Policy paper on electoral system and Dalit in Nepal-JB Biswokarma

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of] gLlt–kq tof/ kfg{df y'k|} ;ª\3;+:yf / JolQmsf] cd"No ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / blnt k|ltlglwTjaf/] ljleGg clwsf/sdL{, cg';Gwfgstf{ / k|f1x¿n] b:tfj]h / k|sfzg pknAw u/fP/ ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ . ljleGg If]qsf lj1x¿n] k|sfzgk"j{ o; gLlt–kq cWoog u/]/ ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\ . o; gLlt–kqsf] cg';Gwfg, n]vg / k|sfzgsf nflu /fO6\; 8]df]qm];L P08 OGSn'hg kmG8÷OGPlAnª :6]6 k|f]u|fd (RDIF/ESP) n] cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o; k|lqmofdf g];gn OG8f]d]G6 km/ 8]df]qm];L (NED) / cf]k]g ;f];fO6L OlG:6Ro'zg (OSI) sf] k|fljlws ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . o; gLlt–kqdf JoQm ljrf/, ljZn]if0f / lgisif{df pgLx¿sf] ;xdlt clgjfo{ 5}g .

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;fg]kf, nlntk'/, g]kfnkmf]g M )!–%%@)*%!E-mail: [email protected]


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efu @ M k|ltlglwTj÷ck|ltlglwTj / lgjf{rg k|0ffnL 17

efu # M blnt k|ltlglwTjsf] b'/j:yf 22

efu $ M blnt k|ltlglwTjsf] jqm/]vf 27

efu % M @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 km8\sf] 34

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;dtf kmfp08]zgsf] kl/ro

;dtf kmfp08]zgsf] :yfkgf @)^% df ePsf] xf] . z'¿df hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/;Fu cfa4 g]kfn blnt cWoog s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf v'n]sf] ;dtf kmfp08]zg xfn u}/gfkmfd"ns :jtGq 6«i6sf] ¿kdf sDkgL /lhi6«]zg sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf] 5 . o; kmfp08]zgn] /fHo tyf gful/s ;dfhnfO{ blnt tyf alxis[t ;d'bfo;DaGwL a'emfOnfO{ uxg agfpg ;3fpF5 . o; kmfp08]zgn] cWoog cg';Gwfg, k|sfzg, tflnd tyf ;Dd]ngdfkm{t gLltut cg';Gwfg / k}/jL ub{5 . jt{dfg ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLltaf6 d'n'snfO{ Gofok"0f{, ;dtfd'vL / ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs k2ltlt/ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ tyf pTkL8gdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf] g]t[Tj ljsf;sf nflu k|fl1s 1fgsf] ljsf; / k|jfxn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ eGg] s'/fdf o; kmfp08]zg ljZjf; ub{5 .

5f]6f] cjlwd} /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df o; kmfp08]zgn] blnt / alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf] ;d'bfosf] ljifodf lqmofzLn cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf klxrfg agfO/x]sf] 5 . @)^^ ;fnaf6 o; kmfp08]zgn] gofF ;+ljwfgdf blnt clwsf/ ;'lglZrttfsf nflu cg';Gwfg tyf k}/jLsf] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . o;cGtu{t blnt ;ef;b\sf] k|f]kmfOn k|sfzg ug{], ;ef;b\nfO{ cg';Gwfg ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg], blnt ljifodf eO/x]sf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfg ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg], cª\u|]hL tyf cGo efiffdf pknAw sltko dxŒjk"0f{ ;fdu|L g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ug]{ sfd u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf ;fy} kmfp08]zgn] ;+ljwfg;efsf ;a} ljifout ;ldltsf d:of}bf k|ltj]bgsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ ;ef;b\x¿nfO{ ;'emfj lbFb} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ glhsaf6 cg'udg u/]sf] lyof] .

@)^& ;fnsf] c;f/df o; kmfp08]zgn] sf7df8f}+df …gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf M hflt, klxrfg / blnt ;dfj]zLs/0fsf cfofdÚ ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf klxnf] k6s cfof]hg ul/Psf] o; k|sf/sf] ;Dd]ngdf ljleGg !@ b]zsf ! ;oeGbf a9L k|Voft clwsf/sdL{, k|f1, k|fWofks, cg';Gwfgstf{, gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglw tyf /fhgLltsdL{sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . sl/a @ bh{g ljifodf sfo{kq k|:t't u/L /fli6«o:t/sf blnt ;ª\3;+:yfsf ;fy} ljifolj1 / /fhgLltsdL{nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf pEofpg ;kmn ;f] ;Dd]ngn] kmfp08]zgsf] k|efjsf/L cGt/f{li6«o ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug{ ;d]t ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .


o; kmfp08]zgn] @)^& ;fndf blnt g]tf tyf ;flxTosf/ cfx'ltåf/f lnlvt …g]kfndf j0f{Joj:yf / ju{–;ª\3if{Ú k':ts k|sfzg u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnL blnt cfGbf]ngsf] cj:yfaf/] ;fª\uf]kfª\uf] cWoogsf nflu dfq} xf]Og, To;sf] lbzf to ug{df klg d2t ug{] vfnsf] pQm k':tsnfO{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, dfgjzf:q tyf ;dfhzf:qsf] :gftsf]Q/ txsf] kf7\oqmddf ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

@)^* ;fndf o; kmfp08]zgn] blnt ;ef;b\x¿nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] l/kf]6{ tyf k':ts k|sfzg tyf cg';Gwfgdf cfkm"nfO{ s]lGb|t u/]sf] lyof] . o;} qmddf …gofF ;+ljwfgdf blntM ?kfGt/0fdf cndnÚ ;dtf gLlt–kqsf] k|sfzg;Fu} cGtlq{mofsf] z[ª\vnf yfn]sf] lyof] . o;}aLr, @)^( ;fndf blnt k|ltlglwTjaf/] ef/tLo cg'ej ;f6f;f6 ug{] nIosf ;fy …;Qf–ljdz{ / blntM cDa]8s/, b[li6sf]0f / ljj]rgfÚ k':tssf] cg'jfb / k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . …blnt n]vgsf] k|j[lQM g]kfnL blnt ;d'bfo;DaGwL n]vgsf] ;dLIffÚ gfds ;dLIff–kqsf] k|sfzgkl5 To;sf] cª\u|]hL ?kfGt/0f / 8f]d ;d'bfo;DaGwL cg';Gwfgsf] l/kf]6{ k|sfzg ug{] tof/L x'Fb}5 .

o; kmfp08]zgsf Dofg]lhª 8fO/]S6/ ;'efif bgf{nn] o; kmfp08]zgdf v'nf ljZjljBfno / k|sfzg u[xsf] lgdf{0flt/ klg cufl8 a9fpg] ;kgf klg /f]k]sf lyP . pgsf] b'Mvb\ c;fdlos b]xfGtkl5 klg tL b'j} ;kgf afFlr/x]sf 5g\, o; kmfp08]zg;fd' /x]sf gofF sfo{ef/sf ?kdf . oxL sfo{ef/ k"/f ug]{ nIosf ;fy o; kmfp08]zgdf lgoldt cg';Gwfg ug{ blnt ;d'bfosf rf/ hgf o'jf …l/;r{ km]nf]Úsf ¿kdf lqmofzLn 5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ cg';Gwfg If]qdf nfdf] cg'ej ePsf 8f= g/]Gb|dª\un hf]zL / 8f= /jLGb| /fo sfo{/t 5g\ . cGo sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yfkg tyf of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu cg';Gwfg, Joj:yfkg tyf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] d'2fdf uxg cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf lj1x¿sf] Joj:yfkg l6d 5 . ;dtf kmfp08]zgsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt lgDg cg';f/ 5 M

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à kbd ;'Gbf; M cWoIf à 8f= dbg kl/of/ M ;b:o à 8f= ;'ldqf dfgGw/ u'?ª M ;b:o à 7fs'/gfy 9sfn M ;b:o à ;l/tf kl/of/ M ;b:o


;+:yfsf] tkm{af6

g]kfnL /fHo alxis/0fb]lv ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] /fhgLlts ofqfdf 5 . ;of}+ jif{b]lv g]kfnL ;dfhdf alxis/0fsf] b'Zrqm hf/L /x]s} sf/0f ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfu t]h / ;3g ePsf] xf] . o; alxis/0fsf] b'Zrqmdf km;fOPsf blntx¿ g]kfnsf cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;f+:s[lts If]qdf nueu k|ltlglwTjljxLg} /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] ck|ltlglwTjn] alxis/0fsf] b'ZrqmnfO{ g} Jofks / uxg kfl//x]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts If]qdf hf/L 5"jf5"t / e]befjn] blntnfO{ /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf cfpg /f]s nufpFb} cfPsf 5g\ eg] cfly{s k|ultdf klg afwf–c8\rg xfNb} cfPsf 5g\ . /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf ck|ltlglwTjn] klg cfly{s If]qdf ;d]t blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;LdfGtLs/0f ug{] tyf 5"jf5"t / e]befjnfO{ klg hf/L /fVg] rqm rnfO/x]sf] 5 . /, cfly{s If]qdf klg ;LdfGtLs/0fn] 5"jf5"t / e]befjnfO{ dnhn u/]sf] t 5 g}, /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf ck|ltlglwTjnfO{ klg e/y]u ul//x]s} 5 . o:tf] alxis/0fsf] b'Zrqm tf]8\g g} ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cfjfh Jofks ePsf] xf] . alxis/0fsf] kL8f ;a}eGbf a];L ef]Ug ljjz blnt ;d'bfonfO{ g} ;dfj]zLs/0f cTolws h?/t ePsf] xf] . ;of}+ jif{b]lv /fHo / ;dfhaf6 cnUofOPsf nfvf}+ blntx¿sf nflu ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts ;+:yfx¿df alxis/0f c:jLsfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . lsgeg], 5"jf5"t / e]befjsf] gfddf alxis/0fsf] lg/Gt/tfn] lx+;fTds åGå, czflGt / cwf]ultnfO{ x'sf{Psf] tLtf] ;To ;a}eGbf a];L blntx¿n] g} ef]Ub} cfPsf 5g\ . ctM g]kfndf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts ;+:yfx¿df blntnufot ;a} pTkLl8t ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr, k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutfsf] Gofof]lrt dfu blnt ;d'bfoaf6 hf]8\bf/?kdf p7\g' :jfefljs} xf] .

blnt ;d'bfosf] o:tf] dfu jf:tjdf alxis/0fsf] b'Zrqmaf6 d'lQmsf] 56k6Lsf] ;ª\s]t dfq} xf]Og, ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] Kof;sf] cleJolQm klg xf] . o:tf 56k6L / Kof;sf] ;Daf]wg ug{]u/L /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf ug{', /fHo / ;dfhsf ;+:yfx¿df blntnufot ;a} pTkLl8tx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj a9fP/ :jfldTjaf]w u/fpg' g} cfhsf] cfjZostf / r'gf}tL x'g\ . log} cfjZostf / r'gf}tLsf] lgbfg Pj+ pkrf/ ug{] sfddf ;3fpg g} ! jif{sf] cWoog–cg';Gwfgkl5 …ck|ltlglwTjsf] b'Zrqmaf6 d'lQm M g]kfndf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / blnt k|ltlglwTjÚ gfds ;dtf gLlt–kq k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] . blnt cfGbf]ngsf] sdhf]/ kf6f]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5, blnt;DaGwL 1fg pTkfbg . 1fg pTkfbgåf/f blnt cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;zQm kfg{] p2]Zosf ;fy k|sflzt o; ;dtf gLlt–kqn] alxis/0f / ck|ltlglwTjsf] b'Zrqm tf]8\g kSs} klg d2t ug]{ ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 . oxL ljZjf;sf ;fy 1fg pTkfbgsf] cleofgdf xf]:6]df x}F;] ug{] n]vg, ;Dkfbg, cg';Gwfg ;d"xsf ;a} ;b:o, ;dLIfs ljåfg\x¿;Fu} ;a} ;xof]uLx¿nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 5 .

kbd ;'Gbf;, cWoIf, ;dtf kmfp08]zg


/fHo / ;dfhdf kj{t] …pRr hftÚsf ;De|fGt ju{sf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] / /fhgLlts bnx¿df klg ltg} ju{sf] jr{:j /x]sf] l:yltdf /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ bnut ;+/rgf, g]t[Tj / gLltnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg' h?/L 5 . o;/L ;dfj]zL agfpg] qmddf pTkLl8tx¿dWo] klg pTkLl8t ;d'bfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] blnt ;d'bfonfO{ /fHosf ;+/rgfdf Ifltk"lt{;lxt ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ug{' cfjZos 5 .

!# h]i7 @)^( df ;+o'Qm /fhgLlts blnt ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt / ;/sf/aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfcg';f/ blnt ;d'bfodfly P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[ltsnufotsf If]qdf x'Fb} cfPsf] pTkL8gsf] Ifltk"lt{afkt /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ cª\u, lgsfo tyf If]qdf ;dfg'kfltssf cltl/Qm !) k|ltzt yk clwsf/ gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;'lglZrttfsf nflu kxn ug]{ ;xdlt nfu" ug{–u/fpg lqmofzLn x'g' h?/L 5 .

lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL ;a} bnn] blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfg'kflts pDd]bjf/L clgjfo{?kdf lbg'kg]{ k|fjwfg nfu" ug{ nufpg] / aGb;"rLs} cfwf/df k"j{3f]lift k|fyldstfqmdcg';f/} lgjf{lrt x'g] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . ca blntnfO{ b]vfj6L?kdf dfq} lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ agfpg] / k|foMh;f] lgjf{lrt x'g g;Sg] 7fpFdf pDd]bjf/ agfpg] unt lgotaf6 /fhgLlts bnx¿ d'Qm x'g'k5{, tfls ldl>t k|0ffnL cFuflnFbf klg blnt k|ltlglwTjrflxF ;dfg'kflts ug{ ;lsG5 .

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ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf ;s];Dd Ifltk"lt{sf] dfunfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug{]u/L ;dfg'kfltsaf6 ̂ ) k|ltzt / k|ToIfaf6 $) k|ltzt sfod /flv5f8\g 7"nf /fhgLlts bnsf] g]t[TjnfO{ bafa lbg'k5{ . pgLx¿n] To;sf] cg'kft pN6\ofpg vf]h] va/bf/L ug{'kg{] x'G5 .

ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL o:tf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcGtu{t x'g] r'gfjdf lgjf{rg cfof]udf #) k|ltzteGbf sd pDd]bjf/ k]; ubf{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cFuLsf/ ug{ gkg{] dfkb08 vf/]h ul/g'k5{ . cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dlxnf, dw]zL cflbsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf !) k|ltzt 36La9L pDd]bjf/L lbg kfpg] u/L lgjf{rg P]gdf /flvPsf] Joj:yf vf/]h ul/g'k5{ .

/fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs c;dtfsf sf/0f blntx¿ ;xh} lgjf{lrt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePsfn] blntsf nflu a9Ldf !) jif{;Dd lglZrt lgjf{rg If]q} 5'6\ofP/ ToxfF ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf pDd]bjf/ / :jtGq pDd]bjf/ u/L blntn] dfq} pDd]bjf/L lbg kfpg] Joj:yf ug{ plrt x'G5 . a?, To:tf lgjf{rg If]qx¿nfO{ l:y/ / lglZrt ug{'sf] ;f6f] k|To]s lgjf{rgsf] a]nf kl/jt{g ul/g' pQd x'G5 .

k|b]zleq u7g x'g] ljz]if ;+/rgfcGtu{t s'g} Ps hflt÷;d'bfo jf efiffsf] afx'No ePsf] jf ;3g pkl:ylt ePsf] If]qnfO{ :jfoQ If]qsf ?kdf u7g ul/g'k5{ . To;df blnt ;d'bfosf] afx'No ePsf If]qx¿nfO{ km]l/ ;Ldfª\sg u/L blntsf nflu klg ;Qf;Lg x'g] ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .

:yfgLo txsf blnt ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ :yfgLo txd} blntsf] k|ltlglwTj k|efjsf/L agfpg' h?/L x'G5 . o;sf nflu k|b]zsf] u7g;Fu} :yfgLo txdf blnt afx'No x'g ;Sg] 7fpFdf gu/kflnsf, ufpFkflnsf jf j8fsf] ;d]t km]l/ ;Ldfª\sg ul/g'k5{ .


g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ ;+j}wflgs?kdf :jLsf/L;s]sf] 5 eg] /fhgLlts bnx¿n] klg of] l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . ca ;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg n]vgsf nflu nfu" x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] klg oxL ;}4flGts dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;s]sf] v08df dfq} hgk|ltlglwd"ns lgsfodf blntsf] Gofof]lrt k|ltlglwTj x'g ;S5 . /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] nIo;lxt aGg] gofF ;+ljwfgn] ;+j}wflgs?kd} of] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . lj3l6t ;+ljwfg;efsf] /fHo k'g;{+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF6 ;ldltn] d'n'snfO{ ;ª\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo u/L tLg txsf] ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o; cjwf/0ffdf /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr df]6fdf]6L ;xdlt klg ePsf] 5 . o;}nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ x]bf{ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw;ef, k|b]z;ef / :yfgLo txdf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] jf gx'g] eGg] s'/f lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 .

g]kfndf lj=;+= @)!%, @)$*, @)%! / @)%^ df u/L $ j6f k|ltlglw;ef ;b:osf 5gf]6sf nflu ePsf lgjf{rgdf a9LdtLo jf k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cFuflnPsf] lyof] . t/, @)^$ df ePsf] lgjf{rgdf dfq} ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cFuflnPsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf afx]s klxn]sf lgjf{rgdf cFuflnPsf] k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 blnt ;d'bfon] k|ltlglw;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . ;+ljwfg;efdf cFuflnPsf] ldl>t k|0ffnLsf sf/0f ^)! ;b:oLo ;+ljwfg;efdf

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%! hgf blnt k|ltlglwsf] pkl:ylt ;Dej ePsf] xf] .! tLdWo] klg hDdf & hgf cyjf sl/a # k|ltzt dfq} k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP eg] cGo ;a} ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLaf6 dgf]gLt ePsf lyP . o;n] klg s] b]vfpF5 eg] blnt k|ltlglwTj sd dfqfdf x'g'sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ sf/0f blnt k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g] vfnsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL gcFuflng' xf] . To:t}, blntsf] clgjfo{ k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yfnfO{ /fhgLlts / ;+j}wflgs?kdf :jLsf/ gul/g' klg xf] .

cf}krfl/s ;dfgtfn] ;dfgtfnfO{ a9fpg] xf]Og, c;dfgtfnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbG5 . jf:tjd} ;dfgtf sfod ug{ ;dfgaLr ;dfg Jojxf/ / c;dfgaLr c;dfg Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ . g]kfnsf blnt ;d'bfo P]ltxfl;s?kn] k5fl8 kfl/Psfn] pgLx¿nfO{ jf:tjd} c?hlQs} ;dfg agfpg ;dfg'kfltsdf yk clwsf/ lbOg' Gofok"0f{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] blnt cfGbf]ngn] /fhgLlts?kdf ljutdf blntdfly ul/Psf] lje]bsf] Ifltk"lt{afkt yk k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/sf] dfu ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; dfunfO{ ;+j}wflgs?kd} :jLsf/ ul/Pg eg] /fhgLlts lgsfox¿df pgLx¿sf] Gofof]lrt k|ltlglwTj x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n], casf s'g} klg lgjf{rgdf kl/0ffdd} blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts / Ifltk"lt{sf] l;4fGtcg'?k yk k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ .

! ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgaf6 %) hgf blnt ;ef;b\ lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . tTsfnLg g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_af6 lgjf{lrt dft[sfk|;fb ofbj / hut\k|;fb ofbj g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / g]skf -Pstfs]Gb|–d;fn_aLrsf] kf6L{ PsLs/0fkl5 kf6L{af6 cnu ePsf lyP . PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLsf] cfu|xdf lgjf{rg cfof]un] @) ;fpg @)^& df pgLx¿sf] ;ef;b\ kb vf/]h u/L /fds'df/ kf;jfg / kmd'{b gbfkmnfO{ ;dfg'kfltstkm{af6 lgjf{lrt u/]sf] lyof] . /fds'df/ kf;jfg;d]t u/L ;+ljwfg;efdf %! ;ef;b\x¿ k'u]sf lyP .


@)^@÷^# sf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng;Fu} g]kfn k'/fgf] /fHonfO{ k'g;{+/rgf ug{] cleofgdf cufl8 a9\b}5 . /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] d'Vo nIo /fhtGqfTds lxGb" clw/fHo, PsfTds ;/sf/, s]Gb|Ls[t zf;gnfO{ dfq} km]g{' xf]Og, g]kfnL efiffsf] dfq} Psflwsf/ / kxf8L lxGb" …pRr hftÚsf] xfnLd'xfnL;lxt sfod /x]sf] g]kfnL /fHosf cGo cfwf/e"t rl/qd} cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{' xf] / ;dfj]zL ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{' xf] . dfcf]jfbL ;z:q ;ª\3if{, alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf cfGbf]ng, hgcfGbf]ng cflbsf sf/0f c;dfj]zL rl/qsf] k'/fgf] /fHo;Qfsf] ?kfGt/0f /fi6«s} k|d'v /fhgLlts Ph]08f ag]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgb]lv To;sf] lj36gkl5 klg /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf ljleGg cfofdaf/] Jofks ax; / 5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 .

u0ftGq, wd{lg/k]Iftf, ;ª\3Lotf, eflifs ;dfgtf, ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] /fhgLlts Joj:yfkg, ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj / ljs]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k|0ffnL;Fu} ;dfj]zL nf]stGqnfO{ gofF g]kfnL /fHosf ljz]iftfsf ?kdf lnlka4 ug{] / Jojxf/df cg'jfb ug{] k|of; hf/L 5 . !) jif{] ;z:q åGåsf] ?kfGt/0f / bL3{sfnLg Gofok"0f{ zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Joj:yf dfq} xf]Og, /fHosf] cfwf/e"t rl/q g} abNg'kg{] sl7g cleofgsf] qmddf o:tf k|of;df afwf c8\rg cfpg' :jfefljs} xf] . zf;sLo k|0ffnL, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, Gofok|0ffnL / ;ª\3Lotfsf cfwf/, gfdfª\sg / ;Ldfª\sgaf/] hf/L ljjfbdf ;xdlt gx'Fbf cGttM ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg n]vgsf] k|lqmof cj?4 ePsf] 5 . ljleGg :jfy{ / lxtx¿aLr ;xL 9ª\un] ;xdlt x'g g;Sbf

k[i7e"ldefu M !


@)^( h]i7 !$ df /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] d'Vo s8Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] b'Mvb\ lj36g ePsf] 5 . tL :jfy{ / lxtnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] vfnsf] /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ug{] cleofg klg ca s]xL ;':t ePsf] 5 / ;+ljwfg;efsf] bf];|f] lgjf{rg / gofF ;+ljwfgsf] n]vgsf] sfd z'? geP;Ddsf nflu ;ª\3Lotf;lxtsf] /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] cleofg klg ws]lnPsf] 5 .

alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dlxnf, dw]zL / k5fl8 kfl/Psf] ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ :yflkt x'g]u/L ;ª\3Lotf;lxt /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfljgf g]kfnsf] cfd"n kl/jt{g c;Dej 5 / cfd"n kl/jt{gljgf ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf klg sl7g 5 . ;ª\3Lotf;lxt k'g;{+/rgf x'g] /fHodf ;a}h;f] kLl8t ;d'bfon] /fHosf gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ txb]lv sfof{Gjog tx;Dd ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L k|fyldstf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . /, s'g} klg txsf /fHo ;+/rgfsf] gLlt lg0f{o ug{] k|lqmof dfq} xf]Og, gLlt klg ;dfj]zL x'g'kg{] cfjfh hah{:t?kdf pl7/x]sf] 5 . /fHosf] ;+/rgf, To;df k|ltlglwTj, lg0f{o k|lqmof / lg0f{o x'g] gLltnfO{ ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf d"NodfGotfcg';f/ 9fNgdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] ub{5 . o;y{, cfufdL lbgdf cFuflng] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ ;s]df dfq} ;xL cy{df ;dfj]zL nf]stGq :yfkgf x'g ;S5 .

;fdflhs agf]6 / /fHodf k|ltlglwTj

g]kfnL ;dfhdf /fHokf]lift Psn hft M afx'g–If]qL, Psn wd{ M lxGb", Psn efiff M v; g]kfnLefiff, Psn ;+:s[lt M lxGb", Psn If]q M sf7df8f}+ pkTosf, Pp6f ju{ M ;De|fGt ju{ / Pp6f lnª\u M k'?ifn] c?dfly k|e'Tj hdfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ -e§rg ;g\ @))$_ . o:tf] k|e'Tjsf] cGTosf nflu g]kfnh:tf] ax';f+:s[lts b]zdf ePsf cg]s ;ª\3if{n] ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs /fHo lgdf{0fsf nflu lg/Gt/ tfs]tf ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] cjwf/0ff b'O6f s'/fdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] /fhgLltzf:qLx¿sf] ljZn]if0f 5 . klxnf], ax';f+:s[lts b]zx¿df ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ;d'bfonfO{ s'g} klg ljifodf ul/g] km};nfdf ;dfj]z ul/g'k5{ . nf]stflGqs l;4fGtcg';f/ s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTjljgfsf] km};nf cdfGo x'G5 . bf];|f], ;fj{hlgs gLltx¿ klg ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . lg0f{o ug{] k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z u/fOg' nf]stGqsf nflu


Pp6f cfjZos ;t{ xf], t/ kof{Kt ;t{rflxF xf]Og -nfjtL ;g\ @))$_ . o;n] k'/fgf] /fHosf] ?kfGt/0f u/L ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj;lxtsf] /fHo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f clgjfo{ /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . /fHosf lgsfox¿df ljleGg ;d'bfo, hflt÷hghflt, ju{, lnª\u cflbsf] kx'Fr, ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf / k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL;Fu /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] ljifo klg hf]l8Psf] 5 -vgfn @)^%_ .

lgjf{rgsf] cfwf/df rNg] nf]stGqdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL g} u}/k|ltlglwd"ns / u}/nf]stflGqs klg x'g ;S5 . o;n] /fHo k'g;+{/rgfnfO{ 6]jf glbg] / ;dfj]zL nf]stGqnfO{ k5fl8 ws]Ng] sfd ug{] lglZrt 5 . To;f] t g]kfndf /fhfsf] zf;g rn]sf] k~rfotsfndf ;d]t lg/ª\s'z zf;gnfO{ 5f]k5fk ug{ cfjlws lgjf{rgsf] gf6s ul/GYof] . To:t}, @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / ;+;bLo k|hftGqdf klg cfjlws lgjf{rg ePsf lyP . ;+;bLo k|hftflGqs sfnv08df ePsf # j6f cfdlgjf{rg klg alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf] ;+;b\df k|ltlglwTjsf lx;fan] k~rfotdf eGbf km/s x'g ;s]g . To;sf] k5fl8 /x]sf] d'Vo sf/0f ælgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] cNk;ª\Vos ju{nfO{ zf;sLo zlQmdf cfpg glbg' g} xf]Æ -pk|]tL @))$M !)^_ .

alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf hflt / ;d'bfosf] ;+;b\, ;/sf/ / cGo /fhgLlts lgsfodf k|ltlglwTj gx'g' / zf;sLo zlQmdf cfpg g;Sg'sf] sf/0f pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL gckgfOg' klg Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ sf/0f xf] . x'g t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf x/]s ;d"xsf JolQmx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg]lalQs} gLltx¿ ;dfj]zL gx'g klg ;S5g\ . /, tL ;d"xx¿n] cfkm" klg /fHodf ;dflxt ePsf] / zf;sdf km]l/Psf] cg'e"lt gug{ klg ;S5g\ . kSs} klg hgtfsf] zf;g k|0ffnL elgg] nf]stGqdf ;a} hgtfn] /fHosf ;a} PsfOdf a;]/ k|ToIf zf;g ug{] xf]Og, g t zf;gdf ;a} hgtfn] k|ltlglwTj ug{] g} xf] . nf]stGq eg]sf] hgtfsf] k|ltlglwsf] zf;g k|0ffnL xf] . o;sf nflu k|ltlglwTjsf] ;j{:jLsfo{ ;+/rgf cfjZos kb{5, h'g s'/f ;fdfGotof lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 k"/f ul/G5 -vgfn @)^%_ .

To;}n], /fHodf s'g} ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj gx'g' / pgLx¿ zlQmdf gk'Ug'sf k5fl8 lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6n] klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax';f+:s[lts d'n'sdf ;a}sf] k|ltlglwTj clgjfo{ x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cFufNg ;lsP dfq} ;dfj]zL nf]stGq :yflkt x'g ;S5 . To;}n] ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf nflu s:tf]


zf;sLo k|0ffnL 5flgG5 < ljleGg lgsfosf] r'gfj s;/L ul/G5 < tL lgsfodf g]kfnsf ;a} hft÷hflt, ju{, j0f{ / ;d'bfosf hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj / kx'Fr s;/L ;'lglZrt ul/G5 < oL k|Zgsf] pQ/ lgjf{rg k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . lgjf{rg k|0ffnL d'Vo?kdf /fHosf] :j?k / rl/q;Fu cGt;{DalGwt 5 . /fHok|lt ;a} hgtfsf] :jfldTj / ckgTj af]w u/fpg ;lsG5 ls ;lsFb}g eGg] k|Zgsf] Pp6f hjfkm lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] lbG5 . o; cy{df lgjf{rg k|0ffnL /fHo ;~rfngsf nflu cfdhgtfsf k|ltlglw 5gf]6 ug]{ cf}krfl/s k|lqmof dfq} geO{ nf]stGqLs/0f ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{ k|lqmof klg xf] .

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf dte]b

ljleGg b]zdf km/s—km/s lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 hgk|ltlglw lgjf{lrt x'g] / zf;g;Qf ;~rfngdf ;xefuL x'g] u5{g\ . ljZjdf ljz]if u/L klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] jf a9LdtLo

@ k|0ffnL, ;dfg'kflts / ldl>t u/L # lsl;dsf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cEof;df /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgeGbf klxn]sf ;+;bLo / :yfgLo r'gfj k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6} ;DkGg ePsf lyP, t/ tL lgjf{rg cfkm}+n] klg /fHos} alxis/0fd'vL gLltnfO{ g} e/y]u u/] . @)%@ ;fnb]lv yfngL ePsf] !) jif{] ;z:q ;ª\3if{, @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng / alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfon] ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf nflu u/]sf] cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f @* r}t @)^$ df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg eg] ldl>t k|0ffnLaf6 ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL nfu" x'Fb} cfPsf] g]kfndf klxnf] k6s ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] cEof; ul/Psf] lyof], h'g w]/} xb;Dd ;dfj]zLs/0fd'vL ;flat eof] . ;+ljwfg;efdf ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcGtu{t klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|ToIf k|0ffnLaf6 @$), bnnfO{ k|fKt dtsf cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLaf6 ##% / dgf]gLt @^ hgf u/L hDdf ^)! hgf lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP -;dtf kmfp08]zg @)^&_ .

o;/L lgjf{lrt ePsf ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:ox¿n] b'O{ jif{leq gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ul/;Sg'kg]{ lyof] . t/, cg]s vfnsf åGåsf sf/0f rf/ jif{;Dd klg ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f

@ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnLnfO{ a9Ldt÷ax'dt k|0ffnL eGg] ul/G5 . o; k|0ffnLcGtu{t lgjf{rg If]qdf pd]bjf/L lbPsfdWo]af6 ;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;lhnf] u/L a'em\g g]kfndf k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf ?kdf elgFb} cfPsf] 5 . o; gLltkqdf klg …klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnL…nfO{ …k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL… elgPsf] 5 . oBlk, cGo lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf klg k|ToIf lgjf{rg x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .


x'g g;s]kl5 ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb # dlxgf yk ug{ vf]h]sf] eGb} To;lj?4 k/]sf # j6f 5'§f5'§} l/6pk/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] !! h]i7 @)^( ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb gyKg cfb]z lbof] .# ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;dofjlw gylkPkl5 gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L gu/Lsg} ;f]xL cfb]zcg';f/ !$ h]i7 @)^( df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g x'g k'Uof] . ;f]xL lbg k|wfgdGqL 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{n] & dª\l;/ @)^( df k'gM ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g] 3f]if0ff u/] . t/, /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr ;xdlt gePsfn] tf]lsPsf] ldltdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg gx'g] lglZrt ePsf] 5 .

;+ljwfg;ef k'g:yf{kgfsf] 9f]sf aGb ub{} ;+ljwfg;efs} bf];|f] lgjf{rg ug{], To;sf] ;ª\Vof / ldlt tf]Sg] tyf lgjf{rgsf ljlw / k|lqmof lgdf{0f ug{] ljifodf 7"nf /fhgLlts bnsf zLif{ g]tfx¿ ;xdlt h'6fpg nfuLk/]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efs} bf];|f] lgjf{rgsf] ldlt s;n] tf]Sg] eGg] ljifodf klxn] ;+ljwfg;efdf /x]sf /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr ljjfb 6'lª\uPsf] 5}g eg] lgjf{rgsf ljlw / k|lqmof lgdf{0f s;n] ug{] eGg] ljifodf klg ;xdlt ePsf] 5}g . g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / g]skf Pdfn];lxt ljkIfL bn 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{ g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/sf] alxu{dgkl5 gofF ;/sf/ agfP/ dfq} lgjf{rgsf] ljlw / k|lqmofdf ;xdlt ug{ tof/ 5g\ . /, PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / dw]zL df]rf{nufot ;Qf?9 u7aGwg / cGo bnx¿ clxn]s} ;/sf/n] lgjf{rgsf] ldlt tf]Sg] / To;sf nflu ;+j}wflgs / /fhgLlts ;xdlt h'6fpg'kg{] c8fgdf 5g\ . tLj| dte]baLr klg ;xdltsf] k|of; eO/x] klg klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf lg0f{o / ;+ljwfg n]vgsf] qmddf o;cl3 ag]sf ;xdltnfO{ bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efn] :jfldTj u|x0f ug]{ ls gug{], ltgnfO{ ;Gbe{;fdu|L dfq} agfpg] ls ;sfg{] eGg] ljifodf klg bnx¿aLr Psdt ePsf] 5}g .

;+ljwfg;efsf] bf];|f] lgjf{rg slt l;6sf nflu ug{], s'g k|0ffnLcGtu{t ug{] eGg] k|Zgdf klg bnx¿af6 km/s–km/s wf/0ff cfO/x]sf] 5 . ^ ;o ! l;6 /fVg x'Fb}g eGg] kIfdf /x]sf] g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] ljBdfg @ ;o $) lgjf{rg If]qnfO{ g} sfod /fv]/ a9Ldf ! ;o @) ;dfg'kflts l;6 /fVg] cyjf # ;o !! l;6 jf hlt;Sbf] ;fgf]

# !$ h]i7 @)^( leq} ;xdltsf cfwf/df ;+ljwfg hf/L ug{ g;lsg] eP klg ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb yKg] k|:tfj u/]sf] lyof] . t/, sfg'g Joj;foLx¿ s~rgs[i0f Gof}kfg], e/tdl0f h+ud / afns[i0f Gof}kfg], /fhs'df/ /fgf, rGb|nfn >]i7 / hub]j rf}w/Ln] ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb yKg' cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^ ljk/Lt x'g] eGb} u/]sf] l/6pk/ k|wfgGofofwLz lvn/fh /]UdLsf] Psn Ohnf;n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb yKg] k|lqmof cufl8 ga9fpg ;/sf/sf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] lyof] -…;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb gyKg] cfb]z,Ú cGgk"0f{ kf]i6, k[= !, !@ h]i7 @)^(_ .


;ª\Vof /fv]/ l56f] lgjf{rgdf hfg] dt k]; u/]sf] 5 . ;ef;b\sf] ;ª\Vof 36fpg'k5{ eGg] kIfd} /x]sf] PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] # ;o #% ;b:oLo ;+ljwfg;ef agfpg] klxn]s} ;xdlt dfg]/ hfg] / ;ª\Vofdf nlrnf] x'g] wf/0ff /fv]sf] 5 . PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] ljefhgkl5 ag]sf] g]skf–dfcf]jfbLn] l;6 ;ª\Vof gtf]sL uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngdfkm{t ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:osf] ;ª\Vof lglZrt ug{'kg{] c8fg /fv]sf] 5 . /fk|kf g]kfnn] %% k|ltzt k|ToIfaf6 / $% k|ltzt ;dfg'kfltsaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g]u/L a9Ldf # ;o !! ;ª\Vofsf] lgjf{rg x'g'kg{] wf/0ff k]; u/]sf] 5 -clwsf/L @)^(_ .

;+ljwfg;efsf] bf];|f] lgjf{rg slt l;6sf nflu x'g] eGg] s'/fdf /fhgLlts bnx¿df dtfGt/ 6'lª\uPsf] 5}g, g t s:tf] vfnsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df r'gfj ug{] eGg] ljifod} dte]b ;dfwfg ePsf] 5 . oL ljifodf hf/L ax; / ljjfbn] ;+ljwfg;ef klxn]hlQs} OGb|]gLh:t} ;dfj]zL aG5 ls aGb}g eGg] lgSof{]n ug{]5g\ . t/, /fhgLlts bnx¿n] k|ToIfdf a9L k|ltzt / ;dfg'kfltsdf sd k|ltzt /fv]/ lgjf{rgdf hfg] ;xdlt ug{] ;Defjgf w]/} b]lvPsf] 5 . ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL;lxt ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf kIfw/ JolQm, ;+:yf / cfGbf]ngsf] Wofg, lrGtf / bafa o:tf k5fl8 x6\g] vfnsf ;xdltnfO{ /f]Sg] jf ;'wfg{] lbzflt/ s]lGb|t ePsf 5}gg\ . d'n's ;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg n]vg, ;ª\3Lotf;lxtsf] /fHo k'g;{+/rgf / ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL;lxtsf] ;dfj]zL nf]stGqljgf cufl8 a9\g g;Sg] cj:yfdf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg k5fl8 x6\g] ;DefjgfnfO{ eg] k"/} a]jf:tf klg ug{ ;lsFb}g .$

$ of] gLlt–kq ;+ljwfg;efsf ljifout ;ldltsf d:of}bf / kl5Nnf /fhgLlts ;xdltnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfg]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . ;fy}, yk k|fl1s cWoog cg';Gwfg;DaGwL ;fdu|Lsf] k7g, /fhgLlts bn / juL{o ;ª\u7gsf b:tfj]hx¿sf] cWoog tyf o;;DaGwL ljleGg lj1x¿;Fu cGtlqm{ofsf cfwf/df of] gLlt–kq n]lvPsf] xf] .


k|ltlglwTj÷ck|ltlglwTj /lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

efu M @

nf]stGqsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf eg]sf] cfdhgtfn] cfkm\gf] k|ltlglw 5fGg kfpg] Joj:yf xf] eg] alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfon] /fHo ;~rfngdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ Joj:yf klg xf] . To;sf/0f ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax';f+:s[lts b]zdf ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] jf:tljs cEof;sf nflu lgjf{rgdfkm{t /fHo;~rfngdf pgLx¿sf] Gofof]lrt k|ltlglwTj cTofjZos x'G5 . t/, g]kfndf gLltlgdf{0f ug]{ ;+;b\\, sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;/sf/b]lv /fHosf ;a} cª\udf cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf, dw]zL, blntnufot k5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d'bfo alxis/0fdf kfl/Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . o;/L alxis/0fdf kfl/PsfdWo] klg blnt ;d'bfo ;a}eGbf a9L alxis[t 5g\ / To; alxis/0fnfO{ k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] 6]jf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 .

o; lsl;dsf] alxis/0fsf] cGTosf nflu alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfon] /fHosf x/]s txdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjsf] dfunfO{ tLj|?kdf p7fpFb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o; dfunfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;+j}wflgs?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 eg] /fhgLlts bnx¿n] klg ;dfj]zL nf]stGqnfO{ ;}4flGts?kdf :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ .% @)^$ ;fndf ;DkGg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ;a} pTkLl8t ;d'bfosf]

% /fhgLlts?kdf bnx¿n] blnt ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljlwaf/] ;+ljwfg;efsf] 3f]if0ffkqd} pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . /fHosf ;a} cª\udf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] ljlwsf ;Gbe{df PsLs[t dfcf]jfbLn] ljz]ifflwsf/, g]skf -Pdfn]_n] k|ultzLn cf/If0f, sfª\u]|;n] cf/If0f, dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d, g]skf -PsLs[t_nufotn] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] s'/f cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ .


;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] Uof/]G6L x'g] k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] dfu ub}{ pgLx¿n] cfGbf]ng u/]sf lyP . t/, * k'; @)^$ df ;ft /fhgLlts bn / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr ePsf] @# a'Fb] ;Demf}tfdf ldl>t k|0ffnLaf6 ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . To; ;Demf}tfsf sf/0f cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw]zLnufotn] dfu u/]sf] k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLsf] dfu k"/f x'g ;s]g .^ oBlk, ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cFuflnPs} sf/0f ;+ljwfg;efdf cflbjf;L hghfltsf] sl/a #% k|ltzt, dw]zLsf] #$ k|ltzt;Dd k|ltlglwTj x'g k'Uof] . t/, !# k|ltzt blnt& sf] k|ltlglwTj eg] %! hgf jf *=$( k|ltztdf dfq} ;Lldt x'g k'Uof] -ljZjsdf{ @)^*_ . hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf ;dfg'kflts x'g g;s] klg ;+ljwfg;ef jf ;+;b\df blnt ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj P]ltxfl;s dxŒjsf] ;flat eof] .

nf]stGq / lgjf{rg k|0ffnL *

lgjf{rg k|0ffnL /fHo ;~rfngdf hgk|ltlglwx¿ 5gf]6 ug]{ ljlw xf] . lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 gful/sx¿n] cfkm\gf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L hgk|ltlglwx¿ 5gf]6 u5{g\ . /fHosf k|d'v cª\ux¿ Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfdf ;d]t gful/s k|ltlglwTj u/fpg lgjf{rg ul/G5 . o;n] zf;g k4ltnfO{ j}wtf lbg] sfd;d]t ub{5 . To;}n] klg lgjf{rgnfO{ nf]stflGqs zf;gJoj:yfsf] clgjfo{ ;t{sf ?kdf lnOG5 . lgjf{rg k|0ffnL k|To]s b]zsf] zf;g k|0ffnLsf] :j?kdf e/ k5{ . To;sf/0f s'g lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cFufNg] eGg] ljifo To; b]zsf] zf;g k|0ffnL / zf;sLo :j?kdf

^ ;ft /fhgLlts bn / dfcf]jfbLaLr * k'; @)^$ df ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] a'Fbf g+= @ df cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf @$) k|ToIf, ##% ;dfg'kflts / @^ hgf dgf]gLt ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] .

& @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfnsf blntsf] hg;ª\Vof !#=! k|ltzt 5 . pQm hgu0fgfdf g]jf/ blntsf] tYofª\s ;dfj]z gul/Psf], t/fO{—dw]zsf sof}+ blnt hftnfO{ blntsf] ;ª\Vofleq g/flvPsf], sltko blntn] y/uf]q slyt dflyNnf] hflt;Fu ldNg] ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ blnt ;d"xdf ;dfj]z gul/Psf] tyf hgu0fgf lnFbf blnt j:tLsf] c;'ljwf / 5'jf5"t tyf blntx¿k|lt pk]Iffefjsf sf/0f u0fsx¿ blnt a:tLdf k|j]z} gug]{ jf …dflyNnf] hftÚsf JolQmx¿;Fu ;"rgf lnP/ u0fgf kmf/d eg]{ ul/Psfh:tf sf/0fn] blntsf] jf:tljs tYofª\s cfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf u}/;/sf/L tYofª\sx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] blntsf] hg;ª\Vof sl/a @! k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] …g]kfndf j0f{Joj:yf / ju{;ª\3if{Ú k':tsdf cfx'ltn] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ -cfx'lt @)^&_ .

* ljZjsf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf/] …lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k|f?kM cGt/f{li6«o cfOl8ofsf] gofF xft]k':tsÚ ;g\ @))^ / lgjf{rg cfof]u g]kfn4f/f k|sflzt lgjf{rg / nf]stlGqs Joj:yf;DaGwL cw{jflif{s klqsf …lgjf{rgÚ @)^* df sfzL/fh bfxfnn] zf;sLo :j?k / lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf/] n]vdf rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .


klg e/ kg]{ x'G5 . zf;g k|0ffnL / zf;sLo :j?k alxis/0fd'vL ePdf ltgsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL klg k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL nfu" ug{d} hf]8an x'G5 . km/s—km/s zf;sLo :j?k ePsf] ljZjdf d'Vo u/L a9Ldt÷ax'dt, ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL u/L tLg k|0ffnL cFuflnPsf] kfOG5 . ;+;f/df oL # lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcGtu{t !@ j6f lgjf{rg pk–k|0ffnL k|rngdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf @)^$ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg;efeGbf cl3 ax'dt÷a9Ldt lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cFuflnPsf] lyof] eg] ;+ljwfg;efdf ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cFuflnPsf] lyof] .

ax'dt÷a9Ldt k|0ffnL

a9L dt Nofpg] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ax'dt÷a9Ldt lgjf{rg k|0ffnL xf] . g]kfndf o; lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf ?kdf klg ;Daf]wg ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o; k|0ffnLcGtu{t Pp6f lgjf{rg If]qaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'G5 . a9Ldt eg]sf] ;DalGwt lgjf{rg If]qsf] k"0f{ ax'dt geO{ cGo pDd]bjf/n] kfPsf] dtsf] t'ngfdf dfq} a9Ldt xf] .

of] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcGtu{t klg km/s–km/s lgjf{rg cEof;df cfPsf 5g\ . a9LdtLo jf k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnL, b'O{ r/0f k|0ffnL, j}slNks dtk|0ffnL, Psd':6 dtk|0ffnL / bnut Psd':6 dtk|0ffnLsf ?kdf k|of]udf NofOPsf] kfOG5 . cfd?kdf of] a9L dt Nofpg] k|0ffnL klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnL xf] . o; k|0ffnLdf Ps lgjf{rg If]qaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] ljhoL x'G5 .

csf]{ b'O{ r/0f k|0ffnL k|mfG; / o'/f]ksf s]xL b]zdf k|of]udf /x]sf] 5 . o; k|0ffnLcGtu{t lgjf{lrt x'g Ps} k6ssf] lgjf{rgdf s'g} Ps pDd]bjf/n] hDdf dt;ª\Vofsf] %) k|ltzteGbf a9L dt Nofpg}k5{ . %) k|ltzteGbf a9L dt Nofpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;a}eGbf a9L dt NofPsf b'O{ pDd]bjf/aLr k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ ! hgf ljhoL x'g] ub{5 . sltko b]zdf klxnf] r/0fsf] lgjf{rgdf !@=% k|ltzteGbf a9L Nofpg] pDd]bjf/ dfq} bf];|f] lgjf{rgdf km]l/ ;xefuL x'g] / ;a}eGbf a9L dt Nofpg] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g] Joj:yf klg k|of]udf /x]sf] 5 .

dtbftfn] 5gf]6 qmdcg';f/ !, @, # u/L pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug]{ / klxnf] k|fyldstfqmdsf] pDd]bjf/n] %) k|ltzteGbf a9L dt Nofpg] ljhoL x'g] k|0ffnL j}slNks dtk|0ffnL xf] . klxnf] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf] pDd]bjf/n] %) k|ltzteGbf sd dt NofPsf] cj:yfdf


;a}eGbf sd dt Nofpg] pDd]bjf/sf] dt bf];|f] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf] pDd]bjf/nfO{ k|fKt x'G5 . o;/L %) k|ltzteGbf a9L dt kfpg] pDd]bjf/ dfq} of] k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt x'G5 . ci6]«lnof, lkmhL / kk'jf Go'lugLdf of] k|0ffnL k|of]udf 5 .

Psd':6 dtk|0ffnL ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . o; k|0ffnLdf ;DalGwt lgjf{rg If]qaf6 slt hgf k|ltlglw lgjf{lrt x'g] xf], ;f]xL ;ª\Vofdf dtbftfn] dtbfg u5{g\ . o; k|0ffnLdfkm{t s'n dt;ª\Vofsf] ;a}eGbf a9L dt kfpg] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'G5 .

ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qdf k|of]u ul/g] csf]{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnL bnut Psd':6 dtk|0ffnL xf] . o; k|0ffnLcGtu{t dtbftfn] s'g} Ps bnnfO{ dfq} dtbfg u5{g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L dt kfpg] bnn] ax';b:oLo ;b:ox¿ lgjf{lrt u5{ .

;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg eGgfn] b]znfO{ Pp6} lgjf{rg If]q dfgL /fhgLlts bnnfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;du| dtsf] cg'kftdf k|ltlglw lgjf{rg ug]{ k|0ffnL xf] . /fli6«o?kdf v;]sf] dtsf] cg'kftsf cfwf/df ;DalGwt bnsf k|ltlglwx¿ lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ . o; k|0ffnLnfO{ ;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts / Psn ;ª\qmd0fLo dtk|0ffnL u/L b'O{ lsl;daf6 cEof; ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf nflu bnx¿n] lgjf{rg cfof]udf cfkm\gf pDd]bjf/sf] gfdfjnL k]; u5{g\ . lgjf{rgkl5 k|fKt dtsf] cg'kftdf tL ;b:ox¿ lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ . ljleGg hftLo, eflifs, n}lª\us, wfld{s cflb ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTjsf nflu o;nfO{ pko'Qm k|0ffnLsf ?kdf lnOG5 .

;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL klg d'ntM tLg lsl;dsf 5g\ M v'nf ;"rL, aGb;"rL / :jtGq ;"rL . v'nf ;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgsf nflu lgjf{rg cfof]udf bnn] k]; u/]sf gfdx¿ ;fj{hlgs ul/G5 / dtbftfn] s:tf—s:tf pDd]bjf/ 5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L kfpF5g\ . aGb;"rL k|0ffnLdf bnx¿n] lgjf{rg cfof]udf cfkm"n] k]; u/]sf gfd kl5 x]/km]/ ug{ jf tn–dfly ug{ kfpFb}gg\ . lgjf{rgaf6 k|fKt kl/0ffds} cfwf/df pgLx¿ k|fyldstfqmdcg';f/ lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ . :jtGq ;"rLdf dtbftfn] cfkm\gf] /f]hfOcg';f/ /fhgLlts bn jf :jtGq pDd]bjf/nfO{ dt lbg


kfpF5g\ . g]kfndf ;+ljwfg;efdf ;dfg'kfltscGtu{t aGb;"rLsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . oBlk, bnx¿n] k|ltlglw lgjf{lrt ug]{ a]nfdf eg] aGb;"rLcGtu{t qmdzM lgjf{lrt gu/L pDd]bjf/x¿sf] gfd cfkm"v'zL tndfly u/]sf lyP . o;n] ubf{ k|fyldstfsf] s'g} cy{ g} gx'g] l:ylt ag]sf] lyof] .

ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

ax'dt÷ a9Ldt jf k|ToIf / ;dfg'kflts b'j} k|0ffnLsf ;sf/fTds kIfnfO{ ;d]6]/ cFuflnPsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL eg]sf] ldl>t k|0ffnL xf] . o; lsl;dsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf b'j} k|s[ltsf lgjf{rgsf ljz]iftf cGtlg{lxt x'G5g\ . ax'dt÷a9Ldt jf k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] k}bf ug]{ cldNbf] cg'kft ldnfpg Ifltk"lt{sf] l;4fGtnfO{ klg o; k|0ffnLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, @)%^ ;fnsf] lgjf{rgdf g]skf -dfn]_n] b]ze/af6 ^ k|ltzt dt NofPsf] lyof], t/ ax'dt k|0ffnLsf sf/0f dfn]n] Ps l;6df klg lhTg ;s]g . ldl>t k|0ffnL cFufNbf pQm dt;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf p;n] ;dfg'kfltsaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 . g]kfndf @)^$ df ;DkGg ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . hDdf ^)! l;6sf nflu ePsf] lgjf{rgdf @$) klxnf] x'g] ax'dt÷a9LdtcGtu{t lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnLaf6, ##% ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLaf6 / @^ hgf ;/sf/af6 dgf]gLt ul/Psf] lyof] .

b]zleqsf ljleGg hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt cflbsf] /fHodf k|ltlglwTj x'g] s'/f d"ntM lgjf{rg k|0ffnLd} lge{/ /xG5 . ;fdflhs—;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, /fhgLlts cj:yf, ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL Joj:yfn] alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf jf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cFuflnP dfq} pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /fHosf lgsfodf x'g ;S5 . g]kfnsf sl/a @) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] bfaL ub{} cfPsf blnt ;d'bfosf] tkm{af6 Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfnufot lgsfodf k|ltlglwTj eg] cToGt} sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 .


/fHodf k|ltlglwTjsf] k|Zg ;Qf, zlQm / ;DklQ;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . ;Qf, zlQm / ;DklQaf6 jl~rt blnt ;d'bfo /fHodf nueu k|ltlglwTjljxLg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . /fHodfly afx'g / If]qL ;De|fGt / zf;s ju{;Fu} g]jf/ ;d'bfosf s]xL ;De|fGt ju{sf] xfnLd'xfnL /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] xfnLd'xfnLsf] l;nl;nf c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWodf uf]/vf /fHosf] lj:tf/sf] qmddf ag]sf] g]kfn b]zdf :yflkt zfxj+zLo lxGb" clw/fHosf] yfngLaf6 z'? ePsf] xf] . O:nfd wd{ dfGg] d';ndfg zf;s ju{sf] d'un ;fd|fHosfndf pbo ePsf] uf]/vf ;fd|fHo O;fO{ wdf{jnDaL la|l6; ;fd|fHo;Fu 7f]lSsPkl5 g]kfn /fHosf] ;+/rgf lxGb" ;fdflhs df]8]ncg';f/ x'g' Pp6f afWotf ePsf] ljZn]if0f 8f= xs{ u'?ªsf] 5 -u'?ª @)^%_ .

hfthGo prgLrdo txsf] cfwf/df ;dfhnfO{ k'glg{df{0f ug{] cy{df g]kfnnfO{ …c;nL lxGb":yfgÚ agfpg] /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kl/of]hgfdf zf;s tKsf If]qL / af}l4s tKsf a|fDx0fsf] ;xsfo{ b]lvG5 . hfthGo prgLrdo txut Joj:yfn] ;d'bfosf x'g]vfg] ;b:ox¿sf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] Jofks?kn] k|Tofe"lt ul/lbg] / pQm ljz]ifflwsf/x¿ b}jL bhf{sf ePsf s'/fnfO{ :yflkt ul/lbg] k|:tfj cl3 ;fg]{ ts{ :6]kmg dfOs;]nn] u/]sf 5g\ -dfOs;]n ;g\ @))$_ . oxL cfzocg';f/ agfOPsf] …c;nL lxGb":yfgÚ uf]/vfnL zf;ssf] of]hgfcg';f/} blnt ;d'bfodfly cfly{s / /fhgLlts?kdf alxis/0f ug]{ / ;f+:s[lts?kdf 5'jf5"t–e]befj ug]{ j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/of] . ;Qf, zlQm / ;DklQaf6 ;a}eGbf k5fl8 kfl/Psf blnt ;d'bfoaf6 Psfw JolQmafx]s cGonfO{ uf]/vf /fHodf s'g} :yfg lbOPg . uf]/vf ;fd|fHosf] lj:tf/df of]ubfg lbPsf h;jL/ sfdL, la;]

blnt k|ltlglwTjsf] b'/j:yfefu M #


gurL{h:tf x:tLx¿ / pgsf zfvf;Gtfgsf] ;d]t s'g} /fhgLlts x}l;ot aGg ;s]g . la;] gurL{sf] z]ifkl5 pgsf 5f]/f b'ANof -b'An]_nfO{ gu/f ahfpg] gurL{df dfq} ydf}tL ul/Psf] tYo lj=;+= !*$^ sf] nfndf]x/af6 yfxf x'G5 -;'Gbf; @)$^_ .

g]kfnsf] c9fO ;o jif{ nfdf] Oltxf;df zf;s ju{sf] hftLo agf]6n] g} c;dfgtf emNsfPsf] / To:tf] zf;s ju{sf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] /fHon] c;dfgtf / alxis/0fnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] k|i6?kdf b]lvG5 .( uf]/vfnL zfxj+zLo /fhtGqcGtu{tsf] ;De|fGt /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf z'?df ^ y/ kl/jf/ lyP, h;df cof{n, kfF8], kGy, vgfn, af]x/f / /fgf lyP, kl5 yfkf, a:Goft, s'Fj/ / 7s'/L kl/jf/x¿sf] jr{:j klg a9\of], h;n] If]qLo lj:tf/df ;3fPsf lyP -a/fn / cGo ;g\ @))!_ . ;g\ !&&) b]lv ;g\ !*$^ ;Dd d"ntM zfx, yfkf, a:Goft / kfF8] u/L $ j6f ef/bf/ kl/jf/n] g]kfndfly zf;g u/]sf lyP -/f]h / :sf]Nh ;g\ !(*)_ .

zfxj+zLo /fhfaf6 ;Qf xTofPsf h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] ;g\ !*%$ df …d'n'sL P]gÚ hf/L ub{} ToxL gLltnfO{ lj:tf/ u/]sf lyP . dg':d[lt;Fu lj/f;t hf]l8Psf] / lxGb"s§/tfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] d'n'sL P]gnfO{ tTsfnLg zf;s ju{sf] /fli6«o kfif{b\n] kfl/t u/]sf] lyof], h;df clwsf+z kj{t] …pRr hftÚsf] k|ltlglwTj lyof] . To;df x:tfIf/ ug{] @!@ hgfdWo] (%=! k|ltzt …pRr hftÚsf dflgg] afx'g / If]qL dfq} lyP -u'?ª @)^%_ .

tflnsf ! M ;Qfwf/L ju{sf] ;+/rgf, ;g\ !*%$ / ;g\ !((( df

;fdflhs ;d"x!*%$ s !((( v

;Vof k|ltzt ;Vof k|ltzt!= …pRr hftÚ -kj{t]_ !^^ &*=# !)!! ^^=%@= …pRr hftÚ -g]jf/_ #@ !%=( @+#! !%=@#= …pRr hftÚ -dw]zL_ @ )=( !&) !!=@$= hghflt ^ @=* !)* &=!%= blnt hft ) ) % )=#^= cGo hft -gv'n]sf]_ ^ @=*s'n @!@ !)) !,%@% !))

s= @@ l8;]Da/ !*%$ -kf}if !(!)_ df d'n'sL P]gdf x:tfIf/stf{x¿v= uf]ljGb Gof}kfg], g]kfndf hftLo k|Zg, @))), k]h *@ -zf;gsf] PsLs[t /fli6«o ;"rsfª\s_

-;|f]t M alxis/0fb]lv ;dfj]zLs/0f;Dd, 8f= xs{ u'?ª_

( x]g'{xf];\, uf]/vfnL /fhgLlts g]t[Tjaf/] dx]zrGb| /]UdLsf] k':ts …lsª\; P08 kf]lnl6sn ln8;{ ckm b uf]/vfnL PDkfP/Úsf k[i7 &! b]lv &# df lbOPsf cg';"rL ! / @ .


k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lbPsf] dflgg] …lbJo pkb]zÚ g} zfxj+zLo /fhfx¿sf nflu /fHo ;~rfngsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ lyof] . …lbJo pkb]zÚkl5 …d'n'sL P]gÚsf] cfwf/df hfthfltnfO{ ;fdflhs?kdf dfq} xf]Og, /fhgLlts?kdf klg alxis/0f u/]sf zfx / /f0ff zf;s ju{sf] k|e'Tjd} blnt ;d'bfon] @ ;o jif{ u'hfg{' k¥of] . o;aLrdf zfx /fhfx¿nfO{ vf]kLsf] b]ptf agfP/, /f0ff elgg] s'Fj/x¿n] ;g\ !*$^ b]lv ;g\ !(%) ;Dd Psnf}6L kfl/jfl/s zf;g rnfP eg] afx'g / If]qLnfO{ afx]s c?sf] alxis/0fnfO{ ;3g agfO/fv] . ;g\ !(%) df ePsf] k|hftflGqs kl/jt{gkl5 vf]kLaf6 lg:s]/ km]l/ ;Qf;Lg ePsf] zfxj+zLo /fhfx¿n] bz jif{;Dd /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ 3'dfP . k~rfotL k|hftGqsf] vf]ndf ;g\ !(^) b]lv ;g\ !(() ;Dd kfl/jfl/s zf;g} ;~rfng u/] -dxh{g @)^(_ . jf:tjdf k~rfotL zf;gsf xtf{stf{ !& hgfdWo] ;Qfsf] ;f]kfgdf /fhfsf] :yfg ;a}eGbf dfly lyof] . 8]k'6L lrkm ckm cfdL{ :6fkm !& cf}+ :yfgdf lyP eg] Soflag]6 dGqLx¿sf] x}l;ot t lgs} tn dfq} lyof] -bfxfn ;g\ @)))_ .

o; tYon] g]kfndf k|hftGq cfPsf] ^) jif{ lalt;Sbf klg /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTj pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] cj:yfeGbf vf;} kl/jt{g cfpg g;s]sf] b]vfpF5 . ;g\ !&^( df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] yfn]sf] /fHolj:tf/b]lv /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo;Ddsf] b'O{ ztfAbLdf g]kfndf If]qL 7s'/Lx¿n] ;fdGtL / x}sdjfbL zf;gdf Psnf}6L rnfPsf lyP .

of] zf;gdf afx'g ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ /fhk'/f]lxt, GofofwLz, hldGbf/, ;'Aaf, v/bf/, sfl/Gbf, ;Nnfxsf/, n]vgbf;sf] ?kdf ;ª\nUg /x] . :yfgLo:t/df eg] cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfos} g]t[TjnfO{ lhDdfjfn, tfn'sbf/, åf/]h:tf kb ;'Dkg'kg{] afWotf g/x]sf] xf]Og, t/ klg pgLx¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs?kdf s]Gb|Lo zf;g;Qfd'lg zfl;t /xg] …k|hfÚs} ?kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] x'GYof] . blntx¿ clwsf+z k"0f{sfnLg s[lif >lds lyP eg] w]/}h;f] kmnfd, 5fnf / l;nfO;Fu} cGo sflnu9Lsf sfddf lge{/ lyP . s]Gb|Lo zf;g–k|0ffnLdf pgLx¿sf] cToGt} Go"g k|ltlglwTj ePsf] s'/f ;g\ !*%$ sf] d'n'sL P]gsf x:tfIf/stf{sf] ljj/0faf6 klg b]lvG5 -tfdfª @)^(M (*_ .

kj{t] ;De|fGt ju{åf/f lgld{t d'n'sL P]g g} kl5Nnf] r/0f;Dd klg /fhgLlts cGofosf] d'xfg aGg k'u]sf] -u'?ª ;g\ @))&_ tYo ;Qf–zlQmsf] ;+/rgfdf blnt / cGohgsf] alxis/0faf6 :ki6 b]lvG5 . ;g\ !*%$ b]lv g} ;fdGtL, k~rfot / k|hftflGqs h'g;'s} /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf klg ;fdflhs agf]6sf] cfwf/df x]bf{ zlQm ;+/rgfdf gu0o dfqfdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . To;af6 klg k/Dk/fut ;Qfwf/L ju{ g} cem :yflkt


ePsf] 7x/ xs{ u'?ªsf] 5 -u'?ª @)^%_ . d'n'sL P]g nfu" ePsf] !$% jif{kl5 ;g\ !((( -@)%^ ;fn_df cfP/ dfq} /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs clehft ju{sf] hftLo ;+/rgfdf yf]/} kl/jt{g cfPsf] t/ zlQmzfnL pRr cf]xf]bfdf rflxF blntx¿sf] s'g} k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf] pgsf] ts{ 5 .

tflnsf @ M zf;gdf k|ltlglwTj, @)%^

;+:yf kj{t] tfufwf/L g]jf/ dw]zL kj{t]

hghflt blnt hDdf

!= ;+j}wflgs cª\u !$ ^ # @ @%

@= dlGqkl/ifb\ @) # % $ #@

#= Gofokflnsf !*! #@ !* $ @#%

$= ljwflosf !%* @) $^ #^ $ @^%

%= k|zf;g !() $# ( # @$%

^= /fhgLlts g]tf (& !* @^ @% !^^

&= lhlj; ;efklt÷d]o/ !)^ #) #! @# !()

*= gful/s ;dfh cu'jf $! * $ ! %$

(= hDdf *)* !^) !$@ (* $ !,@!@

s= k|ltzt Ü ^^=^ !#=@ !!=& *=! )=# !))=)

v= hg;ª\Vof Ü #!=^ %=^ #)=( @@=@ *=& !))=)

s–v ±#%=) ±&=^ – !(=@ – !$=! – *=$ –

-;|f]t M Gof}kfg], ;g\ @)))M *@_

o; tflnsfn] To;a]nf sd{rf/LtGq, Goflos If]q / gful/s ;dfhdf kj{t] …pRr hftÚsf] k|e'Tj &^ b]lv &* k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] b]vfpF5 eg] /fhgLltdf %*=$ k|ltzt ks8 /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . o;sf] cy{ s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] Ps ltxfOeGbf sd /x]sf kj{t] …pRr hftÚsf ;De|fGtn] /fHoJoj:yfsf] b'O{ ltxfO :yfgdf Psflwsf/ hdfPsf lyP . t/, hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngfdf zlQm ;+/rgfdf kj{t] …pRr hftÚ;Fu efiff / ;+:s[lt ldNg] slyt tNnf] hft blntsf] pkl:ylt eg] ;a}eGbf bogLo lyof] -u'?ª @)^%_ .

o;sf] dtna g]kfnsf blnt ;d'bfo cfly{s, ;fdflhs—;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, z}lIfsnufot ;a} If]qaf6 alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf 5g\ . jf:tjdf kj{t] …pRr hftÚsf] ;jf{]Rrtf / cflwkTonfO{ dfu{bz{s l;4fGt 7fg]/ wfld{s, /fhgLlts


/ ef}uf]lns k|of]hgsf nflu agfOPsf] d'n'sL P]gsf] hft–>]0fL blntsf nflu 7"nf] …b'ZrqmÚ ;flat eof] -u'?ª @)^%_ . ;fdflhs—;f+:s[lts If]qdf ePsf] 5'jf5"t / e]befjn] blntnfO{ /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf cfpg /f]Sg] / cfly{s k|ultdf afwf xfNg] u/]sf] 5 . /, /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf ck|ltlglwTjn] ubf{ cfly{s If]qdf klg ;LdfGtLs/0f ug]{ tyf 5'jf5"t / e]befj klg hf/L /fVg] b'Zrqm rln/x]sf] 5 . /fHon] Pp6f kIfdf ug{] ;fdflhs alxis/0fn] t o:tf] b'irqm rnfPsf] eg] ;a} kIfdf ul/g] ;fdflhs alxis/0fn] s:tf] ljgfz dRrfO/x]sf] xf]nf, /fhgLlts k|lgltlwTjsf] b'/j:yf x]/]/ klg ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .


blnt k|ltlglwTjsf] jqm/]vfefu M $

@)!& b]lv @)$^ ;fn;Ddsf] k~rfotL Joj:yfdf dfq} xf]Og, @)$^ ;fnkl5 k'g:yf{lkt ;+;bLo k|hftGqdf klg blntsf] k|ltlglwTj cToGt} Go"g /Xof] . @)$* ;fnsf] lgjf{rgdf ! hgf blnt k|ltlglw;ef ;b:osf ?kdf lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP eg] @)^# ;fndf k'g:yf{lkt ;+;b\df !* hgf Joj:yflksf ;b:o dgf]gLt ePsf lyP . @)^$ df ePsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf blnt k|ltlglwTj t'ngfTds?kdf a9]/ %! hgf k'u] klg k|ltlglwTj eg] ;dfg'kflts x'g ;s]g .

@)^@–^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngcl3;Dd g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs :j?ksf] lgdf{0fnfO{ of]xfGgf kfkm–hfg{]sf -;g\ !((&_ n] tLg cjlwdf afF8]/ x]g{] k|of; u/]sL l5g\ M -s_ zfx tyf /f0ff zf;gsfnsf] ;fd|fHojfbL :j?k, -v_ k~rfotsfnsf] /fi6«jfbL :j?k / -u_ ;g\ !(() kl5 ul/Psf] cNk;ª\Vos hfthfltx¿sf] 6fnf]–hf]8fO (patchwork) . kl5Nnf b'O{ cjlwdf g]kfndf kj{t] …pRr hftÚaf6 ag]sf] zf;s ju{af6 ;dfj]zLs/0f x'Fb} gePsf] eg] xf]Og . slxn] /fHo ;~rfnssf] :jfy{nfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ t slxn] ;dfhsf] kl/jt{gsf cfGbf]ngx¿nfO{ /f]Sg alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf hflt / ;d'bfosf] /fHodf k|ltlglwTj u/fOPsf] lyof] . Tof] s]jn …;fª\s]lts k|ltlglwTjÚ dfq} lyof] .

b/af/n] cfkm\gf] :jfy{k"lt{sf nflu k~rfotsfndf blntx¿nfO{ /fhfsf ;Nnfxsf/, /fh;ef / dlGqd08nsf ;b:o agfpg] sfd u/]sf] lyof] . @))& df k|hftGq k|flKtkl5 /fhf lqe'jg / dx]Gb|n] $ hgf blntnfO{ ;Nnfxsf/sf ?kdf dgf]gLt u/]sf lyP . @)!$ ;fnfdf blnt g]tfx¿ l;l4axfb'/ v8\uL, 8f= emdg /fd / u0f]z of]uLnfO{


;Nnfxsf/sf ?kdf / @)!% ;fndf blnt g]tf ;xif{gfy skfnLnfO{ ;+;b\df dgf]gLt ul/Psf] lyof] . @)@) ;fndf /fhfn] blnt g]tf tyf g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf ;+:yfks dxfdGqL wgdfgl;+x kl/of/, @)@$ ;fndf df]/ªsf x/s'df/ l;+x, @)@* ;fndf blnt g]tf lx/fnfn ljZjsdf{, @)#^ ;fndf ;'g;/Lsf blnt g]tf tyf sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf cu'jf 6L=cf/= ljZjsdf{ / @)$@ ;fndf kj{tsf blnt g]tf 6]saxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ /fli6«o k~rfot ;b:osf ?kdf dgf]gLt u/]sf lyP -cfx'lt ;g\ @))$ / ls;fg ;g\ @))$_ .!)

g]kfnL sfª\u|];;Fu glhs /x]sf blnt g]tf lx/fnfn ljZjsdf{nfO{ @)#@ df lzIff ;xfosdGqL / @)$@ ;fndf cfk"lt{ /fHodGqL agfOPsf] lyof] . @)#* df nlntk'/sf l;l4axfb'/ v8\uL /fh;ef ;b:odf dgf]gLt ePsf lyP . @)#! ;fndf sf]zLsf blnt g]tf / n]vs hjfx/ /f]sf / @)## ;fndf k|tfk/fd nf]xf/ ufpF kms{ /fli6«o cleofgsf] c~rn sld6Ldf dgf]gLt ePsf lyP .!! t/, k~rfotsfndf /fli6«o k~rfot ;b:osf nflu ePsf] lgjf{rgdf ! hgf klg blnt lgjf{lrt ePsf] Oltxf; 5}g . o;sf] cy{ @))& ;fnb]lv @)$& ;fn;Ddsf] Oltxf;df lgjf{lrt eP/ /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTj ug]{ blnt ! hgf klg e]l6Fb}g . @)!& ;fnb]lv æ#) jif{df ckjfb:j?k ! hgf blnt lx/fnfn ljZjsdf{nfO{ /fHodGqL;Ddsf] kbdf k'¥ofOPsf] eP tfklg k|x/L, k|zf;g, Gofo, ljBfno tyf ljZjljBfnodf pgLx¿sf] pkl:ylt z"Go g} /x\of]Æ -s];L @)^#M @)#_ .

k~rfotsfndf /fhfaf6 dgf]gLtx¿sf klg cfkm\g} b'Mv / hl6ntf lyP . pgLx¿ hgtfn] lgjf{lrt u/]sf] geO{ /fhfn] dgf]gog u/]/ /fHo ;+oGqdf ;fd]n u/fOPsfn] pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjn] lgjf{rg;Fu s'g} ;DaGw} /fv]g . Psflt/ pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\g} ;d'bfo;Fu s'g} hLjGt ;DaGw /fVg' h?/L ePg eg] csf]{lt/ pgLx¿n] rfx]/} /fVg ;Sg] cj:yf klg lyPg . pgLx¿ t cfkm"nfO{ dgf]gLt ug{] /fhf jf zf;s ju{k|lt g} akmfbf/ / lhDd]jf/ x'g'kg{] afWotf lyof] . /, pgLx¿sf] ;f]rfO, ?lr / dgl:ylt klg zf;s ju{ cg's"n g} 9flng] lglZrtk|foM lyof] . o;/L ;dfj]zLs/0f ul/Psf

!) blnt cfGbf]ngsf cu'jf kbd ;'Gbf;;Fu ! efb| @)^( df ul/Psf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t .

!! blnt ;d'bfosf] /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjaf/] ofdaxfb'/ ls;fgn] …g]kfndf blnt hftLo d'lQm cfGbf]ngÚ -@)%*_ / cfx'ltn] …g]kfndf j0f{Joj:yf / ju{–;ª\3if{Ú -@)^&_ nufot ljleGg k':ts, n]v / sfo{kqdf rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .


hfthfltsf] clwsf/, k|lti7f / k|ltlglwTj sdhf]/ t'Nofpg] ;dfj]zLs/0f lyof] / To;sf] b':kl/0ffd …ljnosf/L ;dfj]lztfÚ (assimilitionist inclusion) sf cjojs} lj:tf/ ;fljt eof] -tfdfª @)^(_ .

;fª\s]lts k|ltlglwTjsf] cGtå{Gå

@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 g]kfnL /fHo …ljnosf/L ;dfj]lztfÚaf6 cufl8 a9]/ …ax'klxrfgsf] ;DdfgÚsf] lbzflt/ cufl8 a9\of] . t/ lj8Dagf, blntx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj eg] /fli6«o;efdf ;fª\s]lts k|ltlglwTjeGbf cufl8 a9]g -kl/of/ @)^#_ . :yfgLo lgsfob]lv k|ltlglw;ef;Dd, ;/sf/b]lv /fli6«o;ef;Dddf blnt k|ltlglwTj bogLo x'g' ax'bnLo ;+;bLo Joj:yfs} Ps cª\u aGof] . blntx¿sf] hg3gTj / /fhgLlts ;lqmotf ePsf If]qdf klg blntnfO{ :yfgLo lgsfodf k|ltlglwTjsf nflu of]Uo g7fGg] dgl:ylt /fhgLlts bndf afFsL /Xof] . ;+;bLo k|hftflGqssfndf klg blnt ;d'bfo To;sf] lzsf/ eO/Xof] . csf]{lt/, blntx¿k|lt ?l9u|:t ;dfhsf] gsf/fTds wf/0ff k|an} /x]sfn] lgjf{rgåf/f hgk|ltlglwTj x'g] ufpFx¿df eg] pgLx¿ ;fg} ;ª\Vofdf pDd]bjf/ x'Fbf klg ax'dt NofP/ ljho xfl;n ug{ lgs} ufx|f] eof] -k|l>t @)^#_ .

k'g:yf{lkt ax'bnLo ;+;bLo k|hftGqdf :yfgLo lgsfodf dfq} xf]Og, k|ltlglw;ef, /fli6«o;ef / ;/sf/df klg blnt k|ltlglwTjdf dfqfTds / u'0ffTds kl/jt{g cfPg . ;+;bLo k|hftGqsf] sfnv08df @)$*, @)%! / @)%^ df u/L k|ltlglw;efsf # j6f cfdlgjf{rg ;DkGg eof], t/ blntsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cfFvfaf6 x]bf{ tL lgjf{rg sfunfO{ a]n kfs];/x eof] . #–# j6f lgjf{rgdf hDdf ! hgf dfq} blnt pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt eP . @)% ;b:oLo k|ltlglw;efdf k'Ug] Ps dfq ;f+;b s[i0fl;+x kl/of/ x'g\ . pgL @)$* ;fndf afFs] lhNnfsf] ;flas If]q g+= # af6 g]kfnL sfª\u|]; kf6L{sf] tkm{af6 lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . t/, @)%! ;fn / @)%^ ;fndf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw;efdf ! hgf klg blnt pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt ePgg\ . lsgeg], ;fdfGotM blntx¿nfO{ ;+;bLo lgjf{rgsf nflu 7"nf bnx¿af6 pDd]bjf/} agfOPg -k|l>t @)^#_ .

blnt d'2faf/] /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] a]jf:tf / c?lr blnt pDd]bjf/Ldf /fd|/L emlNsG5, rfx] Tof] :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf xf];\ of k|ltlglw;efsf] r'gfjdf . r'gfjL 3f]if0ffkqdf hftLo e]befj cGTosf] pb\3f]if ug{], r'gfjL d}bfgdf ;d'lrt k|ltlglwTjsf


nflu pDd]bjf/L glbg] M of] k|j[lQ tLg j6} ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf /fhgLlts bnx¿af6 k|s6 eof] . @)%! ;fnsf] k|ltlglw;efsf] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof ! xhf/ $ ;o $( lyof], t/ bnx¿sf tkm{af6 pDd]bjf/L lbg] blntsf] ;ª\Vof dfq !! lyof] . To;}u/L, @)%^ ;fnsf] lgjf{rgdf s'n pDd]bjf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof ! xhf/ ^ ;o $ lyof], t/ bnsf] tkm{af6 pDd]bjf/ ePsf blntsf] ;ª\Vof ^^ dfq} lyof] -kl/of/ @)^#_ . o;sf] cy{, @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 klg blntx¿n] sfo{kflnsfdf s'g} :yfg kfpg ;s]gg\ . To;sf nflu /fhgLlts bnx¿n] vf;} rf;f] / kxn b]vfPsf] klg kfOPg . @ ;o % lgjf{rg If]qdWo] !% lgjf{rg If]qdf blntsf] ax'dt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg blnt g} lgjf{lrt x'g ;Sg] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL / ;fdflhs jftfj/0f eg] blntsf lglDt pknAw x'g ;s]g -cfx'lt @)^#_ .

blntnfO{ pDd]bjf/ agfOof] eg] u}/blntn] dt glbg] / cfkm\gf pDd]bjf/ k/flht x'g] s'ts{sf cfwf/df /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx¿n] blnt g]tfx¿nfO{ l6s6 glbOPsf] kfOG5 . blnt pDd]bjf/L lbgdf sGh':ofOF ug{]x¿sf o:tf ts{ ;/sf/ lgdf{0f / lj:tf/sf] qmddf klg b]lvG5 . ;/sf/ u7gsf qmddf pgLx¿n] blntsf] ;fª\s]lts k|ltlglwTj;d]t h?/L 7fGg] ul/Psf] kfO{+b}g . @)$* ;fnsf] lgjf{rgdf ax'dt NofO{ ;/sf/ u7g u/]sf] g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] ;+;b\df /x]sf Ps dfq blnt ;f+;b\nfO{ ;d]t ;xfos dGqL lbgdf klg sGh':ofOF b]vfof] -cfx'lt @)^#_ . cfkm\gf] bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt x'Fbfx'Fb} ;Qf?9 bn M g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] blnt ;f+;bnfO{ slgi7 dGqL dfq} eP klg agfP/ blntd}qL af]nLnfO{ Jojxf/df ;fª\s]lts?kdf ptfg{] hdsf{];d]t b]vfPg . a?, kl5Nnf r'gfjx¿df cfpFbf t sfª\u]|;n] blnt pDd]bjf/} lbg 5f8\of] -vgfn @)^%_ .

@)%! / @)%^ ;fnsf] lgjf{rgkl5 ag]sf g]skf Pdfn]sf ;/sf/n] klg o:t} Jojxf/ b]vfP . æg]kfnsf] klxnf] sDo'lg:6 ;/sf/df klg Pdfn]n] s'g} blntnfO{ cfkm\gf] !% ;b:oLo dlGqd08ndf ;fd]n gu/]/ cfkm\gf] k/Dk/fjfbL ;f]rnfO{ l;4 u¥of]Æ -s];L @)^#M @)$_ . To;a]nf k|ltlglw;efdf s'g} blnt ;f+;b gePsfn] /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf g]tfx¿nfO{ blnt k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'kg]{ h?/L g} ePg . To;}n], pgLx¿df blnt dGqL gagfPsf] cf/f]k v]Kg'kg]{ qf; lyPg, g t ;/sf/ u7g blntd}qL ePg eGg] vfnsf] caufn cfpg] eo g} lyof] . s'g} blnt g]tf–sfo{stf{nfO{ pDd]bjf/sf] l6s6} glbOPsfn], l6s6 lbOP klg xfg{] 7fpFdf dfq} p7fOPsfn] o:tf qf;af6 ;xh} aRg ;lsg] g} eof] .

ljwflosf / sfo{kflnsfdf blntsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cfjZostf g7flgg' ;fdfGo


a]jf:tf dfq} geP/ blntlj/f]wL k|j[lQ g} lyof] . @)%^ ;fnsf] lgjf{rgkl5 ag]sf hDaf] dlGqkl/ifb\df ;d]t blntnfO{ s'g} :yfg lbOPg . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgcg';f/ /fli6«o;efsf u}/blnt ;b:onfO{ ;/sf/df ;dfj]z ul/of], t/ ToxL /fli6«o;efsf blnt ;b:onfO{ ;dfj]z ug{]tkm{ s'g} bnx¿n] tyf ;/sf/n] Wofg k'¥ofPgg\ -s]=;L= @)^#_ . o;/L @)$^ ;fnkl5 :yflkt afx|jif{] ax'bnLo ;+;bLo k|hftGqdf blntsf] ;fª\s]lts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;d]t jf:tf ul/Pg .

ax'bnLo ;+;bLo k|hftGqsfndf ;fdfGo?kdf blnt ;d'bfonfO{ bnsf] g]t[Tj, ;f+;b, dGqL / /fhgLlts lgo'lQmh:tf :yfgdf k"0f{tM pk]Iff g} ul/of] . oBlk, /fli6«o;efdf eg] /fhfsf] lgufx / /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] s[kfdf ;fª\s]lts k|ltlglwTj u/fOof] . @)$& b]lv @)%* ;Dd /fli6«o;ef ;b:odf hDdf * hgf blntnfO{ ;fª\s]lts k|ltlglwTj u/fOof] . tLdWo] @)%) ;fndf dgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ / @)%^ df Clifafa' kl/of/nfO{ /fhfn] dgf]gLt u/] . @)$* ;fndf g]kfnL sfª\u|];af6 bnl;+x sfdL, @)%@ df /Tgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ / @)%^ df lah'ns'df/ ljZjsdf{nfO{ /fli6«o;efdf k|ltlglwTj u/fOof] . To:t}, g]skf Pdfn]n] @)$* ;fndf uf]Nr] ;fsL{, @)%@ df nfnaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ / @)%* df /fdlk|t kf;jfgnfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/fof] . kf;jfg @)%* ;fndf /fli6«o;efsf pkfWoIf kbdf ;d]t lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . o;/L /fli6«o;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{dWo] /Tgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ / /fdk|Lt kf;jfg dfq} lgjf{lrt ;b:o lyP eg] c? ;a} /fhgLlts bnaf6 dgf]gLt ePsf lyP . /fhf / /fhgLlts bnsf] lgufxdf dgf]gLt eP/ /fli6«o;efdf k'u]sf blnt ;d'bfok|lteGbf klg dgf]gLt ug]{k|lt g} a9L pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ cj:yf lyof] . d"ntM o:tf] dgf]gog blnt ;d'bfosf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu eGbf klg pgLx¿nfO{ l/emfpg] vfnsf] lyof] . o;sf] g]kYodf k|ltlglwTjsf] …5b\d r]tgfÚ (False consciousness) l;h{gf u/]/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] lgot lyof] . pgLx¿sf] x}l;ot !# k|ltzt blnt / pgLx¿sf d'2fnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{] vfnsf] x'g] ;Defjg} lyPg, lsgeg] pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;fª\s]lts k|ltlglwTj hgfpg] vfnsf] dfq} lyof] -kl/of/ @)^#_ .

…5b\d r]tgfÚ l;h{gf ug{] dfldnfdf blnt d'2fk|lt cf]+7]elQm b]vfpg] /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf] kj{t] afx'g–If]qL g]t[TjeGbf /fhf jf /fhtGq cufl8 h:tf] b]lvG5 . To;sf] pbfx/0f /fhfsf] k|ToIf g]t[Tjdf rn]sf] tL; jif{] k~rfotsfn dfq} xf]Og, tLg jif{] zfxL zf;gsfn klg xf] . hglgjf{lrt ;+;b\ / ;/sf/k|lt j}/efj /fVg] tyf lxGb"s/0fnfO{ 6]jf lbP/ blnt d'2fnfO{ s'Nrg] /fhtGqn] s]xL blnt g]tfx¿nfO{


dgf]gog ub{} blnt ;d'bfonfO{ l/emfpg] / /fhtGqk|lt blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dy{g k|fKt ug{] k|of; u/]sf] lyof], b]vfpgs} nflu eP klg . @)%( ;fn cflZjg !* ut] ;+;b\ lj36g u/L ax'bnLo ;+;bLo k|hftGqnfO{ cGTo ub{} zfxL zf;g :yflkt ug{] qmddf /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] ljleGg dlGqd08ndf blnt k|ltlglwTj u/fPsf lyP . 1fg]Gb|s} 5q5fofFdf /x]sf] z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] ;/sf/sf] kfnfdf xl/zª\s/ kl/of/nfO{ lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft ;xfos dGqL agfOPsf] lyof] . To:t}, 1fg]Gb|s} cWoIftfdf agfOPsf zfxL ;/sf/df klxnf] k6s ! hgf blntnfO{ l6lkPsf] lyof] eg] bf];|f] k6s t #–# hgf blntnfO{ ;xfos dGqL agfOPsf] lyof] .!@ @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngtfsf ljBdfg /x]sf] zfxL dlGqd08ndf blnt ;d'bfoaf6 # hgfnfO{ ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ lbOg' /fhtGqsf] k'/fg} rngsf] lg/Gt/tf xf] . æo;/L ;fª\s]lts k|ltlglwTjsf cfwf/df blntnfO{ 7fpF lbOPsf] e|d lbg] rng k~rfotsfnb]lvs} xf]Æ -kl/of/ @)^#M !!_ .

o;sf] cy{ blnt ;d'bfodf 5b\d r]tgf 5g{] tyf e|dk"0f{ k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ug{] dfldnfdf /fhtGq / /fhfx¿ cufl8 b]lvP . k~rfotsfndf / zfxL zf;gsfndf s]xL blnt g]tfnfO{ 6Lsf nufP/ ;/sf/df ;xefuL agfOPsfn] jf:tljs?kdf blnt k|ltlglwTj ePg . t/ klg jf:tljs k|ltlglwTjsf] dfldnfdf /fHosf lgjf{lrt bn, ;/sf/ / k|ltlglwx¿df eg] s'g} tbf?stf b]lvPg . h] eP klg æ@)%@ ;fnb]lv g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] ;~rfng u/]sf] ;z:q ljb|f]x jf …hgo'4Ún] cflbjf;L÷hghflt, blntsf ;jfnnfO{ wfl/nf] agfof] . o;kl5sf lbgdf /fHon] oL ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ s]xL kxn t u¥of], t/ Tof] cToGt} lkmsf dflgg yfn]Æ -vgfn @)^%M @)_ .

@)%@ ;fndf k|:t't æg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf $) a'Fb] dfudWo] !! j6f ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] / a9\bf] dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xsf] k|ltlqmof:j?k ;/sf/n] clgR5fk"j{s s]xL sbd rfn]sf] lyof] . ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL rflnPsf cf}krfl/s sbdx¿df k|lta4tfsf] cefj 5 / rfn" /x]sf sfo{qmdx¿n] klg pgLx¿nfO{ ;LdfGtLs/0f ug{] / ul/aLlt/ ws]Ng] ;+/rgfut ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ub{}gg\Æ -u'?ª @)^%M %(_ . ctM k|ltlglwTj;lxt ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f / /fHo k'g;{+/rgf @)%) sf] pynk'yndo bzsdf ljleGg af}l4s JolQmTjn] yfn]sf] ljrf/–ljdz{sf] k|d'v ljifo tyf ;z:q ;ª\3if{ / hg;ª\3if{ ul//x]sf ;ª\u7gsf

!@ klxnf] k6ssf] ;/sf/df k|sfz lrqsf/nfO{ e"ld;'wf/ ;xfos dGqL agfOPsf] lyof] eg] bf];|f] k6ssf] ;/sf/df k|tfk/fd nf]xf/, uf]Nr] ;fsL{ / xl/zª\s/ kl/of/nfO{ ;xfos dGqL agfOPsf] lyof] .


d'Vo d'2fsf] ?kdf pTyfg eof] . ToxL bzsdf ;Qf–zlQmdf ck|lglwTj sfod /xg' / ;dfhdf pk]lIft /xg' blnt / hghfltsf] dfq} ;d:of xf]Og eG7fGg] af}l4s ju{n] klg ;fdflhs zf]if0f / cfly{s bl/b|tf blntx¿sf] ;d:ofsf] ?kdf klxrfg u¥of] . k|v/ af}l4s JolQmTj ePsf 8f= xs{ u'?ªn] t blntsf] uf}0f k|ltlglwTjh:tf] /fhgLlts ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu …hftut lgjf{rgÚ (collegiate election) sf] pkfo;d]t ;'emfP -u'?ª ;g\ @))#_ . blntx¿ /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjsf] dfldnfdf alxis[t} /x]sf] eGb} pgn] ;'emfj lbP, ælgjf{rg k4ltdf kl/jt{g u/]/, s'g} lsl;dsf] zlQm afF8kmfF6sf] Joj:yf cFufn]/ zf;gdf jl~rt x'g'sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;a}eGbf klxnf] ;t{ hghfltx¿sf nflu ;dfg'kflts / k|ltlglwd"ns lgjf{rg Joj:yf / blnt dtbftfx¿aLr hftut lgjf{rg x'g ;S5Æ -u'?ª ;g\ @))&M #^_ .

o:t} ljdz{ / dfus} qmddf @)%) sf] bzsdf ePsf] dfcf]jfbL ;z:q ;ª\3if{, To;kl5 @)^) sf] bzsdf ePsf] hgcfGbf]ng / cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, dlxnf, blntnufotsf] cfGbf]ngn] pgLx¿sf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfu;lxt u/]sf] cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f /fHon] ;+j}wflgs?kd} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;dfj]zL nf]stGqnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;}4flGts?kdf ;dfj]zL nf]stGqnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ul/;s]kl5 ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj a9\g k'u]sf] xf] .


@)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 km8\sf] efu M %

oyfy{df ljwflosf / sfo{kflnsfdf blnt k|ltlglwTjdf ul/Psf] alxis/0fsf] cGTosf nflu blnt ;d'bfon] lg/Gt/ cfGbf]ng u/] . …b]z xfd|f] xf], t/ /fHo xfd|f] xf]OgÚ eGg] cj:yfsf] cGTo ug]{ / /fHodf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf nflu cfGbf]ngdf xf]lDdP -ljZjsdf{ @)^#_ . @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng;Fu} cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dlxnf, dw]zL cflbn] /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf cfkm\gf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] d'2fnfO{ Jofks?kdf p7fP . To;}sf] k|efj:j?k hgcfGbf]ngkl5 ul7t cGtl/d Joj:yflksfdf !* hgf -%=$& k|ltzt_ blntsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] lyof] . cGtl/d Joj:yflksfdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_af6 !@ hgf, Pdfn]af6 # hgf, hgdf]rf{af6 @ hgf / sfª\u|];af6 ! hgf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] lyof] . tL ;f+;bdWo] !@ k'?if / ^ hgf blnt dlxnfsf] klg k|ltlglwTj ePsf] lyof] . cGtl/d Joj:yflksfdf ePsf] oxL k|ltlglwTj g} ;+;b\df blntsf] pNn]Vo k|ltlglwTj lyof] eg] blnt dlxnfsf] klxnf] pkl:ylt lyof] .

nf]stGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 u7g ePsf] dlGqd08ndf blnt ;d'bfosf ! hgf dfgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{nfO{ /fHodGqL rog ul/of] . g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf tkm{af6 pgL /fHodGqL agfOPsf lyP . cGtl/d Joj:yflksfdf !* hgf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj eP klg ! hgf /fHodGqLafx]s blntnfO{ ;/sf/ ;~rfngdf ;xefuL u/fOPg . @* r}t @)^$ df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg eO;s]kl5 eg] ;+ljwfg;efdf blnt ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTjdf yk j[l4 eof] .


tflnsf # M /fHosf] ;jf]{Rr lgsfodf hft÷hfltsf] k|ltlglwTj

hft÷hflt k|ltlglw;ef @)$*

k|ltlglw;ef @)%!

k|ltlglw;ef @)%^

cGtl/d Joj:yflksf

@)^#

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afx'g—If]qL !!& -%&=)&_ !#! -^#=()_ !@^ -^!=$^_ !^^ -%)=$%_ @)) -##=@*_

cflbjf;L hghflt $^ -@@=$@_ #^ -!&=%%_ #* -!*=%#_ &$ -@@=%)_ !%(-@^=$%_

dw]zL $! -@)_ #* -!*=%#_ $! -@)_ &! -@!=%*_ !(@s -#!=(%_

blnt ! -)=$*_ ) ) !* -%=$&_ %)v -*=#@_

hDdf @)% -!))_ @)% -!))_ @)% -!))_ #@( -!))_ ^)! -!))_

s M dw]zL hft / dw]zL hghflt;lxt . vM kxf8L blnt / dw]zL blnt .

-;|f]tM lgjf{rg cfof]u, ;+;b\ ;lrjfno / eLdk|;fb e't]{n @)^%_

;+ljwfg;efdf blnt k|ltlglwTj

alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, blnt, dlxnf cflbn] @)$& ;fnkl5 rnfPsf ;ª\3if{, cfGbf]ng, ;z:q ;ª\3if{n] /fHonfO{ k'g;{+/rgf / ;dfj]zLs/0flt/ pGd'v agfPsf lyP . alxis/0fdf kfl/Fb} cfPsf oL ;d'bfon] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] dfu tLa|?kdf p7fP . oBlk, k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgdf /fhgLlts ;xdlt x'g g;s] klg ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ /fhgLlts bnx¿n] :jLsf/ u/] . @^ hgf dgf]gLtafx]s ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ##% -%*=@^ k|ltzt_ ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLaf6 / @$) -$!=&$ k|ltzt_ k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 ;ef;b\ lgjf{lrt eP . To;a]nf ldl>t lgjf{rgaf6 %) hgf blnt k|ltlglw ;+ljwfg;efdf k'Ug ;kmn eP, h;dWo] & hgf k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 / c? ;dfg'kfltsaf6 dgf]gLt eP . pgLx¿dWo] lnª\usf cfwf/df @^ k'?if / @$ dlxnf lyP eg] If]qsf cfwf/df #% kxf8L / !% hgf dw]zL blnt lyP -;dtf kmfp08]zg @)^*_ .


k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 @ dlxnf;lxt & hgf !# blnt lgjf{lrt lyP eg] ltgLx¿df !

hgf dw]zL blnt lyP . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;d} k|ToIf k|0ffnLaf6 klxnf] k6s blnt dlxnf lgjf{lrt ePsL lyOg\ . o;/L $# hgf ;dfg'kfltsaf6 u/L hDdf %) hgf blnt ;+ljwfg;efdf k'Ug ;kmn eP . pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ljutsf] t'ngfdf pNn]Vo a9]sf] eP klg ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj eg] x'g ;s]g . ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cFuflnPsf] / hgo'4;Fu} hgcfGbf]ngsf] /fktfk afFsL /x]sf] cj:yfdf blnt k|ltlglwTj j[l4 x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . oBlk, ;+ljwfg;efdf blnt ;d'bfoleqsf ax';ª\Vos hfltsf] k|ltlglwTj eg] x'g ;s]g . blntleqsf @^ hftdWo] hDdf ( j6fsf] dfq} k|ltlglwTj x'g ;Sof] .!$ kxf8L blntleqsf uGwj{, afbL / g]jf/leqsf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g ;s]g eg] t/fO{sf lrl8df/, 8f]d, xnvf]/, vTj] / d';x/h:tf blntsf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g ;s]g .

tflnsf $ M ;+ljwfg;efdf ljleGg ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf*

;d"x klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnL

;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL hDdf ;dfg'kflts

sf]6f

klxrfg k|ltzt klxrfg k|ltzt klxrfg k|ltzt k|ltztdlxnf #) !@=% !^! $*=! !(! ##=@ %)=)dw]zL &$ #)=* !@! #^=! !(% ##=! #!=@blnt & @=( $$ !#=! %! *=( !#=)hghflt && #@=! !!* #%=@ !(% ##=( @&=*k5fl8 k/]sf] If]q !@ %=) !)= #=) @@ #=* $=)

cGo !)) $!=& ($ @*=! !($ ##=$ #)=@

*oxfF @^ hgf dgf]gLtafx]ssf] tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

-;|f]t M sf/] ef]nfg, ;g\ @)!!_

!# ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 % k'?if / @ dlxnf blnt pd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . sflnsf]6af6 v8\uaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{, afFs]af6 ltns kl/of/, l;/fxaf6 dx]Gb| kf;jfg, sfe|]af6 t]h ldemf/ / df]/ªaf6 uf]kL c5fdL -;fsL{_ u/L % k'?if lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP eg] gjnk/f;Laf6 ;Ltf af}8]n / sfF:sLaf6 b'uf{ ljZjsdf{ u/L @ dlxnf lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . o;/L lgjf{lrt ;a} ;ef;b\ tTsfnLg g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf pDd]bjf/ lyP .

!$ /fhgLltzf:qL 8f= dx]Gb| nfjtLn] ;g\ @)!! cS6f]a/df lbNnL o'lgel;{6Låf/f lbNnLdf cfof]lht …k|f]6]lS6e l8l:qmldg]zgM sDKof/]l6e OGSjLl/h… zLif{ssf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngdf k|:t't u/]sf] …sDk]ol/Ë Pkm/d]l6{e PS;g kf]ln;L cqm; 6fOd P08 u|fp08M 6]l:6Ë Sn]OD; P08 sfp06/–Sn]OD; jLb b s]; ckm g]kfn… gfds sfo{kqdf o;af/] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .


lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] rogn] k|ltlglwTjdf s] s:tf] k|efj kfbf{]/x]5, ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj kl/0ffdn] 5n{ª\u} b]vfof] . lgjf{rgdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjdf a9L ef/ ePsfn] / n}lª\us Pj+ hftLo sf]6fsf] afWosf/L k|fjwfg ePsfn] ;+ljwfg;ef pbfx/0fLo?kn] ;dfj]zL ePsf] tYo la;{g} ;lsFb}g . tYo x]bf{ k|:6} b]lvG5, klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg] k|0ffnLcGtu{t ePsf] @$) :yfgsf] lgjf{rgdf dlxnf / blntsf] k|ltlglwTjdf vf;} kl/jt{g cfpg ;s]g . @$) :yfgdf @( dlxnf / & blntdWo] @# dlxnf / ;a} blnt k|ltlglw dfcf]jfbLsf] tkm{af6 ljhoL ePsf lyP eg] g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / Pdfn]h:tf bnx¿n] tL ;d'bfoaf6 vf;} pT;fxhgs ;ª\Vofdf pDd]bjf/L g} lbPgg\ -vgfn @)^%_ .

x'g klg ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL clwsf+z bnaf6 blnt ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj x'g ;s]g . lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL %$ bndWo] hDdf ( j6f bnaf6 dfq} blnt k|ltlglwTj eof] . /fhgLlts?kdf ;a}eGbf a9L blntsf] k|ltlglwTj PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_af6} ePsf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg;ef lj36gsf] a]nf;Dd /x]sf %! hgf -x]g'{xf];\ k[i7 !) df /x]sf] kfb l6Kk0fL ! ._ blnt ;ef;b\dWo] @$ hgf cyf{t $&=)% k|ltzt PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_s} lyP . o;sf] cy{ dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngn] hgo'4sfnb]lv g} hghflt / blntx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf pNn]vgLo ;xeflutfsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] -u'?ª ;g\ @))#_ . x'g t ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:o agfpg] dfldnfdf b]lvPsf] To:tf] pT;fxk|b ;ª\s]t klg ;/sf/ lgdf{0fsf] a]nf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;b:o agfpg] dfldnfdf eg] b]lvPg .

!) jif{ nfdf] hgo'4sf] lj/f;t af]s]sf] PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfn …k|r08Úsf] g]t[Tjdf ag]sf] ;/sf/df ;d]t To:tf] s'g} ;ª\s]t b]lvPg . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5 %) hgf ;b:o ePsf blnt ;d'bfoaf6 k|r08 g]t[Tjsf] dlGqd08ndf ! hgf ;ef;b\nfO{ klg PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] tkm{af6 dGqL agfOPg . hgcfGbf]ng / ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5 ;/sf/df klg blnt ;xeflutfsf] cf; u/]/ a;]sf blnt ;d'bfoaf6 To;sf] ;j{q lj/f]w ePsf] ^ dlxgfkl5 ! hgf blnt g]tf dx]Gb| kf;jfgnfO{ aNntNn Soflag]6 dGqL agfOof] . dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngs} Oltxf; af]s]/ ;/sf/df cf;Lg ePsf 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{ g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/df klg ! hgf blntnfO{ /fHodGqL dfq agfOof], t/ Soflag]6


dGqL agfOPg . blnt Ph]G8fsf] /fhgLlts cu'jfO u/]sf] bfaL ug{] PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] g]t[Tjdf ag]sf dlGqd08ndf blntsf] of] cj:yf lj8Dag} xf] .

tflnsf % M ;+ljwfg;efdf bnut?kdf blnt k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf

qm=;+= /fhgLlts bnlnª\u If]q hDdf

k'?if dlxnf kxf8 dw]z

!= PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ !% ( !( % @$!% -$&=)%_

@= g]kfnL sfª\u|]; $ % & @ ( -!&=^%_

#= g]skf -Pdfn]_ ^ % & $ !! -@!=^)_

$= dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d ) @ ) @ @!^ -#=(%_

%= t/fO{–dw]z nf]stflGqs kf6L{ ) ! ) ! !!& -!=(%_

^= blnt hghflt kf6L{ ! ) ) ! ! -!=(%_

&= /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ ) ! ) ! ! -!=(%_

*= g]skf -dfn]_ ) ! ! ) !!* -!=(%_

(= /fli6«o hgdf]rf{ ! ) ! ) ! -!=(%_

hDdf @& @$ #% !^ %! -!))_

-;|f]t M ;+;b\ ;lrjfno, @)^(_

!% tTsfnLg hgdf]rf{ g]kfnaf6 ! hgf blntn] ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj u/]sf lyP . pQm kf6L{ / tTsfnLg g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr kf6L{ Pstf ePkl5 u7g ePsf] PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_af6 blntn] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;ef;b\sf] ;ª\Vof @$ k'u]sf] lyof] . o;af/] yk JofVofsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ k[i7 !) df /x]sf] kfbl6Kk0fL ! / k[i7 $# df /x]sf] kfbl6Kk0fL g+= @# .

!^ dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/daf6 ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ @ hgf blnt ;ef;b\n] kf6L{ ljefhgkl5 dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d -nf]stflGqs_ af6 k|ltlglwTj ub}{ cfPsf lyP .

!& t/fO{–dw]z nf]stflGqs kf6L{af6 ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ! hgf blnt ;ef;b\n] kf6L{ ljehgkl5 t/fO{–dw]z nf]stflGqs kf6L{ -g]kfn_af6 k|ltlglwTj ub}{ cfPsL lyOg\ .

!* g]skf -dfn]_af6 ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ! hgf blnt ;ef;b\n] kf6L{ ljefhgkl5 g]skf -dfn]–;dfhjfbL_af6 ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ub}{ cfPsL lyOg\ .


g]kfndf @)!% ;fnsf] cfd lgjf{rgb]lv @)^$ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg;Dd cfOk'Ubf hglgjf{lrt lgsfodf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj guGo dfqfdf dfq} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fb]lv g} /fHoaf6 alxis/0fdf kfl/PsfdWo] cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL / dlxnfsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgkl5 ljwflosfdf k|ltlglwTj x\jfQ} a9]sf] lyof] . #* k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] cflbjf;L hghflt #% k|ltzt, sl/a #@ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] dw]zLsf] ##=! k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj eof] eg] dlxnfsf] klg ##=@ k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj eof] . t/, ;a}eGbf k5fl8 kfl/Psf] / b]zsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] !# k|ltzt /x]sf] blnt ;d'bfosf] rflxF *=$( k|ltzt dfq} k|ltlglwTj x'gk'Uof] .

;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgcl3;Dd k|ltlglw;efh:tf /fHosf] ljwflosfdf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj z"Gok|foM lyof] . o;/L ljutb]lvsf ;a} lgjf{rgaf6 k|ltlglw;efdf blntx¿ lgjf{lrt gx'g'sf k5fl8 /fhgLlts dfq} xf]Og, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts sf/0f cGtlg{lxt /x]sf 5g\ . blnt ;d'bfosf d'VotM ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s / /fhgLlts ;d:of 5g\ . tL ;d:ofn] Psn] csf{]nfO{ 3'dfpFb} ;d:ofnfO{ yk ulx¥ofpFb}, km}nfpFb} cfPsf] tLtf] oyfy{ g} blnt ck|ltlglwTjsf] klg cfwf/ xf] . 5"jf5"t–e]befjh:tf] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ;d:ofn] blntx¿nfO{ bf];|f] bhf{sf] dflg;df /fv]sf] dfq} 5}g, pgLx¿nfO{ cfly{s–/fhgLltsnufot ;du| kIfnfO{ ;ª\s'lrt kfl//x]sf] 5 / /fhgLlts– ;fdflhs x}l;ot j[l4 ug{ klg afwf pTkGg ul//x]sf] 5 . e"ldxLgtfh:tf]

blnt ck|ltlglwTjsf sf/0f efu M ^


cfly{s ;d:ofn] pgLx¿nfO{ 5"jf5"t–e]befj, /fhgLlts–k|zf;lgs If]qdf z"Go pkl:ylt, a]/f]huf/Lnufotsf ;d:of ef]Ug'kg{] afWotf yf]kb{} cfPsf] 5 . /, /fHosf] gLltlgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug{] /fhgLlts–k|zf;lgs ;+oGqx¿df blntx¿sf] ;dfg'kflts tyf Gofof]lrt k|ltlglwTjsf] Uof/]G6L gx'g' g} /fhgLlts–k|zf;lgs If]qsf ;d:of x'g\ . lsgeg], lxGb" ;fdGtjfbL g]kfnL ;dfhdf blntx¿ /fhgLlts–k|zf;lgs gLltlgdf{0f ug{] txdf k'Ug ;Sg] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL 5}g . To;}n], blnt ck|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ oL tLg} ;d:ofnfO{ Kofs]hdf Ps;fy ;Daf]wg ug{'kg{] b]lvG5 . æe"ldxLgtf / a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:ofnfO{ pk]Iff ub{}, /fhgLlts–k|zf;lgs If]qdf blntsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ kG5fP/ 5'jf5"t–e]befjnfO{ dfq} ;d:ofsf ?kdf k|:t't ubf{ blnt ;d'bfosf d'lQmsf] cfsfª\Iffdfly s'7f/f3ft x'g hfG5Æ -cfx'lt @)^#M !((–@))_ .

g]kfnsf] /fHon] k|of]u ub{} cfPsf] alxis/0fsf] gLlt g} /fhgLltdf kj{t] …pRr hftÚsf ;De|fGtx¿sf] Psflwsf/ / To;eGbf aflx/ /x]sf blntnufot pTkLl8t ;d'bfosf] ck|ltlglwTjsf] sf/stŒj x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . alxis/0fsf] /fHogLltn] blntnufot pTkLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts If]qaf6 ;LdfGtLs/0f ug{] tyf cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts?kdf ;LdfGtLs/0fdf k/]sf ul/ax¿ lzIff / /fhgLltdf klg kl5 kg{], pgLx¿ ;DklQaf6 dfq} xf]Og, ;Qf, zlQm / ;fdYo{sf cfwf/df klg ul/a x'g] b'Zrqm hf/L /x]sf] 5 .

o:tf] c;dfj]zL ;fdflhs agf]6sf] 5fofF /fHosf dfq} xf]Ogg\, /fhgLlts bnsf gLltlg0f{odf klg b]lvPsf] 5 . tL b'j} vfn] ;+/rgf cfkm}+ ;dfj]zL gePsfn] / ltgn] blntsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] gLlt :jLsf/ gu/]sfn] klg klxn]sf lgjf{rgaf6 blnt k|ltlglwTj ;Dej gePsf] xf] . ctM /fHosf cª\unfO{ dfq} xf]Og, /fHo ;~rfng ug]{ k|ltlglw cfpg] d"n ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf /fhgLlts bndf klg blntsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ Gofok"0f{ kfg{' h?/L 5 . d"ntM afx'g, If]qL, g]jf/, s]xL dfqfdf dw]zL / hghfltsf ;De|fGt ju{sf] g]t[Tj /x]sf /fhgLlts bnx¿df ju{, hft÷hflt, lnª\u, If]qsf] Gofok"0f{ k|ltlglwTjsf] cefj 5 . ctM /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] ;+/rgf / ;+/rgfsf sf/0f k|s6 x'g] gLltsf] cGt;{DaGw / cGt;{ª\3if{nfO{ klg blntsf] kl/k|]Ioaf6 x]g{' clt h?/L x'G5 .

g]kfnsf pbf/ k|hftflGqs jf jfdkGyL–sDo'lg:6 bn s;}n] klg ;dfhnfO{ lxGb" ;fdGtjfbL Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf] ¿kdf ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5}gg\ . o;n]


ubf{ bnx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf cfwf/e"t ¿kdf lxGb" ;fdGtjfbs} txut Joj:yfsf] emns k|:6 b]lvG5 . ;j{xf/f ju{sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ 3f]lift p2]Zo af]s]sf jfdkGyL–sDo'lg:6 bnsf] g]t[Tj txdf u|fdL0f ;j{xf/f ju{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf blntsf] Go"g pkl:yltn] of] tYonfO{ emg\} 5n{ª\u kfb{5 . gLlt–lgdf{0fsf] txdf h'g hflt / ju{sf] cflwkTo /xG5, p;s} kIfdf gLlt–lg0f{o x'g] ub{5 .=== cfwf ztfAbLb]lv tL bnsf] g]t[TjbfoL cª\usf] agf]6 h:tf] k|sf/sf] 5, To; kl/b[Zosf cfwf/df pgLx¿n] cf/If0f–clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff nfu" ug'{kg]{ bfloTjaf6 klG5g ldNb}g -cfx'lt @)^#M @!)_ .

x'g t /fhgLlts bn÷;ª\u7g lglZrt ljrf/sf cfwf/df ;ª\ul7t x'g] ePsfn] ToxfF /fHosf lgsfo / ;dfhsf ljleGg If]qdf h:t} u/L cf/If0f–clwsf/ nfu" ug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . t/, lxGb" ;fdGtjfbL ;+/rgfnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfn] ubf{ /fhgLlts bn÷;ª\u7gsf] gLlt–lgdf{0fsf] txdf ;d]t blntsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ Gofok"0f{ agfpg] lbzfdf bn÷;ª\u7gn] kf/bzL{ gLlt ckgfpg}k5{ -k"j{jt\_ .

o; cy{df lgjf{lrt lgsfodf blnt k|ltlglwTj ;dfg'kflts gx'g'df /fhgLlts bnsf] s]Gb|Lo g]t[Tjdf pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj Go"g x'g' klg csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ sf/0f xf] . lgjf{rg k|0ffnL lgwf{/0f ug]{ / lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'g], pDd]bjf/x¿ lglZrt ug{] tyf pgLx¿ hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt ug]{ sfd /fhgLlts bns} xf] . oL ;a} kIfdf blntnufot alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf] Gofok"0f{ k|ltlglwTjsf nflu /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] b[li6sf]0f / g]t[Tjsf] ;+/rgf g} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . /fhgLlts bnsf] gLlt blntsf] clgjfo{ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjlt/ k|j[Q u/fpg bnsf] gLltlgdf{0f txd} pgLx¿sf] ;zQm k|ltlglwTj h?/L x'G5 . t/, g]kfnsf 7"nf /fhgLlts bnsf] lg0ff{os x}l;otdf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj cToGt} sd 5 -e't{]n @)^%_ . To;}n] klg blntsf] clgjfo{ ;dfg'kflts / Ifltk"lt{;lxt yk clwsf/sf] d'2f 7"nf /fhgLlts bnsf] gLlt alg;s]sf] 5}g .

/fhgLlts bnsf] kbLo x}l;otn] klg lgjf{rg lhtfpgdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . bnx¿n] klg x}l;otcg';f/} lgjf{rgdf l6s6 lbg] / lgjf{lrt u/fpg e"ldsf v]Ng] u5{g\ . bnsf] dflyNnf] txdf ePsf g]t[Tjn] k|foM k|ToIf k|0ffnLaf6 klg ;xh} lgjf{lrt x'g] jf ;dfg'kfltstkm{af6 klg pgLx¿n] g} k|ltlglwTj ug{] l:ylt 5 . bnx¿n] lgjf{rgsf nflu pDd]bjf/ agfpFbf dfq} xf]Og, lgjf{lrt u/fpg sfo{stf{ kl/rfng ubf{ klg pDd]bjf/sf] x}l;otn] km/s kfg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . t/, /fhgLlts bnsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf eg] yf]/} blnt k|ltlglw eP klg Tof]eGbf dflyNnf]


txdf blntx¿ la/n} 5g\ . cem @)^$ ;fncl3 t s]Gb|Lo txdf Psfwafx]s blnt k|ltlglw 5Fb} lyPg . o;/L s]Gb|Lo g]t[Tjdf pkl:yltdfq} xf]Og, x}l;otdf sdhf]/ ePsfn] klg blntsf] k|ltlglwTj sdhf]/ /xg uPsf] 5 . k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgsf] kIfdf cfGbf]lnt bnleq / aflx/sf blnt cu'jfx¿n] klg sDtLdf k|ToIf lgjf{rgdf blntsf] ;dfg'kflts pDd]bjf/L lbOg'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hf]8bf/ p7fpg ;s]gg\ . o;n] ubf{ klg ;+ljwfg;efdf blnt k|ltlglwTj sd ePsf] lyof] eg] ca klg sd} x'g ;S5 .

tflnsf ^ M /fhgLlts bnsf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf hft÷hfltsf] cj:yf

hft–hflt PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_

g]kfnLsfª\u|];

g]skf -Pdfn]_

dw]zL hgclwsf/

kmf]/d

t/fO{–dw]z nf]stflGqs

kf6L{

kxf8L afx'g, If]qL *@ -%(=$@_ $)-^@=%)_ ^* -%*=^@_ @ -%=&!_ )

cflbjf;L hghflt #( -@*=@^_ !# -@)=#!_ @$-@)=^*_ )!( )@)

dw]zL…pRr hft–hfltÚ !) -&=@$_ ^ -(=#&_ !^ -!#=&(_ #@ -(!=$@_ %@-($=%$_

blnt & -%=)&_ % -&=*@_ * -^=*(_@! ! -@=*%_ # -%=$%_

hDdf !#* -!))_ ^$ -!))_ !!^ -!))_ #% -!))_ %% -!))_

-;|f]tM ;dtf kmfp08]zg, @)^(_

lgjf{rg k|0ffnL M ;d:of gLltsf] ls lgotsf] <

hgk|ltlglwd"ns lgsfodf k|ltlglwTjsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf], lgjf{rg k|0ffnL . ;+ljwfg;efcl3sf lgjf{rgdf blntn] cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ckgfOg'kg]{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf/] Tolt w]/} rrf{ u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf eg] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf nflu blnt

!( dw]zL hghfltnfO{ dw]z / hghflt b'j} ;"rLdf /fVbf tYofª\sdf a]d]n x'G5 . t/, oxfF blnt b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g{ vf]lhPsf]n] dw]zL / dw]zL hghfltnfO{ Pp6} ;"rLdf /flvPsf] 5 .

@) k"j{jt\ .

@! blntdWo] $ s]Gb|Lo / $ j}slNks s]Gb|Lo ;b:o x'g\ .


cfGbf]ngn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLsf] dfu;lxt cfGbf]ng u¥of] .@@ cflbjf;L hghflt ;d'bfon] klg k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgsf] d'2fnfO{ cfGbf]ngs} ?kdf cufl8 a9fP . t/, k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf /fhgLlts ;xdlt x'g g;s]kl5 ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfOof] .

@)^$ ;fndf ;DkGg ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf ^)! hgf ;b:odWo] @$) lgjf{rg If]qaf6 k|ToIf lgjf{lrt eP/ cfpg], ##% hgf bnnfO{ k|fKt dtsf cfwf/df cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf, dw]zL, d'l:nd, ckfª\u / ef}uf]lns?kdf k5fl8 kfl/Psf] If]q;d]t u/L cGonfO{ ;d]t ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g]u/L dgf]gLt x'g] Joj:yf ul/of] . /, @^ hgfrflxF /fli6«o hLjgdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf / lj1x¿nfO{ dgf]gLt ug{] k|fjwfg ldnfOof] . t/, o; lsl;dsf] ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcGtu{t k|ToIf lgjf{rgdf blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ul/Pg . k|ToIf lgjf{rgsf nflu klg /fhgLlts bnn] ;dfg'kflts pDd]bjf/L lbg}kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf lgjf{rg P]gd} ul/Psf] eP klg blnt k|ltlglwTj j[l4 x'g ;SYof] . t/, k|ToIf lgjf{rgdf blntsf] pDd]bjf/L lbg}kg]{ afWotf ePg . To;}n], lgjf{rg If]qaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] blntsf] ;ª\Vof hDdf & dfq} x'g k'Uof] . of] k|ToIf lgjf{rgcGtu{t @$) l;6sf] @=(! k|ltzt -sl/a # k|ltzt_ dfq} xf] . ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgdfkm{t $#@# hgf blnt ;ef;b\sf] ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj eof] . of] s'n ##% hgf ;ef;b\sf] !@=*$ k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj lyof] . lj8Dagf, ;/sf/af6 dgf]gLt ul/Psf @^ hgf ;ef;b\dWo] ! hgf klg blnt k/]gg\ .

7"nf /fhgLlts bnx¿df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf k|ToIf k|0ffnLaf6 blntnfO{ lgjf{lrt u/fpg] gLlt dfq} xf]Og, lgot klg b]lvPg . blntn] lgjf{rg lhTg ;Sb}gg\ eGg] dfGotf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf klg /fhgLlts bnx¿df h/f] uf8]/ /x]sf] kfOof] . k|ToIf lgjf{rgdfkm{t blnt pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt x'g ;S5 eGg] ljZjf; /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ug{ ;s]gg\ . /, blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg}kg]{ gLlt gePsfn] klg bnx¿nfO{ blnt pDd]bjf/ p7fpg}kg]{ afWotf klg ePg . To;}n],

@@ g]kfn blnt d'lQm df]rf{n] @& cflZjg @)^& df k|]; lj1lKt g} hf/L u/]/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cjnDag u/L ;a} ju{, hflt, hghflt, If]q, dw]zL, dlxnf, blnt, wfld{s cNk;ª\Vosnufotsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ul/g'kg]{ dfu u/]sf] lyof] . To:t}, blnt gful/s cfGbf]ngn] klg ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf jsfnt ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] .

@# ;dfg'kfltstkm{ blnt ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj z'?df $# hgf dfq} ;Lldt lyof] . PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ 5f8]sf ;ef;b\ dft[sfk|;fb ofbj / hut\k|;fb ofbjsf] 7fpFdf PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] /fds'df/ kf;jfg / kmd'{b gbfkmnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]kl5 ;dfg'kfltstkm{ blntsf] k|ltlglwTj $$ k'u]sf] lyof] .


7"nf /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ;d]t blntnfO{ pDd]bjf/ agfpg sGh':ofOF dfq} u/]gg\, ;+j}wflgs?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ ;d]t pk]Iff u/] .

g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] k|ToIf lgjf{rgdf p7fPsf @$) pDd]bjf/dWo]] hDdf ! hgf, Tof] klg kxf8L ;d'bfosf blnt lyP . g]skf Pdfn]n] cfkm\gf @#( pDd]bjf/dWo] # hgf dw]zL blntnfO{ dfq} pDd]bjf/ agfof] . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] sfª\u|]; / Pdfn]n] eGbf s]xL dfqfdf a9L pDd]bjf/ p7fPsf] lyof] . p;n] p7fPsf @$) hgf pDd]b\jf/dWo] !$ k'?if / $ dlxnf u/L !* hgf blnt pDd]b\jf/ lyP . pgLx¿df * kxf8L / !) hgf dw]zL blnt lyP .

x'g t g]kfndf s'n blnt hg;ª\VofdWo] #!=!$ hg;ª\Vof dw]zL blnts} /x]sf] 5 . t/, dw]zs]lGb|t /fhgLlt ug]{ dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d / t/fO{–dw]z nf]stflGqs kf6L{n] k|ToIf lgjf{rgtkm{ ! hgf klg blnt pDd]bjf/ agfPgg\ . dw]zjfbL bnx¿n] t lgjf{rg cfof]udf #) k|ltzteGbf sd pDd]bjf/ k]; ubf{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cFuLsf/ ug{ gkg{] dfkb08sf] e/k"/ pkof]u u/] . cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dlxnf, dw]zL cflbsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf !) k|ltzt 36La9L pDd]bjf/L lbg kfpg] lgjf{rg P]gn] klg w]/} bnnfO{ c;dfj]zL pDd]bjf/L lbg d2t u¥of] .

;+ljwfg;efdf efu lnPsf %$ bndWo] @% bnn] blnt pDd]bjf/ p7fPsf lyP . o;/L pDd]bjf/ agfOPsf blntdWo] hDdf & hgf pDd]bjf/, To;df klg g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf pDd]bjf/ dfq} k|ToIf lgjf{rgdf lhTg ;kmn eP . of] kl/0ffdn] clwsf+z cGo bnn] lgjf{lrt x'g g;Sg] 7fpFdf dfq} blntsf] pDd]bjf/L lbPsf] k|:6 kf5{ .

o:t} k|j[lQ ePsf clwsf+z /fhgLlts bnx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ blntd}qL b]vfpg] / blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ef]6a}ª\s agfpg] k|oTg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] pDd]bjf/Lsf] gf6sdf …blnt klg pDd]bjf/ p7fPsf 5f}++Ú eGg] b]vfpg] / To;sf] cfwf/df blnt ;d'bfoaf6 ef]6 lng]eGbf csf]{ vf; p2]Zo b]lvFb}g . To;}n] o:tf] gf6sdf k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g ;Sg] 7fpFdf klg blnt pDd]bjf/L glbg] /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] unt lgotn] e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 . To;df klg /fhgLlts bnsf] g]t[TjnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ ;Sg] txdf blnt k|ltlglwTj gePsfn] klg k|ToIf lgjf{rgdf blnt k|ltlglwTj sdhf]/ /xg uPsf] xf] .


tflnsf & M k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf blnt pDd]bjf/Lsf] cj:yf

qm=;+ /fhgLlts bnhDdf

pDd]bjf/ ;ª\Vof

blnt pDd]bjf/Lsf] cj:yf

lnª\u If]q hDdf

k'?if dlxnf kxf8 dw]z

!= PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ @$) !$ $ * !) !*

@= g]kfnL sfª\u|]; @$) ! ) ! ) !

#= g]skf -Pdfn]_ @#( # ) ) # #

$= dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d !)# ) ) ) ) )

%= t/fO{ dw]z nf]stflGqs kf6L{ ($ ! ) ) ! !

^= hgdf]rf{ g]kfn @)# @) % @! $ @%

&= /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ @#@ ! @ @ ! #

*= g]skf -dfn]_ !!^ & ) # $ &

(= g]skf -;+o'Qm_ %% # ! ) $ $

!)= g]kfn ;befjgf kf6L{ *& ) ) ) ) )

!!= g]kfn ;befjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbLb]jL_ !)$ # ! @ @ $

-;|f]tM ;dtf kmfp08]zg, @)^(_

g]t[Tj;DaGwL unt ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts dfGotfsf sf/0f klg blnt ;d'bfo lgjf{lrt x'g g;s]sf] xf] . u}/blnt ;d'bfosf k|ultzLn lx:;fn] afx]s cGon] blnt pDd]bjf/nfO{ g]t[Tjsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ gug]{ ;d:of klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf 5Fb}5 . 5'jf5"t–e]befjsf sf/0f blntsf] g]t[Tj ;xh?kdf :jLsf/ gug]{ ePsfn] klg o;sf] k|efj lgjf{rgdf klg kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . lgjf{rgdf :jefljs?kdf pDd]bjf/n] sfo{stf{sf] Jofks kl/rfng;Fu} lgjf{rgsf] k|rf/—k|;f/ cflbdf vr{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sdhf]/ cfly{s x}l;ot ePsf pDd]bjf/x¿n] cfjZostfcg'?k vr{sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] klg lgjf{rgsf] kl/0ffd k|efljt x'g] u/]sf] 5 . oL ;a} sf/0fsf] s'n hf]8df blnt pDd]bjf/ k|ToIf?kdf lgjf{lrt eP/ cfpg g;s]sf] b]lvG5 .


lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / blntaf/] ax;efu M &

/fHosf ;a} cª\udf pTkL8gdf kfl/Psf hflt, ju{, If]q, lnª\u tyf ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] s'/f l;4fGttM :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . t/, /fHosf cGo cª\usf ;fy} hgk|ltlglwd"ns lgsfodf blnt ;d'bfosf] sDtLdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/nfO{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] ;Daf]wg u5{ ls ub}{g eGg] s'/fn] blnt k|ltlglwTjnfO{ lgwf{/0f u5{ . alxis/0fdf kfl/Fb} cfPsf pTkLl8t ;d'bfosf] Gofof]lrt k|ltlglwTj clgjfo{ x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf /fhgLlts ;xdlt x'g ;s]df dfq} blntsf] k|ltlglwTj klg ;'lglZrt x'G5 . olt dfq} xf]Og, blntdfly ePsf] P]ltxfl;s lje]bsf] Ifltk"lt{:j?k yk k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/;d]t :yflkt ug]{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnL blnt ;d'bfosf nflu cfjZos 5 . clxn];Dd ePsf cfdlgjf{rgn] blntsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ / blnt pDd]bjf/nfO{ u}/blntn] klg ;xh?kdf :jLsfg]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ g;s]sfn] k'g;{+/rgflt/ hfg nfu]sf] g]kfnL /fHosf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] oL b'j} ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ dt blnt cfGbf]ngn] p7fpFb} cfPsf] 5 .@$ c;dfgx¿aLr ;dfg clwsf/n] Gofo jf ;dfgtf :yfkgf ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n] blnt cfGbf]ngn] blntnfO{ P]ltxfl;s lje]bsf] Ifltk"lt{;lxt /fHo;Qfsf ;a} cª\udf cltl/Qm k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/ x'g'kg]{ dfu u/]sf] 5 .@% o:tf] dfusf] ;Daf]wg ug{] xf] eg] To;nfO{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLd} ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ .

@$ blnt g]tf cfx'ltn] ^ df3 @)^* df sf7df8f}+df ;dtf kmfp08]zgn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmddf o:tf] ljrf/ /fv]sf lyP .

@% /fhgLlts blnt ;ª\3÷;ª\u7gaLr ePsf] ̂ cflZjg @)^^ df ePsf] @) a'Fb] ;xdltdf blnt ;d'bfosf nflu @# k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ul/g'kg]{ dfu ul/Psf] lyof] eg] blnt ;ef;b\ d~rn] ;dfg'kfltsdf & k|ltzt yk u/L xfnnfO{ @) k|ltzt k|ltlglwTjsf] dfu u/]sf] 5 .


o;sf nflu uxg 5nkmnsf nflu, d'Vo $ j6f /fhgLlts bnn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjL 3f]if0ffkqdf / ;+ljwfg;efdf blntsf] lgjf{rs d08nsf] ;Gbe{df u/]sf] 5nkmnaf/] oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ M lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf/] lj3l6t ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ bnx¿ km/s—km/s cjwf/0ff lnP/ a;]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bn PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ ax';b:oLo k|ToIf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf 5 . k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]z, blnt cflbsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj klg u/fpg] ePsf]n] of] k|0ffnL blntsf nflu klg pQd x'g] PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] ljZn]if0f 5 .@^ PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ lgs6 g]kfn /fli6«o blnt d'lQm df]rf{ ax';b:oLo ;dfg'kflts k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf 5 . df]rf{sf tTsfnLg ;x–OGrfh{ tyf blnt g]tf cfx'lt blntnfO{ hlt k|ltzt 5'6\ofOG5, Tolt g} k|ltzt lgjf{lrt x'g] …Ans ef]6 k|0ffnLÚ blntx¿sf nflu pko'Qm x'g] atfpF5g\ . o; k|0ffnLdf blntx¿ k|ToIf?kdf hgtfaf6} lgjf{lrt eP/ cfpF5g\ / blnt pDd]bjf/nfO{ u}/blnt ;d'bfon] klg ef]6 xfn]/ lhtfpg}kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L cGo hfthfltnfO{ blntsf] g]t[Tj klg :jLsfo{ xF'b} hfg] / cGt3{'ngnfO{ klg ;3fpg] ePsf]n] blnt d'lQmsf] /0fgLltsf lx;fan] klg of] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL 7Ls x'g] pgsf] ts{ 5 .@& PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / g]skf–dfcf]jfbL / tL bnlgs6sf blnt df]rf{sf ;fy} blnt cleoGtf ofdaxfb'/ ls;fgn] klg o; k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf jsfnt ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnL sfª\u|]; M ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ffkqdf g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, blnt dlxnfnufot ljljw ;d"xsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ug]{ pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / g]skf -Pdfn]_ ldl>t ;b:oLo ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf kIfdf lyP . blnt, hghflt cflb afx'No If]qdf pgLx¿nfO{ g} cf/lIft ug]{ Joj:yf k|efjsf/L x'g]df g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf ;ef;b\ zDe'xhf/f kf;jfg ;xdt 5g\ .@* pgsf] wf/0ff 5, h'g;'s}

@^ dfcf]jfbL g]tf b]jk|;fb u'?ªn] …blnt ;+Gb]zÚ dfl;ssf] cª\s jif{ ! cª\s & df k|sflzt …ax';b:oLo ;dfg'kflts k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / blntÚ zLif{ssf] n]vdf o;af/] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .

@& ;dtf kmfp08]zgn] ^ df3 @)^* df u/]sf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / blnt k|ltlglwTj ljifos sfo{qmddf lbPsf] cleJolQmdf cfwfl/t .

@* ;dtf kmfp08]zgn] ^ df3 @)^* df u/]sf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / blnt k|ltlglwTj ljifos sfo{qmddf lbOPsf] cleJolQmdf cfwfl/t .


lgjf{rg k|0ffnL x]bf{ klg blntx¿sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'G5 eGg] b]lvFb}g . To;}n] xfdLn] Ifltk"lt{sf] ?kdf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ eGg] dfu /fVb} cfPsf 5f}+ . blnt, dlxnf, dw]zL, hghflt / cNk;ª\VosnfO{ slt j6f l;6 Joj:yf ubf{ pgLx¿sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'G5, To;} cfwf/df lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ul/g'k5{ eGg] wf/0ff pgn] cfˆgf] bnsf] tkm{af6 /fv] .

g]skf -Pdfn]_ M ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ffkqdf g]skf -Pdfn]_n] s]Gb|Lo ;+;b\, k|fb]lzs ljwflosf / :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf ljljwtfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg;efsf ljleGg ljifout ;ldltx¿n] pNn]v u/]sf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]lztfsf] kIfdf /x]sf] g]skf -Pdfn]_ kl5 g]kfnL sfª\u]|;;Fu} ldl>t ;b:oLo ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf pleof] . ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf ;xdlt x'Fbf klg ;dfg'kfltsdf ^) / k|ToIfdf $) k|ltztsf] kIfdf /x] klg g]skf -Pdfn]_ bnut ;xdlt eof] eg] o;df yk36 ug{ dgl:yltdf /x]sf] 5 .

g]skf -Pdfn]_sf kf]ln6Ao"/f] ;b:o tyf blnt g]tf 5ljnfn ljZjsdf{sf cg';f/ g]skf-Pdfn]_n] k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcg'?k x'g] r'gfjdf klg ;'/lIft lgjf{rg If]q tf]Sg] k|lqmofnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf] 5 . o; k|lqmofcg'?k ;dfg'kfltsdf dfq} xf]Og, k|ToIf lgjf{rgdf klg blnt k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g ;S5 . ljZjsdf{sf] dtcg';f/ blntx¿sf] clws hg3gTj ePsf 7fFpdf, blnt / u}/ blnt dtbftfn] blnt pDd]bjf/nfO{ r'g]/ ljhoL agfpg]5g\ . of] lgjf{rg If]q rqmLo k|0ffnLsf ?kdf kfn}kfnf] blnt hg3gTj ePsf ;a} 7fpFdf ;fb}{ nfg ;lsG5 . x'g t ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf blnt g]tfx¿n] ;'/lIft lgjf{rg If]qsf] dfu ub{} k|wfgdGqL sfof{no, ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf cWoIf, ;+ljwfg;efsf ;efd'vsf]df 1fkgkq a'emfPsf lyP . ca ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf oxL k|lqmofnfO{ nfu" ug{] / gofF ;+ljwfgdf klg o;nfO{ ;+j}wflg?kdf ;'lglZrt ug{'kg{] dt pgsf] 5 .@(

dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d -u0ftflGqs_ M dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d -u0ftflGqs_n] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ffkqdf k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k}/jL u/]sf] lyof] . ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf k}/jL ug{] kmf]/d u0ftflGqssf] bfaL 5, dw]z cfGbf]ngs} sf/0f lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf ;dfg'kfltssf] dfqf yk ePsf] xf] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ;dfg'kfltssf] xsdf /x]sf] @) k|ltztsf] ;LdfnfO{ a9fP/

@( blnt g]tf 5ljnfn ljZjsdf{;Fu lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf/] & cflZjg @)^( df ePsf] s'/fsfgL .


#) k|ltzt k'¥ofpg'nfO{ dw]z cfGbf]ngsf 7f]; pknlAw bfaL ug{' cfkm}+df lj/f]wfef; xf] . x'g t clwsf+z dw]zjfbL bnn] blntsf clwsf/af/] s]xL gaf]n]sf] l:yltdf klg kmf]/d u0ftflGqsn] Ifltk"lt{;lxt ;fdflhs Gofo / blnt cf/If0fsf] dfu u/]ssf] lyof] . To:t}, t/fO{—dw]z nf]stflGqs kf6L{n] k|ltlglw;ef÷nf]s;ef u7g ubf{ ldl>t Ifltk"tL{o k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw]zL, d'l:nd / cNk;ª\Vossf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'kg]{ ;'emfj ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ lbPsf] lyof] .

klxn] h]h:tf] k|:tfj / c8fg /flvP klg @ h]i7 @)^( df ;+ljwfg;efsf d'Vo bnx¿ PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_, g]kfnL sfª\u|];, g]skf -Pdfn]_ / ;+o'Qm nf]stflGqs dw]zL df]rf{aLr ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . ;xdltcg';f/ s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw;efdf #!! / /fli6«o;efdf ^% ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'g] Joj:yf k|:tfj ul/Psf] lyof] . k|ltlglw;efdf !&! -%$=(* k|ltzt_ hgf k|ToIf / !$) -$%=)! k|ltzt_ hgf ;dfg'kfltaf6 lgjf{lrt ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] -9'ª\u]n @)^(_ . t/, of] k|0ffnL blnt cfGbf]ngn] p7fpFb} cfPsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] dfuljk/Lt lyof] . o; k|0ffnLn] klg /fli6«o;ef, k|ltlglw;ef / :yfgLo txdf blntsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sg] b]lvFb}g .

x'g t pQm ;xdltnuQ} Psn hftLo klxrfg;lxt ;ª\3Lotfsf nflu cflbjf;L hghflt ;+o'Qm ;ª\3if{ ;ldltn] u/]sf] cfGbf]ngn] k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfOg'kg]{ tyf /fHosf x/]s cª\u / txdf hflt, ;d'bfo / n}lª\us hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ dfu cufl8 ;f¥of] . * h]i7 @)^( df ;/sf/ / cflbjf;L hghflt ;+o'Qm ;ª\3if{ ;ldltaLr gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cjnDag u/L ;dfg'kfltstkm{ Go"gtd ^) / k|ToIftkm{ $) k|ltzt Joj:yf ug]{, /fHosf x/]s cª\u / txdf hflt, ;d'bfo, n}lª\us hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;xdlt eof] .#) tL cg]s ;xdltsf] l:ylt / x}l;ot ca s] x'G5, cGof}n JofKt 5 . lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnufot pTkLl8tx¿sf] kxF'r / ;xeflutfdf u}//fHo kIfsf] bafa sdhf]/ eof] eg] lg0ff{os txdf /x]sf] /fhgLlts ju{sf] …;xdltÚ g} nfu" x'g] ;Defjgf k|an 5 .

#) g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jftf{ 6f]nL / cflbjf;L hghflt ;+o'Qm ;ª\3if{ ;ldltaLr ( h]i7 @)^( df ePsf] ;xdltkqsf] a'Fbf g+= @ df gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cjnDag u/L ;dfg'kfltstkm{ ^) / k|ToIftkm{ $) k|ltzt Joj:yf ug]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .


blnt cfGbf]ngsf] dfu / lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

blnt cfGbf]ngleq klg s'g lgjf{rg k|0ffnL blntsf nflu pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ljifodf dt}Sotf 5}g . ;fdfGotof /fhgLlts bncg';f/sf blnt df]rf{ tyf bn / df]rf{cg';f/ leGgfleGg} dt /x]sf] 5 . oBlk, blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf P]ltxfl;s lje]bsf] Ifltk"lt{;lxt yk k|ltlglwTjsf] Uof/]G6L ul/g'k5{ eGg] dfudf blnt cfGbf]ng Ps 5 . blnt cfGbf]ngdf blnt / lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf/] ljz]iftM d'Vo tLg lsl;dsf dt rrf{df cfPsf 5g\ . klxnf] xf], ax';b:oLo ;dfg'kflts k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL x'g'k5{ eGg] dt . o; dtaf/] dfly g} lj:t[t rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

bf];|f] xf], ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLleq} blnt k|ltlglwTj vf]Hg] dt . ljz]if u/L ax';b:oLo ;dfg'kflts k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf /fhgLlts ;xdlt x'g ;s]g eg] o; dtnfO{ ljsNksf ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o; dtcg';f/ ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcGtu{t k|ToIf lgjf{rgdf sDtLdf blntsf] ;dfg'kflts pDd]bjf/Lsf] Uof/]G6L x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ug'{k5{ / ;dfg'kfltsdf hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf kl/0ffd 36fpg gkfOg] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . o;/L ldl>t k|0ffnLdf ;dfg'kfltstkm{ sDtLdf ^) k|ltzt / k|ToIftkm{ $) k|ltzt x'g] Joj:yf ug{'kg{] ljrf/ cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsof] eg] k|ToIfaf6 ;dfg'kflts kl/0ffddf lgjf{lrt x'g g;s] klg ;dfg'kfltsaf6 Ifltk"lt{afkt blnt ;dfg'kflts / To;df yk k|ltlglwTj u/fpg ;Dej x'G5 .#! t/, h'g;'s} k|0ffnLaf6 eP klg ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ s'/f d'Vo ePsfn] k|ToIf lgjf{rgdf blntnfO{ lgjf{rg If]q} cf/lIft u/]/ hfg ;lsg] dt klg blnt cfGbf]ngdf 5 . blnt g]tf kb\dnfn ljZjsdf{sf] dt 5, To:tf lgjf{rg If]qnfO{ k|To]s lgjf{rgdf rqmLo k|0ffnLdf n}hfg ;lsg] / xfbf{ jf lhTbf klg blnt pDd]bjf/} lht]/ cfpg]u/L lgjf{rg If]q blntnfO{ cf/lIft ug{ ;lsG5 .#@

t];|f] dt /fVg] blnt cfGbf]ngleq s]xL JolQm tyf ;ª\u7g k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf kIfdf b]lvG5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgeGbf cufl8 blnt cfGbf]ngn] k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLs} kIfdf jsfnt ub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . clxn] klg s]xL

#! blnt g]tf cfx'lt, blnt cleoGtf ofdaxfb'/ ls;fgnufotn] o;/L klg blnt k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsg] ljrf/ /fVb} cfPsf 5g\ .

#@ blnt g]tf kb\dnfn ljZjsdf{n] ^ df3 @)^* df sf7df8f}+df ;dtf kmfp08]zgn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / blnt k|ltlglwTj ljifos sfo{qmddf lbPsf] ljrf/df cfwfl/t .


blnt clwsf/sdL{x¿ oxL lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ldl>t k|0ffnLn] k'FhLklt ju{sf] k|ltlglw / s'nLg ju{sf] l;6 ;fd, bfd, b08, e]båf/f ;'/lIft u/L cGo ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ k|0ffnL ePsf] eGb} To;sf] lj/f]w u/]sf lyP . Pp6} wd{, Pp6} efiff, Pp6} ;+:s[lt, Pp6} v; pRr hftLo cx+sf/jfbsf cfwf/df ;~rflnt /fHo;Qfsf] cf8df d'n'sdf ljBdfg ju{, hflt, hghflt, If]q, dw]zL, dlxnf / blntnufotsf hgju{dfly pTkL8g nflbPsf]n] k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] dfq tL ;a} pTkLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ ;xL 9ª\un] plrt ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5 eGg] dt PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_lgs6 blnt df]rf{nufot cGo bnsf e|ft[;ª\u7gn] klg p7fpFb} cfPsf lyP .##

clxn] eg] PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_lgs6 blnt df]rf{n] ax';b:oLo ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] kIfdf jsfnt ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLdf /fhgLlts bnn] kfPsf] dtsf] !# k|ltzt jf !^ k|ltzt blntnfO{ k7fOlbP klg To;n] blntsf] ;d:ofnfO{ xn ug{ g;Sg] g]tf cfx'lt atfpF5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ of] k|0ffnL cFufNbf blntsf] g]t[Tj /fhgLlts bnn] :jLsf/ u/] klg u}/blnt cfd hgtfn] eg] :jLsf/ ub{}gg\ . To;}n] blnt k|ltlglwTj klg x'g] / u}/blnt hgtfn] klg blnt g]tfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{u/L b'O6} d'2fnfO{ xn ug]{ vfnsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL /f]Hg'k5{ . pgsf] dtcg';f/ k"0f{ ;dfg'kfltseGbf klg ax';b:oLo ;dfg'kflts k|ToIf lgjf{rg h?/L 5 .

sltko ljåfg\n] blnt ;d'bfon] h'g lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cFufn] klg kl/0ffddf ;dfg'kflts / Ifltk"lt{;lxt yk k|ltlglwTjsf] Uof/]G6L x'g'kg]{ dt /fVb} cfPsf 5g\ . hftLo / n}lª\us sf]6f;lxt ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfOPdf cf/lIft lgjf{rg If]q cfjZos gx'g] ts{;lxt /fhgLltzf:qL k|f= s[i0f vgfnn] ;dfg'kflts k4ltleq klg Psn ;ª\qmd0fLo dt / /fli6«o ;"rLsf ;§f If]qLo ;"rLsf] k}/jL ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . lg/If/ dtbftf a];L ePsf] d'n'sdf Psn ;ª\qmd0fLo dt k|0ffnL Jofjxfl/s gePsf] tyf /fli6«o ;"rL k|0ffnLn] cfd dtbftfn] pDd]bjf/ / k|ltlglw;Fu lgs6tf af]w gu/fpg] pgsf] ts{ lyof] . ctM dtbftf / pDd]bjf/aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgs6 /fVg] If]qLo ;"rL k|0ffnLsf] k}/jL ug{] k|f= vgfnsf] ;'emfj 5, ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg

## !! dª\l;/ @)^$ df ePsf] …u0ftGq / ;dfg'kfltstfsf] ;Gbe{df blnt clwsf/sf] ;jfnÚ ljifos cGtlqm{ofdf k|:t't cjwf/0ffkqdf blnt d'lQm df]rf{sf ;+of]hs ltns kl/of/n] o;af/] rrf{ u/]sf x'g\ .


If]qsf cfwf/df ul/g] If]qLo ;"rL k|0ffnLdf hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf k|To]s k|b]zdf lgjf{lrt x'g] k|ltlglw lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . lgjf{lrt x'gsf nflu ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfjdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] dt ljefhg ;"qsf] klg k|of]u ug{ jf o;sf] ljsNksf ?kdf v;]sf] ;b/ dtnfO{ k|ltlglwTj x'g] :yfg ;ª\Vofn] efu ug{] / cfPsf] ;ª\Vofdf Ps hf]8\bf x'g cfpg] ;ªVof a/fa/ dt Nofpg'kg{] Joj:yf klg cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 -vgfn @)^%_ .

To:t}, /fli6«o lgjf{rg cfof]usf sf=d'=k|d'v cfo'Qm gLns07 pk|]tL klg blnt ;d'bfonufot ;a} alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf nflu lgjf{rg If]qut ;"rLdf cfwfl/t ax';b:oLo ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL pko'Qm x'g] atfpF5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ o; k|0ffnLcGtu{t ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg If]q !% b]lv @% ;Dd agfP/ ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg If]q agfpg ;lsG5 . pQm lgjf{rg If]qdf ePsf] hg;ª\Vof k|ltztsf] cfwf/df pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL to ul/G5 . Tof] If]qdf bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] dtnfO{ k|ltztsf] cfwf/df l;6df kl/0ft ul/G5 / ;f] l;6nfO{ ;dfg'kflts?kdf efu nufOG5 . o:tf] Joj:yf ubf{ ef}uf]lns klg x'g], If]qLo lx;fan] k|ToIf lgjf{rgh:tf] klg x'g] / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj klg x'g] cj:yf lglZrt x'G5 . blntsf nflu of] k|0ffnL 7Ls x'G5 .#$

o;/L lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf ljleGg df]8naf/] rrf{ eP klg Pp6f kIfdf eg] blnt cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿ Psdt 5g\ . blnt ;d'bfodfly ePsf] P]ltxfl;s lje]bsf] Ifltk"lt{afkt ;dfg'kfltsdf cltl/Qm yk !) k|ltzt k|ltlglwTjsf] dfudf pgLx¿ Psdt 5g\ . s]Gb|Lo -k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o;ef_, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo txsf ;a} /fhgLlts ;+/rgfdf ;dfg'kfltsdf yk k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/g'kg]{ dfunfO{ blnt /fhgLlts ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ;femf df]rf{ M ;+o'Qm blnt /fhgLlts ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt / gful/s ;dfhn] cfGbf]ngs} ?kdf cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ .#%

lj3l6t ;+ljwfg;efsf] /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf tyf /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF6 ;ldltn]

#$ ;dtf kmfp08]zgn] ^ df3 @)^* df cfof]hgf u/]sf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / blnt k|ltlglwTj ljifos sfo{qmddf lbOPsf] cleJolQmdf cfwfl/t .

#% @ h]i7 @)^( df ;+o'Qm /fhgLlts blnt ;ª\3if{ ;ldltn] !) a'Fb] dfu;lxt r/0fa4 cfGbf]ng z'? u/]sf] lyof] . cfGbf]ngsf sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs ug{] qmddf hf/L ul/Psf] k|]; lj1lKtdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kfltsdf yk !) k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug'{kg]{ dfu klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .


tof/ kf/]sf] d:of}bfdf ;ª\3 / k|b]zdf ;dfg'kfltsdf qmdzM # / % k|ltzt yk blnt k|ltlglwTj x'g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, /fHo k'g;{+/rgf cfof]un] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] d:of}bfdf ;ª\3df % / k|b]zdf & k|ltzt yk clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;ldltn] k|:tfj u/]sf k|b]zleqsf :jfoQ If]q, ;+/lIft If]q / ljz]if If]qleq blnt k|ltlglwTj / s]Gb|Lo ;+;b\sf] s]Gb|df dflyNnf] ;bgdf pgLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] s;/L ;'lglZrt ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'/f k|:6 x'g' h?/L 5 .

/fli6«o;efdf k|ltlglwTj

;+ljwfg;efsf] Joj:yfksLo cª\usf] :j?k lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] d:of}bfdf %! ;b:oLo /fli6«o;efsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . d:of}bfdf #* hgf k|To]s k|b]zaf6 a/fa/L ;ª\Vofdf, ;ª\3Lo ;+;b\\sf] k|ltlglw;efdf k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf cNk;ª\Vos, dlxnf, hflt, eflifs cflb ;d'bfo tyf /fli6«o hLjgdf Vofltk|fKt JolQmTj / ljz]if1af6 !# hgf /xg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . t/, k|To]s k|b]zaf6 a/fa/L ;ª\Vofdf k7fOg] /fli6«o;efdf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj s;/L ;dfg'kflts x'G5 jf dgf]gLt !# hgf k7fOFbf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj s'g cg'kftdf ;fd]n ul/G5 eGg] s'/f k|:6 5}g .

o;/L k|b]zaf6 blnt /fli6«o;efdf k'Ug] ;b:odf blntx¿ ;dfg'kflts?kdf k'Ub}gg\, !# hgfdWo] /fli6«o hLjgdf Vofltk|fKtdWo] klg kb}gg\ . o;/L x]bf{ b]lvG5, of] k|lqmofaf6 /fli6«o;efdf blnt ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj ;dfg'kflts gx'g] lglZrtk|foM 5 . @ h]i7 @)^( df ;+ljwfg;efsf d'Vo $ 7"nf /fhgLlts bnaLr ePsf] ;xdltdf !! k|b]z agfpg]df ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] -9'ª\u]n @)^(_ . ;f]xL ;xdltdf ^% ;b:o /xg] /fli6«o;efdf !! k|b]zaf6 %÷% hgf u/L %% / !) hgf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df ljleGg Vofltk|fKt JolQm dgf]gLt ul/g] s'/f pNn]v lyof] . t/, ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g;Fu} pQm ;xdltsf] klg cf}lrTodfly klg k|ZglrGx nfu]sf] 5 . t/ klg gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] k|lqmofdf of] ;xdlt klg 5nkmnsf] Pp6f cfwf/ x'g ;S5 .

jf:tjdf @ h]i7 @)^( sf] /fhgLlts ;xdltn] klg /fli6«o;efdf blntsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg . lsgeg], To; ;xdltcg';f/ k|b]zaf6 /fli6«o;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ % hgfdWo] blnt} k5{ eGg] ;'lglZrt 5}g . /, dgf]gLt ;b:odf klg blnt kg]{ s'/f lglZrt 5}g . To;}n] /fli6«o;efdf blnt k|ltlglwTj


;dfg'kflts x'g] ;Defjgf sd 5 . To;}n] /fli6«o;efdf blnt ;d'bfosf] clgjfo{ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf ;+j}wflgs?kd} ;'lglZrt ug{lt/ k|of; ug{' h?/L 5 .

blnt cfGbf]ngdf /fli6«o;efdf k|ltlglwTjaf/] b'O6f wf/0ff 5g\ . ax';b:oLo ;dfg'kflts k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL jf ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdWo] h'g;'s} k|0ffnL cFuflnP klg /fli6«o;efdf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj k'Ug] ;Defjgf sdhf]/ 5 . To;}n], /fli6«o;efdf blnt k|ltlglwTj k7fpg u}/ef}uf]lns ;ª\3Lo k|b]z pko'Qm x'g] blnt clwsf/sdL{ u0f]z ljs] …b]pNofnÚ / /fhgLlts ljZn]ifs Zofd >]i7cflbsf] dt 5 . u}/ef}uf]lns ;+/rgfsf] lj/f]w ug{] g]tf cfx'ltn] /fli6«o;efsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL agfpg] a]nfd} clgjfo{?kdf blntsf] lglZrt k|ltzt k'Ug] Joj:yf ul/of] eg] /fli6«o;efdf blnt k'Ug ;Sg] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . blntn] dfq r'g]sf] PsfOaf6 /fli6«o;efdf blnt k'Ug] Joj:yf ul/of] eg] blnt ;jfndf lg0f{o ug{ u}/blnt afWo gx'g] / pgLx¿ blnt ;d:ofaf6 klG5g ;Sg] ePsfn] u}/blntnfO{ ;d]t blnt d'2fdf pQ/bfoL agfpg] k|0ffnL ljsf; ug'{kg]{ pgsf] wf/0ff 5 . To;}n] blntsf nflu u}/ef}uf]lns k|0ffnLaf6 eGbf lgjf{lrt u/]/} /fli6«o;efdf k'Ug] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ pgsf] dt /x]sf] 5 . -cfx'lt @)^*_ .#^

;ª\3Lotfdf blntsf nflu u}/ef}uf]lns PsfO÷k|b]z jf kl/ifb\ h?/L /x]sf] atfpg] blnt clwsf/sdL{ …b]pNofnÚ tyf ljZn]ifs >]i7 u}/ef}uf]lns ;+/rgfaf6 /fli6«o;efdf blnt k|ltlglwTj u/fpg ;lsg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ pQd ljsNksf] ?kdf lnG5g\ .#& /fhgLltzf:qL 8f= dx]Gb| nfjtLn] t Pp6} If]q s]Gb|Ls[t g/x]sf blntb]lv afx'g If]qLnufot kj{t] …pRr hftÚsf hgtfsf nflu ;d]t u}/ef}uf]lns PsfO÷k|b]z÷kl/ifb\h:tf] :jfoQ ;+/rgf pgLx¿sf clwsf/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] ljrf/ /fVb} cfPsf 5g\ -;g\ @))%_ .

/fHo k'g;{+/rgf cfof]usf ;b:o;d]t ePsf /fhgLltzf:qL 8f= s[i0f xf5]y'n] /fhgLlts ;+/rgfdf blnt ;Qfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ / b]zel/ 5l/P/ /x]sf blntx¿nfO{

#^ …blntlj/f]wL u}/ef}uf]lns k|b]zÚ zLif{sdf blnt g]tf cfx'ltn] o;af/] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ -d"Nofª\sg dfl;s @)^* kmfu'g—r}t, k[=@^—@(_ .

#& …;ª\3Lotfdf blntx¿sf] ckgTj x'g] ;xL ljsNk u}/ef}uf]lns ;ª\3LotfÚ zLif{ssf] sfo{kqdf u0f]z ljs] …b]pNofnÚn] o;af/] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ -ls;fg @)^(_ . @( kmfu'g @)^% df /fhgLlts ljZn]ifs Zofd >]i7n] blntsf nflu s:tf] ;ª\3Lo :j?k zLif{ssf] sfo{kqdf o:tf] dt /fv]sf 5g\ .


hf]8\gsf nflu u}/ef}uf]lns blnt k|b]z h?/L /x]sf] k|:tfj /fVb} cfPsf 5g\ . k|b]z;ef / s]Gb|sf b'j} ;efdf lgjf{lrt eP/ cfpg] blntx¿af6} aGg] cnUu} u}/ef}uf]lns blnt k|b]z u7g ug{ ;lsg], To;df blnt ;ef;b\x¿n] Ps;fy b'j} lhDd]jf/L axg ug{], pgLx¿af6} blnt ;+;b\sf] sfo{sf/L ;+oGq lgjf{lrt ug{], To; ;+;b\n] e]befj / 5"jf5"tnufot blntsf cGo ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu sfd ug{], To; ;+;b\af6 cGo ;fdflhs ;d"xx¿sf] clxt gug{] tyf lgjf{rg / cGo vr{ klg arfpg] 8f= xf5]y'sf] ts{ 5 .#*

t/, b]pNofn / cGo u}/blnt hghflt ljåfg\x¿n] /fv]sf] dtk|lt blnt g]tf / cleoGtfx¿ ;xdt 5}gg\ . blnt cleoGtf ofdaxfb'/ ls;fgn] t u}/blnt tyf hghflt cu'jfx¿af6 blntsf nflu u}/ef}uf]lns ;+/rgf plrt x'g] jsfntnfO{ blnt ;d'bfoleq zGb]xsf ;fy x]l/Psf] ;ª\s]t;d]t u/]sf 5g\ -ls;fg @)^(M !(#, kfbl6Kk0fL !!_ . blnt g]tf cfx'ltn] u}/ef}uf]lns ;+/rgf blnt lj/f]wL /x]sf] 7f]s'jf ub{} cfPsf 5g\ -cfx'lt @)^*_ .

o;/L blnt cfGbf]ngleq b]lvPsf km/s–km/s b[li6sf]0fsf sf/0f /fli6«o;efdf blntsf] k|efjsf/L k|ltlglwTj k'¥ofpg] ljlwaf/] cem} klg dt}Sotf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oBlk, ;}4flGts?kdf eg] blnt cfGbf]ngdf /fli6«o;efdf klg ;dfg'kfltsdf Ifltk"lt{afkt yk k|ltlglwTj x'g'k5{ eGg] ljifodf eg] Psdt 5 . /fli6«o;efdf blnt k|ltlglwTjsf nflu lgjf{rgaf6} clgjfo{?kdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt u/fpg] Joj:yf blntsf nflu pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . o; Joj:yfcg';f/ blntn] k|b]z;efaf6 /fli6«o;efdf k|ltlglwTj ubf{ ;du| k|b]zs} k|ltlglwTj ug]{ / g]t[Tj :yflkt ug{ klg ;xof]u ug]{ l:ylt aGg] b]lvG5 . /fli6«o;efdf ;dfg'kfltsdf yk k|ltlglwTj x'g'kg]{ ljifodf ;}4flGts?kdf ;xdt blnt cfGbf]ngn] k|ltlglwTjsf] ljlw / k|lqmofaf/] klg k|:6 b[li6sf]0f agfpg' h?/L 5 .

k|b]z;efdf k|ltlglwTj

;+ljwfg;efsf d:of}bfx¿df k|b]z Joj:yflksfsf] u7g;DaGwL km/s–km/s wf/0ff pNn]v ePsf 5g\ . Joj:yfksLo cª\usf] :j?k lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] d:of}bfn]

#* ;dtf kmfp08]zg / OG6/g]zgn cfOl8ofåf/f !( r}t @)^* sf7df8f}+df …P 8fonu k|f]u|fd cg blnt :k]; Og km]8/n :6]6Ú zLif{sdf ul/Psf] sfo{qmddf k|:t't sfo{kqdf JoQm ljrf/ .


k|b]z Joj:yflksfdf k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 !* / ;dfg'kfltsaf6 !& u/L #% ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/, o;df blntnufot alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5}g . /fHosf] zf;sLo :j?k lgwf{/0f ;ldltn] Pp6} d:of}bfdf ;xdlt x'g g;s]kl5 # j6f d:of}bf ;+j}wflgs ;ldltnfO{ a'emfPsf] lyof] . tLdWo] !* dt k|fKt d:of}bfdf k|fb]lzs Joj:yflksfdf klg () k|ltzt ;b:o ax';b:oLo ;dfg'kflts k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] pNn]v 5 eg] !^ dt k|fKt d:of}bfdf ldl>t ;b:o lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] Joj:yf ug]{ pNn]v 5 .#(

/fHo k'g;+{/rgf tyf /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF6 ;ldltåf/f k|:t't d:of}bfdf k|fb]lzs txdf hg;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df blnt ;dfg'kfltsdf % k|ltzt yk k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . klxrfgnfO{ d'Vo / ;fdYo{nfO{ ;xfos cfwf/ dfg]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] ;ª\3Lo k|b]zdf blntsf] Ifltk"lt{;lxt k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;}4flGts?kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . t/, Tof] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf/] eg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g .

;+ljwfg;efsf] ;a}eGbf ljjflbt d'2f lyof], ;ª\3Lo k|b]z u7gsf] cfwf/, ;ª\Vof, gfdfª\sg / ;Ldfª\sg . o; ljjfbnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;/sf/n] ^ dª\l;/ @)^* df lj1x¿ ;dfj]z u/L /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ;'emfj pRr:t/Lo cfof]u u7g u/]sf] lyof] . cfof]un] ;/sf/nfO{ !& df3 @)^* df /fHo k'g;{+/rgf;DaGwL ;'emfj a'emfPsf] lyof] .$) cfof]usf] ax'dt k|fKt k|ltj]bgn] !) ef}uf]lns k|b]z / blntsf nflu Pp6f u}/ef}uf]lns x'g'kg]{ k|:tfj lbPsf] 5 . blntsf nflu k|b]zdf ;dfg'kfltsdf yk & k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf ug{'kg{] ;'emfj klg k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . t/, To;df blnt ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj s'g lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 x'G5 eGg] s'/f k|:6\ofOPsf] 5}g . blntsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] u}/ef}uf]lns k|b]zdf klg s'g lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdfkm{t

#( zf;sLo :j?k lgwf{/0f ;ldltdf # j6f km/s cjwf/0ff k]; ul/Psf lyP . !_ ;xdtLo /fi6«klt k|0ffnL / ax';b:oLo k|ToIf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, @_ ;+j}wflgs /fi6«klt;lxt sfo{sf/L k|wfgdGqL /xg] zf;g k|0ffnL / ldl>t ;b:oLo ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / #_ Joj:yflksfaf6 lgjf{lrt /fi6«ktLo zf;g k|0ffnL / ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL x'g'kg]{ cjwf/0ffdWo] s'g}n] b'O{ ltxfO ax'dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]kl5 # j6} d:of}bf lg0f{ofy{ ;+ljwfg;efdf k]; ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L k|:t't cjwf/0ffdWo] klxnf] k|:tfjn] !* dt, bf];|f]n] !^ / t];|f]n] # dt k|fKt u/]sf lyP .

$) /fHo k'g;{+/rgf cfof]un] /fHo k'g;{+/rgfaf/] ;xdltsf] Pp6} k|ltj]bg lbg ;s]g . ( ;b:oLo ;ldltdf ^ hgf ;b:on] Pp6f k|ltj]bg a'emfof] eg] cNkdtdf /x]sf # ;b:on] Tof] k|:tfjdf c;xdlt hgfP/ csf]{ 5'§} k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/] .


k|ltlglwx¿ lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f k|ltj]bgdf k|:6tfsf ;fy cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . cfof]un] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] u}/ef}uf]lns k|b]zaf/] tTsfnLg ;+ljwfg;efdf 5nkmn x'Fbf $@* ;ef;b\dWo] $@& hgfn] ljkIfdf / ! hgfn] dfq} kIfdf dt /fv]sf lyP .$!

x'g t oL ;a} /fHo k'g;{+/rgf;DaGwL d:of}bfdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . t/, k|b]z;efdf blntsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjaf/] dfq} xf]Og, ;dfg'kfltsdf qmdzM % / & k|ltzt yk k|ltlglwTj k|fKt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / k|lqmofaf/] klg k|:6 b[li6sf]0f cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . blnt cfGbf]ngn] k|b]z txdf ;dfg'kfltsdf yk k|ltlglwTj x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;}4flGts?kdf :yflkt u/fPsf] 5, t/ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] s;/L To;nfO{ ;d]6\g'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ eg] k|:6\ofpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

blntnfO{ k|b]zsf] zf;sLo cª\udf lg0ff{os txx¿df k'Ug] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ eGg] ;Gbe{df blnt cfGbf]ngdf 5nkmn eP klg To;sf] ljlwaf/] k|:6 b[li6sf]0f aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . /fHosf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ / :yfgLo cfjZostf x]/]/ k|fb]lzs sfg'g;d]t agfpg] k|b]z;efdf blntsf] ;dfg'kfltsdf yk k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yf ;+j}wflgs?kd} ul/g'k5{ . of] d'2fnfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;+ljwfgd} ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ / ;f]xLcg'?ksf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf gofF ;+ljwfgdf clgjfo{ ul/g''k5{ . To;f] eP dfq} k|b]z txdf blntsf] k|efjsf/L k|ltlglwTj x'g] / :yfgLo cfjZostfcg';f/ sfg'g, gLlt / sfo{qmd to u/L blnt ;d'bfosf ;d:of xn ug{ ;Dej x'G5 .

:yfgLo txdf k|ltlglwTj

;a}eGbf alnof] / k|ltlglwTjk"0f{ x'g'kg{{] /fHosf] cª\u xf], :yfgLo tx . hgtfsf] k|ToIf kx'Fr x'g], pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf x'g] :yfgLo txdf ;a}eGbf sd zlQm x'G5 . s]Gb|Ls[t 9fFrfsf] /fHo ;+/rgfn] ;QfzlQmn] s]Gb|d} hDdf ul//fVg] rng k'/fgf] eO;s]sf] 5 . ctM :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ clwst/ clwsf/x¿ k|Tofof]hg ul/g'k5{ . To:tf] :jfoQtf clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgeGbf dfly p7]/ zlQmsf] lgIf]kLs/0f x'g'kb{5 -u'?ª ;g\ @))&_ . To;n] e"lddflysf] clwsf/ / k|fs[lts ;|f]tdflysf] lgoGq0fsf ;fy;fy} ;a} kIfdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ lbnfpg ;S5 -e§rg ;g\ @))#_ . To;sf] cy{ ca /fHonfO{ k|b]zdfkm{t ljs]lGb|t / lgIf]kLs/0f ug{] dfq} xf]Og, ;QfzlQm

$! ;dtf kmfp08]zg / cfOl8of OG6/g]zgnn] !( r}t @)^* df sf7df8f}+df cfof]hgf u/]sf] …P 8fonu k|f]u|fd cg blnt :k]; Og km]8/n :6]6Ú zLif{sdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] sfo{qmddf ;ef;b\ ltns kl/of/n] /fv]sf] tYofª\s .


klg :yfgLo txsf hgtf;Dd} ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / lgIf]kLs/0f ug{' h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 -zdf{ ;g\ @))(M $_ .

casf] /fHo k'g;{+/rgfdf ;Qf–zlQmsf] d'Vo cfwf/ :yfgLo txnfO{ g} x'g'k5{, s]Gb| / k|b]z xf]Og . cGo ;d'bfosf hgtfsf h:t} blnt ;d'bfosf jf:tljs ;d:of klg :yfgLo txd} s]lGb|t 5g\ / tL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] k|of; klg d"ntM :yfgLo txaf6 x'g' h?/L 5 . :yfgLo txdf pgLx¿sf] k|efjsf/L /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTj gePsfn] blnt clwsf/sf nflu ag]sf P]g–sfg'g nfu" x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ eg] blnt ljsf;sf nflu cfPsf sfo{qmd klg pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n] :yfgLo hgk|ltlglwd"ns txdf blntsf] Gofok"0f{ k|ltlglwTj / ;lqmo k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g'k5{ . :yfgLo txaf6} x:tIf]k ug{ ;Sg] ;+/rgfut Joj:yf ePdf dfq} blnt clwsf/ Jojxf/df sfof{Gjog x'g] ePsfn] blnt ;d'bfosf] cy{k"0f{ k|ltlglwTj h?/L 5 .

:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g–@)%% n] :yfgLo lgsfodf dlxnfsf] clgjfo{ k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ug]{lalQs} dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf lgs} j[l4 x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . o;n] gLltlgdf{0f txdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ a9fpg ;3fPsf] dfq} xf]Og, dlxnfx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ ;d]t d2t u/]sf] 5 . t/, blnt ;d'bfosf] clgjfo{ k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gn] ug{ ;s]g -x]g{'xf];\, …:yfgLo lgsfodf blnt k|ltlglwTjÚ zLif{ssf] ;fdu|L_ . casf] /fHo k'g;{+/rgf / To;sf nflu gLltlgod agfOFbf blnt ;d'bfosf] clgjfo{ k|ltlglwTj ljrf/0fLo x'g'k5{ .

lj3l6t ;+ljwfg;efsf] /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF6 ;ldltn] /fHosf tLg txsf] ;+/rgf x'g] d:of}bfdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . tL tx x'g\, ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo . k|ltj]bgdf k|b]zcGtu{t :yfgLo txdf ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf u7g x'g] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}, k|b]zcGtu{t} ljz]if ;+/rgfcGtu{t :jfoQ If]q, ;+/lIft If]q / ljz]if If]q /xg] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 . /fhgLlts ax; / ;xdltsf] k|of; x]bf{ ca x'g] /fHo k'g;{+/rgfn] oL ;+/rgfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . lsgeg], k|b]zsf] cfwf/, gfdfª\sg, ;Ldfª\sgaf/] /fhgLlts txdf ljjfb eP klg k|b]zleqsf :yfgLo ;+/rgfaf/] w]/} ljjfb b]lvFb}g . t/, zlQmsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / lgIf]kLs/0f ug{] tyf :yfgLo ;+/rgfnfO{ zlQmzfnL agfpg] dfldnfdf sd dfq} Wofg uPsf] 5 .


:yfgLo lgsfodf blnt k|ltlglwTj:yfgLo lgsfodf klg blnt k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yf cToGt} sdhf]/ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . cWo]tf eLdk|;fb e't]{nsf] Ps cWoogcg';f/ @)%$ ;fndf ePsf] dxfgu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'v / pk—k|d'vsf] lgjf{rgdf $(=!# k|ltzt v; hflt, *=^@ k|ltzt hghflt, @)=^* k|ltzt dw]zL / @!=!% k|ltzt g]jf/sf] k|ltlglwTj lyof] eg] blnt k|ltlglwTj z"Go lyof] . To:t}, To; lgjf{rgdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;efklt / pk;efkltdf klg blnt ;d'bfosf ;b:o lgjf{lrt ePsf] b]lvPg . @)$( df pbok'/ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;efkltdf g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] tkm{af6 xl/z+s/ kl/of/ ! afx]s :yfgLo lgsfodf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj lyPg .$@

x'g t :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g—@)%% n] k|To]s j8f txdf dlxnf k|ltlglwTj clgjfo{ u/]kl5 ;a} j8fdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] lyof] . ;f] P]gn] ufpF, gu/ / lhNnf kl/ifb\df k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof], t/ blnt ;d'bfosf] xsdf eg] To:tf] Joj:yf x'g ;s]g .$@ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% n] :yfgLo lgsfodf j8f ;ldltsf] u7g ul/Fbf ! hgf dlxnf lgjf{lrt x'g'kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf u/]sf] klg blntsf xsdf To:tf] Joj:yf gul/Fbf ;d:of oyfjt\ /x]sf] lyof] . o;/L blnt ;d'bfo k|ltlglw;ef, /fli6«o;ef, :yfgLo lgsfosf ;fy} dlGqkl/ifb\nufotsf dxŒjk"0f{ 7fpFdf lgjf{lrt eP/ hfg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .

alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfon] /fHodf k|ltlglwTjsf] d'2fnfO{ tLj|?kdf p7fPs} sf/0f cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u¥of] . ;f]xL sf/0f cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zLnufotsf] k|ltlglwTj ;+ljwfg;efdf sl/a–sl/a ;dfg'kflts x'g k'Uof] . blntsf] k|ltlglwTj ljutsf] t'ngfdf lgs} a9]sf] eP klg ;dfg'kfltsrflxF x'g ;s]g .

$@ ljZn]ifs eLdk|;fb e't]{nn] /fhgLlts ;dfj]zLs/0faf/] /fhgLlts bnx¿df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf zLif{ssf] n]vdf o; ljifodf rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ -e't]{n @)^%_ .

$# :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g—@)%% n] ufpF, gu/ / lhNnf kl/ifb\sf] u7g x'Fbf ! hgf dlxnf;lxt ;dfh;]jL cfly{s, ;fdflhs b[li6n] lk5l8Psf hflt, hghflt, blnt tyf cflbjf;LdWo] lhNnf kl/if\bdf k|ltlglwTj x'g g;s]sf ju{sf] lhNnf kl/ifb\df ^ hgf dgf]gLt ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/, sDtLdf ! hgf dlxnfsf] clgjfo{ k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ul/Pem}+ blnt ;d'bfosf] clgjfo{ k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf 7f];?kdf cfpg ;s]g .


lgjf{rg k|0ffnLM ef/tLo cg'ejef/tdf 8f= eLd/fj cDa]8s/ z'?b]lvg} blntx¿sf] cfjfhnfO{ /fhgLlts If]qdf d'vl/t ug{ Jo:yflksfdf pgLx¿sf] Gofof]lrt k|ltlglwTj s;/L ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ k|of;/t /x] . pgL s] s'/fdf k|:6 lyP eg] blntx¿sf] plrt k|ltlglwTj ljwflosfdf gx'Gh]n;Dd pgLx¿sf ;d:ofsf] ;'g'jfO / ;dfwfg x'g] cj:yf aGb}g . o;sf nflu pgn] k[ys\ lgjf{rg d08n g} blntsf nflu pQd / Gofof]lrt ljlw /x]sf] eGb} To;sf] jsfnt ub}{ cfP . cDa]8s/sf cg';f/ cnUu} lgjf{rs–d08nsf] Joj:yf ePdf blntx¿n] cfkm\g} blnt k|ltlglwnfO{ lgjf{lrt u/L ljwflosfdf k7fpF5g\ / tL k|ltlglw blnt ePb]lv dfq ;fFrf] cy{df pgLx¿sf lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g ;S5 -dxh{g @)^(_ .

uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngdf 8f=cDa]8s/n] /fj axfb'/ >Llgjf;g;Fu ldn]/ cnUu} lgjf{rg If]q lgdf{0f ug]{ tl/sf;d]t ;'emfP/ 1fkgkq k|:t't u/] . la|l6; ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf k|wfgdGqL /fD;] Dofs8f]gN8n] cnUu} lgjf{rg–d08nsf] dfunfO{ :jLsf/]/ blntx¿sf nflu la|l6;–ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgdf …sDo'gn cjf8{Úsf] Joj:yf ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/] . blntx¿nfO{ k[ys\ lgjf{rs–d08n Joj:yf ug]{ :jLs[ltn] dxfTdf ufGwLnfO{ cfxt t'Nofof] / pgn] cfd/0f cg;g ;'? u/] . …sDo'gn cjf8{Úsf] Joj:yflj?¢ pgn] b'O6f ts{ u/] M !_ d';ndfg / l;vx¿ ;w}+ d';ndfg / l;v /x]em}+ c5'tx¿ ;w}+ c5't} /xFb}gg\ . @_ cnUu} lgjf{rg d08nsf] Joj:yfn] ;j0f{ / blntaLr cgGtM km'6 / åGå lgDTofpF5 .

cfd/0f cg;gsf] kfFrf} lbgdf ;j0f{ lxGb" tyf blnttkm{sf g]tfaLr ;]K6]Da/ @$, !(#@ df k"gf ;Demf}tf eof] . of] ;Demf}tfdf ;+o'Qm lgjf{rs–d08n jf bf]xf]/f] lgjf{rgsf] Joj:yf ul/of] M Ps, k|fylds lgjf{rg / b'O{, clGtd lgjf{rg . k|fylds lgjf{rg cg'\;"lrt hftx¿sf] k[ys\ lgjf{{rs–d08nåf/f x'g]5 . pgLx¿n] cf/lIft l;6sf nflu Psn dtsf] ljlwaf6 blnt ju{sf rf/hgf pDd]bjf/sf] ;d"xnfO{ r'Gg]5g\ . clGtd lgjf{rg ;+o'Qm lgjf{rs–d08nsf cfwf/df x'g]5 . o;df ;j0f{ lxGb"x¿ / cg';"lrt hftx¿, b'j} vfn] dtbftfn] dt lbg]5g\ / To;}af6 clGtd lg0f{o x'g]5 .

;+o'Qm lgjf{rg d08ncg';f/ ePsf lgjf{rg blntx¿n] rfx]sf k|ltlglwnfO{ ljwflosfdf

o;sf] cy{ xf], :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;zQmLs/0f gx'g' clg :yfgLo :t/df /xg] blntsf] klg ;zQmLs/0f gx'g' . :yfgLo txsf blnt ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ :yfgLo txd} blntsf] k|ltlglwTj k|efjsf/L agfpg' h?/L x'G5 . x'g t blnt cfGbf]ngn]


lgjf{lrt u/fpg] p2]Zo k"0f{tM ljkmn ePsf] tyf k"gf ;Demf}tf c;kmn / xflgsf/s ePsf] eGb} w]/} cfnf]rgf eof] . cnf]rgfcg';f/ k"gf ;Demf}tfn] cg';"lrt hftx¿sf] dtflwsf/sf] dxŒjnfO{ k"0f{?kdf ;dfKt kf¥of], blnt pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;j0f{ lxGb"sf] dtsf aGws agfP/ . cg';"lrt hftx¿sf dtbftfn] cfkm\gf] OR5fsf] ;xL ;"rs b]vfpFb} k|fylds lgjf{rgdf h;nfO{ k/flht ub{y], ToxL JolQm ;j0f{ lxGb"x¿sf] dtaf6 clGtd lgjf{rgdf lgjf{lrt x'Gy] . clGtd lgjf{rgdf cg';"lrt hftsf] pDd]bjf/ ;j0f{ lxGb"x¿sf] dtsf sf/0f dfq} ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sfn] pm blntx¿eGbf ;j0f{ lxGb"x¿k|lt a9L pQ/bfoL ePsf] kfOof] . o;n] ubf{ blntx¿sf] rfxgfcg';f/sf] k|ltlglwTj / lxtcg'?ksf] k|efjsf/L ;'g'jfO ljwflosfdf x'g ;s]g . log} ;Ldf / bf]if b]vfpFb} cDa]8s/n] blntsf nflu xflgsf/s /x]sf] k"gf ;Demf}tf vf/]hLsf] dfu u/] / k[ys\ lgjf{rg d08nsf] dfu ul//x] .

ef/t la|l6; ;fd|fHoaf6 :jtGq ePkl5 8f= cDa]8s/s} g]t[Tjdf ag]sf] ef/tLo ;+ljwfg, !(%) / To;kl5 ljleGg ;dodf ePsf ;+zf]wgn] eg] k[ys\ lgjf{rg d08nsf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]gg\ . blntx¿n] dfq} blnt /fhgLlts k|ltlglw r'Gg] Joj:yfsf] ;§f cfd dtbfgaf6} blntx¿ r'lgg] k|0ffnL a;fOof] -cfx'lt @)^#_ . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] qmddf blnt ;d'bfonfO{ cg';"lrt hfltsf ?kdf ;"rLs[t u/L /fhgLltnufotsf If]qdf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf dfq} ul/of] . blnt g]tf kb\dnfn ljZjsdf{sf cg';f/, ;+ljwfgdf cf/If0f;DaGwL gLlt agfpg] clwsf/ /fHo ;/sf/x¿sf] :jljj]sdf 5f]l8Psf] x'gfn] /fHolkR5] km/s km/s cf/If0f gLltx¿ ag] -ljZjsdf{ @)^)_ .

xfn ef/tsf] nf]s;efdf s'n %$# dWo] *@ l;6df blntsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf 5 eg] /fHo;efx¿df klg leGgfleGg} /fhgLlts cf/If0fsf Joj:yf 5g\ . cfnf]rgfcg';f/, blntx¿ …pkNnf] hftÚsf] ;d]t dt lnP/ cfd dtbfgaf6 r'lgg] /fhgLlts cf/If0fsf] Joj:yfn] pgLx¿nfO{ blnt ;d:ofk|lt eGbf pkNnf] hft tyf ltgsf] lxt ug{] bnk|lt pQ/bfoL agfof] . blnt ;d'bfosf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿n] ;d]t blntsf] ;d:ofnfO{ lxGb" pRr hftLo /fHo;Qfsf] gh/af6 x]g{ yfn] . e"ldxLgtfsf] lg/Gt/tf tyf plrt /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjsf] cefj g} ef/tdf nfu" ul/Psf] cf/If0f gLltsf] d'Vo ;d:of xf], h;n] blntx¿sf] d'lQmnfO{ emg\ kl5 ws]Nb} nu]sf] 5 -cfx'lt @)^#_.

;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgs} cfwf/df :yfgLo tx u7g x'Fbf To;df klg blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kfltsdf yk k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf clgjfo{ ul/g'kg]{ dfu ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; dfunfO{ ;+j}wflgs?kdf ;Daf]wg ub{} ;f]xLcg'?ksf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfOg'k5{ .


blnt cfGbf]ngdf k|b]zsf] u7g;Fu} :yfgLo uflj; jf j8fsf] ;d]t km]l/ ;Ldfª\sg ul/g'k5{ eGg] dfu klg p7]sf] b]lvG5 . :yfgLo txdf blnt afx'No x'g]u/L ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf u7g ul/of] eg] pgLx¿ klg :yfgLo lg0ff{os txdf k'U5g\ . /, pgLx¿n] blnt ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ :yfkgfsf nflu k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ .$$ o:tf] ;+/rgf / k|lqmofn] /fhgLlts?kdf pgLx¿sf] g]t[Tj ljsf;sf nflu ;d]t o;n] ;xof]u u5{g\ . :yfgLo txdf ;dfg'kflts / Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] xf] eg] blntsf] /fhgLlts ;ª\nUgtf Ps}rf]l6 x\jfQ} dfly p7\g ;S5 .

/fHo k'g;{+/rgf tyf /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF6 ;ldltsf] d:of}bfdf k|b]zleq u7g x'g] ljz]if ;+/rgfcGtu{t s'g} Ps hflt÷;d'bfo jf efiffsf] afx'No ePsf] jf ;3g pkl:ylt ePsf] If]qnfO{ :jfoQ If]qsf ?kdf u7g ul/g] s'/f pNn]v 5 . To;}n], blnt ;d'bfosf] afx'No ePsf If]qx¿nfO{ km]l/ ;Ldfª\sg u/L blntsf nflu klg ;Qf;Lg x'g] ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} cGo :jfoQ If]qdf klg blntsf] ;dfg'kfltsdf yk k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf clgjfo{ ul/g'k5{ . To:t}, ;ldltsf] d:of}bdf k|b]zleq /x]sf clt cNk;ª\Vos, nf]kf]Gd'v / clt ;LdfGts[t hflt, ;d'bfo / ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+jw{g ug{ ;+/lIft If]q u7gsf] k|:tfj klg ul/Psf] 5 . :jfoQ If]q / ;+/lIft If]qn] g;d]6]sf tyf ;DalGwt k|b]zleq cfly{s / ;fdflhs cj:yfaf6 k5fl8 kfl/Psf If]q jf ljifout If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ ljz]if If]q :yfkgf ug{] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . oL If]qdf blnt ;d'bfosf] sDtLdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttf ;+j}wflgs?kd} ul/g'k5{ eg] blnt ;d'bfosf oL d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{u/L lgjf{rg k|0ffnL klg lgwf{l/t ul/g'k5{ .

$$ blnt g]tf cfx'lt, blnt cleoGtf tyf cg';Gwftf ofdaxfb'/ ls;fgnufotn] :yfgLo lgsfo zlQmzfnL agfpg'kg]{ / blnt afx'Notf ePsf If]qnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ :yfgLo lgsfosf] km]l/ ;Ldfª\sg ug'{kg]{ atfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .


casf] af6f]efu M *

;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g;Fu} ca gofF ;+ljwfg aGg] xf] jf xf]Og, /fHo k'g;{+/rgf x'g] ls xf]Og eGg] cfzª\sf pTkGg ePsf] 5 . gofF ;+ljwfgdfkm{t ;du| /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf;lxt ;a} pTkLl8t hflt, ju{, efiff, If]q, lnª\u / ;d'bfon] clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ rfx]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g;Fu} ;+ljwfg;efsf] k'glg{jf{rg ug{] ljifodf /fhgLlts ;xdlt eO;s]sf] 5 eg] ljjflbt d'2fdf ;xdlt h'6fpg] / ;xdlt gePsf d'2fdf hgdt;ª\u|xdf hfg ;lsg] ljifodf klg /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr 5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 . t/, s;sf] g]t[Tjdf /fli6«o ;/sf/ agfpg] tyf s] s:tf] ljlw Pj+ k|lqmofdf slxn] lgjf{rg ug{] eGg] ljifodf ;xdlt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /, ;+ljwfg;efsf ljifo ;ldltsf k|:tfjnfO{ :jLsfg{] ls g:jLsfg{] eGg] ljifodf /x]sf] dte]bn] bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf sfdsf/afxLnfO{ yk hl6n agfpg ;S5 .

jf:tjdf hglgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;ef g} blntnufot alxis/0fdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{ ynf] ePsfn] ;+ljwfg;efaf6} gofF ;+ljwfg n]vgsf] kIfdf pTkLl8t ;d'bfo plePsf 5g\ . h'g;'s} j}slNks Joj:yfaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ul/P klg /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf;lxt ;dfj]zL nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ;'b[9 ug{'sf] ljsNk 5}g . ca x'g] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf nfu" ul/g] / gofF ;+ljwfgn] to ug]{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts / ljutdf /fHon] u/]sf] lje]bsf] Ifltk"lt{afkt sDtLdf !) k|ltzt yk k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ lbzflt/ pGd'v x'g'k5{ .


s'g} klg lgjf{rg k|0ffnL k|fljlws kIfeGbf /fhgLlts k|lqmof xf], /fHo;Qfdf alxis/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljlw xf] . /fHo;Qfdfly cfdgful/ssf] k|ltlglwTj, :jfldTj / ckgTj :yflkt u/fpg lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwn] e"ldsf v]Ng] ePsfn] klg lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] /fhgLlts dxŒj 5 . /fhgLlts lg0f{osf cfwf/d} lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 ul/G5 / To;sf] k|efj klg /fhgLlts g} a];L x'G5 . k|lqmofn] g} kl/0ffdnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ ePsfn] ;a} pTkL8gdf kfl/Psf ;d'bfosf] Go"gtd ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g] / blnt ;d'bfosf] xsdf Ifltk"lt{afkt cltl/Qm k|ltlglwTjsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;+j}wflgs?kd} :yflkt u/fpg /fhgLlts bnx¿ k|lta4 x'g' h?/L 5 . b:tfj]hdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ /fHo / /fhgLlts bnx¿n] :jLsf/ ug]{, t/ kl/0ffd eg] To:tf] l;4fGtcg'?ksf] gcfpg] eof] eg] To:tf k|lta4tf / 3f]if0ffsf] vf;} cy{ /xFb}g .

!# h]i7 @)^( df ;+o'Qm /fhgLlts blnt ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt / ;/sf/aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf blnt ;d'bfodfly P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[ltsnufotsf If]qdf x'Fb} cfPsf] pTkL8gsf] Ifltk"lt{afkt /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ cª\u, lgsfo tyf If]qdf ;dfg'kfltssf cltl/Qm !) k|ltzt yk clwsf/ gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;'lglZrt ug{ kxn ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . o; ;xdltn] blnt ;d'bfosf] hfoh dfunfO{ /fHon] :jLsf/ ug]{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] b]vfpF5, t/ /fHo rnfpg] /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] gLlt / lgot eg] Totflt/ k|j[Q ePsf] b]lvFb}g . pgLx¿sf] gLlt / lgotnfO{ lrg{ ;lsof] / To; ;xdltnfO{ ;+j}wflgs?kd} afWosf/L Joj:yfsf] ?k lbOof] eg] h'g lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cFuflnP klg blntsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g ;S5 .

lgjf{rg k|0ffnL /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] k|lqmof dfq} xf]Og, /fHodfly cfdhgtfsf] :jfldTj / ckgTj :yfkgf u/fpg] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ k|lqmof klg xf] . To;}n], /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] dfu ;ª\3if{/t blnt ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf] d'lQmsf] sfo{lbzf / sfo{qmd;Fu lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k|ZgnfO{ klg hf]8\g' h?/L 5 . /fHo;Qfdf blnt ;d'bfosf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s / k|zf;lgs kx'Fr :yflkt ug]{ tyf ;fdflhs cGt3'{ng ug]{ sfo{lbzf;Fu lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ hf]8\g ;lsof] eg] dfq} blnt d'lQm ;fy{s x'G5 . /fhgLlts?kdf PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] cl3 ;f/]sf] ax';b:oLo ;dfg'kflts k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL blntsf nflu a9L lxt x'g] vfnsf] 5 . o; k|0ffnLnfO{ cFuflnof] eg] blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts pDd]bjf/L lbg}kg]{, k|ToIf lgjf{rg ePsf]n] blnt / u}/blnt b'j}sf] ;d'bfosf] g]t[Tjsf ?kdf blnt pDd]bjf/ :yflkt x'g] tyf


;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj klg ;'lglZrt x'g] cj:yf aG5 . o;/L lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw u}/blntsf] ;d]tsf] ef]6af6 lgjf{lrt x'g] ePsfn] blnt pDd]bjf/ To; If]qsf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjs} ?kdf :yflkt x'g] / o;n] ;fdflhs cGt3'{ngsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;d]t ;3fpg] ePsfn] of] ljlw pko'Qm x'G5 . t/, blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kfltsdf yk k|ltlglwTjnfO{ klg of] k|0ffnLn] :jLsf/ ug'{k5{ .

;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL dfq} nfu" ul/of] eg] ;d'bfon] r'g]/ k7fPsf k|ltlglwnfO{ klg bnn] lkmtf{ af]nfpg;d]t ;Sg] ePsfn] pgLx¿ lgjf{rs ;d'bfok|lt eGbf bn / bnut g]t[Tjk|lt g} a9L hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{ afWotf /xG5 . t/, k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwnfO{ ;DalGwt /fhgLlts bnn] ;xh} lkmtf{ af]nfpg g;Sg] ePsfn] blnt k|ltlglwn] rfx]df cfˆgf] bneGbf cfkm\gf] ;d'bfo / lgjf{rs hgtfk|lt a9L pQ/bfoL eP/ sfd ug]{ ;'ljwfg x'g ;S5 . To;}n], k|ToIf k|0ffnLaf6} lgjf{lrt x'g] / clgjfo{ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] Uof/]G6L x'g] ax';b:oLo k|ToIf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL g]kfnsf nflu ;a}eGbf pko'Qm x'G5 .

clxn];Ddsf /fhgLlts ax; / bnLo ;xdltsf] k|of; lgofNbf bnx¿ ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLd} ;xdt ePsf] / ToxL ;xdlt ;+ljwfg;efsf] bf];|f] lgjf{rgdf klg nfu" ul/g] ;Defjgf a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . cflbjf;L hghflt ;+o'Qm ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt / afa'/fd e§/fO{ g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/aLr gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cjnDag u/L ;dfg'kfltstkm{ Go"gtd ^) / k|ToIftkm{ $) k|ltzt x'g]u/L * h]i7 @)^( df ePsf] ;Demf}tfn] klg casf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ldl>t} x'g ;Sg] b]vfPsf] 5 . hals, cflbjf;L hghflt ;+o'Qm ;ª\3if{ ;ldltn] Psn hftLo klxrfg;lxtsf] ;ª\3Lotf, k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL lgjf{rg k|0ffnL x'g'kg]{ / /fHosf ;a} txdf ;a} lnª\u, hflt÷;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts / ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjsf] dfu u/]sf] lyof] . o:tf ;xdlt / ;Demf}tfsf sf/0f ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL g} cFuflng] cj:yf cfPdf, sDtLdf ^) k|ltzt ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgaf6 / $) k|ltztrflxF k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 ul/g] Joj:yf ePdf blnt ;d'bfon] cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwTj s;/L ;'lglZrt x'G5 eGg] ljifodf ;3g 5nkmn / ax; ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . To; lbzflt/ blnt cfGbf]ngsf] Wofg hfg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

blnt ;d'bfosf] sf]0faf6 x]bf{ ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf blnt ;d'bfosf] clgjfo{ ;dfg'kflts / Ifltk"lt{:j?k yk !) k|ltzt k|ltlglwTj x'g] ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL


Joj:yf ug{ ;lsPg eg] blnt k|ltlglwTj sdhf]/ x'g] lglZrt 5 . klxnf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgs} cg'ejdf klg k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf hDdf & hgf -sl/a # k|ltzt_ blntn] dfq} lgjf{rg lhTg'n] klg oxL s'/f k|:6\ofpF5 . To;}n], ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cFufNbf k|ToIf lgjf{rgdf kl/0ffdd} blntsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] clgjfo{ Joj:yf ug{–u/fpg euL/y k|of; ug'{ a'l4dfgL x'G5 .

o;sf nflu lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'g] ;a} /fhgLlts bnn] blnt ;d'bfoaf6 ;dfg'kflts pDd]bjf/L clgjfo{?kdf lbg'kg]{ k|fjwfg nfu" ug{ nufpg] sfddf bafad"ns k|of; ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . blntnfO{ b]vfj6L?kdf dfq} lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ agfpg] / k|foMh;f] lgjf{lrt x'g g;Sg] 7fpFdf pDd]bjf/ agfpg] unt lgotaf6 d'Qm x'g /fhgLlts bnx¿df e"ldsf v]Ng' klg TolQs} h?/L 5 . oL b'O{ kIfdf ;'wf/ eof] eg] klg ldl>t k|0ffnLcGtu{t ;d]t blnt k|ltlglwTj ;dfg'kflts x'g ;S5 .

x'g t blnt cfGbf]ngsf] /0fgLlts nIonfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ blnt / u}/blnt ;Fu} lgjf{rgdf efu lnP/ lgjf{lrt ug]{ k4lt ;sf/fTds x'g ;S5 . t/, /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs c;dtfsf sf/0f blntx¿ ;xh} lgjf{lrt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePsfn] blntsf nflu a9Ldf !) jif{ $%

;Dd lglZrt lgjf{rg If]q} 5'6\ofP/ ToxfF ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf pDd]bjf/ / :jtGq pDd]bjf/ u/L blntn] dfq} pDd]bjf/L lbg kfpg] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . a?, To:tf lgjf{rg If]qx¿nfO{ l:y/ / lglZrt ug{'sf] ;f6f] k|To]s lgjf{rgsf] a]nf kl/jt{g ul/g' pQd x'G5 .

To;f] t ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] lgjf{rgsf] a]nf g} ldl>tcGtu{t ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf klg s]xL sdhf]/L /x]sf lyP . casf] lgjf{rgdf ldl>t k|0ffnLcGtu{t ;dfg'kfltsdf hlt yf]/} k|ltzt ;ª\Vof /flvG5, Tolt w]/} 3f6f blnt / cGo alxis[t / ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfonfO{ g} x'g] lglZrt 5 . ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcGtu{t ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rgaf6 blnt k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ sDtLdf ^) k|ltzt ;dfg'kfltstkm{af6 lgjf{lrt ul/g'kg]{ wf/0ff blnt cfGbf]ngdf :yflkt /x]sf] 5 . To; wf/0ffnfO{

$% !) jif{;Dd k|ltlglw;ef jf k|b]z;efdf k|ltlglwTj ul/;s]kl5 blnt ;d'bfoaf6 klg ;an /fhgLlts g]t[Tj ljsf; x'g] / !) jif{;Ddsf] cg'ejn] blntx¿ u}/blnt;Fu klg lgjf{rgdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . ;fy}, blnt / u}/blntaLr k|lt:kwf{ x'Fbf lgjf{lrt x'g] blnt pDd]bjf/nfO{ u}/blntn] klg g]t[Tjsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ug]{ / o;n] ;fdflhs cGt3'{ng klg sfod ug]{ ePsf]n] !) jif{eGbf a9L lgjf{rg If]q g} g5'6\ofpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] dt blnt cfGbf]ngdf lemgf]?kdf eP klg pl7/x]sf] 5 -;dtf kmfp08]zg @)^*_ .


u}/blntx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] /fhgLlts bndf klg :yflkt ug{] k|of; cTofjZos 5 . blnt ;d'bfon] k|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ug{ g;s]sf] l;6 / blntnfO{ /fHon] ljutb]lv ub}{ cfPsf] lje]bsf] Ifltk"lt{:j?k yk k|ltlglwTj ;dfg'kflts ;"rL k|0ffnLaf6} ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] klg ;dfg'kfltstkm{ yk w]/} k|ltzt x'g] Joj:yf ;+j}wflgs?kd} ul/g' h?/L ePsf] xf] . o:tf] h?/t u}/blntx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] /fhgLlts bnnfO{ cg'e"t u/fpg kxnsbdLsf] vfFrf] eO/x]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgk"j{ !^ kmfu'g @)^# df ;/sf/ / dw]zL df]rf{aLr ;Demf}tf x'Fbf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcGtu{t pDd]bjf/sf] aGb;"rL tof/ ubf{ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLcGtu{t lgjf{lrt x'g] s'n ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] #) k|ltzteGbf sd dfq} pDd]bjf/ ;"rLs[t ug]{ /fhgLlts bnn] ;dfj]zL pDd]bjf/L glbP klg x'g] ;xdlt ul/Psf] lyof] .$^ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] ;Gbe{df o:tf] kl5 x6\g] vfn] Joj:yfn] blntsf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ lgif]w u/]sf] lyof] eg] Too;/L g} ;Defjgf ca klg sd 5}g . To;}n] o:tf ;Demf}tf vf/]h u/L ;a} bnn] ;dfg'kflts pDd]bjf/L lbFbf clgjfo{ ;dfg'kflts aGb;"rL g} lbg'kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] a]nf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLtkm{ ;a} /fhgLlts bnn] ;dfg'kflts pDd]bjf/L lbg}kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyPg . lgjf{rg P]gcg';f/ bnx¿n] lgjf{rg cfof]udf ;"rL k]; ubf{ cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dlxnf, dw]zL cflbsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kftdf !) k|ltzt 36La9L pDd]bjf/L lbg kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfn] blntsf] k|ltlglwTj 36fpgd} an k'¥ofpg] ePsf]n] P]gaf6 To:tf] Joj:yf x6fpg' cfjZos 5 .

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLdfkm{t aGb;"rLdf k/]sfdWo] bn / bnsf] g]t[Tjn] rfx]sfdWo] h'g;'s} klg lgjf{lrt x'g] Joj:yfn] klg ljs[lt NofPsf] lyof] . aGb;"rLdf k]; ul/Psf] qmdcg';f/sf] gfdeGbf bnsf g]tfsf] ?lrcg';f/ jf g]tf;Fu ;DaGw /fd|f] ePsf, t/ blnt ;d'bfo;Fu ckl/lrt /x]sfx¿ :jtM lgjf{lrt x'g] cj:yf cfPsf] lyof] . æca /fhgLlts bnx¿n] k]; ug{] pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rLdf k|fyldstf klxNo} lgwf{/0f ug{' cfjZos 5 . k|fKt dt k|ltztsf cfwf/df /fhgLlts

$^ ld>, ct'n . @)^# . g]kfn ca ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHoM dw]z cfGbf]ng lkmtf{ ;/sf/–df]rf{ ;Demf}tf . sflGtk'/ b}lgs k[= ! .


bnx¿sf] pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rLaf6 k"j{3f]lift k|fyldstfqmdcg';f/} lgjf{rg cfof]un] ljhoL pDd]bjf/ 3f]if0ff ug{] Joj:yf x'g'k5{Æ -vgfn @)^%M $*_ .

;+ljwfg;efsf] Joj:yfksLo cª\usf] :j?k lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] d:of}bf / @ h]i7 @)^( df /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr ePsf] ;xdltdf Joj:yflksfcGtu{t /fli6«o;efdf k|b]zaf6 a/fa/L ;ª\Vofdf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] / s]xL Vofltk|fKt JolQm dgf]gog ug]{ cjwf/0ff pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr @ h]i7 @)^( df ePsf] ;xdltdf ^% ;b:oLo /fli6«o;efsf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5,$& h;df !! k|b]zaf6 %÷% hgfsf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] / /fli6«o hLjgdf Vofltk|fKt !) hgf dgf]gLt ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/, o;/L k|b]zaf6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ / dgf]gLt x'g]df blnt ;d'bfosf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj eg] lglZrt ul/Psf] 5}g . To; lsl;dsf] Joj:yf x'g] xf] eg] k|b]zx¿n] blntx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj clgjfo{ agfpg}kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf klg ul/g'k5{ . /fli6«o;efdf blnt k|ltlglwTjsf nflu u}/ef}uf]lns PsfO agfpg'kg]{ k|:tfj klg blnt cfGbf]ngdf p7]sf] 5 . o; ljifodf blnt cfGbf]ngn] cg]s k6s 5nkmnkl5 klg :ki6 wf/0ff agfpg ;s]g eg] lj8Dagf x'g]5 .

/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf ul/Fbf :yfgLo lgsfocGtu{t ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfnfO{ clwsf/;DkGg agfpg'k5{ / blnt afx'No If]qx¿nfO{ k'g;L{dfª\sg ub{} tL lgsfodf blntsf] clgjfo{ ;dfg'kfltsdf yk k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf lgjf{rg;DaGwL P]g tyf sfg'gdf ul/g'k5{ . gu/kflnsfb]lv j8f tx;Dd k|efjsf/L k|ltlglwTjsf nflu blnt afx'No If]qx¿nfO{ blnt ;d'bfosf] :jfoQ If]qsf ?kdf ;d]t ljsf; ul/g'k5{ .

;+ljwfg;efsf] /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF6 ;ldltn] tof/ kf/]sf] d:of}bfcg'?k g} /fHo k'g;{+/rgf x'g] ePdf d:of}bfdf pNn]v k|b]zleqsf] ljz]if ;+/rgfcGtu{tsf :jfoQ If]q, ;+/lIft If]q / ljz]if If]qdf blntsf] k|ltlglwTj s;/L x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf blnt cfGbf]ngn] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f agfpg' h?/L 5 . tL If]qsf] ljlzi6tfdf s:tf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL blntsf nflu pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] s'/f klg 6'ª\uf] nufOg'k5{ .

oltv]/ blnt cfGbf]ngleq ;+ljwfg;efaf6 blntd}qL ;+ljwfg n]vgsf] k|lqmof / cGtj{:t'af/] ax; / ljrf/ljdz{ t h?/L 5 g}, sy+sbflrt\ cfdlgjf{rg eof] / To;af6

$& gful/s b}lgs . @)^( . ;+ljwfgsf ;a} ljifodf l5gf]kmfgf] M !! k|b]z, #&^ ;b:oLo ;+;b\, ldl>t zf;g k|0ffnL . k[= !–@ .


bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;ef aGof] eg] To; ;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg n]vgsf nflu klg ;zQm blnt cfGbf]ng klg h?/L 5 . o;} cfGbf]ngsf] cleGg cª\usf] ?kdf cGo ;d'bfosf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿;Fu, ljz]iftM cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, d'l:nd / dlxnf;Fu blnt cfGbf]ngsf] ;xsfo{df klg hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 . cGoyf, oL pTkLl8tx¿dWo]sf klg pTkLl8t /x]sf blnt ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu clt h?/L /x]sf k|lqmofx¿ M /fHo k'g;{+/rgf, ;+ljwfg n]vg / ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] ckx/0f x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf klg sd 5}g .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

clwsf/L, afns[i0f . @)^( . r'gfjL k|lqmofdf dte]b . gful/s b}lgs & cflZjg, k[=!–@ .

cfrfo{, 8f= eLdfh{'g / cGo . @)^% . lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ . /fli6«o lgjf{rg cg'udg ;~hfn -g]df_ .

cfx'lt . @)^# . blntsf nflu cf/If0f clwsf/ . ljz]ifclwsf/ / cf/If0fsf] /fhgLlt . k"0f{ a:g]t / ;'efif bgf{n, ;+=, k[= !*&–@!(. sf7df8f}+M hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/ .

cfx'lt . @)^& . g]kfndf j0f{Joj:yf / ju{–;ª\3if{ . /fh]Gb| dxh{g, ;+= . nlntk'/M ;dtf kmfp08]zg .

pk|]tL, e/t/fh . ;g\ @))$ . ;+ljwfg / lgjf{rg k|0ffnL . ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf cfwf/x¿ . df]xg d}gfnL, ;+=, k[= !)%–!)* . nlntk'/M ;f];n ;fOG; axfM .

ls;fg, ofdaxfb'/ . @)%* . g]kfndf blnt hftLo d'lQm cfGbf]ng . sf7df8f}+M hgpTyfg k|lti7fg .

ls;fg, ofdaxfb'/ . @)^( . ;ª\3Lotf / blnt ;dfj]zLs/0fM cfzf / cfzª\sf . ?kfGt/0fM ;dfh cWoog *M !&!–@)) .

s];L, 8f= ;'/]Gb| . @)^# . g]kfnL ;dfhdf blnt . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . k|f= 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf, /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @))–@)* . sf7df8f}+M k|f= 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf, /fhs'df/ a/fn .

vgfn, s[i0f . @)^% . /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] efjL /fhgLlts uGtJo . /fHo k'g;{+/rgfM /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;+f:s[lts b[li6sf]0f . cg'ej chLt, ;+=, k[= !–^) . sf7df8f}+M dfl6{g rf}tf/L .


u'?ª, 8f= xs{ . ;g\ @))# . lqz"n / bf]h{]M g]kfnL /fhgLltdf ;fdflhs kl/j]z . nlntk'/M ;f];n ;fOG; axfM .

u'?ª, 8f= xs{ . ;g\ @))$ . /fli6«otf / hghflt . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;dfhzf:qLo lrGtg . d]/L 8];]g / k|To"if jGt, ;+=, k[= $!*–$$^ . sf7df8f}+M ;f];n ;fOG; axfM .

u'?ª, 8f= xs{ . @)^% . alxis/0fb]lv ;dfj]zLs/0f;DdM g]kfnsf nflu ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts Ph]08f . sf7df8f}+M ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f cg';Gwfg sf]if, P;=Pg=eL= g]kfn .

9'ª\u]n, dfwj . @)^( . ;+ljwfgsf ;a} ljifodf l5gf]kmfgf], !! k|b]z, @&^ ;b:oLo ;+;b, ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL . gful/s b}lgs k[= !–@, h]i7 #, sf7df8f}+ .

tfdfª, d'Qm l;+x . @)^( . ;dfj]zLs/0f, klxrfg / ;ª\3Lotf . ?kfGt/0f *M *!–!!@ .

Gof}kfg], uf]ljGb . ;g\ @))) . g]kfnsf] hftLo k|Zg M ;fdflhs agf]6 / ;fem]bf/Lsf] ;Defjgf .sf7df8f}+M ;]G6/ km/ 8]enKd]G6 :6l8h\, g]kfn .

kl/of/, 8f= dbg . @)^# . s] blntx¿n] ck]lIft k|ltkmn kfpnfg\ t ca < /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . k|f= 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf, /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= (–!$ . sf7df8f}+M k|f= 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf, /fhs'df/ a/fn .

k|l>t, df]bgfy . @)^# . dfgjtfsf] snª\s M hftkft / 5'jf5"t . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . k|f= 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf, /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= &)–(* . sf7df8f}+M k|f= 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf, /fhs'df/ a/fn .

e§rg, 8f= s[i0f / cGo . @)^% . g]kfndf hftLo ;d:of . sf7df8f}+M 8LPgPkm, PgPg8LP;8ANo"cf], cfOcfO8LP; / cfO8LP;Pg .

e't{]n, eLdk|;fb . @)^% . /fhgLlts bnx¿df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cj:yf . ;dfj]zLs/0fM /fhgLlts bn, /fHo / ldl8of . cg'ej chLt, ;+=, k[= !!–$) . sf7df8f}+M dfl6{g rf}tf/L .

ef]nfg, sf/] . ;g\ @)!! . ljwflosfsf] k|d'v ;bgsf nflu lgjf{rg k|0ffnL . hgj/L @)!! df k|:t't sfo{kq .

dxh{g, /fh]Gb| . @)^(-s_ . k':tsdf s] 5 < . ;Qf–ljdz{ / blnt, cDa]8s/M b[li6sf]0f / ljj]rgf . /fh]Gb| dxh{g, ;+=, k[=!!–!& . nlntk'/M ;dtf kmfp08]zg .

dxh{g, /fh]Gb| . @)^(-v_ . ;dfj]zLs/0fM /fHo;Fu} dgsf] k'g;{+/rgf . ?kfGt/0fM ;dfh cWoog *M &–!& .


dfOs;]n, :6]kmg . ;g\ @))$ . k|hftGq . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;dfhzf:qLo lrGtg . d]/L 8]z]g / k|To"if jGt, ;+=, k[= !–$! . nlnnk'/M ;f];n ;fOG; axfM .

ljZjsdf{, ld7fOb]jL . @)^# . blnt dlxnfsf] cj:yf / cjl:ylt . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfdf blnt ;xeflutf . k|f= 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf, /fhs'df/ a/fn, ;+=, k[= @*%–@(# . sf7df8f}+M k|f= 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, /fhg v8\sf, /fhs'df/ a/fn .

zdf{, 8f= kLtfDa/ . ;g\ @))( . g]kfndf ;ª\3Lotfsf] :j?k . gofF klqsf, ( / !) l8;]Da/, k[= $ .

ljZjsdf{, h]aL . @)^* . ;dfj]zL l;4fGtdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL . gful/s b}lgs @% efb| @)^*, k[=^ .

;dtf kmfp08]zg . @)^& . gofF ;+ljwfgdf blnt M ?kfGt/0fdf cndn . sf7df8f}+, ;dtf kmfp08]zg .

;dtf kmfp08]zg . @)^* . lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / blnt k|ltlglwTj . ck|sflzt k|ltj]bg, sf7df8f}+ .

;'Gbf;, kbd . @)$^ . la;] gurL{ M P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"lddf . la;] gurL{ . eLdlglw ltjf/L . w/fgM kbd ;'Gbf; .

nfjtL, dx]Gb| . ;g\ @))$ . ;dfj]zL k|hftGqsf nflu /fhgLlts ;+:yfx¿ . ;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf cfwf/x¿ . df]xg d}gfnL, ;+=, k[= %&–&# . nlntk'/M ;f];n ;fOG; axfM .

Bhattachan, K. B., 2003. 'Expected Model and Process of Inclusive Democracy in Nepal', Paper presented at the Agenda of Transformation: Inclusion in Nepali Democracy, Lalitpur: Social Science Baha, 24-26 April, 21 pages.

Gurung, Dr. Harka. 2007. From Exclusion to Inclusion. From Exclusion to Inclusion, pp 1-53. Lalitpur: Social Inclusion Research Fund.

Regmi, Mahesh C. 1995. Kings and Political Leaders of Gorkhali Empire 1768-1814. Hyderabad: Orient Longman.

Policy paper on electoral system and Dalit in Nepal-JB Biswokarma

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