknowledged. Transcript: Telescopes and eyes are both tools for collecting and detecting light. In fact, telescopes can be thought of as bigger, more powerful eyes. The type of lenses and mirrors and their arrangement determine some of the features of the telescope. The resolution of the telescope is a measure of how sharply defined the details of the image can be. Telescope's shape primary mirror may have a fraction. As a result, starlight was not brought to a focus at the same point, resulting in blurry images. The name "telescope" covers a wide range of instruments. There are major differences in how astronomers must go about collecting light in different frequency bands. The telescope is widely used in the astronomy field because it is a digital detector, 100 times more efficient than our eyes. Now physicists have begun to develop a various quantum mechanism.

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Animal surviving The lecture was about animal surviving and reproducing in general conditions. It was argued that animals could adjust their body temperature under water, and tolerate different temperatures and seasons. It then explained the research that indicates a frog could adjust its body temperature according to the change of water temperature. In the end, the speaker concluded that animal’s habitat, daily activities, and behavior. Transcript: Hello everyone, welcome to my class. Today, I will discuss this course on the general condition of how animals survive and

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reproduce. This is very interesting because animals survive and reproduce mainly involve factors which include temperature tolerance, body size, behavior, and the altitude they live in. Here is an example. Imagine animals that can survive only in hot environment. Now if this animal is put in to a freeze, you will notice it will die very soon. Those species who have tolerance temperature to cold can only survive. This is why climate and seasons are quite important for animal's survival. Various species have to maintain their body under water and tolerate different temperature with various seasons. Finally, I would like to point out that some of these species or animals can adapt climate change by changing their behavior and daily activity and the habitat they live in.

Newspapers Sample answer: The lecture was about the decline and disappearance of newspapers, which comprised the rise of the internet and advertising revenue. The spokesperson described the long-term decline in readership, and essences of economic models emphasized the significance of losing jobs in journalism. Ultimately, although moving to online advertising could be inferred evidently from requiring local government intervention, impacts of the market failure and providing subsidies for newspapers were acknowledged. Transcript: The decline of newspapers has been widely debated. The newspaper industry was facing a mortal threat from the rise of the Internet, advertising revenue, and a long-term decline in readership, as the habit of buying a daily paper dwindled from one generation to the next. While economic models have changed, advertising has dropped down. Although newspapers have an increase in cash flow, the newspaper industry lost money because they can’t find buyers. Small newspapers go online, and some newspapers disappeared. If one looks at the USA one sees that over the last decade or so roughly 30-60 percent of staff and journalists have lost their jobs retired and not been replaced or whatever. It's fallen because advertising has moved to a more efficient place. It's moved essentially online. This market failure requires local government intervention in the form of subsidies for newspapers.

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Aristotle But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is we have to be able to use it. To use rhetoric influence the ramble, we try to get them to understand truth. Truth is suggest ... is different than XX Rhetoric is the dressing, is the body, right? Truth is the spirit, is the soul, is abstract. It doesn't have a body. It's not particular. If you

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wanna get somebody to the truth, you might have to use some kind of tricks. Right? Because most of people are not sound and can see the truth. That's what we think. Most people are rambles. Really. Only the educated be erudite are actually capable of seeing the truth. If you wanna get the general mass there, you may have to do a little bit. So Aristotle that is rhetoric. Rhetoric is something that is used to influence people. Right? And it's a kind of mentally promised a logic. Rhetoric is important because it can help us to understand truth and influence morons. Some people can understand truth, because they are rational. But most people don't. If you want to make people get into truth, you have to use tricks because truth itself is abstract. We can use rhetoric to help people understand truth. Truth is the spirit, the soul and is abstract, but rhetoric is the body, which is fundamentally based on logic. Sea creatures Sample answer: The lecture was about sea creatures, which comprised harnessing wave power and the Oyster. The spokesperson described sitting on the ocean floor, and the fundamental essence of opening and closing cycles emphasized the significance of onshore power generators. Ultimately, although both the Anaconda and a rubber tube could be inferred evidently from a 200-meter-long device, the corresponding impacts of being made of steel and green energy were acknowledged. Transcript: Sea creatures are inspiring the latest devices that harness wave power. This one called the oyster, sits on the ocean floor and opens and closes as waves pass over it. Cables attach it to generators on the shore. Since November 2009 it’s been powering 9,000 homes in the Orkney Islands. Another device looks like a snake. The Anaconda is made from a rubber tube filled with water that floats just below the surface. When a swell hits the front of it the tube in squeezed; a bulge ripples down its length and powers a turbine in its tail. Prototypes are currently being tested but the full-scale version will be 200 meters long. This system also looks like a snake but this one is made of steel. It floats near the surface where waves its joints move. This drives hydraulic systems that power electrical generators. Like the Anaconda it’s still being tested. Results will prove if these devices are up to the job of supplying viable sources of green energy.

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Biomedical Engineering (Chest x-ray) So, this is one picture of probably you all know what it is. When you see it, it is a familiar looking image. It is Something probably we all have some personal experience with, right? This is a chest x-ray that would be taken in your doctor’s office, for example, or a

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radiologist’s office. And it is a good example of Biomedical Engineering and that it takes a physical principle, that is how x-rays interact with the tissues of your body, and it uses that physics, that physical principle to develop a picture of what’s inside your body, so to look inside and see things that you couldn’t see without this device. And you'll recognize some parts of the image, you can see the ribcage here, the bones you can see the heart is the large bright object down here if you have good eyesight from the distance, you can see the vessels leading out of the heart and into the lungs, and the lungs are darker spaces within the ribcage.

Dark Matter The speaker was talking about Fritz Zwicky who was an astronomer of 20 century as well as a pioneer of modern sky surveys who also discovered Dark Matter. He talked about Fritz eccentric personality. He mentioned that Fritz discovered motions of the galaxies, galaxies are moving very fast relative to each other. He finally discussed that, it is not possible for galaxies to remain confined by gravitational field of other galaxies.

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History of epigenetic Now I like the history and one thing I want to go over briefly is a history of epigenetic research and this is from my perspective now. I got into this field in the early 90s, and what I have here is plotted publications total publications and function of time here, and on a linear graph. So what I did for this is I wanted to show that basically up until around the year 2000. There's an inflection point right around two thousand five right in here where it looks like basically nothing really is happening much in the field of epigenetics. To the point where it's actually going vertical and a lot is happening in the field of epigenetics. Now if you plot this rather than on linear paper semi-log paper, what you will find is that what I'm showing is an exponential growth curve for publications in the field of epigenetics. And that in the scientific community, there's a doubling of the epigenetics papers every one and a half to two years. Last year alone we put into publication summers between fifteen and twenty thousand papers which took us 15 years from 1992 to 2005.

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Linguistics Actually a woman in the class I’m teaching at Sydney at the moment, a career woman, expressed this very nicely, although she was talking about something else, she was distinguishing expertise from authority. And certainly linguists because of our training we do have expertise in certain very narrow areas of language, but we don’t have the authority over what to do with that knowledge or what to do with other knowledge that the community produces. I guess for me the bottom line is languages are lost because of the dominance of one people over another. That’s not rocket science,

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it’s not hard to work that out. But then what that means is if in working with language revival we continue to hold the authority, we actually haven’t done anything towards undoing how languages are lost in the first place, so in a sense the languages are still lost if the authority is still lost.

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Learning process All of my research and that I conducted was my 60plus graduate students, was motivated by their need to learn, so that we can teach. Of course, in some inventions happened along the way but I've always considered the end the result. And I always consider that this invention to be byproduct, byproducts of the learning process. The end product for me was always better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that can help us in teaching the subject. I've also looked at teaching as a vehicle to try new ideas, of new ways to doing things on an intelligent group of learners. That is as the vehicle for the teaching research results. And in my experience, this kind of teaching is the most stimulated and motivating to students. I am also uncovered many interesting research problems is the cause of teaching assumption. It is this unity of research and teaching their close connection and the benefits gathered by exercising and the interplay that to me recognized the successful professor.

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Science and Technology It is a truism to say that in the 21st century society science and technology are important. Human existence in the developed world is entirely dependent on some fairly recent developments in science and technology. Whether this is good or bad is, of course up for argument. But the fact that science underlies our lives, our health, our work, our communications, our entertainment and our transport is undeniable.

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Loggerhead Turtles Geomagnetic cues help young loggerhead turtles navigate the open ocean during their epic 8,000-mile journey between leaving their natal beaches in Florida, and returning 5-10 years later to breed. Researchers have just worked out how they do it. Hatchling loggerhead sea turtle is tethered via a soft cloth harness, or "bathing suit," to an electronic tracking system that monitors its steering in response to different magnetic fields.

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Cocoa Beans During the time of the Aztecs, cocoa was mainly used as a beverage. Wines and drinks were made from white pulp around the seeds of the cocoa pod. The beans themselves were used to make hot or cold chocolate drinks. Both the Maya and the Aztec secular drinks used roasted cocoa beans, a foaming agent sugar,

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toasted corn and water. Vanilla and/or chilli were also used as an ingredient in the drinks. Cocoa beans were also used as a currency and as a tribute tax from peoples ruled by Aztecs. The oily layer floating in the chocolate drink, cocoa butter, was used to protect the skin against the sun. For the Aztecs cocoa had religious significance. Cocoa was believed to be of divine origin: the cocoa tree was a bridge between earth and heaven. Human sacrifices to propitiate God or sun were first sanctified by giving him chocolate. Cocoa beans were given to priest's assistants at children's coming of age ceremonies. During marriage ceremonies, the couple drank a symbolic cup of chocolate and exchanged cocoa beans. Aztecs believed that drinking chocolate gave mortals some of Quetzalcoatl wisdom. - God of learning and of the wind. Sample answer: The lecture was about cocoa seeds and butter, which comprised the Aztec time and making chocolate drinks. The spokesperson described cocoa beans, and the fundamental essence of using as a currency and tribute tax and protecting skin emphasized the significance of religious significance. Ultimately, although the divine origin and being sanctified could be inferred evidently from giving wisdom to mortals, the corresponding impacts of the god of learning were acknowledged.

***NEW*** Light speed (proton)

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Thermodynamics The lecture was discussing thermodynamics, which is about transferring of heat, temperature, and their relation to energy and work. The speaker mentioned that most of the thermodynamics laws are firmly constant and unchangeable; however, there are some exceptions. He mentioned that these exceptions happen when kinetic energy of molecules takes into account, which is about the random motions of atoms. In conclusion, the lecture described some of the thermodynamic processes.

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Identity Theory Then in the 1950s, philosophers had this novel idea that perhaps the mind is just identical with the brain. Okay, and this hadn't occurred to philosophers before. And it's so happened that it happened around the same time. The first department of neuroscience started forming like at MIT and Stanford and so for. But basically there were a couple of philosophers both educated here at Oxford place and smart, they made the claim that the mind just is the brain. So that is the Identity Theory. And with identity, identity in logic is the strongest relation. when you have identity between A and B, you don't have two things. You have one thing. Alright. So now when you talk about mental

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events, you are talking about brain events. When you talk about brain events, you're talking about mental events. okey, so that's the Identity Theory. And it's very popular. In the 1950s, philosophers proposed a new idea that perhaps the mind id identical with the brain, which is the popular theory_ Identity Theory. Identity theory means that when you have identity between A and B, you have actually one thing instead of two things. So, in the identity theory mental events are identical with brain events.

The Nobel Academy For the last 82years, Sweden's Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immortal. But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within. Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjorksten , the cultural editor for one of the country's two major newspapers, the prize continues to represent "what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes." The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by asserting that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect the Academy from outside influences. This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distance may also be responsible for the Academy's inability to perceive accurately5 authentic trends in the literary world. Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive8 goal that writers seek. If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial rewards that accompany it; not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author's books.

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Shakespeare language

Top 10 things people want to know about shakespeare points: 1. His language is kind of out-of-date and may not be understandable at current. 2. He is a great poet, especially in theatre poetry 3. His poetry shows interaction between the characters of the play.

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How to construct Argument Keywords: A thesis, most important sentences in a paper, don't stuck in something because later you change your mind, focusing on something, should be debatable and supportable, should provoke reader's interest not what they already know.

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Mars and earth

We are going to look at an interesting place today. It is called the Mars which is not far away from the earth. landscape dessert covered with Rock.found trace amount of water in icy form just like the mountain. not much of atmosphere. But found rare gasses. Possible guess: heavy gasses did not evaporate because of low gravity.

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How to start speech 1 1

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#LMCMA (Repeated Questions: 197) LMCMA

مکالمه در کتابخانه کتاب دیگر را به امانت بگیرد. خانم 4کتاب را از کتابخانه امانت گرفته بود و میخواست ۶شخصی از قبل

کتاب همزمان 10کتاب می تواند ببرد. مرد فکر میکرد که می تواند 2می دهد که فقط متصدی کتابخانه توضیح کتاب می تواند داشته باشد. متصدی همچنین یک سیستم ۸داشته باشد ولی متصدی توضیح می دهد که حداکثر

دهد که اگر به رزرو کتاب را که جدیدا به امکانات کتابخانه اضافه شده است توضیح می دهد. همچنین توضیح می کتابی زیاد نیاز ندارد آنرا سرجای خودش بگذارد. سوال این است که کتابدار چه پیشنهاداتی به شخص می کند

می تواند دو کتاب را ببرد 1- می تواند دو کتاب دیگر را رزرو نماید 2-

مکالمه در کتابخانه:

کتاب دیگر را به امانت بگیرد. خانم متصدی کتابخانه توضیح می دهد که فقط 4خواست کتاب را از کتابخانه امانت گرفته بود و می ۶شخصی از قبل کتاب می تواند داشته ۸کتاب همزمان داشته باشد ولی متصدی توضیح می دهد که حداکثر 10کتاب می تواند ببرد. مرد فکر میکرد که می تواند 2

به امکانات کتابخانه اضافه شده است توضیح می دهد. همچنین توضیح می دهد که اگر باشد. متصدی همچنین یک سیستم رزرو کتاب را که جدیدا به کتابی زیاد نیاز ندارد آنرا سرجای خودش بگذارد. سوال این است که کتابدار چه پیشنهاداتی به شخص می کند؟

B) Take some of the books D) Place the book on reserve

مکالمه در کتابخانه:کتاب دیگر را به امانت بگیرد. خانم متصدی کتابخانه توضیح می دهد که فقط 4کتاب را از کتابخانه امانت گرفته بود و میخواست ۶ی از قبل شخص

کتاب می تواند داشته ۸کتاب همزمان داشته باشد ولی متصدی توضیح می دهد که حداکثر 10کتاب می تواند ببرد. مرد فکر میکرد که می تواند 2باشد. متصدی همچنین یک سیستم رزرو کتاب را که جدیدا به امکانات کتابخانه اضافه شده است توضیح می دهد. همچنین توضیح می دهد که اگر

به کتابی زیاد نیاز ندارد آنرا سرجای خودش بگذارد. سوال این است که کتابدار چه پیشنهاداتی به شخص می کند؟

C) Take only some of the selected books E) Reserve the books

borrow book libraryکتابخانه باید برگردونند کتاب رو و اینکه سیستم رزرو کتاب به 3خانومی با دانشجوها صحبت میکرد راجب گرفتن کتاب از کتابخانه و اینکه قبل از ساعت

صورت اینترنتی هست

as soon as possible_reserve-3hours کتابخانه: مکالمه در

کتاب دیگر را به امانت بگیرد. خانم متصدی کتابخانه توضیح می دهد که فقط 4کتاب را از کتابخانه امانت گرفته بود و میخواست ۶شخصی از قبل می تواند داشته کتاب ۸کتاب همزمان داشته باشد ولی متصدی توضیح می دهد که حداکثر 10کتاب می تواند ببرد. مرد فکر میکرد که می تواند 2

باشد. متصدی همچنین یک سیستم رزرو کتاب را که جدیدا به امکانات کتابخانه اضافه شده است توضیح می دهد. همچنین توضیح می دهد که اگر به کتابی زیاد نیاز ندارد آنرا سرجای خودش بگذارد. سوال این است که کتابدار چه پیشنهاداتی به شخص می کند؟

C) Take only some of the selected books E) Reserve the books

A course without exam: استادی راجع به دوره جدیدی صحبت می کند که جزوه چاپ شده، امتحان و تست ندارد و درس های آن دارای فایل های صوتی و جزوه می باشد.

های صوتی داده میشوداگر شاگردان نیاز داشتند به متریال بیشتر به آنها ویدیو و فایل

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LMCMA B) Students should read the course D) There are no exams

ادرباره شغل فعلی یه اقا بود که گزینه ی درست مربوط میشد به اینکه طرف از کارش راضی هست و از ابتدا دنبال شغل پر درامد نرفته بود ی نخواسته بود بره

وژی در ساخت عینکسیر تکاملی عینک و استفاده از تکنول

Art imported from Europe to Us, Us artists can’t travel to Europe. Opportunity and ability to use opportunity are both important. For example, selling is an opportunity. But you can’t take advantages of this opportunity until you have capital, etc. Therefore these are complementary; they should work with each other. Question: aims and trades are… Choices: benefit each other,…

What are benefits of migrants for host countries? 1. They have different and brilliant viewpoints.

Why professor was amazed of exhibition? 1. Seeing all historical books in one place, 2. Gathered all historical books from all times in one place

d) Employers understand they have to do homework. e) They can do their study work/ homework at work.

Imprisoned growth rate in Australia and varies crime categories percentage…

Elites did nothing about economic crisis so people realize they should do something their self…

When one language like English is spoken by many ethnic people it gradually gets modified. People use in their own way….something like that …. Ques: Which statement is correct according to the passage? Ans: People modify language according to their need.

Women redefining their role in religions rather than religions defining women’s roles

بر روی پرندگان و انسان بود. میگفت در اثر آلودگی نور در شهرها پرندگان فعالیت بیشتر و خواب کمتری Light pollutionیرات راجع به تاثدارند. راجع به خفاش میگفت که در شب به جاهایی که نور هست نمیرن و فکر کنم میگفت که حشرات بر عکس عمل می کنند. راجع به انسانها

اب از وسایل الکترونیکی ) موبایل و تبلت( استفاده می کنند که تاثیر بدی روی خوابشون داره. گزینه ها پیچیده بودند. مثال گفت که قبل از خوادم ی میگفت استفاده از وسایل الکترونیکی برای چشمشون ضرر داره در حالیکه توی سخنرانی گفته بود روی خوابشون اثر میذاره. گزینه های دیگه

نیست

خنرانی راجع به یک کتابی که یک نویسنده معروف فرانسوی راجع به دموکراسی داخل آمریکا نوشته بود. می گفت خیلی مورد تشویق قرار یک سرست دگرفته و با اینکه فرانسوی بوده کتابش به انگلیسی ترجمه شده و داخل کتابخونه ملی آمریکا هست. سوال این بود که کدام یک از گزینه ها

بشه به راحتی Googleیکی از گزینه های درست این بود که کتاب ترجمه شده و در کتابخانه ملی آمریکا وجود داره. فکر میکنم اگر هست. و اسم نویسنده و کل سابقش بدست میاد که توی جواب دادن به این سوال خیلی کمک میکنه.

توی کتابش که به زبان فرانسه بود گذاشته در مورد قانونگزاری در آمریکا بود که پایه اش رو یک فرانسوی

B) Although about American democracy, it was not written by an America .

D) Although written by a Frenchman. .

بود. راجع به این صحبت می کرد که اگر ما در بیابان زندگی کنیم همه ی لوازمی که باهاشون زندگی رو Habitsیک سخنرانی دیگه راجع به ندگی زراحت کرده بودیم در اختیارمون نیستند و باید تالش بیشتری برای زندگی داشته باشیم. در صورتی که اگر همه چیز برای زندگی آماده باشه

. گزینه ها این بودند که ?Why habits are importantتسهیل میشه. سوال این بود که هایی Routineما بر اساس یک سری

Habits make life more comfortable و یکی دیگه از گزینه ها این بود که .without habits we have to pay

attention more.من این دو تا رو انتخاب کردم. بقیه گزینه ها یادم نیست .

ای خوب و بد:چربی ه

در گوشت هست و باید کم saturated fatو غیرو داده میشود. میگه good fatو saturated fatتوضیحات در مورد

48

LMCMA ازشون استفاده بشه. در مورد میزان کلسترول خون و اثرات چربی ها هم حرف میزنه. سوال این است که کدام

دسته از غذاها از چربی های خوب هستند.

1-Pastry and bakery

2-Fish and olive oil

درباره یه مصاحبه بین همکاری دانشگاه ملبورن و یک باغ وحش بود که گزینه درست مربوط بود به اینکه این همکاری خیلی مناسب بوده و ره می اهمچنین گزینه انتخابی بعدی من درباره این بود که دانشجوها موقعیت خوبی پیدا کردن که بیشتر یاد بگیرند ، گزینه اخر به این موضوع اش

فراهم کرده ولی ویس اشاره شد که دانشگاه این امکانات رو فراهم کرده که من اول imaging devicesد که باغ وحش امکانات خوبی بوای کر اش زده بودم و بعد تیک رو برداشتم

***********************۸ همکاری باغ وحش با دانشگاه:

ری مختلف رو حفاظت میکنند با رویکرد همکاری با دانشگاه هایی مثل ملبورندر مورد باغ وحشی در استرالیا بود که گونه های جانو

C) University gain partnership with zoo D) Students gain experience

یی دانش افرادی که نگهداری کنن تا یه جورا درباره اینکه باغ وحش ها شروع کردن به اینکه عالوه بر حیوانات، مثل موزه ها بقایای حیوانات رو هم به باغ وحش میان هم تقویت بشه و دارن روی جنبه ی اموزشی هم کار میکنن.

در مورد پشه ها و دلیل نیش زدنشون و تاثیر متفاوتی که روی دیگران داره

تولید مثل به خون نیاز دارند. در مورد نیش زدن پشه ها و اینکه بیشتر پشه های ماده انسان را نیش میزنند و علت آن این است که آنها برای شخص دوم در مورد عالقه پشه ها به اشخاص خاص و شکایت مردم از اینکه پشه ها فقط آنها را دوست دارند سوال می کند. شخص اول در پاسخ

می گوید که این مطلب صحیح است و پشه ها بر

A) In mosquitoes, only the female of the species bite.

E) Different people have different reactions to the same bite در مورد یه کسی بود که ازش خواسته بودن یه رستوران رو در زمینی که بین دو تا ساختمان دیگه هست بسازه

هآدرس کتابخانه رو پرسید بعد سوالش این بود چرا میدونه آدرس و جوابش میشد چون قبال خودش رشته اش مکانیک بود

رو زدم. بقیه گزینه هاش predecessorبود وچون در مورد شغل صحبت میکرد من ancestorو predecessorچند تا گزینه داشت که بیشتر شامل کلمات نسل و اجداد ...بود که به نظرم درست نبودن

یک ویدئو پخش شد راجع به دانشگاه هنر و اینکه کاربرد هنر چی هست.

Mosquito خط کش در برف هست و یا تخمین چشمی یا روش مقایسه ای و در مورد روش های اندازه گیری ارتفاع برف باریده شده پرسیده بود که با کاشت

… نوکلییر انرژی میگه که در کل اونقدر ضرر نداره واسه گیاهان واینا )فک کنم, ولی گزینه ش pros and consهمون پیرزنه که درباره ی

مشخصه(

Fetal development, pregnant mothers, comparison of mothers in “a US State, maybe Texas”, during their pregnancy, 3 months pregnant moms, health of the baby Answers:

✅Pregnant mothers were compared with non-pregnant mothers

✅Pregnant mothers were examined during different stages of pregnancy بود دیه مصاحبه بود با یه موتور سوار، مشخص بود بعد از مسابقه هست و کلی سر و صدا بود، تقریباً هیچی نمیشد فهمید، لهجه و گویش به حدی ب

د اصالً. در مورد موتور سواری و موتور و هم نمیتونست بفهمه صحبت در مورد چی هست، انگلیسی نبو Nativeکه به جرأت میتونم بگم حتی یه

48

LMCMA همچین چیزهایی بود، یکی از جوابها حدودی این میشد:

اون شخص خیلی عالقه داشته به موتور سواری )یا موتور( ✅

یک دانشجو برای پروژه ی خود یک موتور ساخته است که خطر تصادف را کم می کند. او در مالقات با یک شخص در تصادف فلج شده است و به جوانان توصیه می کند که مواظب خود باشند ایده ی اولیه طراحی موتورپارک که بر اثر

را می گیرد. بعد از اختراع اولیه موتور مذکور، مردم با شخص دانشجو تماس می گیرند و درخواست موتور را دارند. )لهجه غلیظ استرالیایی(

شده است؟ Motivateچگونه

1-Meet a person who…

2He was looking for a subject for his university project.

Listening a safer motor اون پسری که موتور ساخته لهجه غلیظ استرالیایی داشت

نکه من عالوه براینکه لهجه اش خیلی غلیظ بود یه آهنگی هم پشتش پخش میشد. تو جزوه دوتا گزینه رو برای درست گفته بودند یکیشو با ای

.He was looking for a subject for his university project نشیندم اما به جواب بچه ها اطمینان کردم و زدم اون که میگفت

و اون یکی رو گزینه ای رو زدم که نوشته بود اون میخواست موتوری بسازه که امنتر هست و خطر جانی کمتری دارهرو ساختهسوالش هم بود که چرا این موتور

لکچر راجع به یک استاد و شاگرد بود. که شاگرد ایشون مطلبی را نوشته بود و نزد استاد برای تصحیح برده بودن استاد گفت برای پاراگرافها یک هدری بذارن تا مفهوم اون پاراگراف معلوم باشه و این کارش خیلی به خواننده کمک

ا نوشته شود؟ که در پاسخ استاد گفت نه احتیاجی نیست فقطمیکنن، شاگرد گفت ایا احتیاجی است از ابتد

( استاد چی بود؟؟suggestهمون کارها را انجام بده توی سوال پرسیده بود پیشنهاد ) گزینه ها این موارد بودند :

بگذارد . header. که برای هر پاراگراف 1

د .( راحتتر باشreader. کاری کند که خواندن متن برای خواننده )2 . نوشته را از اول بنویسد. دو تا گزینه دیگه هم بود که یادم نمیاد (ترتیب گزینه ها البته این نبود)3

من همون دوتای اول رو زدم چون دقیقا شنیدم که استاد همین موارد رو گفت.

Lecture between student and teacher about inserting header to thesis for reader’s understanding جواب:

که برای هر پاراگراف1.

header . بگذاره کاری کنه که خواندن متن2.

برای خواننده

(readerراحتتر باشه )

در مورد عمل های زیبایی که زنان انجام میدین و دلیل آن

التها پایین جدول و ... بعد سوال میکنه که کدوم ای استاد سر کالس توصیح میده که رنگ تیره به نشانه باالتر بودن در جدول و رنگ روشن یعنی دردر پی هم بحث میشه که اونسیسی)یا شهرها!( رنکشون باالتره که ایالت در نهایت جواب دو گزینه نیو همپشایر و ماساچوست است. راجع به می

ته جدوله و جواب نیست. تر یا روشنتر است کجای رتبه بندی قرار میگیره و به شکل گولداد اونکه تیرهمیگفت این رنگها ترتیب شهرها در فالن موضوع است و توضیح می

ر د زدن هم هی اسم شهرها را میگفت و باید دقت میکردین که کدام باالترین است البته قبل از شروع ویس باید حتما سوال را بخونید تا بدانید ده باشهویس به چی تمرکز کنید چون ممکنه پایینترین شهر را سوال کر

پی هم برخالف تصور شما اخر هست و یک شهر دیگه که خیلی گمنام سیسیمیگفت ماساچوست با اینکه انتظار دارید اول باشه ولی دومه و می

اولین بار بود میدیدم Connecticutبود

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LMCMA عوض شده و ربط داشتن یا نداشتن این موضوع به روند 1970یخهای کوههای آلپ که چهارصد سال یک روند تغییرات داشته اند و از قرن نوزده تا

climate change About a kind of machine which was called “True Machine” (not sure about the name)-à the machine was multi-purpose and multi-task which is the answer. changes in the nswer o of women in the 19th century

در مورد یه دستگاه بود که اسناد و تصاویر رو اسکن و انالیز میکنه

Local students should pay the same fee as the International students so the university WILL NOT prefer internationals and better locals can get in

عبور کن برو سمت چپ yardپرسه از کجا باید برم کتابخونه؟ خانومه راهنمایی اش میکنه از یه اقایی به تو دانشگاه از یک خانوم ی

Library, historian, our lovely English language, every book included in the exhibition/library, I was so tired walking through all of it. Answers:

✅he was tired walking through the library

✅all English books were included یه ویدئو ی

و ورشیدیراجع به اعتقاد یونانیان به چهار عنصر آب و خاک و هوا و آتش و اینکه بشر امروز داره از انرژی های پاک مانند توربین بادی و انرژی خ …... استفاده میکنه و

صحبت میکرد و جوابش خیلی مشخص بود. teaching assistanceیه خانم دانشجوی رشته پزشکی در مورد کارش به عنوان

مکالمه بیج دو دانشجوی پسر و دختر در خصوص زیاد بودن کالس های دانش اه یک دختر دانشجوی آمریکایی با یک پسر دانشجوی ان لیسی در مورد واحد های درسیشان

مج رو میتونی ببینی؟ Timetableکنند. پسر دانشجو از دختر می پرسد که آیا صحبت می

می ویند. Scheduleنداریم و به آن Timetableدختر می وید که در آمریکا چیزی به عنوان کالس هایش شروا می شود باید یک 9دانشجوی پسر می گوید که روز دوشنبه از ساعت

lecture عصر کالس دارد. 5ر هفته تا ساعت ارائه بدهد. روزهای دی دانشجوی دختر نیز از برنامه ی درسی خود شکایت می کند و میگوید که در بع سوال ایج است که دانشجوی پسر از چه چیزی شکایت دارد؟

جواب ها میکسی از شکایات دختر و پسر است که باید دقت کنید. روز بعد از تعطیلی یعنی -

Monday کالسشlecture دارد.

سایر روزهای هفته – 2 کالسش دیر تمام می

شود. دو گزینه ی دی ه در مورد گیج

نیستند.Timetableشدن پسره و یا دختره در مورد هست که جواب

نیستن معماری ساختمونو توضیح میده architectیه اقایی داره به ی عده که خودشودن

استفاده شیشه تو ساختمون ها داشت راجع به دلیل crystallizedیه متنی که

تاثیر آلودگی هوا روی زنان باردار یه خانم دانشمندی روی زنان باردار نیویورک در زمانهای مختلف تحقیق کرده بود که ببینه آلودگی هوا و یه پدیده

میگذارد. ای که اسمش یادم نیست روی جنین اینها چه تاثیری میذاره و آلودگی در چه ماههایی روی جنین تاثیر این محقق توضیح میده که این موضوع رو در فصول مختلف انجام داده که بتونه تاثیر گرد و غبار و

48

LMCMA ماهه اول هستن در دو حالت فصل آلودگی و فصل هوای تمیز 3آلودگی هوا رو در زنان بارداری که در

تاثیر آلودگی بر بارداری رو درماهه دوم و سوم نیز این کار رو انجام داده و 3بررسی کنه همچنین برای اینها با هم مقایسه کرده .

سوالش این هست که تحقیق در چه شرایطی انجام شده؟

گزینه ی صحیح احتمالی: در فصول مختلف در سه ماهه های

مختلف بارداری راجب تاثیر الودگی بر جنین بودش که چند تا گزینه داشت.

C) Research was done in different seasons.

E) Research was done in third trimester for fetus development. ولی من مورد دوم خوب نشنیدم به خاطر همین ریسک نکردم و فقط گزینه اول زدم.

کاستن از مصرف انرژی فسیلی گفتن و در مورد میزان مصرف ما از انرژیهای فسیلی بود که بایستی کاسته بشه چند کارشناس نظرشون رو

از مقدار مصرف کنونی کاسته نمی شه 2030بیشتر این بود که حداقل تا سال

اجبار موتور سوار ها به رعایت قوانین در مورد قوانینی برای اجبار موتورسوارها به رعایت قوانین رانندگی. بعضی پروپوننتها می گن که بایستی جریمه

ه ای پیشنهاد میدندر نظر گرفته بشه ولی بعضی دیگه راههای دیگ

والدینی که دو زبان مختلف دارند و تاثیر اون روی بچه ها یک روانشناس از نگرانی والدینی که دو زبان نیتیو مختلف دارن برای بچه هاشون صحبت کرد که اونا نمی دونن

آیا توی خونه می تونن به هر دو زبان صحبت کنن یا این باعث گیج شدن بچه ها می شه .

Human Rights in London در مورد هیومن رایتس و اینکه لندن اولین کشوری بوده که قوانین اجرایی در این مورد گذاشته از جمله قوانین جنسیت، حق رای و

University plan : یک مجموعه دانشگاهی که محل واقع شدن ساختمان ها و ورودی دانشگاه را توضیح می Plan سخنرانی در مورد

د. همچنین توضیح می دهد که گیاهانی در ورودی کاشته شده است که قرار است با رشد و پیشروی خود فضایده

.ورودی دانشگاه را تلطیف کند

گیاه کاشتند -1

گزینه های راجع به معمار بودن

سخنران و شرکت کنندگان سمینار

اشتباه است

University plan: نشگاهی که محل واقع شدن ساختمان ها و ورودی دانشگاه را توضیح می دهد. همچنین توضیح می دهد یک مجموعه دا Plan سخنرانی در مورد

.که گیاهانی در ورودی کاشته شده است که قرار است با رشد و پیشروی خود فضای ورودی دانشگاه را تلطیف و تصفیه کند

14. C) The speaker was an architect E) Entrance makes people happier F) Plants will be allowed to grow over the buildings

یاد آوری خاطرات بچگی از روی بوهای مختلف – – –توضیحاتی راجع به بوی چوب بوی نم خاک بوی عطر گل های باغ بوی نان تازه داده می شود.

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LMCMA سوال این بود که کدام یک از بوها یادآور خاطرات کودکی آن شخص می باشد؟

بوی نان تازه 1 بوی عطر گلها 2-

Group of wales and group hunting یه فیلم بود که یه خانومی که اهل لندن بود به ژاپن رفت بود و به لباس کیمونو عالقمند شده بود. بعد از برگشتن به

لندن تصمیم میگیره که نقاشی یک خانم در لباس کیمونو رو بکشه. ن نقاشی رو کشیده؟سوال این هست که چرا ای

توضیحات تکمیلی درباره کیمونو صحبت میکرد و میخواست که نقاشی کنه ازش ولی گزینه گفته بود از دوستش که ژاپنیه یا لباس

excitedکیمونو پوشیده میخواد نقاشی کنه که خودش نگفت دوستمه . شاید من نشنیدم . یه گزینه هم بود که گفت خیلی گزینه گفت این خانوم تو لندن هست که خودش تو متن گفت وقتی برگشتم لندن شده از این ایده .یه گزینه ها(تقریبی):

میخواد از دوستش که • ژاپنی هست و لباس

کیمونو پوشیده نقاشی کنه.

Excitedخیلی از این ایده • شده این خانم توی لندن هست • میخواست به یاد ژاپن باشه •

میدن تا پرت parents. اینها رو داخل یه اتاق قرار داده بودن و یه شی ای رو به Parantsو Childrenبود راجع به experimentیه شون سریع میرفتن اون شی رو برای پدرمادرشون میاوردن. من جواب %3۶بچه ها پیش پدرمادرشون می موندند و %۸کنن روی زمین. میدیدن که

رو میزدم به next. این گزینه سوم بود و من فکر میکنم که اشتباه انتخاب کردم. موقعی که داشتم Parent and nswer o bondرو زدم نظرم گزینه چهارم که یه مفهوم روانشناسی اجتماعی داشت مرتبط تر بود.

Describing his own career صحبت می کند یک مصاحبه هست که سوالی از شخص پرسیده میشه و اون شخص در مورد شغل خودش .

سوال اصلی این هست که چرا این شخص در مورد شغل خودش صحبت می کند؟

:گزینه ها

چون دوستش این شغل رو •

.بهش معرفی کرده

بعد از دانشگاه شغل های •

.زیادی رو امتحان کرده

خیلی از شغل خودش •

راضی هست و به دانش

.خودش مربوط میشه

• Describing his own career:

یک مصاحبه هست که سوالی از شخص پرسیده میشه و اون شخص در مورد شغل خودش صحبت می کند. سوال اصلی این هست که چرا این شخص در مورد شغل خودش صحبت می کند؟

:گزینه ها

48

LMCMA .چون دوستش این شغل رو بهش معرفی کرده •

.بعد از دانشگاه شغل های زیادی رو امتحان کرده •

خودش راضی هست و به دانش خودش مربوط خیلی از شغل •

35. A) His present work is what he always wanted to do B) He nswer o he doesn’t like what he does. D) Having a well paid job is not his aim

دانشجوها و دوتا توسط اون فردی که پاسخگو بود سوال پرسیده بود که مشکل دانشجوها در مورد سکونتشون چی بود؟ که دوتا مشکل توسط مطرح شد. یکشی کندی اینترنت، یکیش دوری از شهر یکیش نویزی بودن محیط و چهارمیش یادم نیست. هر گزینه یک مشکل را بیان میکرد. و

دوتاش جواب درست میشد.

بود. تیتر متن نوشته: nswer ongدانشگاه OSHCدرباره

Overseas Student Health Cover گزینه درست اینه که فقط دانشجویان اینترنشنال احتیاج به بیمه دارن.

به دست میاد. Overseasنکته اینه که تو متن اصال اشاره نکرده جواب از همون تیتر که زده

Group of wales and group hunting Artificial intelligence test between a computer and a person, the nswer is that to prove the computer is intelligent , there will be a turning test in which ;the person should not find out which reply belongs to computer and which to a human

teaching assistanceه پزشکی در مورد کارش به عنوان تو بخش لیسینینگ مولتی پل انسر هم یه فیلمی بود که یه خانم دانشجوی رشت صحبت میکرد و جوابش خیلی مشخص بود

Cleopatra تا زبان بلد بود و آیا مصری بود یا یونانی 9کلئوپاترا ?

.اصالت یونانی داشته است-1

به چند زبان صحبت 2- میکرده است

C) She was greek D) She was the wife of Ptolemy.

موتور بخار اختراع شد تا سایزش موتورها کوچکتر بشه نشبت به ذغالی تفاوت موتور بخار با موتور ذغالی:

ام دانشمندی گوینده مقایسه ای از موتور بخار با موتور ذغالی را بیان میکند و در ادامه مواردی از شباهت ها و تفاوت های هر دو را عنوان کرده و نینه انجام داده است برده می شود و در انتها سوالی طرح می شود، یکی از دالیلی که موتور بخار اختراع شده بود چه می را که اختراعی در این زم

باشد؟

B) Development was derived for the need for smaller engines D) Based on the functioning of steam engines

ک کتابها رو مینوشتن اما کسایی ک کتابها رو تزیین میکردن scribeها یکسری کاتب بودن manuscriptدر قرون وسطا برای نوشتن

illumination متفاوت بودن یعنی یه عده کتابها رو مینوشتن و یه عده تزیین میکردن

the national museum should have a role of world museum An interview about “global warming”; the question was that is the second speaker believes global warming is the consequence of natural cycle: - completely

48

LMCMA - partly -not at all

درمورد اینکه تو نقشه امریکا کدوم ایاالت باالی نقشه اند که گفت میشیگان و نیوهمشیر باال و. میسیسیپی پایینه . هم چک کردم دیدم درسته جواباممن نقشه رو

در مورد ارزش آنالیز کردن زبان به یه روش جدید و غیر روتین بود

فیلم بود که اثر تکنولوژی به بچه ها رو میگفت و نظر والدین

همزمان. دو نفر داشتن در مورد کارای کژوال تو دانشگاه صحبت میکردن. دو گزینه درست بود. workو studyفواید

که آقا به خانوم داره تبریک میگه.اون ویس تکراری تو متریال

فک کنم جواب بود. Through the yard on the leftاون ویسی که آدرس دانشکده رو میپرسه.

اون ویس تکراری تو متریال که آقاهه میره کتابخونه کتاب قرض میخاد. گزینه ها میشد میتونه کتاب ببره میتونه رزرو کنه.

1.art Measurement must be accurate and multiplable لکچر در خصوص اندازه گیری کمیت بود و سوال این بود که مقدایر اندازه گیری شده باید چه خصوصیتی داشته باشه

.باشه (multiplableهمون ) repetable اولیش این بود که باید دقیق باشه و بعد هم اینکه باید

و فیلسوفها صحبت میکرد و صدای پیرمرد خیلی بد بود.. فکر کنم تو ریتل لکچرها بوده متنش Anderson7ه یه پیرمرده درمورد یه متنی بود ک

ye video rajebe ye naghash va tasvir kimono japanese the one which one our dear group members shared 1-2 days ago (answers: 1- being from Greece, 2- know 9 languages) - thank you for sharing that dear friend!

پاالیش نفت که یک جایی رو میکنیم که به نفت برسیم و دانشمندان نمیدونن که چقد این نفت باقی میمونه

د مدهبی که لیدر بودن و رابطشون با یک لکچری خوانده شد راحب جنبش زنان و مذهب، نه جنبش زنان خالی، در واقع مذهب تاریخچه مذهب افرا …زنان و

چربی های اشباع شده و اشباع نشده و اینکه غداهایی مثل روغن زیتون و ماهی چربی خوب دارند

درباره افسردگی فصانوردان بود که می گفت بخاطر اینکه با دیگران در ارتباط نیستند و لباس پوشیدن و غدا خوردنشان سخته افسرده میشن

همون استاد که روند امتحان و امتحان قبلی توضیح میده

راجع به درخت ها که جزئی از اکوسیستم هستند و با مطالعه اونها میشه بقیه گونه هارو هم شناخت

تفاوت لهجه های زبان ها با هم زبان های انگلیسی و فرانسه ، و مردم جنوب و شمال کشور زبان هم رو متوجه نمیشن

که با هم صحبت میکنن و ادرس کتابخونه مکانیک رو میپرسن، جواب اینه چون خانم قبال مکانیک میخونده و به اون کتابخونه میرفته زن و مرد میدونه ادرس کجاست و االن ریاضیات میخونه

یه متنی بود در باره بوی هایی که یاد اور گذشته اند من بوی نان زدم.اگر شامه قوی داشته باشید از طریق بو میتونید خیلی چیزها رو دریافت کنید و اینکه بعضی بوها یادآور خاطراتند در مورد بوها صحبت میکرد و اینکه

مثل بوی نان تازه که یادآور تعطیالته و بوی چمن و ... به آخر وویس باید دقت کنید که میگه چه بوهایی یادآور گذشته هاست.

Nuclre energy -------------------------------- climate change درباره انرژی اتمی و تاثیرش بر

--------------------------------- ای گفته میشه اشعه مضر دارند ولی اشعه مضر ندارند حتی اشعه انقدر کم هستند که مثل یکبار رفتن به رادیولوژیمراکز هسته x-ray است از

درسته گزینه هاش هم اونکه میگه ضررش خیلی کمه

nuclear is safe，there is litter threaten to people who live near the nuclear facility

48

LMCMA ینو ایکی همان پرنده شبیه اردک پالستیکی که روی آب انداخته میشه چون موقع ماهیگیری پرنده ها میان پایین و در تور ماهیگیرها گیر میفتند

ه ها نزدیک نیایند از چهارتا جواب دوتاش واضحه که اشتباهه و جوابهای درست دوتا هست که میگه برای حفظ میندازن روی آب هدف اینه که پرند جان پرنده ها است و برای دور نگهداشتن پرنده ها

Topic: A professor was presenting a course for the Law students Question: what did professor say about the course?? 1- this course doesn’t need paper and exam 2-it needs textbooks

یک سخنرانی راجع به یک کتابی که یک نویسنده معروف فرانسوی راجع به دموکراسی داخل آمریکا نوشته بود. می گفت خیلی مورد تشویق قرار داخل کتابخونه ملی آمریکا هست. سوال این بود که کدام یک از گزینه ها درست گرفته و با اینکه فرانسوی بوده کتابش به انگلیسی ترجمه شده و

بشه به راحتی Googleهست. و یکی از گزینه های درست این بود که کتاب ترجمه شده و در کتابخانه ملی آمریکا وجود داره. فکر میکنم اگر ال خیلی کمک میکنه.اسم نویسنده و کل سابقش بدست میاد که توی جواب دادن به این سو

در مورد قانونگزاری در آمریکا بود که پایه اش رو یک فرانسوی توی کتابش که به زبان فرانسه بود گذاشته

B) Although about American democracy, it was not written by an America .

D) Although written by a Frenchman. .

study وwork فر داشتن در مورد کارای کژوال تو دانشگاه صحبت میکردن. دو گزینه درست بودهمزمان. دو ن .

Do you have any outsources, references in your dissertation? Yes, I do have. You should include references in your paper, otherwise, these words would be seen as your opinions. Next week, I will see your revision. amend your paper, include the reference in the paper

میدن تا پرت parents. اینها رو داخل یه اتاق قرار داده بودن و یه شی ای رو به Parantsو Childrenبود راجع به experimentیه شون سریع میرفتن اون شی رو برای پدرمادرشون میاوردن. من جواب %3۶بچه ها پیش پدرمادرشون می موندند و %۸کنن روی زمین. میدیدن که

رو میزدم به next. این گزینه سوم بود و من فکر میکنم که اشتباه انتخاب کردم. موقعی که داشتم Parent and nswer o bondرو زدم نظرم گزینه چهارم که یه مفهوم روانشناسی اجتماعی داشت مرتبط تر بود.

شه، یکی لکچرهای کالس و دیگری داد که نمره امتحان شامل دو بخش میمکالمه استاد و دانشجو راجع به آزمون هفته آینده، استاد توضیح می ورت هست.بندی امتحان به چه صداد که بارمامتحان آخر ترم. استاد توضیح می

فک کنم جواب بود. Through the yard on the leftاون ویسی که آدرس دانشکده رو میپرسه.

ونجا میه اقایی توی دانشگاه ادرس کتابخونه رو از یه خانومی میپرسه خانومه میگه بعد از حیاط باید بپیچی دست چپ توی ساختمان مکانیکه منم هو مکانیکم قبلم ریاضی میخوندم باهم قرار بزاریم االن دختره میگه امروز وقت ندارم فردا ایشاال. سوال این بود که دانشجوام بعد پسره ااا منم دانشج

کتابخونه کجاست که همون میشه بعد از حیاط دست چپ.

ا میشن و از کارش به همین دلیل یه خانمی که تو موزه کار میکرد و از مزایای کارش میگفت که هر روز تجربه جدیدی دارن و با افراد زیادی آشن خیلی لذت میبره

یه استادی از کالس بیولوژیش میگفت و اینکه دانشجوها از همون اول شروع کالس ها سعی میکنن به نحوی بهش بگن که باید این کورس رو ین بود.بیولوژی نمیدونن و جواب هم همپاس کنن و میگفت فرقی نمیکنه با هر سطح استعدادی مسئله مشترک بین همشون اینه که هیچ چیزی از

در مورد اشیا یا اجسامی بود که در برخورد با اتمسفر به زمین بر میگردند. گرینه ها:

the globe sky

atmosphere radiation

cheragh o karhaye khalaghane travelیک دختر و پسری صحبت میکردن در مورد

48

LMCMA به شکل دیگر نیز مطرح شده است:کلوپاترا بااینکه همه فکر می کنند مصری است ولی اصالتا یونانی بوده است. کلوپاترا تا زبان بلد بود و 9کلئوپاترا

تا زبان می داند. 9تا زبان دیگر را نیز بلد بود کهدر جوابها این بود که کلوپاترا ۸به جز زبان مصری

م ناقا و خانمی که می خواستند یک جا و یا مکانی را اجاره کنند که با محل زندگی کنونی انها در ارتباط است، مشکل فعلی آنها چیست؟ فکر ک یکی از پاسخ ها مشکل اینترنت می شود

what the reason of increasing rate of carbon? Answers 1.because of the evolution 2. because in the past animals couldn’t eat enough plants( it probably is one of the current answers because it’s exactly mentioned through the passage)

را می شود شناخت. secondaryبود و سوال این بود که چجورى primary and secondary scientistsیک موضوع راجب

می شدر مورد قانون گذاری در آمریکا بود که پایه اش را یک فرانسوی گذاشته است و در داخل کتابش به زبان فرانسوی نوشته بود جوابهایی درست

B ) Although about American democracy, itشود:

was not written by an America D) Although

written by a Frenchman در کاهش آن tutorو نقش -Plagiarism -سرقت ادبی

ها تازه هستند روی آب شناورند ولی وقتی سرد و کهنه lavaمی سنجند. چون وقتی که lavaاسم یک دریایی بود که میگفت عمق کف آن را با می شوند ته نشین می شوند. جواب گزینه ای که می گوید برای سنجش عمق به کار می رود.

سد و در انتها سوالی می شود که چرآدرس را بلد بوده است؟ چون آن دختر قبال در آن دانشکده دختری که پسری ازاو آدرس دانشکده را می پر درس می خواند و اما حاال تغییر رشته داده است.

مهاجرت قانونی و غیر قانونی و دولتها که چطور جلوی مهاجرت رو میگیرند.

Time table...(answer: classes finish late/lecture starts Monday) صحبت در مورد تفاوت رفتار محبت آمیز و خشن مادران با بچه ها و اثرات اون روی شخصیت بچه ها بود.

یک پادکست راجع به این بود که طراحی دیزاین بد مانند یک کتاب بد تاثیرات مخرب روی جامعه دارد

وارد میشه چون با دست انسان سروکار داره، برای همین استفاده از ماشین راجع به شیپینگ و حمل بار با کشتی بود و خساراتی که موقع پکینگ آالت باعث کاهش خسارات و هزینه های .... شده؟ من پکیجینگ رو زدم.

میاند. north americaتو استرالیا بود و اینکه یکسری دانشجو از کشورهای مختلف میاند استرالیا و جدیدا از vet educationراجع به

All were difficult and unfortunately we had internet connection problem and all mates suffered issues

non-English speakersو English speakerنتایج مقاله ای علمی در مورد میزان فعالیت فیزیکی افراد و مقایسه اون در بین هستن و در استرالیا متولد شدن اماری رو میداد و البته یه نمودار بار چارت هم کنار سوال بود که داده های در ادامه در بین اونهایی که انگلیسی زبان

مهم رو تفسیر میکرد. سال سن دارند فعالیت بدهند 50درصد استرالیاییهایی که باالی 50یک گزینه درست در نمودار که با صحبتها مطابقت داشت این بود که بیشتر از

About everything is not going stay in mind except - The answer I think: understandable یه فیلم یه نقشه را نشون میداد که گرمایش زمین را تو دو تا قطب با نقاط قرمز رنگ مشخص کرده بود و توضیح میداد

ح کنهدانش آموزی که رفرنس نزاشته یود تو تحقیقش و استاد ازش خواست بره اصال

آقایی در مورد اهمیت حس بویایی صحبت می کنه و سوال این هست که چه بوهایی مارو به گذشته می بره : بوی نان و ..

لکچر در مورد صدور کارت سبز در چین

تو مولتیپل ها فکر کنم بود مشکل خوابگاه کالج چی بود نحوه نمره دهی استاد به دانشجوها

در مورد ریل آهن بود

49

LMCMA

، بعد تو جوابها گفته بود کدام liablity، یکی قابل اعتماد بودن accuracyیه لکچر بود گفت فالن تئوری علمی از دو بعد مهمه، یکی صحت

بودن، چون تو قسمت دوم اشاره کرد که مثال چون قابل اعتماده پس قابل تکراره multipleو accuracyدو بعد بررسی شد که جواب میشد

بود راجع به مشکالتی که داشتن مثل سرو صدا عدم تمرکز ب ای در خواندن accommodationمکالمه دو تا دانشجو با مسئول راجع به اینترنت ضعیف و...

ده یسوال میگه مرد درحال انجام چه کاریه؟ جواب درحال تبریک گفتن به خانومی که قبول شده. بقیه گزینه ها کارهایی هستند که خانوم انجام م مثل برنامه ریزی کردن برای آینده

اونی که استاد میگه این کالس امتحان و جزوه برگه چاپی نداره

ک سخنرانی در مورد نظریه داروین و اینکه ضعف تئوری داروین جی بوده

از سوالهای تکراری که در مورد یاداوری خاطرات از روی بو هستش که پاسخ هاش میشد بوی نان و علف

از سواالت مالتیپل لیسنینگ عنوانش این بودیکی

Rose colored glass که در مورد یه سری افراد که تو بیمارستان بستری شده بودن امار و ارقام میداد

در مورد رابطه تعداد افراد زندانی و نرخ بیکاری بود

یکامندی داشت و از اونجایی که خانمه میگفت باید تنوع سوال یه خانم و اقا صحبت میکردن در مورد روش تحقیق، سوال این بود که خانم چه ر

به نظرم صحیح اومد a wide variety of questionsزیاد داشته باشی مثل جندر، سن و ... گزینه

نویسنده فرانسوی که کتاب در مورد سیاست امریکا نوشته و کتابش تو کتابخونه ملی امریکا نگهداری میشه

It was about Australian aboriginal' language بود که در حال انقراض هست

جوابها میشد

تالشهایی داره انجام میشه که حفظ -1 بشن

دالیل اینکه منقرض میشن مشخص هست شده برای محققین -2

سوال: نظر گوینده راجع به دوتا تیوری چیه؟

وچیزهای ریز مثل اتم سر و کار داره small scaleبود که میگفت به physic dynamicیکی تیوری

galaxyو چیزهای بزرگی مثل large scaleبود که با cosmology , gravity,asrophysicیکی تیوری

های مختلفن و به هم کمک نمیکنن و موضوعاتشون یکسان نیست areaجواب :دو تا گزینه داشت اشاره میکرد که اینها

بحث میکنند که در زبان انگلیسی و امریکایی متفاوت است و این موضوع سوال نیست . بعد scheduleو timetableول یر دختر و پسر اره تپسره شکایت داره که کالساش دیر تموم میشه و بعد از روز تعطیلی کالس داره. سوال پرسیده بود شکایت پسره چیه تو گزینه ها به شکایت دخ

که انحرافیههم اشاره کرده بود

ویسی بود که شرایط امتحان رو برای یه دختری توضیح میده و کپی سواالی امتحانات قبل رو میده.

dastaghi ke chand manzoore hast (multi purpose) ye gozin digeh in bood ke originally mashin hesab bood ke man nazadam ono

رد سیگار ) اینکه باید کمک بشه که سیگاری جدید زیاد نشه و قدیمیها ترک کنن یه همچین چیزی و سوالش در مورد علل افزایش نگرانی در مو این بود که گوینده به چه عواملی اشاره کرده؟(

کردیه خانمی بود که درباره نقاشی هایی که از سفرش به ژاپن از کیمونو ها الهام گرفته بود صحبت می

new video that a woman talked about how to make your talk more fromal and attractive using I in your lectures a man talked about motor cycle and people came to him to imrove their system of their bike and etc. (with the worst pronounciation and quality of voice!)

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LMCMA گفت تصویر حروف مختلف، توسط دستخطهای مختلف افراد جمع آوری میشن وف در هوش مصنوعی و ماشین لرنینگ بود، و میراجع تشخیص حر

و از بین مجموعه اطالعاتی که در یک دیتاسِت جمع شده سیستم تشخیص میده که به کدوم حروف شباهت نزدیکتری داره

مریکا و ... جواب هم به میزان مصرف اشاره داشتراجع به میزان مصرف سیگار در کشورهای مختلف چین، آ

میشه جوابش .moon هست ک اخرشم .

تا بیشتر نمیشه برد،سوال گفته بود که مسئول کتابخانه چه ۸کتاب از کتابخونه امانت بگیره،مسئول کتابخانه گفت که 10یه دانشجو میخاست پیشنهادی بهش میده)پیشداد که توی لیست رزرو بزاره(

تا کتاب دستشه باید یا 5تا کتاب میتونه داشته باشه و چون االن ۸تا کتاب میخواسته ، اما مسول کتابخونه بهش میگه کال 4ایی میره کتابخونه ، اق فقط سه تا ببره یا کتابی و که میخواد رزرو کنه و بعدا ببره . سوال این بود که پیشنهاد مسول کتابخونه چی بود ؟

گها درباره دوتا دختر پسر بود که داشتن میگفتن کجا برای درس خوندن بهتره یکی از لیسینین یکم اخرش تریکی شد

چون یکیشون گفت کافه تریا یکی گقت کتابخونه

public caféو در اخر کافه رو انتخاب کردن ولی نفهمیدم کافه دانشگاه رو گقت یا

ار میکنهدانشجویی که برای یک پروژه دانشگاهی روی موتور ک

a boy asking a girl in a university about the location of the physics library coral reef and acid rain

it was about humans sense of smell in comparison to animals "which statement is true"

Ye listening rajebe Persian golf va daryaye sorkh bood ke bekhater haffariye nafto gaz marine life and coral reef az beyn rafte

1- Turning machine (available in the material) مردم %90یک فیلم انگیزشی سخرانی یک پیرمرد برای شاد کردن. او میگفت من نیامدم به شما ریاضی یاد بدم آمدم شما را شاد کنم. او گفت

تن موسیقی را نمیدانند.نواخ

گفتگوی دو تا دانشجو با مسئول دانشگاه بود که معایب خوابگاهی که بودن صحبت می کردن و یکی از جواب ها سر و صدای زیاد بود و راجع به گران تر شدن اجاره هم صحبت کردن.

Worker rightsدر مورد دفاع از حقوق کارگران بود.

دانشکده مکانیک رو از یه دختری میپرسه. دختره اونجا رو بلد بوده چون قبال اونجا درس میخونده. سوال این بود که یک پسره دانشجو آدرس دختره از کجا بلد بود آدرس اونجا رو. خب جواب هم مشخص است چون قبال اونجا درس میخونده.

میگیره و کمتر از پدرها. و میگفت مادرهایی که رفتارهای خوبی دارن با یک سوال دیگه بود که میگفت رفتار کودکان بیشترین تاثیر رو از مادرها بچه هاشون، نتیجتا بچه های بهتری هم تربیت میشن. جواب هم همین خالصه که گفتم میشد.

ت فیه ایجنت داشت از یه دختر و پسر ایتم های مورد نطرشونو واس خونه ای که می خوان اجاره کنن می پرسید: یه ایتم بهشون پیشنهاد داد و گ

که دو گزینه داشت درباره ی نویزی بودن، دختره تاکید کرد واس noisy for studyingنطرتونو بگید: یکی از جوابها که دختره گفت می شد ،

study دیگری که پسره هم اتاقیش گفت ,expensive بود

باشه repeatableو accurateچه وقت میگیم ی یافته علمی درست هست؟ حاال اومده بود این دو مورد را هی توضیح میداد

کی Tutorials lecture late classیه پسر دختره از برنامه درسیشون میگفتن و سوال این بود پسره از چی ناراضی بود دقت کنید که میگن حتی بنظرم تا صدای این دو تا اومد نوت بردارین بد نیست

ye chizi darmorede globalization bood ke yeki Az javabash mishod benefit dare vase hame Adama motorsavari ke rajebe tarhesh va dalil anjamesh sohbat mikard ( university project, bike trip safer)

هست lmpv.12پسره که مبخواد ده تا کتاب از کتابخونه بگیره تو جزوه

globolization( good for everyone, unavoidable)

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LMCMA در مورد سدیم تو بدن بود که چه کار میکنه

یه عده دیگه پاداش نمیدادن در اینده مشخص شد اون کاری پاداش میدادن و بهیکی دیگه درمورد این بود که به یک عده بچه ها بابت انجام کسایی که پاداش میگرفتن عادت به انجام کار با پاداش شده بودن و دیگه تو کارهای مشارکتی شرکت نمی کردن

Khanome naghashi ke toye Japan bode - portrait as maleke Elizabeth lunar eclips_Good will meaning( coca cola example)_ choosing a university according to ur desire and location and facilities of it, if u dont like it so why u choosing it.

top states of USA Answer : Connecticut and Massachusetts

هم دارمو خسته میشم. علت خستگیشو میخواست گفتگوی دو نفری بود که پسره میگفت فالن روزای هفته کلی لکچر پشت

سوال: نظر گوینده راجع به دوتا تیوری چیه؟

کوچک اشاره داشت در حد اتم scaleبود که به quantumتیوری اول

galaxyبزرگ اشاره داشت در حد scaleبود که به gravityتیوری دوم

, areaنمیکنند . دو coverمیشن. همدیگر رو ز developنتیچه گیری : این دو تیوری با هم همپو شانی ندارند . به طور مستقل

domain .مختلف از فیزیک هستند

یل سیاسی هست / بود که گزینه هاش هم اینها بود: کوچه های رم تنگ طراحی شدند / شکل طراحی رم مربوط به دالRLجزوه 105دقیقا مورد رم زود تر از شهرهای دیگه ساخته شده / رم در قرن هشتم شروع به ساخته شدن کرده

روی آب رو نشون داده بود و یک نفر از حلقه صورتی روی کشتی های ماهیگیری صحبت می کرد که برای Albatrossیک مورد عکس یک رد نواحی که براش خطر داره نشهاین طراحی شده اند که پرنده از این حقه ها بترسه و وا

در مورد پشه ها و دلیل نیش زدنشون و تاثیر متفاوتی که روی دیگران دارهد. ندر مورد نیش زدن پشه ها و اینکه بیشتر پشه های ماده انسان را نیش میزنند و علت آن این است که آنها برای تولید مثل به خون نیاز دار

شخص ا به اشخاص خاص و شکایت مردم از اینکه پشه ها فقط آنها را دوست دارند سوال می کند. شخص اول در پاسخ می دوم در مورد عالقه پشه ه

گوید که این مطلب صحیح است و پشه ها بر

.A) In mosquitoes, only the female of the species bite

E) Different people have different reactions to the same bite ها تالش می کنن با کتاب و ویدیو آموزشی زبانهای در خطر انقراص رو زنده نگه دارن linguistیکی بود که میگفت

یه مصاحبه تصویری با یه خانم نقاش لباس کیمونو که از دالیل نقاشی کردن یک خانم در لباس کیمونو می گفن. سوال: دالیل ترسیم این نقاشی توسط نقاش خانم چی بوده؟

too jozveye last minute shomare avali: Ye daneshjoo baraye projash ye motor sakhteh. Yeki dasht lecture midad raje be inke che moshkelati baraye students hast ke az madrese mikhan beran daneshgah

1. Recruiting in construction company three factors + video by a chinese woman 2. Reasons why a Professor brings europuan art works to the US

یک بحث در مورد اینکه چه چیزی بر سلیقه موسیقی مردم تاثیرگذاره

Internal combustion engine من زیاد فشرده نیست ولی من باید رویtimetableهاشون صحبت میکردند و دختره میگفت اگر چه timetable یه دختر و پسر درباره.

reading و ... بیشتر وقت بزارم

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LMCMA

چیه؟ courseمزیت این

هست و میتونن از تو خونه کار کنند و توضیحات دیگه که یادم نیست. flexibleدو نفر داشتن توضیح میدادن که

داشت درست بود به نظرم at the same time school workیک گزینه که توش

سوال این بود که گوینده چی رو داره توضیح میده؟

داد artبود اولش گفت با سوسایتی در ارتباط هست بعد کلی توضیح راجع به artدرباره

اشاره نمیکرد. من گزینه ای رو با سوسایتی حرف میزد درست نبود به نظرم چون کل متن به این artگزینه ای که گفته بود گوینده راجع به ارتباط

داشته develop & changeدر طول دوران artزدم که

ویدوئو انیمیشنی در مورد سطوح آبگریز بود. در مورد کوتینک یا پوشش جدید که روغن رو جذب نمیکنه صحبت میکرد و میگفت در آینده جای پیشرفت داره و این یافته به تحقیقات آینده کمک میکنه

ویدئو بود که یه خانمی در مورد بیزینس صحبت می کرد یعنی یاد میداد چطوری ارتقا داده بشه. جزئیات یادم نیس متاسفانهبه

درباره شهر ها در شمال آمریکا توی نقشه میپرسید. جوابها می شد:

Mississippi Connecticut

آقایی که موتور ساخته. جوابها می شد:

Motorcycles are safer for riders University Engineering Project

آزمایش رو زن های باردار

Research was done in different seasons.

Research was done in third trimester for foetal development.

العمل چه فرقی میکنه. یک فیلم داشت نشون میداد درخصوص وزغ که در دمای محیطی پایین و باال موقع گرفتن شکار چه عکس

khabgah va moshkelat man nadashtna wired internet ro zadam در مورد کدوم رایحه یاداور خاطره گذشته بود

یک ویدیو نشون داد که ی نفر داره با حرکات دست ادای صحبت کردن رو در میاره.

?how train softeware of computer to understand our languageسوال این بود من فک کنم یکی از گزینه های درست این بود که کامپیوترها از حرکات دست دارن یاد میگیرند.

لکچر در مورد این بود که خانمها تو پاسخ دادن به سواالت چند گزینه ای با دقت و وسواس جواب میدن ولی آقایون سواالت به خرج میدنحساسیت و دقت بسیار کمی رو توی جوابگویی به این

در مورد تاثیر موسیقی بر روی وضعیت تحصیلی

مکالمه بین دو دانشجوی پسر و دختر در خصوص زیاد بودن کالس های دانشگاه

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#LMCSA (Repeated Questions: 201) LMCSA

یه موتور برقیه که طرف ابداعش کرده

1-electricity replaces the driver

2-electricity causes the machine to stop

3-electric motors are too expensive

4-the driver controls the electricity

در مورد یه تیکه یخ که از قطب جدا شده بود و اینکه چه بالیی به سرش میاد و سوال این بود بزرگترین تیکه کجاست

کرد.انگلستان صحبت می سال در 25در مورد نرخ پائین بیکاری بین افراد زیر

لکچر، خانمی هست که در مورد چند علم توضیح میده، و میگه که کدوم یکی از اینها موثر تر هستن توی شکل گیری فرهنگ جامعه )همچین

Sociologyها خیلی پرت بودن، جواب قطعاً میشد گزینه:چیزی(.الباقی گزینه

▫️ Fish, fish food, feeding larger fish with smaller fish, demand for fish has risen recently, we developed a new type of smaller fish to use as food for larger fish Answers:

❌ Smaller fish is fed by soy bean, and then we feed the larger fish with smaller fish

✅ A new type of fish is developed (or is created) and it is fed to the larger fish, to let it grow faster [economic] a guys was congratulating a woman and asking her to travel

یا دوتا explanationیا comparisonیه همچین اسمی معرفی کرده بود و گزینه ها این بود که این متن یه AGPDای به نامیه مؤسسه مورد دیگه

د مورد ادر مورد یه دانشجویی بود که در مورد اینکه تو رشته ای که داره میخونه چیکار میکنن توضیح میداد، میگفترصبح خیلی زود شروع میکنن، مو ه رو آماده میکنن، بعد نهار و ... و گزینه ها اینا بود:نیاز برای صبحان

He is studying in business ….medical school

….culinary school

بود culinaryکه جواب فکر کنم

بشه دقیقه باشه ونباید ازروی متن خونده 5تا 3استاد دانشگاه درباره نحوه پرزنتیشن دانشجوها صحبت میکنه ومیگه باید بین

It should not be read To compare between staff and owner-manager. Economic debates are about values.

By applying electric currents directly on patients فیات کیشون توی زمینه شیمی کشگوینده در دانشگاه داشت درمورد چند نفر صحبت میکرد.که یکیشون یه مقاله توی یه زمینه خاص داده بود.ی

داشته ، یکیشون یه استاد معروف بود و یکیشون فارغ التحصیل همین دانشگاه بوده سوال بود گوینده راجع به فالن نفر چی گفت؟.

که به معنی بهمن هست. ولی Avalanche:در مورد تکنولوژی حرف می زد ولی هی میگفت 1این سوال به دو صورت مطرح شده است : نوع

( و یه شکل هم داشت که یه avalanche: در مورد بهمن بود )2منظورش سرعت رشد تکنولوژی بود که مثل بهمن یه بار سقوط میکنه. نوع میزان ره رویچیزایی مثل مکعب روی همدیگه بود و توضیح میداد هر بار از یه جا که یک مکعب میکشیم بسته به اینکه چقدر فضا اطرافش دا

ینه بهم زخرابی تاثیر داره. و آخرش گفت از این مدل میشه برای پیش بینی زمین لرزه استفاده کرد. تو گزینه ها چیزی راجع به زمین لرزه نبود و گ نزدیک بودن. گفته بود هدف لکچر چیه. من گزینه که گفته بود آنالیز رفتار بهمن رو زدم نمیدونم درسته یا نه.

میشن. ولی حسنش این هست Distractرانی راجع به آواز خواندن در محیط کار بود. میگفت که عیبش این هست که مردم از کارشون یک سخن

رو تقویت می کنه و این خیلی مهم هست. بعد میگفت که قبال توی یک کارخونه بیسکویت سازی کار میکرده و از هر طرف Communityکه

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LMCSA bringingتوی محیط کار چی هست. یکی از جواب ها این بود که Singingوالش این بود که نظر گوینده راجع به یه آهنگی داشته میومده! س

people together .که فکر کنم جواب این بود

س ری اونا کاینکه انرژی هسته ای اثرات مثبت و منفی داره و اثرات مثبتش زیاده و اگر درست مصرف بشه اثرات منفیش خیلی نیس و میزان ای اندازه مپبایل و ایناس)این موضوعو تو تکراری ها ندیدم ولی چون کامل فهمیدم چی میگه گفتم بگم شاید به درد دوستان بخوره(

ها توصیه می کرد که Clerkدارد. بعد به Clerkیک سخنرانی راجع به این که مغازه داری که خودش صاحب مغازه هست رفتار کامال متفاوتی با ری رفتار کنید که انگار مغازه خودتون هست و پول خودتون هست و اگر این رویه را پیش بگیرید نتیجه اش را می بینید.طو

سوالش یادم نیست.

Clerkجواب: مقایسه رویکرد های صاحب کار با

گفت که تنها با یادگرفتن زبان دوم و تفاوتیک سخنرانی راجع به یادگرفتن زبان دوم و تاثیر اون روی شناخت فرهنگ و زبان خودشون بود. میهای بین زبان ها و فرهنگ ها هست که شخص میتونه فرهنگ خودش رو به طور کامل بشناسه. سوالش هم این بود که کدام گزینه در مورد

.Learning their own cultureیادگیری زبان دوم درست هست. جوابش هم میشد

ر داشتن باهم راجع به بهترین مکان مطالعه صحبت می کردن ، سوال این بود که به نطر اونا بهترین جا کجاست، اول یه سوال بود که یه دختر و پسپسره گفت کافی شاپ ، دختره رد کرد و گفت شلوغه، دختره گفت کتابخونه ولی پسره رد کرد،در نهایت به این نتیجه رسیدن که کافه تریای

لی شلوع نیست و هم می شه چای خورد و مطالعه کرد: گزینه ها :دانشکده از همه جا بهتره هم خی

Public cafe Lib

College cafe ...

و ... کمی توصیح دیگه و در نهایت گفت با وجود همه ی اینا دانشمندان هنوز خیلی عالقه bigهستن و stupidدایناسورها بود، که می گفت ی برسنمندن روشون کار کنن و به نتایج جدیدتر

صحبت می کرد در میان کارمندان، و می گفت مدیران باید کارمندانشونو extrovertو introvertیه خانومی درباره ی شخصیت های

خیلی team workingبشناسن که بتونن موقعیت های شعلی که مناسب شخصیتشونه رو بهشون بدن، مثال ادمای برونگرا در کاهای گروهی و و برعکس ادمای درونگرای در کارهای تکی و ... خوب عمل می کنن

bacteria resistance -…درباره ی عکس العمل بدن ادما در مقابل یه باکتری صحبت می کرد، عبارت دقیقش : ولت د و در کنار صفحه یه ویدیو پخش می شد از یه دانشمند که در ازمایشگاه بود و در انتهاش یه گاوداریو نشون می داد که گوینده می گفت باید

می لها و سازمان های مرتبط نطارت خیلی دقیق تری رو سالمتی حیوانات داشته باشن وگرنه این بیماری .... از طریق گوشت حیوان به انسان منتق شه: گزینه هاش:

در تهیه ی این دارو از حیوانات استفاده می شه این بیماری از طریق حیوان به انسان منتقل می شه

م گرفته ایه نفر با لهجه استرالیایی تو یه مصاحبه در خصوص دستگاهی که ساخته توضیح میداد که ظاهرا پروژه اش بوده و از یه معلولی تو پارک اله تگاه رو بسازه.که این دس

video displayed about climate change, and the question where does climate change really affect, the answer is Antarctica fish and diversity of marine life in red sea and nswer gulf, they are under threat, overfishing and tourists in red sea, oil extraction in nswer gulf, there is plenty of life forms in red see and coral reefs, but little life in nswer gulf, those type of marine creatures found no where on earth, deep waters of red sea, shallow waters of nswer gulf, no more than 35 meters Answer:

✅ human impacts including oil extraction and tourism effecting the life of the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea (حدودی مشابه این بود)

---------------------------------------------------------------------

49

LMCSA .در آمریکا ) red sea (راجع به خلیج فارس و یک خلیج دیگر راجع به گونه های جانوری و اکوسیستم هر کدام از خلیج ها صحبت میکند. مزایا و معایب هر کدام برای منطقه

.را معرفی می کند. و راههای مراقبت و تهدیدهای پیش روی هر کدام را معرفی میکند

خلیج فارس به دلیل عمیق بودن باالیی می باشد. برعکس Biodiversity دارای Coral reef در دریای سرخ

وجود داشت که یادم Red sea مطرح شد و یک سری مشکالت هم در Oil extraction شرایط خوبی برای رشد دارند. مشکل خلیج فارس

بین دو دریا اشتراکاتی هم وجود داشت که یادم . Swimming بود یا tourist نیست

.نیست

درست است که کلمههر چهار گزینه مشابه است. گزینه ای similarity

biodiversity در آن وجود دارد و

باال در دریای سرخ مطرح شده است

------------------------------------------------------- biodiversity و میگفت خلیج فارس به خاطر فعالیت های نفت و گازی که در سواحل وجود داره red sea بود با nswer gulf مقایسه

biodiversity ها در خطرند، در حالیکه دریای سرخ coral reef کمتری داره و گونه های کمی تونستن خودشون رو با این شرایط وفق بدن و

هست و با وجود این تفاوت ها هر دو نیاز به رسیدگی جدی دارن tourism pressure بیشتری داره ولی تحت تاثیر

An interview about “global warming”; the question was that is the second speaker believes global warming is the consequence of natural cycle: - completely - partly -not at all

درباره بنگالدش و کمک کشورهای دیگه به این قبیل کشور ها

گه داری کرد که وقتی بوق زد من گزینهیه ویدئو نشان داد در مورد خاک و چطور باید ن

…sustain رو essayیه مکالمه بین استاد و دانشجو که در سوال پرسیده بود که استاد از دانشجوش چی میخواد و در آخر استاده به دانشجو گفت برو

revise کن و بیا و در جواب ها یکیشamend essay .بود که من اون رو زدم

رو بهش معرفی کرد و اینکه در آینده پیشبینی میکرد که قراره متحول VHSابطه با اینکه استاد میگفت یکی از دوستاش نوارهای یه لکچر بود در ر

استاد بود که من گزینه toneبشه که یکم با خنده کفت و سوال در رابطه با

Satirical رو انتخاب کردم .

که جواب هم همین بود یک خانم هندی در مورد زن و مذهب صحبت میکرد

Last sentence: he is idiot.) What professor thinks of the man? Irrational (the answer), sarcastic, tobacco and advertisment

اون رشته یک ویدیو پخش شد از یک افای جوان که درباره تحصیالت اش صحبت می کرد و می گفت در تمام زمینه های مربوط به کارش در اطالعات بدست اورده

-mountains-human-avalanche همون ویدیو که در مورد بهمن تکنولوژی صحبت میکنه. سوالش میگه موضوع صحبت چی بود؟ -1

technology? بود( در اون پیرمردی راجع به یک کتاب صحبت میکرد و میگفت بسیار شوکه است که همه ی مطالب )در مورد اون موضوعی که مد نظرش

کتاب ذکر شده اند بصورت یکجا و قبال اینطور نبوده و گزینه هم مشخص بود با همین مضمونی که گفتم.

نیه صحبتی را جع به کوکا کوال بود که خیلی پیچیده حرف زد و من متوجه نشدم منظورش دقیقا چیه و خاطرم نیست...ولی به یه تیکه خاصی ازو می بود.وویس اشاره نداشت و مفهمو

استاد toneرو بهش معرفی کرد و اینکه در آینده پیشبینی میکرد که قراره متحول بشه که یکم با خنده کفت و سوال در رابطه با VHSنوارهای بود که من گزینه

49

LMCSA Satirical

رو انتخاب کردم .

یک خانم هندی در مورد زن و مذهب صحبت میکرد که جواب هم همین بود

By applying electric currents directly on patients(Last sentence: he is idiot.) What professor thinks of the man? Irrational (the answer), sarcastic,

قدمت رنگ مصنوعی در مصر و تبت و خاور میانه

که به معنی بهمن هست. ولی منظورش سرعت رشد تکنولوژی بود که مثل بهمن Avalancheدر مورد تکنولوژی حرف می زد ولی هی میگفت یه بار سقوط میکنه.

----------------------------------

-mountains-human-avalancheهمون ویدیو که در مورد بهمن تکنولوژی صحبت میکنه. سوالش میگه موضوع صحبت چی بود؟ -

technology? از یک اقای جوان که درباره تحصیالت ش صحبت می کرد و می گفت در تمام زمینه های مربوط به کارش در اون رشته یک ویدیو پخش شد اطالعات بدست اورده

ساله که داره کار می کنه. 1۸هم اون پروفسوره بود که می گفت موقع فارغ التحصیلی استادش اون رو به یه منیجر معرفی می کنه و االن

کار میکنن homeworkکه جوابش میشد چون دانش اموزا تو این طبقه با هم روی noisyا بعضی وقت ها کتابخونه چر

در مورد معماری ساختمان ها در لندن در زمان های قدیم بود

یر بودم اما تغی یک پسر تازه وارد تو دانشگاه از یک دختر اومد سوال پرسید که کالس معماری کجاست دختره گفت من قبال دانشجوی معماری رشته دادم به ریاضی اما میدونم کجاست و دوستان زیادی در اون واحد دارم

پسره تشکر کرد و گفت میای باهم قهوه بخوریم دختره قبول کرد و رفتن

جواب این سوال این بود که:

دختره دانشجوی قدیمی دپارتمان معماری بوده

source ofه کرده بود و پرسید مشکلی که همه دارن باهاشون چیه، که جواب میشد اشار bibliographyو referenceبه تفاوت

confusion.

بود very complexیکی از گزینه ها هم

صحبت می کرد در میان کارمندان، و می گفت مدیران باید کارمندانشونو extrovertو introvertیه خانومی درباره ی شخصیت های

خیلی team workingبشناسن که بتونن موقعیت های شعلی که مناسب شخصیتشونه رو بهشون بدن، مثال ادمای برونگرا در کاهای گروهی و خوب عمل می کنن و برعکس ادمای درونگرای در کارهای تکی و ...

یه خانومی که اهل لندن بود به ژاپن رفت بود و به لباس کیمونو عالقمند شده بود. بعد از برگشتن به یه فیلم بود که لندن تصمیم میگیره که نقاشی یک خانم در لباس کیمونو رو بکشه.

سوال این هست که چرا این نقاشی رو کشیده؟ توضیحات تکمیلی

ازش ولی گزینه گفته بود از دوستش که ژاپنیه یا لباسدرباره کیمونو صحبت میکرد و میخواست که نقاشی کنه

شده از این ایده .یه excitedکیمونو پوشیده میخواد نقاشی کنه که خودش نگفت دوستمه . شاید من نشنیدم . یه گزینه هم بود که گفت خیلی گزینه گفت این خانوم تو لندن هست که خودش تو متن گفت وقتی برگشتم لندن

یبی):گزینه ها(تقر میخواد از دوستش که •

ژاپنی هست و لباس کیمونو پوشیده نقاشی کنه.

Excitedخیلی از این ایده •

49

LMCSA شده این خانم توی لندن هست • میخواست به یاد ژاپن باشه •

رش بود( در اون ه پیرمردی راجع به یک کتاب صحبت میکرد و میگفت بسیار شوکه است که همه ی مطالب )در مورد اون موضوعی که مد نظ کتاب ذکر شده اند بصورت یکجا و قبال اینطور نبوده و گزینه هم مشخص بود با همین مضمونی که گفتم.

و ... کمی توصیح دیگه و در نهایت گفت با وجود همه ی اینا دانشمندان هنوز خیلی عالقه bigهستن و stupidدایناسورها بود، که می گفت نتایج جدیدتری برسن مندن روشون کار کنن و به

یه خانومی بود که کیمونو طراحی میکرد و میگفت که از وقتی که رفت ژاپن خونه دوستش عالقه مند شد به طراحی کیمونویا رشته اش بود. چون .یه خانم از لندن بود و در مورد عالقه اش به طراحی کیمونو بود که گزینه هاش حدودی این بود . چون عالقه داشت

شده بود inspireدوستش گفته بود و یا چون

نیه صحبتی را جع به کوکا کوال بود که خیلی پیچیده حرف زد و من متوجه نشدم منظورش دقیقا چیه و خاطرم نیست...ولی به یه تیکه خاصی ازو وویس اشاره نداشت و مفهمومی بود.

زدم.sightیا همون visionلی بیشتر در مورد حس دیداری بود که من جواب رو در مورد ویژگی حواس پنجگانه میگفت و

: میگفت انجام چه ورزشی به آمریکایی ها پیشنهاد میشه؟ توی گزینه ها اونی که مربوط به 1این سوال به دو صورت مطرح شده است :سوال نوع . یکی از گزینه های گمراه کننده کلمه ایروبیک داره که جواب نیست. بار هست رو زدم 2مقاومت و قدرتمند کردن عضله های بدن هفته ای

کیپوینت ها:

musscle strength / two times a week / ایش برای ارزیابی عکس العمل های ماهیچه های صورت بود که یک سری حسگر به صورت متصل میکردند و رکورد میشد. : یک آزم2سوال نوع

سوال این بود چطوری به این نتیجه رسیدند که جواب میشد با تست مستقیم برروی صورت انسان

ه دیگه هم درست بود که همون اول میگفت ساختمان گزیناون اقایی که در خصوص کاشتن گیاه در جلوی ساختمون صحبت میکنه. فقط یک حقوق با یک دپارتمان دیگه از هم جدا هستند که اون هم جزو جواب ها است.

ه:در مورد این بود که یکی مصاحبه کرد با دو نفر و می پرسید بهترین جا برای مطالعه کجاست که دو تا گزینه ی نزدیک به هم داشت یکه کاف دانشگاه و یکی کافه بیرون از دانشگاه که

فکر می کنم دومی بود جوابش----------------------------------

هست؟ کجا برای درس خودندن مناسب تر دانشجو بود 3مصاحبه با

دانشگاه cafeteriaگزینه ها: کافی شاپ)که پاسخ صحیح همین کافی شاپ بود(

--------------------------------------

Studying in which place is better?caffee shop, room, library...

. در مورد نگهداری گل ارکیده و حشراتی که در رطویت باال برای این گل مضر هستند. و این که گل 1این سوال به دو صورت مطرح شده است :

. در مورد نگهداری از گل ارکیده، اینکه چه 2نگه داری شود. airconditionدر شرایط مرطوب نباید نگهداری شود. پاسخ احتمالی: دور تر از هم ربایستی انجام بدهیم تا قارچ ها روی گل رشد نکنند و دو تا عامل تهویه هوا و دما رو هم ذکر کرده بود. آخرش هم گفته بود که نباید کنا کاری

و فشرده چیده بشوند

About a visit from prison and making some changes in the current situation Conversation between a lady and man ,what does the man is doing?saying congratulations or talking about future plans or... گوینده سخنرانی داشت واسه آقایان در این خصوص صحبت میکرد که اغلب آقایان هنگام صحبت کردن یک خانم شنونده خوبی نیستند و میگفت

ما میگویند منظورشان این نیست که برای آنها راه حل ارائه بدید بلکه آنها فقط از شما میخواهند که وقتی خانمها میان در مورد مشکالتشان به ش

49

LMCSA گوش بدید.

سوال: پیشنهاد لکچرر به مردها چی بود؟؟؟

2science students talk with a literature student about their timetables What students learn from teamworking

The girl talking to the boy asking where the class is held Question: Why does "HE" know? Answer: because he used to study there Pay attention****I’ve seen the answer to this question was mentioned here as below: Because her friend was thereàBut this is about the girl…If the question was about the boy-> why does he know-> answer because he used to study there (but he changed his major) ------ a conversation between two students, the guy wanted to know that where is the library and question was like how does the girl remember the location of library? the answers were? she used to study in that department ( probably its correct) one of her friends study engineering she knows from the coffee shop location ( it’s definitely wrong)

Time table/schedule( boy and girl talking about their university lesson) Asking about: 1-How does the week start for the boy/girl? - Long lectures ... - Hard lessons

why was the girl confused at the begining? - talking about time table and schedule

ای این ریک نفر درمورد اینکه باالخره توانسته بود تمام نوشته های تاریخی انگلیسی را یک جا ببیند ذوق زده شده بود و یک اصطالح بکار برده ب

giving legs upخوشحالی که فکر کنم این بود :

که به معنی بهمن است. ولی منظورش سرعت رشد Avalancheاین سوال به دو شکل آمده است : در مورد تکنولوژی حرف می زد ولی میگفت تکنولوژی بود که مثل بهمن به یک بار سقوط می کند.

می شود avalancheحرف میزد. سوالش این بود که موضوع اصلی لکچر چیست؟؟ که جواب avalancheیک متنی که راجب به

دو نفر که راجب به فواید کار کژوال حین تحصیل صحبت می کردن

Dinosaurs, big dinosaurs, small dinosaurs, the resemble stupidity of people in English, we all agree that dinosaurs are not intelligent animals, they are slow, but that’s not true for all types of them. They are mostly depicted in movies such as Jurassic Park, you see this dinosaur in the picture...گزینه ها: Unlike what scientists believed, dinosaurs are intelligent animals, and they are

depicted in movies like Jurassic Park Dinosaurs are unintelligent animals, but the latest studies of... scientists proved that’s not true

یگوینده ای درمورد شباهت های کشورهایی مثل شیلی و استرایلیا و نیوزیلند صحبت می کرد و می گفت که به دلیل آب و هوای مشابه بافت گیاه مشابهی دارند

To what extent does the second speaker agree that climate change is caused by natural cycle ?answer:partially

%100ثانیه بود، گفتار بسیار واضح و 30ویدئو یه خانم بود، زمینه زرد رنگ، در حین صحبت کردن راه می رفتند، تخته سیاه هم پشتش بود، حدود

You ...have toرا می گفت، بعدش شروع کرد به تاکید کردن و در انتها دو الی سه بار گفت : literaryمیشد شنید، اول اش چند بار واژه

choose

50

LMCSA ها دور از جواب اصلی بودند. مطمئن نبودم به گزینه صحیح، و تا انجای که متوجه شدم الباقی گزینه

...Biography (or autobiography), you have to choose, it is a literary subject, literary

Crystallized, snowflakes, ice, geologists, cave crystals, how these crystals form, scientists can look into how these crystals are formed, and into their materials, but they don’t really know what makes these crystals to look the way they are. Correct answer: scientists know the structure (or the materials) that form these crystals, but they are still confused (or don't know) how these crystals form

گرفت؟؟ که در پادکست استاد به دانشجو می گوید باید منابع خارجیت را ذکر میکردی سوال این بود استاد چه ایرادی از دانشجو

ایک فیلم از استادی بود که داشت در مورد خودش و همکارانش که در سال های اخیر برای سفر به فضا روی دستگاهها کار می کردند با دانشجوه که به خود او وهمکارانش و پروژه اش اشاره کرده بود. حرف میزد اسم همکارانش را می گوید من گزینه ای را زدم

سوال این بود استاد چه ایرادی از دانشجو گرفت که تو متن استاد به دانشجو می گوید باید منابع خارجیت را ذکر میکردی

it was about some cultural pieces for a museum that would be brought to US, and the relationship of art works between Europe and US

گر و ادر مورد دو مدل اقتصادی بود و مدل اول این بود که بعد از جنگ جهانی دولت ها و اقتصاد ترجیح میدادند که توی ساخت و ساز وارد بشوند ین آکادمیک و اقتصاد را افزایش بدهند و سرمایه برای نیروی کار مناسب ندارند از دیگر کشور ها بیارند. ولی بعد تو مدل دوم ترجیح دادن رابطه ب

نیروی کار مناسب وارد کنند.

س و ردر مورد یک تناقض یا پارادوکس بود که هر چی مردم تو این دوره زمانه نسبت به قبل وضعیت زندگی هایشان بهترشده و رفاه دارند بازم است به همان میزان بیشتر شده است. خطر ریسک کردن شان در برخی از مسائل امورات زندگی

و تعریف درست تئوری بود. practiceدر مورد رابطه تئوری و

یک پادکستى بود اولش خانمی توضیح میداد راجع به یک کتابى که در مورد یک بچه است که اوتیسم داشته و رابطه با حیوانات به بهبودش کمک ده شد که بچه به باغ وحش می رفت و ذوق زده شده بود و ...کرده بود، بعد فکر کنم در انتها از کتاب خوان

و کم کم تعداد این پلتفرم ها زیاد می شوند و این پلتفرمها را در دریا به هم rural peopleدر مورد ساختن پلت فرم در دریاهای آزاد بود برای وصل می کنند. حسن این کار این بود که در بخش آبهای بین المللی باشد و تحت سلطه و قوانین کشور خاصی نباشد.

د، جواب این بود که چون خانم قبال درس مکانیک را خانم و آقای که با هم دیگر صحبت میکردن و آقا آدرس ادرس کتابخانه مکانیک را می پرس می خواند و به آن کتابخانه می رفت می دونست ادرس کجاست و االن ریاضیات می خواند.

A professor was talking about a mathematics club and the importance of attending to that because of presence of a new professor and becuse of covering a lot of issues.

seahorsesدر مورد هیپوتاالموس انسان و

nuclear energy vs x-ray میدیم صحبت میکرد و اینکه برایشان این قضیه مهم بوده است. fمردی که استاد بود در مورد تقلب و پالجریزم و اینکه نمره

میکرد. که یکی از گزینه ها این بود چشم پوشی از خطای همدیگر.در مورد رابطه خوب بین زن و شوهر صحبت

: مشکل یک دختر و پسر در مورد خوابگاه که به خاطر نبود اینترنت وشلوغی مکان خوابگاه گفتگو 1این سوال به دو صورت مطرح شده است : نوع ای مشکالت خوابگاهشان داشتند شکایت میکردند که راجع به: : یک دختر و پسری بر 2می کردند و من اینکه نمیشه درس خوند رو زدم.نوع

سروصدا در شب که نمیشد درس خوند، مشکالت اینترنت وآن مسئول پیشنهاد داد خوابگاه روا عوض کنید ولی هزینه اش خیلی گران بود

true storyو narrativeدر مورد یک ژورنالسیت یا روزنامه نگاری بود که ازش پرسیدن فرق سیدنی با یه شهر کوچیک چیست و کلمات درسوال بودند

مکان : در مورد مشکل یه دختر و پسر در مورد خوابگاه که به خاطر نبود اینترنت وشلوغی 1صورت مطرح شده است ، سئوال نوع 2این سئوال به :مسئول خوابگاه درموردمشکالت خوابگاه با دانشجو حرف میزد و سوال این بود که از 2خوابگاه و من اینکه نمیشه درس خوند رو زدم. سئوال نوع

نظر دانشجو مشکل چی بود بااینکه خیلی از مشکالت رو خود مسئول گفت ولی دانشجو فقط گفت اینترنت مشکل داره

ن زن و شوهر صحبت میکرد. که یکی از گزینه ها این بود چشم پوشی از خطای همدیگر.در مورد رابطه خوب بی

animal language and communication

50

LMCSA

برای دانشجو ها بود accbilityیک اختراع رو توضیح میداد در زمینه علم پزشکی و میگفت علت اختراع چیه که در مورد

promoting accebilitبوده و یک گزینه دیگر گزینه ها ش یکیش گفته بود به خاطر نیاز

موضوع سوال در مورد پروتون و نوترون بود ودر مورد اجزای تشکیل دهنده صحبت میکرد گزینه هاش خیلی به هم نزدیک بود

وهام زنده میشن با بمقایسه بویایی بین انسان و حیوان که انسان ضعیف تره این حسش ولی با این وجود خیلی بوها رو میفهمه و خاطرات ه

Female roles in religion Video that a professor asked students not to do s.th (do not work with or bring cellphones, tablets or ... )

دانشجویی سوال کند در یک پسر دانشجویی دنبال محل برگزاری لکچر می گردد منظور همان سالن اجتماعات است که می رود از یک دختر ن یادامه دختر کلی از او سوال میکند که شما چه می خوانید این پروفسور را از کجا میشناسید و پرفسور این است و آن است خالصه بعد از چند

استاد به به نظر دختر خانم ، مکالمه به پسر دانشجو آدرس سالن اجتماعات را داد و گفت بعدا میبینمت در انتها سئوالی مطرح شد با این مضمون که چه چیزی معروف بود.

گیاهان و حیوانات متحمل فشارهای زیادی شدند ولی میزانش در مورد گیاهان بیشتر بوده است.

کدام مکان برای مطالعه در دانشگاه مناسب تر است ؟ من کافه تریا دانشگاه را زدم

رست میشد نباید از رو خونده بشه.توضیح استاد در رابطه با ارایه شفاهی که جواب د

The correlation between university and zoo, various treats due to various sizes of animals Women in Ancient Rome, construction Roman cities by Roman military

و مسایل دیگه هم صحبت کرد، اما trade internationراجع به یک سخنرانی در مورد حقوق کارگران در جامعه آمریکا صحبت می کرد و سوال راجع به این بود که موضع اصلی سخنرانی چی بود که می شد حقوق کارگران

در مورد نحوه عملکرد چشم و چجوری چیزهایی که میبینه و به مغز منتقل میکنه و در مورد یک جز چشم که پشت مردمک هست میگفت و بعد

و یکی دیگه بود. vision information/ eye movement/ moving thingsبوق میزد گزینه ها:

و تالیفاتش AZدر مورد نویسنده ای به نام

تا گزینه تک کلمه ایی داشت گزینه ها 4سوال در مورد این بود که نظر نویسنده راجع سیاستمدار ها چیست و متن هم قابل فهم بود ولی

1 Aloof

2 disdainful

3 Tentative

کنند. در مورد کربن واینکه از ابتدای تشکیل زمین وجود داشته است و حیوانات و گیاهان نمیتوانند کربن را مصرف

هست که گوینده تاکید میکند که برای جلوگیری از این کار چه راهکاری میتواند ارائه دهد که مظمون plagiarismمتن سوال دوم در مورد

های مختلف هست. disciplineسوال در مورد

تریت( که خودش دوسش نداشته و از بچگی سال وارد یه شغلی شده )تو وال اس 1۸یه آقا بود که راجع به شغلش صحبت میکرد. اینکه حدود دوسداشته سوشیال سرویس انجام بده و به مردم کمک کنه و االن شغلشو عوض کرده بود و همون کاریو میکرد که از بچگی دوسداشته. تو سوال

اشاره کرد که این تصمیم)عوض کردن شغلش( یه شبه به ذهنش نرسیده که همین یکی از جوابا میشد.

ها به داخل بدن فرستاده میشه و دارو رو تزریق میکنه به بدن. گزینه ها این بود که: م راجع به یک ربات صحبت میکرد که از طریق رگیه خانو

هست science-fictionراجع به یک فیلم - راجع به یک نوع عمل جراحی هست -

هست.)که همین گزینه صحیح بود( injectionهست که به داخل بدن فرستاده میشه و وظیفش instrumentراجع به یک -

در مورد یه تحقیق علمی بود در مورد کودکان و مسوولیت پذیری و واکنشها در روابط اجتماعی کودکانی بودن که والدینشون در اتاق محل ازمایش حضور داشتند و جلوی اونها توپی به زمین انداخته میشد توسط ازمایشگر

در جدا نمیشدند و عکس العملی نشان نمیدادندگروه کودکانی که از ما گروه کودکانی که از والد جدا میشدند و به سمت توپ میرفتند اما با ازمایشگر ارتباط برقرار نمیکرند و توپ رو بهش نمیداند

50

LMCSA و گروه سوم در مورد کودکانی که توپ رو تحویل ازمایشگر میداند و حتی چند بار این کار رو تکرار میکردند

وال این بود که هدف نهایی این ازمایش چه بود؟س میزان مسوولیت پذیری در برابر محرکها و اجتماع به نظرم گزینه درست بود و بقیه گزینه ها خیلی فاصله داشتند.

The different between undergraduate and post graduate- the answer i think was giving her (the speaker) more motivation- other option was cost

کلئوپاترا

رو زدمGeneticکه من یکی راجع به داروین و تئوری انتخاب طبیعیش صحبت کرد و گفت چه مساله ای خیلی قابل توجیه نبود با تئوریش

و .. independenceو transparencyصحبت میکرد که اگر نباشه چه چیزایی ازبین میره که journalismیکی هم بود که راجع به میشد به نظرم با توضیحاتی که داد

که گفته بود به چه دردی میخوره و به نظرم گفت که دسترسی injectionیه سوال دیگه یک کیت سیمولیشنی طراحی کرده بودن واسه

بود affordableدانشجوها به منابع

لوکیشن دانشکده مکانیک و اینکه دختر برای چی لوکیشنو بلده

کلمات را ...گزینه ها بودن و اصال درمتن صوتی اینaccurate , precise, multiیک سوال که میگفت منابع علمی باید چطور باشن ؟

و repeatableنمیگفت یکبار گفت

یکی هم اونکه چرا دختر ادرس فالن ساختمان را میدانست؟ قبال دانشجوی اونجا بوده و تغییر رشته داده

چطور هواپیما اختراع کردن ؟ از اینکه اول فهمیدن چطور دوچرخه رو باالنس نگه دارن writeبرادران

که از دانشجوها میخواست موبایل استفاده نکنویدیوی یه استاد دانشگاه

صحبت میکرد successیه ویدیو بود که خانمی در مورد

Dyslexia Both children and adult can be dyslexia. There are 10 million children are dyslexia in US. Dyslexia people are hard to read. Dyslexia people can be an indicator as talent

تاثیر مصرف گرایی بر محیط زیست و سایر موجودات

کشف شده بود یا زودتر 19از قرن climate changeاینکه

رو انتخاب sampleسال گذشته بود( بهتره چجور 15یه دانشجو بود که داشت از یه خانوم میپرسید واسه موضوع تحقیقش)راجع تاثیر اینترنت تو

the sample with wide varietyوالم این بود که اون خانوم چجور سمپلی رو پیشنهاد میده. که جواب میشد کنه. و س

چجوری خواهد بود . که تو وویس در مورد دوره حال حاضر 2030یکی دیگه در مورد مصرف ماهی بود که سوال خواسته بود مصرف ماهی در سال کمبود منابع پیش میاد و مصرف بیشتر از تولید خواهد بود که جواب همین میشد. 2030سال گفت و گفت که روند افضایشی هست ولی تا

راجع به اون ماهیتابه نچسبی صحبت میکرد که برای غذاهایی که با الکل یا روغن درست میشه.

نظرش چیه درمورد یکی بود که المان بوده همه وقت شناس بودن بعد میره برزیل میبینه اینجوری نیست و میگه

German people were punctual Different cultures in terms of time

یکی از این دوتا جوابه

partialیدونه دیگه تو جزوه تکراریا بود نقش انسان در محیط زیست که میشه

یدونه دیگه بازم تکراری بود در مورد اینکه شرکتا عجله میکنن در استخدام

ها و اینکه این چه تاثیری میتونه بذاره aboriginalدرباره بازیهای بسکتبال

یکی هم همون که دوتا دانشجو دختر وپسر مشکالت خوابگاه رو میگن و سوال اینه که چه مشکلی از طرف دانشجو مطرح شده پسره اینترنت رو

تو سوال بود اشاره به پسره بود himمیگه و چون

the internet

50

LMCSA های رو گفت و در آخر هم گفت یادآور گذشته است مثل متریال نبود اشاره به انواع کی دیگه هم راجع به حس بویایی که تو انسان حیوان و مزیت

بوها نداشت که جواب میشد یاداوری گذشته

کار میکنند بصورت عملی applicantتا ۶چی یاد میگیرند؟ با career pathبچه ها درباره

)مطمین نیستم، برداشت من هست ( become integral part of teamزدم : من

چی میگه؟climate changeرو natural recyclingسوال گوینده دوم راجع به تاثیر

تاثیر داره ؟ climate changeرو man activityیا natural recyclingگوینده اول می پرسه

)مطمین نیستم، برداشت من هست (partlyفت کدوم هر دو نقش دارند پس جواب : گوینده دوم میگوید نمی شه گ

not completely , no at allگزینه های دیگر

سوال این بود که سخنران چی رو رسوند؟ یا لب مطلبش چی بود؟

هست creativeیک لکچر رو نشون داد درباره مغر انسان و تفاوتش مثال با مغز فیل که بزرگتره و کفت انسان

داشت، گزینه مربوط به سایز مغر انحرافی بود)مطمین نیستم، برداشت من هست ( innovationگزینه ای زدم که توش

این بخش که راجع به اون پروفسور هست که داخل دانشگاه قدم میزنه. با این LMCSAکه میشه اولین تست Cماک 9بود. تست Cاینم از ماک بود حتفاوت که پرسیده بود، نظر اون دختره راجع به پروفسور چیه )توی ماک راجع به نظر دختره در رابطه با درس میپرسه(. گزینه هاش خیلی واض

و میشد فهمید

ها و اینکه این چه تاثیری میتونه بذاره aboriginalیکی بود درباره بازیهای بسکتبال

یه خانم و اقا صحبت میکردن در مورد روش تحقیق، سوال این بود که خانم چه ریکامندی داشت و از اونجایی که خانمه میگفت باید تنوع سوال

به نظرم صحیح اومد a wide variety of questionsزیاد داشته باشی مثل جندر، سن و ... گزینه

دختر و پسری که راجع به اسکجول کالسهاشون صحبت میکنند

بود که گفته بود کدوم جواب راجع به این موضوع درست نیست؟ و جواب میشد اینکه آدمهای که این اختالل رو dyslexiaیکی دیگه هم راجه به

هستند. intelligetدارند مشخصه که

یک متن که توش این جمله بود

people adopt language then they adapt it و توی گزینه ها همین مضمون بود:

Nobody can stop to change language در مورد یک گونه از دایناسورها که بال داشتن.

همونی بود که یک نفر از دیدن سورس ها و کتابها تو یه اتاق شگفت زده شده بود.یکی از سواالی لسنینگ

Conversation dokhtar pesare darmorede psychology o ostade daneshgaheshun, vali soalesho avaz karde budan Mosquito bites (something like that with aussie accent) Only female mosquito bites because they need protein to develop their eggs (for pregnancy). The male mosquito feeds on nectar from flowers. Mosquito bites cause a reaction in most people’s bodies, some more severe than others. In some, a simple bite might cause a bad allergic reaction. A slight swell and itchy red bump might be the typical reaction of my body. However, you might need to … یه گزینه داشت که انسان ها واکنش بدنشون نسبت به نیش پشه متفاوت هست که من اون رو انتخاب کردم

empathetic یه اقایی داشت راجع به خاطراتش و محل مدرسه اش در بچگی صحیت میکرد و در نهایت گفت چه حسی داشت

مشکل خوابگاه دانشجویی

صحبت میکرد،سوال اینکه بود که فیس بوک طبق صحبت های گوینده چه اثری داره؟که طبق صحبت گوینده بیشتر برا نشون راجبه فیس بوک

different motionدادن حالتهای مختلف روحی بکار میره )البته این نظر منه(

50

LMCSA

Tu listening multiple choices single answer ye soaly bud ke tu dota emtehane akharam umade bud va darbareye ye injectory bud ke yeki vared karde bud va in be nafe daneshjuaye pezeshki bud chon ham basarfe bud va ham kar bahash asun bud darmorede estefade az ye mahsuly bud ke ba estefade az nono technology dorostesh karde budan va khususiatesham in bud ke gardo ghobar ijad nemikard va environmentally friendly bud

Yeki ham rajebe in bood ke psychologist baraye ma ha kea z llahaze ravani manfi va zire sefr hastim talash mikonan ta halite sefre ravani beresim va vaghti va vaghti az zero be positive beresim immune system body improve mishe

تو قسمت لیسنینگ یه فیلمی هم پخش شد که یه پروفسوری تو کالس درس میگفت پدرش تو ازمایشگاه با وسایل کار میکرد و تحقیق میکرده اون انگیزه شد براش که بزرگ شد بره تو اون فیلد کاری

ه دوست ژاپنیش رو با کیمونو نقاشی کشیده بود. گزینه هام این بود که میخواد با نقاشی یادآوری کنه از خاطرات فیلم یک مصاحبه با خانمی بود ک ژاپن، تقدیر بکنه از دوستش یا خودش کیمونو دوست داره

مختلف امریکا درباره ی تاثیر الودگی هوا در فصل های مختلف رو تمام افراد و همچنین بصورت خاص رو زنان باردار در شهر های

داره، که stimulatingو eccentricتوی لیسنینگ مولتیپل یا سینگل در مورد استادی صحبت میکرد که به دولت مشاوره میده و شخصیت من از جواب مطمین نبودم.

ه را انه. در انتها فکر کنم کافیک دختر و پسر دارن در مورد یک مکان مناسب برای مطالعه صحبت میکنند. پسر میگه کافه خوبه. دختره کتابخ انتخاب کردند برای مطالعه

rajebe mosabeghat basketball ke sedaye toop va hayaho ham dasht . appreciative & innovative ( pesare ke rajebe address dep mechanic az dokhare miporse m she used to be student at mechanic dep)

ت بین یک استاد و داشنجو بود که استاد میگفت منابع امتحانت رو اضافه کن بیار.صحب

بود که موضوعش دقیقا عین هم بود ولی تفاوت کوچک با هم داشتند و گوینده شون متفاوت بود. در مورد وضعیت سالمت افراد LMCSAدو تا

بود.charityی وظیفه حکومت بود، یکیش تاکیدش روی پایین دست جامعه و افراد پولدار. فقط فکر کنم یکیش تاکیدش رو

در مورد بو و قدرت بویایی انسان صخبت میکرد که بنظرم یکه گزینه داشت که میگفت میتونه خاطرات و اتفاقهای گذشته رو هم بیادمون بیاره

بره و ه و فک کنم بهش پیشنهاد داد که یه مسافرتمکالمه بین یه دختر و پسز که پسره انگاری به دختر تبریک میگفت بخاطر نمره ای کخ گرفت تو یکی از گزینه هام بود که پسره به دختره میگه که یه کاری رو انجام بده

یک تصویر بود که انگاری استاد دانشگاه گفتش که جدیدترین گراف در مورد تغییرات اب و هوایی هستش ویه سری اطالعات در همین زمینه

dokhtar va pesar daneshjo ke dokhtare mige ostad stimulate hast The talk was about : the avalanche of something .... Question: They are talking about? Answer : technology در حقیقت دو نفر داشتند در خصوص هجوم )بهمن( تکنولوژی صحبت میکردند

تا کتاب نوشته و بیشتر کشورها کار کرده وتوی شبکه تلویزیونی بوده 4ر دیگه توضیح میداد که فیلم یه خانمی بود که راجع به یه نف

یک ویدیو بود, در مورد تکنولوژی جدیدی که برای ظروف نچسب و روغن و آب و الکل اختراع شده. رفته بیمارستان با مصدوم حرف زده و ..اون پسره استرالیایی, که خدا مرگش بده با اون لهجه ش, که موتور رو بهبود داده , .2 اون محقق که روی خانمهای باردار در فصول مختلف تحقیق کرده.3

بوده��که ظاهرن جواب میشد, در فصلهای مختلف, مورد تحقیقش, هم خانمهای باردار و بی بار

yek video bood ye khanoomi dar hale lecture dadan migoft dar moghe disaster niaz be pezeshk ziad mishe vali pezhesh kamtar hast oon moghe, pharmacist ha mitoonan jaygozin khoobi bashan chon karhay e sade mesle bastan zakhm o ... ziad pish miad ke danesh takhasosi nemikhad

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LMCSA ی خوندهدختری که آدرس دپارتمان رو می دونست چون قبال اونجا فیزیک م

مزایای جهانی شدن که تحصیل و زندگی بهتره، کسانی که مناطق روستایی زندگی می کنند چون این امکانات رو ندارند...

sufferجواب

همین جمله هم Summaryها در مورد این بود که خانم ها زیاد حرف میزنن برای درد دل ولی آقایان راه حل میدن. lmcsaیا hcsیکی از بود.

کرد.کلئوپاترا: در اصل یونانی بود و نه زبان صحبت می فیلم مصاحبه بامدیر شرکت نرم افزاری که کنترل گردش انرژی و بهینه سازی انجام میده )لهجه اوزیم - علت توقف تحقیقات؟ کمبود بودجه و... - ها در استرالیا با لهجه خیلی شیرین ایندیجنسی! مصاحبه با مسئول برگزاری مسابقات ورزشی ایندیجنس -

Woman talking about the university problems, they agree it is easy to get in and out of university but they don’t study the major they fit in, i think it was answer d

در مورد چاقی و ازمایش مرتبطی که روی موشها انجام شد اون آقایی که به خانم پیشنهاد میره که به مسافرت برو

1:2۸تا 25از ثانیه از سواالت لیسنینگ بود

www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6AQR8VQl-s

تا جایی که یادمه سوال این بود که ماموریت چیه

large eruptionجواب دادم پیشبینی

از ی پسره خواستن راجع به رشته/کارش توضیح بده. اونم شروع کرد که فالن ساعت صبحانه اماده میکنه فالن ساعت نهار فالن ساعت شام .

culinaryسوال این بود اون چه رشته ای میخونه یا خونده؟ جواب :

چه چیزی باید همراه خود بیاورند؟ interviewبرای

بعد گفت تمام مدارک تحصیلی آفیشال و امتحاناتشون transcriptاول گفت

بود که به نظرم غلط بود transcript to show good conductیک گزینه

بود، درست بود. records all national academicفکر می کنم گزینه ای که

ینده از دختر می پرسه و سوال این بود که مکالمه راجع به چی بود گزینه مکالمه یه دختر و پسر که با تبریک پسر شروع میشه و کمی در مورد آ صحیح فکر می کنم تبریک گفتن بود

راجع به تکامل موتورهای برون سوز به موتورهای درون سوز و دالیل این تکامل که من یکی رو زدم نیاز به کوچک کردن موتورها در اون زمان احساس می شد

رو به دنبال داشتند و جمعیت اونها در Coral Reefی اکسید کربن بر آب اقیانوسها که اسیدی شدند و در نتیجه تخریب یکی دیگه هم تاثیر د حال کاهش است

خانمهای باردار و تست در فصول مختلف تا بلد بود و بونانیه 9کلوپاترا و زبان

پسره به دختره تبریک میگه

خواب و یادگیری

Sleep جوابش مسیر کتابخانه -

ولی مطمئن نیستم. Connecticutایالتهای امریکا که با رنگ تیره مشخص شده اند: ماساچوست و -

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LMCSA یک نقشه که در مورد گلوبال وارمینگ در نقاط مختلف حرف میزد - یکی دیگه -

Give legs away و همه کتابها توش بود و تعجب کرده بود این اصطالحو به کار برد که استاده در مورد اینکه رفته بود یه کتابخونه دیده بود که خیلی کامل بود

دلیلش همین توضیحات میشه که باعث تعجبش شده بود

گفتگوی یه مرد و یه زن بود. سوال پرسیده بود خانومه به چه چیزی اشاره می کنه؟ موضوع صحبت در مورد یه استاد بود که خانومه با شنیدنه و یه سری صفاتی ازش میگه که یادم نیس ولی تو گزینه ها بود و مهمه درست گوش بدین. در آخر آدرس آفیس رو به اسمش ازش تعریف میکن

پسره میده

مصاحبه بود در مورد یه ریسکی مرتبط با سالمتی خانم های باردار رو مورد بررسی قرار می داد

Yek Video bood ke khonoomi dasht be karshenas hay e bakhsh e fanni migoft bayad be karshenashay foroosh komak konid, chon ettelaat e fanni nadarand. Agar jalase khastan beravand, beheshoon begin agar be komak e shoma ehtiaj daran bahashoon miravid va ghol midid dar mored e masaael e foroosh hich harf nemizanid va dekhalat nakhahid kard. (100% about that)

suspensionبشه خطرناکه ولی چون ازش توی سیستم dustدر مورد یه ماده ای بود و اثرات زیان آورش و توضیح میداد اگه تبدیل به استفاده میشه مشکلی نداره، که جواب هم همین بود

صحبت میکرد که جواب هم فکر میکنم همین بود voting machineدرباره تاریخچه

History development of voting machine religion& womanدرباره

که زنها نباید خودشون رو با اون تطبیق بدن. قبال زنها آزادنه عمل میکردند االن نه. فکر میکنم همین ها بود

که از اول دوست داشته با اینکه درامد قبلیش زیاد بوده و .... )تو اون دوتا فایل social serviceاون اقاهه که شغلشو عوض کرده و رفته سمت خورده ریزه های لیسنینگ هست(

whichتوضیح داد که گویا مربوط به بچه هایی میشه که توان خواندن ندارند. بعد سوال این بود که dyslexiaخانمی در باره بیماری

option about the dyslexia is NOT correct 1_Both adults and children may have dyslexia

2_ 10 million children have been diagnosed with dyslexia in U.S

3_ Dyslexic children cannot read

4_ Dyslexia is an indicator of children's intelligence د که آخرین جمله ای که گوینده گفت این بو

10 million children have been registered here with dyslexia.

کرده من حواسم نبود ه. USAگفته باشه اما احتماال قبلش اشاره ای به USمن نشنیدم تو جمله آخر گزینه آخر دقیقا تو صحبت هاش گفت که بیماری ربطی به هوش بچه ندارد.

وی فیلم برای دانشجوهاش توضیح می داد که گرگ ها و شیرها و همین طور نهنگ ها به صورت گروهی یا لکچری بود که یک استادی داشت از ری از کگله ای شکار می کنند. بعد توضیح داد که نهنگ ها حباب هوا درست می کنند تا گله های ماهی را بهم بریزند. حاال گزینه ها این بود که ی

عد این که یکی از نهنگها حباب درست می کنه و گزینه بعد اینکه نهنگ ها با هم ماهی یا را یک جا گیر نهنگها ماهی را می ترسونه یا گزینه ب میندازند تا همه را یکجا بخورند. فکر می کنم آخری درست باشه.

گفت یشتر و در آخر میبحثی بود راجب تاثیرات سیگار و بیماری هایی که عاملش میشه و همچنین در مورد شرکتها و تالششون برای تبلیغ ب …سیگاری ها در چین بیشتر از جمعیت آمریکا هستند

دختر و پسری که راجع به اسکجول کالسهاشون صحبت میکنند.در آخر هم میپرسه نظر پسره چی بود...به حرف های پسره دقت کنید..

دند درسته نقص داشته....در مورد یه تحقیق بود که بعد از انجام اون معلوم شد چیزی که تا االن فکر میکر بعدشم دو تا گزینه ها هم بود

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LMCSA

expected ✔️ protected

Advantage of rural area to Sydney پخش شد anarchyو technologyیه ویدئو در مورد

رشته آشپزی بودیه دانشجو داشت یه سری از توضیحات رو میداد به کالس و سوال این بود که دانشجوی چه رشته ای هست. جواب

To compare between staff and owner-manager

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#SMW (Repeqted Questions: 139) SMW

Question: energy consumption, petrol and fuel, climate change تاثیرات

...اگر ما به همین صورت پیش برویم در آینده

in future we would not….. (beep) Answer: Survive

یه ویدئو، رنگ ویدئو زرد یا کرمی رنگ بود، خیلی بی کیفیت بود، در مورد بالیای طبیعی و آسیبهایی که به زمین زدیم میگه، یه آقا بود:

▫️ Current condition of Earth, climate change, temperatures, earthquakes… at this rate, we will not BEEP

Answer:

✅ survive

diseasدر مورد شیوع یک بیماری مخصوص پرندگان در یک مزرعه بود که جوابش میشد

History of science Retailors experience که جوابش میشد

در مورد تفاوت های اسی و ریپورت بود که جوابش از آخر میشد کامال با هم فرق دارند.

Very different

chilhood memories about body langauge, gozineha: shape assumptions hold weapon political party feigure you like

یه متن بود در مورد حساسیت گیاهان به فضای اطرافشون.

A doctor was talking: Compared to adults, Children ability is exclusive, special […about natural calamities in Bangladesh.] According to Anwar Choudhury, British High Commissioner to Bangladesh, developed countries should be concerned for the development of … ..[beep]….. Ans: ecology and sociology

کار انسانها به رباتها داده میشه و ترکیب رباتها با هوش مصنوعی

Einstein, ... Computer, key board, printer and Pen , Answer is Pen The professor talked about some topics such as agourranial and... But a specific topic hasn't nt been discussed adequately... So this evening's lecture we discuss about ( what we have always dreamed for)

Spread me around: 1راجع ویروس کامپیوتر بود جواب

قاعده را مثل افعال باقاعده گذشته میگنبچه ها گرامر را اشتباه میگن افعال بی

وگیری ....جلراجع به یه بیماری داشت صحبت میکرد.که توی یه سری مناطق آثار بدی روی سالمتی افراد گذاشته.و آخرش گفت باید از انتشار کنیم.

باشه diseasesاحتماال

فت گیک فایل خیلی طوالنی توضیح میده که بچه ها باید زود بخواب بروند و باید ساعت خاموشی تعیین کرد و برای اینکه بچه ها عمل کنند باید

ه و دیوارهاشون با رنگ ارامش بخش رنگ برای اینکار خوب mp3playerتلویزیون توی اتاق خوابش نباشد ولی گوش دادن موزیک مجاز باشه و بشه و با کم کردن صدا موزیک گوش بدهند موزیکهای ارام گوش بدهند و برای اینکه توجه کنند باید گفت خواب هم جزئی از یادگیری شما است

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SMW ذهن شما پردازش و ممورایز میکند اطالعات را در ... جای خالی

میشد sleepکه فکر میکنم جوابش

به گرم شدن زمین بود. یک ویدئو پخش کرد که قاره ها و کشورهای مختلف که خیلی تحت تاثیر قرار گرفته بودن قرمز کرده بود و توضیح راجع میداد و اسم کشورها رو میبرد.

ندوستان و اخرش می گفت بین استرالیا و ه agreementیکیش درباره این بود که )تو جزوه خونده بودم( درباره هندوستان و یه معاهده و یا چند تا کشور دیگه

sign this piece of paperگزینه ها که به نظر من درست نبود و گزینه درست از نظر من در اینده امضا می کنند بود )البته فکر می کنم که من اشتباه زدم(

eclipseکه جواب میشد Lunar BEEPبود که آخرش میگفت Eclipseراجع به SMWیکی دیگه

ییکی دیگه راجع به حفره های روی کره ماه بود که میگفت عکس گرفتن از اونا خیلی سخته به خاطر اینکه گرد و غبار هست و این حفره ها خیل

Searchlight. که جواب میشد BEEPکوچیک هستند و پیدا کردن اونا مثل جستجوی یک انبار بزرگ با یک

5توی جواب ها وجود داشت که منظور از این یک تا 5تا 1بود که داشتند آماده می کردن و شماره های questionnaireراجع به یک

BEEP یه همچین عبارتی from extremely positive to extremely negativeجوابش میشد

در مورد دریای سرخ بود و اکولوژی دریا

است و سوال میکنه که طرف چیکاره بوده؟ cleaneryسرو میکنیم منو میاریم و یکیش میگه رشتشو عوض کرده و میگه شام میخوریم

مربوط بود به پزشکی و یک روش درمان که روی یه سری از ادم ها تست کردن )خوب توجه نکردم( گزینه ای که زدم مربوط بودبه این که االن روی افرادی واقعا جواب می ه این روش تست کنند ،

د که می گفت مهندس ها هم کار دانشمند ها رو انجام می دن هم تکنولوژی های جدید رو ایجاد می کنند در واقع اونا ....... من راجب مهندس بو

.(… do bothزدم هر دو تا کار رو انجام می دن )

visionary اینا گفته که یه school بود. اینکه گوینده داشت از خاطرات بچگیش میگفت که یکی اومده تو visionary درباره

....But میفته که من در کودکی تصور میکردم این حرفا درسته Radio و Television روزی فالن اتفاقات برای

من گزینه . ... Today the spokesperson thinks that he is بعد تو متن این سوال نوشته بود که

irrational رو انتخاب کردم

د رشتش صحبت میکرد گفت پرسیده بود رشتش چه بود که من آشپزی رو زدمیه دانشجویی در مور

Sleep میگه که تعریف این کلمه در دیکشنری چیه و توضیح میده اخرش میگه ملت تعریفش اینه که فالن و فالن و فالن داره و nationیکی راجع به

جای خالی

historyجوابش

راجع به شرکتها که میخواهند برنده شوند در

competition Bird’s flu:

تا از گزینه ها دریادم مانده است 2در مورد انفوالنزا که از طریق پرنده ها به انسان ها منتقل می شود و birds و

disease که مطمئن هستم جواب درست است.

Disease را به عنوان جواب انتخاب کردم individualلمات جواب من بود و توی ک embryo stem cellدرباره

spread me around در مورد ویروس کامپیوتری بود که ویروسه میگفت من را کلیک کن و ...که جواب میشد -1

--------------------------------------------------------------- م میشد فکر کنم در مورد ویروس های کامپیوتری بود جواب ه -2 .جوابش تابلو بود ."زیاد میشن"

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described a chemistry reaction: he described a chemistry reaction that and the reaction goes in both direction, the options were: equity, equilibrium,

go in one direction, the forward direction, from left to right as we read it in an equation. That's why our arrowhead points from left to right: reactants react together to make products. However, this is not exactly how things occur in reality. In fact, practically every chemical reaction is reversible, meaning the products can also react together to reform the reactants that they were made of. So instead of writing that single arrow facing from right to top, a more appropriate symbol would be a double arrow, one going from left to right and one going from right to left. Reactants are continually - continuously - reacting to form produce. But at the same time as those products are formed, they remake the reactants. They're both going simultaneously, forming each other. This is what we would call a state of equality. Ans: equilibrium

different language and history ر مورد این بود که ما با شهر ها آشنا میشیم ک با فرهنگ و ...... آشنا بشیم

History :گزینه ها

Time

ecological problems انرژی خورشید در تبدیل اشعه آن به صورت طیف مادون قرمز:

د توضیحاتی را ارائه می دهد ، در ادامه می گوید زمانی که اشعه های خورشید بهگوینده ای در مورد انرژی خورشی درون الیه جو دور کره ی زمین وارد می شوند، بخشی از آن بصورت اشعه مادون قرمز بازتاب می شود و بخشی از

می افتد trapان در تله

جای خالی جوابش اتمسفر میشود

تاثیر خواب بر یادگیری: توضیحاتی را در مورد خوابیدن می دهد و می گوید اگر دانشجویان نمی توانند بخوابند می توانند یک یک خانم

Collection موسیقی تهیه کنند و به آن گوش دهند. همچنین توضیح می دهد که مغز انسان در هنگام خواب

.As They BEEPانتها جمله با مطالب خوانده شده را پروسس می کند و باعث بهتر یاد گرفتن آنها می شود. در

جواب صحیح است. Sleepتمام می شود که به احتمال زیاد

listenو Study ،sleepگزینه ها

Sleepبودند. احتمال زیاد گزینه درست است.

تقسیم زمین بین کشورها اما هنوز هیچکس تویدر مورد تقسیم زمین بین کشورا بود. میگفت فالن کشور توی فالن چیز خوبه. اخرش گفت

این زمینه خوب نیس.

دو تا از گزینه ها: جواب مشخص

51

SMW قانونگذاری زمین ها •نیست.

توسعه زمین ها •

ویدیویی بود، یک خانمی که مسئولیتی در یک موسسه آموزشی برعهده داشت می گفت اگه دانش آموزان جدیدالورد سردرگم هستن و در بدو ورود جام بدن،نمی دونن چکار باید ان

هایی که ما براشون تدارک دیدیم شرکت کنن... webinarدر بعد صدای بوق..

داشت ولی فکر کنم جواب نبود. من گزینه اولی رو زدم مضمونش این بود که این برنامه ها به دانش آموزان webinarبین گزینه ها گزینه دومی کمک میکنه تا بیشتر با محیط اشنا بشن.

Supports for Indian American students میکنه صحبت می ) Indian American (به دانشجویان بومی آمریکا …Common در مورد حمایت هایی که دولت و یا موسسه ای به نام کرد و اظهار نگرانی کرد که افراد دیگری به غیر از بومی ها در حال استفاده از

BEEP .... این حمایت ها هستند و ممکنه که

: بین گزینه ها گزینه ای جوابه که اشاره به این مطلب میکرد که

(ممکنه این کمک ها به این دانش آموزان نرسه یا دگه موجود نباشه) با چنین مضمونی

در مورد صبحانه بود و اینکه خوردن صبحانه سنگین میتونه از نخوردنش بدتر باشه

گرفتن زبانهای مختلف متفاوتهدر مورد اینکه توانایی افراد در مورد یاد

راجع به موسیقی حرف میزد، الالیی بچه را گفت.

... بود song , noiseتوی گزینه ها

, غیره بود rate, manner,factorدر رابطه با آب شدن یخ های قطب بود که گزینه ها خیلی به هم نزدیک بود

moreبیشتر داره، کامپیوتر هم storageکه خونه ی بزرگتر، انباری بزرگتر و جا برای خونه رو با کامپیوتر مقایسه میکرد. میگفت همونطور

space to...

storeگزینه درست میشد:

هستش not trueمیپرسه فایده گل ها چی هست و دخترش دو دلیل میگه. جواب که از دخترشتو متریالتکراریاون ویس

که تو جزوه تکراری ها هستراجه به تفاوت اسی با یه چیز دیگه بو

One percent of.... (science) ی ولراجع به اختراعاتی که اتفاق افتاده بود. چند مورد شرح داد و در نهایت یک مورد را بیشتر شرح داد و گفت این تکنولوژی را اختراع کرد

people didn’t convinced

expectationsکنه مشتریان رو جواب آخرش گفت کانسومر سرویس میت می

بود. environmentیه متنی در خصوص تالش ما برای حفاظت دریا و کوهستان که جواب

So far in our discussion of chemical equations we have assumed that these reactions only go in one direction, the forward direction, from left to right as we read it in an equation. That's why our arrowhead points from left to right: reactants react together to make products. However, this is not exactly how things occur in reality. In fact, practically every chemical reaction is reversible, meaning the products can also react together to reform the reactants that they were made of. So instead of writing that single arrow facing from right to top, a more appropriate symbol would be a double arrow, one going from left to right and one going from right to left. Reactants are continually - continuously - reacting to form produce. But at the same time as those products are formed, they remake the reactants. They're both going simultaneously, forming each other. This is what we would call a state of equality.

یه داستانی بود در خصوص اقیانوسها و تغییرات اقلیمی که کلمه حذف شده میشد

Environment

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medicineدر مورد یه ربات بود که داخل بدن می چرخه پرسیده بود کاربردش در کجاست که می شد

اد افراد سالخورده در جامعه زیاد شده و در نیروی کار تاثیر گذاشتهاطر کاهش تولد و پیشرفت پزشکی و افزایش طول عمر تعد

One percent of.... (science) ه ....دیکی بود که توضیح میداد یکی کار خوبی کرده )که یادم رفته( ولی در اخرش میگفت من نمیتوانم بگم )یا میتوانم بگم( که اینکار که او کر

1-wasn’t wrong

2-wasn’t true و دو تا جواب دیگه شبیه این بود که از فعل جمله اخر معلوم بود کدام درسته

مضمون این بود که نفر اولی کار مثبتی کرده من با اطمینان گزینه اولی را زدم

در مورد بچه ها که از روی میمیک صورت بقیه تقلید میکنند

سایر گزینه ها پرینتر، کامپیوترPensچی استفاذه میکردن. Paper andدرباره قدیما که تکنولوژی نبود از

eclipseچند مورد شرح داد و در نهایت یک مورد را بیشتر شرح داد و گفت این تکنولوژی را اختراع کرد .راجع به اختراعاتی که اتفاق افتاده بود

people didn’t convinced ولی

رو انتخاب کردم ولی even drierکه من Even drier, even wetterکه دو گزینش دقیقا اینا بودن در مورد تاثیرات تغییرات اقلیمی بود به درستیش شک دارم

expectationsکنه مشتریان رو جواب آخرش گفت کانسومر سرویس میت می

بود. environmentیه متنی در خصوص تالش ما برای حفاظت دریا و کوهستان که جواب

در خصوص هزینه های باربری با کشتی صحبت میکرد و بعد اهمیت بسته بندی و گفت و جمله اخر این بود که این کار باعث کاهش یک اقایی

میشد PRODUCTهزینه... میشه. گزینه ها:بسته بندی . تعرفه. کاال . که جواب

در پایان داشت میگفت که افت اقتصادی تاثیر زیادی روی طبقه یه خانم در مورد تاثیر مشکالت اقتصادی بر روی طبقه باال و متوسط میگفت که مرفه نداره ولی بیشترین تاثیرش روی .... پاسخ: طبقه متوسط

War between plants and animals Plants cannot move/ run away but actually, they seem … (ans: winning the war?)

زمین و به دام افتادن گرما بود که بنظرم اتمسفر لغت اخر بود یه متن بود که در مورد گرمتر شدن

بود و در مورد واگیردار بودن اون صحبت میشد و در جایی از استرالیا و نحوه ی مراقبت در مورد این بیماری ها صحبت Bird fluبحث در مورد

انتخاب کردم Policyو بعد بوق که جواب رو Insuranceشد. در نهایت در مورد بستری شدن در بیمارستان که صحبت می کرد. گفت

نیا دبحث در مورد تاثیر موسیقی در معالجه افراد بود که توضیح داده می شد که چطور موسیقی در درمان تاثیرگذار هست و حتی نوزادان تازه به

رو Songو بعدش بوق که جواب Familiarاومده که موسیقی براشون پخش شده وزن بهتری دارن و بعد در مورد مغز صحبت میکرد که گفت کردم. انتخاب

Topic was related to pesticides and … He had hundreds of lectures and speeches, he talked for big audiences.... but this is his most important BEEP... Correct answer:Talk

https://ptestudy.com/listening/highlight-correct-summary/ Test number 8

I am not sure, an author talked about his book of memory of war and the correct answer was: “I wanted to share to Public”

The topic related to youngsters and their employability ا ه میگفت یک نویسنده یا پژوهشگر یا همچنین چیزی که مربوط به گذشته بوده برای انجام کارهای تحقیقاتیش یک کاغذ داشته و .... )بوق(گزینه

:Monitor, Pen ,Keyboard, Mouse جواب خیلی مشخص بود که بهpen .نیاز داشته است

بوی نان تازه و علف میشددر مورد سوالی که پاسخ آن

بود. classاستادی درخصوص محتوای دوره دانشگاهی در ترم جدید صحبت میکرد و اینکه چه سرفصل هایی تدریس خواهد شد و جواب درست:

https://ptestudy.com/listening/highlight-correct-summary/%20Test%20number%208

51

SMW اقایی در مورد خاک پر از نمک صحبت میکرد که برای کشت مناسب نیست

بقیه گزینه ها اسم محصوالت بودند مثل سیب زمینی و گوجه میشد چون soil...که به نظرم water andو اخرش گفت

صحبت میکردند fiberدو نفر راجع به

اقایی در مورد خاک پر از نمک صحبت میکرد که برای کشت مناسب نیست

میشد چون بقیه گزینه ها اسم محصوالت بودند مثل سیب زمینی و گوجه soil...که به نظرم water andو اخرش گفت

صحبت میکردند fiberدو نفر راجع به

Landformsو Climateصدای بوق اتمام وویس آمد. گزینه ها : differentگوینده در مورد پرورش بذر صحبت می کرد و اخرش بعد از

بودند. cropو

ان تاثیرگذار هست و حتی نوزادان تازه به دنیا بحث در مورد تاثیر موسیقی در معالجه افراد بود که توضیح داده می شد که چطور موسیقی در درم

رو Songو بعدش بوق که جواب Familiarاومده که موسیقی براشون پخش شده وزن بهتری دارند و بعد در مورد مغز صحبت میکرد که گفت انتخاب کردم.

Landformsو Climateویس آمد. گزینه ها :صدای بوق اتمام و differentگوینده در مورد پرورش بذر صحبت می کرد و اخرش بعد از

بودند. cropو

صحبت می کرد و می گفت کاربردش طیف وسیعی رو دربرمی گیره، حتی سایکولوژیست ها هم ازش استفاده می کنند، dnaراجع به اسپکتروم و

. opinion. تو جزوه جوابش رو زده human fingerprint..... , که من فکر کنم می شد humanآخرش می گفت

equilibrium Missing Be realistic جوابش بود

راجع به اسی دانشجوها بود تو کالس و استاد داش میگفت که از یکشیون برای روش تدریسش استفاده کرده در این کالس

In this classجاخالی بود

Lunar (eclipse) researchers

Nonstick materials (frying pans and oil and water drops)

United Europe birthday

customper experience در مورد جزر و مد و تاثیرات ماه روی زمین

Atmosphere هستش penکه کلمه میس شده paper &penتکراری که اخرش میگه

دن، ودر مورد رضایت مشتریان از ریتیلرها، کلمه ریتیلرها رو خیلی گفت ، گفت فالن درصد از ریتیلرها ناراضی بودن و رفته بودن بهشون گفته ب فالن درصد به فامیل و اشنا و دوست گفته بودن در کل هر کاستومر حس بخصوصی را .....

جواب اکسپرینس جواب میبایست فعل میبودیکی از گزینه ها کانسرن بود که کال

گفت مشکلش اینه کهراجع به یکسری دانه های دستکاری شده بود که می

Seed fails در مورد سوختهای فسیلی بود

در مورد یه دانشگاه بود که تو یه منطقه قدیمی ساخته شده بود

در مورد اثر گازهای گلخانه ای رو آب و هوا بود

و بیزینس و شاپهای اون بود با ویدیو بوددر مورد شکل یه خیابان

راجع یه موضوعی صحبت میکرد اخرش بنظرم میگفت من نمیدونم چطور این موضوع رو در میون بزارم ....

زدم publicو ... بود که من environment publicگزینه ها

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SMW نگهداری بشن به جای قرنطینه شدن) یعنی من قرنطینه رو انتخاب در مورد بیماری و قرنطینه شدن و جمله آخر این بود که میشه در بیمارستان

کردم(

و اینکه در خطره FISH INDUSTRYیه موردی بود درباره

عجیب و زیادی Rateیه آقایی در مورد یه اتفاقی داشت صحبت می کرد و داشت می گفت که داره فالن جا با یه ) بیپ( که منظورش این بود با

میشد جواب rateقریبا مطمئنم که زیاد میشه. ت

یه آقایی داشت در مورد یه امبریونیک صحبت می کرد و مقایسه کرد با یه چیزه دیگه و گفت که فالن ویژگی رو اون چیز دیگه نداره پس همین

میشد . مطمئنم که همینspecialویژگی این امبریونیک رو )بیپ( که منظورش این بود اونو خاص کرده. پس جواب میشد

یک متن که آقایی راجب به خواب و این جور چیزها صحبت میکرد و آخرش میگفت که انگار به یک چیزی گوش میدی که برات آشناست. صدای بیپ

رو زدم songمن گزینه

در طول ... )که من یه ویسی بود راجع به خواب و بازسازی بدن که آخرش یه چیزی میگفت تو مایه های اینکه بدن خودش رو بازسازی میکنه

رو انتخاب کردم و متاسفانه بقیه گزینه ها یادم نیست( sleepگزینه

Darmorede ye ketabi k tu gozashte neveshte shode bud a girl talking to her tutor about the guidelines and preferences of her essay 9 the answer was either *guideline or * preferences

یکی بود در خصوص داوطلبهای روانشناسی صحبت میکرد

rajbe Darwin ke emotion ro baresi karde bood dar ensanha va nahayatan goft animals ham beyne khodeshoon emotion darand va in chizi hast ke vase ma chi nist ?? …….. javab expected

ی بود که در جاهای مختلف از جمله کمپ دانشگاه زندگی کرده و به زبان ایتالیایی عالقه مند شد.راجع به فرد

داشت Studyو Sleepمیشد. گزینه Sleepتاثیر خواب کافی روی تحصیل و شرایط بچه ها که جواب به نظرم

negative experienceدر مورد اثر تبلیغات توسط مشتریان جوابش

farmerو seedدر مورد

من اونو زدم نمیدونم درسته یا نه seed qualityیکی از گزینه ها

رو زدم historyتااونجاییکه یادم هستش میگفت که یه اتفاقی داره میافته که تا به حال بی سابقه بوده، و من هم

بود و سهولتش تو عصر حاضر shipingو packagingراجع به

تو ییکیش در مورد پرنده ها میگفت شترمرغ و بوقلمون و اینا توش داشت و من متاسفانه اینجا تمرکز نداشتم که اخدین جمله رو بتونم بشنوم ول

ولی diseaseبود که در نتیجه فک کنم جوابش میشد spreadو اخرین کلمش که بعدش بوق میزد diseaseبود هم birdsگزینه ها هم کم اوردن زمان نکستو زده بودم دیگه وقتی که تحلیل کردم و فهمیدم!!!من از ترس

یک مورد بود که یک آقایی توضیح میداد هر کاری هنر نیست مثال به این هنر نمی گن که شما همینجوری ...... )عکس بندازید(.

scientists, colleaguesبود. بقیه گزینه ها researchersتموم می شد که تنها گزینه مرتبط not academicیکی بود که در انتها با و یکی دیگه که خاطرم نیست.

و avoidingفرم شروع میشد مثل ingدومی یه ویدئو داشت یه خانما بود که صحبت می کرد و االن خاطرم نیست که چی بود و گزینه ها با

dueling لی اومد()تو دوتا ازمون متوا packagingو shipingراجع به سهولت

a girl talking to her tutor about the guidelines and preferences of her essay( the answer was either *guideline or * preferences)

بعد بوق زد maybe maybeدرباره مجسمه لینکن کلی توضیح داد و توصیف اش کرد بعد آخزش دوبار گفت

کردمرو انتخاب misleadingمن

در مورد تحقیقات بود که میگفت بعضی از اینا توسط افراد غیر متخصص انجام میشه آخرش گفت

Wrong university ...

1.researcher, 2.scientists, 3.student, 4. College

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SMW دوستاشون و فروشگاه و شکایت کنن، ولی بهراجع به نارضایتی مشتریان از کیفیت کاال و یا چنین چیزایی بود، میگفت مشتری ها شاید نرن به اون

آشناها میگن که تاثیر منفی داره.

بود if others have negative BEEPآخرین کلماتش جواب قطعا میشد :

Experience soil

د موضوع چیه که در یک خانومی در مورد یه روش/تجهیز که از طریق ورود به بدن برای یک سری کارای پزشکی به درد میخوره، سوال این بو گزینه ها پزشکی بهش میخورد

ساله پرسیدم که گلها به چه دردی می خوره که دو مورد رو بیان کرد گفتم خیلی متاسف شدم که بگم ۶:در مورد این بود که می گفت از یه دختر

بود که من درست نیستو زدم ولی چون جوابش دختره دوستار محیط زیست بود میشد واقعی نیستم زد wasn’t true, wasn’t realجوابش

درباره ویروس کامپیتور که با کپی کردن و کلیک کردن پخش میشه. جواب میشد:

Spread me میبینی. jumbleم میبینی دقیقا نوشته بود بود اگر واقعی فک کنی واقعی میبینی و اگر بهش ایمان نداشته باشی ی چیز در ه dreamدرباره

بعد آخرش حرف از ی تیوری زد . تو یکی از گزینه اسم او تیوری رو آورده بود که من اونو زدم ولی مطمین نیستم شک دارم.

in thisیک معلم راجع به لکچر که میخواست درس بده توضیح میداد اخرش گفت

من شک داشتم کدوم رو بزنم بود. کهclassو wayتو گزینه ها

کار میکرد embryonic cellیک دانشمند روی

بود . من نتونستم جواب قطعی رو پیدا کنم remarkableو individualتو گزینه ها

ویدئو پخش شد که یه خانم داشت توضیح میداد در مورد یه برنامه آموزشی که دانشجوها الزمه که توش شرکت هزینه رو پرداخت کنن یا اینکه نتونن کنن. خواه بتونن

51

#HCS (Repeated Questions: 159) HCS

Special chamber Special chamber ویدیو داشت در مورد تاثیر گیاهان رو بهبود آلودگی هوا که تووی یک محفظه خاص کشت میکنن

کرد و مزایا و معایبش و اینکه افراد باید همدیگه صحبت می team working یک فیلمی بود که یه آقای نشسته بود پشت یه میز و در مورد.1

… کنن و support رو

درمورد تشویق افراد توسط کارفرماها بود و

رو تشویق کنند و پاداش بدهند )جواب گزینه سوم میشد که میگفت: بهتر است افراد برونگرا extrovertو introvertاینکه چطوری باید افراد را در جمع و افراد درونگرا را در جلسه خصوصی تشویق کرد(.

اراجع به دایناسورها بود که خیلی گنده ولی خنگ بودن و به همین دلیل تو انگلیسی به یکی بگی دایناسور تو مایه های فحش عه ولی دانشمند هنوز دارن روشون تحقیق میکنن

.quoteاستفاده کنین نه از referenceسه تحقیق و درستون از یه معلم داشت به دانش آموزاش میگفت که باید وا

In fact one of the major points concerning us is the issue of climate change. Climate change is any long term significant change in the average weather that a given reason experiences. Average weather may include average temperature, population and wind patterns. It involves changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere and wind patterns over durations ranging from decades to billions of years. These changes can be caused by abnormal processing on Earth, external forces including deviations in sunlight sensitivity, and more recently by human activities. یه لکچرر داشت در مورد نحوه کمک کردن به دانش آموزان صحبت میکرد. یه ویدئویی داشت پخش میشد و یه آقایی توضیح میداد. صورت سوال

teachersروی صحبت لکچرر با چه کسانی هست؟ جواب: این بود که

راجع به سیل رود نیل بود که میگفت از جوالی تا اکتبر سیل میاد، مردم سیل رو مهار می کنن، گزینه درست هم همین بود

حمل اسلحه بکنیم)اینکه میخواد ببینیم و چ فکری در مورد weaponیا gunزبان بدن بسیار مهمه و معانی متفاوتی داره مثلن اگر کسی رو با

ما داره برای من گزینه اخر بود assumptionبه ما اسیب بزنه یا نه(بستگی به درک و

یک فردی بود که همه رشته هارو خونده بود و االن داشت تو رشته اشپزی تحصیل می کرد جواب:اشپزی

درست میکنن و یکیشون از گروه جدا میشه میره کف درست bubleکه مثال killer walesبود و نهنگ. تو مایه های predatorsدر مورد میکنه که ماهی ها نبینن و بقیه بخورنشون

تیوری های های اقتصادی بود که میگفت فروید اینو گفته اونو گفته

رو رشد بدن. critical thinkingمدیران باید به حرف کارمند ها گوش بدن و فرهنگ

1) Macroeconomics addresses the wants in an individual level … شروع میشه Macroeconomics تنها گزینه ای که با – گوینده درباره مکرواکونومیست صحبت میکه و مزایاایی که برای کاستومرها داره جواب سوال

اد میکنن ولی انسان ها بصورت متفاوت و به منظور متفاوتی.مثل انسان ها به نحوی موسیقی ایج درباره این بود که پرنده ها هم

The spokeperson was the fisrt lecturer and his aim was to HOW TEACH DIFFRENET STUDENETS? Some were A+ students, but some were returning people from industry with more obstacles in learning and therefore more difficult to teach. Answer: Just one choice said teaching to all student are not same (that’s Answer.)

چیزا تامین و این لیوان کافیه. مابقی آب مورد نیاز بدن از میوه ها 4لیوان آب نیاز داره، ولی موضوع اینه که ۸باور متعارف اینه که آدم در روز به …ه و میش

happiness is related to income or other factors درباره آثار منفی عدم وجود موسیقی در جامعه و بر روی رفتار مردم بود.گزینه هاش هر کدوم برای خودش مثل یه گزارش بود

51

HCS

criticalکه چقدر می تونه بد باشه که کارمند ها برای هر سوالی سراغ رییس شون بیان و بعد در مورد این صحبت می کرد که کارمندها باید

thinking باشن و بتونن در موارد الزم تصمیم گیری الزم رو بکنن و نحوه ی کار رو انتخاب کنن و همینطور کار تیمی رو هم بلد باشن

رو تشخیص میده. سوال از شخص یا ماشین پرسیده می شود که اگر شخص Intelligenceبود که چطور Turingاجع به آزمایش فیلمی ر

هست. گزینه سوم همین مفهوم رو میرسوند و جواب بود. به Intelligentتشخیص ندهد که جواب دهنده ماشین است و یا انسان، آن ماشین

شروع کردم به خوندن گزینه ها. چون آزمایش تورینگ رو همه میدونن دیگه. Turingمحض شنیدن اسم

راجع به

avalanche حرف میزنه میگه منظور چیه

راجع به توسعه تکنولوژی حرف میزنه و میگه تکنولوژی عین یک بهمن اومده در جوابها

technology و

humanities هست

رف میزنه شک دارم جواب کدام باشههم ح humanitiesاخرهای صحبت راجع به

دو خانم شرح میدادند کار همزمان با تحصیل مزایاش چیه

ه سیک فایل ویدیویی نشان داد که میگه دانشکده دامپزشکی ما سه هزار تا دانشجو تربیت کرده جوابهاش ساده بود ولی یک گزینه که میگه االن

integratedالن سه هزار تا دانشجو داریم با تا االن سه هزار تا داشته و توضیح میده که هزار تا دانشجو داره باید دقت کنید که میگه ا

courses داریم

Study in England (played slowly with a very melo ahang in background!!! The spokeswoman was trying to convince prospective and nswer on students to study in UK, and provide them with some hints like taking warm cloths in winter, and also providing them with different nswer ong on options, such as sharing a house with other students)

راحت شده. توی محل کار و حتی سرمیز ناهار میتونیم از طریق یک سخنرانی راجع به تکنولوژی ارتباطات و اینکه چقدر پیام دادن و پیام گرفتن گوشیمون پیام رد و بدل کنیم. بعد میگفت عیب این کار این هست که یک نوع بی احترامی به افراد اطرافمون هست و همچنین کارفرمای ما کل

و جواب بود.توجه ما رو نیاز دارند. توی گزینه ها هم گزینه ی اولی همین موارد رو گفته بود

انتقاد می کرد و توی گزینه تا دو تاش به کل غلط بودن و گزینه سومی درست بود scienceدرباره یه کتاب بود که از

درباره افزاش دمای کره زمین به –صدای یه خانم استرالیایی از ته چاه در می اومد که من هد ست رو با دستم چسبوندم به گوشم تا متوجه بشم

تا اثر این افزایش دما اشاره کرد که 2و در ادامه به whyدرجه بود که به دنبال چرایی این افزایش دما بود و یه جاییش گفت 0,۶میانگین اندا ه

،، تو گزینه ها دو تاش خیلی به هم شبیه بودن دو تای دیگه rising sea levelsو دومیش مربوط بود به golf streamاولیش مربوط بود به روپا و اثراتش در اونجا اشاره داشت که درست نبودنبه ا

استفاده کنی درست بنویسی غلط نداشته باشه و قابل خوندن ASPیکیش راجب استادی بود که به شاگردش می کفت چه جوری بنویسی. از فرمت و سه تا تباشه به راحتی کال راحت بود. فقط ی نکته بود که من نشنیدم یا نگفت این بود که آیا باید بدی کس دیگه ام پروفرید بکنه متن یا نه که

زدم چون همه موارد کامل گفته بود.از گزینه ها این گفته بود که من شاید نشنیدم. من خودم گزینه طوالنی تر

Super repellent fabrics: داشت .یک انیمیشن در مورد تولید انواع سطوح New Scientist فیلمی پخش شد که اولش تو یه صفحه آبی آرم

/با فیبر خاص در برابرنفوذ روغن بود که حالت های مختلف ریختن قطره روغن و جذب در ان را نشان میداد و تاثیرآن

:تمیز ماندن سطح مورد نظر . لینک زیر تا حد زیادی شبیه به توضیحات سوال می باشد

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16006-dirt-wont-stick-to-omniphobic-material/ دارهعتبار خوبی دامپزشکی در سیدنی میگه که توضیح میده دانشجو از جاهای مختلف میگیره و ا vetراجع به دانشگاه

51

HCS

آمده است. hcsمی باشد ولی یک از دوستان اعالم کردن که براشون تو بخش sstاین ویس برای بخش

Bad architecture „ The lecture demonstrated a book regarding the design of architecture. An awful design of the

building is negatively influential on the mood of people ,and that it results in frustration and

anger. Nonetheless, architects have different perspectives on beauty which is an arrogant word since it is in the eye of the beholder, and thus it is difficult for architects to realize a bad

architectural design.

Correct answer: key points (one word & arrogant)

King speech بود و اینکه وقتی به یه معمار بگی ظاهر ساختمان زشته عصبانی میشه. architectureراجع به

ها که از فیلد های دیگه مثل پزشکی و مهندسی تو پروژه به دانشمند ها کمک می کنن، secondary scientistراجع به دانشمندها بود و

ها اشاره می کنه. secondary scientistگفته بود به چه چیزایی راجع به

یدیو متریال داده ر به آنها ویک درس جدید ارائه میشد که دیگر نیاز به کتاب نداشت دانش آموزان بخوانند و اگر شاگردان نیاز داشتند به متریال بیشت میشد.

داشت و روشهای مختلفی رو بررسی کرده بود و یک کتاب هم نوشته بود ولی در آخر بچه رو برده otismدر مورد یک نویسنده بود که بچه اش باغ وحش که رفتار حیوانات رو مشاهده کنه و نتیجه بهتری گرفته.

کرد و کال به یه سری ایرادها و مشکالتی که اینترنت جدیدا بوجود آورده که در مورد اینترنت صحبت می یکی فیلمی از خانمی بود با بلوز صورتی نظر میداد.

کار میکنه و ازش خیلی استقبال میشه architectureکار میکرده اما االن mathematicalیه آقایی که قبال

the oil and government Cosmetic surgery

ازه هیپوتاالموس در اسب و در انساندرمورد اند

داشت توضیح میداد . biologyاستادی بود که با شاگردانش در مورد استاد راجع به درس بایولوژی میگفت و اینکه دانشجوها آن درس را پاس نمیکنند ....

و divorceو break in relationshipانجام میدن و دالیلش که مثال بخاطر cosmetic surgeryدر مورد اینکه مردم

depression و ... هست و اینکه باید از لحاظmental health و اینا بررسی بشن و همیشه هم از جراحی هاsatisfy نیستند

Reptiles ان های آنها را مثال بودند. بعد دند Stupid ها صحبت میکنه و میگه که اونا از صد هزار سال قبل زندگی میکنند و Reptile یک آقایی در مورد

.میزند و همچنین از دایناسورها هم حرف میزند وسط بحث صدای همهمه مردم هم میومد و ی کوچولو خندیدند وقتی گفت رپتالها موجودات احمقی بودند

توی همه ی گزینه ها موارد راجع به

Reptile افه تری رو متوجه بشیم تا بتونیم درست جواب بدیمها و احمق بودن اونا و دندان هاشون هست. باید دقت کنیم نکته ی اض .

Floating cities on the sea توش مهم بود و یه جنبه Free Politics یا Political freedom بود. که خیلی Floating cities on sea درباره

.ای که دقیق یادم نیست Social های

و تاثیر انسان ها بر wildlifeبود ولی االن مطالعه در مورد managementدر قدیم و زمان حال بود که قبال فقط برای ecologyتاثیر

wildlifeاز قبیلhunting و خراب کردنhabitat .و این چیزا بود

ی با دانشگاه هایی مثل ملبورندر مورد باغ وحشی در استرالیا بود که گونه های جانوری مختلف رو حفاظت میکنند با رویکرد همکار

تاثیر فناوری اینترنت و صنعت چاپ بر توزیع اخبار بود.

51

HCS یک انیمیشن در مورد تولید یسری سطوح با فیبر خاص در برابرنفوذ روغن بود که حالت های مختلف ریختن قطره روغن و جذب اون رو نشون

میداد و تاثیر اون در تمیز ماندن سطح مورد نظر

رو زدم anti_oilنه من گزی

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16006-dirt-wont-stick-to-omniphobic-material/ تقریبا همین بود ولی به صورت انیمیشن

گوینده میگوید که درست است که بیشتر مردم شکار گروهی رو در مورد وال ها میشناسند ولی این نوع شکار در

رو توضیح داد که توسط وال Bubble huntingمثل شیرها و یا گرگ ها نیز اتفاق میافتد. در پایان هم یک نوع شکار به نام بین حیوانات دیگه ها انجام میشه . ابتدا یک وال به سرعت به سمت ماهی ها حمله میکند و

مختلف حمله میکنند ویک حباب ایجاد میکند. ماهی ها به همه ی جهات فرار میکنند اما وال های دیگر از جهات آنها را به سمت حباب ایجاد شده سوق می دهند. به این روش میتوانند تعداد زیادی ماهی را در زمان کمتری شکار

کنند.

در مورد بادی لنگوییج بود و اینکه حیوانات بهتر از انسانها از بادی لنگوییج استفاده میکنن.

متفاوت از انسان استفاده میکنن در مورد این بود که حیوانات حس هاشون رو

he spokeperson was the fisrt lecturer and his aim was to HOW TEACH DIFFRENET STUDENETS? Some were A+ students, but some were returning people from industry with more obstacles in learning and therefore more difficult to teach. Answer: Just one choice said teaching to all student are not same (that’s the Answer.) Outdoor pullotion

Nuclre energy ت یلیوان بود و اینکه از سایر مواد غذایی هم آب جذب میشه. در آخر هم توضیح داد که متابولیزم بدن برای فعال 4راجع به نیاز به مصرف آب در حد

نیاز به آب دارد تا مواد غإایی را تجزیه کنه. موردی که به هر سه تایی که گفتم اشاره شده بود درسته.

.قسمت های مختلف یه قطعه رو توضیح می داد که از فلزات مختلفی تشکیل شده بود و اگه اشتباه نکنم راجع به کاراییش هم نظرات مختلفی بود والنی بود هم خیلی جزییات رو توضیح میداد آدم گیج می شد.به نظرم یکم سخت بود، چون هم ط

A lecture about global warming and climate change, in which it is discussed that eventhough the climate change is not fast and is very slow, but we have to ask ourselves why is such a thing happening? and also we should be concern about the consequences, as it has impact on golf and seal level is rising and as glaciers are melting, it might have very bad effect... Answer: Option 3 and 4 are completely wrong and you will notice immidiately, in option one, details like melting of glaceries are not mentioned, though it is all correct, however in option number 2, everything is mentioned in detail but it is said that the concern should be for Europe which make this option wrong -> answer is option 1

ضوعی بود در مورد بادی لنگوییج که حیوونا بیشتر استفاده میکنن.یه مو

climate changeدرباره انرژی اتمی و تاثیرش بر

سال زمان برده و کلی پدرش درومده.. جواب مشخص بود... 1۸یا همچین چیزی انجام داده که checkerیه آقایی راجه به یه کارایی که با بازی رت بودنبقه گزینه ها خیلی پ

اثر الودگی بر دوره های مختلف حاملگی

Outdoor pullotion بی سواد بودن مردم در قدیم میگفت بعد رفت در مورد شکسپیر و اینا صحبت کرد

راجع به ماشین تورینگ بود و اینکه ویژگیش چی بوده

خیلی مهمه و روی یادگیری تاثیر داره. teachingدرسته که تا حاال تحقیقی در این زمینه انجام نشده اما ریسرچ همراه با

52

HCS های مصنوعی مثل سکوهای نفتی و امثال انها اخیرا زیاد شده میگفت اینها میتوانند باهم رابطه برقرار کنند و یکی بود توضیح میداد که جزیره

به المللی هستند و این آزادی خاصیآبهای بین کامیونیتی تشکیل بدهند و فایده اصلی اینها خارج بودن از محدوده سیاسی کشورهاست چون در اینها میده

داخل جوابها هم یکی فقط به این آزاد بودن اشاره میکرد

plagiarism between different departmentsیکی راجع به توضیح میداد میگفت ما خیلی کاری نمیتونیم بکنیم و راجع به

methods of writing یاwriting methods صحبت میکرد

European art to US در مورد موتور و ماشین بود

مهاجرت به چین:چینی ها یک کارت سبز صادر میکردند که به منظور مهاجرت نبود بلکه برای تسهیل اموربازرگانی خود چینی ها بود

میداد بعد تحصیل چی کار کنه.مکالمه بین خانم و آقا بود که خانوم درسش تموم شده بود و آقا داشت بهش پیشنهاد بین گزینها ادامه تحصیل، پیدار کردن کار و رفتن به تعطیالت بود که جواب میشد رفتن به تعطیالت

Indian Americans supported by government for some particular subjects such as healthcare https://ptestudy.com/listening/highlight-correct-summary/ Test number 4

https://ptestudy.com/listening/highlight-correct-summary/ Test number 11

بود و سوال این بود که آیا این دستگاه تک منظوره ساخته شده بود و یا چند منظوره. توضیح میداد این ماشین اول machineراجع به ساخت یک

برعکس هم شد یا البته calculatorبود و بعدا word counterفقط

گل ها برای دو دلیل هستند: یکی زیبا کردن دنیا و دیگری گرده افشانی

Oil drilling and the time of peak oil in until 2030 در مورد شکسپیر که در دورانی زندگی میکرد که مردم بی سواد بودند و نقش موثری در ارتقا زبان انگلیسی داشت

وددر مورد مساله آب تو سیدنی ب

بود و آخرش می پرسید که کدوم خالصه متن درست است؟ sstجزوه bad architectureو bad designیک چیزی در حدود به نظر من جواب این بود که زیبایی در نظر هر طراح مفهوم متفاوتی دارد

انجام شده بود .در رابطه با سیگار کشیدن و اطالع از مضرات ان و تحقیقاتی که در یک سال در این رابطه

Raising wealth in the societby with more taxation to help poor people. در مورد سونامی در استرالیا

ایک ویدیو بود درباره یک پسری که رفته بود توی کتابخونه درس بخونه و توضیح میداد که همه میان اینجا و در اخر میگه احساس میکنم اینج و. ...مثل خونمه

یک ویدیو دیگه هم بود درباره یه آقایی که داشت درباره یک سنگ سیاهی که دستش بود و تحقیقات آزمایشگاهی که روش انجام میداد صحبت میکرد

ه معرفی ب کنفرانسی بود که سخنران خودش رو معرفی میکرد و میگفت در این زمینه علمی تجربه کمی نداره و تحقیقات زیادی انجام داده و بعدسه نفر از فلوشیپهای رشته مربوطه میپرداخت که زیر نظر ایشون در پروژه ها همکاری میکنند و هر کدوم رو معرفی میکرد که در چه حیطه

تخصصی فعالیت میکنن و در نهایت اعالم میکرد که تنها دو نفر از این افراد در سالن حضور دارن جهت پاسخگویی

در فیلد مربوطه هست و دو دانشجو از سه دانشجوی دوره فلوشیپ در محل سخنرانی expertبود که میگفت سخنران گزینه درست هم گزینه ای حضور دارند.

برای درمانهای بیمارانی بود که پروسیجر جراحی برای non-invasiveدر مورد ساخت یک وسیله پزشکی با تکنولوژی روز جهت اقدامات این دستگاه قابلیت تزریق در خون و اگر اشتباه نکنم ورود به حفرات بدن رو داشت و میتونست اقدامات که منجر به درمانشون پیشنهاد شده بود.

جلوگیری از جراحی رو بشه رو انجام بده

رو انجام داد. invasionگزینه درست هم این بود که با کمک این دستگاه میشود اقدامات درمانی با حداقل

The products should be base on customer's need not the quality and colour and size of product



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HCS

بر موجودات دریا و صدا global Warmingتاثیر

میشه و اینکه تن صدای مادر anxiety( صحبت میکرد که صدا های بلند باعث infantیه خانمی در مورد تاثیر صداهای مختلف روی بچه ها ) میدن رو تشخیص

بود povertyیکی راجع به

realityو virtualityیکی راجع به

climate change and negarani bushtrae be samte increasing sea level and melting icebergs prodreading: inke az okhar bayad bekhonid biayid aval va roye pc check nakonid print shode roye kaghaz check beshe behtare

A professor introduced a math club and encouraged students to join such activities and to participate the math club lectures even though they are from other academic backgrounds. He said that another professor (mentioned his name) is in charge of the club but lecturers are other people and very interesting issues are discussed there.

آقایی در مورد آفریقا صحبت می کرد و در آخر می گفت مردم آفریقا باید با مطالعه یه سری منابع و مراجع ..... گزینه ها :

- Study the past

-Plan the future

توضیح درباره ی اهمیت هیپوتاالموس و علت نامگذاری

مشکل دوتا دانشجو درباره ی خوابگاه فعلی و درخواست عوض کردن برای سال آینده

ها گفت و در نهایت نیاز به حل مشکل فضای زیادی که منبع آب میگیره داشت. بود کلی از مزیت fossil fuelsراجع به استفاده از آب به جای

به هایالیت کردن بود. outlineکردن نکات و مزیت outlineکی هم راجع به هایالیت کردن تو کتاب های درسی و

seastanding پزشکان چند دقیقه ورزش در هفته رو توصیه میکنن

dar mored russia revolutioj ke 2 nokte matrah kard ke to javaba boood ر نقش زنان ها در همه کالس های اجتماعیقدرت دادن به زن هاو باو

sleep deprevation va mozerat estefade az mobile ghabl az khab van bayad otsgh T.V va khab seperat beshe

صحبت میکرد که نمیشه همه جزییات رو تو مبانی اقتصادی بیان کرد supplyراجع اقتصاد و میشه توی نقشه پیدا کردمثل نقشه ها که همه جزییات رو ن

از نظر من جوابای نادرست گزینه هایی بود که روی نقشه و گوگل مپ تمرکز میکرد

همه مسائل فرعی رو بیان کرد. supplyاز نظرم جوابی درست بود که میگفت نمیشه تو بحثای اقتصادی و

رکتها افزایش می کنه چون کارمندا وقای راضین بهتر کار می کنن و عضی از مدیرا معتقدند که با راضی نگه داشتن کارمندا کارایی و سوددهی ش لی بعضی ها معتقدند رضایت کارمندان ربطی به موفقیت شرکتها نداره

اصال مهم نیست می تونه quoteیکیش یه استاد بود ک به بچه ها راجع به حذف کردن یا گذاشتن بخشهای مختلف مقاله میگفت ک می گفت

خوبه reference. یا یه دونه quoteباید حتما یه دونه باشه و در اخرم گفت یه دونه referenceنباشه ولی

. رو به کار بردsea horseدر مغز بود و چندبار کلمه hypothalamusیکی دیگه راجع به

گرفته شده و sea horseدر مغز صحبت میکرد و اشاره به اینکه این کلمه بخاطر شباهتش از Hippocampusراجع به راجع به اندازه اش در مغز اشاره میکرد

مشکل براش درست کرده over fishingدرباره مشکالت دریای سرخ و پرشین گلف بود که میگفت

یکی دیگه یه ویدیو بود از یه استاده که یه داتشجوهاش میگه ارزش زمان توی کار چقدر مهمه

Yeki dige ham in bood ke pesticide ha ke omadan product farmers ha ziyad shod va gheymate mavade ghazaei kam shod ba vojoze in green house gas afzayesh peyda kard

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Baressi air pollution roye zanane bardar va janin (fetus )da dorane bardari dar yeki az shahrhaye Amrika

ثر گازهای گلخانه ای رو آب و هوا بوددر مورد ا

یه شخصی داشت از یه محقق سوال می کرد راجع به نقش تکنولوژی ... که طرف نکات مثبت و منفیشو گفت و در اخر گفت اگه مدیریت بشه تاثیرات مثبتش بیشتره

میترسن ازش مضر نیست، صحبت میکرددر مورد خانمی بود که در مورد انرژی هسته ای و مضراتش، و اینکه اونقدری که مردم

یکی دیگه در مورد انرژی خورشیدی تو استرالیا و ملبورن، نقشش در جلوگیری از سیل و ..بود. جواب رو نفهمیدم

رن بد ایه مرده در مورد لکچره ریاضی توضیح میداد و اینکه پرفوسور معروف دیگه ای داره ارائه میده و شاگردا حتی اگه خیلی ریاضی دوشت ند شروع میشد 5و 4نیست تو اونم صرکت کنن که بعدظهر ساعت

در مورد اثرات کمبود خواب بر سالمت مثل عدم تمرکز و ...

handless pan with coating suitable for water and alchohol ارایه بشه و فکر کنم اینکه در کتابش راجع به یک نفر راجع به دوازده فصل )؟( یک کتاب صحبت می کرد و اینکه علم جذاب نیست باید جذلب

اختراعات تصادفی هم نوشته.

بنویسید و هرچیزی ننویسید. literallyیک ویدیوی خیلی کوتاه نشون داد و خانمی داشت توضیح می داد که شکسپیر میگه در اتوبایوگرافی باید

بال فرق مکنه بعضیا از سرکار میان دانشگاه و سطح علمی داشنگاه بهتر و کاربردی یه خانومی داشت راجع به دانشگاه صحبت میکرد و این که با ق تر شده

governmentو nuclear powerوویس در مورد

در مورد روسیه و پوتین بودش و بحث در مورد دموکراسی

individualsimراجع به نظرات داروین در رابطه با

گفتتبریک می یک آقایی داشت به خانمی موفقیتش رو

راهکار میداد. customer serviceیک ویدیو بود که خانمی داشت برای فروش بیشتر و کمک به کارمندان برای بخش

رو داشت انتخاب C-13توضیح در رابطه با فتوسنتز گندم و بررسی اون در آزمایشگاه، با توجه به میزان آبی که از دست میدن. من گزینه ای که کردم

رو داشت انتخاب کردم. unpreparedو جامعه pick oilراجع به چالشی در رابطه با نفت بود. من گزینه ای که

راجع به سیستم لوله کشی و فاضالب سیدنی

مهمه و این که آیا نیاز و هدف و خواسته مشتری را برآورده میکند. fuctionدر طراحی یک چیز عمکرد و

Graduatedمیگه دانشگاه امنیت ملی باید بسازیم که دولتمردها و غیره باید استفاده کنند و این دانشگاه برای افراد یه آقایی صحبت می کنه هست. جواب صحیح هم همین جمله هست

1-cosmetic surgery/ depression/ divorce که تو زندگی شون دارن مثل طالق تحقیق بشهدر مورد اینکه راضی نیستن از عملهای جراحی شون و باید از نظر دپرشن و مسایلی

2-southern and northern states/ textile در مورد اینکه این دوتا چه تفاوتی باهم دارن و هر کدوم چه کارای اقتصادی میکنن

the role of communication software, using chat room, the use of them among new generation ه یک محقق در مورد دوازده اثر علمی اشتباه ضحبت میکرد و میگفت چرا در ازمایشات علمی اشنباه صورت میگیرهلکچری ک

چننا دانشجو بوودن و از سنگینی پروژه هاشون صحبت میکردن اما یک خانوم که همون اول لکچر اسمش پخش شد به نوعی رشتش با بقیه فرق داشت و این احساس خستگی رو نداشت..

یک لکچر دیگه در مورد جهش فوق العاده علم در همین پنجاه سال اخیر بود که در برخی زمینه ها اتفاق افتاده و همچین گزینه ای هم وجود واشت در تست هااا

در مورد هوش مصنوعی صحبت میکرد که اگرچه بسیار رشد کرده اما هنوز به اون سطح و جایگاهش که شبیه انسان بشه نرسیده

52

HCS

Ye doone bood rajebe requirement haye ye kelasi, k migoft fek nakonin mitunin hefz konin, bayad ghablan chand ta doreye biology gozarunde bashin, hadaghal ye doone, tuye guruh dars bekhunin va ...

crimeدر مورد در مورد مشکل اب سیدنی که میگفت مثل بقیه کشورهای پیشرفته که نمیدونستن یه روزی اینقدر پیشرفت میکنن، سیدنی هم این روز رو قبال

globalداریم، چون خود این پروسه باعث recyclingپیش بینی نکرده بود که ممکنه سیستم اب اون به مشکل بخوره و اینکه مشکل

warming .میشه خرانی یک پرفسور در دانشگاه در خصوص دیزاین ساختمون و گل و گیاه کاری و تقسیم بندی ساختمون به دو قسمت اداری و کالسهاو س

ها و شرکت ها االن انتظاراتی provider knowledgeدر صنعت رو توضیح میداد و میگفت academiaنقش دانشگاه ها , و فانکشن

academiaدارند از

شده بود simplificationکه ساده سازی economicتیوری ای از

همون پروفسوره که در مورد کالب ریاضی پیشنهاد میدن که توسط یه استاد دیگه ارایه میشه و شامل فیلد های زیادی میشه یه پسره در ویدیو در مورد تئاتر و انگلیسی صحبت میکنه.

د دیگه هم هست که میتونه کمک کنهدر مورد دوره ریاضی و اینکه یه استا

یه فیلم نشون داد در مورد مشکالتی که فضا نوردا باهاش مواجهن و اینکه چقدر سخت میتونن غذا بخورن و ورزش کنن و توی محیط نا امن کار میکنن و دپرسن

ه می میمونن و مشکالت روانی پیدا می کنن بود ک فیلمی بود در مورد فضا که نکات منفی بودن تو فضا که در یک محیط بسته با یه تعداد دیگه گفت باید به اینا توجه بشه

London in 1860 Archeological proof

چین بود که به متخصصین اجازه می ده که برن اونجا کار کنن تجربیاتشون رو استفاده کنند ولی برای مقاصد green cardموضوع مربوط به مهاجرتی نیست .

تا لیوان آب نیاز است رو رد کرد ۸تا لیوان بقیه از آب میوه ها وغذاها ) کاهو و سوپ( تامین میشه. نظر قیلی که 4تا ایوان آب بسه و

هم پایین می آید. چند تا دلیل گفت qualityبگیرند چون هر چی زیادتر میشه تعداد دانشجو ها cleverدانشگاه ها باید تعدادی دانشجوی برای افزایش دانشجوها مثل اقزایش تعدا دانشجوهای زن و غیره که اینها جزییات بود و اصل موضوع نیود

( را با نوشتن یک کتاب بد مقایسه می کرد که مثالً تاثیر روانی معماری بد بیشتر. و می گفت bad architectureاین بود که داشت طراحی بد )زیبا نیست در جواب می گه که شما که نمی توانید خودتون تعریف واحدی از زیبایی ارایه کنید چطور می گوید البته اگر به یک نویسنده بگی کتابت

کتاب ما زیبا نیست. گزینه ای هم که من انتخاب کردم گزینه آخری بود که کامال همین خالصه که نوشتم را می گفت

Bad architecture

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#LFIB (Repeated Words: 911) American British 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

histories histories 7 12 19

massive massive 6 13 19

journalist journalist 6 12 18

Tokyo Tokyo 6 9 15

key key 4 10 14

negative negative 5 8 1 14

occurs occurs 6 8 14

paradox paradox 6 8 14

universe universe 5 9 14

ferry ferry 2 8 3 13

infrastructure infrastructure 4 9 13

intentional intentional 6 7 13

whole whole 5 8 13

electronics electronics 4 8 12

overseas overseas 3 8 1 12

revolutionized revolutionized 5 7 12

science science 4 8 12

success success 5 7 12

control control 3 8 11

crisis crisis 4 6 1 11

philosophy philosophy 1 7 3 11

pragmatic pragmatic 4 7 11

social social 1 10 11

spectrum spectrum 4 7 11

stolen stolen 3 8 11

wisdom wisdom 2 9 11

beleaguered beleaguered 5 5 10

coercive coercive 2 8 10

determine determine 3 7 10

develop develop 3 6 1 10

development development 1 9 10

enlarge enlarge 2 7 1 10

existence existence 3 6 1 10

foreshadowed foreshadowed 1 6 3 10

inevitable inevitable 3 6 1 10

nutrition nutrition 3 7 10

predicament predicament 1 6 3 10

primarily primarily 4 5 1 10

radically radically 3 7 10

challenge challenge 3 6 9

climate climate 6 3 9

crucial crucial 2 6 1 9

emphasis emphasis 4 5 9

emphasized emphasized 3 6 9

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American British 2018 Mid-2019 July Sum

ground ground 3 6 9

individuality individuality 4 5 9

inevitably inevitably 4 5 9

million million 4 5 9

natural natural 3 5 1 9

origin origin 3 5 1 9

regions regions 1 6 2 9

tiny tiny 1 8 9

vernacular vernacular 3 4 2 9

career career 2 6 8

common common 2 4 2 8

disappeared disappeared 3 4 1 8

every every 1 6 1 8

everyone everyone 1 5 2 8

foreshadow foreshadow 3 5 8

government government 2 6 8

identical identical 3 5 8

improvement improvement 4 4 8

paddle paddle 3 5 8

partial partial 2 5 1 8

permanent permanent 3 5 8

permission permission 2 5 1 8

psychology psychology 4 4 8

agency agency 1 5 1 7

assumption assumption 1 3 3 7

behavior behaviour 1 6 7

enormous enormous 3 4 7

followers followers 1 6 7

heart heart 3 4 7

individual individual 3 4 7

individually individually 2 5 7

insights insights 3 4 7

intentionally intentionally 3 4 7

introduced introduced 1 5 1 7

manufacturing manufacturing 3 4 7

matchstick matchstick 1 6 7

medium medium 2 4 1 7

modes modes 1 6 7

movement movement 3 4 7

nature nature 2 4 1 7

personality personality 2 5 7

revenue revenue 2 4 1 7

ridiculous ridiculous 2 4 1 7

serious serious 2 4 1 7

sociology sociology 3 4 7

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subordinate subordinate 3 4 7

technician technician 1 4 2 7

tightly tightly 1 6 7

undoubtedly undoubtedly 3 4 7

workplace workplace 3 4 7

application application 2 3 1 6

behalf behalf 2 4 6

billion billion 3 3 6

bourgeois bourgeois 3 3 6

developed developed 3 3 6

distinctive distinctive 6 6

dramatically dramatically 1 5 6

education education 3 3 6

emulate emulate 2 4 6

environment environment 1 5 6

envision envision 2 4 6

everywhere everywhere 2 4 6

experience experience 2 4 6

facilities facilities 2 4 6

factors factors 1 2 3 6

fashions fashions 1 4 1 6

green green 1 5 6

hire hire 2 3 1 6

horror horror 3 3 6

immense immense 2 4 6

industrial industrial 6 6

intensive intensive 5 1 6

investigate investigate 2 4 6

omit omit 3 3 6

perception perception 2 4 6

phenomenon phenomenon 2 4 6

planet planet 1 5 6

professionally professionally 1 5 6

prosperity prosperity 2 4 6

question question 3 3 6

rammer rammer 2 3 1 6

responsibilities responsibilities 2 4 6

shadow shadow 1 5 6

store store 2 4 6

strategy strategy 1 4 1 6

successful successful 1 5 6

traveling travelling 1 5 6

tremendous tremendous 2 4 6

underneath underneath 2 4 6

warmer warmer 2 4 6

52


whatever whatever 1 5 6

academic academic 1 4 5

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basically basically 2 2 1 5

beneath beneath 2 3 5

clothing clothing 1 4 5

coaching coaching 1 4 5

communities communities 2 3 5

community community 1 3 1 5

complicated complicated 2 3 5

computer computer 1 4 5

conduct conduct 2 3 5

constructive constructive 2 3 5

darkness darkness 2 3 5

debate debate 2 3 5

deformed deformed 2 3 5

different different 1 4 5

fashion fashion 1 3 1 5

generalized generalized 2 3 5

growth growth 2 3 5

happen happen 4 1 5

important important 1 4 5

listed listed 1 4 5

monetary monetary 5 5

movements movements 1 3 1 5

mysterious mysterious 2 3 5

obvious obvious 1 3 1 5

passive passive 2 3 5

pattern pattern 1 4 5

produce produce 1 4 5

proposal proposal 2 3 5

puzzled puzzled 5 5

recognize recognize 1 4 5

represents represents 1 4 5

risks risks 1 4 5

scariest scariest 1 3 1 5

scary scary 2 3 5

schedule schedule 1 3 1 5

spectacle spectacle 3 2 5

spread spread 2 3 5

subordinated subordinated 2 3 5

surfers surfers 2 3 5

technology technology 5 5

triggered triggered 1 4 5

ultimately ultimately 1 3 1 5

52


weird weird 2 3 5

apologize apologise 4 4

beginning beginning 4 4

box box 2 2 4

brilliant brilliant 2 2 4

car car 2 2 4

catastrophic catastrophic 2 2 4

characters characters 1 2 1 4

cheapest cheapest 2 2 4

colors colours 1 3 4

confessed confessed 4 4

critical critical 1 3 4

criticism criticism 1 3 4

deeper deeper 2 2 4

determined determined 2 2 4

discipline discipline 4 4

disciplines disciplines 1 3 4

drastically drastically 2 2 4

expectations expectations 3 1 4

explanation explanation 2 2 4

focus focus 2 2 4

galaxies galaxies 1 3 4

historic historic 2 2 4

importance importance 2 2 4

incorporating incorporating 2 2 4

increasing increasing 2 2 4

instructive instructive 2 2 4

introduce introduce 1 3 4

irrelevant irrelevant 1 2 1 4

modern modern 2 2 4

occurring occurring 3 1 4

oceanography oceanography 1 3 4

patriotism patriotism 2 2 4

phenomena phenomena 4 4

population population 1 3 4

portraits portraits 4 4

premium premium 2 2 4

productivity productivity 1 3 4

provides provides 1 3 4

pseudo pseudo 1 3 4

reformed reformed 2 2 4

restricted restricted 1 3 4

robust robust 4 4

role role 2 2 4

salted salted 1 2 1 4

52


session session 1 3 4

significantly significantly 2 2 4

similar similar 1 3 4

simultaneously simultaneously 1 3 4

single single 1 2 1 4

sleek sleek 4 4

staring staring 1 3 4

subjects subjects 1 1 2 4

subscribes subscribes 2 2 4

technological technological 1 3 4

temporary temporary 1 2 1 4

thrilled thrilled 2 2 4

traditionally traditionally 1 3 4

unconventional unconventional 1 3 4

work work 2 2 4

added added 1 2 3

ancient ancient 3 3

antithesis antithesis 1 2 3

apologized apologised 1 2 3

aspects aspects 1 2 3

biology biology 1 2 3

board board 1 2 3

cash cash 3 3

church church 1 2 3

colloquial colloquial 1 2 3

compatible compatible 1 2 3

conditions conditions 2 1 3

consistency consistency 1 2 3

conventional conventional 1 2 3

corrosive corrosive 1 2 3

critically critically 3 3

discovered discovered 1 2 3

electrically electrically 1 2 3

electronic electronic 2 1 3

electronically electronically 1 2 3

elementary elementary 1 2 3

entrepreneur entrepreneur 1 2 3

evidence evidence 1 2 3

experts experts 1 2 3

fact fact 1 2 3

few few 1 2 3

field field 1 1 1 3

figure figure 1 2 3

five five 1 2 3

forecast forecast 2 1 3

53


frequency frequency 3 3

frustrated frustrated 1 2 3

gradually gradually 3 3

graphic graphic 1 1 1 3

hypothesis hypothesis 1 1 1 3

imagine imagine 1 2 3

increase increase 1 2 3

initially initially 3 3

insight insight 1 2 3

instilled instilled 1 2 3

interest interest 1 2 3

interesting interesting 1 2 3

lined lined 1 1 1 3

majority majority 1 2 3

mathematics mathematics 2 1 3

mental mental 1 2 3

nearest nearest 1 2 3

numerous numerous 1 2 3

package package 1 2 3

perceptions perceptions 1 2 3

popular popular 1 1 1 3

portrait portrait 1 2 3

practice practice 1 2 3

professional professional 1 1 1 3

profound profound 3 3

proxy proxy 1 2 3

psychological psychological 1 2 3

quoting quoting 1 2 3

rare rare 1 2 3

recent recent 1 2 3

reducing reducing 1 2 3

region region 3 3

representative representative 1 2 3

roots roots 1 2 3

shaped shaped 1 1 1 3

slick slick 2 1 3

spade spade 2 1 3

spirit spirit 1 1 1 3

steady steady 2 1 3

style style 1 1 1 3

supplemented supplemented 1 2 3

synthetic synthetic 1 2 3

traded traded 1 2 3

twenty six twenty six 1 2 3

useful useful 1 2 3

53


visible visible 1 2 3

accuracy accuracy 2 2

acknowledge acknowledge 1 1 2

acted acted 1 1 2

add add 1 1 2

admission admission 1 1 2

advised advised 1 1 2

alphabet alphabet 1 1 2

alphabetic alphabetic 1 1 2

alternative alternative 2 2

amused amused 1 1 2

analyze analyse 1 1 2

appeared appeared 1 1 2

appreciate appreciate 1 1 2

association association 1 1 2

Atlantic Atlantic 2 2

atmospheric atmospheric 1 1 2

because because 1 1 2

bolster bolster 1 1 2

bored bored 1 1 2

bulbs bulbs 1 1 2

burgeoning burgeoning 1 1 2

burning burning 1 1 2

carbon carbon 1 1 2

catastrophe catastrophe 1 1 2

categories categories 1 1 2

characteristic characteristic 1 1 2

cheap cheap 1 1 2

chef chef 1 1 2

circular circular 1 1 2

classical classical 1 1 2

clearly clearly 1 1 2

climbing climbing 1 1 2

coating coating 1 1 2

commerce commerce 1 1 2

communications communications 1 1 2

communist communist 1 1 2

complementary therapy

complementary therapy

1 1 2

concept concept 1 1 2

conductor conducts conductor conducts 1 1 2

consciously consciously 2 2

consequences consequences 2 2

constituents constituents 1 1 2

contest contest 1 1 2

53


conversely conversely 1 1 2

converted converted 1 1 2

coordination coordination 2 2

countries countries 1 1 2

covered covered 2 2

created created 1 1 2

croft croft 1 1 2

dead dead 2 2

deadly debate deadly debate 1 1 2

declined declined 1 1 2

declines declines 1 1 2

decrease decrease 1 1 2

dedicated dedicated 1 1 2

delivering delivering 1 1 2

departure departure 2 2

describe describe 1 1 2

determination determination 2 2

determining determining 1 1 2

devolution devolution 1 1 2

discover discover 1 1 2

economically economically 1 1 2

electrical electrical 1 1 2

electricity electricity 1 1 2

electrics electrics 1 1 2

element element 1 1 2

elements elements 1 1 2

embrace embrace 1 1 2

emphasizes emphasizes 1 1 2

emulates emulates 1 1 2

emulating emulating 1 1 2

enable enable 1 1 2

encourage encourage 1 1 2

engineer engineer 1 1 2

engineers engineers 2 2

enlarged enlarged 1 1 2

ensure ensure 1 1 2

equality equality 1 1 2

equation equation 1 1 2

equations equations 1 1 2

evaluation evaluation 1 1 2

everybody everybody 1 1 2

everyday everyday 1 1 2

evitable evitable 1 1 2

expectation expectation 2 2

experiences experiences 1 1 2

53


experimental experimental 1 1 2

expression expression 1 1 2

external external 2 2

extract extract 1 1 2

extreme extreme 2 2

extremely extremely 1 1 2

failure failure 1 1 2

familiar familiar 1 1 2

favorite favourite 1 1 2

figures figures 1 1 2

force force 1 1 2

formed formed 1 1 2

foundation foundation 1 1 2

frontier frontier 1 1 2

frontiers frontiers 2 2

fuels fuels 1 1 2

fundamental fundamental 1 1 2

funding funding 1 1 2

generated generated 2 2

generations generations 2 2

getting getting 2 2

gleaned gleaned 2 2

graduates graduates 1 1 2

grasp grasp 1 1 2

habits habits 1 1 2

heat heat 1 1 2

huge huge 1 1 2

human existence human existence 1 1 2

hydrogen hydrogen 2 2

hypothesized hypothesised 2 2

identified identified 2 2

imagine you imagine you 1 1 2

included included 1 1 2

indicate indicate 1 1 2

individualism individualism 1 1 2

individualize individualise 1 1 2

individuals individuals 1 1 2

industrialized industrialised 1 1 2

inflation inflation 2 2

inhabitants inhabitants 1 1 2

insurance insurance 2 2

integrates integrates 1 1 2

intense intense 1 1 2

introduction introduction 1 1 2

investigated investigated 1 1 2

53


involved involved 1 1 2

knowledge knowledge 1 1 2

lands lands 1 1 2

large large 2 2

legislations legislations 1 1 2

level level 1 1 2

line line 1 1 2

little down little down 1 1 2

living things living things 2 2

main main 1 1 2

management management 1 1 2

manager manager 2 2

managerial managerial 1 1 2

manipulation manipulation 1 1 2

manufactures manufactures 1 1 2

materials materials 2 2

mean mean 2 2

method method 1 1 2

milky way milky way 1 1 2

mind mind 1 1 2

minimized minimised 1 1 2

moods moods 2 2

motion motion 1 1 2

motivation motivation 1 1 2

neighboring neighbouring 1 1 2

nutrient nutrient 1 1 2

objects objects 1 1 2

observable observable 1 1 2

observers observers 1 1 2

occurrence occurrence 1 1 2

operational operational 2 2

originate originate 1 1 2

particles particles 2 2

patterns patterns 2 2

people people 1 1 2

percent percent 2 2

perspective perspective 1 1 2

photographs photographs 1 1 2

position position 1 1 2

possessed possessed 1 1 2

poteen poteen 1 1 2

potent extract potent extract 1 1 2

poverty poverty 1 1 2

powered powered 2 2

prescribing prescribing 2 2

53


prices prices 1 1 2

profitability profitability 1 1 2

profoundly profoundly 1 1 2

progress progress 1 1 2

project project 1 1 2

proportion proportion 2 2

protection protection 1 1 2

providers providers 2 2

psychologist psychologist 2 2

rammed concrete rammed concrete 1 1 2

range range 1 1 2

reality reality 1 1 2

really really 1 1 2

reason reason 2 2

regional regional 1 1 2

research research 2 2

researchers researchers 1 1 2

resources resources 1 1 2

restoration restoration 1 1 2

reveal reveal 1 1 2

reversed reversed 1 1 2

right there right there 1 1 2

risk risk 1 1 2

route route 1 1 2

sales sales 2 2

sculpture sculpture 1 1 2

search search 1 1 2

sectors sectors 1 1 2

sediment sediment 1 1 2

self self 2 2

share in share in 1 1 2

siblings siblings 1 1 2

signal signal 2 2

simple simple 1 1 2

situation situation 1 1 2

socialize socialise 1 1 2

sound sound 1 1 2

special special 2 2

species species 1 1 2

spending spending 1 1 2

squabble squabble 2 2

stayed stayed 1 1 2

steering steering 1 1 2

still still 1 1 2

subscribed subscribed 2 2

53


subsidences subsidences 1 1 2

subsiding subsiding 1 1 2

subsidize subsidise 1 1 2

subsidized subsidised 1 1 2

support support 1 1 2

supported supported 1 1 2

surged surged 1 1 2

symbiosis symbiosis 1 1 2

systematic systematic 1 1 2

taken taken 1 1 2

talent talent 1 1 2

technical technical 1 1 2

tensional tensional 1 1 2

thin thin 1 1 2

threatened threatened 2 2

three three 2 2

tight tight 2 2

translate translate 1 1 2

trigger trigger 1 1 2

trolley trolley 1 1 2

true true 1 1 2

underground underground 1 1 2

understand understand 1 1 2

valuable valuable 2 2

virtues virtues 1 1 2

vision vision 1 1 2

visual visual 1 1 2

weak weak 1 1 2

Demographic Demographic 2 2

atmosphere atmosphere 2 2

acceptance acceptance 1 1

accesses accesses 1 1

accessible accessible 1 1

accumulating accumulating 1 1

active active 1 1

actually actually 1 1

adhering adhering 1 1

adjustable adjustable 1 1

admit admit 1 1

adopt adopt 1 1

aftermath aftermath 1 1

aggressive aggressive 1 1

agreements agreements 1 1

allowed allowed 1 1

always always 1 1

53


amazing amazing 1 1

amongst amongst 1 1

appalling appalling 1 1

appear appear 1 1

argumentative argumentative 1 1

arguments arguments 1 1

attract attract 1 1

belief belief 1 1

biased biased 1 1

binding binding 1 1

bound bound 1 1

branding branding 1 1

build up build up 1 1

building building 1 1

capacity capacity 1 1

capture capture 1 1

carry carry 1 1

catch catch 1 1

caution caution 1 1

certainly certainly 1 1

certainty certainty 1 1

challenges challenges 1 1

chewing gum chewing gum 1 1

circumstances circumstances 1 1

city city 1 1

clot clot 1 1

clout clout 1 1

cluster cluster 1 1

collective collective 1 1

compositional compositional 1 1

concerns concerns 1 1

confesses confesses 1 1

congestive congestive 1 1

conscious conscious 1 1

consistently consistently 1 1

constituent constituent 1 1

constitutes constitutes 1 1

consumption consumption 1 1

contract contract 1 1

controlled controlled 1 1

convergence convergence 1 1

cooperate cooperate 1 1

country border country border 1 1

cover cover 1 1

creativity creativity 1 1

53


crumbly crumbly 1 1

culture culture 1 1

dealing with dealing with 1 1

deduction deduction 1 1

deep deep 1 1

definition definition 1 1

deliberate deliberate 1 1

dependence dependence 1 1

dependently dependently 1 1

depression depression 1 1

depth depth 1 1

descend descend 1 1

descent descent 1 1

developing developing 1 1

devoid devoid 1 1

devotee devotee 1 1

differences differences 1 1

difficult difficult 1 1

disaster disaster 1 1

discriminations discriminations 1 1

disease disease 1 1

document document 1 1

doubt doubt 1 1

draught draught 1 1

electrified electrified 1 1

emergency emergency 1 1

emission emission 1 1

engineering engineering 1 1

enthuse enthuse 1 1

entrepreneurial entrepreneurial 1 1

equal equal 1 1

established established 1 1

examining examining 1 1

exception exception 1 1

exercise exercise 1 1

explained explained 1 1

explains explains 1 1

explore explore 1 1

expose expose 1 1

facilitates facilitates 1 1

fame fame 1 1

featured featured 1 1

features features 1 1

find find 1 1

finding finding 1 1

53


flow flow 1 1

foundations foundations 1 1

frequently frequently 1 1

function function 1 1

galaxy galaxy 1 1

gap gap 1 1

genius genius 1 1

geography geography 1 1

graduated graduated 1 1

grandiose grandiose 1 1

groups groups 1 1

growing growing 1 1

harmonizing harmonising 1 1

have have 1 1

heritage heritage 1 1

images images 1 1

improvements improvements 1 1

inadequate inadequate 1 1

incorporate incorporate 1 1

increasingly increasingly 1 1

industrialization industrialisation 1 1

industry industry 1 1

influence influence 1 1

inoculating inoculating 1 1

instructed instructed 1 1

intelligence of animal intelligence of

animal 1 1

intelligent intelligent 1 1

intensively intensively 1 1

interaction interaction 1 1

interconnected interconnected 1 1

inventive inventive 1 1

invest invest 1 1

investigation investigation 1 1

jargon jargon 1 1

just just 1 1

justices justices 1 1

label label 1 1

labor labour 1 1

layer layer 1 1

leading leading 1 1

light light 1 1

logically logically 1 1

looser looser 1 1

major major 1 1

54


managers managers 1 1

manifestation manifestation 1 1

manufacturing-key manufacturing-key 1 1

marketing marketing 1 1

master master 1 1

material material 1 1

meet meet 1 1

mentioned mentioned 1 1

messages messages 1 1

mindset mindset 1 1

morality morality 1 1

motivates motivates 1 1

neighborhood neighbourhood 1 1

obviously obviously 1 1

occurred occurred 1 1

operationally operationally 1 1

opposed opposed 1 1

ordinary ordinary 1 1

overlaps overlaps 1 1

owning owning 1 1

packaging packaging 1 1

paradoxical paradoxical 1 1

particularly particularly 1 1

period period 1 1

periodical periodical 1 1

philanthropist philanthropist 1 1

physiologically physiologically 1 1

pioneer pioneer 1 1

plight plight 1 1

political political 1 1

positive positive 1 1

precariously precariously 1 1

pregnant pregnant 1 1

preparations preparations 1 1

prescribed prescribed 1 1

pressure pressure 1 1

previous previous 1 1

principles principles 1 1

product product 1 1

production production 1 1

productive productive 1 1

products products 1 1

progression progression 1 1

projects projects 1 1

promote promote 1 1

54


proposed proposed 1 1

propulsion propulsion 1 1

purpose purpose 1 1

qualifying qualifying 1 1

radio signal radio signal 1 1

rapid rapid 1 1

readable readable 1 1

refer refer 1 1

reflects reflects 1 1

relationship relationship 1 1

relative relative 1 1

resource resource 1 1

responsible responsible 1 1

results results 1 1

revolution revolution 1 1

ridiculously ridiculously 1 1

routes routes 1 1

saved saved 1 1

scarious scarious 1 1

school school 1 1

scientist scientist 1 1

seeing seeing 1 1

shallow shallow 1 1

shark shark 1 1

sick sick 1 1

sighting sighting 1 1

signals signals 1 1

significant significant 1 1

simplicity simplicity 1 1

socially socially 1 1

societies societies 1 1

society society 1 1

sounds sounds 1 1

specifically specifically 1 1

specifics specifics 1 1

stability stability 1 1

stable stable 1 1

statistics statistics 1 1

steeled steeled 1 1

structure structure 1 1

structures structures 1 1

struggle struggle 1 1

study study 1 1

subjugate subjugate 1 1

sugar sugar 1 1

54


suits suits 1 1

sustainability sustainability 1 1

sustainable sustainable 1 1

swallowed swallowed 1 1

swamped swamped 1 1

swapping swapping 1 1

swarming swarming 1 1

sympathetic sympathetic 1 1

sympathies sympathies 1 1

system system 1 1

systems systems 1 1

team working team working 1 1

teamwork teamwork 1 1

technique technique 1 1

technologies technologies 1 1

term term 1 1

terrain terrain 1 1

texture texture 1 1

theme theme 1 1

theories theories 1 1

theory theory 1 1

thick thick 1 1

together together 1 1

trading trading 1 1

transferred transferred 1 1

tremendously tremendously 1 1

trial trial 1 1

trilled trilled 1 1

trust trust 1 1

tsunamis tsunamis 1 1

twice twice 1 1

uncover uncover 1 1

understandable understandable 1 1

unimaginably unimaginably 1 1

upper upper 1 1

urban urban 1 1

used used 1 1

vehicle vehicle 1 1

virtually virtually 1 1

vital vital 1 1

volume volume 1 1

weekly weekly 1 1

well well 1 1

what what 1 1

working working 1 1

54


rationally rationally 1 1

rather rather 1 1

either 1 1

Decent Decent 1 1

Deprivation Deprivation 1 1

Laid off Laid off 1 1

Facial Facial 1 1

Relatively Relatively 1 1

Tendency Tendency 1 1

atmospheric atmospheric 1 1

appliances appliances 1 1

Feel Feel 1 1

Transferring Transferring 1 1

burst burst 1 1

combination combination 1 1

Micro Micro 1 1

Identify Identify 1 1

constant constant 1 1

balloons balloons 1 1

mentioned mentioned 1 1

professionals professionals 1 1

ferries ferries 1 1

tempt tempt 1 1

process process 1 1

understanding understanding 1 1

activities activities 1 1

learning learning 1 1

watch watch 1 1

brought brought 1 1

absorbed absorbed 1 1

Permanent Permanent 1 1

Immense Immense 1 1

benefit benefit 1 1

Relying on Relying on 1 1

Autobiography Autobiography 1 1

Novelist Novelist 1 1

claims claims 1 1

quantities quantities 1 1

demands demands 1 1

unashamedly unashamedly 1 1

Habitat Habitat 1 1

Associate Associate 1 1

Sequential Sequential 1 1

confirmed confirmed 1 1

meet meet 1 1

54


represents represents 1 1

Histories Histories 1 1

Addition Addition 1 1

controversial controversial 1 1

context context 1 1

Quick Quick 1 1

evolved evolved 1 1

urgency urgency 1 1

overlap overlap 1 1

craft craft 1 1

project project 1 1

wisdom wisdom 1 1

heavy heavy 1 1

creative creative 1 1

54

#WFD (Repeated Questions: 480) WFD 2018 Mid-2019 July SUM

The massive accumulation of data is converted into a communicable argument.

36 67 4 107

Synopsis contains the most important information. 34 66 5 105

Artists tied with the conservative politicians earned the roles of critiques.

29 63 10 102

Animals raised in captivity behave differently with/than their wild counterparts.

26 64 9 99

While reconciliation is desirable, the basic underlying issue must first be addressed.

26 64 6 96

Our professor is hosting a business development conference. 24 61 7 92

Clinical placement for nursing prepares students for professional practice.

21 61 7 89

Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental concepts of economics.

28 56 5 89

Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill. 23 54 6 83

Mutually exclusive events are neither complementary nor opposite.

26 49 4 79

She used to be an editor of the students' newspaper. 19 55 4 78

Behind the garage there is a flat cart drawn by mules. 20 49 4 73

The first assignment will be due on the fourteenth of September.

25 47 72

Tribes vibed with each other to build monolithic statues. 13 55 4 72

The sociology department is highly regarded worldwide. 18 45 6 69

Native speakers are always exempted in the exam for their own language.

25 40 2 67

The placement test for mathematics and statistics is offered in this semester.

18 42 5 65

An aerial photograph was promptly registered for federal evaluations.

23 38 2 63

You may need to purchase an academic gown before commencement.

21 39 3 63

The business development (policy) seminar includes an internship with a local firm.

19 40 2 61

Students' concession cards need to be obtained by completig an application form.

17 35 5 57

You can contact all your tutors by e-mail. 12 43 2 57

The city's founder created a set of rules that became the law.

14 38 5 57

Clinical placement in nursing prepares students in clinical practice.

15 40 1 56

Students are instructed to submit their assignments before Friday.

18 36 1 55

Those who seek for (a) formal extension should contact their faculty for information.

16 30 8 54

54

WFD 2018 Mid-2019 July SUM

Your lowest quiz grade has been omitted in the calculations. 16 34 4 54

The qualification will be assessed by using (a) criterion-referenced approach

13 36 3 52

Radio is a popular form of entertainment(s) throughout the world.

14 37 1 52

The nation achieved prosperity by opening its ports (exports) for trade.

13 35 3 51

A party is thrown in a small meeting room. 14 35 2 51

The article refers to the number of interesting experiments. 9 30 10 49

Many graduates studying journalism get jobs in communications field.

17 24 7 48

Tribes worked with each other to build monolithic statues. 18 28 2 48

Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon amongst the group of reputable scientists.

8 35 4 47

Control systems in manufacturing require a high level of accuracy.

15 28 3 46

When workers ask for raises in wages, the companies raise their prices.

8 37 1 46

Most of these features were part of the previous system. 15 28 2 45

It is hard to anticipate all the characters that were in react. 13 31 1 45

Observers/spectators waited nervously with/and bated breath for the concert.

13 32 45

Free campus tours run daily in summer for prospective students.

11 34 45

The toughest part of research for postgraduate students is funding.

11 30 4 45

The theme of instrumental work exhibits a more demure compositional style.

11 30 3 44

The evaluation form will be reviewed by university personnel.

13 29 1 43

Teaching assistants will receive a monthly stipend for housing.

12 26 4 42

The morning's lecture on economic policy has been canceled.

10 28 3 41

Students have the option to live in college residences or apartments.

9 25 6 40

Most of the students have not considered this issue before. 12 25 3 40

Observers waited nervously and held/obtained the/their breath for the concert.

12 27 39

Before submitting your dissertation, your advisor must approve your application.

9 28 1 38

If finance is the cause of concern, scholarships maybe available.

10 26 2 38

Review all sources before drawing any conclusions. 10 23 4 37

Those students seeking further (a formal) extension should talk to their faculty for more information.

9 27 36

54


The Chemistry building is located near the entrance of the campus. ****

7 29 36

Scientists are always asking the government for more money.

10 23 3 36

The teacher asked the group to commence the task. 6 29 1 36

Reference materials are on hold at the library reference desk.

5 26 5 36

University departments should carefully monitor articles and other publications by faculty.

10 23 2 35

Participants are initially selected from a range of foundation subjects.

11 21 3 35

A celebrated theory is still a source of great controversy. 12 21 2 35

This paper challenged the (many) previously accepted theories.

10 25 35

The library holds substantial materials on economic history. 9 23 3 35

The ways in which people communicate are constantly changing.

10 20 4 34

The theme of the instrumental work requires a more demure compositional style.

11 23 34

The railway (railways) made long-distance travel possible for everyone.

7 24 2 33

The same issue reached the same *(both) explanation of the problem.

12 20 32

I thought we would meet in the small meeting room. 14 16 2 32

The theme of the instrumental work exhibits more of a demure, compositional style.

7 22 1 30

Participants initially select from a range of foundation subjects.

10 20 30

Climate change is becoming an acceptable phenomenon amongst the/some group of reputable scientists.

10 20 30

It is absolutely vital that you acknowledge all your sources. 6 22 2 30

The commissioner will collect funds among authorities. 10 16 3 29

They were struggling (since) last year to make their service paid.

8 21 29

The qualification will be assessed by using a conference criterion to approach.

12 16 28

The aerial photographs were promptly registered for further evaluation.

1 22 5 28

Mutually exclusive events can be described as either complementary or opposite.

2 20 6 28

We study science to understand and appreciate the world around us.

8 19 1 28

The chemistry building is in the interior of the campus. 10 17 27

The same issues featured both explanations of the problem. 11 12 3 26

Undergraduates may pay their interests on special stages within specific programs.

11 14 1 26

54


Good research delivers practical benefits for real people. 8 15 2 25

Assignments should be submitted to the department before the deadline.

4 14 5 23

We cannot consider increasing the price at this stage. 7 14 1 22

You are required to complete your research paper by next Monday.

6 16 22

Native speakers are exempt from language tests in their own language.

21 21

The commissioner collects portions of funds for authorities. 4 9 6 19

Traffic is the main cause for pollution in main cities. 4 11 3 18

We study science to understand and appreciate the world. 6 11 1 18

We start science and appreciate the world around us. 8 9 17

You are required to complete your assignment by Monday. 3 14 17

The library has substantial material of economic history. 5 11 16

The famed instrumental work exhibited more of a demure, compositional style.

16 16

That means that we have some struggling overlaps! 1 12 2 15

They have struggled since last year to make their services paid.

5 9 1 15

The commissioner will collect fines for the sovereignty. 2 9 3 14

Let me know, if anybody struggles in the lab. 3 10 1 14

The graduates in journalism could get jobs in communications field.

10 4 14

Students are instructed to submit their assignment by next Friday

2 6 5 13

Students can contact with their tutors by email . 5 8 13

You can contact with all tutors by email. 1 6 6 13

Many graduate journalists could get jobs in the communicating field.

4 7 2 13

The aerial photographs were promptly registered for thorough evaluation.

2 9 2 13

The students must/should submit their assigments before(by) Friday.

4 9 13

Campus tours run daily during summer for prospective students.

1 11 12

We cannot consider any increase in our prices at this stage.***

1 9 2 12

It was hard to anticipate how all the characters would react. 2 9 1 12

The meeting has some struggle overlaps. 4 8 12

Observers waited nervously and kept their breath for concert.

2 8 1 11

I thought it was/is thrown in the/a small meeting room. 1 9 1 11

The lowest quiz grade will be omitted from the calculations. 10 1 11

When workers ask for an increase in wages, the company raises its prices.

11 11

54


They have been struggling since last month to make their service paid.

9 2 11

Most graduates of journalism get jobs in communication field.

11 11

This paper challenged the accepted previous theory. 2 6 2 10

Scientists are getting closer to the answer of this question. *(new)

5 5 10

Scientists addressed a number of very interesting experiments

4 6 10

Review all your materials before drawing any conclusions. ***

3 7 10

Article numbers are collected through interesting experiments.

1 9 10

The chemistry building is located at the entrance to campus. 10 10

The application process is longer than expected. 6 4 10

Let me know if someone struggles in the lab. (به جاي anybody , someone بود)*

4 5 9

Railways make long-distant travel possible for everyone. 1 7 1 9

It seems we have some struggles overlaps. 4 5 9

I thought it was through the small meeting room. (New)*** 7 2 9

The commissioner will portion (the) funds among (the) authorities/sovereignties.

9 9

Students are required to complete their research paper by next Monday.

9 9

While conceiving ideas are desirable, basic underlying issues must be first addressed.

4 4 8

This part of lecture on economic policy has been canceled. 4 4 8

You should purchase an academic gown before the commencement. ***

1 7 8

Submitting assignments before due date on 14th of September

3 5 8

You/Students/Graduates must purchase a gown before commencement .

1 7 8

Undergraduates (student) pursue their interests in special stages within the programs.

2 5 7

There are too many people struggling in the lab. 4 5 9

Graduates should purchase an academic gown for the commencement.

1 4 2 7

The article illustrates a number of interesting experiments. 1 6 7

Some of the features are part of previous research. 2 5 7

The toughest part of a postgraduate education is funding. 4 3 7

The celebrated theory is still a concept of a great controversy.

1 1 4 6

Experts are now able to forecast the weather for a long period.

3 3 6

55


... Business development conference has been cancelled. ***

3 3 6

It is absolutely vital to allocate your resources. 1 5 6

Every Student has to both write and the ability to succeed. 3 3 6

Supply and demand is one of the fundamental concepts of economics.

1 3 2 6

Students are instructed to hand in their assignments by the end of this week.

1 3 2 6

The commissioner will push fund for the authorithies. 2 4 6

It now means that we have too many struggles in the labs. 1 5 6

The commissioner will collect portion of funds among sovereignties.

5 1 6

All of the assignments should be submitted in person to the faculty office.

1 4 5

All members should exit the premises during the fire drill. *(new)

1 4 5

Read the safety instructions before using any equipment in the workshop.

2 2 1 5

We need to hand in the assignment by next week. 1 4 5

Protective clothing must always be worn in the laboratory. 1 4 5

Climate change has become an acceptable phenomenon amongst the reputable scientists.

4 1 5

The toughest part of research for postgraduate students is funding.

5 5

You will complete the research by Monday. 2 2 4

Practical experience is vital for legal training. *(new) 2 2 4

If you seek for further extension, contact your faculty for more information.

1 1 2 4

The economy shows first signs of ... 2 2 4

I used to be the editor of the students’ newspaper. 2 2 4

Education and training provide important skills for the labor force.

2 2 4

If finance is a circumstance of concern, the scholarship is maybe available.

2 2 4

The subject was complex and hard to explain. 2 2 4

Building trust cannot happen overnight. 2 2 4

The qualification will assessed by using criterion to approach.

1 2 1 4

Anatomy is the study of Internal and external structure of the body.

2 2 4

University departments should absolutely monitor articles and publications by faculty.

1 3 4

I can’t attend the lecture because I have doctor appointment.

2 2 4

Taking risks is better than do nothing. 2 2 4

Doing nothing is not always better than taking risk. 2 2 4

55


What distinguishes him from others is the dramatic use of black and white photography.

2 2 4

Please write the author and the year of publication. ***(new)

2 2 4

There is a significant difference between practicing and education.

2 2 4

A party will be thrown in the small meeting room. 4 4

That means that we have too many struggles over labs. 4 4

Please let me know if anybody is struggling in the lab. 3 1 4

Salt is produced from (the) seawater and extracted from the ground *** (New)

4 4

All assignments should be submitted before the fourteenth of september.

4 4

The first assignment should be submitted to the department of university.

4 4

It is necessary to dress formally for the graduation ceremony.

3 1 4

Criminal charges have brought out all of the men.(New)*** 3 1 4

Please return library books to the correct position on the shelves. ***

4 4

Every student should but academic gown for graduation before the commencement.

1 2 3

At last our meeting has some struggling overlaps *** (at last (را شک داشتند

1 2 3

Students are (strictly) required to submit their assignments by next Friday.

1 2 3

Climate change is now becoming acceptable among reputable scientists.

1 2 3

The department has higher than normal proportion of postgraduate students.

1 2 3

Unusual weather patterns are making farming more difficult today.

1 2 3

Library reference desks hold a lot of materials on academic history.

1 1 1 3

The biology laboratory equipment provides free of charge. 1 2 3

Economic development needs to be supported by government.

1 1 1 3

You must figure out the mathematical problems to show what you learned(and apply what you learned) (New)***

1 2 3

He was constantly looking for ways to bring agriculture and industry together.

1 2 3

One function of the body fat is to keep all internal organs warm. (New)***

3 3

Graduates of this field get jobs in the communications field. 3 3

This issue features both explanation of the problem. 3 3

That (it) would be extremely beneficial to work together. 3 3

55


The commissioner will collect portion of funds for authorities.

3 3

I need more quotations to back up my arguments. 3 3

Purity is one thing that makes gold expensive. 3 3

The printer automatically prints two sides of each page/paper. (NEW)

3 3

Undergraduate students may pursue their specific interests within specific programs.

1 2 3

There is a widely believed preception that engineering is for boys. (New)***

3 3

The ship wrecked the year of artifacts what interested by historians. (New)***

3 3

Shipwreck items interest of Historians … 3 3

The area has a number of underwater habitats and species (new)***

3 3

This area has wide diversity of underwater habitat and species. (New)***

3 3

Castle was designed to intimidate both local people and the enemies. (New)***

3 3

Social media is criticized of causing internet addiction. (New)***

2 1 3

Students are instructed to submit their assignment by Monday.***

2 1 3

The professor took one year off to work on her book. 1 1 2

The rising in temperature is changing the wildlife population. 1 1 2

Do not hesitate to ask if any question *** 1 1 2

Lectures are the oldest and the most formal teaching methods at the universities .

1 1 2

This course emphasized importance of completing these skills.

1 1 2

The development in the information technology has greatly changed the way people work.

1 1 2

This camera can identify eyes and focus on them. 1 1 2

I thought this room is so small. 1 1 2

All lectures and learning materials can be found on the internet.

1 1 2

Economics students should have a good understanding of profit and loss.

1 1 2

There is a pharmacy on campus near the bookstore. 1 1 2

She is the editor of the newspaper. 1 1 2

The show is on play in the large lecture Theater. 1 1 2

She is editorial articles and publications …*(new) (کامل نیست) 2 1 1

The university seeks funding for the renovation of the lecture theater.

1 1 2

Students are afraid of writing essays, because they've never learned how.

1 1 2

55


Remember, all students have strict ability criteria. 1 1 2

The bar chart provides useful means of data comparison. 1 1 2

The designers will complete the plan (later) today. *** 1 1 2

The lecture was meant to start at 10. *(new) 1 1 2

The Verdict depends upon which side was more convincing to the jury.

1 1 2

Lecture theatre is located on the ground floor of the building.

1 1 2

The scientists will face both the explanations and the problems.

1 1 2

The ability to work with fellow students cannot be stressed enough.

1 1 2

Virtually exclusive events are either complementory or opposite.

1 1 2

Every Student has to both right and the ability to succeed. 1 1 2

Please note submission deadlines are only negotiable in an extenuating circumstances.

1 1 2

Student afraid of writing an essay, because they don’t know how to do that.

1 1 2

Chemistry building is located in front of the campus . *** 1 1 2

Control system of manufacuring provides a high level of accuracy.

1 1 2

University departments control articles and other publications by faculty.

1 1 2

Calculators and notebooks should not be brought to examinations.

1 1 2

Meeting with tutors could be arranged for students who need additional help.

1 1 2

Artists are other than politicians played their own roles of cultural critics.

1 1 2

The following economic lecture has been canceled. 1 1 2

The students who seek for formal extension ...*** 1 1 2

Give your assignments until Friday. 1 1 2

Graduates from this field usually pursue careers in financial fields.

1 1 2

One of the elections promises is to reduce (decrease) the income tax.

1 1 2

Reducing university tuition fee - free education 1 1 2

There are opportunities to receive the grants from most artistic fields.

1 1 2

Collaboration between departments is a feature of successful companies.

1 1 2

The plight of wildlife has been ignored by developers. 1 1 2

Student pursue their interests in special stages within the program.

1 1 2

55


Essential textbooks can be purchased from the campus bookshop.

1 1 2

The new theory takes all the latest research results into account.

1 1 2

Please provide an example to support your ideas and arguments. ***(new)

1 1 2

The group performance will be in the concert hall. 1 1 2

You can have your laptop during the exam. 1 1 2

The teacher asked all students must be quiet. ***(new) 1 1 2

The commission of funds supported among authorities has raised an argument.

1 1 2

Even If you have used cosmetics for years without problems, one or more ingredients can still trigger an allergic reaction.

1 1 2

In spite of the differences, all species of life share certain characteristics.

1 1 2

You should submit your assignment to the department of the related office.

1 1 2

The reading list will be available before the course begin. 1 1 2

This morning lecture has been cancelled. 1 1 2

Parents are financially responsible for their children until they reach adulthood.

1 1 2

The prior review…. ***(new) 1 1 2

Student center is Located on the second floor of the building.

1 1 2

New credit card will use fingerprint technology(new) 1 1 2

The university celebrated the Earth Day by planting trees. 1 1 2

We are going to postpone the graduation day. 1 1 2

I was overwhelmed with too much irrelevant information. 1 1 2

All students are asked to submit their assignments by..(new) 1 1 2

Students are advised that today's lecture has been cancelled.

1 1 2

Invention of print press increased paper demand. 1 1 2

These leaflets can be really useful when you are revising. 1 1 2

Raising population means more trees are cutting down/cut down.

2 2

The office hours will change next month. 2 2

Commissioner will collect fines for commencement. 2 2

The toughest part of ….pollution in main cities. (NEW) 2 2

Please write your name and identification number on the cover sheet.

2 2

You should contact to your tutor if you require more information.

2 2

We have fantastic sport facilities in our all campuses. 2 2

The article verifies a number of interesting experiments. 2 2

Distance learning allows you to develop your career around your commitments.(New)***

1 1 2

55


The university faculty must approve your dissertation….. (New)

2 2

The toughest part of public transport is funding. 2 2

Sugar is a compound including carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms. (New)***

2 2

There are a wide variety of habitats and species In this area. 2 2

The bus to London will leave ten minutes later than expected/planned.

2 2

You must/need to answer (to) the security questions, while you are changing your password. (New)***

2 2

Our facilities include five libraries…. 2 2

The blue whales are the largest animals/mammals ever known to have lived on earth. (New)***

2 2

Firm concusions can be established through rigorous experiments. (New)***

2 2

Banks charged interests to/on the money they lend/lent to the customers. (New)***

2 2

Your dissertation must be aaproved by your supervisor. (New)***

2 2

Theres is a wide range of perceptions that the engineering is for boys.

2 2

Advances in technology will grow the economy. (New)*** 2 2

The biology department is restricted for research activity. (New)***

2 2

Please save all your filles before turning down the computer. (New)***

2 2

You are not required special knowledge to enjoy this book. (New)***

2 2

Psychology departments are looking for volunteers…(new)***

2 2

You should acknowledge all your sources. *** 2 2

She used to be in her office, but today she is missed. 2 2

There are still people struggling in the lab. *** 2 2

The school traditions will ensure its… (New)*** 2 2

All the area environment has been devastated the habitat (lives) of different species. (New)***

2 2

Today's lecture on economic development has been cancelled. (new)***

1 1 2

Time and distance are used to calculate speed (new)*** 2 2

Jobs require….high skill levels. (New)*** 2 2

Courses are assessed by group work and individual assignment. (New)***

2 2

The news is not received untill the following week. (New)*** 2 2

Measures must be taken to prevent unemployment rate from increasing.

2 2

The course tomorrow require higher skill levels. (New)*** 2 2

55


The new assignment is due to 14th of September.*** 2 2

Speed is defined as how quickly an object or a person moves.(New)***

1 1 2

Some of these features are part of the previous research. 1 1 2

That means that we have too many struggling overlaps! 1 1 2

All staff must evacuate the premises during the fire drill. 1 1 2

Behind the group there is a flat cart drawn by mules. 1 1 2

The application process may take longer than expected. 2 2

Sound waves are unabel to travel through vacuum.(New)*** 2 2

The office hours will change next term. 1 1

To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts. (Rs)

1 1

An artist (artists) who supports politicians would receive critiques.

1 1

The laboratory equipment is provided in free charge. 1 1

Today we will look at how to play the data visually. 1 1

The speaker begin with an outline of his presentation. 1 1

All students should focus on developing crtitical thinking skills and practical skills.

1 1

In this book, the author discussed the role of cultural difficulties.

1 1

Please write the name of the author and publication. 1 1

Our lecture has been postponed untill Friday. 1 1

It is a great opportunity to work together. 1 1

The journalists students graduated from university can work in communication field.

1 1

Every student will have regular meetings with their personal tutor.

1 1

Dealing with growing population is a concern for many governments.

1 1

A party will be thrown within the small meeting room. 1 1

…. They have been settled …. December 1 1

There are difference between practice and……(New)*** 1 1

We have fantastic sport facilities across all of our campus. 1 1

One of the features of the body fast is to protect (protecting) your organs.

1 1

Remember you sould include your name and…. (New)** 1 1

Several copies must be supplied to the university department to fulfil the requirement.

1 1

Consumer confidence is crucial when economy expands. 1 1

The university should provide material and publications by faculty.

1 1

The art co-offers a number of very interesting experiments. 1 1

A good way for improving your vocabulary is repetition. 1 1

55


Key business partners are often entertained on expense accounts.

1 1

A balanced diet and regular exercise are necessary for good health.

1 1

As the union student numbers, we are….. 1 1

It takes a long time to go to university….. 1 1

Sport events are held on Tuesdays/Wednesdays and you can play game on/at (the) weekends. (NEW)***

1 1

Most lectures beging promptly, so do not be late. (NEW)*** 1 1

You will learn to think rationally to assess the/an argument. (NEW)***

1 1

The snack machine is accessible through the night. 1 1

Boss charged customers interests by paying….. 1 1

Physics is a subject to understanding the world and universe. (New)***

1 1

The sport team often practice o Wednesdays and play game on weekends. (New)***

1 1

….did well at this module…. 1 1

Students should take advantage of the online resources before attending the lecture.

1 1

Open days in library reduce in summer. (New)*** 1 1

Criminal acts will brought them in…. 1 1

The library is in the north of campus…. 1 1

The library will bw closed for staff training tomorrow morning. (New)***

1 1

Gravity is a force that attracts one to another. (new)*** 1 1

The new professor has promised to put (his) lecture notes on the website.***

1 1

You must figure out problematic research…. 1 1

All the area environment has been devastated ... in different species. (New)***

1 1

….of the local people and enemies. (new)*** 1 1

The university/ reception staff provide advise about/on renting private accomodation. (new)****

1 1

It takes a long time to walk to school. (new)*** 1 1

The library is closed….. 1 1

Your dissertation must be submitted after your advisor's approval of your application.

1 1

A chemical material is a compound of completely separate parts. (new)***

1 1

You should choose a course provides great career opportunities.

1 1

The new research has produced some unexpected results. (New)***

1 1

Air pollution in cities….. 1 1

55


Synopsis featured/features basic explanations of the problem. (new)***

1 1

Advancement in technology creates growth in economic.. (New)***

1 1

You do not need to have a special knowledge to understand this book. (New)***

1 1

Journalism faces the crises in the light of the digital reveloution. (New)***

1 1

The minister ...previous appointment(s). (New)*** 1 1

Make sure you choose a course with good prior opportunities. (new)***

1 1

His appointment as minister culture was seen as demotion. (New)***

1 1

The dining hall will undergo renovations during the fall break.

1 1

The museum is closed on Thursday morning every month. 1 1

Graphs and charts allowed data more easily to be understood. (New)***

1 1

In our campus, prospective students have access to thirteen college libraries. (New)***

1 1

Artists need to work both original and accessible…..(New)***

1 1

A bilingual does not necessary ……..(new)*** 1 1

Renovation works have been undertaken throughout the building. (New)***

1 1

The arts gallery shows interesting experiences. (New)*** 1 1

We need to answer security questions if we want to reset the password. (New)***

1 1

…...and Scientists were unsure when ..... leave/left Africa. (New)***

1 1

Please contact all your tutors by e-mail. 1 1

The shipwreck of this year ruined some artifacts which were interested by historians. (new)***

1 1

Career service provides tips and hints on job interviews. (new)***

1 1

Horizental line on the graph indicates there is no change. (new)***

1 1

The researchers are disappointed that their materials are proved to be inconclusive. (New)***

1 1

Your papers are reviewed by university faculty. (New)*** 1 1

Physiscs is the key….(New)*** 1 1

Time and distance are measured for speed (new)*** 1 1

You do not need to be specialised to enjoy the book. (New)***

1 1

Most of the assignments should be submitted on the same day. ***

1 1

55


To achieve full marks, an appropriate bibliography is required.

1 1

To gain full marks, an appropriate bibliography is required. 1 1

A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment.

1 1

We hold visiting hours throughout the year for students.(New)***

1 1

Slides and handouts will be submitted next week.(New)*** 1 1

Students should leave their bags on the table by the door.(New)***

1 1

International exchanges formed the important part of our study program.(New)***

1 1

You must hand in your essays by midday on Friday.(New)***

1 1

Astronauts are using light years to measure the distance in space.(New)***

1 1

Undergraduates have a wide range of cultural modules to choose from.

1 1

Undergraduate may need to pursue some specific interests within the specific program.

1 1

Certain organisms can reproduce using just one parent. 1 1

Make sure youve saved all files before turning off the computer.***

1 1

The opening hours of the library are reduced during summer.(New)***

1 1

Banks charge interests for money they loan to their customers.(New)***

1 1

All medical students must clean their hands before entering this room.

1 1

We are delighted to have professor Rober joined to our faculty.***

1 1

Studying history is better to understand the present. 1 1

The elective course introduces engineering students to construct practices and concepts.

1 1

We all can meet in my office after the lecture.(New)*** 1 1

The social policy is the study of government decisions in political situations.(New)***

1 1

He told me it was the most important assignment of all. (New)***

1 1

Science recognizes different ice types according to water molecule content.(New)***

1 1

The collapse of the housing market makes recessions. (NEW)***

1 1

The aerial photographs were promptly registered for federal evaluation.

1 1

56


Three separat sources are not enough for assessment.(New)***

1 1

The coffee machine is located on the second floor of the building. (New)***

1 1

The library holds substantial collection of economic history. 1 1

Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental factors in (that) economics.

1 1

The commissioner will collect funds for the authorities. 1 1

The commissioner will push fund for the sovereignties. 1 1

You have the option to live in college residences or apartments.

1 1

Tribes vied with each other to build monolithic statues. 1 1

The course involves a combination of pure and applying mathematics.(New)***

1 1

Students are instructed to submit their assignment before Monday.***

1 1

The new chemistry professor will deliver his first lecture tomorrow.(New)***

1 1

When workers ask for higher wages, the companies raise their prices.

1 1

Neuroscience is compounded of completely separate parts.(New)***

1 1

The teacher asked the students to commence the task. 1 1

Arts and design is the hardest field to work in.(New)*** 1 1

Artists tied with the conservative politicians earned the rows of critiques.

1 1

The city's founders created a set of rules that became law. 1 1

Many children start producing words before walking. 1 1

There will be a chemistry exam in the class next week.(New)***

1 1

Biology involves the study of life at all levels.(New)*** 1 1

Food has become a political issue in the world.(New)*** 1 1

Students were instructed to submit their assignment by Friday.

1 1

The biology technology lab is located behind the campus.(New)***

1 1

A party was thrown in a small meeting room. 1 1

The massive accumulation of data was converted into a communicable argument.

1 1

This article refers to a number of interesting experiments.(New)***

1 1

Students can contact all their tutors by email.*** 1 1

Babies can distinguish what is ...and what is not.*** 1 1

Honey can be used as food and healthy nutrition.(New)*** 1 1

Technology changes the ways that people communicate. (New)***

1 1

56


Students must attend the statistical course before entering engineering workshop.(New)***

1 1

Trees benefit the city by absorbing water running off road. 1 1

Students require an undergraduate biology degree to enrol in this course. (New)***

1 1

The art co referes a number of very interesting references. (New)***

1 1

Philosophy uses logic and reason to explain human experience.(New)***

1 1

It is (very) interesting to observe the development of the language in toddlers.(New)***

1 1

People are more dependent to their phones in everyday life.(New)***

1 1

Art and design are competitive fields to work on. (New)*** 1 1

New media journalism is an interesting/exciting area for/to study. (New)***

1 1

Eating fish twice a week is a recommendation of health diet.(New)***

1 1

Many universities' lectures can now be reviewed on the internet. (New)***

1 1

The English degree is a worthy degree of the third year.(New)***

1 1

Marine environment has been destroyed by pollution and unsustainable development.(New)***

1 1

Farms need to adapt to the changes of climate.(New)*** 1 1

Students have options to select course during registeration.(New)***

1 1

Photography is very useful for geographical research.(New)***

1 1

There are some doubts to whether these events actually occurred.(New)***

1 1

Manufacturing now brings more people in than agriculture and fishing combined.(New)***

1 1

The organism will be led by the visiting adaptor.(New)*** 1 1

Children acquire their first language without any effort.(New)***

1 1

Students initially select from a range of foundation subjects. 1 1

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