IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB)

ISSN: 2455-264X, Volume 6, Issue 1 (Jan. – Feb. 2020), PP 08-18

www.iosrjournals.org

DOI: 10.9790/264X-0601010818 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page

Evaluating the Potentials of Carica papaya seed as phytobiotic to

improve feed efficiency, growth performance and serum

biochemical prameters in broiler chickens

*Umar Muazu, Mohammed Aliyu-Paiko

*Department of Biochemistry, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: Umar Muazu

Abstract: Sixty day old chickens were randomly distributed into three treatments and fed diets mixed with 0,

0.5 and 1% papaya seed powder for the six weeks’ starter period. Feed consumption and growth performance

were monitored weekly. Lipid peroxidation was also assayed in the serum of the chicks from all treatments. At

the end of the experiment, results showed that feed efficiency and growth performance of broilers were not

significantly (p˃0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. The haematology parameters such as red blood cell,

haemoglobin, were significantly (p˂0.05) influenced by dietary inclusion of papaya seed powder. There were no

significant (p˃0.05) influence of papaya seed powder on serum biochemical parameters. Furthermore, lipid

peroxidation decreased significantly (p˂0.05) in treatments with papaya seed powder when compared to the

control. It may be concluded that feeding broiler chickens with diets mixed with papaya seed powder

significantly and positively reduced serum lipid peroxidation profile without negatively affecting feed efficiency,

growth performance and serum biochemical parameters.

Key words: Phytobiotic, Pawpaw seed powder, broiler, antioxidant, lipid peroxidation

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Date of Submission: 08-01-2020 Date of acceptance: 23-01-2020

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I. Introduction Poultry farming refers to the process of rearing domestic birds such as chickens, ducks turkeys, geese,

etc for the purpose of farming meat or eggs for food1. In Africa, agriculture and agro-industries account for over

30% of national incomes on average, as well as for the bulk of export revenues2. Nearly three-quarters of the

African population depend on agriculture to secure their livelihoods3 4

. As a result of high population growth in

Africa and the growing income, the demand for eggs and poultry meat has significantly increased in recent years

across large parts of the African continent5. Based on estimates by the United States Agency for International

Development, this trend is likely to continue over the next few years2. Therefore, the consumption of poultry

and eggs is projected to increase by about 200% between 2010 and 2020 in some countries in sub-Saharan

Africa, including Nigeria6 7

.

To increase production, use of feed additives in animal feeding began in the 1940s, to improve the

organoleptic characteristics of raw materials, fodders, and/or animal products, and to prevent diseases8 9

.

Additives are also used to improve production efficiency by decreasing the mortality rate and stimulating weight

gain10 11 12

. Different categories are common depending on their properties and functions13

.

Unfortunately, the risk posed by antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) to create cross-resistance to

antibiotics used in human medicine and their presence in animal products, has led to their use to drop

significantly, this is as they are banned in some cases in the formulation of fodders and for use in general animal

husbandry14

. Some researchers however, suggested that the ban on these substances has caused increase in the

incidences of bacterial infections (i.e., diarrhea, coccidiosis and intestinal necrosis)14 11

. The prohibitions on

AGPs resulted in economic impact on the livestock industry because it led to increased production costs. The

American livestock industry demonstrated that the use of AGP in poultry production was associated with losses

for producers12 16

.

The restrictions on AGPs has stimulated interest in medicinal plants, which was revived in recent times

because of their efficacy in providing cost effective therapy to several diseases because of secondary metabolites

abundant in plants. Interestingly, Papaya (Carica papaya) is rich in polyphenols which makes them versatile

tools for the treatment of ailments in folklore medicine17

. Papaya is a common human fruit; available throughout

the year in the tropics. It is referred to as the "medicine tree" or "melon of health", and the major active

ingredients recorded include; carpine, chymopapain and papain, a bactericidal aglycone of glucotropaeolin,

benzyl isothiocyanate, a glycoside sinigrin, the enzyme myrosin, and carpasemine18

. This present study was

Evaluating the Potentials of Carica papaya seed as phytobiotic to improve feed …

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designed to investigate the effects of dried Carica papaya seed powder on growth performance, feed efficiency,

antioxidant enzyme activity, and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chickens.

II. Materials and Method Sixty day-old broiler starter birds were purchased from a commercial supplier in Minna, Niger state,

and transported to the research facility in ventilated paper cages. Day old broiler chicks were exposed to cross-

ventilation during the period of the study. Chicks were reared in cages of dimension 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 2.0 m;

length x breadth x height, that were previously cleaned and disinfected. Chicks were acclimated for 5 days.

During the acclimation, the chicks were fed commercial starter feed (23.62% Crude Protein, 14.7% Crude fat)

and water was supplied ad libitum under strict biosecurity control according to previously published protocol19

.

Study location: The feeding trial phase of this research study was carried out at the aquatic animal research

facility of biochemistry department Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State.

Study design: Sixty day old chickens were randomly distributed into three treatments and fed commercial

starter feed (Chikun, Olam poultry feed mill, Kaduna, Nigeria) mixed with 0, 0.5 and 1% PSP for the six weeks’

starter period. Pre-weighed feed were provided to all treatments every morning to monitor feed intake while

drinking water were provided. Feed and water were offered to the birds in all the different treatments ad-libitum.

All birds were reared without vaccination. Chicks were reared under approximately natural photoperiod of 12/12

hours of light/dark cycles for period of six weeks and cages were cleaned at the end of every week.

Study duration: The experiment lasted for a period of 6 weeks of 7 days each.

Sample size: Sixty day-old broiler chicks’

Procedure methodology

Proximate composition analysis of experimental feeds and papaya seeds powder

Moisture content, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude protein (Microkjeldahl N x 6.25) were all determined

following standard Methods of the Association of Analytical Chemists20

.

Vitamin analysis

Vitamin analyses including vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and beta-carotene were determined in sample

(papaya seed powder) according to the method described by 2, 6-dichlorophenol indophenols method of Eleri

and Hughes21

whereas; Tocopherol was estimated in the sample by the Emmerie-Engel reaction as reported by

Rosenberg22

.

Calculations for feed efficiency and growth performance parameters

Various parameters were calculated by applying the appropriate formulae where necessary, using the following:

Chicks survival (%) = (total chicks’ survival/ total chicks stock) x 100

Weight gain %(WG %) = [(Wf - Wi)/Wi] x 100

Specific growth rate (SGR %) = [(ln Wf - ln Wi)/T] x 100

Feed intake (FI) = total feed intake/number of live chicks

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = wet weight gain (g)/feed intake (g)

Where Wf refers to the mean final weight, Wi is the mean initial weight and T is the feeding trial period in days.

Determination of haematological parameters Haematological components including red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB), Mean cell volume

(MCV), hematocrit (HCT%), Platelet number (PLT), white blood cells (WBC), lyphocytes (LYM), Mean cell

haemoglobin, (MCH), Mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Mean platelet volume (MPV), were

determined using the automated haematologic analyzer (ABACUS 3CT, Diatron, USA), employing the methods

described by Dacie and Lewis23

.

Determination of Serum biochemical analysis

Chicks serum biochemical analysis such as AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, albumin, creatinine, proteins,

potassium, chloride, sodium and urea were determined spectrophotometrically following the manufacturer’s

instructions of AGAPPE diagnostics, Cham, Switzerland while Lipid peroxidation was assayed according to the

method described by Health and Parker24

.

Determination of activities of antioxidant enzymes

Antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined

spectrophotometrically from chicks’ serum according to the method described by Yusuf, where lipid

peroxidation was assayed according to the method described by Health and Parker24

.

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Statistical analysis

Data obtained were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the means were

compared using Turkeys test. Statistical significance was set at P ˂ 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed

using SPSS software Version 20.0. Data for all determinations are presented as mean ± SEM of three replicates.

III. Results No chickens died during the experiment, as 100 % of the chickens from all treatments survived. Results

for proximate composition analysis of PSP and all dietary treatments are shown in Table 1. From the Table, it is

observed that PSP is a good source of fat, protein and fibre. The moisture content of PSP was low. The result

also showed moderate value of ash content that suggests papaya would provide essentials minerals.

Furthermore, PSP also contains antioxidant enzymes such as vitamin C, E and β-carotene. Inclusion of PSP up

to 1 % did not significantly (P ˃ 0.05) modify the nutrient composition of all dietary treatments compared to the

control.

Table 1: Proximate composition of experimental feeds and Carica papaya seed powder

Treatments

Parameters PSP 0 % PSP 0.50 % PSP 1 % PSP

MC % 6.81±0.00 8.44±0.01a 7.56±0.01a 7.66±0.01a

CF % 30.80±0.03 4.90±0.01a 5.90±0.01a 6.50±0.01a

ASH % 2.09±0.00 4.30±0.01a 5.95±0.01a 7.10±0.01a

FAT % 28.19±0.00 14.70±0.01a 12.0±0.01a 13.67±0.01a

CP % 26.25±7.99 23.62±0.01a 27.12±0.01a 32.37±0.01a

CHO % 5.86±0.01 44.04±0.01a 34.97±0.01a 39.20±0.01a

Vit C (mg/100g 0.85±0.02 Vit E (µg/100g 2.00±0.33

β-carotene (mg/100g) 0.40±0.03

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 20).

Mean ± SEM followed by different superscript letter within a row are significantly different (P <0.05).

MC, Moisture content; CF, Crude fibre; CP, Crude protein; CHO, Carbohydrate (Nitrogen free extract).

Table 2 showed the results for feed efficiency and growth performance of broiler chickens fed graded

level of PSP for starter period. The data indicated that weight gain increased with increasing level of PSP in the

diet from 0.5% to 1.0 %. Generally, better feed conversion ratio values were obtained in all treatments, but

getting poor with increase of dietary PSP up to 1 %. Chicks fed diet containing 0.5 % PSP had better feed

conversion ratio compared to the control. Feed intake was significantly (P ˂ 0.05) the highest in 1% PSP.

Table 2: Feed efficiency and growth performance of broiler chickens fed graded level of C. papaya seed powder

for 6 weeks starter period.

Dietary treatments

Parameters 0 % PSP 0.50 % PSP 1 % PSP

Growth performance

Mean initial weight (g) 69.20±2.44a 66.55±1.92a 68.25±1.48a

Mean final weight (g) 2001.7±57.81a 2079.75±60.46a 2175.67±82.79b Specific growth rate (%) 8.00±0.24 8.19±0.04 7.88±0.05

Weight gain (g) 1932.50±0.12a 2013.25±0.19a 2085.42±0.16a

Av. Daily weight gain (g) 46.00±0.31 47.93±0.04 49.64±0.21 Feed efficiency

Feed intake (g) 3498.75±0.25a 3462.75±0.25a 4084.28±0.09b

Feed conversion ratio 1.81±0.00 1.72±0.01 1.96±0.02

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 20).

Mean ± SEM followed by different letter within a row are significantly different (P <0.05).

Haematology parameters measured in broiler chickens fed graded level of PSP diets are as shown in

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Table 3. From the Table, the haematology parameters such as MCV, HCT% and PLT did not significantly (P ˃

0.05) differ across all the treatments. RBC and HGB values recorded were higher (P ˂ 0.05) in 0 % free PSP

diet group compared to 0.5 % PSP supplemented group and it became lower with the increased in PSP up to 1 %

PSP. Chicks fed 0.5 % PSP had higher but not significant (P ˃ 0.05) MCV value when compared to control.

Furthermore, chicks fed diet containing 1 % PSP recorded the least MCV value. HCT which is the percent of

whole blood made up of red blood cell showed a dose dependent effect of PSP supplementation.

Table 3: Haematology parameters of broiler chickens fed graded level of c. papaya seed powder for 6 weeks

starter period.

Treatments

Parameters 0 % PSP 0.5 % PSP 1 % PSP

RBC (× 106mm-3) 8.49±2.58a 6.37±0.40b 3.83±0.63c

HGB (g/dl) 14.63±0.20a 13.93±0.22ab 11.87±3.37b

MCV (m3) 126.67±0.33a 127.67±1.33a 125.67±1.20a

HCT (%) 28.35±0.21a 27.61±0.73a 23.51±6.89a

PLT (mcL) 3.00±0.57a 2.33±0.88a 3.00±2.52a

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3).

Mean ± SEM followed by different letter within a row are significantly different (P <0.05).

RBC, Red blood cell number; HGB, Haemoglobin; MCV, Mean cell volume; HCT, Haematocrit; PLT, Platelet

number.

The result of blood parameters of broiler chickens fed graded level of PSP diets are as shown in Table

4. Blood parameters such as WBC, LYM, MCH, MCHC and MPV did not significantly (P ˃ 0.05) differ across

all the treatments. The result of MCH, which is the average amount of HGB in each RBC measured, followed

the same pattern as MCV.

Table 4: Blood parameters of broiler chickens fed graded level of C. papaya seed powder for 6 weeks starter

period.

Treatments

Parameters 0% PSP 0.5 % PSP 1% PSP

WBC (× 106mm-3) 89.20±0.91a 74.34±12.53a 42.02±12.08a

LYM (%) 62.37±5.62a 54.07±12.94a 30.75±9.61a

MCH (pg) 65.20±0.50a 64.53±0.92a 63.87±1.30a

MCHC (g/dL) 51.50±0.45a 50.60±0.80a 50.83±0.90a

MPV (fL) 9.87±1.78a 10.40±1.16a 5.80±2.99a

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3).

Mean ± SEM followed by different letter within a row are significantly different (P <0.05).

WBC, White blood cell number; LYM, Lymphocytes; MCH, Mean cell haemoglobin; MCHC, Mean cell

haemoglobin concentration; MPV, Mean platelet volume.

Results for hepatic and renal function biomarkers of broiler chickens fed graded level of PSP for 6

weeks starter period are shown in Table 5. The result showed no significant difference (P ˃ 0.05) across all the

treatments, of the biomarkers monitored. Although, values of AST and ALT obtained in broiler chicks fed PSP

containing diet were lower when compared to the control diet (0 % PSP) which, however, still falls within the

normal range in chickens which ranged from 1-37 µL25

.

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Table 5: Hepatic and Renal function biomarker of broiler chickens fed graded level of C. papaya seed powder

for 6 weeks starter period.

Treatments

Parameters 0% PSP 0.50% PSP 1% PSP

AST (µL) 16.80±1.25a 16.20±0.46a 15.17±1.89a

ALT (µL) 18.90±0.76a 17.93±2.72a 17.97±0.59a

ALP (µL) 25.97±1.86a 27.23±1.88a 28.87±0.82a

Bil-total (mg/dl) 1.93±0.14a 1.87±0.23a 1.47±0.18a

Bil-direct (mg/dl) 1.43±0.07a 1.67±0.23a 1.43±0.03a

Albumin (µl) 1.63±0.07a 1.43±0.07a 1.63±0.03a

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3).

Mean ± SEM followed by different letter within a row are significantly different (P <0.05).

AST, Aspertate aminotransferase; ALT, Alanin aminotranferase; ALP, Alkline phosphate.

The result of serum metabolic parameters of broiler chickens fed graded level of PSP diets are as

shown in Table 6. The result of serum metabolic parameters; total protein, creatinine, urea, potassium, chloride

and sodium did not significantly (P ˃ 0.05) differ across all the treatments. Creatinine values of broiler chickens

fed PSP containing diet were numerically not significant (P ˃ 0.05) different compared to the control.

Table 6: Serum metabolic parameters of broiler chickens fed graded level of C. papaya seed powder for 6

weeks starter period.

Treatments

Parameters 0 % PSP 0.5 % PSP 1 % PSP

Total protein (g/dl) 1.70±0.06a 1.67±0.09a 2.00±0.15a

Creatinine (mg/dl) 1.40±0.11a 1.30±0.06a 1.27±0.03a

Urea (mg/dl) 46.50±0.26a 46.57±0.26a 47.63±0.43a

Potassium (mmol/l) 3.43±0.22a 3.90±0.21a 3.47±0.13a

Chloride (meq/l) 53.23±1.57a 61.33±3.56a 95.43±17.09a

Sodium (meq/l) 114.17±1.82a 148.57±4.37a 127.07±5.47a

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3).

Mean ± SEM followed by different letter within a row are significantly different (P <0.05).

Serum antioxidant enzymes (SOD and catalase) activities and LPO data for broiler chickens fed graded

level of PSP diets are as shown in Table 7. The activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase as antioxidant

enzymes were significantly (P<0.05) elevated in treatment with PSP when compared to the control (0 % PSP).

The result of antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and CAT) showed a significant (P˂0.05) increase in 1 % PSP

compared with the control, but 0.5 % PSP had no significant increase compared with the control. However, lipid

peroxidation profile decreased significantly (P ˂ 0.05) in treatment with PSP when compared to the control, and

peroxidation decreased with more PSP in the diet.

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Table 7: Serum antioxidant enzyme activity of broiler chickens fed graded level of C. papaya seed powder for 6

weeks starter period.

Treatments

Parameters 0 % PSP 0.5 % PSP 1 % PSP

SOD (µ/l) 2.60±0.23a 3.03±0.03ab 4.87±0.9b

CAT (µ/l) 2.66±0.41a 3.48±0.08ab 4.14±0.08b

LPO (nmol/ml) 5.98±1.33a 2.86±0.04b 1.77±0.21b

Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3).

Mean ± SEM followed by different letter within a row are significantly different (P<0.05).

SOD, Superoxide dismutase; CAT, Catalase; LPO, Lipid peroxidation assay.

IV. Discussion No chickens died during the experiment, as all (100 %) of the chickens from all treatments survived.

The survival of all chickens from all treatment is an indication that PSP may not contain any toxic substances.

No vaccines or AGPs were used in the study.

The crude protein content for PSP was noted to be high indicating that it is a very good source of

protein (Table 1). Protein is an essential component of diet needed for the survival of both animal and human of

which basic function is to supply adequate amount required26

. Protein represent key nutrient for muscle and

bone health, and thereby function in the prevention of osteoporosis in chickens27

. The protein content of PSP

noted in the present study was similar to that reported by Makanjuola28

and Maisarah, et al.29

.

PSP was also noticed to be a good source of fiber. According to Eromosele30

fibre helps in the

maintenance of animal health and has been known to reduce cholesterol level in the body. A high fibre food

expands the internal wall of the colon, causing the passage of waste, thus making it an effective anti-

constipation. Fibre also reduces the risk of various cancers, bowel diseases and improves general health and

well-being of animals. The crude fibre content of PSP recorded in the present study was similar to that reported

by Adebisi, and Olagunju31

.

Fat content of PSP was recorded to be high indicating that PSP is a good source of oil which can serve

as energy source. According to Wood, et al.32

dietary intake of fat (unsaturated fatty acids) reduces the risk of

cardiovascular disease and possibly the incidence of some cancers, asthma and diabetes in chickens. The fat

content of PSP in the present study was similar to that reported by Makanjuola28

.

The moisture content of PSP was low. Low moisture contents generally are an indication of high shelf

life especially for foods that are properly packaged against external condition28

. Similar results were earlier

reported by Chan-Prove et al.33

.

Furthermore, PSP also contains antioxidant enzymes such as vitamin C, E and β-carotene. Vitamin C

content of PSP in this study was recorded to be low compared to previous literature29

. Souza et al.34

reported

higher ascorbic acid content which was varied in two different species of papaya. Papaya is a source of vitamin

C with amounts varying between the maturation stages 35 36

. Variation in vitamin C content was also reported

among papaya varieties37

. Vitamin C is an important antioxidant in aqueous phase, capable of scavenging

oxygen derived free radicals38

. Wall37

suggested that papayas supply good quality of vitamins C and A. Papaya

ranks first among 13-17 fresh fruits for vitamin C content39

.

PSP was also noted to contain Vitamin E in a moderate quantity. Vitamin E is one of the most

important lipid-soluble primary defense antioxidants40 41

. Vitamin E scavenges peroxyl radical intermediates in

lipid peroxidation and responsible for protecting Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) present in cell membrane

and low density lipoprotein (LDL), against lipid peroxidation42

. However Rojas and Campos43

reported Vitamin

E content for ripe papaya in moderate quantity and this was quite similar to that in the present study.

From the result of this study, beta-carotene was also noticed to be present in PSP. Beta-carotene has

antioxidant properties that can help neutralize free radicals (reactive oxygen molecules) that potentially damage

lipids in cell membranes and genetic material. This may lead to the development of cardiovascular disease and

cancer44

. Mean beta carotene content observed in this study was higher than previously reported by Souza et

al.34

. The differences in the beta carotene content observed could be attributed to methods of analysis that have

been shown to contribute to variations in reported beta-carotene contents45

.

Inclusion of PSP up to 1 % did not significantly alter nutrient composition of all dietary treatments

compared to the control. The result obtained from this study is thus likely due to the quantity added. According

to Windisch et al.46

supplementation levels of products to poultry diets vary between 0.1 and 40 g/kg for dried

products and plant extracts. In addition, phytobiotics (PSP) are substance added to feed to improve the safety,

flavor, taste, and other qualities of the feed47 48

and do not add significantly to the main nutrients of the feed.

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Weight gain in poultry remained (P ˃ 0.05) with increasing level of PSP in the diet from 0.5% to 1.0 %

(Table 2). Usually, increase weight gain by broiler chicks fed additive containing diet observed in this study

could be attributed to the fact that herbal plants provide compounds that enhance digestion and absorption of

nutrients in diets, leading to improved growth of chicks49

. The result of this study was not in concordance with

that of Mohamed et al.50

, and Arshad et al.51

who reported significant (P < 0.05) increase in live body weight of

broiler chicks fed ginger-supplemented diet.

Generally, better feed conversion ratio values were obtained in chicks fed all treatments, but getting

poor with increase of dietary PSP up to 1 % PP. Chicks fed diet containing 0.5 % PP had better feed conversion

ratio. Better feed conversion ratio of the broiler chicks fed diet containing PSP additive could be attributed to the

antibacterial properties of these additive, which may have resulted in better absorption of the nutrients present in

the gut and finely leading to improvement in feed conversion ratio of the treatments group52

.

The broiler chicks fed PSP diets showed better feed intake compared to the control (Table 2). Feed

intake was significantly (P ˂ 0.05) the highest in 1% PSP. Feed intake of broilers in this study showed that

feeding PSP resulted in dose-related effect on palatability53 54

. Better feed intake of broiler chicks fed PSP diets

could be attributed to an improvement in the oganoleptic characteristics of feed as a result of adding PSP.

Arshad51

, and Herawati55

, reported similar results in feed intake when broiler chicks were fed diet containing

ginger powder as phytobiotics additives.

Blood acts as a pathological reflector of the status of animals exposed to xenobiotics and other extreme

conditions56

. As reported by Isaac et al.57

animals with healthy blood composition are likely to show good

performance. Laboratory tests on the blood are vital tools that help detect any deviation from normal health

status in animals58

. The examination of blood gives the opportunity to investigate the presence of several

metabolites and other constituents in the body of animals and also play vital roles in the physiological,

nutritional and pathological status of an organism59 60

. According to Afolabi et al.61

, changes in haematological

parameters are often used to determine status of the body and stresses due to environmental, nutritional and/or

pathological factors.

Haematology parameters such as MCV, HCT% and PLT did not significantly (P ˃ 0.05) differ across

all the treatments (Table 4.5). Generally, inadequate intake of energy and protein adversely affect RBC, HGB,

MCV and HCT or packed cell volume (PCV) concentration which indicates anaemia62 63

. RBC and HGB values

recorded were higher (P ˃ 0.05) in the PSP- free diet group compared to 0.5 % PSP supplemented group and it

became lower with the increase in PSP up to 1 % PSP. The increase observed in broiler chicken fed 0 % PSP

diet might be due to the greater oxygen demand for activity64

. Moreover, Palomeque et al.65

reported that

increased haemoglobin content per unit of volume of blood may be a reflection of decreased volume of blood

per unit body weight.

The normal values of HCT obtained in the present study indicated that the PSP added to chicken diet

increased the availability of protein, energy and the degradation of anti-nutritional factors. This according to

Cary, et al.66

could consequently improve broiler performance. This confirmed that haematological traits,

especially HCT and HGB were correlated with the nutritional status of the animal67

and agreed with Oyawoye,

and Ogunkunle68

, who stated that PCV is an index of toxicity in the blood and high levels usually suggest the

presence of toxic factors which has adverse effect on blood formation.

Blood parameters such as WBC, LYM, MCH, MCHC and MPV did not significantly (P ˃ 0.05) differ

across all the treatments (Table 4.6). The normal values of WBC, platelets, and MCHC recorded for broiler

chicks fed PSP diet may be indication that the bone marrows of the broiler chickens were properly functional

and also revealed the absence of macrocytic and hypochronic anaemia69

.

Normal value of WBC recorded for broiler chickens fed PSP diet is probable due to the ability of PSP

to cause destruction or impaired production of white blood cells, probably by affecting the production of

regulatory factors involved in haematopoesis70

. However, PSP has been shown to have antioxidant properties

which could equally suppress production of white blood cells71

.

The result of MCH, which is the average amount of HGB in each RBC measured, followed the same

pattern as MCV. The MCV and MCH values obtained in broiler chickens fed PSP diet and PSP free diet in this

study fall within the normal range of 90 to 140 fl and 16 to 65pg72 73

. The result of this study is in line with that

reported by Tuleun et al.74

in broiler chickens and Adenkola et al.75

in rabbits that nutrient is an important factor

in haemopoesis. .

Hepatic and renal function biomarkers of broiler chickens fed graded level of PSP for 6 weeks starter

period showed AST, ALT and ALP values not significantly varied (P ˃ 0.05) across all the treatments (Table

4.7). Notably, the values of AST and ALT obtained in broiler chicks fed PSP containing diet were lower when

compared to the control diet (0 % PSP) which, however, still falls within the normal range in chickens; from 1-

37 µL25

. This likely influenced the ability of birds to withstand the effect of anti-nutritional factors (if any)

which could cause liver damage76

. This was similar with the findings recorded by Ekpenyong and Biobaku77

,

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who stated that the values of AST and ALT are normally low in blood but becomes high when there is

occurrence of liver damage by toxic substances.

Similar values of AST and ALT that were not significantly varied (p˃0.05) in this study for the control

(0% PP) relative to treatments are indicative of normal liver and kidney functions78 79

that did not worsen by

addition of more PSP.

The result of the serum metabolic parameters; serum albumin, creatinine, urea and total protein of

treatments (0.5% PP and 1% PP) (Table 4.8) were similar with that for the control (0% PP). High urea and

creatinine values are a measure of especially muscle amino acid degradation80

, and early pointer to depressed

liver and kidney functions81

.

Creatinine values of broiler chickens fed PSP containing diet were numerically lower but not

significant (P ˃ 0.05) compared to the control. Elevated creatinine value in broiler chickens fed PSP-free diet

may suggest depletion of tissue creatinine phosphate and this may adversely affect the muscle mass82 83

. This

could imply that there was slightly better protein metabolism and utilization in the treatment group than the

control. Therefore, PSP can be used with confidence in broiler diet to provide adequate nutrition.

The result of the activities of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase as antioxidant enzymes were

significantly (P<0.05) elevated in treatment with PSP when compared to the control (Table 4.9). The values of

SOD and CAT increased significantly (P˂0.05) with increasing levels of PSP. Oxidative stress is the potential

mechanism that overwhelms the primary antioxidant defense of the body. Antioxidants function by suppressing

the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), affecting enzyme

activities29

. SOD is one of the crucial antioxidant defenses of the body, and only enzyme family with activity

against superoxide radicals. SOD enzymes are present in almost all aerobic cells and in extracellular fluids84

.

Catalases are enzymes that catalyses the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water (H2O) and oxygen

(O2), using either an iron or manganese cofactor85 86

. This protein is localized to peroxisomes in most eukaryotic

cells87

. Therefore, increased values recorded as the dietary level of additive was increased from 0.5% PP to 1%

PP could be attributed to antioxidant effect of papaya seeds which stimulated the activities of both superoxide

dismutase and catalase enzymes.

Conversely, lipid peroxidation profile decreased significantly (p˂0.05) in treatments with PSP when

compared to the control (Table 4.9). Lipid peroxidation is the oxidative degradation of lipids. It is the process in

which free radicals steals electrons from the lipid in cell membranes, resulting in cell damage88

. In this study,

lipid perodixidation values tended to decrease as the dietary level of PSP was increased from 0.5% PP to 1% PP.

This may be attributed to the antioxidant effects of PSP which are capable of neutralizing reactive oxygen

species before lipid peroxidation is initiated89

. Similar result was reported by Antache, et al.90

who showed that

the supplementation of Nile tilapia feed with rosemary, sea buckthorn and ginger in 1% concentration led to

reduction in malondialdehyde concentration, and increased total antioxidant capacity from various tissues.

V. Conclusion From the results of this experimentation, feeding broiler chickens with diets mixed with PSP

significantly and positively reduced serum lipid peroxidation profile without negatively affecting feed

efficiency, growth performance and serum biochemical parameters. Therefore, PSP could be supplemented in

feed as phytobitic additives because it has potentials as antioxidant when supplemented in the diets of broiler

chickens.

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