Part-2 - PreventionWeb.net

t i d i n g o v e r

TSUNAMI

G o v e r n m e n t o f t a m i l n a d uo c t o b e r 2 0 0 8

P a r t - 2

State Relief Commissioner, Revenue Administration, Disaster Management and Mitigation Department, Chepauk, Chennai 600 005

Phone: 044-28414550, 28523299, 28528745, 28588989Fax: 044-28546624, 28411654

Email: [email protected]: www.tn.gov.in/tsunami

This publication has been brought out by a team consisting of:

Shaktikanta Das, IAS., State Relief CommissionerC.V. Sankar, IAS., Officer on Special Duty (Relief & Rehabilitation)R. Venkatesan, IAS., Joint Commissioner (Relief & Rehabilitation)Tmt. Reeta Harish Thakkar, IAS., Joint Commissioner (Relief & Rehabilitation)K. Baskaran, District Revenue Officer (Relief & Rehabilitation)M.P. Anbuchozhan, Public Relations Officer (Relief & Rehabilitation)A. John Louis, Assistance Commissioner (Documentation and Media Relation)A. Sundaralingam, Project Co-ordinator (Externally Aided Projects)

Photographs:S. Jayaraj, R. Vaidyanathan & Office of the State Relief Commissioner

Design:Ramu Aravindan

Research, text, layout and production:New Concept Information Systems

‘Tiding Over Tsunami’ (December 2005) provided a succinct account of the damage caused by the tsunami and its far-reaching impact on the lives and livelihoods of people in coastal Tamil Nadu. The book also documented the speedy decisions and the concerted rescue and relief measures taken by Government of Tamil Nadu and partners.

‘Tiding Over Tsunami part – 2’ is an update on the resilient restoration and reconstruction action by GoTN and its unfailing partners.


t i d i n g o v e rT S U N A M I

P a r t - 2

I am happy to learn about the release of the book ‘Tiding over the Tsunami - Part II’ by the

Revenue Department of Government of Tamil Nadu giving the details regarding rehabilitation and

reconstruction programmes under taken by the Government of Tamil Nadu to revive coastal

communities affected by the Tsunami. The information in this publication will be useful to both local

as well as foreign audiences.

Tamil Nadu was the worst affected State by Tsunami in the year 2004. Keeping this in view, the

Central Government, World Bank and the Asian Development Bank have funded several rehabilitation

programmes at a cost of Rs.5000 crore approximately. These programmes are being implemented

speedily through the concerted efforts of several Government departments co-ordinated by the

Revenue Department.

After this Government came to power in May 2006, a conference of Collectors of coastal

districts was organised on 24.6.2006. Several orders were passed in that very conference and the

reconstruction work was speeded up. As a result, 27, 444 houses were built within 2 years.

Apart from these efforts, the fact that out of 6,019 houses planned for the upliftment of

underprivileged Scheduled Tribes, agricultural coolie workers, and other such poor communities who

were not affected by the Tsunami, 5,580 houses in Cuddalore and Kanyakumari have been given is an

example of this Government’s far-sighted vision.

It would not be an exaggeration to say that the building of 55,293 new houses for vulnerable

groups in coastal areas who live in mud huts, those living in houses that were built with government

funds over ten years ago, and the residents of Indira Awas Yojana houses in order to protect them

from future natural disasters is a historic achievement of this Government.

This Government implements several programmes on a daily basis with the sincere goal that

people from all communities should benefit from its efforts. From this perspective, I heartily wish

that the publication brought forth by the Project Management Unit of the Revenue Department is

beneficial not only to other Indian states but also to other countries.

m e s s a G e f r o m

H o n o u r a b l e c H i e f m i n i s t e r o f t a m i l n a d u

22.8.2008 (M. KARUNANIDHI)

f o r e W o r d

The Tsunami of 2004 was one of the worst disasters faced by the people of Tamil Nadu. Much has been written about the suddenness and scale of destruction left in its wake. With the active support and timely assistance of Government of India, Union Planning Commission, United Nations, World Bank, Asian Development Bank and National and International Non-governmental organizations/civil society organizations, the Government of Tamil Nadu rolled out a plethora of schemes and packages to assist each and every affected family. A very high level of transparency and coordination was established with the active support of all the stakeholders especially the community. The lessons learnt from earlier major disasters of the country like Orissa super cyclone of 1999 and the Bhuj Earthquake of 2001 were analysed and suitably adopted in keeping with the culture and ethos of the people of Tamil Nadu.

The Government of Tamil Nadu documented its initial activities in the publication titled ‘TIDING OVER TSUNAMI’ in December 2005. Along with UN Tsunami Recovery Support (UNTRS) based in Chennai, a comprehensive Take Stock exercise was done in September 2006 to guide further reconstruction efforts. The present publication, ‘TIDING OVER TSUNAMI 2’ is being brought out by us to capture the sector-wise changes that have been brought about by the overarching Tsunami Rehabilitation Programme.

Any major disaster opens up many facets of human life, it exposes the fragile nature of existence and teaches invaluable lessons for posterity. Thanks to the extensive reach of media, funding for rehabilitation is the least of the problems. Consequently, what is done with the money and the process of implementation are the keys to long term resilience of the affected communities. With a view to reduce the vulnerability of the people to future calamities, the following specific measures were taken in Tamil Nadu.

The houses being built have disaster resistant features to face any calamity including • earthquake.These houses are insured for 10 years against 14 hazards.• Shelter belt and mangrove plantations have been restored and improved throughout the • coast.Considerable emphasis has been given for strengthening coastal roads, bridges, health care • facilities and water supply which can prove to be life saving in times of emergencies.Apart from rebuilding hundreds of schools, scholarship assistance is being given for ten years • so as to keep the focus on education.A large number of self-help groups have been formed and assisted so as to broad base • livelihoods and increase incomes.GoTN has continued the focus on the UNDP supported Disaster Risk Management • Program which will update village level disaster management plans and train communities to be prepared.

It is hoped that the publication would be useful in understanding the processes that have gone into the implementation of this massive program and in appreciating the positive role played by all the key stakeholders.

SHAKTHIKANTA DAS, I.A.S.,

Special commiSSioner and Dated: 11.08.2008 commiSSioner of revenue adminiStration

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / ix

c o n t e n t s

Page No.

List of tables x

Abbreviations xi

Section I Introduction 1

Section II Shelter and infrastructure 5

Section III Health, welfare and social safety 20

Section IV Livelihoods 33

Section V Disaster risk management 49

The way forward 57

Annex 1 Multilateral project activities 59

Annex 2 Guidelines for construction of temporary shelters 68

Annex 3 Survey schedule prior to development of state housing reconstruction policy

78

Annex 4 MoU between GoTN and NGOs 81

Annex 5 Types of sanitation 85

Annex 6 Environmental checklist 87

Annex 7 Baseline analysis report 89

x / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2

l i s t o f t a b l e s

Table No.

Table Name

1 Acquisition of lands for construction of houses in the tsunami affected areas as on 30.06.2008 7

2 Budget sanctioned for the housing project in the districts 9

3 Houses proposed for construction, completed *Phase - I as on 30.06.2008 10

4 Construction of additional houses - Phase-I as on 30-06-2008 10

5 District wise number of vulnerable houses proposed for reconstruction as on 30.06.2008 11

6 Rajiv Gandhi Package: Details of construction of Vulnerable houses in Phase - II (0-200 Mt) as on 30-06-2008 14

7 Details of construction of vulnerable houses in Phase - II (0-200 mt) World Bank Package as on 30.06.2008 14

8 Construction of public utility buildings initiated by state government departments. 15

9 Roads, bridges and public buildings completed so far 16

10 Habitations provided with public taps 17

11 Places where NGO’s initiated sanitation schemes. 18

12 Insurance coverage by United Insurance Company as on 31.07.2008 21

13 Interventions to restore and build health care services 22

14 Interventions towards child care and support 27

15 Summary of assistance to children 29

16 School going children benefited under various schemes as on 31.07.2008 30

17 Details of work on fish-landing centres 34

18 Details of work on fishing harbours 35

19 Re-registration of mechanised boats & country crafts as on 01.07.2008 36

20 Assets provision to fishermen - boats, nets and engines 37

21 Assets provision to fishermen - fishing aids and other equipments 37

22 Impact on salt pan sector and provision of funds for restoration 42

23 Wage increase to workers 42

24 Salt production 43

25 Assistance for SHGs as on 30.06.2008 44

26 Progress on implementation of ETRP plantations as on 30.07.2008 53

27 Progress on implementation of NCRMP converted to ETRP plantations as on 30.06.2008 54

28 Department-wise Financial Statement as on 30.06.2008 58

29 Abstract for the funds sanctioned under Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund as on 31.07.2008 59

30 Component-wise funding under Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction 62

31 Subprojects approved and fund sanctioned under the alternative livelihood activities component 62

32 Four major subprojects approved under JFPR funding by Project Steering Committee 62

33 Contributions from MPLAD Funds 65

34 Activities completed with the MPLAD funds 66

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / xi

a b b r e v i a t i o n s

Abbreviaton Expansion

AD Auto Disable

ADB Asian Development Bank

AFHS Adolescent Friendly Health Centre

AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

AIE Alternative & Innovative Education

ARI Acute Respiratory-track Infection

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand or Biological Oxygen Demand

BPR Bottom Pressure Recorder

CBOs Community Based Organizations

CDD Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination

CEOs Chief Educational Officers

CFCs Common facilities centers

CLWs Community Level Workers

CPUE Catch per unit effort

CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone

CSO’s Civil Society Organizations

CZMA Coastal Zone Management Authority

CZR Coastal Zone Regulation

DEWATS Decentralized Waste Water Treatment Systems

DOFTN Department of Fisheries Tamil Nadu

DRM Disaster Risk Management

DSWOs District Social Welfare Officers

DTERT Directorate of Teacher Education, Research and Training

EGAs Employment Generation Activities

EGS Education Guarantee Scheme

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EmOC Emergency Obstetric Care

ESHGs Elder SHGs

ETRP Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project

EWS Early warning system

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FCRI Fisheries College and Research Institute

xii / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2

Abbreviaton Expansion

AD Auto Disable

ADB Asian Development Bank

AFHS Adolescent Friendly Health Centre

AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

AIE Alternative & Innovative Education

ARI Acute Respiratory-track Infection

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand or Biological Oxygen Demand

BPR Bottom Pressure Recorder

CBOs Community Based Organizations

CDD Consortium for DEWATS Dissemination

CEOs Chief Educational Officers

CFCs Common facilities centers

CLWs Community Level Workers

CPUE Catch per unit effort

CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone

CSO’s Civil Society Organizations

CZMA Coastal Zone Management Authority

CZR Coastal Zone Regulation

DEWATS Decentralized Waste Water Treatment Systems

DOFTN Department of Fisheries Tamil Nadu

DRM Disaster Risk Management

DSWOs District Social Welfare Officers

DTERT Directorate of Teacher Education, Research and Training

EGAs Employment Generation Activities

EGS Education Guarantee Scheme

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EmOC Emergency Obstetric Care

ESHGs Elder SHGs

ETRP Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project

EWS Early warning system

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FCRI Fisheries College and Research Institute

FIMSUL Fisheries Management for Sustainable Livelihood

FLC Fish Landing Center

FRP Fibre Reinforced Plastic

GH General Hospital

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / xiii

GOI Government of India

GOs Government Orders

GoTN Government of Tamil Nadu

GPS Global Positioning System

GSO General Services Organization

HDPE High Density Polythethylene

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HMDI Health Manpower Development Institute

HRD Human Resources Development

HSCs Health Sub – Centres

HTL High Tide Line

IAP Indian Academy of Paediatrics

ICCW Indian Council of Child Welfare

ICDS Integrated Child Development Scheme

ICZMP Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan

IEC Information, Education and Communication

IFAD International Fund of Agricultural Development

IGCAR Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research

IMNCI Integrated Management of Newborn & Childhood Illnesses

INGOs International Non Governmental Organizations

KRRC Kanyakumari Rehabilitation Resource Centre

LIC Life Insurance Corporation of India

LPCD Liters Per Capita Daily

MBBR Moving Bed Biological Reactor

MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests

MOs Medical Officers

MOUs Memorandum of Understanding

MPEDA Marine Products Export Development Authority

MPLADS Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme

MPs Members of Parliament

Msl Mean Sea Level

NCRC NGO Coordination and Resource Centre

NCRMP National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project

NDTV New Delhi Television

NEERI National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

NGOs Non Governmental Organizations

NICD National Institute of Communicable Diseases

xiv / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2

NIE National Institute of Epidemiology

NIHMANS National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences

NYK Nehru Yuva Kendra

O&M Operation and Maintenance

OGSSI Obstetrics and Gynaecological Society of South India

OPV Oral Polio Vaccine

ORS Oral Rehydration Solution

P.V.C Polyvinyl Chloride

PHCs Primary Health Centres

PIU Project Implementation Units

PLFs Panchayat level federations

PLHA Persons Living with HIV/AIDS

PMCA Participatory Market Chain Analysis

PMCAS Prime Minister’s Child Assistance Scheme

PMNRF Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund

PMSTAC PM’s Scholarship for Tsunami Affected Children

PMU Project Management Unit

PSS Psycho Social Support

PTSD Post – Traumatic Stress Disorder

PWDs Persons with Disability

RGP Rajiv Gandhi Package

RTIs Reproductive Tract Infections

SCARF Schizophrenia Research Foundation

SCs Scheduled Caste

SGSY Swaranajayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana

SHGs Self Help Groups

SHN Sector Health Nurse

SIFFS South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies

SNEHA Social Need Education and Human Awareness

SPISF Single Pass Intermittent Sand Filter

SRH Sexual and Reproductive Health

SSA Sarva Siksha Abhiyan

STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections

STP Sewerage Treatment Plant

STs Scheduled Tribes

TAFCOFED Tamilnadu State Apex Fisheries Co-operative Federation

TEAP Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / xv

TERT Technical Emergency Response Training Course

TFSHGs Tsunami Farmers SHGs

TN Tamil Nadu

TNSCB Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board

TNTRC Tamil Nadu Tsunami Resource Centre

TTRCRF TT Ranganathan Clinical Research Foundation

TWAD Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board

UN United Nations

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities

UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Education Fund

UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

UPVC Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride

USAID United States Agency for International Development

VCCTCs Voluntary Counselling and Confidential Testing Centres

VCT Village Information and Communication Technology

VHF Very High Frequency

VHNs Village Health Nurses

VIMHANS Vidyasagar Institute of Mental Health and Neuro - Sciences

VLWDC Village Level Watch Dog Committees

WB World Bank

WHO World Health Organization

WLW Women’s Leadership Workshop

Government of tamil nadu: strategic intent Reconstruct damaged and vulnerable houses using disaster-resistant featuresUndertake vulnerability-mapping to locate new habitations in safer locationsCreate new sustainable livelihood options in harmony with environmentForm SHGs, especially for the weaker sections to empower themBuild capacity of coastal communities to cope more effectively with disastersRestore coastal ecologyProvide better physical infrastructureAddress psychological trauma and educational needs of children for an improved future

response of the Government of india In view of the devastation and substantial damage caused to the state by the tsunami, the Government of Tamil Nadu (GoTN) sought the help of the Government of India (GOI) for relief, reconstruction and rehabilitation programmes valued at approximately Rs. 4,800 crore along with 54,000 mt of food grain, through a memorandum in the first week of January 2005. Besides offering the required assistance, the GOI also set up a Core Group Committee and an Inter-Ministerial Central Team, besides a Joint Assessment Mission with the participation of funding agencies such as the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, United Nations and Commonwealth Agencies, to facilitate assessment, development, implementation and monitoring of the immediate, short- and long-term programmes and to provide the necessary guidance/approvals. The Central government established a National Early Warning System for Tsunami and Storm Surges in the Indian Ocean at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad since September 2007. The Interim Tsunami Warning Centre was operational at INCOIS as early as July 2005. As a special gesture, Central government exempted steel and cement for housing reconstruction from excise duty.

mission statement To provide immediate relief and long term rehabilitation; to convert the traumatic challenge into an opportunity and create environment friendly and safe habitations; to provide livelihood options with specific focus on the empowerment of the vulnerable sections of the society especially women; to enhance the effectiveness of the community to face disasters in the future and to obtain sustainable and lasting outcomes by forging strong public private partnerships.

impact of tsunami at a glance13 districts affected238 villages and 418 hamlets affected7997 lives lost241 children orphaned1513 children who lost one of their parents846 missing persons3625 injured persons118000 houses damaged0.49 million people evacuated1.078 population affected16082 cattle-loss51078 fishing vessels damaged / lost0.3 million number of families whose immediate livelihood was affectedUS $880 million assessment of damages to infrastructure, including housing8844.35 agricultural and horticultural lands damaged in Ha775 kms roads damaged608 kms power lines damaged14 damaged ports / fish landing centers

xvi / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 1

In the first year after the tsunami, glimmerings of hope shone through the darkness of utter devastation and misery. Panic-stricken minds, flooded with repeated thoughts of that fateful day, found hope in the quick and proactive relief efforts, aided by the constant

counseling of volunteers and professionals. Restoration and reconstruction progressed on a steady and definite schedule – some housing projects in Kanyakumari and Cuddalore districts were even completed in record time. After urgent attention was given to the primary needs of health, psychosocial support, child protection, shelter, water and sanitation, and education, the focus of administration shifted to permanent reconstruction measures. These, in turn, boosted livelihood-support activities. With these efforts, communities in coastal and adjoining villages were able to augment earning-capacity and improve their quality of life. The resultant economic prosperity since had a ripple effect. Steps were also taken for averting a future tragedy, such as the one the December 26, 2004 tsunami left in its wake. Bio-shield projects, shifting residences away from vulnerable zones, improving communication and warning mechanisms in coastal villages are being implemented.

Working towards these achievements meant working towards restoration and rebuilding many aspects of individual and socioeconomic life in the affected communities. Different segments of society across all religions, castes, occupations and age groups needed attention. Fishing and non-fishing communities are not homogeneous groups, and the elderly, scheduled castes (SC), scheduled tribes (ST), physically-challenged persons, women and children have their own special needs. All agencies responded creditably, complementing the state government’s efforts and initiatives. Coordination and information-sharing were the first overarching strategies adopted by GoTN and partners.

coordination and information-sharing Various personal and institutional communication channels facilitated multi-sectoral and multi-agency efforts towards assessment of damage, recovery and

restoration. Coordination and information-sharing efforts successfully crystallized early on, during the rescue and relief stages. All coastal schools and churches were used as emergency centres, managed by government officials under the supervision of Deputy Collectors. Revenue and uniformed officials executed rescue operations ferrying the affected to relief centres for first aid. A total of 0.3 million people were evacuated and attended to in the relief centers. l Village Level and Taluk Level Coordination Committees

were formed to monitor and help the rescue, relief and rehabilitation activities

l NGO Coordinating and Resource centres conducted periodic meetings with NGOs to coordinate rehabilitation activities

l Collectors conducted coordination meetings with NGOs involved in the construction of permanent houses and other infrastructure with the departmental officials.

l A District Coastal Zone Management Authority Committee was convened to regulate CRZ clearances wherever required.

l District and village-level committees were formed to monitor the disbursement of relief materials, additional relief fishing implements etc.

l Comments and suggestions received from the community and NGO’s /CSO’s relating to rehabilitation work were heard and grievances redressed at taluk and district level.

l Village Information and Communication Technology (VCT) centres were started for the benefit of the tsunami-hit people.

l Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority organized Lok Adalats to hear claims from the tsunami-affected

l Petitions related to school tuition-fee exemption were announced for school and college students, relief declared for loss of assets, and necessary benefits canalized for all genuine applications.

l The Government of Tamil Nadu maintains a very detailed website www.tn.gov.in/tsunami which gives constant updates on the program. All government orders issued so far, the envirnomental and social

IntroductIon: t H e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n P r o c e s s

2 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2

management of hospital waste advocated in the newly-built housing colonies furthered the ecological cause in tsunami-affected areas. De-silting and dredging works were carried out at the estuaries, agricultural fields desalinated, and ground water sources restored to restore livelihoods of fishermen and agriculturists respectively. Cultivation of shelterbelts along the coast meant protection from the sea in any future incidence of high waves. In certain places, these plantations in the memory of lost lives also comforted the survivors.

ensuring social equityThe GoTN, and a host of other agencies had the task of simultaneously carrying out rehabilitation in different sectors, with the needs in every sector more urgent than those in every other sector. Though the impact of the tsunami was more visible on the fishing community, there are innumerable supporting livelihood activities tied to the fishing economy that were as much affected. The tsunami rendered sections of the coastal community that were already marginalized and socio-economically disadvantaged, more vulnerable. Issues pertaining to people engaged in non-fishing occupations (sea shell collectors, backwater fishers, inland fishers, fishing-related allied and support activities, landless labourers, salt-pan labourers, etc), socially disadvantaged communities (SC, ST such as Irulas, most backward communities location-specific minorities such as Muslim habitations in Cuddalore district), and individuals such as women (single women, widows, women deserted post-tsunami, young orphan widows, women who became sole bread winners, etc), persons with disability (PWDs) including those suffering post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the elderly, gained sharp focus as the recovery and reconstruction programmes proceeded.

The GoTN placed social equity firmly on its agenda as a cross-cutting theme in the recovery process. This included setting up three special schools, three vocational training centres, special identification camps for PWDs,

Ecological considerations stopped certain agricultural lands being used for shelter projects.

framework adopted for the extremely wided projects and provides links for other departments and NGO’s.

Damage was assessed in consultation with the community by:l the Revenue Department: houses, infrastructure,

livelihood;l the Rural Department (if rural), by the Municipal

Adminsitration Town Panchayat (if urban): roads, water facilities and sanitation requirement;

l the Agriculture and Horticulture Departments: agriculture, crop damage, etc.;

l the Fisheries Department: damage to boats, nets etc.;l the Forest Department and UNDP: ecological damage,

vulnerability mapping etc.; l WHO: damage to health-care facilities;l UNICEF: separated and orphaned children and

trafficking;l the Highways Department: damaged roads, bridges

etc; andl TWAD board: damage to the water-supply system and

sewage lines.l TNEB: power lines and street lights.

This resulted in increased and fruitful interaction between the community and district administrations. Various coordinating agencies such as NGO Coordination and Resource Centre (NCRC), Kanyakumari Rehabilitation Resource Centre (KRRC), Tamil Nadu Tsunami Resource Centre (TNTRC) and district information resource-centres helped by regularly disseminating government policies, programmes and orders achieving a two-way flow of information from district to state and from state to district. These resource-centres have provided a neutral platform for discussion, debate, learning and capacity-building. They have networked with government, NGOs, community, donors and research institutions to create systems for provision of reliable, relevant and timely information. It is possible that some of the committees and agencies functioning in the state will eventually be disbanded when the rehabilitation process is complete. However, the process of transparent information-sharing and grievance-redressal seen in the tsunami rehabilitation programme has set a trend for other government programmes.

ecological considerationsEcological considerations and eco-restoration was the second overarching strategy that underlined the entire process of infrastructure-development and shelter-construction. Detailed guidelines and checklists for construction focused on the rational use of natural resources, causing minimum damage to the ecosystem and protection of the inhabitants. Compliance to CRZ was made mandatory in principle in the government’s housing reconstruction policy, though in some pockets it met with some resistance. Restoration of ground water had implications on provision of quality drinking water as well as on availability of irrigation for agriculture. Solid-waste management, waste-water management and also

Reverse Osmosis plant @Tirumullaivasal


three children’s homes, two special service homes for women, and various district administrations’ openness in responding to local equity demands.

Though there were no changes in the policies for elders, priority allotment of houses near the relatives/caretakers as preferred by the aged, and better services at old age homes etc., were ensured. Permission was granted to NGOs to construct 52 houses for the poverty-stricken Adi Dravidar people at Chidambaram; SHGs were formed and promoted to improve the economic status of women in the affected areas. Permanent houses were provided by various district administrations to 372 families belonging to the Irular tribe at six habitations. The Government Special Children Home was built at Cuddalore and handed over to the Social Welfare Department for 63 tsunami orphans.

Several NGOs/INGOs and activists brought their expertise to effectively address issues of social equity. Some notable examples include building shelters and giving relief to SCs and STs; highlighting livelihood losses of groups like sea-shell collectors; identifying and assisting the mentally ill and the affected elderly; devising innovative interventions such as Elder SHGs (ESHGs); giving assets to women and SCs; developing tools like the vulnerability matrix and social equity audit; documenting the impact on women; anchoring interventions from a human rights perspective and, most importantly, involving the affected in planning and implementing recovery programmes.

Emboldened by measures towards equitable rehabilitation, hitherto oppressed and excluded groups also realized their right to articulate their needs. For example, fisherwomen realizing the need to penetrate the male stronghold of traditional decision-making bodies; SCs in allied activities voicing their demand for relief and rehabilitation as ‘primary’ affected people.

Eligible non-fishing communities were treated on par with fishing communities. Special care was taken to provide assistance to all eligible non-fishing communities especially women and the elderly. The government’s decision to mandate home-ownership in the name of both the husband and wife is also part of the same agenda, in this case, with regard to improve the quality of life for women. Three orphanages have been opened for children rendered orphans in the districts of Cuddalore, Nagapattinam and Kanyakumari. Orphaned adolescent girls are admitted in service homes run by state besides two new service homes that have been opened for the purpose. Each orphaned child was granted a security deposit of up to Rs. 5,00,000 for further education and self-employment. Unmarried orphaned girls were given technical training to acquire vocational skills. Old-age pension schemes were extended to cover all those rendered destitute by the calamity.

reconstruction and resettlement Power and water supply were restored in all the affected areas within 48 hours of the tsunami. Most affected schools reopened within two weeks. Apart from 33,750 temporary shelters, the state government reconstructed or restored 225 schools, five hospitals, 142-child welfare and community centres, 114 cyclone shelters, 2250 hectares of mangrove and 4800 hectors of shelterbelt plantation. Five high-level bridges, 775 km of roads, two ports, 11 fishing harbours, and 10 fish-landing centers are being constructed. Housing reconstruction for the 53,290 houses in the first phase will be completed by September 2009. Till 31.7.08, GoTN has handed over 35,401 houses to beneficiaries.

Besides these rehabilitation efforts, the state has prepared vulnerability maps for the entire coast. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP) is being prepared for the sustainable development of coastal areas.

The much touted slogan “Building Back Better” is a reality as can be seen from the following.• Post-tsunami health and sanitation was found to be

improved as per a March 2005 WHO study.• Schools restarted with minimum break and a greater

focus on children’s education, with scholarships for 10 years from the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund.

• Orphans were placed, protected in government homes and their future secured with bank deposits.

• There was a fresh focus on marginalized communities like the Irulas and depressed classes.

• Women-centric livelihood activities increased: more than 600,000 women were formed into 61,000 SHGs.

• Risk insurance became part of economic assistance.

• Tsunami farmers’ SHGs linked up with scientific institutions to desalinate soils and restore soil health.

Back to work

Women from Rasapettai, an isolated stretch of sand reachable only by waterways, prior to the tsunami had been able to obtain information about current events and important government programmes from the television and from their local village leader. They now obtained information about relief and rehabilitation schemes directly from the District Collector by either calling his office or going there in person to claim the entitlements they were promised.


• Disaster resistant houses built with increased investment. At the end of Phase I (2009) more than 53,000 families will be in safer, stronger houses, which are also insured for 10 years.

• Amenities like sanitation and water supply are now of a higher standard.

• Better all-weather roads and bridges have been built in vulnerable locations.

• Improved ports, harbours and fish-landing centres have been built.

• Better quality, longer lasting boats and safety equipment have been procured.

• Coastal communities are better connected with wireless sets/early warning systems and better trained to cope with disasters through programmes like the Disaster Risk-Management Programme.

• A massive plantation programme has been taken up to build an effective coastal buffer.

Brand new settlement at Akkiraipettai, Nagapattinam

• There is greater awareness and respect for coastal ecology.

• Psycho-social support and social equity have gained attention.

• Newer, larger facilities now exist for care of children, physically challenged persons, older citizens and for trauma care.

• Community-based veterinary workers are being trained in basic animal care as an employment-option linked with provision of services at the doorsteps of users.

The GoTN, with the help of GOI and the World Bank, is working on a massive vulnerability-reduction programme by reconstruction of formerly-vulnerable houses up to 1000 meters from the coast, 997 early warning systems, 150 evacuation routes, 78 emergency shelters and other disaster risk-management features. By the year 2009, GoTN aims to build a model disaster-resistant infrastructure with a vibrant, disaster-resilient coastal community.


sectIon one: s H e l t e r a n di n f r a s t r u c t u r e

A n estimated 53,290 homes were destroyed and 11,694 houses damaged in Tamil Nadu. The entire physical infrastructure, though sparing along the coast, was also destroyed, including facilities for fishing and related occupations. The

damage was estimated at US$ 880 million. Multilateral organizations, donors, NGOs, religious organizations, civil societies, and corporations provided phenomenal logistic, monetary and technical support for housing reconstruction.

temporary sheltersOne of the earliest Government Orders, G.O. Ms No 10 Revenue (NCIII) Department, dated 06-01-2005 was for building of temporary shelters. Living in relief camps was inconvenient and the schools and marriage halls that housed the displaced families, also needed to be emptied. Temporary, interim shelters had to be made ready but within a short period of time.

land and construction: some issues facedWherever possible, shelters were built as close to previous habitations as possible. Landowners were approached for permission to use land for temporary shelters, until permanent shelters were built.

Additional funds provided for maintenance were used to change damaged roofs, remove stagnated water etc. Officials of the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board and Water Supply and Drainage Board maintained uninterrupted electricity and water-supply, and fire service tenders were kept ready at various points. A fire in a thatched-roofed local school in Kumbakonam, earlier in 2004, claimed the lives of 90 young children. This tragedy was still fresh in everybody’s minds and the use of thatched roofs was ruled out in temporary shelters. All the basic amenities were ensured.

The state government allotted Rs. 2,000 per shelter for improvements so that they would survive until permanent houses were constructed. GoTN allotted Rs 5.46 crore for this purpose. The administration and NGOs constructed temporary houses in a combined effort at a cost between Rs. 8,000 to 20,000 per house. As a number of families were

still living in temporary shelters at the end of the second year, teams were formed to look after these shelters.

However, space/location and building-material issues cropped up due to the short deadlines and some shelters were built on fairly unsatisfactory locations. The initial damage assessment also proved inadequate, as the number of required shelters increased subsequently. The GoTN and partners, in short, needed to provide more than their estimated number of shelters at a faster pace and with better quality.

In consultation with NGOs, UNDP and other experts, GoTN evolved guidelines to ensure that, in future, temporary shelters would be built to better minimum standards. The details can be seen in Annexure 1.

long-term rehabilitation and reconstruction Policy 1. Those living very close to sea shore and wishing to be

relocated were shifted to safer sites.2. The affected were provided not only housing but also

a community hall, cyclone shelters, proper roads, sanitation, children’s park, etc.

3. Different sewage treatment systems were proposed for different locations depending on their size, number of houses, type of soil, gradient, water table etc.

4. Forest Department proposed to create an eco-friendly atmosphere by planting more trees.

5. Certain areas were identified for potential sea-erosion and rubble-mound wall-construction was also proposed.

6. Disaster-resistant houses with built-in basic amenities were proposed.

7. A good communication network would decrease the response time to a disaster.

8. Awareness would be generated on the do’s and don’ts for different hazards.

beneficiary lists Every district formed verification teams for submitted survivor lists, headed by tahsildars. By February-March, 2005 the state housing reconstruction policy was finalized


after a comprehensive survey of more than 2,70,000 families. A copy of the questionnaire is in Annexure 2. After rejecting those ineligible, a tentative list of beneficiaries was prepared and published in public places, temporary shelters and at NGO offices. Tentative lists were drawn up and cross-checked by organizations like District Resource Centres and other NGOs through surveys.

The final lists were given to religious leaders who read them out at churches, as in Kanyakumari; they were put up at public places and a list of these places was widely advertised in newspapers and applications invited for the inclusion of names. Applicants had to produce proof in the form of documents (family ration card, voter identity card, tsunami relief token etc.). Even after finalising the list of beneficiaries, applications for allotment of permanent houses were received. These were also scrutinised and a supplementary list drawn up. Only those who had lost houses were included. In some districts, names of minors had to be included nominating their nearest kin as their guardian.

Problems were encountered in South Chennai and some other places when the well-knit fishing communities did not allow the teams to conduct enumeration. District Collectors convened meetings to assure them that they would not be evicted and would also get houses near the shore. The communites debated every issue very thoroughly, but their fears of eviction overcame their own promises of cooperation and considerably delayed the resettlement process in these areas.

land acquisitionThe Government allotted Rs. 45.87 crore for the acquisition of private patta lands for the construction of permanent houses to the Tsunami affected victims. A district-level negotiation committee headed by the District Collector was empowered to purchase land to build permanent shelters in the tsunami-affected villages.

Land was acquired from private owners, temples and the Wakf Board (Islamic religious trust) at a maximum of 200 per cent of the market value or guideline value, whichever was lower. Suitable Government poromboke lands were also utilized for the construction of permanent houses.

community ParticipationRegular meetings were held with people/ SHGs to ascertain their needs to plan housing and livelihood projects. Genuine demands were incorporated and unacceptable ones discarded. For example, initial specifications did not provide for staircases: but after discussions with the community these were incorporated to provide an escape route in an emergency.

In Kancheepuram, communities came forward to demolish their houses and hand over the site for re-construction activities. Most communities voluntarily expressed willingness to shift to their newly constructed homes. The NGOs finalized the plans in consultation with the beneficiaries.

siffs ensured community-participation in constructionThe South Indian Federation of Fishermen’s Societies (SIFFS), formed to primarily tackle marketing, provided many benchmarks in the post-tsunami reconstruction programmeme. Involved in the construction of 2000 houses in the villages of Tharangambadi and Chinnangudi in Nagapattinam the SIFFS’ reconstruction process was based on local participation. The project design involved the community right from the selection of the plan and design of the houses, taking into account the villagers’ choices and aspirations. To manage the construction processes better by effecting decentralization and to bring about transparency in functioning, SIFFS formed clusters in the project villages of Tharangambadi (46) and Chinnangudi (13). Each cluster consisted of 20-25 houses and had a cluster committee of four to five members, at least one of whom was a woman. A paid cluster volunteer was also chosen, as was a cluster engineer (in charge of the quality of construction and other technical and social inputs for construction activities). Alongside, each potential home owner was expected to monitor the construction of his/her home. The cluster volunteer supervised this participation, and kept track of on-site progress of construction activities. He coordinated with the cluster engineer who also maintained reports on home-owner and was aided in his work by Community Development Officers.

Cluster committee members and the cluster volunteer were trained to assess construction quality and follow construction activities. The cluster engineer underwent frequent training about different phases of construction. SIFFS brought in architects from Kerala and Tamil Nadu and actually built model houses for the community to be able to take an informed decision. Even though most beneficiaries chose a particular model and the actual construction of models took time, the exercise helped in better understanding of the dynamics of house building.

Housing was never looked at merely as a construction activity but as a habitation-reconstruction process. The greater the community’s involvement, the higher the satisfaction levels. It did not matter then, even when the process was a bit slow. Satisfaction levels were certainly lower in the case of temporary shelters. People were left to choose between a repaired or a new house. Since some

Women’s meeting in Poompuhar


tabl

e 1: a

cqui

sitio

n of l

ands

for c

onst

ruct

ion o

f hou

ses i

n the

tsun

ami a

ffect

ed ar

eas a

s on 3

0.06

.200

8

Exte

nt o

f Lan

d Re

quire

d in

hec

tare

s Al

read

y ac

quire

d in

hec

tare

s Ba

lanc

e to

be

acqu

ired

Cost

of

acqu

isiti

on

(Rs.

in C

rore

s)

Name of the District

Govt. / Poromboke lands

Private Lands

Temple lands

Insitu

Total

No. of locations

Govt. Poromboke lands

Private Lands

Temple lands

Insitu

Total

No. of locations

Govt. Poromboke lands

Private Lands

Temple lands

Insitu

Total

No. of locations

Amount sanction

Amount spent

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

Chen

nai

3.21

00

00

3.21

02

3.21

00

00

3.21

02

0.00

00.

000

00

0.00

00

2.00

0.00

0

Cudd

alor

e4.

500

112.

550

00

117.

050

314.

500

112.

550

00

117.

050

310.

000

0.00

00

00.

000

02.

001.

740

Tiru

nelv

eli

20.2

0033

.605

00

53.8

0512

20.2

0033

.605

00

53.8

0510

0.00

00.

000

00

0.00

02

0.10

0.19

0

Naga

patt

inam

9.05

020

3.01

051

.880

64.7

6532

8.70

571

28.7

3021

7.26

053

.660

9.35

530

9.00

571

0.00

00.

000

055

.410

19.7

000

30.0

029

.630

Kann

iyak

umar

i10

.120

30.2

100

040

.330

2410

.120

30.2

100

040

.330

230.

000

0.00

00

00.

000

17.

677.3

90

Villu

pura

m4.

605

25.1

44.

045

15.9

0049

.690

194.

605

25.1

44.

045

15.9

0049

.690

190.

000

0.00

00

00.

000

01.

000.

349

Toot

huku

di13

.765

2.68

50

016

.450

1013

.765

2.68

50

016

.450

100.

000

0.00

00

00.

000

00.

100.

030

Kanc

hee

pura

m7.

844

8.94

00.

000

016

.784

337.

844

8.94

00.

000

016

.784

270.

000

0.00

00

00.

000

62.

000.

600

Tiru

vallu

r13

.690

10.6

450

024

.335

413

.690

10.6

450

024

.335

30.

000

0.00

00

00.

000

11.

000.

100

Tanj

avur

----

----

----

----

----

0.00

0--

----

----

----

----

Tota

l86

.984

426.

785

55.9

2580

.665

650.

359

206

106.

664

441.

035

57.7

0525

.255

630.

659

196

00.

000

055

.410

19.7

0010

45.8

7040

.029


people later thought that they were missing out on a new house, a fresh choice on old or new locations was also offered. Whenever the district administration was faced with intra-community or intercommunity conflicts about shelter, which were few and far between, they were settled at the local level. SIFFS demonstrated its people-centric social housing model in Poothurai where beneficiaries were fully involved as a part of the construction team.

role of nGos in House construction Willing NGOs, already familiar with social welfare activities, were selected and permitted to construct houses in tsunami-affected localities. They signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Collector of the district though a few NGOs constructed houses without signing an MoU. With some exceptions, there were different NGOs for temporary and permanent construction. In a few cases, the NGOs replaced and complemented each other.

A copy of the draft MoU is in Annexure 3. While Gujarat (after the massive earthquake that hit the state in 2001) followed a simple MoU signed at the state level, Tamil Nadu decided on a detailed MoU. This offered role clarity and decentralized the actual agreement as District Collectors of the nine districts where construction was to take place, were better suited to follow-up with NGOs. This ensured speedy approvals and better coordination.

Meeting with Beneficiaries

The Church especially in Kanyakumari district, played a constructive role in coordinating with NGOs in the district and complemented the administration. Meetings between the Bishop, Collector and NGO representatives led to many alternative plans of action and the administration gained the confidence of the stakeholders and beneficiaries. Almost 4000 houses were surveyed, and repaired through the church in Kanyakumari alone. Other organisations like Mata Amritanandamayi Math, the Ramakrishna Mission and many Islamic organisations also joined hands with District Collectors to ensure speedy construction.

As mentioned above, many NGOs generously adopted sites to construct new permanent shelters but lacked capacity and experience in construction. Also some NGOs were not local and that resulted in programmematic difficulties. GoTN provided them the necessary support and also effectively facilitated the use of time and resources offered by them.

Guidelines for constructionIt is a popular myth that fishermen like to live in huts. After the tsunami, families opted for concrete houses. Once their opinion was obtained, then the model was placed before District Level Committee for approval. Environmental guidelines for building the infrastructure were followed. The type and design of the construction were sent to Public Works Department for approval and for certification whether the construction was resistant to earthquake, floods and other natural calamities. The soil test of the site was also made before construction. Local NGOS and the coordination centres especially the Nagapattinam Coordination and Resource Centre played a vital role in ensuring that the guidelines for construction were strictly observed. Widespread adoption of hazard-resistant construction practices throughout the construction programmeme is one of the key achievements of the rebuilding exercise. Whenever there was complaint about the quality, the site was inspected by the Shelter Advisory Group that traveled across the districts and stopped construction. While Gujarat adopted an outside agency for this task, Tamil Nadu government did not go in for this model as the owner driven construction was practically ‘nil’ in Tamil Nadu and the houses were built by only t he NGO’s/Donors and government agencies.

Area specific land specific plans were carried out. In Villupuram district, since 90% of the required lands were obtained as gift, the question of land acquisition did not arise. In Chennai, no private land has been acquired. Land belonging to Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board in the coastal area of South Chennai has been identified for the construction of permanent houses for the Tsunami affected families living in Nochi Kuppam to Srinivasapuram. In North Chennai, M/s Hindustan Lever Ltd graciously donated 4.59 acres of land for housing about 960 families. A GOI institution, All India Radio agreed to part with 34.09 acres of land in Tiruvottiyur for housing 3616 families. In some districts, the NGOs purchased land and donated the same to the District Administration by means of gift settlement. All rules and regulations regarding the land acquisition policy were community-centric. Though the decision making process was slow in most cases people have taken well-informed choices. The well-knit fisher communities debated every issue very thoroughly. Stakeholders examined the Housing Reconstruction policy that came out at the end of March 2005 and were generally appreciative of the people - centric approach of the policy. The policy also outlined GoTN‘s intentions to go by the letter and spirit of the coastal regulatory zone notifications of GoI.


Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department in the rural areas and Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board in the urban areas are engaged in building the houses apart from the NGO’s. Each house will have an area of 325 sq.ft. with disaster resistant features and all amenities would cost on an average Rs.2.50 lakh (Rs.2.10 lakh for the house and Rs.0.40 lakh for amenities – later raised to Rs. 2.78 lakh by GoTN for the year 2007 – 08). The Unit cost of permanent houses built by NGO’s/Donors was in the range of Rs.1.5 lakh to Rs.3 lakh depending on the place. They are also insured for ten years against 14 different hazards for which Rs.1000 per house is provided.

Permanent sheltersThe number of houses proposed in the first phase was 53,293. Besides this, 11,694 houses have been repaired in the districts. Apart from the originally proposed number of houses, additional houses are being constructed by NGOs in varying locations for Irulars (Scheduled Tribes), Adidravidars (Scheduled Castes) and people below the poverty line. Of these newly constructed houses, 35,401 have been handed over to beneficiaries, 4,291 houses are various stages of construction, to be handed over on completion. The government has also sanctioned Rs. 88.32 crore for building 3912 houses that were originally planned by NGOs that later withdrew from the initiative.

Construction of these houses was taken up for families whose houses were not damaged by tsunami. These families belong to the most disadvantaged sections of the society like Irulas (Scheduled Traibe), agricultural laborers, fish workers and families who are living very close to the sea in Kanyakumari district who face frequent disastrous situations due to rise of sea level.

Detailed planning for Rasapettai resettlement, Cuddalore district

table 2: budget sanctioned for the government built housing projects

Districts Amount (Crore)

Chennai 277.98

Cuddalore 6.594

Kancheepuram 11.823

Villupuram 9.45

Nagapattinam 16.485

Thoothukudi 6.2775

Total 328.6095

* Rs. 261.85 crore was sanctioned by the World Bank and ETRP, and Rs. 20.88 crore under the RGRP programmeme for Chennai.

shelters for the marginal PopulationGoTN proactively reached out to the poorest and most disadvantaged sections of the community and carried out commendable restoration and reconstruction activities for the marginal and underprivileged. Houses were repaired/ reconstructed for Irulas in Cuddalore, SC/ST in Nagapattinam and other backward castes, for nomadic tribes moving from place to place selling artefacts, women, non-fishing support services, and vendors.

In Cuddalore, land acquisition and housing construction was completed in a record time of an year. In Devanampattinam, the worst hit village, 647 houses were completed within an year. Where 2,323 houses were needed about 5,000 houses were offered by NGOs. At that stage, coverage was widened to include poor fishermen, vendors,


tabl

e 3: H

ouse

s pro

pose

d for

cons

truc

tion,

com

plet

ed* P

hase

- i (

as on

30.0

6.20

08)

Ref:

ww

w.tn

.gov

.in/ts

unam

i **

It in

clud

es N

GO

Bac

ked

out h

ouse

s to

whi

ch G

over

nmen

t has

sanc

tione

d R

s. 63

.00

cror

e vi

de G

.O.M

s.No

625

Reve

nue

Dep

artm

ent D

ated

: 20.

09.2

006

Nam

e of

the

Dist

rict

No. o

f hou

ses

prop

osed

for c

onst

ruct

ion

No. o

f hou

ses

Com

plet

ed

No. o

f ho

uses

ha

nd-

ed

No. o

f ho

uses

ye

t to

be

hand

ed

over

No. o

f ho

uss

unde

r co

nstr

uc-

tion

Not y

et s

tart

ed

by N

GOby

Gov

t. Gr

and

Tota

l

by N

GOby

Gov

t.Gr

and

Tota

lRu

ral

Urba

nTo

tal

Rura

lUr

ban

Tota

lRu

ral

Urba

nTo

tal

Rura

lUr

ban

Tota

lRu

ral

Urba

nTo

tal

Chen

nai

00

00

1531

315

313

1531

30

00

067

3667

3667

3660

4369

30

085

7785

77

Kanc

heep

uram

2348

1175

3523

563

056

340

8623

4811

7535

230

00

3523

3481

4256

30

00

Tiru

vallu

r37

60

376

314

3033

3347

3723

376

037

60

468

468

844

468

376

238

7625

6526

41

Villu

pura

m14

4285

022

9245

032

577

530

6713

9767

120

680

00

2068

2016

5261

740

342

382

Cudd

alor

e66

216

6123

230

00

2323

662

1661

2223

00

023

2323

230

00

00

Naga

patt

inam

1170

359

9817

701

1143

892

2035

1973

610

986

5046

1603

20

00

1603

215

788

244

3111

257

336

593

Thoo

thuk

udi

639

142

781

224

022

410

0563

914

278

10

00

781

676

105

224

00

0

Tiru

nelv

eli

1444

014

440

00

1444

1444

014

440

00

1444

1444

00

00

0

Kann

iyak

umar

i99

515

9725

920

00

2592

995

1597

2592

00

025

9225

920

00

00

Tam

ilnad

u 19

609

1142

331

032

2694

1956

322

257

5328

918

764

1029

229

056

072

0472

0434

725

3472

515

3544

7352

812

028

1255

6

Nam

e of

the

Dist

rict

No. o

f hou

ses

prop

osed

for c

onst

ruct

ion

No. o

f hou

ses

Com

plet

ed

No. o

f ho

uses

ha

nded

No. o

f ho

uses

ye

t to

be

hand

ed

over

No. o

f ho

uss

unde

r co

n-st

ruc-

tion

Not y

et s

tart

ed

by N

GOby

Gov

t.

Gran

d To

tal

by N

GOby

Gov

t.

Gran

d To

tal

Rura

lUr

ban

Tota

lRu

ral

Urba

nTo

tal

Rura

lUr

ban

Tota

lRu

ral

Urba

nTo

tal

Rura

lUr

ban

Tota

l

Cudd

alor

e16

5411

3827

920

00

2792

1327

1192

2439

00

024

3924

390

279

659

74

Kann

iya

kum

ar14

1618

1132

270

00

3227

1368

1773

3141

00

031

4130

9051

860

00

Tam

il Na

du

3070

2949

6019

00

060

1926

9528

8555

800

00

5580

5529

5136

565

974

tabl

e 4: c

onst

ruct

ion o

f add

ition

al ho

uses

- Ph

ase-

i as o

n 30-

06-2

008


coolies living in vulnerable houses, Irula tribespeople and SC families, who lost their livelihood. By July 2006, all the houses were completed. Entire rehabilitation work will be done in three years time.

crZ Guidelines and Permanent Houses in vulnerable areas Special emphasis was laid on shifting the entire habitation to the new location in order to keep communities together. The sites selected were mostly close to their previous homes but preferably beyond 200 meters from high-tide line (HTL) as observed physically on the ground.

GoTN had to perform a balancing act by shifting affected fishing communities to safer places without distancing them from the coast and the sea, which is their work place. The importance of relocation was explained to them. The government engaged the tsunami-affected proactively in the site selection process to attain community consensus. In Nagapattinam, no construction activities were taken up within 200 meters of HTL.

vulnerable housesWhile implementing the tsunami housing programme, the state government realised that many poor families are living very close to the sea and are vulnerable to the damages caused by frequent natural disasters like flood, cyclone etc. These families were not affected by tsunami but were highly vulnerable because of the proximity to the sea and the poor construction of the dwelling units, which exposed their poor income status. The chief minister of Tamil Nadu after a review of the Tsunami programme on 24th June 2006, decided to launch a housing programme to provide disaster resistant houses of higher standards to all these families.

Thatched houses, tiled houses with mud walls or dried bricks and non-engineered, poorly constructed houses,

District

Rural Urban IAY

Houses 1000 m

from HTL

Houses 200 m from back

watersTotal

Houses 1000 m

from HTL

Houses 200 m from back

watersTotal

Houses to be recon-structed

Grand Total

Kancheepuram 253 142 395 154 0 154 94 643

Nagapattinam 3133 34 3167 988 111 1099 149 4415

Tiruvallur 776 236 1012 6026 0 6026 335 7373

Tirunelveli 2610 0 2610 Nil Nil Nil 108 2718

Thanjavur 2665 0 2665 Nil Nil Nil 463 3128

Ramanathapuram 10399 0 10399 424 0 424 Nil 10823

Villupuram 4490 0 4490 Nil Nil Nil 302 4792

Cuddalore 695 0 695 911 554 1465 Nil 2160

Kanyakumari 2004 0 2004 2697 0 2697 832 5533

Thoothukudi 2263 0 2263 879 0 879 2192 5334

Pudukkottai 4808 286 5094 Nil Nil Nil 556 5650

Total 34096 698 34794 12079 665 12744 5031 52569

table 5: district-wise number of vulnerable houses proposed for reconstruction as on June 30, 2008

which get easily damaged in case of natural calamities are categorized as vulnerable houses. Disaster resistant houses are built for those living in poorly constructed houses and dilapidated houses in the vulnerable areas of coastal districts of Tamil Nadu. The state Government has issued necessary orders for reconstruction of vulnerable houses lying 200 meters from the HTO and from the backwaters and IAY and other Government financed houses, which are lying within 1000 meters from the HTL, under the RGRP with assistance from Union Government.

Survey teams were formed to enumerate vulnerable houses within 1000 meters of the HTL and 200 meters from the backwaters. A tahsildar cadre officer and one Deputy Collector-level officer monitored the survey. The team leader, assistant team leader and the enumerating staff were given trained to classify houses. In Kanyakumari people living in vulnerable houses were also enumerated for relocation or accommodation in houses to be constructed under the Rajiv Gandhi rehabilitation package.

Based on the survey conducted by the District Collectors from coastal districts, a total of 55293 houses have been identified as vulnerable to natural calamities for replacement with disaster resistant houses. To begin with the state government sanctioned Rs. 552 crore for the construction of 22000 houses in-situ at the rate of Rs. 2.38 lakh per house, Rs. 40000 per house for providing basic amenities and Rs. 1000 towards insurance under RGRP. The houses are constructed by Department of Rural Development and Pachayat Raj in rural areas of Tamil Nadu and by Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board in urban areas. The remaining 31565 vulnerable houses are being replaced with disaster resistant houses with the help of World Bank. The construction of houses in vulnerable areas is also complimented by construction of cyclone shelters, evacuation routes, early warning systems etc., to protect the coastal people against any calamity in the future.


Housing colony in Chemmancheri, Chennai

Housing colony in Chemmancheri, Chennai

Brand new settlement at Akkiraipettai, Nagapattinam

Honourable Chief Minister handing over the house key

House warming in Cuddalore


House with extended shop in Villupuram District

Family in the newly built house, Chinnandikuppam

A lived-in house in Villupuram

Kitchen of a house in Villupuram

Family in the newly built house, Chinnandikuppam


S. No.

Name of District

Rural Urban IAY and other Govt. Grand Total

Insti- tution

Reloca-tion

TotalInsti- tution

Reloca-tion

Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

1 Kancheepuram 157 0 157 34 0 34 240 0 240 397 34 431

2 Tiruvallur 1237 0 1237 518 82 600 2225 0 2225 3462 600 4062

3 Villupuram 182 0 182 361 0 361 258 53 311 440 414 854

4 Cuddalore 279 197 476 165 1418 1583 1288 0 1288 1764 1583 3347

5 Nagapattinam 14 38 52 63 190 253 35 9 44 87 262 349

6 Pudukottai 1142 0 1142 0 0 0 1201 0 1201 2343 0 2343

7 Thanjavur 364 210 574 0 0 0 720 0 720 1294 0 1294

8 Thoothukudi 54 95 149 0 1656 1656 633 249 882 782 1905 2687

9 Tirunelveli 930 0 930 0 0 0 934 0 934 1864 0 1864

10 Ramanathapuram 2153 698 2851 269 494 763 1350 348 1698 4201 1111 5312

11 Kanniyakumari 880 149 1029 372 249 621 1618 378 1996 2647 999 3646

TOTAL 7392 1387 8779 1782 4089 5871 10502 1037 11539 19281 6908 26189

table 6: details of construction of vulnerable houses in Phase -ii (0-200 mt) rajiv Gandhi Package -- as on 30.06.2008

S. No.

Name of District

Rural Urban Grand Total.

Insti tution

Reloca tion

TotalInsti

tutionReloca

tionTotal Rural Urban Total

1 Kancheepuram 0 4 4 0 0 0 4 0 4

2 Tiruvallur 80 0 80 1972 1276 3248 80 3248 3328

3 Villupuram 1499 503 2002 1076 136 1212 2002 1212 3214

4 Cuddalore 309 16 325 0 0 0 325 0 325

5 Nagapattinam 2766 232 2998 750 78 828 2998 828 3826

6 Pudukottai 1741 660 2401 0 0 0 2401 0 2401

7 Thanjavur 1052 948 2000 0 0 0 2000 0 2000

8 Thoothukudi 1113 424 1537 67 102 169 1537 169 1706

9 Tirunelveli 1422 0 1422 0 0 0 1422 0 1422

10 Ramanathapuram 5067 1745 6812 851 636 1487 6812 1487 8299

11 Kanniyakumari 1221 150 1371 1739 409 2148 1371 2148 3519

TOTAL 16270 4682 20952 6455 2637 9092 20952 9092 30044

table 7: details of construction of vulnerable houses in Phase -ii (0-200 mt) World bank Package -- as on 30.06.2008

roads, bridges and Public buildingsRebuilding infrastructure such as roads, bridges and public utility buildings is cost-intensive and requires specific knowledge, expertise, heavy equipment and machinery for construction and therefore, was almost completely undertaken by the state government. Roads, bridges and public buildings are used not just during normal times but also during disasters for people to escape and take shelter. Restoration of these forms a critical part of the rehabilitation process. Reconstruction of damaged public buildings and roads was quickly completed whereas internal rural roads and bridges were part of the medium-term plan. Restoration of roads included clearing debris, repairing damaged surfaces and drainage channels and

providing temporary ‘crossings’ where cross-drainage work had been washed away. Roads near houses were supported by WB, and ADB supported link roads between villages/ towns and in municipal areas.

Importantly, restoration of infrastructure involved not just rebuilding damaged structures but also building critical and missing infrastructure. Community halls, public distribution system (PDS) shops, fishing-related activity centres for use of fisherfolk etc. were constructed. NGOs willing to work in that sector were asked to develop children’s parks in villages. NGOs also contributed to GoTN initiatives to repair and construct orphanage, old age homes and school buildings and to provide equipment and educational material for schools.


The provision of infrastructure by Government related to two important areas; one, where the houses were coming up mostly with the assistance of NGO’s and the other to provide infrastructure in existing villages, towns and municipal areas. GoTN provided basic amenities such as water-supply and streetlights, hand-pumps and public taps to all the newly constructed residential colonies, except in Kanyakumari district, where NGOs covered these aspects of recovery.

rajasthan Government initiativeThe Rajasthan Government joined the rehabilitation effort immediately, a team led by Shri.R.K. Meena, Secretary, Disaster Management visited the affected villages, as early as January 2005. The Government of Rajasthan also appointed the Avas Vikas Limited, a Government of Rajasthan undertaking which has considerable experience of reconstruction work in earth quake affected areas to build the structures for the tsunami areas.

With the funds of Government of Rajasthan, M/s. Avas Vikas Limited have carried out construction works in the tsunami affected Districts of Kancheepuram, Villupuram and Cuddalore Districts. They have completed 42 works

Implementing agency Building / Projects Number

Department of Public Works Cyclone shelters 113

Public buildings 5

Memorials 3

Buildings for Department of Veterinary Hospitals 89

Hospitals and Public Health Sub-centres 31

Schools and class rooms 64

Department of Rural Development Public buildings constructed 13

Public buildings work under progress 195

Commissioner of Town Panchayats Public Buildings completed 1

Public Buildings Work in progress 11

Commissioner of Municipal Administration Public Buildings completed 5

Public Buildings Work in progress 2

table 8: construction of public utility buildings initiated by state Government departments

New bridge at Nagapattinam

costing Rs. 1745.03 lakhs. The works involved construction of educational institutes and school buildings, hospitals and laboratories, fish drawing yards, cyclone shelters and other public utility buildings.

Community centre at Cuddalore

old age home set up The first home for the aged for tsunami survivors is opened in Cuddalore district. Moved by the large-scale destruction to life and property by the tsunami, NDTV viewers had contributed generously. In association with HelpAge India, the village has been named after many people who made it possible. Details to be provided by DRO, RR, Cuddalore.


Water-supplyThe tsunami affected water supplies in five ways.1. Destruction of the supply and distribution systems.2. Inundation of surface sources and unprotected wells

with sea water, sand, debris and in many cases faecal matter from coastal areas where open defecation was common and sanitation facilities were largely unimproved.

3. Sub-surface saline intrusion of protected wells raising their salinity to such high levels so as to render them unusable.

4. Saline water intrusion due to high water withdrawal rates.

5. Dramatic shifts in coastlines that wiped out entire community sites.In the immediate aftermath of the tsunami, survivors

relied for a short time on some unaffected sources and bottled water. Various civil society as well as corporate

organizations and UNICEF distributed large tanks to store water near relief camps and temporary shelters. Tankers carrying water then filled these tanks. Desalination plants have also been set up to provide potable water.

Water: a Priority amenityImmediate provision of shelter and food forms the most important step in post-disaster management measures. Safe drinking water leads the list of amenities to be provided. Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board lost no time in providing water to tsunami victims. Provision through high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tanks ensured uninterrupted supply in a short span of time. The Board also repaired various damaged water supply sourced by fixing/ replacing pumping mains, pump-sets, creating new sources, constructing pump rooms and public fountains within a few days. Bore-wells were dug wherever suitable conditions were in place and hand-pumps provided. The Board was given Rs. 8.50 crore under the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programmeme and Rs. 14.25 crore from the

Agency StatusRoads Bridges Public Buildings

Km Rs. in lakh No. Rs. in lakh No. Rs. in lakh

Rural Development Department

Proposed 165.84 2365.63 - - 206 553.55

Completed 523 6200 8 21.68 13 535.10

Director of Town Panchayats

Proposed 135.35 2216.73 - - 25 55806

Completed 134.63 2288 10 9.19 15 297.33

TN Highways Department

Proposed 423.22 114.64 55 109.74 - -

Completed 433.520 6136.48 2 174.09 - -

TotalProposed 724.41 4697.00 55 221 685.10

Completed 959.535 13364.36 20 204.96 579 1261.81

table 9: roads, bridges and public buildings completed so far

Community Centre at Kanchipuram district


Calamity Relief Fund for providing these facilities. The above amounts were also utilized to provide water-supply to permanent housing habitations.

Of the 235 permanent shelters being constructed by district administrations, water supply has been provided so far to 193; supply to the remaining shelters is scheduled to be completed shortly. International agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) have lauded the role played by the Board in relief operations. The Board is now engaged in ensuring permanent solutions to the coastal areas. 41 projects have been taken up with the assistance of ADB at a cost of Rs 84.37 .crore. So far 30 water supply sub projects in the seven districts and 5 recharge structures in 4 districts are complete. Eight projects are under progress.

lessons learntIt was learnt that most of the water supply infrastructure damaged by the tsunami was located close to the coast. This especially included bore-wells, open wells, pump-rooms and pump-sets. It was decided to locate water-supply infrastructure such as bore-wells, open wells and pump rooms etc. well away from the coast so as to avoid damage in future.

Secondary contamination of water was reported in some places but this was due to unhygienic handling of water-supply installations such as tanks, public fountains etc., by the local people. The local body needs to conduct periodic water quality monitoring to ensure supply of potable water to the public.

Adequate awareness has to be created among local communities with the participation of NGOs and local bodies about the importance of water quality, environmental health, water-borne diseases etc. so as to avoid secondary contamination of water. The NGOs operating in the area can collect water samples periodically and test them at the nearest Board laboratory by paying nominal testing charges, with the participation of local body so as to ensure potable water supply. NGOs and local water supply committee members should be supplied with simple water quality testing kits and people must be trained in their use.

District Corporation Municipality Rural Habitations

Town Panchayats

Total

Chennai 175 175

Cuddalore 88 56 144

Kancheepuram 187 80 267

Kanniyakumari 23 63 60 146

Nagapattinam 270 616 74 960

Thiruvallur 3 30 33

Thoothukkudi 3 36 3 42

Tirunelveli - 69 - 69

Villupuram - 130 83 213

Grand total 2049

table 10: Habitations provided with public taps

Drinking water by Desalination in Chandrapadi - Nagerkoil district

Though there were fears that the death toll due to disease outbreaks after the tsunami was likely to be as high as the tsunami itself, this did not happen. Quick provision of quality drinking water and wide circulation of messages regarding importance of water quality and sanitation helped achieve this.

sanitation The entire disaster recovery effort has been marked by a strong commitment to alleviate longer-term vulnerability and poverty and improve quality of living. Advocacy on sanitation and hygiene was part of this underlying agenda. Unsanitary disposal of human waste results in contamination of water-supply sources and spread of waterborne diseases. To protect public health and environment, there is a need to plan appropriate water and sanitation suitable for the community. While drinking water supply has improved in many rural areas, only a third of Indians are reported to have access to sanitation with over 64 per cent of houses having no toilets. The percentage was higher in coastal areas and this was a clear case of neglect on the part of everyone concerned – local governments, the community and the people.

Sanitation is the most important, but also the most difficult component of the tsunami rehabilitation programmeme, with the low-lying nature of the land, high groundwater table, soil permeability issues etc. There was a need to put up systems that were simple and easy to maintain, keeping in mind the costs involved not only in setting up, but also in maintaining the infrastructure. Since there were variants in different areas, there was no single solution to the problem. Each area needed to have a custom-made sanitation programmeme.


The coastal districts in Tamil Nadu provide a unique challenge and therefore relatively new innovative solutions such as DEWATS needed to be considered. Wherever necessary, GoTN has provided sewage treatment plants and made adequate budgetary arrangements for operation and maintenance though effort was made to keep it to the minimum. Experts on the construction of toilets have also held consultations with the stakeholders so that the systems are put to proper use. Raising awareness is crucial for the successful implementation of the sanitation programmeme. The Board shared information on the systems planned for the different areas so that awareness could be created amongst the communities, enabling them to make informed decisions based on ground realities and ensuring proper access to sanitation.

Guidelines for sanitation were drawn up in consultation with the implementing agencies, consultants, academics and researchers, NGOs and CBOs involved in designing and implementing water-supply and sanitation projects. Sanitation systems were planned in 200 locations in reconstructed settlement sites in accordance with the guidelines. The main objectives were to ensure zero contamination of groundwater or surface water or surface soil; and that the system should be easy to maintain. The guidelines could be broadly classified into engineering, environment, process and cost considerations. Construction of sanitation facilities in coastal areas have seen some good practices and models that are technically feasible, environmentally compatible and socially acceptable so as to fit into the regular habits of the community. The Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Sewerage Board is implementing 70 sanitation schemes with 16 packages to build permanent shelters under ETRP with World Bank assistance at a cost of Rs. 29.37 crore and two schemes at Devanampattinam and Samanthampettai under Calamity Relief Fund. The operation and maintenance of the scheme is to be entrusted to the contractor for one year. The cost required for operation and maintenance for a period of one year will be included in the contract and will be paid on successful maintenance of the scheme. During this period the contractor will train local body personnel to

operate and maintain the scheme themselves. The NGOs have completed sanitation schemes including estimated schemes as given in the following table:

table 11: Places of nGo initiated sanitation schemes

Village District NGO

Kodimunai Kanniyakumari SWISS CARITAS

Uppakkam Kanniyakumari CARITAS

Akkaraipettai Nagapattinam TATO RELIEF COMMITTEE

Kameswaram Nagapattinam SCOPE

Samanthanpettai sewage treatment plant

Eco-friendly sanitation


environmental sanitation interven-tions with community participationSanitation projects exemplify how a multi-sector, multi-agency coordinated and participatory approach can effectively achieve environmental and welfare goals. Construction of basic sanitation facilities and campaign for hygiene awareness has helped minimize the risk of waterborne diseases. Community-level management and monitoring of water sources and sanitation facilities has helped to improve living conditions. Sanitary latrines have afforded a sense of privacy and security for women living in shelters. The participation of women in training to build latrines, repair hand-pumps, and mobilise neighbours on good hygiene and sanitation practices, has been instrumental in managing shelter conditions, and creating a sense of self-reliance and ownership over the assets that have been installed.

• AssessmentbyaUNICEF-supportedteamin March 2006 showed that hygiene practices in shelters had deteriorated and were posing a health risk. UNICEF, with other partners, responded by mobilizing communities to keep shelters clean; improving access to water and sanitation facilities; introducing solid and liquid waste disposal systems and hygiene education; initiating community management of key water, sanitation and hygiene activities.

• NGOsandCBOswereinvolvedinthe interventions through capacity-building, consultation and participation.

• Supplyandprotectionofwatersupply through installation of hand-pumps, regular testing of water, chlorination and other remedial methods.

• Designingandbuildingtoiletsand incinerators for discarded sanitary napkins.

• IECandhealtheducationprogrammesin solid waste management, waste water management, etc, for shelter communities.

• Vectorcontrolmeasuresundertakenthrough community-mapping of vulnerable areas and training in spraying.

• Healthcarewastemanagementintroducedin some selected hospitals by providing training to more than 11,000 Medical Officers, nurses, paramedics and sanitary workers.

Photographs from top Baffled reactor, Eco-friendly toilet, Biogas settler, Sewage treatment plant


cHAPter tWo: H e a l t H , e d u c a t i o n a n d s o c i a l s a f e t Y

Sanitation facilities formed a crucial part of the amenities with far reaching im-plications on health, environment and welfare of the tsunami-affected people. The affected and vulnerable population needed health-care facilities, individual and institutionalized psychosocial sup-

port, protection from trafficking and other risks that in-crease vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and special interventions providing psycho-social support, protection and education for children on an immediate basis. The Health, Education and Social Welfare departments of GoTN worked in close partnership with UN organizations and other partners, at the level of assessment, planning and provision of these facilities.

HealthThe state has a strong public health and medical services infrastructure. The tsunami damaged hospitals and primary health centres (PHCs), equipment and medical supplies and affected health service providers both personally and professionally along the coastal belt. The state health service and the agencies supporting it not only met the immediate needs of the affected population and, in the months following, rebuilt the infrastructure and continued to provide long-term support; but also took the opportunity to rebuild better, planning for vastly improved infrastructure and better services in several health-related areas. The government, with full support from UN bodies like WHO and UNICEF, as well as a large number of international,

Government Hospital, Mamallapuram


national and local NGOs, coped with the emergency in an exemplary manner. Response was immediate and coverage extensive in the provision of medical services. Health care centers were functioning at temporary shelters during the post -tsunami period. All the primary health centers in the coastal areas were provided with adequate medicines. GoTN reconstructed and re-equipped five major hospitals that were damaged.

Meticulous planning and monitoring of activities was the key to successful implementation. The state/district health services and partner agencies deployed administrative staff, health officers and monitors providing them with clear technical and administrative guidelines. The strategy involved disease surveillance, enhanced services for mothers, newborns and children, and proactive outreach to the adolescents and youth, strengthened knowledge and skills of health professionals on ‘Health Action in Crisis/Emergency’.

universal Health insurance scheme With funding from PMNRF, the United India Insurance Company Limited has come forward with the scheme of Universal Health for tsunami affected people. According to this scheme, a tsunami-affected family is entitled to incur the medical expenditure to the tune of Rs. 30,000

per annum. Insurance amount of Rs. 25,000 will be given to the tsunami affected family in case the head of the family dies or is handicapped permanently in an accident. The United Insurance Company has covered 1,49,930 families in the affected districts so far under this scheme. The scheme till 31.3.08 is as follows:

table 12: insurance coverage by the united insurance company 31.07.2008

DistrictsNumber of beneficiary

permities

Chennai 6424

Cuddalore 15815

Nagapattinam 61203

Kancheepuram 7274

Kanniayakumari 45926

Thoothukudi 1488

Tirunelveli 8729

Tiruvallur 8284

Villupuram 2684

TOTAL 157827

ICDS Centre, Puthanthurai, Rajakamangalam Panchayat Union


Target groups / issues Intervention Partners

Disease Surveillance

Adverse environmental conditions in

overcrowded shelters and camps

Detailed guidelines for early warning, alert, verification and

response to disease outbreaks were prepared and disseminated

(Department of Health

and Family Welfare)

Setting up disease surveillance cells in districts

Networking with the National Institute of Communicable

Diseases (NICD), Delhi, the National Institute of Epidemiology

(NIE), Chennai, and medical colleges; training of medical

officers and health workers; and strengthening of laboratories

Prevention of mortality and morbidity among children under five

Relief camps/ women and children Immunization interventions – consisting of one dose of measles

vaccine and one dose of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) to all children

6-59 months of age – were taken up. A total of 103,629 children

were vaccinated. Auto disable (AD) syringes were introduced for

the first time

(Department of Health

and Family Welfare)

GOTN, UNICEF

Vitamin A supplementation for children 6–59 months of age; (Department of

Health and Family

Welfare)Provision of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) packets

Cotrimoxazole for treatment of Acute Respiratory-track Infection

(ARI) and gastroenteritis

Three worst affected districts Deployment of 40 teams to share messages on health,

sanitation, and hygiene; provision of ORS packages, soaps and

pamphlets on hygiene and sanitation, emergency cholera kits,

insecticide-treated bed-nets and chloroscopes to monitor

water quality

UNICEF

Enhancement of services

Mothers, newborns and children Repairs to the badly damaged General Hospital (GH),

Nagapattinam, were undertaken rapidly and completed by the

first week of February

(Public Works

Department) GoTN

Replacement of lost and damaged supplies and equipment UNICEF

Strengthening system of referral from primary care facilities,

services for mothers, newborns and children at the GH

WHO, OGSSI, IAP

Regular and frequent visits to mothers and newborns for early

detection of deficiencies and illnesses

Department of Health

and Family Welfare)

GoTN,

UNICEF161 PHCs supplied with equipment for emergency obstetric and

newborn care

954 Health Sub-centres (HSCs) appropriately equipped.

table 13: interventions to restore and build health care services



Antenatal care and emergency obstetric services restored in 595 health facilities with UNICEF support. These formed part of a total of 4,275 facilities which were provided with equipment for such care. 161 Block PHCs will also receive such equipment within a year

Mobile health units, equipped to manage newborn emergencies, established in three districts through joint collaboration of UNFPA, UNICEF and Government of Tamil Nadu

9,500 early child development and nutrition centres equipped.

12,700 doctors, nurses, community workers and volunteers trained. In Nagapattinam alone, 1100 health and nutrition workers have been trained in IMNCI. A majority of them now make three post-natal visits within ten days of delivery

1000 Village Health Nurses (VHNs) in five districts trained in newborn care and supplied with ambu bags for neonatal resuscitation

Prevention of Malnutrition and Re-establishment of ICDS

Children covered by the 65 destroyed, 43 damaged and 243 ICDS centers that suffered loss of essential equipment

Distribution of double rations of the fortified complementary food and the mid-day meal of the Integrated Child Development Scheme.

UNICEF and Directorate of Social Welfare, GoTN

Provision of ICDS services at larger temporary shelter locations.

Training of all workers and volunteers

Establishment of 14 model centres with training of all workers and volunteers, and training of all workers and volunteers

Provision of additional staff and restoration of routine functioning in all 351 ICDS centres and 180 mini-centres set up in temporary shelters in six districts

Training of 1,080 community-based volunteers to support anganwadi workers and identify children not being reached

The success of this ‘two-worker model’ has resulted in UNICEF suggesting that the use of trained volunteers in ICDS centres be converted into a permanent ‘multi-staff model’

All 531 affected centres were provided with equipment including furniture, weighing scales, plastic mats, water storage tanks, kitchen utensils and play material by UNICEF

Adaptation of infant and young child feeding guidelines in emergencies, and developed appropriate training modules. iodine deficiency disease campaign; monitoring system for iron folic acid and Vitamin A; coverage evaluation survey on Vitamin A and impact analysis on nutrition status

WHO

Adolescent health



Risk of anemia, substance abuse, reproductive and sexual health, unplanned pregnancies, abortions, RTIs/ STIs/ HIV, sexual violence among adolescents

Establishment of an ‘Adolescent Friendly’ health centre at the GH, Nagapattinam, staffed with a physician and counsellor trained in AFHS

(Department of Health and Family Welfare) GoTN

A mapping exercise to focus on the most important interventions to achieve good health outcomes among young people

AFHS training of faculty members in the Health Manpower Development Institute (HMDI), Villupuram and 100 medical officers (MOs) and 300 VHN/SHN (Sector Health Nurse) in Nagapattinam district

Knowledge and skills of health professionals on ‘Health Action in Crisis/Emergency’ strengthened

Health workers, Paramedics Development and dissemination of many guidelines

Sensitization sessions, training and workshops were conducted to strengthen their knowledge and skill.

Training of about 1000 health workers for essential newborn care, especially for newborn resuscitation

School and college Students Adopted villages/shelters near their schools to provide students experience of managing health conditions in emergency situations

nursing schools

Module on ‘Reaching Out: Nursing Care in Emergencies’ produced

Indian Nursing Council, GoTN

School, college teachers Trained as trainers in Reaching Out

Training institutes Strengthening the nursing fraternity in ‘Health Action in Crisis/Emergency’ by including the subject in their curriculum

Indian Nursing Council, WHO

Mainstreaming of nursing care in emergencies through inclusion in curriculum of diploma and degree programmes

GoTN

Up-gradation of training facilities in five districts, follow up training and supervisory mobility support

Competency based skill training planned for VHNs and MOs, especially for skilled care during delivery and also for MOs in ‘life saving anaesthetic skills for Emergency Obstetric Care (EmOC)

Knowledge creation and documentation

Public health care system Documentation of recovery work done by Department of Health, focusing on four of the worst hit districts – Nagapattinam, Cuddalore, Kanyakumari and Chennai city

WHO

Public health care facilities Upgradation with audio-visual equipment, provided with 13 CDs on Behaviour Change Communication messages for positive health care

Policy makers, researchers Data resource centre at the Directorate of Public Health which works as repository of guidelines, standard operating procedures, reports, studies, surveys and data from the field

WHO


mental and emotional Health: Psycho-social supportGoTN and partners felt that people in the community could provide the best possible psycho-social support, as they were aware of social behaviour and practices. The UN team for Tsunami Recovery Support (UNFPA, UNICEF, UNODC and UNDP) led by the WHO India country office developed a community-based sustainable trauma care. The PSS programme was made possible through the active participation of various government departments, UN agencies, private sector, NGOs and other partners. UNODC supported the development of training strategy. GoTN’s Department of Social Welfare was designated as the nodal department for organizing the programme.

The Department of Social Welfare took the lead in the programme along with the Departments of Education and Health and district-level institutions coordinated the activity. The preparatory process included extensive consultations and development of a strategy and schedule for training community-level workers (CLWs): identification of master trainers, selection of CLWs from the field and cascade training for 2813 CLWs in 11 districts, under the supervision of District Social Welfare Officers (DSWOs). A substantial number of training materials and manuals were developed for various aspects of PSS. They are now available for wider dissemination. Among these are a facilitator’s manual, handbooks for field workers, pamphlets, a manual for helping children and adolescents, a training manual for prevention and management of alcohol abuse.

Several NGOs and civil society groups were also trained by partner agencies. The trained CLWs were made responsible for 20 families (approximately 100

individuals) each. They interacted regularly with these families, provided psychosocial support in the form of lay counselling, assistance in social needs and referral to the health system for further care.

A cell with a psychologist, data manager and necessary infrastructure was established in the Directorate of Social Welfare, Chennai, to coordinate the programme. A cadre of trained CLWs, drawn from various sectors, has been made available. District authorities can draw on them for various social support programmes. 13,000 workers have been trained, 275,000 persons supported, 52,000 provided additional counselling and 120,000 children reached.

With funding from PMNRF, as a long-term measure, trauma-cum-recreation centres are being constructed at a cost of Rs. 3 lakh each. Construction of the centers in the districts of Cuddalore (15), Kanyakumari (8), Nagapattinam (28) is complete. In addition ten trauma cum recreation centres in Villupuram and two more centres in Cuddalore district are planned.

SCARF has introduced telemedicine as an option for providing expert consultation. There is a dearth of trained mental health professionals, and a wider use of telemedicine can provide expert opinion in disaster situations. So far, 200 patients have received care through telemedicine.

trafficking and Hiv/aidsRural Tamil Nadu, with its high migrant population, is the source from where women and children are drawn to urban centres like Dharmapuri, Tirunelveli, Vellore and Kanyakumari in search of jobs. Chennai, the capital of the state and a major metropolis, is a source, destination and transit point for trafficked women and children. In the wake of tsunami social disruption of families and communities, lack of privacy and unhygienic environs had increased vulnerability of the women and children. Since the trafficked survivors have very little or no bargaining power regarding condom use and are vulnerable to dangerous sexual practices, they are further prone to contracting HIV. In this background the Government and other agencies have taken up several initiatives to reduce the spread of HIV and prevent trafficking through effective interventions The main focus of government and NGO activities was on awareness and capacity building programmes, needs assessments, networking and linkages, distribution and support services.

sensitization and advocacyHealth supervisors, Anganwadi workers, teachers, police, local government representatives, self-help groups (SHGs), opinion leaders and relief workers, as well as watchdog

Nagercoil: A de-addiction centre was set up at Naduvoorkarai, a tiny village near Colachel in 1995. Ever since the tsunami struck the coast in December 2004, a large number of fisherfolk have started visiting the centre. Initially it was very difficult to convince the fishermen about the evils of alcohol. But these days the fishermen voluntarily visit the centre to access treatment.

Children cared and supported


committee members were sensitized on issues such as HIV/AIDS, trafficking, child rights and child labour. ICDS and other government and non-government agencies, persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) networks, TNSACS counselors, and the anti-vice squad were involved in these programs for creating awareness in the community. Existing TNSACS services and public health systems were very helpful in providing psycho-social support to affected families. There were no cases reported. The health department monitored the affected population very cautiously.

surveillance The Department of Social Defense formed special squads to track vulnerable children. On the basis of this finding, 2240 home study reports have been compiled. Several NGOs have also mapped vulnerable women and children in tsunami-affected areas. The Anti Vice Squad (Police) networked with various district departments and non-governmental agencies to understand and offer an effective response to prevent further trafficking, rescue victims and deal with traffickers in the coastal community. Due to the increase in police surveillance and interventions, trafficking in these areas could be checked to a great extent.

supportFormation of surveillance teams at community level was the focus of most interventions. Existing SHGs took responsibility for protection of women and children. A children’s parliament was organized to empower children with knowledge and information on trafficking and exploitation. Efforts were made to spread awareness about ICCWO help lines and other support services. Voluntary testing through VCCTCs was encouraged, resulting in an increase in the volume of such testing. Care and support services were provided for HIV orphans through home-based support. Formation of Network of PLHAs was also initiated in certain areas.

In order to ensure safe sexual and reproductive health practices, condoms and sanitary pads were distributed along with IEC material. Nutritional supplement to

needy HIV+ persons was provided through the district positive networks. Income-generation centres selling condoms, sanitary pads, etc, were set up, contributing to improved understanding of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues and health-seeking behaviour. Efforts were made to coordinate among various agencies involved in construction of shelters to ensure that minimum standards of privacy and facilities were provided to women and children. Facilities for water and light were made available near campsites toilets. Livelihood training and market linkages were provided to women, in order to reduce their vulnerability arising from lack of livelihood opportunities.

childrenTsunami has orphaned 241 children and 1513 children lost one of their parents. Education was hampered by the tsunami for an estimated 269532 children. Tsunami had also sharply exposed the orphaned and abandoned children and children whose parents and guardians themselves were in a vulnerable situation, to the risks of child trafficking, child labor, child abuse, violence against children and child marriage. Children also stood the chance of losing legal rights over land, assets, and property. Children orphaned and separated, children from damaged and destroyed houses and schools had very special needs in terms of psychological and emotional support, socio-economic protection and protection from trafficking and other risks and education. The special needs of children were identified and appropriate models for child support and protection were developed.

care and supportGoTN opened three orphanages in Cuddalore, Nagapattinam and Nagercoil districts for 50 children at each centre. Orphaned adolescent girls are also admitted to the service homes run by the state government. Two new service homes have been opened in Kanniyakumari and Nagapattinam districts. GoTN has also constructed 142 child welfare centers across the coastal districts. GoTN decided very early that the orphaned children will not be uprooted from their community and Government would not encourage any large scale adoption and relocation.

Both governmental and non-governmental agencies, made an effort to provide psycho-social care for children affected by the tsunami. Timely provision of such care contributed to reduction in trauma amongst children. UNICEF which was the lead agency working in the children sector involved the Directorate of Teacher Education, Research and Training (DTERT) and the Nehru Yuva Kendra (NYK) along with other partners. NIMHANS, Bangalore, VIMHANS, New Delhi, SCARF, SNEHA and TTRCRF, Chennai provided technical support. UNFPA provided financial support for training of health workers and community-level workers through NYKs, with special focus on adolescents and youth. Both demand and supply side of psycho-social care was given attention. Frontline staff members of NGOs and social workers directly interacting with children were provided training and resource material on psycho-social care for children.

The Orphanage at Cuddalore built with assistance from Government of Rajasthan


table 14: interventions towards child care and support

Intervention ImpactAgency and

partners

1,300 teachers and 1,300 youth volunteers were trained in psycho-social care

Child-friendly techniques such as puppetry, play therapy, clay modelling and cultural expressions, along with one-on-one counselling, were used to draw out the children

UNICEF and partners

Around 2900 play kits to schools and youth clubs.

Approximately 30,000 children benefited from these kits

2,600 resource persons trained in the care of children and adolescents

Village-level play activities were held in over 250 villages in all the affected districts

Education Department and NYK

Children who need special care and protection were identified and trained volunteers spent time with them

The trained volunteers are engaged in village level activities with children and cover both school going and non-school going children.

Counselling and community-level play activities are estimated to have benefited over 20,000

Children directly and another 60,000 children indirectly through schools and through various supplementary programmes

child ParticipationParticipation of children intensified through organized platforms after the tsunami. Such participatory, often adult-facilitated, platforms provided children with a voice; assisted them to overcome their traumas and fear of the sea; gave them an opportunity to develop leadership skills; facilitated peer learning; enhanced their self-worth; and allowed engagement with issues affecting them and their communities. Examples include children’s club/parliament taking up issues of sanitation, and assisting other children suffering from depression or trauma. Organised participation through such clubs, etc. has exposed children to knowledge and information on various issues. For instance, children have received training in disaster preparedness and first aid. UNICEF and its partner NGOs covered 6,000 children through their life skills programmes. Clubs provided children space for creative and recreational activities. In quite another way, participation through clubs demonstrated children’s resilience to loss and trauma – either suffered or witnessed.

child ProtectionUNICEF conducted field assessments of separated children and orphans, including tracking and follow-up of these children. Subsequently, UNICEF supported the ‘State Consultation on Registration and Tracing of Children’. To prevent trafficking UNICEF agreed to support a strategy development and training workshop for police officers on trafficking, and publication of 5,000 copies of a book in Tamil on trafficking.

Instead of creating new mechanisms, processes were initiated to strengthen existing mechanisms of child

protection such as the Juvenile Justice System, Village Level Watch Dog Committees (VLWDC), intensive networking between NGOs at all levels and between NGOs and government and creation of mechanisms such as Child Protection Committees at the village level. This was achieved through the orientation and training on child rights and child protection issues including trafficking. For instance 1250 VLWDC members were trained as part of capacity-building on child protection. The cumulative outcome of these initiatives was increased awareness on child protection issues and sensitization of the stakeholders to recognize, identify and respond to the child protection concerns.

Child care centre in Vasuvan Kuppam, Villupuram district


restoring schools The Department of Education deemed any school that has students from affected habitations as ‘tsunami affected’. There were 567 such schools across 13 districts of Tamil Nadu. Within two weeks collective efforts ensured that all children were back in school, after quickly assessing reconstruction, relocation and repair needs of schools even if it meant studying in temporary shelters. All except the four worst affected schools had started functioning within two weeks. Reconstruction of 76 school and major and minor repair works in 195 schools was undertaken in fully or partially damaged government and aided schools.

assistance to studentsWithin two months following the tsunami, several GOs were issued to enable supply of free textbooks and notebooks, uniforms and duplicate certificates to replace those lost in the disaster. Other measures included allowing affected children to write their school leaving exams later than scheduled and ensuring that no affected child paid any kind of fee. Thanks to the concession in tuition and examination fees they could resume schooling. Besides giving Rs.300 per month as scholarship from PMNRF scholarship schemes for all the students, studying in classes I to X, from tsunami affected families. GoTN implemented various support schemes for children who were orphaned and those whose schooling was discontinued after the tsunami.

All CEOs of affected districts were instructed to monitor the implementation of orders. 1,05,264 children received textbooks and notebooks and 96,723 received uniforms from the government, while a large number benefited from additional supplies from UN bodies and NGOs. UNICEF and other partner NGOs played a vital catalytic role in getting education in the affected areas back on the rails. Kits of various kinds, from student kits to water containers and midday meal utensils, school furniture and play material was provided. UNICEF also equipped bridge course centres, which helped out of school children get back into the mainstream. NGOs supported and participated in a number of government and UNICEF-initiated activities.

Resumption of schooling activities played an important role in improving the mental wellbeing of affected children.

enhanced Protection of children from abuse, violence and exploitationVarious steps undertaken by government, UNICEF and INGOs contributed towards better protection of children from potential abuse and exploitation such as trafficking, child labour, and dropping out of school. Such steps include opening orphanages, service homes, financial assistance, provision of free education, banning adoption in the first six months after the tsunami and, most importantly, creation of a database of children (including vulnerable children) affected by the tsunami. The State Department of Social Defence, has completed a home study of 2,240 tsunami-affected children. Creation of a database is singled out by many as a measure of far reaching consequence because of its potential to assist in an evidence-based approach to programming for child protection in Tamil Nadu. On the issue of orphans, it should be noted that the government gave primacy to community-based rehabilitation over institutional care, thereby, pre-empting numerous risks posed to children in an institutional setting. All orphaned children are either in orphanages or in the custody of relatives who are taking care of them as guardians.

recognition of schools and icds centres as safe spaces for childrenWhen GoTN, UNICEF and INGOs rushed in to establish normalcy in the lives of children immediately after the tsunami, their joint focus was on getting schools and Anganwadis back in action. This focus on re-organising schools, starting Anganwadis, announcement of schemes for continuing schooling and fee waiver sought to simulate a routine which emphasised the importance of learning and education. While it had its practical merits in as much as it had a positive impact on children and school drop out rates, its symbolic significance should not be discounted. By giving primacy to pre-school centres and schools, the inextricable link of schooling as a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood was emphasised. It sought to reinforce the message among communities that pre-school centres and schools are safe spaces where children belong.

All ears and eyes

Computer lab, Kanchipuram district


A number of activities such as special tuition centres and recreation centres are continuing with an aim to reorient all affected children to their normal studies. Separate public exams were conducted for the children from the tsunami affected families and the pass percentage was higher than the regular exams.

financial assistanceThe Government has sanctioned financial assistance to children/girls who have lost both parents or one parent to the tsunami and the other parent prior to the tsunami and deposited the amount in the name of beneficiaries. Besides that in an effort to support schooling, the following financial packages from the PMNRF were given to students affected by the tsunami.

child assistance schemeChildren who lost one parent in the tsunami and were less than 18 years of age on the day of tsunami are eligible to get this assistance. A sum of Rs. 51,000 is deposited in fixed deposits in Nationalized Banks and the respective banks have been paying the monthly interest to the surviving parent. The deposit will be made available, when the child attains the age of 18 for their further studies or self-employment. With similar arrangements with the nationalized banks, Rs. 3 lakhs each given to orphaned children above 18 years and Rs. 5 lakhs each given to orphaned children from 0-18 years.

scholarship for tsunami- affected childrenChildren whose families were affected by the tsunami through loss of life, or livelihood and who are studying from I to X standard are eligible to get this assistance. Under this scheme, a sum of Rs. 300/- per month will be given to the children to defray school going expenses. This assistance will be made available directly to the children through their parents/guardians through individual bank accounts, till they complete X standard. In Nagapattinam alone 25,770 children were benefited under PMSTAC and 1037 under PMCA scheme for the year 2005-06.

reimbursement of tuition fees/special feesGoTN exempted tsunami-affected students from paying tuition fees/special fees for the period from January 1, 2005 to till the end of academic year 2005-2006. GoTN paid the amount payable by the students. This concession was extended for the academic year 2006-07 from the month June 2006. The tuition-fee waiver from GoTN covers classes from LKG to XII and higher studies in Polytechnics, Engineering colleges, Medicine, Nursing courses etc. So far a sum of Rs. 14.50 crore was sanctioned for the academic year 2005-06 for 33127 students and Rs. 12.36 crore was sanctioned for the year 2006-2007 for 25187 students.

To ensure that students get all the benefits offered to them by the state government, necessary orders have been issued by the Education Department to all the concerned educational institutions and individuals. The District Collectors also sent letters to all the Educational Institutions concerned, to send claims for reimbursement of Special Fees and Tuition Fees payable by the tsunami affected students. Care was taken that no eligible person is deprived of the benefits of these schemes.

table 15: summary of assistance to children

Age (years) & Category AssistanceTotal

beneficiaries

Children who has one parent

Rs. 51000 1513

0-14 orphaned children Rs. 5 lakh 132

14-18 orphaned adolescent girls

Rs. 5 lakh 52

Above 18 years orphaned unmarried girls

Rs. 3 lakh 57

Scholarship to students from affected families

Rs. 300 per month

129975

Reimbursement of tuition fees for students from affected families

26.86 crores 58314

School books to students from affected families

Books 105264

School uniforms to students from affected families

Uniforms 96723

Prime Minister’s Scholarship scheme for children


table 16: Progress of expenditure on the Prime minister’s child assistance scheme as on 31.07.2008

Sl. No. District No. of beneficiaries Amount released Amount spent Balance

1 Chennai 48 2448000 2346000 102000

2 Cuddalore 214 10914000 10455000 459000

3 Kancheepuram 24 1224000 1224000 0

4 Kanyakumari 137 6987000 6987000 0

5 Nagapattinam 1037 52887000 52887000 0

6 Thiruvallur 8 408000 408000 0

7 Tiruvarur 24 1224000 1224000 0

8 Tirunelveli 2 102000 102000 0

9 Thanjavur 1 51000 0 51000

10 Villupuram 18 918000 918000 0

TOTAL 1513 77163000 76551000 612000

Prime Minister’s Scholarship scheme for children


School building renovated by intel at Arkattuthurai, Nagapattinam District

steps towards quality education UNICEF has been a major player in the Joint UN Initiative and has contributed towards bringing a change in the traditional scenario of rural schooling. Essential school supplies have reached over 76,000 children and 1875 teachers. 281 schools have been equipped with blackboards, furniture, bags and recreation kits. Quality Education Package has reached over 1300 schools and is making a difference to the school environment, teacher training, teaching-learning materials and community involvement. 31 bridge schools with well-equipped classrooms and learning materials are helping to mainstream 620 out-of-school children. So far, 40 have been sent to regular schools. A campaign towards getting all affected girls in the school is initiated in Cuddalore and Nagapattinam.

Many NGOs, big and small, have not only contributed to constructing and repairing schools, replacing lost school-supplies, etc, but also mobilized communities through awareness campaigns, enrolment drives, bridge courses for dropouts, etc. Organisations like Round Table India focused on restoration and reconstruction of damaged classrooms. According to SSA, 90 per cent of out-of-school children in the affected districts of Cuddalore and Nagapattinam were brought to their bridge courses and about 60 per cent mainstreamed during 2005-06. The role of village panchayats and particularly headmasters in the revival of some schools has been an inspiring lesson for replication. The Panchayat Union Elementary School, Akkaraipettai, Nagapattinam is a case in point.


four years of carrying the baton CII (The Confederation of Indian Industries) members’ response during tsunami was spontaneous and timely. CII secretariats in Nagapattinam, Kanyakumari, Cuddalore and Karaikal coordinated collection of food, shelter, clothing and medicines and their distribution in Killai and MGR Thittu hamlet in Chidambaram block, Cuddalore and Poompuhar, Nagapattinam township and Velankanni in Nagapattinam district.

The first level rehabilitation involved the removal of crop stubble, silt, sand etc. from the affected farmlands, followed by application of lime and green manure. Restoration of water sources and irrigation infrastructure was also undertaken in Tamil Nadu besides other states. ‘Katcha’ roads were laid using the reclaimed soil. Sand, cast on the seashore, was used to build sand dunes to provide natural protection from future ingress of seawater. It helped farmers from Poigainallur and Vedaranyam in Nagapattinam district regaining their stability and livelihood.

When the resources were restored, CII initiatives focused on infrastructure building and skill development of the affected communities. CII in partnership with the industry partners have set up 5 citizen information centers, 2 primary health centers, 1 trauma care center, 3 community centers, 2 schools, 4 fish auction centers, 3 desalination plants and 3 deep bore wells with agricultural equipment. CII also provided vocational training to 1200 youth in Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Kanyakumari and Kancheepuram. Micro Finance and SHG Micro Enterprise Activities, empowering the affected community to embark on their own new business ventures, complemented the capacity building initiatives.

Resilience demonstrated by the communities reinforced the CII efforts helping them to get on with their lives as quickly as possible. It has been four rigorous and fruitful years creating a sustainable environment that is conducive to the growth of industry in India. During the catastrophic times the organization brought about a paradigm shift in terms of implementation of advanced techniques for fishing redefining fishing practices, in the areas where CII intervened.


sectIon tHree: l i v e l i H o o d

The tsunami caused severe damage to 238 fishing villages and 418 hamlets in Tamil Nadu, and the shoreline regressed up to 3000m along the coast. Sediments deposited in creeks and river mouths damaged estuaries. Huge quantities of silt affected the free

movement of fishing boats causing great hardship to fish-ermen venturing out to sea. Beach ridges and dunes were flattened along the entire coast. An increase in the con-centration of phosphate, nitrite and silicate was noticed in coastal waters with concurrent variation in primary pro-ductivity. Shrimp hatcheries also suffered serious damage. Marine fisheries suffered massive losses in infrastructure, craft and gear and 51,078 fishing vessels were damaged or lost. Approximately 0.3 million families lost or suffered moderate to severe damage to their sources of livelihood.

With the main economic activities being fishing and agriculture, a myriad number of allied activities exist in the coastal areas. For every fisherman, it is estimated that at least six people have supporting livelihoods – as traders, transporters, credit-providers, manufacturers and suppliers of ice and storage facilities, processors and retailers. All of them suffered livelihood damage to varying extents. Alongside, the livelihood of 60,000 agriculturists and agricultural workers also disappeared as the tsunami destroyed standing crops, washed away livestock, saline land and ground-water sources. It further delivered a significant income shock to the inhabitants of these 234 coastal panchayats and 50 town panchayats through loss of life and personal injuries, destruction of homes, properties, assets and essential transport and infrastructure.

The need for a deeper understanding of the coastal population, their economy, and ecology as one that goes beyond fishing and is built around the broader concept of ‘coastal communities’, has never been more imperative than now. This has been the major lesson in the wake of the tsunami and the steady process of inclusive rehabilitation of the affected communities has begun. Livelihood interventions and support therefore had to actually address a vibrant system of inherently different groups held together by geo-economic links, rather than a homogenous unit. The fishing community alone, for

instance, represents a multi-caste and multi-religious social combine.

tangible components • Restoration of natural resources in order to complement

restoration activities in the agriculture, aquaculture, inland and marine fisheries sector, and inland activities pertaining to saltpans etc.

• Building infrastructure for complementing the above occupations.

• Provision of assets such as boats and nets, agricultural lands, pump sets, petty shops and loans, revolving funds etc.

intangible component• Livelihood-related training, formation of SHGs,

legal support and social support for equitable work opportunities to women, and other vulnerable sections like physically challenged persons. Restoration of natural resources that supported

livelihoods was the priority concern. The GoTN has drawn environmental information from vulnerability maps and engineering solutions offered by site-specific studies by national and regional institutions. The Department of Environment in collaboration with assistance from World Bank is also carrying out independent mapping exercises. Several mangrove and forest-restoration plans are underway. De-silting and dredging works at the estuaries have been carried out, fields desalinated, and ground water sources restored.

District-level studies on livelihoods through impact and needs assessment revealed many interesting statistics which have been incorporated into planning strategy. For instance, Chennai, an urban center where occupations unrelated to fishing should also thrive, two-thirds of the affected population depended on fishing. While the main occupation was fishing and allied occupations; others were engaged in masonry, carpentry, rickshaw driving, hawkers, coolies and small traders in Chennai.

Considering the overwhelming expectations of the fishermen, careful strategies were planned. Overenthusiastic inputs of relief material (e.g. boats and nets) were checked


to prevent an adverse effect on their occupation in the long-term. The restoration and rehabilitation initiatives included funds to 16 state government departments through three sources: the Rajiv Gandhi package, Government of India Calamity Relief and National Calamity Contingency Fund World Bank and Asian Development Bank.

Description No. Locations ScheduleValue (Rs.

crores)

Restoration works under National Calamity Contingency Fund

5 MudasalodaiNagapattinamKottaipattinamPunnakayal

Work Completed 0.12 0.4350.550.13

Repair works under Asian Development Bank-assisted Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project

5 MudasalodaiSethubavachatramKottaipattinamPunnakayal Jegathapattinam

Work Completed 0.0470.1340.2200.1380.091

Construction of new fish-landing centres under World Bank-aided Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project

2 Portonovo-Annankoil

Nagore

Study is in progress. Final DPR is expected by February ‘ 08.

Transfer of land applied for, for the project. Civil works to be completed by 18 months

2.30

2.30

Dredging of fish-landing centres under Asian Development Bank -assisted Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project Fishing Harbours

5 Mudasalodai, FLC Sethubhavachatram, FLC Kottaipattinam, FLCJegathapattinam, FLCPunnakayal, FLC

Feasibility studies completed.To be financed with an additional loan from ADB

0.840.630.570.880.6131.4451.93

table 17: details of work on fish-landing centres

fisheriesAs is expected, the fisheries sector had the highest number of those affected. However, fishermen were able to bounce back to a productive work life earlier than their counterparts in other tsunami-affected countries thanks to the swift flow of assistance, timely introduction of policy and guidelines for compensation of asset loss and equally swift restoration of fisheries-related ecology as well as infrastructure.

Chinnamuttam Fishing Harbour, Kanyakumari district


table 18: details of work on fishing Harbours

Description No. Locations ScheduleValue (Rs.

crores)

Restoration sanctioned under National Calamity Contingency Fund

5 ChennaiPazhayarMallipattinamThoothukkudiChinnamuttom

January 2008February 2008Work Completed

2.5053.000.55

0.04350.72

Repair works under Asian Development Bank-assisted Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project

1 Cuddalore Work Completed 0.134

Modernization and reconstruction of existing fishing harbours under World Bank-aided Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project

4 MallipattinamNagapattinamPazhayarChinnamuttom

M/s. SMEC Pvt.Ltd. furnished final report on 26.11.07. Implementation period: 18 months.

9.003.75

10.2812.45

Permanent structures in river bar mouths under World Bank-aided Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project

4 PulicatPortonovo-AnnankoilTirumullaivasalPunnakayal

Study completed.Tender process on

4.904.904.904.904.90

Dredging of fish-landing centres under Asian Development Bank-assisted Tsunami Emergency Assistance Project

2 PazhayarChinnamuttom

September 2008 1.4451.93

Construction of new fish landing centres in Tamil Nadu under Tsunami Rehabilitation Programme

10 AnnamalaicherryPeriyamangoduEnnore MugathwarakuppamCuddalore PeriyakuppamEggiyarkuppamR. PudupattinamKeezhakaraiUvariPeriyathalaiThrespuram

Consultancy firm to give report by August ‘ 08.

50.00(Rs. 5 Cr. Per

centre)


infrastructureAs the thousands of affected families living across the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu were being resettled in the newly-built housing complexes, they also expressed the need for support in their traditional occupation. Major infrastructure reconstruction was accordingly planned. Ten fish-landing centers, four harbours at Pazhayar, Nagapattinam, Mallipattinam and Chinnamuttam and opening of four bar mouths were part of this master plan. The approach roads to fish-landing centers were repaired. Massive de-silting and dredging works were carried out at the estuaries in coastal villages in Tamil Nadu within a short time. Rivers were dredged and ports, cargo buildings and breakwaters reconstructed and strengthened. Fish markets, cold storages, fish crates, fish drying yards, solar fish driers, seafood processing units and units producing artefacts such as jute bags, handmade paper etc. were built in the vicinity of the new settlements.

assetsOnce resources were reasonably restored and the minimum necessary infrastructure in place, the state directed its focus towards assisting individuals and families in their efforts to gather their scattered tools and equipment. For assessment of damaged fishing boats and implements and compensation to fishermen, the following procedure was followed.1) Applications were received from affected fishermen for

the damaged fishing boats and other assets.2) A team from the Fisheries and Revenue departments

verified the damage and valued it. 3) Damage verification reports that categorized assets as

partially damaged / fully damaged etc. were prepared.

4) Relief amount for partially damaged boats was provided directly to fishermen.

5) In case of fully damaged boats, joint accounts in the name of Assistant Director Fisheries and the beneficiaries were opened and compensation cheques deposited. The Bank gave loans at an interest rate of 7% as compared to the 12% mark and a moratorium of 18 months was given for repayment. Beneficiaries had to produce their new assets to the officials

6) Beneficiaries produced these new assets to Asset Verification Teams and received approval.

7) Further loan and subsidy amounts to get businesses going were then released to the beneficiaries.

District administrations through the Fisheries Department disbursed funds for gillnets for vallams for repair and rebuilding of vallams, for repair of wooden catamarans and FRP catamarans, and also for partially only damaged mechanized boats, on the basis of asset verification done. Prompt efforts by the Revenue and Fisheries departments, ensured that fishing across the coast of Tamil Nadu resumed in record time.

The NGO contribution to this sector has also been overwhelming. This was aided by conscious efforts to prevent duplication of relief by Government and NGOs. Compensation was paid only to the eligible after detailed enquiry and verification. Listed owners of new boats from every village were published on websites. NGOs were asked not to give relief to those listed there. When boats were given to groups of fishermen, widows were also made partners. For repair of bigger boats, fishermen tie-ups with banks were arranged. Those fishermen who claimed to have lost their fishing nets alone were provided relief in the form of cash compensation.

District Mechanised Fishing Boat

Wooden Vallam FRP Vallams Wooden Catamaran

FRP Catamarans

Re-Registered

Thiruvallur 0 0 0 297 1999

Chennai 671 0 3 352 781

Kancheepuram 8 0 0 1722 2281

Cuddalore 605 0 0 5538 1111

Villupuram 26 0 0 1689 1509

Nagapattinam 1064 0 3974 2465 0

Thanjavur 213 173 0 0 735

Pudukottai 443 902 520 136 0

Ramanathapuram 315 2594 0 18 0

Rameswaram 1114 1555 0 758 0

Mandapam 271 248 2 0 0

Thoothukudi 331 1880 1000 900 0

Tirunelveli 0 0 1115 536 36

Kanniyakumar East 369 0 649 1864 570

Collachel 410 176 1084 4343 2329

5840 7528 8347 20618 11351

table 19: re-reGistration of mecHanised boats & countrY crafts as on 01.07.2008


table 20: assets provision to fishermen - boats, nets and engines

S. No.Categories of damaged Fishing

ImplementsTotal No. of initial

assessment

Total No. of Fishing implements for which

relief assistance disbursed

Total amount disbursed (Rs. in crore)

1. Catamarans of all types 35530 25380 54.102

2. Vallams of all types 11118 4628 8.982

3. Mechanised Boats 4430 2419 49.460

Total 51078 32427 112.544

4. Nets (M.T.) 2200.07 39316 fisher men 37.279

5. Engines 1560 3030 1.515

151.338

Equipment Quantum Unit Cost No. of beneficiariesTotal amount sanctioned

(in Cr)

Additional nets 1100 Mt - 42000 44.00

Rechargeable Lanterns 42000 1330 42000 5.04

Insulated Ice Boxes (50 lts, 70 lts and 100 lts)

42000 6650 42000 36.12

Heavy Duty Bicycles 42000 2860 42000 8.40

Life jackets 168000 920 42000 16.80

First Aid Boxes 42000 2000 42000 9.40

Sports Materials 591 sets 10000 591 villages 0.591

table 21: assets provision to fishermen - fishing aids and other equipments

An NCRC study of a sample village in Nagapattinam indicated a 65 per cent increase in FRP vallams. However statewide it is seen that, catamarans have been replaced by FRP boats and the overall number of boats is increased only marginally. There are new owners and joint ownerships. Traditional fishing community panchayats have helped in the prudent distribution of boats among the affected in the community. They prepared lists of beneficiaries, collected all the boats within their jurisdiction. These were sold to those who could buy them and the money distributed among other community members. Unsold or extra boats were either sold in other places, or remained in the panchayat’s custody to be rented out when needed.

Much care and effort was taken to ensure that fishermen went back to the sea at the earliest. It took some convincing by spiritual leaders, government officials and importantly some perceptive women to make the fishermen understand that the sea was a saviour as much as a destroyer. Most fishermen have resumed fishing. Only a few have requested assistance to start alternative occupations. In cases where the family has lost the sole earning member, the remaining family members, particularly women, used the money to start other occupations.

The increase in FRPs has resulted in an increase in boat owners and finding labourers to work with fishing boats is becoming difficult. The catch was significantly

The number of fishing crafts has increased and the Department of Fisheries has registered 53684 boats in various categories, estimating the increase in the number of boats.


help turn out 70 kg of crisp `karuvadu’ (dried and salted fish) within four hours.

The ‘build back better’ policy offers new elements such as ornamental fisheries, cage culture, lobster and crab fattening units. Educational assistance and training for alternative livelihoods is also provided to children of fishermen. Some have been offered sea cadet training with an investment of Rs. 50,000 per boy, which will enable them to join the merchant navy after completing class X or XII. Under PMNRF, loan wavers, first-aid boxes and sports equipment have been offered as a psycho-social measure. Women have been benefited by SGSY/ TEAP livelihood-support.

Sustainability of social change-inducing interventions as always is a crucial and challenging issue. To address this, alternatives to capture fisheries are being explored. Occupations such as culture fisheries (mariculture, sea weed culture, aquaculture), tourism (boat rides and eco-tourism), handicrafts made from local resources (shell and palm leaf craft), fish processing (including fish pickling, dry fish), and even training to drive vehicles or run resource centres that provide market prices, fish locations, wave and weather data help maintain ties with the natural resource base and be dependent on it to a large extent, while easing out the phenomenon of over-fishing. Training fishermen in crab fattening, seaweed culture, net mending, engine repair, cage culture, pen culture etc has been planned. Allied services such as boat repairs, boat building, fish transport, distant marketing are other important inputs to the survival of fishing as an economic activity.

regulationsTamil Nadu fisheries sector, already highly mechanized, was further mechanized post-tsunami. The FRP replaced many wooden vallams. Despite cautious giving of compensation and assets, some fishing families received two to three engines. Non-registration of sea-going vessels before the tsunami made the task of identifying and compensating those who lost their craft more difficult.

To address these issues,changes were suggested to the Marine Fishing Registration Act – 1983. The suggestions involve inclusion of specifications on construction of FRPs and catamarans, how many people can go in them, how far they can go, etc.

Under the new Act, quality check and registration of boats has been made mandatory. Registration of fishermen, collecting their biometric information, photos of fishermen and their boats is going on in villages. Seventy per cent of the boats have been registered so far and 100 per cent registration will be achieved soon. The production of nets and meshes will also soon be regulated to protect the juvenile fish population from getting ensnared as catching juvenile fishes is banned in Tamil Nadu. Considering the potential for tuna fishing beyond 50-meter depth, the requirements have been amended. Purse seine though banned in Tamil Nadu is still practiced in some places [a purse seine is a large wall of netting that encircles a school of fish. Fishermen pull the bottom of the netting closed like a drawstring purse]. The law is coming down heavily on such practices now.

higher immediately after the tsunami but soon stabilized to the earlier averages. Presently, average catch per boat or fishing unit has decreased, but the total catch remains the same. The increase in fish catch by 10 per cent is attributed to the use of the FRP catamaran that allows access to waters where sardines, tuna and squid thrive in good quantity. The Fisheries Department is exploring following ways to control depletion of resources by:• sea ranching of fin fishes, prawns etc.; • provision of artificial reefs to improve fish stock in the

sea;• strictly following of closed fishing seasons; • imposing mesh size restrictions;• enforcing different provisions of Tamil Nadu Marine

Fishing Regulation Act 1983 strictly; and• planning alternative sources of livelihood for

fishermen.

marketing and fishing-related alternative opportunitiesThe post harvest fisheries sector was given fresh impetus with assistance towards new marketing support in terms of infrastructure and tools, especially to women who are the backbone of the supply chain. Upgradation and development of support infrastructure – such as fish-landing centres, auction halls, net-mending sheds, cold storages, fish crates, fish-drying yards, solar fish-dryers, community centres – undertaken by NGOs has facilitated post-fishing activities a great deal.

Fisherfolk were advised to go in for value-addition of marine products to ensure attractive additional revenue. Auto-rickshaws were provided to some coastal hamlets to enable fisherwomen to quickly reach the nearest market. Men, who earlier sold fish by carrying loaded baskets on their heads, were provided cycles, plastic fish boxes, and weighing scales. In Tuticorin, a training programme for fishermen in `value-added fishery products’ was organised by the Fisheries College and Research Institute (FCRI). Likewise, solar driers provided to groups of women now

Bumper Harvest


Insurance and mutual fund cannot be made mandatory. Incentives such as subsidies on diesel etc. are being used to attract fishermen to get their boats insured. In tandem, disaster-mitigation efforts are being emphasized more than ever. Self-regulation is being advocated especially with regard to wandering into international waters. With the Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system in place, fishermen who accidentally go fishing in international waters can be easily spotted. Seamless communication systems are being proposed for use in these and other distress situations. International norms are being followed in the implementation of all restoration projects.

safety on the seaA new focus on safety for fishermen includes the following strategies:• creation of quality assets: boats, FRP catamarans and

FRP vallams that can withstand the vagaries of the sea;

• use of life jackets by fishermen who traditionally do not wear them;

• emphasis on use of better communication systems such as the GPS;

• fishermen advised to build their new houses beyond the CRZ; and

• registration of fishing boats, procuring license for fishing etc.

new initiativesIn a bid to virtually double the value that can be earned from the catch MPEDA is:• encouraging tuna-fishing for exports to Japan; • encouraging the following of SEA standards of meat

catch-to-table • providing fish storage facilities to curb wastage. • Post-harvest facilities will also be enhanced. MPEDA

is giving a subsidy for packaging converted raw meat. Boats are being converted to enable processing and packaging on board. The value that can be earned from the catch will virtually be doubled by these efforts.

Giving fishermen FRP boats alone is not sufficient to make fishing profitable. Thanks to SIFFS’ efforts cooperatives are building fish-landing centres so as to get a good value for their catch. In Nagore, an effort is being made to conduct internal auctioning of the catch to avoid distress sale by fishermen. Fishermen who were indebted to sell their catch to some traders are now debt free and have better bargaining power. Traditionally, the fishing community regulates the fishing trade. A fisheries co-management programme has been initiated with traditional community leadership. Through SIFFS’ initiatives backed by the government, a self-regulatory mechanism has been instituted in 56 villages in Nagapattinam. An 18-member committee headed by the Assistant Director of Fisheries is working towards rules and regulations for sustainable fisheries management.

A fishing harbour at Colachel and a fish-landing centre at Inayam Puthur Thurai will be constructed for

the first time on the west coast of Tamil Nadu. The closest spot for fishermen there was a fish-landing centre in the neighbouring state of Kerala. Eight per cent of the catch value had to be paid as fees for landing there. GoTN is making every effort to complement the infrastructure with adequate and efficient management with a long-term rehabilitation perspective. All stakeholders such DOFTN, FAO, MPEDA experts and consultants, NGO representatives are involved in the formation of a framework for management of fishing harbours, that includes site selection, user fee collection, landing centre etc. A series of visioning exercises, stakeholder consultation and policy review are being conducted for development of a new policy framework for Fisheries Management for Sustainable Livelihood (FIMSUL). As part of FIMSUL, the Department of Fisheries is undergoing a capacity-building exercise to bring about attitudinal change. The ‘user charge’ concept has been introduced in harbour management to encourage fishermen to take more responsibility for the facilities they use.

Sports materials from PMNRF (top) and additional relief materials to fishermen (bottom)


agricultureDamages to the agriculture sector were assessed by Department of Agriculture. Preliminary analysis of soil samples was conducted. The agricultural engineering department undertook soil reclamation. Government provided gypsum for use in coastal areas. Both farmers and non-farmers have been trained to carry out conservation activities. All salinated agricultural land has been restored. Treatment of ground water contamination, salt leaching through rainfall or irrigation, and building sea walls to stop soil erosion were some other conservation techniques deployed consequently. Farm ponds were dug, P.V.C. pipes laid, shallow bore-wells drilled, electric motors provided, and irrigation channels reconstructed to aid agricultural activities. Agriculturists were provided with manure, seeds, and access to irrigation. Compensation was provided to those who lost their cattle.

compensation Packagesrelief for crop lossAsper G.O.Ms.No.30 Revenue (NCIII) Department dated 17.1.2005, the Government have accord sanction to incur expenditure of Rs.1,80,13,930/- to grant relief to the affected farmers. The relief at the rate of Rs.1000/- per hectare for rain fed areas and Rs.2500/- per hectare for assured irrigation areas to the Small and Marginal farmers, Rs.1000/- per hectare subject to a limit of 2 hectare per farmer for both rain fed and assured irrigation areas to the large farmers and Rs.4000/- per hectare to Perennial Crops (Coconut trees, Palmyra trees and Tamarind trees)

relief to sand cast and saline landsAs per G.O Ms No 124, Revenue (NCIII) Department, dated 23-02-2005 a sum of Rs.1696.16 lakh was sanctioned to incur expenditure at the rate of Rs.12500 to take up the relief works for the lands affected by tsunami. Necessary training programmes for SHG members were conducted to facilitate them to participate in the reclamation process effectively.

Major activities initiated to restore affected areas in Tamil Nadu include the following.

• 478 Tsunami Farmers SHGs (TFSHGs) formed to provide relief.

• Soil sample analysis (25531) to assess the level of salinity.

• List of affected farmers prepared and displayed on notice board for public scrutiny and awareness.

• Scraping of land and levelling done through TFSHGs. • Gypsum made available free of cost to affected farmers

based on soil test.• Seed of green manure (sesbania, sunhemp) distributed

to farmers• More than 13000 farmers trained for land

reclamation.• Seeds of salt tolerant varieties of different crops

distributed among farmers.

The restoration process paved the way for scientific development of affected land through introduction of proper drainage of excess water, revitalization of small water canals, de-sitting of irrigation canals, adoption of organic farming technique and experimentation with new salt-relerant paddy crops and oil seeds.

relief for loss of livestockThe Commissioner and Director of Veterinary Services has reported that 1653 caltle, 12547 sheep and goat and 2183 poultry were lost in the tsunami. As per G.O.Ms.39 Revenue N.C.III Department dated 25.1.2005 have sanctioned a sum of Rs.2,80,11,150/- to grant relief of Rs.10000/- per caltle (cow and buffalo), Rs.5000/- per calf and draught animal and Rs.1000/- per goat, ram, sheep and Rs.50/- per poultry without any ceiling up to the actual loss.

small-scale salt pan holdings and salt workers Besides the fishing and agriculture the third important occupation severely affected was salt pan sector. Most of the people with marginal and small holdings which constitute 85.38% of the holdings work as wage labourers in other saltpans had lost their livelihood. A study among the salt pan holders and workers was conducted to assess the impact and its magnitude.

The major findings derived after the discussions and field visits• The affected families are poor and deprived due to

seasonal income due to 4-5 months of monsoons when no work is possible. Their annual incomes counts to less than Rs.12,000 per annum

• All 2500 acres of saltpan area has been affected by the tsunami and was not restored by the owners of the pan.

• A total of 915 families were directly affected and about 5000 salt workers were deprived of their livelihood.

• Majority of the saltpan bunds were eroded and internal feeding channels from the main channel were silted due to tsunami resulted desertification of several hundred acres of saltpans. Ultimately many of the saltpan holders have become indebted and not able to restore the pans and channels on their own.

Land restored


• Silted internal channels prevented the irrigation of seawater lead to production of low quality salt produced through pumped water by some the pan holdings and ultimately profit became very low.

• As the brine could not be irrigated directly, some of the salt producers irrigated pumped water through bore well, which made huge expenditure on diesel and maintenance of motors. But they could not produce quality salt due to non-availability of brine water from the sea and eventually the price for the salt was very less.

• Other important infrastructures required by the stakeholders were restoring the brine storage ponds for the marginal and small holdings, salt storage platforms, iodization and pulverizing plants for the women workers, and transport vehicle (tractor with trailer), dark glasses for the workers and packing machines with generators.

• Marketing linkages with government and private agencies were also desired

• A few families were migrating to the nearby towns in search of jobs and occupational mobility was also started among the community.

• It was realized that the restoration of saltpans and brine channels would really enhance the livelihoods of the salt workers besides saltpan holdings.

• The NGO understood that the Federation would be right body to do the follow up and monitoring activities after the completion of the project.

In the light of the above, a comprehensive project was developed to improve the livelihoods of the saltpan holdings and workers of Vedaranyam salt swamp in Vedaranyam Municipality with the community contribution. Restoration of infrastructure and establishing additional infrastructure was also conceived under this project to enable introduction of additional avenues for sustaining existing income generation activities and to improve the quality of life of the affected families engaged in the project.

The project was conceived after several discussions with directly affected population like marginal, small scale salt pan holdings, salt workers, and indirectly affected population like labourers involved in packing, transporting and marketing and in-depth field visits and sample studies. Based on the discussions and visits, meetings were organized with all stakeholders including Small Scale Salt Manufactures’ Federation about the magnitude of the damage, intensity of loss of livelihoods of the salt pan holdings and salt workers.

Commissioner of Municipal Administration sanctioned the “Enhancement of livelihood of salt workers under ADB-TEAP Project. Health Environment Agriculture and Village Education Network, (HEAVEN) an NGO and Vedaranyam Small Scale Salt Manufacturers’ Federation in coordination with Vedaranyam Municipality partnered in this project

Salt Pan Workers


table 22: impact on salt pan sector and provision of funds for restoration

Families affected 915

Salt pan workers affected About 5000

Marginal salt pan holdings 85.38 % of the total holdings

Total salt pan holdings covered

916

Total area affected 2500 acres

ADB grant Rs. 11,621,040

Contribution by Community and NGOs

Rs. 4,415,960

Total budget for rehabilitation Rs. 16,027,000

Key features • Extensive consultations with the salt pan holdings and

affected families were held and periodically. • The project activities are demand based and have the

full support of the community and the workers.• Linkage with the market merchants • Linkages with resources available in the neighborhood/

adjoining areas• Consultation with members for establishment of

cooperative and ancillary units for backward integration of production to brand the products produced in the area.

Key project activities and benefits• Desiltation of all internal brine feeding channels have

been completed• All pans have been irrigated with raw brine water from

the sea, which was not before because of the silt. • Desiltation of channels enabled them to harvest high

quality salt because of the high degree brine water directly from the sea.

• Salt production increased to two to three times comparing previous years

• The production and harvesting period has been increased from six months to nine months a year.

• Desiltation of internal brine channels allowed brine into channels one month before to the normal time. The beneficiaries wait for the high velocity wind (Visaham wind) during the month of April – May to get the brine into channels, but after desiltation a slow wind from the sea did irrigate all the pan area.

• Absence of proper channels and bunds, brine water usually intrude all the roads and pan area for another one month and require one more month to recover the pans for cultivation. Now the present project prevented from flooding of sea water into the pan and saved about two months for the beneficiaries.

• Approximately an additional of 250 – 300 acres of fallow land have been recovered for salt production after restoration of brine channels

• Beneficiaries’ contribution towards desilting in terms of manpower obtained.

• The Quality of the salt has been increased resulting less moisture content, color changes to white from brown

• Three salt pulverizing cum iodization plant were purchased and the SHG members were trained to operate and maintain the machines and the activities would be monitored by the Federation.

• Beneficiaries’ contribution towards desiltation, operation and maintenance is outstanding by protecting bunds from erosion with thatches, sand bags and regulating excess brine from the sea, main and internal channels.

• Federation has opened a bank account and started collecting cess from the small-scale pan holdings for operation and maintenance of infrastructures restored.

• The production of edible salt was 120 - 140 tons/ month/acre tones after tsunami and 240 – 280 tons/acre/month after desiltation. Production of industrial salt production was 100-125 tones after tsunami and was increased to 200 – 250 tones/acre/month -after desiltation through project.

• Discussions were made by HEAVEN and Federation with Tamil Nadu Salt Corporation for marketing the iodized powder salt in Cuddalore and Tiruchirapalli Districts on pilot basis and would be scaled up to other districts through PDS. During the next production period starting from February 2008, the marketing tie-up would be completed.

• Child labour in the salt production activities is eradicated

• Debts of the small holdings and workers are reduced to a large extent and it is assured that all of their debts would be cleared in the next season.

• Regular work for the salt workers is achieved and migration of workers was also curtailed.

table 23: Wage increase to the workers

Details

Wage After tsunami (Rs. per day)

After Rehabilitation (Rs. per day)

Male Female Male Female

Pan preparation

75 50 150 100

Salt Sweeping 80 50 150 100

Salt lifting 80 50 150 80

salt ProductionTo sustain the productivity and the livelihoods

of the salt and to increase the labour man days in the saltpans, Commissioner of Municipal Administration has sanctioned a project to HEAVEN NGO for desilting the brine wells of the marginal and medium saltpan holdings.


alternate livelihoodsWith the main economic activities being fishing and agriculture, a myriad number of allied activities exist in the coastal areas. For every fisherman, it is estimated that at least six people have supporting livelihoods – as traders, transporters, credit-providers, manufacturers and suppliers of ice and storage facilities, processors, retailers and so on. These livelihoods were also severely destroyed by the tsunami. Besides, fisheries is a traditionally seasonal and high-risk occupation that has also become more unattractive to some because of the increase in the number of boats and consequent lower CPUE (catch per unit effort). Unless alternate sources of livelihood are provided, these vulnerable populations, already often at subsistence levels, are likely to get further enmeshed in poverty.

Moreover, many of those affected did not have a regular job or a business. In cases where the earning member from a fisherman’s family was lost to the tsunami, the surviving members wanted to use the relief money to venture into a safer occupation. There were labourers who worked on land and saltpan workers who had very low paying or no work available. They had no savings and were indebted to moneylenders and were accumulating heavy interests to pay off on loans. In some districts like Pudukottai migrants from Andaman were keen to find their feet in the state. There were people like petty traders who lost their livelihood because the whole communities resettled somewhere else. Many agriculturists needed alternatives since agriculture did not look feasible to them.

Many women were forced to look at other options because of the death, or disability of the earning member in their families. The close knit fishing communities generally take care of their women. However, during the initial stages, the livelihoods of women did not receive adequate support. Often, women did not have access to relief and rehabilitation packages based on the lists furnished by the men in the village. Women were also at the risk of sexual exploitation because of loss of income and inability to access cash. Proper economic counseling and guidance was required to avoid situations where relatives tried to dominate in an effort to divert money to them.

Suitable and sufficient work had to be generated by the state to support all sections. Considering the seasonal nature of many occupations, dependency on one form of

livelihood was not desirable. Alternate occupations would also take away dependence on natural resources, be it sea or land. In order to start new businesses the communities needed financial and technical support and training. Marketing was a major area of concern since products from small SHGs or individual enterprises had to compete with the mainstream producing concerns. The need of the hour was to design appropriate strategies for providing market support and market linkages. Importantly, building capacities for quality entrepreneurship among the doomed and demoralized population was most critical. Restoring livelihoods for non-fishing communities was a huge task. GoTN has made a great deal of effort to incorporate these concerns.

Gotn initiatives towards supporting alternative livelihoodsState Departments of Town Panchayats, Rural Development and Municipal Administration as well as the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board were responsible for the execution of alternative livelihoods support programmes. SHGs were formed and supported by providing resources, infrastructure and the assets as well as soft support in the form of training and linkages. The strategies adopted include support to various livelihood activities beginning from formation of SHGs, to training for animators and and SHG representatives , exposure visits, skills training, entrepreneur development programme, revolving fund, insurance, legal support, economic assistance and training on marketing. Market surveys were conducted in affected areas to identify viable income-generating activities. The beneficiaries themselves identified alternate livelihood options and were provided the wherewithal to start work in an area of their choice.

Formation of SHGS: 61995 Self Help Groups were formed with the help of NGOs. Each group has about 15 members, most of them women. SHGs are formed with the assistance of panchayat-level federations or reputed NGOs that are already involved with the Mahalir Thittam and any other reputed NGOs recommended by the District Level Committee.

Basic orientation training: Initial training pertaining to savings, maintenance of registers, rules and regulations of SHGs, working capital, accounts, basics of market survey and market concepts and risk-mitigation was imparted to them. The animators, representatives and SHG members were trained by NGOs. Training was adequately monitored and supervised by the implementing department executives in coordination with the respective District Collectors.

Skill training: Technical and managerial skill training for successfully running an enterprise livelihood activities was given to 153000 members of SHGs, including men, women and disabled persons. Entrusted to NGOs, the training included upgradation of SHGs through exposure to latest tools, technology, value-addition and diversification of projects, entrepreneur development, marketing skills, packaging, branding, labelling and other related aspects. Possessing a desired level of skills is a necessary precondition for providing economic assistance and disbursement is done only after successful completion

Type of salt

Salt production quantity(tons/acre/month)

Market

After tsunamiAfter

desiltation

Edible 120 - 140 240 - 280 Tamil Nadu, A.P. and Karnataka

Industrial 100 - 125 200 - 220 Tamil Nadu, A.P. and Karnataka

table 24: salt Production


of skill-development training. A four-week training course, run by NGOs, or specialized agencies costs a maximum of Rs. 5000 per trainee.

Skill-development training has been given for mud crab fattening, seaweed cultivation, solar cooker making, mushroom cultivation, sanitary napkin making, compressed mud block manufacturing, lace embroidery, turkey and rabbit rearing, screen printing, fish pickles, sea shell craft, coconut copra making etc.

Training beyond four weeks is given through reputed institutions where employment is guaranteed and approved by the Project Implementation Unit. Livelihood opportunities training for youths has been given by Dr. Reddy’s Foundation, Hyderabad for activities such as IT-enabled services, customer-related services, hospitality services and automobile maintenance.

Participatory approach: Viable Employment Generations Activities are chosen by SHGs themselves by adopting a PRA exercise after a needs-assessment survey has been conducted in each village. Groups can choose one or more activities.

SHG grading: The four stages in the evolution of SHGs are group formation, group stabilization, micro credit and micro-enterprise development. All SHGs that are more than six months old are eligible for first grading. SHGs that have completed a minimum period of six months from the receipt of the revolving fund, and SHGs more than a year old are eligible for second grading. The object of second grading is to asses whether the group has completed the micro credit stage successfully and is worth financing under the micro-enterprise development stage.

* Under livelihood programmes, so far GoTN has assisted 10,68,564 people including those indirectly affected. # SHGs formed by Rural Development Department includes SHGs formed in the entire coastal block.

Revolving funds: Revolving funds were made available to SHGs from the government or ADB resources to cover immediate expenses and home needs. The savings pooled from members in a SHG are generally very small and inadequate to meet loan requirements. A revolving fund of Rs. 30,000 by way of a grant and Rs. 15,000 as a bank loan augments resources helping the group undertake micro-finance activities. Bank loans come with an interest subsidy. (Previously the SHGs were given the revolving fund at the rate of Rs 25,000 each, with a subsidy component of Rs 10,000).

Economic assistance: Economic assistance is extended to SHGs based on their felt need, their actual requirement, age and performance. The quantum of economic assistance is 50 per cent subsidy and 50 per cent bank loan for the total project cost. The state government has enhanced monetary assistance in coastal areas to strengthen SHGs further. This enables tsunami-affected persons to start self-help ventures.

Economic assistance to individuals: Economic assistance (subsidy Rs. 7,500 and loan Rs. 7,500 per individual) for taking up micro-enterprises is also extended to individuals who are not members of any SHG. Preference is given to poor, physically challenged persons with a disability certificate. A subsidy of Rs. 10,000 and a loan of Rs. 5,000 together with four per cent interest subsidy are given to disabled persons. Application forms in the format prescribed by the Project Implementation Unit, Tsunami Project Implementation Unit, were printed in sufficient number and distributed to NGOs. Steps have been taken to cover physically challenged persons at district level. The District Disabled Rehabilitation Officer co-ordinates this programme. A total of Rs. 3,573 lakh have

table 25: assistance to sHGs and individuals as on 30.06.2008

Components

Department

Rural Department Municipal

AdministrationTown Panchayats TNSCB Total

No. of SHGs assisted with revolving fund

33551(Rs. 88.83)

2378(Rs. 7.04)

1648(Rs. 4.64)

634(Rs. 4.64)

38217(Rs. 102.41)

Economic assistance 2472(Rs. 31.59)

246(Rs. 1.70)

347(Rs. 5.05)

810(Rs. 1.43)

3875 (Rs. 39.77)

No. of beneficiaries trained 110525(Rs. 6.35)

6120(Rs. 1.09)

36486(Rs. 4.27)

613(Rs. 0.14)

153744(Rs. 11.85)

No. of disabled persons given assistance

34637(Rs. 34.63)

225(Rs. 0.23)

870(Rs. 0.87)

- 35732(Rs. 35.73)

Rs. in Crore


With experience and greater understanding of ground realities, many innovative schemes were chalked out to help women. An example is registration of houses for the tsunami-hit in the name of both husband and wife. The low-income households organized into Self Help Groups recognized by the state government as affected by tsunami. So far 38195 SHGs are assisted with revolving fund of Rs. 102.36 crore to restore livelihood. These groups were mostly women. Even in the relief packages, it was resolved to hand over the relief only to the women of the household. 4320 women were given economic assistance of Rs. 39.55 crore. 155420 beneficiaries were given training and establishment support at a cost of Rs. 6.45 crore to revive their livelihood. 35725 physically challenged persons were given assistance to the tune of Rs. 35.73 crore

been sanctioned to 35,725 disabled persons. At the Block level, steps are taken to verify assets and maintain the register at the panchayat level. Deserted women and widows were given a subsidy of Rs. 10,000 and bank loan of Rs. 5,000 on priority basis.

Cluster activities: The cluster development approach is among the most effective instruments to enable small scale-enterprises withstand challenges thrown up by competition and globalisation. Development of cluster activities is focused around a few selected activities, rather than a variety of activities. The choice of activity is considered most important for successful running of the micro-enterprise. The cluster approach facilitates establishment of all forward and backward linkages effectively. It enhances the collective bargaining power of SHGs/ Federations and improves the profitability of enterprises, ensuring sustainability. Choice of activities is based on local resources, aptitude, as well as the skill-base and potential market.

Market support: Marketing support was provided in the form of linkages to potential buyers, industrial units and service providers. SHGs and PLFs are arranging local market tie-ups with inputs from executive officers. Common infrastructure is provided for production, processing, quality testing, transport, storage and marketing.

District Collectors are involving all stakeholders through workshops for devising respective marketing strategies. SHG products need to be user-friendly, consistent in quality, consumer-sensitive, aesthetically satisfying and as far as possible eco-friendly. However SHG groups lack knowledge in design development and other issues. Hence the Town Panchayats Department has entered into an MoU with National Institute of Fashion Technology for the following activities. • Design development and workshops of SHG products.• Procurement and installation of machinery and equipment

for setting up three production-cum-training centres.• Providing training to 120 trainees from SHGs. • Assistance in trial production, branding, packaging

printing, product launching and project documentation.

The above activities will ultimately help to increase SHG income by attracting more customers, establishing the product in the market and increasing the market share to enable a sustained production level. A few private organizations are also providing marketing support for SHG products.

Monitoring and evaluation: Progress of SHG activities is continuously monitored with following objectives.• To learn whether the assets are in order and

are managed properly.• To ascertain whether the projected income is

being generated.• To remove the difficulties, if any, faced by

SHGs in running the unit successfully.• To ensure timely repayment of interest and

principal.

SHG grading in progress

Government executives and community organizers jointly monitor loan disbursement and oversee asset-creation. Any delays or grievances are redressed through the interactions with the District Collectors and Banks. Government provides support of every kind till the SHGs attain sustainability.

For those who have traditionally practiced fishing over a long period of time, it is interesting to note that increasingly it has been the women who have been opting towards alternate livelihoods. Women were instrumental in not only encouraging the fishermen to go fishing rather than wait for the relief, but also took a lead in getting things started on the non-fishing front. Self-help groups were a great source of assistance in providing relief and rehabilitation measures in the tsunami-hit areas.

Restoration of livelihoods has become an important part of the agenda for rehabilitating communities affected, directly as well as indirectly. Multilateral agencies at the international level are all focusing on livelihood restoration in tsunami affected areas. In Tamil Nadu alone, the livelihood component from the World Bank,

Asian Development Bank and the International Fund for Agricultural Development comes to US$ 116 million.


Workings and the waresNew livelihood initiatives by SHGs and individuals


special initiatives Biometric identification: In order to ensure effective implementation, monitoring, follow-up and evaluation of the livelihood programme, ensuring a fool-proof identification of SHG members is quite essential. It has been planned to identify them by biometric technology. Initially it was decided to identify members of SHGs that have availed a revolving fund or economic assistance. The process shall facilitate the avoidance of multipurpose funding and consequently help the deserving to obtain funds under TEAP. Camps for recording fingerprints and facial images of the SHG members are in progress.

Insurance coverage: The insurance policy proposed to be taken with Life Insurance Corporation of India under its Social Security Insurance Scheme called Jana Shree Bhima Yojana, a Central Government Scheme for members of 3387 SHGs consisting of 60,966 members at the cost of Rs. 60.97 lakhs with a matching contribution from LIC of India. Under this scheme, all those involved in 44 occupations specified by LIC and members of SHGs, and those who are between 18 to 60 years of age are eligible to be beneficiaries of the scheme. In case of natural death, Rs. 30,000; or in case of accidental death or permanent disability Rs. 75,000; or in case of partial disability Rs. 37,500 could be given under the scheme. Apart from the above compensation, two children of the beneficiary studying between classes IXth and XIIth are eligible for Rs. 1200 per year per child as stipend.

Craft village in Villipuram is another effort to restore and rejuvenate existing community assets that support the livelihood of 466 craftsmen of six villages in the district.

Handloom export promotion zone in Kanyakumari district serves to improve and rehabilitate the traditional livelihood of 1000 very poor weavers of tsunami-affected areas through financial and technical assistance. The project that costs Rs. 404.67 lakhs has the following main features.

• Upgradationof250traditionalloomswithsimpleequipmentandmachinerytoincreaseproductionincomeand improve health condition of weavers by reducing strain.• Supplyof750newframeloomsforproductionofterry-towelthathasgoodexportpotential.• Upgradationoffourexistingcommonloomsheds.• Constructionofninenewcommonfacilitiescenters(CFCs).• Provisionofskilldevelopmenttrainingto1000weaversonupgradedlooms.

Exhibition-cum-marketing complex to display and sell SHG products near Valluvar Kottam in Chennai benefits approximately 30,000 members of 2,500 SHGs at the cost of Rs. 900 lakhs. The complex has a basement for parking vehicles, ground floor with modular framework to accommodate temporary stalls, two well-equipped training halls and dormitory facilities for visiting SHG members. Swift assistance has brought livelihoods in the fisheries as well as non-fisheries sectors in Tamil Nadu back on track faster in comparison with other countries. Restoration of resources for economic activities was possible because of adequate flow of materials and expertise, as well as timely introduction of policy and guidelines for compensation of asset-loss, implementation of the same by all the stakeholders on the field.

Fingerprints of self-help group members being taken using biometric technology at a camp in Tiruvottiyur on Saturday


sectIon four: d i s a s t e r r i s Km a n a G e m e n t

The tsunami not only affected the live-lihoods of the fishing community in particular, and coastal communities in general, but also to some extent exposed their preexisting vulnerability from pre-tsunami times. GoTN has past experience in dealing with ca-

lamities like frequent cyclones. In an effort to address the vulnerabilities and devastation presented by the tsunami, the state has also made administration better-equipped to deal with natural disasters. GoTN is also making ef-forts to reduce the risks and vulnerabilities of fishermen. The overall strategy is to ensure that the disaster would provide an opportunity to improve the existing situation with a participatory and coordinated approach. Disaster preparedness and risk-reduction components have been integrated across different sectors such as livelihood, shel-ter and environment.

Tamil Nadu government rehabilitation and reconstruction initiatives are transitioning into overall development of the affected region. Keeping the above overall strategy in view, the activities include vulnerability mapping, processes to reduce vulnerability and greater preparedness in the face of potential hazards that are seen to occur in coastal areas such as earthquakes, cyclonic wind, storm surge in cyclones, flooding by incessant rain and tsunami. A multi-hazard vulnerability map is planned under the Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project for the entire stretch of the coast. This exercise is essentially participatory in nature so as to make all information available in the public domain. The project aims to establish participatory ecological and community monitoring systems, to critically analyze developmental policy with respect to the coast and develop management models for key sites along the coast.

A District Disaster Management Plan is prepared every year spelling out rescue, relief and rehabilitation activities to be undertaken. District-level coordination committee meetings are conducted twice a year. Districts not affected by the tsunami are also covered by disaster management plans. Current disaster management and mitigation activities are however focused on coastal districts. Contingency plans have been formulated listing vulnerable areas. Preventive and precautionary measures in case of any disasters are chalked out. Disaster Risk Management

Task Forces are formed at the state-level by TNTRC and at the district level by district resource centers, notably the Nagapattinam and Kanyakumari resource centers.

safety measures in Goi strategy documentThe Ministry of Home Affairs, GoI, in its strategy paper on preventive and mitigation of risk indicates that the key factors to reduce potential losses due to a tsunami are AWARENESS and PREPAREDNESS. Specific measures for safety from tsunamis/storm surges are suggested in the strategy document.

structural measures1) Construction of cyclone shelters.2) Plantation of mangroves and forests along the coast. 3) Development of a network of local knowledge centers

(rural/urban) along the coast, to provide necessary training and emergency communication during a crisis.

4) Construction of location-specific sea walls and coral reefs in consultation with experts.

5) Development of breakwaters along the coast to provide a necessary cushion against cyclone and tsunami hazards.

6) Development of tsunami detection, forecasting and warning dissemination centers.

7) Development of a “bio-shield” – a narrow strip of land along the coastline. Permanent structures should come up in this zone with strict implementation of suggested norms. A bio-shield can be developed as a coastal zone disaster-management sanctuary, which must have thick plantation and public spaces for public awareness, dissemination and demonstration.

8) Identification of vulnerable structures and appropriate retrofitting for tsunami/cyclone resistance of all such buildings as well as appropriate planning, designing, construction of new facilities like:

• critical infrastructure e.g. power stations, warehouses, oil and other storage tanks etc. located along the coastline;

• all other infrastructure facilities located in coastal areas;


• public buildings and private houses; • all marine structures; and • construction and maintenance of national and

state highways and other coastal roads

non-structural measures:Strict implementation of the CZR (within 500m of the high tide line with elevation of less than 10 m above msl).

tsunami early Warning systemImmediately after the tsunami, it was decided to set up an early warning system to mitigate such potential losses. In the vicinity of India, there are two tsunamigenic zones, Andaman-Sumatra trench and the Makran Coast.

Establishment of National Early Warning System for Tsunami and Storm Surges in the Indian Ocean was approved by the Government of India in October 2005 at a cost of Rs. 125 crore with the Ministry of Earth Sciences as the nodal ministry. An Interim Tsunami Warning Centre, following the Standard Operational Procedure, was made operational round the clock as early as July 2005. This centre receives earthquake information from India Meteorological Department and other Global Networks. Tsunami Advisories are also received from the Japan Meteorological Agency and Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre. Data from BPR’s (Bottom Pressure Recorders) established by the National Institute of Ocean Technology and the Tide Gauges established by the Survey of India are also received at the early warning centre and are used to conform the generation of tsunami.

seismic networkAs a part of strengthening seismic network for near

real time monitoring of the potential tsunamigenic earthquakes, 17 interconnected broadband seismic stations are installed that communicate data in real time to Central Receiving Stations of India Meteorological Department at New Delhi and to the Parallel Central Receiving Stations at INCOIS, Hyderabad. The strengthened network of earthquake monitoring has been made operational in

early disaster warning system in place Hundreds of villagers in Thazhnguda in Cuddalore district ran to safety as soon as the siren warning of impending disaster was triggered on Friday morning December 1st. Volunteers and members of various committees formed under the village-level disaster management teams guided women and children to safety and carried away the handicapped and those injured to nearby shelters. The alert medical teams attended the injured and within a few minutes all the villagers flocked to recently constructed shelters. The exercise was part of a mock drill for the villagers of Thazhnguda following the installation of the country’s first wireless-based radio EWS in the 55 most vulnerable village panchayats in the district, to enable quick flow of information to warn villagers of impending disaster.

The system was installed under the Disaster Risk Management Program launched by the state government in association with United Nations Development Program (UNDP). The system enables an almost instantaneous flow of information to the vulnerable community and prevents villagers being caught unawares in the event of a disaster like the tsunami, cyclone and floods. The system comprises a high-featured VHF radio integrated with a public system, connected to the main network of the district. The District Collector using his mobile radio can call village heads individually or collectively and disseminate information in case of emergency. The wireless communication system is foolproof, protected from unauthorized access or reception as a security measure.

September 2007. The National Early Warning System is made operational from September 2007 after necessary testing and simulations. The system is set up at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad.

India is ‘official’ Regional Tsunami Warning Centre for countries in the Indian Ocean Region. INCOIS would monitor, analyse and disseminate all information regarding tsunami, earthquake and the intensity of the possible inundation to all the countries under the Indian Ocean rim. To begin with, all information about earthquakes in the Indian Ocean region, will be collected. INCOIS has the capability to detect tremors well in advance and can confirm whether they are tsunamigenic.

Early Warning System


Wireless communication In Nagapattinam district, a wireless communication network using Kenwood two-way radios and repeater stations was installed. This enables the district administration to connect with all 11 Panchayat Unions and 19 coastal panchayats to communicate and advise the communities in case of emergency situations in the face of natural calamities. This system also enables officials from all departments of the district administration to communicate among themselves. The two-way communication system works independently without the help of any existing networks of various service providers.

Past experience indicates that existing land line and mobile telephone services do not meet the stringent demands of communication during calamities like floods, cyclones and failed to function during the tsunami of 2004, partly because of electricity failure for long periods of time. The two-way radio is built on self-powered stand-alone batteries and consumes lesser power, enabling uninterrupted communication for longer periods. These batteries can be charged by solar systems or can be even replaced by 12v batteries used in automobiles in case of electricity failure.

Strategic repeaters are placed in north and south areas in Mayiladuthurai and Thalainayar to give the best coverage to most of the district. All district authorities are provided with both base and mobile communication radios in their offices and cars. This equipment is time-tested and has been working near perfectly during calamities. The maintenance schedule is also fairly simple. The costs of deploying these networks are also comparatively low which makes them handy not just during emergencies but also for efficient day-to-day functioning of the district administration

The INCOIS scientiests can also predict the travel time and intensity of the earthquake. Depending upon the data supplies by the countries about their topographies, quakes thread bare can be analysed. In the second phase INCOIS can also predict minute abnormalities in the ocean behaviour. With this information like inundation due to the tsunami attacks can be predicted accurately. INCOIS will provide routine details about the ocean behaviour and other prameters to countries in the Indian Ocean rim based on the bilateral agreement.

sea level networkInstallation of 12 bottom pressure recorders (BPRs) has

been planned to monitor and record propagation of tsunami waves in the ocean and consequent sea level changes. 10 systems will be installed in Bay of Bengal and 2 in the Arabian Sea. BPRs have been procured and integrated with indigenous surface buoys systems. Installation of 6 BPRs are deployed in Bay of Bengal. 50 Tide Gauge Stations are planned as part of this network (36 by Survey of India and 14 by NIOT). 12 Tide Gauges have been installed by the NIOT along the Indian Coastline including Andaman & Nicobar Islands and data is being received in real time by INCOIS. The critical locations from the point of view of validating the tsunami by monitoring sea level changes have been covered. The effectiveness of these sensors has been proved in deterministically concluding that there was no tsunami subsequent to last two high magnitude undersea earthquakes in the Indian Ocean Region in the years 2005 (March 2005) and 2007 (September 2007). Five Coastal Observing Radars and two Current Meter Moorings would also be installed towards monitoring storm surges and understanding physical behaviour of oceans. HF radar, that is already installed by NIOT has been successfully used to detect and measure the strength of the advancing waves.

Early warning system

coastal vulnerability modelling and inundation mapping• Inundation model prepared for specific coastal areas i.e.,

Nagapattinam and Cuddalore belt on the basis of existing topographic and bathymetric (water depth) data

• Inundation along the entire coast for various earthquake scenarios (magnitude, hypocenter location, rupture orientation etc.,) is being generated by ICMAM Project Directorate for integration with the warning system. Modelling has been completed for 16 selected locations representing the States of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Kerala and Gujarat and UT of Andaman and Nicobar.

• For the purpose of operational early warning, a large database of open ocean propagation scenarios is being generated by INCOIS.


• National Remote Sensing Agency is taking up topographic mapping of 15000 sq.km area (for 7500 km line km and 2 km inland for the coastline) with airborne LIDAR and Digital Camera data in conjunction with GPS control survey using photogram metric techniques.

early Warning centreA state-of-the-art early warning centre is being established at INCOIS with all the necessary computational and communication infrastructure that enables reception of real-time data from all the sensors, analysis of the data, generation and dissemination of warnings following a standard operating procedure. An end to end communication plan has been worked out in collaboration with the Indian Space Research Organisation that envisages use of INSAT DRT and INSAT MSS. INCOIS has set up reliable connectivity facilities to the Ministry of Home Affairs for dissemination of warnings.

tsunami Warning centers at six PlacesRecognizing the inherent vulnerabilities of the state, the GoTN, in partnership with UNDP, has been implementing a DRM program in six multi-hazard prone districts since 2003. This programme aims at institutionalizing disaster management concepts into development works and building the capacity of communities in disaster-risk mitigation and preparedness. It addresses disaster management at state, district and village levels providing scope for participation of CBOs, NGOs and private sectors.

Steps are being taken to establish tsunami-warning centers at six places along the Tamil Nadu coast. The centers would be set up at Chennai, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Tuticorin, Rameswaram and Kanyakumari. Similarly, earthquake measuring equipment has been installed at Kavanur (Vellore district) and Tirupathur (Vellore district), Rasipuram (Namakkal district) and Denkanikotta (Krishnagiri district) since some parts of Tamil Nadu fall under seismic zones two and three. The meteorological department had set up such equipment in Chennai, Salem and Kodaikanal in the past. The IGCAR also set up a tsunami warning system: sirens were installed in 13 strategic locations along a five to six km length along the Kalpakkam coast and would be activated to warn of a tsunami attack. An earthquake notification system has also been set up to detect quakes that could lead to tsunamis.

The district administration has been actively participating in developing the early warning system (EWS) in the pilot district of Cuddalore. Vulnerable villages are identified and viable EWSs options are being explored. A team of personnel drawn from different government departments such as Public Works, Agriculture, Health and Rural Development are provided training on EWS. The personnel serve as master trainers in the state and the district equipping other stakeholders. Emphasis was laid on building the capacities of women to be part of the early warning team. This enabled them to actively participate in the decision-making process during emergencies. Community-based organizations (CBOs) have been actively involved in the process of planning EWS in the respective villages. The planning considered the safety of all sections that included children, elderly and the disabled.

mangroves, shelterbelt Plantation and seawallsReviewing sand dunes restoration and shelterbelt plantation is considered critically important, irrespective of how close one is to the sea, as seaside erosion needs to be controlled. Nalu Vedapathy in Nagapattinam district has been mentioned in Guinness book of records for shelter plantation in the memory of the lost children. Besides contributing to the eco-restoration initiatives, this has also doubled up as a psycho–social tool against depression.

Various options such as sea walls, mangroves, hook jetties and groynes are being considered by different districts. Restoration works in Cuddalore include, dredging the 1400 meters-long operable portion of Uppanar River to a depth of four meters, diaphragm walls and natural stones provided for breakwaters. The options change based on geographical position. Groynes, RM walls, current-breaking system were constructed in addition to planting casuarina saplings along the coastline. Shelterbelt plantations are being raised by the forest department. The state government is also planning to develop mangrove forests along the coastal line of Tamil Nadu to prevent damage due to the tsunami. The General Services Organization (GSO), a unit of the Department of Atomic Energy, has put up a reinforced cement concrete wall to protect the township of the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) at Kalpakkam from any future disaster. Sand dunes, boulders and plantations would be put up between the RCC wall and the beach, at an estimated cost of Rs.15 crore. A larger project for a shelterbelt along the coast, with technical planning involving the Forest Department, has been undertaken.

importance of coastal Plantations• Cyclones and tsunamis mostly originate from the sea and

move towards the land. The wind generated is reduced, reflected, deflected and dissipated, when it passes through obstacles such as coastal forest, mangroves, offshore islands, coral reefs, head lands, sea cliffs, sand pits, mud flats, sand dunes, creeks etc.

• Other than the above natural features, man-made structures along the coastline such as offshore platforms, sea wall constructions, harbour and plantations also help in energy dissipation.

• Wave-induced effects of tsunamis, hurricanes and cyclones lead to death and property loss. These violent storms and tsunamis born at sea strike the coast with wind speeds up to 900 km per hour and create waves of heights of about 10 to 20 meters.

• Coastal habitats such as mangroves and other wetlands, coral reefs, coastal barrier islands and lagoons are often recognized by experts as the best defences against wind, waves and erosion by deflecting and absorbing much of the energy of winds.

• Therefore, it is important to maintain these natural habitats for shore protection as well as for environmental conservation. Creating a shelterbelt of trees and other vegetation along the coast would act as a first line of defence against the effect of frequent cyclonic storms and heavy winds.


table 26: Progress on implementation of etrP plantations as on 30.07.2008

Circle Division

Mangrove Plantations Shelterbelt plantationsOther works Total

Phy Fin Phy Fin

Targ

et

Achi

e

Targ

et

Achi

e

Targ

et

Achi

e

Targ

et

Achi

e

Targ

et

Achi

e

Targ

et

Achi

e

ChennaiChengalpattu SF

0 0 0.00 0.00 450 450 121.50 121.50 19.70 17.27 141.20 138.77

Tiruvallur 0 0 0.00 0.00 150 150 40.50 40.50 6.59 5.78 47.09 46.28

Villupuram Villupuram 200 200 50.00 50.00 220 220 59.40 59.40 16.46 16.47 125.86 125.87

Trichy

Nagapattinam WL

150 150 37.50 37.50 75 75 20.25 20.25 8.78 7.55 66.53 65.30

Thanjavur 25 25 6.25 6.25 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.97 0.84 7.22 7.09

Trichy SF 25 25 6.25 6.25 100 100 27.00 27.00 4.81 4.17 38.06 37.42

Pudukottai 150 150 37.50 22.98 60 60 16.20 13.29 8.16 5.93 61.86 42.20

Virudhunagar

Ramnad SF 50 50 12.50 12.50 265 265 71.55 71.55 12.91 11.23 96.96 95.28

WLW, Ramnad 50 50 12.50 12.50 40 40 10.80 10.67 3.63 3.16 26.93 26.33

Sivaganga 50 50 12.50 12.50 325 325 87.75 87.75 16.12 14.11 116.37 114.36

TirunelveliTirunelveli SF 0 0 0.00 0.00 65 65 17.55 17.55 2.91 2.56 20.46 20.11

Tuticorin 0 0 0.00 0.00 250 250 67.50 66.38 10.86 9.50 78.36 75.88

Research 0 0.00 0 0.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00

ETRP Cell CF, HRD 0 0.00 0 0.00 13.70 0.00 13.70 0.00

Total 700 700 175.00 160.48 2000 2000 540.00 535.84 142.60 115.57 857.60 811.89

Physical Target: 2700 ha Achievement : 2700 ha

Financial Target: 857.60 lakhs Achievement : 811.89 lakhs

• Mangrove roots, which grow on tidal coasts in marshy lands, collect sediments in their roots. This absorbs the energy of waves and tidal surges, thereby acting as a shield for the land behind. The tidal inflow also brings in a lot of debris and soil particles.

• Thousands of lives could have been saved in the super cyclone of Orissa if mangrove plantations had not been destroyed for commercial reasons (The New Scientist. Mr. Tom Spencer of the Cambridge Coastal Research Unit at Cambridge).

objectives• Repair and reconstruction of tsunami-damaged/ prone

areas and to control/ reduce damage in future.• To stabilize sand dunes in coastal areas and conserve

moisture for long-term benefits including agriculture and water supply.

• To conserve the wetland ecosystem by planting mangroves.

• To ensure livelihood, ecological and economic security of people in the coastal areas.

achievements • Raised 2000 ha of shelterbelt and 700 ha of mangrove

plantations during 2005-06 in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu.

• Raised 2778.1 ha of shelterbelt and 1462 ha of mangrove plantations during 2006-07 in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu.

• Created awareness about natural calamities and the importance of tree-growing activities in combating such calamities.

• Improvement of livelihood.• Employment-generation through peoples’ participation.• Strengthening conservation of the fragile mangrove and

coastal ecosystem.


table 27: Progress on implementation of ncrmP converted to etrP plantations as on 30.06.2008

Circle Division

Mangrove Plantations Shelterbelt plantationsOther works Total

Phy Fin Phy Fin

Targ

et

Achi

e

Targ

et

Achi

e

Targ

et

Achi

e

Targ

et

Achi

e

Targ

et

Achi

e

Targ

et

Achi

e

Chennai Chengalpattu SF 0 0 0.00 0.00 100 100 27.00 27.00 3.62 3.08 30.62 30.08

Villupuram Villupuram 250 250 62.50 62.50 200 200 54.00 54.00 15.99 16.00 132.49 132.50

TrichyNagapattinam WL

350 350 87.50 87.50 120 100 32.40 27.00 16.59 13.58 136.49 128.08

VirudhunagarRamnad SF 50 50 12.50 12.50 100 100 27.00 27.00 5.37 4.59 44.87 44.09

Sivaganga 50 50 12.50 12.50 100 100 27.00 27.00 5.37 4.59 44.87 44.09

TirunelveliTirunelveli SF 50 12 12.50 2.78 100 78.06 27.00 20.46 5.37 0.00 44.87 23.24

Tuticorin 50 50 12.50 12.50 130 100 35.10 26.52 6.46 4.59 54.06 43.61

Research 0 0.00 0 0.00 15.00 0.00 15.00 0.00

Total 800 762 200.00 190.28 850 778.1 229.50 208.98 73.77 46.43 503.27 445.69

Physical Target: 1650 ha Achievement : 1540.06 ha

Financial Target: 503.27 lakhs Achievement : 445.69 lakhs

building the best defenceMan-made sea walls are often perceived as the best line of defence because of the visible sense of security they give. The impact of tsunami was greater in exposed coastal areas adjacent to the sea walls. Sea walls also block fishermen’s access to the sea. A combination of groynes, seawalls and shelterbelt plantations is therefore being explored in many places. The scientific reasons were explained to the communities and they were encouraged to make informed choices. Sea wall construction is being done scientifically i.e. three times over since there is natural sinking. Shifting the first two or three rows of houses from the high tide line, constant strengthening of sea walls, and filling gaps with groynes and plantations have greatly reduced the risk. However people needed a lot of convincing to keep away from the 500 m CRZ line. However, GoTN recognized that new construction of sea wall on gronyes will only aggravate the effect of natural forces else where. Every decision has to be made after considerable study and observation.

multi-hazard sheltersCyclone shelters built in Cuddalore and other coastal districts have been renovated and 114 cyclone shelters are being reconstructed across coastal districts. The cyclone shelters were put into use during floods in 2005. Had they been maintained earlier the tsunami victims could have used it. Multi-hazard shelters will be coming up at four places in Nagapattinam at a cost of Rs.1.51 crore for use during emergencies. Rajiv Gandhi National Relief Fund financed construction of these shelters which can house 500 to 600 people during emergencies such as tsunami,

flood etc. These buildings could be used as community halls during non-emergency periods. Large-scale improvements are underway in public utility buildings too. Full-form (TERT) has taken up 49 multi hazards shelters. An unparalleled flagship programme has been initiated in 500 Panchayats providing them with an annual budget of Rs. 20 lakh for five years to undertake infrastructure work in villages.

Protection of boats and fishing GearTo protect boats and fishing gear during natural calamities such as a tsunami, the state government has decided to construct groynes (hook-shaped jetties) in four coastal hamlets in Tirunelveli district and earmarked Rs. 21 crore. The groynes will be constructed at Idinthakarai, Perumanal, Kooththankuzhi and Periyathaazhai in Tirunelveli district, which were most affected. Once construction is completed, boats anchored inside will be protected as the tall and broad granite walls around the vessels will neutralize the impact of the tides.

sea safetyA boat/sea safety project by the European Commission for Humanitarian Aid, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies (SIFFS) is getting underway in the districts most affected by the tsunami: Nagapattinam and Cuddalore. It seeks to train and increase awareness among fisher communities on all aspects of boat safety.

Highlights include training/awareness workshops for fishermen on sea safety, thematic street-theatre performances in affected villages and the distribution of an


illustrated handbook and posters in Tamil, on the issue of boat/sea safety. Fishermen are given hands-on training in the use of GPS navigators and VHF radio during workshops. They are being taught distress signalling methods and conduct during emergencies at sea. They will also be exposed to state of the art life saving and safety equipment and their uses. The street theatre performances will highlight the importance of safe working practices among fishermen with an emphasis on the role of women in boat/sea safety. The illustrated handbook will detail the precautions to be taken before going out to sea, while at anchor, while fishing in

periods of darkness and during bad weather. It includes a safety equipment checklist. The project addresses the ‘last mile’ in sea safety – from beach to the fishing ground. However it is up to the fishermen to decide what equipment to carry while the role of the government and NGOs is to educate them on the available safety equipment. Sea safety is an integral component of livelihood.

Efforts are being made through advocacy and orientation to get people to view disaster-mitigation as everybody’s business. Flooding that plagues Tamil Nadu year after year every monsoon is seen more as a man-made

low-cost distress alert transmitters handed over to fishermen Officials of the Indian Coastal Guard handed over Distress Alert Transmitters (DAT) to fishermen the new DAT systems makes it easier for the Indian Coast Guard to locate and rescue fishermen who are in distress while out in the sea. Fishermen face several problems at sea including natural disasters, physical illness and the threat of being kidnapped by LTTE militants. Wish these systems, we would be able to minimize such incidents and provide timely help for the fishermen. The new device that had been developed jointly by the ISRO and the Indian Coast guard would help them in locating the exact position of the fishing boats that need help and significantly reduce the time taken for rescue operations. The product will later be available at a reasonable cost for any fishing boat owner who ventures into the high seas. All the components of the device had been indigeneously developed while keeping the cost factor in mind. It is a relatively simple device and we hope that it will help in saving several lives in future.

Fishermen with new boat

Hon’ble Minister K.P.P. Sami handing over Distress Alert Transmitter to a boat owner


National Cyclone Risk Management (NCRM) programme is conceived by National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). The Cuddalore model has set up communication facility using VHF technology in Cuddalore district to pass on information regarding impending danger from the district headquarters to the last hamlet located on the coastline. The Cuddalore model of last mile connectivity will be adopted as the base model of communication aspect of the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation. (NCRM) A total of 7,516 km of coastline in 84 districts would be covered under the programme. The programme involves following components.

• Creation of coastal shelterbelts by planting casuarinas or mangroves• Setting up cyclone shelters• Laying of proper approach roads • Construction of bridges/culverts. • Capacities of the district level officials • Documentation of major natural calamities to assess/study the preceding and post situation of the affected areas following calamity. This would help throw light on the consequences in case if official machinery remains inactive during emergency. It would also help to chalk out preventive measures. • A set of guidelines on how to manage disasters caused due to cyclones would with instructions as well as steps to be adopted during an emergency, natural or otherwise • Technology of aircraft probing of cyclone to determine the exact path in which the cyclone could move and where it would cross the coast.

disaster than a natural one and calls for a drill culture. On March 28, 2005 when a tsunami warning was issued the coastal villages of Tamil Nadu went through the course of action expected in such situations. People moved to safer buildings that are identified in every village in the district. There is greater awareness among people. Task forces swung into action. Tamil Nadu has one of the better stand-in task forces for risk management. Linkages are being established among all stakeholders for assigning responsibility. Unlike in other sectors that have time-

bound projects addressing the felt needs and priorities in a concrete manner, DRM has to be a continuous process and sustainability is crucial to the programs. People need to be continuously oriented and alerted on what they need to do. District administrations plan to conduct the rescue drill during every low-intensity disaster.

System preparedness for disaster management is critical as was demonstrated in Cuddalore district, which coped very well with the 2005 floods because of the tsunami experience and the training that followed.

Mock drill


Managing disasters is no longer a temporary activity with a short span of attention and investment. Disasters visit with greater frequency and ferocity and newer areas are getting affected. Tamilnadu in India is a typical case; not many had an idea of what a tsunami was before 26th December 2004. It is therefore essential that communities and nations constantly review their preparedness to face known disasters and keep their eyes and ears open for potential risks. One clear message is that every effort must be taken to protect the environment and reduce the impact of human activity on nature. While communities appreciate difficult measures when a disaster actually strikes, it requires considerable effort to convince people of disaster mitigation measures in normal times. This requires continuous research by governments, academic institutions and civil society organizations to constantly plan for making communities safer. Funding of disaster mitigation measures is easier said than done because the need for showing immediately benefits results in such activities getting reduced priority. Media has a definite role to play in this regard to keep the focus on the preventive measures.

Many lessons have been learnt during the last few years in the response and mitigation efforts. The strategies adopted for coordination, empowerment of local officers, the housing reconstruction policy and the livelihood and social support measures formulated by GoTN have set new trends in rehabilitation. Guidelines for temporary shelters, Technology Demonstration Units for newer building ideas, risk mitigation in the form of insurance etc are some improvements brought about by the program. A number of initiatives have been taken in areas like livelihood, better building standards, safety drills for fishermen, special schemes for the vulnerable like the physically challenged, orphaned children etc and in understanding the coastal habitat. The unprecedented attention on the fishing communities has led to far reaching changes in their living standards and facilities available for them in terms of education, health and landing facilities. The efforts have also raised expectations and may have repercussions on future handling of such calamities. The information on what the NGO’s can deliver needs to be consolidated and updated periodically so as to provide a relevant data base in a crisis. The transparency and coordination established with NGO’s can be put to use in the other programs of the Government which require constant interaction with the people.

The Hon’ble Prime Minister of India asserted that the tsunami disaster would be used as an opportunity to strengthen the coastal areas and the people and build back better; the establishment of the regional Tsunami Warning Center in Hyderabad, India is a clear step forward. So are the measures taken to provide better infrastructure and assets to the coastal communities. The momentum must be continued and the partnerships forged during the implementation of the program strengthened. The formation of the National Disaster Management Authority and the State Disaster Management Authorities provide the ideal platform to maintain this focus and the Government of Tamilnadu will continue to strive towards being the front runner in providing a safety net for all its people especially the vulnerable; after a review by the Hon’ble Chief Minister in June 2006, it has embarked on an ambitious programme to reconstruct poorly constructed houses in the vulnerable coastal areas with funding from Government of India and the World Bank. Further work on providing evacuation shelters, evacuation routes and early warning systems will be undertaken to comprehensively build safer coastal communities. The models developed will be replicated elsewhere to make disaster risk reduction a central theme in all development initiatives.

C.V. SANKAR, I.A.S.,

officer on Special duty (relief and rehabilitation)o/o. the Special commiSSioner

and commiSSioner of revenue adminiStrationDated: 11.08.2008

t H e W a Y f o r W a r d


Hon’ble Union Minister for Shipping, Road Transport and Highways Gol, Hon’ble Minister for Highways and Minor Ports and Hon’ble Minister for Fisheries of GoTN interact with affected people at Nagapattinam

Hon’ble Minister for Rural Development and Local Administration made inspecting Government Hospital work at Nagapattinam

Review by Hon’ble Union Minister for Home and Hon’ble Minister of State (Home Affairs) Gol, Hon’ble Minister for Revenue of GoTN and officials at Chennai

Hon’ble Chief Minister warmly welcomes Mrs. Isabel M. Guerrero Country Director India, World Bank


“ADB attaches great importance to further strengthening its relationship with India and we remain highly committed to partnering with the Government in its development endeavors.”

“I am pleased to note the prevailing buoyancy stemming from India’s unprecedented growth and strong economic fundamentals. The increased integration of the global economy has made India a visible economic force.”

“While the increasing strength and maturity of India’s economy is indeed commendable, ADB agrees with the Government’s assessment that more needs to be done to make the growth process more inclusive.”

“I am pleased with the progress made in infrastructure and livelihood components that ADB is supporting that I have visited. The challenge, however, is to complete the infrastructure work and provide better amenities and facilities to the affected families as quickly as possible. With the kind of efforts that have been initiated and the progress that has already been achieved, we are confident that the Government of Tamil Nadu will achieve its objectives.”

Haruhiko Kuroda

President

Asian Development Bank

A visit by Mr. Haruhiko Kuroda

Annexure one: b i l a t e r a l a n d m u l t i l a t e r a l a c t i v i t i e s



table 28: department-wise financial statement as on 30.06.2008

Implementing Departments

Sanctioned Amount (Rs. in crore)

Total Expenditure (Rs. in crore)Pecentage of Expenditure

WB ADB RGP Total WB ADB RGP Total

Agricultural Department 12.69 0.00 0.00 12.69 12.69 0.00 0.00 12.69 100.0%

Horticultural Department 1.01 0.00 0.00 1.01 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 99.0%

Public Works Department (WRO)

20.54 0.00 0.00 20.54 19.10 0.00 0.00 19.10 93.0%

Forest Department 26.62 0.00 0.00 26.62 23.99 0.00 0.00 23.99 90.1%

Municipal Administration 14.60 53.39 0.00 67.99 10.88 47.41 0.00 58.29 85.7%

Project Management Unit 12.02 4.57 0.00 16.59 11.07 2.96 0.00 14.03 84.6%

Public Works Department (Buildings)

36.66 0.00 0.00 36.66 30.56 0.00 0.00 30.56 83.4%

Town Panchayats 16.41 61.83 0.00 78.24 9.16 52.13 0.00 61.29 78.3%

Rural Development Department 17.10 307.29 119.50 443.89 12.67 261.40 32.42 306.49 69.0%

Tamil Nadu Maritime Board 0.00 65.67 0.00 65.67 0.00 38.83 0.00 38.83 59.1%

Animal Husbandry 2.69 0.00 0.00 2.69 1.30 0.00 0.00 1.30 48.3%

Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board

31.49 84.37 0.00 115.86 3.03 51.52 0.00 54.55 47.1%

Fisheries Department 36.83 1.03 451.02 488.88 6.30 1.03 183.47 190.80 39.0%

Highways Department 0.00 56.09 362.87 418.96 0.00 20.46 140.04 160.50 38.3%

Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board

291.52 4.98 45.10 341.60 62.71 4.11 4.58 71.40 20.9%

Environment Department 13.71 0.00 0.00 13.71 2.02 0.00 0.00 2.02 14.7%

Grand Total 533.89 639.22 978.49 2151.60 206.48 479.85 360.51 1046.84 48.7%



Prime minister’s national relief fund (Pmnrf)Partners: Government of India and Government of Tamil Nadu Goal: overall medium and long-term rehabilitation of the coastal communities including children and economically active population in the tsunami-affected areasLocations: all tsunami-affected districtsProject Cost: Rs. 88.94 crore

components:• Prime Minister’s Child Assistance Scheme (PMCAS)• Prime Minister’s scholarship for tsunami-affected children• Support of social infrastructure• Support to fisherman scheme• Universal health insurance scheme

table 29: abstract for the funds sanctioned under Prime minister’s national relief fund as on 31.7.2008

SchemeNo. of benefi-

ciaries

Amount Sanctioned

by PM’s Office (Rs.)

Amount released by this Office

(Rs.)

Amount Spent by Collectors / Departments

(Rs.)

Balance with the

Collectors / Departments

Balance in the SB Account

of this office

Prime Minister’s Child Assistance Scheme

1513 75730297 77163000 (the interest amount of

Rs. 14,32,703/-) accurued in the SB A/C has been utilised for the

balance amount)

76551000 612000 NIL

Trauma care-cum-recreation centres

63 centres 19000000 19000000 18230000 770000 NIL

First Aid Boxes 47000 94000000 94000000 83001035 NIL 10998965

Prime Minister’s Scholarship Scheme

81264 students for the

year 05-06129975

students for the year 06-07

127125 students for the

year 2007-08

1015727500 1010993400 469904803 541088597 4734100*

Health Insurance 153294 families 77707000 77707000 76647000 1060000 NIL

Waiver of loan extended by TAFCOFED to fishermen

5635 families 195619000 195619000 195619000 0 NIL

Provision of sports facilities to fishermen villages.

591 villages 5910000 5910000 5910000 0 NIL

Waiver of principal component of the loan amount under Fishermen Rehabilitation Scheme

2100 fishermen 33600000 33600000 0 33600000 NIL

Total 1513929400 1513941400 925862838 577130597


Partners: World Bank and Government of Tamil NaduGoal: Repair damaged houses and provide for multi-hazard resistant houses, reclaim agricultural lands, strengthen fisheries infrastructure, strengthen animal husbandry infrastructure, restore damaged public infrastructure, create green shelter belts and undertake scientific studies in the affected coastal areas. Locations: 13 coastal districts of Tamil NaduProject Cost: Rs.1852.74 crore ($423 million)Project duration: 31.10.2008 - likely to be extended till 31.12.2010

components: • Housing Reconstruction (US$596.8 million, about 87.5% of total)• Restoration of Livelihoods (US$36.4 million, about 5% of total)• Public Buildings and Public Works (US$19.5 million, about 3% of total)• Technical Assistance and Training (US$11.1 million, about 1.5% of total)• Implementation support (US$19.0 Million, about 3% of total)

Programmes and activities: • Provision of transit shelters, repair and reconstruction of existing houses, construction of multi-hazard resistant new

houses, and the necessary related services and community infrastructure. • Technical assistance and capacity-building for housing reconstruction.• Restoration and upgrading of damaged public infrastructure like roads, water supply, bridges, schools, health centers,

etc.• Restoration of damaged agricultural lands (about 9,300 ha) and horticultural lands (670 ha), farm ponds and dug

wells.• Restoration of fisheries infrastructure, such as harbours, patrol boats, clearing bar mouth and estuaries to maintain

estuarine habitats, and aquaculture infrastructure. • Reestablishment of safety-at-sea systems/services.• Repair/ reconstruction of damaged infrastructure such as veterinary dispensaries and veterinary extension centres and

the upgrading of veterinary care services through training to the community based veterinary workers and farmers in animal husbandry activities;

• Restoration of damaged river and drain banks (about 100 km), and plantation/replanting of mangroves and shelter belts in Tamil Nadu.

• Create Green Shelter Belt, Preparation of social and environmental management plans. • Conduct scientific studies to understand coastal ecology and plan for suitable disaster management projects.• Community participation efforts to ensure involvement of the affected communities.• Studies to assess coastal water quality, ground water quality, pollution of influenced water bodies in urban areas and

capacity-building among various stakeholders and hazard risk management.

emerGencY tsunami reconstruction ProJect (etrP)



Partners: Asian Development Bank and Government of Tamil adu Goal: Restoration of:• Livelihoods• Transportation such as roads and bridges, ports and harbours• Rural and municipal infrastructure such as water supply and sanitation, municipal infrastructure, rural infrastructure• Capacity-building and implementation assistanceLocations: 13 coastal districts of Tamil NaduProject Cost: Rs. 629.93 crore ($143.75 million)Project Duration: Expected date of completion is 30.04.2009

components and activities:Livelihood ($ 49.99 million or Rs. 218.96 crore)

1. Restoration of livelihoods of affected poor and low-income households organised into SHGs and other similar groups recognized by the state government as affected directly or indirectly by the tsunami, through support by way of capacity-building, establishment and enterprise-training.

2. Formation of new SHGs both male and female for affected households not yet organized in community-based groups to restore livelihoods through micro-enterprise, training and establishment support.

3. Replacement of productive assets (I.e. excluding housing) of tsunami-affected households.4. Skill upgradation.5. Risk-mitigation through group, life and asset insurance as applicable, of affected households receiving assistance under

this component.6. Reconstruction of tsunami-affected community-based infrastructure.7. Technical support for implementation, monitoring, and impact assessment of this component.

transportation (us$26.80 million or rs. 117.39 crore)8. Roads and bridges (roads sub-sector)9. Ports and harbours (ports sub-sector)

rural and municipal infrastructure10. Water supply and sanitation (US$ 23 million or Rs. 100.74 crore)11. Other rural and municipal Infrastructure(US$ 40.75 million or Rs.178.49 crore)

capacity-building and implementation assistance ($ 3.21 million or rs. 14.06 crore)12. Design and construction, supervision and technical support consultancy

implementation support13. Quality assurance and audit14. Project management and evaluationPartners: International Fund of Agricultural Development and Government of Tamil Nadu

tsunami emerGencY assistance ProJect (teaP)



JaPan fund for PovertY reduction (JfPr)

Partners: GoTN, JPFR and ADBGoal: Locations: 13 coastal districts of Tamil NaduProject Cost: Rs.16.704 crore(US$ 3.79 million)Project Duration: 08.03.20011Components and activities:

table 30: component-wise funding under JPfr

(i) Model Village Fish Processing complex Rs.4.853 crore

(ii) Alternative Livelihood Activities Rs.4.355 crore

(iii) Environment friendly fish breeding activities Rs.5.837 crore

(iv) Project Management Rs.1.659 crore

table 31: subprojects approved and fund sanctioned under the alternative livelihood activities component

(i)Establishment of Home needs store at Uvari, Tirunelveli District – so far sanctioned

Rs.16,46,526/-

(ii) Poultry farming activities at Killai Town Panchayat, Cuddalore District. Rs.20,73,750/-

(iii) Production of Sanitary napkins at Kottakuppam Town Panchayat. Rs. 2,00,000/-

(iv) Seaweed farming activities at Kanniyakumari Town Panchayat. Rs. 7,27,460/-

table 32: four major subprojects approved under JfPr funding, by Project steering committee

(i)Financial Assistance to 300 tsunami affected poor weavers of Kanniyakumari District

Rs.91,92,018/-

(ii)Financial Assistance to 3 SHGs of Velankanni Town Panchayat for Korai crafts products

Rs.5,03,600/-

(iii)Financial Assistance to SHGs, Kottakuppam Town Panchayat for Rexin bag and allied products

Rs. 1,63,000/-

(iv)Financial Assistant to SHGs, Kottakuppam Town Panchayat for korai craft products

Rs. 2,41,000/-

4. Under eco-friendly fish breeding activities component, for mud crab fattening activities at Edaikkazhinadu Town Panchayat, Kancheepuram District, Rs.11,57,263/- have been sanctioned. The Project Steering Committee had on 16.7.2008 approved the sub project namely mud crab rearing and fattening activities through cage farming at Vedaranyam, Nagapattinam District with JFPR funding of Rs.69,63,863/-.

5. In respect of Model Village Fish Processing Complex Component, Pazhayar at Nagapattinam District has been identified for implementation.



Goal: Medium and long-term rehabilitation and reconstruction of livelihoods of coastal tsunami-affected communities.Locations: Covers six coastal districts of Tamil Nadu: Kancheepuram, Villipuram, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Tiruvallur and KanyakumariProject cost: Rs 129 crore (US$ 30 million)Project duration: 8 years

components and activities: • Community Resource Management Community resource planning, Safety at sea, Community support.• Community Institutions Support for self-help groups, Formation of fish marketing societies, Support for coastal

schools.• Micro and Rural Finance Venture capital fund Micro-credit for SHGs Financial innovation, Risk management and

insurance. • Micro-Enterprise Development Micro-enterprise training, Marketing services, Vocational training• Project Management and Coordination

Development of a three-tier project management structure consisting of an autonomous not-for-profit Coastal Community Development Society promoted by the state government.

District Implementation Office (PIU) at each project district working in close collaboration with the District Collector as Chairperson of the district-level Implementation Advisory Committee.

united nations assistancePartners: United Nations and Government of Tamil Nadu Goal: Moving from post-disaster relief to recovery, restoring livelihoods and upgrading infrastructure, prospective risk reduction, policy support and coordinationLocations: Coastal areas of Tamil NaduProject cost: US$ 38.79 Million.Project duration: Up to 31.12.2008

components and activities: • Moving from post disaster relief to recovery (US $ 8.54 Million) Psychosocial support, social reintegration to address

trafficking, Health and nutrition HIV/AIDS prevention and education.• Restoring livelihoods (US$ 10.65 Million) Rebuilding livelihoods, shelter and habitat development, water supply,

sanitation and hygiene.• Prospective risk reduction (US$ 16.55 Million) Healthy environment for long-term security and sustainability Capacity-building for disaster risk-management• Coordination and knowledge networking (US$ 3.05 Million)

international fund of aGricultural assisted ProJect (ifad)


66 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 266 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2

members of Parliament and local area develoPment scHeme

Partners: 170 MPs and GoTNGoal: Rebuilding infrastructureComponents: Fisheries-related infrastructure, roads, bridges, schools, old age homes, hospitals etc.Locations: 12 tsunami-affected districts, Chennai not includedProject Cost: Rs. 22.13 croreProgrammes and activities:

table 33: contributions from mPlad funds

District

No. of MPs who contributed

Amount Sanctioned

(Rs. in Lakhs)

No. of Works Under taken

Stages of Works Amount spent upto

30.06.2008 (Rs. in lakhs)Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha

Completed Pending

Cuddalore 30 19 706.00 15 14 1 544.13

Kancheepuram 0 2 50.00 2 2 0 47.33

Kanniyakumar 28 17 520.50 12 10 2 400.14

Nagapattinam 20 25 625.00 63 62 1 586.26

Pudukottai 0 1 75.00 15 15 0 75.00

Ramanatha puram 2 2 32.50 8 8 0 32.45

Thanjavur 0 1 75.00 15 15 0 75.00

Thoothukudi 0 1 5.00 1 1 0 5.00

Tirunelveli 0 1 5.00 1 1 0 5.00

Tiruvallur 0 1 5.00 1 1 0 5.00

Tiruvarur 0 1 10.00 2 2 0 10.00

Villupuram 0 19 204.00 45 44 1 192.88

Total 80 90 2313.00 180 175 5 1978.19

TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 67TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2 / 67

achievements and results:

Sl. No. Work Number

1 Orphanages 2

2 Community halls 50

3 Old age homes 3

4 Service homes 3

5 Bridges 4

6 School buildings 15

7 Multi purpose buildings to fisheries 30

8 Restoration of roads 18

9 Women’s sanitary complex 6

10 Bio shield protection in sea shore 7

11 Anganwadi buildings 5

12 Fish landing centers 2

13 Provision of amenities 1

14 Training institutes 4

15 Protective bund 2

16 Jetties 3

17 Cyclone shelters 2

18 Fish drying yards 9

19 Culverts 5

20 Additional facilities to hospitals 4

table 34: activities completed with the assistance of mPlads


Annexure tWo: G u i d e l i n e s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t e m P o r a r Y s H e l t e r s

Guidelines for erection of temporary shelters1.0 introductionAffected households in any disaster cannot return to the site of their original dwellings and they need temporary shelters. These temporary shelters also known as transit shelters are provided either to individual households or collectively in large public building structures such as school buildings, warehouses or large halls. Transit shelters can be short term or long term depending on the use, the availability of essential services, social infrastructure and opportunity available for upgrading and expanding the dwellings.

2.0 concePti) The site selected should be such that the settlements are

located at a safe distance from any such external threats like flooding and high winds.

The site should a) be in close proximity to the community but at

least 500 m away from the coast satisfying CRZ notifications.

b) be level ground (preferably) with good soil c) Not be prone to water loggingii) Land should have user rights for the affected people.iii) Water and Sanitation facilities should be provided

adequately. a) Water Supply: Water storage of 30 liters per person per day for

drinking and washing purposes can be considered adequate.

b) Toilets One toilet unit for 20 persons and out of these,

45% for males, 45% for females and 10% friendly to children and physically challenged should be provided separately.

Sewerage and garbage disposal and other hygienic needs must be arranged with the help from local authority.

iv) Social FacilitiesSchools, healthcare facilities and places of worship

should be made available close by. (Preferably within a radius of one km) v) Transportation facilities and other networks

Due consideration should be given for the availability of road facilities and access to the site in order to facilitate delivery of relief materials and movement of disabled.vi) Markets and livelihood

Markets or services for the continuation or development of livelihood support activities should be available.

3.0 PlanninG a) Size

Overall Size: Overall size includes household plot and the area necessary for roads, footpath, educational facilities, toilets, sanitation, water storage distribution area, markets and storage facilities.Preferred area for the overall habitation is 45 Sq.m per person and the minimum, 35 Sq.m per person

Individual unit: The covered area enables safe separation and privacy between the sexes, between different age groups and between separate families within a given household as required.Preferred area 3.5 Sq.m per person and minimum 2.5 Sq.m per person (Approximately 25 Sqft per person)

Mass shelters should ensure the free access of the occupants while enabling adequate supervision by the occupants themselves to minimize any potential security threat. Steps or changes of level close to exits to collective shelters should be avoided and all stairways and ramps should be provided with handrails. Where possible, occupants with walking difficulties or those unable to walk without assistance should be allocated space on the ground floor, adjacent to exits or along access routes free from changes of level. All occupants of the building should be within an agreed reasonable distance of a minimum of two exits, providing a choice in the direction of escape in case of fire, and these exits should be clearly visible and marked.b) TopoRraphy and szround conditions:

For temporary planned camps, the site gradient should not exceed 6%, unless extensive drainage and erosion control measures are taken, or be less than 1% to provide for adequate drainage. Drainage channels may still be required to minimise flooding or ponding. The lowest point of the site should be not less than 3 metres above the estimated level of the water table in the rainy season. Ground conditions would decide the location of toilets and other facilities and hence the planning of settlements. Fissured rock may disperse toilet waste widely; fine clays provide poor percolation and the early failure of toilet pits; volcanic rock makes the excavation of toilet pits difficult. Therefore, planning should take care of the existing ground condition.c) Climate and context:

The floor to ceiling height is also a key factor, with greater height being preferable in hot and humid climates



to aid air circulation. A minimum floor height of 2.8 m is necessary for adequate thermal comfort.d) Space provision:

The flexible use of the covered space provided could potentially accommodate different activities at different times during the day or night. The design of the structure, the location of openings and the opportunities for alternative internal subdivisions should enable the internal and immediately adjacent external space to accommodate livelihood support activities where required.

4.0 sHelter desiGna) Sourcing of shelter materials and labour:

Livelihood support should be promoted through the local procurement of building materials, specialist building skills and manual labour. Multiple sources, alternative materials and production processes, or the provision of regionally or externally sourced materials or proprietary shelter systems are required if the local harvesting and supply of materials is likely to have a significant adverse impact on the local economy or the environment.b) Participation of affected households:

Skills training programmes and apprenticeship schemes can maximise opportunities for participation during construction, particularly for individuals lacking the required building skills or experience.

5.0 construction :Standards of good practice should be agreed with the relevant authorities to ensure that key safety and performance requirements are met.a) Site Preparation Steps i. Demarcate the building area of the camp on the

ground ii. Clear the site upto 3m beyond the area iii. Prepare the ground outside the camp to ensure

proper disposal of storm water.b) Foundation

Follow the design and formulation details and fix the frames which carry the load. c) Floor

Floor within the shelter and toilets should be raised at least 225 mm above formed ground level. In this ground, sea sand may be used (Un-reinforced floor) as filling material. Paving bricks or blocks may be used as base course for the floor. Masonry brick jelly out of collapsed buildings may be used with lime and ‘sand for preparing the base brick jelly concrete.

Floor can be provided with a rough cement mortar rendering. d) Shelters

The erection of the shelter toilet and water tank should be made as per the approved design. Cost effective Sintex or water tank in the form of ferrocement may be used.e) Quality

The selection of site and erection of the shelters and other structures should be carried out under the direct

supervision of competent engineer to ensure cost effective utilization of resources.f ) Building materials

Required materials should be acquired or purchased at cost / economical rates from the market form the nearest building outlet or sourced in bulk at bulk rates competitively.

6.0 sustainabilitYa) Sourcing of shelter materials and labour:

Livelihood support should be promoted through the local procurement of building materials, specialist building skills and manual labour. Multiple sources, alternative materials and production processes, or the provision of regionally or internationally sourced materials or proprietary shelter systems are required if the local harvesting and supply of materials is likely to have a significant adverse impact on the local economy or the environment. The reuse of materials salvaged from damaged buildings should be promoted where feasible, either as primary construction materials (bricks or stone masonry, roof timber, roof tiles, etc.) or as secondary material (rubble for foundations or leveling roads, etc.). Ownership of the rights to such material should be identified and agreed.b) Participation of affected households:

Skills training programmes and apprenticeship schemes can maximise opportunities for participation during construction, particularly for individuals lacking the required building skills or experience. Complementary contributions from those less able to undertake physically or technically demanding tasks can include site monitoring and inventory control, the provision of child care or temporary accommodation and catering for those engaged in construction works and administrative support.c) Disaster prevention and mitigation:

The design should be consistent with known climatic conditions, be capable of withstanding appropriate wind-loading, and accommodate snow-loading in cold climates. Earthquake resistance and ground bearing conditions should be assessed. Recommended or actual changes to building standards or common building practices as a result of the disaster should be applied in consultation with local authorities and the disaster-affected population.d) Upgrading and maintenance:

As emergency shelter responses typically provide only a minimum level of enclosed space and material assistance, affected families will need to seek alternative means of increasing the extent or quality of the enclosed space provided. The form of construction and the materials used should enable individual households to incrementally adapt or upgrade the shelter or aspects of the design to meet their longer-term needs and to undertake repairs using locally available tools and materials.e) Mitigating long-term environmental impact:

Where the need to provide shelter for affected populations has a significant adverse impact on the environment, e.g. through the depletion of local natural resources, efforts should be made to minimise the long-


term effects through complementary environmental management and rehabilitation activities.f ) Erosion:

An assessment of typical land usage, the distribution of existing vegetation and surface water drainage patterns should be undertaken to assess the impact of any ground clearance that may be required. The use of agricultural or grazing land should be planned to minimise any adverse impact on the local natural habitat. Shelter solutions should be planned to retain existing trees and other vegetation to maintain the soil stabilization such growth provides and to maximise the opportunities for shade and protection from the climate. Roads, pathways and drainage networks should be planned to make use of natural contours in order to minimize erosion and flooding. Where this cannot be achieved, satisfactory measures to contain any likely erosion should be provided, such as the provision of excavated drainage culverts, piped drainage runs under roadways, or planted earth banks to minimise water runoff.g) Handover:

The natural regeneration of the environment in and around mass shelters and temporary planned or self-settled camps should be enhanced through appropriate environmental rehabilitation measures during the life of the temporary settlement. The eventual discontinuation of any such temporary settlements should be managed to ensure the satisfactory removal of all material or waste that cannot be re-used or that could have an adverse effect on the environment.

7.0 references1. Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in

Disaster Response, The Sphere Project; http://www.sphereproject.org/

2. Temporary Shelter for Tsunami Victims Center for Housing Planning and Building. And ITDG South Asia 2004

3. Guidelines for planning in the re-building process - Resource pack, Intermediate Technology Development Group - South Asia 5, Lionel Edirisinghe Mawatha Kirulapone, Colombo 5

4. Transitional Settlement - Displaced Population,Tom Corsellis and Antonella Vitale, University of Cambridge shelter project, Oxfam

5. Emergency Shelters Built with the support of GTZ/ Concept from Partner Aid International (PAI); Aga Khan Planning and Building Service, Pakistan

6. Existing Guidelines supporting the Shelter Sector; University of Cambridge shelter project

7. A guide to the use and logistics of family tents in humanitarian relief; OCHA ref nr.OCHA/ESB/2004/19; United Nations Publication

8. Technical Assistance on Relief Operations in Tsunami affected Areas: Government of Sri Lanka; Housing and Land Rights Network- Habitat International Coalition

9. Building homes and hearths; R Revathi Challenges- The Tsunami Watchwww.indiadisasters.org



an abstract of various oPtions for construction

Sl. No.

Type (or) Options

Total Plinth area

Cost Estimate (in

Rs.)

Rate per sq.ft.

(in Rs.)Type of construction Requirement of material

1. Option I Alternative-I

200 sq.ft. 27,000 135 Shelter built with RCC precast slab wall. Roof with Red mud plastic corrugated sheets 12mm thick and G.I. pipe used as purlins.

Materials for 200 sq.ft40mm HBS Jelly 95 Cft 20mm HBS Jelly 106 CftSand 126 Cft Cement 34 Bags Steel rod 250Kg (or) 2.50 Qtl50mm G.I. pipe 32RM Red mud plastic corrugated Roofing sheets 11Nos

Option I Alternative-II

400 sq.ft (2 dwelling units)

54,300 136 Shelter built with RCC precast slab Wall. Roof with Red mud plastic corrugated sheets 12mm thick and G.I.pipe used as purlins.

Materials for 400 sq.ft40mm HBS Jelly 175 Cft 20mm HBS Jelly 250 Cft Sand 470 Cft Cement 72 BagsSteel rod 565 Kg (or) 5.65 Qtl50mm G.I. pipe 64 RM Red mud plastic corrugated Roofing sheets 12mm thick (2.OOm X 1.OOm) 22Nos

2. Option II Alternative-I

200 sq.ft. 62,700 314 Shelter built with corrugated IronSheet 20G painted with coloured paint Steel Tubular box used as vertical post, purlin, Horizontal ties etc.

Materials for 200 sq.ft65mm x 32.5mm Steel Tubular box 37RM 32.5mm x 32.5mm steel Tubular box 155RM G.I. corrugated sheet (8’-Ox3’-0”) 20G

Walling: l5 Nos

Roofing: 11 Nos

26NosCement 2 Bags32mm bolts & Nuts with Washer 8O Nos Brick Jelly 127 Cft Lime stone 5O Cft10mm to 12mm HBS Jelly 18Cft


Option II Alternative-II

400 sq.ft (2 dwelling units)

1,29,600 324 Shelter built with corrugated Iron Sheet 20G painted with coloured paint Steel Tubular box used as vertical post, purlin, Horizontal ties etc.

Materials for 400 sq.ft65mm x 32.5mm Steel Tubular box 80RM 32.5mm x 32.5mm steel Tubular box 219RMG.I. corrugated sheet(8’-Ox3’-0”) 20G

Walling : 54NosRoofing : 22Nos --------- 76NosCement 2 Bags32mm bolts & Nuts with Washer 200 NosBrick Jelly 192 CftLime stone 72Cft10mm to 12mm HBS Jelly 32Cft

3. Option III Alternative-I

200 27,538 138 Shelter built in corrugated sheet for wall and Roofing flooring with cement earth mortar and wooden reapers has been used as purlin.

Materials for 20O sq.ftSoil 13/4 CftCement 6 1/2 Bags4”x2” Timber members12’0” 5Nos10’6” 2Nos9’6” 4Nos2”x2” Timber members 2901”thick Albisiya timber planks for window 28 sq.ft1’0” Barrel Bolts 2Nos4”Barrel Bolts 6NosHinges 12NosAvailable in Ministry8’0”x3’0”plain GI sheet forridging 1 No10’0”x3’x0” corrugated GIsheets for roofs 11NosAvailable with UNHCRPlastic sheets for wall panels 504 sq.ft

Option III Alternative-II

400 sq.ft. (2 dwelling units)

49,666 124 Shelter built incorrugated sheet for wall and Roofing, flooring with cement earth mortar and wooden reapers has been used as purlin.

Material for 400 sq.ft. Soil 3 1/2 CftCement 12 1/2 Bags4”x2”Timber members12’0” 10Nos10’6” 3Nos9’6” 6Nos2”x2” Timber members 5701”thick Albisiya timberplanks for window 56 sq.ft1’0” Barrel bolts 4 nos



4”Barrel Bolts 12NosHinges 24NosAvailable in Ministry8’0”x3’0” plain GI sheetsfor riding 11 /2Nos10’0”x3’0” corrugated GIsheets for roofs 22NosAvailable with UNHCRPlastic sheets for wall panels 828 sq.ft

Option IIIAlternative-III

800 sq.ft. (4 dwelling units)

95,491 119 Shelter built in corrugated sheet for wall and Roofing flooring with cement earth mortar and wooden reapers has been used as purlin.

Materials for 800 sq.ftSoil 6 1/2 CftCement 24 1/4 Bags4”x2”Timber members12’0” 20Nos10’6” 5Nos9’6” 1ONos2”x2” Timber members10601 “thick Albisiya timber planks for window 112 sq.ft1’0” Barrel Bolts 8Nos4”Barrel Bolts 24NosHinges 48NosAvailable in Ministry8’0”x3’0” plain GI sheets for ridging 3Nos10’0”x3’0” corrugated GIsheets for roofs 43NosAvailable with UNHCRPlastic sheets for wall panels 1476 sq.ft

4. Option IVAlternative I

200 35,077 175 Shelter builtwith brick work incement mortar cuddappah flooring and roof with C.I. corrugated sheet.

Materials for 200SftCement 414KgSand 1.24m340mm HB Stone 0.37m3Bricks 1389NosGypsum panel board 1Omm thick 29.75m220mm gauge GI sheet door of size 2.6”x6.0 1NosWeld mesh jolly ventilator of size 2.0”x2.0” 1 Nos40mm dia M.S.pipe 19RM20 gauge G.I Corrugated sheets of size 3.OOx 1.05m 7.875NosCuddapah slab 25mm thick 18.625m2Ridge pieces 3.75 pieces


temPorarY sHelter for an area of 200 sftOption-I

Alternative-1

Sl. No.

Quantity Description of Work Rate Per Amount

1 19m2 Clearing Scrub Jungle or light Jungle 1.38 m2 26.00

2. L.S. Earth work excavation for foundation 60.00 L.S. 60.00

3. 3.00m3 P.CC 1:8:16 for foundation & floorin 959.20 m3 2878.00

4. 2.80m3 Filling the basement with earth and consolidated 9.70 m3 27.00

5 20m2 Plastering the flooring with cm, 1:6 12mm thick

43.40 m2 868.00

6.

2 Nos2 Nos

Providing the doors and windows using country wooda) Door size 0.90 X 2.10b) Window 0.90 X 0.90 2600

400.00EachEach

5200.00800.00

7. 35m2 Centering for RCC precast slab and posts 17.20 m2 602.00

8. 3.32m3 RCC 1:2:4 for precast slab and posts 17.20 m2 6640.00

9. 2.50 Qtl Supplying and Fabrication of Steel rods for precast slab and RCC post.

324.00 Qtl 810.00

10. 32 Rm Supplying of G.I pipe for Roof Purlin 170 Rm 5440.00

11. 22m2 Red mud plastic corrugatedRoofing sheets 12mm.

153 m2 3366.00

Rate / Sft.

26717.00(or)

27000.00

Rate per square feet = Rs. 135/- Sq.ft.

For an area of 200 Sft Option-I

Materials

40mm HBS Jelly 95 Cft

20mm HBS Je11y106 Cft

Sand 126Cft

Cement 34 Bags

Steel rod 250Kg (or) 2.50 qtl

50mm G.I.pipe 32RM

Red mud plastic corrugated Roofing sheets 11Nos



temPorarY sHelter for an area of 200 sftOption-II

Sl. No.


1.

2.

19m2 Clearing the site.

Providing Temporary shelter working corrugated Iron steel sheet of 20G. Coloured with coated paint on either side. Working steel Tubular box of size 65mm x 32.5mm as post and purlin roofed with same sheet in asemi circular shape. (size 20-0 x 10-0)Walling

1.38 m2 26.00

3. 21 RM (88 Kg)

Vertical post: 65mm x 32.5mmSize Turbular box

37.00 Kg 3256.00

4. 130 RM (397 Kg) Horizontal post:32.5mm x 32.5mmSize Turbular box

37.00 Kg 14689.00

5. 16 RM (64 Kg)

Roofing post: 65mm x 32.5mmSize Turbular box

37.00 Kg 2368.00

6. 25 RM (76 Kg)

Roofing : 32.5mm x 32.5mmTurbular boxG.I Corrugated sheet 20G

37.00 Kg 2812.00

7. 46m2 For Walling coloured G.I. Sheet(on either side)

500 M2 23000.00

8. 25m2 Roofing coloured G.I sheet (on either side) 500 M2 12500.00

9. 80 Nos 1-1/4”Treaded Bolt & Nuts with Washer 10 Each 800.00

10. 2.80 m3 Flooring with bricer jetlag working line 840 M3 2352.00

11. 20m2 Providing granolithic floor finishing 25mm thick with cc 1/2:4(l Omm to 12mm hardbroken jelly

43.00 M2 860.00

Rate for 200 Sq.ft.

62663.00(or)

62700.00


For an area of 200 Sft Option-II Materials required65mm x 32.5mm Steel Tubular box 37 R.M32.5mm x 32.5mm Steel Tubular box 155 R.MG.L Corrugated Sheet (8’-0 x 3’-0”) 20G Walling: 15Nos Roofing: 11NosCement 2Bags32mm bolts+ Nuts with Washer 80Nos Brick Jelly 127Cft Lime stone 50Cft 10mm to 12mm HBS Jelly 18Cft


temPorarY sHelter for an area of 400 sftOption-II

Sl. No.


1.

2.

54m2 Clearing the site.

Providing Temporary shelter working corrugated Iron steel sheet of 20G. Coloured with coated paint on either side. Working steel Tubular box of size 65mm x 32.5mm as post and purlin roofed with same sheet in asemi circular shape. (size 20-0 x 10-0)Walling

1.38 m2 75.00

3. 32 RM (4/128 Kg)

Vertical post: 65mm x 32.5mmSize Turbular box

37.00 Kg 4736.00

4. 182 RM (552 Kg) Horizontal post:32.5mm x 32.5mmSize Turbular box

37.00 Kg 20424.00

5. 48 RM (192 Kg)

Roofing post: 65mm x 32.5mmSize Turbular box

37.00 Kg 7104.00

6. 37 RM (112 Kg)

Roofing : 32.5mm x 32.5mmTurbular boxG.I Corrugated sheet 20G

37.00 Kg 4146.00

7. 120m2 For Walling coloured G.I. Sheet(on either side)

500 M2 60.00

8. 50m2 Roofing coloured G.I sheet (on either side) 500 M2 25.00

9. 200 Nos 1-1/4”Treaded Bolt & Nuts with Washer 10 Each 2000.00

10. 5.40 m3 Flooring with brick jelly working line 840 M3 4536.00

11. 36m2 Providing granolithic floor finishing 25mm thick with cc1/2:4 (10mm to 12mm hardbroken jelly

43.00 M2 1548.00

Rate for 400 Sq.ft.

129569.00(or)

129600.00


For an area of 400 Sft Option-II Materials required65mm x 32.5mm Steel Tubular box 80 R.M 32.5mm x 32.5mm Steel Tubular box 219 R.MG.I. Corrugated Sheet (8’-0 x 3’-0”) 20G Walling: 54Nos Roofing: 22Nos 76NosCement 2Bags32mm bolts + Nuts with Washer 200Nos Brick Jelly 192Cft Lime stone 72Cft10 mm to 12mm HBS Jelly 32Cft



temPorarY sHelter for an area of 400 sftOption-I

Alternative - II

Sl. No.


1 19m2 Clearing Scrub Jungle or light Jungle 1.38 m2 75.00

2. L.S. Earth work excavation for foundation 60.00 L.S. 60.00

3. 5.46m3 P.CC 1:8:16 for foundation & flooring 959.20 m3 5237.00

4. 6.00m3 Filling the basement with earth and consolidated 9.70 m3 58.00

5 36m2 Plastering the flooring with cm, 1:6 12mm thick

43.40 m2 1562.40

6.

4 Nos4 Nos

Providing the doors and windows using country wooda) Door size 0.90 X 2.10b) Window 0.90 X 0.90 2600

400.00EachEach

10400.001600.00

7. 63m2 Centering for RCC precast slab and posts 17.20 m2 1084.00

8. 7.54m3 RCC 1:2:4 for precast slab and posts 2000 m2 15080.00

9. 5.65 Qtl Supplying and Fabrication of Steel rods for precast slab and RCC post.

324.00 Qtl 1831.00

10. 64 Rm Supplying of G.I pipe for Roof Purlin 170 Rm 10880.00

11. 42m2 Red mud plastic corrugatedRoofing sheets 12mm.

153 m2 6426.00

Rate / Sft.

54293.00(or)

54300.00


For an area of 400 Sft Option-I

Materials



Sand 470Cft

Cement 72 Bags

Steel rod 5.65 qtl (or) 565kg

50mm G.I.pipe 64R.M

Red mud plastic corrugated Roofing sheets 12mm thick 22Nos

(2.00m X 1.00m)

78 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 278 / TIDING OVER TSUNAMI - PART 2

Annexure tHree: s u r v e Y s c H e d u l e P r i o r t o d e v e l o P m e n t o f s t a t e H o u s i n G P o l i c Y

District: Form No:

GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADUApplication for the scheme of constructing new houses for replacing the vulnerable houses lying in the coastal

areas prone for Natural Calamities

Panchayat/Town Panchayat/Municipality

Photo of the family members(in front of the house)

(Strike off the details where necessary)

i. details of Person staying in the house:

1. Name Initial2. Age

3. Name of the Father / Husband Initial

4. Caste

5. Occupation

maxi size - 4” x 6”

Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Most Backward Caste Backward Caste Others

Fishing (Boat / Catamaran owner)

Fishermen (worker) Agriculture (Land owner) Agricultural Labour

Tenant Small trader others


ii. address of the applicant

1. Door No.

2. Street / Village

3. Survey No. Classification *

* Village site, Sea Poromboke, River Poromboke, Tank Poromboke, etc. (Note : porombokes are Government owned lands.)

4. a) Whether the house was in existence on 01.01.2006 Yes No

b) Whether water entered into the house during the tsunami Yes No.

5. a) Location of house from the High Tide Line

5. b) Location of house from the Backwaters.

6. House Owned / Rented

7. Is there any other land / house in the name of the person residing in the house ? Yes No If yes, details of the house

8. Extent of the house site Cent / Sq. ft. / Ground

Length ft. Breadth ft.

9. Category of the house Thatched house Mud wall Brick with Mud mortar

Within 200 mtrs. Yes / No

If yes, whether you are agreeable for construction of houses by the Govt. in-situ/ relocated site

In-situ /relocated site

From 200 to 500 mtrs. Yes / No

From 500 to 1000 mtrs. Yes/ No

Within 100 mtrs. Yes / No

If yes, whether you are agreeable for construction of houses by the Govt. in-situ/ relocated site

In-situ / relocated site

From 100 to 200 mtrs. Yes / No


Sl. No. Certificates Whether attached?

1. Photocopy of house tax receipt Yes / No

2. Photocopy of house patta Yes / No

3. Photocopy of B.Memo@ Yes / No

4. Photocopy of electricity payment receipt Yes / No

5. Photocopy of family card Yes / No

6. Photocopy of voters’ identity card Yes / No

7. Others (Please specify) Yes / No

@ B.memo is the memo given by the Revenue Department for a person occupying Government land.

Note: Attach what is available without insisting on all.

Signature of Head of the familySignature of survey team members

Revenue Inspector Surveyor

Head Surveyor Tahsildar

Supervising Officer(Officer appointed by District Collector not below the rank of Deputy Collector)



MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDINGbetween

Collector ..............District, Tamil Naduand

Non Governmental Organisation / Voluntary Agency / Private-Public Enterprise / Rehabilitation Organisation / Trust

Annexure four: m o u b e t W e e n G o t n a n d n G o s

The Tsunami that struck the Tamil Nadu Coastal districts on 26th December 2004 has left behind a trail of devastation, incalculable loss of life and property and has snatched away the livelihood of lakhs of people. There is an urgent need for rehabilitation and reconstruction in the Tsunami affected area of .................................................... district.

This MoU is being entered into between the Collector of ............................................. district [hereinafter referred to as FIRST PART] and ............................................................ < NGO / Voluntary Agency / Private-Public Enterprise / Rehabilitation Organisation/Trust > [hereinafter referred to as SECOND PART], who jointly wish to respond to specific objectives, as per the rehabilitation strategy enunciated by the Government of Tamil Nadu.

.......................................................................... < NGO / Voluntary Agency / Private-Public Enterprise / Rehabilitation Organisation /Trust > has identified ............................................... villages in ........................................................... taluk where it intends to support rehabilitation and reconstruction initiatives in partnership with the MOU.

Government of Tamil Nadu as per the guidelines specified by the Government of Tamil Nadu.

now this memorandum of understanding witnesseth as follows:

nature and scoPe of tHe WorK(1) The SECOND PART undertakes to construct .......

........................................... number of permanent houses and / or associated infrastructura) facilities such as Water Supply, Sanitation, Waste Water/Solid Waste Management, Rain Water Harvesting facilities, other ecological features, Roads, Community Centres, School Buildings, Fish and Farm Produce Market Yards, Village Information / Communication Centres, etc. as set out more particularly in the Schedule to this Memorandum of Understanding to the families of the victims affected by tsunami in ..................................................... Villages ...................................................

Taluk, in District in accordance with the type design and habitat layout of such quality as approved by the Local Panchayat, and the District Collector in consultation with the beneficiaries especially women based on the overall technical guidelines for disaster resistant buildings specified by the Special Commissioner and Commissioner of Revenue Administration. The FIRST PART undertakes the responsibility of providing water, power and other utility connections as may be found expedient with respect to the site conditions upto the periphery of the habitats as per the existing rules and regulations in force.

enGaGement of aGencies(2) It shall be the responsibility of the SECOND

PART to engage only construction agencies with qualified Engineering Personnel with past experience in construction activities and to build the permanent houses in accordance with the rules / regulations / guidelines as laid down by the Special Commissioner and Commissioner of Revenue Administration and the District Planning Authority and the SECOND PART will undertake the construction of the houses along with the infrastructure facilities in accordance with the layout or building plan approved by the above mentioned authorities.

involvement of facilitatinG and tecHnical suPPort orGanisations :(3) The SECOND PART shall be at liberty to

identify and engage such NGOs or voluntary organizations with proven expertise and track record in ccnstruction activity and / or in socially productive work with community participation in similar projects elsewhere in the State or country for the purpose of achieving the task as a joint exercise in a transparent and ‘participative manner. The SECOND PART shall also be at liberty to involve similar technical support organisations which have developed and proved their expertise in livelihood issues and / or in constructing special type of houses or buildings which are earthquake / cycloneresistant and shall also educate the


potential beneficiaries to undertake such repairs as may be warranted in course of their occupation of the building after the allotment. If any complaints are received by the FIRST PART on the role of these subcontracted agencies in terms of quality of works, schedule not being met, being a cause of local unrest or distrust with local population, lack of coordination, or in being involved in religious activities or any activities which affect public interest then the SECOND PART agrees to make alternative arrangements to replace such agencies. The decision of the FIRST PART in this regard shall be final.

land and oWnersHiP:(4) The FIRST PART shall provide the land required

for the purpose of construction of the permanent houses and / or associated infrastructure free of cost to the SECOND PART to enable them to construct houses for the victims affected by the tsunami in the above mentioned location. The ownership of the land shall vest with the Government of Tamil Nadu and the FIRST PART shall reserve the right to transfer the ownership of the land to the victims in such manner and at such time as it deems fit.

identification of tHe beneficiaries:(5) The FIRST PART shall identify the beneficiaries

in consultation with the SECOND PART and the decision of the FIRST PART with respect to the selection of beneficiaries shall be final and the SECOND PART shall not withdraw from the commitment made on that ground or any other ground that militates against the noble purpose of associating the public spirited bodies with the relief and rehabilitation measures of tsunami victims. The FIRST PART shall take into account the views of the local Panchayat or any other local body or the committee for supervising relief and rehabilitation formed by the District Collector at the Panchayat / Ward level in finalising the list of beneficiaries. The FIRST PART shall, as far as practicable, identify the prospective owners in advance and link them with specific sites so that the beneficiaries can also participate in the construction activities to the extent, possible.

eoual treatment to all:(6) The SECOND PART shall not insist on providing

permanent houses or infrastructure facilities in the selected and allotted areas only to certain class or classes of families on ground of caste, community, creed, religion, language etc. and shall be bound to undertake the project without any discrimination.

funds for tHe ProJect:(7) The SECOND PART shall invest the requisite

amount to undertake the above house construction activity and the provision of infrastructure facilities in terms of <G.O.Ms.25, Revenue (NC.III) Department dated 13.1.2005> OR <G.O.Ms. 26, Revenue (NC.III) Department dated 13.1.2005>

and agree to abide by all such conditions and covenants as may be stipulated by the Government of Tamil Nadu from time to time in the larger interest of the welfare of the tsunami victims. Without prejudice to any other guidelines in this regard, the SECOND PART shall involve the local beneficiaries in the programme and make use of locally available materials to the extent feasible.

seParate banK account and accounts of tHe ProJect: (8) The SECOND PART shall open a separate

bank account and maintain separate statement of accounts for funding the above mentioned activities and be subject to audit by a qualified Chartered Accountant or by a firm of Chartered Accountants.

scHedule of activities:(9) The SECOND PART shall give a “schedule

of plan of activities” indicating the time of the commencement of the work, various time bound and preset milestones of achievement either in the form of ‘PERT’ chart or in any form of work plan with an undertaking to abide by the target date of completion of the work. The FIRST PART shall have the right to review the schedule of the activities or PERT chart so presented by the SECOND PART and modify or vary or alter the schedule of activities in consultation with the SECOND PART and fix the time of commencement, course of progress and completion of work/project as may be warranted and the decision of the FIRST PART shall be binding on the SECOND PART.

access to insPection of tHe WorKs:(10) The rebuilding activities of the affected area shall

be commenced and completed within the time, as may be stipulated by the FIRST PART and the FIRST PART shall have a right of inspection of the progress of the work and quality of the materials used in the construction either by himself or through any authorised person/persons with or without prior notice to the SECOND PART as the circumstances may demand and the SECOND PART is bound to provide all facilities and access to such inspection.

facilities bY tHe district administration:(11) The SECOND PART will be provided by the

FIRST PART all non-monetary facilities such as local body / Government agency clearances for the purpose of accomplishing the above noble task without any violation of the existing rules and regulations with respect to the construction and building activities.

Joint revieW of ProGress:(12) The FIRST PART and SECOND PART shall

jointly review the progress of work at such periodicity as may be found convenient and expedient in the interest of the progress of the work preferably once in a fortnight and in any



case the interval between two successive reviews should not be more than a month. The Second Part shall provide all such information as may be sought for by the First Part in such a format as may be prescribed by the First Part either at such interval of time or at any time as may be required by the First Part. The FIRST PART and SECOND PART shall agree to nominate an independent Technical Consultant for the purpose of conducting third party auditing and appraisal of the progress of the works and fulfillment of the respective obligations on either part in the course of the progress of the work and during the currency of the MoU.

incomPlete WorKs and cost recoverY:(13) In the unlikely event of the SECOND PART not

performing the committed obligations such as non-completion of work as per the agreed schedule under this Memorandum of Understanding within such time as may be prescribed by the FIRST PART and in such a manner as may be laid down, it shall be lawful for the FIRST PART to take over the incomplete work under “as is where is” condition sans any liability on the FIRST PART after issue of notice not exceeding seven days. The FIRST PART shall also take such action as may be deemed fit to debar and blacklist the SECOND PART from undertaking such work in future anywhere in the country and also from claiming any tax exemptions, concessions etc, under the provisions of any act in force under the State and Central Acts,

insPection and taKinG over:(14) The SECOND PART shall intimate the completion

of the construction of houses with provision of infrastructure facilities agreed to be undertaken to the FIRST PART within the time as may be laid down by the FIRST PART and shall arrange to remove all the debris and building materials scattered around the construction area and dispose of them at its cost and shall take steps to keep the project area clean and neat, The FIRST PART shall cause inspection of the constructed houses and the infrastructure established and only on being” satisfied of the construction, will arrange to take over the building and infrastructure from the SECOND PART with the handing / taking over certificate in writing and signed by both the parts in the presence of the President of the Village Panchayat or any other public representative as may be decided by the FIRST PART.

maintenance of Public Peace and communal HarmonY:(15) The SECOND PART or any one claiming to possess

due authorization of SECOND PART shall not indulge, either by himself / herself or through any agencies or organization or bodies of individuals or in any mode or form of any organization, in any kind of religious or political or communal activities,

especially such activities that will incite or will have the potential to cause hatred or disharmony or both in the minds of the residents or beneficiaries of the area on ground that the SECOND PART has invested in the construction of the permanent houses with or without associated infrastructure for the benefit of the allotees of the houses.

(16) The SECOND PART shall not be permitted to construct any places of worship of any size and in any manner or form in the village allotted to the SECOND PART for the above mentioned purpose. In the event of any violation of this condition, the FIRST PART shall immediately terminate the work being done by the SECOND PART and shall take appropriate action to complete the remaining work without any liability for the work done.

furnisHinG of false information:(17) If any Information furnished by the SECOND

PART is found to be false or incorrect at any time during the course of the implementation of the above project, the FIRST PART shall have the right to terminate the Memorandum of Understanding with prior notice not exceeding seven days and in the interest of the Rehabilitation measures to step in and take over the unfinished work including the associated infrastructure facilities without any legal liability to the FIRST PART and carry on the above noble task from such resources or by such agencies as may be deemed expedient in the given circumstances.

matters not covered bY tHe mou:(18) With respect to all residuary matters not specifically

covered by the MOU, the instructions of the Special Commissioner and Commissioner of Revenue Administration / State Relief Commissioner shall be final and binding on both the parties.

acts of God and suPerveninG imPossibilities:(19) “Force majeure” clause: Neither party shall be

liable to the other for any loss, delay, or any damage occasioned by or arising out of acts of God such as but not restricted to unprecedented flood, volcanic eruptions, earth-quake or tsunami or any other convulsion of nature and other acts such as but not restricted to invasion, act of foreign countries, hostilities, or warlike operations before or after the declaration of war, rebellion, military or usurpation of power which prevents performance under the MoU and which could not have been foreseen or avoided.

amendments to mou:(20) It shall be lawful for the FIRST PART to amend,

vary, alter, modify, change, revise and redraw either in part or in full any terms and conditions of the MOU, in the interest of the project works, with the mutual discussion and consent of the SECOND PART.


tHird PartY adJudication:(21) Should there arise any dispute or difference of

opinion with respect to any issue connected with the above mentioned activities, it shall be referred to a committee headed by the Special Commissioner and Commissioner of Land Administration, Chennai - 5 comprising a representative from NGOs and a prominent public personality who has a record of social work to be nominated by the Government for adjudication the decision of which shall be final and be binding on the both the parts. None of the provisions of Arbitration Act shall be applicable in case of any disputes.

ProHibition of civil suits:(22) The SECOND PART shall undertake that he

shall not resort to any civil suit or any legal action against the FIRST PART with respect to any issues connected with the performance and discharge of any obligation under this MoU.

Period of mou(23) This MoU is for a period till the activities mentioned

in the MoU are carried out.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereto have set and subscribed their respective hands and seals the day .............................................. and year ......................



Annexure fIve: t Y P e s o f s a n i t a t i o n

on-site sanitation1. Disposing wastewater within the plot2. Toilet waste to sub-surface dispersion system3. Sullage used for watering garden and trees

requirements for on-site sanitation1. Optimum water supply (< 50 Lpcd)2. About 10m2 open space within the individual premises

(plot)3. Porous substrata 4. Groundwater table at least 1.5 m below ground level

on-site sanitation metHodsEco-sanitation for toilet wastes and land disposal for sullage is not feasible, as houses have been already built with conventional flushing pans.

Two-pit pour flush toilets for human wastes and land disposal for sullage is also not feasible thanks to the high water table in the coastal areas.

Leach pits/ Soak pits costing Rs.1000 per facility are also easy to construct in a small area. However they cannot be used for an area with a high water table, rocky and clay areas.

Septic tanks with subsoil dispersion arrangement and land disposal for sullage are not feasible as plot areas ranging from 1.5 cent to 3.0 cent (plot vacant area) is insufficient.

off-site sanitation1. Collecting wastewater through a gravity collection

system and conveying to STP.2. Treating wastewater to remove pollutants in STP and

disposing it on land or into water bodies.

requirements for off-site sanitation1. Sewage system with 110mm to 160 mm dia upvc pipes

laid at a grade of 1/135 to 1/160 at a depth of 1.0m to 3.0m

2. Manhole at 30 m intervals3. Land for locating sewage treatment plant4. Technically feasible, environmentally compatible,

operationally simple and economically viable STP 5. Institution with Skilled Personnel for O&M

Guidelines for sanitationFactors to be considered in the selection of sanitation system1. Total population (number of houses)

2. Per capita water supply rate (including the local sources)

3. Open space available within the individual plot4. Type of substrata5. Position of groundwater table6. Extent of public land available within the site where

the houses are constructed for STP7. Agency responsible for the maintenance8. Skill of the maintenance agency

tnPcb effluent standardsBOD 5Days @ 20 °C < 20 mg/lpH 5.5 to 9.0 SS < 30 mg/l

statutorY clearance• MoEF clearance for Housing projects • MoEF, Notification, EIA 2004, Total cost Rs. 50 Crores 50, 000 l/d Sewage 1, 000 persons• MoEF, EIA (September 14, 2006) Building and construction projects ≥ 20, 000 m2 and ≤

1, 50,000 m2 of built-up area• Need scientifically designed STP

sanitation sYstems finaliZed in consultation WitH tHe folloWinG institutions/ firms/ and aPProved bY World banK. 1. NEERI2. Anna University3. National Institute of Rural Development4. USAID5. UNDP6. CDD, Bangalore7. Mr. R. Panneer Selvam, Consultant.

suitable sanitation sYstem oPtions recommended for a settlement in coastal areas1. Septic tank with dispersion trench (for 1-12 houses)2. Single Pass Intermittent Sand Filter (SPISF) 3. Decentralized Waste Water treatment Systems

(DEWATS)4. Ecosan system5. Moving Bed Biological Reactor (MBBR)


suitable sanitation system options for a settlement in coastal areassePtic tanKAdvantages:

1. Septic tanks are recommended only for individual homes and small communities and institutions whose contributory population does not exceed 300.

2. For larger communities, septic tanks may be adopted with appropriate effluent treatment and disposal facilities required.

limitations:1. It can’t be used for areas with a high-water table, rocky

and clayey area. 2. Septic tank effluent will be malodorous, containing

sizable portion of dissolved organic content and pathogenic organisms and hence needs to be treated before its final, safe disposal.

sinGle Pass intermittent sand filterAdvantages:

1. Single Pass Intermittent Sand Filter consists of granular material, sand, metal and pebbles and will be constructed above ground level.

2. For disposal of effluent from interceptor tank (like septic tank) to SPISF is required to overcome the high water table.

3. Space required is minimum.

limitations:1. Handling of larger quantity is difficult. 2. Frequency of pumping is limited.

deWats or decentraliZed Waste Water treatment sYstem Advantages:

Could be executed even in areas with almost no gradient as it involves only the collection of wastewater, Dewats does not compromise with standards. The system needs comparatively lower power supply for maintenance minimizing the risk of systems-failure owing to

unavailability of highly skilled operators, chemical inputs etc. it also enables reuse of water. Dewats is not defined by any particular element. Thus a biogas digester becomes part of a Dewats system. Auroville had constructed portable systems for the tsunami-affected which could initially be used in the temporary shelters and later moved to the permanent settlements. The components of Dewats like settler, Baffle reactor and Up flow filter can be constructed in any public utility with minimum space. Raw sewage can be treated in this system. It is best suited for medium communities. Operation and maintenance will be easy. Sludge disposal frequency is only once in two years.

limitations 1. For lesser quantity of sewage flow, collection system

will not have adequate self cleaning velocity. For very large communities it is uneconomical.

movinG bed bioloGical reactor (mbbr)Advantages

1. MBBR consists of collection tank, tube settler, sludge digester, sludge drying beds

2. This system is suitable for higher capacity. 3. No sludge re-circulation required, less sludge

production4. Small foot print area, high loading rates, compact

plants. 5. Modular system high treated effluent standards.

limitations1. For lesser quantity of sewage flow collection system

will not have adequate self-cleaning velocity.2. Manpower required for O& M is more.

ecosan sYstem Advantages 1. Advocated by UNICEF. Is sparing in the use of

water and also recovers valuable nutrients that would otherwise be wasted. A tsunami-hit village Kameswaram near Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu has become the first in the state to have 50 eco-friendly toilets installed by a social service organization.



Annexure sIx: e n v i r o n m e n t a l P r i n c i P l e s o f r e c o n s t r u c t i o n

This section proposes key principles to be considered in the design and implementation of an environmentally sustainable rehabilitation and reconstruction programme for tsunami-affected areas. These principles propose a framework for considering issues, remedial options and opportunities to enhance environmental management and outcomes associated with man-made and natural systems.

mainstreaminG environmental considerations into sectoral interventions:There are environmental dimensions to practically every sector affected by the tsunami. This requires the consideration of environmental issues in all sectoral reconstruction planning and action, particularly the siting of temporary and permanent settlements. Actions related to reconstruction and recovery should seek to ensure that the sustainability of coastal and marine ecosystems is not compromised, and is ideally enhanced as the goods and services they provide underpin the livelihoods and immediate welfare of large coastal populations. Wherever possible, ‘soft’ options with fewer adverse environmental impacts should be favoured over ‘hard’ options that may involve changes to coastal hydrology and other natural processes.

learninG lessons from tHe tsunami event: Tsunamis occur relatively infrequently in the Indian Ocean. The present situation offers an opportunity to assess and monitor the resilience of natural and modified ecosystems to such extreme events, which in turn will help plan mitigation of the potential impacts of a range of natural risks and hazards, which affect coastal areas periodically. Such monitoring can also help plan against the anticipated adverse impacts of climate change. In the short-term, such monitoring is key to identifying environmental damage and prioritizing environmental restoration

need for a comPreHensive coastal Zone manaGement strateGY: Such a strategy would reflect the dynamic nature of the coastal and marine environment and support multiple-use objectives, without compromising the sustainable supply of environmental goods and services. These objectives would reflect livelihood needs, reduce vulnerability to natural hazards, and the conservation of biodiversity and ecological services.

focus on localiZed site-sPecific solutions: The extent of damage along the coastline and the fear of a tsunami recurring must not lead to uniform strategies being applied across the board without full consideration of different variables such as climatic factors, bathymetry and coastal topography associated with vulnerability to natural hazards. Economic, environmental, social and

cultural factors must all be taken into account when developing disaster risk-mitigation strategies, and solutions must be anchored in the prevailing circumstances of local situations.

environmental checklist desiGn / Pre-construction1. Prior to deciding on the housing project, it should

be ensured that the chosen site meets the CRZ requirements.

2. All housing projects should be in compliance with the existing and future development plans of the area. Clearances/ permissions should be taken from the Regional offices of the Directorate of Town and Country Planning.

3. All local regulations, such as obtaining permission from the town or village panchayats, should be adhered to.

4. Prior to the selection of the housing site, it should be clear whether the TN Groundwater Authority regulates the abstraction of ground water in the area. Proper clearances/ permissions must be obtained, if required, from this Authority prior to any abstraction of ground water.

5. In the design of the proposed individual housing and the housing layout, the following should be considered: a. adequate provision for sanitation, including

drainage and septic tanks; b. tree cutting should be avoided to the extent feasible.

Only if it is absolutely necessary, tree cutting should be done. Compensatory tree plantation and/ or tree transplantation should be planned;

c. the design of individual houses should include maximum provision for natural light; and

d. adequate ventilation should be provided in the individual houses, particularly the kitchen, so as to avoid indoor air pollution.

construction6. Contractors need to meet the requirements/standards

pertaining to air, water and noise prescribed in the Environmental Protection Act / Rules, Water Control and Prevention of Pollution Act / Rules and Air Control and Prevention of Pollution Act / Rules as applicable. Any conditions posed under these Acts / Rules should be strictly adhered to..

7. All construction camps (including plant and equipment) in areas, which are under the jurisdiction of the town or village panchayats, should be established only after obtaining clearance/ permission. This is as per the TN Panchayats Act.


8. If the construction activities require a DG power, then it is necessary to have an impermeable platform on which the DG should be placed. Storage of all fuel and oils should also be on such a platform so that there is no land contamination. Similar provisions should also be made for used and waste fuels/ oils. Disposal of waste oils should be in line with the Environmental Protection Act / Rules.

9. Contractors should ensure that construction debris is properly segregated and stored on site. Contractors should also ensure that construction debris is finally disposed only in locations agreed with the local authorities. It is important not to dispose construction debris in exiting ponds and tanks, and other low-lying areas that were earlier ponds and tanks.

10. To suppress dust emissions generated from construction activities, water sprinkling should be carried out. If necessary, barricading (thatched material) should be placed around the construction area so that there is minimal disturbance to the surrounding areas.

11. If labour camps are created, these should be designed, constructed and maintained in line with acceptable norms. In particular, reasonable housing and sanitation facilities should be provided in these labour camps, and these facilities should be well-maintained and be hygienic. Local permissions/ clearances, if any, should also be obtained for these labour camps.

12. Compensatory tree plantation and / or tree transplantation should be done for the trees that are cut to develop housing.

oPeration & maintenance13. Organisational arrangements such as the formation of

a society or trust should be made for the environmental upkeep of the housing area. This should preferably be done about three months prior to the contractor handing over the housing to the occupants.

14. For six months to one year, the contractor should continue to maintain the housing premises. This will ensure that all teething problems are attended to and the environmental upkeep is systematised.

15. Environmental guidelines for operating and maintaining the sanitation systems should be developed and training of the society or trust and its residents should be provided. This will include preventive and corrective maintenance of household sanitation, septic tanks and other sanitation facilities.

16. Environmental guidelines on solid waste management should also be developed and training of the society or trust and its residents should be provided. This will include separating biodegradables from recyclables, mechanism for storing and disposing recyclables, mechanisms for converting biodegradables to manure / compost and maintenance of dustbins.



baseline analYsis rePort on imPact of relief, reHabilitation reconstruction ProGrammes in tHe tsunami devastated areas of tamil naduTo analyse the impact of the tsunami on the livelihoods of the affected families and to study the changes that are taking place in the coastal areas, a baseline survey was carried out in the thirteen tsunami-affected districts of Tamil Nadu in August 2007 by DHV India Pvt. Ltd., with the assistance of Asian Development Bank. Quantitative data was collected from 24130 directly affected families and 2235 families from the indirectly affected population. Qualitative data was collected through focus group discussions, interview with officials and case studies. It must be borne in mind that the study was done in year 2007 when the reconstruction programmes were not completed. The salient findings of the study are• Average size of the family - 3.81 • The literacy rate - 73%.• Eighty percent are Most Backward Castes and

Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes. This is two times their proportions in the general population.

• A third of the families (31%) are ‘vulnerable’ (women-headed, SC/ST, orphans and physically challenged).

• The percentage of squatter houses has declined from 5.30% to 2.83%. The quality of housing has improved from 25% (Pucca or standard houses) to 54%. The size of the housing plot shrunk in one third of the cases.

• The number of newly constructed dwellings has increased seven-fold. The availability of a separate kitchen has increased from 58% to 72%. Availability of electric power has increased from 87 to 90%.

• As many as 45% of all households surveyed have received new houses and a very small number (0.08%) structures for carrying on their business.

• Regarding distance of the dwelling from the sea, there has been a 12% decrease in number of dwellings close to the sea and an 8% increase in dwellings away from the coast.

• In the thirteen districts, the average asset value per family before tsunami was Rs.21528 and after tsunami, it is Rs. 24555. This was high in Kancheepuram, Kanniyakumari and Villupuram.

• Major players in the loan provision for the coastal communities are Government (Tsunami scheme) 32%, SHG (Tsunami) 19%, SHG (Non-tsunami) 6% and co-operative loan 5%. These institutions could meet only 32-40% of business and trade related loan requirements of these communities. Loan requirement for consumables, medical, educational, marriage, household expenditure ranging up to 60%

of loan requirement was met by other informal sources such as money lenders 23%, friends and relatives 6%, chit fund 4%.

• A majority of 88% of families surveyed had received relief aid. The assistance was mainly in the form of supplying new boats and repairing the damaged ones. Kanniyakumari received maximum help.

• Sixty percent of the recipients said that Government assistance was adequate and timely and 76% described the quality of handouts received as very good.

• A little over 50% had used it for household expenses, 31% for repair of boats, 8% for house repairs, 3% for education and 3% more for improving business and trade.

• Quantum of fish catch has not shown any significant increase among the sample population. However, there are variations in the fish catch depending on the quantity of catch. There is an increase of 5% fish catch in the category of up to 100 kgs and 2% increase in the category of >500 kgs. There is a decrease of 7% fish catch for fisher folk in the category of 100-500 kgs.

• Nearly 31% of them have insured the boats.• Nearly 23% of the children have received educational

scholarship from Prime Ministers National Relief Fund consisting of 49.05% in Kanniyakumari district, 31.74% in Tirunelveli district, 20.78% in Thoothukudi district etc.

• The need for additional balwadis was expressed by 18.16% in all the districts.

• Adequate and nutritious meal was provided in the balwadis, as expressed by 69.97% in all the districts consisting of 99.15% in Cuddalore district, 95.57% in Chennai district, 94.32% in Pudukottai district and 86.02% in Kanniyakumari district. Inadequacy was reported mainly in Nagapattinam district (73.75 %).

• The availability of water has improved from 81.45% to 83.01%.

• Availability of toilet facility to the sample respondents has increased from 9549 (39.57%) to (14070) 58.31%.

• SHGs discussions revealed that their life style after tsunami was changing towards better and needs continuous support.

• The fishermen groups stated that fishing equipment supplied was in good condition

• Youth got special attention as part of skill training programmes of the NGOs.

Annexure seven: b a s e l i n e a n a l Y s i s r e P o r t


• Construction workers benefited due to increase in demand for the construction work. The working days have increased from 15 to 25 days.

• Tsunami provided additional tools to the disaster management skills of the state and district administrations. The collaborative spirit has strengthened commitment of the Government towards the relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction programmes.

evaluation rePort on tHe liveliHood assistance Provided to self-HelP GrouPs in tHe tsunami affected areas A separate study to gauge the extent to which the project had benefited the tsunami affected victims in improving the economic conditions of SHG members was taken up by the Department of Evaluation and Applied Research, GoTN covering 300 randomly selected SHGs from the sample districts formed by Department of Rural Development, Commissionerate of Town Panchayats, Commssionerate of Municipal Administration and Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board.

maJor findinGs• Of 300 SHGs, 92% of them received revolving fund

and 69% got economic assistance. Most of the SHG members opined that they were relieved from the clutches of private money lenders. Their monthly

income has enhanced and ranged from Rs.1000 to Rs.3000 through micro enterprises.

• The revolving fund was shared equally by the members who started different kinds of businesses or incurred household expenditure and repaid earlier loans.

• Some of the SHGs in rural areas are paying more than the stipulated EMI of the loan.

• A majority of the members are not taking any wage for their labour in the group enterprises and used the same for repaying the loan, working capital and for purchasing raw materials.

• Major enterprises initiated by the SHGs are Milch animals, fish sales, provision stores, coconut leaf knitting, brick kiln, palm leaf products, land purchase, preparation of sanitary napkin, rice sales, vessel hiring, tailoring, readymade garments, soap making, handloom weaving, goat rearing, quarrying, mat weaving, hollow blocks, korai products and coir twisting.

• Members of SHGs have more access to financial institutions and have become familiar with banking procedures.

• Training like Animator and Representative Training, Basic Orientation, Entrepreneur Development, Skill Development and Marketing were provided to the SHG members for enhancing the skills and capacities of members.


t i d i n g o v e r

TSUNAMI


P a r t - 2

State Relief Commissioner, Revenue Administration, Disaster Management and Mitigation Department, Chepauk, Chennai 600 005

Phone: 044-28414550, 28523299, 28528745, 28588989Fax: 044-28546624, 28411654

Email: [email protected]: www.tn.gov.in/tsunami

Part-2 - PreventionWeb.net

Documents

Transcript of Part-2 - PreventionWeb.net