Medieval and Early Modern French Studies

Series Editor NOll PI:.A<OCK

V OLUME 14

Oxf(>rd • Bern . B 1

PETER LANG c:r 111 • Bruxcll " · c:~ • rrankfurt am Main • Nc\\ York • Wic:n

Political, Religious and Social Conflict in the States of Savoy,

1400-1700

SARAH ALYN S TACEY (ED.)

PETER LANG Oxford • Bern • Berlin • Bruxclle~ • frank.turt am Main • Ne'\ York • Wien

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ISS~ 1661 -8653 ISS~ 978-3·0343-0831-1

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Printed in t)ermany

For Ftdmco Bo. in 17Umoriam

Contents

Notes on the Text

Acknowledgements

SARAH ALYN STACEY

Introduction

TOBY OSBORNE

Language and Sovereignty: The Use of Titles and Savoy's

Royal Declaration of 1632.

FABRICE. MICALLEF

X1

xiii

IS

L'lmpossible Des information: la diploma tie savoyarde et la presentation de la situation proven~ale en Iealie et en Espagne,

IS90-IS9l. 3S

BLYTHE. ALICE. RAVlOLA

Sabaudian Propaganda and the Wars of Succession of Mantua

and Monferrato, I613-1631 53

SARAH ALYN STACEY

Marc-Claude de Buttet'sApobJgie [. . .]pour Ia Savoie (1554): Conflicting Perceptions of the 1536 French Invasion of Savoy 77

viii

SARAH ALYN STACEY

An Edition of the Apowgi~ tk Marc-Claude d~ Butt~t pour Ll Savoi~ (1554)

CORNEL ZW'IEIUEIN

The Peace of Cavour in the European Conccxc

MARINA BENEDETTI

'Documencary Adventures': The Waldensian Inquisition Manuscripcs in Trinicy College Dublin

FEDERICO BO

The Waldensian Manuscripcs in Trinicy College Dublin: The Sermons and Lectionary of MS Du 2.67

MARCO BATTISTONI

Waldensians, the Reformation and Abbatial Domains in Wescern Piedmonc and in the Marquisace of Saluzzo in the Sixceenth and Sevenceenth Cencuries

ALESSANDRO CELl

The Ban o L. · a1 p n •curg1c ractice in Ancey and Torgnon, I52.5-r530: New Perspectives on a Confessional Controversy

ANTON ELLA AMATUZZI

Les Libelles vaudois sur les Piques piemoncaises: des armes efficace d 1 n· s ans e con u avec Ia cour de Savoie (1655)

97

12.5

185

199

2.15

2.37

JILL P.EHLEISON

The Place of the Cross: The Pamphlet Battle ber.veen Fcan~ois de Sales and Antoine de La Faye

ELISABETTA LURGO

Monstrous Births, Prophecy and Heresy in Savoy and Piedmont: The 'Tranato dei monstri' by Guglielmo Baldessano

Index

i.x

2.57

2.75

CORNEL ZWI.ERLEIN

The Peace of Cavour in the European Context

There is a long tradition of remembering the Peace of Cavour (1561) as a cen­tral even founding document and moment in the history of the Piedmont \Valdensians. But how should this peace agreement of 1561 be understood in the European context of the various religious peace treatises of the sixteenth century? What was the significance of these religious peace settlements? By what kind of media were they communicated and diffused in Europe? In what contexts were the texts of the religious peaces, edicts and agreements perceived and discussed?1 In what way did the respective previous settle­ments of religious conflicts - whether effected through edicts or bilateral pe~ce treaties - become points of reference for similar later conflicts in netghbouring countries, in our case between Germany, Savoy and France in the period between 1548 and 1555 and 1561.? By analysing the relation­ships and transfers between one European situation relating co religious peace settlement and another, can we identify something approaching an inter-communicative network of European religious peaces as opposed to a series of isolated and distinct national solutions (as some older historio-

graphical views tend to suggest)? To answer these questions, the 1550S and the rs6os merit our atten-

tion as they are key years: it was then that in Europe paccerns for solutions to similar politico-religious conflicts were being negotiated between the Holy Roman Empire, France and Savoy, without any possible recourse or reference to a long tradition of similar settlements of religious conflicts

By ' texts: we specifica.Uy mean diplomatic documents, correspondence of theologi· ans and politicians. and papers relating to national or inter-confessional meetings,

assemblies and councils.

11.6 CORNEL 2WIERL£1N

and ofien -as will be shown -even without access to the tens providing the solutions to the recent dif6cu1ties.2

In o rder to have an undemanding of the 'europeanized' history of religious peace settlements, leaving aside our own attempts at saucrural and systematic ex post comparison, it is perhaps even more important both to consider the references, transfers and comparisons made between religious peace settlement tens and solutions by the people of the rime themselves, and to recognize in what way those comparisons and transfers were part of the formative process whereby solutions were found to the conflicts.,

To do this, we must first analyse how widespread the respective rexcs of religious peace agreements were in Europe's printed public sphere. I will argue chat there is a strange discrepancy between peace agreements and texts which arc: recognized today as important h istorical 'milesrones' and their distribution as printed texts in the 'past present: I will then analyse the relationships between these texts and which transfers of them took place

l. Apart from the 'Em:er Kappeler Landfrieden' (rsl.9), the only late-medieval pace ~greemem which can be dearly defined as a modem religious pace is the so-called Kutten berger Rcligionsfrieden' of '+8s, which determined the murual tolerance of Utraquisu and Catholics in Bohemia, in the 6m insWlce for thirty years and then ~ perpctwry. On th~ sec ~ Winfried, 'Emstchungsbedingungen fur offent­h~e Toleranz am Beuptcl des Kutten berger Rcligionsfriedens von

14s

5: Communi#

I 14/Qrum, 19 (r986), ll.9-S+·

Compare the ap~roach of Olivier Christin with regard to the French, German and Sww ~ of rclig~o~ peace 5ettlemenc in the sixteenth cenrury; he has promoted a ~ter understanding o~ ~}>Can history by approaching the subject from the pomt of v1ew of comparanve history. See his La Pai.x dt rt/,gum. L'auronomuatum tk lz wson po111Ufut au XV!t silck (Paris: Scull, 1997 ). He mentions a number of such contemporary ref~rences (see ' 3 ff.). Sec also David El Kcnz and Claire Gancet, Gturrts tf pai.x dt rtligton m Europt llft-r7t sitclts (1.nd edn; Paris: A. Colin, ,_

00s):

they go yet further than Christin and consider the question of influence in the context of religious wars and peace agreementS: I do not, however, see that there is any way of systematic:aiJy identifying the 'influences murueUcs des divers conflku' [muruaJ influences exerted by the vmous conflicts] (rsr)· such an~ h -

. · •Pproac appea •• somewhat rccro-comparaove. The ~e may be said of the approach ado t db Eike Wol""•r. 'Rcligionsfriedeo aJs polirischa Problem der fruhen Neu~· f ~- y · b~

o- .... Jt, n iSIOriSC • Ztttschnfl, 1.81. (1006), 59-96.

1he Peace of Cavour in the European Context

that the 'Peace of Cavour' is in about IS6o. In this way I will demons~~te d 'Romanic' models for the an essential interface between 'Germanic an

settlement of religious conflicts.

f 1. . Peace AgreementS The Diffusion in Print o Re tgiOus in the Sixteenth Century

. there had been the Religious Peace Prior to the Peace of Cavour, UliSS~ d fAr . 1 s

7_

30 from amongst

of Augsburg, the text of which consl~te ~ f~ e sburg .. The inclusion akin th Impenal D1et o ug . an

the 144 articles m g up e . ·a1 bstacle co its recepuon at of the text in the Imperial Diet was a cruel 0 d and thorough knowl-

• . 'wemeanasoun f " s international level, if by recepuon 6

. a1 acknowledgement o lt. edge of the text itself as opposed to a super~g to the srylc: and forms of lhc: Augsburg Peace was formulated accor d ally implemented and was

imperial customary law which was only J: ~th imperial law. Moreover, difficult to understand for chose noc fam 1 - who were present as obser-

E nl"an countries, tal" F c:nch even diplomats from other uror-· language. If I 1an, r d k the German ·al o· ts they vers in the Empire, sel om spo e_ present at impen 1e • .

cauves were d d scly uuo or Eastern European represen . red in translate , an mo always had those texts they werefmt~r:pc:rial public law fro~ th:ar:d latin. If later printed products 0 ear yds ·ere also distributed 10 I Y

th ·es onwar w tec:nth and eighteen cc:ntun

. Ver&ssungsgcschichtc des Heiligcn ·~r und RcJch. Jahrhundcns his zum

_L • Am Buschmann. .s...nnn des u. On miSsee o cher Nation vom -o· ·-'-- .J. • biszum.Au11<burgtr "ch DcutS /UJTIIWr-tu~. o· Romischen ReJ cs 'ktll: vom Wormstr ) l.rs-83. J-L 8 6' in Doleummttn, 8 d -Baden: Nomos. 1994 • d G -L---' iUlte 1 o ( d cdn a en f, exam lc Axe OWliUU.

Rtichsabsched von 1555 _:r.n ·s g~cralJY overlooked. Sdce off.r o~p)· Heinz Schilling f epoon I ,A.schcn or , l.O .,. •

This question o rc~· 'onsfiedtn (Miinstcr: R /i ·onsfitdm r.m (Giitcrsloh: Dtr Augsburgtr Re ~ky cds. Dtr Augsburger . t gr f these conference proceed· and Heribert Smo ' } notably the sectJon ° Giiccrsloher V~Jags;~~~: :U,d Verglcichsfille' (359-47o}. ings on 'EUIOpaisch

1:1.8 f CORNEL ZWIERLEIN

ranee,' in the sixte .. "th . · , ..... century m ~~adable language' on the ~c w~alnoc ac ~easy co collect informacion ~ '~ere formulated, decided pen consnrution and che Empire's laws ~ve quite an early example from ~d dev~loped at the imperial diets." To

~ts~n~clopaedic programme the Vee p~nod 1SS8-IS62., in the context of ~ eknnco Badoer had under-- '-e nen~ academy of former ambassador

cnes • ow • b ~ n to m;u,:e ch . . n, ut the Imperial n· d e consnrunons of all coun· were exclud d' Of tet an the Rei' .

G

e · course those 'ali 1g1ous Peace of Augsburg e ng countries- such th m p omacy m charge of the erman-sp aki • spect · scs · di 1 .

expert 10 e Empire's affairs as e top · ch

6 For knowledge of th . . e unpcnal co · ccnrury sec Lui . Bu . ' nsorution spccihcall . . riallscica . gJ lfcrctct, ll principia d Ua • y m Savoy m the seventeenth

7

8

9

p1emoncese d 1 1

e supcn'ori-1

• 'al • Felice Balbo d e scco o XVIll Cad ""termon c nella memo· ,c .,Studiin . · 0 Ignuio Mon · ·diM' L-1( • ·

IS}-11J{spccificall mmwriadiG~kSola ·fk·d· cagruru JtaDCLo,m the imperial co .Y 1~6 and n. ss; 1o9 andn 5 )nO Jknr.sce;poli {Turin: IUmella, •954),

P. nsntuoon duri th · 7 · n owled f' f •emoncs Vcrhal . ng c sixteenth ge o Important tens o

d

cmszum R 'ch cc:murysec:Co IZ . I. ' un absolutistisch el 1536 bis 1618, 'sch ~c Mer em, Savoycn· eds,L'Jmpm~ t /'J~r AuBcnpolitik: in Matthi ZWIS~n scandischer Rcichspolicik Ntuuit (Bologna: t-..~:;:ll.:r prima tt.i mqtUrna. ~at R:crcgcr and .Marcello Verga. It might be pres d o, 10o6), 347-89 h und ltalzm m dn Frllhm kn ume that th .

owledge about the im . c acco~cs by the Venetian straccs in relation to th pcrial consnrution bur asS h ambusadors would pro~ide they succeeded only c ~cablishmenr of the ccpf an Matthias Zucchi demon·

m gJvmg a _, peace o Augsb d ~ L

nncr ace precise clauses of gener.u picture of rcli o urg ~ its a.n:cmuth. wnt:l4nJKhtr Bmchu tin the treaty (Dmtschl.and gJ ; change m Germany and Prior ro the second L oc f r_!/ahrhunkns (Bcrl· . D~n die; Dmtschm 1m Spugtl

f10lU o <.nc sn m. •sseru . ) any printed work dcalm ·enccenth ccnrury; . Fran non 100} , 49J-S09)· sec M;uon Wre-'- 'D g sysccmaacally with th 'm cc there ap""" .... d hardly

S

<K, a.s Rc1ch d e unpc 'al .---wcsrcchdcr und H' -''-- un seme Gcschich . n consciruoon On chis

G d tStoru.cr des 8 J cc m de W. k · '

UJ o Braun, 'Scheid N ck ' . ahrhundcrrs' Fr. n cr en fr:anzosischcr F • c crct D pal. • <t11era 1 ( en rancccccn Grandc-Brera u laconnaissance

17

1 1ooo), t77-u1;

On the Academy in general sc~c_{•"~41-17H)',Jbid l.J dudroir public allemand dccadcnu dt . Lma Bolzoru 'Ll\ }-.. ,. , r. una urop13 c:noclo di , • ccadcmia V. . vmvm11J Amu/1' S . pc ca, 10 lactitia Il--L ~ cncz•ana: splcndore c al • .mitt O<tttd s "1:- '-""'lUll dE Stltt<tnto (Bologna: u Mulin nmhJ',/u m ltalta ~ m G an ~io Raimondi, cds, Even m the ctghtccnth ccnnorv Fo, 1981), 117-67. trmama dJzj Cinqueunto contc f th -~ 1• rench works · nu o c Religious Pcac fA gtvc only very. Sec Wrede, D.zs Rtuh, 189 ff. co ugsburg(which is also re~;ncraccouncsof the rrcd to as an 'edict').

1he Pt~~ce of Cavour in the; European Context

. . m e secon quarter of che siXteenth cenrury, Minuccio at the Holy See · th d . ~finucCI - knew the exact wording of che regulations.

10 But beyond this

cucle of speciali · all . d . sts It was not at usualm foreign countries to find a

~:ned ~owledge of the Augsburg regulations. In chose days. even irl It Emptre there existed only three German editions of che Imperial Diet

;;:"' ""d ili= wu no Larin .,.,!ation ofi" perhaps owing to <ho uend

0 beepmgmatters regarding imperial negotiations secret, especially when

em arrassing · . l . th mstanoo:s suggo:sung a ad< of untty berwecn <ho EmJ>'tot and ' "'l of <he Christian tealm uose." Th~ rom.Uned <ho "se until <ho fust c~mp' ations of Imperial Diet Recesses were published at che end of che SIXteenth century and the beginning of che seventeenth century. u But for

an mtereste parties, it may be supposed chat there was at least non-Germ . d ~ague awareness of the Religious Peace of Augsburg about which - at

st-one could read ir!Johann Sleidan's 'Commentarii' of I55S· f Interestingly. the situation is simUar with regard to the Edict of Nantes

; •198-'199· Dospito i<S cunont significanco fo, <ho collootive roomo')' of ranee,') and also of Europe as a whole, che text, which was first printed

10

II

11

13

Sec Minucci's Latin aanslacion 'Articuli conccmentcs Rcligioncm ex reccssu Dicc:ac Auguscanac habito 16.a sepccmbris M.D.LV' (Deucschcs Hiscorischcs Instirut, Rome, Fondo Minucciano, vol. u., fol. s8r-67v). On Minucci sec Comd Zwicrlcin. '"convenirc rurca I'Alcmagna"- F\irsccnkonversionen in den Sttat~cn dcr rornischcn Europapolitik wn t6oo: Zwn Vcrha.lcnis von "Machiavcllismus" und "Konfcssionalismus·: in Vee Locz-Hcumann• Matthias Pohlig and Jan-Frieder Mi.Bfeldcr, cds. Kanvmion und Konfwton m dtr FrUhtn Ntuuit (Gucersloh:

Giitcrslohcr Vcrl.agsha\1$, 1007). 63-10S· On the three editions sec VD16,D16 RSoo. R8oJ, Z¥1}018. On the need for secrecy in

the context of imperial politics. sec Dicrmar Hcil, 'Ocr Rcichstag des 16. Jahrhundcrcs a1s politisches Kornmunikationszcncrum: in Johannes Burkhardt and Christine Werkstctter, eds. KommunJurtion und Mtdim m dtr Friihm Nmznt (Mimchcn:

Oldcnbourg,1oos) 1.49-65 (163). One of the most important early publishers of those rcxcs was Mdchior Goldast on whom sec Gundul2 Caspary. SpiithuTmmtSTTIUS und RtkhspatnOtismus: Melchior Goldast und saM EdJtionm ZI/Y Rdchsvnfassungsgt~<thkhte (Gottingcn: Vandcnhocck

& Ruprecht. 1.oo6). Sec Paaick Harismcndy. 'Vn edit "impcnsablc" pour les hiscoriens procescants? (17

87

_194

8):BuJkti" bill So<iltid'Histolre;du ProusfiUitiJTmm Fran«,IH (1998),

130

b ch

CORNEL ZWIERLEIN

Y e Royal · 6 d

pnmer, Morel was n1 n a · d ' o Y mar · all d' · G pnnte translation in D ch14 gm Y 1Strtbuted: in 1599 we erman, primed in Amhem ,,~: . as well as one in English u and one in

Peace of Augsburg in terms . f· ~d at least fare better than rhe Relivious As r -L o Its mrema . al di o· ror UJe Peace ofC non stribution.

torh U avourofsJ rhe P~ec:m ective memory of today's w~ IS~I, a document so fundamental

om Protestant mino · . ensians and to the process whereby ~eFedom, there existed no origm~ryalm S~v~y-Piedmonr was granted religious m rench as d' prmnngs b n1 . Rdi . appen Ices to ephemeral . . ut o y 1:\vo pnnced copies

gJon of tS60-IS66.17 pnntmgs concerning the Wars of

That the distribution . . considered . m pnnt of such d margmal in Europe -L . ocumenrs as these should be

at uiat ttme b ecomes obvious when we

399-414: on the lo u ng-rer · JVanus. Pour tnfi . m tmpacr of the edict se n •. . ntr avec Its e .occnard Co 8. L'"' , . ' anmvcrsary editions se guerres tk religiqn (Paris· . ttret, IJJ . £.01/ at n;~.irc de l'~it de N<ln~~arc V~ 'Un edit bien e. Pe~, .1997 ), 1~S-HO· On Sec the colbted . • &vue d Histoire dt I'B Us ncegrsue, le quacncme cenre·

14 Published in ,;,en ~~ttcet,IJ98. L'EdittkN.:g. t dt Fr4nrt, 87 (100t), J.7-+S· stcrU4lll by C C'- .. an/4 361 8

year a Dutch tcOlnslation . taCSZ; source: WuJ . - 4· to Pacli:unent h b (Amsterdam: H. Aid ) p. 896. Note ilio Ill the same IJJ8. L'Edu tU ~:= y the edicr was filed and ~rsz of Henri IV$ speech delivered

'S Publjshed in Londo:b38s~88: WuJp, 89s. us made lcgally valid: see Comer. '6 Newt L .. ., •• L y Fteld·Man· soh• au nom" }.f. • ~ce· STC t6oo· .,. ayest. m Franckr. · h · • 13Uo.

. copy consul d O ~JC undN.z ' ' The first is the lJ'· te at srerreichische Naa· -~brrtn .&ii~t {. .. ] (Amhem·Janscn

nuunre mnntJr. bk Ou;u ihlioth-'- . ' Phikbm, contre stssubuctz J. a.,.,', tk lagun-re fa;up ~~Vienna, 37416-B). Clrcon ~~s va~~J:An ar~uuctkS. "'-- I

VOISJncs,pourcomptedela . . ~. Peross~ avou, =nanu~ Lished in •sSt; sec the L.. ., rel,gum {. .. ] {n.p 1•6 ) 'S.l~fartin tt autres vaillts Claud •ou:s1m1 e edi · ·• , 1 ·a Lu:in • 1<lna,f9'•1.). The second is ?o~ by Ene;~. BOll~ OlD .tcOlnslaoon was pub· I <ln ISSS· iusqucs en l'<ln 6 the HmotcCdes JlCCSc d Ylttono Dina (Turin: reprod . 1 IS I. contcc lc I cvoonsct r. ucoon sn Ene;~. B<llm md peup c ap~l4! V: d gverres raites depvis oni e gutrruontrtlll popokJ ,;: Carlo Albeno Theile au ~is ( ... 1 IS61' [ ncsimile The l.lncr work was reprinred~nato valdtse [ ... J (T ucin. tC, el • Storia dtllt persttuzi· C · ( 10 157:1. 01.nd als · audi ~pm 1nd cdn,ts7o: )rd edn b S' o in the 'Histoire -~~a, 197S).us-3f1. scnpt copies in lrali<ln d:mng fi y -~on Goulart, 16t9) Th uq Martyrs' by }COlO Teofilo G p • rom Ule sixteenth · ere also · fi , · ons, Sulla pace di COl cenrucy. 0 th cxut vc manu-dHISio · w, .. J. vourdelt561 c · n ese d lrt '41Ul0ist,IIO (196t), u.,-

8 SUJsuoistorict:Bul'- ocumenrs, sec

4 · ~tm de Ia Soditl

The Peace of CAvour in the Europt~tn Context 131

. prmnngs an printed copies of the tens both of secular peace compare · · d treaoes between warring factions in Europe and, even more significantly,

ous peace agreements an e 1cts. The Treacy of Cateau-of other religt' d d' ~~resis (xss9). for example, was published in at least four parallel edi­oons 10 Germany as well as in two lcaJian editions;" the Peace ofVervins (IS98) was published in at least three French, three German, eleven Italian and at least eight northern- and southern· Dutch editions.''

Almost all edicts concerning religion and pacification published in F~ce .between 1559 and 1581 were immediately translated into German an pnmed so that sometimes a considerable number of copies were produced. Notable examples include the Edict ofEcouen (z. May 1559; two editions);10 the Ordinance of Fontainebleau {x September xs6o; one

18 For the Geon01.n editions see VD16 S 8n.8 (Dillingen: Mayer), $8119 (Dillingen: M(ay~}, ZV16832., Deutsehe Scaarsbibliothek Berlin Hist.Fiugschr JSS9·Ja (VD 16 · ). Y1enna: Zimmermann). For the Itali<ln editions see CNCE 13710, CNCE 1976s.

a) For the French editions see Biblioth~que narion~c de France:, Pari$ 8-LG6-6o (Paris: Morel, IS98). 8·LG6-6r (Toumon: Michd. alter w edition ofDijon; 1598}, 8·LG6-61 (n.p~ 1598), Biblloth~que municipale de Rouen, Cote et Fonds Leber 4188-1, Fonds Cas (Angers: Hemaulr. 1598 }. Furthermore. there exist four different ~tionsof the 'Mwdemenr royale' ( 6 October IS98, Samt-Gernuin-en-Laye), printed tn the same ye2e to publicize the treaty: Biblioth~que nationale de &.lnce, Paris. F-46~o6 (1) (Paris: Morel): F-46~o6 (4} (Paris: Men:ayer wd L'Hullier); F-46906 (6} (Lyons: Roussin}; F-46906 (7) (Rouen: Du Peor-Val).

b) FortheGecmweditions.see V016S 8u.6 (n.p.).S8117 (Augsburg:Mwger}:

ZVt4618 (Cologne: Lua.enkirchen). c} For the It:aliw editions see CNCE 19779 (Vicenua: Greco): CNCE 19778

(Orvieto: Colaldi and Aquilini); CNCE 19373 (Palermo: Maringo): Bibliothcca Apostolica Varicana Capponi.IV. 46o (~)(Verona: TaJilo): CNCE 19775 (Rome: Bonf.ldino}: CNCE ,~777 (feccara: Baldini): CNCE 46308 (Bologna: Benacci): CNCE 46309 (Modena: Gadaldino): CNCE 19776 (Turin: Bi<lnco): CNCE 19774

(Piacenz.a: Bazachi): CNCE 19783 (Vicenua: eredi Perin). d) For the Dutch editions see Knuttd I,'· too6 (n.p .• Flem.); Krsuttd l,1, 1007

(Delft: Schinckd); J(nuttd I. 1, soo8 (n.p .• Flem.); Knurtell, 1, 1009 (Rotterdam: Waesbetghe); Wulp 867 (n.p .• French): Wulp 868 (n.p .• Flem.); Wulp 869 (n.p .•

Fiero.); Tide 410 (n.p .• French). 10 Published under its propagandist tide Der FraniZOstn grausamt witterey [ ... ] ( n.p.,

ISS9} (VD16 F148:z., n.p.; ZV6103, n.p .. probably StcaSbourg: Berget).

l}l.

edition)·ll th J CORNEL ZWJERLEJN

• e anuary Ed' pamphlet ICC of 1562. (a .

an .J' fon the debate on the Lo d' ppeanng merely as an appendix to a

ewer 0

th p . r s suppe · B

d

e ans Par•'--- r m remen· two e.J' · ) u uring the uament which had al • wuons ;

tS62. d peadce negotiations folloWUl· th b ready, on 13 February •s63 • eman ed th g e atde fD '

editions)·u th P e confiscation of th o reuxon '9 December mand , f e eace Edict of Ambo' e estates of all Protestants (four

are o 8 N tse (3 March which c:xcl d dovember 1567, two da b c 1563: four editions);l• a u e Prot ys erore the b td fS . .

edirion)·l' th Ed' escancs from holding fr. a eo amr-Den!S, ' e tee fLo o nceswith' th . .J' . ( Second War f R 0 ngjumeau ( 23 M ln e JUwctary one (five edicions).u ~igion and ordered obedi arch ts68) which ended the Crown pur an ' d e Edict of Sainr-Maur Sence to the Edict of Am boise granted rdigi:n fltoics previousroleasamS;?rember 1568), whereby the of the Reform usd I' reedom bur banned se . lator between the parries and

e trurgyfi rvtces oth · 1568) banned p rom France· ics ad.J ' . ' er ntes, and reverends

d. . rotestanr c • wnonaJ t ( e mons.11 Me . 5 uom access to C en 23-28 September

A nuon should b rown offi · .gh

ugusr 157o), which e made also of the Ed· ces m.et t different concessions to the Pr::ded the Third War of Reli l~t of Same-Germain ( 8 de sftret~' [sali L escancs and, for th fi ~on, made more precise

li h e paces]- .L,_ .J, e rst t1m d fi d s ed in five ed. . • UtU ewer was tran 1 e, e ne four 'places

ltlons.u Even before there ~:.e~~to ~erman and pub­n arndes formulating

u V0r6 F1)7J (Augsburg· Ulh u V0r6 ZV•o9r8; ZV1o8. an. •s6o). 13 V0r6 p..,40 (n p )· p 79 (n.p., •S61).

H d · · · 74' (n. e• dbcrg: Mayer)· ZV p., probably Heidel"-- ' 14 V0r6 F1 ( • 1117+ ~-..6: "''layer)· p ( (Drcsd 379. n.p .• probably Heidel ' 74l. n.p .• probably

en. StOckel) berg: ~h}-er)· F 1S V0•6 F 6 ( . , 1)8o (n.p ) F 16 VD 6 F 139 n.p.). . ; l.J8• (n.p.); F1J81

' l.)8) (n.p.); F138 { ) Srr.ubourg: Berger). + n.p. ; Fz.38s (n.p.); F1

17 Ostcrrcichisch 386 {n.p.); F1 8 { biblioch k , c Nationalbibliothclc, Vi 3 7 n.p., probably

{ c H1Sr. )66 (missing m VD cnna +nu-B== A

n.p .. probably H ciddbc . Ma r6, n.p.); VDJ6 F13 8 ugsburgScaacs- und Stadt·

18 ~:;· ~~bably Srrasbourglzv:~1; ~1+o)r (n.p.); F1:01((;;1; F1399 (n.p.); F1400

(

' . 1)88; F1)89 (n.p., perha 7 n.p. . 9. n.p.); F140) (rs69,

Laumgcn: Salcu:r)· ZV 6 ps Nuremberg: Kol , Harnisch). ' o68; ZV '738+ (n.p., prob~j);HF:r..390; F139•; f1)9l.

Y Cldc:lbc rg: Mayer or

7be PetUt of Cavour in tht European Context

the demands of the Huguenots dating back to February of chat same yeax.u There foll.owed the shock of the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew ( 1.4 August

1~71.) whtch prompted the printing in the Empire of rhirry-cwo different &' et e nons one conveying a variety of news until the end of smnle leafl di . al

' 1[~" wdl " a funher ninete<n editions of leaflets in t S7l·~ The Ediet

0 ulogne, which ended the siege of La Rochelle and thus the Fourth

!';i of Religion in July t S7l. was distributed in Gennany in atleast five d <=t «litions." The Ediet of Beaulieu. whid> was drawn up in May •s76

an .e~d:d the Fifth War of Religion ( in which, once again. the Palatinate auxilianes under Johann Casimir had played a crucial role), and which granted the Huguenots the greatest privileges and freedoms of all times (o.~n gteate< than the later Edkt ofNantes), was disuibuted in Gennany we even different editions." The Edict of Poi tiers of '7 September t s 77

ed under 8 October), which ended the Sixth War of Religion, as well asl~~ Treaty ofNerac (28 February 1579), seem co be the only important re .tgiOus peace agreements the translation of which was not jnunediacely P';;;ted in Gennany." The Edict or Tteaty of Fleix (>6 December •s8o), w ch once again confirmed the Edict of Poiciers afi:er the Seventh War

19 VOr6 C4684 (n.p .• probably Heidelberg: Mayer). See for that cdiet}can-Louis Bourgcon, ' Mieux qu'un ~t de pacifie2tion: un ~t de rolb'ance (Saint-Germain. •s7o)',Buildmtle Ia So&titkl'HisUiirtdu Prottstan~ Frallf"IS• rss (1oo9), 7or-3.

3o On this see Cornel Zwicdcin, DisetWJQ unJ Lee 1)0. D~ £n1JUiumt nnm-J)mluahmm im r5. ]ahrhundert una die Wahrnthmunt der Jranziisise/wl RJipns/rritge in /14/Jm und Deutschland (Gottingen: V:llldenhoec:k & RupKcht. 1oo6), 717.

}I These all date &om 1573

: VD16 h 393 (Frankfurt: B~); F:r..394 (Nuremberg: Koler); Z¥6071 (n.p.); ZV18837 (Heidelberg: Mayer); BritiSh Library. 119).h.4o (+) (n.p.,

31 V016 f2.413

, h+:t.+ (n.p .• but probably CologJlc: Sdu'cibcr): F14-15 (Miihlhausen/ not in VD16).

Thiir.: H:llltzSch); F141

6; F14

:r..7; W 3:r..9 (Nuremberg: Knorr); ZV6o71: ZVr74:r..6;

Pal.ced. s61b (Saasbourg:Jobin); British Library. 8oso.d.t9 (not in VDr6, n.p.) :llld

1193.h.4o ( 6) (not in VD16. Cologne). On this cd.iet sec MMk Green grass. ' Pluralism and Equality: The Peace of Monsieur, May 1576: in Keith Cameron, Mark Grcengrass :llld Penny Roberts. eels. 1be .Advmturt of Rtligwus PIJJralisrn in Early Motkrn Frana

(Bern: Peter Lang :r..ooo), 4-5-63. 33 lt is worth noting that precisely rwcnty years later, the Edict of Poi tiers was to be

the model for the Edict ofN:llltcs. On this sec Gregory Champeaud, 'The Edict of

--------------~~

of Ret· . CORNEL zwtEJUEIN

.'gton, was published in noton_ous Treacy of Nemours (two translated editions in Germany;~ the

~,~: <ho Ca<holic I'"''Y ( C:!~'8~; c<gisco«<i as an «li« on •8 joly), g ~o renounce entire! his 1 ~ ) once more succeeded in forcing

::teearHed m _six editions in dermi: .':;'thof res~kred civic tolerance, soon n enn III aft th Y • e Umon Edi ( ) dr

renewed h . • er e journ!e des b . d cr IS88 • awn up joining m:;:u~t to l=p <ho Ca<holk :.U':;_" ;;. [d.y of <h< bam<>dos], ""P' an h agu<, and domandod an .h 0

mlly announ«d ho was differ yd~~etical successor; chis edi . oa _from all his subjects not co

em e mons u Th Ed ccwas CICculat d. G Henri IV: a th : e icc of Mane f e m ermany in four of the Ed'. t aft tune still a Calvinist, c._~s o 2.4 July I59I, drawn up when

ICtS o P · · urst made alid · Thi . omers, Nerac and Fl . v agam the regulations s enenstve diffu . eu:, was print d . . G

German is ind d ston of French d. e twlce m ermany.J7

d

. ee aspec·at . e ICts on theW: fR 1. . . e tcts were p . d 1 case m Europ In ars o e tgton m . nnce as En 1. h e. contrast, if I.

tton. These incl d d g ts translation ch severa unporcanc Maur(ts68) S ~ e ,forexample,theEdis,eaf appearedinonlyoneedi·

( • amc-Ger · ( ccso Lo · ( 158o) and N mam 1570) Boul ( ngJumeau JS68),Saint· emours ( ts8s) respec~vely 3~~~ IS73). Beaulieu (1576), Fleix

· caly we find only one decree

PoitJers and !:h 1i S. e reary ofN.._ IXlttnth Cmtury) "'"c• or Two S

34 VDr6 Fl.434 (Au::::r7W/, Jl. (loor), 319-• tcps towards !:he Edict of Nances' Tht 3S VD &""urg· M •+· •

r6 FJ.418 (Basel·~- _anger); Fl43S (S bo Berg?), F143' (S~bo~an~); F1+19 (Co~ e·urg:J~bin). Pl!ronne from 3' March 8g). NJoJ; N}o1. F~L. Schreiber); Fl4)0 (Munchen: Berg>) B 1S Son"'--'· lllC Lc::o<rn • d · • 684.., (Au~burg· ~ .... .., sec VD16 B6S -.,-es cclaraaon of war m ~o; !:he Huguenot answc;, ~~· D•ns. 0436, N~~8B~4S. B6846 (n.p .• Munich: c;~· scc,VD'6 NJ.98; Nl.99 (F~ by Henn of Na • lllo, ZYl)04, zy,9+ "9;

er Kempen or Schreiber)· : ~); N}oo· varrc bcrwcen M:ty and July :''~ Ps.'oo (Augsburg: Man. fo} !:he response of ~~30J (n.p., probably Cologne:

e Kmgs answer sec vo,6

F gcr ; Ps101 (Nurcmbc . ~on-League Ca!:holics see )6 (v;}',6 F14J1 (Cologne: Lu~~4'3 (Nurcmbc~-~rr); ZVaSs' (n.p.); for

o ogne: Kempen); ZV en); ZV '4819 (B . orr). rypcsc:t · •3099 (n p b asci· A · . VO tJng as ZYl.SOJ6). . ., uc possibly N . plarrus); Somcren 399

)( r6 FlH+ ( urcmbcrg· H 1

)8 With th n p .. probably Nc:ustadc/H··-'- . cuss cr; same . c ucepuon of STC ""'w: Harnisch)·

pnnced in london: STC SOJ6 C~S ()~OSTuvaJn: Fouler), ;Uj F~HS (Basel: Apiarius). ~ • C so•- (B t ~e tran.sl " )'nneman/Harriso aclons were

n);STCsoJ9

135 7bt Peau of Cavour in th~ Europe4n Qmtext

of the Parliament published in a single translated edition and chis is dated l]-3° July 1562. and directed against the Huguenots. Similarly, the Edicts of Ambo. ( ) . ' &r "' •s63 • Long,um"'u (•s68), Boauli<u (•s76) and <h< Union

, let (ts88) are published respectively in English translations." In the o Y e reacyo Nemours(ts8s)andtheUnionEdict(ts88) Nethedands, nl th 1i f ;"~ publishod in cho Fl=ish languag<. .,.ch of ch<m in CWO .,dicions.•

pam may be omitted from the survey as in the sixteenth cenrury almost ~0 princ -biased public sphoce of a siz< comparablo co Gonnany. England. ranee, the Netherlands and Italy existed there. di Ifw~ c<stri« oundvos co ch< twdv< mos< impoctan< coyal <dkcs on r g~on (m_thestricter sense) in Germanyberween 1562. and 1591, a total of fifty-~our ~ferent editions of the various attempts at solving the religious ~uesuon m France are published. If we count about 1,ooo copies per edi· non, as is the common estimate, this means a circulation of about so,ooo := ~f «ikcs on_ e<ligion in slighcly few« chan <hic<y yws in <h< G«mw· r ~ouncnos. Compaced co <h= figuces <h< on< Gennan printing ~c Edu:c of NanteS ( >S99) in Acnh<m and also <h< disuibution of <h<

gtous Peace of Augsburg in only three German editions, without any ~Marion in<o och« languag<S. makos ch<S< coxu appm vuy muginal.

unilarly, the January Edict of 1562. was bardy available in printed form!

1

~ light of the above. we get the impression of a complecdy asym· n:'erncal proportionality between the contemporary presence of the respec· ?ve tens in the print-biased public sphere and their current place and

;'pocunee in <h< Eucop=> eoU<etiv< m<mO'l'· Much suggoscs due chi> lSCrepancy was a phenomenon of the sixteenth cenrury and the first half

(Bynncman): STC 13091 (VauttOllier); STC ')09'·S (Aildc. Aggas. Hwnblc); STC

1309l-·S (Jones). 39 CNCE 46191

(Milan: Girardoni); CNCF. 4619s (s.l.). CNCF. 462.93 (Venice); CNCF. •9763 (Milan: da Ponte- ode-page wrongly gives ISS8); CNCE 19767 (Milan: Tini); CNCF.

3z.14 (Verona: Di.sGcpolo). CNCE 463oz. (Bologna: Benacci), CNC.E

19770 (Milan: Gotthardo/da Ponte). 40 Wulp 6}3 = l(nuttd 1, '• 714 (Dordrccht: Canin), Knuctd I, '· 715 (Amsterdam:

Cbeszoon); Wulp 694 (Dord.rcchr: Canln). Knuctd l , 1, 813 (Delft: Henry).

41 See supra. n. 2.2..

--~-----------~

CORNEL ZWIERLEIN

of the seventeenth cenrury: if the provisional edicts of the French Wars of religion were printed in so many editions in Germany, this is above all an effect of transnational Calvinist propaganda which, in the Empire, ~ad its main base in the Palatinate. These publications were part of a polk! which, from the defensive position of the Calvinist party's own precan­ous legal situation in the Empire, were intended to disseminate the French regulations throughout the Empire as examples of tolerance of Calvinism in Europe. •

1 However, notwithstanding this Calvinist propaganda, which

necessarily referred positively to the religious edicts, there seems co have been a certain sense of shame regarding the public distribution of printed copies of peace agreements buc not regarding the public distribution of correspondence between political specialises which, after all, legally regu­lated and perpetuated the confessional splits in Europe. After the Treacy ~f Westphalia at the latest it seems as if. in respect of the print-biased pubhc sphere, chis sense of shame declined. This was probably because of the spe­cial character of the Westphalian treaties: they were both legally-binding international treaties and religious peace agreements. Consequently those religious peace agreements could be published 'under cover' of the non­controversial and easily publishable political peace treaties. •1

41 On Palatinate: pro-Huguc:noc propaganda and the: thc:ologico-politial ideas undc:r­pmnmg it. sec Zwic:rlc:in, Disct~rs() und Lex Der, 613_91 and Comd Zwic:rlcin, 'Une propagandc huguc:nocc: inccmationalc:: Ic d~but des guerra de Rdigion en France: pcr~a en Allcnugnc, •s6o-1563: in Jcr6nic: Foa and Paul-Alexis Mc:Uc:c, eds. Lt Brutttlts anMS. Mists m ~l'mC a disinformatun11 m Eurt~pt pendant m gurrrts tk RtlttJDn (rJ6D-u1rt~) {Pans: Charnpton,lon), 397_

4,5

and idem, 'Lcs Saincs de Ia communion avec lc: Christ: Hybridationscncrc ~ c:cccacs dans le monde alvin­is~c: dans lc:s annc!c:s •s6o: in Florc:ncc: Burcayand.AxdJc: Guilbusseau, cds,Des saints ti'&aJ! PolifUJUt tl samttd au ttmps du condk tk Trentt (Paris: Presses Univcrsitalrcs de Paris La Sorbonnc, 1011), 35-so.

4 3 On the treaty's place: in the public, privncc, coUc:ctivc and culcural memory since 1648 sec Clain: Gancc:c, La P~ix tk Westphalu (r648): une bistoirt socialt XV!Ie­XVIIIt srtcw (Paris: Bdin, lOot), 301-60. On the: distribution in print of, the textS

of the Wc:scph.Uian Peace Treaties sec Konrad Rc:pgcn, 'Ocr Wcstfalischc: Friede unddie uicgc:nossischc Offcndlchkc:ir: HistDrisches]ahrbtuh, 117;. (,

997),

38-81.,

parocularly 73- 7.

137 1be Puce of Cavour in the European Context

l . h' and Transfers: Referencing, Re anons 1Ps . . Peace AgreementS the Communication of ReligiOUS in Europe in circa 1s6o

d dices which are f eli . ous peaces an e Edicts

As I have demonstrated, those textS 0 r f of Augsburg and the th roday the most famous (notably the t5S5 eacthe lease diffused during . e

d 8) ere almost e poranes of Tolerance of 1562. an IS9 w sider how concern . l. h f ch. s we must con . untrtes.

sixteenth century. In tg t o 1 • • c. o'on in neighbounng co L, h

eli · paCUICa ext5 WiuC perceived the solutions to r gtous . directly - co those t d ·sely or 10 and if and how they referre - precl . .

'bl · n print. d 1 of rehg1ous were generally not access1 e 1 • d al and cypical mo e s ncral

As we will see, there were two 1 e h d that of a rather Ce . . n the one an • ther Western

peace agreements 10 Euro_pe; 0

d on the other, that ~fa ra f different European 'outward plurality an ' d

0 che coexistence 0 . .

1 _

1----'' ' withregar c .. -rebgzosou European 'internal P \lr.Ulty ,1 ean the cuius-regzo·etUJ_c. . (that

• d 1 ality fO ruC:SSIOn confessions. By oucwar P ur fprinciple, only one co d elioi.ous hich a roatcer o · ry an r o-

rion, according tow • as be valid in a certain ~em to 'the territorial of the Prince) is supposed to nl on the 'outside, beyon~ aroe as the plurality is imagined and legal o~es were supposed to be ~ enent borders. The confessional boo; ernment.ln this way, co _a c. 'ble for the boundaries of political rule and '::oblernatized and made t;::•alcernative confessional divide was to ~re1e· ~ n was not his problefrn. h ~•ception'

th • g lgiO d th • rene """ respective ruler: e wr~n, is what Tallon calle e on solution for all to this, 'interior plurality ~e increasingly the eornmal confessions were but it is, in fact, what bee di to this model. seveealr es Right from

... Aeeor ng ·d cyp · of Western Europe. . Of course, these are 1 • d by elements all 'thin temcory. . charactera.e . al

owed W1 one . ns in the Empl.l'e ar_e lf. . the hi-confessiOn the beginning. peace(solthutlol vel of the Empire ttse ' m show a tendency

. . 1 _l:ty at e e Europe of rntenor p unw l ·ons in Western ) h reas so uti imperial cities • w e

. the Sixteenth I al' rn in france '"

' all' . ro and Rdigious p ur./~/rgious Pluralism, JS-30· " • Alain Tall on, G ~canu_' ds 1ht Advtnture DJ ,..,. , . Camc:ron ct ;u., c •

Cenrory,lll

ds

CORNEL ZWIEIUEIN

cowar cerric 'al b . • . on - ased dusce . try. ;ru~ distinction becween cw nnEurg and a drift cowards 'oucward plural-conresslons see L _ O opean models fi m rwo ends f ms co oc appropriate· che d 1 . or e coexistence of

o ascal hil . . mo e s can L d d would e, w e ill reali oc un erscoo as the be placed somewhere in m7 a:~:d mos~y hybrid forms, which

e of our trnaginary scale.

Savoy, th~ Religious R ofrsor ~ac~of Augsburgofrsss and th~R .rc 'eac~ OJ avour

If we take a closerlook ac the . and the beginnin f penod between the R 1' . so-called 'T

1 g 0 the Wars of Reliui . e tgtous Peace of Augsburg

10 eran • Ed' . o-On ill Fran aft .L another co . ce tee unplernenced. ce er Uie failure of the uncry m Eur h m January 1s6 4S 'd 'fy

Catholicism 1 d ope w ere the confl· b , 2., we can I enn e cowa b . L 1ct etwee p .

solution. Th. ha r uc men found fi il n rotestantiSm and say in both ~e /peoed in the territor:s :f ~· though finaUy long-term,

r~gnum Gumani:nch-speaking Duchy of Sav: D~e of Savoy, chat is co and in th I at· 'the German kingd . y, which was a parr of the

e t tan terri . om which w Duchy of Aosca d ~ones, particularly ch p . as part of me Empirc,

44

ltalia~, that is un· pan 'al Ie Councy of Nice whe 'nnchcbedom of Piedmont, the en tal 47 S • I do d .L Y· avoy-Piedm nge co u•e r~tmum ont, which b . was geographically.

For an assessment of chc d conclw•on that icw:u cgrcc of tolcnocc of ch . qucsdon rn;ll ~-'c· L •• colntrary co gcncr:U belie£ c cldicu of •s6:~. and •s6J and the Les !"'~ • "' to crancc • ..._ - - , very ow prcnucrs commcn . . U<UlS lcs Ediu de 1 . • sec Mario T urchetti, • Une

;ll.,;ds, Lz fonnazJQn4:;:: :;~q>1~tions: Jean an;;; <:~6:~.} ec d:A.mboise ( •s6J). "14 trna offirn a Antomo Roto O'Ud. Stud; tli sto t, 10 Henry M~choulan ct

46 Savoy w:u always Usccd in ch "reti/J {Florence: Olschlti 1'14 tklla tolkranza ntiJ'ttJ lmperi;ll Dice :u well · .L e dew tax schedul ' _:~.oo•). :1.45- 94.

47 0 · _, as m me Upper Rhin e, Wich a sc . n •mperi;u l~ly in generu sc u . e District. :It and a voce on che m der Friihen N . e •v~.atthias Schn F. h euzelt. Ein insdruti cttger, 'Das AI •• ~nc ungm aus italimuchm Arrh. oncngcschichdichcr Ob r~ Reich und [calien Fr mpero romano - lmpero german:"~ una Bibliothdun 7 er lick: {(Jttllen und

uhen Neuze•r' m idem ed. !J c~ . l~enische Pers~k ~ (•999). 3H- 8:z.; idem • • mpmum Rommzum - I: oven auf <las Reich . d rr~ulart C 111 er

orpus - Ttutschtr

139

culrurally and legally located between 'Gerrnania' and 'Romani~., may

~'Y well funOOon as a symboHc hinge between the Empire. Fran« and . ~.Indeed, tt played a crucial role as an intermediary regarding questions

ansmg fr li · om re g10us peace agreements. th Since IS}6, me Savoy territories had been occupied by France during ul' ~bmg-F.en<h w=. ~The Peace of Cateau-Cambrtsis ( <SS9} "ip· m'~d that ilie vm majority of the territories occupied by the Fren<h h ~ be gtven baok to Duke Emanuele Ftliberto. In that .am< year. he ~ ;arned Marguerite de France, the sister of Henri II. When, however, b ' uke <etumed to his tetritoty in <SS9• some dries .em•ined o<O<oupkd by F~eh troops- notably Turin (whieh was finally returned in •s6•)­;t hos reorganization of government nonetheless began immediately. p ne of Emanuele Filiberto's projects in this regard was me fight against

lir~tescantism in his territories. For centuries the Waldensians had been

vm · p· d.m gm Le ont. In the period between me Synod ofChanforan in IS32. and ~e end of the Italian wars, mey had more or less been dogmatically :'·"ted with F.ench C.Jvinism prop•gated from immediately neigh· r..,":;"g Geneva. In the co<e renitoty of those valle)" owned by the noble

Y of the Lusemas alone. we may assume there were in the region of Is,ooo-}o,ooo Waldensians who formed the nucleus ofWaldeosian colo­nies in Italy. During the French occupation of the Savoy territories between I536 and ISS9· the Waldensian communities had been able to stabilize and ~end their religious and political status.~ In Peter Bickle's words, one mtght speak of a communalist uend emerging there under me paradoxi-

The Pe~~« of Czvqur in the European Conttxl

Rtichs-Staat: tLu .Afu &kh im Ymtiindnis dtr Ztugenossm una tkr Historiographu

(Mainz: Zabcrn, :J.OO:l.), 3)-7S· 48 On chis hiscoriogJ'lPhically debated distinction see Markus Volkcl, '"Romanitit• I

"Gcrmanitar•', in Wolfgang Schmale, cd.. Kuiturtransfm Ku/turtlle Praxis im r6 .

]ahrhundert (Vienna: srodienvcrlag, :z.oo3), :1.47- 60. 49 Foe roorcinfocmation on chc occupation of Savoy and thecnsuingpolideal situation

sec Zwierlein, Ducmo und 1P Dei, 3s6-7:J.. so There survive from chis period a great number of 'affranehimenti', chat is, letters,

whereby che municipallties had local noblemen grant chem privileges of freedom for one-off p:aylllcnts. On chcse. sec Augwto Armand·Hugon, 'Popolo e cllicsa :alle Valli cW 1S}1 al1s6I: Bu/Jdin dt Ia Sociitl a'Histoirt VAIIMise, 110 (1961), s- H ·

140 CORNEL ZWIERLEIN

cally favourable conditions of military occupation and as a result of the geo-political location in the valleys of the Alps. This was in contrast co the increasingly hostile attitude towards Waldensian communalism elsewhere in Europe ac that time.'•

This stabilization and, indeed, spread ofProcescanc movements in his own territories, annoyed Emanuele Filiberco. n Nothing would be more important co him than cleansing his territories of chis heresy. Already in the late 1ssos, in letters from Brussels, Emanuele Filiberco emphasized co Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria that he was 'ain gehorsarnb Micglide des hailigen Romischen Reichs' [an obedient member of the Holy Roman Empire).u At the Augsburg Imperial Diet in 1555 he had been one of the very few princes who had been present in person and had accordingly signed the Diet.,. Thus, his first impetus for a standardization of religion in ~is te~ric~ries is.so~ething like an attempt to enforce the outward plural­~ty pr~ctple of cut us regio, eius religio: even if formally and according co tmp.en~ law the laws of the Empire were valid only in the French-speaking termortes. of ~avoy, which were a pare of the regnum Germaniae, but not in those cermones beyond the Alps as these belonged to the regnum ftaliae." Thus, the outward plurality axiom of the Religious Peace of Augsburg

s• Peter Bickle, lVJmmu111llismus. S1rizzm ~inn-gmii.Jcha.ftlichm Organisationsform. 1

vols {Muruch: Oldenbourg, 1ooo ). S1 Ontheprince'ssuongcouncc:r-refonnationco · · ~.~._, , .. -.1. v . nvacaon, sec: IYlllnOn &..e<~mc:rs ~una.

7bt Afl()m/mmt of Dio11JSUJ. P-..btrv anJ P. ,,_, ~ · R . 1 ( • • Park p I . · "'I' ~., "Dunes m awwanct ilalJ Unaversaty

: eruu_r varna SD.cc: University Press, 1001), 31_66. S} Emanudc:Filibc:rrotoDukcAlbrechrofBa=,.;~ B-·--'- M---L d AnriJ

B risch ·--, ·~·•• an:nass7an ao .. y •ss9. aye cs Haupacu=rchiv Munich KUAA fol 6

(I f di · fo . ' • 4S77. . 34sr-3s r erro:r o accre D.tJon r Christoph Haller of Hallc:rsrcin his . th 1m · 1

D. R b ) • represc:nD.avc at c pcra:1. act at cgcns urg .

S4 Along with Duke Albrecht of Bavaria md Duke Ch · h f b S B . rastop o Wurcccm erg.

ec uschmmn, Kamr urul R~ICh, 1.78. Giovanni T:ab L b d 1 . . acco, o stato sa au o nt Sarro Roman. o Impm> {Tunn: Puavta,l939) 99· Rosem · A 1· D JJ"ud • • ane u anger w tw ts Rtidmagts vn rlf.jahrhurulm (Gorringcn: Vandenhocck & R h. )

6 M . wt • -'-~ • . , __ . uprcc t, 1980 , 3 7· ss onaquc w CISUr.IWS attcnoon ro asunu...-saruacion in theN th l:ln·>- th U d th · · 1 f' · . . c c:r u:s: c Emperor app e e S:lmc pnncap co cwus rcgao. Clus rdigio' even th gh . th

1i f b f th _. _ _ ou , accordmg co c reaty o Augs urg o 1548, c NcchcrlMids were not p:~.rr of the · . _, .

· th · d · _,_, •--- unpcn;u ccmtory an c srractc:r sc:nsc: :1.0 unpcr"" ww> were nor necessarily valid there. See her book,

Tht Ptact of Cavour in the European Context

. f: as now the task was co achieve had precisely non-peac~~ effects: mso ar . was co be accepted only religious unification wtthm a terntory. Plurality

implicitly regarding other domains.~ fir f his explicitly anti-

On 8 February 1560, the.~uke ~assed .~~~0 tolerare' [in noway heretical ediccs: he expressed his mtenoon to . ell the cearing

d d th . ulsiOn as w as tolerate] the Waldensians and or ere etr expll . firstly Vl·olent actions

d th · " Fo oWUlg down of their churches shoul ey resiSt. b een the ProtestantS ful c· ations etw and skirmishes, there were peace nego 1

• • the end of April U. d" S voia-RaccomgJat .

and the Duke, initiated by F tppo 1 a d d . failure. Following thiS, ts6o. Another meeting in June of that ye~ en . e

10 d defence co the Duke,

the Waldensians sent some letters of supp ca!!~~dan . minister Scipione 1 . b the w;u enstan

accompanied by an Italian trans aoon Y . f f: · th] which had been . , c . d foy' [professton o at . ,.

Lentolo of the1r Conres~ton e od of the Reformists in Pans. approved by the first naoonal General Syn . h closely the Piedmont

1 · b es obVIOUS OW d At chis point at the atest lt ecom d ·th the worsening religious an

Waldensians or CalvinistS were connecce ':' e the forces of the Counter­political situation in France. At the s;:ne ~ JesuitS had been settling in Reformation were organizing thems ves.

6 the Pope appointed Francesco

ds "· 560-15 1 e Piedmont from 1559 onwar ; m 1

- ) Priorilh tt mjna tit Ju Sa ·nr Empm (rJJp-IJ79 · ) f£)

Us P~-Bas espagnols tt Its~~ (B~ls: University of srussc:ls.l.OO} • 9~e rell­ia dip/omalie m tnnps tit tTOU • rcssed in a number of expcrr reportS on ·c: of

s6 This attirude cowards plurality lS ~fi llowing: Carlo di San Michdc ~e OU: IS" gious problem. See for enmple T:e o B "buorcca rea.le. Turin. Mss. . aoa. . •

s tembcr •SS9• unn. 1 L-··een 1. and 30 Ocrobcr •SS9· Savoy, Cuneo,1.8 cp ibid nn. z.z.-1.4, ""'',. . . rwiont Orraviano d'Qsasco to the same. ·: titas · J1 storw valtlts~. Jt.flsswm. rep

S also Raffaele De Simone. Trt anrn al'"'! (Rome: Grcgoriana. •9s8), 307-9· ce . . nttsi tlal rJJP tJ r da caJvinista c

e tolltranztt n~lk vaJ/j ptmw . p ssevino in Piemontc. Propagan ( ) Marl Scaduto 'Le mission! di A. o . S«/ttalis]tsU,111 (•9S9). s•-•9• 9~ ..•

S7 o • • A h ·vum Htstonat di dd.i pcrsecuttont resraurazionecarrolica. ",1 'L'"HistoriaddJcgran ecru (

6 )·

s8 On thisseeJean·Fran~oisGilmo~ts ·trtd'Histoirt ~~utlo~.•s• (198z.), sa-68 o. . . Lenrolo: JJu//tlln de oa

de Soptone nni d~d.slvi tli storia vRIJts~,? •· Sc:e Lilsi }(arrrunen, Antonio De Simone. Trt.a finds his first 6dd of actmty here. . achcd-Varidd & Bron,

S9 Antonio PoSSCVlll0 t:&,,.f au XV/t siicle (Lausanne. p . , dipfo11111te pon !1-

Possevmo. vn

19os). u-49·

CORNEL ZWIERLEIN

Bachaud, Bishop of Geneva, as his first Nuntius to Savoy.~ On 2.6 July •s6o, the Jesuit Possevino had a theological debate with Lencolo in the course of which this latter countered the former's reliance on Romans 13=1 co justify and assert obedience to the Duke by referring to the Waldensians' narurallaw-inspired right co resistance against the Duke: 'vim vi repeUere licec' (violence may be answered by violence].61 FinaUy, the Duke's mili· cary leader, the Count delia Trinit3., went to the vaUeys with a smaU army of 2.,ooo men to subjugate the Waldensians and convert them by force. This short campaign in the winter of xs6o and spring of •s6x ended in a stalemate. The Duke's troops did not succeed in definitively defeating the Waldensians who, sometimes led by their ' barba' (preacher],61 skilfully defended themselves by way of guerrilla tactics and by drawing upon their superior knowledge of the terrain.

For a number of reasons the Duke had to take action. He was primarily mindful of a number of factors: the unfavourable military situation; the ~ressin~ necess~cy o: m~ng peace in his own territories given the increas· mgly difficult sttuaoon m France; his lack of financial resources; the liberal influence of the Duchess who showed such tolerance of Erasmus's ideas. Consequently, foUowing negotiations initiated in March and April, on sJune 1561 the peace treaty of Cavour came about. Just as Charles y had had his brother Ferdinand negotiate the Treacy ofPassau followed by the Reugious Peace of Augsburg, after his war had ended in failure Emanuele Filiberco \vithdrew from neg_oti~rions with the Waldensians. The cask of negotiating was taken ove~ by h1s diStant relation, Filippo di Savoia_ Racconigi, who had less contact wtth the Duke than \vith the Duchess M · d France , arguence e ·

6o On this sec Nu11Z14rUrt tli Savoia, cd. Fausto Fonzi vol (n Is · ·co . • • 1 "'omc: nruto ston

Italiano per I eti mod~ma c conccmporanca.196o ): Michck Grosso and Maria Franca MdJano, La rontroriforma nella Amdiousi tli Torino (r- " L ) Is cc·-> d I

. , • • ,Jt>-IuiO , l. vo Ina C Vaocano: T1pogralia po!Jgrafica vancana, 19s7)· Ro~ u-. · B W ·s p· y iJ . . • . . n·~a orsace • . 10 e Du. ca E. manucle F•laberto,m eadem, ed.,Fkmkgio pkmonlffe D . ,

6,n

. . d tk/1' . b udq /. · ()(ftmmfl,ptrsonay,., ufltd~on~, ~tttnhe

1 ~~hGdo sta.to ~ da_,._ 1sec. XVI-XIX) (Cuneo: Socieca per gli

sru J.stonc1, arc co ogtcl e arnsao <:Ull provincia di Cun~o ) 8

( S) • 1ooo , l.S-3 J. • 61 De S1mone. Tre anni dtdswi di skJria valdae. 98-r13.

61 S~e Giorgio Toum. 'Pastori e cappellani neUe gucrrc valdcsi: Bulktin de Ia Sociltt d Hutom Vaudout, 176 (199s). 17-19.

7bt Ptace of Cavour in the European Context 143

. the Chancellor of the Duchy Since ISSO, Michel de l'Hopital had bee~ b Henri II. It was Michel

of Berry which had been given to Marguence y il mpanied her to de l'Hopital who, as the President of her_ c~c· ' a~~el de l'Hopical Piedmont. Soon after the death of Fran~ots rillVIer

6, and consequencly,

fF I Ap IS 0 was appointed Chancellor o ranee on r N' u His presence at

d F ance rrom Ice. as early as u April, he recume to r ' th thies for Erasmus.

· • ell th f others WJ sympa d Marguence s court, as w as at 0 oblemen an com-fd 'd dly Protestant n d and, moreover, the presence o ecJ e . , ciliatory artitu e

. d' . f Marguentes con J __ , , moners, may be seen as m 1caove 0 . len about 'Maoamas

. ~ Th Waldens1ans ew th and readiness to comprorruse. e Th Peace of Cavour, en, favourable attitude and tried to win her favo~- e

may be seen as princip~y her achieveme:;-the peace treaty give cwen~­T wo different vemons of the t~t and these are signed by Savo1~

cwo and twenty-three articles respecovely, . of the Waldensians. d ther represencaoves ds th

Racconigi. two reverends an two 0 . th Duke is merciful towar e The preamble announces that, once a?"""• ef th . dividually listed places

th inhabttants o e tn Waldensians. It states that e

. htl th /'Hospital tt sts tliscoun (mJ-IJ6z) 6> Lo . p . lA Plu71U tt Ia tnbunt. Mte ' ns ems, ff. ,,_ 'Une princCSSC

(Geneva: 0roz,l.OOl.), IS · ·-Jean-Claude Margow•. d S · • in thi for Erasmus. .... ~ d a.-v puis c avoJC, 6~ On Marguerite's sympa cs . de france, duchcsse c..,. .. ,. LJa R IIJSSiVICe:

d'' . . Crasmicnnc. Margucnrc d l'h rn4flls71U tt'" m Lo':~::m. ed.. Culture et pouvo~r AU umps ~C;.mbb]. ZJ "vril-4 77Uii I/74 A du Co is Margumte th S~Jvott, .Ann«J full of suspicion towards chef

aes ngr: 8 (171-7)· Rome was thelcttero (Paris: Champion, 1978), rss- ~iargUcrite's court- In this respe~·~ d ducd IO

Protestant men and w::/tf Pius IV) to Nuncius fr;ccsco Tre "n:i tkcistvi tli Carlo Borromeo {on 'Brcv/by Pius' IV quoted in De •monc,

February IS6l. and the ff . ned in the negocia· skJria vaM.ese. :!.71 ff.. z.9o L·- -L-c'Madasna' isconstandy mcnopo -• 'Fonti e docu·

d also b the .....,t uw 6 Se ArturO asca.., 6s Thisi.sattcstc y 8 April and 4Junc IS I. .c cod . n-Il anni rs6o-rs6J',

. documents ~cwccn milicarc contro IVa.. CSI "'~>" :o;ti pet la storia dell~ ~~as;:;udoise, uo (1961), SI-llS (97• 104, 107• 109· us.

. Ia Sod'ttt d'HIStosre • . . . BuiJetJn tk di Cavour, tS3· d ' Racconiggi et gh habmmo ll.o): Pons, 'Sulla pa~e Filippo di Savoia Signore .~ ·• ted in Pons, 'Sulla

66 'Capiculazione scguJta tra concessione di divcrsi priviJcggiJ • quo nclle Valli di Lusema, con

di Cavour: 149-SS· pace

_______ ..

CORNEL ZWIERLEIN

and valleys are allowed to gjve sermons, have congregations and hold services according to their rdigjon, this right being stricdy limited co their specific locations: any attempt to spread these practices co the rest of the Duke's ter­ritory are striccly banned. Inhabitants who have fled during the religjous war are allowed to return without any loss of reputation and to take possession again of their villages and houses (Art. 1-9 ). The return of estates which have been confiscated or taken by neighbours may be legally demanded; a l~c shall be drawn up of those who have fled for religjous reasons and of theu goods; the privileges and freedoms of the community are confinned (Art. 10-14). The Duke will build a fortress ac Villaro (Art. 15). The com· munities may freely choose their pastors (Art. 16). If at all places where Protestant services are held the Catholic mass shall also be celebrated, the locals will not be obliged to attend it (Art. 17 ). Prisoners will be ransomed (Arc. 19 ). All inhabitants of Waldensian places are en tided to free trade and free ~ch~ge and communication with other subjects in the whole of the Dukes tern tory, but they may no longer practice their religion publicly (~ 20

). lh~ re~resentatives of the inhabitants pledge to keep chese articles, stipulated as ad mtercessione della Serenissima Madama noscra Principessa et ~r gratia sua speciale' [through the intercession of our most Serene Lady Pnncess and ~ough her special grace], while Filippo di Savoia pledges co ensure they will soon be ratified by the Duke.

We see, then, that in contrast to the fundamental attitude underpin· ning the Peace of Augsburg, the Peace of Ca d d ds Ju . •. vour ceo e towar a so -non based on mcernal pluralirv'· wi-L= a p • aJ c · s

-, · uun .. emcory, sever conress10n could be practiced. In Savoy, chen some-L ' g ..... had 1 d f -Le • uun n~... evo ve out o u• transfer process which the Religious Peace of A b h d d

ugs urg a un ergone. Of course, the aacc localisation of the W:-1de s· c h .ch th

. • ;u n tan areas ror w 1 ese pnvileges were granted shows a tendency con~ ~ds • al I al. • L 'ch

. ""' extern p ur Jty wm perSiStS far into the eighteenth century: clear bound · d fi d ·th

•ffe . . anes are e ne , wt d1 rene rules bemg applted co people on each side· c . . .L b

. • concession IS mere y demarcated and gheccotzed by clearly-drawn geogra hi a1 '7 . . . . p c parameters.

Nonetheless, the subJeCts, desp•ce cheu differing conces · till d I~ SJOns, ares un er

67 Th1

C: COUnffrc tcrpm: inh~~CC is me qf~~~ OVer me location, nllinbcr :md e.xtcruion of p aces o c wors •ppmg and o puues tk ffJmt. On this -.A "

0 L .

• -~ renny 1'\.0oc:m 'The Most Crucial Bmlc of me Wars of Religion? The Conflict OVA• s· fo ro' d

~ •tcs r Re nne

Tbt Peace of Cavour in the Europ~n Context

. Em ire this was supposed to be the one and the same ruler, whereas m the p case only in the hi-confessional imperial cities.

I S and France (rjOI) The Transfer of'tokrance know-how between avoy

l . cal coincidence of the negoria-ln light of the above, should the chrono. ogt d the Peace of Cavour

Edi ft<6:z.mFrancean c f tions prior to the January ct o ' . cal ( ulrural) cransrer o d . of a rec1pro c ·ch h in Savoy be understoo as mstances . 61 Th. ·s a question wh.t as

l f l anon> lS 1 f concepts and practical too s o to er · h the French Wars o th xt of researc on li . hardly been broached in e conte , . the sense of refined po n-1 th 'concepts 1n 1 d. Religion. It is nonetheless c ear at l . the negotiations ea mg

calor theolouical theories played hardly anthy roe 10

e not the subject of any o· h , ts' en, wee

to the Peace of Cavour; sue concep • f the peace agreement d · f the cext o 6 d kind of transfer. But we may won er 1 Aft all even if we do not n

itself was diffused outside of Piedmont. er. 1 • was nonetheless, the

. . th r humble sen pt. It • f any complex thoughts .m ~s ra e which must also be see~ ~a part ~e fim regulation ofits kind m a country th text of the Rehgtous Pea 'Romania'. As I have pointed out, however, ·d e f Germany so the Peace of

diffused outs I eo of Augsburg had hardly been c " .th the same rate. Cavour could have met wt

" ~--~-~ichu. 89 (1998), france' ,Arrhiv for ~-·-6--·

Wocship in Sincenth-Ccnrury ' Bernd . m . ccnth cenrury see

1.47-67. . f culcuraltransfers m e s..n cd. und das Reich', in 68 On the concept and sub!cet ;;talcer des Hurnanis~us : V~ Js~ttigtn BaiJJungen

Roeck, 'KultiJlli'WSfcr un nJ urui Jtalitn m ,/mn wtc 1 . md Zwiedein,

Bodo Guduniiller,cd..Dtu~~ . HarfaS.'Owia.,z.ooo), 9-z.~. c: Jahthunden:

wahrtnd tkr ReMissafZCt (W ~ nsg~ichtc und KulrurtranS~r ::m•~ikation uber 'KomrY.>ro.tive Kommunikaoo n~.nckdt am Seispid der chol d und lwien', in .--- Obe I gungen e ·~· ) . Deuts an Methodische r ~· . nskriege (•ss9- 1S?8. tn . kungen von spatial cum die &anzosischen R 'Slifer 8s- •z.o: idem. D•e Au~I "heNeuzeit"' inMichad Schmale, ed., Ku/Jurtr~~e~ aufdas .Epochenkonzer, ru dtr FrUhneu:atfmchung

d Kultuiuansfcrheuns h B·iAnzm unti.Ptrtpe~<~sVtn un l~Aw~wc.' North,ed.,Kuitllre ) .u-67· . oriented cowards foreign (Vienna: Bo~u,z.o;: _;.hether French law-~ald.ng 'l:easchanctlier tt La wi au XVlt

69 On the q~es;~~e ~ys see Anne Ro7t~:;·Poytt tt dt Michtl dt L'Hospitlll examples 10 di4ntomt Duprat t Ul

siiclt daprh (¢Uvrt

-

•+6 CORNEL ZWIEIUEIN

At the same rime that Emanuele Filibeno's negotiations with the Waldensians were in progress, the so-called 'Pourparlers' [negoriati~ns] were being held in Paris. After the Parliament had, on 13 June •s6t, of6ct~y cleared Prince Conde and Vidame de Chartres of any accusation ofhavmg been involved in the conspiracy of Amboise in 1s6o, Catherine de' Medici saw an opporrunicy for another attempt at reconciling the princes of her empire and avoiding an escalation of politico-religious conflicts, hence her decision to gather a large number of important dignitaries of the Crown for discussion. On •s June, the Ambassador of Savoy, Girolamo Della Rovere, reported to Emanuele Filibcno that general opinion held that the Kin~ ~d his mother should appear before the Parliament and ask the question: qwd agendum?' [what should be done?]. The Protestants would request the scare of negotiations for a temporary agreement, an interim, to be established, which meant - just as had happened in the Empire in 1548 - agreeing to maintain the status quo until a final decision concerning the religious question could be taken by an ecclesiastical council. The King's mother had, however, assured Della Rovere that there was no desire for an interim, and chat usuaJly nothing not wished for by the Crown would appear.on the agenda. Unnoticed for the time being, however, the supporters of an interim were at that time exploiting the information, already in circula· cion since as early as May or June, about Emanuele FUiberto's negotiations with the Waldensians, probably with the intemion of pointing ouc chat even a relative of the Crown and the King's aunt were about co concede precisely such an interim in their territories. Interesringly, in Piedmont the Waldensians, in particular between rs6o and 1s61, referred repeatedly to France, where allegedly the King had already granted the Huguenots an interim:o The Waldensians had already aniculaced in the final pan of

(Paris: De Boccard, l.oos). 371-400. Laws on rdigion do not seem co have been influenced by foreign examples.

70 Repeatedly the Waldcnsians referred to this 'interim' in France: sec 'Supplication of the Waldcnsians co Marguerite de France: c. u!t3 April1s61, edited in Pascal, Fonti t tlorumtnti. 108: sec Giovanni Jalla, Storill dtiLt Ri.forma in Pumonu fino alia 1110rtuh Em<tnutft Fililurto IJtJ-rslo (Turin: Claudiana, 1914) (reprint

1981.),

167.

Although the implementation of the inccrim in France was a widespread belief alter

147 . h E ,1'ltJtn Context Tbe PeiUe of Cavour m t t uror th

e1 Filibeno) e .. {or rather to Emanu e •c.:- esser

their fuse letter to Savoia-Raccontgt ld ak out in order to ra.ue c de request that he and the Duke sh~~ ~:nt ainsi comme au Roiaume in les persecutions par tout dans le .te . the whole of Piedmont as th France' [bring to an end the persec~.ti;ns ;e valleys of the Alps, then. e thelcingdom of Frana] (my italicj· . or of reference. Now, it was the CU: events in France had been a crud {omtth emerging peace agreement of the Huguenots in France to re er t~ d; Tournon asked Della Rov:: Piedmont. Puzzled, Cardinal Fr~~~lS s as obviously in this respebccc re

b th negouauon • th . even ero for information a out esc 1 as S June, at lS, . . _ c ed n As ear Y h d Parts news Protestants were better mrorm . £Cavour had reac e , .

d · f the Treaty o , d interun co reports on the con uston o th Duke had grante an as h t that e c Della Rovere had spread at the Frenc cour . mbarrassing roc

•n h · ch was qu1te e those from Angrogna. w 1

• ti· Protestant course. he himself was steering a smct an

d . d for example, by the 6ercdy cruc • d 1 polico . ( March 1s6o ), it was · de Tournon an P .

the Edict of A.mbotse 8 . al f Lorraine co Fran~ISrt/JnA/ Charles de !Arrame Cardinal of Lorraine; sec Cardin ~lished in LtttrtS du Cit The positive (mis·) d'Este, Pomgouin, 1.o June ~~~o, f<;cneva: Oroz, 1998)~·the French sicu.ati00 (rJ2J-IJ74). cd. ~~id·C~ noconlywhcn ~~.d }{Jstoindespmavtwns·~ undcrSCUtding of mccnm cir own current l>.,_' sec at the Coun of Va but also when they referred co th f the Waldcnsian cnvolnys .-:.... on leur fcic prom·

th cccaancnto rd vo c ... ~. . . ff. which relates to c 6 . 'au Ueu de leur acco • cr[' cad of according an mtcnm

-'- rum of the year 1S o. • b messc UlSt . through force ac me d rctourncr " made co promtse = par force & violc:_"cc • e bassadors ], they were b p()SSCVino co FrancescO

co them [the Waldcns7o: massl Sec ahothc;:::,:,:m.l}7 ff. On ar:'al~~ and violence to rerum bcr IS6o, Sc;Wuto, all 'Rome et les prenuen Bachaud, Luscrna. 4 Nove.rr: F-nc;e sec: Abin T: on,C_,...' m Michd Grandj~

•· rim m ·-· Santa ·~-· (. I' (Paris· pcrc:cptions of the mtc ndancc du nonce L'ltirl tie Nantes IJ9 I . d' res la corrc::spo t/4 I' nrolbanct.

de col&anc~ ;p ussel eds. CoexiJit; ns m:~. 1998), )39-Sl ..

;~~:~l'his~oirc du p.roces6r:mnsme •- d Paris JS)unc JS61, repro· . do m.tnll, 10 · 1 Filibcrco .,..ce • P:ucal Fonh t cu E,manuc e

71 • cUa Rovere co . lla Utica See tercer from D . 1 · intemazionali de po

7'1 d d in Appendix :z.. . tc aU' Europa. I nsvo .o L Ia Socitti tk /'Histoire du uc:e M din 'Dal Plemon di Savoia Bu/khn tu

73 Pierpao~~ ~ E~ude Filibcrt} _8

6 (;9

n. :z.s). antiereo . c: Vautfoise'. 177 (1995 • 74 ProusrantimJe

CORNEL ZWIERLEIN

At the Crown's large gathering for the ' Pourparlers' at the Parliament of Paris to address the situation, the cons~il prive [privy council] as well as the Princes du sang [Princes of the Blood] met with several maitres dt requltes [Masters of Requests] and parliamentary councillors co form a

Grand Council ofbecween 132 and 150 people, something which Arlette Jouanna compared to a revival of the medievai'Curia regis:H In his opening address to that united congregation on 18 June, Michel de l'H6pital did not explicitly ask about the granting of an interim. At first, he pointed out in general terms the need for the legislation to be flexible enough to adjust co the changing times." The Edict of Romorantin (May I s6o; only published on 17 July 1560 ), which had withdrawn jurisdiction over religious matters from the secular law courts, had nor been sufficient for solving the prob· lems. This solution had already been interpreted as making things easier fo~ the Huguenots (some judged this positively, others negatively), for in thrs w~y death sencences were nor directly possible. Then, on 2.3 June I561, the EdJ.ct was read to the Parliament in the presence of King Charles IX. Cathenne de' Medici, the King of Navarre, the Princes of the Blood as well as the fore-mentioned councillors who had been selected by Catherine and

74 ArlcttcJouanna, ' Lc temps des gucnesdc rdigion en Fr:ancc (1559

_ ,s9

8): Ill eadem ct al, ~ Hutolrt tt DiaUJntlllirt tks tru-• .1- ,_I· • (P . r _ « 8) "'S ( ) Sc also . . .,-.. ~acrmgwn ans: LaJTOnt, •99 ,r-4-. p88 : c Lucrcn R.omrcr, Cuholiques tt hugumots d Ia cour tk Charks IX (Paris: ~mn, '91

4). '39-S7. 1S3-7 (he asscm char there were 131 plus 6 bcbtcd speakers);

Linda C.L Taber, Royal Poiky and Rtli~ Di.ssmr within tht Parltmtnt of Pans. IJJ9diJdJ (Ann ~r: ABI, •981), •sz.-6 ( rsl.) (she believes there were 'appro.x:i·

ma~ Y •so speakers}; Nan~ L Roclker, ~King. Ont Fairh: 7bt Parlnnmt of Paris andtiJtRtbgwusR~ruofSixtunthCmtury(B kd

8 rl.l U , .

Press, 1996), 1SS ff. (she puts the figure at 110 to cr cyl ): DC -~ ccy nwers~: S l . _1'h . , 140 pcop c ; ems rouzcc . .~J~ agtsst tl t Ma~, tur. Ml(hl'l tk I'Ho$J)ita/, chanal: .1- r ( 8 1 8)

( r U R 1'- • . ttr ac rrall(t Paris: c in, 199 , 480 ro ows oc .. cr s csnmuc). 0. n the 'Pourp••ic • N· I S ch l d 1h H S fi - .rs, sec •co a M. u cr an • e UK~Unot trugglt or Rtcogmt.um (New Haven· YaJ U . . )

S - L H 1 7b 'I'-d . • · c nrvcrs1cy Press, 1980 , 117-9; a,..,.m an cy, t. m t)USI'IC.t ofrht Kinur o~'Fr. C . . al •.J 1 r- d R · ..• 1 dD ( .. - :1 · '11nct: orutztutton lat010gy m -&m , 11,_., an ucourst Pnncccon: Princeton u · · )

S I · 0 b 1 .~_ nrvcrsrry Press 1983 147; y Vlc au ressc, Lt ParJtnunt ac Paris ou Ia voix tk La r. /.$ ,. ' ( ' Dro2, 1oos). 99 ff. '11 on IISJ9- IJ89) Geneva:

7S Sec his 'Opening Discourse' to the enlarged council of parlc .. , . . , - P.'l 8 ( ff.) mcnts, cwtcd rn Petrrs, .._.. 1Wnt, 409- r 411 ..

Tbt Peace of Cavour in the European Cont~t 149

th "th the older, stricter dr d I d toge er w1 numbered over one hun e · t was rea . . point these cwo

. d ( ) Taki gas the1r starong d Edict of Chateaubnan ISS1 • n il ve their addresses an edicts, the individual members of the_,co~~e~ddresses, we know o~y comments between 2.3 June and 11 July. O 1• t against an interun

al f L · who spo~e ou the words of the Cardin o orrame, d . berween the quae· . al iJ an a UOJOn solution but in favour of a nan on counc . aU

77

rclJing denominations. This idea was to _pre;f che address of the Huguenot Although we do not know the wording d Turin allow us to recon·

counterpart, observations Della Rovere repone to argument: at the . d t of the Huguenot .

struct accuratdy one unportant emen f the Peace of Cavour, wntten beginning of July a letter about the text 0 dill marlchal of France and by Guibert de La Platiere, s~ign~ur of Bour .. on,fp· edmont, had reached

. . th French c1nes o 1 li litUtmant general of the King m e bt· 1 read co the Par ament

fo J ·twas pu lC Y d th the French court; be re 10 une 1 1h Huguenots, then, use _e and councillors and was discussed the:e.th .e

1 ding. Moreover, in th1S

f d e 10 etr p ea li Piedmont case as a case o prece enc Adm. a1 Gaspard de Co gny was same repon Della Rovere informs us that . II d in the latter's palace

d 1t was rea also told about the text of the rreacy, an ,. by the supporters of the Huguenot part}'·

.1-- and o. 75· rtiinal of IArraint ana 76 Sec Dau.brcsse. u Pancm~"'' ~s 0 . Evcnrrctt. 1he Ca "dgc· Cambridge 77 For the Cardinal's speech, sec H;:'Zunttr·Rifurmali4n (Cambn :UtQrUm. epis­

tht Council ofTrtnt. A Study m t~~ /ium Truitnnnum. Duzrs4rtPIJd,cdn Freiburg: ) 8s-9T ..... ncr cdin l r 3"' ( ~n •

University Press. 193° • 4 co~!Wn, cd. Hubert J • v;~ und rdi~ Tokranz tularum, ITactatuum tu~ua c context sec: Volker Roeser. . & LJchtcnhahn, •98s). Hcrdcr, 1967 ), 464-n· ~~-in Fran/crctlh (Basel: H~blllg not ro the regulations vor tkm trsttn rhgtnoftCTJ~<~"'6 rdJoious laws in anoqwcy.

Cardinal only refers to .,, 146-76. The . Swirzedand and S~voy. from Girolamo Ddla Rovere in Bohemia, the Ernpud~· hitherto unpublished lcttc:Fr _.. text of this letter, see

78 1b d --''·are relate Ill a . July •s6r. or me b-L( esc etaiU d dated Pans. 'o alces it also very pro ;w c to Emanuele Filibcrto ~ ology of eventS, this letter m th main leader of the

Appendix 3· Given ~e the ~st rime pubUcly appcarlf :_s ~ .. ~e will not speculate . hen ror f th 1i eacy o .._..vo ....

that Colrgny. w a!read in possession o c r • final decision about open adhc:r-Hugucnots. was ~ rcance for the leaders

h _ .. _ tits possible IJllpo ere auvll use.

cncc ro the Protestant ca

•

CORNEL ZWIERLEIN

According to Ddla Rovere, at the end of the negotiations four opin­ions had to be discussed further. These related to:

- a renewal of the Edict of Chateaubriand of ISSI ('il piu rigoroso, et caldo' [the strictest and hottest edict]);

- a renewal of the Edict of Romorantin of 1560 {'piu clemente, e si estende solamente ai predicanti' [a more merciful edict, and it only relates to the preachers]);

- a renewal of the Edict of Fontainebleau of rs6r {'comanda che si uiua pacificamente senza ricercare piu oltre senza !'auto rita del Magistero' [an edict ordering that people live peacefully without making further demands without the magistrate's authority]);7'

- the granting of an interim.

Only four speakers had openly stated their support for the interim. Some of the Princes of the Blood had protested against the making of open declarations in the Parliament. Others (we know that Admiral Coligny was amongst them) demanded that there should be consultation with the other parliaments of the country, the majority of which, as the Protestants were aware, were less clearly in favour of a repression of heretics than was the Parliament of Paris. :rus was a way of proceeding which finally, in January 1561., made the ~assmg of ~e first edict of toleration possible. Initially, however, the votmg proceedings had intended a reduction from four to twO opinions being expressed and then a crucial vote, in the conrse of which a majority of two votes would be sufficient to win. Etienne Pasquier relates how ~is majo~ry was secured by the Catholics, and it was followed by a great murmure [ murmour] prompted by the fact that such an important

79 This w.u the edict bmning the usc of defamatory labels ch 'h • d • . ' h"ch bl Michdd I' su as uguenocs an pap1stcs. w 1 rcscm cs e Ht>pital's tequcsr· 'Osco eli bot"

L • . . • • nsces mocs a •qucs, noms de: pares, ,,.ct•oru cr sedioons: luthcnc:ns huguenocs · ch

, [ • . papastc:s: ne angc:ons lc: nom de chrcscicn lt:t us get rid of thc:sc diabolical words th f

"- . esc names o pares. these: r.~ctioru and seditions: Lutherans, Hugucnocs Papiscs r - ch th

f , , ) (' , , • · o..ct us not angc c name o Chrisoan OISCOurs on the: opening of the Gc:nccal''--

0 1'·-....,.,.tcs at r .,.. ... s. 13

December 1~60, quoted in Pc:tris,La Plwm, 383-40~ (403).

7bt Peace of Cavour in the European Context

. . ao The result of d h a small maJonty. .

decision should be made base on sue ua11 nsidered by histonans the negotiations was the edict ofJuly •>61• us y coch has interpreted it as

. if recent resear to be severely ann-Protestant, even ul • II eral

quite lenient in some of its srip aoons. , 1 s' one of the sev h th d · the Pourpar er • ·vi}

We can, then, establis at unng . l n&ontarion or c1 ch event VlO ent co .

anempts by the French monar Y to pr ---' to the negooa-th p f Cavour was cemr.u

war between 1560 and t561., e eace 0 el me point of reference, . · goraw co

tions and represented e1ther an ann~ym tainl the Huguenots, as su~-depending upon the respective facuon. Cer ~ that the victon·

d . In contrast lt seems nl porters of an interim, referre to lt. f th• treaty by praising o Y

d th · ificance o e th ous Catholics neutralize e stgn . h. 1

. to build a fortress: ey Article IS in which the Prince estabhsh~s ts cdaun porising. claiming that

1 f, di . ulatiOg an tern . d interpreted this as a too or ssun full start re-conquerrng an Emanuele Filiberto might once agai~ successh d been built. n

. . . the rortress a ch 'con· repressmg rehgrous unrest once d of more recent resear ~n Of course, against the backgroun • [: .. rermediary], 1t would

f th • oyenneur "' th · f cordia' (peace] and the role o e ~ cal fer of tolerance, at IS, 0

. 1 f ec•pro uans be a mistake to speak s101p Y 0 a r

. . . Fr. cuuluranJekgutrre J _ t>nUW'O po/tNCII m 'a1'l • Qudinal of

lo Sec: Vittorio De: Caprariis.Propaga~~ e r·-. tifichc: i!2liane. 19~9 ), 8 ~· b (N plc:s· Edizionc: soen d. CuiUt n 764: o~u rc:ssc:.

di religione, i: IJ59-IJJZ a p ·. july 1~61,Lt'ftrt1• e . 'f · c:s sc:c: Romic:r, Lorraine to Nicolas Psawne. ~1} pores on the: proporoon ° vo~

On dinoa,.nt re Le Par/.emenJ, 98 n. 137· that at least Art. Catholilfues. 1 ~7· . (" question,l-79-81) whoc:dpointsfout_.,.;encc:- albc:it

1 Turchc:ro vne f frc: om o co ...... 81 See, for cxamp ~ ct of IS61 includes the: ~ring :t this is cradJtionally emphas~

8 of the: July Edi "vatc: religious practice- b en of the Edict of AroboJSC only with regard to pn Edict of ·~61 and th

__ ,_...: f the: January , as the: particuuuty 0 h ·vc:d Dell~ Rovc:re s

ell ry w o recc1 of •s63. of the: Savoy Chane o on the: vc:rso distilling what to

8l. So it is that the: sc:ccetUY pracdcc:, noted keywords lena J·n consigUo c:t fu d. was common d Uc: ualli c:ra srata ·• [th leuc:c an as rds 'La capiculationc: c: . c:ce dapoi gl'bererio c:

td1 the: Duke. rcco : dl farelc: fortlf6carioni pc:r rc:pnmc:d a fine: way of creating bel crattO C u and was no~ as .

notato pc:r un valleys was read in oun~ ) (AS'! Coree. Lc:ttere ministrl Franoa, surrendc:t of the: thc:rc:afi:c:r the heretics ' fortifications to repress ro. 1, n. 17°).

'Sl· CORNEL ZWIERLEIN

a transfer both of the idea of tolerance to Savoy via L'Hopital and of the practice of tolerance co Paris via the Cavour cen." If this were the case, we could use the character of L'Hopital in a classically argumentative way as a cipher for an allegedly modem concept of 'tolerance: Then, if we could dececc a link between his person and a particular situation, chat would dearly indicate an epochal shift co modern 'tolerance' ac that specific place and time. But in this respect, Leder, contradicting the hagiography of the nineteenth century, has already pointed ouc that the semantics of toler­ance- in the sense of two religions having coexisted on an equal footing in France - could noc be inferred from L'Hopital's texts prior co rs61.. In xs6x, it seems as if L'H6pical was nonetheless aiming ac moderation and a consensus of the parries in the sense of an all-inclusive formula and solution ('co~cordia'). Poissy had indicated that chis was not possible.•• Pecris, in his prectse and thorough analysis of L'Hopital's thought, was adamant chat not even the January Edict or the 'speech of toleration' of 7 January 1561. could be understood as an expression of a revolutionary change of mind on the part of the C hanceUor who, from then on, considered hi-denomination a reason~ble _and durable solution, indeed his new programme. Rather, bi­denommaoon was a temporary solution in the true sense of the cerm, chat is, an accommodation through necessicy.u

The necessity of such an emergency solution derived from rhe Ciceronian legal doctrine which was supponed by L'Hopita1 and probably also by the three councillors of the Crown, the Speaker of the Parliament,

83 On this sec De: Simone:, Trt IVInJ dtrisiv~, 1.07 and n. +6: the: argument is devc:lopc:d tn Raffac:lc: De: Sunonc:, 'La r»cc:di Cavourc: I'Edi~o "diS G 11. ·~

r- -. 1 an c:rmano nc:ua ston. dc:l.b coUc:ranza rcugiosa· .• Bulk tin tk Ia Sodlu d'Histo1·.~ , •. J. · ( 6 ) 0 ,. Yauaout, 110 19 r , JS-S ·

84 Sc:c: jose: ph Leder, Gtsduchtt tkr Rtllgions.frtiheit 1m Zmalttr dtr Rifonnmion. 2

vols (Stuttgart. : Schwabcnvc:rlag, •96s). 64. 6- 91.· Pc:tris r . P'' XX

6 • ' • • <.a lUmt, , 43- , J0-4-7• Bs OnthtsseePc:ms,.L.aP/umt,XX,+J-6,Jo4--·forasimiJ' •• · f . R be . , . , . . • - pomc o VJew, see o rt

Dc:scunon, P~ncaoon, tn .Michd de L'H6pir.al, Discours pour Ia majoritl tk Charks IX tt trois a11trtJ disco11rs, c:d. Robert Dc:scimon (Paris· ' -pnn' 'ri . _, )

. · uo lo; c: naoon;uc:, 1993 , 7-39 (25). Sc:e also DentS Crouzcc, .U Haut C<eur dl Cath-" d >.ro • . (P · . . . • .. nt e JYuatru arts: Albm M•chc:l.l.oos}, l.OJ-394: Crouz.ec, lllstc:ad ofc:mbracingth di 1 1 , e conco~ a co er-ancc: argument, scrcssc:s the: Qucc:ns concept of nc:cc:ssirv as well .1. • · - · ' d 1 , , r . f } •t as UIC: Sptr.ue C: a n~cesm~ sptral o necessity which emerged up until 1571. (

213_

39).

IS3 1bt PtJUe of CAvour in the Europt:an Con ta t

illors Paul de Foix and Arnaud de Christophe de Harlay, and the counc ·vUI ust serve the uti./itaS,

din thi d · e, the c1 aws m FerrieL" Accor g co s occrm ch brought about over

d be d ' ced to anges the common good, an must a JUS ·dered the supreme . f . vil peace was cons I

cime.17 Moreover, the protecoon o Cl . the concept of the . ell . was U'relevant co

object. Just as the Chrisuan r ~~n uld also be possible without citizen, according to L'H opital civil peace wtho ency solution of the

ch . vil nt!ace e em erg religious unity. To ensure su act r -- ' was always meant as

1 •• Th edict however, January Edict was put in p ace. ac . G' al Synod was held or any

I . ( neil a ener . f a provisional, temporary so uuon u . . l c the point of vteW o d) ., Similar y, rrom th

other consensual solution emerge · . . ·ally nothing other an f c urwastnltl

Emanuele Filiberto, the Peace o avo f ncy although contrary dd te o emerge , a temporary measure to a ress a sta . f the text does not

Duk he final veCSlon o to an initial demand by the e t 90 In July 1s6t, however, . . . 1' inary status. . • mclude a clause assertmg tcs pre Im ( ailed the 'Interun party

. . b . the Huguenots c . d d this text had made tt o vtous to b' d om.inatton as ecree . th C wn) that I- en . 1h

during the negotiations wtth e ro 'bl an emergency soluuo~ - us, by the January Edict of xs61. was possi e as th Piedmont situaoon and

. France to e . ' 0 there was definitely a reference 10 , fe f tolerance soluuons. n

m a trans r 0 f the in this sense also what we may tee d th the existence of the text o the other hand, it could be argue at

• I French .Advocates of sec: Malcolm C. Srruth. Eat Y _

1• AJ.a.in Tallon,

86 On the vision of those men h Ctntury]oumal.l.S (1994),19; ~·(Paris· Presses Rc:li . Frc:c:dom' 1be Si.xUtnt . Franct AU XVle Sl ' •

SJOUS ' mtnl r<t/itJtUJC tn Conscimct TUttion4k et stnh 6 . ..-wrive

. . . d France. 1ool.), JO}- . . fad'usongl.lws rosutt the ·-r---Uruversu::urc:s e f the nc:cc:ssny o l

Cro · · rs' concept 0 l 18 87 On the: wn JUOS . Lt Chanctztr,l.ll- · nt d'kiAJrcisStmmt tJ . . R ussdet-Punonc. dt Contil sm•a .

Sttuaoon sec: 0 Edict sc:e.MtmozrtJ u· ) ill 8-ls: FranciS 88 For the: text of the janl)2r}' 6 vol.s (London: Ro Ill. 1743 du Proust4ntismt

dt twtuvt:S a J'histoirt dt .M. de 1h'oBu .. l.ierin de Ia Soctltl tk l'HutoJTt r J vt'-rts6:t., u n , · Hi 'L'&lit de an ~ ch . Unt xJltlfiOn. S h. groan, ( 8) 697-7os; Tut em. uc:stofFran~oisdeToumon. c:c: u

Franpzis. 144 199 h•ad been included at the r~q( . . Champion, 1946), no. 7S3·

89 The rdevant clause d2 ed. Michd Fran~ols pam. h uld obtain until a General C .. moru:lance JJ21-IJ • 's preliminary statuS s o d Filibc:rto ro

orr-r ul ed that the ttc:aty fro B' lla by Emanu e 90 Thedc:mandstip at d 6 Aprilts61 sene m •c: o

S od Sec: the letter date. .:t. roduced in pascal, Fonll e documtnh, u . F~p~ di Savoia-Raccontgs. rep

CORNEL ZWIERLEIN

Cavour peace agreement may have promoted warmongering, as now the Procescanc side, by referring to Savoy and the Empire, could poinc co at least two cases when only after aces of war the desired concessions had been granted. Savoy-Piedmont was even more suitable for a comparison, for both there as in France the constitutional starus of the fighting resistance party was not as independent of its monarch as the Protestant imperial estates were of the Emperor.

The Interim as a Point of&ference in Savoy and France, IJOT-JJ02

This ~loser look at the relations between Savoy and France has revealed that, m respect of religious peace agreements becween 1560 and 1562., in both countries it was specifically the Protestant minorities that demanded an in~er~m. I no~ed char the word 'interim' repeatedly appeared during negooaoons and m lercers.ln another notable example, the Spanish ambas­sador, ~h:mconnay, reacced co L'Hopiral's famous speech on col era cion by com~lammg co Catherine de' Medici thac obviously the Chancellor was leanmg cowards wanting co 'mercre dans le royaume une forme d'incerim ec lais~er vivre roue le moo de a sa discretion' [establish a sort of interim in the Kingdom ~d co let everyone live as they wished]." At first sigh c. it would seem obvtous that for aU chose allusions co an 'interim' the Augsburg Interim of Emperor Charles of 1548 was che point of reference, so char once more we must acknowleda;e a efe · c ·

. . o l' renee co preVIous rore1gn arcempcs ac 6ndt~g a soluoon co the religious problem. Ic is noc, however, at aU dear how thts reference co the German way of solv· th li · fl' h uld b d d mg e re g10us con JCCS s o e un erscoo .

Some years ago, Gerald Chaix disringws· hed cwo h fi th d . . . p ases or e a op-non of the Idea of an mterim and for reference to th · 'al · · b

e unpen mtenm y French actors: a first phase of adoption and reacc1·0 n m· d 8 ·th

• 91 aroun 154 w1 a second one m the rs6os. Between 1548 and r549 b th R b C

• o o ert eneau

Perris, La PltuM, 433·

G~rald Ch:Ux, 'Die Rcsonanz auf das Interim in Frankreich 8 8

• . L · . . 1H - 159 . 1n wsc

Schom·Schuttc, cd.., Das Intmm rullso. Htrrschafislm.st und Guubm.slumjlJtt (Gutcrsloh: Gutcrslohcr Vcrlagshaus, l.oos). 67-75.

1be Puc( of Cavour in the European ConttXI

d J Calvin 1heodol'C and Nicolas Le Grand on the Catholic side, an ~d had c~ndernned

llin the Protestant Sl e f de She and Heinrich Bu ger on fr the point of view o

. el diffi ent reasons: om the interim for respecov Y ~r . db the Emperor, was unac-both orthodoxies, this compromtse, sopulate Y_th th highly polemical

. . . . accordance W1 e d cepcable." This reacoon rs qu1te 10 . c:lfbecween 1548 an

f th . · in Germany 1ts ...1 criticism by Protestants o e mrenm . A ainst this backgrounu,

. . . istance to tt. g both ISSO and therr someumes acove C:S . hin that ten years later . at first sight it might appear qmte aston IS ] osc obviously Coligny, Waldensians and Huguenots themselves, an . m_ becween 1s6o and

. th ce negouaoons demanded an interim dunng e pea . P , by Catholic observers.

kn the 'lntertm arty e1 h IS6t and even became own as nst· der more clos Y ow cl when we co d Be The reason for this becomes ear C . 1 Calvin and e ze

1 d · France ertam Y h . respective positions deve ope 10 · theologoumenia as orn-viewed chis mixing of Catholic and P~otes~n~ was chosen by the care-

fying ('detescabllis farrago').The inter; ~~;:t;:Ueurs' in 1560 and IS62.. fully emerging centre party of the so-c e d oand systematized Erasmus's This political suand, which further develope f mutual concessions and

th . f agreement o idea of asygkatabasis, at IS, o an

mJo in Christo ostu!At4 tie /ntmm authort rtvn' rt. t~rtlint 6'

'} See Roben Ceneau,Antu/otum ad p . 'JXI.AbrrncaJ(TISi, theofqgo Joaq) LeGrand's Patrt D. Robtrto, divin4 c/mWJIUI tpJSCO 8· also J>ari$: eavdl:tt 1549 . -•--.

Bonhomme. 1S4 • • ,_, fols .. p.-F. aJ.>V m Migint Parisimsi {Lyons: Uca Vatican:a. Mr~.UU· l9l 1• k Concik dt ten is found in the Bibliorcca ApoStO d in Alain Tallon, LA France tt d 6 4 as

6· it is quote ) 1.o9-14 an Sl.-Ottob.iat. 46o, fols 17s-9 • ,.__,..,;~de Rome, 1997 • . scripturam ) (R me· Ecole tn>•,-~ d observanoasupcr

Trmtt (rsrl-rs6J .0 · disordinisMinorum e ·Cuiadi.cct2CSt,Vera

'semen cia R.P. Nicola~ de~. 'l.nterim adultcro Genn[anumj• in Johannil Qz/vini quam Interim vocant: s~ ~::Sjac reforroancbe radOed..ISJ49hann· WUhdro Bawn.

c:ificanorus er ec .r, ttiT'IIm) o Christianac pa . (- Corpus rtjOmul ' New York: Johnson.

nromnur - ·ck 1868: rcpr. Optra quae s':f'm~uard Reuss. vol. }S (Bruns; ~afl{isej/Jaltiumi£cebolii ApostAtat Eduard Cururz. also deB~. RtsponM . • l' fuit in Gcrmani:a detesta-196;), coL S4S-674; sec . s6s. first edition 156}). 49· 0 ~ Germany that hateful

.. (G va· Crespm• 1 ' • [ ce there was m 7 convuur ene . TERIM vocantur on . chctd, Concordia o rolkranza. bills ilia farrago~ rim] (quoted after Ma~o(M.UTur . F Arlgeli 1984). ;os n. S9)·

~ ~ 11cd the mte ••-r nneun an· · ' d mixture ow . (I 3o-TJ7J) t i '"oyt Maisscn, • Die Eidgenossen ~ Franrois JJau~um. ·:Urn of the interim sec Thorn~ chren Heinrich Bullingcrs,m For Bullinger s c;;.:rirn. Zu eincm unbckanntcn uta das Augsb~ Das Jnttrim• 16- 104 (89). Schor:n·Schutte.

CORNEL ZWJERLEIN

compromises between the opposing denominational parties, had been rep· resented earlier in Germany by people such as Georg Wiczd, Julius Pflug (who had contributed to working out the Augsburg interim).'~ Christo~h von Stadion, Johann Gropper, Friedrich Nausea, Georg Cassander, and m France by Claude d'Espence and Fran'rois Baudoin. .

The terms 'moyenner/moyenneur/mediateur' appear for the firs~ ~e in Calvin's writings against the Augsburg Interim of IS49·u This posmon, aiming at religious unity and 'concordia' and, indeed, not at tolerance, was predominant to varying degrees during the French negotiations up until 1562., both among the representatives of the Crown and among the pro-compromise represencatives of both denominational parties. Only the January Edict went beyond the scope of the concordia concept. 96 Also the Calvinist side incerpreted this solution in relation to the preliminary nature of the Peace of Cavour mentioned previously. In 1563, de Beze in particular supported the view that, despite the radical changes in religious matters taking shape at the time, an immediate reversal of policy to adopt a completely liberal position towards Waldensians and Huguenots could not be expected: complete Reformation would take some time. Accordingly. it would be necessary to accept peace agreements with the Catholics (and so 'tolerari ad tempus' - tolerate temporariJy) as this would at least provide the best social preconditions for the free development of the Gospel; in the course of time, chis would result in the completion of 'religion is mucario'

~• On the effectiveness both of the repr~ntarives of the imperial cities as wdl as of the medlating theologians when attempting the interim solution in 1548, see Albrecht Pius Luccenberger. Glaubmsrinhrir unJ R~ichsfotde. Konuptumm und Wtgt lconfmionsnrutrakr Rtichspolitik (mo-rss2) (KMrpfalz.]iJich, KMrbrandmburg) (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1981.), 93-116; on the Erasmian foundation of that political practice see ibid. 41.s-so1. Sec also Turchetti, Cmcordu, 31~.

~S Turchetti. Con(ordia, 333·

~6 In Michel de l'H~pitals F.unous speech of 3 or 7 January 1561., given at the opening of the assembly of parlian1en[af)' councillors and members of the consei/ privt who were to pass the January Edict, the political sphere is explicidy separated from the religious sphere; see also Crouur, La Sagessc, 4~8. so3.

IS7 . h E •1> an Conux t 1M PtllctoJCavour m t t uror~ d

tha discussion referee to . . ] , M oncributors to t al' and they [a change in religion · any c d

1 ed reliuious p1ur lty . .

f . . ho ha to erat o· fe an mtenm the emperors o anoqwty w al ost all authors re r to . . de cited their edicts." In this context. m 1 " however, in his wnongsch

amp e· all din to e in Germany as a contemporary ex • seem to be u g Dl.... (a! 'th Jean de Monluc) does not P of Augsburg of ISSS uc-t.c: ong WI Reli ious eace Augsburg Interim of 1548 but to the g

. T wchcrti, Concordia. tb [j ApostAJU, quoted JJ1 I for the

97 DcBeu.&sponsioaJ.Fr. Baiduini.~ lo ~ad tempus' attirude: an apo ogypporter of li cases of this to e ) b :Ulonymous su 418-l.s. We see ear er . 6 (after August y an . f, r "ust half a year

Edict of Amboise published JJ1 J ~ ns of the edict will obtalll ~~arly Konrad civil tolerance predicts the stip aoo1i chetd Unt question. '-10' th eg~tiations

od es· see ur ' ise at en until a General Syn conven • li _ ~using any com prom of the protest f th Catha cs r~· th ·gina tor

Braun, the leader o ose f Augsburg of JSSS :Uld e ondl have been able co on the Religious Peace Treaty~ Waldburg, would undoubte ~t the Treaty would by Cardinal Otto Trochsess o •. however, as he saw . B bara Rossner,

f • 1 · ad cern pus • Mana ar accept a principle o to eran fused any compromise; se~n1- Kontrovmtheo/.ogt become a final solution, be rc . lcatholischer jurist, Po , ~ dorff. ~~~;). 2.78· IvmraJ Braun (ca. I49J-IJ~3)-: em, Zti.talter(Miinster: d e:""re the January

.~ · lconjtssUJrUutn hich hdpe P r-- • U und J(jrchenr.JlJ171W" un F . 's expert report w all 'Diplomate ct po :

98 Sec for example Arnaud du :~gtsst. 476 f£; Alain~ D~~chel de L'HIIfJJ_i~" Edict; on t:hi.s, see Crouz.c:~. . wancgffden, e • . presses Unrvemcaues tiquc·: Arnaud du Ferrier • JJl ~::;Ice .zux lgbsts ( ?renobkPnnces ct Seiglleurs du I'" 'it th Nantes PolitJque d rtligUJ th 'E.xhorraoon aux 1 semblent nous r.a. . See also e . ( culcement (6

de Grenoble. 2.002.), ;oS-}2.. b . aux seditions qut oc th Condi. ii. 613-36 1.4 Conseil Priv~ du Roy poW:~ "!{reproduced JJl MbTUJirts

1 8_6

1 (Crouz.et cries co

menaccr pour le f.Uct de rdig~on . De Caprarus,/.Atu. s also Jean de Monluc. rt/J4 4'-} n. 71· 7-ss); see assim

ff.); Turchetti, Conco • Be . see La S.zgost. ~4 Leber. Js6z.). 17 et p . attribute this work to de fo:mes ( ... ) (Paris: Pterte the 'Discours des moyens qu: Apo/ogie conJTe certaines Co . ned in n. ~8. see also ubles qui sont a presen Ap from those authors menno u.s pour pacifier les uo de Condi, iv. J-;8 (9): ~~ an Co d~ a ten • . Mbn41rts ed · Monsieur le P~~e ;:to:.. 156,_), reprod~::::; cssa~ par to~ moy;;· de r e:: en ce Royaume (Charles cinqui~me. ap uva meilleur c:x~dienc qu ~rs::bloit 'Lefeu Empereur 'il ccnoit, ne uo "tdesoncost~&qu "ed l~cmagne ala Religion qui foree &; !'advantage estOI Charles v. after having tn

!'Interim (Iars mesm; qu:/la Loy)' l the late ~;r:~e observed, found no be; ~m~~r;~g ~:;.~e~~~!~~~~~~~~~~~:~n~:~::>l -

f~eaUngwith th p hi$ side and Jt se way o <> were all on and the advancage

CORNEL Z'IVIERLEIN

itsel£.100

Similarly, an 'Advis' of 1561 had also referred to the Religious Peace of Augsburg, albeit inaccurately and in very general terms so suggesting an inexact knowledge of the ten. 101

Thus, in 1548 and 1549 and then again between rs6o and 1561, in che various references to ancient and contemporary foreign solutions co rdi· gious conflicts - in Germany, Switzerland, Savoy, and France- che con· cepe of a 'double interim' emerges. Ic is a concept which is then explicitly worked ouc in 1567 by Pierre Virec in his work' L'lnterim fair par dialogues' dedicated co Coligny. In the first chapter, entitled 'Les Moyenneurs: the concept of the interim as a compromise in the form of the Augsburg Interim of 1548 is condemned as being 'monstreux' and 'contraire a Ia parole de Dieu' [moncruous and contrary co the word of God).102 However, in che third chapter, as a 'seconde forme d'Incerim' [second form ofincerim] such cre~ties and laws are mentioned more positively as they give both parties the1r freedom of conscience and stipulate that there shall be no mutual persecution (no) .. ~f course, even this may appear as a tyrannical instru· mentum regnandt [mstrurnem of rulership) if these edicts are, in fact, passed co main cain a splic just because such division makes ic easier for a Prince to rule. If. however, the 'gens de bien ec les hommes modesces [ ... ]

100 5« Monluc's a~logy for the January Edict (sc~ supra, n. 98). On th~ oth~r hand, the author of the Exhortation aux Princes er Scigncurs du Conscil Priv~ du Roy' {sec supra,~·. 98) docs allude ro the inrcrim of •s+8; he int~rprccs it as a ruse by the 'fin ~ [lllteU•gcmfo.x].,ChadesV, who in th.iswaycauscd the croubles in Germany.

101 ~dVIS donn~ au Roy en I ~ble~ tcnuc en fa Cour de Parlcmenr a Paris, sur le f.Ucr d~ Ia RdlgJOn,le Vlllgt·tfOISICSJn~ jour de Juin, AtD.LXI: in Mbnotres tk umdi. •v, 409-1.3 (+•6). ~document claims that, given the difficult religious siruation

Thill G~~Y: the adVlccfof the ancient philosopher Thcmistios had been followed:

enusaos, Ill support o tolerance and freedom of eli · had d · ril th God wanes to be glorified through ~era) diffe~t !'11<>;:· Hargue pnThma ~ . at

C . . ( . ·~ .,.ons. owcver, em1soos was nor a hrisr1an as claimed by the 'Adns') but a ru...... d Ch · · ors. The original G~ek re.xr of the famous fifth srv-ech,.-· -~drer . nsoan e.mpc( r·

I d h ) b r- .nor,... essmgAmonmc as it is c .aim~ e~ ur lovian, was published as late as 6 b H Es . . . •s 1. y enri oenne: sec 11mmstlt Or,monts, quae lllpn"Sunt, ed. H. Schenld G Do A F N •­{Lc' 1 To b ) · ' · wney, . . ormn, 3 vou

P• 1pzyg: euL'ner, •96fis-.•97+ d• :~~:~~•: Zwiedcin,Ducorso und LlX D~ti, 38?-9·

101 1erre i~r. 'Intmm ,m par ~---· cd. Guy Mermicr (N y, k p 8 ) 6 ( ) <:w or : cter Lang. 19 s • 17- s 13 .

IS9 7be Peace of Cavour in tht European Context

. Ia liberte des d di de pacificaoon pour ]

[dcmandcnt] quelque interim et es e cs rrh d modest men [ ... l __ t: · • [the wo y an

consciences et l'exercice de a rcugJon , c. . . favour of freedom d c di fpacwcaoon lfl li !ask] for some interim an 10r e cts 0 . · a reliuious sp c

f li · ] th' is not to mamtalfl o- . of belief and exercise o re giOn • 15 fails in a first attempt ('du prcnu~r hutto avoid bloodshed ( 12.9 ff.). If one d . n purifyin' g the reli·

• ·-L d~es~m"~l E~ coup) to correct all miStaA.es an , . , . th better solution. a

gion, then such a 'seconde fo~me d lnr~~ ':nd eif God confers wisdom individual lives according co hu own r~t~';ei. f. ne after the other they upon chose still clinging to their hereoc. 'eln, ~is way, the conscience ill th l . ' th th true behevers. ue w , none e ess, un1te WI e c l lt' uion ne peuvent es

·al • luoy et are ~r d . th will not be forced. This is esseno : car b c d] as only Go IS e d 1. . cannot e rorce • ill n1

forcees' [because faith an re tg,on c . the conscience w o Y ts at rorctng master of conscience. Any attemp

d . w f result in simulation and Nico emtsm. al d temporizing concept 0

· ularly tempor an thi ept We see here, then, a paruc fd minations; scone . · · stence o eno nfl ·on the interim, aiming at the CIVIC coext d be ewe en, and co au

f . · as a concor is distinct from that o an tntenm

of, religious diversities. wh the cerm 'interim' is employed~~; We might wonder, however, Y f p ace of Augsburg, as a m

Why not speak of a Pax Augustana, 0 a eed : .. uiving examples of func-. ul }y interest u• o· } tion tO

Even if Huguenots are paroc . ar mitting coexistence as a so ~ ch th tioning principles and regulaoo~s ~~r only the interim of rs48 w~ ,~ che French religious conflicts, w y ts lfet the peace agreement o •sss.

.gh ually re r co mention when they nu t eq

. emperors of f th rsecutlllg . the &wdess effortS o ~ rth and fifth books. in

103 Ibid. IJ+ ff. After presentlll.g t laws on rdig:aon an. hiS du humbleness- However, . . ell as the anoen . odcraaon an edi fo anoqwty as w Vi.ret adviSeS m b ch intertm ccs; r

the concluding sixth chapter ch freedom brought a~~t .Y su(ibid.l.68 ff.). Like~ ..,.inst tOO mu · f An....,.posm d 1

he also warns a.,-- eofthefreepracoseo forrolerancc can enen on y example one had co~ f conscience and scope S&a.stien Castelli on, for Bez.e, Viict believes fre o~ ~athoHc:um: in contrast to cs are excluded. On this. to one's own orth~oxy :atioriS and religious movemen

example, aU other ~~ 4l.S· Monsieur le Prince de Conde see T urchecti. (;qnciJr~--· us • OiseoutS des moyens que )

J the r.o.u•O rari (see above n. 99 · 104 See, for e.xamp e, Conde or hiJ sccre es

a cenus .. .' ( •s61.), by

•

160 CORNEL ZWIERl.EIN

In order co c:xplain why the concept of the interim becomes independ­ent of its original German context to such a degree, it is helpful co recall the means by which the tats of the treaties were diffused. The Augsburg Interim of 154-8 had been printed in eleven German editions and in ac least eleven different Larin editions.10s The reason for this was probably that, right from the beginning (as indicated already by its tide), it had been internationally, at a European level at lease, referred co as the continua· cion of the Tridenrine Council. In this way, both Catholic and Calvinist theologians could easily refer co this 'scriptum: 106 Thus, in the sixteenth century this debated interim, which finally ended in failure, became one of the most well-known interims in Europe, if not the most commonly cited example of a national attempt at finding a temporary solution co the religious conflict until a General Council was held.107 As I have indicated, however, the text of the Peace of Augsburg of ,555 was hardly disseminated and known about in the Romanic world. Consequently, at first the older con~ept of the interim prevailed, and then the work on its reinterpretation was md~pendently continued. Increasingly, from 154s onwards, the cerm became mdependent ~f the original text. It was generalized and became one of those codes which enabled one to speak and reason about religious

lOS For the German editions, sec YD16 0937.o940 (Augsburg: Ullurt): o94

,.D9+3 (Franlcfurt!O: Wolrab); 09++-09+7 (Maim: Schoffer). For the Latin editions, sec 0948 (n.p.); 0949 (Augsburg: Ulhan:): 09so (Frankfuct/0: Wolrab): 09sr and 09s.~ (Cologne: Gcnncp): 09s3 (Maim: Schoffer); o955 and o

956 (

1549, Mainz:

Sch~f~r); ~~ +~S3 (C~~ogne: Qucmel); ZV r6394 (n.p.). The Latin edicion of Calvmsana-an~:enmwnangofrs+8apN"> .... asan dix f-L. _.J: . .--- appcn co one o <nC rcn ew· aons (VDr6 09s4. n.p.).

106 This media-rdarcd difference between the Rdi<riow P-~ fA b h d · d . . . .,. ~-co ugs urg,a an wnrren

ocumcnc gJven we1ghr by the Sl""•tories' seals and.... · d f.... · · . . ..-- • we pnntc tc:xr o <nC mtenrn

of 1548 was weU vmblc at the exhibition at the Maxim'li M · A b bo • an uscum m ugs urg

1oos as ch irems were exhibited nc:xr to each ocher Sec ch __ , b ,.._ -1 A 1."1' Is · c ca....,oguc y .....,. • .

Horrmann era!., cds,.A Fritdm miiglich war. 450 }ahre.Au-1· R l' · ,I:.J J 1 • d · '¥-"'urgn- t tgtOnJ;utatn,

lkg e•.tban zur AussteUung im Maximilian.muscum Augsburg (Re ensb : SchncU & Stcaner, 1oos). ,.s, 316-9 (Cat. no.II.3 u. II.s). g urg

107 Thisbccomesclcarwhenwccomparechenumbctofcditionsof·L r • d di me rore-menuonc peace c crs.

1be Ptact of Cavour in the Europtan Conttxt

Reli ·ous ch mext one referred to the gi

peace agreements. If in the Fren co all d th 'Interim', and in most · · st c e e if Peace of Augsburg, it was someumes JU . d quite inexactly, as

. th nili as mterprete cases this way of soiVIllg e co ct w . al luralirv like the January

f l · 6 r mtern P .,, hard! the Peace were an edict o to eraoon ° poraries were Y di N German concern . Edict and its successive e ctS. on- ali fundamental to 'cui us regiO,

aware of the principle of outward plur ry · 1· · •lot • gan inter-

CIUs re lgiO. ditions goverrun We see then that the media-related precon . religious conflicts

. f . s solutions to . . national mutual referencmg o previOU d ess of the situaoon m

din an awaren ·a1 reflected the limited underscan g d' . ns shaping the maten · d d these con ltlO f this neighbouring countnes. In ee • . · n part the cause o

. esnon were 1 f r-distribution of the documents 10 qu ·n the course o neve · however, 1 b d limited knowledge. At the same tune, . ss the media or ers,

'al unicanons aero of thdess permanent referentt comm d f exes at least in the context f combined with often inexact knowle Gge o t Ia, a continuous process o

· and mnan. • the exchange between Romama

productive reinterpretation ensued. th following conclusions regard-In light of this analysis, we may ~w th: European context·

ing the status of the Peace of Cavour Ill between the contemporaryd . ge discrepancy ements an

Firstly, there IS a scran s of religious peace agee . recisely diffu · · · t form of the text U ·ve memory. It IS P ston m prm c the co eco ...

. ificance ror edicts and their current stgn

.L fthe remarkable a:u...r aumor o informed JuriSt)can .,..~>"" • d che de Bourgoignc

to8 This is thec:aseof thcveryw~- ut- des crois csurs defson6 ]u( ]'(reproduced in R des ucp - bo' o IS 3 ...

'Remonstrances au 0~ (' the Ediet of Arn lSC . that throughout history

sur !'edict de La pacifica non I.e. ) In that text he expWnsh- .J ·ed ro eliminate all . J< • s6-+ll. . el' ·ons. :w Ul J

Mbnoires tk Co~'~~"· IV, 3 gthen their own r •&1 uld serve as an cx:amp c

. . d r to strCJl G--an rulers co frd' . . monarchies,~ o.r ~ tin seers] and that "'".' . a cral freedom o .. 1gl0~· 'Sccres contralfCS [ disscn ma: of a behaviour pcrmlttlllg. ~ change de RdigJon, Us of this behaviour ra~cr nt abandonne l'Eglise Rom;;;dlgion, qu'U leur a scmblC. 'd'auranr que quand Us o'li rres cd cxcrdcc pub/liqu;[all the more so given that when

ande en leurs e J arrku 1m d d · their one comm , 11 /'Opinion aes P d digion, they o~ ere m sans mqutrirqutl'::t~hurch of Rome and chang~ r without first enquiring what they abandonned e . f the rdigion they saw t,

bli ractiC.e 0 Lands the pu d c] r 7+• our ir~es). anyone wance 3

CORNEL ZWIERLEIN

chose texts which are most celebrated today, notably the Religious Peace of Augsburg of 1555, the Peace of Cavour of 1561, the French Edict of January 1562. as well as the Edict of Nantes of 1598-1599, which were surprisingly little known to contemporaries. Secular peace treatises, on the ocher hand, such as the Peace ofVervins of 1598 and also the Augsburg Interim of 1548, as well as the majority of those edicts of religion and pacification dating from the period of the French Wars of Religion of 1563, 1570, 1573. 1580, 1585, 159 I, were circulating in large numbers as translated editions notably in the German-speaking countries, yet today they are just known co specialists.

Secondly, on closer inspection, when, as I have done here for the years 156o-ts62., we analyse several closely connected contexts of religious conflicts and peace agreements, invaluable new insights emerge. With regard c_o starting points and debates, clearly there was frequent reference to ~rev10us solutions in neighbouring countries. The unifying starting pomc for Emanuele Filiberco's violent religious policy in Savoy may well h;ve been -~e idea of implementing the principle of 'outward pluraliry' o the Rehg1ous Peace of Augsburg of I5SS· The subsequent negotiated s~lution of t?e P~ace _of Cavour, on the ocher hand, is a completely new kind of so~un~n, msp1r~d by the ideas of'intemal plurality' characteristic of humanm VIews on ctvic tolerance advocated by the former Chancellor of the Duchess of Savoy, Michel de L'Hopital. As I have demonstrated, in ~56 1 the Huguenots in Paris referred to the Peace of Cavour when attempt­mg to find a peaceful solution co religious conflict before the outbreak of the First War of Religion. The respective conflicts of the Savoyard and Huguenot do indeed become connected in a mutually beneficial way: the Huguenots, the stronger p:~rnr help -Le·Lr small · the . - -,. u1 er counterpart m moun cams, and the French find an equally benefi ·al 1 · · 1 d · d b ch • mall c1 so utton previous y ev1se y e s er partner:

Thirdly, in the context I have J. usc evoked bo-L .L W:'-'d · · • u1 me a~ ens1ans tn Savoy and the French Huguenots called the solutio .L d d d •· · • ch . di . ns mey eman e an mtenm, us agam allu ng to prCVIous events in-LeE · A ch . . m mp1re. c e same

time, however, It has been demonstrated that this wa f r · . . . . Yo rerernng to an mtertm became mcreasmgly independent of the Aug b f 8

. • , s urg text o 154 wh1ch had been called a monstrum and a work of'moye • Th · ·

. . nncurs. eongl-nal antenm text of 1548 was well-known because, in concras .L f

t tO u1e text 0

1bt Pua of Cavour in tht Europtan Conttxt

·chad been widely distributed in the Relivious Peace of Augsburg of 1 SSS· 1 __ 1 the Augsburg text

o· . l In a gener.u sense, . printed form in the Laun angu_age. . . th inion of all the parues si~•l:ed an edict of civic toleraoon which:~~ ale opd mpor.:orv solution.

&""' nl OVISIOO an te ·-1

which favoured it, was always 0 Y a pr l . ·usc as later the January . il such so uoon, J

The Peace of Cavour was a stm a~ . . France, would be. . Edict of xs62., as well as its successxve edicts m eli . us problems and theu

Finally between 1548 and xs6:z., when these r ~oally for the first time. • . all d internaoon gh

solutions were negotiated naoon Y an did not occur throu a the communication of religious peace agreem;:~ a chain of events and a series of para-tactical national events but ~h. ch is characterized by con­formation of structures at a European leve . w al

1 d confessional borders

· th · al reg1on an . r · _ nnuous references across e nauon • r , d semantic dif,erentta b of 'transier an F ch and consequently also Y aspects d the German-Savoy- ren

tion.ln this context, the Peace of Cavour an . d Germanic models of . . . the Romantc an exchange is a declSlve link between

religious peace agreements.

Abbreviations

AST

CNCE

Knund

Pal. ted

Sorneren

Archivio di Stato di Torino . . dd XVI secolo <http:// . nal delle edi:tion• ,ta!Jane

Censimento nazlo e . cu/ihome.han> . ediu6.iccu.sbn.it/web_•c ,_AnttUn' btrUSttnde m

J n .nertm-~c·--- b CaJ4/.oguS van at,~~~~·· N .. ho( 189o-19:to:

W.P.C. Knund, . . h .L r4U-riJ3 (Gravenh:tge: •J • J. Kc ... uy'··Jce .Btbtot ter<, ac OntTIJ<U B) repr. Utrecht: H & S, '97 . aJarino-vaticani, 4 vols

' mtariodeilibristam!~''P ·~na,I886-189J;repr. E. Stevenson,,nv . ografia poligr.uaca vath.-·

(c. -~ dd Vaticano: T•~­Jt~a } .. UJ

Nieuwkoop. 1996 • u- .n (in dt .Bibliothttk tier Someren. Pamrtttm . afoon.Mrlijkt gedru/e.tt

Jan Fred erik-~ t Urrtcbt) nitf voorkomende m Rijksunivtmtttt t

STC

Tide

VD16

Wulp

CORNEL ZWIEJUEIN

C4ta/ogi du v~lingm in andu~ opmbar~ Nttkrlandsch~ biblio­thtltm, 1. vols (Ucrecht: Oschoek, 191S- I9l.l.)

Alfred William Pollard and Gilbert R. Redgrave, eds, A Short­Tztk CaJaioguL of Boolt.s Printed in England, Scot/ami, & lrtlami and of English Boolt.s PrintedAbroadr475-I~40 (1nd edn, London: Bibliographical Society, 1950)

P.A. Tide,Bibliothult van pamfottm, traltatm, plaJdMtm m endue stuklun over d~ Nedulandsch~ geschitdmis { . .} Beschrijving du vtr· zanuling van Frtdmk Muller te Amstmlam, van bet begin tier rMe tot her middm du rSde uuw, 3 vols (Amsterdam: F. Muller, 18s6- J861)

Veruichnis du Druckt des r~jahrhunduts im deutschsprachigm Raum, J Abt., l.S vols (Sturcgart: Hirsemann, 1983-1.000)

J.K. van der Wulp, Catalogus van de tract4ttn, pamfottm, mz. over de gtschitdmis van Nederland, aanwezig in de bibliotheek van Isaac Meulnum, 3 vols (Amsterdam: Van Munster, 1866- 1868)

Appendix 1

Table indicating the primed editions of the: most rc:lc:vant tens of German, Frc:nch and Savoyard rdigious peace agrc:emc:ms in the sixteenth cc:nrury known today

Ten of Pcaa: Agrccmcnc France Gc:rmany kaly Netherlands England

Aupburg lntenm 0 11in latin 0 0 0 ( tH8) ' t in Get'IIlan r--P=:e of Augsburg 0 )in~ 0 0 0 ( 1 s s s) o in latin

t---Treacy of 0 <4 in Get'I11an 1. in Italian 0 0 Cateau-Cambr61s o in Larin

( IS S9) .__

a65 hE Contact 1bf Puct of Cavour in t t: uropu.n __..,

0 0

z.in I o 0 Pea« of Cavour -(1s6•) Fcench

0 0

I z. in Latin 0 I I .January Edict 0 -(1 s61) I

0 1 in English 0

Edict of Amboise 0 4 in German -(1s63) o in utin

I I in English 0

: Edict of 0 sin German

Longjumcau o in utin

(1 s68) I 0

I F.dia ofSaint-Maur SinGerman 0 0

(1s68) 0 in Latin 1 0

Sin German 0 Edict of 0

Saint-Germain 0 in Latin

(1s7o) 1 0

Sin German 0 Edict of Boulogne 0

o inutin I (1m) 1 in English 0

f Edict of Beaulieu 0 11 in German

(1S76) 0 in Latin I 0

1 in German 0 I T reuy of Fleix 0

oinutin z.in Dutch I (1s8o)

6 in German 0 TreuyfEdia of 0

oin utin Nemours

1 in Dutch 0 (1s8s) 1 in English

Union Edict 0 4 inGcnnan 0 in Latin 0 l (1s88) 0

1 inGcrman 0

Edict of !1-lanccs 0 o in Latin I inDutc:h I (1 s91)

0 1 in German l.in 0 Edict of Nantes

French 8 in Dutch 0 (1s9B/ 99)

3 in German II 1 in French

Tccaty ofVavins )in oinLadn

(1s9B) French -

166 CORNEL ZWIERLEIN

Appendix 2

Lttterfo'Om G· '-srowm'Q D il R rstfr (AST, Corte e a overe to Emanrgfe .. my h"an"ripti ' r-< mhtistri Franti Fibb<rto, Paris, If fuM

on I ave made no editona'l~ m. I, n. r6S, fol. 2r-v). NB. In M mtervmtions

ons.or R.mo Car.le di . fargli incendere, come Tornone, il quale bacia le man. . gliene parla di passano le cose di .

1 dt V. Al. et Ia prega

d

. uersarne quet Vald · d I queUe nuoue M . nee et quelli che uorrebb esl, essen o che qui se

h

. · atopo b ono uno} · tersera mol co li sso en dire a V.Al ch . ncertm, si seruano sarebbe rouinargag a~dameme che non lo .I e l_a Rema mi disse ancora

e ognt cos t· uo eua m c al an cora che la R . a ec 1 SS.ri di G . onco cuno, perche ema no 1 wsa,et To . h

quesco mio dubb· n o uoleua, ne m I rnon mt aueano decto

R

. to non anco oro I ema ec questi SS . era stato senza p . o consenciriano. Ec . . .n doue ropostto· perch . d.

n1om quid ag"nd ano andare a1 p lam · est tceua, che Ia · ~ um ~ er s · ar en to d to alia Reina sua M cl . ~ Sarta da concedere 1' ~t omandare le opi-accadeua domand. mll nspose, che di quell chJmenm et pero dicendolo

. d arne e . . o e no . 1 Ula i sem inare d 11 optmoni Ec ce n st uo eua fare, non e e sedif · rcamence ·

conceder !oro I'Jncerirn toru, et guerre ciuili fi non c~ saria piu bella · ' ra quem popoli, che di

Appendix 3

Letterfo'() G. Ia m Jro lrUJ Della R IJ6I (A ST. C overe toE ' oru, Lettere m. . . manuele Fil"b my transcription I have ma:umstn ~anda, m. I, n. ; erto, Paris IO july

no ed1torial in• Jo,fol. rr-Iv I NB r.

Q

•n'Ventio '/· . 1n

uello ch'io posso di r di ns. Ia cap· I . rg I nuouoe ch M . ltu anone di quei Val . , e ons. di Bo . . stgnori hanno nota to per un ~~~ et e Stata I etta ne;~:f::o~e M mandata

cratto, quello del far' d arl: doue alcuni eUe no ·fi rn cation i

ThtPuceofCav · h E 'J our m I e uropeJZn Con tat

cole quali si poSa . be . d U

lad

pot n n urre resco. Sono ancora stato auuisato che

~ -~. ' h , "P" •none Csur• uoduta in e•" di Mon.• l'Anningl;o. )1 qu.le

ora e qm: et hie · diss 1 · · <h ,

1

n e ' su• opmoone nd parbmento et domoni "edo

0

: ru~o ~ar:l finito; ec ne auuisaro V.A. a di 1ungo, perche sta.rnattina la

1\.Cln( ffiJ dille, ch . diri. u · d ch e mJ a rutto, come fusse concluso et insin'ad hora

lllten 0 1 . 0

. ' e ecose c.unmmo b<ne, doe, perla repreBione degl'he<etici' w sono state quattr . . . 1 al. b . . ·d d

qu 11 d 11

. o opmtom, e qu 1 1sognera pot n urre a ue: et

e a e e pt · ( h b La diffirul u ~oc• , c e ~t"i•no due di piu) s,d ten uta per buon~ ••c d .

1

t:l stara nell essecuuone, che sara quale ricruouara li Gouernatori

"" on o 1 uochi L · . · C

. b a pnma optntone e, sopra l'editto del Re Henrico fattO a

1ateau ryan. l' a1 , 11 d di .! · "'e que o d RCF"nceseo a Romonnzino. Vn"e"' j un_ tro ultimo' Foman.b1e0. et 1, q.,rta di qu.lehunj ehe tenerci uno ~:-· Q~d primo editto, e a piu rigoroso, et e.ldod1 seeondo piu de·

::..te, et" esundc sohuncnte ,; predicmtL jl terzo com•nd• che si ui"' pa cameme senza ricercare piu o1tre senza 1'autorita del Magistrato. Molri

sono stati della · · · d ll d delk pruruo opmoone. un poco maneo e a .econ "ct meno

P.d """' ddk q=ta qu"tro sohunente seopetd' dico dei eonsiglieri dd . =en to. Et doppoi n"'!ue un• II"" differen•" ehe .leuni dd consiglio

;;:""".non uo1c""'o uenir' a dire 1e 1oro opinioni in pubmento, allegwdo,

1

""" meglio, ehe'n rotte 1e Prouineie ogni par1amento opin''''" et ehe a conclusione restasSe poi al consigllo priuato. Di modo che lunedi si cenne :;:" consiglio in=i}, R<in• presente que et puso. ehe tutti dd consiglio

1

<essero 1e 1oro opinioni in p,I.menro et ehe !. conclu.sione &.u in questo ;oco ~. S<gnitata da tutti gl'.ltri parlamenti. C<»i han no opinato tutti

conseglieri del conseglio priuaco; et hoggi rescano, li Principi della Rocca Sur Yon et di Conde (perche Mons. di Monpensieri e assente [ ... )).Jl Card. 1e di Borbone, Jl Re di Nauarra, li sei Presidenti, et Jl Cancellieri l'v}timo jl quale con li detti presidenri rappresenta la sacra giustiria, et il Re proprio. Et fin'hora non so quello si faccia: Ma questi soli restanO a parlare. Et intesa

Ia riso1utione dalla Reine, gliela mandaro subbito.