Philology and Global English Studies

© Suman Gupta 2015

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vii

Acknowledgments ix

Introduction 1

Part 1 Philology

1 The Four Nodes of Convergence in Philological Knowledge 9 Fixing the Text 13 Origin and Genesis 20 Aspiration to Unity 28 Institutional Grounding 36 In Sum 40

2 Muting of, Return to, and Further Departure from Philology 43

Muted 44 “Greatness” and Reiterated Returns 47 Centering Edward Said 55 Further Departure 62

Part 2 Institutional Histories

3 The Former Heartlands of English Studies 69 United Kingdom 71 The United States of America 83

4 The Former Hinterlands of English Studies 93 Continental “New Europe” 94 India 106 Moving On 117

Part 3 Linguistics and Literary Studies

5 From Philology to General Linguistics and Literary Theory 123 Renewing the Philological “Science of Language” 124 General Linguistics Contra Philology 129 Invigorating Literature via Saussure 139 The Environment of Language Itself 146

6 The Politics of Language Corpora and Literary Theory 150 Phase 1 English Corpora and Liberation from

Literary Texts 150

Contents



Corpus-Based Approaches to Literature 158 The Political Desire of Literary Theory 165

7 Theory Debates and Discourse Analysis 174 Identity Politics and (Literary) Theory 174 The Territorial Anxieties of Linguistics 186 The Political Desire of Discourse Analysis 193

8 Englishes and Global English Studies 202 Conceiving World Englishes 203 Toward Global Englishes and English Studies 213

Bibliography 224

Name and Title Index 245

viii Contents



1

Since English is the dominant global language at present, English Studies features significantly in humanistic pedagogy and scholarship worldwide. Of necessity then, English Studies has become a site of sus-tained and ongoing pluralization. The conventional integrities and geo-political centrings of the academic discipline now seem anachronistic. The global purchase of the discipline has been described and examined to some extent already. For instance, James English’s The Global Future of English Studies (2012) gave a useful comparative description of student recruitment figures, career trajectories, and curricular emphases for the discipline in various countries across several continents. From a differ-ent direction, in Globalization and Literature (2009) I had outlined how globalization is represented in and acts upon literature, primarily with the Anglophone circuit in mind and with specific reference to English Studies. However, while such accounts confirm the global purchase of English Studies, what that means for the discipline is yet indifferently conceptualized. It is clear that in practice English Studies is global but it is unclear whether English Studies is yet conceptualized as global, whether its current diversities and integrities are yet sufficiently embed-ded in pedagogy and scholarship. English Studies is usually still engaged in limited ways: either by deferring to dominant Anglophone cultures, or by focusing on local relevance, or by exploring transactions across preconceived boundaries (North/South, Anglophone/non-Anglophone, colonial/postcolonial, etc.). Naturally, these approaches variously clarify the global scope of the discipline, and yet these do not quite compre-hend the discipline’s global penetrations and pluralistic formation. English Studies always seems to contain more than can be articulated, or every attempt to describe it seems less than its reach.

Introduction



2 Philology and Global English Studies

This study attempts to conceptualize and comprehend the current condition of English Studies in a general way, with its global reach and proliferating diversities in view.

For the purposes of this book English Studies consists primarily in the advanced study of English linguistics and literary analysis of texts in English. “English linguistics” here encompasses all scholarship addressed to the English language and the variegated Anglophone sphere; and “literary analysis of texts in English” is addressed to all available cultural texts in English, including translations from/into English. Naturally English linguistics can only be understood in terms of general linguistics, and literary analysis in English according to the broad remit of literary theory. The focus on English Studies here is underpinned throughout by broader, generalist theoretical considera-tions that attach to linguistics and literary study. So, while this book seeks to clarify particularly the condition of English Studies now, its observations have some bearing on linguistics and literary study for any circuit of languages and texts. Also, the fact that the following is primarily concerned with advanced-level study, typically at university level and beyond, does not mean that it is indifferent to literary and linguistic pursuits beyond academia.

The relationship and balance of linguistics and literary analysis in English Studies is one of the main concerns of this book. Conventionally, in the Anglophone sphere (including colonial contexts) English depart-ments and higher degrees have been primarily devoted to English litera-ture, with English linguistics either a relatively marginalized subsection of the department or a separate discipline with its own department (or space within a Modern Languages department). With global practices of English Studies in view, the situation has become considerably more complex. James English observed:

the major zone of variability among the world’s English departments [is]: the extent to which they incorporate linguistics and language study. There are universities, even entire national systems, where courses in English language study and/or linguistic theory constitute half or more of the required credits for an English baccalaureate degree. And there are other universities in other countries where the English BA curricu-lum is entirely free of all such requirements and where even electives in the field are scarce or non-existent. (2012, p.116)

To understand the condition of global English Studies at an advanced level now it is necessary to explore the institutional and conceptual



Introduction 3

relationship between linguistics and literary analysis. Much of this book is devoted to that, especially in Parts 2 and 3. Other recent accounts of English Studies, which are less concerned with the global scope of the discipline, conceive of several parallel strands in addition to linguistics and literary study. Thus, Bruce McComiskey’s English Studies (2006), which is centered on higher education in the USA, gives parallel space to language teaching, creative writing, rhetoric, and composition, and argues for “reimagining English Studies as a coherent community of disciplines” (p. 41). With the global scope in view, however, the broad areas of linguistics and literary study are still centered at an advanced level, and the other strands are conceived as variously derived from or supplemental to those. In the argument presented below, the rela-tionship and disjuncture between linguistics and literary study bears substantially upon the discipline’s institutional development and across sub- specializations. This argument is about the underpinning concepts of English Studies – in English linguistics and literary analysis of texts in English – and does not consider the applied dimensions of language learning and classroom practices.

To restate, this study seeks to conceptualize the current condition of English Studies in a general way, with its global scope and pluralistic for-mation in view: the natural recourse for this is a historicist method. For such a project, it is expedient to understand how the current condition has come to exist. This study is therefore structured around retracings of the career of English Studies. These are “retracings” rather than “trac-ings” because this is not a straightforwardly historical account of the academic discipline, and it offers little by way of discovering historical sources and delving archives anew. The method here consists in analyz-ing, reconsidering, and synthesizing existing histories and salient con-ceptual moments in the career of English Studies; in brief, this entails reckoning with existing historical accounts and their historiographical assumptions, and discerning progressive patterns in the career of the discipline.

This method calls for the appointment of a retrospective intellectual horizon – a historically resonant concept or project – in relation to which historicist retracings can be undertaken, or with reference to which the gradual emergence of global English Studies can be articu-lated. Philology as a knowledge formation and mode of structuring humanistic scholarship provides such a horizon: that is, in brief, phi-lology as scholarly engagement with texts and languages and cultural formations understood in a joined-up fashion, which was dominant particularly in nineteenth-century institutional settings. Institutional



4 Philology and Global English Studies

histories of English Studies have repeatedly charted the career of the discipline from a philological horizon.

The term “philology” is notoriously difficult to define, and the com-plex methodologies and numerous fields of philological scholarship have always tested attempts to delineate its features. This has been particularly so in Anglophone circuits and especially English Studies circles, where the broad connotations of philology have often been apprehended in implausibly narrow ways, and where, by the end of the twentieth century, a muting of philology – a reluctance to talk about philology – was widely evidenced. And yet, even amidst such muting, intermittent calls for a “return to philology” have appeared, with every sign of growing revivalist interest in the twenty-first century. Part 1 of this book, “Philology,” is devoted to conveying both the complexities of and some of the coherent features of such scholarship. This is attempted by outlining conceptual nodes on which diverse areas of philological knowledge converge, rather than by taking recourse to restrictive defini-tions. Four sections of Chapter 1 outline four linked nodes which con-ceptually ground the different dimensions of philological scholarship: fixing the text, normative concepts of origins and genesis, aspiration to unity, and institutional grounding. Despite the above-mentioned historicist accounts of departures from philology in English Studies, it is argued here that the conceptual nodes have both been persuasively interrogated and yet continued to have a tacit hold on scholarly prac-tice. Chapter 2 follows with brief examinations of the manner in which philology came to be silenced in English Studies circles, of calls for returns to and renewals of philology thereafter, and of what a further departure from philology might mean.

This last point, in fact, underscores one of the main contentions of this study as a whole: that the full potential of the global scope and pluralistic formation of English Studies can only be realized by depart-ing further from philology rather than returning to it, by moving firmly away from philological preconceptions which have persisted even as the discipline departed from philology – and that this is possible only by engaging with philology rather than by silencing it.

With the retrospective horizon of philology in view, two lines of his-toricist retracing toward conceptualizing the current condition of global English Studies are taken up respectively in Parts 2 and 3.

Part 2, “Institutional Histories,” examines how historical accounts of the career of English Studies, in several institutional contexts, represent the departure of the discipline from philology. Typically such histories have centered upon specific nation-states, and the coverage here is



Introduction 5

necessarily selective. Chapter 3 traces histories of English Studies in the two dominant Anglophone contexts of the discipline, the UK and USA; and Chapter 4 is devoted to histories of the discipline in continental Europe, covering the post-1990 transnational formation, and in India, where English Studies began as a colonial import. Focusing on these obviously does not do justice to the multiple histories of the discipline with its current global scope. English Studies in Australia and New Zealand, in the Middle East and Far East, in Africa, in South America, and so on, need to be engaged as well for a more comprehensive grasp of global English Studies. That would be a voluminous and protracted project, and a very worthy one. Nevertheless, the limited view here ena-bles some consideration of links, influences, and transactions between different contexts, and conveys some sense of what a full-scale global history of English Studies may find. More importantly, when context-specific histories are juxtaposed thus, the complicated relationship between philology and the current pluralistic and global English Studies is foregrounded and highlighted for renewed attention.

Part 3, “Linguistics and Literary Studies,” follows another line of historicist retracing from philology to global English Studies. Here the emphasis is on the gradual bifurcation of English linguistics and literary studies as separate fields, both departing concurrently from the joined-up scholarly project of philology. The arguments that gradually sharpen the fraught relationship between linguistics and literary analysis are retraced in this part, and the moves that gradually widen their separation from each other are examined. The pluralizations that now characterize both English linguistics and literary studies are traceable through their bifur-cated and distinct journeys away from philology and from each other. Four chapters, Chapters 5 to 8, lay out that double separation – from the horizon of philology and from each other – by taking up broad areas of linguistics (structuralist general linguistics, corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, world/global Englishes) and their connections with and resistances to developments in literary study (especially in relation to theory and identity politics). The uneasy balance between linguistics and literary study in institutional English Studies now, with its global scope and pluralism, is clarified to some degree in Part 3; and the extent to which these aspects of English Studies may usefully develop hereafter in a mutually regarding but distinct fashion pondered.



245

Name and Title Index

Note: proper names and titles of texts and organizations which feature in the main-body of this book – i.e. not simply in references and lists – are covered here.

Aarsleff, Hans 56, 82, 128; The Study of Language in England 56, 82, 128

“ABC of World English, An” (McArthur) 205

Aberdeen University 80Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales (Seneca)

80Adorno, Theodor 14“After ‘Orientalism’” (Rajan) 109After Theory (Docherty) 180–2After Theory (Eagleton) 185–6Agnihotri, R. K. 113; Problematizing

English in India (with Khanna) 113Ahmad, Aijaz 112–13, 179Alchemy of English, The (Kachru)

206Altizer, Thomas 171Altshul, Nadia 28Althusser, Louis 29, 179Ambedkar, B. R. 115American Comparative Literature

Association (ACLA) 52American Journal of Philology 46“American Literary Scholarship”

(Wellek) 51–2American Studies in Europe (newsletter)

95Archaeology of Knowledge, The

(Foucault) 56Arnold, Matthew 72, 77, 115Aryans and British India

(Trautmann) 117Athlone (publisher) 104Auerbach, Erich 15, 23, 30–1,

52–3, 54, 57, 59, 60; Mimesis 53; “Philology and Weltliteratur” 23, 30–1, 53, 57

Austen, Jane 161Austin, J. L. 157; How to Do Things

with Words 157

Bagchi, Jasodhara 112Bain, Alexander 80; Education as

Science 80Baldick, Chris 71–2, 76–7, 91,

111; The Social Mission of English Criticism 71–2, 76

Bailey, Richard W. 204, 205; English as a World Language (with Görlach) 204; “The Idea of World English” 205

Bank of English Corpus 217Barthes, Roland 26, 27, 136,

141–3, 146, 147–8; Writing Degree Zero 141–2

Bateson, F. W. 189–91, 192, 195, 199–200

Baudelaire, Charles 188Beck, Ulrich 97Bell, Alexander M. 128Belsey, Catherine 45, 168, 175, 177;

Critical Practice 45, 177Benjamin, Walter 14–15Bentley, Richard 17Berger, Peter 36–7; The Social

Construction of Reality (with Luckmann) 36–7

Berman, Art 174 Bernheimer, Charles 52; Bernheimer

Report (ACLA) 52Bernheimer Report (ACLA) 52Beyond Deconstruction (Felperin) 178Birmingham University 75–6Black, Max 211–12; Models and

Metaphors 211Blair, Hugh 73Blindness and Insight (de Man) 169Bloch, R. Howard 54Bloom, Harold 169, 171Boeckh, August 33–4, 39;

Encylopaedie und Methodologie 33–4



246 Name and Title Index

Bologna Accord (1999) 97, 105Bové, Paul 180–2, 185; In the Wake

of Theory 180–2Brennan, Tim 59–60Bretton Woods Conference 179British Council 100, 104, 207“British Heresy in TESL, The” (Prator)

206British National Corpus 217 Brower, Reuben 49, 50Brown Corpus 152, 155–6, 158 Burke, Sean 26–7Bush, George W. 95

CANCODE (Cambridge and Nottingham Corpus) 162–4

Cain,William 174, 177; The Crisis of Criticism 177

Cambridge University 72, 73, 76Campbell, George 80; Philosophy of

Rhetoric 80Carson, Hiram 92Carter, Ronald 162–4; “Common

Language” 163; Language and Creativity 163

Chakrabarty, Dipesh 108Chatterjee, Kalyan K. 107, 109–12;

English Education in India 109–12Chenatier, Marc 96Chomsky, Noam 150–1, 152, 153,

171, 187Churchill, R.C. 166Cicero, Marcus Tullius 80;

De Oratore 80Clark, Robert 97Clausen, Wendell 45Clements, Robert 52Close Reading (Lentricchia and

Dubois) 15Cohen, Ralph 169–70, 173, 174,

177–8; The Future of Literary Theory 169–70, 173, 177–8

Colebrooke, Henry 110Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. 48, 82Collins COBUILD English Language

Dictionary (Sinclair) 217Collins, John Churton 75–6, 92Colum, Mary 165–6; From These

Roots 165–6

“Common Language” (Carter) 163Concise Cambridge History

(Sampson) 166“Conjectures on World Literature”

(Moretti) 15–16Conrad, Joseph 161Construction of Authorship, The

(Woodmansee and Jaszi) 27Cornell University 92Corpus of English Conversation,

A (Svartvik and Quirk) 154–5Coulthard, Malcolm 193–5,

196; An Introduction to Discourse Analysis 193–5

Court, Franklin E. 74, 80, 81–2, 91; Institutionalizing English Literature 74, 81–2

Course in General Linguistics (Saussure) 129–46

Crawford, Robert 73–4, 78, 81, 85, 100; Devolving English Literature 73, 78; The Scottish Invention of English Literature 73, 74, 80

“Crisis of Comparative Literature” (Wellek) 51, 52

The Crisis of Criticism (Cain) 177Critical Practice (Belsey) 45Criticism and Social Change

(Lentricchia) 169, 172–3Criticism in the Wilderness

(Hartman) 167, 169, 172Crystal, David 205, 208 Culler, Jonathan 45, 55, 177;

The Pursuit of Signs 177Culture of Literacy, The (Godzich) 180Cunningham, Valentine 184–5;

Reading After Theory 184–5Curthoys, Ned 60–1Curtius, Ernst Robert 52Culture and Imperialism (Said) 57

Dash, Santosh 113–17; English Education 113–17

Deconstruction and the Interests of Theory (Norris) 178

Derrida, Jacques 27, 28, 49, 143–6, 168, 179; “Mochlos” 179; Of Grammatology 143–6

Descartes, René 33




Devolving English Literature (Crawford) 73

Discourse Analysis (Stubbs) 193–5Discourse and Social Change

(Fairclough) 195–7, 198Distant Reading (Middleton) 16Dixon, John 73, 77; A Schooling in

English 73, 77Docherty, Thomas 180–2, 185; After

Theory 180–2Donoghue, Denis 174–5, 183, 184;

The Pure Good of Theory 183; The Practice of Reading 183

Doyle, Brian 72–3, 77–8; English and Englishness 72–3, 77–8

Dubois, Andrew 15; Close Reading (with Lentricchia) 15

Eagleton, Terry 45, 72, 73, 77, 185–6; After Theory 185–6; Literary Theory 45, 72, 77

Earle, John 75Easthope, Anthony 177; Literary into

Cultural Studies 177Eco, Umberto 143Edinburgh University 74Education as Science (Bain) 80Eliot, T. S. 72Ellis, Alexander J. 128Ellis, John 184–5; Literature

Lost 184–5Encylopaedie und Methodologie

(Boeckh) 33–4Engler, Balz 101–4, 105; European

English Studies (with Haas) 101–4

English, James 1, 2–3; Global Futures of English Studies 1, 2–3

English and Englishness (Doyle) 72–3, 77–8

“English and German Philology” (Sweet) 129

English as a World Language (Görlach and Bailey) 204

English Education (Dash) 113–17English Education in India

(Chatterjee) 109–12English for Cross-Cultural

Communication (Smith) 204

English in America (Ohmann) 85, 86–7, 88, 89

English Language, English Literature (McMurtry) 73, 77

English Languages, The (McArthur) 209

English Studies (journal) 96English Studies (McComiskey) 3English Today (journal) 205, 209, 217English World-Wide (journal) 204,

216Erasmus, Desiderius 17Essays in Criticism ( journal) 189Essentials of English Grammar

( Jespersen) 125Ethics of Reading, The (Miller) 175–6Études Linguistiques Caribes II

(Goeje) 151European Association of American

Studies (EAAS) 95–6European Contributions to American

Studies (journal) 96European English Messenger (newsletter)

95, 96European English Studies (Engler and

Haas) 101–4European Journal of American Studies

(EJAS) 96European Journal of English Studies

(EJES) 96, 99–101, 105–6European Society for the Study of

English (ESSE) 95–7, 104Evolution of College English, The

(Miller) 86

Failure of Theory, The (Parrinder) 178Fairclough, Norman 195–7, 198–200;

Language and Power 195–7; Discourse and Social Change 195–7, 198

Felperin, Howard 174, 178; Beyond Deconstruction 178

Firth, John 125Fischer-Starke, Bettina 161–2Fish, Stanley 26, 176, 183–4;

Professional Correctness 176, 183–4 Flaitz, Jeffra 208Fleischman, Suzanne 54Formation of College English, The

(Miller) 74, 78




Foucault, Michel 26, 27, 39, 49, 55–6, 58, 59, 171, 179, 196; The Archaeology of Knowledge 56; The Order of Things 55–6

Fowler, Roger 189–93, 196, 197–8, 199–200; Linguistic Criticism 192; Literature as Social Discourse 191–2

Francis, W. Nelson 152, 156From Philology to English Studies

(Momma) 10, 82–3, 123–4, 128From These Roots (Colum) 165–6Furnivall, Fredrick James 82Future of Literary Theory, The

(Cohen) 169–70, 173, 177–8

Gabler, Hans Walter 18Gadamer, Hans-Georg 35; Truth and

Method 35Garber, Marjorie 49–50Gates Jr., Henry Louis 178Genesis of Lachmann’s Method, The

(Timpanaro) 17–18, 24George, Stefan 49The Gift of English (Mukherjee) 113–17Glasgow University 74Global Englishes and Transcultural

Flows (Pennycook) 219–22“Global Englishes, Rip Slyme, and

Performativity” (Pennycook) 219Global Futures of English Studies

(English) 1, 2–3Godzich, Wlad 180; The Culture of

Literacy 180 Görlach, Manfred 203–4, 207, 208,

209, 216–17; English as a World Language (with Bailey) 204

Goeje, C. H. de 151; Études Linguistiques Caribes II 151

Goldman, Lucien 60, 171Goodheart, Eugene 174Graff, Gerald 85, 88, 90–2, 167,

168, 174, 178; Literature Against Itself 167; Professing Literature 85, 88, 90–2

Grammar of Contemporary English, A (Quirk et al) 153

Gramsci, Antonio 107; “Notes on Italian History” 107

Green Report (ACLA) 52

Green, Thomas 52; Green Report (ACLA) 52

Greenbaum, Sidney 205, 217Greetham, David 54; “The

Resistance to Philology” 54Grice, Paul 195Growth and Structure of the English

Language (Jespersen) 125, 127Guha, Ranajit 107, 108Gumbrecht, Hans 30, 36, 38, 54;

Powers of Philology 54 Gurd, Sean 10, 29–30, 61; Philology

and Its Histories 61

Haas, Renate 101–4; European English Studies (with Engler) 101–4

Habermas, Jürgen 97Hall, Stuart 23Halliday, M. A. K. 187–8, 189, 195;

“The Linguistic Study of Literary Texts” 187–8

Hansen, Randall 98Harpham, Geoffrey 55Hartman, Geoffrey 167, 168,

169, 171, 172; Criticism in the Wilderness 167, 169, 172

Harvard Report (1897) 86Harvard University 86Heidegger, Martin 49Herder, Johann Gottfried 165 Hermeneutics and Criticism

(Schleiermacher) 32, 34–5Hill, Geoffrey 82History of English Language Teaching,

A (Howatt and Widdowson) 128Hjelmslev, Louis 125, 146Hockett, Charles 151Horton, Susan 169; “The Institution

of Literature” 169How to Do Things with Words

(Austin) 157Howatt, A. P. R 128; A History of

English Language Teaching (with Widdowson) 128

Huber, Victor Aimé 102Humboldt, Wilhelm von 32, 39

“Idea of World English, The” (Bailey) 205




Ilaiah, Kancha 115In the Wake of Theory (Bové) 180–2“Institution of Literature, The”

(Horton) 169Institutionalizing English Literature

(Court) 74, 81–2International Association of World

Englishes (IAWE) 205International Committee for the

Study of World Englishes (ICWE) 204

International Corpus of English (ICE) 205, 217

International Journal of American Linguistics 151

Introduction to Discourse Analysis, An (Coulthard) 193–5

Iser, Wolfgang 26, 162Isocrates 79

Jakobson, Roman 139–41, 146, 187, 188; “What is Poetry” 140; “Linguistics and Poetics” 140–1

Jameson, Fredric 179Jaszi, Peter 27; The Construction of

Authorship (with Woodmansee) 27

Jespersen, Otto 9, 124, 125–7, 128, 130, 153; Essentials of English Grammar 125; The Growth and Structure of the English Language 125, 127; Mankind, Nation and Individual 126; Modern English Grammar 125

Johansson, Stig 152 Johns Hopkins Guide 45Johns Hopkins University 52Johnson, Barbara 45Jones, William 82, 110Joshi, Svati 112–13; Rethinking

English 112–13Journal of Aesthetic Education 54–5Joyce, James 18, 161; Ulysses 18Junggrammatiker 82, 126, 128, 129,

131

Kachru, Braj 197, 204, 205–13, 217, 218, 220; The Alchemy of English 206; “Models of English

for the Third World” 206; The Other Tongue 204, 206; “Standards, Codification, and Sociolinguistic Realism” 207–8

Kayman, Martin 100–1, 104–5Kemble, John Mitchell 82Khalil ibn Ahmad 58King, Bruce 166; Literatures of the

World in English 166 King’s College London 71, 74Khanna, A. L. 113; Problematizing

English in India (with Agnihotri) 113

Kucera, Henry 152, 156

Labov, William 196Lachmann, Karl 17–18, 24Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen Corpus 152 Language and Creativity (Carter) 163Language and Power (Fairclough)

195–7Leavis, F. R. 72Leavis, Q. D. 72Lectures in Rhetoric and Belles Lettres

(Smith) 79–80Leech, Geoffrey 152, 188–9; Style in

Fiction (with Short) 188–9Lehman, David 50Leibniz, Gottfried 33Lentricchia, Frank 15, 168,

172–3, 175; Close Reading (with Dubois) 15; Criticism and Social Change 169, 172–3

Lerer, Seth 55Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 165Lévi-Strauss, Claude 188Linguistic Criticism (Fowler) 192“Linguistic Study of Literary Texts,

The” (Halliday) 187–8“Linguistics and Literary History”

(Spitzer) 15, 25, 35–6“Linguistics and Poetics” ( Jakobson)

140–1Literary into Cultural Studies (Easthope)

177Literary Theory (Eagleton) 45, 72, 77Literary Theory’s Future(s)

(Natoli) 177, 178Literature Against Itself (Graff) 167




Literature as Social Discourse (Fowler) 191–2

Literature Lost (Ellis) 184–5Literatures of the World in English

(King) 166 Losing the Big Picture (US NAS) 180Luckmann, Thomas 36–7; The

Social Construction of Reality (with Berger) 36–7

Lukács, Georg 171

Maastricht Treaty 94Macaulay, Thomas Babington 113Macaulay’s Minute on Education

(1835) 113McArthur, Tom 205, 208, 209, 211,

214–15, 217, 220; “An ABC of World English” 205; The English Languages 209

McCarthy, Michael 162McComiskey, Bruce 3; English

Studies 3McMurtry, Jo 73, 77; English

Language, English Literature 73, 77Mailloux, Steven 89–90, 91Man, Paul de 30, 45, 48–50, 54, 55,

58, 59, 167–70, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176; Blindness and Insight 169; Le Soir articles 50; “The Resistance to Theory” 167–70; “The Return to Philology” 45, 48–9, 55

Mankind, Nation and Individual ( Jespersen) 126

Marshall, Donald G. 55Masks of Conquest (Viswanathan)

109–12Massignon, Louis 57Merod, Jim 50Michael, Ian 73; The Teaching of

English 73Middleton, Peter 16; Distant Reading

16Miller, E. Morris 166Miller, J. Hillis 169, 175–6, 178; The

Ethics of Reading 175–6Miller, Thomas P. 74, 78, 81, 85, 86;

The Evolution of College English 86; The Formation of College English 74, 78, 86

Mimesis (Auerbach) 53“Mochlos” (Derrida) 179Models and Metaphors (Black) 211“Models of English for the Third

World” (Kachru) 206Modern English Grammar ( Jespersen)

125 Modern Language Association (MLA)

50Modern Philology (journal) 46Momma, Haruko 10, 82–3, 123–4,

128; From Philology to English Studies 10, 82–3, 123–4, 128

Moretti, Franco 15–16; “Conjectures on World Literature” 15–16

Müller, Max 75, 82Mufti, Aamir 59, 60Mufwene, Salikoko 218–19; “New

Englishes and the Criteria for Naming Them” 218–19

Mukarovský, Jan 125Mukherjee, Alok 113–17; The Gift of

English 113–17Murray, James 82

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 94

Nagarajan, S 107Napier, Arthur Samson 75Narrative (Toolan) 192–3National Association of Scholars

(NAS, USA) 180Natoli, Joseph 177, 178; Literary

Theory’s Future(s) 177, 178“New Englishes and the Criteria for

Naming Them” (Mufwene) 218–19

New Europe, The (Newman) 94New Science (Vico) 32–4, 80–1Newbolt Report (1921, The Teaching of

English) 72, 77–8, 82Newman, Bernard 94; The New

Europe 94Newsweek (magazine) 50Nichols, Stephen 18–20, 28, 54;

“Why Material Philology?” 18–20

Nietzsche, Friedrich 21, 58, 80Niranjana, Tejaswani 112




Norris, Christopher 178; Deconstruction and the Interests of Theory 178

“Notes on Italian History” (Gramsci) 107

Nünning, Vera 105–6

Of Grammatology (Derrida) 143–6Ohmann, Richard 85, 86–7, 88, 89;

English in America 85, 86–7, 88, 89On Philology (Ziolkowski) 45Oratore, De (Cicero) 80Order of Things, The (Foucault) 55–6Orientalism (Said) 55–7, 58, 59, 61,

107Orton, Harold 152Other Tongue, The (Kachru) 204Oxford University 71, 74–6, 83, 111

Palmer, D. J. 71, 74–6, 78, 91, 111; The Rise of English Studies 71, 74–6, 111

Parrinder, Patrick 178; The Failure of Theory 178

Patterson, Lee 54Pêcheux, Michel 196Peirce, Charles Sanders 143Pennycook, Alastair 201, 219–22,

223; Global Englishes and Transcultural Flows 219–22; “Global Englishes, Rip Slyme, and Performativity” 219

Phillipson, Robert 99Philology (Turner) 10, 11, 36, 38, 44,

55, 62–5, 79, 82Philology and Its Histories (Gurd) 61“Philology and Weltliteratur”

(Auerbach) 23, 30–1, 53, 57Philosophical Investigations

(Wittgenstein) 157Philosophy of Rhetoric (Campbell) 80Pike, Kenneth L. 125Powers of Philology, The (Gumbrecht)

54 Practice of Reading, The (Donoghue)

183Prator, C. H. 206; “The British

Heresy in TESL” 206Preston, W. D. 151

Prinsep, Henry 110Problematizing English in India

(Agnihotri and Khanna) 113Professing Literature (Graff) 85, 88,

90–2Professional Correctness (Fish) 176,

183–4Pure Good of Theory, The (Donoghue)

183Pursuit of Signs, The (Culler) 177

Quirk, Randolph 124–6, 149, 150, 152–7, 205, 216; A Corpus of English Conversation (with Svartvik) 154–5; A Grammar of Contemporary English (with Greenbaum and Svartvik) 153; “Towards a Description of English Usage” 124–5, 153–4

Rai, Alok 113Raina, Badri 112–13Rajan, Rajeswari Sunder 109; “After

‘Orientalism’” 109Raleigh, Walter 76Reading After Theory (Cunningham)

184–5Reagan, Ronald 179Reception of British and Irish Authors

in Europe (RBIAE, book series) 104

Renan, Ernest 56“Resistance to Philology, The”

(Greetham) 54“Resistance to Theory, The” (de Man)

167–70Rethinking English ( Joshi) 112–13“Return to Philology, The”

(de Man) 45, 48–9, 55“Return to Philology, The” (Said) 15,

16, 23, 25, 55, 57–9Richards, I. A. 72Riffaterre, Michael 162, 188Rise and Fall of English, The (Scholes)

85–6, 88, 90Rise of English Studies, The (Palmer)

71, 74–6, 111Rodopi (publisher) 106Roy, Modhumita 113




Said, Edward 15, 16, 23, 25, 30, 32, 39, 53, 55–61, 107, 109, 111, 112, 114, 167, 170–3; Culture and Imperialism 57; Orientalism 55–7, 58, 59, 61, 107, 109; “The Return to Philology” 15, 16, 23, 25, 55, 57–9; “Traveling Theory Reconsidered” 171–2; The World, the Text and the Critic 56, 167, 170–3

Sampson, George 166; Concise Cambridge History 166

Sanghari, Kumkum 112Saussure, Ferdinand de 9, 11, 54,

69, 82, 123, 125, 127, 129–46, 168, 186; Course in General Linguistics 129–46; Writings in General Linguistics 137–9

Saussy, Haun 52; Saussy Report (ACLA) 52

Saussy Report (ACLA) 52Schleiermacher, Friedrich 32,

34–5, 36, 39; Hermeneutics and Criticism 32, 34–5

Scholes, Robert 85–6, 88, 90; The Rise and Fall of English 85–6, 88, 90

Schooling in English, A (Dixon) 73, 77Schwab, Raymond 57, 59Scottish Invention of English Literature,

The (Crawford) 73, 74, 78, 80 Seneca, Lucius Annaeus 80; Ad

Lucilium Epistulae Morales 80Shaffer, Elinor 104Shakespeare, William 159, 161, 183Shimojima, Atsushi 212Shippey, Tom 82Short, Michael 188–9; Style in Fiction

(with Leech) 188–9Showalter, Elaine 178Sibawayh 58Sinclair, John 196, 217; Collins

COBUILD English Language Dictionary 217

Smith, Adam 73, 79–80; Lectures in Rhetoric and Belles Lettres 79–80

Smith, Larry E 204; English for Cross-Cultural Communication 204

Social Construction of Reality, The (Berger and Luckmann) 36–7

Social Mission of English Criticism, The (Baldick) 71–2, 76

Speculum (journal) 53–4Sperling, Matthew 82Spiegel, Gabrielle 54Spinoza, Baruch 33Spitzer, Leo 15, 25, 35–6, 52–3,

54, 58; “Linguistics and Literary History” 15, 25, 35–6

Spivak, Gayatri 50, 107–9, 175; “Subaltern Studies” 107–8

“Standards, Codification, and Sociolinguistic Realism” (Kachru) 207–8

Steiner, Wendy 55Stimpson, Catherine 178Strevens, Peter 209Stubbs, Michael 193–5; Discourse

Analysis 193–5Studies in Philology (journal) 46Study of Language in England, The

(Aarsleff) 56, 82, 128Style in Fiction (Leech and Short)

188–9Subaltern Studies (book series) 107–9“Subaltern Studies” (Spivak) 107–8Survey of English Dialects (SED)

corpus 152Survey of English Usage (SEU) corpus

124–5, 149, 150, 152–7, 158, 205, 217

Svartvik, Jan 153, 154–5, 205; A Corpus of English Conversation (with Quirk) 154–5; A Grammar of Contemporary English (with Quirk and Greenbaum) 153

Sweet, Henry 82, 83, 125, 128–9, 130, 153; “English and German Philology” 129; “Words, Logic and Grammar” 128

Teaching of English, The (Michael) 73Tharu, Susie 112Thatcher, Margaret 179Thorpe, Benjamin 82Times Literary Supplement (periodical)

48, 180




Timpanaro, Sebastiano 17–18, 24; Genesis of Lachmann’s Method 17–18, 24

Tolkien, J. R. R 82Toolan, Michael 162, 192–3, 199;

Narrative 192–3“Towards a Description of English

Usage” (Quirk) 124–5, 153–4Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

(Wittgenstein) 157Transactions of the Philological Society

(journal) 46Trautmann, Thomas 117; Aryans and

British India 117“Traveling Theory Reconsidered”

(Said) 171–2Trench, Richard Chevenix 82, 128Trinity College Dublin 74Trivedi, Harish 112Truth and Method (Gadamer) 35Turner, James 10, 11, 36, 38, 44, 55,

62–5, 79, 82; Philology 10, 11, 36, 38, 44, 55, 62–5, 79, 82

Tynjanov, Jurijj 140

Uitti, Karl D. 45; Johns Hopkins Guide 45

Uldall, H. J. 146Ulysses ( Joyce) 18University College London 71, 74Utz, Richard 78

Vachek, Josef 125Varieties of English around the World

(VEAW, book series) 204, 216Vico, Giambattista 32–4, 39, 58,

80–1; New Science 32–4, 80–1Viswanathan, Gauri 100,

109–12, 113, 114; Masks of Conquest 109–12

Vossler, Karl 52

Warren, Michelle 61Warsaw Pact 94 Waters, Lindsay 50Watkins, Calvert 45Watkins, Evan 87–8; Work

Time 87–8Weber, Max 37Wegmann, Nikolaus 10Wellek, René 51–2; “American

Literary Scholarship” 51–2; “Crisis of Comparative Literature” 51, 52

“What is Poetry” ( Jakobson) 140Whitney, William D. 131, 132“Why Material Philology?”

(Nichols) 18–20Widdowson, H. G. 128, 198–201;

A History of English Language Teaching (with Howatt) 128

Williams, Raymond 23, 171Wittgenstein, Ludwig 157;

Philosophical Investigations 157; Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 157

Wolf, August 17Woodmansee, Martha 27; The

Construction of Authorship (with Jaszi) 27

“Words, Logic and Grammar” (Sweet) 128

Work Time (Watkins) 87–8World Englishes (journal) 204, 210,

217World, the Text and the Critic, The

(Said) 56, 170–3Writings in General Linguistics

(Saussure) 137–9

Yale University 28, 50, 52, 54–5

Zemer, Lior 27Ziolkowski, Jan 45, 53; On

Philology 45



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