PART III: ANTE-, PERI-, and POST-MORTEM CONDITION

A Bibliography Related to Crime Scene Interpretation with Emphases in Forensic Geotaphonomic and Forensic Archaeological Field Techniques

This part of the pdf file contains the following sections and sub-sections:

Taphonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Decomposition and Time Since Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Disease, Illness, and Physical Abnormalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Thermal Alteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Cold Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Hot Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 Scavenging and Bite Mark Evidence . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Scavenging/ Animal Bites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Human Bite Mark Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Edged, Incised, Hacking and Impaling Traumas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 Blunt, Fracture, Crushing, and Asphyxial Traumas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 Ballistic Wounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 Miscellaneous, General, and Other Traumas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559

General and Miscellaneous Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

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The dessicated remains of an unidentified body found in an abandoned urban dwelling. Taphonomy

Taphonomy has been defined as the study of the processes by which animal and plant remains become fossilized. The discipline arose from the work of paleontologists to explain the contexts and conditions of fossilized remains. Taphonomy, with its roots in the Greek “taphos” for tomb or burial, and “nomos”-laws, was adapted by physical anthropologists to explain, and sometimes predict, the condition and contexts of more recent and often forensically significant finds. In this respect, and especially as it applies to forensic situations, taphonomy has come generally to refer to the science of examining transitions of remains from the biosphere to the lithosphere as impacted by weather, animals, plants, biochemical reactions, and cultural factors. Haglund and Sorg (2002), Tibbett and Carter (2006), and Schmidt and Symes (2007) serve as some of the most recent compilations of works discussing the various forms those transitions might entail. They represent three of many source, offered below, which demonstrates the multitude of areas currently being researched to explain reasons for, and the results of, particular transitional events.

In this fourteenth edition The general Taphonomy section has been broken into individual sections

for topics of "Decomposition and Time Since Death", "Disease, Illness, and Physical Abnormalities", "Thermal Alterations", "Scavenging and Bitemark Evidence", "Trauma" and "General or Miscellaneous Topics". References in each of these sections may be related to other sections of the bibliography. For example, the topic of wounds comprise part of the taphonomic record on a body or it's remains. As a result, one of the largest subsections under Taphonomy is devoted to sharp, blunt, ballistic and other traumas. Researchers interested in this subarea of taphonomy should also search Firearms and Toolmark Evidence in as much as resources on terminal ballistics or wound ballistics may be included in that section of this bibliography. Another example may include the relationship between bite marks and criminal behavior. As taphonomists, physical anthropologists are interested in both skeletal and soft tissue injuries, as well as changes to those matrices and their injuries over time. One form of taphonomic change which takes place over time is decomposition. Whether it be the formation of adipocere, diagenesis of bone, or cremation as a form of further concealment, the condition of tissues can reflect changes in environment and/or the length of time since disposal. In almost every environment where remains are disposed or concealed, animals, large and small, feed or otherwise scavenge decomposing tissue. Such modifications are addressed in a subsection on scavenging. Modifications of interest to anthropologists and pathologists can also be caused by insects, to which they are refered to the section on Entomology. Another large grouping of references in this category consist of

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those about diseases and illness. The antemortem health of victims as reflected in their remains is as important for the forensic investigator as reflections of peri-and postmortem circumstances. Certain conditions such as bone diseases, broken bones, or the use of prosthetics, can aid investigators in identifying victims or reconstructing a victim's ability to perform certain actions associated with their deaths or disappearance.

Because of taphonomy’s roots in paleontology, many of the resources in this section deal exclusively with

paleontological theory and method. Prehistoric archaeological examples of taphonomy also constitute several citations. It is important for researchers to understand the bases for theories and methodologies which have come to be applied in forensic settings. Just as traditional physical anthropology and archaeology drew upon the earlier work of paleontologists, much current work in forensic taphonomy relies upon discoveries made during the exhumation of historic and prehistoric burials. The reader is referred back to the section on "Excavation and Recovery Strategies" for additional archaeological site reports which may contain taphonomy related information. Likewise, “General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation” may contain research regarding wound or trauma analysis and pathology - topics which are inherently taphonomic. From wound, (or terminal), ballistics to transitional, or (external), ballistics and ultimately to initial, (or internal), ballistics, the taphonomic record of gunshot wounds is linked to the examination of firearms and ammunition. Readers interested in resources related to gunshot wounds should also refer to the category of Firearms and Toolmark Evidence. Additionally categories such as Mass Fatality and Human Rights Investigations should be reviewed for references which contain details of site environments, (ie: mass graves, building collapses), or manners of death , (ie: torture, post-blast, or crash conditions), which impact the taphonomy of remains. Taphonomy – Decomposition and Time Since Death (1456 citations) Abraham, Elizabeth J., and Margaret Cox 2007 Pig-Mentation: Postmortem Iris Color Change in the Eyes of Sus scrofa. A Presentation before the 59th Annual Meeting of the

American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 19-24, 2007, San Antonio, Texas. Abraham, Elizabeth, Margaret Cox, and David Quincey 2008 Pig-mentation: Postmortem Iris Color Change in the Eyes of Sus Scrofa. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(3):626-631. Ackman, R.G., and R.D. 1963 Quantitative Gas Liquid Chromatographic Estimation of Volatile Fatty Acids in Aqueous Media. Anal Chem, 35(6):647-652. Adachi, J., Y. Ueno, A. Migiwa, A. Nishimura, and Y. Tatsuno 1997 Epicoprostanol Found in Adipocere from Five Human Autopsies, Lipids. 32(11):1155-1160. Adams, Bradley J., and Lyle W. Konigsberg 2005 Quantification of Commingled Human Skeletal Remains: Determining the Most Likely Number of Individuals (MLNI). A

Presentation before the 57th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 21-26, 2005, New Orleans, Louisiana.

Adlam, Rachel E., and Tal L. Simmons 2006 Assessing the Effect of Repeated Physical Disturbance Associated with Data Collection in Experimental Decomposition Studies. A

Presentation before the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 20-25, Seattle, Washington. 2007 The Effect of Repeated Physical Disturbance on Soft Tissue Decomposition – Are Taphonomic Studies an Accurate Reflection of

Decomposition? Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52(5):1007-1014. Agrawal, R.L., R.C. Gupta, S. Bhasin, and C.K. Nagar 1983 Determination of the Time of Death by Estimating Potassium Level in the Vitreous Humor. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 31:528-531. Ajwa, H.A., and M.A. Tabatabai 1994 Decomposition of Different Organic Materials in Soils. Biol. Fertil. Soils, 18:175-182. Al-Alousi, L.M. 2002 A Study of the Shape of the Post-Mortem Cooling Curve in 117 Forensic Cases. Forensic Science International, 125:237-244. Al Alousi, L.M., R.A. Anderson, D.M. Worster, and D.V. Land 2001a Multiple-Probe Thermography for Estimating the Postmortem Interval: 1. Continuous Monitoring and Data Analysis of Brain, Liver, Rectal and

Environmental Temperature in 117 Forensic Cases. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46:317-322. 2001b Multiple-Probe Thermography for Estimating the Postmortem Interval: II. Practical Versions of the Triple-Exponential Formulae (TEF) for

Estimating the Time of Death in the Field. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46: 323-327. 2002a Factors Influencing the Precision of Estimating the Postmortem Interval Using the Triple-Exponential Formulae (TEF) Part I. A Study of the

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Effect of Body Variables and Covering the Torso on the Postmortem Brain, Liver and Rectal Cooling Rates in 117 Forensic Cases. Forensic Science International, 125:223-230.

2000b Factors Influencing the Precision of Estimating the Postmortem Interval Using the Triple-Exponential Formulae (TEF) Part II. A Study of the

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Disease, Illness, and Physical Abnormalities We are defined, in part, by life experiences. Some of these experiences become part of our physical being. Obviously, injuries which fracture bones or surgeries to install medical applicances, are used to uniquely identify questioned remains. To narrow the population of possible identities, forensic anthropologists also examine remains for evidence of disease or illness. Conditions such as osteoarthritis or tuberculosis typically leave skeletal lesions which identify the afflictions long after death. More subtle may be patterns of wear or stress on skeletal elements supporting possible dominant handedness, or repeated motions and loads required by different physically demanding trades. Articles on paleopathology are abundant in this section. In disciplines which rely predominantly on surviving skeletal elements, archaeologists and physical anthropologists have originated or advanced the analyses of diseases, illnesses, and physical abnormalities reflected in human remains. They have also advanced considerations of diet and nutrition from the chemical composition of bones as well as their physical size and condition. For this reason, the researcher interested in this section should also check out that on Stable Isotope Analyses. Just as the isotopic record is stored in our skeleton, hinting at the locations we’ve lived throughout our lives, so does the chemical composition of our remains suggest dietary deficiencies or access to more or better resources. Such considerations should draw on interest into the decedent’s cultural background or influences. For this the reader is directed to applicable citations within the Criminal and Cultural Behavior section of this bibliography. (867 citations) Aaron, Jean E., J. Rogers, and J.A. Kanis 1992 Paleohistology of Paget's Disease in Two Medieval Skeletons. Journal of Physical Anthropology, 89:325-331. Ade, Kori 1995 Hard Tissue Manifestations of Aids. Abstract of a paper presented at the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Midwest Bioarchaeology and

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Shallow grave characteristics and aspects of victim clothing which support the cold climatic conditions under which the remains were concealed

Thermal Alteration The citations in this section of the bibliography address the effects of temperature ante-, peri-, and post-mortem. Hypo- and Hyperthermic reactions preceding death may account for the context of artifacts within a scene. Most crime scene investigators are familiar with the phenomenon of paradoxical undressing in which a final symptom, or reaction of hypothermia involves the afflicted feeling such a sensation of warmth that he sheds his clothing. To the untrained, or unfamiliar, eye the discarded clothing might suggest a sex-related incident. The lack of clothing on decomposed remains might also imply the death occurred on a hot day or night. In arson scenes the position of the body may appear to be defensive when what is referred to as pugilistic posture is the result of the constriction, but incomplete consumption, of muscles in the presence of extreme heat. Postmortem ambient temperatures are the basis for establishing postmortem interval using insect succession. Citatons in this section may cross-refeence to some under Entomology. Similarly, scene temperatures, over time, influence postmortem characteristics such as lividity and rigor. In that continuum of decomposition temperature is foremost in its rate of advancement. The condition under which a victim’s body might be disposed obviously influences the postmortem context in which it, and associated evidence, is found. In a buried body case of which the compiler is familiar the extremely shallow grave dug by the subject was the result of frozen soils the January night of the murder. Climate, or temperature, impact both taphonomy and geotaphonomy. Cold Environments (40 citations) Aghayev, Emin, Michael J. Thali, Christian Jackowski, Martin Sonnenschein, Richard Dirnhofer, and Kathrin Yen 2008 MRI Detects Hemorrhages in the Muscles of the Back in Hypothermia. Forensic Science International, 176(2):183-186. Althaus, L., S. Stückradt, C. Henβge, and T. Bajanowski 2007 Cooling Experiments Using Dummies Covered by Leaves. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 121:112-114. Baraibar, M.A. and P. Schoning 1985 Effects of Freezing and Frozen Storage on Histological Characteristics of Canine Tissues. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 30(2):439-

447. Bray, M. 1984a The Eye as a Chemical Indicator of Environmental Temperature at the Time of Death. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 29(2): 1984b Effect of Chilling, Freezing and Rewarming on the Postmortem Chemistry of Vitreous Humor. Journal of Forensic Sciences,

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29(2):404-411. Bray M., J.L. Luke and B.D. Blackbourne 1983 Vitreous Humor Chemistry in Deaths Associated with Rapid Chilling and Prolonged Freshwater Immersion. Journal of Forensic

Sciences, 28(3):588-593. Bunch, Ann W. 2009 The Impact of Cold Climate on the Decomposition Process. Journal of Forensic Identification, 59(1):26-44. Ceruti, M.C. 2002 Archaeological Finds of Three Frozen Mummies and Offerings at the Inca Ceremonial Complex on Mount Llullaillaco (Northwest

Argentina). In N. Lynnerup, C. Andreasen, and J. Berglund, editors, Mummies in a New Millenium: Proceedings of the Fourth World Congress of Mummy Studies, Nuuk, Greenland, Greenland National Museum and Archives and the Danish Polar Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp.178-192.

Coe, J.I. 1984 Hypothermia: Autopsy Findings and Vitreous Glucose. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 29(2): Honikel,K.O., and R. Hamm 1978 Influence of Cooling and Freezing of Minced Pre-Rigor Muscle on the Breakdown of ATP and Glycogen. Meat Science, 2:181-188. Ishikawa, Takaki, Chiemi Yoshida, Tomomi Michue, Markus Groβe Perdekamp, Stefan Pollak, and Hitoshi Maeda 2010 Immunohistochemistry of Catecholamines in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal System with Special Regard to Fatal Hypothermia

and Hyperthermia. Legal Medicine, 12(3):121-127. Jakubeniene, Marija, Algimantas Imius, Gregoire Abi Chaker, Jonas Mindaugas Paliulis, and Antanas Bechelis 2009 Post-Mortem Investigation of Calcium Content in Liver, Heart, and Skeletal Muscle in Accidental Hypothermia Cases. Forensic

Science International, 190(1):87-90. Janssen, W. 1984a Injuries Caused by Heat and Cold. Forensic Histopathology, Springer, Berlin. Jarrell, David E., Wendy M. Gunther, and Patrick J. Connolly 2006 Proving Premeditation Without a Motive Using Medical Forensic Evidence: Matricide with Attempted Body Disposal in a Freezer. A

Presentation before the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 20-25, Seattle, Washington. Kaliszan, Michal R. 2010 Does a Draft Really Influence Postmortem Body Cooling? A Poster Presentation before the 62nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the

American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 22-27, Seattle, Washington. Karhunen, Pekka J., Sirkka Goebeler, Olli Winberg, and Markku Tuominen 2008 Time of Death of Victims Found in Cold Water Environment. Forensic Science International, 176(2):e17-e22. Komar, D.A. 1998 Decay Rates in a Cold Climate: A Review of Cases Involving Advanced Decomposition from the Medical Examiner’s Office in

Edmonton, Alberta. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 43(1):57-61. Kozawa, Shuji, Eiji Kakizaki, and Nobuhiro Yukawa 2010 Autopsy of Two Forzen newborn Infants Discovered in a Home Freezer. Legal Medicine, 12(4):203-207. Lapinlampi, T.O., and J.I. Hirvonen 1986 Catecholamines in the Vitreous Fluid and Urine of Guinea Pigs Dying of Cold and the Effect of Postmortem Freezing and Autolysis.

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(4):1357-1365. Lie, J.T. 1967 Changes of Potassium Concentration in the Vitreous Humor After Death. American Journal of Med Sci, 254(2):136-143. MacAulay, Lauren E., Darryl G. Barr, and Doug B. Strongman 2009a Effects of Decomposition on Gunshot Wound Characteristics: Under Moderate Temperatures with Insect Activty. Journal of Forensic

Sciences, 54(2):443-447. 2009b Effects of Decomposition on Gunshot Wound Characteristics: Under Cold Temperatures with No Insect Activity. Journal of Forensic

Sciences, 54(2):448-451. MacGregor, D. 1999 Decomposition of Pig Carrion in Southeast Queensland, Australia During Winter. A Presentation befor the 51st Annual Meeting of the

American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Orlando, Florida. Martín, F.M. 1994 Frozen Storage. Journal of Taphonomy, 2(1):55-56. McBride, D.G. 1994 Winterime Observations on Pig (Sus scrofa) Decomposition, (Unpublished Masters of Arts Thesis), Department of Anthropology,

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Meryman, H.T. 1960 The Mechanisms of Freezing in Biological Systems. In A.S. Parkes, editor, Recent Research in Freezing and Drying, Blackwell

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Forensic Sciences, 31(3):983-991. (also cited as pp.953-961) Micozzi, M.S., and J. Pless 1997 Frozen Environments and Soft Tissue Preservation. In W.D. Haglund and M.H. Sorg, Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Fate of

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Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 28(4):348-352. Partmann, W. 1963 Post-mortem Changes in Chilled and Frozen Muscle. Journal of Food Science, 28(1):15-27. Preuβ, J., R. Dettmeyer, S. Poster, E. Lignitz, and B. Madea 2008 The Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 in Kidneys in Cases of Death Due to Hypothermia. Forensic Science International,

176(2):248-252. Rothschild, M.A., and V. Schneider 1995 "Terminal Burrowing Behavior" – A Phenomenon of Lethal Hypothermia. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 107(5):250-256. Rudenko, S.I. 1970 Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen. J.M. Dent & Sons, London, UK. Spindler, K. 1994 The Man in the Ice. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, U.K. Stokes, Kathryn L., Shari L. Forbes, and Mark Tibbett 2009 Freezing Skeletal Muscle Tissue does not Affect Its Decomposition in Soil: Evidence from Temporal Changes in Tissue Mass,

Microbial Activity and Soil Chemistry Based on Excised Samples. Forensic Science International, 183(1-3):6-13. Tersigni, Maria Teresa A. 2007 Frozen Human Bone: A Microscopic Investigation. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52(1):16-20. Tsokos, Michael, Markus A. Rothschild, Burkhard Madea, Manfred Rie, and Jan P. Sperhake 2006 Histological and Immunohistochemical Study of Wischnewsky Spots in Fatal Hypothermia. American Journal of Forensic Medicine

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The scavenged remains of an individual found in a secluded wooded setting

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Taphonomy – Scavenging and Bitemark Evidence This section of the bibliography includes references to the effects non-insect scavengers reflect on human remains before, during, and after death. A Subcategory of bitemark evidence accompanies scavenging more because they share the method than the motive. Although articles on cannibalism are included and might be considered scavenging in some survival situations, most involve research into typically violent sexual encounters between victims and attackers. Because such wound trauma is so often a signature of masochistic or sadomasochistic encounters, references in Criminal and Cultural Behaviour should be considered toward understanding motivations and contexts behind this and other taphonomic clues left on a body. The bitemark citations herein do not focus on all topics of forensic odontology. Instead, those specifically addressing bitemark evidence are included. The collection of DNA evidence should always be from possible bitemarks. Therefore, there are cross-references between this category and DNA Evidence. Likewise, articles on trace evidence such as lipstick/gloss and facial hair may be pertinent to a particular investigation in which bitemarks are found on skin or food associated with a crime scene. If DNA should be considered a component of bitemark evidence, then so should friction ridge detail. Latent and patent hand and finger prints may be recovered from a bitten victim’s skin or substrates near or under the body. Whether it is the family dog or mountain lion in the wild, animals will exploit available food sources and human remains may be among them. What goes in, must come out; so this sub-category of the bibliography dovetails with Fecal and Coprolite Evidence under Miscellaneous Trace Evidence. The most numerous and voracious of any scavengers are among forensically significant insects. The volume of research and citations in forensic entomology have justified a category of its own within this bibliography.

This section is divided into the following categories:

Scavenging/Animal Bites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Bitemark Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Scavenging and Animal Bites (393 citations) Adair, T.W., and A.L. Kolz 1998 The Use of Radio Transmitters to Track Specific Bones of Scavenged Pig Carcasses. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal,

31(2):127-133. Alexander, A. 1956 Bone carrying by Porcupines. South African Journal of Science, 52: 257-258. Allaire, Maria T., and Mary H. Manhein 2009 Shark-Inflicted Trauma on Human Skeletal Remains. A Poster Presentation before the 61st Annual Meeting of the Academy of

Forensic Sciences, February 16-21, Denver, Colorado Anderson, Bruce E., Anthony Manoukian, Thomas D. Holland, and William E. Grant 2002 A Death in Paradise: Human Remains Scavenged by a Shark. In D.W. Steadman, editor, Hard Evidence: Case Studies in Forensic

Anthropology, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ Anderson, J.M., and A. MacFadyen 1976 The Role of Terrestrial and Aquatic Organisms in Decomposition Processes. Blackwells Scientific, Oxford. Andrews, Peter 1990 Owls, Caves, and Fossils: Predation, Preservation, and Accumulation of Small Animal Bones in Caves with and Analysis of the

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Arroyo, A.B. Marín, P. Fosse, and J.-D. Vigne 2009 Probable Evidences of Bone Accumulation by Pleistocene Bearded Vulture at the Archaeological Site of El Mirón Cave (Spain).

Journal of Archaeological Science, 36(2):284-296. Attwell, R.I.G. 1963 Some observations on feeding habits, behaviour and interrelationships of Northern Rhodesian vultures. Ostrich, 34: 235-247. Auerbach, P.S., and B. Halstead 1982 Marine Hazards: Attacks and Envenomations. J Emer Nurs, 8:115-122. Avery, D.M. 2002 Taphonomy of Micromammals from Cave Deposits at Kabwe (Broken Hill) and Twin Rivers in Central Zambia. Journal of

Archaeological Science, 29(5):537-544. Avis, Simon P. 1999 Dog Pack Attack: Hunting Humans. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 20(3):243-246. Baack, B.R., J.O. Kucan, G. Demarest, and E.C. Smoot 1989 Mauling by Pit Bull Terriers: Case Report. Journal of Trauma, 29:517-520. Bahram, R., J.E. Burke, and G.L. Lanzi 2004 Head and Neck Injury from a Leopard Attack: Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 62:247-249. Balestra, F.A. 1962 The Man-Eating Hyenas of Mlanje, African Wild Life, 16:25-27. Barnes, J.E., B.W. Boats, F.W. Putnam, H.F. Dates, and H.R. Mahlman 2006 Ownership of High-Risk (“vicious”) Dogs as a Marker for Deviant Behaviors: Implications for Risk Assessment. Journal of

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Bartram, Jr., Laurence E., and Curtis W. Marean 1999 Explaining the “Klasies Pattern”: Kua Ethnoarchaeology, the Die Kelders Middle Stone Age Archaeofauna, Long Bone

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Binford, L.R., M.G.L. Mills, and N. Stone 1988 Hyena Scavenging Behavior and Its Implications for the Interpretations of Faunal Assemblages from FLK 22 (the Zinj Floor) at

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The scene of an accidental death and the victim’s self-inflicted wound which caused it. Taphonomy – Edged, Incised, Hacking, and Impaling Traumas Among the more spectacular, or gruesome, injuries encountered within accidental or intended death scenes are those classified under sharp or edged forces. The physical acts which cause such injuries are intimiate acts. In interpersonal attacks they require the victim and subject to be in close physical contacts. Even more psychologically intimate than distance is the requirement of edged weapon attacks that the subject, or victim in the case of suicide, feel the impact the weapon has in creating the trauma. For this reason the reader is referred to citations under Criminal and Cultural Behavior. As with ballistic wounds, topics of tool mark examination consider characteristics of edged weapon wounds. Those marks may extend from the substrates of the victim’s outer garments into that of bone. Because edged trauma, like blunt and ballistic wounding may generate patterned blood stains, citations under Blood Stain Identification and Interpretation may aid researchers using this bibliography. An interesting and perhaps unconsidered cross-reference to the instant section is to Fingerprint, Footprint, Earprint, and Tatto Evidence or Other Body Modification Evidence in as much as scarification constitutes healed edged wounds. Hacking trauma has been included within this category. Unlike other wounds created by edged implements, the act of hacking imparts blunt trauma in addition to sharp force injury. Therefore, citations included under Blunt, Fracture, and Crushing Traumas may include reference to hacking injury. Penetrating wounds, like incised or stab wounds as well as bullet wounds, are often sites to which scavenging insects are first attracted. Citations under Entomology may discuss same. (550 citations) Abe, Y., C.W. Marean, P.J. Nilssen, Z. Assefa, and E.C. Stone

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Cranial blunt trauma exhibited by a kidnapped and murdered juvenile. Taphonomy – Blunt, Fracture, and Crushing Traumas Unlike other types of trauma, blunt force injuries are typically attributable to a much wider array of causes. General references to forensic pathology will contain chapters addressing each type of trauma including blunt injuries. There may also be some overlap between blunt traumas and hacking traumas which have been categorized

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in this bibliography with edged trauma – Edged, Incised, Hacking and Imapling Traumas. In hand to hand combat the most basic implement may be the fist or the action of grabbing the victim’s head, arm, back, or other body part and striking it against a solid surface. Innumerable objects can be used as weapons to create fracture and crushing injuries. The most extreme force creating blunt traumas are generated in vehicular crashes or disasters. For this reason the reader is invited to look through the section of the bibliography that addresses Mass Fatalities …. All injuries to soft and skeletal tissues are, in effect, tool marks. Articles discussing tool marks left in synthetic substrates may be encountered under the sub-section entitled general tool mark evidence. Crushing injuries may be the result of being run over by a vehicle. One will find articles related to tire mark evidence on clothing and soft tissue under Shoe, Foot and Tire Impression Evidence. (634 citations) Adams, J.C. 1962 Outline of Fractures Including Joint Injuries. E and S. Livingstone Limited, Edinburgh. Adams, J. and D. Hamblen 1992 Outline of Fractures Including Joint Injuries, Tenth Edition. Churchill Livingstone, New York, NY. Adelman, H.C., P.C. Peterson, and L.J. Sorger 1988 Identification of Wooden Instrument by Scanning Electron Microscopy from Splinters Left in Victim. Journal of Forensic Sciences,

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397. Armstrong, Erica J. 2005 Distinctive Patterned Injuries Caused by an Expandable Baton. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 26(2):186-188. Aronica-Pollak, Patricia A., Vincent H. Stefan, and Jerri McLemore 2003 Coronal Cleft Vertebra Initially Suspected as an Abusive Fracture in an Infant. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 48(4):836-838.

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22(3):253-255. Barbian, Lenore, and Paul S. Sledzik 2004 Healing Following Cranial Trauma. A Presentation before the 56th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences,

February 20, 2004, Dallas, Texas. 2008 Healing Following Cranial Trauma. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(2):263-268. Barlow, B., M. Niemirska, R.P. Gandhi, and W. LeBlanc 1983 Ten Years of Experience with Falls from a Height in Children. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 18(4):509-511. Barsness, K.A., E.S. Cha, D.D. Bensard, C.M. Calkins, D.A. Partrick, F.M. Karrer, and J.D. Strain 2003 The Positive Predictive Value of Rib Fractures as an Indicator of Non Accidental Trauma in Children. Journal Trauma Injury Infect

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Zaba, Czeslaw, Zygmunt Przybylski, and Andrzej Lewandowski 2003 Traumatic Amputations of Body Parts in Victims of Traffic Accidents in the Case Material of Department of Forensic Medicine,

University of Medical Sciences in Poznan and of Laboratory of Traffic Accidents in Poznan, Institute of Forensic Expertises. Proceedings of the Third European Academy of Forensic Science Meeting, September 22-27, 2003, Istanbul, Turkey. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement 1):188-189.

Zachariades, N., F. Koumoura, and E. Konsolaki-Agouridaki 1990 Facial Trauma in Women Resulting from Violence by Men. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, 48:1250 Zhi-Jin, Z., and Z. Jia-Zhen 1991 Study on the Microstructures of Skull Fracture. Forensic Science International, 50:1-14. Zugibe, Frederick, and James T. Costello 1985 Identification of a Murder Weapon by a Peculiar Blunt Force Injury Pattern and Histochemical Analysis. Journal of Forensic Sciences,

30:239-242. 1986a Identification of the Murder Weapon by Intricate Patterned Injury Measurements. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(2):773-777. 1986b The Jigsaw Puzzle Identification of a Hit and Run Automobile. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31:329-332. Zugibe, F.T., J.T. Costello and M.K. Breithaupt 1996 Identification of a Killer by a Definitive Sneaker Pattern and His Beating Instruments by Their Distinctive Patterns. Journal of

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Taphonomy – Hangings, Asphyxial Injuries and other Neck Traumas This sub-section to trauma related to taphonomy concerns those injuries typically associated with impediments, or trauma, to the airway. In the situation of suicidal, homicidal, or accidental hangings as well as vehicular crashes, additional traumas may present in the cervical area of the spine. Bruising, echymosis, as well as the presence of pettechia in various tissues throughout the body are also typical of such deaths. For these reasons this bibliography’s user might want to look through those sections with Miscellaneous Topics in Taphonomy. Perhaps one of the more often staged, or misinterpreted, types of death scenes are those involving handings. Auto-erotic, versus suicidal, versus homicidal, situations may take on the appearance of the other or be posed to do so. This bibliography’s sections on Criminal and Cultural Behavior and General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation contain numerous case examples which may be of aid. For the crime scene reconstructionist a subsection like Miscellaneous Trace Evidence might be useful in locating research which has been published or presented on the analyses of knots. Extreme cervical and neck trauma may result in decapitation. For that reason applicable citations could be found in the Taphonomy sub-section created for Edged, Incised, Hacking and Impaling Traumas. Some of the titles in that sub-section, as well as Blunt, Fracture, and Crushing Traumas may have not been specific enough to identify them as containing discussion of those types of trauma which could result in asphyxial deaths. As examples of how other different evidence categories might impact this topic of neck traumas or strangulation deaths, consider the examination of victims for fingerprints on their skin; or the use of

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forensic light technology and photography in revealing evidence not visible under more ambient conditions. (216 citations) Abder-Rahman, H.A., and S.Y. Abu-Alrageb 1999 Killing Tools in Mechanical Asphyxia. Legal Medicine, 1(1):2-5. Adams, Julie 2010 Hanging Deaths in Children: An Investigation of Manner of Death. A Presentation before the 62nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the

American Academy of Forensic Sciences (Advance Program), February 22-27, Seattle, Washington. Adams, V.I. 1993 Neck Injuries: III. Ligamentous Injuries of the Craniocervical Articulation Without Occipito-atlantal or Atlanto-axial Facet

Dislocation. A Pathologic Study of 21 Traffic Fatalities. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 38(5):1097-1104. Adelman, H.C. 1988 Asphyxial Deaths as a Result of Aspiration of Dental Appliances: A Report of Three Cases. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 33(2):389-

395. Aggarwal, N.K., and B.B. Agarwal 1998 Accidental Strangulation in a Cycle Rickshaw. Medicine Science and the Law, 38:263-265. Agrawal, Amil, Sudhir Ninave, Tripti Srivastava, Anil Sunkara, and Sachin Agrawal 2009 Accidental Unilateral and Incomplete Strangulation Injury in a Patient While Traveling on a Bicycle. Journal of Forensic and Legal

Medicine, 16(6):350-351. Alker, G.J., Jr., Y.S. Oh, and E.V. Lelie 1978 High Cervical Spine and Craniocervical Jnction Injuries in Fatal Traffic Accidents: A Radiological Study. Orthop Clin North Am,

9(4):1003-1010. Al Madni, Osama Mohammed, Magdy Abdel Azim Kharoshah, M. Salah Ghaleb 2010 Hanging Deaths in Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 17(5):265-268. Ambade, V.N., H.V. Godbole, P.G. Dixit, and H.G. Kukde 2008 Accidental Ligature Strangulation due to Crop Thrasher. Journal of Forensic Legal Medicine, 15(4):263-265. Anderson, Casey C. 2009 A Review of Asphyxia Cases in the Lincoln, Nebraska Area from April 2003 to July 2006. A Presentation before the 61st Annual

Meeting of the Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 16-21, Denver, Colorado. Anderson, L.D., and R.T. D'Alonzo 1974 Fractures of the Odontoid Process of the Axis. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 56:1663-1674. Anderson, R. 2000 A Study of the Biomechanics of Axonal Injury, PhD Dissertation, University of Adelaide, South Australia. Angel, J.L., and P.C. Caldwell 1984 Death by Strangulation: A Forensic Anthropological Case from Wilmington, Delaware. In Human Identification: Case Studies in

Forensic Anthropology, T.A. Rathbun and J.E. Buikstra, editors, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL. Anscombe, A.M., and B.H. Knight 1996 Case Report: Delayed Death After Pressure on the Neck: Possible Causal Mechanisms and Implications for Mode of Death in Manual

Strangulation Discussed. Forensic Science International, 78:193-197. Asamura, Hideki, Takahito Oki, Ota Masao, and Hirofumi Fukushima 2010 Unusual Body Posture After Death Leading to Signs of Strangulation. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,

31(2):195-197. Austin, Dana, and Marc A. Krouse 2006 Incidence of Laryngeal and Hyoid Fractures in Hangings and Strangulations Using Enhanced Examination Procedures. A Presentation

before the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 20-25, Seattle, Washington. Azmak, D. 2006 Asphyxial Deaths: A Retrospective Study and Review of the Literature. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,

27(2):134-144. Behera, C., Ravi Rautji, and T.D. Dogra 2007 Full Term Normal Delivery Following Suicidal Hanging. Forensic Science International, 169(1):e1-e2. Benomran, F.A. 2010 Fatal Accidental Asphyxia in a Jack-Knife Position. Journal of Forensic and legal Medicine, 17(7):397-400. Bergeson, P.S., W.A. Hinchcliffe, R.F. Crawford, M.J. Sorenson, and D.S. Trump 1978 Asphyxia Secondary to Massive Dirt Aspiration. Journal of Pediatrics, 92:506-507.

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Bethard, Jonathan D. 2007 Hyoid Fusion and the Relationship with Fracture: Forensic Anthropological Implications. A Presentation before the 59th Annual

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J Roentgenol, 165:1201-1204. Blanco-Pampin, J.M., J.M. Suárez-Peñaranda, R. Rico-Boquete, and L. Concheiro-Carro 1997 Planned Complex Suicide: An Unusual Suicide by Hanging and Gunshot. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology,

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Classic star pattern created by a contact wound to the forehead of an individual who committed suicide Taphonomy – Ballistic Wounds The largest sub-section of individual trauma references in this bibliography are categorized as ballistic wounds. Approximately 760 references are cited in this edition. Naturally, this secton goes hand in hand with that titled Firearms, Projectiles, and Tool Mark Evidence and specifically its sub-section of Firearms and Ballistic Evidence. This mostly physiological-related sub-section within the Taphonomy sections usually represents the final or terminal area of ballistic science. An understanding of wounds in the context of initial and transitional ballistics is required to reconstruct a shooting or death scene. Additionally, a working familiarity with firearms and ammunition characteristics and components is fundamental toward scene reconstruction. Beyond the weapons and wounds, various substrates may be affected during the flight and impact(s) of a projectile. For this reason the researcher is asked to consider the Fiber and Textile Evidence and Other Trace Evidence Topics sub-sections of Miscellaneous Trace Evidence. Hejna and Šafr (2010b) is an example of a transitional or near-terminal ballistic study which addresses the impact of the projectile and gunshot residues on clothing worn by the victim. Other sections of this bibliography which should be considered when researching ballistic wounds include Criminal and Cultural Behavior for possibly determining the decision process involved in the selection of particular weapons. Circumstances surrounding a shooting incident might be reflected in case studies or accounts presented throughout General Crime Scene and Death Scene Investigation and Nonfiction Accounts of Buried Body Cases. Even the search for expended bullets or shell casings and/or secreted firearms might be aided through a review of Geophysical/Remote Sensing Technology and Applications. (761 citations) Abe, Mutsumi, Hisako Motani-Saitoh, Yayoi Sato, and Masahiro Kiuchi 2002 A Fatal Case of Shotgun Injury Caused by One Pellet. Legal Medicine, 4(2):131-133. Adair, Thomas W., Diane W. Cloyd, Bruce Isaacson, Michael J. Dobersen, Cherry Goodman, and Andrea K. McDonald 2005 Suicide by Simultaneous Discharge of Two Handguns. Journal of Forensic Identification, 55(2):176-180. Adams, D.B. 1982 Wound Ballistics: A Review. Military Medicine, 147:831-835. Adelson, Lester 1961 A Microscopic Study of Dermal Gunshot Wounds. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 35:393-402.

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1986 Bullet or Bite: A Contribution to the Morphogenesis of Gunshot Dermal Injury. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(4):1479-1486. Albrecht, M., D. Scepanovic, A. Ceramilac, V. Milivojevic, S. Berger, G. Tasic, V.Tatic, M. Todoric, D. Popovic, and N. Nanusevic 1979 Experimental Soft Tissue Wounds Caused by Standard Military Rifles. Acta Chir Scand, 489:185-198. Alempijević, Djordje, Dragan Ječmenica, Snežana Pavlekić, Slobodan Savič, and Slobodan Kovačević 2008 Death Caused by a Signal Rocket – Not an Isolated Case. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(5):1172-1173. Alempijevic, D., S. Kovacevic, and S. Savic 1999 A Case of Atypical Self-Inflicted Gunshot Wounds of the Head Inflicted by the Simultaneous Use of Two Hand Guns. A Presentation

before the 15th Triennial Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences, Los Angeles, CA. Alessi, G., S. Aiyer, and N. Nathoo 2002 Home0Made Gun Injury: Spontaneous Version and Anterior Migration of Bullet. British Journal of Neurosurgery, 16(4):381-384. Amato, J.J., L.J. Billy, N.S. Lawson, and N.M. Rich 1974 High Velocity Missile Injury: An Experimental Study of the Retentive Forces of Tissue. American Journal of Surgery, 127:454-459. Amiri, A., H. Sanaci-Zadeh, H. Towfighi Zavarei, F. Rezvani Ardestani, and N. Savoji 2003 Firearm Fatalities. A Preliminary Study Report form Iran. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 10(3):159-163. Amirjamshidi, A., K. Abassioun, and H. Rahmat 2003 Minimal Debridement or Simple Wound Closure as the Only Surgical Treatment in War Victims with Low-Velocity Penetrating Head

Injuries. Surgical Neurology, 60:105-111. Anania, W.C., R.C. Rosen, and A.M. Giuffre 1987 Gunshot Wounds to the Lower Extremity: Principles and Treatment. Journal of Foot Surgery, 26(3):228-232. Anderson, Bryce, O., Tyler A. Kress, Anne M. Kroman, David J. Porta, and John C. Hungerford 2007 An Experimental Comparison of Bone Wound Ballistics of Non-Lead and Lead Bullets. A Presentation before the 59th Annual

Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 19-24, 2007, San Antonio, Texas. Anglin, D., H.R. Hutson, J. Luftman, S. Qualls, and D. Moradzadeh 1998 Intracranial Hemorrhage Associated with Tangential Gunshot Wounds to the Head. Acad Emerg Med., 5(7):672-677. Anonymous 1970 Evaluation of Wound Data and Munitions Effectiveness in Vietnam (Volume 1). Joint Technical Coordination Group for Munitions

Effectiveness. Armendariz, J., S. Irigarai, and F. Etxeberria 1994 New Evidence of Prehistoric Arrow Wounds in the Iberian Peninsula. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 4(3):215-222. Asamura, Hideki, Kayoko Takayanagi, Liu Chunyan, Masao Ota, and Hirofumi Fukushima 1999 The Judgement of a Gunshot Wound with Severe Post-mortem Changes. Legal Medicine, 1(3):185-187. Asirdizer, Mahmut, and Mehmet Sunay Yavuz 2009 A Case of Shotgun Injury Which Occurred While an Unconventional Home Security Alarm System was being Checked. Forensic

Science International, 192(1-3):e1-e5. Aslan, Sahin, Mustafa Uzkeser, Yavuz Katirci, Zeynep Cakir, Ozlem Bilir, Fatih Bilge, and Murtaza Cakir 2006 Air Guns: Toys or Weapons? American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 27(3):260-262. Avis, S.P. 1994 Suicidal Gunshot Wounds. Forensic Science International, 67(1):41-47. Ayers, K.M., and C.J. Stahl 1972 Ballistic Characteristics and Wounding Effects of a Tear Gas Pen Gun Loaded with Ortho-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile. Journal of

Forensic Sciences, 17(2): Azmak, D., G. ALtun, S. Bilgi, and A. Yilmaz 1998 Firearm Fatalities in Edirne, 1984-1997. Forensic Science International, 95(3):231-239. Baik, S-O, J.M. Uku, and M. Sikirica 1991 A Case of External Beveling with an Entrance Gunshot Wound to the Skull Made by a Small Caliber Rifle Bullet. American Journal

of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 12:334-336. Bailey, James A. 2010 Superimposition of Artifact on Bone in Unidentified Skeleton: Alleged Member of James-Younger Gang. Journal of Forensic

Identification, 60(2):163-172. Bailey, J., and P.D. Mitchell 2007 A Case for Sherlock Holmes: Forensic Investigation of a Gunshot Wound to the Head Dating from Victorian London. International

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2003 Pleural Effusion in Bodies Recovered from Water. Forensic Science International, 137(1):16-21. Yosef, N.B., J. Almog, A. Frank, E. Springer, and A.A. Cantu 1998 Short UV Luminescence for Forensic Applications: Design of a Real-Time Observation System for Detection of Latent Fingerprints

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Excavation profile demonstrating the fluvial transport of human remains along a river embankment General and Miscellaneous Topics Related to Taphonomy The Following citations consists of those which did not seem to fit any of the other taphonomy categories. Some address forensic anthropological techniques while others describe traumas or conditions which do not comfortably fit into the other categories of under the heading Taphonomy. Many of these citations may cross-reference to other categories given their diversity. For example, someone interested in commingled human remains should check this bibliography’s section on Mass Fatality and Human Rights Investigations. As with each of the categories in this Taphonomy section, Criminal and Cultural Behavior helps explain the context of the original traumas. (715 citations) Adams, Bradley J. 1996 The Use of the Lincoln/Peterson Index for Quantification and Interpretation of Commingled Human Remains. Department of

Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. Adams, Bradley J., and John E. Byrd 2006 Resolution of Small-Scale Commingling: A Case Report from the Vietnam War. Forensic Science International, 156(1):63-69.

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2008 Recovery, Analysis, and Identification of Commingled Human Remains. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. Adams, Bradley J., and Lyle W. Konigsberg 2004 Estimation of the Most Likely Number of Individuals from Commingled Human Skeletal Remains. American Journal of Physical

Anthropology, 125(2):138-151. 2008 How Many People? Determining the Number of Individuals Represented by Commingled Human Remains. In B.J. Adams and J.E.

Byrd, editors, Recovery, Analysis, and Identification of Commingled Human Remains. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, pp.241-255. Adair, Thomas W., Michael J. Dobersen, and Kelly Lear-Kaul 2007 Appearance of Chemical Burns Resulting form the Washing of a Deceased Body with Bleach. Journal of Forensic Sciences,

52(3):709-711. Adams, J. 1980 Osteological Preparation Techniques 2. Guild Taxidermists Newsletter, 5:44-50. Alexander, L.R. and J.B. Justice Jr. 1985 Fatty Acid Composition of Human Erythrocyte Membranes by Capillary Gas Chromotography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of

Chromatography, 342:1-2. Allen, E.R., and W.T. Neill 1950 Cleaning Mammal Skeletons with Meal Worms. Journal of Mammalogy, 31(4):464. Allen, J., and J.B.M. Guy 1984 Optimal Esitmations of Individuals in Archaeological Faunal Assemblages: How Minimal is the MNI? Archaeol. Oceania, 19:41-47. Allison, P.A., and D.E.G. Briggs 1991 Taphonomy: Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record. Plenum Press, New York, NY. Ambroise, D., and C. Perlés 1972 Étude de la position des ossements d'un squelette néolithique (Sépulture Collective de la Chausée-Tirancourt, Somme).

L'Anthropologie, 76(5-6):535-544. Ambrose, Stanley H., and M. Anne Katzenberg, editors 2000 Biogeochemical Approaches to Paleodietary Analysis. Advances in Archaeological and Museum Science 5. Kluwer

Academic/Plenum Publishers. New York, NY. (ISBN: 0-306-46457-8)

Andrews, P. 1995 Experiments in Taphonomy. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22:147-153. Angyal, M., and K. Derczy 1998 Personal Identification on the Basis of Antemortem and Postmortem Radiographs. Beitrage zur Gerichtlichen Medizin, 43:1089-1093. Anonymous 1974 Fingerprinting of Cadavers. Forensic Photography, 3(7):15-16. 1978 Medical and Scientific Investigations of an Exhumation in Unhallowed Ground. Medicine, Science and the Law, 18(3):209-221. 1980a Forensic Anthropology: What to Expect from a Forensic Anthropology Report. Identification News, 30(2):5-8. 1980b Anatomic Relationships of Body and Body Segment Moment of Inertia. United States Air Force Technical Report AFAMRL-TR-80-

119, McConville. 2000 The Byzantine Saint Stephen's Project Biocultural Library, Holdings as of February 22, 2000.

http://www.nd.edu/~stephens/library.html 2002a New Clues to 36,000-Year-Old Murder Mystery. ANANOVA.

http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_572625.html 2002b Remains Belong to Napoleon's Soldiers. ANANOVA

http://www.ananova.com/news/story/sm_571395.html Archer, M.S., R.B. Bassed, C.A. Briggs, and M.J. Lynch 2005 Social Isolation and Delayed Discovery of Bodies in Houses: The Value of Forensic Pathology, Anthropology, Odontology and

Entomology in the Medico-Legal Investigation. Forensic Science International, 151:259-265. Armitage, M. 2001 Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Mummified Collagen Fibers in Fossil Tyrannosaurus rex Bone. Creation Research Society

Quarterly, 38:61-66. Armour-Chelu, M., and P. Andrews 1994 Some Effects of Bioturbation by Earthworms (Oligochaeta) on Archaeological Sites. Journal of Archaeological Science, 21:433-443.

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Atkins, L. and M. Potsaid 1978 Roentgenographic Identification of Human Remains. Journal of the American Medical Association, 240:2307-2308. Auban, Joan Bernabeu, C. Michael Barton, and Manuel Perez Ripoll 2001 A Taphonomic Perspective on Neolithic Beginnings: Theory, Interpretation, and Empirical Data in the Western Mediterranean.

Journal of Archaeological Science, 28(6):597-612. Aufderheide, A.C. 1989 Chemical Analysis of Skeletal Remains. In M.Y. Işcan and K.A.R. Kennedy, editors, Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton, Alan

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