ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

CREATING THE MEDIEVAL SAGA:

VERSIONS, VARIABILITY AND EDITORIALINTERPRETATIONS OF OLD NORSE

SAGA LITERATURE

Edited by

JUDY QUINN EMILY LETHBRIDGE

UNIVERSITY PRESS OF SOUTHERN DENMARK2010

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

The Words on the Page:Thoughts on Philology, Old and New

M.J. D

Only a very few works from Antiquity or the Middle Ages survive in ori-ginal, autograph or authorially sanctioned manuscripts. The vast majorityhave come down to us in copies, or copies of copies, lying at an unknownnumber of removes from the originals and varying in their trustworthiness,whether due to physical damage, scribal fallibility or deliberate revision.And while some works survive in unique manuscripts, most are preservedin dozens, hundreds or in some cases even thousands of copies. With veryfew exceptions, no two copies of the same work are ever exactly alike.There are, at the very least, always differences in punctuation (of whichthere is usually very little in manuscripts anyway), in spelling, reflect-ing both scribal caprice and changes in pronunciation, and in lexis, wherenew words are substituted for others no longer current. Scribes are alsocapable of error, miscopying words or sentences, writing them twice orleaving them out altogether. Scribes, particularly in vernacular traditions,frequently make deliberate changes too, correcting what they perceived tobe errors or infelicities, shortening the text (either for stylistic reasons orto fit the amount of space available), or expanding it, either stylistically,through rhetorical elaboration, or materially, through the addition of newepisodes or descriptive passages. Sometimes differences between the ex-tant texts of a given work are so great that we are obliged to view them asrepresenting separate versions or redactions. Occasionally these versionsare so different that it is impossible to imagine how they could go backto a single original, and here it has been customary to see them as repres-enting separate manifestations of an underlying (oral) tradition. In othercases it is necessary to speak of separate works treating similar material,rather than of separate versions of a single work.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

M.J. Driscoll

When dealing with the transmission of classical and patristic literat-ure, and indeed of the Bible itself, the gap between the surviving witnessesand the originals is generally very great, as is the number of witnesses:– in the case of popular Roman writers such as Terence or Juvenal,,–, in the case of the Greek New Testament. Scholars workingwith other ancient literatures with long histories of chirographic transmis-sion, Sanskrit, for example, face similar problems, as do those working incertain vernacular traditions. In the case of Old Norse-Icelandic literature,the relative stability of the language meant that in Iceland, unlike most ofthe rest of Europe, medieval works were still copied and read well intomodern times, even into the first decades of the twentieth century. Themore popular sagas, principally romances like Mágus saga jarls but alsosome of the Íslendingasögur such as Njáls saga, and some of the eddic andsacred poems, like Sólarljóð, can thus be preserved in as many as sixty orseventy manuscripts, spanning up to six centuries.

To make sense of these oceans of exemplars, scholars have employedthe science, or perhaps rather art, of ‘textual criticism’, generally under-stood as ‘the technique of restoring texts as nearly as possible to their ori-ginal form’ (Kenney : ). Modern textual criticism was developedin the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries chiefly by and for classical andbiblical scholars, but began fairly quickly to be employed by scholars inother fields. As Haugen and Johansson have discussed in the previous twoessays, the method most commonly employed, the ‘genealogical’ or ‘stem-matic’ method, is normally associated with the name of the German philo-logist Karl Lachmann (–). Lachmann himself, however, neverpresented a stemma, and his method had already been anticipated byscholars such as the Germans Friedrich August Wolf (–), CarlGottlob Zumpt (–) and Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl (–),and the Dane Johan Nicolai Madvig (–). The association of Lach-mann’s name with the method may be due, in part at least, to his having

Although the first published stemma codicum is attributed to Carl Zumpt in his editionof Cicero from , it was in fact preceded by that of the Swedish scholars CarlJohan Schlyter and Hans Samuel Collin in their edition of the laws of Västergötland(Westgöta-Lagen, the first volume of Samling af Sweriges Gamla Lagar), publishedin ; on Schlyter see Holm () and Frederiksen (, and ).

See further Timpanaro ().

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

The Words on the Page

worked with such a broad range of languages and texts, including theGreek New Testament, Lucretius and the Nibelungen Not. As detailed inPaul Maas’s book, Textkritik, the method essentially involves reconstruct-ing on the evidence of the surviving manuscripts the earliest recoverableform (or forms) of the text that lies behind them. First one must identify allthe surviving witnesses, date and localise them if possible, and then estab-lish the relationship between them through collation, where all the variantreadings they contain are registered and compared. Errors and omissionsmade by the scribes when copying provide the most valid means of work-ing out the relationships between the manuscripts. Witnesses which aredemonstrably derived from earlier existing witnesses are without valueand are therefore eliminated. The established relationship of the witnessesremaining is then usually given in the form of a family tree or stemmacodicum. At the head, or root, of this tree is either a single surviving ma-nuscript from which all others descend, or, more commonly, a lost copy,which can be reconstructed on the basis of the surviving witnesses. Thishypothetical ancestor is called the ‘archetype’, and should not be, but fre-quently is, confused with the ‘original’, to which it may obviously be atsome remove. Some textual critics, particularly in earlier times, choose toemend a non-authentic or corrupt archetype through conjecture, or divin-ation (divinatio), as it is called, in order to get closer to the original.

Although the stemmatic method is all very neat and its logic nothingshort of majestic, it has a number of shortcomings, the most significant be-ing that it hardly ever works with real textual traditions, since it assumes,among other things, that no two scribes will ever independently make thesame mistake, which they frequently do, that they will always work from asingle exemplar, which they frequently do not, and that most scribes willtend to reproduce their exemplars exactly, which they almost never do, atleast in the case of vernacular literature. And, indeed, criticism of the me-thod has chiefly come from medievalists working in vernacular traditions,most notably the French scholar Joseph Bédier (–), who rejectedthe claims of stemmatic analysis to scientific objectivity and advocated aneditorial policy which involved choosing a single ‘best text’ and reprodu-

The third edition of Maas’s work was published in and translated into Englishthe following year. It was first published as part III of Gercke and Norden ().

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

M.J. Driscoll

cing it conservatively, that is, with as little emendation as possible (onlyin cases of obvious scribal error). Something not wholly different fromthe genealogical method could be used to identify families of related ma-nuscripts, but, according to Bédier, one should refrain from attempting topostulate the existence – and reconstruct the texts – of lost manuscripts(Bédier ). Although initially criticised by many, Bédier’s ‘best-text’method has the advantage of reducing damage to the text through sub-jective editorial emendation (by editors, who, Bédier alleged, tended tosee themselves as collaborators with the author), and presenting the readerwith, if not the text, then at least a text which had actually existed.

The ‘New’ Philology

The principal innovation in the area of editorial theory in recent yearshas been the so-called ‘new’ or ‘material’ philology, the call to armsfor which was the publication in of a special issue of Speculum: AJournal of Medieval Studies edited by the Romance philologist StephenNichols of Johns Hopkins University. The immediate inspiration for this‘new’ philology came from Bernard Cerquiglini’s polemical essay Élogede la variante (), which marked a clear turning point in the history ofmedieval textual studies by arguing that instability (variance) is a funda-mental feature of chirographically transmitted literature: variation is whatthe medieval text is ‘about’. The following may be said to be among thekey principles of ‘new’ or ‘material’ philology:

• Literary works do not exist independently of their material embod-iments, and the physical form of the text is an integral part of itsmeaning; one needs therefore to look at ‘the whole book’, and therelationships between the text and such features as form and layout,illumination, rubrics and other paratextual features, and, not least,the surrounding texts.

Bédier’s term codex optimus is perhaps better rendered ‘best manuscript’, which iswhat Odd Einar Haugen calls it (: and in his essay in this volume).

See in particular Nichols’s introductory essay (); other important works are Nich-ols () and ().

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

The Words on the Page

• These physical objects come into being through a series of pro-cesses in which a (potentially large) number of people are involved;and they come into being at particular times, in particular placesand for particular purposes, all of which are socially, economicallyand intellectually determined; these factors influence the form thetext takes and are thus also part of its meaning.

• These physical objects continue to exist through time, and are dis-seminated and consumed in ways which are also socially, econom-ically and intellectually determined, and of which they bear traces.

While the reaction among textual theorists to ‘new’ philology has on thewhole been favourable, those involved in actual scholarly editing – notleast within the field of Old Norse-Icelandic – have tended to be dis-missive, though their criticisms have rarely found their way into print,being confined instead to the corridor and coffee room. The grounds fortheir censure of ‘new philology’ has generally either been that there isnothing ‘new’ in it, that it is even what ‘we’ have been doing all along, orthat while it might be possible as an ancillary to ‘proper’ philology, andmight be better suited to some types of texts than others, ‘new’ philologycannot possibly replace traditional philology since it is patently ridiculousto claim, for example, that some arbitrary eighteenth-century manuscript,with all its errors and corruption, is every bit as good as one demonstrablynearer to the original. To this latter objection all I can say is, well, quite.No-one, to my knowledge, has ever claimed that all manuscripts of a par-ticular work were equally ‘good’; from a new- or material-philologicalperspective, on the other hand, one certainly can claim that all manuscriptsof a given work are equally interesting (potentially at least), not for estab-lishing the text, separating ‘good’ readings from ‘bad’ – which is not what

This is essentially the argument of a recent article by Sverrir Tómasson (); atp. , for example, he says that ‘margt af því sem þar [sc. in the new philology] framkemur á sér eldri rætur’ (‘much of what appears there [sc. in the new philology] hasolder roots’), and later, at p. , he concludes: ‘Hin svokallaða nýja textafræði hvílir ágömlu textafræðinni, án þeirra rannsókna sem lúsiðnir fílólógar hafa gert um tveggjaalda skeið væri nýja textafræðin ekki til.’ (‘The so-called new philology rests on oldphilology; were it not for the efforts of sedulous philologists over the last two centuriesthe new philology would not exist.’). For a general critique of precepts underlying the‘new philology’ see Pickens ().

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

M.J. Driscoll

‘new’ philology seeks to do – but rather for what they can tell us aboutthe processes of literary production, dissemination and reception to whichthey are witnesses. Nor am I aware that anyone has ever claimed thatwith the advent of ‘new’ philology there can no longer be any justificationfor practising ‘old’ philology. Most linguists would nowadays doubtlessprefer to discuss the meaning of a word in terms of the way it is used by theactual speakers of the language in question, or a sub-group thereof, ratherthan by reference to its etymology – that is, from a synchronic rather thana diachronic perspective – but I am not aware that anyone has seriouslysuggested that historical linguistics may no longer be practised.

To the former of these accusations, that there is nothing new in the‘new’ philology, it can only be said that, like any other movement, trendor school, the ‘new’ philology did not spring fully formed ex nihilo. Oneof its more obvious antecedents is Paul Zumthor’s Essai du poétique mé-diévale from , which introduced the concept of mouvance, the ‘mo-bilité essentielle du texte médiéval’ (Zumthor : , ‘the essentialmobility of the medieval text’), without which Cerquiglini’s ideas wouldhave been unthinkable. Another is to be found in developments withinAnglo-American bibliography in the s and early s. These devel-opments culminated, for some, in D.F. McKenzie’s Panizzi lectures,published the following year as Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts,which argued that since any history of the book must take into account‘the social, economic and political motivations of publishing, the reasonswhy texts were written and read as they were, why they were rewritten andredesigned, or allowed to die’, it is ‘more useful’ to describe bibliographyas ‘the study of the sociology of texts’; ‘sociology’ because it deals with‘the human motives and interactions which texts involve at every stage oftheir production, transmission and consumption’ (McKenzie : –).Others might point to Jerome McGann’s A Critique of Modern TextualCriticism from , which also proposed a sociological, rather than anintentionalist, approach, arguing that literary works ‘are fundamentally

Hans Walter Gabler (: b), points out that ‘Through the rekindled interest ofthe medievalists in a ‘material philology’, it has been brought to fresh attention, forinstance, that it is often the exemplars disqualified under stemmatological premises asderivative, textually unreliable, and corrupt that, in the high variability of their texts,hold immediate information about the cultural life and afterlife of works.’

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

The Words on the Page

social rather than personal or psychological products’ (McGann :–). Nor should we underestimate the influence of French (and French-inspired) work in histoire du livre, work in the German-speaking world onthe history of transmission, Überlieferungsgeschichte, and the extensivework in orality and literacy on both sides of the Atlantic in the late sand s – in fact pretty much everything that went on in literary andcultural studies from the late s onwards, subsumed under the generalheading ‘post-structuralism’, which, among other things, de-emphasisedthe importance of the author, focusing instead on the inevitably collabor-ative nature of literary production, dissemination and reception and thecultural, historical and ideological forces at work in these processes.

It is necessary, before trying to assess how new the new philology is,to distinguish between three basic concepts: the ‘work’, the ‘text’ and the‘artefact’. To take a simple example: Hamlet is a ‘work’. The New SwanShakespeare Advanced Series edition of Hamlet by Bernard Lott, M.A.Ph.D., published by Longman in , is, or presents, a ‘text’. My copy ofLott’s edition, bought from Blackwell’s in Oxford in and containingmy copious annotations, is an ‘artefact’.

The ‘work’, being an abstraction, is perhaps hardest to pin down. By‘Hamlet, the work’ I mean simply the sum of all the Hamlets that have

Although coming out of similar intellectual traditions, McGann and McKenzie ap-pear to have operated largely independently of each other (cf. Greetham : ).McGann first posited his idea of ‘bibliographical codes’ in a review of McKenzie’sbook (McGann , subsequently developed in McGann ), and says in a recentarticle that he sees his own work ‘as a critical pursuit of McKenzie’s ideas’ (McGann: ).

The seminal work here is Febvre and Martin (). See, for example, Ruh (). For example works like Ong () and Goody (), to name only two. I am not the first to make these distinctions, and other names are possible for the

concepts; these are simply the ones I prefer. My chief inspiration is Shillingsburg(: –) although Shillingsburg uses the term ‘document’ for what I prefer tocall ‘artefact’.

While the distance between work, text and artefact is obviously not always so greatas in the case of Hamlet – where, for example, a poem has been jotted down on theback of an envelope and then forgotten, so that there is only a single text, preservedin or on a single artefact, of that particular work – the distinction between the three isnevertheless real enough.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

M.J. Driscoll

ever been, printed, staged, filmed or otherwise manifested. Those of theintentionalist school, on the other hand, would argue that ‘Hamlet, thework’ is whatever Shakespeare originally intended Hamlet to be, ‘whatShakespeare wrote’. Yet in the case of Shakespeare, and many, many otherwriters, it is frequently impossible to establish what the author’s originalintention might have been, or indeed whether the author had a singleoriginal intention. King Lear, for example, famously exists in two quitedistinct versions, both apparently equally ‘authentic’. And what of worksfor which there is no author, or where the notion of authorship is highlyproblematic, for example those originally oral in nature: what did ‘Homer’intend the Odyssey to be?

The ‘text’ may be defined as a series of words in a particular order,which seems straightforward enough. It is, however, very much a coin withtwo distinct sides. W.W. Greg famously divided the text into ‘substant-ives’, which ‘affect the author’s meaning or the essence of his expression’,on the one hand, and ‘accidentals’, mainly presentational features such asspelling, punctuation, word division et cetera, on the other (–: ).The ‘accidentals’, the words on the page (or screen) in front of us, wemight refer to as the ‘real text’, and the other, the ‘substantives’, as the‘ideal text’, its gaze fixed firmly upwards, toward the ‘work’.

The ‘artefact’ would seem to be the least problematic of the three,as any text-bearing object is, by its nature, unique. This is self-evidentlytrue of manuscripts, slightly less self-evidently so of early printed books(since no two copies are ever exactly the same). But in the age of massreproduction is it really possible to claim that every copy of a text is aunique artefact? Anyone who has, for example, read a book previouslyannotated, even slightly, by another reader (or even by oneself at someremove), or encountered a copy of a book in an unlikely place (Hamlet inan airport kiosk) will, I think, agree that it certainly can be. And what ofelectronic texts? Are bits on disks and pixels on screens not as ‘material’

Zumthor defined the ‘oeuvre’ as ‘l’unité complexe […] que constitue la collectivitédes versions en manifestant la matérialité; la synthèse des signes employés par les “au-teurs” successifs (chanteurs, récitants, copistes) et de la litteralité des textes’ (:, ‘the complex unity constituted by the collectivity of its material versions; the syn-thesis of the signs employed by the successive “authors” (singers, reciters, copyists)and of the literality of the texts’).

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

The Words on the Page

as ink on paper? Is a digital document really ‘the same’ when accessed ontwo different computers?

The focus of traditional textual criticism has always been the ‘work’,of which one can, through the rigorous interrogation of the extant wit-nesses, be afforded a glimpse. In so far as traditional textual criticismrecognises artefacts at all, it has tended to despise them. The ‘best-text’edition presents just that, a ‘text’, a series of words in a particular order,without trying to say too much about the ‘work’ – although there is ob-viously some value inherent in the word ‘best’, and some significance inthe fact that ‘text’ is in the singular. But the interest has been firmly onthe ‘substantives’, the upper side of the textual coin, rather than the ‘acci-dentals’. In ‘new’ philology, however, the focus is entirely on the lower,the artefactual, side, on the interplay between the text and the text-bearingartefact, the way in which the ‘bibliographic codes’ affect – are part of– the text’s meaning, just as much as its lexical content. And it is here,in this shift in orientation, that the ‘new’ in the ‘new’ philology is to befound.

Jón Helgason and the ‘Arnamagnæan School’

In his recent article ‘Er nýja textafræðin ný?’, Sverrir Tómasson says ‘saganorrænnar textafræði er því miður enn ósögð’ (: , ‘the history ofOld Norse textual criticism sadly remains untold’). It is not my intentionhere, any more than it was his there, to write that history. I should, however,like at least to look at the history of Old Norse textual criticism in the lightof the suggestion that what ‘we’, which I take to mean scholars workingin the Arnamagnæan tradition, have been doing all along is essentially‘new’ philology, a suggestion which, in view of the distinction betweenwork, text and artefact just presented, is something of an overstatement atbest.

Scholarly editions of Old Norse texts began to appear under the aus-pices of the Arnamagnæan Commission in with the publication ofKristni saga, but by ‘the Arnamagnæan tradition’ I mean in particular thepublications in the two series inaugurated by Jón Helgason (–),professor of Old Norse at the University of Copenhagen from to .Jón, who was secretary of the Arnamagnæan Commission from and

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

M.J. Driscoll

a full member from , began in a series of scholarly monographsunder the title Bibliotheca Arnamagnæana and a new series of criticaleditions of Old Norse texts, Editiones Arnamagnæanæ, ten years later (al-though the first volume of Byskupasögur, published in and containingJón’s edition of Hungrvaka, is to all intents and purposes to be regardedas part of the series). Although Jón was himself responsible for only ahandful of these editions (the second volume of Byskupasögur, publishedin , and the eight volumes of Íslenzk fornkvæði, published between and ), he was involved, directly or indirectly, in all of them –even from beyond the grave: the most recent volume of Editiones to ap-pear, Egils saga Skallagrímssonar III, edited by Michael Chesnutt (),is, as stated on the title page, ‘efter forarbejder af Jón Helgason’ (‘basedon preliminary work by Jón Helgason’). Jón’s influence is also manifestin the series of editions and monographs published from onwards bythe Arnamagnæan Institute in Reykjavík, most of the original members ofstaff of which had studied in Copenhagen under Jón. Members of the oldergeneration of Old Norse textual scholars in other countries have also gen-erally spent lengthy periods under Jón’s tutelage as well, while the youngergeneration has in turn been tutored largely by them. So while Jón himself,having been that sort of person, would doubtless have been quick to denyit, there is therefore a discernible ‘Helgasonian school’ which has domin-ated Old Norse textual-critical practice from the middle of the twentiethcentury onwards.

It is a school without a manifesto, however, in that Jón Helgason neverproduced any kind of guidelines to editorial practice or engaged in any the-oretical or methodological discussion of its precepts. In a conference paperfrom Helle Jensen, who edited Eiríks saga víðförla for Editiones

Cf. Jakob Benediktsson: ‘Med sine udgaver fra erne og senere skabte han enhelt ny standard for udgivelsen af norrøne tekster som siden er blevet et mønster forandre udgivere på dette område.’ (: , ‘With his editions from the s andlater he set a whole new standard for the editing of Old Norse texts, which has sincebecome a model for other editors in this area.’). See also Jonna Louis-Jensen: ‘hansudgiverpraksis har dannet skole, således at den bl.a. følges i alle tekstkritiske udgaver,der udsendes af de to arnamagnæanske institutter i København og Reykjavík’ (:, ‘his editorial practice has established a school, one which is followed in, amongothers, all the textual-critical editions published by the two Arnamagnæan institutesin Reykjavík and Copenhagen’).

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

The Words on the Page

Arnamagnæanæ, describes with some humour how she had been intro-duced – or rather not – to textual-critical practice by Jón Helgason, whotold her all she had to do was ‘bare lige se på alle håndskrifterne og findeud af, hvordan de var skrevet af efter hinanden’ (Jensen : , ‘justhave a look at all the manuscripts and find out how they were copied fromeach other’). Following Jón’s advice and looking at other Arnamagnæaneditions, she said, she was able to deduce the methods employed, and itwas not until much later that it occurred to her that theoretical discussionof the precepts of textual criticism must exist. Four years later she re-turned to this theme in an excellent article in Forskningsprofiler: ‘For deter en ejendommelighed ved nordisk filologi i almindelighed og norrønfilologi i særdeleshed, at der har været meget lidt explicit teoretiserenomkring disse emner’ (Jensen : , ‘For it is a curious fact that inconnection with Nordic philology in general and Old Norse philology inparticular there has been very little explicit theorising of these matters’).

One assumes this reluctance to theorise about editorial practice wasbecause Jón, who had, or professed to have, an antipathy to most things,regarded it as something self-evident, common sense, simply what one didwith texts. One can, as Helle Jensen did, read ‘what one did with texts’out of Jón’s own editorial work and out of the editions published underhis auspices. From Jón himself the only thing approaching a statementof principles, apart from a few remarks in the book Handritaspjall (,especially –) was a paper entitled ‘Om udgivelser af islandske tek-ster’ (‘On the editing of Icelandic texts’) given at a seminar, Synspunkterpå tekstudgivelse, held in , when Jón received an honorary doctoratefrom the University of Copenhagen. The full text of this has unfortunately– though perhaps not surprisingly – never been published, but there is a

The introduction to textual criticism received by the present writer when a graduatestudent in Reykjavík was equally brief, consisting in fact of only two words: samei-ginlegar villur (‘shared errors’).

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

M.J. Driscoll

summary in English in the Arnamagnæan Bulletin for – (–).The central part of this summary is as follows:

The essential foundation for all close study of a text is a crit-ical edition. One can demand of an edition that it presents,as far as is possible, an investigation of the whole manu-script tradition. The numerous young copies of older worksmust be examined because there is always the possibilitythat they derive from sources other than the surviving medi-eval texts. The result of such an examination is often that theyounger copies prove to have no independent value, but thismust nonetheless be demonstrated. The editor’s aim mustbe to present as concisely as possible everything that themanuscripts themselves can tell us about a particular work’soldest form (that is to say, the oldest form we can establish[,]which is not necessarily the original mould), while also giv-ing an account of the work’s history through the centuries.

Jón appears to have decided what it was one did with texts fairly earlyon. Among the papers in the Commission’s archives there is a ‘Plan tilen ny udgave af Fornaldarsögur Nordrlanda’ from (Driscoll ).This plan was unfortunately never realised owing to the outbreak of thewar, but the proposal, which although unsigned may be assumed chieflyto have been Jón Helgason’s work, includes the following:

Hele Haandskriftsmaterialet undersøges. Den oprindeligsteTekst søges fastslaaet. Hvis en Saga foreligger i flere for-skellige Redaktioner, aftrykkes de hver for sig. Hvor der fo-religger mindre Afvigelser mellem Haandskrifter, som har

Several of the articles in the book Tekstkritisk teori og praksis (Fidjestøl et al. )attempt to provide some methodological background, in particular those by Jensen,Ólafur Halldórsson and Stefán Karlsson. Jonna Louis-Jensen gave a paper at a seminarin in honour of Stefán Karlsson (who had been awarded an honorary doctorateby Copenhagen University) on ‘Jón Helgason og den københavnske udgivertradition’;like Jón Helgason’s contribution from , this too has never appeared in print, butan English summary can be found on p. of the Bulletin for –. See also Louis-Jensen (: ).

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

The Words on the Page

tekstkritisk Betydning, optages de i et Variantapparat. I Ind-ledningen skal Overleverings-historien saavidt muligt udre-des, ogsaa med Benyttelse af Afskrifter, som ikke har tekst-kritisk Værd.

In an article from on a planned new edition of the corpus ofskaldic poetry, Jón states that ‘Der er en række krav, der er saa velkend-te, at der næppe er grund til at opholde sig ved dem’ (a: , ‘thereare a number of requirements which are so well known that there is hardlyreason to dwell on them’). He does mention one specifically, however: ‘re-degørelser for haandskrifternes forhold til hverandre’ (‘an explication ofthe manuscripts’ relationship to each other’), which was, he adds, ‘et emnesom overhovedet ikke blev berørt i den gamle udgave’ (‘a matter whichwas not at all touched upon in the old edition’). ‘Den gamle udgave’ is DenNorsk-Islandske Skjaldedigtning (–) by Finnur Jónsson (–),professor of Old Norse Philology at the University of Copenhagen from (ekstraordinær; he became an ‘ordinary’ professor in ) to .In fact, Jón Helgason’s textual-critical programme could be seen in manyways as a reaction to that of his predecessor. Finnur was without doubtone of the most prolific text editors of all time, producing over a fifty-year period editions of a huge number of works, often more than one.Without him, many of these works would have remained (and in somecase would still remain) unavailable to the scholarly community, so wecan only be grateful for his industry, but there are very few of his edi-tions, in particular the later ones, that could not have been better. What Jónobjected to in particular was Finnur’s tendency to dismiss younger manu-scripts, often without having actually examined them, as ‘uden nogen somhelst selvstændig verdi’ (Finnur Jónsson –: xxix, ‘entirely withoutindependent value’), manuscripts which subsequent scholars, not infre-quently Jón himself, have occasionally found to be very valuable indeed

‘All the extant manuscripts will be investigated and the most original text identified.If a saga exists in more than one redaction these will be printed separately. Wherethere are minor variations between manuscripts with textual-critical value these willbe included in an apparatus. In the introduction the history of [the text’s] transmissionwill be clarified as far as possible, also including copies which have no textual-criticalvalue.’

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

M.J. Driscoll

(Jón Helgason a: ). Jón’s insistence that the entire manuscripttradition be investigated was simply a way of ensuring that one did notoverlook manuscripts with textual-critical value, as Finnur had done. Thisdoes not make him a new philologist avant la lettre. As he made clear inthe passage cited above, the job of the editor should be to investigate themanuscripts in order to see what they ‘can tell us about a particular work’soldest form’, not what they can tell us about themselves.

Desmond Slay’s edition of Hrólfs saga kraka from can be taken asa typical example of an Arnamagnæan edition. Of the thirty-eight manu-scripts of the saga known to him at the time, Slay eliminates all but twelveas ‘without authority for establishing the text of the saga’ (b: ).

Interestingly, Finnur Jónsson’s textual-critical programme seems to have been a re-action to that of his predecessor: Konráð Gíslason. As he expressed it in his autobio-graphy: ‘Við útgáfur af sögum hef jeg fylgt þeirri reglu að fylgja sem næst einu og þáþví elsta og besta, en aðeins leiðrjetta það eftir öðrum handritum, þar sem þau voru til;en að blanda saman textunum og búa til úr þeim aðaltexta, hef jeg álitið alveg rángt.En það gerði Konráð í Njáluútgáfu sinni. Hann tók þessa setníngu úr einu handriti ogaðra úr hinu, og þóttist þar með geta fengið frumtextann. En þetta er hinn mesti mis-skilningur; með hans aðferð kom fram texti, sem aldrei hefur til verið.’(Finnur Jónsson: , ‘In editing sagas I have as a rule generally followed one [sc. manuscript], theoldest and best, and only emended it [sc. the text] following other manuscripts where[or: in so far as] they existed, but to mix texts together and make from them a main textI have always considered to be quite wrong. But this is what Konráð did in his editionof Njála. He took this sentence from one manuscript and that [sentence] from anotherand thought that in this way he could get the original, but this is a great misunder-standing; with his method a text was produced which had never [previously] existed’).Konráð’s aðferð was basically taking readings freely from a number of manuscripts,principally Mǫðruvallabók and some of the older fragments, but also isolated read-ings from much younger manuscripts, chiefly on the basis of his feeling for Icelandicprose style, with no real account taken of the relationship between the manuscripts.There is a story, doubtless apocryphal, that Konráð lay on a sofa wearing a Turkishfez and smoking a long pipe while his amanuensis read him out the variants, Konráðthen choosing the one he thought sounded best.

Jón Helgason was certainly not unaware of, or uninterested in, the non-textual as-pects of books, as evidenced by his various facsimile editions: Corpus codicumIslandicorum VI (b), XV (a) and XIX (b), Manuscripta Islandica I–VII(–) and Early Icelandic manuscripts in fascimile (–); he also edited twovolumes, IV () and VI (b), in the series Monumenta typographica Islandica.

Slay’s edition (a) was published as vol. of Editiones Arnamagnæanæ, Series B,while the accompanying investigation of the manuscript tradition was presented in aseparate volume in Bibliotheca Arnamagnæana (Slay b).

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

The Words on the Page

These twelve were not all of equal value, however, and so he was able toconfine his attention to five ‘for practical purposes in textual reconstruc-tion’. ‘Almost any one of these’, he says, ‘could be used as the basis for anedition’, but he chose AM to, while acknowledging that there was‘no decisive reason’ for doing so. There is very little emendation of thetext, apart from obvious mistakes in spelling and grammar and where thetext as it stands makes no apparent sense. At the foot of the page there arefull variant readings from the other primary manuscripts. By comparingthese variants to the main text, Slay says in the introduction, ‘it is possibleto make out the common original of all the manuscripts with considerablecertainty’ (Slay a: x–i). This is, in other words, essentially a ‘best-text’ edition, the best text having been arrived at through the applicationof the stemmatic method – the best of both worlds, as it were, in which theeditor assembles all the evidence necessary to reconstruct the archetypebut without actually doing so. As Odd Einar Haugen has pointed out, theArnamagnæan edition is thus in some ways a curious hybrid, one in which‘the spirit of Lachmann reigns in the recension, the spirit of Bédier in thetext constitution’ (Haugen : ; cf. Haugen and his essay in thisvolume).

Although the textual basis for Arnamagnæan-type editions variessomewhat – from single unique manuscripts, representing a particularkings’ saga compilation, for example, to ‘best texts’, generally with butoccasionally without variant apparatus, to multiple texts, either presentedin parallel (that is, two or more texts per page) or sequentially (one afterthe other or in separate volumes) – all are essentially of this same basictype. Despite the insistence on an investigation of the entire manuscripttradition, the underlying assumption remains the same: that what the ed-itor is trying to do is to separate readings which are likely to be originalfrom those which are not, ‘good’ readings from ‘bad’. ‘Secondary’ ma-nuscripts, that is, those demonstrably derived from others still extant, ormanuscripts containing demonstrably ‘corrupt’ texts, are still dismissed as‘without value’. And even though the texts presented are based on singlemanuscripts, little or no attention is paid to the physical artefacts them-selves or the processes through which they have come into being. Thefocus is still on ‘the text’ in an abstract sense, and the search essentiallystill is one for origins.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

M.J. Driscoll

So while the majority of Old Norse-Icelandic text editions produced inthe last seventy-five years or so have arguably focused more on the ‘text’than the ‘work’, none, so far as I can see, with the exception of Aðal-heiður Guðmundsdóttir’s Úlfhams saga (), has taken the artefactsthemselves, the social, economic and intellectual factors of their produc-tion, dissemination and reception, sufficiently into account to be called‘new philological’.

Everything But the Smell: Toward a More Artefactual Philology

Although the publication of the special edition of Speculum in con-stituted, as was said, a ‘call to arms’, the battle for the new philologyhas never really been fought – nor has it needed to be, as the ideas putforward in it were very much ‘in the air’, and few would now questionthe notion that ‘the text’ cannot be divorced from the physical form ofits presentation. For the most part, however, we continue to edit texts asthough it could. What ought the new- or material-philologically-inclinededitor to do? To start with, an editor ought to consider producing editionsof demonstrably ‘corrupt’, yet sociologically and historically interesting,texts, including younger reworkings of older material and works hithertodismissed as ‘spurious’. There should also be a greater emphasis on theediting of whole manuscripts, including compilations, miscellanies andanthologies, despite their perceived lack of aesthetic order, rather than ofindividual works taken out of context. First and foremost, however, he orshe must demonstrate an awareness of the manuscript as a cultural artefactwhich – among other things – serves as a vehicle for a text. The most obvi-ous way to do this is by striving to retain as many features of the original,and introduce as little interpretation, as possible, thus allowing the readerto appreciate the interplay between form and meaning. I am not talkinghere about what E. Talbot Donaldson referred to as the editor’s ‘wish for

See the discussion in Glauser et al. (: –). Other editions which havebeen identified, incorrectly in my view, as (proto-)new-philological include the RitÁrnastofnunar edition of Elucidarius (Firchow and Grimstad ), according to Wolf(: ), and the Svart á hvítu editions of Íslendingasögur (Bragi Halldórsson andBergljót Kristjánsdóttir –) and Sturlunga (Bergljót Kristjánsdóttir et al. ),according to Sverrir Tómasson (: , note ).

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

The Words on the Page

non-existence’ (Donaldson : ). To such ‘level-zero’ transcrip-tions various levels of interpretation can, and indeed must, be added if anedition is going to be of any use to the reader. But it should always be clearwhat is actually written in the source, as distinct from however the editorhas decided this is to be interpreted; wherever one is, one must always beable to get back to ‘level zero’. Fortunately, there is now a means of doingprecisely this: electronic texts using XML mark-up.

Children learning mathematics at school are required to ‘show theirworkings’; they should not, in other words, simply produce a (correct) res-ult but also show the process by which this result was arrived at. Showingone’s workings seems to me to be something one should also be requiredto do as an editor. It should be made clear any time there is any form ofinterpretation. And by interpretation I mean not just corrections or emend-ations to the text, but also relatively straightforward things such as theexpansion of abbreviations. One chooses spellings and letter-forms usedin expansions on the basis of the normal practice of the scribe in question,but one cannot ever be absolutely certain that that is what the scribe wouldhave written if he had chosen to write the word out in full. And surely itis significant that the scribe did not choose to write out the word in full:the (in our eyes) extensive use of abbreviations is so fundamental a part ofthe process of manuscript writing and reading that I wonder whether weshould be expanding them at all.

In the s, when textual scholars became aware of the possibilities ofproducing electronic text editions, it was thought that such editions wouldreplace traditional paper-based editions, even as CDs were then replacingvinyl, DVDs video and so on. Some were even so bold as to pronouncethe imminent death of the printed book. Not only has this not happened, itseems the book has never been as viable a medium as it is today. As far as

Greetham (: ) cites Donaldson as referring to this as the ‘editorial death-wish’; while more poetic than ‘wish for non-existence’, this is unfortunately not whatDonaldson actually says.

I refer here in particular to the work of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI); see www.tei-c.org.

The literature on electronic scholarly editing is extensive. Shillingsburg () is par-ticularly to be recommended, as is Shillingsburg (). Several recent articles byPeter Robinson deal in particular with what has, and what has not, been achieved inthis area; see in particular Robinson () and Robinson ().

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

M.J. Driscoll

scholarly editions are concerned, the failure of the electronic edition everreally to take off is due to a large extent, I have come to believe, to the in-ability of textual scholars to see, and embrace, the real potential of digitalmedia, as doing so would inevitably involve relinquishing the more-or-less total control textual scholars have tended to want to maintain over theway in which ‘their’ texts are presented. The majority of the electronictexts produced in the last decade and a half have thus been static and read-only, essentially trying to reproduce the printed text on the screen. At thesame time we have seen the rise of the interactive web, not least the phe-nomenon of the wiki and social networking services such as MySpaceand Facebook – what has collectively been termed ‘Web .’. So ratherthan mere electronic versions of printed texts what we ought possibly tobe thinking of are interactive text archives, where the user determines toa much greater extent the nature and scope of the content and how thatcontent is presented. I hasten to add that I am not suggesting that we re-lax our scholarly rigour or compromise our philological principles, onlythat we recognise that people may want to use our texts in ways other thanthose we ourselves have envisaged. Zumthor, Cerquiglini and the ‘new’philologists have all argued that textual instability (variance, mouvance,‘unfixedness’) is so fundamental a feature of chirographically transmittedtexts that rather than trying to bring order to this chaos we should celebrateit. Here, finally, we have a means of doing so.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Abram, Christopher. . ‘Scribal Authority in Skaldic Verse: Þórbjǫrnhornklofi’s Glymdrápa’. Arkiv för nordisk filologi : –.

Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir, ed. . Úlfhams saga. Rit Árnastofnunar .Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar.

Allen, Ralph J., trans. . The Saga of Gisli, Son of Sour. New York: HarcourtBrace.

Almqvist, Bo. –. ‘Scandinavian and Celtic Folklore Contacts in theEarldom of Orkney’. Saga-Book of the Viking Society : –.

Andersson, Theodore M. . The Problem of Icelandic Saga Origins: AHistorical Survey. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Andersson, Theodore M. . ‘Some Ambiguities in Gísla saga: A BalanceSheet’. Bibliography of Old Norse-Icelandic Studies: –.

Andersson, Theodore M. . The Growth of the Medieval Icelandic Sagas(–). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Arnold, Matthew. . ‘General Introduction’. In The English Poets. vols.Ed. Thomas Humphrey Ward, I: –. London: Macmillan.

Ágúst Guðmundsson, director. . Útlaginn. Reykjavík: Námsgagnastofnun,fræðslumyndadeild.

Ármann Jakobsson. . ‘Some Types of Ambiguities in the Sagas of theIcelanders’. Arkiv för nordisk filologi : –.

Árni Böðvarsson. . ‘Þáttur um málfræðistörf Eggerts Ólafssonar’. Skírnir: –.

Árni Böðvarsson and Bjarni Vilhjálmsson, eds. . Inntak úr söguþætti afÁsmundi flagðagæfi. In Íslenzkar þjóðsögur og ævintýri. Vol. I: –.[nd revised ed. of Jón Árnason ]. Reykjavík: Þjóðsaga.

Baird, Joseph L. . ‘Unferth the þyle’. Medium Ævum : –.Barmby, Beatrice. . Gísli Súrsson: A Drama. Ballads and Poems of the Old

Norse Days and Some Translations [with a Preface by F. York Powell].London: Constable.

Barmby, Beatrice, trans. Matthías Jochumsson. . Gísli Súrsson. Sjónleikur:einnig nokkur kvæði. Akureyri: [no publisher] [translation into Icelandic ofBarmby ].

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Bartholin, Thomas. . Antiquitatum Danicarum de causis contemptæ aDanis adhuc gentilibus mortis [Libri tres: ex vetustis codicibus etmonumentis hactenus ineditis congesti]. Copenhagen: Bockenhoffer.

Bédier, Joseph, ed. . [Jean Renart] Le Lai de l’Ombre. Freiburg: [nopublisher].

Bédier, Joseph. . ‘La tradition manuscrite du Lai de l’Ombre. Réflexionssur l’art d’éditer les anciens textes’. Romania : –; –.

Bekker-Nielsen, Hans and Ole Widding, trans. Robert W. Mattila. . ArneMagnusson. Odense: Odense University Press [first published . ArneMagnusson. Den store håndskriftsamler, i -året for hans fødsel.Copenhagen: Gad].

Berger, Alan J. . ‘Text and Sex in Gísla saga’. Gripla : –.Bergljót S. Kristjánsdóttir. . ‘“Hvorki er eg fjölkunnig né vísindakona …”

Um konur og kveðskap í Sturlungu’. Skáldskaparmál : –.Bergljót S. Kristjánsdóttir. . ‘Hinn seki túlkandi. Um tákn, túlkun og sekt í

styttri gerð Gísla sögu Súrssonar’. Gripla : –.Bergljót S. Kristjánsdóttir. . ‘Íslenskur torfbær eða sveitasetur? Um

morðsöguna Gísla saga Súrssonar’. Gripla : –.Bergljót S. Kristjánsdóttir, Örnólfur Thorsson, Bragi Halldórsson, Gísli

Sigurðsson, Guðrún Ása Grímsdóttir, Guðrún Ingólfsdóttir and JónTorfason, eds. . Sturlunga saga: Árna saga biskups. Hrafns sagaSveinbjarnarsonar hin sérstaka. vols. Reykjavík: Svart á hvítu.

Berman, Melissa. . ‘The Political Sagas’. Scandinavian Studies : –.Bjarni Aðalbjarnarson, ed. –. Snorri Sturluson. Heimskringla. vols.

Reykavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.Bjarni Einarsson, ed. . Egils saga Skallagrímssonar. Vol. I, A-Redaktionen.

Editiones Arnamagnæanæ A . Copenhagen: Reitzel.Bjarni Einarsson [with Anthony Faulkes], ed. . Egils saga. London: Viking

Society for Northern Research.Bjarni Guðnason, ed. . Danakonunga sǫgur. Íslenzk fornrit . Reykjavík:

Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.Bjarni Þorsteinsson, Gísli Brynjúlfsson, Sigurður Thorarensen, Sveinbjörn

Egilsson and Þórarinn Öfjörð, eds. –. Sturlúnga-saga edrIslendínga-saga hin mikla. vols. Copenhagen: Hið íslenzkabókmenntafélag.

Bjork, Robert E. . ‘Unferth in the Hermeneutic Circle: A Reappraisal ofJames L. Rosier’s “Design for Treachery: The Unferth Intrigue”’. Papers onLanguage and Literature : –.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Björn M. Ólsen, ed. . Den tredje og fjærde grammatiske Afhandling iSnorres Edda tilligemed de grammatiske Afhandlingers Prolog og to andreTillæg. Islands grammatiske litteratur i middelalderen . Samfund tiludgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur . Copenhagen: Møller.

Björn M. Ólsen. . ‘Um Sturlungu’. Safn til sögu Íslands og íslenzkrabókmennta að fornu og nýju : –.

Björn K. Þórólfsson and Guðni Jónsson, eds. . Vestfirðinga sǫgur. Íslenzkfornrit . Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.

Björn Þorsteinsson and Guðrún Ása Grímsdóttir. . ‘Norska öldin’. In SagaÍslands: samin að tilhlutan Þjóðhátíðarnefndar . Vol. . Ed. SigurðurLíndal, –. Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka bókmenntafélag/Sögufélag.

Bloch, R. Howard. . ‘Modest Maidens and Modified Nouns: Obscenity inthe Fabliaux’. In Obscenity: Social Control and Artistic Creation in theEuropean Middle Ages. Ed. Jan M. Ziolkowski, –. Cultures, Beliefsand Traditions . Leiden: Brill.

Boberg, Inger M. . Motif-Index of Early Icelandic Literature. BibliothecaArnamagnæana . Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Boulhosa, Patricia. . Icelanders and the Kings of Norway: Mediæval Sagasand Legal Texts. Northern World . Leiden: Brill.

Bowers, Fredson. . ‘Current theories of Copy-Text with an Illustration fromDryden’. Modern Philology : –.

Bowers, Fredson. . ‘“Greg’s rationale of Copy-Text” Revisited’. Studies inBibliography : –.

Boyle, Leonard E. . ‘Optimist and Recensionist: “Common Errors” or“Common Variations”?’ In Latin Script and Letters A.D. –:Festschrift Presented to Ludwig Bieler on the Occasion of his SeventiethBirthday. Ed. John J. O’Meara and Bernd Naumann, –. Leiden: Brill.

Bragi Halldórsson and Bergljót S. Kristjánsdóttir, eds. –. Íslendinga sögurog þættir. vols. Reykjavík: Svart á hvítu.

Brate, Erik and Elias Wessén, eds. –. Sveriges runinskrifter. Vol. ,Södermanlands runinskrifter. Stockholm: Norstedt.

Bredsdorff, Thomas, trans. John Tucker. . Chaos and Love: The Philosophyof the Icelandic Family Sagas. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press[translation of . Kaos og kærlighed. En studie i islændingesagaerslivsbillede. Copenhagen: Gyldendal].

Brenner, Oscar, ed. . Speculum regale. Ein altnorwegischer Dialog nachCod. Arnamagn. fol. B und den ältesten Fragmenten. Munich: Kaiser.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

O’Brien O’Keeffe, Katherine. . Visible Song. Transitional Literacy in OldEnglish Verse. Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England . Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Brink, Stefan. . ‘Political and Social Structures in Early Scandinavia.A Settlement-historical Pre-study of the Central Place’. Tor. Journal ofArchaeology : –.

Brink, Stefan. . ‘Political and Social Structures in Early Scandinavia .Aspects of Space and Territoriality – The Settlement District’. Tor. Journalof Archaeology : –.

Bruhn, Ole. . Tekstualisering. Et bidrag til en litterær antropologi. Århus:Århus Universitetsforlag.

Bruun, Christian. . Peter Frederik Suhm. . oktober –. september: En levnetsbeskrivelse. Copenhagen: Gad.

Campbell, Kathryn. . ‘Structure in the Gísla: Undinna þættir’.Neophilologus : –.

Carlquist, Jonas. . Handskriften som historiskt vittne: fornsvenskasamlingshandskrifter – miljö och funktion. Runica & Mediævalia.Opuscula . Stockholm: Sällskapet Runica et Mediævalia.

Cerquiglini, Bernard. . Éloge de la variante. Histoire critique de laphilology. Paris: Seuil.

Cerquiglini, Bernard, trans. Betsy Wing. . In Praise of the Variant.A Critical History of Philology. Baltimore and London: John HopkinsUniversity Press [translation of Cerquiglini ].

Chase, Colin, ed. . The Dating of Beowulf. Toronto Old English Series .Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press, in association with theCentre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto.

Chesnutt, Michael. . ‘An Unsolved Problem in Old Norse-IcelandicLiterary History [with an appendix: Norse-Celtic Bibliographical Survey]’.Mediaeval Scandinavia : –.

Chesnutt, Michael. . ‘Haralds saga Maddaðarsonar’. In SpeculumNorroenum. Norse Studies in Memory of Gabriel Turville-Petre. Ed. UrsulaDronke, Guðrún P. Helgadóttir, Gerd Wolfgang Weber and HansBekker-Nielsen, –. Odense: Odense University Press.

Chesnutt, Michael. a. ‘Tekstkritiske bemærkninger til C-redaktionen afEgils saga’. Opuscula : –. Bibliotheca Arnamagnæana .Copenhagen: Reitzel.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Chesnutt, Michael, trans. b. ‘Observations on Some Manuscripts of Egilssaga’. Opuscula : –. Bibliotheca Arnamagnæana . Copenhagen:Reitzel [translation of Jón Helgason b].

Chesnutt, Michael, ed. . Egils saga Skallagrímssonar. Vol. III,C-Redaktion. Editiones Arnamagnæanæ A . Copenhagen: Reitzel.

Clark, David. . ‘Revisiting Gísla saga: Sexual Themes and the HeroicPast’. Journal of English and Germanic Philology : –.

Clover, Carol. . ‘Gísli’s Coin’. Bibliography of Old Norse-IcelandicStudies: –.

Clover, Carol. . ‘The Germanic Context of the Unferð Episode’. Speculum: –.

Clover, Carol. . ‘“Cold are the Counsels of Women”: The Tradition Behindthe Tradition’. In The Sixth International Saga Conference ..–..,Workshop Papers. vols. I: –. Copenhagen: Det arnamagnæanskeInstitut.

Clunies Ross, Margaret. . Prolonged Echoes. Old Norse Myths in MedievalNorthern Society. Vol. , The Reception of Norse Myths in MedievalIceland. The Viking Collection . Odense: Odense University Press.

Clunies Ross, Margaret. . ‘Hǫfuðlausn and Egils saga’. Notes and Queries: –.

Clunies Ross, Margaret. a. ‘A Tale of Two Poets: Egill Skallagrímsson andEinarr skálaglamm’. Arkiv för nordisk filologi : –.

Clunies Ross, Margaret. b. A History of Old Norse Poetry and Poetics.Woodbridge: Brewer.

Clunies Ross, Margaret. . ‘Poet into Myth: Starkaðr and Bragi’. Viking andMedieval Scandinavia : –.

Clunies Ross, Margaret, ed. . Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian MiddleAges. Vol. , Poetry On Christian Subjects. vols. Turnhout: Brepols.

Clunies Ross, Margaret, Kari Ellen Gade, Guðrún Nordal, Edith Marold, DianaWhaley and Tarrin Wills, eds. –. Skaldic Poetry of the ScandinavianMiddle Ages. vols. Turnhout: Brepols.

Coffey, Jerome. . ‘The drunnur: a Faroese Wedding Custom’. Arv : –.Dahlerup, Verner, ed. . Ágrip af Noregs konunga sögum. Samfundet til

udgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur . Copenhagen: Møller.Damico, Helen. . ‘Note on Imbólar: Orkneyingasaga’s Port in the Aegean’.

In De consolation philologiæ: Studies in Honor of Evelyn S. Firchow. vols. Ed. Anna Grotans, Heinrich Beck and Anton Schwab, I: –.Göppingen: Kümmerle.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Danielsson, Tommy. . ‘On the Possibility of an Oral Background for Gíslasaga Súrssonar’. In Oral Art Forms and their Passage into Writing. Ed. ElseMundal and Jonas Wellendorf, –. Copenhagen: Museum TusculanumPress.

Dasent, George Webbe, trans. . The Story of Gisli the Outlaw. Edinburgh:Edmonston and Douglas.

Degnbol, Helle, Bent Christian Jacobsen, James E. Knirk, Eva Rode,Christopher Sanders and Þorbjörg Helgadóttir, eds. –. Ordbog over detnorrøne prosasprog. A Dictionary of Old Norse Prose. Copenhagen: Denarnamagnæanske kommission.

Dicke, Gerd. . ‘Mären-Priapeia. Deutungsgehalte des Obszönen imNonnenturnier und seinen europäischen Motivverwandten’. Beiträge zurGeschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur : –.

Didi-Huberman, Georges. . ‘The Portrait, the Individual and the Singular:Remarks on the Legacy of Aby Warburg’. In The Image of the Individual:Portraits in the Renaissance. Ed. Nicholas Mann and Luke Syson, –.London: British Museum Press.

Doane, A.N. and Carol Braun Pasternack, eds. . Vox Intexta: Orality andTextuality in the Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Donaldson, E. Talbot. . ‘The Psychology of Editors of Middle EnglishTexts’. In his Speaking of Chaucer, –. London: Athlone.

O’Donoghue, Heather. . Skaldic Verse and the Poetics of Saga Narrative.Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.

Driscoll, Matthew, ed. and trans. . Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum.A Twelfth-century Synoptic History of the Kings of Norway. Viking Societyfor Northern Research Text Series . London: Viking Society for NorthernResearch.

Driscoll, Matthew. a. The Unwashed Children of Eve: The Production,Dissemination and Reception of Popular Literature in Post-ReformationIceland. Enfield Lock: Hisarlik Press.

Driscoll, Matthew. b. ‘The Oral, the Written, and the In-between: TextualInstability in the Post-Reformation Lygisaga’. In Medieval Insular Literaturebetween the Oral and the Written. Vol. , Continuity of Transmission.Ed. Hildegard L.C. Tristram, –. Script Oralia . Tübingen: Narr.

Driscoll, Matthew, ed. . Fjórar sögur frá hendi Jóns Oddssonar Hjaltalín.Rit Árnastofnunar . Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar.

Driscoll, Matthew. . ‘Plans for a New Edition of the Fornaldarsögur,Anno ’. In Myter og virkelighed i fornaldarsagaerne. Ed. Agneta Ney,

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Ármann Jakobsson and Annette Lassen, –. Copenhagen: MuseumTusculanum Press.

Dronke, Ursula, ed. . The Poetic Edda [with Translation, Introduction, andCommentary]. Vol. , Mythological Poems. Oxford: Clarendon.

Einar Ól. Sveinsson, ed. . Vatnsdœla saga. Íslenzk fornrit . Reykjavík: Hiðíslenzka fornritafélag.

Einar Ól. Sveinsson, ed. . Brennu-Njáls saga. Íslenzk fornrit . Reykjavík:Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.

Einar Ól. Sveinsson and Matthías Þórðarson, eds. . Eyrbyggja saga.Grœnlendinga sǫgur. Íslenzk fornrit . Reykjavík: Hið íslenzkafornritafélag.

Eiríkur Björnsson. . ‘Enn um vígið Vésteins’. Andvari : –.Eiríkur Jónsson and Finnur Jónsson, eds. –. Hauksbók udgiven efter de

arnamagnæanske håndskrifter no. , og , to samt forskelligepapirshåndskrifter af Det kongelige nordiske oldskrift-selskab. Detkongelige nordiske oldskrift-selskab. Copenhagen: Thiele.

Evans, David A.H., ed. . Hávamál. Viking Society for Northern ResearchText Series . London: Viking Society for Northern Research.

Faulkes, Anthony. . ‘The Sources of Specimen lexici runici’. Íslenzk tunga: –.

Faulkes, Anthony, ed. . Snorri Sturluson. Edda. Skáldskaparmál. vols.London: Viking Society for Northern Research.

Faulkes, Anthony, ed. . Snorri Sturluson. Edda. Háttatal. London: VikingSociety for Northern Research [first published . Oxford: ClarendonPress].

Faulkes, Anthony, trans. . The Saga of Grettir. In his Three IcelandicOutlaw Sagas, –. London: Viking Society for Northern Research[first published . London: Dent].

FRBR = Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records. . FinalReport. International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions(IFLA) [www.ifla.org/VII/s/frbr/frbr.pdf].

Febvre, Lucien and Henri-Jean Martin. . L’Apparition du livre. L’évolutionde l’humanité, Synthèse collective, Deuxième section . Paris: Michel.

Fidjestøl, Bjarne, Odd Einar Haugen and Magnus Rindal. . Tekstkritiskteori og praksis: nordisk symposium i tekstkritikk, Godøysund .–. mai. Oslo: Novus.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Finch, R.G., ed. and trans. . Vǫlsunga saga. The Saga of the Volsungs.Icelandic Texts. London: Nelson.

Finlay, Alison. . ‘Skalds, Troubadours and Sagas’. Saga-Book of the VikingSociety : –.

Finnbogi Guðmundsson, ed. . Orkneyinga saga. Íslenzk fornrit .Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.

Finnur Jónsson, ed. –. Egils saga Skallagrímssonar tilligemed Egils störrekvad. Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur . Copenhagen:Møller.

Finnur Jónsson, ed. –. Snorri Sturluson. Heimskringla. Nóregskonunga sögur. Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur .Copenhagen: Møller.

Finnur Jónsson, ed. –. Fagrskinna. Nóregs kononga tal. Samfund tiludgivelse af gammel nordisk Litteratur . Copenhagen: Møller.

Finnur Jónsson, ed. . Gísla saga Súrssonar. Altnordische Saga-Bibliothek. Halle: Niemeyer.

Finnur Jónsson, ed. –. Den norsk-islandske skjaldedigtning, Vols. A.I–II,Tekst efter håndskrifterne. Vols. B.I–II, Rettet tekst. Copenhagen:Gyldendal [Repr. (A) and (B). Copenhagen: Rosenkilde &Bagger].

Finnur Jónsson, ed. . Eirspennill. AM fol. Nóregs konunga sögur,Magnús góði – Hákon gamli. Kristiania: Norske HistoriskeKildeskriftskommission.

Finnur Jónsson, ed. . Konungs skuggsjá. Speculum regale. [Udgivet efterhåndskrifterne af Det kongelige nordiske oldskriftselskab]. vols.Copenhagen: Gyldendal.

Finnur Jónsson. –. Den oldnorske og oldislandske litteraturs historie. vols., nd ed. Copenhagen: Gad.

Finnur Jónsson, ed. . Óláfr Þórðarson. Málhljóða- og Málskrúðsrit.Grammatisk-retorisk afhandling. Det Kongelige Danske VidenskabernesSelskab, Historisk-filologiske meddelelser ii. Copenhagen: Høst.

Finnur Jónsson, ed. –. Morkinskinna. Samfund til udgivelse af gammelnordisk litteratur . Copenhagen: Jørgenson.

Finnur Jónsson, ed. . Gísla saga Súrssonar udgiven efter håndskrifterne afDet kongelige nordiske oldskrift-selskab. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.

Finnur Jónsson, ed. . Edda Snorra Sturlusonar udgiven efter håndskrifterneaf Kommissionen for det Arnamagnæanske Legat. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Finnur Jónsson. . Ævisaga Finns Jónssonar eftir sjálfan hann. SafnFræðafélagsins um Ísland og Íslendinga . Copenhagen: Møller.

Finnur Jónsson and Jón Sigurðsson, eds. –. Edda Snorra Sturlusonar:Edda Snorronis Sturlæi. vols. Copenhagen: Legatus Arnamagnæani.

Finnur Sigmundsson. . Rímnatal. vols. Reykjavík: Rímnafélagið.Firchow, Evelyn Scherabon and Kaaren Grimstad, eds. . Elucidarius in Old

Norse Translation. Rit Árnastofnunar . Reykjavík: Stofnun ÁrnaMagnússonar.

Fix, Hans. . ‘Text Editing in Old Norse: A Linguist’s Point of View’.North-Western European Language Evolution (NOWELE) : –.

Fleck, Jere. . ‘Konr – Óttarr – Geirrøðr: A Knowledge Criterion forSuccession to the Germanic Sacred Kingship’. Scandinavian Studies :–.

Foley, John Miles. . The Singer of Tales in Performance. Bloomington andIndianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Foley, John Miles. . ‘Oral Tradition Into Textuality’. In Texts andTextuality: Textual Instability, Theory, Interpretation, and Pedagogy.Ed. Philip Cohen, –. Wellesley Studies in Critical Theory, LiteraryHistory, and Culture . Garland Reference Library of the Humanities .New York and London: Garland.

Foote, Peter. . ‘A Note on Gísla saga Súrssonar’. Gardar : –.Frank, Roberta. . Sex, Lies and Málsháttakvæði: A Norse Poem from

Medieval Orkney. Occasional Papers of the Centre for the Study of theViking Age . Nottingham: Centre for the Study of the Viking Age,University of Nottingham.

Fraser, Lisa. . ‘Royal Entertainment in Morkinskinna, Heimskringla, andFagrskinna’. Mediaeval Scandinavia : –.

Frederiksen, Britta Olrik. . ‘Det første stemma, dets videnskabshistoriskebaggrund og skaber(e)’. In The Audience of the Sagas. The EighthInternational Saga Conference, Gothenburg . Preprints. vols.Ed. Lars Lönnroth, I: –. Gothenburg: Gothenburg University Press.

Frederiksen, Britta Olrik. . ‘Håndskrift og stamtræet’. In I tekstens tegn.Ed. Jørgen Hunosøe and Esther Kielberg, –. Copenhagen: Reitzel.

Frederiksen, Britta Olrik. . ‘Under stregen – lidt om det eksternevariantapparati historisk persepktiv’. In Varianter och bibliografiskbeskrivning. Ed. Pia Forssell and Rainer Knapas, –. Helsingfors:Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Frederiksen, Britta Olrik. . ‘Lachmannsk og gammeldansk – enmesalliance? Om den lachmannske metodes betydning for den nyere tidsgammeldanske udgivelsespraksis’. Maal og Minne: –.

Gabler, Hans Walter. . ‘Textual Criticism’. In The John Hopkins Guide toLiterary Theory and Criticism. Ed. Michael Groden, Martin Kreiswirth andImre Szeman, b–a. nd ed. Baltimore: John Hopkins UniversityPress.

Gade, Kari Ellen, ed. . Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages.Vol. , Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas . vols. Turnhout: Brepols.

Gatty, Nicholas Comyn. . Scena from the Opera ‘Greysteel’ for SopranoSolo, Chorus, and Orchestra, with Concert Ending. London: Cary [subtitled‘The Bearsarks Come to Surnadale’; libretto by Reginald Gatty].

Gercke, Alfred and Eduard Norden, eds. . Einleitung in dieAltertumswissenschaft. Vol. I, rd ed. Leipzig: Teubner.

Gísli Sigurðsson. . ‘On the Classification of Eddic Heroic Poetry in Viewof the Oral Theory’. In Poetry in the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Ed. TeresaPàroli, –. Spoleto: Presso la Sede del Centro Studi.

Gísli Sigurðsson, trans. Nicholas Jones. . The Medieval Icelandic Saga andOral Tradition. A Discourse on Method. Publications of the Milman ParryCollection of Oral Literature . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Gísli Sigurðsson. . ‘Orality and Literacy in the Sagas of Icelanders’. InA Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. Ed. RoryMcTurk, –. Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture .Oxford: Blackwell.

Glauser, Jürg. . ‘Vom Autor zum Kompilator. Snorri SturlusonsHeimskringla und die nachklassischen Sagas von Olav Tryggvason’. InSnorri Sturluson: Beiträge zu Werk und Rezeption. Ed. Hans Fix, –.Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde .Berlin: de Gruyter.

Glauser, Jürg. . ‘Marginalien des Sagatextes. Zu den Rändern von Textenin der mittelalterlichen Literatur Islands’. In Den fornnordiska texten ifilologisk och litteraturvetenskaplig belysning: studier ochdiskussionsinlägg. Ed. Kristinn Jóhannesson, Karl G. Johansson and LarsLönnroth, –. Gothenburg Old Norse studies . Gothenburg:Litteraturvetenskapliga Institutionen, Göteborgs Universitet.

Glauser, Jürg, Svanhildur Óskarsdóttir and Aðalheiður Guðmundsdóttir. .‘Um Úlfhams sögu: Andmælaræður og svör’. Gripla : –.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Glendinning, Robert J. . ‘Grettis saga and European Literature in the LateMiddle Ages’. Mosaic : –.

Glendinning, Robert J. . Träume und Vorbedeutung in der ÍslendingasagaSturla Thordarsons. Eine Form- und Stiluntersuchung. Kanadische Studienzur deutschen Sprache und Literatur . Bern and Frankfurt am Main:Herbert Lang.

Goody, Jack. . The Interface Between the Written and the Oral. Studies inLiteracy, Family, Culture, and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

Gordon, Ida L. –. ‘The Origins of Gíslasaga’. Saga-Book of the VikingSociety : –.

Greetham, D.C. . Textual Scholarship: An Introduction. Garland ReferenceLibrary of the Humanities . New York: Garland.

Greetham, D.C. . Theories of the Text. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Greg, W.W. –. ‘The Rationale of Copy-text’. Studies in Bibliography :

–.Grubmüller, Klaus. . Die Ordnung, der Witz und das Chaos. Eine

Geschichte der europäischen Novellistik im Mittelalter: Fabliau, Märe,Novelle. Tübingen: Niemeyer.

Grønstøl, Sigrid Bø. . ‘Kjærleik og ættekjensle i konflikt – Om kvinnesynog helteideal i Gisle-soga’. Edda : –.

Guðbrandur Vigfússon. . ‘Um nokkrar Íslendingasögur’. Ný félagsrit:–.

Guðbrandur Vigfússon, ed. . Sturlunga saga including the Islendinga sagaof Lawman Sturla Thordsson and other works. vols. Oxford: Clarendon.

Guðbrandur Vigfússon, ed. . Icelandic Sagas and Other HistoricalDocuments Relating to the Settlements and Descents of the Northmen on theBritish Isles. Vol. , Orkneyinga Saga and Magnus Saga. RerumBritannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores . London: Her Majesty’s StationeryOffice.

Guðbrandur Vigfússon, Jón Sigurðsson, Þorvaldur Björnsson and EiríkurJónsson, eds. –. Biskupa sögur. vols. Copenhagen: Hið íslenskabókmenntafélag.

Guðbrandur Vigfússon and C.R. Unger, eds. –. Flateyjarbok. En samlingaf norske konge-sagaer med indskudte mindre fortællinger om begivenhederi og udenfor Norge samt annaler. vols. Christiania: Malling.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Guðbrandur Vigfússon and F. York Powell, eds. . Origines Islandicæ. ACollection of the More Important Sagas and Other Native Writings Relatingto the Settlement and Early History of Iceland. vols. Oxford: Clarendon.

Guðni Jónsson, ed. . Grettis saga Ásmundarsonar. Bandamanna saga.Odds þáttr Ófeigssonar. Íslenzk fornrit . Reykjavík: Hið íslenzkafornritafélag.

Guðni Jónsson, ed. . Fornaldar sögur Norðurlanda. vols. Reykjavík:Íslendingasagnaútgáfan.

Guðni Jónsson, ed. a. Bósa saga ok Herrauðs. In his edition of Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda, vol. III: –. nd ed. Reykjavík:Íslendingasagnaútgáfan.

Guðni Jónsson, ed. b. Geirmundar þáttr heljarskinns. In his edition ofSturlunga saga, vol. I: –. nd ed. Reykjavík: Íslendingasagnaútgáfan;Haukadalsútgáfan.

Guðni Jónsson, ed. . Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar. In his edition ofFornaldar sögur norðurlanda, vol. IV: –. Reykjavík:Íslendingasagnaútgáfan.

Guðni Kolbeinsson and Jónas Kristjánsson. . ‘Gerðir Gíslasögu’. Gripla :–.

Guðrún Kvaran and Sigurður Jónsson. . Íslensk mannanöfn. Reykjavík:Heimskringla.

Guðrún Nordal. . ‘Nú er hin skarpa skálmöld komin’. Skáldskaparmál :–.

Guðrún Nordal. . Ethics and Action in Thirteenth-Century Iceland. TheViking Collection . Odense: Odense University Press.

Guðrún Nordal. . Tools of Literacy. The Role of Skaldic Verse in IcelandicTextual Culture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Toronto, Buffaloand London: University of Toronto Press.

Guðrún Nordal. a. ‘Ars metrica and the Composition of Egils saga’. InScandinavia and Christian Europe in the Middle Ages. Papers of the thInternational Saga Conference Bonn/Germany, th July–nd August .Ed. Rudolf Simek and Judith Meurer, –. Bonn: Universität Bonn.

Guðrún Nordal. b ‘Handrit, prentaðar bækur og pápísk kvæði ásiðskiptaöld’. In Til heiðurs og hugbótar: greinar um trúarkveðskap fyrrialda. Ed. Svanhildur Óskarsdóttir and Anna Guðmundsdóttir, –. RitSnorrastofa . Reykholt: Snorrastofa.

Guðrún Nordal. . ‘Attraction of Opposites: Skaldic Verse in Njáls saga’. InLiteracy in Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavian Culture. Ed. Pernille

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Hermann, –. The Viking Collection . Odense: University Press ofSouthern Denmark.

Guðrún Nordal, Sverrir Tómasson, and Vésteinn Ólason. . Íslenskbókmenntasaga I. Reykjavík: Mál og menning.

Guðvarður Már Gunnlaugsson. . ‘“Grettir vondum vættum, veitti hel ogþreytti”: Grettir Ásmundarson og vinsældir Grettis sögu’. Gripla : –.

Guðvarður Már Gunnlaugsson. . ‘Stafrétt eða samræmt? Um fræðilegarútgáfur og notendur þeirra’. Gripla : –.

Gunnell, Terry. . The Origins of Drama in Scandinavia. Cambridge:Brewer.

Haki Antonsson. . ‘St Magnús of Orkney: Aspects of his Cult from aEuropean Perspective’. In The World of Orkneyinga Saga. The ‘Broad-ClothViking Trip’. Ed. Olwyn Owen, –. Kirkwall: The Orcadian.

Hálfdan Einarsson and Jón Eiríksson, eds. . Kongs-skugg-sio. [Utlögd adaunsku og latinu]. Sorøe: Lindgren.

Halldór Hermannsson. . Eggert Ólafsson: A Biographical Sketch. Islandica. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Library.

Halvorsen, E.F. a. ‘Þulr’. In Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordiskmiddelalder fra vikingetid til reformationstid : –.

Halvorsen, E.F. b. ‘Þulur’. In Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordiskmiddelalder fra vikingetid til reformationstid : –.

Hannes Finnsson, ed. . Kristni saga, sive Historia Religionis Christianæ inIslandiam introductæ; nec non þattr af Isleifi biskupi, sive Narratio deIsleifo episcopo; Ex Manuscriptis Legati Magnæani cum InterpretationeLatina, notis, Chronologia, Tabulis genealogicis, & Indicibus, tam rerum,quam Verborum. Copenhagen: Legatus Arnamagnæani.

Hardy, Adelaide. . ‘The Christian Hero Beowulf and Unferð þyle’.Neophilologus : –.

Harris, Joseph. . ‘Eddic Poetry’. In Old Norse-Icelandic Literature.A Critical Guide. Ed. Carol Clover and John Lindow, –. Islandica .Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Harris, Joseph. . ‘Obscure Styles (Old English and Old Norse) and theEnigma of Gísla saga’. Mediaevalia : –.

Harris, Richard. . ‘Some Uses of the Apophthegmatic Scene in OldIcelandic Sagas’ [read at the th International Medieval Congress,Kalamazoo, May ;www.usask.ca/english/icelanders/applic_apophthegmatic.html].

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Harris, Richard. . ‘“(Opt) eru köld kvenna ráð – A Critically Popular OldIcelandic Proverb and Its Uses in the Íslendingasögur and Elsewhere’ [readat a meeting of the Association for the Advancement of ScandinavianStudies in Canada, Saskatoon, th May ;www.usask.ca/english/icelanders/applic_kvennar%E%F.html].

Harvey, P.D.A. . Editing Historical Records. London: The British Library.Hast, Sture, ed. . Harðar saga. Editiones Arnamagnæanæ A .

Copenhagen: Munksgaard.Hastrup, Kirsten. . ‘Tracing Tradition: An Anthropological Perspective on

Grettis saga Ásmundarsonar.’ In Structure and Meaning in Old NorseLiterature: New Approaches to Textual Analysis and Literary Criticism.Ed. John Lindow, Lars Lönnroth and Gerd Wolfgang Weber, –. TheViking Collection . Odense: Odense University Press.

Hauck, Karl. . Goldbrakteaten aus Sievern. Spätantike Amulett-Bilder derDania Saxonica und die Sachsen-‘Origo’ bei Widuking von Corvey. MitBeiträgen von K. Düwel, H. Tiefenbach und H. Vierck. MünsterscheMittelalterschriften . Munich: Fink.

Haugen, Odd Einar. . ‘Om tidsforholdet mellom Stjórn og Barlaams okJosaphats saga’. Maal og Minne : –.

Haugen, Odd Einar. . ‘Barlaam og Josaphat i ny utgåve’. Maal og Minne:–.

Haugen, Odd Einar. . ‘Utgjevning av norrøne tekster i Noreg: Eit historiskoverblik og ei metodisk vurdering’. Nordica Bergensia : –.

Haugen, Odd Einar. . ‘Constitutio textus. Intervensjonisme ogkonservatisme i utgjevinga av norrøne tekster’. Nordica Bergensia : –.

Haugen, Odd Einar. . ‘The Spirit of Lachmann, the Spirit of Bédier’ [readat the annual meeting of The Viking Society, University College London, November ; www.ub.uib.no/elpub//a//haugen.pdf].

Haugen, Odd Einar. . ‘Parallel Views: Multi-level Encoding of MedievalNordic Primary Sources’. Literary and Linguistic Computing : –.

Helgi Guðmundsson. . Um haf innan. Vestrænir menn og íslenzk menning ámiðöldum. Reykjavík: Háskólaútgáfan.

Helgi Þorláksson. . ‘Urbaniseringstendenser på Island i middelalderen’. InUrbaniseringsprosessen i Norden: Det XVII. nordiske historikermøte,Trondheim . Vol. , Middelaldersteder. Ed. Grethe Authén Blom,–. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Hermann Pálsson, . Sagnaskemmtun Íslendinga. Reykjavík: Mál ogmenning.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Hermann Pálsson. . ‘Næturvíg í Gísla sögu’. Andvari : –.Hermann Pálsson. . ‘Hver myrti Véstein í Gísla sögu?’ Andvari : –.Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards, trans. . Orkneyinga saga: The History

of the Earls of Orkney. London: Hogarth.Hermann, Pernille, ed. . Literacy in Medieval and Early Modern

Scandinavian Culture. The Viking Collection . Odense: University Pressof Southern Denmark.

Heslop, Kate, ed. . ‘Grettisfærsla: The Handing On of Grettir’. Saga-Bookof the Viking Society : –.

Heusler, Andreas. . ‘Die Geschichte vom Völsi. Eine altnordischeBekehrungsanekdote’. Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde : –[Repr. . In his Kleine Schriften. vols. Ed. Helga Reuschel and StefanSonderegger. Vol. : –. Berlin: de Gruyter].

Heusler, Andreas and Wilhelm Ranisch, eds. . Eddica minora: Dichtungeneddischer Art aus den Fornaldarsögur und anderen Prosawerken.Dortmund: Ruhfus [Repr. . Darmstadt: WissenschaftlicheBuchgesellschaft].

Hewlett, Maurice. . The Outlaw. New York: Dodd Mead.Hofmann, Dietrich. . ‘Das Reimwort giǫr in Egill Skallagrímssons

Hǫfuðlausn’. Mediaeval Scandinavia : –.Hollowell, Ida. . ‘Unferð the Þyle in Beowulf ’. Studies in Philology :

–.Holm, Gösta. . ‘Carl Johan Schlyter and Textual Scholarship’. Saga och

sed: –.Holm-Olsen, Ludvig, ed. . Konungs skuggsiá. Oslo: Kjeldeskriftfondet,

Dybwad.Holm-Olsen, Ludvig. . Håndskriftene av Konungs skuggsjá. En

undersøkelse av deres tekstkritiske verdi. Bibliotheca Arnamagnæana .Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Holm-Olsen, Ludvig. . ‘Middelalderens litteratur i Norge’. In Fra runenetil Norske Selskab. Ed. Edvard Beyer, –. Norges litteraturhistorie .Oslo: Cappelen.

Holm-Olsen, Ludvig. a. ‘The Prologue to The King’s Mirror: Did theAuthor of the Work Write It?’. In Speculum Norroenum. Norse Studies inMemory of Gabriel Turville-Petre. Ed. Ursula Dronke, Guðrún P.Helgadóttir, Gerd Wolfgang Weber and Hans Bekker-Nielsen, –.Odense: Odense University Press.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Holm-Olsen, Ludvig. b. Lys over norrøn kultur. Norrøne studier i Norge.Oslo: Cappelen.

Holm-Olsen, Ludvig, ed. . Konungs skuggsiá. nd rev. ed. Oslo: Norskhistorisk kjeldeskrift-institutt.

Holm-Olsen, Ludvig. . Med fjærpenn og pergament. Vår skriftkultur imiddelalderen. Oslo: Cappelen.

Holtsmark, Anne. . ‘Bjarne Kolbeinsson og hans forfatterskap’. Edda :–.

Holtsmark, Anne. . ‘Studies in the Gísla Saga’. Studia Norvegica:Ethnologica et Folkloristica : –.

Holtsmark, Anne. . ‘Memorialdiktning’. In Kulturhistorisk leksikon fornordisk middelalder fra vikingetid til reformationstid : –.

Hughes, Shaun. . ‘Late Secular Poetry’. In A Companion to OldNorse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. Ed. Rory McTurk, –.Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture . Oxford: Blackwell.

Ísleifur Þorleifsson, ed. . Ketilli Hængii et Grimonis Hirsutigenæ patris etfilii historia seu res gestæ. Uppsala: [no publisher].

Jackson, Elizabeth. . ‘From the Seat of the þyle? A Reading of Maxims I,lines –’. Journal of English and Germanic Philology : –.

Jacobsen, Lis and Erik Moltke, eds. . Danmarks Runeindskrifter.Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Jakob Benediktsson. . ‘Introduction’. In Sturlunga saga. ManuscriptNo. A fol. in the Arnamagnæan Collection. Ed. Jakob Benediktsson,–. Early Icelandic Manuscripts in Facsimile . Copenhagen: Rosenkilde& Bagger.

Jakob Benediktsson, ed. . Íslendingabók. Landnámabók. vols. Íslenzkfornrit . Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.

Jakob Benediktsson. . ‘Jón Helgason’. In Dansk biografisk leksikon :–. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.

Jakobsen, Alfred. a. ‘Nytt lys over Gísla saga Súrssonar’. Gripla :–.

Jakobsen, Alfred. b. ‘Noen merknader til Gísla saga Súrssonar’. Gripla :–.

Jensen, Helle. . ‘Eiríks saga víðförla: Appendiks ’. In The SixthInternational Saga Conference ..–.. , Workshop Papers. vols.I: –. Copenhagen: Det arnamagnæanske Institut.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Jensen, Helle. . ‘Profilering og standardisering af udgivelsespraksis’. InTekstkritisk teori og praksis: nordisk symposium i tekstkritikk, Godøysund.–. mai . Ed. Bjarne Fidjestøl, Odd Einar Haugen and MagnusRindal, –. Oslo: Novus.

Jensen, Helle. . ‘Om udgivelse af vestnordiske tekster’. InForskningsprofiler. [Udgivet af Selskab for Nordisk Filologi]. Ed. BenteHolmberg, Britta Olrik Frederiksen and Hanne Ruus, –. Copenhagen:Gyldendal.

Jesch, Judith. . Women in the Viking Age. Woodbridge: Boydell.Jesch, Judith. . ‘Narrating Orkneyinga saga’. Scandinavian Studies :

–.Jesch, Judith. . ‘History in the “Political Sagas”’. Medium Ævum :

–.Jesch, Judith. . ‘Presenting Traditions in Orkneyinga saga’. Leeds Studies

in English : –.Jesch, Judith. . ‘Skaldic Verse in Scandinavian England’. In Vikings and

the Danelaw. Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Thirteenth VikingCongress, Nottingham and York – August . Ed. JamesGraham-Campbell, Richard Hall, Judith Jesch and David N. Parsons,–. Oxford: Oxbow.

Jesch, Judith, ed. . Rǫgnvaldr jarl Kali, Lausavísur. In Skaldic Poetry ofthe Scandinavian Middle Ages. Vol. , Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas .Ed. Kari Ellen Gade, –. Turnhout: Brepols.

Jiriczek, O.L., ed. . Die Bósa-Saga in zwei Fassungen. Nebst Proben ausden Bósa-Rímur. Strassburg: Trübner.

Jochens, Jenny. . Old Norse Images of Women. Philadelphia: University ofPennsylvania Press.

Johansson, Karl Gunnar. . Studier i Codex Wormianus. Skrifttradition ochavskriftsverksamhet vid ett isländskt skriptorium under -talet.Nordistica Gothoburgensia . Gothenburg: Acta UniversitatisGothoburgensis.

Johansson, Karl Gunnar. . ‘Rígsþula och Codex Wormianus: Textensfunktion ur ett kompilationsperspektiv’. alvíssmál : –.

Johansson, Karl Gunnar. . ‘On Orality and the Verschriftlichung ofSkírnismál’. In Literacy in Medieval and Early Modern ScandinavianCulture. Ed. Pernille Hermann, –. The Viking Collection . Odense:University Press of Southern Denmark.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Johnsen, Oscar Albert, ed. . Olafs saga hins helga. Efterpergamenthaandskrift i Uppsala universitetsbibliotek, Delagardieskesamling nr. II. Norske Historiske Kildeskriftkommission. Kristiania:Dybwad.

Johnsen, Oscar Albert and Jón Helgason, eds. . Saga Óláfs konungs hinshelga. Den store saga om Olav den hellige. Efter pergamenthåndskrift iKungliga biblioteket i Stockholm nr. to med varianter fra andrehåndskrifter. Norsk historisk Kjeldeskrift-institutt. vols. Oslo: Dybwad.

Johnston, George, trans. . The Saga of Gisli. Toronto: Dent.Jón Árnason, ed. . Íslenzkar þjóðsögur og æfintýri. vols. Leipzig:

Hinrichs [revised edition of Árni Böðvarsson and Bjarni Vilhjálmsson,–].

Jón Helgason, ed. . Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs. Samfund tiludgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur . Copenhagen: Jørgensen.

Jón Helgason. . Hrappseyjarprentsmiðja –. Safn Fræðafélagsinsum Ísland og Íslendinga . Copenhagen: Hið íslenska Fræðafélag.

Jón Helgason. –. ‘Til Skjaldedigtningen’. Acta Philologica Scandinavica: –, –.

Jón Helgason. a. ‘Finnur Jónsson’. Aarbøger for nordisk Oldkyndighed ogHistorie: –.

Jón Helgason, ed. b. Morkinskinna. Ms. no. in the Old RoyalCollection of the Royal Library, Copenhagen. Corpus codicumIslandicorum medii aevi . Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.

Jón Helgason, ed. . [Antonius Corvinus] Passio . Monumentatypographica Islandica . Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Jón Helgason, ed. . Hungrvaka. In his edition of Byskupa sögur. Vol :–. Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab. Copenhagen:Munksgaard.

Jón Helgason, ed. a. Óláfs saga ens helga. Ms. Perg. to No. in the RoyalLibrary of Stockholm. Corpus codicum Islandicorum medii aevi .Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.

Jón Helgason, ed. b. Gronlandia, . Monumenta typographicaIslandica . Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Jón Helgason. a. ‘Planer om en ny udgave af skjaldedigtningen’. ActaPhilologica Scandinavica : –.

Jón Helgason, ed. b. Byskupa sógur. Ms. Perg. fol. No. in the RoyalLibrary of Stockholm. Corpus codicum Islandicorum medii aevi .Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Jón Helgason, ed. c. Hrafnkels saga Freysgoða. Nordisk Filologi. Teksterog lærebøger til universitetsbrug A . Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Jón Helgason, ed. –. Manuscripta Islandica. vols. Copenhagen:Munksgaard.

Jón Helgason, ed. a. Håndskriftet AM c, I, to. Brudstykker afVíga-Glúms saga og Gísla saga Súrssonar. Samfund til udgivelse af gammelnordisk litteratur . Copenhagen: Jørgensen.

Jón Helgason, b. ‘Athuganir um nokkur handrit Egils sögu’. In Nordæla.Afmæliskveðja til prófessors, dr. phil. & litt. & jur. Sigurðar Nordalsambassadors Íslands í Kaupmannahöfn, sjötugs . september .Ed. Halldór Halldórsson et al., –. Reykjavík: Helgafell [see alsoChesnutt b].

Jón Helgason. a. Handritaspjall. Reykjavík: Mál og menning.Jón Helgason, ed. b–. Early Icelandic Manuscripts in Facsimile.

Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger.Jón Helgason, ed. –. Íslenzk fornkvæði. Islandske folkevise. vols.

Editiones Arnamagnæanæ B –. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.Jón Helgason. . ‘Höfuðlausnarhjal’. In Einarsbók. Afmæliskveðja til Einars

Ól. Sveinssonar . desember . Ed. Bjarni Guðnason, HalldórHalldórsson and Jónas Kristjánsson, –. Reykjavík: Nokkrir Vinir.

Jón Helgason, ed. . Byskupa sögur. Vol. . Editiones Arnamagnæanæ A .Copenhagen: Reitzel.

Jón Helgason. . ‘Om udgivelser af islandske tekster’. [Paper delivered at aseminar entitled ‘Synspunkter på tekstudgivelse’, held on the occasion ofJón’s promotion to honorary doctor, University of Copenhagen. Summaryin –. The Arnamagnæan Institute and Dictionary Bulletin : –].

Jón Helgason. . ‘Salfastar sveigar’. In Speculum Norroenum. Norse Studiesin Memory of Gabriel Turville-Petre. Ed. Ursula Dronke, Guðrún P.Helgadóttir, Gerd Wolfgang Weber and Hans Bekker-Nielsen, –.Odense: Odense University Press.

Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson. a. Kristnitakan á Íslandi. nd ed. Reykjavík:Háskólaútgáfan. [revised by Jakob S. Jónsson].

Jón Hnefill Aðalsteinsson, trans. Terry Gunnell. b. Under the Cloak:A Pagan Ritual Turning Point in the Conversion of Iceland. Reykjavík:Háskólaútgáfan, Félagsvísindastofnun [Translation of Jón HnefillAðalsteinsson a].

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Jón Jóhannesson. . ‘Um Sturlunga sögu’. In Sturlunga saga. vols. Ed. JónJóhannesson, Magnús Finnbogason and Kristján Eldjárn. Vol. I: vii–lvi.Reykjavík: Sturlunguútgáfan.

Jón Jóhannesson, trans. Haraldur Bessason. . A History of the OldIcelandic Commonwealth. Íslendinga saga. University of ManitobaIcelandic Studies . Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.

Jón Jóhannesson, Kristján Eldjárn, and Magnús Finnbogason, eds. .Sturlunga saga. vols. Reykjavík: Sturlunguútgáfan.

Jón Karl Helgason. . The Rewriting of Njáls saga: Translation, Ideology,and Icelandic Sagas. Topics in Translation . Clevedon: MultilingualMatters.

Jón Karl Helgason. . Höfundar Njálu: Þræðir úr vestrænnibókmenntasögu. Reykjavík: Heimskringla.

Jón Karl Helgason. . ‘Continuity? The Icelandic Sagas in Post-MedievalTimes’. In A Companion to Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture.Ed. Rory McTurk, –. Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell.

Jón Samsonarson. . Kvæði og dansleikir. vols. Reykjavík: Almennabókafélagið.

Jón Sigurðsson and Finnur Jónsson, eds. –. Edda Snorra Sturlusonar.Edda Snorronis Sturlæi. vols. Copenhagen: Legatus Arnamagnæani[repr. . Osnabrück: Otto Zeller].

Jón Þorkelsson. . Om Digtningen på Island i det . og . århundrede.Ritdómur úr Stimmen . Copenhagen: Høst.

Jónas Kristjánsson, ed. . Eyfirðinga sǫgur. Íslenzk fornrit . Reykjavík: Hiðíslenzka fornritafélag.

Karras, Ruth Mazo. . ‘Marriage and the Creation of Kin in the Sagas’.Scandinavian Studies : –.

Kedar, Benjamin Z. and Christian Westergård-Nielsen. – [].‘Icelanders in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Twelfth-centuryAccount’. Mediaeval Scandinavia : –.

Kenney, E.J. . The Classical Text. Aspects of Editing in the Age of thePrinted Book. Sather Classical Lectures . Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press.

Kenney, E.J. . ‘Textual Criticism’. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. :–. th ed. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica[www.britannica.com/eb/article-].

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Keyser, Rudolf, Peter Andreas Munch and Carl Richard Unger, eds. .Speculum regale: Konungs-skuggsjá: Kongespeilet. Etphilosophisk-didaktisk skrift, forfattet i Norge mod slutningen af det .aarhundrede. Tilligemed et samtidigt skrift om den norske kirkes stilling tilstaten. Christiania: Det akademiske Collegium ved det kgl. norskeFrederiks-Universitet.

Keyser, Rudolf and Carl Richard Unger, eds. . Barlaams ok Josaphats saga.[En religiøs romantisk fortælling om Baarlam og Josaphat oprindeligforfattet paa græsk i det de aarhundrede, senere oversat paa latin, ogherfra igjen i fri bearbeidelse ved aar overfört paa norsk af KongHaakon Sverreson]. Christiania: Feilberg & Landmark.

Kjartan G. Ottósson. . Íslensk málhreinsun. Sögulegt yfirlit. Rit Íslenskrarmálnefndar . Reykjavík: Íslensk málnefnd.

Klaeber, Friedrich, ed. . Beowulf and the Fight at Finnsburg. rd ed.Boston: Heath.

Klemming, G.E., ed. –. Svenska medeltidens bibel-arbeten efter gamlahandskrifter. vols. Samlingar utgivna av Svenska fornskriftsällskapet ,, –, , . Stockholm: Norstedt.

Konráð Gíslason, ed. . Tvær sögur af Gísla Súrssyni. Nordiske oldskrifter. Copenhagen: Det nordiske literatur-samfund/Berling.

Kousgård Sørensen, J. . ‘Tul-, tol- in Danish place-names’. ActaPhilologica Scandinavica : –.

Kramarz-Bein, Susanne. . ‘Der Spesar þáttr der Grettis saga.Tristan-Spuren in der Isländersaga’. In Studien zur Isländersaga. Festschriftfür Rolf Heller. Ed. H. Beck and E. Ebel, –. Ergänzungsbände zumReallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . Berlin: de Gruyter.

Kristinn Jóhannesson, Karl G. Johansson and Lars Lönnroth, eds. . Denfornnordiska texten i filologisk och litteraturvetenskaplig belysning. Studieroch diskussionsinlägg. Gothenburg Old Norse Studies . Gothenburg:Litteraturvetenskapliga Institutionen, Göteborgs Universitet.

Kristján Eldjárn. . Kuml og haugfé úr heiðnum sið á Íslandi. [Akureyri]:Norðri.

Kroesen, Riti. . ‘The Enmity between Þorgrímr and Vésteinn in the Gíslasaga Súrssonar’. Neophilologus : –.

Kroesen, Riti. . ‘Gísla saga Súrssonar’. In Medieval Scandinavia: AnEncyclopedia. Ed. Phillip Pulsiano et al., –. Garland Encyclopedias ofthe Middle Ages . New York and London: Garland.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder fra vikingetid tilreformationstid. Ed. J. Danstrup et al. –. vols. Copenhagen:Rosenkilde & Bagge.

Kwakkel, Erik. . ‘Towards a Terminology for the Analysis of CompositeManuscripts’. Gazette du livre médiéval : –.

Kålund, Kristian, ed. –. Katalog over den Arnamagnæanskehåndskriftsamling. [Udgivet af Kommissionen for det Arnamagnæanskelegat]. vols. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.

Kålund, Kristian. . ‘Om håndskrifterne af Sturlunga saga og dennes enkeltebestanddele’. Aarbøger for nordisk oldkyndinghed og historie: –.

Kålund, Kristian, ed. –. Sturlunga saga efter membranenKróksfjarðarbók udfyldt efter Reykjarfjarðarbók. vols. Det KongeligeNordiske Oldskrift-Selskab. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.

Kålund, Kristian, ed. . Arne Magnussons brevveksling med Torfæus(Þormóður Torfason) på Carlsbergfondets bekostning. Copenhagen:Gyldendal.

Lethbridge, Emily. . ‘Curses! Swords, Spears, and the Supernatural in theVersions of Gísla saga Súrssonar’. In The Fantastic in Old Norse/IcelandicLiterature. Sagas and the British Isles. Preprint Papers of the thInternational Saga Conference, Durham and York, th–th August, . vols. Ed. John McKinnell, David Ashurst, and Donata Kick. II: –.Durham: Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies.

Lethbridge, Emily. . ‘Narrative Variation in the Versions of Gísla sagaSúrssonar’. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge.

Lethbridge, Emily. forthcoming. ‘Dating Gísla saga’. In Dating the Sagas.Ed. Else Mundal.

Lie, Hallvard. . ‘Billedbeskrivende dikt’. In Kulturhistorisk leksikon fornordisk middelalder fra vikingetid til reformationstid : –.

Liestøl, Aslak. . ‘Runer frå Bryggen’. Viking. Tidsskrift for norrønarkeologi : –.

Liestøl, Aslak. . ‘Rúnavísur frá Björgvin’. Skírnir : –.Liestøl, Aslak. . ‘Runenstäbe aus Haithabu-Hedeby’. In Berichte über die

Ausgrabungen in Haithabu. , Das archäologische Fundmaterial II: –.Neumünster: Wachholtz.

Lindow, John. . ‘Addressing Thor’. Scandinavian Studies : –.Lindow, John. . ‘Íslendingabók and Myth’. Scandinavian Studies :

–.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Linke, Hansjürgen. . ‘Das volkssprachige Drama und Theater im deutschenund niederländischen Sprachbereich’. In Europäisches Spätmittelalter.Ed. Willi Erzgräber and Franz Brunhölzl, –. Neues Handbuch derLiteraturwissenschaft . Wiesbaden: Akademische VerlagsgesellschaftAthenaion.

Loewenthal, John. . ‘Zur germanischen Wortkunde’. Arkiv för nordiskfilologi : –.

Loth, Agnete, ed. . Gísla saga Súrssonar. Nordisk filologi. Tekster oglærebøger til universitetsbrug A . Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Loth, Agnete, ed. . Membrana regia deperdita. Editiones ArnamagnæanæA . Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Lott, Bernard, ed. . [William Shakespeare] Hamlet. New SwanShakespeare Advanced Series. London: Longman.

Louis-Jensen, Jonna. . ‘Jón Helgason. . juni –. januar ’.Københavns Universitet: Årbog: –.

Louis-Jensen, Jonna. . ‘Heimskringla – et værk af Snorri Sturluson?’Nordica Bergensia : –.

Louis-Jensen, Jonna. . ‘Jón Helgason og den københavnskeudgivertradition’ [paper delivered on the occasion of Stefán Karlsson’spromotion to honorary doctor, University of Copenhagen; summary in–. The Arnamagnæan Institute and Dictionary Bulletin : .]

Louis-Jensen, Jonna. . ‘En konjektur til Grettisfœrsla’. Opuscula :–. Bibliotheca Arnmagnæana . Copenhagen: Reitzel.

Maas, Paul. . Textkritik. rd ed. Leipzig and Berlin: Teubner.Maas, Paul, trans. Barbara Flower. . Textual Criticism. Oxford: Clarendon

[translation of Maas .]McDougall, Ian, ed. . Allra postula minnisvísur. In Skaldic Poetry of the

Scandinavian Middle Ages. Vol. , Poetry On Christian Subjects.Ed. Margaret Clunies Ross, –. Turnhout: Brepols.

McGann, Jerome J. . A Critique of Modern Textual Criticism. Chicago andLondon: University of Chicago Press [repr. . With a preface by theauthor and a foreward by D.W. Greetham. Charlottesville, Virginia:University of Virginia Press].

McGann, Jerome J. . ‘Theories of Texts’. London Review of Books[th February]: –.

McGann, Jerome J. . The Textual Condition. Princeton Studies inCulture/Power/History. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

McGann, Jerome J. . ‘From Text to Work: Digital Tools and Emergence ofthe Social Text’. Variants. The Journal of the European Society for TextualScholarship : –.

McKenzie, D.F. . Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts. The PanizziLectures . London: British Library [repr. . Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press].

Magnús Ólafsson. . Specimen Lexici Runici, Obscuriorum qvarundamvocum, qvæ in priscis occurrent Historiis & Poꝛtis Danicis, enodationemexhibens. Copenhagen: Melchior Martzan.

Magnus, Olaus. . Historia de gentibus Septentrionalibus. Rome: de Viottis.Malm, Mats. . ‘Olaus Rudbeck’s Atlantica and Old Norse Poetics’. In

Northern Antiquity: The Post-Medieval Reception of Edda and Saga.Ed. Andrew Wawn, –. Enfield Lock: Hisarlik.

Malm, Mats. . Minervas äpple. Om diktsyn, tolkning och bildspråk inomnordisk göticism. Stockholm/Stehag: Symposion.

Malone, Kemp, ed. . Widsith. Anglistica . Rev. ed. Copenhagen:Rosenkilde & Bagger.

Már Jonsson. . Árni Magnússon: ævisaga. Reykjavík: Mál og menning.Marold, Edith. . ‘Bergen als literarischer Umschlagplatz’. In Arbeiten zur

Skandinavistik: . Arbeitstagung der deutschsprächigen Skandinavistik,.–.. in Lysebu (Oslo). Ed. Fritz Paul, Joachim Grage and WilhelmHeizmann, –. Texte und Untersuchungen zur Germanistik undSkandinavistik . Frankfurt am Main: Lang.

Martin Clarke, Daisy E. . ‘The Office of Thyle in Beowulf’. Review ofEnglish Studies : –.

Maurer, Konrad. . Ueber die Ausdrücke: altnordische, altnorwegische &isländische Sprache. Munchen: Verlag der koniglichen bayerischenAkademie der Wissenschaften.

Menota = Medieval Nordic Text Archive: www.menota.org/texts.Meritt, Herbert Dean. . Fact and Lore about Old English Words. Stanford

University Publications. University Series. Language and Literature .Stanford and London: Stanford University Press.

Meulengracht Sørensen, Preben, trans. Judith Jesch. . ‘Murder in MaritalBed: An Attempt at Understanding a Crucial Scene in Gísla Saga’. InStructure and Meaning in Old Norse Literature: New Approaches to TextualAnalysis and Literary Criticism. Ed. John Lindow, Lars Lönnroth and GerdWolfgang Weber, –. The Viking Collection . Odense: University ofOdense Press.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Meulengracht Sørensen, Preben, trans. Margaret Clunies Ross. . ‘SocialInstitutions and Belief Systems of Medieval Iceland (c.–) andTheir Relations to Literary Production’. In Old Icelandic Literature andSociety. Ed. Margaret Clunies Ross, –. Cambridge Studies in MedievalLiterature . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Miller, William Ian. . ‘Choosing the Avenger: Some Aspects of theBloodfeud in Medieval Iceland and England’. Law and History Review :–.

Miller, William Ian. . Bloodtaking and Peacemaking: Feud, Law andSociety in Saga Iceland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Minnis, A.J. and A.B. Scott, eds. . Medieval Literary Theory and Criticismc.–c.. The Commentary Tradition. Oxford: Clarendon [rev. ed.. Oxford: Clarendon].

Mitchell, Stephen A. . ‘The Sagaman and Oral Literature: The IcelandicTraditions of Hjörleifr inn kvensami and Geirmundr heljarskinn’. InComparative Research on Oral Traditions: A Memorial for Milman Parry.Ed. John Miles Foley, –. Columbus: Slavica.

Moltke, Erik. . ‘Runeninschriften aus der Stadt Schleswig’. Beiträge zurSchleswiger Stadtgeschichte : –.

Moltke, Erik, trans. Peter Foote. . Runes and Their Origin. Denmark andElsewhere. Copenhagen: National Museum of Denmark. [first published. Runerne i Danmark og deres oprindelse. Copenhagen: Forum].

Mundal, Else. . ‘Kǫld eru kvenna ráð’. In Kvinner og Bøker: Festschrift tilEllisiv Steen på hennes -årsdag . februar . Ed. Edvard Beyer,–. Oslo: Gyldendal.

Mundal, Else and Jonas Wellendorf, eds. . Oral Art Forms and TheirPassage Into Writing. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.

Napier, Arthur S., ed. . Old English Glosses. Chiefly unpublished.Anecdota Oxoniensa. Mediaeval and Modern Series . Oxford: Clarendon.

Neckel, Gustav, ed., Hans Kuhn, rev. . Edda: Die Lieder des Codex Regiusnebst verwandten Denkmälern. Vol. , Text. th ed. Heidelberg: Winter.

Nichols, Stephen G. . ‘Introduction: Philology in a Manuscript Culture’.Speculum : – [special issue: ‘The New Philology’].

Nichols, Stephen G. . ‘Philology and its Discontents’. In The Future of theMiddle Ages: Medieval Literature in the s. Ed. William D. Paden,–. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Nichols, Stephen G. . ‘Why Material Philology?’ Zeitschrift für deutschePhilologie : – [special issue: ‘Philologie als Textwissenschaft. Alteund neue Horizonte’].

Nordland, Odd. . ‘Norrøne og europeiske litterære lån i Grettis saga’. Maalog Minne: –.

Noreen, Adolf. . ‘Nordens äldsta folk- och ortnamn’. Fornvännen :–.

Noreen, Erik. . ‘Eddastudier. Språkvetenskapliga sällskapets i Uppsalaförhandlingar –’. Uppsala Universitets Årskrifter. Filosofi,språkvetenskap och historiska vetenskaper A: –.

Ogilvy, J.D.A. . ‘Mimi, scurrae, histriones: Entertainers of the EarlyMiddle Ages’. Speculum : –.

Ogilvy, J.D.A. . ‘Unferth: Foil to Beowulf?’ Publications of the ModernLanguage Association of America : –.

Ólafur Halldórsson, ed. –. Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta. vols.Editiones Arnamagnæanæ A –. Copenhagen: Munksgaard/Reitzel.

Ólafur Halldórsson. . ‘Grettisfœrsla’. Opuscula : –. BibliothecaArnamagnæana . Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Ólafur Halldórsson. . ‘Úr sögu skinnbóka’. Skírnir : –.Ólafur Halldórsson. . ‘Nokkrar spássíugreinar í pappírshandritum frá .

öld. Runnar frá skinnhandriti af Orkneyinga sögu’. Skírnir : –.Ólafur Halldórsson. . ‘Tanker om tekstkritiske udgaver’. In Tekstkritisk

teori og praksis. Ed. Bjarne Fidjestøl, Odd Einar Haugen and MagnusRindal, –. Oslo: Novus.

Ólafur Halldórsson. . ‘Grettisfœrsla’. In Grettisfærsla. Safn ritgerða eftirÓlaf Halldórsson. Gefið út á sjötugsafmæli hans . apríl .Ed. Sigurgeir Steingrímsson, Stefán Karlsson and Sverrir Tómasson, –.Rit Árnastofnunar . Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar [revisedversion of Ólafur Halldórsson ].

Ólafur Halldórsson. . ‘Sögnin moga í rúnaristu frá Björgvin.’ Gripla :–.

Olrik, Axel. . ‘At sidde på höj. Oldtidens konger og oldtidens thulir’.Danske studier : –.

Olrik, J. and H. Raeder, eds. –. Saxo Grammaticus. Saxonis GestaDanorum. vols. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Ong, Walter J. . Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word.London: Methuen.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Opland, Jeff. . Anglo-Saxon Oral Poetry: A Study of the Traditions. NewHaven and London: Yale University Press.

Orchard, Andy. . A Critical Companion to Beowulf. Cambridge: Brewer.Óskar Halldórsson. . ‘Goðsögnin um Gretti: nokkrar athuganir.’ In Sjötíu

ritgerðir helgaðar Jakobi Benediktssyni . júlí . vols. Ed. Einar G.Pétursson and Jónas Kristjánsson, I: –. Rit Árnastofnunar .Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar.

Owen, Olwyn, ed. . The World of Orkneyinga Saga. The ‘Broad-ClothViking Trip’. Kirkwall: The Orcadian.

Páll Eggert Ólason, ed. . Íslands þúsund ár. Kvæðasafn: –. vols.Reykjavík: Helgafell.

Perkins, David. . Is Literary History Possible? Baltimore and London:John Hopkins University Press.

Perkins, Richard. . ‘Potenti murmure verborum grandia cete maris inlittora trahunt’. In Studien zur Isländersaga. Festschrift für Rolf Heller.Ed. Heinrich Beck and Else Ebel, –. Ergänzungsbände zumReallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde . Berlin: de Gruyter.

Pétur Sigurðsson. –. ‘Um Íslendinga sögu Sturlu Þórðarsonar’. In Safn tilsögu Íslands og íslenzkra bókmennta að fornu og nýju /: –.

Pickens, Rupert T. . ‘The Future of Old French Studies in America: The“Old” Philology and the Crisis of the “New”’. In The Future of the MiddleAges: Medieval Literature in the s. Ed. William D. Paden, –.Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

Polomé, Edgar. . ‘Old Norse Religious Terminology in Indo-EuropeanPerspective’. In The Nordic Languages and Modem Linguistics .Proceedings of the Second Conference of Nordic and General Linguistics,University of Umeå, June –, . Ed. Karl-Hampus Dahlstedt, –.Kungl. Skytteanska samfundets handlingar . Stockholm: Almqvist &Wiksell.

Poole, Russell. . ‘Variants and Variability in the Text of Egill’sHǫfuðlausn’. In The Politics of Editing Medieval Texts: Papers Given at theTwenty-seventh Annual Conference on Editorial Problems, University ofToronto, – November . Ed. Roberta Frank, –. New York: AMS.

Poole, Russell. . Old English Wisdom Poetry. Annotated Bibliographies ofOld and Middle English Literature . Cambridge: Brewer.

Poole, Russell, ed. . Skaldsagas. Text, Vocation, and Desire in theIcelandic Sagas of Poets. Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon dergermanischen Altertumskunde . Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Poole, Russell. . ‘Lof en eigi háð? The Riddle of Grettis saga Verse ’.Saga-Book of the Viking Society : –.

Poole, Russell. a. ‘Myth, Psychology and Society in Grettis saga’.alvíssmál : –.

Poole, Russell. b. ‘Adverbial Genitives in Skaldic Poetry’. MediaevalScandinavia : –.

Poole, Russell. . ‘Some Southern Perspectives on Starcatherus’. Viking andMedieval Scandinavia : –.

Quinn, Judy. . ‘Vǫluspá and the Composition of Eddic Verse’. In Poetry inthe Scandinavian Middle Ages. Ed. Teresa Pàroli, –. Spoleto: Pressola Sede del Centro Studi.

Quinn, Judy. . ‘Eddu list: The Emergence of Skaldic Pedagogy in MedievalIceland’. alvíssmál : –.

Quinn, Judy. . ‘“Ok er þetta upphaf”: First-Stanza Quotation in Old NorseProsimetrum’. alvíssmál : –.

Quinn, Judy. . ‘“Ok verðr henni ljóð á munni”: Eddic Prophecy in thefornaldarsögur’. alvíssmál : –.

Quinn, Judy. . ‘From Orality to Literacy in Medieval Iceland’. In OldIcelandic Literature and Society. Ed. Margaret Clunies Ross, –.Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature . Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Quinn, Judy. . ‘Editing the Edda – The Case of Vǫluspá’. Scripta Islandica: –.

Quinn, Judy. forthcoming . ‘Liquid Knowledge: TraditionalConceptualisations of Learning in Eddic Poetry’. In Along the Oral-WrittenContinuum: Types of Texts, Relations and their Implications.Ed. S. Ranković, L. Melve and E. Mundal, –. Utrecht Studies inMedieval Literacy. Turnhout: Brepols.

Rafn, Carl Christian and Finnur Magnússon, eds. –. Grønlandshistoriske mindesmærker. vols. Kongelige nordiske oldskrift-selskab.Copenhagen: Brunnich.

O’Rahilly, Cecile, ed. and trans. . Táin Bó Cuailnge from the Book ofLeinster. Dublin: Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies.

Reenhielm, Jacob, ed. . Thorstens Viikings-sons Saga. Uppsala: HenricusCurio.

Reenhielm, Jacob., ed. . Saga Om K. Oloff Tryggwaszon i Norrege.Uppsala: [Keyser].

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Rhodes, E.W., ed. . Defensor’s Liber scintillarum, with an InterlinearAnglo-Saxon Version Made Early in the Eleventh Century. Early EnglishText Society [Original Series] . London: Trübner.

Rindal, Magnus, ed. . Barlaams ok Josaphats saga. Norrøne tekster .Oslo: Norsk historisk kjeldeskrift-institutt.

Robinson, Peter, ed. . Geoffrey Chaucer. The Wife of Bath’s Prologue onCD-ROM. The Canterbury Tales Project. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

Robinson, Peter. . ‘The One Text and the Many Texts’. Literary andLinguistic Computing : –.

Robinson, Peter. . ‘Where We Are With Electronic Scholarly Editions, andWhere We Want to Be’. Jahrbuch für Computerphilologie Online : –[computerphilologie.uni-muenchen.de/jg/robinson.html].

Robinson, Peter. . ‘Current Issues in Making Digital Editions of MedievalTexts – or, Do Electronic Scholarly Editions Have a Future?’. DigitalMedievalist [www.digitalmedievalist.org/article.cfm?RecID=].

Rosier, James L. . ‘Design for Treachery: The Unferth Intrigue’.Publications of the Modern Language Association of America : –.

Rowe, Elizabeth Ashman. . ‘Þorsteins þáttr uxafóts, Helga þáttrÞórissonar, and the Conversion Þættir’. Scandinavian Studies : –.

Rowe, Elizabeth Ashman. . The Development of Flateyjarbók: Iceland andthe Norwegian Dynastic Crisis of . The Viking Collection . Odense:University Press of Southern Denmark.

Rudbeck, Olof. –. Olf Rudbeks Atland eller Manheim. vols.Uppsala: Henricus Curio.

Ruh, Kurt, ed. . Überlieferungsgeschichtliche Prosaforschung. Beiträge derWürzburger Forschergruppe zur Methode und Auswertung. Texte undTextgeschichte . Tübingen: Niemeyer.

Röhn, Hartmut. . ‘Der Einleitungsteil der Gísla saga Súrssonar: EinVergleich der beiden Versionen’. Arkiv för nordisk filologi : –.

Schach, Paul. . ‘Some Observations on the Helgafell Episode in Eyrbyggjasaga and Gísla saga’. In Saga og språk: Studies in Language and Literature.Ed. John M. Weinstock, –. Austin, Texas: Jenkins.

Schlauch, Margaret. . Romance in Iceland. London: George Allen &Unwin.

Schlyter, Carl Johan and Hans Samuel Collin, eds. . Corpus iurisSueo-Gotorum antiqui. Samling af Sweriges gamla lagar. Vol. ,Westgöta-Lagen. Stockholm: Haeggström.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Schück, Henrik. –. Kgl. vitterhets historie och antikvitets akadamienDess förhistoria och historia. vols. Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets historieoch antikvitets akademien.

Scott, Forrest S., ed. . Eyrbyggja saga. The Vellum Tradition. EditionesArnamagnæanæ A . Copenhagen: Reitzel.

Seelow, Hubert. . ‘Noch einmal: Grettis saga Ásmundarsonar’. In NeueAnsätze in der Mittelalterphilologie – Nye veier i middelalderfilologien.Akten der skandinavistischen Arbeitstagung in Münster vom . bis .Oktober . Ed. Susanne Kramarz-Bein, –. Texte undUntersuchungen zur Germanistik und Skandinavistik . Frankfurt amMain: Peter Lang.

Seip, Didrik Arup. . ‘Some Remarks on the Language of the Magnuslegend in the Orkneyinga saga’. In Nordica et Anglica. Studies in Honor ofStefán Einarsson. Ed. Allan H. Orrick, –. Janua Linguarum. SeriesMaior . The Hague: Mouton.

Shillingsburg, Peter. . Scholarly Editing in the Computer Age: Theory andPractice. Editorial Theory and Literary Criticism. rd ed. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press.

Shillingsburg, Peter. . From Gutenberg to Google: ElectronicRepresentations of Literary Texts. Cambridge: University of CambridgePress.

Sigurður Breiðfjorð. . Rímur af Gísla Súrssyni. Copenhagen: [nopublisher]. [nd ed. . Bessastaðir: [no publisher]. rd ed. .

Sigurður Nordal, ed. –. Orkneyinga saga. vols. Samfund til udgivelse afgammel nordisk litteratur . Copenhagen: Møller.

Sigurður Nordal, ed. . Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar. Íslenzk fornrit .Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.

Sigurður Nordal. . ‘Sagalitteraturen’. In Litteraturhistorie. B, Norge ogIsland. Ed. Sigurður Nordal, –. Nordisk kultur . Stockholm:Bonnier; Oslo: Aschehoug; Copenhagen, Schultz.

Sigurgeir Steingrímsson. . ‘Árni Magnússon’. In The Manuscripts ofIceland. Ed. Gísli Sigurðsson and Vésteinn Ólason, –. Culture HouseEditions . Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar.

Simek, Rudolf, trans. Angela Hall. . Dictionary of Northern Mythology.Cambridge: Brewer.

Simon, Eckehardt. . ‘The Case for Medieval Philology’. In On Philology.Ed. Jan Ziolkowski, –. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State UniversityPress.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Slay, Desmond, ed. a. Hrólfs saga kraka. Editiones Arnamagnæanæ B .Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Slay, Desmond. b. The Manuscripts of Hrólfs saga Kraka. BibliothecaArnamagnæana . Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

Smith, Sidney Rufus. . ‘Orthographical Criteria in Eggert Ólafsson’s“Réttritabók”’. Scandinavian Studies : –.

Smith, Sidney Rufus. . ‘An Edition of Eggert Ólafsson’s Rettritabok and anInterpretation of His Orthographical Rules’. Ann Arbor, MI: XeroxUniversity Microfilms. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of NorthCarolina at Chapel Hill, .

Solopova, Elizabeth, ed. . Geoffrey Chaucer. The General Prologue onCD-ROM. The Canterbury Tales Project. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

Spur, Birgitta. . ‘Hver myrti Véstein?’ Mímir : –.Steensberg, A. . ‘Plov’. In Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder

fra vikingetid til reformationstid : –. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde &Bagger.

Stefán Karlsson, ed. . Sagas of Icelandic Bishops. Fragments of EightManuscripts. Early Icelandic Manuscripts in Facsimile . Copenhagen:Rosenkilde & Bagger.

Stefán Karlsson. . ‘Ritun Reykjarfjarðarbókar. Excursus, bókagerð bænda’.Opuscula : –. Bibliotheca Arnamagnæana . Copenhagen: Reitzel.

Stefán Karlsson. . ‘Tungan’. In Íslensk þjóðmenning. Vol. , Munnmenntirog bókmenning. Ed. Frosti F. Jóhannsson, –. Reykjavík: BókaútgáfanÞjóðsaga.

Stefán Karlsson. . ‘Tungan’ [revised version of Stefán Karlsson ]. InStafkrókar. Ritgerðir eftir Stefán Karlsson, gefnar út í tilefni sjötugsafmælihans . desember . Ed. Guðvarður Már Gunnlaugsson, –. RitÁrnastofnunar . Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar.

Stefán Karlsson, trans. Rory McTurk. . The Icelandic Language. London:Viking Society for Northern Research [translation of Stefán Karlsson ].

Storm, Gustav. . ‘Om Tidsforholdet mellem Kongespeilet og Stjórn samtBarlaams ok Josaphats saga’. Arkiv for nordisk filologi : –.

Storm, Gustav. ed. . Laurents Hanssøns sagaoversættelse.Videnskabsselskabets skrifter , Historisk-filosofisk klasse . Christiania:Dybwad.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Strömbäck, Dag. . Sejd. Textstudier i nordisk religionshistoria. Nordiskatexter och undersöckningar . Stockholm: Geber; Copenhagen: Levin &Munksgaard.

Strömback, Dag. . ‘Att binda helskor: anteckningar til Gisle Surssons saga’.Kungliga humanistiska vetenskaps-samfundet i Uppsala, Årsbok: –.

Sundqvist, Olof. . ‘The Problem of Religious Specialists and CultPerformers in Early Scandinavia’. Zeitschrift für Religionswissenschaft :–.

Sverrir Jakobsson. . Við og veröldin. Heimsmynd Íslendinga –.Reykjavík: Háskólaútgáfan.

Sverrir Tómasson. . Formálar íslenskra sagnaritara á miðöldum.Rannsókn bókmenntahefðar. Rit Árnastofnunar . Reykjavík: StofnunÁrna Magnússonar.

Sverrir Tómasson. . ‘“Strákligr líz mér Skíði”. Skíðaríma, Íslenskurföstuleikur?’. Skírnir : –.

Sverrir Tómasson. . ‘Er nýja textafræðin ný? Þankar um gamlafræðigrein’. Gripla : –.

Sverrir Tómasson. . ‘Bósa saga og Herrauðs: skemmtun allra tíma’. InBósa saga og Herrauðs. Ed. Sverrir Tómasson, –. nd ed. Reykjavík:Stormur.

Tangherlini, Timothy R. . ‘Some Old Norse Hang-ups: Ritual aspects ofHávamál ’. Mankind Quarterly : –.

Tanselle, G. Thomas. . Textual Criticism since Greg: A Chronicle–. Charlottesville: The Bibliographical Society of the Universityof Virginia.

Tarrant, R.J. . ‘The Editing of Classical Latin Literature’. In ScholarlyEditing: A Guide to Research. Ed. D.C. Greetham, –. New York: TheModern Language Association of America.

Taylor, Alexander Burt, trans. . The Orkneyinga Saga. [A New Translationwith Introduction and Notes]. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.

TEI = Text Encoding Initiative: www.tei-c.orgThompson, Claiborne W. . ‘Gísla Saga: The Identity of Vestein’s Slayer’.

Arkiv för nordisk filologi : –.Thorell, Olof, ed. . Fem Moseböcker på fornsvenska enligt Cod. Holm. A .

Samlingar utgivna av Svenska fornskrift-sällskapet , , . Uppsala:Almqvist & Wiksell.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Timpanaro, Sebastiano, trans. Dieter Irmer. . Die Entstehung derLachmannschen Methode. nd ed. Hamburg: H. Buske. [first published. La genesi del methodo del Lachmann. Bibliotechina del saggiatore .Florence: Monnier].

Timpanaro, Sebastiano. . La genesi del metodo del Lachmann. nd ed.Padua: Liviana.

Timpanaro, Sebastiano, ed. and trans. Glenn W. Most. . The Genesis ofLachmann’s Method. Chicago: University of Chicago Press [translation ofTimpanaro ].

Torfaeus: see Þormóður TorfasonTranter, Stephen. . Sturlunga Saga: The Role of the Creative Compiler.

European University Studies Series , German Language and Literature .Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

Trillmich, Werner, and Rudolf Buchner, eds. . Adami Bremensis GestaHammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum. In Fontes saeculorum noni etundecimi historiam ecclesiae Hammaburgensis necnon imperii illustrantes,–. Berlin: Rütten & Loening.

Turville-Petre, E.O.G[abriel]. . Origins of Icelandic Literature. Oxford:Clarendon.

Turville-Petre, E.O.G[abriel]. . Myth and Religion of the North: TheReligion of Ancient Scandinavia. History of Religion. London: Weidenfeld& Nicolson.

Turville-Petre, E.O.G[abriel]. . ‘Gísli Súrsson and his Poetry: Traditionsand Influences’. In his Nine Norse Studies, –. Viking Society forNorthern Research Text Series . London: Viking Society for NorthernResearch, University of London [first published . Modern LanguageReview : –].

Tyler, Elizabeth M. and Ross Balzaretti. . ‘Introduction’. In Narrative andHistory in the Early Medieval West. Ed. Elizabeth M. Tyler and RossBalzaretti, –. Studies in the Early Middle Ages . Turnhout: Brepols.

Upton, Anthony F. . Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, –.Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Verelius, Olof, ed. . Gothrici et Rolfi Westrogothiae regum historia linguaantiqua gothica conscripta. Uppsala: Henricus Curio

Verelius, Olof, ed. . Herrauds och Bosa Saga med en ny vttolkning iämptegambla götskan. Uppsala: Henricus Curio.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Verelius, Olof, ed. . Hervarar saga på Gammal Götska med Olai VereliVttolkning Och Notis. Uppsala: Henricus Curio.

Vésteinn Ólason. . ‘Greppaminni’. In Afmælisrit Jóns Helgasonar . júní. Ed. Jakob Benediktsson et al., –. Reykjavík: Heimskringla.

Vésteinn Ólason. . ‘Íslendingasögur og þættir.’ In Íslensk bókmenntasagaII. Ed. Böðvar Guðmundsson et al., –. Reykjavík: Mál og menning.

Vésteinn Ólason. . ‘Gísli Súrsson: A Flawless or Flawed Hero?’. In DieAktualität der Saga: Festschrift für Hans Schottman. Ed. Stig ToftgaardAndersen, –. Reallexicon der germanischen Altertumskunde,Ergänzungsbände . Berlin and New York: de Gruyter.

Vésteinn Ólason. a. ‘Family Sagas’. In A Companion to OldNorse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. Ed. Rory McTurk, –.Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture . Oxford: Blackwell.

Vésteinn Ólason. b. ‘Review of Eyrbyggja saga. The Vellum Tradition.Ed. Forrest S. Scott. Editiones Arnamagnæanæ A . Copenhagen .Saga-Book of the Viking Society , –.

Vésteinn Ólason and Þórður Ingi Guðjónsson. . ‘Sammenhængen mellemtolkninger og tekstversioner af Gísla saga’. In Den fornnordiska texten ifilologisk och litteraturvetenskaplig belysning. Studier ochdiskussionsinlägg. Ed. Kristinn Jóhannesson, Karl G. Johansson and LarsLönnroth, –. Gothenburg Old Norse Studies . Gothenburg:Litteraturvetenskapliga Institutionen, Göteborgs Universitet.

Vilhjálmur Þ. Gíslason. . Eggert Ólafsson. Íslensk endurreisn . Reykjavík:Þorsteinn Gíslason.

Vogt, Walter Heinrich. . Stilgeschichte der eddischen Wissensdichtung.Vol. , Der Kultredner (þulr). Veröffentlichungen derSchleswig-Holsteinischen Universitätsgesellschaft i. Breslau: FerdinandHirt.

Vogt, Walter Heinrich. –. ‘Der frühgermanische Kultredner: þulr, þulaund eddische Wissensdichtung’. Acta Philologica Scandinavica : –.

Vogt, Walter Heinrich. . Die Þula zwischen Kultrede und eddischerWissensdichtung. Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften inGöttingen, Philologisch-historische Klasse . Göttingen: Vandenhoeck &Ruprecht.

Vries, Jan de. –. Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte. vols. Grundrissder germanischen Philologie . nd ed. Berlin: de Gruyter.

Vries, Jan de. –. Altnordische Literaturgeschichte. vols. Grundriss dergermanischen Philologie –. nd ed. Berlin: de Gruyter.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Vries, Jan de. . Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. rd ed. Leiden:Brill.

Wallette, Anna. . Sagans svenskar. Synen på vikingatiden och de isländskasagorna under år. Lund: Sekel.

Wawn, Andrew, ed. . Northern Antiquity: The Post-Medieval Reception ofEdda and Saga. Enfield Lock: Hisarlik.

Wawn, Andrew. . The Vikings and the Victorians: Inventing the Old Northin Nineteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge: Brewer.

van Weenen, Andrea de Leeuw, ed. . Möðruvallabók. AM Fol. vols.Leiden: Brill.

van Weenen, Andrea de Leeuw, ed. . The Icelandic Homily Book: Perg. to in the Royal Library, Stockholm. Íslenzk handrit, Series in Quarto .Reykjavík: Stofnun Árna Magnússonar.

van Weenen, Andrea de Leeuw. . A Grammar of Möðruvallabók. CNWSpublications . Leiden: Research School CNWS, Leiden University.

Wendt, Bo-A. . ‘En text är en text är en text? Om en terminologisktredelning av textbegreppet’. Arkiv för nordisk filologi : –.

Wessén, Elias and Sven B.F. Jansson, eds. –. Sveriges runinskrifter.Vols. –, Upplands runinskrifter. Kungl. Vitterhets historie ochantikvitetes akademien. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand.

West, Martin L. . Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique Applicable toGreek and Latin Texts. Stuttgart: Teubner.

Whaley, Diana. . ‘A Useful Past: Historical Writing in Medieval Iceland’.In Old Icelandic Literature and Society. Ed. Margaret Clunies Ross,–. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature . Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

Whaley, Diana, ed. . Þjóðólfr Arnórsson, Magnússflokkr. In Skaldic Poetryof the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Vol. , Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas .Ed. Kari Ellen Gade, –. Turnhout: Brepols.

Wills, Tarrin, Diana Whaley, Margaret Clunies Ross, Kari Gade, Edith Maroldand Guðrún Nordal, eds. . Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian MiddleAges. Editors’ Manual. rd ed. Sydney: Centre for Medieval Studies,University of Sydney [skaldic.arts.usyd.edu.au].

Wolf, Kirsten. . ‘Old Norse – New Philology’. Scandinavian Studies :–.

Wollin, Lars. . Svensk latinöversättning. Vol. , Processen. Samlingarutgivna av Svenska fornskriftsällskapet , Lundastudier i svenskspråkvetenskap A . Lund: Blom.

ii

“VC” — // — : — page — # ii

ii

ii

Bibliography

Worm, Ole. . [Runir], seu, Danica literatura antiqvissima, vulgo Gothicadicta. Copenhagen: Melchioris Martzan.

Worm, Ole. . Danicorum monumentorum [libri sex. E spissis antiquitatumtenebris et in Dania ac Norvegia extantibus ruderibus eruti]. Copenhagen:Moltke.

Wright, Thomas, ed. . Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies. vols.nd ed. [collated R.P. Wülcker]. London: Trübner.

Würth, Stefanie. . Elemente des Erzählens. Die þættir der Flateyjarbók.Beiträge zur nordischen Philologie . Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhahn.

Würth, Stefanie. . ‘Historiography and Pseudo-history’. In A Companionto Old Norse-Icelandic Literature and Culture. Ed. Rory McTurk, –.Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture . Oxford: Blackwell.

Zumpt, Carl, ed. . Marcus Tullius Cicero [Verrinarum libri septem]. vols.Berolini: Dümmler.

Zumthor, Paul. . Essai de poétique médiévale. Collection Poétique. Paris:Seuil.

Þórður Ingi Guðjónsson. . ‘Fornfróður sýslumaður Ísfirðinga. JónJohnsonius (–)’. Ársrit Sögufélags Ísfirðinga : –.

Þórður Ingi Guðjónsson. . ‘“Köld eru kvenna ráð”: Um gamlan orðskvið’.In Brageyra léð Kristjáni Eiríkssyni, sextugum, . nóvember .Ed. Guðvarður Már Gunnlaugsson, Margrét Eggertsdóttir and ÞórunnSigurðardóttir, –. Reykjavík: Menningar- og minningarsjoður MetteMagnussen.

Þórhallur Vilmundarson and Bjarni Vilhjálmsson, eds. . Harðar saga.Bárðar saga. Þorskfirðinga saga. Flóamanna saga. Íslenzk fornrit .Reykjavík: Hið íslenzka fornritafélag.

Þormóður Torfason [Torfæus]. . Orcades seu Rerum Orcadensium historiæ[Libri tres]. Copenhagen: Justin Hög.

Örnólfur Thorsson. . ‘Grettir sterki og Sturla lögmaður.’ In Samtíðarsögur.The Contemporary Sagas. Níunda alþjóðlega fornsagnaþingið. NinthInternational Saga Conference, Akureyri .–. : Forprent.Pre-prints. vols. Vol. : –. Akureyri: [no publisher].