OXFORD

BBC GUIDE TO

PRONUNCIATION

OXFORDBBC GUIDE TO

PRONUNCIATION

%"Lena Olausson

Catherine Sangster

OXFORDUNIIIIIIIIIRESS

OXFORDUNIVERSITY PRESS

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Typeset in Millerby Interactive Sciences Ltd, Gloucester

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1357910864-2

Contents

Preface vizNote on trademarks andproprietary terms viii

Introduction iar

Oxsono BBC GUIDE T0 PRONUNCIATION 1

Preface

The Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation gives guidance onthe pronunciation of names, words, and phrases. Despite itsA-Z format it is not so much a dictionary as a collection ofparticular pronunciations which are tricky, much debated,curious, or exotic. It is intended for students, teachers, actors,journalists, broadcasters, and anyone interested in ‘sayingthings right’. The pronunciations are given in an easy-to-readphonetic respelling and also in the system familiar to users oflarger Oxford dictionaries, the alphabet of the InternationalPhonetic Association (IPA). Information panels and notesdiscuss particular pronunciation issues in more detail. Itscompact size means that it can be accommodated on acrowded desk, or even slipped into a bag, and be referred toquickly. The book’s main source is the BBC PronunciationUnit’s own database, and the Wide range of topics andlanguages covered reflects the great diversity of the BBC’soutput.

Since its earliest days the BBC has taken pronunciationvery seriously. Lord Reith, the first Director General, set up anAdvisory Committee on Spoken English in 1926. Thiscommittee included Robert Bridges, the then Poet Laureate,playwright George Bernard Shaw, and phonetician DanielJones. Their task was to advise announcers on ‘words ofdoubtful pronunciation’; they also turned their attention toplace names in the British Isles and beyond. The committeewas disbanded with the outbreak of the Second World War.Since then the provision of pronunciation advice within theBBC has been the responsibility of the full—time staff of thePronunciation Unit. Like our predecessors we are linguistswith specific skills in phonetics and languages, and our remitis broad: to research and advise on the pronunciation of any

viii PREFACE

name, word, or phrase in any language required by anyone inthe BBC. It is on ourwork, and our collection ofapproximately200,000 pronunciations, that this book is based.

For this reason we owe particular thanks to all our prede-cessors in the Unit and the Advisory Committee, on whoseshoulders we stand. We are also indebted to the editors of theEnglish pronunciation dictionaries which are always at ourelbow as we work, especially John Wells, Clive Upton, PeterRoach, and Jane Setter, and to those ofpronunciation diction-aries in other languages, in particular Duden Aussprachowiirterbuch, Larousse Dictionnaire de la Prononciation, andRAJ Dizionario d’Ortografia e di Pronunzia. Thanks are dueto Angus Stevenson, James McCracken, Judy Pearsall, andGillian Evans at OUP, and to Trish Stableford for proof-reading. At the BBC, this book would not have got off theground without the support ofGuy Strickland, Jenny Martin,and Chris Cullen, and would not have stayed in the airwithoutMartha Figueroa-Clark and Nick Marcus.

Lena OlaussonCatherine Sangster

Note on trademarks and proprietary termsThis dictionary includes some words which have, or are asserted tohave, proprietary status as trademarks or otherwise. Their inclusiondoes not imply that they have acquired for legal purposes a non-proprietary or general significance, nor any other judgementconcerning their legal status. In cases where the editorial staff havesome evidence that a word has proprietary status this is indicated inthe entry for that word by the label trademark, but no judgementconcerning the legal status ofsuch words is made or implied thereby.

Introduction

About the bookOurjob in the BBC Pronunciation Unit is to help broadcasterscorrectly pronounce anything they may need to say, and thisbook is a distillation of our advice. Compared to a standardpronunciation dictionary, therefore, its contents are morevaried and the balance is shifted away from words towardsproper names and other encyclopedic entries. The pronuncia-tions we have chosen include those for famous people, capitalcities, rivers and other geographical features, plants andanimals, food and drink, scientific terms, drugs and diseases,musical instruments, composers and their works, and charac-ters from literature and myth. We have selected only thosewords and phrases which we believe a native speaker ofEnglish might be unsure how to pronounce, rather thansupplying a larger, more exhaustive set of lexical items. Anysuch selection process will of course be subjective, and ourbroad scope means that many interesting pronunciations willinevitably be missing from this small book. However, wedecided it best to adopt a magpie-like approach, informed bythe usual eclecticism of a day’s work in the PronunciationUnit, where we regularly flit from news stories to music todrama to quizzes or science programmes.

For each entry (with the exception ofa few family names forwhich multiple pronunciations are possible) we give just onecorrect pronunciation. VVhere more than one pronunciationwould be acceptable we do not list all the possible slightvariants, but where variant pronunciations are significant ornoteworthy they are discussed in a note. The pronunciationsmust reflect one particular accent, and in most respects this isthe standardized accent ofBritish English known as ReceivedPronunciation. However, our English pronunciations do not

INTRODUCTION

reflect any systematic model of RP in terms of features suchas yod coalescence (ch and j instead of ty and dy in wordslike Tuesday and seduce): for this level ofdetail readers shouldconsult an English pronunciation dictionary such as theLongman Pronunciation Dictionawjy, the Oxford DictionmyofPronunciationfor Current English, or the Cambridge Eng-lish Pronouncing Dictionary. This topic is discussed furtherin the Respelling and IPA sections of this introduction andalso the panel on BBC English.

Gaddafi, Mu’ammer (also Qaddafi)Libyan head of statemuu-um-uhr guh-dah-fi /mo,/\me(r)ga'do:fi/, Arabic [I‘1'111'AII"lI1'18(I‘)qao'Oae:fi]- Established anglicization; see ARABICpaneL

Personal names are listed surname-first for ease of location,although pronunciations of full names are given in theirnatural order. Significant variant spellings are given, as areunusual plural forms. If both a non-standard plural anda regular -s plural are possible, this is indicated in a note. Abrief definition indicates nationality or language whereappropriate, and helps confirm that you are looking at theright entry: this is not a full-scale dictionary-type definition.The pronunciation is given first in respelling, and then in IPA;in some cases native IPA will also be given in square brackets.Cross-references and indications ofestablished anglicizationsare given in short (bulleted) notes, and longer notes (betweenruled lines) discuss more complex aspects such as variantpronunciations or common mispronunciations.

Abbreviations used:AM = American English pl. = pluralBR = British English sing. = singular

PronunciationpolicyHow does the Pronunciation Unit decide what the ‘right’pronunciation is? Our work is mostly concerned with foreignpronunciations, and here we consult native speakers as often

INTRODUCTION

as possible. The BBC World Service currently broadcasts inover thirty languages, and we work closely with the differentlanguage teams. We have a network of contacts outside theBBC, such as embassies, universities, and museums. We alsohold a wide range ofspecialist pronunciation dictionaries andother written material that has been collected since the days ofthe Advisory Committee on Spoken English.

All our foreign pronunciations are subject to a degree ofanglicization. Our general aim is to recommend pronuncia-tions that are as close as possible to the native language inquestion, but modified slightly so that they still flow naturallyin an English broadcast. The level ofanglicization has alteredover the years as broadcasters and audiences have becomemore familiar with the sounds of foreign languages and theBBC has served an increasingly global audience. Thereare also what We call established anglicizations, which areforeign names that have accepted English forms, either ofboth spelling and pronunciation (e.g. Warsaw for PolishWarszawa), or just of pronunciation (e.g. Paris). We alwaysrecommend that established anglicizations are used whereverthey exist, as using a native pronunciation instead can confusethe listener, or even sound affected. For more on this topic, seethe Anglicization panel.

Personal names, foreign or English, are researched with theowner ofthe name whenever possible.

For English place names our aim is to recommend a stan-dardized version of the local pronunciation. However, thePronunciation Unit has never issued any recommendations inregard to British dialects, so we would certainly not insist thatsomeone with a northern accent use a long ah in Bath, eventhough that is the local pronunciation—and vice versa forNewcastle. VVhere more than one form is used locally it canstill be useful to recommend a single pronunciation, for thesake ofconsistency.

VVhen deciding on recommendations for particularEnglish words we rely heavily on other specialist Englishpronouncing dictionaries. Sometimes our particular experi-ence can guide us on certain words that always seem to cause

INTRODUCTION

controversy. Our advice on words like kilometre, schedule, andcontroversy itself, for which more than one pronunciation islisted in the many dictionaries we consult, is that bothpronunciations are acceptable and can be defended if weshould receive complaints. However, programme makerssometimes find it useful to know if audiences dislike oneparticular form, and may in certain contexts find it ‘safer’ togo for the more traditional pronunciation. When providingthis context for our users we make it very clear that it is not ajudgement ofright and wrong on our part, and we do our bestto encourage announcers to use whichever form feels naturalin their speech.

Our aim is to reflect current spoken language, not, as somepeople think, to set and uphold a fixed standard for allto emulate. This is no easy task. Language is in constantflux, and it can be tricky to avoid ‘holding back the tide’ byrecommending pronunciations which are too old-fashioned,while at the same time not giving ‘new’ pronunciations beforethey have become established. We want to acknowledgelanguage change, not instigate it ourselves.

PanelsPanels discussing pronunciation ofspecific languages, as wellas some other topics, are dispersed throughout the book. Wehave included panels on Accents, Anglicization, Arabic, BBCEnglish, Clicks, Czech, Dutch, French, Gaelic, German, Greek,Italian, Japanese, Latin, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish,Swedish, Tone, and Welsh, and top ten lists of mispronuncia-tions, pronunciation complaints, and most frequently askedpronunciations. They appear in the appropriate place in thealphabet in the A—Z text.

These brief discussions are based on language notes puttogether by past and present members of the PronunciationUnit. Native speakers and various reference books were alsoconsulted. The panels are intended to provide an overview ofthe pronunciation of the language in question, giving somespecific pronunciation tips and spelling-to-sound conversionswhere possible, in line with our anglicization policy. They are

INTRODUCTION

not intended to give a complete account of that language. Weoften refer to these panels in the main text, when we feel thatthe context they provide can be of interest and help clarify arecommendation, for example in the many Latin entries.

RespellingThe BBC Pronunciation Unit uses an in-house phoneticspelling system for all written recommendations. It is basedon English spelling conventions and should be easily under-stood by anyone whose native language is English. We do notexpect programme makers to be able to use the alphabet oftheInternational Phonetic Association (IPA).

The phonetic respelling used in this dictionary is based onthat used in the Pocket Oaford English Dictionary, butis similar to the BBC in-house system in many ways. As withthe BBC system, it is based on the sounds of English with theaddition of some common non-English sounds such as thefront rounded vowels found in French and German.

Consonantsb as in batch or tch as in

churchd as in dayf as infatg as in geth as in hathl as in Welsh llanj as lIl_]£l7nk as in king

Vowelsa as in cate as in bedi as in pinO as in topu as in cupuu as in book

kh as in Scottishloch or Germanich (IPA willdisambiguate)

I as in legm as in mann as in notng as in singng-g as infingernk as in thankp as in pen

uh as in along(‘schwa’)

ah as in calmaras in barBiras in hair

r as in red5 as in sitSh as in shop‘ll as in topth as in thinth asin thisV as in vanw as in willy as in yesz asinzebrazh as in vision

aw as in lawee as in meet00 as in soonur as infur

X111

XIV

ay as in sayeer as in beeroh as in mostoor as in pooror as in cornow as in cowoy as in boyy as in cry

INTRODUCTION

oe as in French penor coeur (IPA willdisambiguate)

oey as in Frenchfauteuil

ue as in French vuor Germanfiinf(IPA will disam-biguate)

(ng) after a vowelindicates that it isnasalized.

a(ng) as in Frenchvin

ah(ng) as in Frenchblanc

o(ng) as in Frenchbon

oe(ng) as in Frenchun

Our respellings, unlike many which appear in dictionaries,acknowledge word-final or pre-consonantal R, as in wordslike hair and party, which is pronounced in some varieties ofEnglish (rhotic accents) and not in others (non-rhoticaccents). The BBC Pronunciation Unit’s written advice hasalways included R where it appears in the spelling, on theassumption that this will be pronounced by those with rhoticaccents, and not by those with non-rhotic accents. ThereforeParker is transcribed as par~kuhr, not pah-kuh.

Stress andsyllablesSyllables are separated by hyphens, and stressed syllables aremarked in bold. Secondary stresses are not given. In unusuallylong names and words more than one syllable may be markedwith stress, and in those cases the IPA will indicate which isprimary and which is secondary stress.

The way the words are broken into syllables in therespelling is not an attempt to reflect actual syllabification in agiven language. Rather, it is a tool to reinforce vowel pronun-ciations and to ensure the most intuitive transcription.

Vlfhen a vowel is long (a long monophthongor a diphthong)or is schwa (uh), the consonant which follows it is placed atthe start of the following syllable, if there is one: for example,pee-tuhr for Peter and puh-tay-toh for potato. When a vowelis short, however, the consonant which follows is placed inthe same syllable. The place name Reading, for example,would be transcribed red-ing, not re-ding, which might beconfused with the pronunciation ree-ding. VVhen there are

INTRODUCTION

two consonants we split them between the syllables zjbotball isfuut-bawl.

We double S in contexts where an English speaker mightotherwise pronounce it as Z, as in ha nss for German Hans. Wealso double R when it is preceded by a short vowel andfollowed by another vowel, as in marr-i for marry, merr-i formerry, sorr-i for sorry, mirr-uhr for mirror, and hurr-i forhurry, in order to avoid confusion with, for example, ar-i-uhfor aria.

IPAThe pronunciation ofeach entry is also represented using thealphabet of the International Phonetic Association (IPA).These phonemic transcriptions are enclosed by slashes: / /.The IPA transcription represents exactly the same pronuncia-tion that is given in the respelling. However, because a slightlylarger range ofsymbols is used, some sounds can be expressedmore precisely in the IPA. For instance, the sound representedas kh in the respelling could either be as in Scottish loch or asin German ich. The IPA uses two different symbols (X and Q)for these two sounds, and so it serves to disambiguate thepronunciation.

As with the respelling, the set of sounds used in the IPAtranscriptions consists ofthe basic Sounds ofEnglish with theaddition of a small number of other sounds. The IPA trans-criptions also acknowledge Word—final or pre-consonantal R.Because this sound is pronounced in some accents of Englishand not in others, it appears in brackets in the IPA transcrip-tion. Our IPA transcription is a little more basic than someothers which appear in larger pronouncing dictionaries. Wedo not indicate any other optional sounds bybracketing, italic-ization, or superscription, and we do not allow for syllabicconsonants. In other respects the model of transcription wehave applied in this book is that used in all current largerOxford dictionaries.

When the pronunciation given is an established angliciza-tion a second IPA transcription is often included. This givesa native pronunciation for the benefit of those familiar with

xvi INTRODUCTION

the IPA. These pronunciations are enclosed by squarebrackets: [ ]. In these transcriptions the symbol r is used todenote all r sounds, including the French uvular and theSpanish alveolar trill.

The set ofsymbols used for the main IPA transcriptions are:

Consonantsb as in batd as in dayfas infiltg as in geth as in hatj as inyesk as in kinglas in legm as in manI1 as in not

Vowelsa as in cat8 as in bedI as inpini as in cosyD as in topA as in cupU as in book0 as in along

(1! as in calmE: as in hair9: as infinit as in meet

p as in penI‘ as in redS as in sitt as in topV as in vanW as in willZ as in zebra

I] as in singB as in thin

0: as in law111 as in soon

AI as in myao as in cowel as in sayGU as in most01 as in boyIa as in beerU9 as in poorAI8 as infire309 as in hour

6 as in thisI as in shop3 as in visionif as in church(13 as injam

i as in Welsh llanX as in Scottish lochc as in German ich

y as in French vuY as in Germanfiinf

B as in French penG3 as in French

coeur11'->1 as in Frenchfauteuil

E as in French vin51 as in French blanc5 as in French bonG3 as in French un

The symbol I after avowel indicates that the vowel is long.The symbol "' above a vowel indicates that it is nasalized.

StressPrimary stress is marked with ' preceding the stressed syllable.If there is also a secondary stress this is marked with apreceding,.

1

A83 basaltic lava

ah-ah /'u:u:lAachen city, Germany

ah-khuhn /'o:xan/Aallln, €l- city, Western Sahara

uhl y-oon /el A1'l.1ZI1/Aalborg see AlborgAaliyah American singer

ah-lee-yuh /o:'li:ja/Aalsmeer village, Netherlands

ahlss-meer /o:ls'm1a(r)/Aalst city, Belgiumahlst fuzlstlThis is the Flemish name. The French nameis Alost, pronounced al-ost.

Aalto, Alvar Finnish architect anddesigneral-var ahl-toh /,alvu:(r) 'u:ltao/

Aarhus see ArhusAaron biblical name

air-uhn ]'e:ren/Abaco island, Bahamas

ab-uh-koh /'abakau/Abadan port, Iran

ab-uh-dahn /aba'du:n/Ahagnale Jr, Frank American conman

ab-uhg-nayl /'abegne11/Abakan city, Russia

ab-uh-kahn /,aba'ka:n/abalone edible molluscab-uh-loh-ni /,aba'laoni/

Abancay city, Peruab-an-ky /aban'kA|/

Abbas, Fer-hat Algerian nationalistleaderfuhr-hat uh-bass /fa(r),hat a'bas/

Abbas, Mahmoud Palestinianpresidentmakh-mood ab-ahss /max_mu:da'bo:s/

AIJIJC, Ernst German physicistairnst ab—uh /,s:(r)nst 'abe/

abbé abbot or other clericab-ay /'abe1/

Abbeville town, Franceab-veel /ab'vi:l/

Abbeville city, USab-i-vil /'abiv1l/

abducens nerve cranial nerveab-dyoo-suhnz /ab'dju:sanz/

Abdnllah II King ofJordanab-dul-uh /ab'dAlo/

Abdul Rahman, Thnku Malayanstatesmantuunk-oo ab-duul rah-muhn /,tonku:,abdo1 ‘ruzmenf

Abednego biblical nameab—ed-nee—g0h /absd‘ni:gao/Commonly 5155 uh-bed-nuh-goh.

Abel, Karl Fl'ie(ll'iCl'l Germancomposerkarl freed-rikh ah-buhl /,ka:(r)l_fri:clric 'u:ba1/

Abel, Niels Henrik Norwegianmathematicianneelss hen-rik ah-buhl /,ni:ls _hsnrik'a:bel/

Abeokuta city, Nigeriaab-ay-ok-oo-tah /a'be1oku:,ta:/Sometimes anglicizcd to ab-i-oh-KOO-tuh.

Aberdonian relating to Aberdeenab-uhr-doh-ni-uhn /_aba(r)'deonian/

Aberfan village, Walesab-uhr-van /aba(r)'van/

aberrant departing from acceptedstandarduh-berr-uhnt /a'berant,'

Abertawe Welsh name for Swanseaab-uhr-tow-ay /,abar'taoe1/

Aberystwytll town, Walesab—uhr-ist-with /,abar'1stw16/

Abia state, Nigeriaab—i-uh /'abia/

Abidjan port, Cote d’Ivoireab-ij-ahn /_abi'd3o:n/

Abitlll‘ German examinationsab-it-oor /,ab1'tua(r)/

Abizaid, John American generaluh-biz-ayd /abr'zeid/

Abkhazia | Acebes, Angel

Abkhazia autonomous region, Georgiauhp-khah-zi-uh /ap'x<1:zia/

ablative grammatical caseab—|uh—tiv /'ab1at1v/

Abo see Turkuaborigine Australian indigenous personab-uh-rij-in-i ,'aba‘rid5ini/

Aboukir bay, Egyptab-oo-keer /,abu:'kia(r)/

Abraham Hebrew patriarchay-bruh-ham /‘eIbraham/

Abramovich, Roman Russian ownerof Chelsea FCruh-mahn ab-ruh-moh-vitch /ra,mu:nabra'maov1t_l‘/This is the Russian pronunciation, and theone Mr Abramovich uses, butab-ram-uh-vitch is often heard.

Abruzzi region, Italyab-ruut—si /'a'brutsi/

abscissa pl. abscissae mathematical termab-siss-uh pl. ab-siss-ee /ab's1sa/, pl./-si:/' Standard -s plural is also possible.

abseil mountaineering termab-sayl /'abse11,'The German pronunciation ab-zyl is alsopossible.

absinth plant and alcoholic liqueurab-sinth /'absin6/

Abu Dhabi state, United Arab Emiratesab-oo dah—bi /,abu: 'do:bi/

Abu Dis district of Jerusalem, Israelab-oo deess /,abu: 'di:s/

Abll Ghraib prison in Baghdad, Iraqab-oo grayb /,abu: 'gre1b/, [,abuWgraib]~ See ARABIC panel.

Abuja city, Nigeriauh-boo-juh /a'bu:d3o/

abulia absence ofwillpoweruh-boo-Ii-uh /a'bu:lie,'

Abu Musa island, Iranab-oo moo-suh /,abu: 'mu:sa/

Abuna title in the Ethiopian OrthodoxChurchuh-boo-n uh /a'bu:na/

Abu Rudcina, Nabil Palestinianpoliticiannab-eel ab-oo roo-day-nuh /nab,i:l,abu: ru:'de1na/

2

Abu Sayyafmilitant Islamic group,SE Asiaab-00 sy-yahf /,abu: SAI'jClIf/

Abu Simbel site of temples, Egyptab-00 sim-buhl /,abu: 's1mbal/

abyss deep chasmuh-biss /a'bis/

acacia treeuh-kay-shuh /a'ke1j‘a/

academe academic communityak-uh—deem /'akodi:m/

academia academic communityak-uh-dee-mi-uh /_aka'di:mia/

acanthlls herbaceous plantuh-kan-thuhss /a'kan6as/

a cappella sung without instrumentalaccompanimentak-uh-pel-uh /_aka'pe1a/

Acapulco port, Mexicoak-uh-puul-koh /aka'polkeo/

ACAS Advisory, Conciliation, andArbitration Serviceay-kass /'eIkas/

accede agree to a demanduhk-seed /ak'si:d/

accelerando musical termak-sel-uh-ran-doh /ak,sa1o'randau/The Italian pronunciation ifatch-el-uh-ran-doh is also used.

aocidie mental slothak-sid-i /'aks1di/

accipiter hawkak-sip-it—uhr /ak's1p1te(r)/

accouchement childbirthuh-koosh-mo(ng) /a'ku:_fmf)/

Accra capital of Ghanauh-krah /a'kro:/

Accurist watch companyak-yuu-rist /'akjorist/

accllrsed under a curseuh-kur-suhd /a'ka:(r)sed/Commonly also uh-kurst.

accusative grammatical caseuh-kyoo-zuh-tiv /a‘kju:zatIv/

accusatory suggesting wrong—doinguh-kyoo-zuh-tuh-ri /e'kju:zatari/Less commonly also ak-yoo-zay-tuh-ri.

Aoebes, Angel Spanish politicianan-khel ath-ay-bess /,a1]xa1 a'6e1bi-:s/

3 Accents

AccentsThis is not a discussion about dialects, but rather a short account ofhow acute and grave accents as diacritics over letters have differentimplications for pronunciation in different languages. It is common toassume that they indicate where stress should fall, but accents have arange of functions:

Vowel qualityIn French, for example, the vowel E has two different pronunciations, ,depending on whether it has an acute or a grave accent. An acute ,accent over E makes a sound close to ay (although it is not diphthongalin French). For example, André is pronounced ah(ng)-dray. A graveaccent over E is pronounced as in English bed. Irene is ee-ren.

Vowel lengthIn Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian, for example, any vowel with an acuteaccent over it is long, and a vowel without an accent is short. Thislength difference is often confused with stress, even though stressinvariably falls on the first syllable in all three of these languages. Thename of the Hungarian composer Esterhézy is pronouncedest-uhr-hah-zi, with stress on the first syllable, and along ah in the third.

StressIn Spanish, for example, if a vowel has an acute accent, it means thatvowel is stressed, so José is pronounced khoss-ay, and the film directorPedro Almodovar is al-moh-doh-var.

ConsonantsAccents do not appear just on vowels. In Serbo-Croat languages, a C ispronounced ch, as in Slobodan Milosevié, pronounced mil-0sh—uh-vitch.Accents over consonants are also found in Polish, where they canappear on C, Iii, S, and Z, pronounced ch, ny (as in onion, in word finalposition), sh, and zh respectively. l

ToneWhen tone languages like Chinese are transliterated into the Romanalphabet, an acute accent is sometimes used to represent a rising orhigh tone, and a. grave accent is used to indicate a low or falling tone.

In EnglishA grave accent is occasionally used in English, especially in poetry, toindicate pronunciation of a vowel that would normally be silent.Blesséd, for example, is pronounced bless-uhd.

Aceh I acumen

Aceh province, Indonesia

4-

ak-roh-mat-ik /,akrao'mat1k/atdhay Iml911' acidophilus bacterium in yogurt

Acehnese (also Achinese) relatingto Acehatch-uh-neez /atIa'ni:z/

acer tree or shrubay-suhr /'e1sa(r)/

ass-id-of-il-uhss /,asl'dnfilas/ackee (also akee) West African tree

Gk-i l'aki/acme most highly developed point

ak-mi /'akmi/acerola fruit .

ass-u h—roh—luh ]asa'raola{ A:|?_]olT7,:§$frmacetaminophen North American termfor paracetamoluh-see-tuh-min-uh-fen/a,si:ta'mmafan/Also uh-set-uh-miri-uh-fen.

acetate chemical substanceass-uh—tay't /'asate1t/

acetic acid acid in vinegaruh-See-tik /a'si:t1k/Gommonly also uh-iseiti-iilciit if _

acetylene colourless hydrocarbon gasuh-set-i|—een /a'set11i:n/

acetylsalicylic acid chemical name foraspirinass-uh-tyl-sal-uh-sil-ik/,asatA11,sala's111k/

Achaea region of ancient Greeceuh-kee-uh /a'ki:a,I

Achaemenid dynasty ofancient Persiauh-kee-muh-nid /a'ki:men1d/

Acharavi resort, Corfuakh-uh-rah-vi /axa'ro:vi,l

Achates Greek mythological characteruh-kay-teez /a‘ke1ti:z/

Achebe, Chinua Nigerian writerchee-noo-uh uh-chay-bay /,tj‘i:noae't_fe1be1/

Achernar staray-kuhr-nar /'eIka(r)no:(r)/

Acheron Greek mythological characterak-uh-ron /'akarnn/

Acheulian archaeological termuh-shoo-Ii-uhn /a'j‘u:1ian/

Achilles Greek mythological characteruh-kil-eez /a'k11i:z/'

Achinese see AcehneseAcholi Ugandan ethnic group

uh-choh-Ii /a'tj'aoli/achondrite stony meteorite

uh-kon-dryt /a'knndm|t/achromatic without colour

acolyte person assisting a priestak-uh-lyt /'aka1A1t/

Aconcagua mountain, on the border" 7 r ” between Chile and Argentina

ak-on-kag-wuh /,ak'on'kagwa/aconite poisonous plant

ak-uh-nyt /'3l(8l1AIt/acoustic relating to sound

uh-k00—stik /a'ku:stIk/Formerlyohlltow-st@i::7_iW”:i * _ *

acquiesce acceptak-wi—es$ /,akwi'as/

acreage area of landayk-uh-rij /'e1kar1d3/

acrid unpleasantly bitter or pungentilk-rid /'akrld/

acrimony ill feelingak-rim-uh-ni fakrrmanil

acronym word formed from the initialletters ofother wordsak-ruh-nim /'akran1m/

acrophobia fear ofheightsak-ruh-foh-bi-uh /,akra'faobia/

acropolis fortified part of an ancientGreek cityuh-krop-uh—liss /a'krnpel|s/

Acrux staray-kruks /'eikrAks/

Actaeon Greek mythological charactera k-tee-u hn /ak'ti:an/

Acteal village, Mexicoak~tay—al lakterall

aetinium chemical elementak-tin-i-uhm /ak'tmiem,'

Actium, Battle ofancient naval battleak-ti—uhm /'aktiam/

acuity sharpnessuh-kyoo-it-i /a'kju:1ti/

acumen ability to make good judgementsak-yuum-uhn /'akjuman/

5

Less commonly also uh-kyoo-muhn.

acupuncture complementary medicineusing needlesak-yoo-punk-chuhr /‘akjo,pAnktIa(r)/

acyclovir antiviral drugay—syk-loh—veer /e1'sA1klau,via(r),'

adage proverbad-ij /'adId3/

adagio musical termuh-dah—joh /a'do:d3eo/

Adam, Ansel American photographeran—suhl /‘ansa1/

adamantine unable to be brokenad-uh-man-tyn /_ade'mantA1n/

Adamkus, Valdas Lithuanian presidentval-dass ad-am-kuuss /,valdasa'damkos/

Adams, John Couch Englishastronomerkootch /ku:tj'/

Adana town and province, Turkeyad—uh-nuh /‘adona/

Adar Jewish monthad-ar /a'du:(r),'

ADAS Agricultural DevelopmentAdvisory Serviceay—dass /'e1das/

Addis Ababa capital of Ethiopiaad-iss ab-uh-buh /,ad1s 'ababe/

Adelaide city, Australiaad-uh-Iayd /'ada1e1d,f

Adélie Land region of the Antarcticuh-day-Ii /a'de11i/The Adélie penguinis pronounced in thesame way.

Aden port, Yemenay-duhn /'eIdan/Q Established anglicization.

Adenauer, Konrad German statesmankon-raht ah-duhn-ow-uhr /,knnro:t'u:danaua(r)/

A deux for two peopleah doe /<1: 'do/

ad hoc for the purpose in handad hok /,ad 'hok/

ad hominem relating to a particularpersonad hom—in-em /,ad 'hnmmsm/

Adichie, Chimamanda NgoziNigerian authorchim-uh-man-duh uhng-goh-zi

acupuncture I adrenal

ad-ee-chi /t_l‘1ma,manda a13,gaozi3'diZt_fi/

Adidas German sports equipmentcompanyad-id-ass /'ad1das/This is the German pronunciation. Lesscommonly also uh-dee-dass in English.

Adi Granth Sikh scriptureah-di grunt /,u:di ‘grant!

ad infinitum ‘to infinity’ (Latin)ad in—iin-y-tuhm /_ad1nf1'nA1tam/

adios ‘goodbye’ (Spanish)ad-i-05$ /,adi‘os/

Adirondack range of mountains, USad-irr-on-dak /,ad1'rondak/

adit passage leading into a minead-it ,1 'ad1t/

Adjara autonomous republic, Georgiaaj-ar-uh /a'd3a:ra/This is the Georgian form. The Russianname is Ajaria, pronounced uh-jar-i-uh.

adjourn pauseuh-jurn /a'd3o:(r)n/

adjunct thing added as a supplementarypartaj-unkt /'ad5AI]kt/'

adjutant military officeraj-uut-uhnt /'ad3otant/

admonitory giving a warning orreprimanduhd—mon—it—uh-ri /adlmonitérif

ad nauseam ‘to a disgusting extent’(Latin)ad naw-zi-am /ad 'no:ziam,'

Adnyamathanha Aboriginal languagead-nyuh-mud-uh-nuh/'adnje_mAdana/

adobe clay used as a building materialuh-doh-bi /e'deobi/

Adonai Hebrew name for Godad-on-y /,adn'mn/This Hebrew ipronunciationi.WLesscommonly also a more anglicizedpronunciation ad~on~ay-y.

Adonis Greek mythological characteruh-doh-niss /a'daon1s/

Adorno, Theodor German philosophertay-uh-dor uh-dor-noh /,te1ado:(r)a'd0:(r)nao/

adrenal relating to glands situated abovethe kidneysuh-dree-nuhl /a'dri:nal/

Adriatic I aficionado

Adriatic sea and islands, Europeay-dri-at-ik /,e1dri'atrk/

adroit clever or skilfuluh-droyt /a'dr:>1t/

aduki small edible bean; also calledadzukiuh-doo-ki /a'du:ki/

adulate praise excessivelyad-yuul-ayt /'adjo1e:t/

adumbrate represent in outlinead—um-brayt /‘adambrerfl

Adur river and district, Englanday-duhr /'erda(r)/

advent arrivalad-vent /‘advent,’

adversarial involving conflictad-vur-sair-i-uhl /,adva:(r)'se:rial/

adversary opponentad-vuhr~suh-ri /'adva(r)sari/Sometimes also ad-vur-suh-ri.

advocaat Dutch liqueurad-vuh-kaht ]'advaku:t/

Adygeya autonomous republic, Russiaad-ig-yay-uh /ad1'gjeIe/

atiytllm pl. adyta sanctuary of ancientGreek templead-it-uhm, pl. ad-it-uh /'ad1tam/, pl.Hal

adze tool similar to an axeadz /adz/

adzuki small edible bean; also calledadukiuhd-zoo-ki /ad'zu:ki/

Aegean sea, Europeee-jee-uhn /i:'d3i:an/

Aegeus Greek mythological charactereej-yooss /'i:d3ju:s/

Aegina island, Greeceee—jyn—uh /iZ'd3AII‘l8/, ['eYina]' Established anglicization.

aegis protectionee-jiss /'i:d31s/The same pronunciation is used for theAegis ‘Trust.

Aegisthus Greek mythological characteree-jiss-thuhss /i:'d31sBas/

aegrotat university certificatey-groh-tat lzugraotatlCommonly also ee-groh-tat andee-groh-tat.

6

Aelfric Anglo-Saxon monk and writeral-frik /'alfrIk/

Aeneas Greek and Roman mythologicalcharacterin-ee-uhss /1‘ni:as/

Aeneid epic poem by Virgilee-ni-id /'i:niId/Sometimes also in-ee-id.

Aeolus Greek godee-uh-luhss /'i:aIes/

aeon long period of timeee-on /'i:nn/

aerobics method of exerciseair-oh-biks /e:'reobIks/

Aeroflot Russian airlineair-0h~f|ot f '1=;:raoflnt/, [aira'flot]Q Established anglicization.

Aeschines Greek orator and statesmanee-skin-eez /'i:skmi:z/

Aeschylus Greek dramatistee-skil-uhss /'i:sk11as/

1Esir Scandinavian mythological nameee-suhr /'i:sa(r)/

Aesop Greek storytelleree-sop /'i:snp/

aesthetic concerned with beautyeess-thet-ik /i:s'6st1k/céfifléniy alsojessthet-ik. *1 W it H Z A G

Afar Djiboutian and Ethiopian ethnicgroupaf-ar /'afu:(r)/

AFASIC Association For All SpeechImpaired Childrenay—fay-Zik /eI'feIzik/0 Play on the word aphasic.

afienpinscher dog ofa small breedBf-uhn-pil"|Sl'1-uhr/‘afan_pIn_[‘a(r)f

affidavit written statementaf-id-ay-vit /_af1'deIv1t/'

affricate phonetic manner of articulationaf-rik-uht /'afr1ket/

Afghan relating to Afghanistanaf-gan /'afgan/

afghani currency unit, Afghanistanaf-gah-ni /af'gu:ni/

Afghanistan countryaf-gan—ist-ahn /af'gan1sta:n/,[uf'vaniston]Q Established anglicization.

aficionado knowledgeable personuh-fish-i-uh-nah~doh /a,f1_l‘ie'nu:dao/

7

Less commonly also uh-fiss-i—uh-nah-doh.

Afrikaans South African languageaf-rik-ahnss /|3fI‘I'l-((11118/'

Afrikander South African breed of cattleaf-rik-an-duhr /,afrI‘kande(r),'

Afiikaner Afrikaans—speaking SouthAfricanaf-rik-ahn-uhr /,afr1'kz1:na(r),’

Afyonkarahisar province and city,Turkeyaf-yon-karr-uh-hiss-ar/afjnnkarah1'su:(r)/

Aga trademark type of stoveah-guh /'u:ga/

Agadir port, Moroccoag-uh-deer /,aga'd1a(r)/

again another_timeuh-gen /a'gen/l.es;comm0nly also uh-gayn. S W7

against in opposition touh-genst /a'gsnstf gLess commonly also uh-gaynst. A if W

Aga Khan spiritual leader of the Nizarisect of Ismaili Muslimsah-guh kahn /,o:ga ‘kc1:n/

Agamemnon Greek mythologicalcharacterag-uh—mem-nuhn /,aga'msmnan/

agapanthus a South African plantag-uh-pan-thuhss /,aga'panBas/

agape Christian loveag-uh-pi /'agapi/

agar gelatinous substanceay-gar /'eIgu:(r)/

agaric fungusag-uh-rik /'agar1k/Sometimes also uh-(gar-ik. i i W

Agartala city’ Indiaug-ar-tul-uh /n'go:(r)tA1e/

Agassi, Andre American tennis playerahn-dray ag-uh-5i /|0.I1'ld1'€l 'agasi/

Agassiz, Louis Swiss-born Americanzoologistlwee ag-uh~si /,lwi: 'agasi/

agate ornamental stoneag-uht /'agat/

agave succulent plantuh-gay-vi /a'ge1vi/

Agen city, France

Afrikaans | Agri

azh-a(ng) /a'3s/agent provocateur person assigned to

provoke unrestazh-o(ng) pruh-vok-uh-tur/_a3f1 pra,voka'ta:(r)/, French [a3f1provokatoezr]Sometimes anglicized further to ayj-uhnt.

aggregate formed of several separateelementsag-ruh—guht /‘agragat/

aggregate form into a clusterag-ruh-gayt /'agrage1t/

Aghios Nikolaos port, Greeceag-i-oss nik-uh-Iy-oss /_aginsI‘lIl(9'lAIDS/

Agincourt, Battle ofbattle in Francein 14-15aj-in-kor /'ad3m,ko:(r),f~ Established anglicization.

agitato musical termaj—it-ah-toh /_ad51'tu:tao/

agitprop political propagandaaj-it-prop /'ad31tprop/

Agnesi, Maria Gaetana Italianmathematician and philosophermuh-ree-uh gah-uh-tah-nuhan-yay—zi /ma,ri:a guzatozna an'je1zi/

Agni Vedic god of fireag-ni /'agni/

Agnus Dei section of the Massag-nuuss day-ee /,agnos 'de1i:/Sometimes also ahn-yuuss; see LATIN panel.

agoraphobia fear ofopen or publicplacesag-uh-ruh-foh-bi-uh /,agara'faobia/

Agostini, Giacomo Italian racingmotorcyclistjah-kuh-moh ag-uh-stee-ni/,d3u:k<-imeo aga‘Sti:ni/

agouti l0ng—legged burrowing rodentuh—g00-ti /a'gu:ti/

Agra city, Indiaahg-ruh /'u:gra/

Agricola, Gnaeus Julius Romangeneralnee-uhss jool-i-uhss uh-grik-uh-luh/lnizas _d3u:lias e‘gr1kala/- See LATIN panel.

Agri province, Turkeyar-i /'o:ri/

Agrippa, Marcus I Akayev, Askar

Agrippa, MRPCUS Roman generalmar-kuhss uh-grip-uh /_mu:(r)kesa'gr1pa/

Agropoli city, Italyag-rop-ol-i /ag'rnpn1i/

Aguascalientes state, Mexicoag-wask-al-yen-tess/,agWaska'Ijsntss/

ague illness involving fever and shiveringay-gyoo /'e1gju:/

Aguilera, Christina American popsingerkrist-ee-nuh ag-yil-air-uh /krisfriznaagj1'le:ra,I

Agulhas, Cape most southerly point ofAfricauh-gu!-uhss /9'gA1GS/

Agung mountain, Indonesiaah-guung /'u:go13/

Agusan province and river, Philippinesag-oo-san /a'gu:san/

A-Ha Norwegian pop groupah-hah /c1:‘hc1:/‘

Ahab, Captain character in Moby Dickay-hab l'e1hab/

Aherne, Bertie Irish prime ministeruh-hurn /e'ha:(r)n/

Ahmadabad city, Indiaah-muh-duh-bad /'c1:madabad/

Ahmiéi village, Bosniaakh-mee-chi /'axmi:tji/

aholehole Hawaiian fishuh-hoh-Ii-hoh-Ii /a,heo1i'hao1i/

Ahriman evil spirit in Zoroastrianismar-im-uhrl /‘a:r1man/

Ahura Mazda creator god ofZoroastrianismuh-hoor-uh maz-duh /ahoara 'mazda/

Ahvaz (also Ahwaz) town, Iranahkh-vahz /u:x‘vo:z/

Ahvenanmaa island and province,Finlandakh-ven~an-mah /'axvsnanmu:/This is the Finnish name. The Swedishname is Aland, pronounced aw-land.

Aida opera by Verdiah-ee-duh /(1:'i:da/

aide-de-camp military assistant to asenior officerayd duh kahmp /,e1d da 'ko.:mpf

Aigues river, France

E9 IE9!aiguille pinnacle of rock in a mountain

rangeayg-weel /'e1gwi:l/

Aiguille du Midi peak in the MontBlane massif, Franceay-gwee due mee-dee /e1,gwi: dymi:'di:/

aikido Japanese martial arty~kee-doh /A1'ki:dao/

Aileen English girl's namey-Ieen, ay-Ieen /'AIllZl'1/, /'s1li:n/

Ailly town, Francey-yee /AI'ji:/

Ailsa Craig island, Scotlandayl-suh krayg /_e1lsa 'kre1g/

ailurophobia fear of catsyl-yuu-ruh-foh-bi-uh /,A11jura'faobie/

Ain department, Francea(r19) /é/

Aintree site of Grand NationalFHCBCDUTSC

ayn—tree /'eIntri:/Ainu Japanese ethnic groupy-n00 /'AII1LlZ/

aioli mayonnaise seasoned with garlicy-0h—|i /AI'9Uli/

Aisne department and river, Franceen fen]

ait island in a river; also called eyotayt /eIt/

Aix-en-Provence city, Franceeks ah(ng) prov-ah(ng)ss /,1-zks iiprn'vds/

Ajaccio Corsican port, Franceaj-ass-i-oh /a'd3asiau/, [a3aksjo]~ Established anglicization.

Ajanta Caves series of caves, Indiauh-junt-uh /e'd3Ante,'

Ajaria see AdjaraAjax Greek mythological character

ay-j a ks /'eId3aks/‘Ajax Dutch football club

y-a ks /'1uaks/Ajman states, United Arab Emirates

aj-mahn /ad3‘mu:n/Ajmer city, India

uj-meer ,1 Ad3‘m1a(r) /Akan Ghanaian ethnic group

ak-ahn /a'kc|:n/Akayev, Askar Kyrgyz statesman

ask-ar uh-ky-uhf /as,kc1:(r) 8'l{AI9f/

9 Akbar, Muhammad I Albert, Prince

Akbar, Muhammad Mogul emperormuu—ham-uhd ak—bar /mu,hamed'akbc1:(r),/

akee see ackeeAkela character from the Jungle Book

ah-kay-luh /o:'keIle/'Akhbar, al— Egyptian newspaper

uhl ukh-bar /al AX'l)l1I(I‘)/Akhenaten (also Akhenaton) Egyptian

pharaohak-uh-nah-tuhn /_aka'nu:tan/

Akhmatova, Anna Russian poetan—uh ak—mah—tuh-vuh /,aneak'mu:teve/

Akillillfl emperor of Japanah-kee-hit-oh /u:‘ki:h1tau/Another common anglicization isak-i-hee-toh; see JAPANESE panel.

akimbo with hands on the hips andelbows turned outwardsuh-kim-boh /a'k1mban/

Akl-(ad Mesopotamian kingdomak-ad /'akad/

Akkadian relating to Akkaduh—kay~di-uhn /a'keIclian/

Akron city, USak-ruhn /'akran/

Aksai Chin region of the Himalayasak-sy chin /,aksin 't_l‘1n/

Aksum (also Axum) town, Ethiopiaak-suum /'aksom/

Aktyubinsk city and oblast, Kazakhstanak-tyoo-binsk /ak'tju:b1nsk,'

Akwa-Ibom state, Nigeriaak-wah ee—buum /ak,wc1: i:'bom/

al- For Arabic names beginning with thearticle al-, look under the spelling of themain part of the name: for exampleQaeda, al-.

Alabama state, USal-uh-bam-uh /,a1a'bama/

alabaster translucent form of gypsum orcalciteal-uh-bast-uhr fala'basta(r)/Less commonly also al-uh-bah-stuhr.

alalcrity brisk and cheerful readinessuh-lak-rit—i /o'1akrIti/

Alagiah, George BBC journalistal-uh-gy-uh /a1a'gA1e/

Alagoas state, Brazil

al-uh-goh-uhss /,ala'gaoas/Alain-Fournier French novelist

al-a(ng) foorn-yay /ale fua(r)'nje1/Alam, Faria English celebrity

fuh-ree-uh uh-lam /fa_ri:a e'1am/Alamein, el- town, Egypt

uhl al-uh-mayn /al 'alameIn/Alamo site ofbattle during the Texas

revolutional-uh-moh /'alamao/

Alamosa county and city, USal—uh—moh-suh /a1a'mausa/

Aland see AhvenanmaaAl-Anon support organization for the

families and friends of alcoholicsal uh-non /,al a'non/

Alarcon, Pedro de Spanish novelistped-roh day al-ar-kon /_psdra0 deialo:(r)'knn/

Alaric king ofthe Visigothsal-uh-rik /'alar1k/

Albacete city and province, Spainal—bath-ay—tay /a1ba'(-)e1te1/

albacore type of tuna fishal-buh—k0r /'a1bako:(r)/

Alba Iulia city, Romaniaal-buh yoo-li-uh /_a1ba 'ju:lia/

Alban, St British Christian martyrawl-buhn /'o:lban/

Albania countryal-bay-ni-uh /al'bemia/

Albano lake, ltalyal-bah-noh /a1'bc1:nao/

Albany city, USawl-buh-ni /':>:1bani/

Albarn, Damon English pop singerawl-barn /'o:lbu:(r)n/

Albee, Edward American dramatistawl—bee /':>:1bi:,'

albeit thoughawl-bee-it /:J:l'bi:1t/

Albena resort, Bulgariaal-bay-nuh /a1'be1na/

Albéniz, Isaac Spanish composeree-sah—ak al-bay-neeth /i:sci:_akal'bemi:9/

Albert, Prince Prince of Monacoal-buhrt /'alba(r)t/, French [alba:r]- Established anglicization.

Alberti, Leon Battista I Aleut

Alberti Leon Battista Italian architectlay-on,bat-eest-uh al-bair-ti /,lernnba'ti:sta al'be:(r)ti/

Albertus Magnus, St Dominicantheologianal-bur-tuhss mag-nuhss /a1,ba:(r)tss'magnes/

albino person or animal with absence ofpigmental-bee-noh /al'bi:noo/Al\1isal-by-nolw.

Albinoni, Tomaso Italian composert0m—ah-zoh al-bin-oh-ni /tomuzzao,a1bI'naoni/

Albion literary term for Britain orEnglandal-bi-uhn /‘albian/

Alboran island, Spainal-borr-an /a1bn'ran/

Alborg (also Aalborg) city, Denmarkawl-bor /'o:lbo:(r)/

Albufeira resort, Portugala|—b0o-fair-uh /a1bu:'fs:re/

albumen egg white proteinal-byoo-muhn /'a1bjoman/

Albuquerque city, USal-buh-kur-ki /'a1ba,ka:(r)ki/

Alcaeus Greek lyric poetal-see-uhss /al'si:es/- See GREEK panel.

Alcala de Henares city, Spainal-kal-ah day en-arr-ess /_a1ka'lu: deie'nares/

Alcantara town, Spainal-kan-tarr-uh /a1'kantare/

Alcatraz island and prison, USal-kuh-traz /‘a1ketraz/

alcazar Spanish palace of Moorish original-kuh-zar !,alke‘zn:(r)/

Aloestis Greek mythological characteral—sest-iss /aI'scstIs/

alchemy medieval forerunner ofchemistryal—kuh—mi /'a1kemi/

Alcibiades Athenian general andstatesmanal-si-by-uh-deez /,a1si'bA1edi:z/

Alcmene Greek mythological characteralk-mee-ni /alk'mi:ni/

Alcott, Louisa May American novelistawl-kot /'o:lknt;'

10

Alcudia resort, Majorcaal-kooth—yuh /al‘ku:oje/

Alcuin English scholaral-kwin/'a1kw1n/

Alda, Alan American actorawl-duh /'3ZlCl8;'

Aldabra island group, Seychellesal-dab-ruh /al'dabra,I

Aldebaran staral-deb-uh-ruhn /al‘dcbaran,'

Aldeburgh town, Englandawld-bruh /':>:1dbra/

al dente cooked so as to be still firmwhen bittenal den-'tay/al'dsnte1/

alder treeawl-duhr /'o:lda(r)/

Alder Hay hospital, Englandawl-duhr-hay /_o:1da(r) 'he1/

Alderney island, Englandawld-uhr-ni /':|:1da(r)nij

Aldi German discount store chain8|-di /'a1di/

Aldis lamp trademark signalling lampawl-diss /'o:1d1s/

Aldiss, Brian English science fictionwriterawl-diss /'o:ldIs/

Alegranza island, Spainal-eg-ran-thuh ,fale'granl-lo,’

aleikum esalaam Arabic greetinguh—lay-kuum ess—uh-lahm /a_lerkomsse‘1c1:m/

Alenqon town, Franceal-ah(ng)-so(ng) /alo's5/

Alentejo region and former province,Portugalal-en-tay-zhoo ,/alsn'teI3u:/

aleph letter of the Hebrew alphabetah-let /'u:l£f/'

Aleppo city, Syriauh-lep-oh /a'1spau/Established anglicization. The Arabic nameis Halab, pronounced hah-lahb.

Alesi, Jean French racing driverzhah(ng) al-ay-zi /,3£i a'Ie1zi/

Aletschhorn mountain, Switzerlandah-letch-horn /'n:1ctj‘,h0:(r)n/

Aleut ethnic group inhabiting theAleutian Islandsal-i-oot /'a1iu:t/

11

Aleutian Islands islands, USuh-loo—shuhn /a'1u:j‘an/

Alexandre, Boniface Haitian presidentbon-if-ass al-uhk-sah(ng)d-ruh/bonrfas alak‘sf1dra/

Alexandria port, Egyptal-eg-zahn-dri-uh /,alsg'zc1:ndria/' Established anglicization.

alfalfa leguminous planta|—fal-fuh /al'falfa/

Alfa Romeo car manufactureral—fuh ruh-may-oh /,alfa ra'me1ao/

Alfvén, Hannes Swedish physicisthan-uhss al—vayr| /_hanas aI've1n/

algae sing. alga sea-weedal-jee, sing. al-guh /'aId3i:/, sing. /‘alga,’

Aleutian Islands I allosaurus

Aligarh city, Indiaul-ig-ar /All'g(1Z(I‘)/

Alighieri, Dante Italian poet and writerdan-tay al-ig-yair-i /ldantei alrgjezril

Aline loch and river, Scotlandal-in /'al1n/

Alitalia Italian airlineal-it-ahl-i-uh /al1‘to:lia/

aliyah immigration to Israeluh-lee-yuh /a'ii:ja/

Aliyev, Heydar Azerbaijani statesmanhay-dar al-ee-yef /,heido:(r) a'1i:jsf/

Allah ‘God’ (Arabic)uh-lah /a'lo:/A more anglicized pronunciation, al-uh, issometimes also used.

The plural is commonly also i

Algarve province, Portugalal-garv /a1'gu:(r)v/, [al'garva]Q Established anglicization.

algebra area of mathematicsal-juh-bruh /'ald3abra/

Algecii-as port, Spainal-juh-sirr-uhss /,a1d3a's1ras/,[alxe'8iras]I Established anglicization.

Algeria countryal-jeer-i-uh /al'd3|arie/~ Established anglicization.

Algiers capital ofAlgeriaal-jeerz /al‘d3Ie(r)z/~ Established anglicization.

Algol staral-gol /'algn1/

Algonquin American Indian ethnicgroupal-gunk-win /al'gn13kw1n;'

Algren, Nelson American novelistawl—gruhn /'o:1gran/

alhaji Muslim who has been to Meccauhl-haj-i /e1'had3i/

Alhambra fortified Moorish palaceal-ham-bruh /a1'hambra/

Ali, Laila American boxerlay-luh ah-lee /,1e1la a:'li:/

Ali, Muhammad American boxermuh-ham-uhd ah-lee /ma_hamadc1:'li:/

Alicante port, Spainal—ik-an-ti /alrkanti/, [alrkante]1 Established anglicization.

Allahabad city, Indiaa|~uh-huh-bahd /,a1aha'bu:d/

Allawi, Iyad Iraqi politiciany—ad uh-lah-wi /mad a'lu:wi/

allay diminishuh-lay /a'le1/

Allegheny city, river, mountain, andcollege, USal-uh-gayn-i /_ala'ge1ni/

allegretto musical termal—uh—gret—0h /,ala'gr:.-ttaof

Allegri, Gregorio Italian priest andcomposergreg-awr-i-oh al—eg-ri /gragozriaoa'1egri/

allegro musical termuh-leg-roh /a‘legreo/

allemande German danceal-mahnd ,"almc1:nd,l

Allende, Salvador Chilean statesmansal-vad-or al-yend—ay /salva,do:(r)al'jende1/

allergen substance that causes anallergic reactional-uhr-juhn /'ala(r)d3an/

Allerod geological stageal-uh-roed /'alaro:d/

Allie!‘ river, Franceal-yay /al'je1/

Alliot-Marie, Michele French defenceministermee-shel al-i-oh marr-ee/mi:_js1ali,au ma'ri:/

allosaurus carnivorous dinosaural-uh-sawr-uhss /,ala'so:res/

alloy I alumna

alloy metalal-oy /'a1a1/

alloy mix to make an alloyuh-loy /a'loI/

Almagest astronomical treatiseal-muh-jest /'a1mad3est/

almanac annual calendarawl—muh-nak /'o:lmanak/Commonly also ol-muh-nak andal-muh-nak.

Almaty city, Kazakhstanal-mah-‘tuh /al‘mn:to/

Almeria town and province, Spainal-merr-ee-uh /,a1ma'ri:a/

almirall cupboard or wardrobeal-my-ruh /8l'1T1AII'8/

Almirante Brown city, Argentinaal-mirr-an-tay brown /almrranter'braon/

Almodovar, Pedro Spanish filmdirectorped-roh al-mod-oh-var /,pedreoa1mo'daovo:(r)/

Almond, Marc English singerah-muhnd }'o:n1and/

almond nutah-muhnd /'o:mand/Less commonly also ahl-muhnd oral-muhnd.

alms money or food given to poor peopleahmz jozmzj

Almqvist, Carl Jonas Love Swedishnovelistkarl yoo-nuhss loo-vuh aim-kvist/_kua(r)l _ju:nas _1u:va 'almkv1st/

aloe vera gelatinous substanceal—oh veer-uh /,a1ao 'v1are/

aloha Hawaiian greetinguh-loh-huh /a'1aohe/

alopecia partial or complete absenceofhairal-uh-pee-shuh /_ala'pi:_[a/

Alor Setar city, Malaysiaah-|0r suh-tar /,u:1o:(r) sa'tc1:(r)/

Alost see AalstAloysius British b0y’s name

al-oh-ish-uhss ,/alao'1_[as/alpaca South American mammal related

to the llamaat-pak-uh /a1'paka/

Alpe (l’Hllez mountain, France

12

alp dwez /_a1p ‘dwez!Alplla Centauri star

al-fuh sen-taw-ry /,alfa ssn'to:r1u/Alphaeus biblical name

a|-fee—uhss /al'fi:as/Alpheus Greek god

al-fee-uhss /al'fi:as/Alpujarras mountainous region, Spain

al-poo-kharr-ass /alpufxaras/'Alsace region, France

a|—zass /al'zas/AlSl;0l'n French engineering firm

al-stom /‘alstom/Altai (also Altay) region, Russia

al-ty /al'tA1/Altair star

aI~tair /'alt£:(r)/Altamura town, Italy

al-tuh-moor—uh /alta'moara/Altdorfer, Albrecht German painter

al-brekht alt-dor-fuhr /,a1brsct'altdo:(r)fo(r)/

Althing Icelandic parliamentawl-thing /'o:lB1I]/

Altl10l‘p family home of the Earl Spencerawl-thorp /'o:1B:):(r)p/The family pronunciation has traditionallyalways been awl-truhp, although awl-thorpwas usual for the village. In 2000 the estatereleased a press statement saying thathenceforth it would be known as awl-thorp,and we changed our recommendationaccordingly.

Altlltlssel‘, Louis French philosopherlwee al-tue-sair /_lwi: alty'se:(r)/

altimeter instrument for recordingaltitudeal-ti-mee-tuhr /'alt1mi:ta(r)/

Altman, Robert American film directoraw|t—muhn /'a:ltman/

alto singing voiceal-toh ,"altao/

altruism selfless concern for othersal—tro0—iz-uhm /'a1tro1zam/

aluminium metalal-oo-min-i-uhm /alu:'m1niem/AM is usually (1l1L?7Li1lZLfl1., pronounceduh-loo-min-uhm.

alumna pl. alumnae female formerstudentuh-lum—nuh, pl. uh-lum-nee /0'lAl1‘ll'19/,pl. /~ni:,'

13

alumnus pi. alumni male former studentuh-lum-nuhss, pl. uh-Ium-ni/9'lAI1’lI13S/, pl. /-ni/

alveolus small cavity, pit, or hollowal-vi-oh-luhss ,l,alvi'ao1as/

Alwyn, William English composeral-win /'a1w1n,'

A1zheimer’s disease progressivemental deteriorationalts-hy-muhrz /'altsh1urna(r)z,'

Amalfi port, Italyuh-mal-fi /a‘ma1fi/

amalgam a mixture or blenduh-ma!-guhm /a'malgam/

Amalthea moon ofJupiteram-uhl-thee-uh /ama1'9i:a/

Amapa state, Brazilam-uh-pah /,ama'po:/

Amarah, al- town, Iraquhl uh~mar-uh /al a'mu:ra/

amaretti Italian biscuitsam-uh-ret-i /,ama'reti,’

Amarillo city, USam-uh-ril-oh /ama'r11au/

Amaterasu Shinto goduh-mah-tuh-rah~soo /a,mci:ta'ro:su:/

Amati Italian violin-makeruh-mah-ti /a'mu:tif

Amatola mountain range, South Africaam-uh-toh-luh /ama'taole/'

Amazon river, South Americaam-uh-zuhn ]'amazan/

Amazonas state, Brazilam-uh-zohn-uhss /,ama'zaonas/

Ambala city and district, Indiauhm—bah—|uh /am'bu:la/

Ambanja town, Madagascaruhm-bahn-juh /am'ba:nd3e/

Ambato town, Ecuadoram-bah-toh /am'bo:taU/

Ambes town, Franceah(ng)-bess /€1'bss/

Ambohimanga city, Madagascaram-buu-hi—mang—guh/am,bohi'mar|ga/

AJl1l)0Il island, Indonesiaam-bon /am'bnn/

Amchitka island, USam-chit-kuh /am'tI1tka/

Amec British engineering companyam-ek /'amsk/

alumnus | Amirante Islands

ameliorate make betteruh-mee—Ii-uh-rayt /a'mi:liareIt/

amen uttered at the end of a prayerahgmen /o:'msn/ W pi W iCommonly also ay-men.

Amenabar, Alejandro Spanish filmdirectoral-ekh-and-roh am-en-ah-bar/aleflxandrao ams'no:bu:(r)/

Amenhotep Egyptian pharaohah~muhn-hoh-tep /,ci:man'heotep/

americium chemical elementam-uh—riss—i-uhm /,ama'r1siam/

Ames city, Iowaeymz /e1mz/

Ameslan American Sign Languageam-uhss-Ian /'amaslan/

amethyst precious stoneam-uh-thist /'ama01st/

Amharic Ethiopian languageam-harr-ik /am'harrk/

Amherst town, USam—uhrst /'ama(r)st/

Amicus trade union for manufacturingand technical workersam-ik-uhss /'am1kas/

amicus curiae pl. amici curiae ‘friendsof the court’ (Latin)uh-my-kuhss kyoor-i-ee, pl.uh-mee-see /amiukes 'kjoarii:/, pl./a,mi:si:/Legal Latin is ofizen anglicized; see LATINpanel. A more classical pronunciation,uh-mee-kuhss kyoor-i-y, pl. uh-mee-ki, isalso possible.

Amiens town, Franceam-ya(ng) /am'jé/

Amin, Idi Ugandan dictatoree-di uh-meen /_i:di a'mi:n/

Amindivi Islands group of islands,Indiaam-in-dee-vi /,amm'di:vi/

amino class of acidsuh-mee-noh /a'mi:nau/Less coinmonly also uh-myn-oh.

amir Muslim titleuh-meer /a'm1a(r)/

Amirante Islands group of islands,Seychellesam-irr-ant /'am1rant/

Amis, Kingsley | anaesthetic

Amis, Kingsley English writerking-zli ay-miss /_kn]zli'e1m1s/

Amish Christian sectah-mish /'o:rmI/

Amman capital of Jordanuh-mahn /a'mo:n/

ammeter instrument for measuringelectric currentam-muh-tuhr /'amata(r)/

amniocentesis process in whichamniotic fluid is sampledam-ni-oh-sen-tee-sissf,amniaosen'ti:s1s/

Amoco British oil companyam—uh-koh /'amaka0/

amoeba pl. amoebae single-celledanimaluh-mee-buh, pl. uh-mee~bee/e'mi:ba/, pl. /-bi:/~ Standard -s plural is also possible.

amontillado Spanish sherryuh-mon-til-ah-doh/a,mnnt1'lc1:dau/,[am0nti'/Kaoo]I Established anglicization.

Amos Hebrew prophetay-moss /'e1mns/

Amos, Baroness Guyanese-bornpoliticianay-moss /'e1mos/

amoxicillin penicillinuh-moks-i-sil-in /a,mnksi's1lm/

Amoy another name for Xiamenuh-moy /a'mo1/

Ampere, André-Marie Frenchphysicistah(ng)-dray marr-ee ah(ng)-pair/r'1,dre1 ma_ri: (1'ps:(r)/

ampere unit of electric currentam-pair /'amps:(r),'

ampersand sign 8:am-puhr-sand /'ampa(r)sand/

amphibious suited for both land andwateram-fib-i-uhss /am'fibias/

Amphitrite Greek goddessam-fit-ry-ti /,amf1'tr1uti/

amphora pl. amphorae ancient Greek orRoman jugam-fuh-ruh, pl. am-fuh-ree /'amfara/,pl. /-ri:/Q Standard -s plural is also possible.

ampoule glass capsule containing aliquid

14-

am-pool /'ampu:l/Sometimes also amp-yool.

AMRAAM Advanced Medium RangeAir-to—Air Missileam-ram /'amram/

Alnritsal‘ city, Indiaum-rit-suhr /am'r1tsa(r)/

Amstel river, Netherlandsam—stuhl /'amstaI/0 Established anglicization.

Amsterdam capital of the Netherlandsam-stuhr-dam /'amsta(r)dam/,[,clmstar‘dom]Established anglicization. A more Dutchpronunciation, with stress on the lastsyllable, is also common.

Amll Darya river, central Asiaah-moo dar-i-uh /_o:mu: 'dn;ria/

amulet small piece ofjewelleryam-yoo-Iuht /'amjo1at/

Amun-Ra ancient Egyptian godam-uhn rah /,aman 'ra:/

Amundsen, Roald Norwegian explorerroo-al ah-muun-suhn /,ru:al‘uzmunsanf

Amtlr river, NE Asiauh-moor /a'mue(r),/

amygdala pl. amygdalae part of thebrainuh-mig-duh-luh, pl. uh-mig-duh-lee/9'm1gd-ale/, pl. /-1i:/

Anabaptism doctrine that baptismshould only be administered to believingadultsan-uh-bap—tiz—uhm /,ana'bapt|zam/

anachronism thing appropriate to aperiod other than that in which it existsuh-nak-ruh-niz-uhm /a'nakra,n1zam/

Anacreon Greek poetuh-nak-ri-uhn /a'nakrian/

Anadyr city and river, Russiauh-nad-eer /a'nadia(r)/

anaemia deficiency of red cells or ofhaemoglobin in the blooduh-nee-mi-uh /a‘ni:mia/

anaesthesia insensitivity to painan-iss-thee-zi-uh /,anis'0i:zia/

anaesthetic substance that inducesinsensitivity to painan-iss-thet-ik /,an1s'9stIk/

15

anaesthetist one who administersanaestheticsuh-neess-thuh-tist /a'ni:s9at1st/

Anaglypta trademark type ofwallpaperan-uh-glip-tuh /,ana'gl1pta/

Anah, al- town, Iraquhl an-uh /ai 'ane/

Anaheim city, USan-uh-hym /'anahAIm/

analgesia inability to feel painan-uhl-jee-zi-uh ,l,anal‘d3i:zia/

analogue a person or thing seen ascomparable to anotheran-uh-log /‘analog/'

Anambra state, Nigeriaa n-am-bruh /a'nambra/

ananda extreme happinessah-nun-duh /ClZ'I1AI1Cl9/

Ananias biblical namean-uh-ny-uhss /,ana‘n1i1as/

Anantnag province, Kashmiruh-nunt-nuhg /a'nAntnag/

anapaest metrical footan-uh-peest /'anapi:st/Commonly also an-uh-pest.

anaphora use of a word referring back toa word used earlieruh-naf-uh-ruh /a'nafera/

anaphylaxis extreme allergic reactionan-uh~fil-ak-siss /,anaf1'1aks1s/

anaptyxis insertion of a vowel to aidpronunciationan-uhp-tik-SiSS /_anap't1ksIs/

Anastacia American pop singeran-uh-stay-zhuh /ana'stei3a/

Anastasia Russian princessan-uh-stah-si-uh /ana‘sto:sia/

anastrozole breast cancer druguh—nast-ruh-zohl ,/a'nastrazaol/

Anatolia western peninsula ofAsiaan-uh-toh-Ii-uh /,ana'taolie/

Anaxagoras Greek philosopheran—ak—sag-uh-ruhss /,anak'sageras/

Anaximander Greek scientistan-ak-sim—and-uhr /a_naks1'mande(r)/

Anaximenes Greek philosopheran-a k—sim-uh-neez /,anak's1meni:z/

Anbar, al- province, Iraquhl uhn-bar /el an'bu:(r),l

Anchises Greek mythological character

anaesthetist | Andorra

an-ky-seez /an'k1\1si:z/anchorite religious recluseank-uh-ryt /'a1]kerAIt/

anchovy small shoaling fishan-chuh-vi /'antj"avi/The old-fashioned pronunciationan-choh-vi is rarely heard now.

ancillary providing support to theprimary activities of an organizationan—Sil~uh-ri /an'si1ari/

Ancona port, Italyan k—Oh-nuh /a1]'kaona/

Ancre river, Franceah(ng)-kruh /'f1kra/

Andalusia region, Spainan-duh—loo—si—uh /,anda'1u:sia/Established anglicization. The Spanish formis Andalucia, and is pronouncedan-dal-oo-see-uh locally, andan-dal-oo-thee-uh in standard Spanish.

Andalusian relating to Andalusiaan-duh—lo0-si-uhn /,anda'1u:sian/

Andaman and Nicobar Islandsgroups of islands, Bay of Bengaland-uh-muhn nik-uh-bar /'andaman'mkabo:(r)/

andante musical terman-dan-tay /an'dante1,'

Andean relating to the Andesan-dee-uhn /an'di:an/Sometimes also an-di-uhn.

Andelfingen district, Switzerlandan-duhl-fing-uhn /‘anda1,f1nan/

Andersen, Hans Christian Danishauthorhanz krist—yuhn an—duhr-suhn /,hanz,kr|stjen 'anda(r)san/' Established anglicization.

Andes mountain system, South Americaand-eez /'andi:z/' Established anglicization.

Andhra Pradesh state, Indiaahn-druh pruh-daysh /,c1:ndrapre'de1I/

Andijan city, Uzbekistanuhn-dij-ahn /andI'd3u:n/

andiron metal standan-dy-uhn /‘and/item

Andorra autonomous principalitybetween France and Spainan-dawr-uh /an'do:ra/

andouille | Annapolis

Commonlyialso an-dorr-uh.

andouille type of pork sausageo(ng)-dwee /i1'dwi:/, French [f1'duj]

Andress, Ursula Swiss actressur-syuul-uh and-ress /,a:(r)sju1a'andrEs/v Established anglicization.

Andrié, Ivo Bosnian writeree-voh and-ritch /,i:vao 'andrrtj'/

Androcles Roman fictional nameand-ruh-kleez /'andrak1i:zl

androgen male sex hormoneand-ruh-juhn /'andracl3an/

Andromache Greek mythologicalcharacteran-drom-uh-ki /an'dromaki/

Andromeda Greek mythologicalcharacteran-drom-uh-duh /an'drnmade/

Andropov, Yuri Soviet statesmanyoor-i an-drop-u hf /_juari an'drnpaf/

anechoic free from echoan-ek-oh-ik /ana'kau1k,I

anemometer instrument for measuringwind speedan-uh-mom-it-uhr /,ane'mnm1ta(r),/

anemone plantuh-nem-uh~ni /a'nsmeni/

aneurysm swelling of the wall of anarteryan-yuu-riz-uhm /'anjur1zam/

Angelico, Fra Italian painterfrah an-jel—ik—oh /,fru: an'd3s11keu/

Angelfln, Maya American novelistand poetmy-uh an-juh-loo /,m:ua 'and3alu:/

Angers town, Franceah(ng)-zhay /fi'3e1/

Angers, Avril English actressav-reel ang-guhrz /,avri:l 'anga(r)z/

Angevin dynasty of English kingsan-juh-vin /'and3evm/' Established anglicization.

Angharad Welsh girl’s nameang-harr-ad /ar]'harad/

angina medical conditionan-iy-nuh /an'd3nine/

angioplasty surgical unblocking of ablood vesselan-ji-oh-plast-i /'and3ieo_p1asti/

Angkor capital of the ancient kingdom ofKhmer

16

ang-kor /'ank0:(r)/Anglesey island and county, Wales

ang-guhl-si /'angalsi/Angola country

ang-goh-luh /an'geula/angora cat, goat, or rabbit of a

long—haired breedang-gawr-uh /an'g0:ra/

Angstrom, Anders Jonas Swedishphysicistan-duhrsh yoo-nuhss ong-stroem/,ande(r)_f ,ju:nas 'm]strom/

angstrom unit of lengthang-struhm /'anstram/

Anguilla island, the Caribbeanang-gwil-uh /ar]'gwIla/

Anhui province, Chinaan-khway /,an'xwer/

animadversion criticism or censurean-im-uhd-vur-shuhn/_an1mad've:(r)_l‘an/

animatronics technique of making andoperating lifelike robotsan-im-uh—tron—iks /,an1ma'trnn1ks/

animé Japanese animationan-im-ay /'anImeI/

anion negatively charged ionan-y-uhn /'3.l‘|AI3!1/

anise Mediterranean plantan-iss /'an1s/

Anisoptera group of insectsan-y-zop-tuh-ruh /,anA1'znptare,'

AnjOll former province, Franceah(ng)-zhoo /f1'3u:;‘

Ankara capital ofTurkeyank-uh-ruh Fankarej

ilnkh cross-like designank /a1]k/

ankylosaur herbivorous dinosaurank-il-uh-sor /'ai]kr1as:|:(r)/

ankylosis stiffening of a jointank-il-oh-siss /_ai]k1'laos1s/

Annaba port, Algeriaan-uh-buh /'anaba/

Anna Karenina novel by Tolstoyan-uh kuh-ren-in-uh /_ana ka‘rsn1najQ Established anglicization.

Annan, Kofi Ghanaian SecretaryGeneral of the United Nationskoh-fi an-an /,kaofi 'anan[

Annapolis city, USuh-nap-uh-liss /a'napalIs/

17 Anglicization

AnglicizationWhen the Pronunciation Unit advises on the pronunciation of foreignnames, words, and phrases, we make recommendations which are asclose as possible to the original language. However, we do not expect aperfect reproduction of all non-English sounds. This would be contus-ing and disruptive for audiences and would also be quite a challengefor broadcasters! Therefore, our recommendations includeanglicizations which make speaking and understanding easier. Somesimplification is also necessary to give written advice for pronunci-ations using a respelling system. Our respelling system includesEnglish sounds and also some other consonant and vowel sounds,for instance the Welsh hl as in llan and the French oe as in coeuar.

Established anglicization of namesMany names of foreign countries, rivers, and cities have establishedanglicizations: that is, standard ways in which they are pronounced orspelled when they are referred to in English. These establishedanglicizations are those listed in gazetteers, atlases, and dictionaries.Examples include parr-iss (not parr-ee) for Paris and tib-lee-si for Tbil-isi. Examples of established anglicized spellings (for which the pronun-ciations also differ, of course) include Turin for Torino, Munich forMiinchen, and Lyons for Lyon. W'here these names appear in this bookthe native version and an approximate pronunciation is given in ausage note. It is important to note that established anglicizations arenot invariably used in an English-language context: for example, thefootball team of the city Basle is called FC Basel.

The Pronunciation Unit’s recommendations take all these estab-lished anglicizations into account. Anglicizations for major placenames are usually uncontroversial, but can change over time (e.g.Marseilles, Niger; Majorca). Official spellings or transliterations ofnames can also change (e.g. Kollcata, Beijing), which can lead to fur-ther changes in established anglicized pronunciations. Less commonly,anglicization can apply to people’s names as well as place names (e.g.Michael Schumacher); this is particularly common with high-profilepeople in the areas of international sport, showbusiness, and politics.We research the level of anglicization which a particular person prefersfor their name before making recommendations.

Established anglicization of words and phrasesWords and phrases in languages other than English often appear in anEnglish—language context. Topics such as music, science, literature,

Annapurna I Antananarivo I8

food and drink, dance, and sport provide many examples. When thesewords are treated as foreign the Pronunciation Unit makes recom-mendations which are as close as possible to the original language,subject to the usual simplifications. However, when these words andphrases are taken into English they are generally pronounced usingonly English sounds, and in such cases a more anglicized recommenda-tion is more appropriate. For example, the French phrase trompe I’aeilis usually pronounced tromp loy in English, rather than tro(ng)p loey. Aswith place names, these anglicizations too can change over time. The

, title of the Spanish novel Don Quixote used to be anglicized to don, kwik-sot, but this is now rather dated, and don kee-hoh-ti is the angli~

cization we now recommend. Words borrowed from other languagesare often initially given foreign pronunciations, and then anglicizations

‘ become established: sudo/cu is an excellent example of this.

Annapurna mountain, Nepalaniuphjpoor-nuh /,ana'poa(r)na/sometimes anglieized to alniolhipur-noh.l it

annatto orange-red dyeuh-nat-oh /a'nataU/

anneal heat and then cool slowlyuh-neel /a'ni:1/

Annecy town, Francean-see /an'si:/

Annigoni, Pietro Italian painterpyet-roh an-ig-oh-ni /,pjetraoan1'geuni/

annihilate destroy utterlyuh-ny-il-ayt f8'I1AIIl9Ii/

Annobén island, Equatorial Guineaan-uh-bon /ana'bon/

Anno Domini ‘in the year of the Lord’(Latin)an-oh dom-in-y /_aneu 'dummru/

annus horribilis ‘disastrous year’(Latin)an-uhss horr-ee-bi!-iss /,anashn'ri:bIl1s/

annus mirabilis ‘auspicious year’(Latin)an—uhss mirr-rah-bil-iss /,anasm1'ra:b111s/

anode positively charged electrodean—ohd /'anaod/

anodyne not likely to cause offencean—uh-dyn /'anedA1n/

anomaly deviates from what is standarduh-nom-uh-Ii /e'nome1i/

anopheles mosquitouh-nof-il-eez /a'nnfili:z/

anorexia nervosa pathologicalslimming compulsionan-uh-rek-si-uh nur-voh-suh/,ane_rsksIe na:(r)'veuse/

Anouilh, Jean French dramatistzhah(ng) an-wee /,3f1 an'wi:/, [anuj]

ANOVA statistical analysis of variancean—oh-vuh /a'naova/

Ansar al-Islam Iraqi militant groupun—sar uhl iss-lahm /Al'l'S(1Z(I') al1s‘lc1:m/

Anschluss annexation of Austria byGermany in 1938an-shluuss /'an_f1os/

Anselm, St Italian—born philosopherand theologianan-selm /‘anselm,'

Anshan city, Chinaan-shan /,an'Ian/

Antabuse trademark for disulfiramant-uh-byooss /'antabju:s;'

antacid preventing acidityan-tass—id /an'tasId/

Antaeus Greek mythological characteran-tee-uhss /an'ti:as/

Antalya port, Turkeyan-tal-yu h /an'ta1ja/

Antananarivo capital of Madagascarun-tun-uh-nuh-ree-voo/1in,tAnana'ri:vu:/

19

Antares staran-tar-eez /an'tu:ri:z/

antebellum occurring before a waran-ti-bel-uhm /,anti'bslam/

antecedent thing that precedes anotheran—tiss—ee-duhnt /,ant1‘si:dant,'

antepenult the last syllable but twoin a wordan-tip-uh-nult /_antIpa'n/ilt/

Anthemius Greek mathematicianan-thee-mi-uhss /an'Bi:mies/

anthracite coal of a hard varietyan—thruh—sy‘t /'anBrasA1t/

anthrax serious bacterial diseasean-thraks /'an9raks/

Antibes port and resort, Franceah(ng)-teeb /fi'ti:b/

anticipatory happening in anticipationof somethingan-tiss-ip-uh-tuh-ri /an't1sipa_tari,!

Antigone Greek mythological characteran-tig-uh—ni /an'ugani/

Antigua town, Guatemalaan-teeg-wuh /an'ti:gwa/

Antigua and Barbuda island state,Leeward Islandsan-tee-guh /an'ti:ga/

Antilles group of islands, West Indiesan-til-eez /an't1li:z/

8IltiIn8.CaSSfl.l‘ piece ofcloth put over theback of a chairan-ti-muh-kass-uhr /,antima'kasa(r)/

antimony chemical elementan—tim-uh-ni Fantlmanij

Antioch city, Turkeyant—i-ok ,I'antink/

antipathy feeling of aversionan-tip-uh-thi /an'tlpe6i/

antiphon short sentence sung before orafter a psalman-tif-uhn /'ant1fan/

Antipodes Australia and New Zealandan-tip-uh-deez /an't1padi:z/

Antisthenes Greek philosopher andteacheran-tiss-thuh-neez /an't1s9ani:z/

antithesis pl. antitheses oppositean-tith-uh-siss, pl. an-tith-uh=seez/an'ti8asls/, pl. /-si:z/

Antlia constellationan-tli-uh /'antlia/

Antares | APEC

Antofagasta port, Chileant-of-ag-ast-uh /,antofa'gasta/

Antoninus Pius Roman emperoran-tuh-ny-nuhss py-uhss /,anta,n.\mas'pAI9S/

Antonioni, Michelangelo Italian filmdirectormeek-uh-Ian-juh-Ioh an-toh-ni-oh-ni/mi:ka,land3alau antaunieunil

Antwerp port, Belgiumant-wurp /'antwa:(r)p,!Established anglicization. The Flemishname is Antwerpen, pronouncedunt-wairp-uhn, and the French form isAnvers, pronounced ah(ng)-vair.

Anubis Egyptian god of the deaduh-nyoo-biss /a'nju:b1s/

Anuradhapura city and district,Sri Lankaan-uu-rahd-u h-poor-uh;',anu:ru:da'poara/

Anvers see AntwerpAnwar, Mina English actress

mee-nuh an-war /_mi:na 'anwu:(r)/Anzoétegui state, Venezuela

an-swat-eg-ee /ans'wategi:/ao dai Vietnamese long-sleeved tunicow dy /‘av ,dz\1/

Aoraki official name for Mount Cook,New Zealandow-rak-i /au'raki/

aorta main artery of the bodyay-or-tuh /e1'0:(r)ta/

Aosta city, Italyah-ost-u h /u:'nsta/

Aotearoa Maori name for New Zealandow-tay-uh-roh-uh /ao,teia'raoa/

Aozou Strip disputed desert land, Chadow-zoo /au'zu:/

Apache American Indian ethnic groupuh-patch-i /a'pat_\‘i/

apartheid South African policy ofsegregationuh-part~hayt /a'pu:(r)the1t/This is the Afrikaans pronunciation, and theone most common in English. Less commonis uh-part-hyd.

apatosaurus herbivorous dinosauruh-pat-uh-sawr-uhss ]e_pata's0:ras/

APEC Asia-Pacific EconomicCo-operationay—pek /'e1pek/

Apeldoorn I appoggiatura

Apeldoorn town, Netherlandsap-uhl-dorn /'apaldo:(r)n/

Apelles Greek painteruh-pel-eez /e'ps1i:z/

Apennines mountain range, Italyap-uh-nynz /'apanA1nz/Established anglicization. The Italian nameis Appennino, pronounced ap-en-ee-noh.

aperitif alcoholic drink taken beforea mealuh-perr-it-eef /a,per1'ti:f/

aphasia impaired speech after braindamageuh-fay-zi-uh /a‘fe|zia,f

aphelion pl. aphelia point furthest fromthe sunap-hee-Ii-uhn, pl. ap-hee-li-uh/ap'hi:lien/, pl. /-lia/

flpl10l'iSm pithy observationaf-uh-riz-uhm /'afar1zam/

aphrodisiac substance that stimulatessexual desireaf-ruh—diz-i-ak /,afre'd1ziak/

Aphrodisias ancient city ofAsia Minoraf-ruh-diss-i-uhss /,afra'd1sios/

Aphrodite Greek goddessaf-ruh-dy-ti /,afra'dA1ti/

Api mountain, Nepalah-pi /'u:pi/

Apia capital of Samoaah-pee-uh /c1:'pi:e/

apiary place where bees are keptay-pi-uh-ri /'e1piori/

apical relating to an apexap-ik-uhl /'ap1kal/Sometimes also ay-pik-uhl; W" V W *7’

Apis Egyptian mythological god Aah-piss ,l'u:p1s/

apnoea temporary cessation ofbreathingap-nee-uh /ap'ni:a/Sometimes also ap-ni-uh.

apocalypse destruction on acatastrophic scaleuh-pok-uh-lips /a'pt>kal1ps/

apocope omission ofthe final soundof a worduh~p0k-uh-pi /a'pokapi/

apocrinc relating to a type ofskin cellap-uh-kryn ,/'apakr1un/

Apocrypha biblical writings not forming

20

part of the accepted canon ofScriptureuh-pok-rif-uh /a‘pokrrfa/

apogee highest pointap-uh-jee /'apad3i:/

Apollinaire, Guillaume French poetgee-yohm ap-ol-ee-nair /gigjaumapoli:'ne:(r)/

Apollinaris bishop of Laodicea in AsiaMinoruh-p0l—ln—air-iss /e,pol1'na:r1s/

Apollonius Greek mathematicianap-uh-loh-ni-uhss /_apa'1aonias/

Apollyon name for the Deviluh-pol-yuhn /a'po1jan/

apophthegm concise saying or maximap-uh-them /'ape6em/

apoplectic overcome with angerap-uh—p|ek-tik /,apa'plekt1k/

apostasy abandonment of a religious orpolitical beliefuh-pO5t—uh-Si /a'postasi,l

apostolic relating to the Apostlesap-uh-stol-ik /,apa'stol1k/

apostrophe punctuation markuh-post-ruh-fi /e'pnstrafi/

apothecary person who prepared andsold medicinesuh-poth-uh-kuh-ri /a'poBakari/

apotheosis highest pointuh-poth-i-oh-siss /a,pnHi'aus1s/

Appalachian Mountains mountainsystem, North Americaap-uh-lay-chuhn /.apa'le1t_[an/

Appaloosa North American breedof horseap-uh-loo-suh /,apa‘lu:sa/

appellant person who appeals to ahigher courtuh—pel—uhnt /e‘palant/

appellation name or titleap-uh-lay-shuhn /,apa'le1j‘an/

appendectomy removal of the appendixap-en-dek-tuh-mi f_apen‘dsktami/

Appenzell canton, Switzerlandap-uhn-tsel /'apantss1/

Appian Way road southward fromRomeap-i-uhn /'apian/

applique ornamental needleworkuh-plee-kay /a'pli:ke1/

appoggiatura musical termuh-poj-uh-tyoor-uh /a,ppd3a'tjuara/

21

apricot fruitay-prik-oht /‘e1pr1kot/Sometimes also ap-rik-ot.

a priori knowledge which comes fromtheoretical deductionay pry-avvlry /,e1 pr1ni:ErA1/Also ah pri-aw-ri.

apropos with reference toa-pruh-poh /,apra'pao/

Apuleius Roman writerap-yuui-ee-uhss /_apjo'1i:as,'

Apulia region, Italyuh-pyoo-Ii-uh /a'pju:1ia/Established anglicization. The Italian nameis Puglia, pronounced pool—yuh ['pu/Ma].

Apurimac region, Peruap-oo-ree-mak /apu:'ri:mak/

Apus constellationay~puhss /'e|pas/

Aqaba port, Jordanak-uh~buh flakebef

Aqsa, al- Palestinian militant groupuhl uk-suh /a1'Akse/

Aquae Sulis Roman name for Bathak-vvy soo-liss /,akw1u 'su:l1s/

aquamanile water containerak-wuh-muh-ny-Ii /_akwama'n1\11i/

Aquarius constellationuh-kwair-i-uhss /a‘kwe:rias/

aquatic relating to wateruh-kwat-ik /e'kwatIk/Less commonly also uh-kwot-ii;

aquavit Scandinavian spiritak-wuh-veet /akwa'vi:t/

aqua vitae spiritak-wuh vy-tee /,akwe 'v1nti:/Sometimes also vee»ty; see Latin panel.

aqueous of or containing wateray-kwi—uhs$ /‘e1kwias/

Aquila constellationak—wil—uh /'akwi1a/

Aquila city, Italyak-wee-luh /'akwi:1a/

Aquinas, St Thomas Italianphilosopheruh-kwyn-uhss /a'kwAInas/

Aquitaine region and former province,Franceak-wi-tayn /,akwi'tem/, [akiten]

apricot | arbitrary

' Established anglicization.Ara constellation

ar—uh ,/'o:ra/Arabiyah, al- Arabic TV station

uhl arr-ab-ee-yuh /al ara'bi:je/Aracaju port, Brazil

arr-uh-kuh-zhoo /,arake'3u:/Arachne Greek mythological character

uh-rak-ni /a'rakni/arachnophobia fear of spiders

uh-rak-nuh-foh-bi-uh /a_rakne'faobia/Arafat, Mount Mountain, Saudi Arabia

arr—uh-fat /'arafat/, Arabic [?ara'faa:t]l Established anglicization.

Arafat, Yasser Palestinian statesmanyah-sirr arr-uh-fat /,ju:srr 'arafat/,Arabic Ljaezsir ?ara'fw:t]v Established anglicization.

Arafiira Sea sea between Australia,Indonesia, and New Guineaarr—uh—fo0r-uh /,ara'foaro/

Aragon autonomous region, Spainarr-uh—guhn /'arogan/

Aragorn character from The Lordqfthe Ringsarr-uh—gorn /'arag:):(r)n/

Ara] Sea inland sea, central Asiaarr-uhl /'ara1/

Aramaic ancient Semitic languagearr-uh-may-ik /_ara'menk/

Aramis character in The ThreeMusketeersarr-uh-miss /"ararn1s/

Aranyaka Hindu sacred treatisearr-uhn-yak-uh /,ara'njaka/

Arapaho North American Indian peopleuh-rap-uh-hoh /a'rapahao/

Ararat, Mount volcanic peaks, Turkeyarr—uh-rat /'ararat/

araucaria treearr-aw-kair-i-uh /_ar:::'ke:ria/

Arawak South American ethnic grouparr-uh-wak /'arawak/

Arbil see Erbilarbitrage simultaneous buying and

selling in different marketsar-bit-rahzh /'a:(r)b1tru:3/Sometimes also ar-bit-ri}.

arbitrary randomar-bit-ruh-ri /'a:(r)b1trari/

Arabic 22

Arabic 1Arabic belongs to the Semitic family of languages. With over 150million native speakers, it is one of the world’s major languages. Thereare two main forms ofArabic, literary Arabic and colloquial Arabic.Literary Arabic is the standard form: it is the language of the Koran,and is used in the media. Colloquial Arabic comprises the variousspoken dialects in everyday usage.

Giving recommendations for Arabic pronunciation is complicated bythe fact that there is so much variation between different forms of ,Arabic. Also, our advice is based on spellings transliterated into the lRoman alphabet, but the transliterations used can be inconsistent and ‘arbitrary. The Arabic given here is, as always, somewhat anglicized inline with BBC policy and the constraints of phonetic respelling.

VowelsLiterary Arabic has three vowels, which can be either long or short,although the quality of these vowels, particularly A, can be realized inmany different ways.A is generally pronounced a when short and ah when long. Mohammed

is moh-ham—uhd, and Talabani is tah-luh-bah-ni.Short A is sometimes closer to u, next to certain consonants. Qadri is

kud-ri.Long A is sometimes closer to air, but when no R is present in the

orthography, we render this sound as ah. This retains the length(which determines stress), but compromises the quality.

I is pronounced i when short and ee when long.U is pronounced uu when short and 0o when long.Colloquial Arabic also allows for E and O.E is pronounced e when short and close to ay when long.O is pronounced o when short, and close to oh or aw when long.Some of these vowel qualities are commonly reduced to schwa (uh) in

anglicized Arabic.Arabic has two diphthongs. Variously transliterated as AI, AY, EI, or

EI, the first of these is commonly pronounced y in literary Arabic, anday in colloquial Arabic. This why it is so common to hear names likeMohamed ElBamdez' pronounced both barr-uh-dy and barr-uh—day. The .other diphthong is transliterated AU or AW, and is pronounced ow inliterary Arabic, and oh in colloquial Arabic.

ConsonantsThe Arabic alphabet contains all the consonant sounds of English

23 Arabic

apart from g, p, and v. There are also many sounds which do not occur ~in English, some ofwhich are difficult to represent in the respelling.All instances of kh refers to the sound in Scottish loch, never to that of

German ich.B, D, F, K, L, M, N, T, and Z are pronounced as in English in anglicized

Arabic.DII is pronounced th as in there.GH is pronounced as kh, but with added voicing (i.e. pronounced with

vibration of the vocal chords. IPA is [Y]). This sound is always angli-cized to g.

H is pronounced as h, but can appear in any position in Arabic. We tI'yto reflect this in names such as/lhmed, although due to the restric-tions of the respellings we represent this sound as kh in this diction-ary. This is not ideal, but is better than leaving it out altogether.

J and DJ are pronounced j. In North African dialects, where there isinfluence from French, J is often pronounced zh.

KH is pronounced kh. ‘Q is pronounced as k, but further back in the mouth (IPA is [q]). This ‘

sound is always anglicized to k.SH is pronounced sh, but beware of syllable breaks between S and H. i

[sham is iss-hahm. .TH is pronounced th.’ is a voiced pharyngeal fricative (IPA is [i']). This is not always tran-

scribed, and is sometimes expressed as an A in the spelling instead,for example Ba.’th or Baath. This is not a sound we can retain inanglicized pronunciations.The L in the article al/el is silent before the so-called sun letters, i.e.

the sounds t, th, d, th, 2, s, sh, I, n, and zh. Al-Zarqawi is uh-zuhr-kah-wi.In a native pronunciation the initial consonant of the following word

is doubled to compensate (see more about long Arabic consonantsbelow).

This phenomenon is sometimes reflected in the transliteration, andso the Iraqi city Najafmay be spelt an-Najafas well as al-Najajf ‘

StressStress is determined by syllable length and structure, but as a generalguide stress is placed on the last syllable containing a long vowel or onthe vowel immediately preceding a doubled consonant. As with Italian,the double consonant is not a feature we can retain.

Faruq is farr-ook and Muammar is moo-um-uhr.If all vowels and consonants are short, and the word has more than

two syllables, stress falls on the antepenultimate syllable. Hanafi ishan-at-i.

A1-bois I Argentine

Arbois city, Francear-bwah /u:(r)'bwu:;’

arborea] living in treesar-baw-ri-uhl /u:(r)'bo:riolf

Arbuthnot, John Scottish physicianand writerar-buth-nuht /u:(r)'bA6nat/

Arcadia mountainous district, Greecear-kay-di-uh /u:(r)'ke1dia/0 Established anglicization.

Arcady ideal rustic paradisear-kuh-di l‘u:(r)kadi/

arcana secrets or mysteriesar-kay-nuh ,'u:(r)'keina/

Arc de TI'i0n'lpl‘le ceremonial archin Parisark duh tree-o(ng)f /_u:(r)k de tri:':'>f/

Archaean geological termar-kee-uhn /u:(r)'ki:an/

archaeopteryx prehistoric birdar-ki-op-tuh-riks /_u:(r)ki'nptar1ks/

archaic old or old~fashionedar-kay-ik /a:(r)'kenk/

Archangel port, Russiaark-ayn-juhl/'u:(r) Ind3el/keEstablished anglicizatiodiillussian Iname is Arkhangelsk, pronouncedar-khan-guhlsk [8I"X3I‘lQjll5Sl{].

archangel angel of greater thanordinary rankark-ayn-juhl /‘o:(r)kemd3al/

alsoieirk-aydnjjuhl. T

Archilochus Greek poetar-kil—uh-kuhss /o.:(r)'k1lakas/

Archimedes Greek mathematicianar-kim-ee-deez /_Cl1(I')l(I'ITli2Cll2Z/

archipelago group of islandsar-kip-el-uh-goh /_u:(r)k1'palagau/

archivist person who maintains archivesar—kiv-ist /'o:(r)k1v1st/

archosaur reptilear-kuh-sor /'o:(r)kaso:(r)/

ARCIC Anglican Roman CatholicInternational Commissionar—kik /'c|:(r)k1k/

Arctogaea zoogeographical areaark-tuh-jee-uh /_o:(r)kta'd3i:a/

Arcturus starark-tyoor-uhss fu:(r)k'tjoaras/

Ardea village, Italy

241

ar-day-uh /'u:(r)de1a/Ardeche river and department, France

ar-desh /c1:(r)'ds_f/Ardennes forested region in Belgium,

France, and Luxembourgar-den /u:(r)'den/

Ard Fheis an Irish party politicalconferenceard esh /o:(r)d 's_l'/

Ardizzone, Edward British artistar-diz-oh-ni /_c1:(r)di'zauni/

Ardnamurchan peninsula, Scotlandard-nuh-murkh-uhn/_c|:(r)dne'ma:(r)xan/

are unit of measurementar /u:(r)/

Arena], Mount volcano, Spainarr-en-al /are'nal/

Arendt, Hannah German—bornAmerican philosopherar-uhnt /'o:ront/

areola pl. areolae small circular areauh-ree-uh-luh, pl. uh-ree-uh-lee/a'ri:ale/, pl. /-1i:/

Areopagitica poem by Miltonarr—i-op-uh-jit-ik-uh /,arinpe'd3Itika/Commonly also arr-i-op-uh-git-ik~uh.

Arequipa city, Peruarr—ek—ee-puh /_ara'ki:pe/

Ares Greek godair—eez /'s:ri:z,'

aréte sharp mountain ridgeuh—ret /e'ret,l

Arezzo city and football club, Italyuh-ret—s0h /a'rstseo/

Argeles-Gazost resort, Francear-zhuh-less gaz-ost /u:(r)3a,lasga'znst/

argent silverar—juhnt /'ci:(r)d3ant/

Argenta town, Italyar—jent-uh /o:(r)'d3enta/

Argentiere village, Francear-zhah(ng)-tyair /u:(r)3€i'tje:(r)/

Argentina countryar-juhn-tee-nuh /_a:(r)d3en'ti:na/,Spanish [arxen'tina]Q Established anglicization.

Argentine relating to Argentinaar-juhn-tyn /'o:(r)d3antArn/

25

Argentinian relating to Argentinaar-juhn-tin—i-uhn /,u:(r)d3an'tmian/

Arges river, Romaniaar-jesh /'i1:(r)d3e_[/

Argo constellationar-goh /'c1:(r)gao/

argon chemical elementar-gon /'o:(r)gnn/

Argonauts Greek mythologicalcharactersar-guh-nawts /'u:(r)gana:ts/

A1'g0S city, Greecear—g0ss /'n:(r)gos/

argosy large merchant shipar—guh-si ,"o:(r)gasi/

argot jargon ofa particular groupar-goh /‘o:(r)geu/

Argyll and Bute council area, Scotlandar-gyl byoot/o:(r)‘gA11'bju:t/

Arhus (also Aarhus) city, Denmarkor-hooss /'o:(r)hu:sl

Ariadne Greek mythological characterarr-i—ad-ni /,ari'adni/

A1-ica city, Chilearr—ee-kuh la'ri:ka/

Ariege river and department, Francearr-i-ezh /ari'e3/

Ariel moon of Uranusair-i-uhl /'e:rialf

Aries constellationair-eez /'s:ri:z/

Arimidex trademark druguh-rim-id-eks /a'r1mideks/

arioso musical termarr-i-oh-zoh /_ari'aozeo/

Ariosto, Ludovico Italian poetlood-uh-veek-oh arr-i-ost-oh/lu:da_vi:keu ari'ostau/

Aristarchus Greek scholararr-ist-ar-kuhss /,ari'stu:(r)kes/

Aristide, Jean-Bertrand Haitianstatesmanzhah(ng) bair-trah(ng) arr-ist—eed/341 be:(r),tr(1 aris'ti:d/

Aristides Greek statesman and generalarr-ist-y-deez /,£ll‘I'SlAIdlZZ/'

Aristippus Grcck philosopherarr—ist-ip-uhss /,ar1‘st|pasf

Aristophanes Greek comic dramatistarr-ist-of-uh-neez I,ar1'stnfani:z/

Aristotelian relating to Aristotlearr-ist-uh-tee-Ii-uhn /,ar1sta'ti:lian/

Argentinian | Armstrong, Louis

Aristotle Greek philosopher andscientistarr-ist-ot-uhl /‘aristotal/

arithmetic branch of mathematicsuh-rith-muh-tik /e'ri6mat1k/

arithmetic relating to arithmeticarr-ith-met-ik /_3I‘I6'm£lll(/

Arkansas city and state, USark-uhn-saw /’o:(r)kanso:/The river Arkansas in Kansas, however, isar-kan-zuhss.

Arkhangelsk see ArchangelArlanda airport, Swedenar-lan-duh /'n:(r)landa/

Aries city, Francearl /o:(r)l/

Arlon town, Belgiumar-lo(n9) /11:(r)']:3/

armadillo insectivorous mammalar-muh-dil-oh /,o:(r)me'd11au,l

Armageddon last battle before the DayofJudgementar-muh-ged-uhn /,u:(r)ma'gsdan/

'Armagh county, Northern Irelandar-mah /o:(r)'mu:/'

Armagnac French brandyar-muhn-yak /'a:(r)manjak/

Armani, Giorgio Italian fashiondesignerjor-joh ar-mah-ni /‘d3o:(r)d3eoo:(r)'mo:ni/

Armenia countryar-mee-ni-uh /o:(r)'mi:nia,/' Established anglicization.

Armenian, Raffi Canadian composerand conductorraf-i ar-mee-ni-uhn /'rafia:(r)'mi:nien/

armistice agreement to stop lightingar-mist-iss /'o:(r)mist1s,'

Armitage, Richard Americanpoliticianar-mit-ij /'ci:(r)mIt|d3/

armoire cupboard or wardrobear-mwar /o:(r)'mwu:(r)/

Armstrong, Louis American jazzmusicianloo-iss /'lu:is/This was his preferred pronunciation,despite the popular pronunciation of hisname as loo-i.

Arne, Thomas | ASCII

Arne, Thomas English composerarn /u:(r)n/

Arnhem town, Netherlandsar-nuhm /'u:(r)nam/

Arno river, Italyar-noh /'u:(r)nao/

arpeggio musical termar—pej—oh /u:(r)'pad;-',ao/

Arquette family name ofAmericanactors Patricia, Rosanna, and Davidar-ket /u:(r)'k:-:t/

Arras town, Francearr-uhss /‘ares/, [aras]- Established anglicization.

Arrhenius, Svante Swedish chemistsvan-tuh arr—ay-ni-uuss /'svantaa'reInios/

arrhythmia irregular heartbeatuh-rith-mi-uh /a‘r1omia/

arrivederci ‘goodbye’ (Italian)arr-iv-ed-air-chi ,/arIve'ds:(r)t_l'i/

arriviste ambitious or selflseekingpersonarr-i-veest /,ari'vi:st/

arrondissement subdivision of aFrench departmentarr-on~deess-mo(ng) /,arnn'di:smf)/,[arfidismfij- Established anglicization.

Arroyo, Gloria. Maeapagal-Philippine presidentglaw-ri-uh mak-uh-puh-galarr-oy-oh /_glo:ria makapagal a'r:>1au/

arsenic chemical elementar-suh-nik /'ci:(r)san1k/

Artalld, Antonin French actorah(ng)-toh-na(ng) ar-toh /(1tau'né(1:(r)'tau/

Artaxerxes king of ancient Persiaar~tuh-zurk-seez /,u:(r)ta'za:(r)ksi:z/

art deco decorative art styleart dek-oh /,u:(r)t ‘dskaol

Artemis Greek goddessart-im-iss /'o:(r)t1m1s/

Arte Povera Italian artistic movementar-tay pov-uh-ruh /_o:(r)tei 'pnvara/

arthritis painful inflammation of thejointsarth-ry-tiss /u:(r)'9r/\1t1s/

Arthropoda phylum of invertebrateanimalsar-thruh-poh-duh /,u:(r)9ra'paoda/

26

articulatory relating to the formation ofspeech soundsar-tik-yuul-uh-tuh-ri /u:(r)'t1kjolatari;'Sometimes also ar-tik-yoo-lay-tuh-ri.

artifice clever devices or expedientsar-tif-iss /'u:(r)t1fis/

artisan worker in a skilled tradear-ti n /,u'(r)t1' nfZ-3 . Z3

Sometimes also ar—tiz-an.

art nouveau style ofdecorative art anddesignart noo—voh /_ci:(r)t nu:'vau/

Artois region and former province,Francear-twah /c1:(r)'twu:/

Aruba island, Caribbeanuh-roo-buh /e'ru:ba/

arugula rocket plantuh-roo-guh-luh /e'ru:gala,'

Arunachal Pradesh state, Indiaarr-oo-nah-chuhl pruh-daysh/aru:,nu:t_l"a1 pra'de1_l"/

Arundel town, Englandarr-uhn-duhl /'arende1/

Arwen character from The LordQf'th.e Ringsar-wen /'u:(r)wsn,’

Aryabhata. Indian astronomerar-yuh-bah-tuh /,u:(r)ja‘bci:ta/

Aryan ethnic groupair—i-uhn /'a:rian/

arytenoid cartilage at the back ofthe larynxarr—it-ee—noyd f|&I‘I'tiI1'lI)I(l/

as ancient Roman coinass fasf

asana yoga postureah—suh-nuh /'c1:sana/

Asansol city, Indiaass—uhn-sohl /,asan'sao1/

Asante see AshantiASBO Anti-Social Behaviour Order

az-boh /"azbao/ascetic characterized by self—discipline

uh-set-ik fa'sstIk/Ascham, Roger English scholar and

writerask-uhm /'askam/

ASCII American Standard Code forInformation Interchangeask-i /'aski/

27

Asclepius Greek mythological characteruh-Sklee-pi-uhS5 /a'skli:pias/

AS001; town, Englandask-uht /'askat/

ASEAN Association of South-East AsianNationsass-i-an /'asian/

Asgard world in Scandinavian mythologyass—gard /'asgo:(r)d/

Ashanti (also Asante) region, Ghanauh-shan-ti /a'Ianti/

Ashdod seaport, Israelash-dod /aj"dnd/

Asher Hebrew patriarchash-uhr /'aIa(r)/

Ashgabat (also Ashkhabwd) capital ofTurkmenistanash-khuh-bat /aj‘xa‘bat/

Ashkenazi Jew ofcentral or easternEuropean descentash—kuh-nah-zi /,aj'ka'nu:zi/

Ashkenazy, Vladimir Russian—bornpianistvluh-dee-meer ash—kuh-nah-zi/vla_di:mIa(r) _a_[ka'n<1:zi/

ashlar masonry made of large square-cutstonesash-Iuhr /'a_fla(r)/

Ashmolean Museum museum inOxfordash-moh-Ii-uhn /a_\"maulian,f

Ashoka (also Asoka) Indian emperoruh-shoh-kuh /aflfookaf

Ashqelon (also Ashkelon) ancient city,Israelash-kuh-lohn /aj‘ka'laon/

ashtanga type of yogaash—tang-guh /aj"tanga/

Ashura Muslim holy dayash-oor-uh /a‘Ioara/

Asia continentay-shuh /'e1Ia/Commonly also ay-zhuh.

Asiago city, Italyaz-yah—goh /az'ja:gau/

Asimov, Isaac Russian-born Americanwriter and scientisty-zuhk az-im-of /,AlZ8l('&ZII'IlDf1'

Asir Mountains range of mountains,Saudi Arabiauh-seer /a's1a(r)/

Asclepius I astigmatism

ASLEF Associated Society of LocomotiveEngineers and Firemenaz-lef /'azlsf/

Asmara capital of Eritreaass-mar-uh /as'ma:re/

Asoka see Ashokaaspartame sweet substance

uh-spar—taym /a'spci:(r}te1m/Aspen-ger’s syndrome autistic disorder

asp-ur-guhrz /'aspa:(r)ga(r)z/1 This is the pronunciation preferred bythe National Autistic Society.

asphalt mixture of dark bituminouspitch with sand or gravelass-falt /'asfalt/

asphyxia lack of oxygen in the blooduhss-fik-si-uh /as'f1ksia/

Aspromonte Mountains mountainrange, Italyasp-roh-mon-tay /,asprao'mnnte1/

AS5811, Bashar al- Syrian presidentbuh-shar uhl uss-uhd /ba_j'a:(r)a1'AS8d/

Assad, Hafiz al- former Syrianpresidenthah-fiz uhl U55-uhd /,ho:fiz a1'Asad/

assai musical termass-y /a's/n/

Assam state, Indiaass-am /a'sam/

assay testing of a metaluh-say /a'sei/

assegai spearass-uh-gy /'asagi\1,f

Assiniboine river, Canadauh-sin-ib-oyn /a'sm1bo|n,I

ASSiSi town, Italyuh-see-si /a'si:si/

Assur ancient Mesopotamian cityass-oor /‘asua(r)/

Assyria ancient countryuh-sirr-i-uh /a‘s1ria/

Astana city, Kazakhstanast-uh-nah /asta'no:/

Astarte Phoenician goddessuh~star-ti /a'st:1:(r)ti/

astatine chemical elementast-uh-teen /'astati:n/

asthma respiratory conditionass-muh /'asma/

astigmatism defect in the eyeuh-stig-muh-tiz-uhrn /a'stigmet1zam/

Astrakhan | Aubusson

Astrakhan city, Russiaast-ruh-khan /'astraxan/

Asturias autonomous region, Spainast-oor-i-uhss /a'stoarias/

Asuncion capital of Paraguayass-oon-syon /asu:n'sjnn/

Aswan city, Egyptass-wahn /as'wo:n/

Atacama Desert arid region, Chileat-ak—ah-muh f_ata'ko:ma/

Atahualpa Inca kingat-uh-wal-puh /ata'walpa/

Atalanta Greek mythological characterat-uh—lan-tuh /,ata'1anta/

Ataman, Kutlug Turkish artistkuut-loo at-uh-man /,kutlu: ata'man/

Ataturk, Kemal Turkish general andstatesmankuh-mal at-uh-turk /ka_ma1 'atate:(r)k/1» Established anglicization.

atelier workshop or studiouh-tel-i-ay /a'tslie1,~'

Aten Egyptian godah-tuhn /'o:tan/

atenolol beta blockeruh-ten-uh-lol ,Ia'tsnalnl/

Athanasius, St Greek theologianath-uh-nay-shuhss /,aBa‘ne1_1‘as/

Atharva Veda Hindu textuh-tar-vuh vay-duh /a,tu:(r)va 'veida/

atheism theory that God does not existay-thi—iz—uhm ,"e16nzam/

atheling Anglo-Saxon princeath-uh-ling /'a9aln]/

Athelstan king of Englandath—uhI-stuhn /‘a(-lalstan/

Athena Greek goddessuh-theen-uh /a'Bi:na/

Athenaeum London gentleman's club;also used in the names of librariesath-uh-nee-uhm j,a6a'ni:am/

Athens capital of Greeceath-uhnz /'a6anz/Established anglicization. The Greek nameis Athina, pronounced ath-ee-nuh.

Athos, Mount mountainous peninsula,Greeceath-oss /'a9ns/

Atitléll town, lake, and volcano,Guatemalaat-eet-Ian /ati:t'lan/

28

Atletico Madrid Spanish football teamat-let-ik-oh muh-drid /atletrkaoma‘dr1d/' Established anglicization.

Atocha Madrid train station, Spainat-otch-uh /a'tnt_[a/

ATOL Air Travel Organizers Licenceat-0| /'atn1/

atoll island formed of coralat-ol /'atnl/Commonly also uh-tol.

atomoxetine ADHD drugat-oh-moks-uh-teen /,atao‘mnksati:n/

Atrcus Greek mythological characteray-tri-uhss /‘entries,’

atrophia wasting diseaseuh-troh-fi-uh /a'traofie/

atrophy waste awayat-ruh-fi /‘atrefi,'

atropine poisonous compoundat-ruh-peen /'atrapi:n/

Atropos Greek mythological characterat-ruh-poss /'atrepus/

ATSIC Aboriginal and Torres Strait[slander Commissionat-sik /'ats1k/

attaché person on the staifof anambassadoruh—tash-ay /a'taIe1/

Attica ancient department of Greeceat-ik-uh /‘at1ka/

Attila king of the Hunsuh—til—uh /a't1la/Established anglicization. The Hungarianboy's name is pronounced 0t-il-uh.

Attlee, Clement English prime ministerat-Ii ,/'atli/

aubade musical announcement ofdawnoh-bahd Jau‘bo:d/

Aube river and department, Franceohb /sob/’

auberge inn in a French-speakingcountryOh-bairzh /a0'be:(r)3,f

aubergine egg-shaped fruitoh-buhr-zheen /'aoba(r)3i:n,'

auburn reddish-brown colouraw-buhrn ,/':>:ba(r)n,/

Aubusson town, France; also carpetmade thereoh-byoo-son /Koobjusnn/, [obyso]

29

~ Established anglicization.Auchterarder town, Scotlandokh-tuhr-ar-duhr /,nxta(r)'o:(r)da(r)/

Auckland city, New Zealandawk-luhnd /'o:kland,|'

an courant aware of what is going onoh koo-ro(ng) /,ao ku:'rfi/, French [0kurfi]

Auden, W. H. English-born Americanpoetaw-duhn /'o:dan/

Audubon, John James Americannaturalist and artistaw-duh-buhn ,"a:daben/

Auerbach, Frank German-bornEnglish painterow-uhr—bakh /'aoa(r)bax/

au fait having a good knowledge ofoh fay /,ao ‘fell

Augean relating to Augeasaw-jee-uhn /o:‘d3i:anf

Augeas Greek mythological characteraw-jee-uhss /:i:'d3i:es/

augment changeawg—ment /o:g'rnsnt/

Augrabies Falls series of waterfalls,South Africauh-grah-beez /a'gru:bi:z/

Augsburg city, Germanyowks-boork /‘aoksbua(r)k/

augury sign ofwhat will happen inthe futureaw-gyuu-ri /‘o:gjori/

august respected and impressiveaw—gu5t ,/a:‘gnst/

Augusta resort, USaw-gust-uh /:>:'gAsta/

Augustine, St doctor ofthe Churchaw-gust—in /:>:'g1\st1n/

Augustus Roman emperoraw-gust-uhss /o:'g.\stas/

auk seabirdawk /aikl

auld lang syne times long pastawld lang syn /,o:ld Ian 'smn/

aumbry recess or cupboard in a churchawm-bri /':i:mbri/

Aung San Burmese nationalist leaderowng san /,aun 'san/

Aung San Suu Kyi Burmese politicalleaderowng san soo chee /aun ,san su: ‘t_I‘i:/

Auchterarder | autarch

Aurangzeb Mogul emperoraw-ruhng—zeb lozranzebl

Aurelian Roman emperoraw~ree-li—uhn /o:'ri:lian/

Aurelius, Marcus Roman emperormar-kuhss aw-ree-Ii-uhss /,mu:(r)kaso:'ri:lias,f¢ See LATIN panel.

aureole circle of lightaw—ri-ohl /'o:riaol/

Auric, Georges French composerzhorzh orr-eek /,3a:(r)3 n'ri:k/

auricular relating to the earaw-rik-yuul-uhr /o:'r1kjo1a(r)/

Auriga constellationaw-ry-guh /:.>:'rmga/

Aurora goddess of the dawnaw-raw-ruh /o:'r:>:ra/

Aurora Australis southern lightsaw-raw-ruh aw-strah-Iiss /a:,ro:rao:‘stro:l1s/

Aurora Borealis northern lightsaw-raw-ruh borr-i-ah-liss /a:,ro:robnri'u:l1s/

Auschwitz Nazi concentration campin Polandowsh-vits /'aoIv1ts/

Auslese German white wineowss-lay-zuh /'aosle1za/

auspicious conducive to successaw-spish-uhss /o:'sp1_l‘as/

austere severe or strictost-eer /n'stia(r),I

Austerlitz, Battle ofbattle in 1805aw-stuhr-lits /'o:sta(r)11ts/

Austin city, USost-in /‘nstIn/

Australasia region, South Pacificost-ruh-lay-shuh /,nstra'le1Ia,'

Australopithecus bipedal primateost-ruh-loh-pith-ik-uhss/,nstralau'p191kas/

Austria countryost-ri-uh /'nstria/The pronunciation awst-ri-uh is lesscommon now. This is an establishedanglicization; the German name isijsterreich, pronounced oest-uhr-rykh['o:staraic].

autarch ruler with absolute poweraw-tark /'o:tci:(r)k/

authoritative | Avogadro, Amedeo 30

authoritative able to be trusted as beingaccurateaw-thorr-it-uh-tiv /o:'6nr1tat1v/Less commonly also aw-thorr-it-ay-tiv.

autism mental conditionaw-tiz-uhm /'o:t1zam/

Autobahn German motorwayow-toh-bahn /'aotaobu:n,'Commonly also anglicizedi tojyv¥toEbgagh7n.7

autodidact self-taught person Iaw-toh-did-akt /'o:taodidakt/

automaton pl. automata mechanicaldevice made in imitation of a humanbeingaw-tom-uh-tuhn, pl. aw-tom-uh-tuh/oftnmatan/, pl. /-ta,’~ Standard -s plural is also possible.

automotive relating to motor vehiclesaw-tuh-moh-tiv /,:>:ta'maot1v/

autopista Spanish motorwayOw-‘(Oh-peeSt—uh /_aotao'pi:sto/Commonly also anglicized toaw-toh-peest-uh.

autopsy post-mortem examinationaw-top-si /'o:tDpsi/Less commonly also aw-top-si.

autostrada Italian motorwayow—toh-strah-duh /,uotao'stro:da/Commonly also anglicized toaw-toh-strah-duh.

Auvergne region, Franceoh-vairn /eo'vs:(r)n/

Auxerre town, Franceoh—Sair /ao'sa:(r)/Sometimes erroneously awk-sair.

auxiliary providing additional help andsupportawg-zil-i-uh-ri /o:g'z1liari/Commonly also awk-sil-i-uh-ri.

avalanche mass of snow falling rapidlydown a mountainsideav-uh-lahnsh /'avo1n:n_l‘/

Avalon mythical placeav-uh-Ion /'avalnn/

avant-garde new and experimentalideasav-ong gard ,l_avn1j| 'go:(r)d/, French[avfi gard]

avast stop!uh—vahst /a'vu:st/

Avastin cancer drugay-vast-in /e1'vastm/

avatar manifestation ofa deity inbodily formav—uh-tar /'avato:(r)/

Avebury village, Englandayv-buh-ri ,"e1vberi/

Aveda American hair and skin carecompanyuh-vay-duh /a'verda/

Avedon, Richard Americanphotographerav-uh-duhn /'avadan/

Avellino town and province, Italyav-el-ee-noh ;‘ave'li:nao/

Ave Maria Catholic prayerah-vay muh-ree-uh /,u:ve1 me'ri:o/

Aventine Hill one of the seven hills ofRomeav-uhn-tyn /'3V3l'liAl]1/

aver state or assertuh-vur /a'va:(r)/

Avernus Roman mythological nameuh-vur-nuhss /a'va:(r)nas/

AVel‘l‘0i§S Spanish—born Islamicphilosopheruh-verr-oh-eez /a'vsraui:z/

Aves class of vertebratesay-veez /'eivi:z,/

Avesta sacred texts of Zoroastrianismuh—vest-uh /a'vssta/

avian relating to birdsay-vi-uhn ,"e1vian/

aviatrix pl. aviatrices female pilotay-vi-ay-triks, pl. ay-vi-ay-triss-eez/,e1vi'e1tr1ks/, pl. /-tr1si:z/

Avicenna Persian—born Islamicphilosopherav-iss-en-uh /_avI'ssne/

Avignon city, Franceav-een-yoh(ng) /avi:n'j5/

avocet wading birdav-uh-set /'avasst/

Avogadro, Amedeo Italian chemistand physicistam-uh-day-oh av-uh-gahd-roh/amaldelao ava‘go:drao/

31

avoirdupois system of weightsav-war—dyoo-pwah/,avwo:(r)dju:'pwo:/

Avoriaz ski resort, Franceav-Orr-i-ah /avori'u:/

avuncular kind towards a lessexperienced personuh-vunk-yuul—uhr /a'vm]kjola(r)/

AWACS Airborne Warning And ControlSystemay—Wak5 /'e1waks/

Awarua southern tip ofNew Zealandah-wuh-roo-uh /o:we'ru:a/

AWOL Absent WithOut Leaveay-wol /'e1wnl,'

awry away from the expected courseuh-ry /a'rm/

axilla pl. axillae armpitak-sil-uh, pl. ak-sil-ee /ak'srlo/, pl./-li;/

axiom accepted statementak-si-uhm /'aksiam/

axiomatic self-evidentak-si-uh-mat-ik /,aksia'mat1k/

Axminster kind of patterned carpetaks-min-stuhr /‘aksmInsta(r)/

axolotl Mexican salamanderak-suh-lot-uhl /'aksalotol/‘

Axum see AksumAyacucho city, Peru

y-ak-oo-choh /,1ua'ku:tj90/ayah nanny employed by Europeansin Indiay-uh /‘a1a/

ayahuasca tropical viney-uh-wask-uh /_1ua'waska/‘

ayatollah religious leader among ShiiteMuslimsy-uh—tol—luh /‘AI6'lIDl9fQ Established anglicization.

Ayckbourn, Alan English dramatistayk-born /'e1kbo:(r)n/

aye-aye Madagascan primatey y /‘A1 Alf

Ayer, A. J. English philosopherair /a:(r),'

Ayers Rock red rock mass, Australiaairz /s:(r)z/

Ayia Napa resort, Cyprusy-uh nap-uh /‘AIS ‘nape,’

Aylesbury town, England

avoirdupois | azure

aylz-buh-ri /'e1lzbari/Aymara South American ethnic group

y—muh-rah /AIl'I‘l9'I‘(]I/Ayodhya town, India

ah—yohd-yuh /<1:'jaodje/Ayr port, Scotland

air /s:(r)/Ayurveda traditional Hindu system of

mediciney-yuhr-vay-duh /A1ja(r)'ve1da/

Azati Kashmir autonomous state,Pakistanah-zad kash-meet /,u:zad ka_|"m1a(r),f

azalea shrubuh-zay-Ii-uh /a'ze1lia/

azan Muslim call to ritual prayeruh-zahn /a'zo:n/

Azerbaijan countryaz-uhr-by-jahn ,',aza(r)bAr'd3o:n/

Azeri Turkic ethnic groupuh-zair-i /o'zs:ri,’

Azikiwe, Nnamdi (also Azikwi)Nigerian statesmannam—di uh-zik-wi /,namdi a'z1kwi/

Azilian relating to an early Mesolithiccultureuh-zil-i-uhn /a'z1lian/

azimuth astronomical termaz-im-uhth /'azImaB,l

Aziz, Tariq Iraqi politiciantar-ik uh-zeez /,tu:rrk a'zi:z/

Aznar, Jose Maria Spanish politiciankhoss-ay marr-ee-uh ath-nar /xn_se1ma,ri:e a9'no:(r) 1‘

Azores group of volcanic islands, AtlanticOceanuh-zorz /o'zo:(r)z,I

Azov, Sea of inland sea, Russia andUkraineah-zov /'o:zov/, Russian [A'ZDf]' Established anglicization.

Azrael Jewish archangelaz-rayl /'azre11/

AZT AIDS drugay-zed-tee / sd'ti'/so C-f?‘z, - CAM is ay-zee-tee.

Aztec Mexican ethnic groupaz-tek /'aztak/

azure bright blue colourazh-uhr /'a3a(r)/Commonly also uh-Zyoor.

32

Bba soul of a person or god in ancient

Egyptbah /bC1Z/

Baade, Walter German-born Americanastronomerbah-duh /'ba:da/

Baader-MeinhofGroup West Germanleft-wing anarchist groupbah-duhr myn-hof /,bu:da(r)'lTlA[l'll‘lDf/

Baal ancient Phoenician godbahl /b(1Il/

Baalbek town, Lebanonbahl-bek /'bo:1b£k/

Baath Party (also Ba’ath Party)pan-Arab political partybahth /bClZ9/, [ba'fi‘6]~ Established anglicization.

baba rich sponge cakebah-bah /'bo:bo:/

baba ‘father’ (Hindi)bah-bah /'bo:bo:/

baba ganouj aubergine spreadbah-buh gan-oozh /,bu:ba ga'nu:3/

babassu (also babacii) oil palmbab-uh—s00 I ,baba'su:/

Baba Yaga sorceress in Russian folktalcsbah-buh yah-guh /_bu:ba 'ju:ga/

Babel biblical towerbay-buhl ,I'beiba1/

Babi adherent of Babismbah-bi /'bc1:bi/

babiche raw hide formed into stripsbuh-beesh /ba'bi:_[/

Babism religionbahb-iz-uhm /'bo:b1zam/

babouche heelless slipperbuh-boosh /be'bu:I/

Babruisk river port, Belarusbuh~broo-isk /ba'bru:rsk/

Babur first Mogul of Indiabah-buhr /'bc1:be(r)/

babushka ‘grandmother’ (Russian)

bah-buush-kuh /'bo:bu_|‘ka/A more anglicized pronunciation,buh-boosh-kuh, is often heard.

Babuyan Islands group ofvolcanicislands, Philippinesbah-buu-yahn /,bo:bo'jo:n/

Babylon ancient city, Mesopotamiabab-ii-on /‘bab11nn/

Babylonia ancient region, Mesopotamiabab-il-oh-ni-uh /_babI'1aonia/

bacalao salted codfishbak-uh-low /_baka'la0,'

Baca county, USbay-kuh /'beIka,'

Bacall, Lauren American actressIorr-uhn buh-kawl /_lnran ba'ko:l/

B30511 city, Romaniabuh—k0w fba'kao/, [ba'kau]Q Established anglicization.

baccalaureate examinationbak-uh-Iawr-i-uht /,baka'l:>:riat/

baccarat card gamebak-uh-rah /'bakaro:/

Bacchae play by Euripidesbak-y /'bflkAI/Commonly also bak-ee.

bacchanal wild celebrationbak-uh-nuhl /'bakanal;'

Bacchus Roman god ofwinebak-uhss /'bakas/

Bach trademark flower remediesbatch [bat]!

Bach, Johann Sebastian Germancomposeryoh-han zuh-bast-i-uhn bahkh/jaohan zabastian 'bo:x/, [bax]

Bacllarach, Burt American songwriterbak-uh-rak /'bakarak/

Bachelet, Michelle Chilean presidentmee-chel batch-el-et /mi:_tIslbatIs'l£t/

33

bacillus pl. bacilli bacteriumbuh-sil-uhss, pl. buh-sil-y /ba's1las/, pl./-lA[/

Bacolod city, Philippinesbah-kol-od /bu:‘kolnd/

Baconian relating to Francis Baconbay-k0h—ni-uhn lberkaonianl

bactericide substance which killsbacteriabak-teer-iss-yd /bak'tIar1si\1d/

bacterium pl. bacteria microscopicsingle—celled organismbak-teer-i-uhm, pl. ba k-teer-i-uh/bak't1ariam/, pl. /-ria/

Bactria ancient country in central Asiabak-tri-uh /'baktrie/

baculovirus virusbak-yuul-oh-vy-ruhss/'bakjulau,v.\Iras/

Badajoz city and province, Spainbad-akh-oth /bada'xnB/

Badakhshan province, Afghanistanbad-akh-shahn /badax'Ici:n/

Badawi, Abdullah Ahmad Malaysianprime ministerab-duul-uh akh-muhd buh-dah-wi/ab_dula _axmad ba‘do:wi/

Badawi, Zeinab BBC journalistzay-nab buh-dah-wi /,zemabba'do:wi/

baddeleyite mineralbad-uh-Ii-yt /'badalimt/

Baddiel, David English comedianbuh-deel /ba'di:1/

bade past tense ofbidbad /bad/biimrdonlyabo bayd.

Baden spa town, Austriabah—duhn /'bu:dan/

Baden-Baden spa town, Germanybah—duhn bah—duhn /_bn:dan 'bo:dan/

Baden-Powell, Olave wife of LordBaden-Powelloh-Iayv bay-duhn poh-uhl /,aole1v_beIdan ‘panel!

Baden-Powell, Robert StephensonSmyth English founder of the Boy Scoutmovementsmith bay-duhn poh-uhl /,smi6,be1den ‘panel!

Baden-Wiirttemberg state, Germany

bacillus I Baghdad

bah—duhn vuer-tuhm-bairk /,bo:dan'vv(r)tambe:(r)k/

Bader, Douglas English airmanbah-duhr /'bo:da(r)/

Badghis province, Afghanistanbad-geess /bad'gi:s,'

badinage humorous conversationbad-in—ahzh /'bad1no:3/

Bad lschl spa toum, Germanybaht ish-uhl /,bu:t '|_l‘al/

Badon Hill, Battle ofancient Britishbattlebay-duhn /'be1dan/

Badu, Erykah American singererr-ik-uh bah-doo /,ar1l-ta bo:'du:/

Baedeker, Karl German publisherkarl bay-duhk-uhr /,ko:(r)1'be1daka(r)/

Baer, Karl Ernest von Germanbiologistkarl air-nest fon bair /,ku:(r)l ,e:(r)nsstfun bt-::(r)/

Baeyer, Adolph von German organicchemistah-dolf fon by-uhr /,u:do1ffnn'bAI8(I‘)/

Baez, Joan American folk singerby-ez /'lJAIEZ/

Bafata city, Guinea-Bissaubaf-uh-tah /bafa'to:/

BAFTA British Academy of Film andTelevision Artsbaf-tuh /'bafta/

bafia coarse fabricbahf-tuh /‘bo:fta/

Baganda Ugandan ethnic groupbuh-gan-duh /ba'ganda/

Bagehot, Walter English economistand journalist9511"“ ilbadetf 7This British surname is variouslypronounced baj-uht and bag-uht,depending on individual preference.

Baggio, Roberto Italian footballerrob-air-toh baj-oh /rn_bs:(r)tau'bad5ao/

Baghdad capital of Iraqbag-dad /bag'dad/, Arabic [bay'da:d]Established anglicization. gometimes alsobag-dad.

Baghlan I Balaton

Baghlan province, Afghanistanbag-lahn /bag'lu:n/

ba gua Chinese religious motifbah gwah /,ba: ‘gwa:f

bahadur great manbah—huh—d0or /,bct:ha'doa(r),/

Baha’i (also Bahai) religionbah—hah-i /bu:'hu:i/

Bahamas countrybuh-hah-muhz /ba'hn:maz/

Bahamian relating to Bahamasbuh-hay-rni-uhrl /ba'he1mian/

Bahasa variety of Malaybuh-hah-suh /ba'hu:se/

Bahawalpur city, Pakistanbuh-hah-wuhl-poor/ba'ho:wal,poa(r)/

Bahia (also Baia.) state, Brazilbah-ee-uh /ba:'i:a/

Bahia Blanca port, Argentinabah-ee-uh blank-uh /bu:,i:a‘b1anka/

Bahrain countrybar-ayn /bu:'rem/

baht currency unit, Thailandbaht /ba:t,'

Baikal lake, Russiaby-kahl /b/\1'ku:1/

Baikonur town, Kazakhstanby-kuh—no0r /,b.=uka'noa(r)/

Baile Atha Cliath Irish name forDublinblah klee-uh /,b1u: 'k1i:e/

bailie Scottish munici al ofiicer andPmagistratebay-li /'be1li/

bain-marie pan ofhot waterban muh-ree /,ban ma'ri:/

Bairam Muslim festivalby-ram /'bmram/

Baird, J0llll L0giE Scottish pioneer oftelevisionloh-gi baird /,1augi 'be:(r)d/

Baisakhi Sikh festivalby-sah-ki /bAI'SClZl(l/

baize woollen materialbayz lbeizf

Baja California peninsula, Mexicobah-hah /'bu:hc1:/, Spanish ['baxa]~ Established anglicization.

Bajan informal term for Barbadianbay-juhn /'be1d3an/

34-

Bajazet opera by Vivaldiby-uhd-zet fbA1a‘dzet/

bajra pearl milletbahj-rah /'bu:d5ru:[

baju Malaysian short jacketbah-joo /'b(1:d3u:/

Baka Cameroonian ethnic groupbak—uh /'baka/

Bakassi peninsula, West Africa.buh-kass-i /ba'kasi/

Bakau town, Gambiabuh-kow /ba'kau,f

Bakelite trademark early form of plasticbayk-uh-lyt 1' 'bBIl{8lAIlZ/

baklava Middle Eastern dessertbak-luh-vuh /'baklava/

baksheesh small sum of money givenas tipbak-sheesh /bak'J'i:_[/

Baku capital ofAzerbaijanbah-koo /bu:'ku:/

Bakuba see BaqubaBakunin, Mikhail Russian anarchist

rrlee-khuh-eel bak—oo-nin /mi:xa_i:lba'ku:nm/

Balaclava, Battle ofbattle in theCrimean Warbal-uh-klah-vuh /,ba1a'k1u:va/The same pronunciation is used for the headgarment.

balafon large xylophonebal-uh-fon /'balafon/'

Balad city, Iraqbal-uhd /'ba1ad/

Balakirev, Mily AlekseyevichRussian composermee-Ii al-uhk-say-uh-vitchbuh-lak-irr-uhf /,rni:li alalcseiavrtj"ba'lak1raf/

balalaika Russian musical instrumentbal-uh-ly-kuh /,bala'lArka/

Balanchine, George GeorgiambornAmerican ballet dancer andchoreographerbai-uhn-sheen /balan'_l'i:n/

Balaton lake, Hungarybal-uh-ton /_bn1a'ton/, [‘bnlnton]~ Established anglicization.

35 Balboa, Vasco Ntifiez de | Balzac, Honoré de

Balboa, Vasco Ntifiez de Spanishexplorervask-oh noon-yeth day bal-boh-uh/,vaskao ,nu:nje9 dei bal'beoa/

balboa currency unit, Panamabal-b0h—uh /ba1'baua/

balbriggan knitted cotton fabricbal-brig—uhn /bal'br1gan/

B81001}, Michael English film producerbawl-kuhn /'bo:lkan,'

baldachin ceremonial canopybal~duh—kin ,/'ba1daktn/

Balder Scandinavian mythologicalcharacterbawl-duh r /'bo:1de(r)/

baldric belt for a swordbawl-drik /'b:J:1dr1k/

Bale see BasleBalearic Islands group of islands,

Spainbal-i-arr-ik /_ba1i'ar1k/

baleen whalebonebuh-leen /ba'li:n/

Balenciaga, Cristobal Spanishcouturierkrist-oh-bal bal-en-thi-ah-guh/kr1s'taobal ba,lsnBi'u:ga/

Balfour Beatty British engineeringcompanybal-for bee-ti /_balfo:(r) 'bi:ti/

Bali island, Indonesiabah-Ii /'bcl:li/

Ballkesir city and province, Turkeybah-lik-ess-eer /ba:'11kes1e(r)/

Balinese relating to Balibah-lin—eez /_bu:lI'ni:z}

Balkans range of mountains, easternEuropebawl-kuhnz /'bo:1kanz/

Balkenende, Jan Peter Dutch primeministeryun pay—tuhr bulk—uh-nen-duh /|jAI'l,pe1te(r) 'l)All{9I'l£I‘l(l8/

Ballack, Michael German footballermikh-uh-el bal-uhk /,m1cee1'balak/

ballade type of poembal-ahd /ba'1c1:d/

balladeer singer or composer of balladsbal-uh-deer /,ba1a‘d1e(r)/

Ballantyne, R. M. Scottish authorbal-uhn-tyn /'l)3l6I'1lAII1/

Ballarat city, Australiabal-uh-rat /'balarat/

Ballesteros, Scvvy Spanish golfersev-i bal-yest-air-oss /,seviba1je'sts:ros/

ballista catapultbuh—li$t—uh /ba'I1sta/

Ballymena town, Northern Irelandbal-i-mee-nuh /,bali'mi:na/

Balmoral royal estate, Scotlandbal-morr-uhl /ba1'moral/

balneology study ofmedicinal springsbal-ni-ol-uh-ji /,balni'n1ad3i/

Balochistan see BaluchistanBALPA British AirLine Pilots’

Associationbal—puh /'balpa/

Balkhash lake, Kazakhstanbal-khahsh /ba1‘xu:_|'/

balsa lightweight timberbawl-suh /‘bo:lsa/

Baltacha, Elena Ukrainian-bornEnglish tennis playerel—ay-nuh bal—tash-uh /alemabal'taIa/

Balthasar one of the three Magibal—thuh—zar /"oal6azc1:(r)/

Balthazar large wine bottlebal-thaz-uhr /ba1'Baza(r)/

balti type of Pakistani cuisinebawl-ti /‘bo:1ti/

Baltic relating to the Baltic Seabawl-tik /'l)OIltIk/

Baltimore port, USbawl-tim-or /'ba:1t1mo:(r)/

Baltistan region in the Himalayasbawl-ti-stahn /,bo:lti'stu:n/

Baluchi relating to Baluchistanbuh-I00-chi /ba'1u:t_|‘ 1/

Baluchistan (also Balochistan)mountainous region, western Asiabuh-loo-chi-stahn /be,lu:tj'i'stu:n/

balun type of electrical transformerbal-un /'lD&lAI1/

baluster decorative pillarbal—uh-stuhr /'balasta(r)/

Balzac, HOI10I‘é de French noveliston-uh-ray duh bal-zak/nne,re1 doba1'zak/' See FRENCH panel.

Bam | Baquba

Bam town, Iranbam jbamj

Bamako capital ofMalibam-uh-koh /'bamekao/

Bambara African ethnic groupba m—bar-u h /bam‘bu:ra/

bambino baby or young childbam-bee-noh /bam'bi:nau/

Bamian city and province, Afghanistanbahm-yahn /bn:m'jo:n/

Banaba island, western Pacificbuh—nab—uh /ba'naba,f

banausic mundane or mechanicalbuh-naw—sik /ba'na:s1k/

Bada Aceh city, Indonesiaban-duh atch-ay /,banda'at_[e1/

Bakuba see BaqubaBanda, Hastings Kamuzu Malawian

statesmankuh-moo-zoo ban-duh /ka_mu:zu:‘bands,’

Bandaranaike, Sirimavo Sinhalesestateswomansirr-im-uh-voh ban-duh-ruh-ny-ik-uh/sirimavao ,bandara‘n1inka/

Bandar Lampung city, Indonesiaband—uhr lamp-uung /_banda(r)'lampu1)/

Bandar Seri Begawan capital ofBruneiband—uhr serr-i bu h-gah-wuhn/,bande(r) ,ssri ba'g(1:wan/

bandeau band worn round the headban-doh ['bandau/

Banderas, Antonio Spanish actoran-tohn-yoh ban-dair-ass /an,tauniauban'da:ras/

bandersnatch mythical creatureband-uhr-snatch /'banda(r)snat_fj

bandicoot marsupialban-dik-oot /'bandiku:t/

bandolier shoulder belt for cartridgesban-duh-leer /,banda'Ira(r)/

bandoneén type ofconcertinaban-don-ay-on /_bandnne1‘nn/

bandora bass luteban-dawr-uh /ban'd:J:ra/

Bandung city, Indonesiaban-duu ng /’bando13/

bandura Ukrainian stringed instrumentban-doo-ruh /ban'du:rs/

36

Banifshire former county, Scotlandbanf-shuhr ,/'banfja(r)/

Bangalore city, Indiaban-guh-lor /_bai]ga'1:>:(r)/

Bangkok capital of Thailandbang-kok /ba1]'knk/

Bangladesh countrybang-gluh-desh /,ba1]g1a'dsj‘/

Bangui capital of the Central AfricanRepublicbah(ng)-gee /bd'gi:/

Banja Luka town, BOSI1l3.—I"I€I'ZCg0Vil'13.ban-yuh I00-kuh /,banje '1u:ka/

Banjarmasin port, Indonesiaban-juhr-mah-sin /_band3a'm(1:s1n/

Banjul capital of Gambiaban-jool /ban'd3u:1/

banjulele stringed musical instrumentban-juh-lay-lee /band3a'lelli:/

Bank Ban opera by Ferenc Erkelbahnk bahn /,ba:13k'b<1:n/

banksia Australian shrubbank-si-uh /‘ba1]ksia/

banneret knightban-uh—ruht /'banarat/

Bannockburn, Battle ofbattle inScotlandban-uhk-burn /'banakba:(r)n/

banquet formal evening feastbank-wit /'bankw1t/

banquette upholstered benchbank-et /ba1]'ket/

banshee female spiritban—shee /'banj‘i:/

bansuri Indian bamboo fluteba n-soor-i /ban'suari/

banteng Asian forest oxban-teng /'bantei]/

Banton, Buju Jamaican ragga artistbuuj-oo ban-tuhn /,bud3u: 'bantan/

Bantu African language groupban-too /ban'tu:/

banyan Indian fig treeban-yuhn /'banjan,'

banzai Japanese acclamationban—zy /ban‘zA1/

b80bfl.b short treebay-oh-bab /'beIaobab/

Baquba (also Bakuba) town, Iraqbah-koo-buh /bc1:'ku:be/

37

Barabbas biblical namebuh-rab-uhss /ba'rabes/

bara brith traditional Welsh breadbarr-uh brith /,bara 'l)I‘IB/

Baradei, Mohamed el~ see ElBa1-adei,Mohamed

Barajas site of Madrid InternationalAirport, Spainbarr-akh-ass /ba'raxas/

Barat, Carl English singer and guitaristbarr-uht /'baret/

barathea fine woollen clothbarr—uh—thee-uh /,bara'Bi:a/

baraza public meeting placebuh-rah-zuh /ba‘ru:za/

Barbadian relating to Barbadosbar-bay-di-uhn /b(1:(r)'be1dian/

Barbados island, Caribbeanbar-bay-doss /bu:(r)'be1dns/

Barbarossa Barbary pirate; also SecondWorld War Nazi military campaignbar-buh-ross-uh /,bu:(r)ba'rnsa/

Barbary former North African regionbar-buh-ri /'bn:(r)bari/

barbell piece of fitness equipmentbar-bel /'br1:(r)be1/

barbet fi'uit—eating birdbar-bit /'b<1:(r)bIt/

barbican outer defencebar-bik-uhn /'bu:(r)bikan/

Barbirolli, John English conductorbar-birr-0|-i /_bn:(r)b1'rnli/

barbitone sleep—inducing drugbar-bit-Ohn /'b<1:(r)bIteon,'

barbiturate drug groupbar-bit-yuu-ruht /bu:(r)'b1tjorat/

Barbour trademark type ofwaxed jacketbar-buhr /'bo:(r)ba(r)/

Barbour, John Scottish poetbar-buhr /'bo:(r)ba(r)/

barcarole song sung by Venetiangondoliersbar-kuh-rohl /bo:(r)ka'raol/

Barca familiar name for FC Barcelonabar-suh /'bo:(r)sa/

Barcelona city, Spainbar-suh-loh-nuh /_bu:(r)se'1aUne/,[bar6e'l0na]' Established anglicization.

Bar-Cochba Jewish rebel leaderbar kok-buh /bu:(r) ‘knkbal

Barabbas | Barnum, P. T

Bardolino Italian red wineba r-duh-lee-noh /,bu:(r)de'li:nao/

Bérdos, Lajos Hungarian composerIoy-osh bar-dosh /,1omI'bu:(r)dnJ/

Bardot, Brigitte French actressbree-zheet bar-doh /bri:_3i:tbu:(r)'dau/

harege dress fabricbuh-rayzh /ba're13/

Bareilly city, Indiabuh-ray-Ii /ba‘rei1i,'

Bareilly strain of salmonellabuh-ree-Ii /be'ri:li/

Barenboim, Daniel Israeli pianistdan-yuhl barr-uhn-boym /_danjal'baranb:>1m/

Barents Sea sea, Arcticbarr-uhnts /'barants/~ Established anglicization.

Bargello kind ofembroiderybar-jel—0h ,lbu:(r)'d3elen/

Barghouti, Marwan Palestinianpoliticianmar-wan bar-goo-ti /mo:(r),wanbu:(r)'gu:ti/

Bargoed town, Walesbar-goyd /'bo:(r)go1d/

Bari port, Italybar-i /'bo:ri/

Barinas town and state, Venezuelabarr-ee-nass /ba'ri:nas/

barium chemical elementbair-i-uhm /'bs:riam/

bar mitzvah initiation ceremony for aJewish boybar mits-vuh /,ba:(r) 'mitsva/

Barnabas biblical namebar-nuh-buhss /'bu:(r)nabas/

Barnardo, Thomas John Irish-borndoctorbuhr-nar-doh /ba(r)'na:(r)dao/~ The same pronunciation is used for thechildren's charity named afier him.

Barnaul city, Russiabar-nuh-ool /,bo:(r)na'u:l/

Barnier, Michel French politicianmee-shell bar-ni-ay /mi:_j‘elbci:(r)ni'eI/

Barnum, P. T. American showmanbar-nuhm /'bo:(r)nam/

Baroda I basilica

Baroda former state, Indiabuh-roh-duh /ba'raoda/

Barolo Italian red winebuh-roh-loh /ba'rau1au/

baroque style of artbuh-rok /ba'rok,'

barotitis inflammation in the earbarr-oh-ty-tiss /_barau'tA1t1s/

Barquisimeto city, Venezuelabar-kee-sim-ay-toh/_bc1:(r)ki:s1'me1teo/

Barra island, Scotlandbarr-uh /'bara}'

barramundi fishbarr-uh-mun-di /,bara'mAndi/

barranca narrow river gorgebuh-rank-uh /ba'ra1]ka/

Barranquilla port, Colombiabarr-ank-eel-yuh /baran'ki:lja/

Barrault, Jean-Louis French actorand directorzhah(ng) lwee barr-oh /361 ,1wi:ba‘reu/

barré method ofplaying the guitarbarr-ay /'bare1/

Barrichello, Rubens BrazilianFormula 1 driverroo-ba(ng)ss barr-i-kel-oo /,ru:besbari'kelu:/An anglicized pronunciation, r0o:bi1hnZbarr-ik-e|~oh, is often used.

barrio Spanish district of a townbarr-i-oh /'bariao/

ban-ique wine barrelbuh-reek /lJ8'I‘i2kf

Barroso, José Manuel DuraoPortuguese politicianzhuuz-ay muhn-wel duu-row(ng)buh-roh-Z00 /5o_ze1 man_wsl do,raoba'raozu:/

Barsac district, Francebar-sak /bc1:(r)'sak,/

Barschak, Aaron English stand—upcomedianair-uhn bar-shak /_e:ran 'bu:(r)j"ak/

Barth, John American novelistbarth /b<1:(r)B/

Barth, Karl Swiss Protestant theologiankarl ban /,kc1:(r)l 'b<1:(r)t/

Barthes, Roland French writer andcritic

38

rol-ah(ng) bart /rn,1E1'ba:(r)t/Bartholdi, Auguste French sculptor

oh-guest bar-tol-dee /aqgystbu:(r)tuI'di:/

Bartok, Béla Hungarian composerbay-luh bar-tok /_beIla 'bo:(r)tok/

Bartolommeo, Fra Italian painterfrah bar-tol-uh-may-oh /fro:_bu:(r)tola'me1au,'

Baruch book of the Biblebar-uuk /'bc1:ruk/

baryon subatomic particlebarr—i-on /‘barion/

Baryshnikov, Mikhail Latvian—bornAmerican ballet dancermee-khuh~ee| buh-rish-nik-uhf/mi:xa,i:l ba'r1]‘m,kaf/

baryte mineralbarr-yt /'bam1t/

baryton stringed instrumentbarr-it-on /'barIton/

bascule type ofbridgebask-yool /'baskju:l/

Basel see Basie

basenji hunting dogbuh-sen-ji /ba'send5i/

Bashir, Abu Bakar IndonesianMuslim clericab-00 buh-kar bah-sheer /,abu:ba,ku:(r) bu:'_l‘1e(r)/

Bashir, Omar Hassan al- Sudanesepresidentoh-mar huss—uhn uhl buh-sheer/,eumu:(r) ,hAsan al ba'_f1a(r)/

Bashir, Martin English journalistbuh-sheer /be'I1a(r)/

Bashkir relating to Bashkiriabash-keer /baj"k1a(r)/

Bashkiria autonomous republic, Russiabash-keer-i-uh fba_['kiaria/

Basie, Count American jazz pianistbay-si /'be1si/

basil aromatic plantbaz-uhl /'bazel/AM is bay-zil.

Basildon town, Englandbaz-il-duhn /'bazI1den/

basilica large oblong hall or buildingbuh-sil-ik-uh /ba's1l1ka/

3.9

Basilicata region, Italybuh-sil-ik~ah-tuh /ba_s11l'ko:ta/

basilisk mythical reptilebaz-il-isk /'bazIlIsk,'

basinet steel headpiece ofa suit ofarmourbass-in-et /'bas1net/

Basinger, Kim American actressbay-sing-uhr /'be1sn3a(r)/

Basie city, Switzerlandbahl /bo:1/Established anglicization. The Germannamc is Basel, pronounced bah-zuhl, andthe French form is Bale, pronounced bahl.

Basotho South African ethnic groupbuh-soo-too /ba'su:tu:/

Basque ethnic group and languagebask jbaskfLess commonly also bahsk.

Basra city and province, Iraqbaz-ruh /'bazref, Arabic ['basro]' Established anglicization.

Bas-Rhin department, Francebah ra(ng) /,ba: ‘rel

bass singing voicebayss /beIs/

bass freshwater perchbass Jbasj

Bassein port, Burmabass-ayn /ba'se1n/

Basse-Normandie region, Francebass nor-muhn-di /bas 'na:(r)mendi/,[has normddi]~ Established anglicization.

Basseterre capital of St Kitts and Nevis,Leeward Islandsbast-air /bas'ts:(r)/

Basse-Terre main island of Guadeloupe,Caribbeanba stair /bas 'te:(r)/

Bass Strait channel separatingTasmania from Australiabass /has,’

Bastet ancient Egyptian goddessbast-et /'bastct/

Bastia port, Corsicahast-yuh /'bastja/

bastide French country housebast-eed /ba'sti:d/

Bastille fortress in Paris

Basilicata | Bavaria

bast-eel /ba'sti:l/, French [bastij]v Established anglicization.

basuco impure cocainebuh-500—k0h /ba'su:kao/

Bata port, Equatorial Guineabah-tuh /‘butts,’

Batak Indonesian ethnic groupbat-uhk /'batak/

Batan Islands islands, Philippinesbuh-tahn /be'tu:n/

Bathsheba biblical namebath—shee buh /ba6']"" el- |.bSometimes alsoiliatli-Shil);:L|”h.i I W

batik method of dyeing textilesbu h-teek /bs'ti:k/

Batista, Fulgencio Cuban statesmanfool-khenss-yoh bat-ee-stuh/fuztxsnsjeo ba’ti:sta/

bat mitzvah initiation ceremony for aJewish girlbaht mits-vuh /,bo:t 'm1tsva/

Baton Rouge city, USbat-uhn roozh /_baten 'ru:3/

Battambang city and province,Cambodiabat-uhm-bang ,"batamba1]/

battement ballet movementbat-mah(ng) /bat'mfi/

batterie ballet movementbat-ree fbat‘ri:/

Batticaloa city, Sri Lankabat-ik-uh-loh-uh /_bat1ka'laoa/

Baucis Greek mythological characterbaw-siss /'bo:s1s/

Baudelaire, Charles French poetSharl bohd-lair /,Iu:(r)1 baod'le:(r)/

Baudrillard, Jean French sociologistzhah(ng) boh-dree-yar /,3fibeodri:'jc:(r)/

Bauer, Harold English—born Americanpianistbow-uhr /'baoa(r)/

Bauhaus school of applied artsbow-howss /'baohaos/

Bauhinia orchid; symbol of Hong Kongbaw-hin-i-uh /bo:'h1nia/

Bavaria state, Germanybuh-vair-i-uh /ba've:rie/Established anglicization. The Germanname is Bayern, pronounced by-uhrn.

Bayaka | Begin, Menachem

Bayaka African pygmy ethnic groupby-ak-uh /bA1'aka,/

Bayelsa state, Nigeriaby-el-suh /b.u's1sa/

Bayeux city, Franceby-oe fbnrai

Bayji town, Iraqbay-ji /'be1d3i[

bayou marshy outlet ofa lake or riverby-00 ,I'b1uu:/

Bayreuth town, Germanyby—royt /bm‘ra1t/

bdellium fragrant resindel-i-uhm /'dsliam/

bealach Scottish narrow mountain passbel-akh f'bslax/

Beamon, Bob American long—jumperbee-muhn /'bi:m-:-mi‘

Béarnaise tarragon—flavoured saucebay-uhr-nayz /,be1a(r)'neiz/

Beas (also Bias) river, Indiabee-ahss /bi:'a:s/

beatification process ofbeing declaredblessed by the popebi-at-if-ik-ay-shuhn /bi,at1f1'ke:_\‘an/

Beatrix, Queen queen of theNetherlandsbay-uh-triks /'be1atr1ks/

Beatty, Earl British admiralbee-ti /'bi:ti/

Beatty, Warren American actorbay—ti /'beiti/

Beaucaire town, Franceboh-kair /bau'ks:(r)/

Beaufort scale scale ofwind speedboh-fuhrt /'baofe(r)t/

beau geste noble and generous actboh zhest /,bau '3sst/

Beaujolais district, France; also a type ofwineboh-zhuh-lay /'bau3alei/

Beaumont, Francis English dramatistboh-mont /'baumnnt/

Beaune region, France; also a type ofwinebohn /baun/

beaux arts fine artsbohz ar /,bauz 'o:(r)/

béchamel rich sauce made with milkbay-shuh-mel /be1_l'a'msl/

béche-de-mer large sea cucumber

4-O

besh duh mair /,be_'|' da 'me:(r)/Bechstein, Friedrich German

piano-builderfreed-rikh bekh-shtyn /_fri:dr1c'becj'tnm/The piano firm is often -uiigilijcized tobek-styn.

Beckenbauer, Franz Germanfootballerfrants bek-uhn-bow-uhr /,frants'bskan,baua(r)/

Becker, BOI'iS German tennis playerborr-iss bek-uhr /_bnr1s 'beka(r)/

Becket, St Thomas a English prelateand statesmanuh belt-it /a ‘bekitl

Beckett, Samuel Irish dramatist,novelist, and poetbek-it /'bsk|t,l

Becquerel, Antoine-Henri Frenchphysicistah(ng)-twahn ah(ng)-ree bek-rel/fi,twu:n f1,ri: bsk'rel/

becquerel SI unit of radioactivitybek-uh-rel /'bskarsl/

Bede, St English theologianbeed /bi:d/

bedel official with ceremonial dutiesbee~duh| ,l'bi:de1/

Bedouin (also Beduin) nomadic Arab ofthe desertbed-uu-in /'bedoin/

Beelzebub devil 0r demonbee-el-zuh-bub /bi:'slzab1\b/

Beerbohm, Max English caricaturist,essayist, and criticbeer-bohm /'bie(r)baom/‘

Beerenauslese German white winebair-uhn-owss-lay-zuh/'be:ran,aus1e1ze/

Beersheba town, Israelbeer-shee-buh /,b1e(r)'_[i:ba/

Beethoven, Ludwig van Germancomposerloot-vikh van bayt-hoh-vuhn /_lu:tv1<;van 'b8li|l'lBUV9fl/Fhe first name is often anglicizcd toIuud-vig.

Begin, Menachem Israeli statesmanmuh-nah-khuhm beg—in /ma_n¢1:xam'begm/

41 BBC English and Received Pronunciation

‘ ReceivedBBC English and A

PronunciationIn the preface to a BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of 1971 one ofourpredecessors in the Pronunciation Unit wrote, ‘Although the BBC doesnot, and never did, impose pronunciations of its own on English words,the myth of BBC English dies hard. It owed its birth no doubt to the iera before the Second World War, when all announcers spoke ReceivedPronunciation.’ This usefiilly summarizes the relationship between the itwo terms.

Received Pronunciation (RP)Received Pronunciation is an accent of spoken English, identified morewith a particular social group than a particular region, although it hasconnections with the accent of southern England and is associatedwith educated speakers and formal speech. It is used as a model for theteaching of English as a foreign language and is still the accent gener-ally represented in dictionaries which give pronunciations. (For theEnglish pronunciations in this book, we use an accent which couldbroadly be described as RP; see the introduction for a fuller discus-sion.) Perhaps for this reason, RP is often thought of as an unchangingaccent, a standard against which other accents can be measured orjudged. In fact, there is considerable variation within groups of peoplewho are said to speak RP, the term is differently interpreted by differ-ent people, and RP itselfhas changed considerably over time.

BBC EnglishRP is closely associated in people’s minds with broadcasting in general,and the BBC in particular. It is widely believed that the BBC tradition-ally employed as newsreaders and broadcasters only people who couldspeak RP. If ‘BBC English’ were taken literally, it would just mean Eng-lish as spoken on the BBC—which today would mean virtually everykind of English from all around the world. However, what is usuallyunderstood by ‘BBC English’ is RP, perhaps even the RP stereotypicallyused by pre-war radio announcers. This term is now used by some ling-uists and lexicographers as well as by the general public, and reinforcesthe view that the BBC has a particular responsibility to champion one

beguine | Belial

accent of English, or hold back the tide of language change. In fact, theBBC doesn’t require any of its broadcasters to speak with any particu-lar accent, and the advice given by the Pronunciation Unit is broadlysuitable for all accents of English.

The Pronunciation Unit advises on the correct pronunciation ofwords, names, and phrases in all languages (including English), butwhere two possible pronunciations of an English word exist, it is notpart of our remit to enforce the use of one over the other. We canadvise programme makers on which pronunciations are permissible byconsulting pronunciation dictionaries and other published sources, andmay also advise on which form is more common or more traditional in iBritish English, but we do not prohibit any acceptable forms. (A smallnumber of these variant words are commonly the subject of com-plaints: see the Top Ten Complaints panel.)

42

beguine Caribbean dancebay-geen /beI‘gi:n/

begum Muslim woman ofhigh rankbay-guhm /'beIgam/

Behan, Brendan Irish poetbee»uhn /'bi:an/

behemoth mythological creaturebuh-hee-moth /ba'hi:mn6/

Behn, Aphra English writeraf-ruh bayn /,afre 'be1n/

Behn, Ari Norwegian writerar-i bayn /,u:ri 'be1n/

Behrens, Peter German architect anddesignerpay—tuhr bay-ruhnss /,pe1ta(r)'be1rans/

Beidaihe resort, Chinabay-dy-khuh /,be1dA1'xa/

Beiderbecke, Bix American jazzmusician and composerbiks by-duhr-bek /,b1ks 'l)AId9(I‘)l)8l(/

Beijing capital of China!=ey;ii"9/-l1@1'<?§1H/ iThe pronunciation bay-Zhing is common,but not correct. A Chinesej is neverpronounced zh.

Beira port, Mozambiqueby-ruh /'l)AI|C‘8/

beira antelopebay—ruh /'be1ra,'

Beirut capital of Lebanonbay—root ,Iber'ru:t/

Beit Hanoun town, Palestinebayt han-oon /,be1tha'nu:n/

Beja Egyptian nomadic ethnic groupbej—uh /'bsd3e/roBejart, Maurice French choreographer

morr-eess bay-zhar /mn'ri:s be1'3u:(r)/Bekaa valley, Lebanon

bek-ah /be'ko:/Belafonte, Harry American singer

bel-uh-fon-ti /bsle'fnnti/Belarus country "

bel-uh-rooss /_bsla'ru:s/- Established anglicization.

bel canto musical termbel kan-toh /,ba1'kantao/

Belém port, Brazilbel-em /bs'1em/, Portuguese [be'1éi]v Established anglicization.

Belfast city, Northern Irelandbe|—fahst /'balfu:st/

Belgaum city, Indiabel-gowm /'be1gaom/

Belgorod city, Russiabyel-guh-ruht /'bja1gerat/

Belgrade capital ofSerbiabel-grayd /bel'greid/Established arigliciization: The Serbian nameis Beograd, pronounced bay-og-rat[beograt].

Belial name for the devilbee-Ii-uhl /'bi:lia1/

4-3

Belitung island, Indonesiabuh-lee-tuung /bs'1i:tun/

Belize countrybel-eez /b£'li:z/

Belizean relating to Belizebel-eez-i-uhn /be'1i:zian/

Belleek village, Northern Ireland; alsothe pottery made therebuh-leek /b9'liZk/

Belleropllon Greek mythologicalcharacterbuh-lerr-uh-fuhn /ha'1erafen,'

Bellingshausen Sea part of the Pacificbel-ingz-how-Zuhn /'beln]z,haozan/

Bellini, Giovanni Italian painterjuh-vah-ni bel-ee-ni /d3e'vu:nibs‘1i:ni/

Bellini cocktailbel-ee-ni /be'1i:ni/

Belloc, Hilaire French—born Britishwriteree-lair bel-ok /i:,le:(r) 'belnk/

Belmopan capital of Belizebel-moh-pan /,bz-:lmau'pan/'

Belo Horizonte city, Brazilbe|—00 Orr-iZ—0n—ti /,balu: orrzontij

Belohltivek, Jii"i Czech conductoryeer-zhee byel-oh-hlah-vek /,j1a(r)3i:'bjslaoh1u:vek/

Belorussia former name for Belarus;also called Byelorussiabel-uh-rush-uh /_bele'rA_l'a/

Bel Paese trademark Italian cheesebel pah-ay-zay /,bs1 pu:'e1zei/

Belsen Nazi concentration camp; alsocalled Bergen-Belsenbel-Suhn /‘balsam/, ['be1zn]Q Established anglicization.

Belshazzar biblical name; also opera byHandelbel-shaz-uhr /bel'Iaza(r)/

Beltane ancient Celtic festivalbel-tayn /‘beltem/

Bemba Zambian ethnic groupbem-buh ,"bemba/

Benares former name for Varanasibuh-nar-iz /ba'nu:r1z/

Benatar, Pat American rock singerben-uh-tar /'bsnetc1:(r)/

Benbecula island, Scotlandben-bek-yuul-uh ]ban'bskjola/

Belitung I Bennett, Jana

Bendigo town, Australiaben-dig-oh /'bend1gao/

Beneeol trademark cholesterol-loweringrange of foodsben-uh-kol /'benaknl/

Benedict, St Italian hermitben-uh-dikt /'bsnad1kt/

Benedictine Christian religious orderben-uh-dik-tin /,bsna'd1ktm,'

Benedictus part of the Massben-uh-dik-tuuss /,bsna'd1ktos/

Benelux Belgium, the Netherlands, andLuxembourgben—uh—luks /'bena]1iks,‘

Benes, Edvard Czechoslovak statesmaned-uu-art ben-esh /_edou:(r)t ‘banal,’

Benet, Erie American singerben—ay /bs'ne1/

Benfica Portuguese football teamben-fee-kuh /ban'fi:ka/, [beffike]v Established anglicization.

Bengal region of the Indian subcontinentbeng-gawl /bsn'go:1/

Bengali relating to Bengalbeng-gaw-li /bsn'ga:li/

Benghazi port, Libyabeng-gah-zi /ban'ga:zi/

Benguela port, Angolabeng-gel-uh /bsn'ga1a/

Bengkulu province, Indonesiabuhng-k00-I00 /ban'ku:lu:/

Ben-Gurion, David Israeli statesmanday-vid ben goor-i-uhn /,de1v1d ban'goarian/~ Established anglicization.

benign gentle or mildbuh-nyn /ba'n.un/

Benin countryben-een /be'ni:n/

Bening, Anette American actressben-ing /'bsnn;|/

Benitez, Rafael Spanish manager ofLiverpool FCraf-uh-el ben-ee-teth /rafa,s1bs‘ni:teB/

benne US term for sesameben-i /‘bani/‘

Bennett, Jana BBC director oftelevisionjay-nuh ben-it /,d3ema 'b:-:n1t/

Ben Nevis | Berkshire

Ben Nevis mountain, Scotlandben nev-iss /,ben ‘nevlsj

Benoni city, South Africabuh-noh-ni /ba'naoni/

Bentham, Jeremy English philosopherben-thuhm /'bsnBam/

Benue-Congo branch of theNiger-Congo family of languagesben-way /‘bsnwe1/

Ben Wyvis mountain, Scotlandben wiv-iss /,bsn 'w|v1s/

Benxi city, Chinaben-shee /,ben'Ii:f

Benz, Karl Friedrich German motormanufacturerkarl freed-rikh bents /,ko:(r)l ,fri:dr1c'bents/The make of car is anglicized to benz; seeMERCEDES BENZ.

Benzedrine trademark drugben-zid-reen /'benz1dri:n/

benzodiazepine group of tranquillizingdrugsben-zoh-dy-ayz-uh-peenI ,bsnzaudA1'e1zepi:n/Commonly also ben-zoh-dy-az-uh-peien.

Beograd see Belgrade I C CBeowulf Old English epic poem

bay-uh-wuulf /'berawu1f/Berardi, Antonio English fashion

designeran-toh-ni-oh buh-rar-di /an,taoniaoba'ru:(r)di/

Berber North African ethnic group andlanguagebur-buhr /'ba:(r)ba(r)/

Berbera port, Somaliabur-buh-ruh /'ba:(r)bara/

Berchtesgaden town, Germanybairkh-tuhss-gah-duhn/,bs:(r)ctas'gu:dan/

Berenger, Tom American actorberr-uhn-juhr /'bsrand3a(r)/

Berenice ancient Egyptian queenberr-uh-ny-si /,bsra'narsi/

Bereshit book of the Torahberr-ay-shit /bz»;'re1l‘1t/

Berg, Alban Austrian composeral-buhn bairk /,a1ban 'br.:(r)k/

Bergamo town and province, Italy

4-4

bair-guh-moh /'bs:(r)gameo/bergamot fragrant plant

bur-guh-mot /'ba:(r)gamnt/Bergen port, Norway

bur—guhn /'be:(r)gan/, ['baergan]0 Established anglicization.

Bergen-Belsen Nazi concentrationcampbair-guhn bel-zuhn /,bs:(r)gan'ba1zan/‘

bergenia evergreen Asian plantbuhr—gee—ni-uh ,fbe(r)'gi:nia/

Bergerac region, Francebair-zhuh-rak /bs:(r)3e'rak/

Berger, Oscar Guatemalan presidentosk-ar bair-khair /,nsko:(r)be:(r)'xe:(r)/

Bergman, Ingmar Swedish filmdirectoring-mar bairg-muhn /,Inm(1:(r)'l)8I(I‘)QI]'l8l'l/, ['baerjman]

Bergman, Ingrid Swedish actressing-rid bairg-muhn /,mr1d'be:(r)gman/, ['baerjman]

beriberi vitamin deficiency diseaseberr-i-berr-i /_beri'beri/

Bering, Vitus Danish navigator andexplorervee—tuuss bair-ing /_vi:tos 'bs:rn;|/

Bel'i0, Luciano Italian composerloo-chah-noh bair-i-oh /lugtluznao‘bszriaol

Berkeley city, USbur-kli /'ba:(r)kli/

Berkeley, Busby American film directorbuz—bi bur-kli /,b/izbi 'ba:(r)kli,/

Berkeley, George Irish philosopher andbishopbar-kli /'bo:(r)kli/

Berkeley, Lennox English composerbar-kli /'bu:(r)kli/

berkelium chemical elementbur-kli-uhm /'ba:(r)kliam/Sometimes also bur—kee-li-uhm, althoughthe element takes its name from the US cityBerkeley.

Berkoff, Steven English dramatistbur—kof /'ba:(r)knf/

Berkshire county, Englandbark-shuhr /'bu:(r)k_l'e(r),~'

4-5

Berkshire county, USburk-shuhr /"be:(r)k_[a(r)/

Berlin capital of Germanybu r-lin /be:(r)'lm/, [ber'li:n]~ Established anglicization.

Berliner, Del‘ German newspaperdair bair-lee-nuhr /de:(r)ba:(r)'li:na(r)/

Beriingske Tidende Danish newspaperhair-ling-skuh tee-duhn-duh/,be:(r)11r3ska 'ti:danda/

Berlin, Irving Russian-born Americansongwriterbur-lin /ba:(r)'l1n/‘

Berlioz, Hector French composerek-tor bair-ii-ohz /zk_to:(r)'be:(r)liaoz/

Berlusconi, Silvio Italian primeministerseel-vi-oh bair-loo—skoh-ni /_si:lviao,be:(r)lu:'skeoni/

Bermuda countrybuhr-myoo-duh /ba(r)'mju:da/

Bermudian relating to Bermudabuhr-myoo-di-uhn /ba(r)'mju:dian/

Bern (also Berne) capital of Switzerlandburn /ba:(r)n/, German [barn], French[barn]- Established anglicization.

Bernadette, Jean Baptiste Frenchsoldier; king of Sweden as Charles XIVzhah(ng) bat-eest bair-nad-ot /36ba,ti:st he:(r)na'dnt/

Bernhardt, Sarah French actresssair-uh bairn-hart /,ss:ra'bs:(r)nho:(r)tf, French [sara bernar]- Established anglicization.

Bernini, Gian Lorenzo Italian painterand architectjan lorr-ent-soh bair-nee-ni /dganlorsntseo be:(r)'ni:ni,'

Bernstein, Leonard Americancomposer, conductor, and pianistburn-styn /'ba:(r)nstAm/

Berra, Yogi American baseball playery0h—gi berr—uh /,jaugi 'bsra/

Berry, Halle American actresshal—i berr-i /,hali 'beri/

Bertolucci, Bernardo Italian filmdirectorbair-nar-doh bair-tuh-loo-chi/,be:(r),na:(r)deo be:(r)te'lu:t_|‘i/

Berkshire I bhaji

Berwald, Franz Swedish composerfranss bair-vald /_frans 'be:(r)vald/

Berwickshire former county, Scotlandberr-ik~shu hr /'bsr1k_[a(r) /

beryllium chemical elementbuh-ril-i-uhm /ba'r1liem/

Besancon city, Francebuh-zah(ng)-so(ng) /bazfi's5,i'

Besant, Annie English theosophist,writer, and politicianbess—uhnt /‘bi-:sent,'

Besiktas part of Istanbul; also football1183.111besh-ik-tash /bs'j1kta_[/

Beslan town, Russiabuh-slahn /ba'slo:nf

Bessarabia region, eastern Europebess-uh-ray-bi-uh /,bssa're1bia/

Bessemer, Henry English engineer andinventorbess-uh-muhr /'b8same(r)/

Besson, Luc French film directorluek bess-o(ng) /,lyk be‘s5/

beta letter of the Greek alphabetbee-tuh /'bi:ta/

Betelgeuse starbee-tuhl-ju(r)Z /'bi:ta1,d3e:z/

Beth Din Jewish court of lawbayt deen /,be1t 'di:n/

Bethlehem town, West Bankbeth-luh-hem /'bE9lahEm/

Betjeman, John English poetbetch-uh-muhn /'bst_[aman/

beurré class of pearbyoor-i /'bjoeri/

Bewick, Thomas English artistbyoo-ik /'bju:Ik/

hey governor of a district in the OttomanEmpirebay /be1/

Beyoncé American pop singerbee-yon-say /bi:'jnnse1/

bezique card game for twobuh-zeek /ba'zi:k/

Bhagwan Hindu godbug-wahn /bAg'wo:n/

bhaji Indian small cake or ball ofvegetablesbah-ji /'bo:d3i/

bhangra I biopic

bhangra type of Punjabi pop musicbung-gruh /'bin]gra/

bharal Himalayan wild sheepburr—uhl ]"l)Al“8l/

Bharat Hindi name for Indiaburr-uht /'l)AI‘8t/

Bhaskar, Sanjeev English comedianand actorsun-jeev busk-uhr /sAn,d3i:v'bi\ska(r)/

Bhavnagar port, Indiabuv-nug-uhr /bAV'l'1Ag8(I‘)/

Bhel Poori Indian dishbel poor-i /,bsl 'puari/

Bhil (also Bheel) Indian ethnic groupbeel /bi:l[

Bhili relating to the Bhilsbee-li /'bi:1i/

bhindi Indian term for okrabin-dee /'bindi:/

Bhojpuri Indian group of languagesbohj-poor-i /,beud3'puari/

Bhopal city, Indiaboh-pahl /bao'pu:l/

Bhubaneswar city, Indiaboo-buh-naysh-wuhr/,bu:ba'ne1j'wa(r)/

bhuna (also bhoona) Bengali curryboo—nuh /'bu:na/

Bhutan independent kingdomboo—tahn /bu:'to:n/

Bhutto, Benazir Pakistani stateswomanben-uh-zeer boo-toh /bsna,zia(r)'bu:tau/

Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali Pakistanistatesmanzuul-fik-ar ah-Ii boo-toh /_zulfiko:(r)_a:li 'bu:taU/

Biafra, Bight ofbay in the GulfofGuineabi-af-ruh /bi'afra/

Bialystok city, Polandbyow-ist-ok /bjau'rstnk/

Biarritz resort, Francebeer-its /,bra'r1ts/, [bjarits]~ Established anglicization.

Bias see BeasBibcr, Heinrich German-Bohemian

composerhyn-rikh bee-buhr /,hAmric 'bi:ba(r)/

bice blue-green pigment

4-6

byss /l)AIS/bicentenary two-hundredth anniversary

by-sen-tee-nuh-ri /,b1ussn'ti:nari/biehon fi'ise small dog

bee-shuhn free: /,bi:_\‘an 'fri:z,'Bielefeld city, Germanybee-luh-felt /'bi:1a_felt/

biennale large art exhibition or musicfestivalbee-en-ah—lay /_bi:e‘nu:le1/

biennium pl, biennia period of two yearsby-en-i-uhm, pl. by-en-i-uh/bA1'eniam/, pl. /-nia/v Standard -s plural is also possible.

Bierce, Ambrose American writerbeers /b1a(r)s/

BIFU Banking, Insurance, and FinanceUnionbif-yoo /'b1fju:/

Big Sui‘ resort, USbig sur /,b1g 'sa:(r)/

Bihar state, Indiabi-har /bi'hu:(r),f

Bihari relating to Biharbi-har-i /bi'hu:ri,/

Biko, Steve South African radical leaderbee-koh /'bi:ka0/

Bilbao port, Spainbil-bow /bIl'bao/

Bild German newspaperbill lblltl

Bildad biblical namebil-dad /'b1ld3£l/

bintli Indian decorative mark on theforeheadbin-dee /'bmdi:/

Binet, Alfred French psychologistal-fred bee-nay /a1_fred bi:'ner/

Bin Laden, Osama Saudi—born Islamicdissidentuu-sah-muh bin lah-duhn /u,su:mal)IT1 'lo:dan/

Binoche, Juliet French actresszhuel-yet bee-nosh /3yl_jst bi;'nnI/

Bioko island, Equatorial Guineabi-oh-koh /bi'aukeu/

biome community offlora and faunaby—0hm /'l)AI3UIT1/

biopic biographical filmby-oh-pik ,I'b/\1ao_p1k/

4~7

biopsy examination of tissueby-op-si /'l)AIDpSi/

BIOS set of computer instructionsby-oss /'b1uns/

biotin vitamin of the B complexby-uh-tin /'l)Al8lIIl/

bipedal using only two legs for walkingby~pee-duhl /b1u'pi:de1/

bireme ancient warshipby-reem /'bAn"i:m/

biretta square cap worn by RomanCatholic clergymenbirr-et-uh /bi'rsta/

Birgitta, St variant spelling of St Bridgetbeer-git-uh /_b|a(r)‘g1ta/

biriani lmlian dishbirr-i-ah-ni /_l)ll"l'(12l1i/

Birkbeck college in Londonburk-bek /'ba:(r)kbek/

Birkenau part of AuschwitzConcentration campbeer-kuh-now /'b1a(r)konao/

Birkenhead town, Englandbur-kuhn-hed /,ba:(r)kan'hsd/

Birman cat of a long-haired breedbur-muhn /'ba:(r)man/

birr currency unit, Ethiopiabeer /bta(r)/

bis musical termbiss /b1s/

Biscay, Bay Of part of the North Atlanticbisk-ay /'b1ske1/

biscotti Italian biscuitsbisk-ot-i lbrskntij

Bishkek capital of Kyrgyzstanbish-kek /b1_|"ksk/

Bisho town, South Africabee-shoh /'bi:j'au/

bishopric oflice or rank ofa bishopbish-uh-prik /'b1_\‘apr1k/

Bislama Vanuatan pidgin languagebish-luh-mah /'bij'le,m(1:/

Bismarck city, USbiz-mark /'b1zmo:(r)k/

Bismarck, Otto von Germanstatesmanot-oh fon biz-mark /_otao fon‘b1zmo:(r)k/, German ['b1smark]v Established anglicization.

bismillah ‘in the name ofGod’ (Arabic)biss-mil-uh /b1s'm1le/

biopsy I blancmange

bismuth chemical elementbiz-muhth /'b1zma6/

bison shaggy-haired wild oxby-suhn /'l)AIS8I'l/

bisque shellfish soupbisk /blSl{/

Bissagos Islands group of islands,Guinea-Bissaubiss-ag-guush /bi'sago_[/

Bissau capital ofGuinea-Bissaubiss-Ow /brsauf

Bisset, Jacqueline English actressbi5s—it /‘bis1t/

bistoury surgical knifebist-uu-ri /'bistori/

bistre brownish-yellow pigmentbist-uhr /'b1sta(r)/

Bitllynia ancient region in Asia Minorbith-in-i-uh /b1'B1nia/

Bitrex trademark bitter-tasting syntheticorganic compoundbit-reks /'bItreks/

bivouac temporary campbiv-00-ak /'bIvuak/

Bizerta port, Tunisiabiz-ur—tuh /b1'za:(r)tal

Bizet, Georges French composerzhorzh bee-zay /,3o:(r)3 bi:'ze1/

Bjelovar town, Croatiabyel-uh-var /'bje1avc1:(r)/

Bjiirk Icelandic singerbyoerk /bjoe(r)k/

blackguard dishonourable manblag-ard /'blagc1:(r)d/

blaeberry Scottish and northern Englishterm for bilberryblay-buh-ri /'bleibari/

Blaenau Gwent county borough, Walesbly-ny gwent /,b1A1mn 'gwsnt/

Blahnik, Manolo Spanish shoedesignermuh-noh-Ioh blah-nik /manauleu'blc1:n1k/

Blair, Cherie English lawyer; wife ofTony Blairshuh-ree /_[a'ri:/

Blanchett, Cate Australian actresskayt blan-chuht /_ke1t 'blant1‘at!

blancmange gelatinous dessertb|uh—monzh /b1a'mon3/

Blantyre I bodhisattva

Blantyre city, Malawiblan—ty-uhr /'bl3I1lIAl8(I‘)f

blasé unimpressed or indifferentblah-zay /'blu:zel/

blaspheme speak irreverently aboutsacred thingsblass-feem /b1as'fi:m,'

blasphemous sacrilegiousblass-fuh-muhss /'b1asfamas/

Blatter, Sepp Swiss president of FIFAsep blat-uhr /,ssp 'blata(r)/

Blaue Reiter group of Germanexpressionist paintersblow-uh ryt-uhr /,blaoa 'rA1ta(r)/

Blears, Hazel English politicianbleerz /b11e(r)z/

Blenheim palace, Englandblen-uhm /'b1snam/

bleomycin antibioticblee-oh-my-sin /,b1i:ao'm1nsm/

blepharitis inflammation of the eyelidblef-uh-ry-tiss /,blefa'rAItIs/

Blériot, L0lliS French aviation pioneerlwee blerr-i-oh /,1wi: b1:~:r1'ao/

blesbok antelopebless-bok /'blssbnk/

blessed made holybles5—id /'blesidl

blessed past tense ofblessblest /blest/

Blethyn, Brenda English actressbleth-in /'b1eoIn/

Blige, Mary J. American singerblyj /bl1\1d.5/

Bligh, William British naval oflicerbly /lI)lAI/

blini Russian pancakesblee-ni /‘bli:ni/

blitzkrieg intense military campaignblits-kreeg ,"b11tskri:g/

Blix, Hans Swedish diplomat andpoliticianhahnss bliks /_hu:ns 'l')lIkS/

Bloch, Ernest Swiss-born Americancomposerair-nest blokh /,s:(r)nest 'b1ox/

Bloemfontein city, South Africabloom-fuhn-tayn /'blu:mfan,teIn/

Blois city, Franceblwah /blwu: I

Blondin, Charles French acrobat

48

blon-din /'blond1n/, [blodé]Q Established anglicization.

Blum, Léon French statesmanlay-o(ng) bloom /let,5'b1u:m/

Blumenbach, Johann FriedrichGerman physiologist and anatomistyoh-han freed-rikh bloo-muhn-bakh/,jaohan ,fri:dr1c 'blu:menbax/

B’nai B’I'ith Jewish organizationbnay brith /,bne1 'br19/

Boadicea queen of the lccni; also calledBoudiccaboh-uh-diSS-ee-uh /baoad1'si:o/

Boateng, Paul English politicianbwah-teng /'bwn:tsn/

boatswain ship’s officerboh-suhn ,/'beosen,f

Boa Vista town, Brazilboh-uh vist-uh /,baoa ‘vista,’

bocage pasturelandbuh-kahzh /ba'ku:3/

Boccaccio, Giovanni ltalian writerand poetjuh-vah—ni buh-katch—oh /d3a_vu:niba'kat_|‘au/

bocce Italian game; also called bocciabotch-ay /'bot_[e1/

Boccherini, Luigi Italian composerluu-ee-ji bok-uh-ree-ni /lo,i:d3i,boka'ri:ni/

boccia. Italian game; also called boccebotch-uh /'bntja/

bocconcini small balls ofmozzarellacheesebok-on-chee-ni /,bnkon't_[i:ni/

Bocelli, Andrea Italian tenoran-dray-uh botch-e|—i /an,dre1ebo't_[s1i/

Bochum city, Germanyboh-khuum /'beoxom/

Bocquet, Kevin BBC journalistbuh-kay /ba'ke1/

bodega cellar or shop selling winebuh-day-guh fbe'de1ga/

Bodensee see ConstanceBodhgaya Buddhist place of

enlightenmentb0hd—guh-yuh Fbooclgajal

bodhisattva (in Buddism) personworthy of nirvanaboh-di-sut-vuh /,beodr'sAtva/

4-9

b0dIll'iin Irish drumbow-rahn /bao'ru:n/

Bodleian Library library of OxfordUniversitybod-Ii-uhn /'bod1ian/

BOd0ni, Giambattista Italian printerjam-bat~eest-uh buh-doh-nijd3amba,ti:sta ba'daoni/

Bodrum resort, Turkeyb0d—ruhm /'bodremf

Boeing aircraft manufacturersboh-ing /'baon]/

Boeotia department, Greecebi-oh-shi-uh /bi'auj‘ia/

B001‘ Dutch population which settled insouthern Africabawr /bo:(r)/Commonly also boh-uhr and boor.

boeremusiek traditional Afrikanermusicboor-uh-myoo-sik /'buera_mju:sIk/'

Boethius, Anicius ManliusSeverinus Roman statesman andphilosopheran-iss-i-uhss man-Ii-uhsssev-uh-ry-nuhss boh-ee-thi-uhss/a,n1sias ,m-anlias S8V8'l‘All‘13Sb8o'i:6ias/

boeufbourguignon dish ofbeef stewedin red wineboef bor-gin-yon /,boafbo:(r)gm'jnn/,French [bcef burginjfi]

Bofors Swedish steel and armamentscompanyboh-fuhrz /'baufe(r)z/, [bo'f:>s]' Established anglicization.

hogan horingly conventional orold-fashioned personboh-guhn /'baogan/

Bogarde, Dirk British actor and writerboh-gard /'baogu:(r)d/

Bogart, Humphrey American actorboh-gart /'beugu:(r)t,'

bogle phantom or goblinboh-guhl /'baogal/

bogong large Australian mothboh-gong /'baogn1j|/

Bogota capital ofColombiabog-ot-ah /bngn‘to:/

B0 Hai large inlet of the Yellow Sea,China

bodhran | bolivar

boh khy /_bao 'XAl[bohea black China tea

boh-hee /bau'hi:/Bohemia region, Czech Republicboh-hee-mi-uh /bao'hi:mia,'

Biillm, Georg German organistgay-ork boem /_geIo:(r)k ‘berm!

Bohol island, Philippinesboh-hol /bao‘h1)1/

bohrium chemical elementbawr-i-uhm /'b:>:riam/

Boileau, Nicholas French critic andpoetnee-kol-ah bwal-oh /ni:kn,1o.:bwa'1eu/

boilie type of flavoured fishing baitboy-li /'bolli/

Boise city, Idahoboy-si /'b:)1si/

Bokassa, Jean Bédel Africanstatesman and military leaderzhah(ng) buh-del buh-kass-uh /36be,ds1 ba'kasa/

bokken wooden swordbolt-uhn /'bnkan/

Bokmfil one of two standard forms ofNorwegianbook-mawl /'bu:kmo:l/

bolection architectural featurebuh—lek-shuhn /ba'lekj'an/

bolero Spanish dancebuh-lair-oh /ba'ls:raofThe bolero jacket can also be pronouncedbol-uh-roh.

Boleyn, Anne second wife of HenryVIIIbuh-lin /ba'11n/

Bolger, James New Zealand statesmanbol-juhr /'bn1d3a(r)/

bolide large meteorboh-lyd /'bao1md/

Bolingbroke surname of Henry IVbol-ing-bruuk /'bnln]brok/

Bolivar, Simon Venezuelan patriotand statesmansee-mon bol-ee-var /si:_mnnbu'li:vu:(r)/

bolivar currency unit, Venezuelabol-ee-var /bn'li:vu:(r)!

Bolivia l boor

Bolivia countrybuh-liv-i-uh /ba'l1via/, Spanish[bo'li]3ja]v Established anglicization.

boliviano currency unit, Boliviabuh-liv-i-ah—noh /ba,l1vi'o:nao/

Boll, Heinrich German novelisthyn-rikh boel /_h1unr1<; 'bo-:l/

Bollinger brand ofchampagnebol-in-juhr / 'bnI1nd3e(r) I

bollito misto Italian dishbol-ee-toh mist-oh /bo,1i:tau 'm1stao/

Bologna city, Italybuh-Ion-yuh ,fba'Ionja/

bolometer instrument for measuringradiant energybuh-Iom-it-uhr /ba'lnm1ta(r)/

Bolsllevik Russian political partybol-shuh-vik /'bo1_l‘av1k/

Bolshoi Ballet Russian ballet companybuhl-shoy /bel'jo1/

Bolzano city, Italybol-tsah-noh /bol'tsu:nao/

bomarc anti-aircraft missileboh-mark /'baomo:(r)kf

bombard cannonbom-bard /'bombo:(r)d/

bombarde wind instrumentbom-ba rd /'bombo:(r)d/

bombardier rank of non~commissionedofficerbom-buh-deer /,bomba'd1a(r)/

bombardon bass tubabom-bar-duhn ,"bnmbc1:(r)dan/

bombazine twilled dress fabricbom-buh-zeen /'bnmbazi:n/

bombe frozen dome-shaped dessertbomb fbnmbf

bombora type of wavebom-bawr-uh ,'bom'bo:ra/

Bon Japanese Buddhist festivalbon lbonf

bona fide genuineboh-nuh fy-di /,bauna 'fA1di/

Bonaire island, Netherlands Antillesbon-air /bn'ne:(r)/

Bonaparte Corsican family nameboh-nuh-part /'baunepu:(r)t/

bona vacantia goods without anapparent ownerboh-nuh vuh-kant-i-uh /,bauna

50

va‘kantia,iBonaventura, St Franciscan theologian

bon-uh-ven-tyoor-uh/_bnnaven'tjoara/

Bondi resort, Australiabon-dy ,"bnndA1/

bonhomie cheerful friendlinessbon-uh-mee /'bonemi:/

boniato variety of sweet potatobon-i-ah-toh /_boni'o:tao/

Boniface, St Anglo—Saxon missionarybon-if-ayss /'bon|feIs,/

bonito small tunabuh-nee-toh /be'ni:taof

Bon Jovi American rock bandbon joh-vi /,bon 'd3aovi/

bon mot witty remarkbo(ng) moh /,b5 'mao/

Bonnard, Pierre French painterpyair bon-ar /_pje:(r) bn'nu:(r)/

Bono Irish singerbon-oh /'bnnao/

Bono, Sonny American singer andpoliticiansun-i boh-noh /,si\ni ‘baunaul

bonobo chimpanzeebuh-noh-boh /ba'naubau/

bonsai art ofgrowing miniature treesbon-sy /'bonsm/

bontebok antelopebon-tuh-bok /'buntebnk/

bon voyage ‘pleasant journey’ (French)bo(ng) voy-yahzh /_bfa v:>rju:3/, [b5vwajo:3]

bonxie great Skuabonk-si j‘bm3ksi/

Bonynge, Richard Australianconductorbon-ing /‘bonny

bonze Japanese or Chinese Buddhistteacherbonz /bonzil

boojum mythological dangerous animalboo-juhm /'bu:d3am,'

Boolean relating to the work ofmathematician George Booleboo-li—uhn /'bu:lian/

boo!‘ rough and bad-mannered personbor /ba:(r)/Less commonly also boor.

51

Boiites northern constellationboh-oh-teez /beo'eoti:z,'

Booth, Cherie English lawyer; wife ofTony Blairshuh-ree booth /ja,ri: 'bu:o/This British surname is variouslypronounced booth and booth, dependingon individual preference.

Boothia, Gulfofgulf in the CanadianArcticbooth-i-uh /'bu:6ia/

Bophuthatswana region, South Africaboh-poo-tuht-swah-nuh/,beopu:tat'swu:ne/

bora strong, cold windbaw-ruh /'bo:ra/

Bora-Bora island, French Polynesiabaw-ruh baw-ruh /,bo:ra 'bo:ra/

boracic consisting ofboric acidbu h-rass-ik /ba'rasik,'

borage herbaceous plantborr-ij /'bor1d5/

Boris city, Swedenbuu-rawss /bo'ro:s/

Borazon trademark industrial abrasivebaw-ruh-zon /'b:>:razon/

Borbon y Borbon, Juan Carlos deking of Spainkhwan kar-lohss day bor-bon eebor-bon /xwan ,ku:(r)laos delbo:(r),b'on i: bo:(r)'bon/

borborygmus rumbling noise in theintestinesbor—buh-rig—muhss /,bo:(r)ba'r1gmas/

Bordeaux port, Francebor-doh /bo:(r)'dao/

bordelaise served with a sauce of redwine and onionsbor—duh—layz /_b:>:(r)da'1e1z/

Bordet, Jules Belgian bacteriologist andimmunologistzhuel bor-day /3y1bo:(r)'de1/

boreal relating to the climatic zone southof the Arctichaw-ri-uhl /'bo:rie1/

boreen Irish narrow country roadbaw-reen /bo:'ri:n/

Borg, Bjorn Swedish tennis playerbyoern borg /,bjm:(r)n ‘b0:(r)g/,[_bjCeI11_ 'borj]

borgata branch of the Mafia

Boiites | boscage

bor—gah-tuh /bo:(r)'gu:ta/Borgia, C€Si':lI'B Italian statesman

chez-uh-ray bor-juh /,t_1‘szare1'bo:(r)d3a/

Borgia, Lucrezia Italian noblewomanloo-kret-si-uh borj-uh /lugkretsia'bo:(r)d3a/

Boris Godunov opera by Mussorgskyborr-iss god-uun-of /,bnr1s ,gndunnf/,Russian [bA_r1is goAdo'n0f]~ Established anglicization.

Borlaug, Norman American scientistbor~lawg /'bo:(r)1o:g/

borlotti bean type ofkidney beanbor-lot-i /bo:(r)‘iI)ti/

Bormann, Martin German Nazipoliticianmar-teen bor-man /,mu:(r)ti:n'bo:(r)man/

Borneo island, divided betweenIndonesia, Malaysia, and Bruneibor-ni—0h /'bo:(r)niao/

Bornholm island, Denmarkborn-hohm /"o:>:(r)nheo:m/,['boenho1m]~ Established anglicization.

Borobudnr Buddhist monument in Javab0rr—0h—buud—00r /,boraobo'doa(r)/

Borodin, Aleksandr Russian composeral-uhk-sahn-duhr borr-uh-din/alak,so:nde(r) 'borad1n/

Borodino, Battle ofbattle in 1812 inRussiaborr-uh-dee-noh /,bnre'di:nau/~ Established anglicization.

boron chemical elementbaw-ron /'bo:rnn/

Borrell, Josep Spanish politicianzhuuz-ep borr-el /3o_zap bo'rsl/

Borromini, Francesco Italianarchitectfran-chesk-oh borr-uh-mee-ni/fran,t_[‘eskao ,bora'rni:ni/

Borsalino trademark wide-brimmed hatbor-suh-lee-noh /,b0:(r)sa'li:nao/

borscht Russian or Polish soupborsht /b:>:_(r)_[t/

borzoi Russian Wolfhoundbor-zoy /'bo:(r)zo1;'

boscage mass of trees or shrubsbosk-ij /'bnsk1d3/

Boscastle I bourrée

Boscastle village, Englandb0ss—kah-suhl /'bosku:sel/

Bosnia-Herzegovina countryboz-ni-uh hurt-suh-gov-in-uh/,boznia ha:(r)tsa'gnvlna/Established anglicization. The Bosnianname is Bosna I Hertsegovina, pronouncedboss-nuh ee hairt-suh-gov-in-uh.

Bosphorus the Bosporusboss-fuh-ruhss /'bosfaras,'

Bosporus strait connecting the BlackSea with the Sea ofMarmarabosp-uh-ruhss /‘bnsparas/

bossa nova Brazilian danceboss-uh noh-vuh /_bnsa 'naove/

Botha, P. W. South African statesmanboo-uh-tuh /'buate/0 This is the Afrikaans pronunciation.

Botham, Ian English cricketerbohth-uhm /'bao8am/This British surname is variouslypronounced both-uhm and bohth-uh m,depending on individual preference.

Bothnia, Gulfofpart of the Baltic Seaboth-ni—uh /'bnBnia,l

Bothwell, Earl ofScottish noblemanboth-wel /'b'oBwal/

bothy (also bothie) small hut or cottageboth-i /'bn6i/

Botox trademark drug prepared frombotulinboh-toks /'baot0ks/

Botswana countrybot-swah-nuh /bo‘tswo:na/

Botticelli, Sandro Italian paintersan-droh bot-itch-el-i /,sandraubut1't_|'sli/

botulin bacterial toxinbot-yuul-in /'bntjol1n/

botulism food poisoningbot-yuul-iz-uhm /'botjollzam/

bouchée small pastryboo-shay /'bu:Ie1/

Boucher, Francois French painterfrah(ng)-swah boo-shay /frfi,swu:bu:‘_|‘e1/

Boudicca queen of the lceni; also calledBoadiceaboo-dik-uh /'bu:d1ka,l

boudin French black puddingboo-da(ng) /'bu:dé/

52

Bougainville island, Papua New Guineaboo-guhn-vil /'bu:ganv11/

Bougainville, Louis Antoine deFrench explorerlwee ah(ng)-twahn duhboo-ga(ng)-veel /lwiz €1,two:n dobuzgevizll

bougie surgical instrumentboo-zhi /'bu:3i/

bouillabaisse fish soupboo-yuh-bess /bu:ja'bes/

boulc French form of bowlsbool /bu:l/

Boulez, Pierre French composer andconductorpyair boo-lez /pjs:(r) bu:'lez/

Boulogne port, Francebuul-oyn /bn'lmn/, [bulrm]Q Established anglicization.

Boult, Adrian English conductorbohlt jbaultl

Boulting, Jolm and Roy English filmproducers and directorsbohl-ting /'baoltm/

Boulton, Matthew English engineerbOh|—tuhn /'baoltan/

Bourbaki name of a group ofmathematiciansboor-bah-ki /,bua(r)‘bu:ki/

Bourbon European royal houseboor-buhn /'bua(r)ban/, French[burbfi]~ Established anglicization.

Bourbon chocolate-flavoured biscuitbor—buhn /'b:>:(r)ban/

bourbon American whiskybu r-buhn /'be:(r)ban/

Bourbonnais province, Franceboor-bon-ay /,bua(r)bn'ne1,'

bourgeois characteristic of the middleclassboor-zhwah /'bua(r)3wa:/

bourgeoisie middle classboor-zhwah-zee /_boa(r)3wt1:'zi:/

Bourguiba, Habib ibn Ali Tunisiannationalist and statesmanhuh-beeb ib-uhn al-ee boor-gee-buh/ha_bi:b _|ban a,1i: boa(r)‘gi:ba/

bourrée French danceboor-ay /boa're1/

53

bourse French stock marketboorss /boa(r)s/

Boursin trademark kind of French softcheeseboor-sa(ng) /bua(r)'sé/

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros Egyptiandiplomat and politicianboo-tross boo-tross gah-Ii /,bu:trns,bu:trns ‘go:li/

B0llV(-31$ Island Norwegian island in theSouth Atlanticboo-vay /bu:'ve1/

bouzouki Greek musical instrumentbuuz-oo-ki /bo'zu:ki/

bovid mammal of the cattle familyboh-vid /'haov1d/

bovine relating to cattleboh-vyn /'l)9UVA1l’1['

bovine spongiform encephalopathydisease of cattle; ‘mad cow disease’boh-vyn spun-ji-formen-kef-uh-lop-uh-thi /,baov1un|spAnd3ifo:(r)m ,s13k£fa'1npe6i/

Bow, Clara American actressb0h /bouf

Bowen, Elizabeth Irish-born Britishnovelistboh-uhn /'baoan/

Bowery street and district in New YorkCitybow-uh-ri /'baoari,l

bowhead Arctic whalebOh-hed /'baohed/

Bowie, David English singerb0h—i /'beoil

Bowie, Jim American frontiersmanboo-i ,/'bu:i/

l)0Wl8 knife long type of knifeboh-i /'baoi/ixiviisbob-i. B if i

Bowles, Paul American writer andCO1T1pOS€I'

bohl; fbaolzfBowness town, England

boh—ness /beu'nas/Bow Street location in London

boh /beo/Brabant former duchy, western Europe

bruh-bant /bro'bant/Brachiopoda phylum of marine

invertebrates

bourse | Bramah, Joseph

brak-i-uh-poh-duh /,bI'akie'peoda,lbrachytherapy treatment of cancer

brak-i-therr-uh-pi /|braki'Berepi/bradawl tool for boring holes

brad-awl /'brado:l/Bradenham ham trademark dark

sweet-cured hambrad-uhn-uhm /'bradanam/

bradycardia abnormally slow heartactionbrad-i-kar-di-uh /_bradi'ku:(r)dia/

brae steep bank or hillsidebray fbreil

Braeburn dessert applebray-burn ,"bre1ba:(r)n/

Braga city, Portugalbrah-guh /'bru:ga/

Braganza city, Portugalbruh-gan-zuh /bra'ganza/

braggadocio boastfill or arrogantbehaviourbrag-uh-doh-choh /,braga'daotj"au/'

Brahe, Tycho Danish astronomerty-koh brah-hi /,tA1kau 'bru:hi/, [_ty:ko'bro:a]' Established anglicization.

Brahma Hindu godbrah-muh /'bro:ma/

Brahman member of the highest Hinducastebrah-muhn /'bro:man/

Brahmanism post-Vedic Indian religionbrah-muh-niz-uhm /'bro:ma_n1zam/

Brahmaputra river, southem Asiabra h-mu h-poot-ruh /,brr1:ma'pu:tra,/

Brahms, Johannes German composeryoh-han-uhss brahmz /jao,hanes'bru:mz/, ['bra:ms]¢ Established anglicization.

Britlllli Pakistani ethnic groupbruh-hoo—i /bra'hu:i/

Braila city, Romaniabruh-ee-iuh /bra'i:la/

Braille, Louis French educationistlwee bry /,1wi: 'bm1/

Braille written language for the blindbrayl /breilj

Bramah, Joseph English inventorbram-uh /'brama/

Bramante, Donato I Brignoles

Bramante, Donato Italian architectdon-ah-toh bram-an-tay /dn_na:taubra'mante1/

Branagh, Kenneth English actor,producer, and directorbran-uh /'brane/

Bréincusi, Constantin Romaniansculptorkon-stuhn-teen brank-oo-zi/lkonstenttn bra1]'ku:zi/, [konstan'tinbra13'kuIj]¢ Established anglicization.

Brandenburg state, Germanybran-duhn-burg /'brandan,ba:(r)g/,['brandan,burk]~ Established anglicization.

Brandt, Bill German-born Britishphotographerbra nt /brant/

Brandt, Willy German statesmanvil-i brant /_v1li 'brant/

Braque, Georges French painterzhorzh brak /_3o:(r)3 'brak/

Brasilia capital of Brazilbruh-zil-i-uh /bra'zi1ie/

Brasov city, Romaniabrash-ov /bra'_1'nv/

brassard band worn on the sleevebrass-ard /‘brasu:(r)d/

brassica plantbrass-ik-uh /'bras|ka/

brassiere undergarmentbra:-i-air f‘brazis:(r)/

Bratislava capital of Slovakiabrat-iss-lah~vuh /,brat1‘s1u:va/,['bratiis1ava]* Established anglicization.

hratwllrst type of German pork sausagebrat-vurst /‘bratva:(r)st/, ['bra:tvorst]

Braun electrical appliances companybrawn /bro:n/

Braun, Eva German mistress ofAdolfHitleray-vuh brown /,eive 'braon,'

braw fine, good, or pleasingbraw /bro:/

Brazil countrybruh-zil /bra‘2.1l/Established anglicization. The Portugueseform is Brasil, pronounced braz-ee-00[bra'ziw].

54-

Brazzaville capital ofCongobraz-uh-vil /'hrazav1l/

Brecht, Bertolt German dramatistand poetbair-tolt brekht /,be:(r)tn1t 'brect/

Breda town, Netherlandsbray-duh /'brerda/

Bregenz city, Austriabray-gents /'bre1gsnts/

Brel, Jacques Belgian singer andcomposerzhahk brel /,3o:k 'brel/

Bremen state, Germanybray-muhn j'breIman/

Brenner Pass Alpine passbren-uhr /'brena(r)/

bresaola Italian dishbress-ow-luh /bre'saola,/

Brescia city, Italybresh—uh /'breIa,f

Bresson, Robert French film directorr0b—air bress-o(ng) /rn,bs:(r) brs's5/

Brest port, Francebrest /brest,’

Bretagne French name for Brittanybruh-tan-yuh /bra'tanje/, [bratanj]

Breton relating to Brittanybret-uhn /‘braten/

Breton, Andre French poet, essayist,and criticah(ng)-dray bruh-to(ng) /i:i,dreIbre't:'J/

Brezhnev, Leonid Soviet statesmanlay-uh-need brezh-nyef /le1a,ni:d'bre3njef/

Brie cheesebree fhrizf

Briers, Richard English actorbry-uhrz /‘bm1e(r)z,'This British family name is variouslypronounced breerz and bry-uhrz,depending on individual preference.

brigand banditbrig-uhnd /'br1g(a)nd/

brigandine coat of mailbrig-uhn-deen /'br1gendi:n/

brigantine tw0—masted sailing shipbrig-uhn-teen /'br1ganti:n/

Brignoles town, Francebreen—y0l /bri:n'jo1/

55 Brindisi | Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

Brindisi port, Italybrin-diz-i /‘br1nd1zi/

brinjal Anglo—Indian name for auberginebrin-jawl /'brInd3o:l/

brio vivacity of style or performancebree-oh /'bri:au/

brioche kind ofbreadbree-osh /bri:'n_[/

Brisbane city, Australiabriz-buhn /'br1zben/

l)I‘iSé ballet jumpbree-zay /bri:‘ze1/

brisling sardine-like fishbriss-ling /'br1sln)/

B1110 city, Czech Republicbur-noh /'be:(r)nao/, ['brno]Q Established anglicization.

Brobdingnagian hugebrob-ding-nag~i—uhn/,brnbd11]'nagien/

Broca’s area part of the brainbroh-kuhz /‘braokazf

broch Scottish prehistoric circular stonetower

brokh lbrnxibrochette barbecue or grill skewer

brosh-et /brn'j'st/brochure small book or magazine

broh-shuhr ,"breoj‘a(r)/Less commonly also brosh»oor.

Brocken mountain, Germanybrok-uhn /'brokon/

bromine chemical elementbroh-meen /'broomi:n/

bromocriptine drugbroh-moh-krip-teen/|lDI‘8UI1"i6U'l{l"IpiLiII1f

bronchiectasis abnormal widening ofthe bronchibronk-i-ek-tuh-siss /,brm]ki'sktasrs/

bronchiole minute branches into whicha bronchus dividesbron-ki-ohl /'brm]kiau1/

bronchiolitis inflammation of thebronchiolesbron-ki~uh-ly-tiss /,bro1]kie'1A1tIs/

bronchoscopy method of investigatingthe bronchial tubesbron-kosk-uh-pi /brnn‘knskepi,l

Brflnté family of English authorsbron-ti /'brnnti,’

Bronx borough in New York Citybronks /brooks,’

Bronzino, Agnolo Italian painteran-yoh-loh brond-zee-noh /,anjaolaubrnn'dzi:nao/

Bros brothersbross /bros/'

brose kind of porridgebrohz /brauz/

brougham horse-drawn carriagebroo-uhm /'bru:am,f

Brougham British family namebroo-uhm, bruum, broh-uhm, brohm/'bru:am/, /brum/, /‘bran:-am/, fbraoml

Brouwer, Adriaen Flemish painterah—dri-ahn brow-uhr /_a:driu:n'braoa(r)/

Brown, Mather American paintermath-uhr /'ma6a(r)/

Brubeck, Dave American jazz pianistand composerbroo-bek /'bru:bsk/

brucellosis bacterial diseasebroo-suh-loh-siss /_bru:sa‘laosIs/

Bruckner, Anton Austrian composerand organistan-tohn bruuk-nuhr /,antaun'brokna(r)/

Bruegel (also Brueghel) Flemish familyof artistsbroy-guhl /'bro1gal/, ['bro:xa1]' Established anglicization.

Bruges city, Belgiumbroozh /bru:3/This is the French form. The Flemish nameis Brugge, pronounced bruekh-uh['brYxaJ.____ p p 7

Brummell, George Bryan Englishdandybrum-uhl /'lJl"AIl'18l/

Brundtland, Gro Harlem NorwegianST.3I€SVVOIT13.I1groo har-luhm bruunt-Ian /,gru:,hu:(r)lam 'bront1an/

Brunei sultanatebroo-ny /l)I'llZ'I1AI/

Brunel, Isambard Kingdom Englishengineeriz-uhm-bard bruun-el /,1zarnbu:(r)dbro'nsl,'

Brunhild | bupropion

Brunhild German mythological namebroon-hilt /'bru:nhIlt/

bruschetta toasted Italian breadbruu5k—et~uh /bro'sketa/

Brussels capital of Belgiumbruss-uhlz /'brAsa1z/Established anglicization. The Flemishname is Bmssel, pronounced bruess-uhl['brYsal], and the French name isBruxelles, pronounced brue-sel [brysel].

Bryansk city, Russiabri-ansk /bri'ansk/

Bual variety ofwine grapeboo-al /‘bu:al/

Bublé, Michael Canadian singermy—kuhl b00b—lay /_mA1kal 'bu:ble1/

bucatini small hollow tubes ofpastabuuk-uh—tee-ni /,boka'ti:ni/

buccaneer piratebuk-uh-neer ;',bAko‘n1a(r)/

Bucephalus favourite horse ofAlexander the GreatbyO0-Sef-uh-luhss /bju:'ssfales/

Buellan, John Scottish novelistbukh-uhn /'bAxan/

Buchanan, James American statesmanbyoo-kan-uhn /bjufkanan!

Bucharest capital of Romaniaboo-kuh-rest /,bu:ka'rsst/Established anglicization, sometimes alsoboo-kuh-rest. The Romanian name isBucuresti, pronounced boo-koo-resh-ti[buku're]‘ti].

Buchenwald Nazi concentration campbookh—uhn-valt /'bu:xanva1t/

Budapest capital of Hungarybyoo-duh-pest /bju;da'psst/,[‘budnpe_',‘t]Established anglicization, sometimes alsoboo-duh-pest.

Buddha founder of Buddhismbuud—uh /‘boda/

Buddhism religionbuud-diz-uhm /'l'JUdIZ91'i'1/

Buenaventura port, Colombiabway-nuh-ven-toor-uh/_bwemavsn'toara/

Buenos Aires capital ofArgentinabway-noss y-reez /,bwe1nas 'AII‘iIZ/,Spanish /_bwenos 'ajres/

56

v Established anglicization.Buerk, Michael BBC journalistburk ,'ba:(r)k/

buffet meal consisting of several dishesbuuf-ay /'bofer/§nYms}Iiysis, buf-ay. P P

buifet strikebuf-it /'bAf1t/

Buganda former kingdom of East Africaboo-gan-duh /bu:'ganda/

Bujumbura capital of Burundibuuj-uum-boor-uh /,bod3orn'boara/

Bulawayo city, Zimbabweboo-Iuh-way-oh /_bu:ls'we1eo,'

bulgar cereal food made from wholewheatbul-guh r /'lJAlQ8(I‘)/

Bulgari Italian jewellery and perfumehousebuul-guh-ri /'bolgari/

bulimia nervosa eating disorderbuul-im-i—uh nur-voh-suh /bulimians:(r)'vaosa/

Bulsara, Farookh real name of FreddieMercuryfuh-rook buul-sar-uh /faruzkbol'su:ra/

Bundesbank central bank of Germanybuun—duhss-bank /'bondas_ba1]k/

Bundesrat German upper house ofParliamentbuun-duhss-raht /'bondas,rn:t/

Bundestag German lower house ofParliamentbuun-duhss~tahk /'bondas,ta:k/

Bunsen, Robert German chemistroh-bairt buun-zuhn /,raoba:(r)t'bunzan/The Bunsen burner is pronouncedbun-suhn.

Bunyan, J0hl'l English writerbun-yuhn /'l)AHjBH/

bunyip mythical amphibious monsterbun—yip /'b1mj1p/

BUPA British United ProvidentAssociationb00—puh /'bu:pa,'

bupropion trademark antidepressant drugbyoo-proh-pi—uhn jbjufpraupianf

57

Burbank city, Californiabur-bank /'ba:(r)ba1j|k/

Burberry trademark English fashion labelbur-buh-ri /'ba:(r)bari/

burfi Indian sweetbur-fi /'ba:(r)fi/

Burgas port, Bulgariaboor-gass /bua(r)'gas/

Burgenland state, Austriabo0r—guhn-lant ,l'boa(r)gan,lant/

Burghley, William Cecil Englishstatesmanbur-Ii /'ba:(r)li,'

Burgos town, Spainboor-goss /'boa(r)gns/

Burgoyne, J0hn English general anddramatistbur-goyn /ba:(r)'go1n/

burka Muslim garmentbur—kuh /'ba:(r)ka/v Established anglicization.

Burkina Faso countrybur-kee-nuh fass-oh /be:(r),ki:na'fasao/Established anglicization; a more nativepronunciation would be boor-kee-nuh.

Burma countrybur-muh /'ba:(r)ma/

Burnett, Frances HodgsonBritish-born American novelistbu r-net /be:(r)'nst/This British surname is variouslypronounced bur-net and bur-nuht,depending on individual preference.

Burrell, Paul ex-butler of PrincessDianaburr-uhl /'l)A[‘9l/

burrito Mexican dishbuh—ree-toh /ba'ri:tao/

Bursa city, Turkeyboor-suh /'boe(r)sa/

Burundi countrybuu-ruun-di /bo'rundi/

Buryatia autonomous republic, Russiaboor-yah-ti-uh /,boa(r)'jo:tia/

Buscemi, Steve American actorbuush—em—i /bo'j‘smi/

bushel measure of capacitybuush-uhl /'buj‘a1/

Burbank | Byzantium

bushido Japanese samurai code ofhonourbO0Sh-id-Oh /"ou:_l1dao/

Bushnell, Candace American authorkan-diss buush-nel /_kand1s boI'm:l/

Busoni, Ferruccio Italian composer,conductor, and pianistfuh-roo-choh boo-zoh-ni /fe,ru:t_|'aobu:'zaoni/

Bussell, Darcey English ballet dancerbuss-uhl /'l)AS8l/

butane flammable hydrocarbon gasbyoo-tayn /'bju:tein/

butanol isomeric liquid alcohols usedas solventsbyoo-tuh-nol /'bju:tannl/

Buteyko denoting a technique ofcontrolled breathingboo-tay-koh /bu:'teIkau/

Buthelezi, Mangosuthu (Gatsha)South African politicianma ng-goh-soo-too boo-tuh-lay-zi(gatch-u h) /ma13,gausu:tu: bu:ta'leIzi(nails)!

Buxtehude, Dietrich Danish organistand composerdeet-rikh buuk-stuh-hoo-duh /_di:tric'bokstahu:da/

Byblos ancient Mediterranean seaportbib~loss /‘bibles,’

Bydgoszcz city, Polandbid-goshtch /'b1dgn_[tJ/

Byelorussia. former name for Belarus;also called Belorussiabyel-uh-rush-uh /bjala'rA_[a/

byssinosis lung diseasebiss-in-oh-siss /_bIs1'nausIs,f

byte group of binary digits or bitsbyt /l)AIt/

Bytom city, Polandbit-uhm /'bitam,/

Byzantine relating to Byzantiumbiz-an-tyn /bI'zanti\.m/Sometimes also by-zan-tyn.

Byzantium ancient Greek citybiz-ant-i-uhm jbrzantiemlSometimes also by-zan-ti-dhiiii

58

C3PO character from the Star Wars filmssee-three-pee-oh /si:'Hri:pi:ao/

Caaba see KaabaCaan, James American actor

ka hn /kozn,’cabal secret faction

kuh-bal /ke'ba1/cabaletta simple aria

kab—uh—let-uh /_kabe'lata/Caballé, Montserrat Spanish soprano

mont-serr-at kab-al-yay /montseratkaba'lje1/

caballero Spanish gentlemankab-al-yair-oh /,kaba'lje:roo/

cabaret entertainment held in anightclubkab-uh-ray /'kabare1/Coiiinionly also I if

Cabbala (also Kabbalah) mystic Hebrewinterpretation of the Old Testamentkuh-bah-luh ,/ka'bo:la/Less commoinlyialso kab-uh-luh. B

cabbalistic relating to Cabbalakab-uh~list-ik /kabe‘lIstlk/

Cabernet Sauvignon black wine grapekab-uhr-nay soh-veen-yo(ng)/,kaba(r)ne1 saovi:n'j5/

Cabinda autonomous district ofAngolakuh-bin—d uh /ka'b1nda/

caboclo American Indian ethnic groupkuh-bohk-Ioh /ka'baokleo/

Caborn, Richard English politiciankay-born /'ke1bo:(r)n/

Cabo Roig resort, Spainkab-oh royg /,kabao ‘mtg!

Cabot, John Italian navigatorkab-uht /'kabat/

cabriole ballet jumpkab-ri-ohl /'kabriaol/

cabriolet car with a roof that folds downkab-ri-uh-lay /'kabriale1/

cacao bean-like seedskuh-kah-oh /ka'ku:au/

Caceres province and city, Spainkath-err-ayss /‘ka9erers/

cachaca Brazilian rumkuh-shah-kuh /ke'_l'o:ka/

cachexia weakness and wastingof the bodykuh-kek-Si-uh /ka'kaksia/

cachucha Spanish dancekatch-oo-chuh /ka'tj‘u:tIa/

Caddoan group ofAmerican Indianethnic groupskad-oh-uhn /'kadaoen/

Cadiz city, Spainkuh-diz/ke'd1z/Established anglicization. The Spanish formis Cadiz, pronounced kath-eeth.

Cadmean relating to Cadmuskad-mee-uhn /kad‘mi:an/

cadmium chemical elementkad-mi-uhm /'kadmiem/

Cadmus Greek mythological characterkad-muhss /'kadmes/

Caedmon Anglo—Saxon monk and poetkad-muhn /'kadman/

Caelian Hill one of the seven hills ofRomesee-|i—uhn /'si:lian,'

Caelum constellationsee-luhm /'si:lem/

Caen city, Francekah(n9) lkdlLess commonly also anglicized to kahn.

Caerdydd Welsh name for Cardiffkyr—deeth ,/ka1r'di:o/

Caernarfon (also Caernarvon) town,Waleskuhr-nar-vuhn /ka(r)'nu:(r)van/,[kaIr'narvon]v Established anglicization.

Caerphilly mild white cheesekuhr-fil-i /ka(r)'f1li,!

Caesar title of Roman emperorsSee-zu hr /‘si:za(r),'v See LATIN panel.

59

Caesar-ea ancient port, Israelsee-zuh-ree-uh /_si:za‘ri:a/

Caesar-can section delivery ofa childby cutting through the walls of theabdomensiz-air-i-uhn /sI'ze:rian/‘

caesium chemical elementsee-zi-uhm /'si:ziam/

cafe (also café) small restaurantkaf-ay /'kafeI/Commonly also kéil-Eyf C

cafetiere coffee potkaf-uh-tyair ,',kafa'tjs:(r)/

caffe latte drinkkaf-ay lat-ay /,kafe1 ‘later!The pronunciation Iah—tay is widespread,especially in AM, but deprecated because itis felt to be less like the Italian.

caffé macchiato drinkkaf-ay mak-i-ah-toh /_kafe1maki'u:tao/

CAFOD CAth0lic Fund for OverseasDevelopmentkaf-od /'l<afnd/

Cagayan ISlal'ldS group of islands,Philippineskag-uh-yahn /_kaga'ju:n/

Cagliari capital ofSardiniakal-yuh-ri /"ka1jari/

cagoule waterproofjacketkuh-gool /ka‘gu:l/

cahoots secret partnershipkuh-hoots /ke'hu:ts,'

Cahora B3853 lake, Mozambiquekuh~haw-ruh bass-uh /ka_ho:ra ‘basal

Caicos see Turks and Caieos Islandscaipirinha Brazilian cocktail

ky-pirr-in-yuh /,l(AIpI'I‘II‘lj8/Cairns town, Australia

kairnz /ks:(r)nz/Cairo capital of Egypt

ky-roh /'l(A]I'8U/Established anglicization. The Arabic nameis E1Qahira, pronounced uhl kah-hi-ruh[al 'qo:hira:].

Cairo city, USkair~oh /'ke:rao/

Caithness former county, Scotlandkayth-nuhss /'ke16nas/

Cajun native of Louisiana, ofAcadian-French descent

Caesarea I Callanetics

kay-juhn /'ke1d5an/Calabar port, Nigeria

kal-uh-bar /kala'bu:(r)/Calabria region, Italy

kuh-lab-ri-uh /ka'labria/Calais port, France

kal-ay /‘kale:/, [kale]v Established anglicization.

calamari squidkal-uh—mar-i /,ka1a'mu:ri/

calciferol D vitaminkal-sif-uh-rol /kal's1farnl/

calculus pl. calculi branch ofmathematicskal-kyuul-uhss, pl. kal-kyuul-y/'ka1kju1as/, pl. /-lAI/v See LATIN panel.

Calcutta fonner name for Kolkatakal-kut-uh /l{8.l'l(At8/

Caldecott, Randolph English artistkawl-dik-ot j'ko:ldrknt/

Calder, Alexander American sculptorkawl-duhr /'k:>:lda(r)/

Calderon de la Barca, Pedro Spanishdramatistped-roh kal-derr-on day lah bar-kuh/,pedrau kaldaron der lo: 'bo:(r)ka/

Caldwell, Erskine American novelistur-skin kawld-wel /,a:(r)sk1n'k:J:1dwsl/

Caledonian relating to Scotlandkal-uh-doh-ni-uhn /_kala'daunian/

calends first day of the month in theancient Roman calendarkal—endz /'kalsndz/

Calgary city, Canadakal-guh-ri /'kalgari/

Cali city, Colombiakah-Ii /'ku:li/

Calicut port, Indiakal-ik-ut /'l(alIkAt/‘

californium chemical elementkal-if-or-ni-uhm /,kal1'f:>:(r)niam,I

Caligula Roman emperorkuh—lig-yuul-uh /ka'1Igju1a,’

caliph chief Muslim civil and religiousrulerkay-lif /'keil1f/Commonly also kal-if or kuh-leeli

Callanetics trademark system ofphysicalEXETCISES

kal—uh—net-iks /,kala'nst1ks/

Callao 1 CAMRACallao port, Peru

kal-yah-oh /ka'ljo:ao,lCallas, Maria American—born operatic

sopranomuh-ree-uh kal-ass /me_ri:a 'kalas/

Callicrates Greek architectkuh-lik-ruh-teez /ka‘lrkrati:z/

Callimachus Greek poet and scholarkuh-lim-uh-kuhss /ka'11mekas/

Calliope Greek mythological characterkuh-Iy-uh-pi /ka'l1r|api/

Callisto Greek mythological characterkuh-list-oh /ka‘lrstao/

calmative having a sedative effectkahm-uh-tiv /'ko:matIv/Sometimes also7kal:muh—tiv.WC

Calor gas trademark liquefied butanekal-uhr /'kale(r)/

calorimeter apparatus for measuringthe amount of heatkal-uh-rim-uh-tuhr /,kala'r1mata(r)/

caltrop spiked metal ballkal-truhp /‘kaltrap/

calumet peace pipekal-yuum-et /'kaljomet,'

Calvados region, France; also brandymade therekal—vuh—doSS /‘kalvados/

Calvary hill on which Christ wascrucifiedkal-vuh-ri /'kalvari/

Calvino, ltalo Italian writeree-tal-oh kal-vee-noh /,i:ta1aukal‘vi:nao/

Calypso Greek mythological characterkuh-lip-soh /ka'l1psao/

calypso West Indian musickuh-lip-50h /ka'l1psao/

calzone folded pizzakal-tsoh-nay /ka1‘tsaune1/‘

Camargue region, Francekam-arg ,lka'mo:(r)g/

Cambay, Gulfof inlet of the ArabianSea, Indiakam-bay /kam'be1/

Cambodia countrykam-boh-di-uh /kam'beodia/

cambozola (also cambazola) trademarkGerman blue soft cheesekam-buh-zoh-luh /,kamba'zau1a/

Cambrian relating to Wales

60

kam-bri-uhn /'kambrian/Cambyses king of Persia

kam-by-seez /kam'bA1si:z/camelopard giraffe

liam-uhl-uh-pard /'kamalapo:(r)d/Sometimes also kuh-mel—uh-pard.

Camelopardalis constellationkuh-mel-oh-par-duh-liss/ka,meleo'pr1:(r)dal1s/

Camelot place where King Arthur heldhis courtkam-uh-lot /'kamalnt;'

Camembert soft, creamy cheesekam-uhm-bair /'kamambe:(r)/

Cameroon countrykam-uh-roon /_kama'ru:n/

camisole undergarmentkam-iss-ohl /'kamrsaol/

Camoes, Luis de (also Camoiins)Portuguese poetluu-eesh duh kuh-moy(ng)sh /lu,i:Ida ka'm5I_[/

camogie Irish gamekam-oh-gi /'kamougi;'

Campania region, Italykam—pahn-yuh /kam'po:nja/

Campari trademark aperitifkam-par-i /kam'po:ri/

Campeche state, Mexicokam-petch-ay /kam'pst_l'ei;‘

Campbell, Menzies Scottish politicianming-iss /'mn]rs,'

Campbell, Naomi English modelnay-oh-mi /'ne1aomi/

Campbell, Neve American actressnev fnevl

Campinas city, Brazilkuhm-pee-nass /kam'pi:nas/

Campion, Jane New Zealand filmdirectorkamp-i-uhn ['kampian/

Campobasso city, Italykam—p0h-bass-oh /,kampao'basao,l

Campo Grande city, Brazilkam-poo gran-di /_kampu: 'grandi/

campylobacter bacteriumkam-pil-oh-bak-tuhr/‘kamp1lao,bakta(r)f

CAMRA CAMpaign for Real Alekam-ruh /'kamra/

61

Camulodunum Roman name forColchesterkam-yuul-uh-dyoo-nuhm/_kamju1a'dju:nam/

Camus, Albert French novelistal-hair kam-ue /al_bs:(r) ka'my/

Cana ancient town in Galileekay-nuh /'ke1na/

Canaan biblical place namekay-nuhn /'ke1nan/

Canadien French Canadiankan-ad-ya(n9l /.kana'djé/

Canaletto Italian painterkan-uh-let-oh /,kana‘lstau/

canapé small piece ofbread or pastrywith a savoury toppingkan-uh-pay /'kanape1/

canasta card gamekuh—nast-uh /ka'nasta/

Canaveral, Cape cape in Florida, USkuh-nav-ruhl /ke'navra1/

Canberra Capital ofAustraliakan-buh-ruh /'kanbara/

Cancun resort, Mexicokank-oon /kar]'ku:n/

Candanchfi resort, Spainkan-dan—choo /kandan't_fu:/

candela SI unit of luminous intensitykan-dee-luh /kan'di:la/@0,;~;,51;;;1s¢ kan-del-ch. W

candelabrum pl‘ candelabra candlestickkan-duh-lah-bruhm, pl.kan-duh-lah-bruh /_kanda'lu:bram/, pl./-bra/

candida parasitic funguskan-did-uh /'kand1da/

Candide novel by Voltairekah(ng)-deed /kfi'di:d/

candidiasis infection with candidakan-did-y-uh-siss /_kand1'dmas1s/

Candlemas Christian festivalkan-duhl-mass fkandalmasl

candomblé Brazilian sectkan-dom-blay /,kandnm'bleI/

CANDU nuclear reactorkan-doo /'kandu:/

Canes Venatici constellationkay-neez vuh-nat-iss-y /_kemi:zva'nat1s1\1/

Canetti, Elias Bulgarian—born Britishwriter

Camulodunum | canticle

ay-lee—ass kuh~net-i /e1,1i:as ka'neti/canine relating to dogs

kay-nyn ,l'keInAIn/Canis Major constellation

kay-niss may-juhr /,ke1ms 'merd3a(r)/Canis Minor constellation

kay-niss my-nuhr /,ke1n1s 'nmma(r)/cannabis indica hemp

kan-uh-biss in-dik-uh /_kanab1s'1nd1kaf

cannellini beankan-uh-lee-ni /,kana'1i:ni/

cannelloni rolls of pastakan-uh-loh-ni /,kana'1auni/

Cannes resort, Francekan /kan,’

cannoli dessertkan-oh-Ii /ka'nau1i/

canola oilseed rapekuh-noh-Iuh /ka'neola/

Canopic jar ancient Egyptian urnkuh-noh-pik /ka'naop1k/

Canopus starkuh-noh-puhss /ka'naopas/

Canova, Ant0ni0 Italian sculptoran-tohn-yoh kan-oh-vuh /arrtaonjauka'naova/

Cantab of Cambridge Universitykan-tab /'kantab/

cantabile musical termkan-tah-bil-ay /kan'tc1:b11e1/

Cantabria autonomous region, Spainkan-tab-ri-uh /kan'tabria/

Cantabrigian relating to Cambridgekant~uh-brij-i-uhn /,kanta'bnd3ian/

Cantal department, Francekah(ng)-tal /kfi'ta1/The cheese made there is sometimesanglicized further, to kan-tahl.

cantaloupe melonkan-tuh-loop /‘kanta1u:p/

cantata piece of musickan-tah-tuh /kan'ta:taf

Canteloube, Joseph French composerzhoh-zef kah(ng)-tuh-loob /3au_zafkfita'lu:b/

canthus pl. canthi corner of the eyekan-thuhss, pl. kan-thy /'kan8as/, pl./-9A1/

canticle hymn or chantkan-tik-uhl /'kant1kal/

cantina I carburettor

cantina barkan-tee-nuh /kan'ti:na/

canto section of a poemkan-toh /'kantau/

Cantona, Eric French footballererr-eek kan-ton-ah /a,ri:k kantn‘nci:/

Cantor, Georg Russian-born Germanmathematiciangay-ork kan-tor /,ge1:1:(r)k'kanto:(r)/

Canute (also Cnut or Knut) Danish kingof Englandkuh-nyoot /ka'nju:t/The Danish pronunciation of the nameKnut is knood.

canzone pl. canzoni Italian or Provencalsongkant-soh-nay, pl. kant-soh-ni/kan'tsaone|/, pl. /-ni/

Capablanca, Jose Raul Cuban chessplayerkhoss-ay rah-ool kap-ab-lank-uh/xp,se1 ru:_u:l kapa'blaI]ka/

Capek, Karel Czech novelistkarr-el chap-ek /,karsl 'tIapsk/

Capella starkuh-pel-uh /ke'pz-:1a/

capellini pastakap-uh-lee-ni /,kapa'1i:ni/

Cape Verde Islands countrykayp vurd /,ke1p 've:(r)d/Established anglicization. The Portuguesename is Ilhas do Cabo Verde, pronouncedeel-yuhsh doo kab-po_\[ai_|_'~_di. 7 7 g g

capillary fine branching blood vesselskuh-pil-uh-ri ,lka‘pilari/

Capitoline Hill one of the seven hillsof Romekuh-pit-uh-lyn /ka'p1ta1A1n/

capoeira Brazilian dancekap-uu-ay-ruh /,kapu'e1re/

caponata Italian dishkap-oh-nah-tuh /,kapao'nc1:ta/

Capone, Al American gangsterkuh—pohn /ka‘paun/

Capote, Truman American writertroo-muhn kuh-poh-ti /,tru:manka'pauti/

Cappadocia ancient region ofAsiaMinorkap-uh—d0h—shuh /,kapa'deu_l‘a/

cappelletti pasta dish

62

kap-uh-let-i /,kapa'1sti/cappuccino type of cofiee

kap-00-chee-noh /,kapu'tji:nao,'Capra, Frank Italian-born Americanfilm directorkap-ruh /'kapre/

Capri island, Italykuh-pree /ka'pri:/, ['ka:pri]~ Established anglicization.

Capriati, Jennifer American tennisplayer .kap-n-ah-ti /kapri'u:ti/

Capricornus constellationkap-rik-or-nuhss /,kapr1'l<o:(r)nas/

capri pants trouserskuh-pree /ka'pri:/

Caprivi Strip narrow strip, Namibiakuh-pree-vi /ka'pri:vi/

captions finding faultkap-shuhss /'kapIas/

capybara South American mammalkap-ib-ar—uh /,kap1'bu:ra/

Caracalla Roman emperorkarr-uh-kal-uh /,kara'kala/

Caracas capital ofVenezuelakuh-rak-uhss /ka'rakas/

Carajas region, Brazilka rr-azh-ass j_kara'3as/

carambola fruitkarr-uhm-boh-luh f_karam'baola/

Caractacus British chiefiainkuh-rak-tuh-kuhss /ka'raktakes/

Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisida Italian paintermeek-uh-Ian-juh-loh merr-ee-zi dahkarr-uh-vaj-oh /mi:ka,land3alaumt-:,ri:zi do: kara'vad3au/

carbine automatic riflekar-byn /'l{flI(I')lZ)AIl'l/

carbonado diamondkar—buh-nay-doh /,ko:(r)ba'neidau/

carbonara pasta saucekar-buh-nar-uh /,k<1:(r)ba'nci:ra/

Carboniferous geological erakar-buh-nif-uh-ruhss/,kci:(r)be'n1fares/

carbuncle abscesskar-bunk-uhl /‘k<1:(r)bzn;1ke1/

carburettor engine deviceka r-buh-ret-uhr /kci:(r)ba'reta(r)/AM is kar-buh-ray-tuhr.

63 Carcassonne I Carothers, Wallace Hume

Carcassonne city, Francekar-kuh-son ,/_ku:(r)ka'son/

Carchemish ancient city on the upperEuphrateskar-kuh-mish /'ku:(r)kam1j‘f

carcinogenic causing cancerkar-sin-uh-jen-ik /,ko:(r)s1na'd3smk/

carcinoma pl. carcinomata type ofcancerkar-sin-oh-muh, pl.kar-sin—oh-muh-tuh /,kc1:(r)s1'naoma/,pl. /-meta,’Q Standard -s plural is also possible.

cardamom (also can-damum) spicekar-duh-muhm /‘ku:(r)damam/

Cardin, Pierre French couturierpyair kar-da(ng) /,pj£:(r) ka:(r)'de/

cardiomegaly enlargement of the heartkar-di-oh-meg-uh-Ii/_ku:(r)diau'msga1i/

Carentan city, Francekarr-ah(ng)-tah(ng) /karf1't6/The Second World War battle here issometimes pronounced in a more anglicizedmanner, as karr-uhn-tan.

caret mark placed in writing (", A)karl’-uht /'karat/

Carey, Mariah American singermuh-ry-uh kair-i /me,rA1a 'ks:ri/

Caria ancient region ofAsia Minorkair-i-uh /'ks:rie,l

Carib South American ethnic groupkarl’-ib /'kar1b/

Cariban South American languagefamilykarr-ib-uhn /'karIban/

Caribbean regionkarr-ib—ee—uhn /_kar1'bi:an/as ¢;;1;;;s5;11y also kuh-rib-it-iuhn.i

caribou reindeerkarr-ib-00 /'kar1bu:/

CARICOM Caribbean Community andCommon Marketkarr-ik-om /‘kar1knm,'

Carina constellationkuh-ryn-uh [kahuna]

Carinthia state, Austria'<"h-2'35-J;~h /1<=*'e"9P/ 7?Established anglicization. The Germanname is Kiirnten, pronounced kairn-tuhn.

carioca native of Rio de Janeirokarr-i-oh-kuh /,kari'auka,I

caritas Christian love of humankindkarr-it-ahss /'kar1tu:s,!

Carlisle city, Englandkar-lyl /l((1I(I‘)'lAIl/Thelocal pronunciation is kar-lyl.

Carlow county, Republic of Irelandkar-loh /'ku:(r)lao/

Carlyle, Thomas Scottish historian andpolitical philosopherkar-lyl /l((1Z(l')'lAll/This British surname is variouslyifiwpronounced kar-Iyl and kar-lyl, dependingon individual preference.

Carmarthen town, Waleskuh-mar-thuhn /ka'mu:(r)6an/

Carmel, Mount group of mountains,Israelkar-muhl /'ku:(r)mel/

Carmen opera by Bizetkar-men /'ku:(r)men/

carmine crimson colourkar-myn /'ku:(r)m1\1n/

Carnap, RudolfGerman-bornAmerican philosopherroo-dolf kar-nap /,ru:dnlf 'ku:(r)nap/

Carné, Marcel French film directormar-sel kar-nay /mc1:(r),ss1ku:(r)'ne1/

Carnegie, Andrew Scottish-bornAmerican industrialistkar—nay-gi /ku:(r)'neigi/This British surname is variouslypronounced kar-neg-1, kar-nay-gi,kar-nee-gi, and kar-nuh-gi, depending onindividual preference. Carnegie Hall in NewYork is kar-nuh-gi.

carnet book of ticketskar-nay /'ka:(r)ne1/

Carnivora order of mammalskar-niv-uh-ruh /ku:(r)'n1vera/

carob treakarr-uhb /'karab;'

Caroline relating to the reigns ofCharles I and IIkarr—uh-lyn /'karalnm/

carotene orange or red plant pigmentkarr-uh-teen /'karati:n/

Carothers, Wallace Hume Americanindustrial chemistkuh—ruth-uhrz /ka'r.»\oa(r)z/

Carpaccio, Vittore | Castalia

Carpaccio, Vittore Italian paintervit-aw-ray ka r-patch-oh /v1_t:>:reikci:(r)'pat_1'au/

carpaccio Italian hors d‘oeuv1-ekar-patch-oh /ku:(r)'pat_feo/

Carpathian Mountains mountainsystem, Europekar-pay-thi-uhn /ku:(r)'pe19ian/

carpe (liem ‘seize the day’ (Latin)kar-pay dee-em /,ku:(r)peI ’di:£.m;'

Carpentaria, Gulf ofbay, Australiakar-puhn-tair-i-uh /,ka:(r)pan'tc:ria/

Carracci family of Italian painterskarr-atch-i /ka'ratj‘i/

carrageen (also carragheen) edibleseaweedkarr-uh-geen /'karagi:n/

Carrara town, Italykuh—rar-uh /ka'ru:ra/

Carradine, David American actorkarr-uh-deen /'karadi:n/

Carreras, Jose Spanish tenorkhoss-ay karr-air-ass /xu,sei ka'rs:ras/

Carrey, Jim American actorkair-i /‘kazrif

Cartagena port, Spainkar-takh-ay-nuh /,ku:(r)ta'xe1na/A more anglicized form, kart-uh-jee-nuh, isl€'.SS COITIITIOH l'lO\V.

carte blanche complete freedomkart blahnsh /_ku:(r)l 'blu:n_[/

Cartesian relating to Descarteskar-tee-zi-uhn /ko:'ti:zion/

Carthage ancient city, North Africakar-thij /'ku:(r)61d5/

Cartier, Jacques French explorerzhahk kart-yay /,3u:k ku:(r)'tje|/

Cartier French jeweller and watchmakerkart-i-ay /'kc1:(r)tie1/, [kartje]~ Established anglicization.

Caruso, Enrico Italian tenoren-ree-koh kuh-roo-zoh /an,ri:kauka'ru:zau/

Carvalho, Joiio de Sousa Portuguesecomposerzhuu-ow(ng) duh soh-zuhkuhr-val-yoo /30,511 da ,saozaka(r)‘va1ju:/

Carys Welsh girl's namekarr-iss f'kar1s/

Casablanca city, Morocco

64-

kass-uh-biank-uh /_kasa'bla1)ka/Casals, Pablo Spanish composer

pab-loh kuh-zalss /,pablau ke'zals/Casanova, Giovanni Italian adventurerjuh-vah-ni kass-uh-noh-vuh /ja,vu:ni,kasa'naova/

cascabel red chilli pepperkask-uh-bel /'kaskabsl/

caseation condition characteristic oftuberculosiskay-si-ay-shuhn /,keisi'e1_[an/

casein protein present in milkkay-seen /'keisi:n/

cashew nutkash-00 ,!'ka]'u:/Commonly also kuh-shoo.

cashmere fine wool; also shawl madefrom itkash-meer ,/'ka_l'm1a(r)/

Caspar one of the three Magikasp-u hr /'kaspa(r)/

Caspian Sea salt lake, central Asiakasp-i-uhn /'kaspian,I

Cassandra Greek mythological characterkuh-san-druh /ka'sandra/Commonly also kuh-sahn-druh.

cassata ice creamkuh-sah—tuh /ka'so:ta/

Cassatt, Mary American painterkuh-sat ,lka'sat/

Cassavetes, John American actorkass-uh-vee-teez /kasa'vi:ti:z/

cassia treekass-i-uh /'kasie/

Cassini, Giovanni ltalian—b0rn Frenchastronomerjuh-vah-ni kass-ee-ni /d3e,vo:nika'si:ni/

Cassiopeia Greek mythologicalcharacterkass-i-oh-pee-uh /,kasiao'pi:a/

cassis blackcurrant liqueurkass-eess /ka'si:s/

Cassis region, Francekass-ee jka'si:/

Cassius, Gaius Roman generalgy-uhss kass-i-uhss /_g1\1as 'kasias/

cassoulet French stewkass-oo-lay /kasu'1e1/

Castalia Greek mythological place namekast-ay-Ii-uh /ka'steilia/

65 Caste] Gandolfo | Catskill Mountains

Caste] Gandolfo summer residence ofthe Popekast-el gan-dol-foh /kasltalgan'dnlfeo/

Castellon city and province, Spainkast-el-yon /kasts'ljnn/

Castile region, Spainkast-eel /ka'sti:l/Established anglicization. The Spanishname is Castilla, pronounced kast-eel-yuh[kas'ti/ta].

Castilian relating to Castilckast-il-i-uhn /ka'st1lien/

Castilla-La Mancha autonomousregion, Spainkast-eel-yuh lam-an-chuh /ka_sti:1ja1a'mant_|'a/

Castilla-Leon autonomous region,Spainkast-eel-yuh lay-on /ka,sti:lje lernnj

Castlebar town, Republic of Irelandkah-suhl-bar /_ko:sal'bo:(r)/'

Castlereagh, Robert StewartIrish—born British statesmankah-suhl-ray /'ko:salre1/

Castor Greek mythological characterkah-stuhr /'kn:sta(r)/

Castries capital ofSt Luciakast-reess /ka'stri:s/

Castro, Fidel Cuban statesmanfee-del kast-roh /fi:,da1'kastrao/,Spanish [fi_i5e1 'kastro]

casual relaxedka=h-09-W /'l‘*i3EE’,1le,ee eThe pronunciation kaz-yoo-uhl is lesscommon now.

catachresis pl. catachreses use of aword in an incorrect waykat-uh-kree-siss,p1. kat-uh-kree-seez/,kata'kri:sIs/, pl. /-si:z/

cataclysm large-scale violent eventkat-uh-kliz-uhm /'kate,klIzam/

catacomb underground cemeterykat-uh-koom /'kataku:m/

Catalan relating to Cataloniakat-uh-Ian /'kata1an/

catalepsy medical conditionkat-uh-lep-si /‘katalapsfl

Catalonia autonomous region, Spainkat-uh-loh-ni—uh /_kata’1aunie,'

Established anglicization. The Spanishname is Catalufia, and the Catalan isCatalunya; both are pronouncedkat-al-oon-yuh.

Catania port, Sicilykuh-tah-ni-uh /ka'to:nia/

cataphora grammatical termkuh-taf-uh-ruh /ka'tafara/

cataplexy medical conditionkat-uh-plek-si /'kata,pleksi/

cataract large waterfallkat-uh-rakt /'katerakt/

catarrh build-up of mucus in the noseor throatkuh-tar /k9'tn:(r)/

catawba North American variety ofgrapekuh-taw-buh /ka‘to:ba,/

catechesis religious instructionkat-uh-kee-siss /_kata'ki:s1s/

catechetical relating to religiousinstructionkat-uh-ket-ik-uhl /,kata'kstIkal,!

catechism questions and answers aboutChristian religionkat-uh-kiz-uhm /'katak1zam/

catechu vegetable extractkat-uh—choo /'katat]‘u:/

catechumen person who is receivingreligious instructionkat-uh-kyoo-men /,kata'kju:men/

Cathay Chinakath-ay /ka'6e1/

Cather, Willa American novelistwil-uh kath—uhr /,w11a 'kaoa(r)/

catheter tube inserted into a body cavitykath-uh-tu hr /'kaBata(r)/

Catholicism religionkuh-thol-iss-iz-uhm /ka'8n11s1zam/

Catiline Roman nobleman andconspiratorkat-il-yn /'katI1A1n/

cation positively charged ionkat-y-uhn /'kata1en/

Cato, Marcus Roman statesmanmar—kuhss kay-toh /,mo:(r)kas'ke1teo/

Catskill Mountains range ofmountains, USkat-skil /'katsk1l/

Catullus, Gains Valerius | Celt

Catullus, Gaius Valerius Roman poetgy-uhss vuh-leer-i-uhss kuh-tul-uhss/lgmas V8|lI3I'i3S ka'tA1as/

caubeen Irish beretkaw-been /ko:'bi:n/

Caucasian relating to the Caucasuskaw-kay-zhuhn ,fko:'ke13an/

Caucasus mountainous region, Europekaw-kuh-suhss /'ko:kasas/

caul amniotic membrane enclosing afoetuskawl /ko:l,'

Cauvery river, Indiakaw-vuh-ri /'ko:vari/

cava Spanish sparkling winekah-vuh /'ku:va/

Cavafy, Constantine Greek poetkon-stan-tyn kuh-vah-fi Lknnstantiunka'vo:fi,'

Cavan county, Republic of Irelandkav—uhn /‘kavan,'

cavaquinho type ofguitarkav-ak-een-yoh /,kava'ki:njao/

cave look out!ltay—vi l'keIvi/See LATIN panel.

caveat warning of specific stipulationskav-i-at /'kaviat/

Cavell, Edith English nursekav-uhl /'kaveI/

caviar pickled fish roekav-i-a r /'kav1u:(r)/Sometimes also kav-i-ar.

Caviezel, Jim American actorkuh-vee-zuhl ,/ka'vi:zaI/

cavil make petty objectionskav-uhl ,-"kaval/

Cavour, Camillo Benso Italianstatesmankuh-mee-loh ben~s0h kuh-voor/ka,mi:1ao ,bsnsau ka'voa(r)/

Cawnpore see KanpurCayenne capital of French Guiana

kay-en /keren/, French [kajsn]I Established anglicization. The samepronunciation is used for cayenne pepper.

Cayman Islands group ofislands,Caribbean Seakay-muhn /'ke1man/

Cayuga American Indian ethnic group

66

kay-yoo-guh /kerju:ga/Cayuse American Indian ethnic group

ky-yooss /'l(AIjLlIS/Cazale, John American actor

kuh—zahl fka'zu:l/Ceara state, Brazil

say-uh-rah /,se1a'ro:/Ceausescu, Elena wife ofNicolae

Ceausescuuh-lay-nuh chow-shesk-oo /a_Iematj‘ao'Issku:/

Ceausescu, Nicolae Romanianstatesmannik-uh-ly chow-shesk-00 /n1ko,lA1tj"ao‘]'ssku:/

Cebu island, Philippinessuh—b00 /sa'bu:/

Cecilia, St Roman martyrsuh-seel-yuh /so'si:ljo/

cedi currency unit, Ghanasee-di /'si:di{

cedilla diacritic (>)suh-dil-uh /sa'd1Ia/

Cecfax trademark BBC teletext servicesee-faks /'si:faks/

ceilidh Scottish or Irish social eventkay-Ii /'ke1li/

Celebra trademark drugsuh-leb-ruh /sa'Iabra/

celesta musical instrumentsuh-lest—uh /sa‘1ssta/

Céline, Louis-Ferdinand Frenchnovelistlwee fair-dee-nah(ng) say-leen /lwi:fs:(r)di:,no se1'li:n/

Cellini, Benvenuto Italian goldsmithand sculptorben-vuh-noo-toh chel-ee-ni/benva_nu:tao t_[e'li:ni/

cello musical instrumentchel-oh /'t]"elao/

cellulite subcutaneous fatsel-yuu|-yt/'ssljuIA1t/

Celsius, Anders Swedish astronomeran-duhrsh sel-si-uuss /,anda(r)j‘'sslsius/

Celsius scale of temperaturesel-si-uhss /'sslsias/

Celt pre-Roman ethnic groupkelt lksltjLess commonly also selt.

57

Celtic relating to the Celtsl<el—tik /‘keltik/Less cohiinonly also Sel-tik. The Scottishfootball club, how er, is always sel-tik.ev

cembalo harpsichordchem-buh-loh /'tJ'embalao/

cenotaph monumentsen-uh-tahf /'senata:f/

Cenozoic geological erasee-nuh-zoh-ik /,si:na'zao1k/

censure express disapprovalsen-shuhr /‘sen_l'a(r),' g iThe pronunciation sen-Syoor is now lesscommonly heard.

centaur Greek mythological creatureSen—t0r /'ssnto:(r)/

Centaurus constellationsen-taw-ruhss /ssn'to:ras/

centenarian person who is a hundredyears oldsen-tuh-nair-i-uhn /_senta'ns:rian/

centenary hundredth anniversarysen-tee-nuh-ri /san'ti:nari/

centesima] relating to division intohundredthssen-tess-im-uhl /s::n't:~:simal/

Centre region, Francesah(ng)-truh /'sfitra,!

Centrica holding company for BritishGassen—trik—uh /'ssntr1ka/

centrifilgal moving away from a centresen-trif-yoo-guhl /,sentr1'fju:gal/gometimes also sen-trif-yuug-uhl,especially in AM.

centripetal moving towards a centresen-trip-ee—tuh| /,sentrl‘pi:tal/Sometimes also sen-trip-it-uhl, especially inAM .

centurion commander in the ancientRoman armysent-yoor-i-uhn /s£n'tjuarian/

cep mushroom5eP /$1-ID!

cephalic relating to the headkef-al-ik /kc'falik/¢<>?@sw_§§§éi=Tlh>*5i:i*?lfe is _;;i

Cephalonia island, Greecesef-uh-loh-ni-uh /,sefa'launia/

Celtic I cervical

Established anglicization. The Greek nameis l{_efallinia,pronounced kei-aliee-nee-uh.

Cephalosporin antibiotic drugkef-uh-loh-spaw-rin ,f_lu-:falau'spo:r|n/

Cephells constellationsee-fi-uhss /'si:fias/

Ceram Sea part of the western PacificOceansay-ruhm /'seiram/

Cerberus Greek mythological creaturesur-buh-ruhss /'sa:(r)bares/

cerebral of the cerehrum of the brainsuh-ree-bruhl /sa'ri:bral/cB{i1}mnly alsoisieziilliililiri-'l:tl'l1|.fl'*K7 G W" Z

cerebrum pl. oerebra part of the brainsuh-reeb-ruhm, pl. suh-reeb-ruhjsa'ri:bram/, pl. /-bra/Commonly also serr-uhb-ruhm, pl.serr-uhb-ruh.

Ceredigion county, Waleskerr-uh-dig-yon /,ksra'd|gjnn/

cereology study of crop circlesseer-i-ol-uh-ji /,s1ari'olad3i/

Ceres Roman goddess of agricultureseer-eez /'s1ari:z/

cerise clear red coloursuh-reess /sa'ri:s/

cerium chemical elementseer-i-uhm /'s1ariam/

CERN European Organization forNuclear Researchsurn /sa:(r)n/

ceroc danceserr-ok /ss'rok/The name is a contraction of the Frenchphrase ‘C'est le roc(k)!’

Cerruti Italian fashion labelcherr-00-ti /tIc‘ru:ti/

C€I'llII'l8ll €8l‘Wfl.Xsuh-r00-muhn /sa‘ru:man/

Cervantes, Miguel de Spanish novelistand dramatistmee-gel day sur-van-teez /mi:,gel deisa:(r)'vanti:z/, /mi,vel de 6er'[3antes/I Established anglicization.

cervical relating to the cervixsur-vik-uhl /'sa:(r)vikal/The pronunciation su r-vy-kuhl is alsocommon, particularly in the medicalprofession.

cervix | Chambéry

cervix pl. cervices neck of the wombsur-viks, pl. sur-viss-eez /'sa1(r)v1ks/,pl. /-vrsi:z/

Cesarewitch English horse racesuh-zarr-uh-witch /S8'Z8I‘8WIl_f/

Ceské Budéjovice city, Czech Republicchesk-ay buud-yuh-yov-it-suh/_tIsske1 'bodjajnv1tsa/

Cetacea order of marine mammalssuh-tay-shuh /sa'teIIa/

Cetshwayo Zulu kingset-shway-oh /s&:'tIwe1eo/

Cetus constellationsee-tuhss /'si:tes/

Ceuta Spanish enclave, Moroccosyoo-tuh /'sju:ta/, Spanish ['9euta]0 Established anglicization.

Cévennes mountain range, Francesay-ven /se1'ven/

ceviche South American fish dishsev-ee-chay /se'vi:tfe1/

Ceylon former name for Sri Lankasuh-Ion/sa'1nn,'

Cezanne, Paul French painterpol say—zan /,pol se1'zan/

Chablis village, France; also winemade thereshab-lee /_[ab'1i:/

Chabro], Claude French film directorklohd shab-rol /,klaod j‘a'broll'

cha-cha ballroom dancechah-chah /'tjc1:t_fc1:,'

chacham see hahamChaco War dispute between Bolivia and

Paraguaychah-koh /'t_|"o:koo/

Chad countrychad /tIad/

chador piece of cloth worn by Muslimwomenchud-uhr /'tIAda(r)/

chaebol business conglomeratechay-bol /'tIe1bn1/

Chagall, Marc Russian-born Frenchpaintermark shag-al /,mu:(r)k _fa'ga1/

Chagos Archipelago group of islands,Indian Oceanchah-gohss /'t_l‘c1:gaos/

chai teachy /t_l'AI/

68

chainé ballet stepshen-ay /Is'ne1/

chaise-longue type of sofashez-long /Iez'lnng/

Chaka see ShakaChakra centre of spiritual power

in the bodychuk-ruh /'tIAkre/

Chalabi, Ahmad al- Iraqi politicianakh-muhd uhl chal-uh-bi /,axmad al't_|'alobi/

Chalayan, Hussein Cypriot fashiondesignerhuu-sayn chuh-ly-uhn /hu,se1nt_l'a'lnrenf

Chalcedon former city, Asia Minorkal-suh-don /‘kalsedon/

chalcedony precious stoneka|—Sed—uh-ni /kal's£dani/

Chalcis town, Greecekal-siss /'ka1s1s/Established anglicization. Ihc Greel< name’,is Khalkis, pronounced khal-keess.

Chaldea ancient country, Iraqka!-dee-uh /kal'di:a/

Chaldee language of the ancientChaldeanskal—dee /'kaldi:/

chalet wooden houseshal-ay /'la1e1/

Chaliapin, Fyodor Russian operaticbassfyod-uhr shal-yah-pin /_fjoda(r)_l"a‘ljn:p1n/

challis clothing fabricchal—iss /'t_[al1s/

chalumeau musical instrumentshal—uum-oh /‘Ialomao/

Chain indigenous ethnic group ofVietnam and Cambodiacham /tj‘am/

Chamaeleon constellationkuh-mee-Ii-uhn /ka'mi:1ian/'

Chamberlain, Neville Britishstatesmanchaym-buhr-lin /'tj‘e1mba(r)l1n/

Chambertin French red wine5hah(ng)-bair—ta(ng) /_[Eibs:(r)'té/

Chambéry town, Franceshah(ng)-berr-ee /j‘nbs'ri:/

69

chameleon lizard-like creaturekuh-mee—li—uhn /ka'mi:lian/

chametz food prohibited duringPassoverkhah-mets ,/'xo:mets/

Chamonix resort, Francesham-uh-nee /'_famani:/

Chamorro indigenous ethnic groupof Guamchuh-morr-oh /tIe'mnreo/

Champagne region, Franceshah(ng)-pan-yuh /]'fi'panja/,[Ifipanfl

champagne sparkling winesham-payn /_Fam'peIn/

Champaign city and county, USsham-payn /Iam'pe1n,'

champaign open level countrysidecham-payn /'t_l'ampeln/

Champlain, Samuel de Frenchexplorersam-ue-el duh shah(ng)-pla(ng)/samy,sl do Id'pl€:/

Champs Elysées avenue in Parisshonz uh-lee-zay /,_|‘onz a'1i:ze1/,French [jfiz elize]' Established anglicization.

Chan Chan capital of the pre-Incacivilization of the ChimuChan than /tj'an 't_I‘an/

chancre ulcershank-uhr /‘j‘ai]ka(l")/

chandelier hanging lightshan-duh-leer /,_[anda'l1a(r)/

Chandigarh city, Indiachun-dee-guhr /tIAl‘l'(llZg8(I')/

Chandragupta Maurya IndianCIHPGTOF

chun-druh-guup-tuh mow-ri-uh/_tIAndra,gopta 'mauria/

Chanel, Coco French couturierekoh-koh shuh-nel /_kaokao _\'a'ns1/

Chaney, Lon American actorIon chay-ni /,1nn'tje1ni,'

Changchun city, Chinachang-chuun /,t_[a1]'t_[on/

Chang Jiang see YangtzeChangsha city, China

chang-shah /,tIan'ju:/Chania (also Khania) port, Cretekhan-yah /xa'njo:/

chanterelle mushroom

chameleon | Charybdis

shan-tuh-rel /Ianta'rsl/chanteuse female singer

shahn—tu(r)z /_[a:n'ta:z/Chanukkah see HanukkahChao Phraya river, Thailand

chow pruh-yah /,tj‘ao pro'ja:/chaparajos (also chaparejos) leather

trouserschap-uh—ray-hohss /_t_fapa're1haos,'

chapatti thin pancakechuh-pat-i /tj‘a'pati/

Chapman, Dinos English artistdee-noss chap-muhn /,di:nus‘tjapmanl

Chappaquiddick Island island, USchap-uh-kwid-ik /,tIapa'kw1d1k/

Chappell, Greg Australian cricketerchap-uhl /'tj‘apal/

charango musical instrumentchuh-rang-goh /tj‘a'rangaol

charas cannabis resinchar-uhss /'tIo:raS/

Charcot, Jean-Martin Frenchneurologistzhah(ng) ma r-ta(ng) shar-koh /36mo:(r),té _[o:(r)‘kao,'

Chardonnay variety ofwhite wine grapeshar-duh-nay /'_\‘c1:(r)daneI/

Charente river, Francesharr-ah(ng)t /Ia'r<'1t/

charisma pl. charismata charmkuh-riz-muh, pl. kuh-riz-muh-tuh/ka'r|zma/, pl. /-mata/

Charlemagne king of the Franksshar-Iuh-mayn /'Iu:(r)lame1n/, French[farlamanj]

Charleroi city, Belgiumsharl-rwah /_1‘u:(r)l'rwu:,I

charlock wild mustardchar-lok /'t]‘a:(r)lnk/

Charlotte Amalie capital of the VirginIslandsshar-luht uh-mahl-yuh /__[u:(r)1ata'mu:1ja/

Charon Greek mythological characterkair-uhn /'ke:ran/

Chartres city, Franceshart-ruh /'_Fo:(r)tra/

chartreuse liqueurshar-troez /It1:(r)'tra:z/

Charybdis Greek mythological whirlpoolkuh-rib-diss /ka'r1bd1s/

Chase, Chevy | Cherso

Chase, Chevy American actorchev-i chayss f_t_[:~:vi 'tIe1s/

Chasid see HasidChasidic see HasidicChasidism see Hasidismchasm deep fissure in the earth's surface

kaz-uhm /'kazam/chassé dancing step

shass-ay /'Iase1/Chasselas variety ofwhite grape

shass-uh-lah /Jasa'lci:/chatcaubriand beef steakshat-oh-bree-o(ng) /,j‘ataubri:'fi/,French [Iatobrijfi]

Chaucer, Geofii-ey English poetchaw-suhr /'t_i‘o:sa(r)/

Chaumes French cheeseShohm Ijaumj

Chavez-Frias, Hugo Venezuelanpresidentoo-goh chav-ess free-ass /,u:gau,tj'aves 'fri:as/

Chavin ancient Peruvian civilizationchav-een /t_[a'vi:n/

Cheboksary city, Russiachuh-buhk-sar-i /tIabak'so:ri/

Chechen relating to Chechnyachetch-en /'t_fet_fen/

Chechnya (also Chechenia)autonomous republic, Russiachetch-nyah /,t_[etj"njo:/

cheder (also heder) pl. chedarim Jewishschoolkhed-uhr, pl. khed-ar-im /'xeda(r)/, Pl./-'da:rrm/¢ Standard -s plural is also possible.

Cheka Soviet organizationchek-uh /'t_',‘&:ka/

Chekhov, Anton Russian dramatistan-ton chek-of /an,tnn 'tIskof/

Cheltenham town, Englandchelt-uhn-u hm ftjeltaneml

Chela, Juan Ignacio Argentine tennisplayerkhwan eeg-nass~yoh chay-luh /xwani:g,nasjau 't_[e1la,'

Chelyabinsk city, Russiachuhl-yah-binsk !tIal'ju:b1nsk/

chemise dressshuh-meez /Ia'mi:z/

Chemnitz city, Germany

70

kem-nits /'k1-:mmts/chemotherapy treatment ofdisease

kee-moh-therr-uh-pi /,ki:mao'0erapi/Chenab river, India and Pakistan

chuh—nahb /t_1‘a'no:b,'Cheney, Richard (Dick) American

politician(hay-ni I 't_[emi/This surname is variously pronouncedchee-ni and chay-ni, depending onindividual preference.

Chengdu city, Chinacheng-doo /,tIsn'du:/

chenille yarnshuh-neel ,fIa'ni:l/

Chennai oflicial name for Madraschen-y /'t_[en:u/

Cheops Egyptian pharaohkee-ops /'ki:nps/

Cher river, Franceshair /_[a:(r)/

Cher American singer and actressshair /_[e:(r)/

Cherbourg port, Franceshair-boorg /'_|'s:(r)bua(r)g/, [Ierbur]' Established anglicization.

Cherepovets city, Russiacherr-uh-puh-vyets /,t_|‘erapa'vjets/

cherimoya applecherr-im-oy-uh ,',t_far1'm:na/

Cherkasy port, Ukrainechuhr-kass-i /tIa(r)'kasi/

Cherkessk city, Russiachuhr-kyesk /t1'a(r)'kjssk/

Chernenko, Konstantin Sovietstatesmankon-stuhn-teen chuhrn-yen-koh/knnstz-m,ti:n t_\'a(r)'njenkao/

Chernihiv port, Ukrainechair-nee-hiv/t_[a:(r)'ni:h1vl

Chernivtsi city, Ukrainechur-nivt-si /tIa(r)'nrvtsi/

Chernobyl town, Ukrainechuhr-nob-il /t_[a(r)'nnb1l/

Cherokee American Indian ethnic groupcherr-uh-kee /,t_fara'ki:,/

cheroot cigarshuh-root /_fa'ru:t/'

Cherso island, Italykair-soh /'ke:(r)sao/

71 Cherubini, Maria Luigi I chimichanga

Cherubini, Maria Luigi Italiancomposermu-ree-uh luu-ee-ji kerr-uub-ee-ni/malriza lo,i:d3i ksro'bi:ni/

Cherwell, Frederick German-bornBritish physicistchar-wel /'tIo:(r)wal/' The same pronunciation is used for theRiver Cherwell in Oxford.

Chesapeake Bay inlet ofthe NorthAtlantic, USchess-uh-peek /'tj'ssapi:k/

Cheshire county, Englandchesh-uhr /'tj‘aj‘a(r)/

Chesil Beach shingle beach, EnglandChel—il /‘tIsz1l/

Chetumal port, Mexicochet-uum~al /,t_1'eto'maI/

Chevalier, Maurice French singerand actormorr-eess shuh-val-yay /mn,ri:sIava'lje1/

Cheviot Hills range of hills on theborder between England and Scotlandcheev-i-uht /'tj‘i:viat/Sometimes also chev-i-uht, both for theplace and for the breed ofsheep.

Chevrc French cheeseshev-ruh /'j"svra/

Cheyenne city, USshy-an /_[A1'an/Commonly also shy-en.

Chhattisgarh state, Indiachat-iz—gar /_tIatiz'ga:(r)/

chi letter of the Greek alphabetky /kan!

chi see qiChiang Kai-shek Chinese statesman

chang ky-shek /,tIa13 kAi'_lsk/' Established anglicization.

Chiangmai city, Thailandcheng-my /t_[s1]'mAI,'

Chianti Italian red wineki-an~ti jki'anti/

Chiapas state, Mexicochi-ap-ass /tIi'apas/

Chiba city, Japanchee-buh /'tji:be/

Chibcha Colombian ethnic groupchib-chuh /'t_l1btIa/

chibouk Turkish tobacco pipechib-ook /t_[1'bu:k/

chic stylishly fashionablesheek /j'i:k/

chicane double bendshik-ayn /j"1'ke1n/

Chichén Itzzi Mayan empire centre,Mexicochee-then eet-sah /tIi:,tI.<:n i:t'su:/

Chichester city, Englandchitch—uh—stuhr /'tj‘1t_[asta(r)/The pi-¢.ii{iii{¢i;m@n of Chichester in Tyneand Wear, however, is chy-chuh-stuhr.

Chichester, Francis Englishyachtsmanchitch-uh-stuhr /'t_fIt_[esta(r)/

Chickasaw American Indian ethnicgroupchik-uh-saw /’t_[1keso:/

chicory plantchik—uh-ri /'tIil<eri,l

Chicoutimi river, city, and county,Canadashik-oo-tim-i /_l1'ku:t1mi/

Chihuahua state, MexicoChee-wah-wuh /tj i:'w<1:wa/

chikungunya viral diseasechik-uung-guun-yuh /,tI1kon'gonja/

Childermas Christian festivalchild-uhr-mass /'tj‘1lde(r)mas,'

Chil(i€I‘S, Erskine English—b0rn Irishwriter and political activistur-skin child—uhrz /,a:(r)skm't_l‘11cla(r)z/

Chile countrychil-i /'t_[Ili/, Spanish ['t_l'ile]- Established anglicization.

Chilean relating to ChileChil-i-uhn /'tI1lian/

chillum hookahchil—uhm /'tI11am,l

Chilpancingo city, Mexicocheel-pal-seeng-goh,l_tIi:lpan'si:1]gau/

Chiltern Hills range ofchalk hills,Englandchilt-uhrn /'tI1lta(r)n/

Chimborazo mountain, Ecuadorcheem-boh-rah-soh ,',tIi:mbau'rc1:sau/

chimera (also chimaera) mythologicalmonsterky-meer-uh /K./\I'II1I9I“9/'

chimichanga deep-fried tortillacheem-i-chang-guh /,t[i:mi't_[ai;|ga/

Chimu | chorten

Chimfl Peruvian ethnic groupchee-moo /tj'i:'mu:/

Chindwin river, Burmachind-win /tj‘m'dw1n/

chino cotton twill fabricchee—noh /'tIi:nao/

Chinook American Indian ethnic groupshin-uuk /_fi‘nuk/Q The same pronunciation is used for thehelicopter.

Chios island, Greeceky-oss /"l{AI‘0S/ gEstablished anglicization. The Greek nameis Khios, pronounced khee-oss ['xios].

Chipewyan Canadian ethnic groupchip-uh-wy-uhn ,I_t_[ipa'w1\1an/

Chirac, Jacques French presidentzhahk sheer—ak /,3o:k _l'1a'rak/

Chirico, Giorgio de Greek-born Italianpainterjor-joh day keer-ik-oh /,d3o:(r)d3ao dei'kIerIkao/

chiromancy interpretation of the lineson the palmsky-roh-man-si /'k1uraomansi/

Chiron Greek mythological characterky-ron /'kAirnn/

chiropody treatment of the feetkirr-op-uh-di fkrrnpadif

chiropractic system ofcomplementarymedicineky-roh-prak-tik /_kiurau'praktik/

Chisinau capital ofMoldovakish-in-ow /,k1II'nao/

chitarrone lutekee-tuh-roh-nay /,ki:ta'reunei/

Chittagong seaport, Bangladeshchit-uh-gong /tjita'gm]/

chlamydia pl. same or chlamydiaeparasitic bacteriumkluh-mid-i-uh,p1. kluh-mid-i-ee/kla'm1dia/, pl. /-dii:/

chlorambucil cancer drugklaw-ram-byoo-sil /kla:'rambju:s11/

chlorine chemical elementklaw-reen /'k1o:ri:n/

chlorophyll pigmentklorr-uh-fil /'klnraf1l/

72

chlorpromazine tranquillizerklor-proh-muh-zeen/kl:>:(r)'praomazi:n/

Choctaw American Indian ethnic groupchok-taw /'tIokto:/

Chokwe African ethnic groupchok-Way /'t_l‘okwe1/

cholelithiasis formation of gallstoneskol-uh-lith-y-uh-siss /,knlal1'01\IasIs/

cholera bacterial diseasekol-uh-ruh /‘kr)lera/

choleraic infected with cholerakol-uh-ray-lk /,ko1a're11k/

choleric bad-temperedkol-uh-rik /'kn1arIk/

choli bodice wom under a sarichoh-li /'t_|‘aoli/

Chomolungma Tibetan name forMount Everestchoh-moh-luung-muh/t_f8U1'I16U'lUI]I1'13/

Chomsky, Noam American linguistnohm chom-ski /_naom ‘tjnmskif

Chongjin port, North Koreachong-jin /tj'nn'd51n/

Chongqing city, Chinachuung-ching /,tj‘o1]'tj‘113/

Chopin, Frédéric Polish-born Frenchcomposerfray-day-reek shop-a(ng) /frerderrizkJv'pfi/ __ ZAn anglicized pronunciation, shoh-pa(ng),is also common.

Chopin, Kate American novelistshoh—pan /'j‘eopan/

chop suey Chinese dishchop S00-l ,/,tJ'op'su:i/

Chordata phylum ofanimalskor-day-tuh /ko:(r)'deIta/

chordophone stringed instrumentkor-duh-fohn /'ko:(r)dafaon/

chorca neurological disorderkorr-ee-uh /kn'ri:e/

chorine chorus girlkaw-reen /'ko:ri:n/

chorizo Spanish pork sausagechuh-ree-zoh /tj‘a'ri:zao/, [t_[0'ril-lo]O1‘jten also (erroneously) chuh-rits-oh.

Commonly also klaw-roh for wordsbeginning with chloro-.

chorten Buddhist shrinechor-tuhn /'tI:):(r)tan/

73

choux pastryshoo /_[u:/

chow mein Chinese dishchow mayn /,tj"ao 'me1n/

Chrétien, Jean Canadian statesmanzhah(ng) krayt-ya(ng) /56 krci'tje/

Christian relating to Christianitykriss-chuhn /'kr1stIan/The pronunciation krist-i-uhn is lesscommon now.

chrysalis insect pupakriss-uh-liss/'krisal1s/

chrysanthemum plantkriss-anth-uh-muhm /kr1'san6amam/

Chrysostom, St John bishop ofConstantinoplekriss—uhst-uhm /'kr1sestam/

Cllubll region, Japanchoo—b00 j'tIu:bu:/

Chugoku region, Japanchuung-ok-oo /'tj‘o13nku:,'' See JAPANESE panel.

Chukchi Sea part of the Arctic Oceanichufiuk—chee /'t_[ukt_[i:/This pronunciation is also suitable for theSiberian ethnic group of the same name.

Cllumash American Indian peoplechoo-mash /'t_|'u:ma_1‘/

Chur city, Switzerlandkoor /koa(r)/This is the German name; the French formis Coire, pronounced kwar.

churidars Indian trouserschuu-rid-arz /'tIuridu:(r)z,'

churrasco South American dishchuu-rask-oh /t_[o'raskau/

chutzpall self—c0nfidencekhuuts-puh /'xotspa/

Chuvashia autonomous republic, Russiachoo—vah—shi-uh /tj'u:'va:Iie/

(rhyme acidic fluid in the stomach andthe small intestinekym lkmmf

chypre perfiimesheep-ruh /'ji:pra,'

ciabatta Italian breadch uh-bat-uh /tIa'bata/

Ciampi, Carlo Azeglio Italianpresident ikar-loh ad-zel-yoh champ-i /,ku:(r)1au

choux I Cintra

a,dzeljao 'tj'ampi/ciao Italian greeting

chow ltjauiCiampino airport, Rome

champ-ee-noh /tIam'pi:nau/Cian Irish boy's name

kee-uhn /'ki:en/Ciara Irish girl’s name

keer-uh /'kiara/Ciara American singer

si-air-uh /si's:ra/Cibber, Colley English dramatist

sib-uhr /'s1ba(r)/cicely plant

siss-i—li /'s1sili/Ciccone, Madonna full name of

American singer MadonnaChik-oh—ni /tj‘1'keoni/

Cicero, Marcus Ttillius Romanstatesmanmar-kuhss tul-i-uhss siss-uh-roh/,mc1:(r)kas ,tAIias 's1sareo/= See LATIN panel.

Cieszyn city, PolandChesh-in /'tj‘s_[1n[

cilantro coriandersil~ant—roh /si'Iantrao/

cilice hairclothSll-l5S /'s1l1s/

Cilicia ancient region, Asia Minorsil-ish—uh /s1'l1Ia/

cimbalom musical instrumentsim-buh-luhm /'s1mbalem/

cimetidine antihistamine drugsy-met-id-een /sm'mstidi:n/

Cimmerian ancient nomadic ethnicgroupsim~eer-i-uhn /s1'm1arian/

Cincinnati city, USsin-sin—at-i /_sms1'nati/

cineraria plantSin-uh—rair—i-uh /,s1na'rs:ria/

cinerary urn urn for holding ashessin-uh-ruh-ri /'smerari/

cinquecento period of Italian artchink-wi-chen-toh /,tjn3kwi'tj‘sntau/

cinquefoil plantsink-foyl /'s1nkfo11/

Cinque P0115 group of medieval ports,Englandsink ports /_sn]k 'po1(1‘)iZS]

Cintra see Sintra

circadian I claustrophobia

circadian relating to twenty-four hourrhythmSur-kay-di-uhn /sa:(r)'ke1dian/

Circassian Caucasian ethnic groupsur-kass-i-uhn /sa:(r)'kasien/

Circe Greek mythological charactersur-si /'sa:(r)si/

Circinus constellationsur-sin-uhss /'sa:(r)s1nas/

ciré fabricsee-ray /'si:re1/

Cirencester town, Englandsy-ruhn-sest-u hr /'s1\1ran,sesta(r)/

Cirque du Soleil Canadian circusseerk due sol-ay /|s1e(r)k dy sn'le1/

cirrhosis liver diseasesirr-oh-siss /SI'l“8USlS/

cirrocumulus cloudsirr-oh-kyoo-myuul-uhss/,s1rao'kju:mjulas/

cirrostratus cloudsfiirr-oh-strahp-tuhss /,srrau'stru:tas/Commonly also sirr-oh—stray~tuhss.

cirrus pl. cirri cloudsirr-uhss, pl. sirr-y /‘sires/, pl. /-rA1/

cisalpine on the southern side of theAlpssiss-al-pyn /s1s'alp:\m/

Ciskei former Xhosa homeland, SouthAfricasisk-y l‘s1sk/n,‘

cisplatin cancer drugsisp-lat-in /sIs'platln/

cispontine on the north side oftheThamessisp—0n-tyn /s1s'pnntmn,l

citadel fortresssit-uh-duhl /‘srtadal/

CITES Convention on InternationalTrade in Endangered Speciessy-teez /'s/uti:z/

Citlaltépetl mountain, Mexicoseet-lal-tay-pet-uhl /,si:t1al'teipatal/

citole stringed instrumentsit-ohl /s1'teol/

Citroen French car manufacturerssit-ruhn /'s1tranf, [sitrosn]0 Established anglicization.

cittern stringed instrumentsit-uhrn /'s1ta(r)n,l

Ciudad Bolivar city, Venezuela

',74~

syoo-dath bol-ee-var /sjugdaobo'li:vo:(r)/

Ciudad Victoria city, Mexicosyoo-dath veek-tor-yuh /sjugdaovi:k'to:rja/

civet carnivorous mammalsiv-it /'s|vit/

clachan small village or hamletklakh-uhn /'klaxan/

Clackmannanshire former county,Scotlandklak-man-uhn-sheer/klak'mananI1a(r),I

Cl3.Ct0Ilifl.n lower palaeolithic cultureklak-toh-ni-uhn /klak'taonien/

Claddagh ring Irish ringklad-uh /‘kladaj

clafoutis flan made of fruitklaf-00-ti /kla'fu:ti,'

Clair, René French film directorruh-nay klair /re'nei 'kle:(r),/

clair-de-lune blue-grey colourklair duh loon /,kla:(r) do 'lu:n/, French[,kle:r da 'lyn]

clamant demanding attentionklay-muhnt /'kle1ment/Sometimes also klam-uhnt.

clandestine kept secretklan-dest-in /k1an'dest|n,/Commonly also klan-dest-yn.

Clarenceux heraldic titlcklarr-uhn-soo /'klaransu:/

claret French red wineklarr-uht ['klarat/

clarsach Irish harpklar-suhkh /'klo:(r)sox/

clary herbaceous plantklair-i /'kls:ri,'

Claude I_.0l'I'3.in French painterklohd lorr-a(n9) /,klaod ln'ré/

Claudius Roman emperorklaw-di-uhSS ['klo:dias/~ See mrm panel.

Clausewitz, Karl von Prussian generalkarl-fon klow-zuh-vits /,ko:(r)l fon'klaozav1ts/

Clausius, RudolfGerman physicistroo-dolf klow-zi-uuss /,ru:dolf'k1aozios/

claustrophobia fear of confined places -klost-ruh-foh—bi-uh /,klnstra'faobia/

75

claves musical instrumentklayvz /kleivz fCommonly also klahvz.

clavichord keyboard instrumentklav-ik-ord /'klavIk:):(r)dl

clavicle collarboneklav-ik-uhl /'l<lav1ke1/

clavier keyboard instrumentkluh-veer /k1a'v1e(r)/Sometimes also klav-i-u hr.

Clayderman, Richard French pianistritch-uhrd klay-duhr-muhn /,rit_fe(r)d'k1e1da(r)man/v Established anglicization.

Cleisthenes Athenian statesmanklyss-thuh—neez /'klA1s9eni:z/

Clemenceau, Georges Frenchstatesmanzhorzh klem-ah(ng)-soh /_3o:(r)3k1z:mfi'sau/

clementine tangerineklem—uhn-tyn /‘k1smentA1n/Commonly also klem—uhn-teen.

clenbuterol asthma drugklen-by00—tuh-rol /klen'bju:tarol/

Cleopatra queen of Egyptklee-uh-pat-ruh f,k1i:e'patra/

clepsydra pl. elepsydrae ancienttime—measuring deviceklep-sid-ruh, pl. klep-sid-ree/'klaps1dre/, pl. ,I-c1ri;/1 Standard -s plural is also possible.

clerk administrative person in an officeklark /kl<1:(r)k/AM is klurk.

Clermont—Ferrand city, Franceklair-mo(ng) ferr-ah(ng) /,k1s:(r)m5fs'rd/

Cleveland former county, Englandkleev-luhnd /'k1i:vland/

Clift, Montgomery American actormuhnt-gum-uh-ri klift /rnantgnmari'kl1ft/

Clijsters, Kim Belgian tennis playerkim klyst-uhrss /,k1m'k1AIste(r)s,'

climacteric critical periodkly-mak-tuhf*kll§l1u'makter1k/Commonly also kly-mak-terr-ik. V

Climbié, Victoria 8-year-old girl from

claves | Cluniac

Cote d’Ivoire, subjected to severe abuseand neglectklim—bi-ay /'klImbieI/

clime region considered with reference toits climateklym /l(lAIl'I1f

Cline, Patsy American country singerklyn /klnm/

Clio Greek mythological characterkly-oh /'k1A1au/Sometiniesalso klee-oh, andialtvlays for theRenault car model.

clique close-knit group of peoplekleek /1<11=1</

clitoris part of the female genitalsklit-uh-riss /'k11tar1s/Less commonly in AM alsoilltliiti-aid!’-Vriss. *7’:

clomiphene fertility drugkloh-mif-een /'klaumifi:n/

Clonmel town, Republic of Irelandklon-mel /klon'mel/

clostridium diflicile bacteriumklost-rid-i-uhm dif-iss-il /klnstrldiam'd1f1s1l/This pronunciation is in line with the usageof the various microbiology and infectioncontrol experts the BBC has consulted.Medical Latin is commonly anglicized; seeLATIN panel.

Clotho Greek mythological characterkloh-thoh /'klao6eo,f

clou musical termklOO /k1u:/

Clough town, northern Irelandklokh lkloxl

clough ravinekluf /l{lAf/

Clough, Arthur Hugh English poetkluf /klAf/

Clough, Brian English football managerkluf /klAf/

Clovis king of the Frankskloh-viss l'kleuv1s/

clozapine sedative drugkloh-zuh-peen /'k1auzapi:n/

Cluj—Napoca city, Romaniakloozh nap-ok-uh /,klu:3 na'poke/

Cluniac relating to a Benedictinemonastic order founded at Clunykloon-i-ak /'klu:niak/

Cluny I coca 76

Clicks1 Clicks are a certain kind ofconsonant found in many African lan-

guages. English consonants are made by interrupting or constrictingthe flow of air coming out of the lungs. Click consonants, by contrast,are made by air being sucked into the mouth. Although these soundsdo not occur as consonants in English (or any other European lan-

. guage), English speakers can still make some click sounds, and some-i times even use them, as signals, in speech. For example, the ‘tutting’

noise we use to convey disapproval is in fact a dental click. Anotherexample of a click consonant is the ‘kissing’ noise (bilabial click), andyet another is the ‘gee—up’ noise we might use to encourage a horse to

l move forward (lateral click).We do not expect BBC announcers to be able to reproduce clicks in

African names, and we anglicize as best we can, substituting clicks w‘

nunciation. T/Velshman Ncube, a Zimbabwean politician, told a BBCreporter that he would rather have his name pronounced without aclick altogether, rather than with an attempted click or with an Englisconsonant instead. The C in Ncube represents a dental click (the ‘tut-ting’ sound), and we now advise programme makers to say noo-bay,rather than, for instance, n-too-bay.

itthe nearest English consonant. Wherever possible we try to consultwith the owner of the name to establish their preferred anglicized pro-

h

h

Cluny town, France coaxial having a common axisklue-nee /kly'ni:/ k0h—ak—si-uhl /keo‘aksiel/

Cllltha Fiver, NEW Z88-lfllld Cobain, Kurt American rock singerl(lOO-Thuh /'kll1ZHt-),/ kuh-bayn /k9'be1n;'

Clwyd fmmel‘ ¢°1""1tY, Wales cobalt chemical elementkluu-id /'klvId/ koh-bawlt /'kaob:>:1t/'

Cnut See Canute Commonly also koh-bolt.Clytemnestra Greek mythological _

character COBE NASA satellitekly-tuhm-nest-ruh /klA1tarn'n£stre/‘ k°h'bl /'k9°bl/

Cnidaria phylum ofaiquatic invertebrate c°ble fishing boat

kny-dair-i-uh jknnrdszriaj COBOL computer programmingcoagulate change to a solid or semi—solid language

State koh-bol /'kaubol/koh-as-yuul-art /k@v'a9jv1eIt/ Coburg city, Germany

Coahuila state, Mexico koh-burg /'kaobe:(r)9/, ['k0:burk]koh-ah-weel-uh /|k9u(1;'wi;19/ I Established anglicization.

coalesce come together to form one mass coca tropical American shrubkoh-uh—less /_koua'1ss,' k0h—kuh /‘kaokoif

77

cocaine drugkoh-kayn /keu'ke1n/

Cochabamba city, Boliviakotch-uh-bamb-uh /,knt_fe'bamba/

Cochin port, Indiakoh-chin /'kaotj'rn/

cochlea pl. cochleae cavity of the innerearkok-Ii-u h, pl- kok-li-ee /'knk1ia/, pl./-klii:/'

Cochran, Charles Blake Englishtheatrical producerkok-ruhn /'knkran/'l:his British surname is variouslypronounced kok-ruhn and kokh-ruhn,depending on individual preference.

Cochran, Eddie Americanrock~and-roll singerkok-ruhn /'kokran/

Cochran, Jacqueline American aviatork0k~ruhn /'kokran/

cockatiel parrotkok-uh-teel /,knke'ti:1/

cockatoo parrotkok-uh-too /knka'tu:/

Cocos Islands group of islands, IndianOceankoh-kuhss /'kaokes/

coootte heatproofdishkok-ot /kn'kDt/

Cocteau, Jean French dramatistzhah(ng) kok-toh /_3E1 knk'tau/

coda musical termkoh-duh /'kaoda/

codec device that compresses datak0h~dek /'keodek/

codeine analgesic drugkoh—deen /'keodi:n/

codex pl. codices ancient manuscript textkoh-deks, pl. koh-diss-eez /‘kt-mdsks/,pl. /-d1si:z/v Standard -es plural is also possible.

codex calixtinus 12th-centurymanuscriptkoh-deks kal-ik-stee-nuhss /,keodt-zkskal1k'sti:nas/

codicil supplement to a willkod-iss-il /'kndis1l,l

Coe, Sebastian English athlete andpoliticiankoh lkeul

cocaine | coiffeur

Coelho, Paulo Brazilian writerpow-loo kuu-el-yoo /,pao1u: ko'elju:/

coeliac relating to the abdomenSeel-i-ak /'si:liak/

coelurosaur dinosaursil-yoor-uh-sor ,Is1'ljoareso:(r)/

Coen, Joel and Ethan American filmdirectorskoh-uhn /'kauen/

coenobite member ofa monasticcommunity5ee—nuh-byt /'Si1I18lJAIi/

coerce persuadekoh-urss /kao'a:(r)s/

Coetzee, J. M. South Afiican novelistkuut-see /kot'si:/This pronunciation was confirmed in a letterto the Pronunciation Unit fi'om Mr Coetzee.The family name is pronouncedkuut-see-uh in Afrikaans.

cogitate think deeplykoj—it-ayt /'knd31te1t/

cogito ergo sum ‘I think, therefore Iam’ (Latin)kog-it-oh air-goh suum /,kog1teo,c:(r)geo 'som/Commonly also ur-goh sum; see LATINpanel.

cognac brandykon-yak /'kunjak/

cognizant having knowledgekog-niz-uhnt /'kogn1zant/

cognize knowkog—nyz /l(DQ'I1AlZ,l

cognoscenti well-informed peoplekog-nuh-shen-ti /,kngna'j'anti/Commonly also kon-yu h-shen-ti.

Cohen, Leonard Canadian singerlen-uhrd koh-uhn /,1ena(r)d 'keoan/

cohere form a unified wholekoh-heer /keo'h1e(r)/

cohesion action of forming a unitedwholekoh—hee-zhuhn /keu'hi:3an/

Cohn, Ferdinand German botanistfair-din-ant kohn /_fs:(r)d1nant 'koon/

cohort ancient Roman military unitkoh-hort /'keoho:(r)t/

coilfeur hairdresserkwaf-ur /kwa'fa:(r)/

Coimbatore | Colon

Coimbatore city, Indiakoym-bu h-tor /_kl)I]'l'lb3't3I(I‘)/

Coimbra city, Portugalkweem-bruh /'kwi:mbra/

Cointreau trademark liqueurkwon-troh /'kwnntrao/, French[kwétro]

Coire city, Switzerlandkwar /kwu:(r)/Thisisihe French name; the German form’is Chur pronounced koor.J

coitus sexual ll'lt€I'COllI'SC

koh-it-uhss /'kauItas/Coke, Peter English actor

kuuk /kok/This British surname is variouslypronounced kohk and kuuk, depending onindividual preference.

colander perforated bowlkol-u hn-du hr /'kolanda(r)/Sometimes also ku|—uhn-duhr.

Colbert, Jean Baptiste Frenchstatesmanzhah(ng) bat-eest ko|—bair /3o ba,ti:stknl'be:(r)/

colcannon Irish and Scottish dishkol-kan-uhn /kn1'kanan/

Colchester town, Englandkohl-chuhst-uhr /'kaolt_[asta(r)/

Colchis ancient region, Caucasuskol-kiss /'ko1kIs/

Colditz medieval castle, Germanykohl-dits /'kaoldIts/, ['koldIts]- Established anglicization.

colectomy surgical removal of the colonkoh—lek-tuh-mi /kau'lsktami;‘

Coleraine town, Northern Irelandkohl-rayn /kaol'reIn/

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor Englishpoet, critic, and philosopherkohl-uh-rij ['kaularid5,'

Colette French novelistkol-et /ko‘lst/

Colima state, Mexicokol-ee-muh /kn'1i:ma/

coliseum (also colosseum) large theatrekol-uh-see-uhm I,kolo'si:am/

colitis inflammation of the lining of thecolonkuh-ly-tiss /k3'lAItIS/

78

collage form ofartkol—ahzh /ko'lo:3/Conimonly alsoiltollehzh. C C

collagen structural proteinkol-uh-juhn /'kn1ad3an/

oollapsar old star that has collapsedkuh-lap-sar /ka‘lapso.:(r)/

collect short prayerkol-ekt /'ko1skt/

collegian member of a collegekuh-lee-ji-uhn /ka'li:d3ian/

Colles’ fracture broken wristl(Ol-lSS /'knlis/

colliculus pl. colliculi swelling in theroof of the midbrainkuh-lik-yuul-uhss, pl. kuh-lik-yuul-y/ka'11kjolas/, pl. /-lAl;'

collier coal minerkol-i-uhr /'kn1ia(r),l

coilocutor person who takes part in aconversationkuh-lok-yuut-uhr /ka'lokjota(r)/Commonly also kol-uh-kyoiitiuhrr if H

colloquial used in ordinary or familiarconversationkuh-loh-kwi-uhl /ke'leukwial/

colloquium pl. colloquia academicconferencekuh-loh-kwi-uhm, pl. ku-loh-kwi-uh/keflaukwiem/, /-kwia/' Standard -s plural is also possible.

collude come to a secret understandingkuh—lOOd /ka'lu:d/Less commonly also kuh-lyioodll

colobus African monkeykol-uh-buhss /'knlahas/

Cologne city, Germanykuh-lohn ,'ka'laon/

anglicization! Cerman WC,’name is Kiiln, pronounced koeln ['l((Bln].

cologne scented toilet waterkuh-lohn /keflaonl

Colombia countrykuh-lomb-i—uh /ka'lnmbia/

Colombo capital of Sri Lankakuh-lum-boh /ka‘L=\mbao/

Colon port, Panamakol-on /ku'lnn/

79

colon part of the intestineko-luhn /‘kaolanllCommonly also koh-lon. The samepronunciations are used for the punctuationmark.

colon pl. colones currency unit, CostaRica and El Salvadorkol-on, pl. kol-on-ess /ko'lon/, pl./-'lonss/

colonel rank of oflicerku(r)-nuhl /'ka:(r)nal/

colonic relating to the colonkuh-lon~ik /ke'1onik/

Colorado state and river, USkol-uh-rah-doh /,kola'ru:dau/

Colosseum amphitheatre in Romekol-uh-see-uhm /,ko1a'si:am,'

Colossians book ofthe Biblekuh-losh-uhnz /ka'1o_fanz,f

colostomy surgical shortening of thecolonkuh-lost-uh-mi /ka'lostami/

Colt, Samuel American inventorkohlt /kaolt/l~ The same pronunciation is used for thetype of revolver.

colt young uncastrated male horsekohlt /kaolt/

Coltrane, John American jazzsaxophonistkol-trayn /knl'tre1n/

Columba constellationkuh-lum-buh /k8'lAI'l'1l)8/

Columbia river, North Americakuh-lum-bi-uh /ka‘1Ambia/

Columbine High School scene ofschool shooting in 1999kol-uhm-byn /'kolambAm,f

columbite mineralkuh-lum-byt /ke'lAmbAIt;‘

Coma Berenices constellationkoh-muh berr-in-y-seez /,kaoma,bEl‘I'l'lAlSlZZ/

Comanche American Indian ethnicgroupkuh-man-chi /ka‘mant_[i,'

Comaneci, Nadia Romanian-bornAmerican gymnastnah-dyuh kom-uhn-etch /lnozdja,koma‘net_l‘/

combatant person engaged in fightingkom-buh-tuhnt /'knmbatant,l

colon I commodious

Sometimes also kum-buh-tuhnt.

combe short valleykoom /ku:m/

combine group of people acting togetherfor a commercial purposekom-byn fkombzunl

combine harvest a cropkom-byn ;"l(I)II1l)A]I1/

Combs, Sean American rap artistshawn kohmz f,j‘:1:n'kaumz/

Comecon economic association ofeastern European countrieskom-ik-on /'komIkon/

oomfit sweetkum-fit /'knmfit/‘

comfiey plant of the boragc familykum-fri /'l(AlTlflf‘l/

Cornice dessert pearkom-iss /'knrn1s/

Comino island, Maltakom-ee-noh /kn'n1i:nao/

COMINT COMmunicationsINTelligencekom-int /‘komInt,'

Comintern communist organizationkom-in—turn /'knmmta:(r)n/

comme ci, comme ca neither verygood nor very badkom see kom sah /kom ,si: kom 's0.:f

commensurable measurable by thesame standardkuh-men-shuh-ruh-buhl/ka'msnIarabal/

commensurate corresponding in sizeor degreekuh-men-shuh-ruht ,'ka‘menIarat/

commis junior chefkom-i /‘knmi/

commissaire senior police ofiicer inFrancekom-iss-air /,kom1'se:(r)/

commissar ofiicial ofthe CommunistPartykom-miss-ar/,knm1'so:(r)/

Commerzbank Frankfiirt-basedinternational bankkom-airts-bank /'koms:(r)tsbank/

commissary deputy or delegatekom-iss-uh-ri /'komisari/

commodious comfortablekuh—moh-di-uhss /ka'maudias/

commodore | Conakry 80

Top ten complaintsabout pronunciations

The Pronunciation Unit sometimes receives complaints from viewersand listeners about specific pronunciations. The following words and

l names are examples of these. Some complaints are justified, and someperhaps less so. Look up each individual entry for our recommenda-

l tion, and a note on the possible variations!clostridium difficile harasscontroversy kilometreDavos Kuwaitdebris New Orleansthe letter H schedule

commodore naval rankkom—uh-dor /'knmado:(r)/

communal shared by members of acommunitykom-yuun-uhl /'komjunal,ICommonlyalso

commune group of people livingtogetherkom-yoon /‘knmjuzn/'

commune interact|<uh—my00n /ko'mju:n/

communique oflicial announcementkuh-myoo-nik-ay /ke'mju:nIkeI/

Como lake, Italyk0h—m0h /'kaomao/

Comodoro Rivadavia port, Argentinakom-od-aw-roh ree-vad-ah-vyuh/,knmn,d0:reo ri:va'du:vja/

Comorin cape, Indiakom-uh-rin /'knmarm/

Comoros countrykom-uh-rohz /'komaraoz/Sometimes also kuh-maw-rohz.

compadre friend or companionkom—pah-dray /kom'po:dre1/

comparable able to be likened toanother

k0m—puh—ruh—buh| /'komperabel/Commonly also ku Inn-parrf-uh-buhl.

comparative pertaining to comparisonkuhm-parr-uh-tiv /kam'parat1v/

compeer person of equal rankkuhm—peer /kam'p1e(r)/

compete person who introducesperformerskom-pair /'knmps:(r)/

comport conduct oneselfkuhm-port /kam‘po:(r)t/

composite made up of several partskom-puh-zit /'knmpazIt/

compos mentis having full control ofone’s mindkom-puhss men-tiss /,knmpas'msnt1s/

compote fruit preserved in syrupkom-poht /'kompaot/

Compton—Burnett, Ivy Englishnovelistkump-tuhn bur—nuht /jmmpton'ba:(r)nat/

Comte, Auguste French philosopheroh-guest ko(ng)t /au,gyst ‘kfitl

Conakry capital of Guineakon—uh-kri ,I'knnakri/

81

con amore musical termkon am-aw-ray /_kon a'm:>:rc1/

Conan Doyle, Arthur Scottish authorkoh—nuhn doyl /,kaonan 'do1l/

con brio musical termkon bree-oh /_knn 'bri:ao/

concave curved inwardskon-kayv /knn'ke|v/

Concepcion city, Chilekon-sep-syon /knnsap'sjnn/

concertina musical instrumentkon-suhr—tee-nuh /_knnsa(r)'ti:na/

concerto musical compositionkuhn-chair-toh /kan'tIs:(r)tau/

conciliar relating to a councilkuhn-sil-i-uhr /kan's11ia(r)/

conclave private meetingkonk-layv f'l(0I]l(l8lV/

Concord city, USkonk—ord /'knnko:(r)d/

Concorde airlinerkonk-ord /'knnko:(r)d/

concubinage practice of keeping aconcubinekon-kyoo-bin-ij /kon'kju:bln1d3/

concubine woman who cohabits with aman without being his wifekonk-yuub-yn /'knnkjobmn/

Condé Nast magazine publisherskon-day nahst /_knnde1 ‘nu:st/

conductus pl. conducti musical settingof a metrical Latin textkuhn-duk—tuhss, pl. kuhn-duk-ty/kan'dAktas/, pl. /-tAl,l~ See LATIN panel.

conduit channel for conveying waterkon-dyoo-it /'knndjuit}'

confect make from various elementskuhn-fekt /ken'fskt/

confidant (also confidante) person withwhom one shares a private matterkon-fid-ant /'knnf|dant/Sometimes also "|<_on-fid-ahnt.

confine boundaries of a placekon-fyn /'l§DIlfAIl'l/

confine restrictkuhn-fyn /k9I1'fAIH/

confit meat cooked slowly in its own fatkon-fi /'konfi/

confi-ere fellow member of a professionkon-frair /'konfre:(r)/

con amore I Connacht

Confucianism doctrines of Confuciuskuhn-fyoo-shuh-niz-uhm/kan'fju:_fanIzam/

Confucius Chinese philosopherkuhn-fyoo-shuhss /kan'fju:j'as/

congee porridge made from ricekon-jee /'kond3i:/

oongener member of the same kind orclass as anotherkuhn-jeen-uhr /kan'd3i:ne(r)/

conger edible eelkong-g u hr /'km]ga(r)/

congeries disorderly collectionkon-jeer-eez /knn'd3iari:z/

Congo river, central Africakong-goh /'knr]gau/

Congolese relating to Congo or theDemocratic Republic ofCongokong-guh-leez /,knnge'li:z/

congregant member of a congregationkong—grig-uhnt /'knngr1gent/'

Congreve, William English dramatistkong-greev /'knI]gri:v/

congruent in agreementkong-groo-uhnt /'km]gruant/

congruous in agreementkong—groo-uhss /'knr|gruas/

conic of a conekon-ik /'kon1k/

conifer treekon-if-uhr /'kon1fa(r);'

coniform having the shape ofa conekohn-if-orm /‘keon1fo:(r)m,'

coniine poisonous compoundkoh-ni-een /'kaonii:n/

conjugate relatedkon-juug-uht /'knnd3uget/

conjugate give the different forms ofa verbkon-juug-ayt j'knnd3uge1t]

conjunctiva membrane that covers thefront of the eyekon-junk-ty-vuh /,knnc13Ank'tA1va/

conjunctivitis inflammation of theconjunctivakuhn-junk-tiv-y-tiss/kan,d3A13kt1'vA1t1s/

con moto musical termkon moh-toh /,knn 'maoteo/

Connacht (also Connaught) province,Republic of Irelandkon-awt /‘kono:t/

eonnate l COl1lII'Bll6l'l'lpS

connate existing in a person from birthkon-ayt /'knne1t/

Connecticut state, USkuh-net-ik-uht /ka'nat1kat/

Connemara region, Republic of Irelandkon-i-mar-uh [,koni'mc1:ra/

connoisseur expertkon-uh-sur /,knna'sa:(r)/

connote imply or suggestkuh-noht /ka‘naut/

connubial relating to marriagekuh-nyoo-bi-uhl /ka'nju:bial,f

conquistador pl. conquistadoresconquerorkon-kwist-uh-dor, pl.kon-kwist-uh-daw-rayz/kon'kwistado:(r)/, pl. /-'do:reizl~ Standard -s plural is also possible.

consensual relating to consentkuhn-sen-shoo-uhl /kan'ssn_[‘ual/

conservatoire musical schoolkuhn-sur-vuh-twar/kan'sa:(r)vetwo:(r)/

conservator person responsible forrepair and preservationkuhn-sur-vuh-tuhr /kan'sa:(r)vata(r)/Sometimes also kon-suhr-vay-tuhr.

consigliere member of a Mafia familykon-sil-yair-ay /,knnsi'lje:re|/

console unit accommodating a set ofcontrols for electronic equipmentkon-sohl /'konsaul/

Consols government securities ofGreatBritainkon-suhlz /'knnsalz/

consommé soupkon-som-ay lknn'someI/

con sordino musical termkon sor-dee-noh /,kon so:(r)'di:nao/

consortium pl. consortia associationkuhn-sor-ti-uhm, pl. kuhn-sor-ti-uh/kan'so:(r)tiam/, pl. /-tia/'v Standard -s plural is also possible.

Constable, John English painterkun—stuh-buhl /'k.'instabal/This British surname is variouslypronounced kun-stuh-buhl andkon-stuh-buhl, depending on individualpreference.

constable police ofiicerkun-stuh-buhl /'l(Al'lSll8b8l/

82

Commonly also kon-stuh-buhl.

Constance lake and port, Germanykon-stuhnss /'knnstans/Established anglicization. The Germanname for the city is Konstanz, pronouncedkon-stants, and the lake is Bodensee,pronounced boh-duhn-zay.

Constanta (also Constanza) port,Romaniakon~stant-suh /knn'stantsa/

Constantine city, Algeriakon-stuhn-tyn /‘knnstantA1n,!

Constantine Roman emperorkon-stuhn-tyn fknnstantnml

Constantinople former name forIstanbulkon-stan~tin-oh-puhlI ,knnstanti'naopal/

consternate fill with anxietykon-stuhr-nayt /'konsta(r)ne1t/

consubstantiation Christian doctrinekon-suhb-stan-shi-ay-shuh n/_konsabstanj‘i'ei_l'en/

consuetude customkon-swit-yood /'knnswltju:d/

contagion spread ofdisease by closecontactkuhn—tay-juhn /kan'tetd3an/

contemplative involving prolongedthoughtkuhn-tem-pluh-tiv /kan'templat1v/

contemporaneous existing at the sameperiod of timekuhn-tem-puh-ray-ni-u hss/kan,tempa're1nias/

contiguous sharing a common borderkuhn-tig-yoo-uhss /kan't|gjues/

contingency possible futurecircumstancekuhn-tin-juhrl-si /kan'tInd3ensi/

contralto singing voicekuhn-tral-toh /ken'trattau/

contrariety contrary oppositionkon-truh-ry-uh-ti /,kontra'm1ati/

contrary oppositekon-truh-ri /'knntreri/

contrary perversekuhn-trair-i /kan'tra:ri/

contretemps disputekon-truh-to(ng) /‘l-mntratfi/, [kotratd]

83

contribute givekuhn-trib-yoot /kan'tr|bju:t/Commonly also kon-trib-yoot.

contributor person who giveskuhn-trib-yuut-uhr /kan'tr1bjuta(r)/

controversy disputekon- uh—vur si /'knntrava'(r)si/tr - .This is the traditional pronunciation, butkuhn»tr0v-uhl’-si is equally, if not more,common, and equally acceptable. AM iskon-truh-vur-si.

contuse injurekuhn-tyooz /kan'tju:z/

conundrum problemkuh-nun-druhm /ka'nAndrom/

oonvalesce recoverkon-vuh-less /,knnve'lss,'

convex curved like the exterior of a circlekon-veks /knn'vsks/

Conwy (also Conway) town, WaleskOn~wi /'konwi/

Coolidge, Calvin American statesmankoo-lij /'ku:1id3/

cooncan card gamekoon-kan /'ku:nkan/

co-op cooperative businessk0h~0p /'kaunp/

Copacabana Beach resort, Brazilkop-uh-kab-an-uh /,knpaka'bana/

Copén ancient Mayan city, Honduraskoh-pan /kao'pan/

Copenhagen capital of Denmarkkoh-puhn—hay-guhn /,kaopan'he1gan/Established anglicization. The Danish nameis Kobenhavn, pronouncedkoe-buhn-hown [koban'hau?n].

Copernicus, Nicolaus Polish3Stl'0l'lOl'l1€I'nik-0|-ay-uhss kuh-pur-nik-uhss/mko,1e|as ka‘pa:(r)n|kas/This is the Latinized form. The Polish nameis Mikolaj Kopemik, pronouncedmee-koh-y kop-air-neek [mi,kowajko'parnik].

Copland, Aaron American composerair—uhn kohp-luhnd /_z-zzran 'kaopland/

Copley, John Singleton Americanpainterkop-ii /'knp1i/

contribute I Corfu

Coppola, Francis Ford American filmdirectorkoh-puh-luh /'kaopa1a/

coprolalia involuntary use of obscenelanguagekop-roh-lay-li-uh ,/,koprau'1e11ia/

Copt native Egyptian in the Hellenisticand Roman periodskopt lknptl

coq an Vin chicken casserolekok oh va(ng) /,kok ao 'v€:/

coquetry flirtatious behaviourkok-uht-ri /'knkatri,'

Cora American Indian ethnic groupkaw-ruh /'ka:ra/

cor anglais woodwind instrumentkor ong-glay /kozr 'ongle1/ W_ W”Sometimes also kor ahng—g|ay.

Corcovado mountain, Brazilkor-kov-ah-doo /,k:>:(r)kn'va:du:/

Corcyra ancient Greek name for Corfukor-sy-ruh /ko:(r)'s1ura/

(:0I‘(l8.te heart-shapedkor-dayt /'ko:(r)de1t/

Corday, Charlotte French politicalassassinshar-lot kor-day /_l'a:(r),lnt ko:(r)‘de1/

Cordoba (also Cordova) city, Argentinakor-duh-buh /'k:):(r)daba/, ['kor60|3a]Established anglicizationi, lisealsojfor C VCordoba in Spain, and the currency unit ofNicaragua.

cordon bleu ofhigh-class cookingkor-d0(ng) bleu /_ko:(r)df> ‘bio!

Cordura trademark synthetic fabrickor-dyoor-uh /ko:(r)'djoara/

corduroy cotton fabrickor-duh-roy /'ko:(r)daro1/

Corea, Chick American composer(hik kuh-ree-uh /_tI1k ka'ri:a/

Corelli, Arcangelo ltalian composerar-kan-juh-Ioh kuh-rel-i/o:(r),kand3alau ka'rs1i/

Corelli, Marie English writerkuh—reI—i /ka'rsli/

Corfu island, Greecekor-foo /ko:(r)‘fu:/This is the Italian name, adopted in English.The Greek name is Kérkira, pronouncedkair-kirr-uh ['k8I‘l{lI‘8].

Coria, Guillermo | cosmogeny

Coria, Guillermo Argentine tennisplayergeel-yair-moh korr-i-uh /gi:l_js:(r)mao'knrie/

coriander plantkorr-i-an-duhr /,kur1‘anda(r)/

Corinth city, Greecekorr-inth /'knrin9/Established anglicization. The Greek nameis Korinthos, pronounced korr—in-thoss.

Coriolanus, Gaius Marcius Romangeneralgy-uhss marsh-uhsskorr-i-uh-|ay—nuhss /,gn1os ,ma:(r)_|"es,korio'1e1nes/

cornea layer covering the eyekor-ni-uh /'ko:(r)nie/

Corneille, Pierre French dramatistpyair kor-nay /,pjs:(r) k0:(r)'ne1/

cornetto woodwind instrumentkor-net-oh /ka:(r)'natao/

cornucopia the horn of plentykor-nyuuk~oh-pi—uh/_ko:(r)njo'koopie/

corolla petals of a flowerkuh-rol-uh /ka'rule/

corollary propositionkuh-rol-uh-ri /ka'rn1ari/

Coromandel Coast southern part ofthe east coast of Indiakorr-uh-man-duhl /_knra'mandel/

Corona Australis constellationkuh-roh-nuh aw-strah-liss /kareonao:'Stro:lIs/

Corona Borealis constellationkuh-roh-nuh borr-i-ah~liss /kareona,bor1'u:l1s/

coronach funeral songkorr-uhn-a kh /'knrenax/

coronal garland for the headkorr-uh-nuhl /'knrenol/

coronal relating to a crown orcoronationkorr-oh-nuhl /kn‘raone1/commonly alsoiliorr-uh-nuhl. it

Corot, Camille French painterkam-ee korr-oh /ka,mi: kn'reo/

corporeal relating to a person’s bodykor—paw-ri-uhl /ko:(r)'po:ria1/

corps pl. corps main subdivision of anarmyk0 r, pl. korz /k:):(r)/, pl. /ko:(r)z,’

84

Corpus Christi feast of the blessedsacrament or body of Christkor-puhss krist-i /,ko:(r)pes 'krIsti/

corral pen for livestockkuh-rahl ,'ka'ru:l/

Correggio, Antonio Italian painteran-tohn-yoh korr-ej-oh /antaonjaukn'red3eo/

Correze department, Francekorr-ez /ko'rez/

Corriedale breed of sheepkorr-i-dayl /'kuride1l/

Corrientes province and city, Argentinakorr—i-en-tess /knri'entas/

Corsica island, Francekor-sik-uh /'ko:(r)s1ke/The French name is Corse, pronouncedko rss.

cortége processionkor-tezh /ko:(r)'te3/

Cortes legislative assembly, Spainko r-tess /'ko:(r)tes/

Cortés, Joaquin Spanish flamencodancerkhoh-ak-een kort-ayss /xaoa,ki:nko:(r)'te1s/

cortisone hormonekor-tiz-ohn /'ko:(r)t1zoon/

Corunna port, Spainkuh-run-uh/ 'I‘AI'l8/koEstablished anglicization, althoughsomewhat old-fashioned. The Spanish nameis La Corufia, pronounced lah korr-oon-yuh[la ko'ru_na].

corvette warshipkor-Vet /ko:(r)'vet/

corvina Italian variety ofwine grapekor-vee—nuh /ko:(r)'vi:ne/

Corvus constellationkor-vuhss /'ko:(r)ves/

Cos see Koscos lettuce

koss /kos/Cosa Nostra American criminal

organizationkoh—zuh nost-ruh /,keoza 'nnstra/

Cosimo dc’ Medici Italian statesmanand bankerkoz-ee-moh day med—itch—i /'knzi:meodei 'madIt_1"i/

cosmogeny evolution of the universekoz-moi-uh-ni /knz'mud3ani/

85

oosmogony branch of science that dealswith the evolution of the universekoz-mog-uh-ni /knz'mogani/

Cosi Fan Tutte opera by Mozartkoh-see fan too-tay /kau,si: fan'tu:tel/

cosmopolis cosmopolitan citykoz-mop-uh-liss /knz'mnpa11s/

COSPAR Committee on Space Researchkoh-spar /'kauspu:(r)/

Cossack Russian ethnic groupkoss-ak /'knsak/

C0518. Blanca resort, Spainkost-uh blank-uh /,1-msta 'b1a1]ka/

Costa Brava resort, Spainkost-uh brah-vuh /,knsta 'bru:va/

Costa del Sol resort, Spainkost-uh del sol /,knsta del 'snl/

Costard cooking applekust-uhrd /'kAsta(r)d/Commonly also kost-uhrd.

Costa Rica countrykost-uh ree-kuh /_knsta 'ri:ka/

Cote d’Azur region, Francekoht duh-zyoor /,1-taut da'zjoa(r)/, [kotdazy:r]' Established anglicization.

Cote d’Ivoire countrykoht dee-vwar /,kaut di:'vwo:(r)/

Cotonou city, Beninkot-uh-noo /,knta'nu:;'

Cotopaxi volcano, Ecuadorkot-op-alc-si /,kntn'paksi/

Cotswold breed of sheepkots-wohld Fkntswaoldl

Cottbus city, Germanykot-buuss /'kntbus/

cotyledon embryonic leafkot-il-ee-duhn /kntr}i:dan/

couch grasskowtch fkautjlsometimes also kootch. T

couchant heraldic termkow-chuhnt /'kaut_[antj

cougar North American term for pumakoo-guhr /'ku:ge(r)/

coulibiac Russian dishkoo-lib-yak /,ku:l1'bjak/

coulis vegetable or fruit puréekoo-Ii /'ku:li/

Coulomb, Charles Augustin de

cosmogony | Coventry

French physicistsharl oh-guest-a(ng) duh koo-lo(ng)/,_[u:(r)l augys_t€ da ku:'l5/

coulomb SI unit ofelectric chargekoo-lom /'ku:lom/

coulrophobia fear of clownskol-ruh-foh-bi-uh /,kn1ra'faubia/

Coulthard, David Scottish Formula 1racing driverkohl-thard /'kaol9u:(r)d/This British sumame is variouslypronounced kohl-thard and |(OOl-tard,depending on individual preference.

coumarin vanilla—scented compoundkoo-muh-rin /'ku:marm/

coup pl. coups seizure of power from agovernmentkoo, pl. kooz /ku:/, pl. /ku:z/

coupe glass dishkoop /ku:p/

coupé type of carkoo-pay /'ku:pe1}'

Couperin, Francois French composerfrah(ng)-swah koo-puh-ra(ng)/fr(1,swu: ku:pa'r.§,l

Courbet, Gustave French paintergue-stahv koor-bay /gy_stu:vkau(r)'beI/

Courreges, André French fashiondesignerah(ng)-dray koor-ezh /(1,dre1 kua'ra3/

Courtauld, Samuel Englishindustrialistkor-tohld /'ko:(r)tao1d/

Coupland, Diana English actresskoop-luhnd /'ku:pland/

Coupland, Douglas Canadian authorkohp-luhnd /'kaupland/

Courier, Jim American tennis playerkoor-i-uhr /'koaria(r)/

courtier companion to the king or queenkor-ti-uhr /'ko:(r)tia(r)/

couscous North African semolinakuuss-kuuss /'kuskus,'

Cousteau, Jacques-Yves Frenchoceanographer and film directorzhahk eev koo-stoh /zozk ,i:vku:'stao/

couth cultured and refinedkooth /ku:B/

Coventry city, Englandkov-uhn-tri /'knvantri/

Coverdale, Miles I Creutzfeldt—Jakob disease 36

Coverdale, Miles English biblicalscholarkuv-uhr-dayl /'knva(r)derl/

covert shelterkuv-uhrt /'k.we(r)tl

covert not openlykuv-uhrt /‘knva(r)t/éassdniyiiiso

covet yearn to possesskuv-uht /'k1wat/

Cowdrey, Colin English cricketerkow-dri /'kaodri/

Cowes town, Englandkowz /kaoz/

Cowichan sweater thick sweaterkow-itch-uhn /'kaoIt_l'en/

Cowper, William English poetkoop-uhr /'ku:pa(r)/This British surname is variouslypronounced koop-uhr and kow-puhr,depending on individual preference.

coxswain person who steers a ship's boatkok-suhn /'kuksan/

Coyoacan region, Mexicokoy-oh-ak-an /k01aoak'an/

coyote North American wild dogkoy-oh-ti lkoreutilSometimes also koy-oht.

cozen trick or deceivekuz-uhn /'k1\zan/

Cozumel island, Caribbeankoss-00-mel /knsu:'ms1,'

Crabbe, George English poetkrab lkrabl

Cracow city, Polandkrak-of /'kraknf/Established anglicization; sometimes alsokrak-ow, especially in AM. The Polish nameis Krakow, pronounced krak-00f.

Cr-aiova city, Romaniakruh-yoh-vuh /kra'jauva/

Cranach, Lucas German painterloo-kass krah-nakh /,1u:kas 'kro:nax/

cranium pl. crania skullkray-ni-uhm, pl. kray-ni-uh/'kre1niom/, Pl. /-nia/° Standard -5 plural is also possible.

crannog ancient fortified dwellingkran-uhg /'kraneg/

Crassus, Marcus Licinius Romanpoliticianmar-kuhss ly-sin-i-uhss krass-uhss/_mc1:(r)kasl1ir,s1nias 'krasas/

Crater constellationkray-tuhr /'krerta(r)/

craton block of the earth’s crustkrat-on /'kratnn/

creatine compound formed in proteinmetabolismkree-uh-teen /'kri:ati:n/

creatinine compound which is producedby metabolism of creatinekri-at-in-een /kri'at1ni:n/

creche nurserykresh /krsj/'

credulity tendency to believe thatsomething is truekruh-dyoo-luh-ti /kra'dju:1eti/

credulous showing too great a readinessto believe thingskred-yuul-uhss /'kradjulas/

Cree American Indian ethnic groupkree /kri:/

Creme briilée dessertkrem broo-lay /_krsm bru:'ler/

Cremona city, Italykruh-moh-nuh lkravmaunal

Creole language formed from a pidginkree-ohl /'kri:eul/

crepe thin fabrickrayp /kre1p/

crescendo pl. crescendi musical termkruh-shen-doh, pl. kruh-shen-di/kra'Iendao/, pl. /-dii‘- Standard -s plural is also possible.

Cressida Shakespearean characterkress-id-uh /'krss1de/

Cretaceous geological periodkruh-tay-shuhss /kra'te1_\‘as/

Crete island, Greecekreet /kri:t/Establishedanglicization. The Greek nameis Kriti, pronounced kree-ti.

cretic metrical footkree-tik /'kri:t1k/

cretin stupid personkret-in /'kr£t1n/

Creutzfeldt—Jakob diseasedegenerative diseasekroyts-felt yak-ob / ,krortsfa1t 'jaknb/

87

Crichton, James Scottish adventurerkry-tuhn /'krA1tan/

Crimea peninsula, Ukrainekry-mee-uh /km1‘mi:a/Established anglicization. The Ukrainianname is Krym, pronounced krim [krim].

crimplene trademark synthetic fabrickrimp-leen /'krimp1i:n/

crimson deep red colourkrim-zuhn /'kr1mzan/

crinoline petticoatkrin-uh-Iin /'kr1na11n/

Criseyde see 'I‘roilus and CriseydeCroat native ofCroatia

kroh-at flkrauatlCroatia country

kroh-ay-shuh /krau'e1Ia/Established anglicization. The Croatiannamc is Hrvatska, pronouncedhgur-vaht:sl§ah_Ehr\La:tska:].

Croce, Benedetto Italian philosopherand politicianben-uh-det-oh kroh-chay /benadetao'kraut_l‘e1/

crochet handicraftkroh-shay /'krauIe1/

crocus pl. croci plantkroh-kuhss, pl. kroh-ky /'kraukas/, pl./-k1\1/Q Standard -es plural also possible.

croeso ‘welcome’ (Welsh)kroy-saw f'l(I‘0ISOZ/

Croesus last king of Lydiakree-Suhss /'kri:sas/

Crohn’s disease disease of theintestineskrohnz /kraonz/

croissant French rollkrwass-o(ng) /'krwasf)/Commonlvlalsofkwiass-o(ng). W WC

CPO-Magnon earliest form of modernhuman

keh-n§n-v<>ncc/-55=w'manim/Commonly also kroh-mag-nuhn.

Cromarty Firth inlet of the MorayFirth, Scotlandkrom-uhr-ti /'krnma(r)ti/

Cromerian geological periodkroh-meer-i-uhn /krau'miarian/

cromlech tomb

Crichton, James | crystalline

krom-lek /'krom1ek/Cronin, A. J. Scottish novelist

kroh~nin /'kraon1n/Cronus (also Kronos) Greek

mythological characterkroh-nuhss /'kraunas/

croquembouche dessertkrok-om-boosh /,krnknm'bu:j/

croquet gamekroh-kay /'krauke1/

crostini Italian starterkrost-ee-ni /krn'sti:ni/

croup inflammation of the larynx andtrachea in childrenkroop /kru:p/

croupier person in charge ofa gamingtablekroo-pi-ay /'kru:piei/

croustade pastry hollowed to receive asavoury fillingkruust-ahd /kru'stu:d/

croute piece oftoasted breadkroot /kru:t/

crouton small piece of toasted breadkroo-ton /'kru:ton,'

Crozet Islands group of islands, IndianOceankroh-lay /krau'zeI/

Crudup, Billy American actorkroo-dup /'kru:dAp/

Crufi, Charles English showmankruft lkrnftl

Cruikshank, George English painter,illustrator, and caricaturistkruuk-shank /'krukIat]k/

Crustaeea group of aquatic arthropodskrust-ay-shuh /krA'ste1Ia/

Crux constellationkruks /krAks/

Cruylf, Johan Dutch footballeryoh-hun kroeyf /_jaohi\n ‘krueifl

Cruz, Penélope Spanish actresspen-el-op-ay krooth /p£,n£lDpel'kru:0/A more anglicized pronunciation,puh-nel-uh-pi krooz, is very common.

Cryptozoic geological periodkrip-tuh-zoh-ik /,kr1pte'zauik/

crystalline having the form of a crystalkrist-uh-lyn /'kr1stalA|n/

csérdzis | cusec

csiirtlils Hungarian danceChar-dahsh /'tIu:(r)du:I/

Cbesiphon ancient city on the Tigristess-if-uh n /'tastfan/

cuatro small guitarkwat-roh /'kwatrau/

Cuba countryIQ/00-buh I'kju:ba/ , Spanish ['ku[3a]' Established anglicization.

cueca South American dancekway-kuh /'kwe|ka/

Cuenca city, Ecuadorkwenk-uh /'kwenka/

Cuernavaca resort, Mexicokwair-nav-ak-uh /,kwe:(r)na'vaka/

Cuiaba port, Brazilkoo-yuh-bah /,ku:ja'bu:/

Culdee Irish or Scottish monkkul-dee /kAl'dlI/

cul-de-sac street closed at one endkul duh sak /'l(Al da sak!Commonly also kuul duh ;J;" CW

Culiacén Rosales city, Mexicokool-yak-an roh-sah-less /ku:1ja,kanrao'su:iss/

Culkin, Macaulay American actormuh-kaw-Ii kulk-in /ma_ka:li 'k.v\lkm/

Culloden, Battle ofbattle in theJacobite uprisingkuh-lod-uhn /ka'1ndan/

Cumberland former county, Englandkumb-uhr-luhnd /'kAmba(r)land/

Cumbernauld town, Scotlandkumb-uhr-nawld /,llAl'I1lJ3(l‘)']'lOIld/

cumbia Colombian dancekuum-bi-uh /'kombia/

Cumbria county, Englandkumb-ri-uh /'kAmbria/

cumin seedkyoo-min /'kju:mm/

cum laude ‘with distinction’ (Latin)kum law-di /,kam 'lo:di/Commonly alsokuum low-day; see LATINpanel.

cumulonimbus pl. cumulonimbi cloudkyoo-myuul-oh~nim-buhss,pl. kyoo-myuul-oh~nim-by/,kju:mju1ao'n1mbes/, pl. /-hm,‘

88

cumulus pl. cumuli cloudkyoo~myuul-uhss, pl. kyoo-myuul-y/'kju:mjulas/, pl. /-l1\[/

Cunard, Samuel Canadian-born Britishshipownerkyoo-nard /kju:'nu:(r)d/

Cunene river, Angolakuun-en~uh /ku'nsna/

cupola rounded domekyoo-puh-luh /'kju:pala/

Curacao island, Netherlands Antilleskyoor-uh-sow ,~',kjoara'sao/Commonly alscikyoor-uh-soh. The samepronunciations are used for the liqueur.

curate assistant to a vicar, rector, orparish priestkyoor-uht /'kjoarat/

curate organize an exhibitionkyuu-rayt /kju're1t/

Curie, Marie Polish-born Frenchphysicistmarr-i kyoor-i /,mari 'kjoari/, French[mari kyri]

Established anglicization. She was bornMaria Sklodowska, pronounced marr-i-uhskwod-of-skuh.

curie unit of radioactivitykyoor-i /'kjcari/

Curitiba city, Brazilkoor-it-ee-buh /_kuar1'ti:ba/

curium chemical elementkyoor-i-uhm /'kjoariem/

curragh marshy waste groundkurr-uh f'l{Al‘3/

L'l(iirax1,W W

curriculum vitae account of a personsqualificationskuh-rik-yuul-uhm vee-ty /karikjulam'vi:tA1/

cursed under a cursekur—suhd /'ka:(r)sad,/

Sometimes also kurst.

Cusack, Niamh Irish actressneev kyoo-sak /,ni:v 'kju:sak/

cusec unit of flowkyoo-sek /'kju:s.=;k/

89

Cush biblical namekuush /ku_[/

cutaneous relating to the skinkyoo-tay—nl-uhss /kju:'temias/

cuvée type of winekyoo-vay /'kju:ve1/, French [kyve]

Cuzco city, Perukoosk-oh /‘ku:skaul'

CWITI valleykuum [kom]

Cwrnbran town, Waleskuum-brahn /kum'bm:n/

cyan greenish—blue coloursy-uhn /'sman/

cyanide salt of hydrocyanic acidsy-uh-nyd f'SAI9HAId/

cyanogen poisonous gassy-an—uh-juhn /s1u'anad3an/

Cybelc mythological mother goddessSib-il-i /'sibIli/

cyborg person with mechanical elementsbuilt into the bodysy-borg /'s1ubo:(r)g/

cycad palm-like plantsy-kad /'sA1kad,'

Cyclades group of islands, Aegean Seasik-luh-deez /'Slkl8dl2Z/Established anglicization. The Greelt I145?7is Kiklzidhes, pronounced kee-klath-ess.

Cycladic relating to the Cycladessik-lad-ik /s1'klad1k/

cyclamen plantsik-luh-muhn ['s1k1amen/

cyclical relating to a cyclesik-lik-uhl /'s1k11kal,ISometimes also syk-lik-uhl.

cyclone climatic conditionSy-klohn /'sA|klaun/

Cyclops pl. Cyclopes Greek mythologicalcharactersy-klops, pl. sy-kloh-peez /'s.ukInps/,pl. /sAi'klaupi:z/~ Standard -es plural is also possible.

Cygnus constellationsig-nuhss /'signes/

Cush I Czestochowa

Cymbeline British chieftainsim-buh-leen /'s1mba1i:n/

Cymric relating to Waleskum-rik /'kAmr1k/, ['kamrik]

Cymru Welsh name for Waleskum-ri /'kAmri/, ['kamri]

Cyprian, St Carthaginian bishopand martyrsip-ri-uhn /'s1prian/

Cyprus countrysyp-ruhss f'SAIpI‘9S/~ Established anglicization.

Cyrano de Bergerac, SavinienFrench soldier, duellist, and writersav-in-ya(ng) sirr-uh-noh duhbur-zhuh-rak /savrnjé ,sn"anau da'ba:(r)3arak/, [savinjé sirano daber3arak]Q Established anglicization.

Cyrenaica region of Libyasy-ruh-nay-ik-uh f,s1ura'nenko,l

Cyrene ancient Greek citySy-ree-ni /sa1'ri:ni/

Cyrillic alphabet used in many Slavoniclanguagessirr-il-lik /s1'r111k/

Cyrus king of Persiasy—ruhss /'SAlI‘9Sf

cystitis bladder inflammationsist-y-tiss /s1'stAItIs/

Cytherea another name for Aphroditesith-uh-ree-uh /_sI6a'ri:a/

Cytherean relating to the planet Venussith—uh-ree-uhn /,s19a'ri:en/

czar see tsarCzech relating to the Czech Republicchek /tIek/

Czechoslovakia former countrychek-uh-sluh-vak-i-uh/,tIel<as1a'vakia/

Czerny, Karl Austrian composerkarl chair-ni /_ka:(r)1'tj'e:(r)ni/

Czestochowa city, Polandchen-stokh-ov-uh /_tIsnstn'xnve/,[t_fF:sto'x:wa]

Czech 90

CzechThe Czech language (Cestina, pronounced chesh-tin~uh, in Czech) isvery similar to Slovak, and belongs to the Slavonic language family. ToEnglish speakers, written Czech can look daunting because of theaccents and the long sequences of consonants. However, the pronunci-ations are entirely predictable once you apply the rules.

In Czech L, R, N, and M can function as vowels. For example, the Lin the word vlk (wolf) functions rather like the L in English apple.When we are giving pronunciations for Czech words that include theseconsonants we sometimes insert a vowel to make them easier to read:for the place name Brno we give bu r-noh, although there is really no Uin the first syllable.

StressStress in Czech is very easy: it falls invariably on the first syllable. Thesurname JamiEek is pronounced yan-ah-chek in Czech, although for thecomposer there is also an established anglicization, yan-uh—chel<.

VowelsAcute accents on vowels simply indicate that the vowel is long. Whenwe are giving pronunciation advice we reflect this by choosing the clos-est long vowel or diphthong in English. So for A we advise a, while forA we advise ah. E is e, and for E we advise ay. E is pronounced ye. I andYare i, andlandifare ee. Ois 0 andé is oh oraw, U is uu, and Uor Care oo.

ConsonantsConsonants in Czech can appear plain, with a v-shaped diacritic markcalled a hacek, or with a following apostrophe.C is pronounced ts, and C is pronounced ch.15 (or D’) is dy, as in dune, and T (or T’) is ty as in tune.1<i is ny as in onion.ft is a tricky sound, pronounced rzh between vowels and rsh after P, T,

and K or at the end of a word.S is pronounced sh, and Z is pronounced zh.

91

D(lit capo musical term

dah kah—p0h /do: 'ko:pao/Daoca see Dhakadacha Russian country house

datch-uh /'datIa,'Dachau German Nazi concentration

campdakh-ow /'daxao/

dachshund breed ofdogdalt-Suhnd /'daksandf, German['dakshunt]

dactyl metrical footdak-til /'daktil/

Dada art movementdah-dah /'du:du:/

Dadra and Nagar Haveli unionterritory, Indiadahd-ruh nug-uhr huh-vay-Ii /'du:dra,m\ga(r) ha've1li/

Daedalic relating to Daedalusdee-duh-lik /'di:dal1k/

Daedalus Greek mythological characterdee-duh-Iuhss /‘di:dales/AM is ded-uh-luhss.

Daegu (also Taegu) city, South Koreateg-oo /'tsgu:/

daemon semi-divine beingdee-muhn /'di:man/

Daewoo Korean car manufacturerday-00 /'de1u:/, [dsuz]~ Established anglicization.

Dafoe, Willem American actorwil-uhm duh-foh /,w11am da'fao/

Dafildd Welsh boy’s namedav-ith /'dav1o/

da Gama, Vasco Portuguese explorervask-oh duh gah-muh /,vaskao da'g<1:me/

Dagens Nyheter Swedish newspaperdah-guhnss nue-hay-tuhr /_d(1:gans'ny:he1ta(r)/

Dagestan autonomous republic, Russiadah-guh-stahn /,du:ge'stu:n/,[dagirstan]

v Established anglicization.Dagestanian relating to Dagestandah-guh-stah-ni-uhn /du:ga'sto:nian/

Dagon ancient Philistine godday-gon /'detgon,/

Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-MandéFrench physicistlwee zhahk mah(ng)-day dag-air/lwiz ,3a:k l"l‘lf1_Cl8I da'ge:(r)/

daguerreotype photographic processduh-gerr-uh-typ /da'gsratA1p/

Dahl, Roald British writer, ofNorwegian descentroo-al dahl /_ru:al 'do:l/

dahlia plantday-Ii-uh /'de|lia/

Dahmer, Jeffrey American serial killerdah-rnuhr /‘do:ma(r)/

Dahomey former name for Benind uh-hoh-mi /da'haomi/IDail Irish lower house of Parliament

doyl /d:ul/Daimler, Gottlieb German motor

manufacturergot-leep dym-lu_hr_[,pntli:p 'dAImla(r)/An anglicized p}I>Yiunéi5ti§EIda§iniliiuHE isused for the make of car.

daiquiri cocktaildak~irr-i /'dakIri/Sometimes also dy-kirr-i.

Dakar capital of Senegaldak-at /'daku:(r)/

Dakota former territory, USduh-koh-tuh /da'kaota/

dal sec dhalDalai Lama spiritual head ofTibetan

Buddhismdal-y lah-muh /,da1A1 '1u:ma/

Dalarna province, Swedendahl-uhr-nuh /'do:1a(r)na/There is an English form, Dalecarlia,pronounced dahl-uh-kar-ll-uh, which issometimes used.

dalasi Danner, Blythe

dalasi currency unit, Gambiadah-lah-see /du:'lu:si:/

dalek character from Dr Whodah-lek /'do:1ek/

d’Alembert, Jean le Rond Frenchmathematicianzhah(ng) luh ro(ng) dal-ah(ng)-bair/3E1 la ,r5 dalf1'be:(r)/

Dalglish, Kenny Scottish footballerdal-gleesh /dal'g1i:j‘/

Dalhousie, James British colonialadministratordal-how-zi /da1'haozi/

Dali, Salvador Spanish paintersal-vuh-dor dah-ii /_salvedo:(r) 'du:li/,[sal[3a,oor da'li]' Established anglicization.

Dalian port, Chinadahl—yan /,do:'ljan,I

Dalit Indian castedul-it /'dA11t/

Dallapiccola, Luigi Italian composerluu-ee-ji dal-uh-pee-kol-uh /lu,i:d3i,da1a'pi:kn1a/

Dallaglio, Lawrence English rugbyplayerduh-lal-i-oh /da'laliao/

Dall Sheep breed of sheepdahl /do:l/

Dalmatia ancient region in what is nowCroatiadal-may-shuh /dal'me1j‘a/

(lalmatic garment worn by bishops, andby monarchs at their coronationdal-mat-ik /dal‘mat1k/

Dalriada ancient Gaelic kingdomdal-ree-uh-duh /da1'ri:ade/

dal segno musical termdal sen-y0h /dal 's5njao/

d3.ll;011 chemical unitdawl-tu hn /'do:1tan/

Dalziel British family namedee-el, dal-zeel /di:'£1/, /‘dalzi:l/The TV character in Dalziel and Pascoe ispronounced dee-el.

Daman and Dill union territory, Indiaduh—mahn dee-oo /dz-rmozn 'di:u:/

Damara Namibian ethnic groupduh-mar-uh lda'mu:ra/

Damaraland region, Namibiaduh-mar-uh-land /de'mu:raland/

92

Damascene relating to Damascusdam-uh-seen /'damesi:n/

Damascus capital of Syriaduh-mask-uhss /da'maskas/Established anglicization; sometimes alsoduh-mahsk-uhss. The Arabic name isDirnashq, pronounced dim-ashk[di'maj'q].

damask silk or linen fabricdam-uhsk ,"damask/

Damazer, Mark controller of BBCRadio 4 and BBC 7dam-uh-zuhr /'damazo(r)/

Damietta eastern branch of the Niledeltadam-i-et-uh /,dami'sta/Established anglicization. The Arabic nameis Dumyat, pronounced duum-yaht.

damnatory causing damnationdam-nuh-tuh-ri l'damne_tari/

Damocles Greek mythological characterdam-uh-kleez /'damek1i:z/

Dampier, William English explorerdam~peer /'dampIa(r)/

Dana, James Dwight Americannaturalistday~nuh /'de1na/This name is variously pronouncedday-nuh, dah—nuh, and dan-uh, dependingon individual preference.

Dana, Richard Henry Americanadventurerday-nuh /‘de1na/

Danae Greek mythological characterdan-i-ee /'danii:/

Da Nang city, Vietnamdah |"lllI'lQ/,d(1Z'I1AI_)/

Dandong port, Chinadan-duung /,dan'do13/

Danegeld Anglo—Saxon land taxdayn-geld /'deIngs1d/

Danelaw part of England formerlyoccupied by Danesdayn-law /'de1nlo:/

danewort plantdayn—wur‘t /'de1nwa:(r)t,l

Danna, Mychael American composermy-kuhl dan—uh /_mA1kal ‘danal

Danner, Blythe American actressblyth dan-uhr /,bl.uo 'dane(r)/

9:; d’Annunzio, Gabriele I Daubigny, Charles Francois

d’Annunzio, Gabriele Italian novelistgab-ri-ay-lay dan-uunt-syoh/gabri,eLlel da'nontsjau/

Dante Italian poetdan-tay /'dante1/

Dantean relating to Dantedant-i-uhn /'dantien/Someiimes alsoidan-tee-uhn. W D D

Danton, G€0l‘g€S French revolutionaryzhorzh dah(ng)-to(ng) /,5a:(r)3 do't5/

Danube river, Europedan-yoob /'danju:b/Established anglicization. Other languagesare: German: Donau doh-now [‘do:nau];Czech: Dunaj duun-y ['dunaj];Hungarian: Duna duun—uh ['ti11nD];Serbo-Croat: Dunav doo-nav ['dll1'l3V];Bulgarian: Dunaw doo-nuhf ['dunef];Russian: Dunay doo-ny [du'naj];Romanian: Dunarea doon-uhr-yuh[‘dunerja].

Danzig see GdanskDaphne Greek mythological characterdaf-ni /'dafni/

Daphnis Greek mythological characterdaf-niss /'dafms/

Da Ponte, Lorenzo Italian poet andlibrettistlorr-ent-soh dah pont-ay /lrrrsntsaodo: ‘punter,’

Dapsang another name for themountain K2dup-sung /cl1\p'snn/

Daqing city, Chinadah-ching /_do:'t_1‘I1]!

Darabont, Frank American filmdirectordarr-uh-bont /'darabnnt/

Dardanelles strait between Europe andAsiatic Turkeydar-duh-nelz /_do:(r)da'nelz/

Dardenne, Sabine Belgian kidnapvictimsab-een dar-den /sa,bi:n do:(r)'dsn/

Dar es Salaam port, Tanzaniadar ess suh-lahm /_do:r es sa‘lo:m/

Darfur region, Sudandar-foor /do:(r)'fna(r)/

Dari Afghan languagedarr-ee /da'ri:/

Darién province, Panamadarr-i-en /dari'en/

dariole cooking moulddarr-i-ohl /'dariao1l

Darius name of three ancientkings of Persiaduh-ry-uhss /d9'I‘AI8S/

Darjeeling hill station, Indiadar-jee-ling /do:(r)'d3i:lu]/v Use also for the tea grown there.

Darkhan city, Mongoliadar-khahn /do:(r)'xa:n/

Darmstadt town, Germanydarm-shtat /'do:(r)mItat/

DARPA Defense Advanced ResearchProjects Agencydar-puh /'do:(r)pa/

Dartmoor moorland district, Englanddart-mor ['do:(r)tm:>:(r)/Sometimes also diait-moor.

Dartmouth port, Englanddart-muhth /'do:(r)tmaB/

Daschle, Tom American politiciandash-uhl /'da_[a1/

Dasehra see Dussehradashiki loose shirt or tunic

dah-shik-i /'du:j'1ki/da Silva, Luiz Inacio Lula Brazilian

presidentluu-eess ee-nass-yoo loo-Iuh duhseel-vuh /1u,i:s i:_nasju: ,1u:Ia da 'si:lva/

Das Rheingold opera by Wagnerdass ryn-golt /das 'rAn]gnlt/

dative grammatical caseday-tiv /'de1t1v/

Datong city, Chinadah-tuung /,dc1:'tui3/

Datuk title of respectdah-tuhk /'dc1:tak,'

datum piece of informationday-tuhm /'de1tam/

daube meat stewdohb /daob/

Daubenton kind of batdaw-buhn-tuhn /'do:bantan/Equally commonly also dayv-bent-uhn; ii 7both pronunciations are in use amongBritish naturalists.

Daubigny, Charles Francois Frenchpaintersharl frah(ng)-swah doh-bin-yee/Io:(r)l frd,swo: daob1n'ji:/

Daudet, Alphonse | decahedron 9+

Daudet, Alphonse French novelistal-fo(ng)ss doh-day /a1,f5s dao'de1/

Daumier, Honoré French painteron-orr-ay dohm-yay /nnn,re1deo'mje1/

daunorubicin antibioticdaw-noh-roo-biss-in /,do:nau‘ru:b1s1n/

dauphin eldest son of the King of Francedoh-fa(ng) /'deofi:/Sometimes also daw-fin.

Dauphiné region, Francedoh—fin-ay /dauf1‘ne1/

Davao port, Philippinesdav-ah-oh /da'vo:auf

David, Jacques-Louis French painterzhahk lwee dav-eed /3u:k _1wi:da'vi:d/

Davies, Alan English actorday-veez /'de1vi:z/

Davies, Wyre BBC reporterwirr-uh day-viss /,w1re'deiv1s/

Davis, Bette American actressbet-i day-viss /,bsti 'de1v1s/

Davos resort, Switzerlanddav-Ohss fda'veos/, German [da'vo:s]When referring to the World EconomicForum held there, it is common to use an‘intemational’, anglicized pronunciation,dav-oss. Our BBC business reporters tell usthat the name has transcended geography,as the WEF is know by this name even whenit is held in other countries. The Swisspronunciation should be used in all othercontexts.

Dayak (also Dyak) ethnic group inBorneody-ak /'ClAl3k/

Dayan, Moshe Israeli statesman andgeneralmosh-ay dy-ahn /mn,_[eI dAI'UZI1/

dayan pl. dayanim senior rabbidy-ahn, pl. dy-ah-nim /ClAI'(1ZI1/, pl./d1\1'u:n1m/

Dayton city, USday-tuhn /'de1ten/

Daytona Beach resort, USday-toh-nuh /de1'tauna/

deacon ordained ministerdee-kuhn /'di:kan/

Deakin, Alfred Australian statesmandee-kin /‘di:km/

Deayton, Angus English comediandee—tuhn /'di:ten;'

debacle sudden disastrous collapse ordefeatday-bah-kuhl /deI‘bn:kal/

de Beauvoir, Simone Frenchphilosophersee-mon duh boh-vwar /si:,mnn dobau'vwo:(r)/

De Beers South African miningcompanyduh beerz /do 'b1a(r)z/

Debrecen city and football team,Hungarydeb-ret-sen /'dsbrstsen/

Debrett, John English publisherduh-bret /da'br&:t/

debris pieces of rubbish or remainsdeb-ree /'debri:/Less commonly also day-bree. The formduh-bree is now used more commonly inBR, but is still regarded as the AMpronunciation.

de Burgh, Chris Irish singerduh burg /de 'ba:(r)g/

Debussy, Claude French composerklohd duh-bue-see /,k1aod daby‘si/Commonly also anglicized to duh-boo-si.

debut first appearanceday-byoo /'de1bju:,' iCommonly also deb-yoo.

debutant man making his firstappearancedeb-yoo-to(ng) /'dsbju:tfi/, French[debytd]

debutante woman making her firstappearancedeb-yuh-tahnt /'dsbjatn:nt/, French[debytfit]

Debye, Peter Dutch-born Americanchemical physicistduh-by /d9'l)AI/

decade period often yearsdek-ayd /'deke1d/Less commonly also dek—ayd.

decagon figure with ten straight sidesdek-uh-guhn /'dekagan/

decahedron figure with ten plane facesdek-uh-hee-druhn /,deka'hi:dren,'

95

Sometimesualsio delt-uh-ililiediruhni

Decalogue Ten Commandmentsdek-u h-log /'dekalng/

Decameron work by Boccacciodek-am-uh-ruhn jdekamarenl

decanal relating to a deanduh-kay-nuhl /da'ke1nal/Sometimes also dek-lib’-inuhl,

deeathlon athletic eventdek-ath-Ion /ds'ka9lnn/

Deccan plateau, Indiadek-uhn /'dskan/

deciduous shedding its leaves annuallyduh-Sid-y00-uhSS /da's1djuas/

Decius, Gains Messius QuintusTrajanus Roman emperorgy-uhss mess-i-uhss kwint-uhsstruh-jay-nuhss dee-si-uhss /,gA1es,masies ,kw1ntes tre,d3e1nes 'di:sias/

declarative making a declarationduh-klarr-uh-tiv fde'klarat1v,'

de Clerambault’s syndromeerotomaniaduh klerr-uhm-bohz /da 'klerembaoz/

declivity downward slopeduh-kliv-it-i /da'k11v1ti/

decollate beheadduh-kol-ayt /da'kolert/Sometimes also dek-uh-layt.

decollate separate sheets of paper intodifferent pilesdee-kuh-layt /,di:ka'le1t/

décolletage low necklineday-kol-tahzh /,de1kn1'to:3/

décolleté (also décolletée) having a lownecklineday-kol-tay fderkolterl

decor decoration of a roomday-kor /'de1ko:(r)/Commonly also delt-Or.

Decretum collection ofjudgements incanon lawduh-kree-tuhm /de'kriItom/

decry publicly denounceduh-kry /Cl9'l{1‘AI/

Dedekind, Richard Germanmathematicianrikh-art day-duh-kint /,rIcu:(r)t'de1dak1nt/

de facto in fact

Decalogue | deinonychus

day fak-toh /_de1 'faktao/dc Falla, Manuel Spanish oomposer

man-wel day fa!-yuh /man,we1de1'falje/

Defoe, Daniel English novelistduh-foh /de'fau/

dégagé unconcerned or unconstrainedday—gah-zhay /de1'go:3e1/

Degas, Edgar French painter andsculptored-gar duh~gah /,sdgu:(r) da'gc1:/

de Gaulle, Charles French statesmansharl duh gohl /,_[n:(r)1da 'gaul/

degenerate immoral or corrupt personduh-jen-uh-ruht /de'd3enarat/

DeGeneres, Ellen American comedianduh-jen-uh-ruhss jda‘d3enares/

de Havilland, Ge0fl'1'ey Englishaircraft designerduh hav-il-uhnd /do 'hav11and/

de Hooch, Pieter (also de I-loogh)Dutch painterpee-tuhr duh hohkh /_pi:ta(r) do'houx/

de Hoop Schefl"er, Jaap Dutchsecretary general of NATOyahp duh hohp skhef~uhr /,ja:p do,haup 'sxsfa(r)f

Dehra Dun city, Indiadair-uh doon /,ds:re 'du:n/

dehydrate cause something to lose alarge amount ofwaterdee-hy-drayt /(liZ'i‘lAldI'BI'[/Commonly also dee-hy-drayt.

Deianira Greek mythological characterdee-uh-ny-ruh /_di:a'nn1ra/

deicide killing ofa godday-iss-yd Fdensnrdj

Deighton, Len English writerday-tuhgng /'de1tan/ iThis British surname is variouslypronounced day—tuhn and dy—tuhn,depending on individual preference. TheYorkshire place names, however, aredee-tuhn.

Dei gratia by the grace of Godday-ee grah-ti-uh /,deIi: 'gru:tia/

Deimos moon of Marsday-moss /'dermos,'

deinonychus dinosaurdy-non-ik-uhss /(lAI'I1DI1Il(8S/

deism | Demerara

deism belief in the existence of asupreme beingday-iz-uhm /'denzem/

deity god or goddessday-it—i /'de11ti/

déja vu feeling of having alreadyexperienced the present situationday-zhah voo /,de13u: 'vu:/, French/de3a vy/

de Klerk, F. W. South Africanstatesmanduh klairk /do 'kle:(r)k/

de Kooning, Willem Dutch-bornAmerican painterwil-uhm duh koo-ning /,wt1am do'ku:n113/

Delacroix, Eugene French painteroe-zhen del-ah-krwah /o,3endE1u:'krwo:/

de la Mare, Walter English poetdel uh mair /ds la 'me:(r)/

Delaunay, Robert French painterrob-air duh-loh-nay /rn,be:(r)da1ao'ne1,'

Delaunay-Terk, Sonia Russian-bornFrench painterson-yuh duh-loh-nay tairk /,sunjadel:-au_ne1 ‘tz~::(r)k/

Delaware river, USdel-uh-wair /'de1awa:(r)/

de Leeuw, Ton Dutch composerton duh lay-00 /,ton do '1e1u:/

de Lempica, Tamara Polish-bornAmerican artisttuh-mar-uh duh lem-pik-uh /ta,mo:rado '1amp1ke/This is the pronunciation used by the family.The Polish pronunciation is lem-pit-suh.

Delfont, Bernard Rt1ssian—born Britishimpresariodel-font /'dslfnnt/

Delft town, Netherlandsdelft ldclftl

Delhi state, Indiadet-i I ‘deli!

Delibes, Leo French composerlay-oh duh-leeb /,le1au da'1i:bl

delicatessen shop selling prepared foodsdel-ik-uh-tess-uhn /,dsl1ka'tssan/

Delilah biblical nameduh—ly-luh /da'11u1a/

96

delirium tremens psychotic conditionduh-Iirr-i-uhm tree-menz /da_lIriam'tri:mt-:nz/

Delius, Frederick English composerdee-Ii-uhss /'di:1ias/

della Quercia, Jacopo Italian sculptoryah-kuh-poh del-uh kwair-chuh/juzkapau _ds]a 'kwa:(r)tj"a/

della Robbia, Luca Italian sculptorloo-kuh del-uh rob-yuh /_1u:ke _dcle'rnbja/

Dell’Olio, Nancy Italian lawyer;girlfriend of Sven-Goran Erikssonnan-si del-ol-yoh llnansi ds1'n1jao/

Delors, Jacques French politicianzhahk duh-Ior },30.:k da'l:J:(r)/

Delos island, Greecedee-loss /'di:1ns/

anglicization. The Greek nameis Dhilos, pronounced thee-loss.

Delphi ancient Greek religious sanctuarydel-fy /'ClElfAI/Established anglicization. Commonly alsodel-fi; see GREEK panel. The Greek name isDhelfoi, pronounced thel-fee.

Delphinus constellationdel-fy-nuhss /de1'fn1nas/

Delpy, Julie French actresszhue-lee del-pee /5y,1i:de1'pi:/

Delray Beach resort, USdel-ray /'ds1re1/

delude make believe something that isnot trueduh-lood /de'1u:d,lThe pronunciation duh-lyood is lesscommon now.

de luxe luxuriousduh luks /do ‘Inks,’Sometimes also luuks or |OO|(S.

deme ancient Greek political divisiondeem /di:m/

de Menezes, Jean Charles Brazilianman, shot dead by police in Londonzhee-uh(ng) Shar-liss ji men-ez—iss/_3i:é ,_I‘o:(r)l1s d3i mc'nsz1s/v See rontuouese panel.

dementia mental disorderduh-men-shuh /da'mz-:n_l‘a/

Demerara river, Guyanadem-uh-rar-uh /_dema'ro:re/

9 7

The pronunciation dem—uh-rair-uh is also Dsometimes used, especially for the brownsugar from Guyana.

Demerol trademark pethidinedem-uh-rol /'dsmarol/

(lemesne land attached to a manorduh-mayn /da'me1n/

Demeter Greek goddessduh—mee-tuhr /da'mi:te(r)/

de Mille, Cecil B. American filmproducer and directorduh mil /da'm11/

Demme, Jonathan American filmdirectordem-i ]'dami/

Democritus Greek philosopherduh-mok~rit-uhss /da'mnkr1tes/

de Moivre’s theorem mathematicaltheoremduh mwah-vruh /do ‘mwozvral

demonolatry worship of demonsdee-muh-nol-uh-tri /_di:ma'nn1etri/

de Morales, Cristobal Spanishcomposerkree-stoh-bal day morr-ah-less/kri:,staoba1 dei mo'ro:1es/

De M01-nay, Rebecca American actressduh m0r—nay /do ‘mo:(r)nerf

Demosthenes Greek orator andstatesmanduh-moss-thuh-neez /da'mosBeni:z/

demulcent relieving inflammationduh—mu|—suhnt /da'mn1sant/

demur raise objectionsduh-mur /do'ma:(r)/

demure reserved and shyduh-myoor /da'mjoa(r),'Cornmonly also duh-myopr.

Denali mountain, USduh-nah-Ii /da'na:1i,'

denar currency unit, Macedoniaden-ar /'dsnu:(r)/

denarius pl. denarii ancient Romansilver coinduh-nair-i-uhss, pl. duh-nair-i-y/da'ns:rias/, pl. /-I‘lAI/

Denbighshire county, Walesden-bish-uhr /'denb1j‘a(r)/

dendrite extension of a nerve cellden-dryt /‘dsndrn1t,'

Dene American Indian ethnic group

Demerol 1 depilatory

den-ay /'dsne1/dene vale

deen /di:n/Deneb starden-eb /'denebj'

Denebola starduh-neb-uh-luh /da'ncbala/

Deneuve, Catherine French actresskath-uh-rin duh-noev /'ka0er1nda'noev/, [katrin]¢ First name anglicized.

dengue fever viral diseasedeng-gi /'dar_]gi/

Deng Xiaoping Chinese statesmandung shi-ow-ping /_d1n] _\'i_au'pu]/

Den Haag see Hague, TheDenholm British family nameden-uhm /'dEnam/This is also the usual pronunciation forBritish place names with the same spelling.Denholm in West Yorkshire, however, isden-holm.

denier unit ofweightden—i-uhr /'denio(r)/

De Niro, Robert American actorduh neer-oh /do 'n1arao/

Denis, Maurice French paintermorr-eess duh-nee /mn,ri:s da'ni:/

Denpasar city, Indonesiaden-pass-ar /den'pasu:(r)/

densimeter instrument for measuringdensityden-sim-uh-tuhr /den's1mata(r)/

dentalium tusk shellsden-tay-Ii-uhm /den'te11iam/

dentine tooth tissueden-teen /'danti:n,'

Deo gratias ‘thanks be to God’ (Latin)day-oh grah-ti-uhss /_derau 'gru:tias/- See LATIN panel.

Deo volente ‘God willing’ (Latin)day-oh vol-en-tay /,de1eu vo‘lente1/

De Palma, Brian American filmdirectorduh pahl-muh /do 'pu:lma/

Depardieu, Gerard French actorzhay-rar duh-pa r-dyoe /3ei,ro:(r)dapa:(r)‘djo/

depilatory used to remove unwantedhairduh—pil-uh-tuh-ri /da'pt1atari/

Depeche Mode I deuteranopia

Depeche Mode English pop groupduh-pesh mohd /da,psI 'maod/

de profundis ‘out of the depths’ (Latin)day pru h-fuun-diss /,de1 pra‘fund1s/

De Quincey, Thomas English essayistand criticduh kwin-si /da 'kwmsi/

Derain, Andre French painterah(ng)-dray duh-ra(ng) /cidrei da'r€:/

Derbent city, Russiaduhr—bent ,/da(r)'bant/

Derby city, Englanddar-bi /'do:(r)bi/

Derby annual horse-racedar-bi /'d<1:(r)bi/AM is dur-bi.

derecho climactic conditionduh-ray-choh /da'reitj‘au/

dermatitis skin conditiondur-muh-ty—tiss /_da:(r)ma'tnitis]

Derrida, Jacques French philosopherzhahk derr-ee-dah /,3u:k dsri:'du:/

Der Ring des Nibelungen series ofoperas by Wagnerdair ring dess nee-buh!-uung-uhn/ds:(r) ,r1n des 'ni:ba1o1]en/

derringer pistolderr-in-juhr /'dsrmd3e(r)/

Der Rosenkavalier opera by RichardStraussdair roh-zuhn-kav-uh-leer /da:(r)'rauzankavalia(r)/

Der Spiegel German magazinedair shpee-guhl /ds:(r) 'jpi:ga1/

dervish Muslim friardur-vish /'da:(r)v1I/

Desai, Anita Indian-born British writeruh-nee-tuh dess-y /a’ni:ta ds'sn1/

Descartes, Rene French philosopherruh-nay day-kart /rane: de1'ka:(r)t/

desi local or indigenousday-si /'deisi/

De Sica, Vittorio Italian film directorand actorvi-taw-ri-oh day see-kuh /vi_to:riaudel ‘sizkal

desideratum pi. desiderata somethingthat is needed or wantedduh-zid-uh-rah-tuhm, pl.duh-zid-uh-rah-tuh /da,zida'ro:t-am/,pl. /-te/

98

Desiree potatodez-eer-ay /da'z1ere1/

Des Moines city, USduh moyn /de'm:>1n/

despicable deserving contemptduh-spik-uh-buhl /da'sp1kabal/ifioimetiines also desp-ik-uh-buhl.

despot rulerdesp-ot Fdespntl

(leS Prez, Josquin (also des Prés orDeprez) Flemish composerzhosk-a(ng) day pray /3ns_ki.~': dei'pre1/

desquamate come off in scales or flakesdesk-wuh-mayt fdsskwameitf

Dessau city, Germanydess-ow /'desau/'

(le staél, Madame French novelistand criticmad-am duh stahl /mad_am da 'stu:l/

De Stijl Dutch art movementduh styl /da 'SiA[l/O See DUTCH panel.

(lestrier medieval knight’s warhorsedest-ri-uhr /'dsstria(r)/

deslletude state ofdisusedess-wi-tyood l'dssw1tju:d/ p pSometimes also duh-syoo-uh-tyood. p

desultory lacking purposedess-uhl-tuh-ri /'daselteri/

detritus wasteduh-try-tuhss /da‘trA1tas/

Detroit city, USduh-troyt /da'tr:>1t/

de trop not wantedduh troh /do 'trau/

Dettol trademark household disinfectantdet-0| /'dstnl/

Dettori, Frankie Italian-born jockeydet-aw-ri /ds't:>:ri/

Deucalion Greek mythological characterdyoo-kay-Ii-uhn /dju:'kerlian/

tiells ex machina unexpected eventsaving a hopeless situationday-uuss eks mak-i-nuh /,deius eks'mak1na/~ See LATIN panel.

deuteranopia colour blindnessdyoo-tuh-ruh-noh-pi-uh/,dju:tara'naopia/

99

Deutero-Isaiah supposed author ofIsaiah 4-0-55dyoo-tuh-roh y-zy-uh /,dju:taraoAI'ZAI8/

Deuteronomy book of the Bibledyoo-tuh-ron-uh-mi /,dju:te'rnnami,'

Deutsche Biirse German stockexchangedoytch-uh boer-zuh /,d:nt_[a ‘bce(r)za/

Deutsche Mark former currency unit,Germany; also called Deutschmarkdoytch-uh mark /,doit_l‘a 'mu:(r)k/

Deutschland German name forGermanydoytch-lant /‘do1tI1ant/

Deutschmark former currency unit,Germany; also called Deutsche Markdoytch-mark /‘daitImo:(r)k/

Deva Hindu godday-vuh /'deiva/

devadasi dancer in a Hindu templeday-vuh-dah-si /_de1ve'du:si/

de Valera, Eamon American-born Irishstatesmanay-muhn duh vuh-lair-uh /,erman dova‘ls:ra/

de Valois, Ninette Irish ballet dancernin-et duh val-wah /n1,nst da 'valwq:/

Devanagari Indian alphabetday-vuh-nah-guh-ri /,de1va'nu:gari/

développé ballet movementdev-lop-ay /,dsv1o'pe1/

Devensian geological periodduh-ven-zi-uhn /da'v&:nzian/

Devereux British family namedev-uh-ruh, dev-uh-roo,dev-uh-rooks, dev-uh-reks,dev-uh-roh /'dsvare/, /'dsvaru:/,/'d.=;veru:ks/, /'devareks/, /'dsvareu/

Devi Hindu goddessday-vi /'de1vi/

de Villepin, Dominique French primeministerdom-ee-neek duh veel-pa(ng)/dnmignizk do vi:l'pé/

devolution transfer ofpower to a lowerleveldee-vuh-loo-shuhn /,di:va'1u:Ian/Commonly also dev-uh-loo-shuhn. fig

Devonian relating to Devondev—oh-ni—uhn /da'vaonian/

Deutero-Isaiah | dholak

devote velvet fabricduh-vaw-ray /de'vo:re1/

de Vries, Adriaen Dutch sculptorah—dri-ahn duh vreess /_u:dricl:n do'vri:s/

de Vries, Hugo Dutch botanisthue-khoh duh vreess /,hyxeu do'vri:s/

de Waart, E110 Dutch conductoray—doh duh wart /,e1dao do 'wu:(r)t/

Dewar, James Scottish chemist andphysicistdyoo-uhr /'dju:a(r)/

Dewey, John American philosopherdyoo-i /'dju:i/

Dewi Welsh name for St Davidde-wi /'dewi/

Dewsbury town, Englanddyooz-buh-ri /'dju:zbari/

dexamethasone drugdek-suh-meth-uh-sohn/,dsksa'me6asaon/

Dexedrine drugdek-suh-dreen /'d8ksedri:n/

Dhaka (also Daoca) capital ofBangladeshdak-uh /'daka/

dhal (also dal) split pulsesdahl /dozlf

Dhanbad city, Indiadun-bad /'dnnbad/

dhansak Indian dishdun-sahk /'dAI‘lS(1Zl(/

Dharamsala Indian residence of theDalai Lamadurr-uhm-sah-luh /,dAram'sc|:1a/

dharma Buddhist and Hindu moral lawdar—muh /'du:(r)ma/

Dharuk Australian aboriginal languagedurr-uuk /'(lAI‘Ul(/

Dhaulagiri mountain massif, Himalayasdow-luh-girr-i /,daola'g1ri/

Dhelfoi see DelphiDhilos see DelosDhofar province, Omandoh-far /dau'fc1:(r)/

dhol Indian drumdohl Jdaoll

dholak type ofdholdoh-luhk /'daolak/

dhole | didactic

dhole Asian wild dogdohl /deol/‘

dboti loinclothdoh-ti ,I'deoti/

dhllrrie Indian cotton rugdurr-i /'dAI‘i/

Diabaté, Toumani Malian kora playertoo-mah-ni dee-ab-at-ay /tu:,mo:nidi:aba'te1/

diabetes insipidus form of diabetesdy-uh-bee-teez in-sip-id-uhss/dAIe,bi:ti:z In's1pIdes/

diabetes mellitus commonest form ofdiabetesdy-uh-bee-teez muh-ly-tuhss/dA1a,bi:ti:z me'L/utas/

diabolism devil worshipdy-ab-uh-liz—uhm jdarabelrzamj

diacetylmorphine technical term forheroindy-ass-uh-tyl-mor-feen/dA1,aset1\1l'm:1:(r)fi:n,'

diaconal relating to a deacondy—ak-uh-nuhl /dA1'akene1/

diaconate oflice of deacondy-ak-uh-nayt /dA1‘akaneIt/

diacritic sign, such as an accentdy-uh-krit—ik /,dA1e'kr1t1k/

diadem jewelled crown or headbanddy-uh-dem /'dA1adsm/

Diadochi Macedonian generalsdy-ad-uh-ki /dA1'adaki/

diaeresis pl. diaereses mark (")dy-eer-iss-iss, pl. dy-eer-iss-eez/dAI'IGI'ISIS/, pl. /-si:z/Commonly also dy-err-iss-lss,dy-uh-ree-siss.

Diaghilev, Sergei Russian ballet dancersuhr-gay di—ag-ll-ef /sa(r)_geI di'agIlef/

Diageo beer, wine, and spirits companydi-aj-i-oh /di'ad3ieo/

diagnose identify an illnessdy-uhg-nohz /'dA1egneoz/Commonly also dy-uhg-nohz.

dialyse purify by means of dialysisdy~uh-Iyz /'('lAI8lAIZ/

dialysis pl. dialyses medical treatmentdy-al-iss-iss, pl. dy-al—iss—eez/dA1'a11sIs/, pl. /-si:z/

diamante imitation diamond trimmingdee-uh-mon-tay /di:e'mnnte1/

100

Less commonly also dy-u h-mant-i.

diamantine made from diamondsdy-uh-man-teen /,dA1a'manti:n/

Diana Roman goddessdy-an-uh /dA1‘ana/

dianthus plantdy-an-thuhss ,/dA1'an6as/

diaphanous delicate and translucentdy-af-uh-nuhss /dA1'afenes,'

diaphoresis sweatingdy-uh-fuh-ree-siss /,dA1efa'ri:s1s/

diarchy government by two independentauthoritiesdy~ar-ki /‘dA1o:(r)ki/

Dias, Bartolomeo Portuguese explorerbar-to|—uh-may-oo dee-uhsh/bo:(r)tnla,rneIu: 'di:a_l'/

diaspora dispersion of the Jews beyondIsraeldy-asp-uh-ruh /dA1'aspera/

diastole phase of the heartbeatdy-ast-uh-Ii /dA1'asteli/

diathermy medical and surgicaltechniquedy-uh-thur-mi /‘dA1e,Ba:(r)mi/

Diaz, Porfirio Mexican statesmanpor-feer-i-oh dee-ass /p:>:(r),f1ariao'di:as/

diazepam drug of the benzodiazepineSTOUPdy~ayz-uh-pam ,/d.AI'BIZ3pElIIl/As with other drugs in this group, thepronunciation -az-uh-pam is also common.

Dibnah, Fred English steeplejack andbroadcasterdib-nuh ,/'d1bne/

DiCaprio, Leonardo American actorlee-uh-nar-doh dik-ap-ri-oh/li:a,no:(r)deo drkapriaoj

dichotomy contrast between two thingsdy—kot-uh-mi /(lAI'kDlZ9I‘I‘1i/Sometimes also dik-ot-uh—mi.

Dickensian relating to Charles Dickensdik-en-zi-uhn /d1'ksnzien/

dictum pl. dicta formal pronouncementdik-tuhm,p1. dik-tuh /'drktem/, Pl. /-te/v Standard -s plural is also possible.

didactic intended to teachdy-dak-tik /dA1'dakt1k/’Sometimes also did-ak-tik.

101

dideoxycytidine Aids drugdy-di-oks-i-sy-tid-een/|dAIdlDkSi'SAIiICliZl'1]'

dideoxyinosine Aids drugdy-di-oks-i-in-oh-seen/,dA1dinksi'Inaosi:n/

Diderot, Denis French philosopherduh-nee dee-duh-roh /da,ni:di:da'reu/

didgeridoo (also didjeridu) AustralianAboriginal musical instrumentdij—uh-rid—o0 /,d1d3er1'du:/

Dido Roman mythological namedy-doh /'dA1dao/

Dido English singerdy—d0h /'dAIdeo/

Didyma ancient sanctuary, Asia Minordid—im-uh /'d1d1me/

Die Fledermaus operetta by Straussdee flay-duhr-mowss /di:‘flerda(r)maos/

Diego Garcia island, ChagosArchipelagodi-ay-goh gar—see-uh /di,ergaogu:(r)'si:a/

Dien Bien Phu town, Vietnamdee-uhn bee—uhn foo /,di:an ,bi:an'fu:/

Dieppe port, Francedvep Idiepr

Diesel, RudolfFrench—b0rn Germanengineerroo-dolf dee-zuhl /_ru:do1f'di:zelj

Dies Irae ‘Day ofWrath’ (Latin)dee-ez eer-y /,di:az 'I8I'AIf- See LATIN panel.

Dietrich, Marlene German-bornAmerican actress and singermar-lay-nuh dee-trik /mo:(r),le1ne'di:tr1k/, German [‘di:tr1r;]~ Family name anglicized.

Dien et mon dl‘0it ‘God and my right’(French), the motto of the Britishmonarchdyoe ay mo(ng) drwah /_djo er ms'drwo:/

Die Walkiire opera by Wagnerdee val-kue-ruh /di: val'ky:re/Sometimes also dee val-kue-ruh; theEnglish version of the title is The Valkyrie.

Die Welt German newspaperdee Velt /di: 've1t/

dideoxycytidine l dimissory

Die Zauberfliite opera by Mozart; ‘themagic flute’dee tsow-buhr-floe-tuh /di:'tsaoba(r),flo:ta/

digamma letter of the Greek alphabetdy-gam-uh ldnrgamef

digest summary of informationdy-jest /'dAId3r-:st/

digest break downdy-jest /dA1'd3est/éometimes 51;; dij-est. D

digeSlifdrinkdee-zhest-eef /,di:5r»:'sti:f/

digitalis drugdij—it-ay-liss /_did31'te111s,‘

diglossia situation in which twolanguages are used under differentconditionsdy—gl0ss-i-uh ldnrglnsial

digraph combination of two lettersrepresenting one sounddy-gra hf /'ClAIgI‘Cl§f/

dihedral having two plane facesdy-hee-druhi /d»\1'hi:dral/

Dijla see TigrisDijon city, France

dee-zho(ng) /di:'35/dilate make wider

dy—layt /dA1'lert/Sometimes also dil-ayt.

dilatory slow to actdil—uh—tuh-ri /‘diletari/

dilemma situation with a difficult choicedil-em-uh /d1'1sma/Commonly also dy-lem-uh.

Dili port, Indonesiadee-lee /'di:1i:/

dilophosaurus dinosaurdy-loh-fuh-saw-ruhss/dA1,1aofe‘so:res/

DiMaggio, Joe American baseballplayerdim-aj-i-oh /d1'mad3iau/

dimension measurable extentdy-men-shuhn ldrirmsnjenfSometimes also dim-en-Shuhn.

dimissory denoting formal permissionfrom a bishopdim-iss~uh-rl /'drm1seri/

dimity | Diskodimity cotton fabric

dim—it-i /'d1mlti/dim sum Chinese dish

dim sum /,dm1'snm/dinar currency unit, Bosnia and Serbia

dee-nar /'di:nc1:(r)/Dinaric Alps mountain range, Balkansdin-arr-ik /d1'nar1k/

dinero moneydin-air-oh /d1'ns:reo;'

Ding an sich ‘thing in itself’ (German)ding an zikh /,dn3 an 'zr<;/

dinghy small boatding-i /'dnj|i/Sometimes also ding-gi.

Dinka Sudanese ethnic groupdink-uh /'dn]ke/

diocesan relating to a diocesedy-055-uh—Suhn jdnrnsasenf

diocese pl. dioceses district under thejurisdiction of a bishopdy-uh-siss, pl. dy-uh-seez /'dAI8SlS/, pl./-si:z/

Diocletian Roman emperordy-uh-klee-shuhn /,dA1a'k1i:jen/

diode semiconductor devicedy-ohd /'dnraod/

Diogenes Greek philosopherdy—0j-uh-neez /'(lAI'DCl38I‘llZZ/

Diomedes Greek mythological characterdy-uh-mee-deez /dA1a'mi:di:z,'

Dione moon of Saturndy—oh—ni /£lAI'9U1'li/

Dionysiac relating to Dionysusdy-uh-niz-i-ak /,dnra'nrziak/

Dionysius name of two rulers ofSyracusedy-uh-niss-i-uhss /,dAia'n1sies/

Dionysius Exiguus Scythian monk andscholardy-uh-niss-i-uhss eg-zig-yoo-uhss/,dAra,nrsias eg'z1gjuas/

Dionysius the Areopagite Greekchurchmandy-uh-niss-i-uhss arr-i-op-uh-gyt/,dAIa,n1sias ,arl'npag1ut/

Dionysus Greek goddy-uh-ny-suhss /_d1ua'musas/

Diophantus Greek mathematiciandy—uh—fan—tuhss /,dn|e'fantasl

Dior, Christian French couturier

102

lrrist-i-uhn di-or /_kr1stian di'o:(r)/,French [kristjo djo:r]' Established anglicization.

Dioscuri Greek mythological charactersdy—osk-yuu-ri jdnrnskjuril

diphtheria bacterial diseasedif-theer-i-uh /d1f‘91aria/Commonly also dilp-ilhalelr-i-lulwl. Y

diphthong two vowel sounds combinedin a single syllabledif-thong /'d1f6m3/Commonly also dip-thong.

diplococcus pl. diplococei bacteriumdip-loh-kok-uhss, pl. dip-loh-kok-y/,d1plau'knkas/, pl. /-kn1/Plural is sometimes also ~kok-sy; see LATINpanel.

diplodocus dinosaurdip-lod-uh-kuhss /d1'plndakas/Commonly also 7 G

Dirac, Paul English physicistdirr-ak /dr'rak/

direct straightdy-rekt /dA1'rskt/Commonly also duh-rekt, especially in AM.

direction guidancedy-rek-shuhn /dn1'rsk_fan/Commonly also duh-rek-shuhn.

dirge lament for the deaddurj /da:(r)d5/

dirham currency unit, Morocco and theUnited Arab Emiratesdeer-huhm /'d1a(r)ham,/

dirigible airshipdirr-ij-ib-uhl /'d1r1d31bel/

diriment impediment factor whichinvalidates a marriagedirr-im-uhnt im-ped-im-uhnt/,d1r1ment im'psd1mant,l

dirk daggerdurk /de:(r)k/

disinter dig updiss-in-tur /,drsm'ta:(r),'

disinvoltura self-assurancediss-in-vol-tyoor-uh /,dis1nvo1'tjoara/

Disko island, Greenlanddisk—0h /'CllSkGU[

103

Dismas biblical namediss-muhss /'d1smas,'

disomy chromosomal conditiondy-soh-mi /ClAI'S8U1'I1l/

Dispur city, Indiadisp~oor /d1s'poa(r);‘

Disraeli, Benjamin English statesmandiz-ray-Ii /d1z're1li/

dissect cut updy-sekt fdnrssktfCommohly also ids;-ekt.

distafispindle 7dist-ahf /'disto:f,f

Di Stefano, Alfredo Argentinian-bornSpanish footballeral-fray-thoh di stef-uh-noh /allfreloaudi ‘st:-:fanao,f

Di Stefano, Giovanni Italian-Englishlawyerjuh-vah-ni di stef—uh-noh /d3a_vc1:nidi'stsfanau/

Distel, Sasha French singersash-uh dist-el /,sa_|‘e d1s'tsl/

distich pair of verse linesdiSt—ik /'dIst|k/

distribute deal outdist-rib-yoot ldrstribjuztlSometimes also dist-rib-yoot.

disulfiram drug used in the treatment ofalcoholismdy-sul-firr-am /dn1'sAlt"Iram/

divagate stray or digressdy-vuh-gayt /'(.lAIV9g8Ii/

divan beddiv-an /di'van/

diverse showing varietydy-vurss /dA1'va:(r)s/Sometimes also dy-vurss.

diversity state ofbeing diversedy-vur-sit-i /dA1'va:(r)s1ti/Sometimes also div-ur-sit-i.

Dives river, Francedeev /di:v/

Dives ‘rich man’ (Latin)dy-veez /'dA[ViZZ/~ See LATIN panel.

divisi musical termdiv-ee-si /di'vi:si/

divorcee (also divorce or divorcee)

Dismas | dobra

divorced persondiv-or-see /,d1vo:(r)'si:/Sometimes also div-or-Say.

divulge make knoumdy-vulj /dA1'vAld5/Sometimes also div-ulj.

Diwali Hindu festivaldi-wah-Ii /di'wo:lil

diwan administrative officedi-wahn /di'wo:n,'

diya oil lampdee-yuh /'di:ja/

Diyarbakir city and province, Turkeydi-yar-buh—kur /di'jci:(r)ba,ka:(r)/

Djakarta see Jakartadjellaba (also djellabah or jellaba)

hooded cloakjel-uh-buh /'d3a1aba/

Djerba (also Jerba) island, Tunisiajair-buh /'d3s:(r)ba/

Djibouti (also Jibuti) countryjib~oo-ti /d31‘bu:ti/

Djindjié, Zoran Serbian statesmanzorr-an jin-jitch l,zoran 'd3md31t_[I

Djurgfirden island in Stockholm; also afootball teamyoor-gor-duhn /'jua(r),go:(r)dan/

Dnieper river, eastern Europednee-puhr /'dni:pa(r)/Established anglicization. The Russianname is Dnepr, pronounced dnyep-uhr[dinlepr].

Dniester river, eastern Europednee-stuhr ,/'dni:sta(r)/Established anglicization. The Russianname is Dnestr, pronounced dnyest-uhr[dinlcstr].

Dniprodzerzhinsk city, Ukrainednee-pruhd-zuhr-zhinsk/,dni:pradza(r)'31nsk/

Dnipropetrovsk city, Ukrainednee-pruh-puht-rofsk/_dni:prapa'trnfsk/

Dobermann pinscher breed ofdogdoh-buhr-muhn pinsh-uhr,1 ,dauba(r)man 'pin_[e(r)/

dobra currency unit, Sac Tomé andPrincipe

' ' dob-ruh /'dnbra/

Dobrich | dolorimeter

Dobrich city, Bulgariadob—ritch /‘dnbr1tj‘/

dobro trademark acoustic guitardoh-broh /'daobrao,'

Dobruja district, Romania and Bulgariadob-ruu-yuh /'dnbruja/

docent member of university teachingstaffdoh-suhnt /'doosant/

doctorate the highest degree awarded bya university facultydok-tuh-ruht /'dokterot/

Doctor Faustus play by Marlowefogvgv-stpfliss /'faostas/Sometimes also faw-stuhss.

Doctor Jekyll fictional characterjek-uhl /'d3eka1/The pronunciation used in the 1932 film DrJekyll and Mr Hyde, however, is jee-kuhl.

Doctor Zhivago novel by Pasternakzhiv-ah-goh /3I'va:gao/

doctrinal relating to a doctrinedok-try-nuhl /dnk'trAmelf

dodecagon plane figure with twelvestraight sidesdoh-dek-uh—guhn fdatrdekeganl

dodecahedron pl. dodecahedrathree-dimensional shape with twelveplane facesdoh-dek-uh-hee-druhn,pl. doh-dek-uh-hee-d ruh/,deodeka'hi:dran/, pl. /-dre/‘Sometimes also doh-dek-uh-hed-ruhn;standard -s plural is also possible.

Dodecanese islands, Greecedoh~dek-uh-neez /,daodska'ni:z,'

dodo extinct flightless birdd0h—doh /'daodao/

Dodoma capital ofTanzaniadoh-doh-muh /dao'deome/

doggerel comic versedog-uh—ruhl ,/'dngara1/

Dogrib Canadian ethnic groupdog-rib /'dogr1b/

Doha capital of Qatardoh-hah /'daoho:/

Doherty, Pete English musiciandokh-uhr-ti /'dnxe(r)ti/

104-

This British surname is variouslypronounced dokh-uhr-ti, do-huhr-ti,d0h—huhr-ii, doh—uhr-ti, and dok-uhr-ti,depending on individual preference.

Dohnanyi, Ernii Hungarian musicianair-noe dokh-nahn-yi /,s:(r)no:'dDxnu:nji/

Doisneau, Robert Frenchphotographerrob-arr dwan-oh /rn,bs:(r) dwa‘noo/

dojo judo halldoh-joh /'daod3eo/

Dokié, Jelena Serbian-born Australiantennis playeryuh—lay-nuh dok-itch /ja'1e1na'dok1tj/

Dolby trademark electronicnoise—reduction systemdol-bi /'dD1bi/

dolce musical termdol-chay /'dnlt_[e1/

Dolcelatte trademark Italian cheesedol-chuh-lah-tay /_dnlt_[e'lo:te1/

dolee vita life ofpleasure and luxurydol-chay vee-tuh /,doltIe1 'vi:ta/

doldrums state of stagnation ordepressiondol-druhmz /'dnldramz/

doli capax legal termdol-i kap-aks /,dnli 'kapaks/

Dolin, Anton English ballet danceran-tuhn dol-in /,antan 'dol1n/

D’Oliveira, Basil South African-bornEnglish cricketerd0l~iv-eer-uh /,dn1I'viaro/

Dollfuss, Engelbert Austrianstatesmaneng-uhl-bairt dol-fooss /,si3a1ba:(r)t'dnlfu:s/

dolma pl. dolmades Greek and Turkishdishdo!-muh, pl. dol-mah—thez /'dn1ms,/,pl. /-'mo:osz/- Standard -s plural is also possible.

dolman Turkish robedol-muhn /'dn1men/

dolmen megalithic tombdol-men /‘dnlmsn/

dolmus shared taxidol-muush /'dnlmoI/

dolorirneter instrument for measuringpaindol-uh-rim-uh-tuhr /,dn1a'rImata(r)/

105

dolorous expressing sorrow or distressdol—uh-ruhss /'dplaras/

dolour state of Sorrow or distressdol-uhr /'dnla(r)/

domaine vineyardduh-mayn /da'rnem/

dolnbra musical instrumentdom-bruh /'dpmbre/

Domesday Middle English spelling ofdoomsdaydoomz-day /'du:mzde1/

domicile country that a person treats astheir permanent homedom-i-syl /‘dnm1sA11/

dominatrix pl. dominatricesdominating Womandom-in-ay-triks,pl. dom-in-ay-triss-eez/_dnm1'ne1tr1ks/, pl. /-trIsi:z/~ Standard -es plural is also possible.

Domingo, Pla/cido Spanish tenorplass-id-oh dom-eeng-goh /|pl3.SId8Udn'mi:rJgao/

Dominic, St Spanish priest and friardom-in—ik /'dnm1n1k/

Dominica island, Caribbeandom-in-ee-kuh /,dpmi'ni:ka/

dominical relating to Sundaysduh-min-ik-uhl/de'm1n1kal/

Dominican Roman Catholic orderduh-min-ik-uhn /de‘mm1kan/

Dominican relating to the island ofDominicadom-in-ee-kuhn /_dnm1'ni:ken/

Dominican Republic Countryduh-min-ik—uhn /da‘mm1kan,l

dominie schoolmasterdOm—in—i /'dDIn1ni/

Domino, Fats American pianistdom-in-oh /'dnm1nao/

Domitian Roman emperorduh-mish-uhn /da'm1_lan/

Don river, Russiadon /dpn/

Donatello Italian sculptordon-uh-tel-oh /,dnna'telao/

Donati, Giambattista Italianastronomerjam-bat-ee-stuh don-ah-ti/d5amba,ti:ste dn'nu:ti/

Donatus, Aelius Roman grammarianee-Ii-uhss duh-nay-tuhss /,i:1ias

dolorous | Don Quixote

da'ne1tas/Donau see DanubeDoncastel‘ town, England

donk-uh-stuhr /'dDnkesta(r)/Donegal county, Republic of Irelanddon-uh-gawl /,dona'go:l/Commonly also dun-u h-gawl.

doner kebab Turkish dishdon—uhr /'dnne(r)/Establisheilarighcization. The Turkish wordis ddner, pronounced doen-air.

Donets river, eastern Europedon-yets /dn'njsts/

Donetsk city, Ukrainedo n-etsk /dn'netsk/This is the Ukrainian pronunciation; theRussian is don-yetsk.

Don Giovanni opera by Verdidon juh-vah-ni /dnn d3a'va:ni/

Diinitz, Karl German Second WorldWar admiralkarl doe—nits /_ku:(r)1'do:n1ts/

Donizetti, Gaetano Italian composergah-uh-tah-noh don—it-set-i/gu:a_tu:nao dnnrtsetij

donjon tower or innermost keep of acastledon—juhn /'dnnd3an/

Don Juan legendary Spanish noblemandon hwahn /don ‘hwazn/, [don 'xwan]Established anglicization. There is also anold-fashioned anglicized version, donjoo-uh n.

Donne, John English poet and preacherdun fdnnj

donnée (also donné) subject or theme ofa narrativedon-ay /‘dnne1/

Donohoe, Amanda English actressdon-uh-hoh /"dnneheo/This British surname is variouslypronounced don—uh-hoh and dun-uh-hoo,depending on individual preference.

Don Quixote novel by Cervantesdon kee-hoh-ti /dun ki:'haoti/, Spanish[don ki'x0te]Established anglicization. There is also anold-fashioned anglicized version, don

'fWll‘,'5Ei‘

Doornik | Douro

Doornik see Tournaidopamine compound present in the

bodydoh-puh-meen /'daupami:n/

dopiaza Indian dishdoh-pi-ah-zuh /'daupin:za/

doppelgiinger apparition or double of aliving persondop-uhl-geng-uhr /'dnpal,gena(r)/

106

dossal ornamental clothd0ss—uhl /'dnsal/

Dos Santos, José Eduardo presidentof Angolazhuuz-ay uhd-war-doo duushsant-uush /3u,ze1 ad,wc1:(r)dao do]'santu_[/

dossier collection of documentsdoss-i-ay /'dps,ie1,/g p W WW g

This word ofiaen appears in English asdoppelganger, pronounceddop-uhl-gang-uhr.

Doppler, Johann Christian Austrianphysicistyoh-han krist-i-an dop-luhr /,jauhan,kristian 'dpp1a(r)/

dor beetledor /do:(r)/

Dorado constellationduh-rah-doh /de'rn:dao,'

Dorchester town, Englanddor-chist-uhr /'do:(r)t_l‘Ista(r)/

Dordogne river and department, Francedor-doyn /d:>:(r)'do1n/, [dordop]I Established anglicization.

Dordrecht city, Netherlandsdor-drekht /'do:(r)drsxt;'Also known as Dort, pronounced dort.

Doré, Gustave French book illustratorgue-stahv daw-ray /gy,sta:v do:'re1/

dolje Buddhist symboldor-jay /'do:(r)d3e1/

Dormobile trademark motor caravandor-muh-beel /'do:(r)mabi:l/

doronicum plantduh-ron-ik~uhm /d8'I‘Dl'1Il{81'Ilf

Dorset county, Englanddor-suht /'do:(r)set/

Dori; see DordrechtDortmund city, Germanydort-muunt /'da:(r)tmont/

dory small rowing boatdaw-ri /‘do:ri,l

dosa pl. dosai type ofpancakedoh-suh, pl. doh-sy /‘douse/, pl. /-SAI/Q Standard -s plural is also possible.

do-si-do dance stepdoh si doh /,dao si 'dau/

Dos Passos, John American novelistdoss pass-oss /dns 'pasnS/

§5aeiime§;i;¢ doss-i-uhr. I WK”dost archaic second person singular

present ofdod ust /dAst,'

Dostoevsky, Fyodor (alsoDostoyevsky) Russian novelistfyod-uhr dost-uh-yef-ski /_fjnde(r),dnsta'jsfski/

doth archaic third person singularpresent of doduth /dAB/

Douala city, Cameroondoo-ah-Iuh /du:'n:la/

Douay Bible translation of the Bibledow-ay /'daoe1,l g W WThe place in Frans;;.aiZ;eii{i13¢u;i§“i§ ifpronounced d0o—ay.

Doubs river and department, Francedoo /du:/

douce sober and sedatedooss /du:s/

douceur financial inducementdoo—sur /du:'sa:(r)/

Douglas-Home, Alec Britishstatesmandug-luhSS hyoom /ldnglas 'hju:m,'

doula woman giving support to anotherwoman during childbirthdoo-luh /'du:la/

Doulton trademark type of pottery orporcelaindohl-tuhn /'daolten/

dour severe and gloomydoor /'doa(r)/Commonly also dow-uhr.

Douro river, Portugaldoor-oh /'doarao/, ['d0ru]Established anglicization. The Spanishname is Duero, pronounced dwair-oh.

107 Dowding, Hugh | dromaeosaurid

DOWdil1g, Hugh British Marshal of theRAFdow-ding /'daod11]/

dowel‘ widow’s share for life ofherhusbands estatedow-uhr /'daua(r)/

Dow Jones index New York StockExchange shares indexdow johnz /dao 'd3aonz/

Dowson, Ernest English poetdow-suhn /'daosan/

doxycycline antibioticdok-si—5y—kleen /,dnksi'sA1kli:n/

Doyle, Arthur Conan Scottish novelistkoh-nuhn doyl /_kaUnan 'do1l/

D’Oyly Carte, Richard Englishimpresario and producerd0y—¥i kart /_dIJIll 'ku:(r)t/

dracaena shrub or treedl'Ul'1-SE9-fiuh /dre‘si:na/

drachm unit ofweightdra m /drarn/

drachma pl. drachmae former currencyunit, Greecedrak-muh, pl. drak-mee /'drakme/, pl./-mi:/v Standard -s plural is also possible.

Draco Athenian legislatordray-koh /'dre1koo/

draconian harsh and severedruh-koh-ni-uhn /dra'kaunien/

Dracula novel by Bram Stokerdrak-yuul-uh /'drakjo1a/

dragée sweetdrah-zhay /‘dru:5e1/

Draghi, Giovanni Italian composerjuh-vah-ni drah-gi /d3a_va:ni 'drc1:gi/

dragoman interpreter or guidedrag-oh-muhn /'dragaoman/

dragonnade persecution by Louis XIVagainst French Protestantsdrag-uh-nayd /,drage'nerd/

dragoon cavalry soldierdruh-goon /dra'gu:n/

Drakensberg Mountains range ofmountains, southern Africadrah-kuhnz—burg /'dru:kanz,be:(r)g/

Dralon trademark synthetic textiledray-Ion /'drerlnn/

dram small drink ofwhisky or otherspiritsdram /dram/

dram currency unit, Armeniadrahm ldruzml

Dramamine trademark antihistaminedram—uh~meen /'dramami:n/

Drambuie trademark Scotch whiskyliqueurdram-byoo-i /dram'bju:i/

Drammen port, Norwaydram-uhn /'draman/

Drang nach Osten former Germanpolicy ofeastward expansiondrang nahkh ost-uhn /_dra1] nozx'ustan/

Dravidian family of languages spoken inIndia and Sri Lankadruh-vid-i-uhn /dre'v1dian/

dreidel four-sided spinning top with aHebrew letter on each sidedray-duhl /'dre1dal/

Dreiser, Theodore American novelistdry-suhr /'drn1sa(r)/

Drenthe province, Netherlandsdren-tuh /'drsnta/

Dresden city, Germanydrez-duhn /'drezdan/, ['dre:sdn]v Established anglicization.

dressage art of riding and training ahorsedress-ahzh /'dreso:3/

Dreux town, Francedroe /dra/

Dreyflls, Alfred French army ofliceral—fruhd dray—fuhss /,a1frad 'dre1fas/,[alfrsd drefys]Q Established anglicization.

Dreyfuss, Richard American actordry-fuhss /'dr1ufas/

D1‘ see DoctorDrogheda port, Republic of Irelanddroy-uh-duh /'dr01eda/

dl‘0gll€ device towed behind a boat oraircraftdrohg /draog/

droid robotdroyd /ClI‘3Id/'

dromaeosaur dinosaur; also calleddromaeosauriddroh-mi-oh-S0r /'draumiauso:(r)/

dromaeosaurid dinosaur; also calleddromaeosaurdroh-mi-oh-saw-rid/,dreumieo'so:r1d/

dromedary I duiker

dromedary Arabian cameldrom-uh-duh-ri /'drnmaderi/Sometimes also drum-uh-duh-ri.

dl'0n10nd medieval shipdrom-uhnd /'drnmand/Sometimes also drum?-uhind. W F

dromos pl. dromoi passage leading intoan ancient Greek temple or tombdrom-oss, pl. drom-oy /‘drnmns/, pl./-II1OI/

droshky Russian carriagedrosh-ki /'druIki/

Drouzhba resort, Bulgariadroozh-buh /'dru:3ba/

drugget floor coveringdrug-it /'dI‘AQIt,l

Druid priest in the ancient Celtic religiondroo-id /'dru:Id/

Drllmcondra suburb of Dublindrum-kond-ruh /drAm'knnrlre/

drumlin small hilldrum-lin /'drnml1n/

drupe fruitdroop fdruzpl

drupel individual drupes forming a fruitsuch as a raspberrydroo-puhl /'dru:pel/

Drury Lane site in Londondroor-i /'drueri/

Druze political and religious sect ofIslamic origindrooz ,/dru:z/

dryad nymphdry-ad / 'dr1l1ad/

dryas plantdry—uhss /'dI‘AI3S,l

Dryopithecus fossil anthropoid apedry-uh-pith-uh-kuhss /,drA1a'p19akas/

Dubai state, United Arab Emiratesdoo-by /du:'bn1/

Du Barry, Jeanne Bécu Frenchcourtierzhan bay-kue due barr-ee /,5an bel,kydy ba'ri:/

Dubéek, Alexander Czechoslovakstatesmanal-ek-san-duhr duub-chek/_aleksanda(r) 'dobtj‘ek/

dubiety state ofbeing doubtfuldyoo-by-it-i /dju:'bAnti/

108

dllhniuln chemical elementdub-ni-uhm /'dnbniam/

Dubno city, Ukrainedoob—nuh /'du:bnaj

Du Bois, W. E. B. American writerdoo boyz /du: 'bo1z/

Dubonnet trademark French redvermouthdyoo-bon-ay /dju:'bnne1/, [dybone]Q Established anglicization.

Dubrovnik port, Croatiaduub-rov-nik /do'brnvnlk/

Dubuffet, Jean French painterzhah(ng) due-bue-fay /_3(1 dyby'fe1/’

Dubuque city, USduh-byook /da'bju:kj

ducat gold coinduk-uht /'dAkat/

Duccio Italian painterd00—ch0h /'du:tj'ao/

Duce title assumed by Benito MussolinidOO-chay /'du:tj‘e1/

Ducett, Lyse Canadian BBC journalistleez doo-set /,li:z du:'set/

Duchamp, Marcel French-bornAmerican artistmar-sel due-shah(ng) /mn:(r),s.-:1dY'I51/

Duchenne form of muscular dystrophydoo-shen /du:'_l'en,/

duchesse satindoo-shess /du:'_[es,'

duduk woodwind instrumentduud—o0k ,/do'du:k/

duende quality ofpassion andinspirationdoo-en-day /du:'snde1/

duenna governessdoo-en-uh /du:'ene/

Duero see DouroDufay, Guillaume French composergee-yohm due—fay /gi:,jaum dy'fe1/

Dufy, Raoul French painter and textiledesignerrah-ool due-fee /ru:,u:1dy'fi:/

dugite venomous snakedy00—gyt /‘dju:g1\1t/

duiker African antelopedy-kuhr /'dn1ka(r)/

109

Duisburg city, Germanydyooz-burg /'dju:zba:(r)g/, German['dy:sbork]0 Established anglicization.

Duisenberg, Wim Dutch banker andpoliticianwim dow—suhn-bairkh /,wim'dausenbe:(r)x/, ['d0e1s<-zmberx]- This is the usual pronunciation inEnglish.

Dujail, al- town, Iraquh-duu-jyl /ado'd3A1l,'v See ARABIC panel.

Dukas, Paul French composerpol due-kass /,pn1dy'kas/

dukun traditional healerdoo-kun /'du:kAn/

dulcamara extract of woody nightshadedu|—kuh—mair-uh /,d1i1ka'ma:ra/

dulcet sweet and soothingdul-suht /'dA1sat/

dulcian musical instrumentdul-si-uhn /'dAlSi3l'l/

dulciana organ stopdul—si-ah-nuh /,dA1si'c1:ne/

dulcimer musical instrumentdul-sim-uhr /'dAlSII‘l'18(I')/

dulcitone musical instrumentdul-sit-ohn /'dA1SIl18Ul1/

dulia reverence accorded to saintsand angelsdyuul-y-uh /dju'l1ua/

Dulles airport in Washington DCdu|—uhss /'ClAl8S/

dulse edible seaweeddu lss /(1AlS/

Duluth port, USduh-looth /de'1u:B/

Duma lower house ofthe Russianparliamentdoo-muh /'du:ma/

Dumas, Alexandre (fils) Frenchnovelistal-ek—sah(ng)-druh due—mah (feess)/alsksfidre dy'ma: (fi:s)/More anglicized pronunciations, such asdyoo-mah or doo-mah, are also common.

Du Maurier, Daphne English novelistdOO morr-i-ay /du: 'mnrieI/

Dumbarton town, Scotlanddum-bar—tuhn /dAI‘l‘l'l)(lI(I‘)t8I1/

Duisburg | Dunmow, Great

Dumfries town, Scotlanddum—freess /dAI'l'l'fI‘iIS/

dumka pl. dumky Slavic musicduum-kuh, pl. duum-ki /'dumka/, pl./'dumki/v Standard -s plural is also possible.

Dumyat see DamiettaDunajec river, Poland

doo-ny-ets /dU.Z'I'1AIElfS/dunam measure of land area in the

former Turkish empireduun-uhm ,"dunam/

Dunbar, William Scottish poetdun-bar /CiAI1'l)(1I(I‘)/

Dunbartonshire former county,Scotlanddun-bar-tuhn-shuhr/ dAn'b<1:(r)tan_1'a(r) /

Dunblane town, Scotlanddu n-blayn /dAI‘l'bl8Il'l/

Dundall-t town, Republic of Irelanddun-dawk /dAn'do:k/

Dunedin city, New Zealanddu n-ee-din /dA'11iIdII'1/

Dunfermline town, Scotlanddun-furm-Iin /dAn'fa:(r)m11n/

Dungarvan town, Republic of Irelanddun-gar-vuhn /C1AI1'9(11(l‘)V8n/

Dungeness crab type of crabdun-juh-ness /,dAnd3a'nes/

Dunhuang town, Chinaduun-khwang /,dun'xwan/

Dunker sect of Baptist Christiansdunk-uhr /'dAl]k8(I');'

Dunkirk port, Franced un-kurk /dAn'ke:(r)k/Established anglicization. The French nameis Dunkerque, pronounced doe(ng)-kairk[dciakerk].

Dun Laoghaire port, Republic ofIrelanddun leer-i /dAl'l 'l1ari/

Dunlop, John Boyd Scottish inventordun-lop /'dAI1lDp/This British surname is variouslypronounced dun-lop and dun-lop,depending on individual preference. TheScottish place name is dun-lop, and the tyreand sports goods company is dun-lop.

Dunmow, Great town, Englanddun-moh /'d1mmao/

Duns Scotus, John I Dushanbe

Duns Sootus, John Scottish thefllogianand scholardurlz skoh-tuhss /danz 'skautas/

Dunst, Kirsten American actresskeer-stuhn dunst /_kia(r)sten 'dAI‘lSi/

Dunstable, John English composerdun-stu h-buhl /'d1mstabel/

Dunstan, St Anglo-Saxon prelatedun-stuhn /'d.»\nstan/

duodenary based on the number twelvedyoo-uh-dee-nuh-ri /,dju:e‘di:nari/

duodenum pl. duodena part of the smallintestinedyoo-uh-dee-nuhm,pl. dyoo-uh-dee-nuh /,dju:a'di:nam/,pl. /-‘di:na/Q Standard -s plural is also possible.

duomo Italian cathedraldwoh-moh ,"dwaomeo/

Duparc, Henri French composerah(ng)-ree due-park /fi,ri: dy'pu:(r)k/

dupatta Indian scarfduup-ut-uh /du'pnta/

dupion silk fabricdyoo-pi-uhn /'dju:pian,I

duple musical termdyoo-puhl /'dju:pal/

dupondius pl. dupondii Roman coindyoo-pon-di-uhss, dyoo-pon-di-yfdj‘llZ'pDl'1dI9S/, pl. /-di:n/

du Pré, Jacqueline English cellistzhak-leen due pray /,3ak1i:n dy'pre1/

Dupuytren, Guillaume Frenchsurgeongee-yohm due-pwee-tralng) /gi:,jaomdypwi:'tr€:/

Dupuytren’s contracture medicalconditiondoop-wee-truhnss /du:'pwi:trens/

Duque de Caxias city, Brazildoo-ki ji kuh-shee-uhss /,du:ki d3ika'j'i:as/

Duralumin trademark alloy ofaluminiumdyuu-ral—yuum-in /dju'raljum1n/

dura mater membrane enveloping thebrain and spinal corddyoor-uh may-tuhr /,djuara 'me1te(r)/

Duran Duran English pop groupdyuu-ran dyuu-ran /dju_ran djo'ran/

Durango state, Mexicodoo-rang-goh /du:'rangao/

Durio Barroso, José Manuel

110

Portuguese politicianzhuuz-ay muhn-wel duu-row(ng)bu h-roh-Z00 /3o_ze1 man,wel du,réiobe'reuzu:/v See ronrucursr panel.

Duras, Marguerite French novelistmar-guh-reet due-rahss /mu:(r)ga,ri:tdy'ru:s/

Durazzo see Dun-Esdurbar court of an Indian ruler

dur-bar /'da:(r)ba:(r)/Diirer, Albrecht German engraver and

painteral-brekht due-ruhr /_albrect 'dy:ra(r)/A more anglicized pronunciation,dy00|'-Ul'll', is also very common.

duress threats or violencedyu u-ress /dju'res/

Durey, Louis French composerlwee due-ray /,lwi: dy'rei/

Durga Hindu goddessdoor-guh /'dua(r)ga/

Durgapur city, Indiadoor-guh-poor /_doa(r)ga'pue(r)/

Durham city, Englanddurr-uhm /'dAI‘3lTl/

durian tropical fruitdoor-i-uhn /'duarian/

Durkheim, Emile French sociologistay-meel durk-hym /e1,mi:1'da:(r)]-rhnrm/, [emil dyrkam]~ Established anglicization.

durra kind of cornduu-ruh /'dora/

Durrell, Gerald English zoologist andwriterdurr-uhl /'(lAI‘9l/' The same pronunciation is used for hisbrother, the writer Lawrence Durrell.

Durriis port, Albaniaduu-ruhss /'duras/The Italian name is Durazzo, pronouncedduu-rat-soh.

durum a kind of wheatdyoor-uhm /'djuaram/

Duse, Eleonora Italian actressel-ay-on-aw-ruh doo-zay /ele1n,n:>:ra'du:ze1/

Dushanbe capital ofTajikistandoo—shan-bay /du:_[an'be1/

111 Dutch

DutchDutch (Nederlands in Dutch, pronounced nay-duhr-Iuntss) is aWestGermanic language spoken by about 22 million people, mainly in theNetherlands and Belgium. It is also the official language of Surinamand of the Netherlands Antilles. Dutch spoken in Belgium is morecommonly known as Flemish, but the two are considered a singlelanguage. The Dutch given here is, as always, somewhat anglicized inline with BBC policy and the constraints of the phonetic respelling.

VowelsDutch vowels are short before two or more consonants, and before oneconsonant at the end of a word. They are commonly long before asingle consonant followed by another vowel, and often also before R.A is pronounced u when short, as in vun for Van. It is pronounced ah

when long.AA is pronounced ah. Haarlem is har-luhm.E is pronounced e when short, and close to ay (although not diph-

thongal in Dutch) or air when long.EE is pronounced close to ay.EU is pronounced oe (as in French peu).I is pronounced i when short, and ee when long.IE is pronounced ee.O is pronounced o when short, and close to oh (although not diph-

thongal in Dutch) or aw when long.OE is pronounced oo. Bloem is bloom.OO is pronounced oh or aw. Boom is bohm.U is pronounced ue (as in Germanfiinf) when short, and ue (as in

French vu) when long. The short version is often pronounced as uuin English.

UU is pronounced ue (as in French vu).Y is pronounced ee. Y is sometimes found in old spellings, correspond- 1

ing to the modern IJ, in which case it should be pronounced asIJ—see below.

Some of these vowels may be reduced to schwa (uh) in unstressed syl-lables in Dutch, and perhaps more so in anglicized Dutch.

AAI is pronounced close to y (as in cvjy).AAU, AU, and OU are pronounced close to ow.EEU is pronounced as long E followed by W. In anglicized Dutch the

closest we can get is ay—oo.

Dutch 112

EI and IJ are pronounced between English y and ay. Traditionally thisdiphthong is treated as y in English, which is also the case in thisdictionary. Van Dijk is dyk.

IEU is pronounced as ee followed by w. In anglicized Dutch the closestwe can get is yoo. Nieuw is nyoo.

OEI is pronounced as oo followed by y. The closest we can get is oo-i.OOI is pronounced close to oy.UI and UY are pronounced oey (as in Frenchfauteuil). Pronunciation

of this diphthong has proven particularly difficult for English speak-ers, and in some anglicizations it is treated as ow, as indow-suhn-bairkh for I/Vim Duisenberg. Sometimes it is treated as y, asin zy—duhr for Zuide1'Zee. And sometimes oy or ay are used too!

ConsonantsB, D, F, H, K, M, P, T, and Z are pronounced as in English, although B,

, D, and Z are pronounced p, t, and s at the end of a word.l C is pronounced k before A, O, and U, and before all consonants except1 H. It is pronounced s before E, I, and Y.

CH is usually pronounced kh (always as in Scottish loch in Dutch, neverGerman ich). Sometimes it is sh, and in initial position in personalnames it may also be k. Echt is ekht, Chinees is shee-nayss, andChristus is krist-uess.

G is pronounced as kh, or as kh with added voicing (i.e. pronouncedwith vibration of the vocal cords. IPA is [Y]).

J is pronounced y.N is pronounced as n, but can be silent at the end of a word.NG is pronounced ng, never ng-g. The combination INGA is ing-khah.PI-I is pronounced f.

‘ QU is pronounced kw.l SCH is pronounced skh. Schiphol is skhip-hol. At the end ofa word it is

pronounced s. Bosch is boss.SJ and STJ are pronounced sh.TH is pronounced t.V is pronounced v, but with weak voicing, so f is sometimes preferred.

We treat this sound as v.W is pronounced like v, but with much lighter contact between lip and

teeth. We treat this sound as w.

StressStress usually falls on the first syllable. The following prefixes, however,are always unstressed: BE-, GE-, ER-, HER-, VER-, and ONT-.Bedenlcen is buh-denk-uhn.

11-3

Dussehra (also Dasehra) Hindu festivaldush-uh-ruh /'di\Iara/

Diisseldorf city, Germanyduuss-uhl-dorf /'dusaldo:(r)f},['dYs1dorf]~ Established anglicization.

duumvir officials holding a joint officedyoo-um-vuhr /dju:‘Amva(r)/

duumvirate coalition of two peoplehaving joint authoritydyoo-um-virr-uht /djl.1I'AI‘l'1VIl“3[/

Dllvalier, Francois Haitian statesmanfrah(ng)-swah due-val-yay /frc'i,swo:dyval'je1/

dux pl. duces top pupil in a school or classduks, pl. dyoo-seez /dAl(S/, pl./'dju:si:z/

Dvofék, Antonin Czech composeran-tuh-neen dvor-zhahk /,antani:n'dvo:(r)3o:k/

dwam state of semi-consciousnessdwahm ldwcumf

Dyak see Dayakdybbuk pl. dybbukim wandering spirit

dib-uuk, pl. dib-uuk—im /'d|bok/, pl./-kim/' Standard -s plural is also possible.

Dyfed former county, Walesduv-ed /"d.wsd/, ['doved]

Dynamo part ofthe name of severalEuropean football teamsdy-nuh-moh ,"d1unamoo/This is the usual anglicization. The Germanpronunciation, for example, isdue-nah-rnoh [dy‘na:mo] and the Russianis din-ah-muh [di'nama].

dynast member ofa powerfulfamilynlldin-u hst /'d1nast/Commonly also dy-nuhst. g g 7

dynasty line ofhereditary rulers of acountrydin-uh—sti /'d1nasti/Commonly .1...?iy-.;Jia;;ri;"" 1*

dyne unit of forcedyn /dAII‘l/

dynode intermediate electrodedy-nohd /'ClAII18Ud/

dysarthria difficult or unclear

Dussehra I Dzongkha

articulation of speechdiss-ar-thri-uh /d1s'ci:(r)8ria/

dyscrasia abnormal or disordered stateof the body or of a bodily partdisk-ray-zi-uh /d1s'kreizia/

dysentery infection of the intestinesdiss-uhn-tri /'dIsantri/

dysgraphia inability to write coherentlydiss-graf-i-uh /d1s'grafia/

dyskinesia abnormality or impairmentofvoluntary movementdisk-in-ee-zi-uh /,d1sk1'ni:zio/

dyslalia inability to articulatecomprehensible speechdiss-lay~li~uh /d1s'1er1ia/

dyslexia reading disorderdiss-lek-si-uh /dis']sksia/

dysphasia language disorderdiss-fay-zi-uh /drs'fe1zia/

dysphemism derogatory or unpleasanttermdiss-fuh-miz-uhm Fdisfemizaml

dyspnoea difficult or laboured breathingdisp-nee-uh /d1sp'ni:e/

dyspraxia developmental disorderdisp-rak-si-uh /d1s'praksia/

dysprosium chemical elementdisp-roh-zi-uhm /d1s'prauziam/

dysthymia depressiondisS-thy-mi—uh /d|s'HA1mia/

dystocia difficult birthdist-oh-shuh /d1s'taoj'a/

dystrophy disorder in which an organwastes awaydist-ruh-fi /'d1strafi/

Dzaoudzi city, Mayotte and the Comorosdzowd-zi /'dzaodzi/

Dzerzhinsk city, Russiadzuhr~zhinsk /dze(r)'31nsk/

Dzerzhinsky, Felil-is Russian Bolshevikleaderfay-liks dzuhr-zhin-ski /,fe111ksdza(r)'3mski/

dzo (also dzho or zho) hybrid ofa cowand a yakzhoh /3ao/

Dzongkha official language of Bhutandzong-kuh /'dzonka/

I14

Eadwig king of England; also calledEdwyay-uhd-wi /'e1adwi/Sometimes also ed-wig.

Eakins, Thomas American painter andphotographeree-kinz /'i:k1nz/

Ea.1‘ha.1't, Amelia American aviatoruh-mee-li-uh air-hart /a,mi:lia'8:(r)h(1:(r)t/

Earp, Wyatt American gambler andmarshalwy-uht urp /,wA1ot 'e:(r)p/

East Kilbride town, Scotlandeest kil-bryd /,i1StkIl'bl‘AI(l/'

eau dc cologne toilet wateroh duh kuh-lohn /,eo do ka'1aon/

eau de Nil pale greenoh duh neel /_ao do 'ni:l/

8811 lle toilette dilute perfumeoh duh twah-let /_eo do twu:'lct/

eau de vie brandyoh duh vee /,au do ‘viz!

Ebadi, Shirin Iranian activist andNobel laureateshirr-een eb-uh-dee /j‘1,ri:n eba'di:/

Ebola fever infectious diseaseee—b0h-luh /iflbaolef

Ebonics American Black Englisheb-on-iks /s'bnn1ks,'

Eboracum Roman name for Yorkee-bon’-uh~kuhm /i:'borakem/

Ebro river, Spainee-broh /'i:brou/, ['e[5ro]Q Established anglicization.

ebullient cheerfill and full of energyuh-bul-yuhnt /3'lJAl_l8I‘lt/Sometimeslalso uh-buull-lyulhnt. WI T

Ecce Homo painting of Christek-ay l10l'l~|’TlOh /,ske1 'heomao/

ecchymosis pl. ecchymoses skindiscolorationek-im-oh-siss, pl. ek-im-oh-seez/,ek1'meos1s/, pl. /~si:z/

Ecclesiastes book of the Bibleuh-klee-zi-ast-eez /a,kli:zi'asti:z/

ecdysis shedding ofskinek-diss-iss /'skd1sis/

echelon level or rankesh-uh-Ion /'ej‘olnn/

echeveria succulent plantetch-uh-veer-i-uh /_etj"a'v1eria/

echidna spiny egg—laying mammalek-ld—nuh /s'k1dna/

echinacea flower used in herbalmedicineek-in-ay-shuh /_8k1'ner_fe/

echocardiogram medical test ofthe heartek-oh-kar-di-oh-gram/,ekau'kci:(r)dieogram/

echolalia meaningless repetition ofwords and phrasesek-oh-lay-li-uh /,skao'le1lio/

echt authentic and typicalekht /ext], German [sot]

eclampsia convulsive disorderek-lamp-si-uh /e'klampsio/

éclat brilliant display or effectay-klah /e1'klo:/

eclogue short pastoral poemek-log /'sklpg/'

Eco, Umberto Italian novelist andsemioticianoom-bair—toh ay-koh /u:m_bs:(r)tao'e1kao/

E. coli bacterium which can cause foodpoisoningee koh-ly /,i: 'l{8UlAl/

ecology branch ofbiologyek-ol-uh-ji /e'kn1ad5i/Commonly also ee-kol-uh-ji.

economic relating to economics or theeconomyek-uh-nom-ik /,ska'nnm1k/Commonly also ee-kuh-nom-ik.

ecossaise country danceek-oss-ayz /,skn'se1z/

115

écru light fawn colouray-kroo ,"e1kru:/

ECOWAS Economic Community ofWest African Statesek-oh-uhss /a'kaoas/

ectomorph lightly built personek-toh-morf /'ektaomo:(r)f/

ectopic in an abnormal place or positionek-top-ik /z-:k'tnp1k/

ecu (also ECU) European Currency Unit,former term for the euroek-yoo /'akju:;'Many pronunciations were used, includingayk-yoo, eek-yoo and ayk-yoo.

Ecuador countryek-wuh-dor /'skwado:(r)/, Spanish[ekwa'oor]1 Established anglicization.

ecumenical representing a number ofdifferent Christian churchesek—yoo-men—ik-uhl /akju:'men1ka1/Sometimes also eek-yoo-men-ik~uh|.

eczema skin conditioneks-uh-muh /'ekseme/Sometiides pronounced uhg-zee-muh inAM.

Edam Dutch cheeseee-dam /'i:dam/, [e:'d<1m]0 Established anglicization.

edamame Japanese soybean dished-uh-mam-ay /,ada'mame1/

Edda collection of Old Norse poemsed-uh /'edo/

edelweiss European mountain plantay-duhl-vyss /'BICl8lVA[S/

Edexcel British examination boarded-ek-sel /,sdek'ss1/

Eden biblical paradiseee—duhn /'i:den/

edh see ethEdiacaran period ofgeological timeee-di-ak-uh-ruhn /,i:di'akaren/

edict oflicial order or proclamationee-dikt /'i:dIkt/

edify instruct intellectuallyed-i-fy /'8(lIfAI/

Edinburgh capital of Scotlanded—in-buh—ruh /'sdmbera/Commonly also ed-in-bruh.

écru | ego

Edime city and province, Turkeyed-eer-nuh /s'd1a(r)na/

Edison, Thomas American inventored-iss-uhn /'ed1sanj

Edmonton city, Canadaed-muhn—tuhn fedmantenl

Edo former name for Tokyoed-oh /'sdeo/

Edwardiana articles from the reign ofEdward VIIed-wor-di~ah-nuh /ed,w:>:(r)di'u:na/

Edwy king of England; also calledEadwiged~wi /'adwi/

ecjit ‘idiot’ (Irish and Scottish)ee-jit /'i:d3It,/

Egeland, Jan Norwegian UN otficialyahn ay-guh-Ian /,jd:n 'e1ga1an/

Eelam proposed Tamil homeland inSri Lankaee-luhm /'i:1am/

e’en literary form of ‘even’een /i:n/

e’er literary form of ‘ever’air /e:(r)/

effendi man ofhigh social standing in anArab countryef-en-di /s'fsndi/

effete over-refinedef-eet /e'fi:t,'

efficacy ability to produce a desiredresultef-il<-uh-si /'efikasi/

effleurage form of massageef-luh~rahzh /,sfle'rc1:3/

effulgent shining brightlye‘l‘—ul-juhnt /s'fn1d3ant/Sometimes also ef-uul-juhnt.

EFTPOS Electronic Funds Transfer atPoint Of Saleeft-poz Paftpnzf

egad expression of surpriseee—gad /i:'gad/

Eger town, Hungaryeg—air ,"sgs:(r)/

ego a person's sense of self-esteemee-goh /'i:gao,!Also pronounced eg-oh; bothpronunciations are also possible in wordssuch as egocentric, egoism, etc.

egregious | Elche

egregious outstandingly baduhg-ree-juhss {a'gri:d3as/

egress going outee-gress /'i:grss/

egressive type of speech soundig-ress-iv /I'gras1v/

egret white heronee-gruht /'i:grat,'

Ehle, Jennifer British actressee-Ii /'i:1i/

Ehrlich, Paul German medical scientistpowl air-likh /_paul'e:(r)11e/

Eichmann, AdolfGerman Nazi leaderah-dolf ykh-man /,u:dn1f 'AI(}11‘l8.l'1/

Eid (also Id) Muslim festivaleed /i:d/Eid-ul—Fitr, pronounced eed uhl fit-uhr,marks the end of Ramadan. Eid-ul-Adha,pronounced eed uhl ud-huh, marks theculmination of the hajj.

eidos philosophical termy-doss /'AI(lDS/This pronunciation is also used for the Icomputer game company of the same name.

Eiffel, Gustave French engineergue-stahv ef-el /gyisftazy sfsllAn anglicized pronunciation, y-fuhl, is usedfor the Eilfel Tower.

Eiger mountain peak, Switzerlandy-guhr /'A1ga(r)/

Eigg island, Scotlandeg 189/

Eilat (also Elat) port, Israelay-lat /e1'1at/ _

Eilidll Gaelic girl’s nameay-Ii /'e1li,I

Eindhoven city, Netherlandsynd-hoh-vuhn /'Amd,hauvan/,['eintho:va(n)]' Established anglicization; see DUTCHpaneL

Einfiihlung empathyyn-fue-luung /'Am,fy:lo1]/

Einstein, Albert German-bornAmerican theoretical physicistyn-styn /'AII1SiAIl1/

I16

Eire Gaelic name for Irelandair-uh /'s:ra/

Eirene Greek goddessy-ree-ni /Al'I‘iII‘ll,l

Eisenhower, Dwight David Americanpresidenty-zuhn-how-uhr /'A1zan_haua(r)/

Eisenstadt city, Austriay-zuhn-shtat /'mzen,j‘tat/

eisteddfod, pl. eisteddfodau Welshfestival of music and poetryy-steth-vod, pl. y-steth-vod-y/A1‘steovod/, pl. ,/AIstzo‘vndAi/

either one of twoy-thuhr /'m6a(r)/Equally commonly ee—thuhr. Traditionally,BR is y-thuhr and AM is ee-thuhr.

ejido Mexican communally farmed landekh—ee-thoh /e'xi:6au/

Ejiofor, Chiwetel British actorchee-wuh-tel ee-ji-uh-for /,t_li:watsl'i:d3iafo:(r)/

Ekaterinburg (also Yekaterinburg)town, Russiayuh-kat-uh-reen-burg/ja,kata'ri:nba:(r)g/, [jeket*1r*1n'burk]' Established anglicization.

eke make something last longereek /i:k/

élan styleay-Ian /ei'lan/

eland antelopeee-luhnd /'i:1and/

Elat see EilatElba island, Italy

el-buh /'.=:lba/ElBaradei, Mohamed Egyptian

director of the International AtomicEnergy Agencymuh-ham-uhd uhl barr-uh—dy/mahamad a1 'baradA1/~ This is his preferred anglicization.

Elbasan town, Albaniael-buh-san /,slba'san/

Elbe river, central Europeel-buh /'elba/There is also an older anglicization, elb. I

Established anglicization; the Germanpronunciation is yn-shtyn.

einsteinium chemical elementyn-sty-ni-uhm /.un'stAiniamj

Elbrus mountain, Caucasusel-brooss ,fel'bru:s/

Elche town, Spainel-chay /'slt_|‘e1/

117 El Dorado | emery

El Dorado fictitious place el py-eess /sl pAI'lZS/, [el pa'is]el duh-rah-doh /,sl da'ru:dao/ E] P350 city, Texas

electoral relating to an election el pass-oh /g1 'pa5aUfuh-lek—tuh-ruhl /a'1sktorel/ El Salvador country

Electra Greek mythological Character el sal-vuh~dor /sl 'salvado:(r)/, SpanishUh-lelt-‘trull /9'l8ktI'H/ Eel Sa]_.Ba'OOI-]

electrolysis chemical decomposition Q Established anglicization.el-ek-trol-uh-siss /_slsk'trulasIs/ Elsinore port, Denmark

eleemosynary relating to charity el-gin-or /‘g]3]1'1;);(1*)/el'i'ee'm°z'in_uh'ri /'alii:|mnzmari'I Established anglicization The Danish name

elegiac relating to an elegy is I-lelsingor, pronounced hel-sing-oerel-uh-jy-uhk /,ela'd3A1ak/ [hslsIIJ'o:?r].

CICIIII PCSIII US8d. III V3.ITl1ShES El“ 1, Paul French poet

le|_u]:1-Stii/asliamfl H, f ]_ b pol ayl-war/,pn1e11wu:(r)/B ep a as S Swe mg O a lm Ellll Jewish monthe|—uh—fuhn-ty-uh-siss /_elsfan't1uas1s/ el 0°‘ /E_1u_1/elephantine characteristic of elephants _ ‘el-uh-fan-tyn /El8'f3.I'llLAII1/ Ely ‘i!t3f__F*_ng1‘*md

Elgar, Edward British composer ee_ I / L11" _ _ _ _e|_gar /-51gQ;(I~)/ Elysee Palace building in P3.I‘1S

Elgin town, Scotland ay-lee-aay /eI'1i:z_e_I/, [elize]e|_gin /.8lgm/ . ' Established anglicization.

This is also the appropriate pronunciation Elysitm.‘ Greek r_nyti1OlOgical paradisefor the Elgin Marbles fi'om the Parthenon. uh'|'z"'uhm la hzlamlMany American towns of the same name are emanate issuePF°"°l"1¢ed 9|-ll“ em-uh-nayt /'emane1t/

El Greco Cretan—born Spanish painter embarras de richesses more resourcesel grek-oh /£1 'g['gka{j] than one knows what to do with

E]; biblical character o(ng)-barr-ah duh ree-shess /f>ba,ru:ee_|y /li;1M/ da ri:'j‘ss/, French [fibara do riIas]

eligible having the right to do something embolism Obstruction of an a1'l3e1'Yel-ij-uh—buhl ,/'s11d3abol/ em-buh-liz-uhm /'smba11zam/

Elijah Hebrew prophet embouchure musical termuh-ly-juh /a'1A1d5@,' om-buush-oor /,nmbu'_fua(r)/

Elisha Hebrew prophet embrasure architectural featureuh-ly-shuh /a'1A1_fa/ em-bray-zhuhr /em'bre13a(r),'

elision the OII1lSSlOl'l Offl. S0l1l'1Cl when flfllcefl master Qfgeremonies

Speflldflg em-see /sm'si:/uh'hzh'uhn I3.159“! E=mc2 Einstein’s formula

EH5"! City, Russia ee eek-wuhlz emm see skwairdel‘ee‘5t"h /5'1i?Sl91' /,i: _i:kwalz em ‘si: skws:(r)d/

elixir potion This formula is ofien pronounced withel'|k'5eer l5'11ksI9(r)1’ stress on the m and the squared rather than

Ellan Vanni!) Manx name for the the c. However, this stress pattern may1516 of Man suggest, wrongly, that both m and c shoulde|_yu|,-m Val-Hn /lsljan Ivamnfl be sqtlared, when it is intact only the

E] Nifio climatic phenomenon mdlvldual quantity c Wl1lCl‘l IS squared.

el 7'99"“!/Oh /81 'I1i!l"l.l9U/ emeritus honorary titleEllesmere Island Canada Uh-mel'l'-it-I-!h5$ /8'mEI‘It9$/ell-meet /'elzm1a(r)/ emery abrasive

El Pais Spanish newspaper em—uh—ri /'smari/

emetic I endocrine

emetic causing vomitinguh-met-ik /a'met1k/

emit: anthropological termee-mik /'i:mIk/

émigré migrantem-i-gray /'em1greI/

Emi Koussi mountain, Chaday-mi k00—5i /,e1mi 'ku:si/

Emilia-Romagna region, Italyem-eel-yuh roh-mah-nyuh /e,mi:1jarao'mo:nja/

Emin, Tracey English artistem-in /‘emm/

Eminem American singerem-in-em /,sm1n'sm/

emir Arab titleem-eer /e'mIa(r)/

emit-ate lands of an emirem-irr-uht ,f'em1rat/

Emmanuel name given to Christuh-man-yoo-uhl /a'manjue1/

Emmental (also Emmenthal) Swisscheeseem-uhn-tahl /'smantu:l/

Emmerich, Roland German filmdirectorroh-lant em-uh-rikh /,rao1ant '81Tl3I‘I()/'

emo style of rock musicee-moh /'i:mau/

emolument salaryem-ol-yuum—uhnt /e'mnljomant/

emoticon representation of a facialexpression used in electroniccommunicationsuh-moh-tik-on /a'maot1knn/

empanada Spanish savoury pastryturnoverem-puh-nah-duh /,smpa'na:de/

Empedocles Greek philosopherem-ped—uh-kleez /am'psdakli:z/

emphysema lung diseaseem—fuh-see-muh /_emfa‘si:me/

empyema collection ofpus in a cavityin the bodyem-py-ee-muh /_smpA1'i:me/

empyreal relating to heavenem-py-ree-uhl /,£I1‘lpAI'I‘iI8l/Less commonly also em-pirr-i-uhl.

en bloc all togetheron blok /,nn 'b1nk/

118

The word en, here and in other phrases, canalso be pronounced in the French manner,as ah(ng).

Encaenia annual celebration at OxfordUniversityen-see-ni-uh /an'si:nia/

ellceinte pregnanton-sant /nn'sant/Can also be pronounced in the Frenchmanner, as ah(ng)-sa(ng)t.

Enceladus moon of Saturnen-sel-uh-duhss /an'ssladas/

encephalitis inflammation of the brainen-kef-uh-ly-tiss /8I‘l‘l{BfB'lAI’EIS/Th;element -cepliulfican also be 7 777pronounced sef-uhl, here and in otherwords.

enchilada filled tortillaen-chil-ah-duh /,sntj‘1'lu:da/

€11Cl'lil'idi0Il book containing essentialinformation on a subjecten-ky-rid-i-uhn /_enkA1'rIdian/

enclave enclosed territoryen-klayv /'enkleIv/Sometimes orik-layv. d d W

encomium praiseen-koh-mi-uhm /sn‘kaomiam/

encompass surrounden-kum-puhss /£Il'l{Al'l'lp8S/

en croute in a pastry cruston kroot /,nn 'kru:t/

encyclical papal letteren—sik-lik—uhl /an‘s1k1ika1/

encyclopedia (also encyclopaedia)book giving information on manysubjectsen-sy-kluh-pee-di-uh/sn_sn1kla'pi:die/

endemic regularly found amongparticular peopleen-dem-ik /en'dz-:mIk/

Elldemol Dutch television productioncompanyen—duh-rnol /'endamol/

Enderby Land part ofAntarcticaend-uhr-bi /'enda(r)bi/

endive Salad leavesen—dyv /'8I'1ClAIV/

endocrine relating to hormonal glandsen-duh-kryn /'8I1(l8kI‘AII‘l/

11,9

Sometimes also pronounced en-duh-krin oren-duh-kreen.

endogamy marrying within acommunityen-d0g—uh—mi /sn'dngami/

endogenous having an internal causeen-doj-uh-nuhss ,'sn'dnd3anes/

endometriosis gynaecological conditionen-duh-mee-tri-oh-siss/,8nde,mi:tri'aus1s/

endorphin hormoneen-dor-fin /sn'do:(r)f1n/

endoscopy internal medicalinvestigationen-dosk-uh-pi /sn'dnskapi/

endow giveen-dow /en'dao/

Endymion Greek mythological characteren-dim-i-uhn /en'd1mian/

Eneolithic archaeological periodee-ni-uh-lith-ik /_i:nie'l19ik/

enfant terrible controversial personon-fon terr-ee-bluh /,nnfnn ts'ri:bla/Enfant can alsojbeipironounced in theFrench manner as ah(ng)-fah(ng).1

enfeoif give property in exchange forserviceen-feef /en'fi:f/

enfranchise permit to voteen-fran-chyz /sn'frant_|"A1z,/

Engels, Friedrich German philosopherfreed-rikh eng-uhlss /,fri:dr1c '.=:1j|a1s/

Enisey see YeniseiEniwetok island in the North Pacific

en-i-wee-tok /,sni'wi:tnk/enjambement (also enjambment)

poetic termen-jamb-muhnt /en'd3ambment/

en masse in a groupon mass /_on 'mas/

ennead group of nineen-i-ad /'sniad/

Enniskillen town, Northern Irelanden-isk-il—uhn /_enIs'kIlan/

Ennius, Quintns Roman poet anddramatistkwint-uhss en-i-uhss /_kw1ntas 'enias/

ennui listlessnesson-wee /nn'wi:/

Eno, Brian English musicianee-noh /'i:nao/

endogamy | entremets

Enoch biblical characteree-nok /‘i:nnk/

enoki Japanese mushroomen-oh-ki /e'naoki/

Enola Gay American plane whichdropped the first atomic bomb onHiroshimauh-noh-Iuh gay /aneoie 'ge1/

enosis hypothetical political union ofCyprus and Greeceen—uh-siss /'snasis/

en papillote cooked and served in apaper wrapperon pap-i-yot /,nn papi'jnt/

Enron American energy companyen-ron /'enrnn/

Enschede city, Netherlandsenss-khuh-day /'snsxade1f

ensemble group of musicianson-som-buhl /nn'sornbe1/

en suite adjoining a bedroomon sweet /on 'swi:t/

Entebbe town, Ugandaen—teb—i /en'tsbi/

entelechy realization of potentialen-tel-uh-ki /an‘telaki/

entente cordiale friendlyunderstanding between stateson-tont kor-di-ahl fon'tnntko:(r)di‘n:l/Can also be pronounced in the Frenchmanner, as ah(ng)-tah(ng)1: kord-yal.

enteritis inflammation of the intestineen-tuh-ry-tiss /,snta'rA1tIs/

enthalpy thermodynamics termen-thuhl—pi /'an9elpi/

enthral fascinateen-thrawl /sn'9r:>:1/

entomology study of insectsen-tuh—mol-uh-ji /,z-:nta'mnlad3i/

entr’acte interval between two acts of aplay or operaon-trakt /nn'trakt/

en travesti cross-dressedon trav-est-ee /,nn trave'sti:/

entrecote boned steakon-tru h-koht /'pntrakaot/

entrée main courseon-tray /'nntre1/

entremets light dish served betweencoursesont-ruh-may /nntra'me1/

entrepreneur I epoch

entrepreneur businesspersonon-truh-pruh-nur /,nntrapra'na:(r)/

entropy thermodynamics termen-truh-pi /'£ntrapi/

enuresis involuntary urinationen-yoor-ee-siss /,anjoa'ri:sis/

envelope flat paper container with a flapen-vuh-lohp fanvelaoplLess commonly also on-vuh-lohp.

Enver Pasha Turkish political andmilitary leaderen-vuhr pash-uh /,enva(r) 'pa_[a/

environs surroundsen-vy-ruhnz {sn'vn1ranz/

envoi (also envoy) a short stanzaconcluding a poemen-voy /'snv0I/

Enya Irish composeren-yuh /'anja/

Enzed New Zealand or a New Zealanderen-zed /sn'zsd/

enzyme biochemical substanceen-zym /'snzA1m/

Eocene geological epochee—oh-seen /'i:aosi:n/

Eoin Irish boy's nameoh-in /'ao1n/

Eos Greek goddessee-oss /'i:ns/

Eowyn character from The Lord qftheRingsay-oh-win /'exaow1n/

eparchy province of the OrthodoxChurchep-a r-ki /'epu:(r)ki/

épater shock conventional peopleep-at—ay ,fepa'teI/

epaulette shoulder piece on clothingep-uh-let /epa'lat/

épée fencing sworden-av /‘spew

epenthesis pl. epentheses insertion ofasound or an unetymological letterep-en-thuh-siss, pl. ep-en-thuh-seez/epenl-lasts/, pl. /-si:z/

ephedra shrubef-ed-ruh /s’fsdra,'

ephedrine stimulant drugef-uh-dreen /'efadri:n/

ephemeral transientef-em-uh-ruhl /e'fsmaral/

120

sometimes also ef;ee-muh-iuhl. if

Ephesians book of the New Testamentef-eezh-uhnz /e'fi:3anz/

Ephesus ancient Greek cityef-uh-suhss /'sfasas/

epicene having characteristics ofboth orneither sexep-iss-een /'ep1si:n/

Epictetus Greek philosopherep-ik-tee-tuhss /_sp1k‘ti:tas/

Epicurlls Greek philosopherep-ik-yoor-uhss /,:;p1'kjoaras,l

epidemiology study ofepidemicsep-id-ee-mi-ol-uh-ji /,eptdi:mi'nlad3i,I

epidural spinal anaestheticep—id-yoor-uhl j,cp1'djoaral/

epigeal growing on the groundep-ij-ee-uhl /,ep1'd3i:al/

epilepsy neurological disorderep-il-ep-si /'eprlspsi,l

epilogue concluding sectionep~i|-og /‘spring,’

epiphany revelationuh-pif-uh-ni /a'p1fani/

Epirus region, Greeceuh-py-ruhss /'a'pn1raS/

episcopalian of or advocatinggovernment of a Church by bishopsep-isk-uh-pay-Ii-uhn /e,p1ska'pe1lian/

episiotomy obstetric procedureep-ee-zi-ot-uh-mi /a_pi:zi'ntami,'

epistemology theory of knowledgeep—ist-im-ol-uh-ji /e,p1st1'mnlad3i/

epistle letteruh-piss-uhl /a'p1sal/

epistolary relating to lettersuh-pist-uh-luh-ri /a'p1sta1ari/

epithalamium song or poem celebratinga marriageep-ith-uh-lay-mi-uhm,',sp16a'1e1miam/

epithet phraseep-ith-et /'api6et;'

epitome perfect exampleep-it-uh-mi /s'p1temi/

e pluribus unum ‘one out ofmany’(Latin), the motto of the USay ploor-ib-uuss oo-nuum /er,ploaribos 'u:nomf

epoch period of timeee—pok /'i:pnk/

121

AM is commonly ep-ok.

epode lyric poemep-ohd /‘spaod/

eponymous giving their name tosomethinguh-pon-im-uhss /a'pI)m1‘na$/

EPOS electronic point of saleee-poss /'i:pns/

epoxy polymerep-ok-si /e'poksi/

epsilon letter of the Greek alphabetep-sil-on ;"£ps11on/Sometimes also ep-sy-Ion.

Epstein, Brian English manager of theBeatlesep—styn /'apst1un/

Epstein, Jacob American-horn sculptorep-styn /'8pSlIAII'l/

equatorial at or near the equatorek-wuh-taw-ri-uhl /,ekwa'to:ria1/

equerry royal servantuh-kwerr-i /o'kwcri/Sometimes also ek-iviitilli-iri.

equine relating to horsesek-wyn /'El(WAIl'l/

equinox time when day and night are ofequal lengthek~win»0ks /'ekw1nuks/The eqm'- element can also be pronouncedeek-wi, here and in some other words suchas equilibrium, equilateral, etc.

equitable fair and impartialek-wi-tuh-buhl /'ekwrtabal/

equivocate use ambiguous languageuh-kwiv-uh-kayt /a'kw1vake1t/

era period of historyeer-uh /'1ara/AM is sometimes also err-uh.

Erasmus, Desiderius Dutch humanistand scholardess-id-air-i-uuss err-ass-muuss/dss1,de:rios t-:‘rasmos/A more anglicized pronunciation,uh-raz-rnuhss, is also sometimes heard.

Erato Greek mythological charactererr-uh-toh /'eratau/

Eratosthenes Greek schoiar andastronomererr-uh-toss-thuh-neez /,era'tnsBani:z/

epode I Ekel, Ferenc

Erbil (also Arbil, Irbil) town, Iraqair-heel /e:(r)'bi:1/

erbium chemical elementur-bi-uhm /'a:(r)biam/

Erdofian, Recep Tayyip Turkish primeministerrej-ep ty-ip air-doh-uhn /,rr-:d3sp ,tAnp's:(r)daoan/

ere beforeair /s:(r)/

Erebus Greek goderr-uh-buhss /'arabas/

Erelmt, Saeb Palestinian politiciansah—eb err-uh-kaht /,su:ab era'ka:tl

eremite Christian recluseerr—uh-myt /'aramA1t/

Erevan see YerevanErfuri; city, Germany

air—foort /'s:(r)foa(r)t/ergometer apparatus which measures

energy expendedur—g0m-uh-tuhr /a:(r)‘gomata(r)/

ergot cereal diseaseur-got /'a:(r)gnt/

erhu (also erh hu) Chinese two-stringedmusical instrumentur-khoo /,a:(r)'xu:/

Ericsson Swedish mobiletelecommunications companyerr-ik-suhn /'er1ksan/, ['e:rikson]0 Established anglicization.

Eridanus constellationerr-id—uh-nuhss /e'r1denas/

Erie, Lake lake, US—Canada bordereer-i /'1ari/

Eriksson, Sven-Goran Swedishfootball managersven yoer-an ay-rik-son /sven ,joe:ran'e1rIksnn/

Erin literary name for Irelanderr-in /'er1n/

Erinyes Greek mythological characterserr-in-i-eez /e'r1nii:z/

Eriskay island, Scotlanderr-isk-ay /'errskei/

Erith district of Londoneer-ith ,"1er16/

Eritrea autonomous state, east Africaerr-it-ray-uh /,z-:r1'tre1a/

Ekel, Ferenc Hungarian composerferr-ents air-kel /,fsrsnts ‘exksll

Erlangen l espouse

Erlangen town, Germanyair-lang-uhn /‘a:(r)lanan/

ermine stoatur-min /'a:(r)m1n/

Ernst, Max German artistmaks airnst /,maks '.=;:(r)nst,l

Eros Greek godeer-oss /'1arns/

Eroica symphony by Beethovenerr-oh-ik-uh /e'reo1ke,'

err be mistakenur /e:(r)/

errant strayingerr-uhnt Parent]

ersatz substituteair-zats /e:(r)'zats/Sometimes also ur-Zats.

Erse Gaelic languageurss /e:(r)s/

Erté Russian-born French fashiondesignerair-tay /e:(r)'te1/

erudite showing great knowledgeerr-uud-yt /'srod1i1t/

eruv pi. eruvim area. which symbolicallyextends the private domain of Jewishhouseholdserr-uuv, pl. err-uuv—im /'srov/, pl/-v1m/

erythema reddening of the skinerr-ith-ee-muh /,er1'6i:ma/

Welsh name for Snowdoniaerr-urr-i /8'I'Al‘l/

Erzgebirge mountain range,Germany—Czech Republic borderairts-guh-beer-guh/'s:(r)tsge,b1a(r)ga/

Erzurum city, Turkeyair-zuu-ruum /'e:(r)zorom/

Esau biblical characteree-saw /'i:so:/

Esbjerg port, Denmarkess-byair /'esbjs:(r)/

escalope thin slice of meatesk-al-uhp /e‘ska1ap/Sometimes also esk-uh-lop.

escargot edible snailesk-ar-goh /s'sku:(r)geo/, French[eskargo]

escarole salad leaf

122

esk-uh-rohl /'sskaraol/eschatology theological term

esk-uh-tol-uh-ji /,8sko'tnlad3i/Escaut see Scheldtescheat reversion of property on the

owner’s deathess-cheet /es'tIi:t,!

eschew deliberately avoidess-choo /es't_1‘u:/

Escofiier, Georges-Auguste Frenchchefzhorzh oh-guest esk-of-yay /,3o:(r)3ao,gyst askn'fje1/

escolar large fishe5k—uh—lar /,aska‘1u:(r)/

Escorial monastery and palace in Spainesk-orr-i-al /_ssknri'al/

escritoire small writing deskesk-ri-twar /_sskri'two:(r)/

escrow US legal termesk-roh /'eskrao/

escutcheon shieldesk-utch-uhn /e'skAtj‘en/

Esfahan (also Isfahan) city, Iraness-fuh-hahn /,asfa'hu:n/

Esher town, Englandee-shuhr /'i:j‘a(r)/

Eskisehir city, Turkeyesk-ish-uh-heer ,/ss'k1]‘ah1o(r)/

esoteric likely to be understood by only asmall number of peopleee-suh-terr-ik /,i:sa'tar1k,'Sometimes also ess-uh-terr-ik.

espada fishesp-ah-duh /e'spo:da/

espadrille canvas shoeesp-uh-dril fsspedrilj

espalier tree trained to grow againsta walle$p—al—yuhr /e'spa1je(r)/Gornetimes also esp-al—yay.

Esperanto artificial languageesp-uh—ran-toh /,sspa'rantau/

Espirito Santo state, Brazilesp—ee—rit—oo san-too /e,spi:r1tu:'santu:/

esplanade open areaesp-luh-nayd /ssp1e'ne1d/§er¢¥ies§ sis? ESP-'"“-"W

espouse Support a causeesp-owz /s'spaoz/

123

espressivo musical termesp-ress-ee-voh /,espre'si:veo/

espresso coffeeesp-ress-oh /s'sprssao/Sometimes erroneously pronouncedeks-press-oh.

esprit de corps mutual loyaltyesp-ree duh kor /e,spri: do 'k:>:(r)/

Esquiline one of the seven hills of Romeesk-wil-yn /‘sskw1l1\m/

Esquipulas town, Guatemalaesk-ee-poo-lass /,eski:'pu:1as/

esquire title appended to a man’s nameesk-wy-uhr ls'skwA1a(r)/

Essen city, Germanyess-uhn /'ssan/

Essequibo river, Guyanaess-uh-kee-boh /,esa‘ki:bau/

Estadio da Luz football stadium,Lisbonish-taj-00 duh loosh /1_[,tad3u: do'1u:I/

Estadio Santiago Bernabeu footballstadium, Madridest—ath-yoh sant-yag-ohbair-nab-ay-oo /estaojau san'tjagaubs:(r)na'be1u:/

estancia cattle ranchest-anss-i-uh /s'stansia/

Estefan, Gloria Cuban singerglaw-ri-uh est-ef—an /,glo:ria e'stefan/

Estée Lauder American cosmeticscompanyest-ay law-duhr /,este1 'lo:da(r)/

Esterhaizy, Pal Hungarian composerpahl est-uhr-hah-zi /,pa:1'asta(r)hu:zi/

Estevez, Emilio American actoruh-meel-i-oh est-uh-vez /a,mi:1ieu'estavsz/

Estima potato varietyest-ee-muh /s'sti:ma/

Estonia countryest-Oh-ni-uh /s'staonie/Eistiablisliedlanglicization. The Estonianname is Eesti, pronounced ay-sti ['e:sti].

Estoril town, Portugalish-tuh-reel /1Ita'ri:1/Sometimes anglicized to est-uh-ril.

Estremadura region, Portugalish-truh-muh-doo-ruh

espressivo I étoulfée

/,r_\‘trama'du:ra/Esztergom town, Hungary

est-uhr-gom /'esta(r)gnm/ETA Estimated Time ofArrival

ee-tee-ay /,i:ti:'e1/ETA Basque separatist movementet-uh /‘eta,’

eta letter of the Greek alphabetee-tuh /'i:ta/

étagere furnitureet-uh-zhair /eta'5e:(r)/

et al. ‘and others’ (Latin)et al /at ‘all

et cebera (also etcetera) ‘and so on’(Latin)et-set-uh-ruh /et'setara/Sometimes erroneously pronouncedek-set-uh-ruh. W p__ W

eth (also edh) Old English lettereth /85/

ethane flammable gasee-thayn /'i:9e1n/§ornetimes also eth-ayn.

ethanol ethyl alcoholeth-uh-nol /'e6ann1/

Ethelretl English kingeth-uhl-red /'s6alred/

ether flammable liquidee-thu hr /'i:0a(r)/

ethereal unworldlyuh-theer—i-uhl /e'61arial/

Ethiopia countryee-thi-oh-pi-uh /,i:6i'aopia/

ethology science of animal behaviouree-thol-uh-ji /i:'0nlad3i/

ethos spirit of a culture, era, orcommunitye hoss /'i'9ns/e-t .AM is sometimes also eth~0SS.

ethyl derived from ethaneee-thyl ,"i:B1u1/Sometimes also eth-il.

Etna, Mount volcano, Italyet-nuh /'stna/

Eton College boys’ public school,Englandee-tuhn /'i:tan/

étouffée spicy Cajun steway-too-fay /,e1tu:'fe1/

Etruscan I Ewoia

Etruscan relating to an ancient Italianstateuh—trusk-uhn /a'trAskanf

etude short musical compositionay-tyood /el'tju:d/, French [etyd]

etymology study of the origin ofwordset-im-0|-uh-ji /,sti'mo1ad3i/

Euboea island, Greeceyoo-bee-uh /ju:'bi:e/Established anglicization. The Greek nameis Evvoia, pronounced ev-yuh.

Eucharist Christian sacramentyoo—kuh-rist /‘ju:karist/

euchre card gameyoo-kuhr /'ju:ka(r)/

Euclid Greek mathematicianyoo-klid /'ju:k11d/

Euclidean system of geometryyoo-klid-i-uhn /ju:'k1idian/

Eugene Onegin opera by Tchaikovskyyoo-jeen on-yay-gin /,ju:d3i:nun'jeigin/~ Established anglicization.

eugenics selective breedingyoo-jen-iks /ju:'d3en1ks/

Eugenie wife of Napoleon IIIyoo-zhay-ni /ju:'3emi/, French [o3eni]~ Established anglicization.

Eugenie, Princess member of the UKroyal familyyoo-zhuh-ni /'ju:3eni/

eukaryote organismyoo-karr-i-oht /ju:'kariaut/

Euler, Leonhard Swiss mathematicianlay-on~hart oy-luhr /,1e1nnhu:(r)t'o11e(r)/

eulogy praiseyoo-luh-ji /'ju:lad3i/

Eumenides Greek mythologicalcharactersyoo-men-id-eez /ju:'men1di;z/

euphonious pleasing to the earyoo-foh-ni-uhss /ju:'faunias/

euphorbia plantyoo-for-bi-uh lju:'f0:(r)bie/

Euphrates river, Iraqyoo-fray-teez /ju:'fre1ti:z/0 Established anglicization.

Eurasia Europe and Asia combinedyoor-ay-zhuh /_jua're13a/

Euratom European Atomic Energy

124-

Communityyoor-at-uhm /joa'ratam/

eureka cry ofjoyyour-ee-kuh /joo'ri:ka/

Euridioe opera by Periay-oor-id-ee-chay /eruar1'di:tj‘er/This Italian pronunciation of Eurydice isalso appropriate for several other operas.

Euripides Greek dramatistyoor-ip-id-eez /,joa'r1p1di:z/

euro currency unityoor-oh /'juoroo/' Established anglicization.

europium chemical elementyoor—0h-pi-uhm /joar'aopiam/

Europoort port, Netherlandsyoor-oh-port /'joeraupo:(r)t/,['o:ro:po:rt]v Established anglicization.

Eurydice Greek mythological characteryoor-id-iss-i /joa'r1d1si/

Eurynomc Greek mythological characteryoor-in-uh—mi /jua'r1nemi/

Eusebius Syrian bishopyoo-see-bi-uhss fju:'si:bias/

Eustachian tube passage leading fromthe pharynx to the earyoo-stay-shuhn ,'ju:'ste1Ian/

Euterpe Greek mythological characteryoo-tur-pi /ju:'ta:(r)pi/

evanesce pass out of sightev-uh-ness /sve'nes/Sometimes also ee-vuh-ness.

Evelyn, John English diaristeev-Iin /'i:v11n/The British boy’s or girl’s name Evelyn isvariously pronounced eev-lin and ev-uh-lin,depending on individual preference.

Everest, Mount mountain, Himalayasev-uh-ruhst /'svarest/Curiouslyikplorer Sir George Everest (afterwhom the mountain was named)pronounced his name eev-uh-rest.

Evian trademark mineral waterev-yah(ng) /'evjo/

evolution biological processev—uh—lO0—5huhn /,sva'1u:_l'an/Commonly also ee-vu h-loo-shuhn.

Evvoia see Euboea

125

Ewe west African ethnic group andlanguageay-way / 'e1we1/

ewe female sheepV00 /1111/

Ewelme town, Englandyoo-elm /'ju:slm/

ewer jugyoo-uhr /'ju:o(r)/

exalt speak highly ofeg-zawlt /sg'zo:lt/Commonly also eg~zolt. The prefix e.:c- isvariously pronounced eks or egz.

Ewe I Ezra

exogamy marrying outside a communityek-sog-uh-mi /ek'sogomi/

expatiate speak in detail aboutek-spay-shi-ayt /sk‘spe1jie1t/

expiate make reparation forek-spi-ayt /'skspie1t/

expletive swear wordeks—plee-tiv /ek'spli:t1v/AM is eks-pluh-tiv.

exposé media revelationek-spoh-zay /ek'speuze1/AM is ek-spoh-zay.

Excalibur legendary swordek-skal-ib-uh r /eks'kal1be(r)/

ex cathedra with full authorityeks kuh—thee—druh /,sks ka'Bi:dro/

excelsior hotel nameek-sel—si—or /ek'se1sio:(r)/

exchequer treasuryeks-chek-uhr /aks'tj‘ske(r)/

excoriate scarek-skaw-ri-ayt /sk'sko:rie1t/

exeat permission for temporary absenceeks-i-at /'sksiat/’

exegesis , pl. exegeses criticalinterpretation of a textek-sij-ee-siss, pl. ek-sij-ee-seez/,eks1'd3i:s1s/, pl. /-si:z/

exequy funeral ritesek-Suh—kWi /'eksekWi/

Exeter city, Englandek-suh-tuhr /'eksota(r)/

exeunt stage directionek-Si—unt /'8kSlAl’ll,/

ex gratia done as a favour and not undercompulsioneks gray-shuh /,eks 'grer_fe/

exigency urgent needek—sij-uhn-si /‘sksrd3ansi/Sometimes also ek-sij-uhn-si.

ex libris bookplate inscriptioneks leeb-riss /eks '1i:br1s/

ex nihilo out ofnothingeks ny-hil-oh /eks 'IlAIl'l1l8U/

Exocet trademark missileek-suh—set /'sksosat/

exodus mass departureek-suh-duhss /'eksedas/

expurgate bowdlerizeek-spur-gayt /'ekspa:(r)geIt/

exquisite beautiful and delicateeks-kwiz-it /ek'skw1z1t/‘Sometimes also eks-kwuh-zit.

extant still in existenceek-stant /ak'stant/Sometimes also ek-stuhnt.

extol praiseek~stohl /ek'stou1/

extrados architectural termeks-tray-doss /ak'strerdus/

extrasystole arrhythmic heartbeateks-truh—sist-uh-Ii /,akstre's1steli/

Extremadura region, Spaineks-tray-muh-door-uh/,ekstre1mo'doara,'

Exuma islands, Bahamasek—s00—muh /sk'su:ma/

ex-voto offeringeks voh-toh /,eks 'vaoteo/

Exxon Mobil company nameek-son moh-bil /,ekson'meubr1/

eyot island in a river; also called aitay-uht /'e1at/

eyre medieval courtair /e:(r)/

eyrie eagles nesteer-i /‘tori,’Sometimes also y-ri or air—i.

Ezekiel Hebrew prophetuh-zee-ki-uhl /e'zi:kia1/

Ezra Hebrew prophetez-ruh /'szre/

126

Ffaba broad bean; also called fava

fah-buh /'fa:ba/Faber 3: Faber book publishersfay-buhr /,fe1be(r)/

Faber, Johann German composeryoh-han fah-buhr /,jauhan 'fn:ba(r)/

Faberge, Carl Russian goldsmith andjewellerkarl fab-uhr-zhay /_ka:(r)1'faba(r)3e1/

Fabian Society socialist organizationfay-bi-uhn /'fe1bian/

Fabius Roman general and statesmanfay-bi-uhss /'fe1bias/

Fabre, Jean Henri Frenchentomologistzhah(ng) ah(ng)-ree fab-ruh /36 fi_ri:'fabra/

Fabricius, David German astronomerdah-vit fab-reet-si-uuss /,da:v1tfab'ri:tsius/

fabulate relate invented storiesfab-yuul-ayt /'fabjuleIt/

facile ignoring the true complexities ofan issuefass—y| /'fasA11,I

“SsaF!¥Ié§=-*'-facsimile exact copyfak-sim-il-i /fak's1m1ii/'

factotum employee who does allkinds ofworkfak-toh~tuhm /fak'teotam/

factual concerned with factsfak-choo-uhl /'faktj'ual/The pronunciation fak-tyoo-uhl is lesscommon now.

facula pl. faculae bright region on thesurface of the Sunfak-yuul-uh, pl. fak-yuul-ee /'fakjula/,pl. /~li:/

fado type of Portuguese musicfad-oo /'fadu:/

Faenza town, Italyfah-ent-suh /t'a:'sntsa/

Faeroe Islands see Faroe Islands

Fahrenheit scale of temperaturefarr-uhn-hyt ,"faranhA1t/Less commonly also far-uhn-hyt.

faience glazed ceramic warefy—0(ng)5S /fA1'i')s/, French [fajc'i:s]

faille light-woven fabricfayl lfeill

failte ‘welcome’ (Irish Gaelic)fawi-chuh /‘f:J:1tj'a/

Faisal name of two kings of Iraqfy-suhl j'f1usol/

Faisalabad city, Pakistanfy—suh-iuh-bad /'fAlS8l8,lJ&d/

fait accompii thing that has alreadyhappenedfayt uh-kOm-pli /‘felt a'knmp1i/, French/fat ak5pli/

Faimbad city, Indiafy—zuh—bad ffmzabadl

fajitas Mexican dishfuh-hee-tuhz /fa'hi:taz/, Spanish[fa'xitas]

fakir (also faquir) Muslim religiousasceticfay-keer /'feik1a(r)/9+>mm0"1i #!?é*fl@F5*=é5<rlr l:j__r

Falabella horse ofa miniature breedfal—uh-bel—uh ,",fala‘bsla/

falafel (also felafel) Middle Eastern dishfuh-Iaf-uhl /fa'lafal/

Falange Spanish Fascist movementfal-an-khay /fa'1anxe1/A more anglicized pronunciation, fuh-ianj,is also common.

falangist member of the Falange partyfuh-Ian-jist /fa'1and31st/

falchion swordfawl-chuhn /'f:>:1tIan/

falciparum most severe form of malariafal-sip-uh-ruhm /fal's1param/

falcon bird of preyfawl-kuhn /'f:>:lkan/

127

Commonly also fol-kuhn and tal-kuhgn.

Falconer, Lord Scottish politicianfolk-uh-nuhr /'fnlkana(r)/

Falconio, Peter English backpackerwho disappeared in Australiafal-koh-ni-oh /fal'kouniau/

Faldo, Nick English golferfal-doh /'fa1dao/

Faliraki resort, Rhodesfal-i-rak-i /fa1i'raki/

Falkirk town, Scotlandfawl-kurk /'f:>:1ka:(r)k/Commonly alsp fol-i<gurk_.

Falkland Islands group of islands,South Atlanticfawl-kluhnd ,"fo:lkland/Commonly also folk-luhnd.

Falla, Manuel de Spanish composerman-wel day fal-yuh /'rnan_wa1derTaljaf

Fallopian tube part of the femalereproductive systemfuh-loh-pi-uhn /fa'1aopian/

Falluja, al- city, Iraquhl fuh-loo-juh /al fe'lu:cl3e/

Falmouth port, Englandfal-muhth /'fa1ma0/

Falstaflian relating to theShakespearean character Falstafffawl-stah-fi-uhn /fa:l'stu:fian/Commonly also fol-istiaisi-uhii. 7 P

Falster island, Denmarkfa|—stuhr /'falsta(r),/

Faltskog, Agnetha Swedish singerang-nay-tuh felt—sk00g /a13_ne1ta'fz:ltsku:9/

Falun Gong Chinese meditation regimefah-luun guung /,fo:lon ‘gun!

famulus pl. famuli assistant or servantfam-yuul-uhss, p1.fam-yuul-y/Tamjulas/, pl. HA1!

Fanakalo (also Fanagalo) South Africanlingua francafun-uh-kuh-loh /,f1\naka'lau/

fandango Spanish dancefan-dang-goh /fan'da1]gau/

Fangio, Juan Manuel Argentinemotor-racing driverkhwan man-wel fan-ji-oh /xwanman_we1 'fand3iao/

Falconer, Lord | Faroe Islands

fantasia musical compositionfan-tay-zi-uh /fan'te1zia/Commonly also fan-tuh-zee-uh.

Fante (also Fanti) Ghanaian peoplefan-ti /'fanti,'

faquir see fakirfarad SI unit ofelectrical capacitance

farr-ad /'farad/faraday unit of electric charge

farr-u h-day /'farede1/Faramir character from The Lord ofthe

Ringsfarr-uh-meer /,faram1a(r)/

farandole Provencal dancefarr-uhn-dohl /,faren‘dau1/

farang Thai term for a Europeanfarr-ang /'fa'raI]/

FARC Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionariasde Colombia (Revolutionary ArmedForces of Colombia)fark /fo:(r)k/

fardel bundle or collectionfar-duhl /'fc1:(r)da1/

farfalle type ofpastafar-fal-ay /fu:(r)'fa1e1/

Faridabad city, northern Indiafuh-ree-duh-bad [fa'ri:dabad/

farina type offlourfuh-ree-nuh /fa'ri:na/Sometimes also fuh—ry-nuh.

Farkas, Ferenc Hungarian composerferr-ents for-kosh /fsrsnts 'f:>:(r)koj'/

Farnborough town, Englandfarn-buh-ruh /'fo:(r)nbara/

Farne Islands group of islands, Englandfarn /fc1:(r)n/

Farnese, Alessandro Italian generaland statesmanal-ess-an-droh far-nay-say/alasandrao fo:(r)'ne1se1/

Faro port, Portugalfarr-oo / 'faru:/

faro card gamefair-oh /"fazraof

Faro island, Swedenfaw-roe /'fa:ro:/

Faroe Islands (also Faeroe Islands)group of islands, North Atlanticfair-oh /'fs:rao/

Faroese | Faustus, Dr

Faroese (also Faeroese) relating to theFaroe Islandsfair-oh-eez /,fe:rau'i:z/

farouche sullen or shy in companyfuh-roosh /fa'ru:j/

Farouk king of Egyptfuh—rO0k /fa'ru:k/

Farquhar islands, Seychellesfar-kuhr /'fo:(r)ka(r)/

Farquhar, David New Zealandcomposerfark-war /'fo:(r)kwo:(r)/

Farquhar, George Irish dramatistfar-kuhr /‘fc1:(r)ka(r)/

farrago confused mixturefuh-rah-goh /fa'ro:geo/‘

Farrell, Colin Irish actorfarr-uhl /'faral/

farrier smith who shoes horsesfarr-i-uhr ,"faria(r)/

farruca type of flamenco dancefuh-r00—kuh /fa'ru:ka,'

Farsi ofiicial language of Iranfar-si /'fo:(r)si/

fartlek system ofathletic trainingfart-lek /'fc1:(r)tlsk/

fasces Roman emblem of powerfass-eez /'fasi:z/

fascia sheath of tissue enclosing a musclefash-uh /'faIa/

fascicle separately published instalmentofa bookfass-ik-uhl /'fas1ka1/

faseiitis inflammation of the fasciafa5h—i—y—tiSs /,faI1'A1t1s,'

fascioliasis liver fluke infectionfass-i—uh-Iy-uh-siss /_fasia'lA1as|s/

Fashanu, John English footballerfash-uh-noo /'faj'enu:/

fashionista designer ofhaute couturefash-uh-neest-uh /_faIa'ni:sta/

Faslane bay, Scotlandfaz-layn /faz'le1n/

Fassbinder, Rainer Werner Germanfilm directorry-nuhr vair-nuhr fass-bind-uhr/,rA1na(r) ,vs:(r)ne(r) 'fasbmda(r)/

Fastnet rocky islet, Republic of Irelandfahst-net /'fu:stnst/

Fatah, al- Palestinian political andmilitary organization

128

uhl fut-uh /a1‘fAta/Fata Morgana mirage

fah—tuh mor-gah-nuh /_fu:tam:>:(r)'go:na/

Fatiha (also Fatihah) short first sura ofthe Koranfah—ti-uh ,"fo:tia/

Fatima youngest daughter of the prophetMuhammadfat—im-uh /'fat1ma/

Fatima village, Portugalfat—im-uh /'fat1ma/

Fatilnid descended from Fatimafat-im—id /'f&lIIl'lI(lf

fatoush Middle Eastern dishfat—o05h /fa'tu:_[ ,1

famous silly and pointlessfat—yoo-uhss l'fatjuas/

fatwa legal Islamic pronouncementfat—wah /'fatwo:,/

faubourg suburb, especially one in Parisfoh-boor /'fauboa(r)/

fauces opening at the back of the mouthleading to the pharynxfaw-Seez /‘f:>:si:z/

faucet tapfaw-suht /'f0:sat/

faujdar (also faujidar) Indian policeoflicerfaw-jid-ar /'fo:d3ido:(r)/

Faulkner, William American novelistfawk-nuhr /'fo:kna(r)/

Faulks, Sebastian English writerfohks ffaoksf

faun Roman godfawn /fo:n/

fauna pl. faunae animals of a regionfaw-nuh, pl. faw-nee /‘fame/, pl. /-ui:/~ Standard -s plural is also possible.

Fauntleroy excessively well-manneredyoung boyfont-luh-roy /'font1ar:J1,/

Faunus Roman mythological godfaw-nuhss /'fo:nas/

Fauré, Gabriel French composer andorganistgab-ri-el faw-ray /gabri,e1fo:'re1/

Faust German astronomer andnecromancerfowst lfaostl

Faustus, Dr see Doctor Faustus

129

faute de mieux ‘for want ofbetter’(French)foht duh myoe /,faut do 'mj/

Fauve group of painters who favouredfauvismfohv lfaovl

fauvism style of paintingfoh-viz-uhm /'feovizem/

faux pas embarrassing or tactless actfoh pah /fau 'pu:/

fava broad bean; also called fabafah-vuh /'fo:va/

favela Brazilian shack or shanty townfav-el-uh /fa'vela/

favrile glass coloured iridescent glassfuh-vreel /fa'vri:1/

Fawcett, Farrah American actressfarr—uh faw-suht /fare 'fa:sat/

Fawkes, Guy English conspiratorfawks /fo:ks/

Fayed, Emad ‘Dodi’ son of MohamedAl Fayedee-mad doh-di fy-uhd /_i:mad ,deudi'fAI8(l/

Fayed, Mohamed Al Egyptianchairman of Harrodsmuh-ham-uhd uhl fy—uhd /ma,hamadal 'fAI8d/

fazenda Portuguese estate or large farmfuh-zen-duh /fa'zsndaf

fazendeiro person who owns a fazendafaz-en-day-roo /,fazan'de1ru:/

Featherstonehaugh British familyHHJIIBfeth-uhr-stuhn-haw, fan-shaw,fest-uhn-haw, fee-suhn-hay,feebstuhn-haw /'fsoa(r)stanho:/,/'fan_|‘:>:/, /Tsstenho:/, /'fi:sanhe1/,/'f1a(r)stanh0:,'

febrifuge medicine used to reduce feverfeb-rif—yo0j /'fsbr1fju:d3/

February monthfeb-roo-uh-ri /‘februari/Commonly also feb-yoo-uh-ri, andsometimes also feb-ruu-ri or feb-yuu-ri.

Fechner, Gustav German physicist andpsychologistguust-ahf fekh-nuhr /_gusto:f'fscna(r)/

fedayeen (also fidayeen) Arab guerrillasfed-uh-yeen /_f1~:da'ji:n/

faute de mieux | Fenian

Federer, Roger Swiss tennis playerroj-uhr fed-uh-ruhr /,rod5a(r)'fedara(r)/, German ['fe:do1‘B]This is his own anglicized pronunciation.

Federline, Kevin American dancerfed—uhr-lyn /'fsda(r)lA1n/

fedora felt hatfuh-daw-ruh /fa‘d:):ra/

feijoada Brazilian or Portuguese dishfay-zhwad-uh /fe1'3wada,'

feis pl. feiseanna Irish or Scottish musicfestivalfesh, pl. fesh-uh-nuh /fsf/, pl. /'f£Iane/

felafel see falafelfelid mammal of the cat familyfee-lid /'fi:11d/

felix culpa ‘fortunate fault’ (Latin)fay-liks kuu|—puh /,feil1ks 'ku1pa/v See tam: panel.

Felixstowe port, Englandfee—lik-stoh /'fi:11ksteu/

fellah pl. fellahin Egyptian peasantfel-uh, pl. fel-uh-heen ,"fsla/, pl./fela'hi:n/

Fellini, Federico Italian film directorfed-uh-ree-koh fel-ee-ni /fade,ri:kaofa'li:ni/

felo de se suicidefee-loh dee see /,fi;lau di: 'si:/

felucca small boatfel-uk-uh /f8'lAl(8/

femme fatale seductive womanfam fuh-tahl /,fam fa'ta:l/

femur pl. femora bone of the thighfee—muhr, pl. fem-uh-ruh /'fi:me(r)/,pl. /'fsmara/~ Standard -s plural is also possible.

fenestella niche in a churchfen-uh-stel-uh /,fene'stsla/

fenestra pl. fenestrae hole or openingfuh-nest-ruh, pl. fuh-nest-ree/fa'nestra/, pl. /-tri:/

feng sllui Chinese system of laws inrelation to the flow of energyfung shway /,fA13 'jwe1/A more anglicized pronunciation, fengshwee, is also heard.

Fenian member of the Irish RepublicanBrotherhoodfee-ni-uhn /'fi:nian/

fennec | fez

fennec small foxfen-ek /‘fem-:k,'

Fennoscandia land mass in NW Europefen-oh~skan-di-uh /_fsnau'skandia/

fenugreek plantfen-yoo-greek ,"fcnju:gri:k/

feral in a wild stateferr-u hl /'fsral/

fer de lance viperfair duh lahnss /,fs:(r) do 'lu:ns/

feretory shrine containing the relicsof a saintferr-uh-tuh-ri /'fsratari/

Fergana city, Uzbekistanfuhr-gah-nuh /fe(r)'gu:na/This is the Uzbek pronunciation. ARussified pronunciation, fyuhr-guh-nah, isalsoheard.

feria Spanish fairferr-i-uh /'faria,!

ferial denoting an ordinary weekdayfeer-i-uhl /'f|arial/

Ferlinghetti, Lawrence Americanpoet and publisherfur-ling-get-i /_fe:(r)l1n'gati/

Fermanagh county, Northern Irelandfuhr-man-uh /fa(r)'mana/

Fermat, Pierre de Frenchmathematicianpyair duh fair-mah /,pja:(r) dafa:(r)'mu:/

fermata musical termfur—mah-tuh /fa:(r)'mu:ta/

Fermi, Enrico Italian-born Americanatomic physicisten-ree-koh fur-mi /sn,ri:kau ‘fa:(r)mi/

fermi unit of lengthfur-mi /'fa:(r)mi,l

fermium chemical elementfur-mi-uhm /'fa:(r)miam/

ferox troutferr-oks /'fsrnks/

Ferranti, Sebastian English electricalengineerfuh-ran-ti /fa'ranti/

Ferrara city and province, Italyferr-ar-uh /fa‘ro:ra/

Ferrari, Enzo Italian car designer andmanufacturerent-soh ferr-ar-i /,sntsao fe'ru:ri/The make ofcar is fuh-rar-i.

130

Ferreira, Wayne South African tennisplayerfuh-rair-uh /fa'ra:ra/

Ferrel‘, Ibrahim Cuban singereeb-rah-eem ferr—air /i:bru:,i:mf1-:'re:(r)/

Ferrero, Juan Carlos Spanish tennisplayerkhwan kar-loss ferr-air-oh /xwan_ko:(r)lns fe'rs:ran/

Ferrier, Kathleen English contraltoferr-i-uhr /'f£ria(r)/

ferrous containing ironferr-uhss /'fsras/

ferruginous containing rustferr-00-jin~uhss /fe'ru:d3Inas/

Fes see FezFessenden, Reginald Aubrey

Canadian—born American pioneer ofradio-telephonyfess-uhn-duhn /'fssandan/

festoon garland offlowersfest-oon /fa'stu:n/

feta (also fetta) Greek cheesefet-uh /‘fat:-M

fete public functionfayt /fe1t/

fetid (also foetid) smelling extremelyunpleasantfet-id /'fEtId/Commonly also fee-tid.

fetor a strong, foul smellfee-tuhr /'fi:te(r)/

fettuccine (also fettucini) type of pastafet-uu-chee-ni /,fz-:tu'tIi:ni/

Feuerbach, Ludwig Germanphilosopherloot-vikh foy—uhr-bakh /_lu:tv1c'fa|a(r)bax/

Feydeau, Georges French dramatistzhorzh fay-doh /_z:>:(r)3 ferdaul

Feyenoord Dutch football team andsuburb of Rotterdamfy-uhn-ort /'fAI6I‘l0I(l‘)t]'0 See ourcn panel.

Feynman, Richard Phillips Americanphysicistfyn-muhn /'fA1nman,'

Fez (also Fes) city, Moroccofez [fez]

fez Turkish hatfez /fsz/

131

fiance (also fiancée) person to whom oneis engaged to be marriedfi-on-say /fi'nnse1/Commonly also fl-ahn-say, and in AM alsofee-ahn-say. 7 ___

fianchetto chess movefyan-ket-oh /fjan‘kstau/

Fianna Fail Irish political partyfee-uh-nuh foyl /,fi:ana ‘foil/,Irish Gaelic [fliana 'fa:1*]v Established anglicization.

Fibonacci, Leonardo Italianmathematicianlay-oh-nar~doh fee-boh-nah-chi/1eiao,nu:(r)dao ,fi:bau'nn:tIi/

fibroma pl. fibromata benign fibroustumourfy-broh-muh, fy-broh-muh-tuh/f.u'braoma/, pl. /-matey’v Standard -s plural is also possible.

fibromyalgia rheumatic conditionfy-broh-my-al-ji-uh/,fA1braumAI'a1d3ia/

fibula pl. fibulae leg bonefib-yuul-uh, pl. fib~yuul-ee /'frbjola/,pl. /-1i:/I Standard -s plural is also possible.

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb Germanphilosopheryoh-han got-leep fikh-tuh /jaohan,gntli:p ‘frets!

ficus plantfy-kuhss /'f1nkas/Commonly also fee-kuhss; see LATIN panel.

fidayeen see fedayeenFIDE world chess federationfee-day /'fi:der/

Fiennes, Ralph English actorrayf fynz /,re1f 'fA1nz/

Fiennes, Ranulph English explorerran-uhlf fynz /,ranelf'fA1nz,'

FIFA Fédération Internationale deFootball Associationfee-fuh /'fi:fa/

Figaro character in Mozart's opera TheMarriage ofFigarofee-guh-roh /'fi:garao/

Fiji countryfee-jee /'fi:d3i:/

Fijian relating to Fijifee-jee-uhn /fi:'d3i:en/

fiancé Finucane, Patrick

filariasis tropical diseasefil-uh-ry~uh—siss /,f1la‘rA1as1s/

filet nlignon tender piece ofbeeffil-ay meen-yo(ng) /,f11e1 'rni:njfi/ WAM is fil-ay min-yawn.

Filipino relating to the Philippinesfil-ip-ee»noh /_f111'pi:nan/

film noir film genrefilm nwar /film 'nwc1:(r)/

filo (also phyllo) pastryfee-loh /'fi:1oo/

filovirus virusfee-loh-vy-ruhss /'fi:lao,v1nras/

filS used to distinguish a son from a fatherof the same namefeess /fi:s/

finale last part of an eventfin-ah—|i /f1'nt1:li/

finance management of moneyfy-nanss /'fA1nans/Less commonly also fy-nanss and fin-anss.

financial relating to financefy-nan-shuhl /fA1'nanj'al/Less commonly also fin-an-shuhl.

fin de siecle relating to the end of acenturyfa(ng) duh syek-luh /1?: do 'sjakla/

fine French brandyfeen /fi:n/

fine musical termfee-nay /'fl.II]8I}'

Fine Gael Irish political partyfin—uh gayl /_fma ‘gen/, Irish Gaelic[,f1in1e 'ge:1]

Finisterre, Cape promontory, Spainfin—ist—air /_fm1‘ste:(r)/

Finland countryfin-luhnd /'f1nland/Established anglicization. The Finnish nameis Suomi, pronounced 500-om-i.

Finn MacCool (also Finn MacCumhaill) Irish mythological characterfin muh-kool /,f1n ma'ku:l/

Finno-Ugrle group of languagesfin-oh-yoo-grik /,fmao'ju:gr1k/

fino sherryfee-noh /'fi:neo/

Finucane, Patrick Northern Irishlawyerfin-oo-kuhn /f1'nu:kan/

Fiorentina | Florence

Fiorentina Italian football clubfyorr-en-tee-nuh /ijnren'ti:no/

fioritura pl_ fioriture musical termfi-aw-ri-toor-uh, pl. fi-aw-ri-toor-ay/fi_0:ri'tuara/, pl. /-reI/

fiqh philosophy of Islamic lawfeek /fi:k,I

Firenze see Florencefirn crystalline or granular snow

feern /‘flan,’fifni Indian dish

feer-ni /'f1e(r)ni/Fischer-Dieskau, Dietrich German

baritonedeet-rikh fish-uhr dee-skow /_di:tr1c,frj‘a(r) 'di:skao/

Fischer, Joschka German politicianyosh-kuh fish-uhr /jnfka 'frj‘a(r)/

Fish I-Ioek suburb of Cape Townfish huuk /'f1j' hok/

fistula pl. fistulae abnormal or surgicallymade passagefist-yuul-uh, pl. fist-yuul-ee /'f1stju1e/,pl. /-1i:/~ Standard -s plural is also possible.

FISU International University SportsFederationfee-zoo /'fi:zu:/

fitché heraldic termfitch-ay /'f1tj'e1/

Fiume see Rijekaljord deep inlet of the sea between high

cliffsfyord /fj:J2(r)d/, Norwegian [fjuzr]

flageolet French kidney beanflaj-uh-let /flad3a'let/, [t1a3o1r-:1Commonly also flaj-u h-lay. The samepronunciations are used for the musicalinstrument.

flagon container in which drink is servedflag-uhn /'flagan/

Flaine resort, France _flen /flen/

flambé covered with spirits and set alightbrieflyflom-bay /‘flnmbei/, French [flfibe]

Flamborough Head promontory,Englandflam-buh-ruh /'flambara/

Flamengo Brazilian football clubfluh-meng-goo /f1a'mangu:/

132

Flamsteed, John English astronomerflam-steed /'flamsti:d/

Flanagan, Fionmlla Irish actressfin-00-lu h ffrnuzlel

Flanders region, divided betweenBelgium, France, and the Netherlandsflahrl-duhrz /'flo:nda(r)z,IEstablished anglicization. The Flemishname is Vlaanderen, pronouncedvlahn-duh-ruh(n), and the French name isFlandre (or Flandres), both pronouncedflah(ng)-druh.

Flandrian geological stageflahn-dri-uhn Fflozndrianl

Flaubert, Gustave French novelistgue-stahv floh-bair /gy,stu:vflaU'be:(r)/

Flavian dynasty of Roman emperorsflay-vi-uhn /'fle1vian/

flavin pigmentflay—vin /'i1e1v1n/

fleadh Irish music festivalflab /flu:/

Fleming native of Flandersflem-ing /'flemm/

Flemish relating to Flandersflem-ish /'flsm1j‘/

Flensburg city, Germanyflenss~boork /'flensbua(r)k/

fleur-dc-lis lilyflur—duh-lee /,f1a:(r)da'1i:/

fleury decorated with fleurs-de-lis;also floryfloor-i /'flueri/

Flevoland province, Netherlandsflay-voh-lunt /'fle1vao1Ant,/

floccinaucinihilipilification action ofestimating something as worthlessflok-sin-aw-si-ni-hil-ip-il-if-ik-ay-shuhn /,fl'oks1,no:si,nihrli,p1l1f1'kerIen/

floccus pl. flocci tuft ofwoolflok-uhss, pl. flok-y /'flokas/, pl. /-kA1/Plural is sometimes also flok-sy.m7W7i I I

flokati Greek rugflok-ah-ti /fln'ka:ti,'

Florence city, Italyflorr-uhnss /'flnrens,'Established anglicization. The Italian nameis Firenze, pronounced firr-ent-say.

133

Florentine relating to Florenceflorr-uhn-tyn fflorantarnj

Flores island, Indonesiaflaw-ress /'fl0ZI'£S/

Flores island, the Azoresflorr-uhsh /‘floral!

Floriano city, Brazilflorr-i-an~o0 /flnri'anu:/

Florianopolis city, Brazilflorr-i-uh-nop-uul-iss /,flo:ria‘nnpolis/

floriferous producing many flowersflorr-if-uh-ruhss /flp‘rIfaras/

florilegium pl. florilegia collection ofliterary extractsflorr-il-ee-ji-uhm, pl. florr-il-ee-ji-uh/,flnrI'1i:d5iam/, pl. /-d3ia/O Standard -s plural is also possible.

florin former British coinflorr-in /'flnrm,I

Florio, John English lexicographerflaw-ri-oh /'fl:>:riaul

flory decorated with fleurs-de—lis; alsofleuryflaw-ri /'fl:):ri[

flotilla small fleet of shipsfluh-til-uh /fla't1la/

Flotow, Friedrich German composerfreed-rikh fl0h~toh /,fri:dric ‘flautaul

flotsam wreckage ofa shipflot-suhm /'flntsam/

floweret floretflow-uh-ruht /'flaoerat/

flugelhorn musical instrumentfloo-guhl-horn /‘flu:galha:(r)n/

Fluminense Brazilian football clubfloo-min-e(ng)-si /flu:m1'nési/

fluoresce shine or glow brightlyflaw-ress /fl:i:'res/Sometimes also floo-uh-ress.

fluoride chemical compoundfloor-yd /'fluerA1d/Cornmoiily alsoilaw-ryd.i WI

fluorine chemical elementfloor-een /'fluari:n/cSmmon1{=§1§o fiiw-rééinf B I

Fluoxetine trademark antidepressant drugfloo-olr-suh-teen /flu:'nksati:n/

Flushing port, Netherlandsflush-ing /'flA_[I1J/

Florentine | FolsomEstablished anglicization. The Dutch nameis Vlissingen, pronounced vliss-ing-uh(n).

fluvial relating to riversfloo-vi-uhl /'flu:vial/

fluvoxamine antidepressant drugfloo-voks-uh-meen /flu:'vnksemi:n/

F0, Dario Italian writerdar-i-oh foh /,du:riau ‘foul

Foca city, Turkeyfotch-uh ,f'fntj'a/

focaccia Italian breadfuh-katch-uh /fa'kat_‘|‘a/

Foch, Ferdinand French generalfair-dee-nahlng) fosh /fe:(r)di:_nfi‘fall

foetid see fetidFoggia town, Italyfoj-uh /'fod3a/

Fogh Rasmussen, Anders seeRasmussen, Anders Fogh

fogou Cornish earth-housefoh-goo /'faogu:/

fiihn (also foehn) hot windfoen /fe:n/

foie gras short for paté de foie grasfwah grah /_fwo: ‘grozj

Fokine, Michel Russian-born Americandancermee—shel fuh-keen /mi:,_l‘sl fa'ki:n/

Fokker, Anthony Dutch-bornAmerican aircrafi designerfol:-uhr /'fnka(r)/Thelsame pronunciation usedfor themake of aircraft.

folacin another term for folic acidfohl-uh-sin /'faules1n/

folic acid vitamin of the B complexfoh-lik /'feol1k/Sometimes also fol-ik.

folio individual leafof paper orparchmentfoh-Ii-oh /'fauliao/

Folketing Danish parliamentfol-kuh—ting /'fn1katn]/

Folkestone port, Englandfohk-stuhn /'faukstan/

follis Roman coinfol-iss /'fo1rs/

Folsom Palaeo-Indian culturefohl-suhm /'faolsam/

Fomalhaut I fortis

Fomalhaut starfoh-muhI—hawt /'feoma1_ho:t/

foment instigate or stir upfoh-ment /feo'mant/

fomites objects or materials which arelikely to carry infectionfOh—mit—eeZ /‘faum1ti:z,'

fondant thick paste made ofsugar andwaterfon-duhnt /'fnndant/

fondue French dishfon-doo /'fnndu:/, [fiidy]

fontanelle space between the bones ofthe skull in an infantfon-tuh-nel /_fonta'ns1,'

Fonteyn, Margot English ballet dancermar-goh fon-tayn /,mc1:(r)gaufon‘tem/

fontina Italian cheesefon-tee-nuh /fnn'ti:na/

foo yong Chinese dishfoo yong /_fu: 'jm]/

foramen pi. foramina opening orpassagefuh-ray-men, pl. fuh—ram-in-uh/fa're1man/, pl. /-'ram1na/

forastero cacao treeforr-uh-stair-oh /,fnra'sts:rau/

foray sudden attackforr-ay /'fnre1/

Forbes American magazine

134-

mee-losh for-muhn /,mi:1nI‘fo:(r)men/

Formentera island, Mediterraneanfor-men-tair-uh /,f:J:(r)men'ts:re/

Formica trademark plastic laminatefor-my-kuh /f3Z(I')'Il'lAIkB/

formicarium ant’s nestfor-mik-air-i-uhm /,f:):(r)mI'ka:riam/

formidable inspiring fear or respectf0r—mid-uh—buhl /'fo:(r)m1dabal/comaszigias tor-mid-uh-buhl.

Formosa former name for Taiwanfor-moh-suh /fo:(r)'maosa/

formula pl. formulae mathematical rulefor-myuul-uh, pl. for-myuul-ee/'fo:(r)mjule/, pl. /-1i:/I Standard -s plural is also possible.

formulary collection of set formsfor-myuul-uh-ri /'f0:mjoleri/

Fornax constellationfor-n a ks /'f01(I‘)I18kS/

Fornells resort, Menorcafor-nelss /fo:(r)'nals/

Forster, E. M. English novelistfor-stuhr /'fo:(r)sta(r),'

Forsyth, Frederick English novelistfor-syth ]fo:(r)'szu6/

Forsyth, Bruce English entertainerfor-syth /'fo:(r)sA1H/

f°TbZ /f91(1")bZ/ _ forsythia shrubThe British surname is variouslypronounced for-buhss and forbz,depending on individual preference.

fordo (also foredo) killfor-doo /fo:(r)'du:/

forehead part of the facefawr-hed /'fo:(r)hed/Less commonly also forr-id.

Forfar town, Scotlandfor—fuhr /'fo:(r)fa(r)/

forfeit lose or be deprivedfor-fit I'f:1:(r)fIt,l

forint currency unit, Hungaryforr-int /'formt/

formaldehyde gas, used in solution as apreservativefor-mal-duh-hyd /fo:(r)'maldahmd/

Forman, Milos Czech-born Americanfilm director

for-sy-thi-uh /fo:(r)'sA18ie/Fortaleza port, Brazil

for-tuh-lay-zuh /,fa:(r)ta'1e1ze/Fort-de-France capital of Martiniquefor-duh-frah(ng)ss /_fo:(r)de'fr&s/

forte thing at which someone excelsfor-tay /"fo:(r)te1/Sometimes also fort-i, but fort is lesscommon now.

forte musical termfor-tay /'fo:(r)te1/

fortepiano type ofpianofor-tay-pyan-oh /_fo:(r)teI'pjanau/

forthwith immediatelyforth-with /fo:0'w16/Sometimes also forth-with.

fortis strongly articulatedfor-tiss /'f:>:(r)trs/

135

fortissimo pl. fortissimi musical termfor-tiss—i-moh, pl. for-tiss-im-i/fo:(r)'tis1mao/, pl. /-mi/' Standard -s plural is also possible.

Fort Knox military reservation, USnoks lnoksl

Fort Lamy former name for N’Djamenafor lam—ee /,f:>:(r) 'lami:/

Fortuyn, Pim Dutch politicianpim for-toeyn ],pIm fClZ(I‘)'lZiBlI1/

Fona Italia Italian political partyfort-suh ee-tahl-yuh /,f:1:(r)tsai:'to:lja/

Fosbury, Richard Americanhigh-jumperfoz-buh-ri /'fozbari/

fossa pi. fossae hollowfoss-uh, pl. foss-ee /'fosa/, pl. /-si:/

Fosse, Bob American theatre and filmdirectorfoss-i /'fosi/

fosse narrow trench or excavation‘Foss /fos/

fossiliferous containing fossilsfoss-il-if-uh-ruhss /,fosi'11faras/

Foucault, Michel French philosophermee-shel foo-koh /mi:,Jel fu:'keu/

Foulah see Fulafolllard material of silk or silk and cottonfoo-lard /‘fu:lu:(r)d/

Foulkes, Imogen BBC journalistfohks ffaoksfThis British surname is variouslypronounced fohks and fowks, dependingon individufd preference.

Fourier, Joseph French mathematicianzhoh-zef foor-i-ay /3ao_z£f foari'e1/The same pronunciation is used for Fourieranalysis. W y y 7

fovea pl. foveae depression in the retinafoh-vi-uh, pl. foh-vi-ee /'fauvia/, pl./-vii:/

Fowles, John English novelistfowlz ifaolzl

Fox, Vivica American actressviv-ik-uh /'v1v1ka/

Fox Quesada, Vicente Mexicanpresidentvee-sen-tay foks kay-sah-thuh/Vl1|SEI'ltE1 lfoks ke1'sr1:oa/

foyer entrance hall

fortissimo | Frau

foy-ay /'fo1e1,lFra title given to an Italian monk or friarfrah /fro:/

fracas disturbance or quarrelfrak-ah /'fraku:/

Fragonard, Jean-Honoré Frenchpainterzhah(ng) on-orr-ay frag-on-ar /36nnn,re| frago'nu:(r)/

franc former currency unit, Francefrank /frank/, [fro]

France countryfrahnss /fruznsl, [frfis]' Established anglicization.

Franche-Comté region, Francefrah(ng)sh ko(ng)-tay /,frfiJ‘ k5'te1/

fiancium chemical elementfran-si-uhm /'fransiam/

Franck, César Belgian—born Frenchcomposersay-zar frah(ng)k /se1,zu:(r) 'frfik/

Franconia medieval duchy, Germanyfrank~oh-ni-uh /fran'kaonie/

francophone French-speakingfrank-oh-fohn /'fral]keofaun/

Frankenstein novel by Mary Shelleyfrank-uhn-styn /'frankanstA1n/

Frankfort city, USfrank-fuhrt /'fra13kfa(r)t/'

Frankfurt city, Germanyfrank-furt /'fra13kfa:(r)t/, German/'frar]kfort/Q Established anglicization.

Franklin, Aretha American singeruh-ree-thuh frank-Iin /a_ri:(-laTranklml

Franz Josefemperor ofAustriafrants yoh-Zef /_frants 'jaozsf/

frappé iced drinkfrap-ay /fra'pel/

Frascati region, Italy; also white winemade therefrask-ah-ti /fra'sku:ti/

frater refectory of a monasteryfray-tuhr /'fre1ta(r)/

Frattini, Franco Italian politicianfrank-oh frat-ee-ni /,fra|]kao fra'ti:ni/

Frau pl. Frauen German title for awomanfrow, pl. frow-uhn /frao/, pl. /'fraoan/

Fraulein | Frostrup, Mariella

Friiulein German title for a. youngwomanfroy-lyn /'fI‘0llAII1/

Fray Bentos port, Uruguayfray bent-oss /,fre1'bsntos/

Frazier, Joe American boxerfray-zi-uhr /'fre1zia(r)/This sumame can also be pronouncedfray-zhuhr in AM. W

Fredericton city, Canadafred~rik-tuhn /'fradr1ktan/

freesia plantflee-zhuh /'fri:3a/Commonly also free~zi-uh. I

Frege, Gottlob German philosophergot-lohp fray-guh /,gotlaop 'fre1ga/

Freiburg city, Germanyfry-boork /'frA1boa(r)k,'

Frelimo Mozambican political partyfrel-ee-moh /frs'li:mau/

Fremantle port, Australiafree-mant-uhl /'fri:mantal/

I-Yémont, John Charles Americanexplorerfree-mont /'fri:mont/

freon trademark aerosol propellantfree-on /'fri:nn/

Frescobaldi, Girolamo Italiancomposerjirr-ol-uh-moh fresk-oh-bal-di/d31,rnlamau fI'8Sk8U'baldi/

Fresno city, USfrez»noh /'freznao/

Freud, Lucian German-born Britishpainterloo-si-uhn froyd /_lu:sian ‘frolcll

Freud, Sigmund Austrianpsychotherapistzeek-muunt froyd /_zi:kmunt 'fr:nd,'

Frey Norse godfray lfrell

Freya Norse goddessfray-uh /'fre1a/

fricative type of speech soundfrik-uh-tiv /'fr1kat1v/

Friedan, Betty American feminist andwriterfree-duhn /'fri:den/

Friedman, Milton American economistfreed-muhn /'fri:dman/

136

Friedrich, Caspar David Germanpainterkasp-ar dah-vit freed-rikh /,kasp(1:(r),do:v1t 'fri:dr1c/

Friel, Anna English actressfreel /fri:l/

Friesian breed of cowfree-Zhuhrl /‘fri:3an/

Friesland province, Netherlandsfreez-luhnd /'fri:zl:-md/, ['fri:slunt]~ Established anglicization.

Frigga Norse mythological characterfrig-uh /'fr1ga/

frijoles beansfri-hoh-less /fri'haulss/

Frisia ancient region, Europefree-zhuh /'fri:3a/Commonly also friz-i-uh. _

frittata Italian dishfrit-ah-tuh /fr1'to:ta/

fritto misto Italian mixed dishfree-toh mist-oh /,fri:tao 'm1stao/

Friuli historic region, Europefri-00-Ii /fri'u:1i/

Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, Italyfri-oo-li ven-ets-i-uh joo-Ii-uh /fri,u:1ivanetsia 'd3u:1ie/

frizzante semi-sparklingfrit-san-tay /fr1t'sante1/

Fl'0biSl'l8l', Martin English explorerfroh-bish-uhr /'freub1]'a(r)/

Frodo character from The Lord oftheRingsfroh-doh /'fraudeo/

Friihliche Weihnachten ‘HappyChristmas’ (German)froe-likh-uh vy-nakh-tuhn /_fro:lico'w\maxtan/'

fromage frais soft cheesefrom-ahzh fray /frn,mo:3 'fre1/

Fronde series of civil wars, Francefro(ng)d /fr5d/

frontier border separating two countriesgfirun-teer /'fmnt1a(r)/ ifc¢;;1mo;.i;;1so frun-tear. I I I I

Frostrup, Mariella Norwegian-bornEnglish television presentermarr-i-el-uh fI’O5t—rUup /mari_zlaTrnstrupl

~ the spelling. You may get different sounds represented by the same let-

137 French

FrenchFrench is a Romance language, spoken by over 100 million people astheir mother tongue. It is an oflicial language in many countries, suchas Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, and numerous African countries.French pronunciation is diflicult because it is unpredictable. LikeEnglish—although less so——the pronunciation does not always reflect

ter, and there are letters which are sometimes pronounced and some-times silent. For example, should the S in the family name Ramus bepronounced? As it happens, both forms are used and not even a nativeFrench speaker could be sure without checking with the owner of the ‘name first! Having said that, here are some general pronunciation tips. ‘

StressFrench does not have stressed syllables in the same way as English. In aFrench word all syllables are given more or less equal weight, while the

1 last syllable in a sentence is pronounced with a little more force. Thissentence-level tonal pattern is sometimes mistaken for word-finalstress.

Despite this, when giving advice on how to pronounce French namesin an English context it becomes necessary to use stress. Traditionally,English speakers like to stress the first syllable of French words, andwill say kal-ay and shat-oh for Calais and chdteau. The BBC sometimesgets complaints about this, as it is perceived as less ‘French’. Thesedays, when we research French names for our broadcasters we oftengive last—syllable stress, as you will see in the many French entries inthis dictionary.

AccentsAccents in French therefore do not indicate stress, but vowel quality.An acute accent over E makes a sound close to ay (although not diph-thongal in French). André, for example, is pronounced ah(ng)-dray. Agrave accent over E is pronounced as in English bed. Iréne is ee-ren.

Nasalized vowelsVowels are nasalized before N or M at the end of a word or when N or 1M is followed by another consonant. Otherwise, the vowel is not nasal- Iized and the N or M is pronounced. So bon is pronounced bo(ng), andbonne is bon. The letter E can be pronounced either ah(ng) or a(ng)when nasalized. Contrary to popular belief, the composer Poulenc is infact pronounced poo-|a(ng)k, not poo-|ah(ng)k.

Frottola I fiigu 138

LiaisonThe letters S, Z, X, T, D, N, M, R, P, and G are usually silent at theend of a word, but if the next word begins with a vowel sound they aregenerally pronounced. Petit is puh~tee, but petit enfant is puh-teetah(ng)-fah(ng). This phenomenon is known as liaison. There are manyrules governing the occurrence of liaison in French. For example, it ismore common in formal language than in an informal, colloquial con-text.

Some other lettersC is pronounced s before the letters I, E, and Y. It is pronounced k H

before A, U, O, and all consonants. Q is always pronounced s. CH is ”always sh. l

G is pronounced zh before I, E, and Y. It is pronounced g before A, O,U, and all consonants.

p H in word—initial position is always silent, although there are two kindsl of silent H. One kind, known in French as H aspiré, prevents liaison .

taking place. Loanwords from other languages (hi-fi, hot-dog) arep likely to be H aspire.l J is always pronounced zh.

O can be either oh or 0. (3 is always oh.p Q is always k.

S is usually s. Between vowels and in a liaison it is voiced 2.U is always ue, the close, rounded vowel you find in French vu.W can be either v or w, more usually v.X can be pronounced in different ways, usually ks, but gz between

vowels. In some cases it is also pronounced s, as in the place nameAumerre.

p Y is ee as a vowel, and y as a consonant.

Frottola Italian madrigal fyO0—shuh /'fju:_I'o,(fT°t'°h'll-lh / 'f1‘T1'I9U19/ filchsin (also fuchsine) red synthetic dye

fructose sugar fook-seen /'fu:ksi:n/f""k‘t°hZ / 'f1"1\k’£9UZ/ fuehrer see fiihrer

FTSE London stock exchange index Fuentes, Carlos Mexican writerful-It-si /'futsi/ kar-loss fwent-ess /,ku:(r)lns 'fwsntes/

Fuad name of two kings of Egypt Fuerteventura island, Canary Islandsf°°-ad /'fu1a<1/ fwa ir-tay-ven-toor-uh

Fuchs, Klaus German-born British /.fWE1(F)teIV811'tU91"9/physicist Fugard, Athol South African dramatistklowss fuuks /,klaos 'foks/' ath-uhl fy00-gard /_aBal 'fju:go:(r)d/

Fuchs, Vivian English geologist and fugato musical termexplorer foo-gah-toh /fu:'gn:teu/fl-luks :'fUkS/ fugu poisonous puiferfish

filchsia shrub foo-goo /'fu:gu:/

139

fugue musical compositionW009 lfjurcl

fiihrer (also fuehrer) tyrannical leaderfyoor-uhr /‘fjuare(r)/, German ['fy:re]

Fujairah state, United Arab Emiratesfoo-jy-ruh /fl.1I'd3AII‘8/

Fuji, Mount volcano, Japanfoo-ji /'fu:d3i/

Fujian province, Chinafoo-ji-an /,fu:d3i'an/The strain of influenza of the same name,however, is usually pronounced foo-ji-uhn.

Fujitsu Japanese companyfoo—jit-soo /fu:'d3itsu:/~ Established anglicization; see JAPANESEpaneL

Fukuoka city, Japanfoo-koo-oh-kuh /_fu:ku:‘auke;'

Fula (also Foulah) Fulani languagefoo-luh /'fu:1e/

Fulani West African ethnic groupfoo-lah-ni /fu:'lu:ni/

flllV0llS reddish yellowful-vuhss /'f.-.lves/Sometimes also fuul-vuhss.

finmarole opening in a volcanofyoo-muh-rohl /'fju:maraol/

Funafuti capital of "lhvalufoo-nuh-foo-ti /,fu:na'fu:ti/

Funchal port, Madeirafuun-shal /fon'_l‘al/, Portuguese [ff1'Ia1]' Established anglicization.

fundus pl. fundi part of a hollow organfun-duhss, pl. fun-dy /'fAI'1(l8S,/, pl./-dAI/

Funen island, Denmarkfyoo-nuhn /'fju:nen/Established anglicization. The Danish nameis Fyn, pronounced fuen [fy:n].

fungus pl. fungi mushroomfung-guhss, p1.fung-gy /‘fnngas/, pl.1' ‘QM/'Plural less commonly also fun~jy; standard-es plural is also possible.

Fur Sudanese ethnic groupfoor /foa(r)/

Fiir Elise piano piece by Beethovenfuer el-ee-zuh /,fy:(r) s'1i:za/

furioso musical termfyoor-i-oh-zoh /,fjuari'auzau/

fugue I fyrd

Furneaux Islands group of islands,Tasmaniafur-noh /'fa:(r)naU/

furore outbreak of public anger orexcitementfyoo-raw-ri /_fju'ro:ri/Sometimes also fyoor-or. AM is fyoor-uhr.

Furlwiingler, Wilhelm Germanconductorvil-helm foort-veng-Iuhr /,vIlhelm'foa(r)t,vsnla(r)/

fuscous dark and sombre in colourfusk-uhss /'fnskas/

fuselage main body of an aircraftfyoo-zuh-lahzh /'fju:ze1u:3/Oomnionlyalsojfyoo-zuh-llj. if

Fuseli, Henry Swiss—born British Tpainterfyoo-zuh-Ii /'fju:za1i/Very commonly also fyoo-zel-i.

fuse] oil mixture of several alcoholsfyoo-zuhl /'fju:zal/

Fushun city, Chinafoo-shuun /,fu:'j‘on/

fusilier member of various Britishregimentsfyoo-zil-eer /_fjl1IZI'lI8(l‘)/

filsillade series of shots firedfy00-Zil—ayd /,fiu:z|'lerd/soiiiiéiiiiieéltiékifiwde-Iii-ahiifjlw F

fusiili type of pastafoo-zee-Ii /fu:'zi:li/

fustanella Greek and Albanian kiltfust-uh-nel-uh /,fAS‘l8'I1E.l8/

filthark runic alphabetfoo-thark /'fu:0u:(r)k/

futon type of mattressfoo-ton /'fu:ton/

Futuna see Wallis and Futuna IslandsFuxin city, Chinafoo-shin /_fu:'j‘In/

Fuzhou port, Chinafoo-joh /,fu:'d3eo/

fylfot swastikafil-fot /'filfot,l

Fyn see Funenfyrd English militia before 1066

furd /fa:(r)d/Sometimes also feerd.

140

Ga Ghanaian language96h 1901/

Gaarder, JOSt£il'l Norwegian writeryoo—stayn gor-duhr /juzstem'9:>=(r)dB(r)/

gaberdine worsted or cotton clothgab-uhr-deen /,gaba(r)'cli:n/

Gabes (also Qahis) port, Tunisiagah—biss /'gu:brs/

Gabo, Naum Russian-born Americansculptorrlawm gab-oh /,no:m 'gabeo/

Gabon countryguh-bon /ge'bnn/, French [gabfi]Established anglicization; sometimes alsogab-on.

Gflbonese relating to Gabongab-uh-neez /gaba'ni:z/

Gaboon viper snakeguh-boon /ga'bu:n/

Gabor, Zsa Zsa Hungarian—bornAmerican actresszhah zhah gab-or /,3u: 30: ga'bo:(r)/The pronunciation of the Hungariansurname Gébor is gah-bor.

Gaborone capital of Botswanagab—uh-roh-ni /_gaba'raoni/Established anglicization. A more nativepronunciation, khab-uu-roo-ni, is alsoheard.

Gabriel biblical namegay-bri-uhl /'geibrial/

Gabrieli, Giovanni Italian Composerand organistjuh-vah-ni gab-ri-ay~li /d3a,vo:nigabri'elli/

Gad biblical namegad [gad]

Gaddafi, Mu’ammer (also Qaddafi)Libyan head of state

~ Established anglicization; see ARABICpanel.

Gade, Niels Danish composerneelss gay-thuh /,ni:1s'ge1oa/, ['gs:oa]

gadolinium chemical elementgad-uh-lin-i-uhm /_gada'11niam/

Gaea Greek mythological character; alsocalled Gaiajee-uh /'d3i:a/

Gael Gaelic—speaking person983/| /9911!

Gaelic relating to the Gaels or theirlanguagegay-lik, gal-ik /'ge111k/, /‘gal1k/Irish Gaelic is usually pronounced gay-lik,while Scottish Gaelic is more commonlygal-ik.

Gaeltacht region, Irelandgayl-tuhkht /'geiltoxt,'

Gagarin, Yuri Russian cosmonautyoor-i guh-gar-in /,joariga'g(1:rIn/

Gagauz Moldovan ethnic groupgag-uh-ooz /gaga'u:z/

Gain. Greek mythological character; alsocalled Gaeagy-uh /'gAI8/

gaijin Japanese word for a foreignergy-jin /gn1'd31n/

gaillardia plant of the daisy familygay-lar-di-uh lge1'1u:(r)die/

Gainsborough, Thomas Englishpaintergaynz-buh-ruh /'ge1nzbara/

Gainsbourg, Serge French singersairzh ga(ng)z-boor /,se:(r)3'gezboa(r)/

gaita bagpipegy-tuh /'gA1t-3/

Gaitskell, Hugh English statesmangayt-skuhl /'geitskal/

gala social occasionmuu—um-uhr guh—dah-fi /mo,Ama(r) /Ieguiia,/,—~ ~~— _gaiduzfi1;, Arabic [mu-Ammau.) Sometimes also, and commonly in AM,

qa0'Oa:fi] 9§lL'l“h' ,

14-1 Gaelic

GaelicIrish Gaelic (usually pronounced gay-lik, and sometimes just calledIrish) and Scottish Gaelic (usually pronounced gal—ik) are two distinctlanguages. However, they are closely related to one another, and it ispossible to generalize about the pronunciation that should be usedwhen words or names from ither lan a e are be' k 'e gu g mg spo en in anEnglish-language context. The BBC broadcasts in both Scottish Gaelic(see htt : www.bbc.co.uk scotla.nd alba) and Irish (see httpzflwww. c.co.u nort ermre an ms , and we usually consu t nativespeakers wor ng within the to verify our recommendations. Asalways, these are anglicized in line with our policy and the constraintsof the respelling.

There can be a considerable level ofanglicization of Gaelic placenames, since English is usually also spoken. There is also some regionalvariation between speakers of Gaelic. Our consultation with nativespeakers allows us to gauge the appropriate level of anglicization, aswell as giving us guidance with the more complex areas of Gaelic pro-nunciation. A few broad guidelines are listed below.

Stress in Gaelic generally falls on the first syllable, with a few specificexceptions.

VowelsAn acute accent (called afada in Irish Gaelic) indicates that a vowel islpng. In our recommendations we advise that A is pronounced uh andA is aw; E is pronounced e and E is ay; I is pronounced i and I is ee; Ois pronounced o and O is oh; and U is pronounced u and U is 00. Othervowel pronunciations such as diphthongs are more complex, and weconsult native speakers for guidance.

ConsonantsB, C, F, L, M, and R are pronounced approximately as in English. D, G,L, N, S, and T are as in English before A, O, or U, but they changebefore E or I; D becomes j, G is gy, L is ly, N is ny, S is sh, and T is ch.For example, the Gaelic toast Sléinte can be pronounced slahn-chuh.

H at the beginning of a word is pronounced h, but H afier a conson-ant indicates a pronunciation change. BH and MH are usually bothpronounced v. For example, the Scottish name Mimiri can be pro-nounced vah-ri (although mar-i is also used), and the Irish nameSiobluin is shiv-awn. DH and GH are both pronounced similarly to kh(as in loch) before A, O, or U, and y before E or I or in the middle of aword. PH is pronounced f, CH is pronounced kh (as in loch), and SH Iand TH are both pronounced h. Sequences of consonants with H canalso become completely silent; we consult dictionaries and nativespeakers for further guidance.

galactagogue | galliot

galactagogue food or drug promotingflow ofa mother’s milkguh-lakt-uh-gog /ga‘laktagng/

Galadriel character from The Lord ofthe Ringsgal-ad-ri-el /ga'1adris1/

galago bushbabyguh-lay-goh /ga‘lelgao/

Galahad knightgal-uh-had /'ga1ahad/

galangal herbgal-uhng-gal /'gala1]gal/

galant musical termgal-ant /ga'1ant/

galantine dish ofwhite meat or fishgal-uhn-teen /'galenti:n/

Galapagos Islands islands, PacificOceanguh-lap-uh-goss /ga'1apagos/

Galatas resort, Cretegal-at-ass /gala'tas/

Galatea Greek mythological charactergal-uh-tee-uh /_gale'ti:o/

Galatasaray Turkish football clubguh-lat-uh-suh-ry /ga,latasa'r.u/

Galati city, Romaniagal-ats /ga'lats/

Galatia ancient region, Asia Minorguh-lay-shuh /ga'le1_l'a/

Galatians book of the New Testamentguh-lay-shuhnz /ga'le1_fanz/

Galba Roman emperorgal-buh /'ga1ba/

Galbraith, John KennethCan-adian—born American economistgal-brayth /'galbre19/The BR pronunciation of this surname isgal-brayth.

Galeio airport, Rio de Janeirogal-i~ow(ng) /ga1i'ao/

Galen Greek physiciangay-luhn /'gei1an/

galenic relating to Galenguh-len-ik /ga‘1en1k/

galette savoury pancakeguh-let /ga'lat/

galia melon small melongah-Ii-uh /'gu:lia/

Galicia autonomous region, Spainguh-liss-i-uh /ga'l1sia/, [ga'li6ja]

14-2

Established anglicization. Also known asGaliza in Galician, pronounced gal-ee-thuh.

Galilean relating to Galileogal-il-ay-uhn /,ga11'1e1an/

Galilean relating to Galileegal-il-ee-uhn /,ga11'li:en,'

Galilee region, ancient Palestinegal-il-ee /'gal11i:/

Galileo Galilei Italian astronomergal-il-ay-oh gal-il-ay-i /,ga11'leIao,gal1'1eii/

Galiza see Galiciagall impudent behaviour

gawl /9o:1/Gallagher, Liam and Noel English

musiciansgal-uh-guhr /'ga1ega(r)/ g figThis British surname is variouslypronounced gal-uh-huhr, gal-uh-khuhr,and gal-uh-guhr, depending on individualpreference.

gallant charming manguh-lant [ga'lant/

Gillie port, Sri Lankagawl /go:l/- Established anglicization.

galleria collection of shops under asingle roofgal-uh-ree-uh /,ga1a'ri:a/

Gallia Narbonensis Roman provincegal-i-uh nar-buh-nen-siss /,ga1ia,n(1:(r)ba'nens1s/

Galliano Italian liqueurgal-i-ah-noh /_gali'o:nao/

galliard dancegal-i-ard /'galio:(r)d/

Gallic relating to Francegal-ik /'gal1k/

Gallican relating to the ancient Churchof Gaul or Francegal-ik-uhn /'gaI1ken,'

Gallicism French idiomgal-iss-iz-uhm /'ga11,s1zem/

galligaskins breeches, trousers, orgaitersgal-ig-ask-inz /,ga1r'gaskmz/

gallimimns dinosaurgal-im-y-muhss /_ga11'mA1mes/

galliot shipgal-i-uht /'galiet/

I4~3

Gallipoli peninsula, Turkeyguh-lip-uh-Ii /ga'lIpali/

gallium chemical elementgal—i—uhm /'galiam/

galliwasp lizardgal-i-wosp /'galiwosp/

galloglass mercenarygal-oh-glahss /'ga1aoglo:s/

gallon unit of volumegal-uhn /'galen/

galloon ornamental strip of fabricguh-loon /ga'lu:n/

Galloway area, Scotlandgal-uh-Way /'galowe1/

gallstone hard mass formed in the gallbladdergawl—stohn /‘go:lstaon/

Gallup poll trademark assessment ofpublic opiniongal-uhp /'galap,I

Galois, Evariste French mathematicianay-varr-eest gal-wah /e1va_ri:stgal'wu:/

galop ballroom dancegal-uhp /'galep/Sometimes also gal-op.

galosh waterproof overshoeguh-losh /ge'1nj‘/

Galsworthy, John English novelistgawlz-wur-thi /'go:lzwe:(r)oi/

Galtieri, Leopoldo Argentinianpoliticianlay-op-ol-doh galt-yair-i /le1n_pDldaU,galtj'a:ri/

Galton, Francis English scientistgawl-tuhn /'go:lten/ d

Galvani, Luigi Italian anatomistluu-ee-ji gal-vah-ni /1o,i:d3i ga1'vc1:ni/

galvanic relating to electric currentsproduced by chemical actiongal-van-ik /gaI'van1k/

galvanize shock someone into takingactiongal-vuh-nyz /'galvonA1z,/

galvanometer instrument formeasuring electric currentsgal-vuh-nom~it~uhr /,ga1va'nnm1ta(r)/

Galveston port, USgal-vuh-stuhn /'galvaston/

Galway county, Republic of Irelandgawl-way /'go:lwe1/

Gallipoli | Gandhi, Mahatma

Gama, Vasco da see da Gama, VascoGamay variety ofblack wine grapegam-ay /'game1/

gamba see viola da gambaGambia country

gam-bi-uh /'gambia/Gambier Islands group of coral islands,

South Pacificgam-bi-uhr /'gambia(r)/

Gambon, Michael Irish-born Britishactorgam-bon /'garnbnn/

gamelan traditional Indonesianinstrumental ensemblegam-uh-lan /'gama1an/

gamgee surgical dressinggam-ji /'gamd3i/

Gamla Stan historic area of Stockholmgam—luh stahn /,gamle 'st(1:n/

gamma letter of the Greek alphabetgam-uh /'gama/

Gamow, George Russian-bornAmerican physicistgay-moh /‘ge1mao/

gamut complete range ofsomethinggam-uht /'gamet/

Gan dialect of Chinesegan /gan,’

ganache whipped filling of chocolateand creamguh-nash /go‘na_l'/

Ganapati another name for Ganeshgun-uh-put-i l_gAna'pnti/

Giincii city, Azerbaijanguhn-juh /'gand3o/

Gance, Abel French film directorab-el gah(ng)ss /a,ba1 'gds/

Gand see GhentGandalf character from The Lord of

the Ringsgan-dalf /'gandalf/

Gander town, Newfoundlandgan-duhr /'ganda(r)/

gander male goosegan-duhr /'ganda(r)/

Gandhi, Indira Indian stateswomanin-dirr-uh gahn-di /_ind1ra 'go:ndi/

Gandhi, Mahatma Indian nationalistand spiritual leadermuh-haht-muh gahn-di /ma,ho:tma'go:ndi/

Gandhi, Rajiv I Garuda

Gandhi, Rajiv Indian statesmanrah-jeev gahn-di /ro:,d5i:v ‘gozndil

Gandhi, Sonia Italian-born Indianpoliticianson-yuh gahn-di /,snnja 'gu:ndi/

Gandhinagar city, Indiagahn-di-nug-uhr /,ga:ndi'nAge(r)/

Ganesh Hindu god; also called Ganeshaguh-naysh /ga'ne1I/

Ganesha Hindu god; also called Ganeshguh-nay-shuh /ga'ne1_1‘e/

Ganges river, India and Bangladeshgan-jeez /'9and3i:z/Established anglicization. The Hindi nameis Ganga, pronounced gung-guh.

gangrene death and decomposition ofbody tissuegang-green /'gangri:n/

Gangtok city, Indiagang-tok /gan'tnk/

ganja cannabisgan-juh /'gand3a/

Gansu province, Chinagan-soo /gan'su:/

Ganymede Greek mythologicalcharactergan-im-eed /'gan1mi:d/

garage building for housing vehicles93"'il/'9flP1d§I_pW _ yVery 55::-ah] and 7 7garr-ahzh. AM is usually guh-rahzh.

Garai, Romola English actressruh-moh-luh guh-ry /ramaola Q3'1‘AI/

garam masala Indian spice mixturegurr-uhm muh-sah-luh /,gAramma'sa:1a/

garand riflegarr-uhnd /'garend/

garbanm bean chickpeagar-ban-zoh /gu:(r)'banzao/

Garbarek, Jan Norwegian jazzI'lf1l.]S1Cla.n

yahn guhr-bar-ek /,jo:n ga(r)'bu:rek/Garbo, Greta Swedish actress

gret-uh gar-boh /,greta'gc1:(r)beo/,[,gre:ta 'garbo]Established anglicization. Her real namewas Greta Gustafsson, pronouncedguust-af-son.

Garcia Berna], Gael Mexican actor

14~4<

gah-el gar-see-uh bair-nal /gugslgu:(r)_si:a bs:(r)'nal/

Garcia Marquez, Gabriel Colombiannovelistgab-ri-el gar-see-uh mar-kess/gabri,e1go:(r),si:a ‘mo:(r)kes/

gi1l‘(;0Il waiter in a French restaurant orhotelgar—s0n /'go:(r)snn/, [gars5]

Garda pl. Gardai Irish state police forcegar-duh, pl. gar-dee /'ga:(r)da/, pl./-‘di:/

Garda, Lake lake, Italygar-duh /'go:(r)da/ .

Gardena city, USgar-dee-nuh /ga:(r)'di:na/

gardenia tree or shrubgar-dee-ni-uh /gu:(r)'di:nia/

garderobe toilet in a medieval buildinggar-drohb /'gu:(r)dra0b/

gargantuan enormousgar-gan-tyoo-uhn /ga:(r)'gantjuen/

gargoyle grotesque carved human oranimal facegar-goyl /'go:(r)goll/

Garibaldi, Giuseppe Italian militaryleaderjuuz-ep-ay garr-ib-al-di /d3u,zspe1gar-i'baldif

garibaldi biscuitgarr-ib-awl-di ],gar1'bo:1di/

Garmisch-Partenkirchen town,Germanygar-mish par-tuhn-keer-khuhn/,go:(r)m1_|' po:(r)ten'kIa(r)can/

Garonne river, Francegarr-on /ga'rnn/

Garoua. port, Cameroongarr-00-uh /ga'ru:e,'

garron Highland ponygarr-uhn /'garan/

Garros, Roland French aviatorrol-ah(ng) garr-oss /rn,l€1 ga'r1os/The same pronunciation is used for theRoland-Garros sports stadium in Paris.

garrotte kill by strangulationguh-rot /ga'rnt/

garrulous excessively talkativegarr-uh-luhss /‘gara1as/

Garuda mythical bird in Hinduismgarr-uud—uh fgarodal

14-5

Garvey, Marcus Jamaican politicalactivistgar-vi /'gn:(r)vi/

Gascoigne, Paul English footballergask-oyn /'gask:un/

Gascon relating to Gasconygask-uhn /'gaskan/

Gaseony region, Francegask-uh-ni /'gaskani/Established anglicization. The French nameis Gascogne, pronounced gask-on-yuh[gaskonj].

gaseous relating to gasga$$~i-uhss fgasiasfSometimes also gay-si-u hss.

Gaskell, Elizabeth English novelistgask-uhl /'gaskal/

Gassendi, Pierre French astronomerand philosopherpyair gass-a(ng)-dee /_pjs:(r) gas§'di:/

Gastarbeiter guest workergast-ar-by-tuhr /'gast,u:(r)bA1ta(r)/

Gasthaus pl. Gasthiiuser Germaninn or hotelgast-howss, pl. gast-hoy-zuhr/'gasthaus/, pl. /-,ho1za(r),f

Gasthof pl. Gasthiife German hotelgast-hohf, pl. gast-hoe-fuh/'gasthaof/, pl. /-,h|a:fa/Q Standard -s plural is also possible.

Gastornis extinct flightless birdgast-or-niss /ga'st0:(r)nIs/

gastrectomy surgical removal of thestomachgast-rek-tuh-mi /ga'strsktami/

gastritis inflammation of the lining ofthe stomachgast-ry-tiss /ga'stnntrs/

gastronome gourmetgast-ruh-nohm /'gastranaum/

Gastropoda class of molluscsgast-rop-uh-duh /gas'trnpeda,f

gateau cakegat-oh /'gatau/

Gatha poem attributed to Zoroastergah-thah /‘gu:9u:/

gauche unsophisticatedgohsh [goof]

Gaucher’s disease hereditary diseasegoh-shayz /gau’_|'e1z/

gaucho cowboy

Garvey, Marcus | gavelkind

gow-choh /'gautIao/Gaudi, AI1lIOI1i0 Spanish architect

an-tohn-yoh gow-dee /an'taonjaogao'di:/, [gau'6i]

Gaudier-Brzeska, Henri Frenchsculptorah(ng)-ree goh-dyay bzhesk-uh /frri:ga0,dje1 'b31-:ska/

gauge instrumentgayj /geid3/

Gauguin, Paul French painterP°| 9°"-9a(n9) /.pn19=-w'sE/

Gauhati city, Indiagow-hah-ti /gao'hu:ti/

Gaul ancient region, Europegawl /go:1/

Gauleiter official under Nazi rulegow-ly-tuhr /‘gau11uta(r)/

Gaulle, Charles de see de Gaulle,Charles

Gaullism principles and policies ofCharles de Gaullegoh—liz-uhm /'gao11zam/

Gaultier, Jean-Paul French fashiondesignerzhah(ng) pol goh-tyay /3d _pnlgau'tje1/

gaur wild oxgow-uhr /'gaoa(r)/

Gauss, Karl Friedrich Germanmathematiciankarl freed-rikh gowss /‘k(1I(I')l,fI'lIdI‘I(}'gaos/

gauss unit of magnetic inductiongowss lgausf

Gautama see Siddhartha GautamaGauteng province, South Africa

khow-teng /'xauter]/gauze transparent fabric

gawz /g:>:z/gavage administration of food or drugs

by forcegav-ahzh /ga'vc1:3/

Gavaskar, Sunil Indian cricketersoo-neel gah-vuhsk-u hr /su:,ni:l'go:vaska(r)/

gavel auctioneers hammergav—uhl /'gava1/

gavelkind system of inheritancegav-uhl-kynd /'gava1k1und/

Giivle I geminate

Giivle city, Swedenyay-vluh /'je1vla/, [‘je:v1e]

gavotte French danceguh-vot /ga'vot/

Gawain knight in Arthurian legendgah-wayn /'go:wem/Commonly also guh-wayn.

Gaya city, India ”gy-uh /'gma/

gayal oxgy-3| /gA1'al/

Gazankulu former Tsonga homeland,South Africagaz-ank-oo-loo /,gaza1]'ku:lu:/

gazar kind ofsilk fabricguh-zar /ga'zu:(r)/

Gaza Strip strip of territory, Palestinegah-zuh /'gu:za/

gfl.Zel)0 small buildingguh-zee-boh /ga'zi:bao/

gazetteer geographical index ordictionaryga z-uh-teer /,gaza'tra(r)/

Gaziantep city, Turkeygah-zee-an-tep /gu:'zi:an,tep/

gazpacho Spanish dishgaz-patch-oh /gaz'pat_[ao/, [gal-)'pat_|'o]

Gdansk port, Polandguh-dansk /ga'dansk/, [gdaisk]Established anglicization. The Germanname is Danzig, pronounced dant-sikh['dantsi¢].

Gdynia port, Polandguh-din-yuh /ga'dmja/

gean cherrygeen lgiznl

Geber Arab chemistjee-buhr /‘d3i:ba(r)/

gecko lizardgek-oh ;"gskau/

Geechee English creole spoken in SouthCarolina and Georgiagee-chee /'gi:t_1‘i:/

Geelong port, Australiajee-long /d3i:'loI_]/

Ge’ez ancient Semitic language ofEthiopiagee-ez /'gi:az/

gefilte fish Jewish dishguh-fil-tuh /ga'f1lta/

14-6

gegenschein light seen in the night skyopposite the position of the sungay-guhn-shyn /'ge1gan__[Aln/

Gehenna hellguh-hen-uh /ga‘h£na/

Gehrig, Lou American baseball playergerr-ig /'gsr1g/

Gehry, Frank Canadian-born Americanarchitectgair-i /‘ge:ri/

Geiger, Hans Wilhelm Germannuclear physicisthanss vii-helm gy-guhr /,hans,vIlhslm 'gAiQ9(1”)/

Geikie, Archibald Scottish geologistgee-ki /'gi:ki/

geisha Japanese hostessgay-shuh /‘ge1_[a/

geist spiritgyst lgmstf

Gejiu (also Geju) city, Chinagej-oo /gs'd3u:,f

gelada baboonjuh-lah-duh /d3a'1o:da/

gelato pl. gelati Italian ice creamjuh-lah-toh, pl. juh-iah-ti /d3a'lo:tao/,pl. /d3a'lc1:ti/

Gelderland province, Netherlandsgel-duhr—|and /'galda(r)land/,['Y£ld9I‘l(1I'llI]¢ Established anglicization.

Geldof, B0l) Irish musiciangel-dof /'gsld'of/

Geller, Uri Israeli celebrityoor-i gel-uhr /,oari'ga1a(r)/

Gel]-Mann, Murray Americantheoretical physicistgel-man /gsl'man/

Gelsenkirchen city, Germanygel-zuhn-keer-khuhn/,gslzan'k1a(r)can,'

gematria Cabbalistic method ofinterpreting the Hebrew scripturesgee-may-tri-uh /gi:'meItria/

Gemayel, Pierre Lebanese politicalleaderpyair juh-my-uhl /_pje:(r) d3a'm.ual/

Gemeinschafi social relations betweenindividualsguh-myn-shaft /ga'mAmIaft/

geminate identical adjacent speechsoundsjem-in—uht /'d3emmet/

14/7

geminate double a speech soundjem-in-ayt /'d3em1ne1t/

Gemini constellationjem—in—y /'d3£H'1I1'lAI/

gemsbok antelopekhemz-bok /'xen1zbok/

gendarme French police officerzhah(ng)-darm /3(1n'do:(r)m/

genealogy study of lines of descentjee-ni-al-uh-ji /d3i:ni'alad5i/

generalissimo commanderjen-uh-ruh-liss~im-oh/,d3enara'l|s1mao/

Genesis book of the Biblejen-uh-siss /'d3snas1s,/

Genet, Jean French novelistzhah(ng) zhuh-nay /,3d 3a'nei,I

Geneva city, Switzerlandjuh-nee-gyuh jd§alni:ve/

geminate | gesundheit

jen-tee-lay dah fab-ri-ah-noh/d3an,ti:le1 du: ,fabrI'u:naU/

gentoo penguinjen-too /::13sn'tu:/

genus pl. genera grouping of organismsjee-nuhss, pl. jen-uh-ruh /'d5i:nas/, pl.f'd5snara/

georgette dress fabricjor-jet /d3o:(r)'d3st/

Gera city, Germanygay-ruh /'ge1ra/

Geraldton port, Australiajerr-uhl-tuhn /'d5areltan/

geraniai fragrant oiljuh-ray-ni-uhl /d3a're1nial/

geranium plantjuh-ray-ni—uhm /d3a'remiam/

gerbera plantjur-buh-ruh /'d3a:(r)bare/

Established anglicization. The French nameis Geneva, pronounced Zhuh-nev, and theGerman name is Genf, pronounced genf.

genever Dutch ginjuh-nee-vuhr /d3a'ni:va(r)/

Genghis Khan Mongol emperorjeng-giss kahn /_d3s1]gIs 'ku:n/

genie relating to genesjen-ik /'d3sn1k/Commonly also iee-nik.

genizah room attached to a synagoguegen-ee-zuh /ga'ni:za/

Genoa port, Italyjen-Oh-uh /‘d3snaoa;'Established anglicization. The Italian nameis Genova, pronounced jay-nov-uh['d3e=n0_\{a]- gg

genocide killing of a large group ofpeoplejen-uh-syd /'d38I19SAld/

genotype genetic constitution ofanorganismjen-uh-typ /'d3enetA1p/Commonly also jee-nuh-typ.

genre style or categoryzhon-ruh /'3onra/

Gent see Ghentgentamicin antibioticjen-tuh-my-sin /_d3ente‘mAIs1n/

Gentile da Fabriano Italian painter

Sometimes also gur-buh-ru h.

gerbil rodentjur-bil /'d3a:(r)b1l/

gerenuk antelopegerr-uh-nuuk /'gsranok/

Géricault, Theodore French paintertay-od-or zherr-ik-oh /tem,do:(r)3er1'kao/

germanium chemical elementjur-may-ni-u hm /d3a:(r)'memiam/

Germiston city, South Africajur-mist-uhn /‘d3e:(r)m1stan/

Gerona city, Spainkherr-oh-nuh /xe'reuna/

Geronimo Apache chiefjuh—ron-im—0h /d3a'rnn1mau/

Gershwin, George and Ira Americansongwritersy-ruh gursh-win /,AII‘9 ‘ga:(r)_l‘wm/

gerund grammatical termjerr-uhnd /'d3arond/

gerundive grammatical termjuh-rund-iv /d3a'rAnd1vf

Gervais, Ricky English comedianjuhr-vayss /d3a(r)'ve1s/

Gestapo Nazi secret policegest-ah~poh /gr-:'stu:pao/,German [ge'sta:po1 or [ga'_|‘ta:po]

gesundheit used to wish good health toa person who has just sneezedguh-zuunt-hyt /ga'zonthA1t/

German 148

GermanGerman (Deutsch, pronounced doytsh, in German) is spoken in Austria,Germany, Switzerland, and neighbouring countries, and is one of thethree official languages of the EU. There are a number of German loan-words in English (e.g. doppelgéinger and Schadenfieude), and others lfrom Yiddish, which was originally a dialect of German. Stress inGerman is not always predictable, and a good German dictionaryshould be consulted for word-specific stress information.

VowelsGerman vowels are either short or long. The rules governing this arecomplicated and subject to exceptions. As a rough guideline, vowelsfollowed by two or more consonants (as in Punht, pronounced puunkt)are short. Where vowels are doubled (as in Saal, pronounced zahl) orfollowed by H (as in sehr, pronounced zair), they are long, and they areusually also long when followed by just one consonant or where theyare at the end ofa word and stressed (as in Bflro, pronounced bue-roh).As with stress, it is best to consult a good German dictionary for word-specific information.

In our anglicized recommendations we advise that A is pronounced aif short, ah if long. A (sometimes spelled AE) is e if short, or ay if long.AU is ow, and AU (or AEU) is oy: sofrau is frow, andfléiulein isfroy-lyn. E is pronounced e if short, ay if long, and I is pronounced i if 1short, or ee if long. IE is pronounced ee, and El is pronounced y: so ‘Kiel keel and Rhein is ryn. O is pronounced o if short, oh or aw if long,and O (sometimes spelled OE) is oe, either as in French peu or coeur. Uis pronounced uu if short, 00 if long, and U (or UE) is ue as in Frenchvu or Germanfiinji

ConsonantsB, D, and G are pronounced as b, d, and g, except at the end of a word,

1 where they become devoiced to p, t, and k. Therefore Tage is tah-guh,but Tag is tahk.

C appears only in foreign words in German, and is pronounced k1 before A and O, and ts before E, I, and Y. i

CH is pronounced kh as in loch after A, O, and U, and kh as in Germanich in most other positions. This latter sound is close to the hy soundat the start of English Hugh. CH appears at the beginning only offoreign words in German, and may be pronounced sh, kh, or kdepending on the word.

; H is silent after a consonant: Goethe is pronounced goe-tu h.l

14-9 Gethsemane, Garden of I Giacometti, Alberto

nounced t.

nounced v.

J is pronounced y as in yes. K and P are always pronounced even inconsonant sequences (i.e. in words like Kmzcht and Pfefiiar).

NG is pronounced ng (not ng-g). QU is pronounced kv.S is usually 2: Sieg is pronounced zeek. S becomes devoiced to s at the

end ofwords and before K. Before P and T, S becomes sh, and thesequence SCH is also pronounced sh.

TH appears sometimes in older spellings of German, and is pro-

V is pronounced f at the beginning ofwords, otherwise v. W is pro-

X is pronounced ks, Y appears only as a vowel and is pronounced ue or ,occasionally ee, and Z is pronounced ts. li

Gethsemane, Garden of gardenbetween Jerusalem and the Mountof Olivesgeth-sem—uh-ni /gs9‘ssmani/

Gettysburg town, USget-iz-burg /'gst1zba:(r)g/

Gewiirztraminer variety ofwhite grapeguh-vuerts-tram-ee~nuhr/ga'vY(r)tstra,mi:na(r)/

geyser hot springgay-suhr /'ge1sa(r)/Commonly also gy-zuhr or gee-zuh_r.

Ghali, Boutros Boutros seeBoutros-Ghali, Boutros

Ghana countrygah-nuh /'go:na/

Ghanaian relating to Ghanagah-nay-uhn /gu:'neran/

gharara Indian trousersgurr-ar-uh /gA'ro:ra/

ghatam Indian musical instrumentgah-tum /'QtlIlIA1Tl/

Ghats mountain ranges, Indiagahts /guztsl

ghazal lyric poemguz-ul /'QAZAl/

Ghazi Muslim fighter againstnon-Muslimsgah-zi /'go:zi/

Ghaziabad city, Indiagah-zi-uh-bad /‘gu:ziabad/

Ghaznavid Turkish Muslim dynastygaz-nah-vid /gaz'nu:v1d/

ghee clarified butter

96¢ I911/Gheg Albanian ethnic group

999 I969/Ghent city, Belgiumgent 7/sent] W g _ W _ W 7Established anglicization. The Flemishname is Gent, pronounced khent [Kent],and the French name is Gand, pronouncedsahlnql [961 __, 7

Gheorghiu, Angela Romanian sopranoan-jel-uh gyor-gyoo /an,d3s1e9.l0!(I‘)'9.l11I/

Ghibelline faction in Italian medievalpoliticsgib—uh-lyn /'g1bel.\1n/

Ghiberti, Lorenzo Italian Sculptor andgoldsmith|orr»ent-soh gee-bair-ti /lnrsntsaogi:'be:(r)ti/

Ghibli Japanese animation film studioieeb-Ii /'d3i:bli/

ghibli hot southerly wind ofNorth Africagib-li /'grbii,‘

Ghirlandaio Italian paintergeer-lan-dy-oh /,g1a(r)lan‘dA1eo/

ghoul evil spirit or phantomgool lguzll

Ghulghuleh ancient city, Afghanistanguul-guul-uh /gol'go1a/

gi jacket worn in judogee /gi:/

Giacometti, Alberto Swiss sculptorand painteral-bair-toh jak-uh-met-i /al,be:(r)tau_d3aka'msti/

Giamatti, Paul I girandole

Giamatti, Paul American actorjee-uh-mat-i /d3i:a'mati/

gibberish meaningless speech or writingjib-uh-rish /'d31bariI/Less commonly also gib—uh-rish.

giblets liver, heart, gizzard; and neck ofachickenjib—lits /'d3ibl1ts/

Gibraltar British dependency, Iberianpeninsulajib-rawl-tu hr /d31'bro:1ta(r)/

Gibraltarian relating to Gibraltarjib-rawl-tair-i-uhn /d3ibro:l'ts:rian/

Gibran, Khalil Lebanese-bornAmerican writerkuh-leel zhib-rahn /ka,1i:l 3i'bra:n/

gibus top hatjy-buhss /'('l§AIlJ8Sf

gid disease of sheep and goatsQld /9Id/

Gide, André French novelistah(ng)-dray zheed /El,dre1 '3i:d/

Gideon biblical namegid-i-uhn /'g1dian/

Gielgud, John English actor anddirectorgeel-guud I 'gi:lgod/

Gifu city, Japangee-foo /'gi:fu:/

gigabyte unit of informationgig-uh-byt /'QIQ8bAIi/'

Gigli, Beniamino Italian tenorben-yam-ee-noh jeel-yi /benja,mi:nau'd3i:1ji/

gigolo young man financially supportedby a womanjig-uh-loh ,f'd31ga1au/Sometimes also zhig-uh-loh.

gigot leg ofmutton or lambjig-uht /'d31gat/

gigue musical compositionzheeg /3i1g/

Gijén city, Spainkhee-khon /xi:'xon/

Gila river, UShee-luh /'hi:la/The same pronunciation is used for the Gilalizard.

gilet sleeveless padded jacketzhee-lay /'3i:lei/

150

Gilgamesh legendary kinggil-guh-mesh /'gi1gameI/

Gill, Eric English sculptorQil /Q11/

gill unit of liquid measurejil /d31l/

gill deep ravine9" lsllf

gill female ferretjil /d31l/

Gillespie, Dizzy American jazzmusiciangil-esp-i /gi'lespi/

Gilliam, Terry American cartoonist andfilm directorgil-i-uhm /'g1liem/

Gillingham town, Englandjil~ing-uhm /fdgilinein/i W g g ifThe village in Dorset is pronouncedgil-ing-uhm. This is also a British surname,variously pronounced jil-ing-uhm andgil-ing-u hm, depending on individualpreference.

Gimli character from The Lord oftheRingsgim-Ii /'g1mli/

gimp twisted silk, worsted, or cottongimp lsnmpl

Ginastera, Alberto Argentinecomposeral-bair-toh khee-nast-air-uh/al_ba:(r)tao xi:nas'ts:re/

gingham checked cotton clothging-uhm /'gn)am/

gingival concerned with the gumsjin-jy-vuhl /d31n'd31uval/

gingivitis inflammation of the gumsjin-jiv-y-tiss /_d3Ind31'vn1t1s/

ginkgo (also gingko) Chinese treegink-oh /'gn3keu/

Ginsberg, Allen American poetginz-bu rg /'gmzba:(r)g/

ginseng plantjin-seng /'d31nsar]/

Giorgione Italian painterjor-joh-nay /,d3:>:(r)'d3aunei/

Giotto Italian painterjot-oh /'d3ntau/'

girandole candlestickjirr-uhn-dohl /'d31randaul/

151

giro system of electronic credit transferjy-roh /'£l3AIl"9U/

Gironde river estuary, Francezhee-ro(ng)d /3i:'r5d/

Girondist member of the Frenchmoderate republican partyjirr-on-dist /d51'rond1st/

Gisborne port, New Zealandgiz-buhrn /'gizba(r)n/

Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry Frenchstatesmanval-air-ee zhee-skar dest-a(ng)/val:-::,ri: 3i:,sku:(r) ds'stE/

GiSh, Lillian American actressgish /9117

Gissing, George English novelistgiss-ing /'g1sm/

gite French holiday housezheet /3i:t/

gittern medieval stringed instrumentgit-urn /'gito:(r)n]

Giuliani, Rudy American politicianjoo-Ii-ah-ni /d3u:li'<1:ni/

Givenchy French fashion housezhee-vah(ng)-shee /3i:vc'1'Ii:/

Giza city, Egyptgee-zuh /'gi:za/

glabrous free from hairglay-bruhss /'gle1bras/

glacé preserved in sugarglass-ay /'g1ase1/

glacial relating to iceglay-shuhl /'gle1_fel/The pronunciation glay-si-uhl is lessCDIHITIOD HOW.

glacier mass of iceglass-i-uhr /'glasia(r)/ iSometimes also glay-si-uhr.

gladiolus pl. gladioli plant of the irisfamilyglad-i—oh-Iuhss, pl. glad-i-oh-Iy/,giadi'eolas/, pl. /-l1\I;'~ Standard -es plural is also possible.

Glagolitic alphabet based on Greekminusculesglag-uh-lit—ik /,glaga'11tik/

glaive swordglayv /g1e1v/

Glamorgan former county, South Walesgluh-mor-guhn /g1a'mo:(r)gan/

giro | Glenrothes

glandular relating to glandsglan-juul-uhr /'g1and3ula(r)/The pronunciation gland-yuul-uhr is lessCOITIITIOI1 HOW.

Glasgow city, Scotlandglah;;goh/'g1nizgao/ gig gThis is a standardized version of the placename; locally, the pronunciation isglaz-goh.

Glashow, Sheldon Lee Americanphysicistglash-ow /'g1a_]‘ao/

glasnost policy of more openconsultative governmentglass-nost /'glasnnst[, Russian['glasnas1t1]

glassine glossy transparent paperglah-seen /'gla:si:n,/

Glastonbury town, Englandglast-uhn-buh-ri rglastanbarijCommonly also glah-stuhn-buh-ri; bothpronunciations are used locally.

Glaswegian relating to Glasgowglaz-wee-juhin /g1az‘wi;d3an/ WSometimes also glaihz-Wee-juhin. WW7

glaucoma disease of the eyeglaw-koh-muh /glo:'kaoma/

glaucous greyish-green or blue colourglaw-kuhss /'glo:kas/

Glazunov, Aleksandr Russiancomposeral-uhk-sahn-duhr glaz-uun-of/alak,sc1:nda(r) 'g1azonof/, [g1azu'nof]' Established anglicization.

Gleichschaltung standardization ofpolitical, economic, and culturalinstitutionsglykh-shal-tuung /'gl1uc__1'alton/

Glendower, Owen Welsh chiefglen-dow-uhr /g1an'daua(r)/Established anglicization. The Welsh nameis Dwain Glyndwr, pronounced Oh-ynglin-door.

Gleneagles valley, Scotlandglen-ee-guhlz /glen'i:galz/

Glenrnorangie whisky distilleryglen-morr-uhn-ji /g1en'mnrand5if

Glenrothes town, Scotlandglen—roth-uhss lglenrofiasf

Glevum I Godavari

Glevum Roman name for Gloucesterglee-vuhm /'gli:vam/

glia connective tissue of the nervoussystemgly-uh /'gl1ue/

Glinka, Mikhail Russian composermee~khuh-eel glin-kuh /mi:xa,i:1'g1n;|ka/

glioma pl. gliomata tumourgly-oh-muh, pl. gly-oh-muh-tuh/glnraoma/, pl. /-mata/¢ Standard -s plural is also possible.

glissando pl. glissandi musical termgliss-an-doh, pl. gliss-an-di/glrsandao/, pl. /-di/0 Standard -s plural is also possible.

glissé ballet movementglee-say /gli:'sei/

Glittertind mountain, Norwayglit-uhr—tin /'gl1ta(r)tm/

Gliwice city, Polandglee-veet-suh /g1i:'vi:tsa/

globular gl0be—shapedglob-yuul-uhr /'glnbjola(r)/

globulin protein found in bloodglob-yuul-in /'glnbjulm/

glockenspiel musical instrumentglok-uhn-shpeel /'g10kenj'pi:l/

gliigg Scandinavian mulled Wine9|°eQ /91<BQ/

Gloriana Queen Elizabeth Iglaw—ri-ah-nuh /,gl:>:ri'o:na/

Gloucester city, Englandglost-uhr /'glosta(r)/

Glover, Fl BBC journalistfee gluv-uhr /,t"1: '9lAV8(I‘)/

glower have an angry look on one's faceglow-uhr /'9lava(r)/

gloxinia plantglok-sin-i-uh /glnk'smia/

Gluck, Christoph Willibald vonGerman composerkrist-of vil-ib-alt fon gluuk /,kr1stof_v1l1ba1t fpn 'gluk/

glucose simple sugargloo-kohz /'glu:kauz/

Gliihwein German mulled wineglue-vyn /‘g1y:vAm/

gluten proteingloo-tuhn /'glu:tan/

glycaemia presence ofglucose in theblood

152

gly—see-mi-uh /g1A1'si:mia/glycerine syrupy liquid

gliss-uh-reen /'g11seri:n/glycogen starch-like substancegly-kuh-juhn /'QlAIl(8(l3on/

glycolysis breakdown of glucosegly-kol-iss-iss /QlM'l(DlISlS/

Glyndebourne annual opera festivalglynd-born /'QlAII'1dlJOI(1‘)1'l/

Glyndwr see Glendowerglyph hieroglyphic symbolglif /g11f/

Gnassingbe Eyadéma, FaureTogolese presidentfor nyass-eeng-bay ay-ah-day-muh/,fo:(r) nja,si:nbei eruzdelmel

gneiss kind of rocknyss /l'1AIS/

gnocchi Italian dumplingsnyok-i /'njnki/

gnome statement of a general truthnohm lnaomlSometimes also noh-mee.

gnostic relating to knowledgenost-ik /‘nnst1k,'

gnu kind ofantelopeP98 /“W __ _ _The pronunciation guh-noo is generallyonly used in jocular contexts.

Goa state, Indiagoh-uh /'gave/

goatee beardgoh—tee /gau'ti:/Commonly also goh-tee.

Giibbels, Joseph see GoebbelsGobbi, Tito Italian baritonetee-toh gob-i /,ti:tao 'gnbi/

Gobi desert, Mongolia and Chinagoh-bi /'gaobi/

Gobineau, Joseph Arthur Frenchwriterzhoh-zef ar-tuer gob-ee-noh /3au,zefu:(r)_ty:(r) gpbi:'nau/

gobo Japanese vegetable rootgoh—boh /'gaubau/

Godard, Jean-Luc French film directorzhah(ng) luek god-ar /36 ,lykgn'du:(r)/

Godavari river, Indiaguh-dah-vuh-ri /ga'da:vari/

153 Goddard, Robert Hutchings I googol

Goddard, Robert HutchingsAmerican physicistgod-ard /'gndc1:(r)d/

godetia plantgoh~dee-shuh /gao'di:_[a/

Godham town, Greenlandgod-hah-vuhn /'god,hu:van/, Danish['go0hawn]I Established anglicization.

Godiva, Lady English noblewomanguh~dy-vuh /ga'dA1va/

Godunov, Boris tsar of Russiaborr-iss god-uun-of /_bnrrs 'gndunnf/,[ba,r1is gadu'nof]Established anglicization; also suitable forthe opera ofthe same name by Mussorgsky.

Goebbels, Joseph (also Giibbels)German Nazi leaderyoh-zuhf goeb-uhlss /,jauzaf 'goeba1s/

Goering, Hermann (also Goring)German Nazi leaderhair-man goer-ing /,he:(r)man 'ge:rn]/

Goes, Hugo van der Flemish painterhue-khoh vun dair khooss /,hy:xauVAT] ds:(r) 'xu:s/

goest arcl';_aic second person singularpresent 0 gogoh-uhst /'geoast/

goeth archaic third person singularpresent of gogoh-uhth /'gaua9/

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang vonGerman poetyoh-han volf-gang fon goe-tuh/,jaohan _vo1fgan fon 'go:ta/

Gog and Magog biblical namesgog may-gog /'gng 'me1gng/

Gogol, Nikolai Russian novelistnik-uh-ly gog-uhl /n1ka,lm 'gngal/

Goiiinia city, Brazilgoy-ahn-yuh /go1'u:nja/

Goiés state, Brazilgoy-ass lgorasl

Goidelic group of Celtic languagesgoy~del—|k /g:J1'del1k/

goitre swelling of the neckgoy-tu hr /'ga1ta(r)/

Gokhale Gopal Krishna Indianpolitical leadergoh-pal krish-nuh goh-kuh-luh/_gaopal _kr1_l'na 'gaukala/

Golan Heights hills, Middle Eastgoh-lahn /gao'lu:n/

Goldberg, Wlloopi American actresswuup-i gohld-burg /_wupi,gao1dbe:(r)g/

Goldblum, Jefi'American actorgohld-bloom /'gaoldblu:m/

goldwasser liqueurgolt-vass-uhr /'gnitvasa(r)/

golem figure in Jewish legendgoh-Iuhm /'gau1am/

Golestan province, Iranguul-est-ahn /gols'sta:n/

Golgotha site of the crucifixion ofJesusgol-guh-thuh /'gnlga6a/

Goliath biblical nameguh-ly-uhth /ga'ln1a0/

Gollancz, Victor English publisherguh—lants /ga'lants/

Gollum character from The Lord oftheRingsgol-uhm /'go1am/

Gomorrah town, ancient Palestineguh-morr-uh /ga'mnra/

Gonaives city, Haitigon-ah-eev /gnnu:'i:v/

Goncharov, Ivan Russian novelistee-vahn guhn-chuh-rof /i:_va:ngant_fa'rpf/

gondola Venetian boatgon-duh-luh /‘gondola!

gondolier person who steers a gondolagon-duh-leer /,gnnde'l1a(r)/

Gondor place in The Lord ofthe Ringsgond-or /'gondo:(r)/

Gondwana prehistoric continental areagond-wah-nuh /gnn'dwu:na/

gonfalon bannergon-fuh-luhn /'gpnfe1an/

gonoeoccus pl. gonooocci bacteriagon-uh-kok-uhs, pl. gon-uh-kok-y/,gnna'knkas/, pl. /-kan’Plural is sometimes also -kok-sy; see LATINpanel.

gonorrhoea venereal diseasegon-uh-ree-uh /,gnne'ri:a/

Gooding Jr, Cuba American actorkyoo-buh /'kju:be/

googol equivalent to ten raised to thepower of a hundredgoo—gol /'gu:go1/

googolplex I goulash

googolplex equivalent to ten raised tothe power of a googolgoo-guhl-pleks /'gu:galpleks/

goombay drumgoom-bay /'gu:mbei/

Goossens, Eugene English composergoo-suh nz /'gu:sanz/‘The Dutch pronunciation of this surname iskhoh-suhnss ['xo:sans].

gopak Ukrainian dancegoh-pak flgaupakj

gopher rodentgoh-fuhr /'gaufa(r)/

gopura pyramidal towergoh-puu-ruh /'gaopora/

Gorakpur city, Indiagaw-ruhk-poor /'ga:rak,pua(r)/

goral goat-antelopegaw-ruhl /'go:ral/

Gorbachev, Mikhail Soviet statesmanmee-khuh-eel gor-buh-chof /mi:xe,i:1go:(r)ba't_[nf/

Gorbacheva, Raisa wife of MikhailGorbachevruh-ee-suh gor-buh-choh-vuh /ra,i:sago:(r)ba't]‘aova/

Gorbals district ofGlasgowgor-buhlz /'go:(r)ba1z/

Gordian knot difficult problemgor-di-uhn /'go:(r)dian/

G01-dimer, Nadine South Africannovelistnuh~deen gor-dim-uhr /na,di:n'go:(r)d1ma(r)/

Gordium ancient city, Asia Minorgor-di-uhm /'go:(r)diam,I

gordo variety ofgrapegor-doh /'g:J:(r)dau/

Goreclii, Henryk Polish composerhen-rik goo-ret-ski /_henrrk gu:'retski/

Giireme valley, 'l\1rkeygoe-rem-u h lgceramaj

Gore-tex trademark waterproof fabricgor-teks /'go:(r)ts.ks/

gorgon Greek mythological charactergor-guh n /'go:(r)gan/

gorgoneion pl. gorgoneia representationof a gorgon’s headgor-guh-ny-uhn, pl. gor-guh-ny~uh/_go:(r)ga'nA1an/, pl. /-'mua/

Gorgonzola Italian cheese

154-

gor-guhn-zoh-Iuh ;‘,go:(r)gan'zaola/Goring, Hermann see GoeringGorky, Maxim Russian writer

muhk-seem gor-ki /mek_si:m 'go:(r)ki/Gtirlitz city, Germany

gOer—lits /'goe(r)l1ts/Gorno-Altai autonomous republic,

Russiagor-noh al-ty /,go:(r)nao al't1n/

Gorno-Altaisk city, Russiagor-noh al-tysk /,go:(r)nao al't1usk/

Gorsedd council of Celtic bards andDruidsgor-serh /'g0:(r)se6/

gosht Indian term for red meatgohsht lgeujtl

Gotama see Siddhartha GotamaGoth Germanic ethnic groupgoth /gn6/

Gotha city, Germanygoh-thuh /‘gaufia/, ['go:ta]v Established anglicization.

Gotham nickname for New Yorkgoth-uhm /'gn6am/

Gotham village, Englandgoh-tuhm /'gautam/

Gothenburg port, Swedengoth-uhn-burg /'gn9anba:(r)g/Established anglicization. The Swedishname is Goteborg, pronouncedyoe~tuh»bory [jotaborj].

Gotland island, Swedengot-land /‘gotlandj

Giitterdiimmerung opera by Wagnergoat-uhr-dem-uh-ruung/'gceta(r)_demarur],'

Giittingen town, Germanygoet-ing-uhn /'go=:tn]an/

Gouda town, Netherlandsgow-duh /'gauda/, ['xouda:]Established anglicization; also suitable forthe cheese of the same name.

gouge chisel9°Wi lsavdsl

Gough Island island, South Atlanticgof /gof,’

goujons deep-fried chicken or fishgoo]-uhnz /'gu:d3anz/, French [gu35]

goulash Hungarian dishgoo-lash /'gu:laj,I

155

Gould, Glenn Canadian pianist andCOrnpOS€I'

goold /gu:ld/This surname is variously pronouncedgoold and gohld, depending on individualpreference.

Gould, John English artistgoold /gu:ld/

Gounod, Charles French composersharl goo-noh /,_[u:(r)l gufneof

gourd fruitgoord /goo(r)d/Commonly also gord.

gourde currency unit, Haitigoord /goa(r)d/

gourmet connoisseur ofgood foodgoor-may /'goe(r)mei/Commonly also gor-may.

gout diseasegowt /gaot/

goy pl. goyim Jewish name for a non-Jewgoy, pl. goy-im /gar/, pl. /'gonm/' Standard -s plural is also possible.

Goya Spanish paintergoy-uh /'go1a/

G010 island, Maltagoh-zoh /'gaozao/

Gracchus, Tiberius SemproniusRoman tribunety-beer~i-uhss sem-proh-ni-uhssgrak-uhss /tnrbiarias sampraunias'grakas/

Gracias a Dios Cape, Central Americagrass-yass ah dyoss /,grasjas u: 'djns/

graduand person receiving an academicdegreegraj-oo-and ,"grad3uand/

Graecism Greek idiomgree-siz-uhm /'gri:s1zem/

Graf, Stefli German tennis playershtef-i grahf /,Itsfi 'gru:f/

graffiti sing. graffito drawing or writingscratched on a wallgruh-fee—ti, sing. gruh-fee-toh/gra'fi:ti/, sing. /-tau,’

Grainger, Percy Australian—bornAmerican composergrayn-juhr /'gremd3a(r)/

gramicidin antibioticgram-iss-y-din /,gI'8.I‘l'lI'SAI(lII1/

Gould, Glenn I Grasse

Grammaticas, Damian BBC journalistgruh-mat-ik-uhss /gra'mat1kas/

Grampian former region, Scotlandgram-pi-uhn fgrampianl

Gramsci, Antonio Italian politicaltheoristan-tohn-yoh gram-shi /antaonjeo'gram_[i/

Granada city, Spaingruh-nah—duh /gra'nu:da/, [gra'naoa]- Established anglicization.

granadilla passion fruitgran-uh—dil—uh /grana'd1Ia/

Granados, Enrique Spanish composeren-ree-kay gran-ah-thoss /sn,ri:keigra'nu:Ons/

Gran Canaria island, Canary Islandsgran kuh-nair-i-uh /,gran ka'ns:ria/,Spanish [,gra1] ka'narja]~ Established anglicization.

Gran Chaco plain, South Americagran chak-oh /_gran 't_|‘akao/

grandam archaic term for grandmothergran-dam /‘grandam/I

Grande Comore island, Comorosgrah(ng)d kuh-mor /,grE1d ka‘mo:(r)/

grand mal form ofepilepsygron mal /,grnn'ma1/

Grand Marnier trademark liqueurgron mar-ni-ay /,grnn 'm<1:(r)nie1/,French [grd marnje]

Grand Prix m0tor—racing contestgron pree /_gron 'pri:/, French [grfipri]

granola kind ofbreakfast cerealgruhn-oh-luh /gra'nao1a/

Grantha southem Indian alphabetgrun-tuh /‘grants,’

gran turismo cargran tuu-riz-moh },gran to'rtzmeo/

grapheme smallest meaningful unit in awriting systemgraf-eem /'grafi:m,'

Grappelli, Stephane French jazzvioliniststay-fan gruh-pel-i lsterfan gra‘peli/

Grasmere village and lake, Englandgrahss-meer /'grn:sm1a(r)/

GPHSS, Giinter German novelistguen~tuhr grass /_gYnta(r) 'gras/

Grasse town, Francegrass /gras,'

gratis I griifon

gratis without chargegrat-iss /‘grat1s/Sometirnesfalso Ggray-tissI.W I I

gratuitous done without good reasongruh-tyoo-it—uhss /gra'tju:1tas/

gravad lax Scandinavian dish; alsocalled gravlaxgrav-uhd laks /'gravad ,laks/, Swedish[,gro:vad 'laks]

gravamen pl. gravamina most seriouspart of a complaint or accusationgruh-vay-men, pl. gruh-vay-min-uh/gra've1msn/, pl. /-m1na/

grave accent diacritic (*)grahv lgruzvl

Gravenstein applegrah-vuhn-styn /'gro:van,stam/

Graves, Robert English poetgrayvz /gre1vz/

Graves district, France; also wine madetheregrahv lgrozvl

Graves’ disease enlargement of thethyroidgrayvz /gre1vz/

Gravettian Upper Palaeolithic culturegruh-vet-i-uhn /gra'vetian/

gravitas dignity and seriousnessgrav-it—ass /'grav1tas/

gravlax Scandinavian dish; also calledgravad laxgrav-laks /'grav1aks/, Swedish['gru:vlaks]

Graz city, Austriagrahts lgruztsl

grebe waterbirdgreeb /gri:b,'

Greoo, El see El GreooGreenland island, Denmark

green-Iuhnd /'gri:nland/Established anglicization. The Danish nameis Gronland, pronounced groen-Ian['grcenlaan], and the Inuit name isKalaallit Nunaat, pronounced kuh-lah-litnuh-naht.

Greenock port, Scotlandgreen-uhk /'gri:nak/

Greenwich borough, Londongren-itch /'gren1t_'|'/

Greer, Germaine Australian feministand author

156

juhr-mayn greer /d3e(r),me1n 'gr1a(r)/gregarious fond of company

gruh—gair-i-uhss /gra'ge:rias/Gregorian calendar calendar

introduced by Pope Gregory XIIIgruh-gaw-ri-uhn /gra'go:rian/

Gregory ofNazianzus, St Doctor ofthe Churchnaz-i-an-zuhss /_nazi'anzas/

Gregory ofNyssa, St Doctor of theEastern Churchniss-uh /'n1sa/

Gregory ofTours, St Frankish bishopand historiantoor /toa(r)/

Grenache black wine grapegruh-nash /gra'na_[/

Grenada countrygruh-nay-duh /gra'ne1da,'

grenade small bombgruh-nayd /gra'ne1d/

Grenadian relating to Grenadagruh-nay-di—uhn /gra'ne1dian/

grenadier soldier armed with grenadegren-uh-deer /_grene‘d1a(r)/

grenadine sweet cordialgren—uh-deer! /'grenadi:n/

Grenadine Islands chain of islands,Caribbeangren-uh-deen /'grsnadi:n/

Grendel fictional creature in Beowulfgren-duhl /'grz~:ndal/

Grenfell, Joyce English entertainer andwritergren-fuhl /‘grenfal/

Grenoble city, Francegruh-noh-buhl /gra'nauba1f, [grenobl]I Established anglicization.

Gresham, Thomas English financiergresh-uhm l'grsIam/

Gresley, Nigel British railway engineergrez-Ii /'grszli/

Gretzky, Wayne Canadian ice—hockeyplayergret-ski /'grstski/

Greuze, Jean~Baptiste French painterzhah(ng) bat-eest groez /36 ba_ti:st'gr0:z/

Grieg, Edvard Norwegian composered-vard greeg /,edva:(r)d 'gri:g/

grilfon breed ofdoggrif-uhn /'gr1fan/

57 Greek

GreekGreek is a modern European language, and also an ancient languagewhich was a rich source for the vocabulary of English, producing, forexample, phobia, tele-, micro-, meta-, eu-, and dys-. Many medical andscientific terms have Greek roots. Modern Greek and ancient Greekdiffer in many respects, including pronunciation.

This panel offers a briefoverview of the pronunciation of modernand ancient Greek, both of which are written using the Greek alphabet.VVhen we encounter Greek words for which pronunciation advice isrequired, they have usually already been transliterated into the Romanalphabet. The transliteration represents an attempt to supply aphonetic version, so some aspects of the pronunciation are straight-forward. However, other aspects, in particular the correct stressplacement, are not.

Modern GreekStress can fall on any of the last three syllables of a word. Although this Iis marked with acute accents in the original Greek, these accents areusually absent from transliterations, so we consult dictionaries and .native speakers for guidance. Most consonants, as they appear in trans-literations, are pronounced as in English, except that B is often v, andD is th, as in this. The sequence NT is usually pronounced nd;Konstantinos is pronounced kon-stan-dee-noss. PH is pronounced f,TH is pronounced th, and KH is pronounced kh as in loch, which canbe anglicized to k. G is pronounced g unless it appears before G, K, KS,or KH, in which case it is ng, or before E or I, in which case it is y: AgiaNapa is pronounced y-uh nap-uh. Vowels are roughly A: a, E: e, I: ee,O: 0 and U/Y: oo. Diphthongs El and OI are both pronounced ee, andAI is e. Modern Greek does not distinguish between long and shortvowels. Modern Greek pronunciation standards are generally also usedfor New Testament and medieval Greek, although liturgical or sungGreek (e.g. lcyrie eleison) is usually subject to further anglicization.

Ancient GreekThe precise correct pronunciation ofAncient Greek is a matter of conrsiderable and continuing debate, too complex to rehearse here. AncientGreek had pitch accents, indicated with acute, circumflex, and gravediacritics. As with Modern Greek, accents could fall on any of the last Tthree syllables and are frequently missing from transliterations. In theabsence of native speakers, dictionaries must be consulted for guid~ance. Ancient Greek also had diacritics to indicate whether or not an h *

grillage | grogram 158

sound was made before a word-initial vowel. The symbol ‘ over a vowelindicates rough breathing (i.e. a preceding h sound), and the symbol ’indicates smooth breathing (no initial h sound).

B is pronounced b and D is pronounced d. PH, TH, and KH are pro-nounced p, t, and k. (Each of these consonants is strongly aspirated to lcontrast with the unaspirated consonants P, T, and K. The consonantsequences in the English words uphill,fatlwad, and backhand maygive an idea of how the aspirated consonants should sound.Unaspirated consonants are pronounced as in the English words spin,stick, and skin.) Vowels in ancient Greek were either long or short. In

l general, when anglicized, A is pronounced a if short, ah if long; E is e if ‘short, ay if long, I is i or ee, O is o or aw, and U or Y is ue (as in Germanfiinf) or oo. EI is pronounced as infeud.

Names from ancient Greek are generally pronounced as classicalLatin, with the same range of systems (see Latin panel). For example,

. Bacchae can be pronounced as anglicized bak-ee or as classical bak-y,. and the C in words like encephalitis can be pronounced as anglicized s

or classical k.

grillage framework forming a foundation Griqna South African ethnic groupfor buildings greek-wuh ,I'gri:kwe/gnhl /'9"hd5" Gris, Juan Spanish painter

grilse Salmon khwan greess /_xwan 'gri:s/grllss /gn1S/ griseofulvin antibiotic

gnmace uvisted expression griz~i—0h-fuul-vin /,gr1ziao'folv1n/g.rim_uh5§lfl§.rImaS./ g :_.__~.;____ g grisette mushroomSometimes also grim-ayss. griz-et /grpzgu

Grimaldi, Francesco Maria Italian gris-gris charm or amuletastronomer gree gree /'gri: grizlfran~chesk-oh muh-ree-uh grim-al-di gl-iskin lean pa,-t Ofa loin of-pork/fran,tj‘eskeo ma,r1:e grrmaldif gri5k_in f-gnskmf

Grimaldi, Joseph English circus grison South American monkeyemertamer griz-uhn /'grIzan/

Ilmaldif grissini Italian breadsticksgrim-al-kin /gr1'malkm/ Ggilssleeénl /gm SS“/k _ t t _ t

Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm German rg:_SJuh§s0;§§i_v;? 'Cypm pa nophilologists and folklorists 9_ _ ‘yah-kop vil-helm grim /juzknp gl'1‘_’°t Afilcafl monkey_vrlh1~:lm ‘grim,’ 9"V‘uht 1' '91'“'9t/

Grimond, Jo Scottish politician Grobbelaar, Bruce South African-born9|-im.uf-md pgnmandj English footballer

gringo white Person from an 9r°b'l"'h'|ar /|9mba1m(r)”Engligh-speaking country Groenlng, Matt American cartoonist

grins-sch /'srmgav/ gray-"mg /'sI'@II1I11/grippe old—fashioncd term for influenza grogram fabric made of silkgrip [grip] grog-ruhm /'grngrem/

159

Gromyko, Andrei Soviet statesmanan-dray gruh-mee-koh /an,dre1gra'mi:kao/

Groningen city, Netherlandsgroh-ning-uhn /‘graonlnan/,['Yr0:n1no(n)]v Established anglicization.

Grenland see GreenlandGropills, Walter German-born

American architectgroh-pi-uhss /'greopias/

grosbeak songbirdgrohss-beek /'grausbi:k/

grosgrain fabricgroh-grayn /'graugrem/

Grosjean, Sebastien French tennisplayersay-bast-ya(ng) groh-zhah(ng)/selbastjé grao'3fi/

Grosseteste, Robert Englishchurchmangroh-stest /'graustsst,f

Grossglockner mountain, Austria.grohss-glok-nuhr /'graos,glnkna(r)/

Grosvenor British family namegroh-vnuhr /'grauvna(r)/

GPOSZ, George German-horn Americanpaintergrohss lgrausl

Grotius, Hugo Dutch jurist anddiplomathyoo-goh groh-shi-uhss /,hju:gau'grau_\‘ies/- Established anglicization.

groupuscule political or religioussplinter groupgroo-puh-skyool /'gru:pa,skju:l/

Grozny capital ofChechnyagroz-ni /'grnzni,I

G1-ufl'ydd, loan Welsh actoryoh-uhn grif-ith /jaoan 'grlfr6/

Grundig German electronics companygrun-dig /'gr1md|g/, ['grund1c]~ Established anglicization.

G1-iinewald, Mathias German paintermat-ee-ass grue-nuh-valt /ma_ti:as‘gry:navalt/

Grus constellationgruss fgrnsl

Gruyére cheesegroo-yalr /'gru:jc:(r)/, French [gryjszr]

grysbok antelope

Gromyko, Andrei gllava

gryss-bok /'gr1\1sbnk/Grytviken settlement on the island of

South Georgia, South Atlanticgrit-vee-kuhn /'gr1t,vi:kan/

Gstaad resort, Switzerlandguh-shtahd /ga'_l‘to:d/. German [kjtazt]v Established anglicization.

guacamole avocado dishgwak-uh-moh-Ii ,',gwaka'mauli/

Guadalajara city, Spaingwad-al-akh-ar-uh /_gwada1a'xu:ra/

Guadalcanal island, Pacificgwad-al-kan-al /,gwadalka'nal/

Guadalquivir river, Spaingwad-al-kee-veer /_gwadalki:'vla(r)/

Guadeloupe group of islands, LesserAntillesgwad-uh-loop /,gwade'1u:p/

Guadiana river, Spain and Portugalgwad-i-an-uh /_gwadi'ane/

Guam island, Pacificgwahm /gwo:m/

Guanajuato state, Mexicogwan-akh-wat-oh /gwana'xwatau/

Guanche Canary Islands aboriginalethnic groupgwan-chay /'gwant_[er/

Guangdong province, Chinagwang-duung /,gwan'dur]/‘

Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region,Chinagwang-shee jwang /,gwanIi: 'd3wan/

Guangzhou city, Chinagwang-ioh /,gwa1]'d3ao/

Guantanamo Bay bay and prison, Cuba.gwan-tan-uh-moh /gwan'tanamao/

Guarani American Indian ethnic groupgwar-uh-nee /,gwu:ra'ni:/'

guardant heraldic termgar-duhnt /'ga:(r)dant/

Guardi, Francesco Italian painterfran-chesk-oh gwar-di /fran,tIeskao'gwo:(r)di/

Guarneri, Giuseppe Italianviolin-makerjuuz-ep-ay gwar-nair-i /d3u,zape1gwu:(r)'ns:ri/

Guatemala countrygwat-uh-mah-luh /,gwata'mo:la/

guava fruitgwah-vuh /'gwo:va/

Guayaquil [ Gunnell, Sally

Guayaquil port, Ecuadorgwy-ak-eel /gwA1a'ki:l/

Gucci Italian fashion labelgoo-chi /'gu:tIi/

Guelph faction in Italian medievalpoliticsgwelf /gwelf,’

guenon African monkeyguh-non /ga'nnn/

Guericke, Otto von German engineerand physicistot-oh fon gair-ik-uh /_ntau fon'gs:r1ke/

Guerin, Orla BBC journalistor-luh geer-in /,o:(r)le 'g1erm/

Guerin, Veronica Irish journalistgair-in /'ge:r1n/

Guernica town, Spaingair-nee-kuh /ge:(r)‘ni:ka/

Guernsey island, English Channelgurn—zi /'ga:(r)nzi/

Guerrero state, Mexicogerr-air-oh /gs'rs:roo/

guerrilla independent fighterguh-ril-uh /go'r11a,'

Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’ Argentinerevolutionary leaderair-nest-oh chay guh-var-uh/s:(r)_ni.-istao ,t_|'e1 ga‘vt1:ra/

Guggenheim, Meyer Swiss-bornAmerican industrialistmy-uhr guug-uhn-hym /,IT1AI8(lI‘)'guganhn1m/The same pronunciation is used for theGuggenheim museums.

Guiana region, South Americagi—ah-nuh ,Igi'o:na/

Guignol French puppet showgeen-yol /gi:'njnl/

guilder former currency unit,Netherlandsgil-duhr l‘g1lda(r)/

Guildford town, Englandgil-fuhrd /'g11fa(r)d/

Guilin city, Chinagway-lin /,gwe1‘l1n/

Guillain-Ban-é syndrome nervousdisordergee-ya(ng) barr-ay /,g1js 'bare1/

guillotine cutting machinegil-uh-teen /'g1lati:n/

160

Guinea counttygin-i /'g1ni,f

guinea former currency unit, UKgin-i /'g1ni/

Guinea-Bissau countrygin-i biss-ow /_g1m b1'sao/

Guinean relating to Guineagin-i-uhn /'gmian/

Guinevere wife of King Arthurgwin-uh-veer /'gwmav|a(r)/

Guinness, Alec English actorgin-uhss /‘gin;-is,’

guiro (also giiiro) musical instrumentgweer-oh /'gw1arau/

Guiyang city, China.gway-yang /,gwe1'ja1)/

Guizhou province, Chinagway—joh /_gwe1'd5au/

Gujarat state, Indiaguuj—uh-raht /,god3a'ro:t/

Gujarati relating to Gujaratguuj-uh-rah-ti /,god3a'ru:ti/

Gujranwala city, Pakistanguuj-ruhn-wah—luh /,god3ren'wo:la,l

Gujrat city, Pakistanguuj—raht /god3'ru:t/

Giil, Abdullah Turkish politicianab—duul-uh guel /ab,dule 'gy1/

gulab jamun Indian sweetguul—ahb jah-mun /gu,lo:b '£l3€lZl‘l'1A1'l/

Gulag system of Soviet labour campsgoo-lag /'gu:lag/, Russian [gu‘lak]' Established anglicization.

Gulbarga city, Indiaguul-bar-guh /guI'bo:(r)ga/

Gulbenkian, Calouste SarkisTurkish-born British oil magnate andphilanthropistkuh—l0ost sar—keess guuI—benk—i—uhn/ka_lu:st sc1:(r)_ki:s gol'bsr_1kian/

gulden guilderguuld~uhn }'guldan/

gules heraldic termgyoolz /gju:lz/

Gullah American ethnic groupgul-uh /‘gala/‘

Gullit, Ruud Dutch footballerruet khuul-it /,ry:t 'xul1t/

Gunnell, Sally English athletegun-uhl /'gnne1/

161

GuI1te1°’S chain former measuringinstrumentgun-tuhrz /'gAnta(r)z/

Guntur city, Indiaguun-toor /gon'toa(r)/

gunwale (also gunnel) upper edge of aship's sidegun-uhl /'QAI19l/Inwale, however, is pronounced in-wayl.

guppy fish9119-I /'9A1>i/

Gupta Hindu dynastyguup-tu h /'gupte/

G111‘ West African language groupgoor /gua(r)/

gur type of brown sugar90°F /9va(r)/

Gurdjieif, George Russian spiritualleader and occultistgoor-ji-uhf /'goa(r)d3iaf/

gurdwara Sikh place ofworshipgoor-dwar-uh /gua(r)'dwu:ra/

Gurkha Nepalese ethnic groupgur-kuh /‘ga:(r)ka/Commonly also go0r—kuh. W hi

Gurkhali Nepaligur-kah-Ii /ga:(r)'ku:1i/

Gurmukhi script used for writingPunjabigoor-muuk-i /'gua(r)muki/

guru Hindu spiritual teacherguu-roo /'gUru:/

Gustavus Adolphus former king ofSwedenguust-ah-vuhss uh-dolf-uhssfgu,sta:vas a'dnlfes/

Gutenberg, Johannes German printeryoh-han-uhss goo-tuhn-bairk/jau_hanas 'gu:tanba:(r)k/

Guthrie, Woody American folk singer

Gunter-’s chain | Gyumri

guth-ri /'QA9I‘l/Guyana country

gy-an—uh /QAI'3I19/Guyenne region, France

gwee-yen /gwi:‘jan/Gwalior city, Indiagwah-li-or /'gwu:1i:):(r)/

Gwent former county, Walesgwent lgwantf

Gwynedd county, Walesgwin-eth /'gw1neo,'

gwyniad fishgwin-i-ad /'gwmiad/

gran knowledge9Yah" lgiwnl

Gyanendra king ofNepalgyuh-nen—druh /gja'nsndra/

Qflnkhana equestrian day eventjim-kah-nuh /d31m'ku:n9/

Gyllenhaal, Jake and MaggieAmerican actorsjil-uhn-hawl /'d31lanho:1/

gymnasium pl. gymnasia buildingequipped for gymnasticsjim-nay—zi-uhm, pl. jim-nay-zi-uh/d51m'ne1ziem/, pl. /-zia/~ Standard —s plural is also possible.

gynaeceurn part of a Greek or Romanbuilding set apart for womenjy-nee-si-uhm /d31n'ni:siam/Sometimes also gy-nee-si-uhrn; see GREEKpanel.

gynaecology branch ofmedicinegy-nuh-kol-uh-ji /,gA1ne'knlad3i/Less commonly also jy-nuh-kol-uh-ji.

gyratory circular motionjy-ray-tuh-ri /d3A1're1tari/Sometimes also jy-ruh-tuh-ri.

Gyumri city, Armeniagyuum-ri /'gjumri/

162

HH letter of the alphabet

aytch lertllThe pronunciation haytch is the usualpronunciation in Irish English, but ofienseen as a mispronunciation in BR and AM.

Hiiagen-Dazs American ice creamcompanyhah-guhn-dahss /'hu:gan,d(1:s/Commonly also hah-guhn-dahss. The nameis made up, and not based on any particularlanguage.

Haakon Crown Prince ofNorwayhaw-kon /'ho:knn/

Hafaretz Israeli newspaperhuh-ar-uhts /ha‘u:rats/

Haarlem city, Netherlandshar-luhm /‘ho:(r)1am/

Habalikuk Hebrew prophethab-uh-kuhk /‘habakak/

Haba, Alois Czech composeral-oyss hah-buh /,alois 'hu:ba/

Habana see Havanahabanera Cuban dance

ab-an-air-uh /aba'ne:ra/Habdalah (also Havdalah) Jewish

religious ceremonyhav-dah-luh /hav'du:la/

haberdasher dealer in sewing itemshab-uhr-dash-uhr j'haba(r),da_[a(r)/

habergeon coat of mailhab-uhr-juhn /‘haba(r)d3an/Sometiriiesialso huh-bur-juhn.

Habermas, Jiirgen Germanphilosopheryuer-guhn hah-buhr-mahss /,jY(1‘)gan'hu:ba(r)mu:s/

habitué residenthuh-bitch-00-ay /ha'b1t_fue1,'

habitus general constitutionhab-it-uhss /'habItas/

haboob desert windhuh-boob /ha'bu:b/

Habsburg (also I-Iapsburg) Europeandynastyhaps-burg /'hapsba:(r)g/, German[‘ha:psbork]' Established anglicization. _

haizek diacritic (')hah-chek /'hu:tIek/

hachures parallel lineshash-yoorz /ha'_|‘jua(r)z/

hacienda large estatehass-i-en-duh /,hasi'anda/,Spanish [a'Bjenda], [a'sjenda]~ See SPANISH panel.

Hadamar German Nazi concentrationcamphad—uh-mar /'hadamu:(r)/

Hades Greek mythological underworldhay-deez /'heidi:z/

Hadhramaut region, Yemenhad-ruh-mowt /,hadre'maut/

Hadith collection of Muslim traditionshad-eeth /ha'di:9,'

Hadlee, Richard New Zealanclcricketerhad-li /'hadli/'

Hadrian Roman emperorhay-dri-uhn /‘heIdrian,'

hadrosaur dinosaurhad-ruh-sor /'hadras0:(r)/

haemal concerning the bloodhee-muhl /'hi:ma1/

haematoma pl. haematoniata swellingof clotted bloodhee-muh-toh-muh, pl.hee-muh-toh-muh-tuh /_hi:me'tauma/,pl. /-mata/' Standard -s plural is also possible.

haemoglobin proteinhee-muh-gloh-bin /,hi:ma'glaob1n/

haemophilia reduced ability of theblood to clothee—muh-fil-i-uh /_hi:ma'f1lia/

haemorrhage bleedinghem-uh-rij /'hemarId3/

163

haemorrhoid swollen veins around theanushem-uh—royd /'h£1'1'1Ell"3lC1/'

haere mai Maori greetinghy-ruh my /,hA1ra 'm1n/

hafiz Muslim who knows the Koran byhearthah-fiz /'hc1:fIz/

Haflinger breed ofponyhaf-ling-uhr /'hafln1e(r),'

hafnium chemical elementhaf-ni-uhm /‘hafniam/

haft handle of a knifehahft /ho:ft/

Hagar biblical namehay-gar /'he1gc1:(r)/

Hagen city, Germanyhah-guhn /'hu:gan/

Haggai Hebrew prophethag-y /'hag1u/

Hagia S0phiil building in Istanbuly-uh soh—fee-uh /_A1a sao'fi:a/

Hagiographa books of the Biblehag-i-og-ruh-fuh /,hagi'ngrafa/

Hagrid character from the Harry Potterbookshag-rid /'hagrId/

Hague, The city, Netherlandshayg /heig/Established angliciaation. 7is Den Haag, pronounced den hahkh [den'ha:x].

Haguenau city, Frenchag-noh /ag'nau/

haham (also chacham) person learned inJewish lawhah-huhm /'hc1:hem/

Hahn, 0110 German chemistOt-Oh hahn /ptau 'hc1:n/

Haida American Indian ethnic grouphy-duh /'i'lAICl8/

Haifa port, Israelhy-fuh /'l.’1AIf8/

haik North African garmenthyk /hAIk/

I-Iaikou capital of Hainan autonomousregionkhy-koh /,xA1‘kao/

haiku Japanese poemhy-k00 /'h1uku:/

Haiie Selassie Ethiopian emperor

haemorrhoid | halberd

hy-li suh—lass—i l,h1uli sa'lasi/Hainan autonomous region, China

khy-nan /,xA1'nan/Hainault part of London

hayn—awlt /'he1no:lt/Commonly also hayn-olt or hayn-awt.7 W

Hainaut province, Belgiumen—oh /s'nau/

Haiphong port, Vietnamhy-fong /i'lAI'fDI_]/

Haiti countryhay-ti /'heIti/, French [aiti]v Established anglicization.

Haitian relating to Haitihay-shuhn /'he1_]‘an/

Haitink, Bernard Dutch conductorbair-nart hy-tink /,be:(r)nu:(r)t'hAIl1II]l(/

hajj (also haj) Muslim pilgrimage toMeccaha] /had3j

hajji (also haji) Muslim who has been toMeccaha]-i /'had3i/

haka Maori ceremonial war dancehah-kuh /'ho:ke/

hakama Japanese garmenthak-am—uh /'hakama/

Hakenkreuz swastikahah-kuhn-kroyts /‘hu:kan,kroIts/'

hakim governor in Muslim countries andIndiahak~eem /ha'ki:m/

Hakka Chinese ethnic grouphak-uh /'haka/

Hakluyt, Richard English geographerand historianhak-loot /'hak1u:t/

Hakodate port, Japanhah-koh-dah-tay /,h<1:kau'da:te1/

Halab see AleppoHalabjah city, Iraq

hal-uhb-juh /'ha1ebd3a/Halacha Jewish law

ha|—ah—khah /,ha1o:'xc1:/Halafian prehistoric culture

huh-lah-fi-uhn /ha'1u:fian/halal meat prepared as prescribed by

Muslim lawhuh—lahl /ha'lu:l/

halberd combined spear and battleaxehal-burd /'halba:(r)d/

halberdier I Hamm

halberdier man armed with a halberdhal-buhr—deer /,halba(r)'d1a(r)/

Haldane, J. B. S. Scottish biologisthawl-dayn /'h0:ldem/

haldi Indian term for turmerichill-di /'hAldi/

I-Ialesowen town, Englandhayl-zoh-uhn /heilz'aoan/

Haley, Bill American rock-and-rollsingerhay-Ii /'hei1i,'

halfpenny former British coinhayp-ni /'he1pni/The British surname Halfpenny is usually Ipronounced hahf-puh-ni.

halfpennyworth as much as could bebought for a halfpennyhay—puhrth /'he1pa(r)0/Sometimes also hayp-ni-wuhrth.

halibut fishhal-ib-uht /'l‘lfllIlJ9t/

Halicarnassus ancient Greek cityhal-ik-ar-nass-uhss /_halrka:(r)'nasasl

halitosis bad breathhal-it-oh-siss /,ha11'teos1s/

Halle city, Germanyhal-uh /'ha1e/

Hallé, Charles German-born pianistand conductorhal-ay /'halei/

Haller, Albrecht von Swiss anatomistand physiologistal-brekht fon hal-uhr /,albrect fun'ha1a(r)/

Halley, Edmond English astronomerhal-i /'hali/The same pronunciation is used for Halley'scomet. This British surname is variouslypronounced hal-i, hay-Ii, and haw-Ii,depending on individual preference.

halloumi Cypriot cheesehuh-I00-mi /ha'1u:mi/

Hallstatt archaeological phasehal-shtat /‘halItat/

hallucinogen drug that causeshallucinationshuh—loo-sin-u h-juhn /ha'lu:s1nad3on/

hallux pl. halluces big toehal-uhks, pl. hal-yuu-seez /‘halt-aks/, pl./-jusi:z,fQ Standard -es plural is also possible.

164-

halma board gameha!-muh l'halma/

Halmahera island, Indonesiahal-muh-heer-uh /_halma'h1ara/

haloperitlol antidepressant drughal-oh-perr-id-ol /_ha1au'psr1dnl/

H815, Frans Dutch painterfrunss hulss /,fr./ins 'l'lAlS/

Hfilsingborg see Helsingborghalva Middle Eastern sweet

hal~vuh /'halva/Ham biblical name

ham fhamlHama (also Hannah) city, Syria

hah-muh /'ht1:ma/Hamada, Shoji Japanese pottershoh-ji ham-ad-uh /,_[eod3i 'hamada/

hamadryad Greek mythologicalcharacterham-uh-dry-uhd /,hama'drA1ad/

hamadryas baboonham-uh-dry-uhss /,hama'drAias/

Hamamatsu city, Japanham~uh-mat-soo /,hama'matsu:/

hamamelis witch hazelham-uh-mee-Iiss /,hama'mi:l1s/

Hamas Palestinian Islamic movementha m-ass /ha'mas/

hamate hand bonehay-muht /'he1mat/

Hamburg port, Germanyham-burg /'hamba:(r)g/, ['hambork]0 Established anglicization.

Hamelin l0W1"l, Germanyham-lin /‘hamlrn/Established anglicization. The Germanname is I-Iameln, pronouncedhah,-mulyiln.

Hamhung city, North Koreaham-hung /ham'hA1]/

Hamilcar Carthaginian generalham-il-kar /ha'mIlko:(r)/Commonly_als¥oili;lni¥iljkari

Hamite North African ethnic groupham-yt /‘hamA|t/

Hamitic group ofAfrican languageshuh-mit-ik /ha'mrt1k/

Hamm city, Germanyham /ham,’

165

Hammarskjiild, Dag Swedishdiplomat and politiciandahg ham-uhr-shoeld /,du:g'hama(r),j‘o1d/

Hammerfest port, Norwayham-uhr-fest /'hama(r)f£st]

Hammerstein, Oscar Americanlibrettistham-uhr-styn /'hama(r)stA1n/

Hammett, Dashiell American novelistdash-eel ham-uht /da,_I'i:l 'hamat/

Hammurabi king ofBabyloniaham-uu-rah-bi /_hamo'ro:bll

Hamnett, Katharine English fashiondesignerham-nuht /'hamnat/

Hamsun, Knut Norwegian novelistknoot ham-soon /,knu:t 'hamsu:n/

I-lamza, Abu Egyptian-hom Britishradical Muslimab-00 ham-zuh /_abu: 'hamza/

Handel, George FrederickGerman—bom English composerhan-duhl /'handal/Established anglicization:The Germanname is Handel, pronounced hen—duh|.

Hang Seng I-long Kong stock exchangeindexhang seng /,ha13 'ssn/

Hangzhou city, Chinahang-joh /,ha13'd3au/

Haniyah, Ismail Palestinian primeministeriss-muh-eel han-ee-yuh /|sma_i:lha'ni:je/

Hanna-Barbera American cartoon filmmakershan-uh bar-bair-uh /,hanabo:(r)'bs:ra/

Hannibal Carthaginian generalhan-ib-uhl /'han1ba1/

Hanoi capital ofVietnamhan-oy /ha'no1/

Hanover city, Germanyhan-oh-vuhr /'hanauva(r)/Established anglicization. The German formis 1-Iannover, pronouced han-oh-fuhr[ha'no:fe].

Hanoverian relating to Hanoverhan-uh-veer-i-uhn /,hana'v1arian/

Hanse medieval guild of merchants

Q0Hammarslqbld, Dag | haricot

han-Suh /'hansa/Hanseatic League medieval associationof north German citieshan-si-at-ik /_hansi'at1k,I

Hanukkah (also Chanukkah) Jewishfestivalhan-uh-kuh /'hanal<a/, Hebrew[xanuka]Sometimes also hon-uh-kuh orhah-nuh-kuh.

Hanuman Hindu monkey-like beinghun-uum-ahn /_hAnu'mu:n/

Happisburgh resort, Englandhay:-buh-ruh /'he1zbara,'

Hapsburg see Habsburghara-kiri ritual samurai suicide

harr-uh-kirr-i /,hara'k|ri/haram forbidden by Islamic law

har-ahm /ha:'ru:m/Harappa ancient city of the Indus valley

huh-rap-uh /ha'rapa/Harare capital ofZimbabwe

huh-rar-i /ha'ro:ri/' Established anglicization.

harass annoy or pester

hs"-eh§§/'1>e:@s/ 7 7This is the traditional British Englishpronunciation. The variant huh-rass isgaining ground in BR but still disliked bymany in the UK, and the same applies to theword harassment. AM is huh-rass.

Harbin city, Chinahar-been /,hu:(r)'bi:n/

Hardanger district, Norwayhar-dang-uhr /ha:(r)'dane(r)l

Hardecanute king of Denmark andEnglandhar-duh-kuh-nyoot /‘hu:(r)dakanju:t/

Hardwar city, Indiahard-war /hci:(r)'dwo:(r)/

Hare Krishna religious culthar-ay krish-nuh l,hu:re1 'kr1j'na/

harem part of a Muslim householdreserved for womenhar-eem /'ha:ri:m/Commonly also hair-uhm.

Hargeisa city, Somaliahar-gay-suh /hu:(r)'ge1sa/

haricot French beanharr-ik-oh ]'harIkau/

Harijan | Havana

Harijall Hindu group of the lowestsocial statushurr-ij-un /'hAI‘Id3AI'1/

Haringey part of Londonharr-ing-gay /'har1ngei,'

Hariri, Rafik al- Lebanese politicianruh-feek uhl huh-ree-ri /ra,fi:k alha'ri:ri/

harissa North African spicy pastehuheriss-uh /ha'r1sa/

Harlech village, Waleshar-lek /'ho:(r)lsk/, ['harlsx]' Established anglicization.

harmattan dry windhar-mat-uhn /ho:(r)'maten/

harpsichord keyboard instrumentharp-sik-ord /'hn:(r)psrka:(r)d/

harquebus gunhar-kwib-uhss /'ha:(r)kwIbas/

Harri, Guto BBC journalistgit-oh harr-l /_g1tau 'hari/

Harrovian member of Harrow Schoolhuh-roh-vi-uhn /ha'raovian/

Harte, Bret American short—story writerhart /hu:(r)t/

hartebeest antelopehar-tuh-beest /'ho:(r)tabi:st/

Hartlepool port, Englandhart-luh-pool ,l'h<1:(r)tla,pu:l/

Harun ar-Rashid caliph of Baghdadharr-oon uh-rash-eed jha,ru:nara'_[i:d/~ See ARABIC panel.

haruspex pl. haruspioes religious oflicialhuh-rusp-eks, pl. huh-rusp-iss-eez/l18'I'ASp€kS/, pl. /-sp1si:z,'

Harwich port, Englandharr-lj /'harid3/

Haryana state, Indiahurr-i-ah-nuh /,l1AI‘i'(1In8/

Harz Mountains range of mountains,Germanyharts /ho:(r)ts/

Hasdrubal Carthaginian generalhaz-druub-uhl /'hazdrobal/

Hasek, Jaroslav Czech novelistyarr-oss-laf hash-ek /jarnslaf 'ha_|'sk]

hashish cannabishash-ish /'ha_|‘Ij‘/Commonly also hfagsh-eesh, w W p 77

Hasidic (also Chasidic or Chassidic)

166

relating to Hasidismhass-id-ik /ha's1d1k,I

Hasidism (also Chasidism orChassidism) mystical Jewish movementhass-id-iz-uhm ;"has1,dIzam/

Hasmonean Jewish dynastyhaz—muh-nee-uhn /_hazma'ni:an/

Hasselt city, Belgiumhuss-uhlt /'l'lAS8lt/

Hasselbaink, Jimmy Floyd Dutchfootballerhuss-uhl-bynk /'hAsalbAn]k/

hassium chemical elementhass-i-uhm /'hasiam/

Hathaway, Anne wife ofWilliamShakespearehath-uh-way /'ha9awe1,I

hatha type of yogahath-uh /‘halls/'Sometimes also hut-uh.

Hathor ancient Egyptian goddesshath-or /'ha6:>:(r),'

Hatshepsut ancient Egyptian queenhat-shep-suut /hat‘_l'spsot/

Hattusa capital of the ancient Hittiteempirehat-uuss-uh ,I'hatusa/

Hauer, Rutger Dutch actorruut-guhr how-uhr /,rotga(r)‘haoa(r)/

Han-Hauism Maori religionhow how-iz-uhm /'hao ,hao1zam/

Hauptmann, Gerhart Germandramatistgair-hart howpt-man /,gs:(r)hu:(r)t‘hauptmanf

haurient heraldic termhaw-ri-uhnt /'h:>:riant,/

Hausa Nigerian language and ethnicETOUPhow-suh /'haosa/

haute couture fashion designOht kuu-tyoor /_aot ko'tjoa(r)/

haute cuisine cooking ofhigh-qualityfoodOht kwiz-een /,aut kwi'zi:n/

hauteur proud haughtiness of manneroh-tur /ao'te:(r)/

havan Hindu ritual burning ofofferingshav-uhn /'haven/

Havana capital of Cubahuh-van-uh /ha'vana/

167 Havant I heiau

lilstahlishedanglicization. Spanish heg-bi /'hi;bi/name is Habana, ronounced ab-an-uh . . .[a.I3ana]_ P Hebel province, China

— — ~ khuh-bay /_xa'be1/Havant town’ England hebephrenia form of schizophrenia"a""“h'"" /'ha"*’“l/ hee-buh-free-ni-uh /,hi:ba'fri:nia/

Havdalah see Habdalah Hebraic relating to HebrewHavel, Vaclav Czech dramatist and huh_b|.ay_ik /ha.breHk/

statesman _vaht-slaf haV—el /,vo:ts1af 'have1./ Egebralst Scholar ofthe Hebrew

H .. t t ,US anguage _ I Dh€:fi‘x;_?l;a,wMi/ heeb-ray-|sst / h1:brenst/

hawala Arab system of transferring Hebrew Israeli languagemoney hee-broo /'hi:bru:/huh-wah-luh /ha‘wo:le,' Hebrides group of islands, Scotland

Hawick town, Scotland heb—rid-eez /'hehr1di:z/ho}/k /hI>I1</ Hebron city, West Bank

Haworth, Walter Norman English heb-ron /'hsbrnn,'Chemist Hecate Greek goddesshOW-UhI"[l"l /'l1HUW8(I')B[ i hek_uh_ti /-hekatfl

This British surname is variously hecatomb great public Sacrificepronounced how~uhrth and haw—uhrth, hek_uh_toom Whakatuzmldepending on individual preference.

_ Heche, Anne American actressHaydn, Franz Joseph Austrian hash /ha”

composer hfrants yoh-zuhf hy-duhn /_trants ectare. ml“ of Square measureljauzaf |hAIdan/' l'Iel(-tall’ / hEktSi(I')/I

Hayek, Salma Mexican actress Sometimes also hek_tar'

sakmuh hy'ek /'Salm9 lhmakl Hector Greek mythological characterHayward Gallery art gallery in London hek_tuh|- /'h5kt3(r)/

haylwuhrd /'he[wa(r)d/ Hecuba. Greek mythological characterHazchem system oflabelling hazardous hek_yuub_uh Whskjubaj

chemicalshaz_kem /-hazkarn/' hBd€I' S08 cheder

Hazlitt, William English essayist hedonism Qursuit of Ple3~°'ul'ehayz-lit /'heizl1t/ hfiee-duh-n|z-uhmi [fnuda1l1;8m/ p ZThis is the family pronunciation, but it C°mm°"lY 315° hed"-'h‘nlZ"Jhm-name is commionly also pronounced haz-lit.

~ — 1 Hefei city, ChinaHBOS banking group khuh-fay /,xa'fe1/aytchboss lleltlbnsl Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich

Heaney! Seaml15 [Fish P9913 German philosopher5h3Y"mUh55 hee-ni /.IeII119S 'l1i1I1i/ gay-ork vil-helm freed-rikh hay-guhl

hearken listen /_gei:):(r)k .v1lhs1m frizdrlc 'heigol/hapkuhn /'h°:(r)kan" hegemonic dominant

Hearst, William Randolph American |-|eg_uh-mon_i|< /|hEg9~mnmk/newspaper publisher Whurst /h9:(r)SU éomiertiimcs also hej-uh-mon-ik.

Heaviside, Oliver English physicist Hegira (also Hejira) Muhamrnad’shev—isS-yd /‘hsvrsmdf departure from Mecca to Medina

hebdomadal weekly hei-irr-uh I 'hfid51r<->/h9b'd°m'Uh'dUh| /hEb'dIJm9d9l/ heiau ancient Hawaiian temple

Hebe Greek mythological character hay-oh / 'heIao/

Heidegger, Martin I helot

Heidegger, Martin Germanphilosophermar-teen hy—deg-uhr /,ma:(r)ti:n'hA1_dsga(r)/

Heidelberg city, Germanyhy—duh|—burg /'hA1da1ba:(r)g/,['haida1bsrk]v Established anglicization.

Heilbronn city, Germanyhyl-bron fl'lAIl'l)l‘D1'lf

Heilongjiang province, Chinakhay-luung-ji-ang /,xe11o1]d3i'an/

Heimat ‘homeland’ (German)hy-maht /'llAIlTl(1Zl1/

Heimlich manoeuvre first-aidprocedurehym—|ik / 'hA1m11k/, German ['haim1Ic]- Established anglicization.

Heine, Heinrich German poethyn-rikh hy-nuh /,hAinrIc ‘hnmal

Heinlein, Robert A. American writerhyn-lyn /'l1AII‘llAII1/

heinous utterly wickedhay-nuhss /'he1nas/Sometimes also hee-nuhss, and erroneouslyhee-ni-uhss.

Heinz, Henry John American foodmanufacturerhynz /h.\mz/

Heisenberg, Werner Karl Germanphilosophervair-nuhr karl hy-zuhn-bairk/,vs:(r)na(r) ,ko:(r)l ‘hn1zanbs:(r)k/

hei-tiki Maori neck ornamenthay-tik—i /he1'tiki/

Hejaz (also Hijaz) region, Saudi Arabiahuh-jaz /he'd3az/

Hejira see HegiraHekla volcano, Icelandhek-luh /'hsk1a/

HeLa cells immortal cell line used inresearchhee-luh /'hi:le/

Helena city, UShel-uh-nuh /'he1ena/

Helena, St Roman empresshel-uh-nuh /'hs1ana/' See also the island of s'r HELENA.

Helgoland see I-Ieligolandheliacal relating to the sun

huh-ly-uh—kuh| /ha'1AIaka1/

168

helianthus planthee-li—an-thuhss /,hi:1i'an9as,'

helical having the shape of a helixhel-ik—uhl /'hs11kal/Sometimes also hee-lik-uhl.

helicon musical instrumenthel-ik-uhn /'hs11kan/

Helicon, Mount mountain, Greecehel-ik—uhn /'hsl1kan,'

I-Ieligoland island, Germanyhel-ig-0h—land /'haligeo1and/Established anglicization. The Germanname is Helgoland, pronouncedhel-goh—lant.

Heliogabalus Roman emperorhee-Ii-oh-gab-uh-luhss/_hi:1ia'gaba1es/

Heliopolis ancient Egyptian cityhee-|i—0p-uh—|i$s /,hi:1i'npal1s/

Helios Greek godhee-Ii-uhss /'hi:1ias/

helium chemical elementhee-li—uhm /'hi:1iam/

helix pl. helices spiral formhee-liks,p1. hel-iss-eez /'hi:11ks/,p1./'hsl1si:z/Q Standard -es plural is also possible.

Helladic Bronze Age cultures of Greecehel-ad-ik /ha'lad1k/

Hellas Greecehel-ass /'hslas/

hellebore planthel-ib-or /'hel1bo:(r),'

Hellene ancient Greekhel-een /‘he1i:n/

Hellenic Greekhe-I-en—ik /ha'lsnik,'

Hellenize make Greekhel~uh-nyz /'l'1Sl8I‘lAIZ/'

Hellespont ancient name for theDardanelleshel-uhss-pont /'hslaspnnt[

Helmand river and province,Afghanistanhel-mand /hsl'mand/

helminthiasis infestation withparasitic wormshel-min-thy-uh-siss /,hslrnm'6A1as1s/

helot serf in ancient Spartahel-uht /'he1at;‘

169

Helsingborg (also Hiilsingborg) port,Swedenhel-sing-borg /hs1sn]'bo:(r)g/,[,helsn]'borj]0 Established anglicization.

Helsinger see ElsinoreHelsinki capital of Finland

hel-sink-i /'l‘lElSll]ki]'Q Note the stress on the first syllable!

Helvetia Latin name for Switzerlandhel-vee-shuh /he1'vi:Ia/

hernianopia blindness over half the fieldofvisionhem-i-uh-noh-pi-uh /_hemia'naopia/

hemiola musical termhem-i-oh-luh /,hemi'aoie/

hemiplegia paralysis of one side of thebodyhem-ip-lee-juh /_hem1'pIi:d3a]

hemistich halfof a line of versehem-ist-ik fhemistikl

Hemkund lake, Indiahem-kuund /hem'kond/

Henan province, Chinakhuh-nan /,xa‘nan/

hendecagon figure with elevenstraight sideshen—dek-uh—guhn fhen'dekagan/

hendiadys grammatical structurehen-dy-uh—diss /l'lBn'dAI8dIS/

Hengist and Horsa semi-mythologicalJutish leadersheng-gist hor-suh /'h8lJQIS't 'ho:(r)se/

Henin-A1-denne, Justine Belgiantennis playerzhue-steen en-a(ng) ar-den /3y'sti:ne,nz7: o:(r)'den/

Henri, Robert American painterhen-ri /'henri/

Henrician relating to Henry VIII ofEnglandhen—rish—uhn /han'r|_|‘on/

Henry, Thierry French footballertyerr—ee ah(ng)-ree /tjs,ri: fi'ri:/

Henze, Hans Werner Germancomposerhanss vair-nuhr hent-suh /_hans_va:(r)na(r) 'hsntsa/

heparin compound occurring in the liverhep-uh-rin /'hepar1n/

hepatic relating to the liverhep-at-ik /he‘pat1k/

Helsingborg I Herculaneum

hepatitis inflammation of the liverhep-uh-ty-tiss /,hape'tA1t1s/

hepatoma pl. hepatomata liver cancerhep-uh-toh-muh, pl.hep-uh-toh-muh-tuh /,hepe'tauma/, pl./-mata/¢ Standard -s plural is also possible.

Hephaestus Greek godhuh-fee-stuhss /he'fi:stes/

heptad group or set of sevenhep-tad /'hsptad/

heptagon figure with seven sideshep-tuh-guhn /'hsptagen/

heptahedron figure with seven planefaceshep-tuh-hee-druhn /,hepte'hi:dran/Sometiines also hep-tuh-hed-ruhn. 7

heptameter line of verse consisting ofseven metrical feethep-tam-uh—tuhr /hep'tamata(r)/

heptarchy region consisting of sevenautonomous regionshep-tar-ki /'heptu:(r)ki/

Heptateuch books of the Biblehep-tuh-tyook /'hepta,t_iu:k/

heptathlon athletic eventhep-tath-Ion /hsp'ta6lnn/

Hera Greek goddessheer-uh /'h1ara/

Heracles Greek mythological character;also called Herculesherr-uh-kleez /'herak1i:z/

Heraclitus Greek philosopherherr-uh-kly-tuhss /,hera'k1A1tes/

Heraklion capital, Cretehuh-rak-Ii-uhn /he'rakli:-ml

Herat city, Afghanistanherr-aht ,'he'ru:t/

herbaceous relating to herbshur-bay-shuhss /ha:(r)'be1Ias/

herbarium pl. herbal-ia collection ofdried plantshur-hair-i-uhm, pl. hur-bair-i-uh/ha:(r)'be:riam/, pl. /-ria/

herbivore animal that feeds on plantshur-biv-or /'ha:(r)b1v:>:(r)/

Herceptin cancer drughur—sep-tin /ha:(r)'sept1n/

Herculaneum ancient Roman townhur-kyuul-ay-ni-uhm/,ha:(r)kju‘le1niam/

Herculean I hetman

Herculean requiring great strengthhur-kyuul-ee-uhn /,ha:(r)kju'li:an/Sometimes also hur-kyoo-Ii-uhn.

Hercules Greek mythological character;also called Heracleshur-kyuul-eez /'ha:(r)kjo1i:z/

Hereford city, Englandherr-uh-fuhrd /'herofa(r)d/

Herero African ethnic grouphuh-rair-oh /ha're:rao/

Hereward the Wake semi—legendaryAnglo-Saxon leaderherr-uh-wuhrd /'herewe(r)d/

Hergé Belgian cartoonistair-zhay /s:(r)'3e|/

hermaphrodite human or animalhaving both male and female sex organshur-maf-ruh-dyt /he:(r)'mafradA1t/

Hermaphroditus Greek mythologicalcharacterhuhr-maf-ruh-dy-tuhss/ha,mafra‘d1utas/

Hermes Greek mythological characterhur-meez /'he:(r)mi;z/

Hermes French fashion labelair-mess ,'e:(r)'mes/

Hermosillo city, Mexicoair-moss-eel-yoh /,e:(r)mo‘si:1jeo/

hernia pl. herniae medical conditionhur-ni-uh, pl. hur-ni-ee /'ha:(r)nia/, pl/-nii:/I Standard -s plural is also possible.

Herning city, Denmarkhair-ning /'hs:(r)nn3/

Herod name ofseveral rulers of ancientPalestineherr-uhd /'hsrod/

Herodotus Greek historianherr-od-uh-tuhss /hs'rndetas/

Herophilus Greek anatomistheer-of-il-uhss /h1a'rnf11as/

Herr pl. Herren German title for a manhair, pl. herr-uhn /he:(r)/, pl. /'heren/

Herri Batasuna Basque political partyerr-i bat-ass-oo-nuh /,eri bata'su:na/

Herschel, William German—bornBritish astronomerhur—shuhl /'ha:(r)Ial/

Hertford town, Englandhart-fuhrd /'ho:(r)tfe(r)d/

Hertz, Heinrich RudolfGermanphysicist

170

hyn-rikh r00-dolf hairts /,h1\II‘lI'l(},ru:dnlf 'he:(r)ts/

hertz SI unit of frequencyhurts /ha:(r)ts/

Herut Israeli political partyherr-oot /hs'ru:t/

Herzegovina see Bosnia-HerzegovinaHerzl, Theodor Hungarian-bornAustrian Zionist leaderhurt-suhl /'ha:(r)tsal/, German[,te:odo:e 'herts1]' Established anglicization.

Herzog, Wemer German film directorvair-nuhr hairt-sohk /,ve:(r)na(r)'he:(r)tsaok/

Heshvan see HesvanHesiod Greek poet

hee-si-uhd /'hi:sied/Hesperian concerning the Hesperides

hesp-eer-i-uhn /ha'spIarien/Hesperides Greek mythological

charactershesp-err-id-eez /hs'speridi:z,'

hesperidium pl. hesperidia fruithesp-uh-rid-i-uhm,pl. hesp-uh-rid-i-uh /_hespa'r|diam/,pl. /-dia/

Hesperus name for the planet Venushesp-uh-ruhss ,"hesperas/

Hess, RudolfGerman Nazi politicianroo-dolf hess /_ru:dn1f 'hes/

Hesse state, Germanyhess /hes/Established anglicization. The Germanname is Hessen, pronounced hess-uhn.

Hesse, Hermann German-born Swissnovelisthair-man hess-uh /,hs:(r)man'hese,1

Hesvan (also Heshvan) Jewish monthhess-vuhn /'hesvan/

heterogeneous diversehet-uh-ruh-jee-ni-uhss/,hetare'd5i:nias/Less commonly also het-uh-ruh-jen-i-uhss.Sometimes also spelled heterogenous, inwhich case the pronunciationhet-uh-roj-u h—n uhss is commonly used.

hetman Polish or Cossack militarycommanderhet—muhn fhetmenl

171

heurige wine from the latest harvesthoy-rig-uh /'h:>1r1ge/

heuristic enabling a person to learnSomething for themselveshyoo-uh—rist-ik /,hjua'r1st1k/

Heugh British family namehyoo /hju:/The place in Northumberland, however, ishyoof.

Hewitt, Lleyton Australian tennisplayerlay-tuhn hyoo-it /_le1tan 'hju:It/

hexachord musical scale of six noteshek-suh-kord /'heksek:>:(r)d/

hexad set of sixhek—sad ]‘heksad/

hexagon figure with six straight sideshek—suh—guhn /'heksagan/

hexahedr-on figure with six plane faceshek-suh-heed-ruhn /_heksa'hi:dran/Sometimes also hek-Suh-hed-ruhn.

hexamerous having parts arranged ingroups of sixhek-sam-uh-ruhss /hsk'samares/

hexameter line of verse consisting of sixmetrical feethek-sam-uh-tuhr /hek‘sameta(r)/

Hexateuch books of the Biblehek—suh-tyook fheksatjuzkf

hexavalent having a valency of sixhek-suh—vay-luhnt /_heksa've1lant/

Heyer, Georgette English novelisthay—uhr /'he1a(r)/

Heyerdahl, Thor Norwegiananthropologisttoor hay—uhr-dahl /,tua(r) 'he1a(r)du:1/

Heysel football stadium, Belgiumhy-suhl /'l'1AIS9l/I See DUTCH panel.

Hezbollah (also Hizbullah) extremistShiite Muslim grouphez-buul-ah /,hezbo'lc1:/

Hezekiah biblical namehez-uh-ky-uh /hsza'k1u9/

hiatus pausehy-ay-tuhss fl'lAI'9Ii9S/

Hiawatha legendary North AmericanIndian chieitainhy-uh-woth-uh /,hAIa'wo6a/

hiba Japanese coniferhee-buh /'hi:be/

heurige | Hilfiger, Tommy

hibachi portable cooking apparatushib-3‘lCl‘I-l /hI‘bfli_l'i/

hibakusha survivor ofeither of theatomic explosions at Hiroshima orNagasakihib-uh-k00—shuh /‘h1ba,ku:_|‘a/

Hibernian relating to Irelandhy-bur-piiiuhn /hA1'ba:(r)nien/The Scottish football team ofthe nameis hib-ur-ni-uhn.

hibiscus planthib-isk-uhss /h1'b1skas/

hic jacet epitaphhik jay-set /_hIk ‘d3eiset/Commonly also yak-et.

I-Iidalgo state, Mexicoee-dal-goh /i:'dalgau/

Hidatsa American Indian ethnic grouphid-at-suh fhrdatsaf

hidrosis sweatinghid-roh-siss /h1'dreos1s/

hierarch chief priest or other leaderhy—uh—rark / 'hAI8I'('1Z(1”)l{/

hierarchy system of rankinghy-uh-rar-ki /'l'1AI9lI‘ClI(I‘)l(l/

hieratic concerning priestshy-uh-rat-i k /,hA1e'rat1k/

hieroglyph symbol in ancient Egyptianhy-ruh—glif /'l'l.AlI'9Qllf/

hierophant priest who interprets sacredmysterieshy-roh-fant /'hAn'aufant/

Hiel'l'0 island, Canary Islandsyerr-oh /'jsrao/

hijab head covering worn by someMuslim womenhij-ahb /h1'd3u:b/

Hijaz see Hejazhijra transvestite or eunuch

hij-ruh /'h1d3re/Hildegard ofBingen, St German

abbesshil—duh-gard bing-uhn /_h1ldago:(r)d'b113an/

Hildesheim city, Germanyhil-duhss-hym /'h1ldas_hn1m/

Hilfiger, Tommy American fashiondesignerhil-fig-uhr /'h11f1ga(r)/

Hilla, al- | histrionic

Hilla, al- province and town, Iraquhl hil~uh /a1'h11a/

Hilversum town, Netherlandshil-vuhr-suhm /‘hIlva(r)sam/

Himachal Pradesh state, Indiahim-ah-chuhl pruh-daysh /hi_mu:t_|‘a1pra'de1j"/

Himalayas mountain system, Asiahim-uh-lay-uhz /,h1ma'Ie1az/Established anglicization. Less commonlyalso him-ah-Ii-uhz.

himation ancient Greek garmenthim-at-i-on /h1'mation/

Himmler, Heinrich German Nazileaderhyn-rikh him-luhr /,h1\1nr1c 'hIm1a(r)/

Hims see HomsHimyarite ancient ethnic group of the

Arabian peninsulahim-yuh-ryt /'h1mjannt/

Hinault, Bernard French racing cyclistbair-nar ee-noh /be:(r),no:(r) i:'neo/

Hinayana branch of Buddhismhee-nuh—yah—nuh /,hi:na'jo:na/

Hindemith, Paul German Composerpowl hin-duh-mit /,paol 'hindem1t/

Hindenburg, Paul von Germanstatesmanpowl fon hin-duhn-boork /,paul fnn'h1ndan_boe(r)k/A more anglicized pronunciation,” W I I Ihin-duhn-burg, is used for the Zeppelinnamed after him.

Hindi Indian languagehin—di /‘hindi/

Hindley, Myra English murdererhind—li /'hInd1i/

British surnameiis variouslypronounced hind-Ii and hynd~li, dependingon individual preference. 7W H

Hindu relating to Hinduismhin—d0o /'h1ndu:/

Hindu Kush range of mountains, Asial‘Lin—d00 kuush /,h1ndu: 'koj‘/Sometimes also ltoosh.

Hindustan historical region, Asiahin-duust-ahn /,h1ndo'stu:n/

Hindustani group of Indian languageshin-duust-ah-ni /_h1ndo'sto:ni/

Hindutva strong sense of Hindu identity

172

hin-duut-vuh /hn1'dotve/hinoki Japanese tree

hin-oh-ki fhrneukijHingis, Martina Swiss tennis player

mar-tee-nuh hing-giss /mci:(r),ti:na'hn]gIs/

Hipparchus Greek astronomerhip-ar-kuhss /h1'pc1:(r)kas/

hippeastrum amarylliship-i-ast-ruhm /_hipi'astram/‘

hippocampus pl. hippocampi part ofthe brainhip-oh-kam-puhss, pl. hip-oh-kamp-y/_hipau'kampeS/, Pl. /-pA1/

hippocl-as wine flavoured with spiceship-uh-krass /'h1pakras/

Hippocrates Greek physicianhip-ok-ruh-teez /hr'pnkreti:z/

hippogriffmythical creaturehip-oh-grif f'h1paogrrf/

Hippolytus Greek mythologicalCharacterhip—0l-it-uhss /h1'po1ites,'

hippopotamus pl. hippopotami Africanmammalhip-uh-pot-uh-muhss,pl. hip—uh-pot-uh-my /_hipa'pntames/,pl. /-ITIAI/I Standard -es plural is also possible.

hiragana Japanese writing systemhirr-uh—gah-nuh /_hira'gu:ne/

hircine relating to goatshur-syn /'ha:(r)sn1n/

Hirohito emperor ofJapanhirr-oh-hee-toh /_h1ra'hi:taoj,[cirocito]¢ Established anglicization.

Hiroshima city, Japanhirr—osh-im-uh /hr'rn_[1ma/This anglicized pronunciation is closer tothe Japanese than the also commonpronunciation hirr-uh-shee-muh. SeeJAPANESE panel.

Hispaniola island, Caribbeanisp-an-yoh-luh /_xspan'jaula/

Hispanist expert in Spanish languageand culturehisp-uh—nist / 'h1span1st/

histamine chemical involved in immuneresponseshist-tuh-meen /'h1stami:n/

histrionic excessively dramatichist—ri—0n—ik /,h1stri‘on1k/

173

Hitchens, Ivon English paintery-vuhn hitch—uhnZ /,AIV8Yl'hIlI_l9I'1Z/

Hittite ancient ethnic group ofAsiaMinorhit-yt /'h1tA1t/

Hizbullah see HezbollahHmong Asian ethnic group; also called

Meo or Miaohmong fhmnnj

Hobart capital ofTasmania, Australiahoh-bart /'haoba:(r)t/

Hobbema, Meindert Dutch paintermyn-duhrt hob-uh-muh /,i1’1AIl'lCl8(I‘)t‘hnbamafI See DUTCH panel.

Hobbes, Thomas English philosopherhobz jhnbzl

Hoboken city, UShoh-boh-kuhn /'heubeukan/

Ho Chi Minh Vietnamese statesmanhoh chee min /,hau tj'i: ‘mm,’

Hodeida port, Yemenhuh-day-duh /ha'de|da/

hodiernal relating to the present dayhod-i-ur-nuhl /,hndi'e:(r)ne1/

I-loeg, Peter Danish writerpay-duhr hoe ],pe1de(r) ‘heal

Hoffa, Jimmy American trade unionleaderhof—uh /'hofe/

Hofmannsthal, Hugo von Austrianpoet and dramatisthoo-goh fon hof-muhnss-tahi/,hu:geu fun 'hnfmons,tu:l/

hogan Navajo Indian huthoh-guhn /'haugan/

Hogarth, William English painterhoh-garth /'hoogu:(r)6/g§;;;;0nta;s;ag-oum. o so

Hoggar Mountains mountain range,Algeriahog-uhr /'hnga(r)/

Hogmanay New Year’s Evehog-muh-nay /'hngmane1/

Hohenstallfen German dynastic familyhoh-uhn-shtow-fuhn /,hauan'_[taofen/

Hohenzollern German dynastic familyhoh-uhn-tsol-uhrn /,haoan'tsn1a(r)n/

Hitchens, Ivon I holothurian

Hohhot capital of Inner Mongoliaautonomous region, Chinahoh-hot /hao'hnt/Q Established anglicization.

hoisin Chinese cooking saucehoy-zin /'ho1z1n/

I-Iokan group ofAmerican Indianlanguageshoh-kan /‘haukan/

hoki fishhoh-ki /'haoki/

Hokkaido island, Japanhok-y—d0h /hD'l(AI(l8U/

Hokusai, Katsushika Japanese painterkat-suu-shee-kuh hok-uu-sy/katsujizka 'hI)l{USAI/

Holarctie zoogeographical regionhoh—lark-tik /hao'lu:(r)kt1k/

Holbein, Hans German painterhanss hol-byn /‘hams 'hnlb1un/

Holborn part of Londonhoh-buhrn /'haoba(r)n/Sometimes also hohl—buhrn.

Htilderlin, Friedrich German poetfreed-rikh hoel-duhr-leen /,fri:dr1c'h(2lda(r)li:n/

Holi Hindu festivalhoh-lee /'haoli:/

Holinshed, Raphael Englishchroniclerhol-in-shed /'hnlm_[ad/

hollandaise sauce creamy saucehol-uhn-dayz /,hnlan'de1z/

Hollerith, Herman American engineerhol-uh—rith /'holar1B/

Holm island, Scotlandholm [holm]

holm (also holme) islethohm /haom/

holmium chemical elementhohl-mi-uhm /'haulmiam/

holocaust destruction on a mass scalehol-uh-kawst / 'hn1ak:>:st/

Holocene the present epochhol-uh-seen /'hn1asi:n,'

Holofernes biblical namehol-uh-fur-neez /,hnla'fa:(r)ni:z/Sometimes also huh-l0f—uhr-neez.

A more anglicized pronunciation,hoh-uhn~Zo|—uhrn, is also common.

holothurian sea cucumberhol-oh-thyoor-i-uhn /_hulao'6juerian/

Holst, Gustav | Hooghly

Holst, Gustav English composerguust-ahv hohlst /,gustu:v 'haolst/

Holstein former duchy of Saxonyhol-shtyn / ’hnl_|'tn1n/

Holsteinian geological periodhol-Sty-ni-uhn ,'hnl'stnmian/

holt den of an otterhOhl1I lhaoltl

Holyfield, Evander American boxeruh-van-duhr hoh-Ii-feeld /a,vanda(r)'heo1ifi:ld/

Holyhead port, Waleshol-i-hed /'hol1h£d/

Holyoake, Keith New Zealandstatesmanhoh-li-ohk Phauliaokl

Holyrood Scottish parliamenthol-i-rood /'hnliru:d,'

homage special honour or respecthom-ij /'hom1d3/

hombre ‘man’ (Spanish)omb-ray /'nmbre|/

homeopath practitioner ofhomeopathyhoh-mi-oh-path /'haomiaupa6/Less commonly also horri-oh-path.

homeopathy system of complementarymedicinehoh-mi-op-uh-thi /,haomi'opa6i/Less commonly also hom-i-op-uh-thi.

Homer Greek epic poethoh-muhr /'haoma(r)/

Homeric relating to Homerhoh-merr-ik /hao'mer1k/

homily religious discoursehorp-il-i /'homili/

homogamy inbreedinghom-og-uh-mi /hrrmogamii

homogeneous of the same kindhom-oh-iee-ni-uhss /,homao'cl3i:nias/Less commonly also pronounced if Hhuh-moj-uh-nuhss.

homogeny uniformityhuh—moi-uh-ni /ha'mod3eni/

homologate approve for salehuh-mol-uh-gayt /ha'mnlageIt/

homonym word having the samepronunciation or spelling as another, buta dilterent meaninghom-uh-nim /'hnman1m;'

homophone word having the same

174-

pronunciation as another, but a dilferentmeaninghom-uh-fohn / 'hnmafaun/

Homo sapiens primate specieshoh-moh sap-i-enz /,haomao 'sapienz/Commonly also hoh¥moh say-pi-uhnz, I

homosexual sexually attracted to peopleof one’s own sexhom-oh-sek-shoo-uhl/,homao'sekj’ual/Words that contain the prefix ham0- canusually be pronounced hom-oh orhoh-moh.

Homs (also Hims) city, Syriahomss /hams,’

homunculus pl. homunculi smallhuman or humanoid creaturehom-unk-yuul-uhss,pl. hom-unk—yuu|-y /homnnkjolas/,pl. /-int,’~ Standard -es plural is also possible.

Honda, Soichiro Japanese motormanufacturersoh-ee-chirr-oh hon-duh /sau_i:t_[1rau‘hands!

Honduras countryhon-dyoor-uhss /hnn'djoaras/, Spanish[on'duras]~ Established anglicization.

Honecker, Erich East Germanstatesmanay-rikh hon-ek-uhr /_e1rI¢ 'hnnska(r)/

Honegger, Arthur French composerhon—uhg—uhr /'hnnaga(r)/, [artyronegezr]0 Established anglicization.

honewort planthohn-wurt /‘haonwa:(r)t/

hongi Maori greetinghong-i /'hnni/

Honiara capital of the Solomon Islandshon-i-ar—uh /_hnni'o:ra/

Honolulu state capital of Hawaiihon-uh-loo-loo /,hnna'lu:lu:/

honorand person to be publiclyhonouredon-uh-rand /'nnarand/

Honshu island, Japanhon-shoo /'hon_|'u:/

Hooghly (also Hugli) river, Indiahoog-Ii /'hu:glif

175 Hoogstraten, Nicholas van I Houston

Hoogstraten, Nicholas van Englishproperty magnatevan hoog-strah-tuhn /van'hu:gstro:tan/Tl‘lC7ll)lllJCl1 pronunciation of surname is _hohkh-strah-tuhn.

hookah oriental tobacco pipehuuk-uh /'hoka/

hoopoe birdh00—p00 /'hu:pu:,f

Hoosier native of Indiana, UShoo-zhuhr /'hu:3o(r)/

Hopi American ethnic grouphoh-pi /'haopi/

hoplite ancient Greek soldierhop-lyt /'ht)plAit/

hora (also horah) Romanian or Israelidancehaw-ruh ,/'ho:ra/

Horace Roman poethorr-uhss /‘horas/lEstablished anglicization. The Latin isHuratius, usually pronouncedhorr-ay-shi-uhss; see LATIN panel.

horal relating to hourshaw-ruhl ,/'ho:ral/

Horatian relating to Horacehorr-ay-shuhn /hn'reI_[an/

horchata drink made from tiger nutsOr-Chah-tuh ,fo:(r)'tIo:ta/

Horkheimer, Max Germanphilosophermaks hork-hym-uhr /,maks'ho:(r)k_hA1ma(r)/

Hormuz island, Iranhor-mooz /h:):(r)'mu:z,'

I-Io:-nung, Ernest William Englishnovelisth0r—nuhng /'ho:(r)naI];'

Horologium southern constellationhorr-uh-loj-i-uhm /,hora'lnd3iam/

Horowitz, Vladimir Russian-bornAmerican pianistvlad-im-eer horr-uh-vits /,vlad1m1a(r)'hnrav1ts/

horror vacui fear of leaving emptyspaceshorr-uhr vak-yoo-y /,hora(r) 'vakjuA1/

hors d’oeuvre small savoury dishOr durv /,0:(r) 'da:(r)vj, French [ordouvr]

Horsens port, Denmarkhor-suhnss /'ho:(r)sans/

Horst Wessel Song official song of theNazi Party in Germanyhorst vess-uhl /,h0:(r)st 'vssal/

I-Iorta, Victor Belgian architectveek-tor or-tah /vi:k,t0:(r) :J:(r)'tu:/

hortatory aiming to exhorthor-tuh-tuh-ri /'h0:(r)tatari/

hortensia planthor-ten-si-uh /h:1:(r)'tsnsia/

Horus ancient Egyptian godhaw-ruhss /'ho:ras/

Hosay Muslim festivalhoh-zay /hao'ze1/

Hosea Hebrew prophethoh-zee-uh /hau'zi:a,/

hospitable fiiendly and welcominghoss-pit-uh-buhl /hn'sp1tebal/Sometimes also hosp-it-uh-buhl.

hospitaller member ofa charitablereligious orderhosp-it-uh-luhr /'hospitala(r),f

hospodar Ottoman governorh0sp—uh—dar /'hospado:(r)/

H685, Rtl(l0lfGerman Nazicommandant ofAuschwitzroo-dolf hoess /,ru:dolf'hoes/

Houdini, Harry Hungarian-bornAmerican magicianhoo-dee-ni /hu:'di:ni/

Houellebecq, Michel French writermee—shel wel-bek /mi:,j‘sl wsl'bek/

Hough, Stephen English pianistllllf /l'!1\f/ __l_______ l_________ ___This British surname is variouslypronounced huf, hof, and how, dependingon individual preference. Hough End inManchester is huf.

I-loullier, Gerard French footballl'I'l€Ll'lELg€l'

zhay-rar ool-yay /3ei,rc1:(r) u:l'je1/houmous chickpea spread

huum-uhss /'homas/houngan voodoo priest

hoong-guhn /'hu:ngan,'houri beautiful young woman

hoor-i f'hoari/Housatonic river, US

hoo—suh—ton—ik /,hu:sa'ton1k/Houston port, US (Texas)

hyoo-stuhn /'hju:stan/

houting | Huon pine

There are many US towns called Houston,most of which are pronounced as above.Houston in Delaware and in Georgia,however, are how-Stuhn. The NASA spacecentre is in Houston, Texas.

houting fishhow—ting /‘haot1n/

howdah seat for riding on an elephant orcamelhow-duh ,I'hauda/

howitzer gunhow-it-suhr /'hao1tsa(r)/

Howrah city, Indiahow-ruh /'haure/

howtowdie Scottish dishhow-tow-di /hao'taodi,I

Hoxha, Enver Albanian statesmanen-vuhr hoj-uh /_snva(r) 'hnd3a/

Hoxnian geological periodhoks-ni-uhn /'hnksnian/

hoya shrubhoy-uh /‘hora,’

Hozier, Clementine maiden name ofClementine Churchillklem-uhn-teen hoh-zi-uhr/_k1smanti:n 'hauzia(r)/

Hradec Krailové town, Czech Republichrad-ets krah-lov-ay /_hradsts'kra:lnveif

Hrodna city, Belarushrod-nuh /'hrodna/

Hrvatska see Croatiahryvna (also hrivna) currency unit,

Ukrainehreev-nuh /'hri:vna/

Huainan city, Chinakhwy-nan /,xwA1'nan/

Huallaga river, Peruwal-yag-uh /wa'ljaga/

Huambo city, Angolawam-boo /'wambu:/

Huang Hai Yellow Seakhwang khy /,xwa1] 'xAi/

Huang Ho Yellow Riverkhwang hoh /_xwa1] 'hau/

huarache sandalwarr-atch-ay /wa'ratIe1/

Huascaran volcano, Peruwask-arr-an /waska'ran/

Hubei province, Chinakhoo-bay /_xu:'bei,I

176

Huhli city, India|'lOO-bli /'hu:b1i,f

hubris excessive self-confidencehyoo-briss /'hju:br1s/

hueheu type ofsalmonhoo-kuhn /'hu:l-can,’

Hllé city, Vietnamhway /hwe1/

Hugli see I-IooghlyHugo, Victor French poet, novelist, and

dramatistvik-tuhr hyoo-goh /_v1kta(r) 'hju:geo/,[viktozr ygo]v Established anglicization.

Huguenot French Protestanthyoo-guh-noh /'hju:ganao/

hui large ceremonial gatheringI100-i /'hu:i/

hula Hawaiian danceh00—|uh ]'hu:la/

I-Iu Jintao Chinese presidentkhoojin-tow /_xu: d3m'tao/

Hulce, Tom American actorhulss /hols,’

Humber estuary, Englandhumb-u hr /'l1All'lb9(I‘)/

humectant preserving moisturehyuum-ek-tuhnt /l'ljU'l'1‘l£l{tBI1t/

humerus pl. humeri arm bonehyoo-muh-ruhss, pl. hyoo—muh-ry/'hju:maras/, pl. /-rAi/

humidor airtight containerhyoo-mid-or /'hju:m1do:(r)/

humoral relating to the body fluidshyoo-muh-ruhl f'hju:m9ral/

humoresque short piece of musichyoo-muh-resk /,hju:ma'rssk/

Humperclinck, Engelbert Germancomposereng-uhl-bairt huum~puhr-dink/_enalbe:(r)t 'hompa(r)dn]k/ i ifThe 1970s pop singer EngelbertHumperdinck, who named himself after theGerman composer, is usually eng-guhl-burthump-uhr-dink.

humus organic component of soilhyoo-muhss /'hju:mas/

Hunan province, Chinakhoo-nan /,xu:'nan/

Huon pine coniferhyoo-on /'hju:on/

177

hurdy-gurdy musical instrumenthur-di-gur-di /'ha:(r)di,ge:(r)di/

Huron North American ethnic grouphy00r—uhn /‘hjuaran/The same pronunciation is used for LakeHuron.

I-lurrian ancient ethnic grouphurr-i-uhn /'hAI'lBl'1/

hurricane stormhurr-ik-uhn /‘h.mkan/¢3_mm991,a;¢ n..;.o:»z;.-;y.1. "

Hllsék, Gustav Czechoslovak statesmanguust-ahf huuss-ahk /_gostu:f 'husa:k,l

H1185, John Bohemian religiousreformerhuss /has,’Established anglicization. Czech fbrm isJan Hus, pronounced yan huuss.

Hussein, ibn Talal (also Husain)former king of Jordanib-uhn tuh-lal huuss-ayn /,1ban ta,1a1hu'se1n/

I-IllSS€in, Saddam (also Husain) Iraqistatesmansad-ahm huuss-ayn /sa,d<1:m ho'se1n/

I-Iusserl, Edmund German philosopheret—muunt huuss-uhrl /_.<:tmunt‘husa(r)1/

Hussite follower of John HusshusS—yt /'l'1ASAIlZ/

Hutterite Christian sect established inMoraviahut-uh-ryt /‘hAtarAIt/

Hutu African ethnic grouphoo-too /'hu:tu:/

Huw Welsh boy’s namehyoo /hju:/

Huygens, Christiaan Dutch physicist,mathematician, and astronomerkrist-i-ahn hy-guhnz /,kr1stia:n‘hmganz/, [,kristia:n ‘hoayxans]Established anglicization. The space probenamed afier him is anglicized differently,and is pronounced hoy-guhnz!

Huyton area of Liverpoolhy-tuhn /'l'lAIlI3I‘l/

Hwange town, Zimbabwehwang-gi /'hwangi/

hwyl feeling ofemotional motivation andenergy

hurdy-gurdy | hyperalgesia

h00-i| /'hu:1l/hyacinth plant

hy-uh-Sinth /‘hnraslnfl/'Hyacinthus Greek mythological

characterhy-uh-sinth-uhss /,l‘lAI8'SIn69S]

Hyades star clusterhy-uh-deez /‘h1uadi:z/

hyaenodon extinct mammalhy-ee-nuh-don /l‘lAl'i1I18dDI‘l/

hydatid cysthy-duh-tid /‘h1udatrd/

Hyderabad city, Indiahy-duh-ruh-bad /'l‘lAIdGI'8l')3(lf

Hydra Greek mythological creaturehyd-ruh /'l'1AICll‘6/

hydramnios medical conditionhy—dram-ni-oss lhnrdramniosl

hydrangea shrubhy-drayn-juh /hA1'dremd3a/

hydria ancient Greek pitcherhy—dri-uh /'l1AIdI‘l8/

hyclropathy treatment of illness throughthe use ofwaterhyd-rop-uh-thi /l'lAI'dI‘Dp3Bi/

Hydrus southern constellationhyd—ruhss /'hmdras/

hygrosoope instrument which measureshumidity of the airhyg-r0h~skohp /'hA1graoskaop/

Hyksos ancient ethnic grouphik-soss /'h1ksus/

hyoid neck bonehy-oyd /'hA1:>|d/

hypaesthesia diminished physicalsensitivityhy-peess-thee-zi-uh /,h1\rpi:s'Bi:zia/

Hypatia. Greek philosopherhy-pay-shuh /hm'pe1j‘e/

hyperaemia excessive accumulation ofbloodhy-puhr-ee-mi-uh /,l‘lAIp8I"iIII1l.9,/

hyperaesthesia excessive physicalsensitivityhy—puhr—eess-thee-zi-uh/,hA1peri:s'9i:zia/

hyperalgesia heightened sensitivity topainhy-puhr-al-jee-zi-uh/_hA1paral'd3i:zia/

hyperbaton | Hyundai

hyperbaton inversion of the normalorder ofwordshy-pur-buh-ton /h1n'pa:(r)baton/

hyperbole exaggerated statementshy-pur-buh-Ii /hA|'pa:(r)bali/

hyperglycaemia excess ofglucose in thebloodstreamhy-puhr-gly-see-mi-uh/_hAIp8([‘)QlAI'SiII1’li8/

hypericum planthy-perr-ik-uhm fhnrpertkemf

Hyperion moon of Saturnhy-peer-i-uhn fl1AI'pI3I‘i9I1/

hyperlipaemia high concentration offats in the bloodhy-puhr-lip-ee-mi-uh/_hA1pa(r)1|‘pi:mia/

hyperlnetropia long—sightednesshy-puhr-muht-roh-pi-uh/,hArpe(r)ma'traopia/

hyperthermia high body temperaturehy-puhr-thur-mi-uh/_h1upa(r)'0a:(r)mia/

hypertrophy enlargement of an organhy-pur-truh~fi /hAI'p8Z(I')l'.I'8fl}'

hyphen sign (—)hy-fuhn /'hn1fon/

hypnagogic relating to the stateimmediately before falling asleephip-nuh-goj-ik /_hIpna'god31k/

hypnopompic relating to the stateimmediately preceding waking uphip-nuh-pom-pik /_h1pne'pomp1k/

Hypnos Greek godhip—n0ss /'h1pnps/

hypocalcaemia deficiency ofcalcium inthe bloodstreamhy-poh-kal-see-mi-uh1_hA1pauka1'si:mia/

hypocaust ancient Roman heatingsystemhy-poh-kawst /'hA1paoko:st/

hypochondria chronic anxiety aboutone’s healthhy-puh-kon-dri-uh /,h1upa'knndria/

hypochondriacal affected by

178

hypochondriahy-poh~kon-dry-uh-kuhl/_hn1paokon'drA1akal/

hypogeal undergroundhy-poh-iee-uhl /,hA1pao'd3i:al/

hypogeum underground chamberhy-poh-jee-uhm /,hArpao'd3i:em/

hypoglycaemia deficiency of glucose inthe bloodstreamhy-poh-gly-see-mi-u h/,hAIpaog1AI'si:mia/

hypokalaemia deficiency of potassiumin the bloodstreamhy-poh-kuh-lee-mi-uh/,hn1paoka‘]i:m-ia/

hypomagnesaemia deficiency ofmagnesium in the bloodhy-poh-mag-niz-ee-mi-uh/,hA1peu,magn1'zi:mia/

hypostasis pl. hypostases accumulationof fluid in the lower parts of the bodyhy-post-uh-siss, pl. hy-post-uh-seez/l'lAl'pDSt8SlS/, pl. /-sizz/‘

hypostatic relating to the persons of the'll'inityby-poh-stat-ik /,hmpao'stat1k/

hypotaxis grammatical termhy-poh-tak-siss /_hA1pao'taks1s/

hypothermia low body temperaturehy-poh-thur-mi-uh /,hAIpao'8a:(r)mia/

hypoxaemia low concentration ofoxygen in the bloodhy—pok—see-mi—uh /_hA1pnk'si:mia/

hypsilophodont dinosaurhip-sil-of-uh-dont /,h1ps1'lnfadnnt/

hyson type ofgreen China teahy-Suhn /'l'1AISBl'l/

hyssop planthiss-uh p /'h1sap/

hysterectomy surgical removal of thewombhist-uh-rek-tuh—mi /,h1sta'rsktami/

Hyundai Korean motor companyhyuun-dy /'hjond.u/, [hjan ds]Established anglicization, commonly alsohy-un-dy. AM is usually hun-day.

179

Iiambic poetic metrey-am-bik lnramblkl

Iannucci, Armando Scottish comedywriterar-man-doh yan-oo-chi /o:(r)_mandaoja'nu:t_',‘i/

Iapetus one of Saturn’s moonsy-ap-uh-tuhss /Arapatasj

Iasi city, Romaniayash /;iaI/

IATA International Air TransportAssociationy-ah-tuh /AI'(1:ta/

Ibadan city, Nigeriaib-ad-uhn /1'badan/

Ibarretxe, Juan José Basque politiciankhwan khoss-ay ee-barr-etch-ay/xwan xo,se1 i:bar'at_I'eI/

Ibarruri Gomez, Dolores Spanishcommunist politiciandol-orr-ess ee-barr-00-ri goh-meth/dollnrss i:'baru:ri 'gaoms6/

Iberia peninsula, SW Europe; alsoSpanish airliney-beer-i-uh /AI'bI9I‘i9/- Established anglicization.

Ibert, Jacques French composerzhahk ee-bair /,3o:k i:'bs:(r)/

ibex mountain goaty-beks ['1\Ib£ks/

Ibibio Nigerian ethnic group andlanguageib-ib-i-oh lrbrbiauf

ibid. in the same sourceib-id /'1b1d/

Ibiza island, Spainib-eeth-uh /1'bi:9a/

Ibn Batuta Arab explorerib-uhn bah-too-tah /,1ban ba:'tu:tu:/

Ibo (also Igbo) Nigerian ethnic groupand languageee-boh /'i:bau/, ['igb0]v Established anglicization.

Ibrox Park Glasgow Rangers’ footballground

y-broks iuubrnkslIbsen, Henrik Norwegian dramatist

hen-rik ib—suhn /,henr1k ‘Ibsen!ibuprofen anti-inflammatory drugy-byoo-proh-fuhn /,Albjl.1Z'p!‘3Uf8l'1/Sometimesaksdylbyoo-pruh-fen?’ I

Icarus Greek mythological characterik-uh-ruhss /'Ikaras/

Iceni tribe of ancient Britainy-see-ny /AI'SiZl1AI/Sometinies also y-see-ni. W

ich dien ‘I serve’ (German); motto of thePrince of Walesikh deen /,1c 'di:n/

Ichikawa, Kon Japanese film directorkohn itch-i—kah-wuh /,1-taonIt_I'i'ko:wo/

I Ching ancient Chinese divinationmanualee ching /_i: 'tj‘1n/

ichthus symbol of Christianityik-thuhss /'1k9as/

I-chun see Yichuniconoclasm rejection of cherished beliefsy-kon-uh-klaz-uhm /A1‘krmaklazam/

ioosahedron mathematical figurey-k0ss—uh—hee—druhn /_n|kosa‘hi:dron/Sometimes also y-koss-uh-hed-ruhn.

Ictinus ancient Greek architectik-ty—nuhss /Ik'tAIl'18S/'

id part of the mindid /1d/

Id see EidIda mountain, Cretey-duh /‘A1de/

Idaho state, USy-duh-hoh /"Ald9l'l8U/

idée fixe idea that dominates the mindee-day feeks /,i:dei 'fi:ks/

idem used to indicate an author who hasjust been mentionedy-dem /'1\1dsm/

ideology | IllyriaAlso pronounced id-em.

ideology a system of ideas and idealsy-di-oi-uh-ji /,1udI'nlad3i/Sometimes also id-i-0|-uh-ji.

ides day falling roughly in the middle ofeach monthydz /AIdZ/

idigbo West African treeid-ig-boh jrdigbaol

idiolect speech habits peculiar to aparticular personid-i-uh-Iekt /'1dia1skt/

idiot Savant person who has a mentaldisability but is extremely gifted in aparticular wayeed—i-oh sav—o(ng) /,i:dieu sa'vl')/,French [idjo savfi]Sometimes further anglicized to id-i-uhtsav-uhnt.

idli south Indian steamed cake of riceid—lee /'Idli:l

idolater person who worships idolsy-dol-uh-tuhr /AI'ClDl8t8(I‘)/

Idomeneo opera by Mozartid-om-uhn-ay-oh /rdnme'ne1ao/

Idomeneus Greek mythologicalcharactery-dom-uhn-yooss /AI'(lDlTl3Iljl.1ZS/

idyll peaceful or picturesque situationid-ll /'IdIl/

Iestyn Welsh boy’s nameyest-in /'jest1n/

Ieuan Welsh boy’s nameyy-uhn /'jAI8I'l/, ['j./nan]

Ifans, Rhys Welsh actorreess ee—vanz /_ri:s 'i:vanz/

Ife city, Nigeriaee—fay /'i:fei/

Iftar meal eaten during Ramadanif~tar /'Iftc1:(r)/

Igbo see IboIglesias, Julio Spanish singer

hoo-Ii-oh ig-lay-zi-uhss /_hu:liaurglerziasl~ Established anglicization.

Iglesias, Enrique Spanish singeren-ree-kay ig-lay-zi-uhss /an,ri:ke1I'glBIZi9S/0 Established anglicization.

Ignatius Loyola, SI; Spanish theologian

180

ig-nay-shuhss loy-oh-Iuh /rg,ne1Jasloreulaj

ignominy public shame or disgraceig-nuh-min—i /'1gnammi/

Iguagfi (also Iguazii) river, SouthAmericaig-wuh-soo /,1gwa'su:/

iguana lizardig-wah-nuh /i'gwo:na/

iiwi Hawaiian birdi-ee-wi /i'i:wi/

Iittala Finnish glassware companyee-tal-uh /'i:ta1a/

Ijo (also Ijaw) Nigeran ethnic groupee-joh /‘i:d5ao,l

IJssel river, Netherlandsy-suhl f'AIS9l/

IJsselmeer lake, Netherlandsy-suhl-meer /'1usa1m1e(r)/

Ikaria island, Greeceik-air-i—uh /1'ke:ria/

ikat fabricee-kat /'i:kat/

Ikea Swedish furniture retailery-kee-uh /l\1'ki:a/, [rkeza]~ Established anglicization.

ikebana Japanese flower arrangementik-uh-bah-nuh /,1ke'bu:na/

lle-de-France region, Franceeel duh frah(ng)ss /,i:l cla 'frEis/

Ilesha city, Nigeriail-aysh-uh /1'1e1j‘a,'

ileum part of the small intestineil—i-uhm /'iliam/

Iliad Greek epic poemil-i-ad /'11iad/

Ili8SCl1, I011 former Romanian presidentyohn il—yes—ko0 /,jaon 1l'jesku:/

illegible unreadableil-ej-ib-uhl /1'lsd31be1/

Illich, Ivan Austrian-born Americanwritery-vuhn il-itch /,A1van 'r11tII

Illinois state, USil-in-oy /,I1i'n:n/

illuminati people claiming to possessspecial enlightenmentil-00-min-ah—ti /1,lu:m1‘nu:ti/

Illyria ancient region along the coast ofthe Adriatic Seail-irr—i-uh lrlrrial

181

Iloilo port, Philippinesee-loh-ee-loh /,i:1ao'i:lao/

Ilorin city, Nigeriail-orr-in Irlnrml

irnagism movement in 20th-centuryEnglish and American poetryim-ij-iz-uhm /'1mid31zam/

imago pl. imagines the final stage of aninsectim-ay-goh, pl. im-ay-jin-eez/rmelgeu/, pl. /1‘me1d3Ini:z/Standard -s plural is also possible. The UKpublishing company of the same name isiT"jEh'9°h; e_ 7 _,_ _ ,____

imam person who leads prayers in amosqueim-ahm /i'mu:m/

[man Somali supermodelim-ahn /1'ma:n/

Imari a type ofJapanese porcelainim-Bl‘-i /1'mc1:ri/

IMAX trademark a technique ofwidescreen cinematographyy-maks /'A1maks/

Imbolc ancient Celtic festivalim-bolk /'1mbnlk/

imbroglio complicated or embarrassingsituationim-broh-Ii-oh /Im'brauliao/

Imbros island, Turkeyim-ibrossi/'1mbrns/g igEstablished anglicization. The Turkish nameis Imroz, pronounced im-r02.

Imbruglia, Natalie Australian singerand actressim-broo-Ii-uh /im'bru:1ia/

imbue permeateim-hyoo /1m'bju:/

Ilnhotep Egyptian architect and scholarim-h0h—tep /1m‘haott-:p/

imipramine antidepressant drugim-ip-ruh~meen /1'm1prami:n/

immolate kill or offer as a sacrificeim-uh-Iayt /'1rna1e1t/

impala antelopeim-pah-Iuh /1m‘pr1:1a/

impatiens plantim-pat-i-enz /1m'patienz/Commonly also i m-pay-shenz

impecunious having little money

Iloilo l incubus

im-puh-kyoo-ni-uhss /_m1pa‘kju:nias,'imperator commander

im-puh-rah-tor /,1mpa'rci:t:i:(r)/illlpflfigo bacterial skin infection

im-puh-ty-goh /,1mpa'tiugao/Imphal city, India

im-fahl /1m'fc1:l/impious showing a lack of respect for

religionim-pi-uhss /'1mpias/Commonly alsoiing-py-uhss.

importune harassim-por-tyoon /,1mpo:(r)‘tju:n/

impresario concert organizerim-pruh-sar-i-oh /,1mpra'su:riao/

imprimatur Catholic licence to print areligious bookim-prim-ah-tuhr /_ImprI'm<1:ta(r)/

impugn dispute the truth ofim-pyoon ,'1m'pju:n/

in absentia not presentin ab-sen-ti-uh /,m atrssntial

Inari lake, Finlandin-arr-i /‘1nari/

Ifiaritu, Alejandro GonzalezMexican film directoral-ekh-and-roh gon-sah-lesseen-yarr-ee-too /alaxandreugnn,sa:1ss i:'njari:tu:/

incarnadine crimson colourin-kar-nuh-dyn /Il'1'kClZ(I')l'l8dAII‘l/

inchoate not fully formed or developedin-i(Oh-uht /1n'keoat/Sometimes also in-koh-ayt. S

Inchon port, South Koreain-chon /1n't1‘nn/

inclement unpleasantin-klem-uhnt lm'klemant/

incognito concealing one’s true identityin-kog-nee-toh /,mkng'ni:teu/Less commonly also in—kog-nit-oh, l

incommunicado not communicatingin-kuh-myoo-nik-ah-doh/,1nkemju:n1‘kci:deo/

inoonnu unknown persona(ng)-kon-ue /1-":kn'ny/

incubus pl. incubi male demonink-yuub-uhss, pl. ink-yuu-by/'n3kjubes/, pl. /-lJAI/

incunabula I Inkatha

incunabula early printed booksin—kyuu-nab-yuul—uh /_mkjo'nabju1a/

incus pl. incudes small bone in themiddle earink-uhss, pl. ink-yuu-deez /‘I131-res/, pl.Fmkjudizzl

index pl. indioes alphabetical listin-deks,p1. in-duh—seez /'1ndeks/, pl./'mdasi:z/Standard -es plural isalstlpossible. 7

Indiana state, USin-di-an-uh /,1ndi'ana/

Indianapolis city, USin-di-uh-nap-uh-liss /,mdia'napa1:s/

indict formally charge with a crimein-dyt ]In‘dA1t/

indigent poorin-dij-uhnt /'md1d3ant/

Indigirka river, Russiain-dig-eer-kuh /,mdr‘g1a(r)ka/

indigo dyein-dig-oh /'md1gao/

indium chemical elementin-di—uhm /‘1ndiam/

indolent lazyin-duh-luhnt l'mdalant/

indomitable impossible to subduein-dom-it-uh-buhl /1n'dumItaba1/

Indonesia countryin-doh-neezh-uh /,1ndau'ni:3a/Less commonly also in-doh-neesh-uh andin-doh-neez-i-uh. 7 _ 7 _7 H _

Indore city, Indiain-dor /1n'd0:(r)/

Indre river and department, Francea(ng)d-ruh /'édra/

Indurain, Miguel Spanish cyclistmee-gel in-doo-ryn /_mi:gs1II'ldLlZ'[‘A1l'l/

Indus river, Asiain-duhss /‘mdas/

ineluct/able unable to be avoidedin~uh-luk-tuh-buhl /,ma'1Aktaba1/

inexorable impossible to stopin-ek-suh-ruh-buhl /1n'skseraba1/

in extremis in an extremely difficultsituationin ek-stree-miss l,m ek'stri:mls/

inextricable impossible to separatein-ek-strik-uh-buhl /1nsk'str1kabal/

182

Less commonly also in-eks-trik-uh-buhl.

infamous well known for a bad qualityor deedin-fuh-muhss /'mfames/

infarct dead tissue after failure ofbloodSupplyin-farkt /'1nfo:(r)kt,'

infidel person with no religionin-fid-uhl ,/'mf1da1/

infinitesimal extremely smallin-fin-it-ess-im-uhl /_mIm1'tes1ma1,I

in flagrante delicto in the act ofwrongdoingin fl uh-g ran-tay du h-lik-toh,1 In fla,grante1 da'l1ktau/

infra dig beneath onein-fruh dig /_1nfra 'drg/

Ingenhousz, Jan Dutch scientistyun ing-guhn-howss /_jnn 'n]ganhaus/Q Established anglicization.

ingénue unsophisticated young womana(ng)zh-uh-nue /'€3any/Commonly also anglicized toan-zhuh-nyoo.

ingenuity the quality ofbeing originaland inventivein-juh-nyoo-it-i /,md3a'nju:1ti/

ingenuflus innocent and unsuspectingin—jen-yoo-uhss /1n‘d3enju:as,'

Inglis British family nameing-guhlz, ing-gliss /'mgalz/, /'n]g11s/

ingot a block of metaling-guht /'n1gat/

Ingres, Jean Auguste DominiqueFrench painterzhah(ng) oh-guest dom-in-eeka(ng)g-ruh /36 ao,gystdnm1'ni:k 'égre/

Ingush relating to lngushetiaing-guush ,"n]gu_[/

Ingushetia autonomous republic, Russiaing-guush-et-i-uh /,1ngu'Iatia/

inherent existing in something as apermanent attributein-herr-uhnt /m'herant/Less commonly also in-heer-uhnt.

inimical tending to obstruct or harmin—im~ik—uhl /1'n1m1kal/

injera Ethiopian breadin-jeer-uh /'1nd31ara/

lnkatha South African political partyin-kah-tuh /m‘ko:ta/

183

in loco parentis in the place of a parentin loh-koh puh-ren-tiss/1n_laokaopa'rentIs/

Inmarsat INternational MARitimeSATellite organizationin-mar-sat /'mmo:(r)sat,l

in medias res into the middle of anarrativein mee—di-ass rayz /II1 ,mi:dias 're1z/

innovative featuring new methodsin-uh-vuh-tiv /'mavatlv/Sometimes also in-uh-vay-tiv and lesscommonly in-oh-vuh-tiv.

Innsbruck city, Austriainz-bruuk /'Inzbruk/, ['1nsbrok]ll Established anglicization.

Ino Greek goddessy-noh /'nrnao/

inquilab revolution or uprisingink-il-ahb /'I13k11o:b/

in re in the legal case ofin ree/1n‘ri:/

insectivore animal that feeds on insectsin-sek-tiv-or /In'sektIvo:(r),f

insectivorous feeding on insectsin-sek-tiv-uh-ruhss /,msak't1varas/

inshallah ‘Allah willing’ (Arabic)in-shah-luh /m‘j'o:la/, [in'_\'a:?a‘la:h]Q Established anglicization.

insidious proceeding in a gradual wayin-sid-i-uhss /1n's1dias/

insignia emblem of military rankin-sig-ni-uh /m's1gnia/

in situ in the original placein sit-yoo /II‘! 's1tju:/

insouciance casual lack of concernin-soo-si-uhnss /1n'su:sians/

in statu pupillari under guardianshipin stat—yoo pyoo-pil-ar-i /in ,statju:,pju:p1'1c|:ri/

insuperable impossible to overcomein-soo-puh-ruh-buhl /m'su:perabe1/

pronunciation in-syoo-puh-ruh-buhl isnow rather dated.

intaglio design engraved into a materialin-tal-yoh /1n'taljao/

intarsia method ofknittingin-tar-si-uh /1n'to:(r)sia/

integer whole numberin-tuh-juhr /'1ntad3a(r)/

integral fundamental or included

in loco parentis I intestate

l!1f‘£'hj9!"lll!'1"*°9*"°l/Eommonly also in-ted?-ruhl, although notfor the mathematical term.

integument outer protective layerin-teg-yuum-uhnt /m'tegjumant/

intelligentsia intellectualsin-tel-lij-ent—si-uh /1n,ts11'd3entsia/

inter alia among other thingsint-uhr ay-Ii-uh /,1ntar 'e1lia/

interdict a prohibitionint-uhr-dikt /'1nte(r)d1kt/

interdict prohibitint-uhr-dikt /,rnta(r)‘dikt/

Interlagos Formula One racing venue,Brazilin-tair-lah-guuss /,mtc:(r)'1u:gus/

Interlaken town, Switzerlandint-uhr—lah-kuhn /'mto(r),lo:ken/

interlocutor person who takes part in adialogueint-uhr-lok-yuut-uhr/_lnto(r)‘lokjota(r)/

interloper person in a situation wherethey do not belongint-uhr-loh-puhr /'1nta(r)laupa(r)/

interment burialin-tur-muhnt /1n'ta:(r)mant/

Inter Milan Italian football teamin-tuhr mil-an /,1nta(r) m|'1an/

Internationale revolutionary songcomposed in Francein-tuhr-nash-uh-nahl/_1nta(r)nafa'no:1/

internecine destructive to both sides inconflictin-tuhr-nee-syn /,mta(r)'ni:s.vun/

Interpol international policeorganizationin-tuhr-pol /'mta(r)po1/

interpolate insertin-tur-puh-layt /1n‘ta:(r)pale1t/

interregnum period when governmentis suspendedin-tuhr-reg-nuhm /,1nta(r)'rsgnam/

interrogative questioningin—tuhr-rog—uh-tiv /_1nta(r)'rogatIv/

interstice intervening spacein-tur-stiss /m'ta:(r)st1s/

intestate not having made a will beforedeathin-test-ayt /1n'tsste1t/

intestinal | Ipatieff, Vladimir Nikolaievich 13+

intestinal relating to the intestinesili—test—in—}rhl lm‘testma1/ifI.ess commonly also in-testiyinuhliliil If

intichiuma Aboriginal ceremoniesin-titch—i-00-muh /,mt1tj‘i'u:mo/

intifada Palestinian uprisingin-ti—fah—duh /,mti'fo:dal

illtI‘3.Cl0S inner curve ofan archin-tray-doss /m'tre1dns/

intransigent stubbornin-tran-sij-uhnt /In'trans1d3ant/

intravenous within a veinin—truh—vee-nuhss ,f_mtra'vi:nas/

intricacy detailin-trik-uh-si /'mtr1kasi/

introit psalmin-troyt /'1ntr01t/someiinies also in-troh-it. I W i i ii

intubate insert a tube intoin-tyuub-ayt ,"mtjobe1t/

intuit understand by instinctin-tyoo-it /1n'tju:it,~'

Inuit North American and Greenlandicethnic groupin-uu-it /'ino1t/

Inuk a member of the Inuit peoplein-uuk /'mokl

Inuktitut Inuit languagein-uuk-tit-uut /1'noktitot/

inundate overwhelmin-un-dayt /'1nnnde1t/

Inupiaq Alaskan ethnic groupin-oo-pi-ak /1'nu:piak/

inure accustomin-yoor /I'njoa(r)/‘

in utero in the uterusin yoot-uh-roh /In 'ju:tarau/

inveigle persuade by flattery‘[‘:Y°Y‘9“l1'l¥P'“@19‘=i1/Sometimes also in-vee-guhl.

inventory list of itemsin-vuhn-tuh-ri /'1nvantari/

Invercargill city, New Zealandin-vuhr-kar-gil /_mva(r)'ko:(r)g11/

Invemess city, Scotlandin-vuhr-ness /,mva(r)'nes/

Invernessian relating to Invernessin-vuhr-neezh-uhn /,mve(r)'ni:3an/

inveterate having a long-establishedhabitin-vet-uh-ruht /m'vetarat/

in vino veritas ‘there is truth in wine‘(Latin)in vee-noh verr-it-ass /in ,vi:nau’var1tas/

in vitro in a test tubein veet-roh /1n'vi:trau/

in vivo in a living organismin vee-voh /Il1'VlIV3U/

inwale structural piece on the inside of aboatin—wayl /‘mwer1/Gunwale, however, is pronounced gun-uhl.

INXS Australian rock bandin—ek-$eSS /,Inek'Ses/

inyanga traditional healerin-yang-guh /1n'janga,'

Io Greek mythological charactery-oh /‘AIeo/

Ioan Welsh boy’s nameyoh-uhn /'jaoan/

iodine chemical elementy-uh-deen /'a1ediZn/'Sometimes also y-uh-dyn. H

ion atom or molecule with a net electricchargey—uhn /'AI3]'l/

Iona island, Scotlandy-oh-nuh Iaraonal

Ionesco, Eugene Romanian-bornFrench dramatistoe-zhen ee-uh-nesk-oh /o,3eni:a'neskeo/

Ionic relating to a classical order ofarchitecturey-on-ik /AI'onIk/

ionosphere layer of the earthsatmospherey-on-uhss-feer /AI'Dl'16SfI8(I“)/

iota letter of the Greek alphabety-oh-tuh /A1'9Ut8/

Iowa state, USy-uh-wuh /'1uawa/

Ipatiefi, Vladimir NikolaievichRussian-born American chemistvluh-dee-meer nik-uh-ly-uh-vitchip-at-i-ef /vla,di:m1e(r) n1ka,1.uav1tIrpatisf/‘

185 ipecacuanha I Ishiguro, Kazuo

ipecacuanha drugip-ik-ale-yui.1;an-uh /‘1p1kakjo'ana/Theshortiorm ipecac is pronouncedip-uh—kak.

Iphigenia Greek mythological characterif-ij-in-y-uh /,IfICl3I'IlAI8/

Ipoh city, Malaysiaee-poh /'i:pao/'

ipp0Il point scored in martial sportsip-on /'1pnn/

ipse dixit unproven statementip—Say dik—sit /_1pse| 'diksltlSometimes also ip-see.

ipso facto ‘by that very fact’ (Latin)ip—s0h fak-toh /Jpsao 'faktau/

Iqbal, Muhammad Indian poet andphilosophermuu—ham-uhd ik-bal /mu_hamad'Il(lJ&l/'

Iquitos city, Peruik-ee-toss /1'ki:tns/

Iran countryirr-ahn /1'ru:n/Less commonly also irr-an, although thissounds less like the Farsi pronunciation.

Iraq country, Middle Eastirr-ahk /1'ru:k/Less commonly also irr-ak, although thissounds less like the Arabic pronunciation.The pronunciation y-rak is sometimes beardin AM.

irascible easily angeredirr-ass-ib-uhl /l'I‘8.SIlJBlf

irate feeling great angery—rayt /Al'I'8It/

Irbil see ErbilIrenaeus, St Greek theologiany-rin-ee-uhss f,AI3['l'l’llZ3S/

Irgun Zionist organizationeer-guun /1a(r)'gun/

Irian Jaya province, Indonesiairr—i-uhn jy—uh /,1rian 'd3ma/

iridescent showing luminous coloursirr-id-ess-uhnt /,Ir1'dssant/

iridium chemical elementirr-id-i-uhm /1'r1diam/Less commonly also y-rid-i-uhm.

irie pleasingy-ree /'AII'lZ/

Irkutsk city, Russiaeer-kuutsk /1a(r)'kutsk/

iroko African treeirr-oh-koh lrraokaol

Iroquois American Indian ethnic groupand place nameirr-uh-kwoy /'1rakwo1/

Irrawaddy river, Burmairr-uh-wod-i /1ra'wndi/

irrevocable not able to be reversedirr-ev-uh-kuh-buhl lrrsvakaball

Irtysh river, central Asiaeer-tish /Ia(r)'tI_f/

irukandji Australian jellyfishirr-uh-kan-ji /1ra'kand3i/

Irvine, Andrew English Arctic explorerand mountaineerur-vin /'a:(r)vm/

Irvine, Eddie Northern Irish FormulaOne racing driverur-vyn /'8Z(I‘)VAII1/

ISA Individual Savings Accounty—suh /'Alsa/

Isaac Hebrew patriarchy-zuhk [Muzak]

Isaiah Hebrew prophety-zy-uh /AI'ZAI9/

lsar river, Germanyee-zuhr /'i:za(r)/

ischaemia inadequate blood supply toan organisk-ee-mi-uh /1'ski:mia/

Ischia island, Italyisk-i-uh /'iskia/

Ise city, Japanee-say /'i:se1/

lseabail Gaelic girl’s nameish-uh-bal /'1_|‘abaI/

Isengard place in The Lord ofthe Ringsy-zuhn-gard /‘A1zangu:(r)d/

Isere department and river, Franceee~zair /i:'ze:(r),I

Iseult (also Yseult) mythologicalcharacter; also called Isoldeee-soolt /i:'su:lt/

Isfahan see EsfahanIshiguro, Kazuo Japanese-born British

novelistkaz-oo-oh ish-ig-oor-oh /,kazu:ao_1j'1'goarao/

Ishihara test I Itanagar

Ishihara test test for colour blindnessish-i-har-uh /1I1'hu:ra/

Ishmael biblical nameish-may-uhl /'1_fme1al/

Ishtar Babylonian goddessish—tar /'ij't(1:(r)/

Isidore tropical stormiz-id-or /‘Iz1d0:(r)/

Isildur character from The Lord oftheRingsiss-il-door /'1s1ldue(r)/

isinglass gelatin obtained from fishy-zing-glahss /'AIZIl],Ql(1IS/

Isis Egyptian goddess of fertilityy-siss /'1us1s/

Iskandariyah, al- city, Iraquhl isk-uhn-duh-ree-yuh/al 1skanda'ri:je/

Iskenderun port, Turkeyisk-en—duh-roon /1s'ksndaru:n/

Islam religioniss-lahm /1s'lu:m/There are many possible pronunciations ofthis word in English. This form is closest tothe Arabic, and is the one recommended bythe British Council of Muslims.

Islamabad capital of Pakistaniss-lahm-uh-bad /1s'la:mabad,'

Islamic relating to Islamiss-lam-ik /is'lam1k/

Islas Malvinas Spanish name for theFalkland Islandseess-lass mal-vee-nass /'i:slasmal'vi:nas[

Islay island, Scotlandy-luh /'1ula/

Ismaili member of a branch of ShiiteMuslimsiss-my—ee-Ii /_ism1u'i:li/

isobar line indicating pressure on aweather mapy~soh-bar /'.»usaobu:(r)/

isochronous occurring at the same timey-sok-ruh-nuhss /AI'SDl(I‘8n9S/

Isocrates Athenian oratory-sok-ruh-teez /A1'snkrati:z/

Isolde mythological character; also calledlseultiz-old-uh /1'zn1da/

isosceles of a triangle with two sides ofequal length

I86

y-$055-uh-leez /AI'SDS6ll1Z/isotherm line indicating temperature on

a weather mapy-soh-thurm /'1\1seu9a:(r)m/

isotope chemical element with aparticular nuclear compositiony-soh-tohp /'i\1saotaop/

ispaghula dried seeds of a southernAsian plantainisp-uh-goo-luh /_1spe'gu:la/

Israel country, Middle Eastiz-ray-uhl /'1zre1a1/

Israeli relating to Israeliz-ray-Ii /iz're1li/

Israelite member of the ancient Hebrewnationiz-ruh-lyt /'1zrali\1t/

Israfel angeliz-ruh-fel /'1zrefel/

Issachar Hebrew patriarchiss-uh-kuhr /'1seka(r)/

issei Japanese immigrant to NorthAmericaee-say /'i:se|/

Issigonis, Alec 'I‘urkish—b0rn British cardesigneriss-ig-oh-niss /,1s1‘gaoms/

Istanbul port, Turkeyist-an-buul /,1stan‘bol/, [is'tanbul]Q Established anglicization.

isthmus strip of land with sea on eithersideiss-muhss /'1smas/ iSometimes also isth-muhss.

Isuzu Japanese vehicle manufactureree-soo-zoo /i:'su:zu:/Sometimes anglicized to y-500-Z00.

Ita Gaelic girl’s nameee-tuh /‘i:ta/

Itala city, Italyee-tuh-luh /'i:tale,~’Theltala car manufacturernis coinnioiilyanglicized to it-ah-luh.

Itaipu dam, Brazilee-ty-poo /l!lIAl'p‘L1Z/

italic kind of typefaceit-al-ik /1'ta11k/

Itanagar city, Indiaee-tuh-nug-uhr /,i:ta'nAga(r)/

187

ITAR-T355 Russian news agencyee-tar tass /,i:to:(r) 'tas/

Ithaca Greek islandith-uh-kuh /'16aka/

itinerary planned journeyy-tin-uh-ruh-ri /A1'tmarari/

IIO, Prince Hil'0bllmi Japanesestatesmanhirr-ob-oo-mi ee-toh /h1rn,bu:mi'i:tau/

Ito, Robert Canadian actoree-toh /‘i:tao/

Ivan various Russian rulersy-vuhn /'A[V8I1/' Established anglicization.

Ivanisevié, Goran Croatian tennisplayergorr-an ee-van-eesh-uh-vitch /,gnrani:vaIl'i:IavitfI

Ivanov, Sergei Russian defence ministersuhr-gay eev-uh-nof /sa(r),ge1i:va'nnf/

Ivanovo city, Russiaee-vahn-uh-voh /i:'vu:navau/

Ivel river, Englandy-vuhl lhuvalj

lwan, Dafydd president of Plaid Cymrudav-ith yoo-uhn /_dav16 'ju:an/

lwerks, Ub American animatorub y-wurks /_./tb '1uwa:(r)ks/

ITAR-Tass I Izzard, Eddie

iwi Maori ethnic groupee-wi /'i:wi/

Iwo Jima volcanic island, western Pacificee-woh jee-muh /,i:wau 'd3i:ma/

Ixion Greek mythological characterik-sy—uhn /1k's:uan/

ixnay used in rejecting somethingspecifiediks-nay / '1ksne1/

Ixtaccihuatl volcano, Mexicoee-stak-see-wuh-tuhl /i:stak'si:watal,I

Ixtapa city, Mexicoee-stap-uh /i:s'tapa/

Iyengar type ofyogai-Ye"9-Qar /i'j£n9fl=(r)/

Iyyar Hebrew monthee-yar /'i:jo:(r)/

izard chamoisiz-uhrd /'1za(r)d/

Izhevsk city, Russiaizh-efsk /1'3afsk/

izmir port, Turkeyiz-meer /‘1zm|a(r)/

izmit city, Turkeyiz-mit /1z'm1t,'

Izvestia (also Izvestiya) Russiannewspaperiz~vest-i-uh /Iz'v|:stia/

Izzard, Eddie British comedianiz-ard /'1zo:(r)d,'

Italian 1 s s

ItalianItalian has retained more similarity to Latin than any of the otherRomance languages. As well as being spoken in Italy, Italian is one ofthe official languages of Switzerland, and is also spoken by large com-munities in America, Argentina, and Brazil. English has numerousItalian loanwords, particularly in the fields of food and music.

There are many dialects of Italian. One of the standard forms iscommonly referred to as the RAI accent--RAI is the Italian nationalbroadcaster.

The Italian given here is, as always, somewhat anglicized in line withBBC policy and the constraints of the phonetic respelling.

Vowels »The Italian vowels A, E, I, O, and U have seven corresponding vowelsounds, as both E and O can be realized in two different ways.A, I, and U are generally pronounced a (or ah, depending on length), ee

(or i), and oo.E can be pronounced either as e or as close to ay (although not diph-

thongal in Italian). A long Italian e is also pronounced ay.O can be pronounced either as 0 or as close to oh (although not diph-

thongal in Italian). A long Italian o is traditionally often also pro— lnounced oh, although aw is closer to the native pronunciation.

Some of these vowel qualities are commonly reduced to schwa (uh) inI anglicized Italian. We always treat unstressed word-final A as uh

rather than ah. Furthermore, an unstressed U is sometimes treatedas uu in anglicized Italian, particularly when it is followed by a con-sonant in the same syllable.

ConsonantsThe Italian consonant sounds themselves offer no difficulty forEnglish speakers, although they are not always easily predicted fromthe spelling.

Our treatment of the Italian double consonants is dealt with belowin the stress section.

The letters B, D, F, L, M, N, P, T, and V are pronounced as in Eng-lish.

C and CC are pronounced k before the letters A, O, and U, and ch1 before E and I. Enrico is en-ree-koh, and Pacino is patch-ee-noh.

Please note that although the presence of I turns the pronunciation1 of C into ch (and G into j, and GL into Iy: see below), the I itself is not

pronounced if another vowel is following. Luciano is pronounced I

189 Italian

loo-chah-noh, not loo-chee-ah-noh, and Giovanni is pronouncedjov-ah-ni, not jee-ov-ah-ni. The only fiinction of I in this position is toindicate the pronunciation of C, G, and GL.CH and CCH are always pronounced k. Greta Scacchi is skak-i.G and GG are pronounced g before A, O, and U, andj before E and I.

Gondola is gon-dol-uh, and Gino is jee-noh.GH is always pronounced g. Ghetto is get-oh.GLI is almost always pronounced lyi (or lyee). Gigli is jeel-yi.GN is pronounced ny. Gnocchi is nyok-i.GU is pronounced gw. Guido is gwee-doh.J is pronounced y. Juventus is yoo-ven-tuuss.QU is pronounced kw. Questa is kwest-uh. Quatrrocento is

kwat-roh-chen-toh.S is pronounced s initially, but can be either s or z between two vowels.

Santa is san-toh, casa is kah-suh, but paradise is parr-uh-dee-zoh.S is always z before B, D, and G. Sbarco is zbar-koh.SC is pronounced sk before A, O, and U, and sh before I and E. Scnola

is skwoh-luh, and scena is shay-nuh.SCH is always pronounced sk. Scherzo is skairt-soh.

1 Z and ZZ are mostly pronounced ts, but can also be dz. Zio is tsee-oh,I but Donizetti is don-id-let-i.l Stress

Italian words are commonly stressed on the second-to-last syllable, butstress is variable and it is advisable to check each individual case byconsulting an Italian dictionary. The perceived penultimate stress pat-tern sometimes leads to mispronunciations of names like Stefano asstef-ah-noh, when it should be stef-an-oh. Sometimes stress falls on thelast syllable, and this is usually indicated by a grave accent. Cittci ischit-ah.

It is argued that a stressed syllable must have either a long vowel or along (double) consonant. Double consonants in Italian words andnames, such as the CC in Scacchi, are always pronounced as such, butsince this does not occur in English it is usually not something we can Ireflect when giving Italian recommendations to programme makers. It p

I is therefore common to compensate with a long vowel instead, so pizzabecomes peet-suh instead ofjust pit-suh.

190

Jja South African term for yes

vah liar!Jabaliya refugee camp, Middle Eastjuh-bah-Ii-uh ,/d3a'bu:1ie/

Jabalpur city, Indiajub-uhl-poor /_d3Abal'poa(r)/

jabberwocky invented or meaninglesslanguagejab-uhr-wok-i /'d3aba(r),wnki/

jabot frill on the front of a blousezhab-oh /'3abau/

jacal thatched huthuh-kahl /ha'ku:l/

jacamar tropical American birdjak-uh-mar /'d3akemu:(r)/

jacaranda tropical American treejak-uh-ran-duh /,d3aka'randa/

jacinth reddish-orange gemjass-inth /'d3as1n9/Sometimes also ljlay-sinth. W”

jackanapes cheeky or impertinentpersoniak-uh-nayps /'d3akane1ps/

jackeen city—dwellerjak-een /d3a'ki:n/

Jackson, Mahalia American singermuh-hay-Ii-uh /ma'he11ia/

Jacob Hebrew patriarchjay-kuhb /‘d3e1kabl

Jacobean relating to the reign of James Ijak-uh-bee-uhn /_d3aka'bi:en/

Jaoobethan combining Elizabethan andJacobean stylesjak-uh-beeth-uhn /_d3aka'bi:0an/

Jacobi, Derek English actorjak-uh-bi /'d3akabi/

J8.00bi, Frederick American composerjuh-koh-bi /d3a'kaubi/

Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jaoob Germanmathematiciankarl guust-ahf yah-kop yak-oh-bi/,ko:(r)l ,gosta:f ,jo:kop ja'kaubi/

Jacobsen, Arne Danish architect andfurniture designerar-nuh yak-uhb-suhn /,c:rne

'jakabsan/Jacobsen, Howard English author

jay-kuhb-suhn /'d3e1kabsan/jacquard apparatus used in weaving

jak-ard /'d3akc1:(r)d/jacuzzi trademark bath with underwater

jets ofwaterjuh-koo-zi ,Id3e'ku:zi/Established anglicization. The Italianinventor, Candide Jacuzzi, is pronouncedkan-did-oh yuh-koot—si.

Jadida, el- city, Moroccouh-zhuh-dee-duh /a3a'di:da/v See ARABIC panel.

j’adoube term in chesszhah-doob /3u:'du:b/

Jaeger English fashion labelYa!-Qvhr /'ie19@(r)/

jaeger birdjay-guhr /'d3e1ga(r)/

Jaén province and town, Spainkhah—en /xu:'en/

Ja’fari, Ibrahim al- Iraqi primeministerib-ruh-heem uhl jah-fuh-ri /ibra,hi:ma1 'd3u:faril

Jafia city and port, Israeljaf-uh /'d3afa/

Jaflila city and port, Sri Lankajaf-nuh /'d3afna/

Jafirey, Madhur Indian actress andcookery expertmad-uhr jaf—ri l,mada(r) 'd3afri/

Jagannatha form of Krishna; also calledJuggernautjag-uh-nah-thuh /,d3aga‘nu:9a/

Jagdeo, Bbarrat Guyanese presidentbarr-uht jag-day-oh /,barat'd3agde1eo/

jaggery dark brown sugarjag-uh-ri /'d3agari/

Jagiello Polish dynastyyag-yay-woh /jag'je1wau/

jaguar large catjag-yuu-uhr /'cl3agjoa(r)/

191

AM is jag-war.

Jah Rastafarian name for Godjah /d3u:/

Jahorina mountain, Bosnia-Herzegovinayah-horr-een-uh /'ja:hnri:na,'

Jai ‘victory!’ (Hindi)iv /d5AI/

jai alai Basque gamehy uh-ly /,hA1 a'l:\1/0 Established anglicization.

Jainism religious movementjy-niz-uhm /'d31\m1zem,'Sometimes also jay-niz-uhm. I

Jaipur city, Indiaiv-POOP /dsM'pv@(r)/

Jakarta (also Djakarta) capital ofIndonesiajuh-kar-tuh /d3a'ku:(r)te/

Jakobson, Roman Russian-bornAmerican linguistruh-mahn yak-uhb-suhn /ra,rn¢1:n'jakabsan/

JAL Japan AirLinesjal /d3a1/

Jalalabad city, Afghanistanjuh-lah-luh-bad /d3a'Iu:1abad/

Jalandhar (also Jullundur) city, Indiajuh-lun-du hr /d3a'lAnda(r)/

Jalapa city, Mexicokhal-ap-uh /xa'lape/

jalapefio green chilli pepperkhal-uh-payn-yoh /_xa1a'pernjao,IOfien anglicized to hal-uh-payn-yoh orhal-uh-pee-noh.

jalebi Indian sweetjuh-lay~bi /d3a'le1bi/

jaleo Spanish dancekhal-ay-oh /xa'Ie1eu/

jalfrezi Indian dishjal-fray-zi /d3a1'fre1zi/

Jalisco state, Mexicokhal-eesk-oh /xa'1i:skau/

Jalfm town and river, Spainkhal-on /xa'1on/

Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistani politicalPart)’juh-mah-tay iss-Iah-mi /d5a,mu:tei1s'1t1:mi/

jambalaya Cajun dish

Jah | Jaques-Dalcroze, Emile

jam-buh-ly-uh /,d5amba'Lua/jamboree large celebration

jam-buh-ree /,d3amba'ri:/Jamelia English singerjuh-mee-Ii-uh /d3a'mi:lia,'

Jamia district of Baghdadjam-i-uh /'d3amia/

Jamieson, Robert Alan Scottishwriterjim-iss-uhn /'d31m1san/

Jammu town, Indiajum-00 /'d3Al’l'll1I/

Jamnagar port, Indiajum-nug-uhr /d3AI‘ll'l'lAQ8(I')/

Jamshedpur city, Indiajum-$hed—pO0l' /,d31im_I'sd'pua(r)/

Jamshid legendary king of Persiajam-sheed /d3am'_[i:d/

Janabi, Adnan al- Iraqi politicianad-nan uhl juh-nah-bi /ad_nan a1d3a'no:bi/

Jallfififik, L€!0§ Czech composerlay-osh yan-uh-chek /_lem,[ 'janatj‘ek/,['jana:t_[ek]0 Established anglicization.

jankers punishment for military offencejank-uhrz /'d3a1]ka(r)zl

Jan Mayen island, Arcticyan my-uhn /jan 'mA1an/

Jansen, Cornelius Otto Flemishtheologiankor-nay-Ii-uuss ot-oh yun-suhn/k:>:(r),nerIios ,otau 'jAI1S3l1/The Catholic reform movement he founded,Jansenism, has an anglicized pronunciation:jan-suh-niz-uhm.

Janssen, Famke Dutch actressfum-kuh yun-suhn /Inmka 'jAI‘lS8l1/

Jansson, Tove Finnish authortoo-vuh yahn-son /_tu:va 'jo:nson/

Janus ancient Italian deityjay-nuhss /'d3e1nasf

Janus, Samantha English actressjan-uhss /'d5anas/

Japheth biblical namejay-feth /'d3e1fs9/

japonica Asian shrubjuh-pon-ik-uh /d38'PD1'1Ik9/

Jaques-Dalcroze, EmileAustrian—born Swiss composeray-meel zhahk dal-krohz /e1,mi:1 ,3o:kda1'kreuz/

Japanese 19 2

JapaneseSince Japanese has its own writing system, Japanese names and words pthat appear in an English language context have usually already been Itransliterated into the Roman alphabet. As with Greek and other

‘ transliterated languages, these transliterations attempt to be ‘phonetic’, ’so that the pronunciation ought to be more or less predictable from thetransliterated spelling.

Stress and syllable structureThere is no syllable stress in Japanese, and each syllable should begiven equal weight and length for an authentic-sounding pronunci-ation. However, because English speakers tend to look for stress in aword, and might apply stress where it sounds worst, we include stressin our anglicized recommendations. We apply stress where it seemsleast obtrusive, in many cases consulting native speakers for their pref-erence. This is particularly useful in counteracting the English ten-dency to apply stress on the second-last syllable. For example,

, However, when names and words are anglicized, the stress does oftenfall on the second-last syllable, as in Toshiba or sudoku.

Japanese has a much simpler syllable structure than English. EachI basic syllable element is made up of one of five short vowels (A, E, I, O, 1

and U), either on their own or preceded by a single consonant. Thereare no consonant clusters, and the only consonant that appears on its \

. own without a vowel is N. When foreign words with consonant clustersare taken into Japanese, vowels are inserted: for example, strikebecomes sutorailcu.

, Vowelsi The five vowels ofJapanese A, E, I, O, and U are approximately a, e, ee,

aw or 0, and oo. Two vowels can appear in sequence. If the two vowelsare different, a diphthong sequence is produced: sensei is pronouncedsen-say. If the two vowels are identical, a long vowel is produced:hontoo is pronounced hon-taw. In some transliterated spellings thesedouble vowels are written as one vowel with a macron (honto) ratherthan as a sequence of two vowels, but the pronunciation is the same.Sometimes the macron can be lost, so T6ky6 (which has four syllableelements in Japanese, to-0-kyo-0) appears spelled Tokyo. The vowels Uand I are often whispered when they appear between two voicelessconsonants or at the end of a word, and a better English pronunciationcan be achieved by missing out these vowels altogether. For example,

Hiroshima is better pronounced hirr-osh-im-uh than hirr-uh—shee-muh. ‘N

193

Consonants

daisuki desu (I love it) is best pronounced dy-ski dess.

Most Japanese consonants in transliteration have a similar pronunci-ation to English consonants. The letter L does not occur in Japanese,and R can be pronounced to sound like either r or I. (It is for this rea-son that Japanese speakers learning English have particular trouble ‘producing and distinguishing between these two sounds.) G is usuallypronounced g, but between vowels it is pronounced ng as in singer. Hbefore I is pronounced kh in German ich. N is usually n, but it is pro-

‘ nounced m before M, P, and B, and ng before K and G.

Jarama I Jena

Jarama river, Spainkha rr-am-uh /xa'rama/

jarl Norse or Danish chiefyarl /ju:(r)I/

Jarlsberg trademark Norwegian cheeseyarlz-burg /'ju:(r)1zba:(r)g/I Established anglicization.

Jarmusch, Jim American film directorjar-muhsh /'d3o:(r)ma_[,!

Jiirnefelt, Arlnas Finnish conductorar-mass yair-nuh-felt l,u:(r)mas'je:(r)nafslt/

Jarre, Jean-Michel French composerzhah(ng) mee-shel zhar /561 mi:,I.-:1'3u1(r)/

Jarreau, Al American jazz musicianjuh-roh /d3a'rao/

Jarry, Alfred French dramatistal-fred zharr-ee /alfred 3a'ri:/

Jaruzelski, Wojciech Polish generaland statesmanvoy-chekh yarr-oo-zel-ski /,vo1t_l'exjaru:'z£lski/

Jasenovac Second World Warconcentration camp, Croatiayuh-sen-uh-vats /ja'ssnavats/

Jasna ski resort, Slovakiayass-nah /‘jasno:/

Jataka story of the former life of theBuddhajut-uh-kuh /'d31ttaka/

jatha armed Sikh paradejah-tuh /'d3o:ta/

JATO Jet Assisted Take-Offjay-toh /'d3ertao/

jaundice medical condition

jawn-diss I 'd3:):nd1s/Java island, Indonesiajah-vuh /'d3u:va/

Java trademark computer programminglanguagejah-vuh /'d3a:va/

Jawf, al- region and city, Saudi Arabiauhl jowf /al 'd3aof/

Jazeera, al- Arabic satellite TV channeluhl juh-leer-uh /al d3a'z1era/

Jean, WyclefAmerican pop singerwy-klef zhahn f,WAIl(l8f'3(1ZI1/

Jeddah (also Jitldah) seaport, SaudiArabiajed-uh /'d3eda/

Jedi knight in the Star Wars filmsjed-y /'d3ad1u/

Jehoshaphat biblical namejuh-hosh-uh-fat /d3rhn_[afat/

J€l'l0V8l‘l ‘God’ (Hebrew)juh-hoh-vuh /d3a'hauva/~ Established anglicization.

Jekyll, Dr see Doctor JekyllJekyll, Gertrude English

horticulturalistjee-kuhl /'d3i:kaI/

Jelinek, Elfriede Austrian authorel-free-duh yel-in-ek /el_fri:da'jelrnsk/

jellaba see djellabaJemaah Islamiyah south-east Asian

Islamic terrorist organizationjem-ah iss-luh-mee-yuh /d3e,mu:1s1a'mi:ja/

Jena town, Germanyyay-nuh /'jema/

Jenin | Johansson, Lennart

Jenin city, Palestinejuh-neen /d3a'ni:n/

Jenfifa opera by Janééekyen-00-fuh /'jsnu:fa/

Jerba see Djerbajerboa desert—dwelling rodent

jur-boh-uh /d3a:(r)'baua/jeremiad long, moumful lamentation

jerr-uh-my-ad /,€I38l'8'l1'lAl3Cl/Jeremiah Hebrew prophet

jerr-uh-my-uh /,d3sra'nm|a,'Jerez town, Spain

kherr-eth /xe'rs9/Jericho town, Palestine

ierr-ik—oh /‘d3ar1kauijeroboam large wine bottle

jerr-uh-boh-uhm /,d5sra'bauam/Jerriais Jersey form of French

zherr-i-ay /'3arieI/Jerusalem capital of Israeljuh-roo-suh-luhm jd3a'ru:salam/~ Established anglicization.

Jervis, John British admiraljar-viss /'d3u:(r)v1s/

Jesse biblical namejess-i /'d3esi/

Jesu archaic form ofJesusieez-yoo /'d3i:zju:fSometimes also yay-zoo.

jeté ballet-stepzhuh-tay /3a'te1/

Jethou island, Channel Islandsjet-oo /'d3stu:/

jeunesse dorée gilded youthzh0e—ness daw-ray /30,nz-zs d:>:'rer/

Jewry Jews collectivelyjoor-i /'d3uari/

Jezebel biblical namejeZ—uh~be| /'d3szabsl/

Jhansi city, Indiajahn-si /'d3u:nsi/

Jharkand state, Indiajar-kuhnd /'d5u:(r)kand/

Jhelum river, Himalayasjee-luhm /'d3i:1am/

Jiangsu province, Chinaji-a ng-soo /d3i,an'su:/

Jiangxi province, Chinaji-a ng-shee /d3i,aIJ'_l‘i:/

jibba long coat worn by Muslim men

194-

jib-uh /'d31ba/Jibuti see DjiboutiJiddah see Jeddahjihad war against unbelievers

ji-hahd /d31'hc1:d/Commonly also ji-had. _

jihadi person involved in a jihadji-hah-di /d5I'hu:di/

jilbab Muslim floor-length robejil-bab /d311'bab/

Jilin province, Chinajee-lin /_d3i:'I1n/

Jimmu legendary first emperor ofJapanjim-00 /'d'51mu:/

Jin Chinese dynastyjin /d31n/

Jinan city, Chinajee-nan /,d3i:'nan/

Jinnah, Muhammad Ali Indianstatesmanmuu—ham—uhd al-i jin-uh /mzrhamed,a1i 'd31na/

jiu-jitsu see ju-jitsuJoéio Pessoa city, Brazil

zhuu-ow(ng) pess-oh-uh /30,50ps'seua/

Job biblical namejohb /d3eub/

Jobs, Steven American computerentrepreneurjobz /d3nbz,'

Jocasta Greek mythological characterjoh-kast-uh /d3eu'kasta/

jocose playful or humorousjuh-kohss /d3a'kaus/

Jodhpur city, Indiajod-poor /‘d3udpua(r)/

jodhpurs trousers worn for horse ridingjod-puhrz /'d3ndpa(r)z/

Jodrell Bank site of radio telescope,Englandjod-ruhl /‘d3ndral/

Joifre, Joseph Jacques CésaireFrench marshalzhoh-zef zhahk say-zair zhof-ruh/3ao,zef 301k se1_za:(r) '3nfra/

Jogjakarta see YogyakartaJohanssou, Lennart Swedish

president Of UEFAlen-art yoo-han-son /,lana:(r)t'ju:hansnn/

195 Johansson, Scarlett I Jubilate

Johansson, Scarlett American actress Jorvik (also Yorvik) Viking name forskar-luht joh-han-suhn /_sku:(r)lat Yorkd3ao'hansan/ yor-vik /'j0:(r)v1kf

Johansson, Thomas Swedish tennis Jospin, Lionel French politicianplayer lee-on-el zhoss-pa(ng) /li:n‘ns13ns'p.§/too-mass yoo-han-son /,tu:mas jot; Spanish folk dance'iurhanS1m/ khoh-tuh /'xauta/

John Menzies Scottish booksellers and Jotunheim world in Norse mythologystationers yoh-tuun-haym /'jautun,he1m/ming-iss limmlsf In Germanic contexts commonly also 7Often also erroneously men~ziss. yoh-tuhn—hym.

Johor (also Johore) state, Malaysia joual non-standard form ofCanadianjuh-hor ,'d3a'h:>:(r)/ French

Johor Baharu city, Malaysia zhwal /3W3”juh-hor bar-oo /d3a,hn:(r) 'bu:ru:/ jifuk mm 01” bend qllifikly

joie de vivre exuberant enjoyment oflife look ldisuzklzhwah duh veev-ruh /,5wu: da 'vi:vra/ Joules J3-mes Prescott English

. . . . physicist_|(;_:1(1).lJ)l:)l oil extracted from an American fool /dam”

hoh_hoh_buh /hauihaubeli joule unit ofwork or energy

Jolie, Angelina American actress J-OOI /dsuzuan-juh-lee-nuh zhoh-lee /and3e'1i:na Jiwe Greek g°d330.1” jOhV /'d3auv/

jolie ‘aide attractive woman with ugly Jovovlch, Mllla American actress andfeatures model . .zh°|_ee |ed /I30“, .18,” mee-luh yoh-vuh-vutch /,m1.1a

'jaovavItj"/Jowell, Tessa English culture minister

zhah(ng) fray-day-reek zho|~yoh /36 igwflhl /'d3aUa1"

Joliot, Jean-Frederic French nuclearphysicist

fl-eldelll-i;k 31,1-jau/ This British surname is variously- . . pronounced jow-uhl and joh-uhl,Jollofwest Afncan nee Stew depending on individual preference. T p

jo|—uhf /'d3nlaf/ ~~Jolson’ Al Russiambom American {PEG format for compressing images

singer and comedian layipeg HelpsgljQh|-5uhn /11395153“/ Juan tropical storm name

Jonagold dessert apple hwahn lhwumlj°n_uh_goh|d /-d3Dna_gaU1d/ Juan Carlos de Borbén y Borbon

Jonah Hebrew prophet king ofSpaini°h_nuh rdsaunal khwan kar-loss day bor-bon ee_ _ bor-bon /xwan ,ku:(r)lns dei bo:(r),bnn

Jong, Erica American author 1: b3;([.)-bum€rHk'u_h long Lanka dam]! Juarez, Benito Pablo Mexican

Jonkiipmg city, Sweden statesmanY°e"'5h°eP'i"9 /'.l3l1..i9IPlIJ/ ben-ee-toh pab-loh khwarr-ess

jonquil narcissus /bs,ni:tao _pablau 'xwares/i°"|<-Wil Fdrsrmkwill Juba city, Sudan

Jonze, Spike American film director l00-buh I'd3llIb9/Spyk iohfll /spark 'ds=-1~=mz/ Jubba river, East Africa

Jordaens, Jacob Flemish painter lullb-Uh /'d3vb9/yah-kop yor-dahnss /_jd:knp Jubilate hundredth psalmj0:(r)'do:ns/ j00—bil-ah-tay /_d3u:b1'1o:teI/

jubilate | Jyviiskylii.jubilate show great happines

ioo-bil-ayt /'d3u:b1le1t/Judaea southern part of ancient

Palestinejoo-dee-uh /d3u:'di:a/

Judah Hebrew patriarchjoo—duh /'d3u:da/

Judaism religionjoo-day-iz-uhm /'d3uIdeI1zam/

Judas Maccabaeus Jewish leaderjoo—duhss mak-uh—bee-uhss /,d3u:das_maka'bi:as/

Judenrat Jewish councilyoo-duh n-raht /'ju:danru:t/

judoka expert in judojoo-doh-kuh /'d5u:daoka/Sornetimesalso joo-doh-kuh.

Jugendstil German term for art nouveauyoo-guhnt-shteel /'ju:gant_Iti:1/

Juggernaut form of Krishna; also calledJagannathajug-uhr-nawt /'(l3AQ3(I')l'10ZlI/

juggernaut large vehiclejug-uhr-nawt /'d3Aga(r)n0:t/

jugular of the neck or throatjug-yuul-uhr /'(.l3AQjUl9(I')/Less commonly also joog-yuul-uhr.

ju-jitsu (also jiu-jitsu orju-jutsu)Japanese system ofwrestlingj00—jit-S00 /d3u:'d31tsu:/

jujube fruit of a Eurasian plantj0O-j00b /'d3u:d3u:b/

Juilliard school of music in New Yorkjoo-li-ard /‘d3u:1iu:(r)d/

julep sweet drinkjoo-lep /'d3u:lsp/

julienne portion of food cut into shortstripsjoo-Ii-en /,d3u:li'1-:n,/

Jullundur see Jalandharjumar climbing clamp

joo-muhr l'd3u:ma(r)/Jumeirah luxury hotel complex, United

Arab Emiratesjoo-my-ruh /(l3l.1Z'l'1'1AI[‘8/

Jumna river, Indiajum-nuh /'d3Amna/

1 9 6

of Luxembourgzhah(ng) klohd yuunk-uhr /361 _klaod'.lU1Ilk8(I‘)/

Juneau port, Alaskajoo-noh /'d3u:nao/

Jung, Carl Swiss psychologistkarl yuung /,ko:(r)i 'ju1]/

Junge, Traudl German private secretaryto Hitlertrow—duhl yuung-uh /,traodel 'j01Ja/

Jungfrau mountain, Switzerlandyuung—frow /'junfrau/

jungli unculturedinns-all /‘d3Ans1i/

juniper evergreen shrubj00-nip-uhr /'d3u:mpa(r)/

junket dish of flavoured curds of milkjunk-uht/'d3m1kat/

Juno Roman goddessjoo-noh /'d3u:naol

Juno beach D-day landing code namejoo-noh /'d5u:nao/

junta political group taking power byforcejun-tuh /'d3Anta/, Spanish ['xunta]- Established anglicization.

Juppé, Alain French politicianaI—a(ng) zhue—pay /al_€: 3y'pe1/

Jura mountain ranges, France andSwitzerlandjoor-uh /'d3oara/, French [jyra]~ Established anglicization.

Jura island, Scotlandjoor-uh /'d3oare,!

Justinian Byzantine emperorjust-in—i-uhn /d3n'st1nian/

Jute Germanic ethnic groupjoot /d3u:t/

Jutland peninsula, NW Europejut-luhnd /'d3At1and/Q Established anglicization.

Juvenal Roman satiristjoo-vuh-nuhl /‘dguzvanalj

Juventus Italian football clubyoo-ven-tuuss /ju:'vsntos/

Jyviiskylii city, Finlandyue-vask-uel-uh rjyvaskyle/,

Juncker, Jean-Claude prime minister ['jyva2sky1ae]

197

Kka spiritual part of a human being or god

kah /ko:/Kaaba (also Caaba) Muslim shrine in

Meccakah-buh /'ku:ba/

Kaapenaar inhabitant ofCape Townkah-puh-nar /'ko:pa_nu:(r)/

kabaddi sportkuh-bad-i /ka'badi/

kabaka ruler of the Baganda people ofUgandakuh-bah-kuh ,lka'ba:ko/

Kabalega Falls waterfall, Ugandakab—uh~lay—guh /,kaba'le|ga,I

Kabardian relating to Kabardinokuh-bar-di—uhn /ka'bu:(r)dian,'

Kabardino-Balkaria autonomousrepublic, Russiakuh—buhr—dyee-nuh buhl—kar-i-uh/,kaba(r)'dji:na ba1'ku:ria]

Kabbalah see Cabbalakabeljou fish

kab-uhl-yoh /,kaba1'jao/Kabila, Laurent-Désiré African

politicianlorr-ah(ng) day-zee-ray kab-ee-luh/1o,rf1 de1zi:_re1 ka‘bi:la/

Kabinett German winekab-in-et /,kab1'nst/

kabloona pl. kabloonat person who isnot an Inuitkuhb-I00-nuh, pl. kuhb-I00-nat/ka'blu:na/, pl. /-nat/~ Standard -s plural is also possible.

kabuki traditional form ofJapanesedramakuh-boo-ki /ka'bu:ki/

Kabul capital ofAfghanistankah-buul /'ku:bol/

Kabwe town, Zambiakab-way /'kabwe1/

Kabyle Algerian ethnic groupkuh-byl /ka'b/nl/

Kabylia region, Algeriakuh-bil-i-uh /ka‘b1lia/

Established anglicization. The French nameis Kabylie, pronouncazdilgb-iii-fie; __W_g g

Kachin Asian ethnic groupkatch-in /'katj‘m/

kachina spirit in the Pueblo Indianmythologykuh-chee-nuh lka't_l'i:na/

kadaitcha Aboriginal mission ofvengeancekuh-dy-chuh [ka'd1ut_[a/

Kadér, Janus Hungarian statesmanyah—nosh kah-dar /_ju:no_[ 'ku:du:(r)/

Kaddish Jewish prayer sequencekad-ish /'kad1_|'/Established anglicization. The Hebrewspelling of the word is Kaddisch,pronounced kad-eesh.

Kadima Israeli political partykuh-dee-muh /ka'di:ma/

kaffiyeh see kefliyehKafir Afghan ethnic group

kaf-eer /'kaf1a(r)/kafir person who is not a Muslim

kaf-eer /'kaf1a(r)/Kaflta, Franz Czech novelistfrants kaf~kuh /_frants 'kafka/

kaftan long tunickaf-tan /'kaftan/

Kagame, Paul Rwandan presidentpol kuh-gah-may /,pnl ke'ga:me1/

Kagoshima city, Japankag—osh-im»uh /ka'gn_|‘1ma/

kagu birdkah-goo /'ku:gu:/

kahikatea New Zealand treeky-kuh-tee-uh /_kA1ka'ti:a/

Kahlo, Frida Mexican painterfree-duh kah-loh /_fri:da 'k(1:lao/

Kahlua trademark liqueurkuh-loo~uh /ka'lu:a/

kahuna Hawaiian wise mankuh-h00—n uh /ka‘hu:na/

Kaifeng city, Chinaky-fung /,k:\1'f:u;|/

kairos | kampong 198

kairos propitious moment for decision or kuh~lee-ni n-g rat /ka'1i:n1ngrat/actionky-ross /'kAII‘DS/

Kairouan city, Tunisiaky-ruu-ahn ,I,kA|ru'a:n/

Kaiser, Georg German dramatistgay-ork ky-zuhr /,ge1o:(r)k 'l(AIZ3(I‘)/

kaiser German emperorky-zuhr /'l(AIZB(I‘)/

Kaiserslautern city, Germanyky-zuhrss-low~tuhrn/,kAlza(r)s'laota(r)nl

kaizen Japanese business philosophyky-zen /kA1'zen/

kakapo parrotkah-kuh-poh /'ku:kapao/

kakemono Japanese paintingkak-em-oh-noh /,kaks'maonau/

Kakiemon style of Japanese porcelainkak-ee-em-on /'ka'ki:smnn/

Kalaallit Nunaat see Greenlandkala-azar form of leishmaniasis

kah-luh uh-zar /,k<1:la a'zu:(r)/Kalahari Desert desert, Africa

kal-uh-har-i /,ka1a'hu:ri/kalanchoe plant

kal-uhn-koh-i /,ka1an'kaui/Kalashnikov rifle

kuh-lash-nik-of /ka'1a_fn1knf/kale cabbage

kayl /ke1l/Kalevala Finnish national epic

kai-ev-a|~uh /'ka1sva1a/Kalgoorlie town, Australia

kal-goor-Ii /kal‘gua(r)1i/Kali Hindu goddess

kah-Ii /'ku:li/kali saltwort

kay-ly f'ke1lm/éometimes also kal-i.” W W if I W’

Kalidasa Indian poetkal-id-ah-Suh /,ka11'du:sa/

Kalimantan region, Indonesiakal-im-an-tan /_kal1'mantan/

kalimba African thumb pianokuh-limb-uh /ka'11mba/

Kalinin, Mikhail Soviet statesmanmee-khuh-eel kuh—Iee-nin /mi:xa,i:1ke'Ii:n1nj

Kaliningrad port and region, Russia

Kalisz city, Polandkal-eesh /'kaIi:1‘ ,1

Kalmar port, Swedenkai-mar /'kalmu:(r)/

kalmia shrubkal-mi-uh /'ka1mie/

Kalmyk Kalmykian ethnic groupkal-mik /'kalm1k/

Kalmykia autonomous republic, Russiakal-mik-i-uh /kal'mikia/

kalong flying foxkah~|ong /'ka:1nn/

kalpa period of timekal-puh /'ka1pe/

Kaluga city, Russiakuh-I00-g uh /ka'lu:gaf

Kalyan city, Indiakul-yahn /l(Al'j(1Zl'l/

Kama Hindu godkah-muh /'ku:ma/

kamalli treekah-muh-hi /'ku:mahi/

Kama Sutra ancient Sanskrit treatisekah-muh soo-truh /lkazma ‘su:tre/

Kamba Kenyan ethnic groupkam-buh /'kamba/

Kamchatka peninsula, Russiakam-chat-kuh /kam'tj‘atka/

kameez Indian tunickuh-meez /ka'mi:z/

Kamensk-Uralsky city, Russiakah-muhnsk uu-ral-ski /_ku:mansko‘ra1ski]

Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike Dutchphysicisthy-kuh kah-muhr-ling on-uhss /_hA1ka,ku:ma(r)in] 'onas/

kami divine being in the Shinto religionkah-mi /'kc1:mi/

kamikaze Japanese suicidal aircraftcrashkarn—ik-ah-zi ,',kam1'ko:zi/

Kamilaroi Australian Aboriginal ethnicgroupkuh-mil-uh-roy /ka'm11aro1/

Kampala capital of Ugandakam-pah-luh /kam'pu:la/

kampong Malaysian enclosure or villagekam-pong /kam'pm]/

199

Kampuchea former name for Cambodiakam-puutch-ee-uh /kampo't_[i:a/

kana system of Japanese writingkah-nuh /'ko:na,l

kanaka native of Hawaiikuh~nak-uh ,Ika‘naka/

kanamycin antibiotickan-uh—my-Sin /_kana'mAis1n/

Kanarese Indian ethnic groupkan-uh-reel /,kana'ri:z,'

Kanawa, Kiri Te see Te Kanawa, KiriKanchenjunga mountain, Himalayas

kan-chen-iung-guh /,kantIsn'd3Anga/Kandahar city, Afghanistan

kan—duh—har /_kanda'hc1:(r)/Kandinsky, Wassily Russian painter

vuh—See—li kan-din-ski /va,si:1ikan'd1nski/

Kandy city, Sri Lankakan-dee /'kandi:/

Kangar city, Malaysiakang-gar /'ka13go:(r)/

Ka.NgWane former Swazi homeland,South Africakah-uhng-gwah-nay f,kc1:e13‘gwu:ne1/

kanji Japanese writing systemkan—ji /'kand3i/

Kannada Dravidian languagekan-uh-duh /'kanede/

Kano city, Nigeriakah-noh /'ku:nao/

Kanpur (also Cawnpore) city, Indiakahn~poor /ku:n‘pua(r)/

Kansas state, USkan—Zuhss /‘kanzas/

Kant, Immanuel German philosopherim—ahn—Wel kant /rmornwel ‘kant/

Kanto region, Japankan-toh /'kanteo/

KANU Kenya African National Unionkah~noo /'ka:nu:/

kanuka treekah-nuuk-uh /'ku:nokaf

Kanuri Nigerian languagekuh-noor-i /ka'noari/

kanzu East African robekan-Z00 /'kanzu:/

Kaohsiung port, Taiwankow-shi~uung /,kaoj‘i'on/

Kaonde Zambian ethnic groupkah-on-day /ku:'ondeI/

Kampuchea 1 karanga

Kapachira Falls waterfalls, Malawikap-uh-cheer-uh /_kapa't]"1ara/

kapellmeister conductor of anorchestra or choirkuh-pel-my-stuhr /ka'p8l_mAISt8(l‘)/

Kapil Dev Indian cricketerkap-il dev /,kapii 'dev/

Kaposi’s sarcoma form ofcancerkuh-poh-siz sa r-koh-muh /kalpausizsu:(r)'kauma/

kappa letter of the Greek alphabetkap-uh /'kapa/

Kapral, Vaclav Czech composervaht-slaf kap-rahl /_vu:ts1af 'kapru:l/

Kapranos, Alex Scottish singerkuh-prah-noss /ka'pra:nns/

Kaprun resort, Austriakuh-proon /ka'pru:n/

kapur treekap-uhr ,/'kapa(r)/

kaput broken and uselesskuh-puut /ko'pot/

Karachai-Cherkessia autonomousrepublic, Russiakarr-uh-chy chair-kess-i-uh /kare,t]'1\1tIs:(r)'kssia/

Karachi city, Pakistankuh-rah-chi /ka'ru:t_l'i/

Karaganda see Qaraghandykarahi (also karai) Indian frying pan

kurr-y /l(A'I'AIfKaraite Jewish sectkair-uh-yt /'ka:roA1t/

Karaj city, Irankarr-ahj /ka'r(1:d3/

Karajan, Herbert von Austrianconductorhair-bairt fon karr-uh-yahn/,ha:(r)ba:(r)t fon 'karaju:n/

Karakalpak autonomous republic,Russiakarr-uh-kal-pak /,kaI'a'ka1pak/

Karakoram mountain system, centralAsiakarr-uh—kaw-ruhm /_kara'ko:ram/

karakul breed of sheepkarr-uh-kuul /'karokol/

Kara Kum desert, central Asiakarr-uh k0Om /,kara 'ku:m/

karanga Maori ritual chantkarr-ang-uh /'kara1]a/

karaoke | Kauai

karaoke Japanese form ofentertainmentkarr-uh-oh-ki /_kara'auki/

Kara Sea part of the Arctic Oceankar-uh /'ku:ra/

karate oriental system of unarmedcombatkuh-rah-ti /ka‘ro:ti/, Japanese [karate]v Established anglicization.

karateka practitioner of karatekuh-rah-tik-ah /ka'rc1:t1ku:/

Karbala (also Kerbala) city, Iraqkar-buh-Iah /ko:(r)ba'la:/

Karelia region, NE Europekuh-ray-|i—uh /ka'rer1ie/

Karen Burmese ethnic groupkuh-ren lka'ren/

Kariba lake, central Africakuh-ree-buh /ka'ri:_ba/

Karloff, Boris British—born Americanactorkar-lof f'ko:(r)lnf/

Karlovy Vary town, Czech Republickar-lov-i varr-i /,ku:(r)1nv1 'vari/

Karlsruhe town, Germanykarlss-ro0—uh /'ku:(r)ls_ru:a/

Karnak village, Egyptkar-nak /'ku:(r)nak;‘

Karnataka state, Indiakuhr-nah—tuh—kuh /ka(r)'no:taka/

Kiirnten see CarinthiaKRPOO plateau, South Africa

kuh-roo /ka'ru:,'karoshi death caused by overwork

karr-oh-shi /ka'rauIi/Karpov, Anatoli Russian chess player

an-uh-tol-i kar-puhf /ana,tn1i'ko;(r)paf/

Kars city and province, Turkeykarss /ku:(r)s/

Kfl.l'Sl1, Y0llSllfArmenian—b0rnCanadian photographeryuuss-uuf karsh /_josof'ku:(r)I/

Kartvelian South Caucasiankart-vee-1i~uhn /kc1:(r)t'vi:lien/

karyotype appearance of thechromosomes in a cell nucleikarr-i-oh-typ /'l(3I‘i9UtAIp/

kasbah citadel of a North African citykaz-bah /'kazbo:/

Kashmir region, border of India. andPakistan

200

kash-meer /kaj"m1e(r)/Kashmiri relating to Kashmir

kash-meer-i /kaI'm|ari/kashrut body ofJewish religious laws

kash-root /kaI'ru:t/Kasparov, Garry Azerbaijani chess

playerkuhsp-ar-uhf /ka'spu:raf/

Kassel city, Germanykass-uhl /'kasa1/‘

Kasur city, Pakistankuh-soor ,'ka'soa(r)/

lmta training exercises in karatekah-tah /'ko:t<1:/

katakana Japanese writing systemkat-uh-kah-nuh /,kata'ku:na/

katana Japanese samurai swordkuh-tah-nuh /ka'tu:naf

Katanga region, Democratic Republic ofCongokuh-tang-guh /ka'tanga/

Katangese relating to Katangakat—ang-geez /,katan'gi:z/

Kathak Indian dancekut-uhk /'kAtak/

Kathakali Indian dancekut-uh-kul-i f,k1\ta'k1\li/

katharevousa form of modern Greekkath—uh-rev-00-suh /,kaBa'revu:sa/

katharometer instrument for detectinga askgth-uh-rom-it-uhr /,ka8a'rum1ta(r);'

Kathiawar peninsula, Indiakat-i-u h-war /_katia'wo:(r)/

Kathmandu (also Katmandu) capital ofNepalkat-man-doo /,katman'du:/

katipo venomous spiderkat—ip—oh /'katrpao/

Katowice city, Polandkat—0v-eet-suh /,katu'vi:tsa/

Katsav, Moshe Israeli statesmanmosh-ay kat-sav /mn,_|'e1 kat'sav/

katsuobushi Japanese dried fishkat-sw0h—buush-i /,katswau‘bo_l‘if

Kattegat strait between Sweden andDenmarkkat-u h-gat /'katagat/

katydid insectkay-tid-id /'ke1t1d1d/

Kauai island, Hawaiikow-ah-i /kao'a:i/

201 Kauffmann, Angelica | Kennedy, Helena

Kauflinann, Angelica Swiss painteran—]el-ik-uh kowf-man /an_d3slrka'kaofman/

Kaufman, Charlie Americanscreenwriterkowf-muhn l'kaofman/This Englghi surnjaiiieis variously 7pronounced kowf-muhn and kawf-muhn,depending on individual preference.

kaumatua Maori elderkow-mah-tuu-uh /kao'mu:tua/

Kaunas city, Lithuaniakow-nuhss /'kaunas/

Kaunda, Kenneth Zambian statesmankah-uun-duh /ka:'onda/

kauri forest treekow-ri /'kauri/

kava Polynesian narcotic sedative drinkkah-vuh /'ka:va/

Kavalla port, Greecekuh-val-uh /ka'vala/

Kawabata, Yasunari Japanese novelistyass-uun-ar-i kah-wuh-bah-tuh/jasu,no:ri ,ku:wa'bo:ta/

Kawasaki city, Japankah-wuh-sah-ki /,kn:we‘su:ki/

kayak canoeky-ak /'k1i1ak/

kayakeet shrubky-uh-keet /'kmaki:t/

Kayseri city, 'lhrkeyky-suh-ri /'k1usari/

kflZ8.¢h0c Slavic dancekaz-uh-chok /,kaza'tIok/

Kazakh relating to Kazakhstankuh-zak ]ka'zak/Commonly also kaz-ak.

Kazakhstan countrykaz-ak-stahn /_kazak'stci:n/

Kazan port, Russiakuh-zahn /ke'zu:n/

Kazan, Elia Turkish-born Americanfilm directoree-Ii-uh kuh-zahn /_i:lia ka'zc1:n/

kazoo musical instrumentkuh-Z00 /ka'zu:/

kea parrotkee-uh /'ki:a/

kebab pieces of meat roasted on a skewerkuh-bab /ka'bab/

Keble, John English churchmankee-buhl /'ki:bal/

Kebnekaise mountain, Swedenkeb-nuh-ky-suh /_kz.-:bna'kAisa/

Kedah state, Malaysiaked-uh /'ksda/

kedgeree fish dishkej-uh-ree /'ked3ari:/‘

keema minced meatkee-muh /'ki:ma/

Keemun Chinese teakee-moon /'ki:rnu:n,'

keeshond breed ofdogkayss-hond /'keishond/

Kefallinia see Cephaloniakefliyeh (also kafliyeh) Arab headdress

kuh-fee-yuh /ka't"1:ja/Keflavik port, Iceland

kef-luh-veek /'ke:flavi:k/kefiedes Greek meatballs

kef-teth-eez /kef'tsoi:z/Kehlstein Hitler’s mountain retreat in

the Alpskayl-shtyn /'ke11_\‘t1un/

Keighley town, England|(EE‘lIl"l-ll /'kiZBli/

keiretsu business conglomerationkay-ret-soo lkerrstsuzl

Kelantan state, Malaysiakuh-Ian-tuhn /ke'1antan/

Kellogg, Will Keith American foodmanufacturerkel-og /'kelng/

keloid irregular tissue formed at a scarkee-Ioyd /'ki:l:nd/

keipie water spirit ofScottish folklorekel-pi /'kelpi/

Kemerovo city, Russiakyem-uh-ruh-vuh /'kjsmarava/

Kendal town, Englandken—duh| /'ksndal/

kendo Japanese form of fencingken-doh /'kendau/

Keneally, Thomas Australian novelistkuh-nee-Ii /ka'ni:li/

Kennebec river, USken-uh-bek /‘kenabelq

Kennebunkport town, USken-uh-bunk-port /k£I18'l)AI]kp0Z(I‘)t/

Kennedy, Helena Scottish barristerhuh-lay-nuh /ha'lema/

keno I Khalsa

keno game similar to bingokee-noh /'ki:nao/

kenosis renunciation of the divine naturekuh-noh-siss /ka'naos1s/

kente Ghanaian clothken—tuh /'kenta/

Kentucky state, USken-tuk-i /ksn‘t1\ki/

Kenya countryken-yuh /'ksnja/This has been the BBC Pronunciation Unitrecommendation since 1965. Thepronunciation keen-yuh is now dated.

Kenyatta, Jomo Kenyan statesmanjoh-moh ken-yat-uh /,d3:-iumaoksn'jata/

kepi French military capkep-i /'kepi/

Kepler, Johannes German astronomeryoh~han-uhss kep-luhr /jauhanas‘kep1e(r)/

Kerala state, Indiakerr-uh-luh fkarolal

keratectomy surgical removal ofasection ofthe corneakerr-uh-tek-tuh-mi /,kera'tektami/

keratin proteinkerr-uh-tin /‘keratin/‘

keratinize change into a formcontaining keratinkerr-uh-tin-yz /'kerat1nA1z,'Sometimes also kuh-rat-in-yz.

keratinous containing keratinkuh-rat-in-uhss /ka‘ratInas/

keratitis inflammation ofthe corneakerr-uh-ty-tiss /,kera't1ut1s,'

keratomileusis surgical reshaping ofthe corneakerr-uh-toh-my-loo-siss/,kereteomA1'lu:s1s/

keratoplasty surgery on the corneakerr-uh-toh-plast-i /'karatau,p1asti/

keratosis growth on the skinkerr-uh-toh-siss /,ksra'taosrs/

Kerbala see KarbalaKerch city, Ukrainekairtch /ks:(r)t_|'/

Keres Pueblo Indian ethnic groupkerr-ess /'kares,I

Kerguelen Islands group of islands,

202

Indian Oceankur-guh-lin /'ka:(r)ga11n/v Established anglicization.

Kérkira see CorfuKerkrade town, Netherlands

kairk-rah—duh /'ke:(r)kr0.:da/Kermadec Islands group of islands,

South Pacifickur-mad-ek /ka:(r)'mad£k/

kermes red dyekur-miz /'ka:(r)m1z/

kerosene fire] oilkerr-uh-Seen Fkarosiznl

Kerouac, Jack American novelistkerr-00-ak /'keruak/

Kerr, Deborah Scottish actressdeb-uh-ruh kar /,dsbare ‘ka:(r)/

Iiritish is variously ipronounced kur, kar, and kair, dependingon individual preference.

Kertész, Imre Hungarian authorim-ruh kair-tayss /,1mre 'ke:(r)te1s/

Kesey, Ken American novelistkee-zi /'ki:zi/

Keswick town, Englandkez-ik /'kezrk/

ketamine anaesthetic drugket—uh—meen /'kr-;tami:n/

kewpie dollkyoo—pi /'kju:pi,'

Keynes, John Maynard Englisheconomistkaynz /ke1nz/

Khabarovsk region, Russiakhuh—bar—uhfsk [xa'bu:rafsk/

Khakassia autonomous republic, Russiakhuh-kass-i-uh /-xa'kasia/

khaki cotton fabric ofa brownish-yellowcolourkah-ki /'k(1:ki/KM is kak-i.

Khalistan proposed independent Sikhstatekah-Ii-stahn /'ka:1istu:n/

Khalkha Mongolian ethnic groupkahI—kuh /‘kuzlkaf

Khalkis see ChalcisKhalsa body or company of fullyinitiated Sikhskul-suh /'l:{AlS8/

203

Khama, Seretse Botswanan statesmansuh—ret—si kah-muh [saretsi 'ko:ma/

Kha.mene’i, Ayatollah Ali Iraniansupreme leadery—uh—to|—uh al-ee khah-muh-nuh-ee/Al3,l1Dl9 a,1i; xu:mana'i:/

khamsin hot Egyptian windkam-sin /'kams1n/

Khan, Chaim American singerchak-uh kahn /,t_\‘aka ‘kuznl

Khan, Inlran Pakistani cricketerim-rahn kahn /,1mro:n ‘kum/, Urdu[xo:n]~ Established anglicization.

khan Muslim titlekahn lkoznl

Khanié see ChaniaKhao Lak resort, Thailand

kow lak /,kau '1ak/Kharg island, Persian Gulf

kharg /xo:(r)g/Kharkiv city, Ukrainekhar-kif /'xo:(r)k1f/

Khartoum capital of Sudankar-toom /ku:(r)'tu:m/, Arabic[xar'tu:1n]Q Established anglicization.

khat see qatkhayal traditional Indian song

kuh-yahl /ka'jo:l/Khayelitsha township, South Africa

ky-yuh-leet-shuh /,k1uja'1i:tIa/Khayyam, Omar see RubaiyatKhazar 'I11rkic ethnic groupkuh-zar ,Ika'zu:(r)/

Khedive title of the viceroy of Egyptkuh-deev /ka'di:v/

Kherson port, Ukrainekhuhr-son /xe(r)'snn/

khichri Indian dishkitch-ree /'k1tjri:/

Khios see Chioskhir Indian dish

keer /'k1a(r)/Khmer ancient kingdom, Asia

kmair /kme:(r)/Khmer Rouge Cambodian guerrilla

organizationkmair roozh /,kme:(r) 'ru:3/

Khoikhoi South African ethnic groupkoy-koy /'kozko1/

Khama, Seretse 1 Kielce

Khoisan South African ethnic groupkoy-sahn f'ko1so:n/

kho-kho Indian gamekoh koh /‘kan koo,!

Khomeini, Ruhollah Iranian ShiiteMuslim leaderroo-huul-ah khom-ay-nee /ru:hu_lc1:xnme1'ni:/

Khonsu Egyptian godkon-soo /'knnsu:/

Khorramshahr port, Irankhuu-ruhm-shar /,xuram'Iu:(r)/

Khrushchev, Nikita Soviet statesmannik-ee-tuh kruush-chof /n1,ki:ta'kruItj'nf/, Russian [xru_|"t_l‘nf]I Established anglicization.

Khufu Egyptian pharaohkhoo-foo /'xu:fu:/

Khulna city, Bangladeshkuul-nuh /‘kulna/

Khunjerab Pass pass through theHimalayaskun-yuh-rahb /'l(ADj8I‘ClIb/

Khyber Pass mountain pass in theHindu Kushky-buhr /'l{AllJ3(I‘)/

ki see qikia ora Maori greeting

kee-uh aw-ruh /,ki:e ’o:re/kihbntz pl. kibbutzim communal

settlement in Israelkib-uuts, pl. kib-uuts-eem /krbots/, pl./k1bu'tsi:m/

kibbutznik member of a kibbutzkib-uuts-nik /k1'botsn1k/

kibitz look on and oifer unwelcomeadvicekib—it5 /'kIbits/

Kickapoo American Indian ethnic groupkik-uh-poo /‘k1kapu:/

Kidderminster town, Englandkid-uhr-min-stuhr /'k1da(r),mmsta(r)/

kiddllsh Jewish ceremonykid-uush /'k1do_f/

Kiel port, Germanykeel /ki:l/

kielbasa Polish sausagekeel-bass-uh /ki:l'basa/

Kielce city, Polandkyelt-suh /'kjsltsa/

Kierkegaard, Soren | kippa

Kierkegaard, Seren Danishphilosophersoer-uhn keer-kuh-gor /,sce:ran'k1a(r)kag:>:(r)/

Kieslowski, KrzysztofPolish filmdirectorkshish-tof kyesh-lof-ski /,k_f1_|'tnfkje_l"1nfski/

Kiev capital of Ukrainekee-ef /'ki:af/Established anglicization. The Ukrainianname is Kyiv, pronounced ki—yif ['kij1f].

Kigali capital of Rwandakig-ah-Ii jk1'gu:li/

Kiklédhes see CycladesKikongo Bantu languagekik-ong-goh lkrknngaui

Kikuyu Kenyan ethnic groupkik-oo-yoo /k|'ku:ju:/

Kilauea volcano, Hawaiikee-low-ay-uh /_ki:lau'eia/

Kildare county, Republic of Irelandkil-dair /k1l'de:(r)l

kilderkin cask for liquidskil-duhr-kin /'k1lda(r)km/

kilim Turkish carpetkil-eem /k1'li:m/

Kilimanjaro, Mount mountain,Tanzaniakil-im-uhn-jar-oh /_k|l1man'd3u:rau/

Kilkenny county, Republic of Irelandkil-ken-i /k11'keni/

Killarney town, Republic of Irelandkil-ar-ni /kr'la:(r)ni/

Kilmarnock town, Scotlandkil-mar-nuhk /krl'mo:(r)nak/

kilometre unit ofmeasurementkil~uh-mee-tuhr /'k11a,mi:ta(r)/This is the traditional pronunciation, butkil-om-uh-tuhr is equally, if not more,common, and equally acceptable. AM isusually kil-om-uh-tuhll 7 __g_W 7

kimchi Korean dishkirn-chi /'k|mt_|‘i/

Kim II-sung Korean statesmankim il sung /,k|m Il ‘san!

kimono Japanese robekim-oh-noh lkrmaonaul

kina currency unit, Papua New Guineakee-nuh /'ki:na/

Kinabalu, Mount mountain, Malaysia

204-

kirI—uh-bah-100 /,kma‘bu:lu:/kinaesthesia sense of muscular efibrt

kin-uhss-thee-zi-uh /,kmas‘9i:zia/Kincardineshire former county,

Scotlandkin-kar-din-shuhr /km'ku:(r)d1nIa(r)/

kine cows collectivelykyn lkiunl

kinematics branch of mechanicskin-uh—mat-iks /,k1na'matiks/

kinesics study of gestures as non-verbalcommunicationkin-ee-siks /ki'ni:s1ks/

kinesis movementkin—ee-siss /kI'l1lZSlS/

kinetic relating to motionkin—et-ik /k1'nst1k/

kinetoscope early m0tion—picture devicekin-ee-toh-skohp ,fkI'ni:tauskaop/

kinin substance formed in body tissue inresponse to injuryky-nin /'kA1nm/

kinkajou racoon-like animalkink-uh-joo /‘kinka,d3u:/

Kinki region, Japankeen-kee /'ki:nki:/

Kinnear, Greg American actorkin-eer /k1'n1a(r)/This surname is variously pronouncedkin-eer and kin-air, depending onindividual preference.

Kinneret, Lake another name for theSea ofGalileekin-uh-ret /'kmorst,I

kinnikinnick substitute for tobaccokin-ik-in-ik /,k|n1ki'mk/

kino gumkee-noh /‘ki:nao/

Kinross-shire former county, Scotlandkin-ross shuhr /km'rns Ia(r)/

Kinsey, Alfred Charles Americanzoologist and sex researcherkin-zi /'kmzi/

Kinshasa capital of the DemocraticRepublic of Congokin-shah-suh /km'Ici:sa/

Kinski, Nastassja German—b0rn actressnast-ass-yuh kin-ski /nas,tasja 'kmski/

Kintyre peninsula, Scotlandkin-ty—uhr /k1n'tn1a(r)/

kippa Jewish skullcapkip-ah /k1'po:/

205

Kipling, Rudyard Indian-born BritishWriterrud—yuhrd kip-ling /,mdja(r)d 'k1p111]/

Kir trademark alcoholic drinkkeer /kta(r)/

Kirchhoif, Gustav Robert Germanphysicistguust-ahf roh-bairt keerkh-hofI ,gUstc1:f |I'BUl)£I(I')ll 'k1a(r)(;huf/

Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig Germanpainterairnst loot-vikh keerkh-nuhr /_e:(r)nst_1u:tvlc 'kIa(r)<;ne(r)/

Kirchner, Nestor Argentine presidentnest-or keertch-nuhr /,nssto:(r)'kIa(r)t_1‘na(r)/

Kiribati countrykirr—ib-ass /,k1r1'bas/A pronunciation closer thespelling,kirr~ib-ah—ti, is also common.

kirk churchkurk /ka:(r)k/

Kirkcaldy town, Scotlandkur-kod-i /ka:(r)'kndi/

Kirkcudbright town, Scotlandkur-koob-ri /ka:(r)'ku:bri/

kirkman clergymankurk—muhn /‘ka:(r)kman/

Kirkuk city, Iraqkeer-kuuk /k1e(r)'kuk/

Kirkwall port, Scotlandkurk-wawl /'ke:(r)kw0:1/

Kirman carpetkeer-mahn /k1a(r)'mc1:n/

kirpan sword worn by Sikhskur—pahn /ka:(r)’pu:n/

kirsch cherry brandykeersh /k1a(r)I/

kirtan Hindu devotional songkeer-tun /'l(I8(I‘)tAl'1/

Kiruna town, Swedenkirr—uun-uh /'k1runa/

Kirundi language of Burundikirr-uun-di /k1'rundi/

Kisangani city, Democratic RepublicofCongokiss-ang-gah-ni /_k1sa1]'gu:ni/

kishke beef intestinekish—kuh /'k1_l‘ka/

Kislev Jewish monthki5s—|ef l'krslsf/

Kipling, Rudyard I Klee, Paul

kismet destinykiz-met /'k1zmst/

l(iSS€l Russian dessertkiss-uhl /'k1sa1/

Kissinger, Henry Germa.n—b0rnAmerican statesmankiss-in-juhr /'k1s1nd3a(r)/

Kiswallili another term for Swahilikee-swuh-hee-Ii /_ki:swa'hi:1i/

kitab the Korankit-ahb /k1‘tu:b/

Kitakyushu port, Japankee-tuh-kyoo-shoo /,ki:ta'kju:j‘u:/

Kitchener, Herbert British soldier andstatesmankitch-uh-nuhr /'k1tjane(r)/

kitenge East African cotton fabrickit-eng-gi ,'k1'tsI]gi/

kitll one’s relationskith [K16]

kittiwake gullkit-i-wayk /'kxtiwe1k,I

Kitwe city, Zambiakit-way ,/‘k1tweI/

Kitzbiillel town, Austria.kits-bue-uhl /‘k1tsby:e1/

kiva underground chamberkee-vuh /'ki:va/

Kivu, Lake lake, Central Africakee-voo /'ki:vu:/

Kiwanis Club North American societyofbusiness and professional peopleki-wah-niss /ki'wu:n1s/

Klagenfilrt city, Austriaklah-guhn-foort /'kla:gan,foa(r)t/

Klaipeda port, Lithuaniakly-puh—duh /'l{lAIp8d8/

Klamath American Indian ethnic groupklam-uhth /‘klamz->9,’

Klaproth, Martin Heinrich Germanchemistmar-teen hyn-rikh klap-roht/,mu:(r)ti:n ,hn1nr1c 'klapreot/

klaxon trademark electric hornklak-suhn /'k1aksan/

ldebsiella bacteriumkleb-zi-el-uh /,k1abzi'a1e/

Klee, Paul Swiss painterpowl klay /,pao1 'k1er/

Klein, Calvin | Koehler, Hors

Klein, Calvin American fashiondesignerklyn /klz\1n/

Klein, Melanie Austrian-bornpsychoanalystklyn /l-(lAIl1;'

Klemperer, Otto German-bornconductor and composerot-oh klem-puh-ruhr /ptau'klsmpara(r)/

klepht Greek independence fighterkleft lkleftl

kleptomania recurrent urge to stealklep-tuh-may-ni-uh /,klspta'memia/

Klerksdorp city, South Africaklarks-dorp /'kl11:(r)ksdo:(r)p/

kletterschuh climbing bootklet-uhr-shoo I‘klsta(r)_l‘u:/

klezlner traditional Jewish musicklez-muhr /'klezma(r)/

klieg light powerful electric lampkleeg lklizgl

Klimt, Gustav Austrian painterguust-ahf klimt /,gusto:f 'kl1mt/

Klinefelter’s syndrome geneticconditionklyn-felt-uhrz /'k1A1n,fa1ta(r)z/

Klingon alien in Star Trekkling—on /'kh1]onl

klipspringer antelopeklip-spring-uhr /'kl1p_sprma(r)/

Klondike tributary of the Yukon River,Canadaklon-dyk ,l'k1nndA1k/

Klosters resort, Switzerlandkloh-stuhrz /'klaosta(r)z/, German/‘klo:stes/¢ Established anglicization.

Kluxer member of the Ku Klux Klankluk-suhr /'kli\ksa(r)/

knackwurst German sausagenak—vurst /'nakva:(r)st/, ['knakvurst]

knaidel pl. knaidlach Jewish durnplingknay-duhl, pl. knayd-lakh /'kne1dal/,pl. /'kne1dlax/~ Standard —s plural is also possible.

knawel weednaw-uhl /'no:al/

knell Sound ofa bellnel Infill

Knesset Israeli parliamentkness-et /'knssst,I

206

Knightley, Keira English actresskeer-uh /‘krara/

kniphofia plantnip-hoh-fi-uh /nip'heofia/

knish dumplingknish /kn1j‘/

Knole kind of sofanohl lnaoll

knoll small hill or moundnohl lnaull

Knorr food companynor /no:(r)/

Knossos city, Creteknoss-oss /'knnsns/

knollt whipnowt /naot/

Knox, John Scottish Protestantreforrnernoks [noks]

Knoxville port, USnoks-vil /'nnksv1l/

knur wooden or porcelain ballnur /na:(r)/'

Knut see Canutekoa tree

koh-uh /'kaoa/koala Australian marsupial

koh-ah-luh /keu'd:1a/koan paradoxical anecdote

koh-ahn /'kaou:n/Kobe port, Japan

koh-bi /'kaobi/, [koobe]' Established anglicization.

Kobenhavn see Copenhagenkobo currency unit, Nigeria

koh-boh /'kaubau/kobold spirit in German folklore

koh-buhld fkaubeldfKoch, Robert German bacteriologist

roh-bairt kokh /_raubs:(r)t 'kox/Ktichel number given to each ofMozart’s

compositionskoe-khuhl /‘kcecal/

Kodiily, Zoltén Hungarian composerzol-tahn koh-dy /_zn1to:n 'kaod/u/

Kodiak island, Alaskakoh-di-ak /'kaodiak/

koel cuckookoh-uhl /‘kaual/

Koehler, Horst see Kiihlcr, Horst

207

Koestler, Arthur Hungarian-bornBritish novelistkoest-luhr /‘kcestla(r)/

kofia rissolekof-tuh /'knfta,f

Kohima city, Indiakoh-hee-muh /kau'hi:ma,l

Koh-i-noor Indian diamondkoh i noor /keo i 'nua(r)/

Kohl, Helmut German statesmanhel—m00t kohl /,hs1mu:t 'kaol/

Kiihlel‘, Horst (also Kochlcr) Germanpresidenthorst koe-luhr /,h:>:(r)st 'ko:la(r)/

kohlrabi cabbagekohl-rah-bi /kaul'ru:bi/

Koh Samui island, Thailandkoh sam-00-i /,1-tau sa'mu:i/

koi carpkoy /k01/

koine Greek languagekoy-nee /'k:11ni:/

koinonia Christian fellowshipkoy-noh-ni-uh /koi'naunia/

Koizumi, Junichiro Japanese primeministerjoo-nee-chirr-oh koy-zoo-mi/d3u:_ni:tj'n"ao 'ko1zu:mi/

Koje island, Koreakoh-jay /'kaod3e1/'

kokanee salmonkoh-kan-i /'kookani,‘

Kola Peninsula peninsula, Russiakoh-luh /'kaule/

Kolhapur city, Indiakohl-hah-poor /,kaolho:'poa(r)/

Kollmta city, India; formerly known asCalcuttal<Ol-l(Llt-Lll'i /kDl'kAt9/, Bengali['kolkata]~ Established anglicization.

kolkhoz collective farm in the formerUSSRkol-koz /kn1'knz/, [kn1‘xos]

Kiiln see CologneK0] Nidre Aramaic prayer

kol need-ray /,1-ml 'ni:dre1/k0l0 Slavic dance

koh-loh /'keulau/Kolyma river, Siberia

kol-im-ah f,kn11'mc|:/

Koestler, Arthur | kora

komatik sledge drawn by dogskom-uh-tik /‘knmatIk/

kombu Japanese seaweedl(0m—b00 /‘kombu:/

KOIIli autonomous republic, Russiakoh-mi /'kaomi,'

Komodo island, Indonesiakuh-moh~d0h /ka'maudau/

Komondor breed of sheepdogkom-uhn-dor /'knman,da:(r)/

Komsomol Soviet organization forcommunist youthkom-suh-moi /knmsa'mnl/

Komsomolsk city, Russiakom-suh-molsk /,knmsa'molsk/

koneke farm or logging wagonkon-ek-i fknnekij

konfyt fruit preservekon-fayt /k:Jn'fe1t/

Kongo African ethnic groupkong-goh /'knngao/

kongoni kind ofhartebeestkong-goh-ni /km]'gauni;'

Kiinigsberg former name forKaliningradkoe-nikhss-bairk /'k0:mcsbs:(r)k/

Konigsberg, Alan Stewart real nameofWoody Allenkoh-nigz-burg /'kaonigzba:(r)g/'

Konkani Indian languagekonk-uh-ni /‘ko1]kani/

Konstanz see ConstanceK011-Tiki Thor Heyerdahls raft; also

Inca godkon-tee-ki /knn'ti:ki/

Konya city, Turkeykon-yuh fknnjaf

kookaburra Australasian kingfisherkuuk-uh-burr-ruh /'kuka,bAra/

Kooning, Willem de see de Kooning,Willem

Koopman, Ton Dutch conductorton kohp-muhn /,tnn 'l(6UpIIl9I‘l]

Koori Australian AboriginalkOOr—i /‘koarfl

kopek currency unit, Russiakoh-pek /'kaopek,'

Kopernik, Mikolaj see Copernicus,Nicolaus

kora West African musical instrumentkaw-ruh /'k:>:ra/

kor Kra, Isthmus ofin |-noad

koradji Aboriginal who has skills intraditional medicinekorr-uh-ji /'knrad3i/

Koran (also Quran or Qur’an) Islamicsacred bookkorr-ahn /kn'ru:n/, Arabic [qur"?u:n]0 Established anglicization; see ARABICpaneL

Korbut, Olga Soviet gymnastO|—guh kor-buut /,Dlga 'k:):(r)bot/

Korchnoi, Viktor Russian chess playerveek-tuhr kortch-noy /,vi:kta(r)k:J:(r)t_i"n:J1/

Korda, Alexander Hungarian-bornBritish film directorkor-duh /'ko:(r)da/

Kordofan region, Sudankor-doh~fahn /,ko:(r)dao'fc1:nl

K01‘!-3 Greek mythological characterkaw-ray /'ko:re1/

Korea region, Asiakuh-ree-uh /ka'ri:a,I0 Established anglicization.

korfball ball gamekorf-bawl /'ko:(r)fbo:1/

Korinthos see Corinthkorrna Indian curry dish

kor—muh /'ko:(r)ma/Korsakoff’s syndrome mental illness

kor-suh-kofs /'k:):(r)sekpfs/Kortlijk city, Belgium

kort—ryk /'ko:(r)trA1k/~ See nurcn panel.

koru motif in Maori carvingkorr-00 /'knru:/

koruna currency unit, Czech Republicand Slovakiak0rr—uun—uh /'knruna,'

Korup national park, Cameroonkorr-oop /kn'ru:p/

Koryak Russian ethnic groupkuhr-yahk /ka(r)'ju:k,i

Kos (also Cos) island, Greecekoss lknsl

Kosciusko, Mount mountain, Australiakoz-i~usk-oh /,knz1'Askao/

kosher satisfying the requirements ofJewish lawkoh-shuhr /'kaoJ'a(r)/

K0§ice city, Slovakiakosh-it-suh /'kn_[1tso/

Kosovo autonomous province, Serbia

208

koss-uh-voh /'knsavau/Kossuth, Lajos Hungarian statesman

and patriotloy-osh kosh-oot /_lo1n]' 'koj‘u:t/

Kostroma city, Russiakost-ruh-mah /,kostra‘mo:/

Kostllnica, Vojislav Serbian primeministervoy-iss-laf kosh-too-nit-suh /,vonslafkoj"tu:n1tsa/

Kosygin, Aleksei Soviet statesmanal-uhk-say kuh-see-gin /a1ak,se1ka'si:gm,l

Kota city, Indiakoh-tuh /'kauta/

Kota Baharu city, Malaysiakoh-tuh buh-har-00 /,kaota ba'hu:ru:/

Kota Kinabalu port, Malaysiakoh-tuh kin-uh—bah-loo /,kaotekma'bu:1u:/

Kotka port, Finlandk0t—kuh f'kntka/

koto Japanese musical instrumentkoh-toh /'kaotau/

Kotzebue, August von Germandramatistow-guust fon kot-suh-boo /,aog0stfon 'kntsabu:/

l(0llmiSS fermented liquorkoo-miss /‘ku:mis/

kouprey breed ofoxkoo-pray /'ku:prei/

Kournikova, Anna Russian tennisplayerkor-nik-oh-vuh /ka:(r)n1'kaova/,['l(l.1I‘I1'lIl{(-1V0]- Established anglicization.

k0lll‘0S pl. kouroi ancient Greek statue ofa young mankoo-ross, pl. koo-roy /'ku:rns/, pl./-ro1/

Kourou town, French Guianakuu-roo /ko'ru:/

kowari marsupialkuh-war-i /ka‘wa:ri/

Kowloon peninsula, Chinakow-loon /,kau'lu:n/

kowtow act in a subservient mannerkow-tow /kao'tau/

Kra, IStl‘lIl1l1S Ofpart of the MalayPeninsulakrah /kra:/

209

kraal traditional African village of hutskrahl lkruzlj

Krafli-Ebing, Richard von Germanphysician and psychologistrikh-art fon kraft ay-bing /_r1co:(r)tfun _kraft 'e1bn],'

Kragujevac city, Serbiakrag-uu-yuh-vats /'kraguja,vats/

krai administrative territory of Russiakry lkmll

krait venomous Asian snakekryt jkrnrtl

Krajicek, Richard Dutch tennis playerkry-chek /'knutj‘ak/~ Established anglicization.

Krakatoa volcanic island, Indonesia/_kraka'taoa/

kraken mythical sea monsterkrah-kuhn ,"kro:kan/

Krakow see CracowKrall, Diana Canadian singer

krawl /krozl/‘Krapina town, Croatia

krah-pin~uh /‘kro:pma/Krasnodar region, northern Caucasus

krass-nuh-dar /,krasna'du:(r)/Krasnoyarsk region, Russia

krass-nuh-yarslt /_krasna'ju:(r)sk/'Kraszewski, Jozef lgnacy Polishwriteryoo-zef ig-nat-si krash-ef-ski /,ju:zafIg|1’18tSl kra'_\‘sfski/

Krause, Peter American actorkrow-zuh /'krauza/

Krauss, Alison American singerkrowss lkrausl

Kraut derogatory term for a Germankrowt /kraut/

Krav Maga Israeli form of self-defenceand physical trainingkrahv mah-guh /_kro:v 'mo:ge/

Krefeld town, Germanykray-felt /'kre1fslt/

Kreisler, Fritz Austrian—b0rn Americanviolinist and composerfrits kryss-luhr /_frits 'kr1usla(r)/

Kremenchuk city, Ukrainekrem-uhn-chook /,krsman't_[u:k/

kremlin citadel within a Russian townkrem-lin /‘kremlm/

kraal | Kuala Lumpur

kreplach noodles filled with meat orcheesekrep-lahkh /'kreplo:x/

Kriemhild Burgundian princesskreem-hilt /'kri:mhrltf

Krio creole language of Sierra Leonekree-oh /'kri:au/

kris Malay or Indonesian daggerkreess /kri:s/

Krishna. Hindu godkrish-nuh /'kri_|‘na/

Kristallnacht violence by Nazis againstJews on the night of9-10 November1938krist-al-nakht /krIs'talnaxt/

Kristiansand port, Norwaykrist-yan—$an /kr1stjan'san/

Kriti see Cretekromesky Polish dish

kruh—mesk—i /kra'meski,'krona currency unit, Sweden

krOh~nuh /'krauna/, ['kru:na]Q Established anglicization.

krone currency unit, Denmark andNorwaykroh-nuh /'krauna/, Danish ['kro:na],Norwegian ['kru:na]~ Established anglicization.

Kronos see Ci-onusKropotkin, Prince Russian anarchistkruh-pot-kin /kra'pntk1n/

Kroto, Harry English chemistkroh-toh /'krautao/

Kru West Afiican ethnic groupkroo /kru:/

krummhorn medieval wind instrumentkruum-horn /'kromho:(r)n/

Krupp, Alfred German armsmanufactureral-frayt kruup /_alfre1t 'krup/

Kryrn see Crimeakrypton chemical element

krip-ton /'kriptnn/Kryvy Rih city, Ukraine

kriv-ee reekh /kr1_vi: 'ri:x/lkhatriya Hindu caste

kshat-ri-uh /'kj‘atria/Kuala Lumpur capital of Malaysiakwah-luh luump-oor /_kwa:la'lompua(r)/

Kuala Trengganu | Kurile Islands 2 1 0

Kuala Trengganu city, Malaysiakwah-luh truhng-gan-00 /,kwu:latra13'ganu:,/

Kllantan city, Malaysiakwahn-tahn /kwc1:n'to:n/

Kuan Yin Buddhist goddesskwahn yin /_kwc1:n 'jIn/

Kublai Khan Mongol emperorknob-ly kahn /,ku:bl1n 'ko:n/

Kubrick, Stanley American filmdirectorky00-brik /'kju:brIk/

kuchen German cakekoo-khuhn /'ku:xan/

Kuching port, Malaysiakoo-ching /'ku:t_'.'11]/

kudos praise and honour received for anachievementky00—d0ss /'kju:dns/

kudu African antelopekoo-doo /'ku:du:/

Kufic early form of the Arabic alphabetkyoo-fik /'kju:f1k/

kugel Jewish savoury puddingkoo-guhl /'ku:ga1,I

Kuiper belt region of the solar systemky-puhr /'kAipa(r)/

Kn Klux Klan American extremistright-wing secret societykoo kluks klan /_ku:k1Aks 'klan/

kukri curved knifekuuk-ri /'kukri/

kulak Russian peasantkoo-lak /'ku:lak/

kulcha Indian breadkuul-chuh /'kult_[a,I

kulfi Indian ice creaml(l.lUl~fi /'kUlfi/

kultarr marsupial mousekuul-tar /'kultu:(r)/

Kultur German civilization and culturekuul-toor /kul'toa(r)/

Kum see QomKumamoto city, Japankoo-muh-moh-toh f_ku:me'mautao/

kumara sweet potatokoom-uh-ruh /'ku:mara/

Kumasi city, Ghanakoo-mass-i /ku:'masi/

Kumbh Mela Hindu festivalkuumb may-luh /_kumb'me1la/

Kumina Jamaican religious ceremonykum-ee-nuh /'kAl”I1l1I19;'

kumite freestyle fightingkoo-mit-ay /'ku:m1te1/

kumkum red pigmentkuum—kuum ,I'komkom/

kiimmel liqueurkuum—uh| /'komal/, German ['kYmal]

kumquat fruitkum-kwot /'kAmkWDi/

Kuna American Indian ethnic groupkoo-nuh /'ku:ne/

kuna currency unit, Croatiakoo-nuh /'ku:na/

Kundera, Milan Czech novelistmil-uhn kuun-derr-uh /,m11an'kundare,f

Kunduz city, Afghanistankuun-dooz /kon'du:z/

Kung southern African ethnic group andlanguagekuung /kon,’' Established anglicization.

kung fu Chinese martial artkung foo /_l-mi) 'fu:/A pronunciation closer to the Chinese,kuung foo, is also sometimes heard.

Kllnllln Shan range of mountains,Chinakuun-Iuun shahn /,kunlon 'Iu:n/

Kunming city, Chinakuun—ming /,kon'mn]/

Kuomintang Chinese political partykwoh-min-tang /,kwaom1n‘ta1]/

Kuopio city, Finlandkoo-op-i-oh /'l<u:npiao/

Kurd Kurdish ethnic groupkurd /ka:(r)d/

Kurdish relating to the Kurdskur-dish /'ka:(r)d1_|'/

Kurdistan region, Middle Eastkur-dist-ahn /_ka:(r)d1'sto:n/

Kure city, Japankoor-ay /‘kuare1/

Kureishi, Hanif English writerhuh-neef kuu-ray-shi /ha,ni:fku'rei_[i/

Kurgan city, Russiakoor-gahn /koa(r)'go:n/

Kurile Islands islands, Pacific Oceankuu-reel /ku'ri:l/

211

Kurosawa, Akira Japanese filmdirectorah-kirr-uh kuu-ru h-sah-wuh /_u:k1ra,kure‘so:wa/

Kuroshio warm current, Pacific Oceankuu-ruh-shee-oh /,kura'j‘i;au/

Kursk city, Russiakoorsk /koa(r)sk/

Kurtag, Gyiirgy Hungarian composerjoerj koor-tahg /,d3ce(r)d3 ‘koa(r)tci:gI

kuru degenerative disease of the brainkuu-roo /'kuru:/

Kusadasl town, Turkeykoosh-ah-dah-suh /'ku:_[o:,du:sa/

Kushan Iranian dynastykuush-ahn /'ku_[u:n/

Kut, al- town, Iraquhl kuut/a1'kut/

Kutaisi city, Georgiakoo-tuh-ee-si /_ku:ta'i:si/

Kutani kind of Japanese porcelainkuut-ah-ni /ko'tu:ni/

Kutch, Gulf of inlet of the Arabian Seakutch /kAt_[/

Kuwait countrykoo-wayt /ku:'weIt/A more angliciiedlpronunciationyAJkyoo-wayt, is sometimes also heard.

Kuznets Basin region, Russiakuuz—nyets /kuz'njsts/

kvass fermented drinkkvass /kvas/

Kwa African language groupkwah fkwozl

kwacha currency unit, Zambia andMalawikwah-chuh /'kwo:t_[a/

kwaito South African style of popularmusickwy-toh /'kwA1tau/

Kurosawa, Akira I KyzylKun1

Kwakiutl American Indian ethnic groupkwah-ki-oo-tuhl /kwo:ki'u:tal/

Kwangill city, South Koreakwang-I00 lkwan'd3u:/

kwanza currency unit, Angolakwan-zuh /‘kwanza/

Kwanzaa African American festivalkwan-zah /'kwanzo:/

kwashiorkor form of malnutritionkwosh-i-or-kor /_kwoj'i‘:1:(r)ko:(r)/

kwela central and southem African styleofpopular musickway-Iuh /'kwe1la,'

kyat currency unit, Burmakee-aht /ki:‘u:t/

kylin Chinese mythical animalkee-lin /'ki:l|n/

kylix ancient Greek cupky-liks /'kArl1ksI

Kyoto city, Japankyoh-toh /'kjautao/

kyphosis curvature of the spineky-foh-siss /l(AI'fBUSlSf

Kyrgyz relating to Kyrgyzstankur-giz /'ka:(r)g1z/Sometimes also keer-giz.

Kyrgyzstan countrykur—gist-ahn /,ka:(r)gi'sto:n/Btablished anglicization; sometimes alsokeer-gist-ahn.

Kyrie Eleison section of the Masskeer-i-ay el-ay-iss-on /,krarieie'le11snn/

Kyushu island, Japankyoo-shoo /'kju:]‘u:/

Kyzyl city, Russiakuh-zil /ka‘z1l/

Kyzyl Kum desert region, central Asiakuh-zil koom /ka_z1l 'ku:m/

212

laager encampmentlah-guhr /'1o:ga(r)/

Laayoune capital ofWestern Saharalah-yoon /lo:'ju:n/Established anglicization. The Arabic nameis ElAaii'1n, pronounced uhl y-oon.

Laban, Rudolfvon Hungarianchoreographerroo-dolf fon lah-buhn /,ru:dn1f fon'1o:ban/However, labanotation (a system of dancenotation which he devised) is usuallypronounced lay-buh-noh-tay-shuh n. g

labia majora outer folds of the vulvalay—bi-uh muh-jaw-ruh /,1eibiame'd3o:ra/

labia minora inner folds of the vulvalay-bi-uh min-aw-ruh /,le1biam1'no:re/

La Boheme opera by PucciniIah b0h—em /1o:beo'em/

laboratory room equipped for scientificexperimentsIuh-borr-uh-tuh—ri /1a'bnre,tari/Commonly also luh-borr-uh-tri. The AMpronunciation, and an alternative older BRpronunciation, is lab-ruh-tri.

Labrador breed ofdoglab—ruh-dor /'1abrado:(r)/The same pronunciation is used for a regionof Canada of the same name.

La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles, USluh bray-uh /la 'bre1a/The same pronunciation is used for a townin Trinidad of the same name.

labret lip ornament or piercinglay-bruht /'le1bret,/

La Bruyere, Jean de French writerzhah(ng) duh lah brue-yair /56 de ,1<1:brv'je1(r)/

Labuan island, MalaysiaIuh-boo-uhn /1a'bu:an/, [lubuanj~ Established anglicization.

labyrinthine like a labyrinthlab-uh-rinth-yn /,1abe'r1nBA1n/

Lacan, Jacques French psychoanalystzhahk Iak-ah(ng) /_3o:k1a'kd/

Laccadive Islands islands, Indialak-uh—dyv /'1akadA1v/

Lacedaemon area ofancient Greecelass-id-ee-mon /,1as1'di:mnn/

La Ceiba port, HondurasIah say-buh /lo: 'se1be/

La Cenerentola opera by Rossinilah chen-ay-rent-0|-uh /lo:tj'ene1'rsntnla /

lacertid lizardluh-sur-tid /la'se:(r)t1d/

laches unreasonable delay in asserting aclaimlatch-uhz /'lat_\‘ez/

Lachesis Greek mythological characterlak~iss-iss /'1akis1s/

Lachlan river, AustraliaIak-luhn /'lak1an/

lachrymose weepylak-rim-ohss /'1akr1maos/

lackadaisical lacking enthusiasm anddeterminationIak-uh-day-Zik-uhl /,laka'de1z1ke1/

Lac Léman French name for LakeGenevaIak lem-ah(ng) /1akle'md/

La Clemenza di Tito opera by Mozartlah klay-ment-suh dee tee-toh /la:klermentse di: 'ti:tao/

Laclos, Pierre Choderlos de Frenchnovelistpyair shod-air-loh duh Iak-loh/,pj8:(r) _fnds:(r)_lau do 1a'k1eo/

Laconia ancient region, Greece|uh—k0h—ni-uh /le'kaonie/

laconic using very few words|uh—kon-ik /1a'knn1k/

La Corufia see Corunnalactose sugar present in milk

Iak-tohz /'1aktaoz/

213 lacuna | Lamartine, Alphonse de

lacuna pl. lacunae gapluh-kyoo~nuh, pl. luh-kyoo-nee/la'kju:na,', pl. /-ni:/Alsolliak-ooehluh; see LATIN panel.

Ladakh region, India, Pakistan, andChinaluh-dahk /la'do:k/

Ladefoged, Peter English phoneticianlad-uh-foh-guhd flladafaogadl

Laden, 053.1113. Bin see Bin Laden,Osama

Ladin Rhaet0—R0mance dialectIuh-deen /1a'di:n/

Ladino language of some Sephardic JewsIuh-dee—n0h /la'di:neo/

Ladoga lake, Russialah-duh-guh /'1a:daga/

La donna e mobile aria by Verdilah don-uh ay moh-bee-lay /l(1:_dnnee1 'maobi:1e1/

Lae port, Papua New Guinealay /1e1/

Laennec’s cirrhosis liver diseaseluh-en-eks sirr-oh-siss /la,anakssr'rausis/

Lafayette, Marquis de French soldierand statesmanma r-kee duh Iaf-y-et /mu:(r),ki: da,1afA1'st/

La Fontaine, Jean de French poetzhah(ng) duh laf-o(ng)-ten /,3d de _lat5'ten/

La Forza del Destino opera by Verdilah fort-suh del dest-ee-noh /ln:_fn(r)tse dsl de'sti:nau/

Lag b’Omer Jewish festivallahg boh—muhr /,1u:g 'bauma(r)/

Lagerliif, Selma Swedish novelistsel-m uh Iah-guhr-loev /_sa1ma'la:ge(r)la:v/

laggard person who makes slow progresslag-uhrd /'1aga(r)d/

La. Gioconda another name for MonaLisalah jok-on-duh /‘lo: d3n'knnda/

Lagus city, Nigerialay-goss /'1e1gns/

Lagos city, Portugallah-guush /'lu:guI/

Lagos, Ricardo Chilean Statesman

ree-kar-doh lag-oss /ri:_kt1:(r)daU'lagos/~ See SPANISH panel.

Lagrange, Comte de Italian-Frenchmathematicianko(ng)t duh lag-rah(ng)zh /,k5t da1a'grfi3/

La Guardia airport, USlah gwar-di-uh /la: 'gwc1:(r)dia/

lahar destructive mndflowlah—har /'la:ha:(r)/

Lahnda languagelahn—duh ,-"1c1:nda/

Lahore city, Pakistanluh-h0l' /la'h:):(r)/

Lahoud, Emile Lebanese presidentay-meel lah-hood /,e1mi:11u:‘hu:d/

Laing, R. I). Scottish psychiatristIang [Ian]Not all people with this surname pronounceit in this way; for instance, the Englishconstruction company Laing use thepronunciation layng.

laissez-faire policy of leaving things totake their own courseless-ay fair /,1:-zsei 'fa:(r)/

laity lay peoplelay-It-| /'1enti/

Laius Greek mythological characterly-uhss f'lAI3S/

La Jolla resort, USlah hoy-uh /1:1: 'ho|ja/

laksa Malaysian noodle dishlahk-suh /'lu:ksa/

Lakshadweep islands, Indialuk-shud-weep /_1Akj‘1td'wi:p/

Lakshmi Hindu goddesslUl(Sl1—lTll /'lAk_]'mij'

Lalique, Rene French jewellerruh-nay lal-eek /ra,ne1la'li:k/

Lallans Scottish literary form of Englishlal-uhnz f'lalenz,'

La Louviére city, Belgiumlah Ioov-yair /_1a lu:'vja:(r)/

lama Buddhist spiritual leaderlah-muh /'lu:ma/

Lamartine, Alphonse dc French poetand historianal-fo(ng)ss duh lam-ar—teen /al,f5s da,1amu:(r)'ti:n/

Lamaze | lanthanum

Lamaze method ofchildbirthluh-mahz /la'mu:z/' Established anglicization.

lambada dancelam-bah-duh /1am'ba:da/

lambda letter of the Greek alphabetlam-d uh /'lamda/

lambrequin drapery over a doorlam-bruh-kin /’1ambrakin/

Lambrusco wine grapelam-bruusk-oh /lam'brU$kaol

lamé fabric with interwoven gold or silverthreadsIah-may /'1u:me1/

lamella pl. lamellae thin layerluh-mel-uh, pl. luh-mel-ee /la'msIa/,pl. /-1i:/

lamentable very badlam-uhn-tuh-buhl flamantaballLess commonly also luh-men-tuh-buhl.

lamington Australian sponge cakelam-ing-tuhn /'lamn3tanl

Lammas first day ofAugustlam-uhss /'1amas/

lammergeier (also lammergeyer)vulturelam-uhr-gy-uhr /'1ama(r),g1ua(r)/

Lamont, Norman English politicianluh-mont /1e'mnnt/This surname is generally pronounced inthis way in England and Ireland, but usuallyas lam-uhnt in Scotland.

Lampedusa, Giuseppe Tomasi deItalian novelistjuuz-ep-ay tom-ah-zi daylam-ped-oo-zuh /d3o,zepei tn,mu:zi den_lampe'du:za/

Lampeter town, WalesIamp~uh-tuhr /'1ampata(r)/

lamprey eel-like vertebratelamp-ri /'1ampri/

Lamy, Pascal French EuropeanCommissionerpask-al lam-ee /pa,ska1la'mi:/

Lanarkshire former county, ScotlandIan-uhrk-shuhr /'lana(r)k_1'a(r)/

Lancaster town, Englandlank-ast-uhr /'lankasta(r)/

Lancelot mythological character, one ofArthur's knightslahn-suh-lot /'lo:nsa1nt/

214-

Land pl. Lander German provincelant, pl. lend-uhr /lantl, pl. /'1enda(r)/

Landau, Lev Soviet theoretical physicistIyef Ian-dow /,ljst‘1an'dao/

landau horse-drawn carriageland-aw /'lando:/

liindler Austrian folk dancelend-luhr /'lsndia(r)/

Landseer, Edwin English painterland-seer /'1ands1a(r)/

Landshut city, Germanylants-hoot /'1antshu:t/

langar communal free kitchenlung-guhr /'lAl]Q6(I‘)/

Lange, Jessica American actressIang llanl

Langland, William English poetIang-Iuhnd /'1anland/

langlaufcross-country skiingIang-lowf /‘1a1]laof/

langoustine crustaceanlong-guust-een /'lm]gusti:n/

Langtry, Lillie English actressIang-tri /'1antri/

langue de chat thin biscuitlo(ng)g duh shah /,lfig da ‘Io:/, French[lfizg da Ia]

langue d’oc form of medieval Frenchspoken south of the Loirelah(ng)g dok /,l(1g ‘dokl

langue d’0il form of medieval Frenchspoken north of the Loirelah(ng)g doyl /,l(1g 'do1l/

Languedoc-Roussillon region, Francelah(ng)g-dok roo-si-yo(ng) /l(1g,dnkru:si'j5/

languor tiredness or inactivityIang-guhr /'1anga(r)/

La Niiia cool stream in the PacificIah neen-yuh /la: 'ni:nja/

Lansing city, USIan-sing /'lansn]/

lansquenet gambling gameIan-skuh-net /'1anska,nst/

lantana shrubIan-tah-nuh /1an'tn:na/

Lantau island, Hong KongIan-tow /1an'tao/

lanthanum chemical elementIan-thuh-nuhm /'lan6anam/

215

lanugo fine hair on the bodyluh-nyoo-goh /la'nju:gau/

lanyard ropelan-yuhrd /'1anja(r)d/

Lanzarote island, SpainIan-zuh-rot-i /,lanza'rnti/, [lanBa'r0te]~ Established anglicization.

Lanzhou city, ChinaIan-joh /,1an'd3ao/

Laocoiin Greek mythological characterlay-ok-oh-on llerokaonnf

Laodicean half-hearted or indifferentlay-oh-diss-i-uhn /,leiaud1'sian/

laogai Chinese labour campslow-gy /lao'gA|/

Laois (also Laoighis, Leix) county,Republic of Irelandleesh /li:j‘/

Laos countryIah-oss /'1u:ns/Less commonly also lowss, and in AMcommonly lay-oss.

Laotian relating to Laoslow-shuhn /'laoj"an/Commonly also laa-oh-shuhn, and in AMlay-oh-shuhn. _____ W __ __W_7 W

Lao-tzu Chinese philosopherlow tsoo /lao 'tsu:/

laparoscopy surgical procedurelap-uh-rosk-uh-pi /,1apa'rnskapi,'

La. Paz capital of BoliviaIah pass flu: ‘pas!

Lapllroaig whisky distillery, Scotlandluh-froyg /la'fr:ng/

lapidary relating to stones and gemslap-id-uh-ri /'lap1deri;'

lapis lazuli bright blue rocklap-iss laz-yuul-i /,lap1s 'lazjo1i/

Laplace, Marquis de Frenchmathematicianmar-kee duh lap-lass /ma:(r)'ki: da1a'plas/

Lapland region, Europelap-land /'lapland/

La Plata port, ArgentinaIah plat-uh /lo: 'plate/

lapsang souchong variety of tealap-sang soo-shong /,lapsan 'su:_1'nn/

lapsus lingllae slip of the tonguelap-suhss ling-gwy /,lE\1JS3S'lII]gWAI/

lanugo I larynx

Laptev Sea part of the Arctic Ocean|i':lP'tef ,"laptsf/

Lara, Brian West Indian cricketerIar-uh /'l<1:ra,'

Laramie city, USlarr-uh-mi /'laremi/

larceny theftIar-suh-ni /‘lo:(r)sani/

Laredo city, TexasIuh-ray-doh /la're1dau/'

lares Roman household godsIah-reez /'lu:ri:z/

largesse generositylar-zhess /lo:(r)'35s/

largo musical termIar-goh /'lu:(r)gau/

lari currency unit, Georgialar—ee /‘lu:ri:/

lariat rope used as a lassolarr-i-uht /'lariat/

Larissa city, Greeceluh-riss-uh /la'r1sa/

Larnaca (also Larnaka) town, Cypruslar-nuh-kuh /'lo:(r)naka/

La Rochefoucauld, Due Francois deFrench writer and moralistduel: frah(ng)-swah duh Iahrosh-foo-koh /,dyk frfrswo: da lo:rn_ffu:'kau/

La Rochelle port, FranceIah rosh-el /_1a rn'Iel/

Larousse, Pierre French lexicographerpyair larr-ooss /,pjs:(r) la'ru:s/

larrup thrash or whiplarr-uhp /'larep/

Lars Porsenna legendary Etruscanchieftain; also called Lars Porsenalarss por-sen-uh /,lc1:(r)s pa:(r)'ssna/

la.rva pl. larvae immature form of aninsectlar-vuh, pl. Iar-vee /'lu:(r)va/, pl. /-vi:/

laryngeal relating to the larynxluh-rin-juhl /la‘rlnd3a1j

laryngology branch of medicine thatdeals with the larynxlarr-in-gol-uh-ji /,larn)'gn1ad3i/

larynx pl. larynges organ holding thevocal cordslarr-inks, pl. luh-rin-jeez /'larn3ks/, pl./1a'r1nd3i:z,'

lasagne | laver

lasagne pasta in the form of sheetsluh-san-yuh /la'sanja/

La Scala opera house, Milanlah skah-Iuh /lo: 'sku:la/

Lascaux site of a cave, Francelask-oh /la'skao/

LASIK corrective eye surgerylay-zik /'le1z1k/

Las Palmas port, Spainlass pal-mass /las 'pa1mas/

La Spezia port, ItalyIah spayt-syuh /lo: 'spe1tsja/

Lassa fever viral diseaselass-uh /‘1asa/

lassi Indian yogurt drinklass-i /'lasi/

lasso rope with a noose at one end|uh~soo /la'su:/

LEISSIIS, Orlando (le Flemish composeror-land-oh duh lass-uhss /o:(r),landaoda 'lases/

Las Vegas city, USlass vay-guhss /las 've1gas/

Latakia port, Syrialat-uh—kee-uh /,lata'ki:a/

lateen triangular saillat-een /la'ti:n/

Lateran site in Romelat-uh—ruhn /'lataran/

latex milky fluid found in many plantslay-teks /‘leitsks/

LaTeX computer typesetting programlay-tek /'1e1tsk/The final X represents the Greek letter cm,hence this pronunciation.

lathe machine for shaping woodlayth /le10/

Latino Latin American inhabitant of theUnited Stateslat-ee-noh /la'ti:nau/Female form is Latina, pronouncedlat-ee-nuh.

latke potato pancakelut-kuh ,"lAtka/

La Tour, Georges de French painterzhorzh duh Iah toor /,3o:(r)3 de lo:'toa(r)/

La Traviata opera by VerdiIah trav-i-ah-tuh /la: travi'o:ta/

La Trobe university, Australia

216

luh trohb /la 'traob/latte milky coffee drink

lat—ay /‘later/, Italian ['latte]The pronunciation Iah—tay is widespreadespecially in AM, but deprecated because itis felt to be less like the Italianpronunciation.

Latvia countryIat—vi-uh l'latvia/

Laud, William English prelatelawd /lo:d/

Lalltla, Niki Austrian motor-racingdrivernik-i low-duh /_mki 'laoda/

laudanum narcotic painkillerlaw-duh-nuhm /'1o:danam/

Laudate Dominum part of the masslow-dah-tay dom-in-uum /lau,du:te1‘dnmmoml

laudatory expressing praise andcommendationlaw-duh-tuh-ri /'lo:detari,I

Lauder, Harry Scottish music-hallcomedianlaw-duhr /‘lo:de(r)/

Laughton, Charles British—Americanactorlaw-tuhn /'1o:tan/

launce sand eel|ahnss/1<1:ns/

Launceston city, Tasmanialawn-suh-stuhn /'lo:nsastan/

Launceston town, Englandlawn-suhn /'Io:nsan/

laureate person honoured with an awardlorr-i-uht florist]

Laurier, Wilfrid Canadian statesmanlaw-ri-ay /'lo:rie1l

Lauren, Ralph American fashiondesignerIorr-uhn /'lnran/

Lausanne town, Switzerlandloh-zan /1ao‘zan,'

lavage washing out of a body cavitylav-ij /'1avtd3/Also luh-vahzh, especially in AM.

Laver, Rod Australian tennis playerlay-vuhr /'le1va(r)/

laver edible seaweedIah-vuhr /'lo:va(r)/

217 Latin

LatinLatin is an ancient language originally spoken in the Roman Empire.Despite being thought of as ‘dead’, Latin is spoken all the time in Eng-lish contexts. Many Latin words and phrases are used in legal andmedical language. There are also many more general words andphrases such as ad hoc, curriculum vitae, and reductio ad absurdum.English speakers may wish to know how to pronounce the Latin wordsto prayers, poems, or music, or perhaps botanical and zoologicalnames.

Various systems are used today for the pronunciation of Latin.Rather than always insisting on one particular system, we feel thatthree different systems are appropriate for different contexts, andadvise our broadcasters accordingly. Firstly, there is reconstructed clas-sical Latin, the pronunciation taught to students of the language and asclose as we can get to the way the ancient Romans spoke. JuliusCaesar's famous phrase veni, vidi, oici was, according to the classicalsystem, pronounced way-ni, wee-di, wee-ki, and his own name asyoo-Ii-uuss ky-sahr. Secondly, there is ecclesiastical Latin, as used by theCatholic Church. This is greatly influenced by Italian and is generallythe pronunciation favoured, for example, by choirs singing in Latin.(There are small variations from country to country in the exact pro-nunciation of ecclesiastical Latin.) Thirdly, there is anglicized Latin,which might anachronistically be termed ‘schoolboy Latin’. These arethe traditional pronunciations no longer taught in schools but used forLatin which has become assimilated into English. This is generally thebest system to use for words and phrases in common use and thosewhich relate to the fields of medicine, botany, and the law.

However, even within specialist fields, there is a good deal of vari-ation as to which pronunciation system is preferred, so no onepronounciation can be considered definitively correct. The treatment ofthe sequence CC is one example. Occipito- is pronounced ok-sip-it-ohand, according to the same system, cocci (as in e.g. streptococci) wouldbe pronounced kok-sy. However, it is commonly also pronounced kok-y(perhaps because the singular form is coccus, always pronouncedkok-uhss).

ConsonantsIn classical Latin C is always pronounced k, G is always g, and T is t,whichever vowel follows. S is always s. J (classically spelled I) is y as inyes, and V is w. H is pronounced.

In ecclesiastical Latin several consonants are as in classical Latinbefore A, O, and U, but change before I, E, A51, and (E. C becomes ch,

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent I Leander 21s

i G becomes j, and SC (as in ascendit or suscipe) becomes sh. TI (as in‘ gratias) is pronounced ts. The sequence GN (as in agnus Dei ) is pro- ‘

nounced ny. S becomes 2 between vowels. V is pronounced v, although J, is still y as in yes. H is silent.\ In anglicized Latin G, V, and S are pronounced as in ecclesiasticall Latin. C becomes s rather than ch before I, E, /E, and (E, although CI

becomes sh in suflixes, as does TI (e.g. Portia). J is pronounced j. H ispronounced.

VowelsLatin has a five-vowel system, and vowels can be either long or short.Long vowels are usually written with a macron (3). The vowel pronun-ciations of classical and ecclesiastical Latin are broadly the same. A is Ipronounced a if short, ah if long; E is e if short, ay if long; I is i if short ‘or ee if long, O is o if short or oh if long, and U (classically spelled V) is Iuu if short or oo if long. Anglicized Latin, however, pronounces thelong vowels differently. Long A is ay, long E is ee, long I is y as in cry,long O is oh, and long U is yoo. Therefore pater is pronounced pay—tuhrnot pah-tair, and vagina is vuh-jy-nuh not wag-ee-na.

In classical Latin diphthongs can be thought of as sequences of theircomponent parts: AU is Ow, EU is ay-00, El is ay, AI and /E are y as in pcry, and OI and CE are oy. Ecclesiastical Latin pronounces AU, EU, and lEI in the same way as classical Latin, but E. and (E are both pro- 1nounced ay. In anglicized Latin AU is aw, EU is yoo, and XE and (E are Ipronounced ee.

i StressThis stress rule applies whichever pronunciation system is being used.In words with two syllables, stress the first. In words with more thantwo syllables, examine the second-last syllable (the penult). If this syl-lable has a long vowel or is closed by a consonant (double consonantsshould be split between the syllables), then stress it. If this syllable isopen and has a short vowel, stress the previous syllable (the antepen-ult). Ifyou are not sure whether a vowel is long or not, consult a Latindictionary.

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent French ly-uh-muhn /'lA1amen/Sfilfilltifil-1 Lazio region, Italyah(ng)-twahn lorr-ah(ng) lats-yoh /'1atsjau/lav-waz-yay /f1,twu:n lord lavwa'zje1/ lazuli See lapis lazuli

Law, Andrfiw B0113-1‘ Leahy, Terry English businessmanCanadian—Scottish statesman lee-hi /'1i;hifb°n'Uh|' 1' bm'l3(l')/ Leamington Spa town, England

lawrencium chemical element lem-ing-tuhn /'lsmn3tan/lo"-9""$l"Uhm /1D'l"-‘3l"l$i9I11/ Leander Greek mythological character

Layamon English poet and priest li—and-uhr /li'anda(r)/

219

Lear Shakespearean characterleer /11a(r)/

learned having acquired knowledgethrough studylur—nuhd /'la:(r)ned/

leaven yeastIev-uhn /'laven/

Leavis, F. R. English literary criticlee-viss /'li:v1s/

Lebanon countryleb-uh-nuhn /'lebanen/

Lebensraum territory needed for astate’s developmentlay-buhnz-rowm /'1eIbenz_raum/,German ['1e:bns,raom]' Established anglicization.

Leblanc, Nicolas French chemistnee-kol-ah luh-b|ah(ng) /ni:kn,1c1:l9'bl('1/

Lebrun, Charles French paintersharl luh-broe(ng) /_In:(r)l1e'bro'e/

Le Carré, John English novelistluh karr-ay /la 'kare1/

lechery lustfulnessletch-uh-ri /'lstIari/

lecithin vitaminless-ith-in /'1es191n/

Le Corbusier Swiss-French architectluh kor-buez—yay f,1a ko:(r)by'zje1/

lecythus pl. lecythi narrow-necked vasefrom ancient Greeceless-ith-uhss, pl. less-ith-y /'1:-zsrfias/, pl./-9AI/

Leda Greek mythological characterlee-d uh /'li:de;'

lederhosen German leather shortslay-duhr-hoh-zuhn /'1e1de(r),heuzen/

Lee Jong Wook Korean head of theWHOlee jong wuuk /,li: d3n1] ‘wok!The Korean surname Lee is generallypronounced ee, but this is the anglicizationthat Mr Lee prefers.

Leeuw, Ton de see de LeeuwLeeuwenhoek, Anton van Dutch

naturalistun-ton vun lay-oo-wuhn-hook/,AntDn VAII 'le1u:wenhu:k/~ See ourcu panel.

Leeward Islands islands, Caribbeanlee-wuhrd /'li:wa(r)d/

Lear | Leia, Princess

Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan Irishnovelistlef-uh-noo /'lefanu:/

legalese formal legal languagelee-guh-leez /_1i:ga'1i:z/

legate member of the clergyleg-u ht /'1sgat/

legato musical termluh-gah-toh /1a‘go:tao/

Leger, Fernand French painterfair-nah(ng) lay-zhay /fs:(r),nc'11e1'3e1/

legerdemain skilful use of one’s handslej-uhr-duh-mayn /,1ad3e(r)da'meIn[

leger line short line added for notesabove or below the range ofa staveIej-uhr /'led3e(r)/

leghorn fine plaited straw; also a breedof henleg-om /le'go:(r)n/Leghorn, pronounced leg-horn, is also anolder anglicization for the Italian town ofLivorno.

Legion d’Honneur French awardlay-zho(ng) don-oer /ler,35 dnnce:(r)/

legionella pl. legionellae bacterium|ee~juh-nel-uh, pl. lee-juh-ne|~ee/,li:d3a'ne1e/, pl. /-1i:/

legionnaire member ofa legionlee-juh-nair /,li:d3e'ne:(r)/

legislative having the power to makelawslej—iss—luh—tiv /'lsd3rs1et1v/

legume plant of the pea familyleg-yoom /'legju:m/Less commonly also Iuh-gyoom.

leguminous relating to legumesluh-gyoo-min-uhss /la'gju:m1nas/

Leh town, Indialay ,'le1/

Lehar, Franz Hungarian composerfrants lay-har /,frants 'le1ho:(r)/

Le Havre port, Franceluh ahv—ruh /1a'o:vra/

lei garland offlowerslay [lei]

Leia, Princess character in Star Warsfilmslay-uh /'leIa/However, the pronunciation lee-uh alsoused in the first film.

Leibniz, Gottfried I Leonids

Leibniz, Gottfried German rationalistphilosophergot-freet lyp-nits /,gntfri:t 'lAIpI‘lItS/

Leibovitz, Annie Americanphotographerleeb-uh-vtts /'1i:bav|ts/

Leicester city, Englandlest—uhr /'lssta(r)/

Leichhardt, Ludwig Australianexplorerloot-vikh lykh-hart /,lu:tv1<;'lA1cha:(r)t/

Leiden city, Netherlandsly-duhn /‘11udan/- See DUTCH panel.

Leinster province, Republic of Irelandlenst-uhr /'1ensta(r)/

Leipzig city, Germanylyp-sig /'lAIpSIQ/, ['laipts1<;]' Established anglicization.

leishmaniasis diseaseleesh-muh-ny-uh-Siss /,Ii:_l'ma'nA1as1s/

leitmotif recurrent themelyt-moh-teef /'lAltmau,ti:f/

Leitrim county, Republic of Irelandleet-rim /'li:tr1m/

Leix see LaoisLely, Peter Dutch—English painter

lee-Ii /‘li:1i/Lemalu, Jonathan Samoan

bass—baritoneluh-mal—o0 /la'malu:/

Le Malls town, Franceluh mah(ng) /la ‘mil

Le Mesurier, John English actorluh mezh-uh-ruhr /la 'ma3ara(r)/Some other people with this Sumamepronounce it difierently, but this was theactor's preferred pronunciation.

lemma pl. lemmata intermediatetheorem in an argument or prooflem-uh, pl. lem-uh-tuh /‘lama/, pl./-meta/

Lemnos island, Greecelem-noss /'lemnns/

Lelnper, Ute German singerO0-tuh lemp—uhr /_u:ta 'lempa(r)/

Lempicka, Tamara de see deLempicka

lempira currency unit, HondurasIem-peer-uh /1sm'p1ara/

220

lemur primatelee-muhr ['li:ma(r)/

Lena river, Siberialay-nuh /’le1na/

Lend], Ivan Czech—American tennisplayeree-van lend-uhl /,i:van 'l£ndai/

lenient more merciful than expectedlee-ni-uhnt /'li:niant/

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Sovietstatesmanvluh-dee~meer il-yitch Ien-in/v1a,di:m1a(r) _I1jIt_[ 'l£n1n/, ['l~‘en1ln]

lenis weakly articulatedlee-niss /'li:ms/Less commonly also len-iss or lay-niss.

lenity kindnesslen-it-i /‘1&:n1ti,f

Leno, Jay American comedianlen-oh /'1t-:nau/

Le Nfitre, Andre French landscapegardenerah(ng)-dray luh noh-truh /d,dre1 la'naotra]

Lens town, France|ah(ng)ss /1t'1s/

lentigo pl. lentigines small brownpatches on the skinlen-ty-goh, pl. len-tij-in-eez/l£n'tAIgaU/, pl. /-'trd3Ini:z/

Leofric earl ofMercia, husband of ladyGodivalay-uh-frik /'le|afr1k/

Leon city, Spainlay-on /le1'nn/

Leonardo da Vinci Italian painter andscientistli-uh-nar-doh duh vin-chi/lia,nc1:(r)dao do 'vmt_l‘i/¢ Established anglicization.

Leonberg breed ofdoglee-uhn-burg /'1i:anba:(r)g/

Leoncavallo, Ruggiero Italiancomposerroo-jair-oh lay-onk-av-al-oh/ru_d3e1rau ,1emnka'valau/

Leone, Sergio Italian film directorsair-joh lee-oh-ni /,se:(r)d3ao1i'auni/,[le'o:ne]

Leonids meteor showerlee-uh-nidz /'1i:an1dz/

221

leonine relating to lionslee-uh-nyn ,"1i:en.un/

Leopold I first king of Belgiumlee-uh-pohld /'li:apau]d/0 Established anglicization.

Lepanto naval battle siteluh-pan-toh /le'panteo/

Le Pen, Jean Marie French politicianzhah(ng) marr-ee luh pen /_3d ma,ri:la 'pen/

lepidopterist person who studiesbutterflies and mothsIep-id-op-tuh-rist /,lepI'dnptar1st/

Lepidus, Marcus Aemilius Romanstatesman and triurnvirmar-kuhss ee-mil-i-uhss Iep-id-uhss/,mo:(r)kas i:_m1lias 'lsp1tlas/~ See LATIN panel.

leporine relating to hareslep-uh-ryn /'l8p9I‘AII1/

leprechaun small, mischievous spriteIep—ruh-kawn /‘1spreko:n/

lepton subatomic particlelep-ton /'1sptnn/

lepil0Spil‘0SiS disease of animalslep-toh-spy-roh-siss/_leptauspA|'raosIs/

Lepus small constellationleep-uhss /'1i:pas/

Lérida city, Spainlerr-ee-thuh /'lsri:oe/

Lerwick capital of the Shetland Islandslur-wik /'1e:(r)w1k/

Lesage, Alain-Rene French novelistand dramatistal-a(ng) ruh-nay luh-sahzh /a_1a ra_nei1a‘su:3/

lese-majesty behaviour insulting to amonarchleez ma]-uh-sti /lizz 'mad3asti/Also layz mazh-uh-stay, especially whenthe French spelling ‘lese—majeste’ is used.

Les Halles market, Parislay al /lei ‘all~ See FRENCH panel.

lesion wound or ulcerIeezh-uhn /'li:5an/

Leskovac city, Serbialesk-uh-vats /'lt-:skavats/

Lesmahagow town, Scotlandless-muh-hay-gow /lesma'he1gau/

leonine I leverage

Lesotho countryIuh—soo-too /1a'su:tu:/

Lesseps, Ferdinand de Frenchdiplomatfair-di-nah(ng) duh less-uhps/fe:(r)di,nf1 do ‘lssopsl

Les Six group of six Parisian composerslay seess /let 'si:s/

lethargy lack of energyleth-uhr-ji /'1eBa(r)d3i/

Lethe Greek mythological riverlee-thi /'liZBi/

Leticia port, Colombialet-eess-yuh /1s'ti:sja/

Leto Greek mythological characterlee-toh /‘li:tao/

leu pl. lei currency unit, Romanialay-00, pl. lay /‘lem:/, pl. /le1,/

Leuchars village and RAF base, Scotlandlookh-uhrz /'1u:xa(r)z/

leucocyte (also leukocyte) blood cellloo-koh-syt /'lu:kaosA1t/

leukaemia diseasel0o—kee—mi-uh /lu:‘ki:mia/

Leuven town, BelgiumlOe—vuhnW['lo:van/This is the Flemish name. The French nameis Louvain, pronounced loo-va(ng).

Levallois prehistoric flint-workingtechniqueIuh-val-wah /la'va1wu:/

Levant archaic term for the easternMediterraneanluh-vant /la'vant/

Levantine relating to the Levantluh-van-tyn /1a'vantA1n/Commonly also lev-uhn-tin.

levator muscleluh-vay-tuhr /la've1ta(r)/

levee embankmentlev-i ,l'lavi/

level‘ bar resting on a pivotlee-vuhr /'1i:va(r)/AM is ‘°"i“'“-__ I T7 7 , I

leverage exertion of force by means of aleverlee-vuh-rij /'1i:var1d3/Eommonly also liev; :rlj. I L

Leverhulme, Viscount I Liddell Hart, Basil 222

Leverhulme, Viscount Englishindustrialist and philanthropistlee-vuhr-hyoom /'1i:va(r)hju:m,f

Leverkusen city, Germanylay-vuhr-koo-zuhn /'lerva(r),ku:zan/

Le Verrier, Urbain Frenchmathematicianuer-ba(ng) luh verr-i-ay /y(r),bé lavsri'e1/

Levi Hebrew patriarchlee-vy /'Ii:v1u/

Levi, Pl'iIn0 Italian novelist and poetpree-moh lay-vi /,pri:mau '1e1vi/

leviathan sea monsterluh-vy-uh-thuhn /la'vA1a6an/

levirate custom by which a man may beobliged to marry his brother’s widowlee-virr—uht /‘1i:v1rat/

Levi—Stl‘auSS, Claude French socialanthropologistklohd lev-i strowss /_k1eud ,1evi'straus/

Leviticus book of the Bibleluh-vit-ik-uhss /Ia'v1t1kes/

Levitra trademark drug used to treatimpotenceluh-veet-ruh /la'vi:tra/

levonorgestrel synthetic hormonelee-vuh-nor-je$t—ruhl/_1i:vaono:(r)'d5estre1/

levy imposeIev-i /‘levi/

Levy, Andrea English authorand-ri-uh lee-vi /,andria 'li:vi/

Lewes town, Englandloo—iss /'1u:1s/

lexicography compiling ofdictionarieslek-sik-og-ruh—fi /,leks1k'ngrafil

Lewinsky, Monica American formerWhite House staff memberluh-win-ski /1e'w1nski/

ley farming methodlay [lei]

leylandii cypress treelay-land-i-y /leI'I3l]dlAI/

Leyte island, Philippineslay-tay / ‘letter /

Lhasa capital ofTibetIah-suh /'1a:sa/

li Chinese unit of distancelee /li:/

liaise cooperate

li-ayz /li'e1z/liana woody climbing plant

li-ah-nuh /l1'o:na/Liao river, China; also a dynasty

lyow IljaulLiaodong peninsula, China

lyow-duung /,ljao'dun/Liaoning province, China

lyow-ning /,ljau'nn3/lias geological epoch

|y—uh$$ /‘Luas/libation drink poured out as an offering

to a deityly-bay-shuhn /1A1'be1]‘en/

libellous containing a libelly~buh-luhss /'1n1ba1as/

Liberace American pianist andentertainerlib-uh-rah-chi /,l1ba'rt1:t_l1/

Liberation French newspaperlee-bair-ass-yo(ng) /1l:be:ra'sj5/

Liberia countryIy-beer-i-uh /lAI'l)[8l‘l8/

Liberia city, Costa Rica|i—bair-i-uh /li'be:ria/

Libeskind, Daniel American architectlee-buhss-kind fllizbeskrndl

libido sexual desirelib-ee-doh /l1'bi:dao/

LIBOR London InterBank Offered Rately-bor /'lAIl)0Z(l‘)/

libretto pl. libretti text of a vocal worklib~ret-oh, pl. lib-ret-i /lrbreteo/, pl./-W

Libreville capital ofGabonleeb-ruh-veel /'li:bravi:1/

Libya countryllb-l-Uh /'lIl)i8/

lichen plantly-kuhn /'lAIl{9I1/'Less comm;;1i;;ln iirch-uhfi." "E

Lichfield town, Englandlitch-feeld /'lIt_|'fiZld[

Lichtenstein, Roy American painterlik-tuhn-styn /'l1ktan,stAm,I

licit not forbidden|i5S-it /'lIsItf

Liddell Hart, Basil British militaryhistorianlid-uhl hart /,l1dal 'ho:(r)t/

223

Lidice Czech town destroyed by theNazis during the Second World Warlid-it-suh /‘l1d1tsa/

Lidingii island suburb, Stockholmlee-ding-oe /'li:dme:/

lido public open-air swimming poollee-doh /'li:dau/Less commonly also ly-doh. lee-doh isoften argued to be the correct pronunciationon the basis that there is also an Italianisland reef of the same name pronounced inthis way.

Lie, '11-ygve Norwegian statesmantrueg-vuh lee /,trYgva 'li:/

Liebchen term of endearmentIeeb-shuhn /'1i:b_[an/, German['li:pcan]

Liebfraumilch white wineleep-frow-milkh /'li:pfrau,mIlc/

Liebig, Justus von German chemistyuust-uuss fon lee-bikh /Justus fon'1i:b1<;/

Liebknecht, Karl Germanrevolutionary leaderkarl leep-knekht /,ku:(r)1 'li:pkns<;t/

Liechtenstein principality, Europelikh-tuhn—shtyn /'l1ctan,shtAm/Sometimes anglicized to lik-tuhn-styn.

lied pl. lieder type of German songleet, pl. leed-uhr /lizt/, pl. /'1i:da(r)/

liefas happilyleef /li:f/

Liege province, Belgiumii-ezh /1i's3/This is the French name. The Flemish nameis Luik, pronounced loeyk.

liege feudal relationshipleej /1i:d3/

lien right to keep property until a debt isdischargedlee—uhn /'li:an/Also leen.

lieu insteadloo /lu:/Commonly also Iyoo.

lieutenant deputy acting for a superior|ef~ten-uhnt /1ef'tenant/AM is loo-ten-uhnt.

LIFFE London International Finance

Lidice I Limburg

and Futures Exchangelyf ]lr\rf/

Liifey river, Irelandllf—l /'lIfi/

Ligeti, Gyiirgy Hungarian composerjoerj lig~et-i /_d5o2(r)d3 'l|geti/, [__1cer_1'ligeti]

lignocaine local anaestheticlig—nuh-kayn /'11gnakem/

ligule strap-shaped part of a plantlig-yool /'l1gju:l/

Liguria region, Italylig-yoor-i-uh flrgjuarial

Likert scale scale used to representpsychological attitudeslyk-uhrt /'lAika(r)t/

Likud Israeli political partyIik-ood/1i'ku:d/

lilangeni pl. emalangeni currency unit,Swazilandlee-Iang-gay-ni, pl.em-uh-Iang-gay-ni /,li:lan'gerni/, pl./a,malan'ge1ni/

liliaceous relating to plants of the lilyfamilylil-i-ay-shuhss /,l1li'e1Ias/

Lili Marlene German song, popularduring the Second World Warlil-i mar-layn /,11li ma:(r)'le|n/

Lilith Jewish mythological demonlil-ith /'l|116/

Lille city, Franceleel /1i:l/

Lillellammer town, Norwaylil-uh-ham-uhr /'hlahama(r)/

Lillibullero folk songIil-ib-uul-air-oh /,l1l1bo'ls:reu/

Lilliputian very smalllil-ip-yoo-shuhn /,1r11'pju:j‘an/

Lilongwe capital of Malawilil-ong-way /lI'lDl']W8I/

Lima capital of Perulee-muh /'li:ma/

Limassol port, Cypruslim-uh-sol /'1rmaso1/

Limbaugh, Rush American radio talkshow hostlim-baw /'11mbau/

Limburg province, Belgium andNetherlandsIim-burg /'l1mba:(r)g/, Dutch['limbYrx]

limen I Lippi, Fra Filippo

Established laiilglicization. The townofthe same name may be pronounced in thesame way, or with a more German-soundingpronunciation, lim-buurk.

limen pl. limina psychological threshold|y—men, pl. ly-min-uh /‘lumen/, pl./‘1A1m1ne/

Limerick county, Republic of Irelandlim-uh-rik /'11mar1k/

liminal relating to a transitional stageIim-in-uhl /'l1m1na1/

Limoges city, Franceiim-ohzh /11'mao3/

Limon port, Costa Ricalee-mon /li:'mnn/

Limousin region, France|ee—moo-za(ng) /1i:mu;'zF:/

limousine large, luxurious carlim-uh-zeen /,11ma'zi:n/

Limpopo river, AfricaIim-poh-poh /hm'pacpao/

Linacre, Thomas English physicianand scholarlin-uh-kuhr /'1maka(r)/

Lincoln city, Englandlink-uhn /'ln]kan/

linctus thick liquid medicinelink-tuhss /'1rnktas/

Lindbergh, Charles American aviatorlind—burg /'I1ndba:(r)g/

Lindgren, Astrid Swedish writerast-rid lind-grayn /,astr1d '11ndgrem/

Lindisfarne island, UKlin-diss-farn ,I‘11ndrs,fu:(r)n/

lineage direct descent from an ancestorlin-i-uhj /'l1niad3/

lineament distinctive featurelin-i-uh-muhnt ,l'l1niamant/

Lineker, Gary English footballerlin-uh-kuhr /'1make(r),'

Lingala African languageling-gah-luh /lnyguzlal

lingam Hindu symbolling-gam /'ln]gam/

lingerie women’s underwearlan~zhuh-ri /'1an3eri/, French [1é3ri]Commonly also Ion-zhuh-ri or lan—juh-ray.

lingua franca common languageling-gwuh frank-uh /,1n]gwa 'franka/

linguine kind ofpasta

224

ling-gwee—ni /lrn'gwi:ni/linguistics study of language

ling-gwist—ikS /ln]'gw1st1ks/liniment embrocation

lin-im-uhnt /'1mrmant/Linldater, Magnus Scottish journalist

link-luh-tuhr /'11nk1ata(r)/Linkiiping town, Sweden

Ieen-shoe—ping /'1i:n,Ie:p1n/,[‘lince:pin]

Linnaeus, Carolus Swedish botanistkuh-roh-luhss lin-ay-uhss /karaulasl1'ne1as/His real name was Karl von Linné,pronounced lin-ay. This Latinized version ofhis name can also be pronouncedlin—ee-uhss, but the pronunciation werecommend is that preferred by the LinneanSociety (themselves pronouncedlin-ee-uhn).

linoleum flooring materiallin-oh-Ii-uhm /l1'nao1iem/

Linux US trademark computer operatingsystemlin-uhks /'11naks/Less commonly also Iy-nuhks. Ourrecommendation is that used by its designer,Linus Thorvalds, after whom it is named.

Linz city, Austrialints llmtsl

lionize give public attention toly-uh-nyz /'lA1en1\1z/

Lipari island, Italylee-parr-i /'1i:pari/

Lipchitz, Jacques Lithuanian—Frenchsculptorzhahk lip-shits /,5u:k '11pJ1ts/

Lipetsk city, Russialee-pitsk l'li:p1tsk/

Lipizzaner (also Lippizaner) breed ofhorselip-it-sah-nuhr /,11pI'tso:na(r)/

lipoma pl. lipomata benign tumourlip-oh-muh, pl. lip-oh-muh-tuh/Irpaoma/, pl. /-mate/

liposuction cosmetic surgery to removefatlip-Oh-Suk-shuhn /'l1pao_s1\kIan/Sometimes also iy»poh-suk-shuhn,especially in AM.

Lippi, Fra Filippo Italian painterfrah fil-ee-poh lip-i /frc1:f1_1i:pao '1rpi/

225

liqueur alcoholic spiritlik-yoor /11‘kjoai(r)/ Mi iCommonly also lik-yur or lik-yor. H

liquor alcoholic drinklik-uhr /'l1ka(r)/

liquorice sweetlik—uh—riss /'l1kar1s/

Lir Irish sea godleer /l1a(r)/

lira pl. lire former currency unit, Italyleer-uh, pl. leer-uh /‘hare/, pl. /'1rare/

liS alibi pendens ‘lawsuit pendingelsewhere’ (Latin)liss ai-ib—y pen-denz /lrs ,alrbAi'pendcnz,I

Lisbon capital of Portugalliz-buhn /'11zban/Established anglicization. The Portuguesename is Lisboa, pronounced Ieezh-boh-uh.

Lisburn city, Northern Irelandliss—burn f'l1sba:(r)n/

Lisdoonvarna town, Republic ofIrelandIiss-doon-var-nuh /,1rsdu:n'vu:(r)na/

Lisieux town, Franceleez-yoe /li:'zjo/

lisle fine cotton thread used for stockingslyl /lAIl/

Lissajous mathematical looped figureliss-azh-oo /'1isa3u:/

listeria bacteriumlist-eer-i-uh /l1'st1aria/

Listowel town, Republic of Irelandlist-oh-uhl /l1s'taoa1/

Liszt, Franz Hungarian composer andpianistfrants list /_frants 'l1st/

Li T’ai Po Chinese poetlee ty poh /,li: {AI ‘pan!

litany series of petitions for use in churchserviceslit-uh-ni /'l1tani/

litas currency unit, Lithuanialee-tass /'li:tas/

literae humaniores honours course inclassics, philosophy, and ancient historyat Oxford Universitylit-uh-ry hyoo-man-i-aw-rayz /Jrtarinhju:_man1'a:re1z/

liqueur I Livy

Various other pronunciations may be used;see LATIN panel. The course is frequentlyreferred to as Lit. Hum., pronounced lithum, for short.

literati well-educated people who areinterested in literaturelit-uh-rah-ti /,11ta'r(1:ti/

lithium chemical elementlith-i-uhm /'l1(-]iam/

lithograph lithographic printlith-uh-grahf /'l16egro:f/ I pp IfAlso lyth-oh, especially for the abbreviatedform ‘litho’.

lithosphere rigid outer part of the earthlith-uhss-‘leer ,"I1(-1asf1e(r)/

Lithuania countryIith-oo-ay-ni-uh ,',1iBu:'emia/Less commonly also litlii-yofo-ay-7|'ii7-duh. I :7

litigious tending to take legal actionlit-ij-uhss /lr't1d3as/

litlnus indicator dyelit-muhss /'11tmes,f

litotes rhetorical understatemently-toh-teez /lAI'l18UilIZ/

littoral relating to the shorelit-uh-ruhl /'11tara1/

Littré, Enlile French lexicographeray-meel lee-tray /e1,mi:lli:'tre1/

liturgy form of public religious worshiplit-uhr-ji /'lIt8(I‘)d3i/'

Liuzhou city, Chinalyoo-joh /_lju:'d5ao[

livelong entireliv-long ,"11v1nn/

Liverpool port, Englandliv-uhr-pool /'live(r)pu:l/However, the Liver Building and Liver Birdsassociated with the city are pronouncedIy-vuhr.

Liverpudlian native of Liverpoolliv-uhr-pucl-Ii-uhn /,1iva(r)'pAd1ian/

liverwort plantliv-uhr-wurt /'lIva(r)wa:(r)t/'

Livonia region, Latvia and Estonia|iv-oh-ni-uh/11'vaonia/

LiVOI‘n0 port, Italyliv-or-noh /11'vo:(r)nau/

Livy Roman historian"V-l /'11vi/

Ljubljana | logo

Ljubljana capital of Slovenialyuub-lyah-nuh /lju'bljo:na/

Ljungberg, Fredrik Swedish footballerfray-drik yuung-bairg /,fre1dr1k'joI]bs:(r)g/, [,fre:dr1k 'je13bmrj]

LladI'(') Spanish porcelain manufacturerslyad-roh /1jad'rauf, [£ao'ro]

llama animalIah-muh /'lc1:ma/

Llandudno town, Waleshlan-did-noh /lan'dIdneo/1 See WELSH panel.

Llanelli town, Waleshlan—ehl-i lian's~li/' See WELSH panel.

LlanfairpWllg‘wyngyllgogery-chwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogochvillage, Waleshlan-vyr-poohl-gwin-gihl-goh-gerr-uh-khwurn-droh-boohl-hlan-duh-Sil-i-Oh—g0h—gOh-gOl(h/,lanvA1(r)pu:i,gw1ngrlgao,gsrexwa:(r)n_draubul,-ianda,si1ieogaogao'gnx/I See wrtsn panel. Official name isLlanfair PG.

llano grassy plainIah-noh /'1u:nao/

Lloyd, Marie English music—hallentertainermar-i loyd /,mu:ri 'l01d/

Llywelyn ap Gruifydd medieval Welshprincehloo-el-in ap grif-ith /lu:'a1m ap'gr1f1o/

loath (also loth) reluctantlohth llaofll

loathe feel intense dislike forlohth llaoof

Lobachevsky, Nikolai IvanovichRussian mathematiciannik-uh—ly iv-ah-nuh-vitchlob-uh-chef-ski /n1ka_l1\I 1_va:nav1t_[,lnbe'tJsfski/

Lobito port, Angolaluub-ee-too /1u'bi:tu:/

locale place where something happensloh-kahl /lao'ku:l/

Locarno resort, SwitzerlandIok-ar-noh /1n'ka:(r)neo/

locative grammatical caselok-uh-tiv /'lpkat1v/

loch lake (Scottish)

226

lokh lloxlLochaber district, Scotland

lokh-ab-uhr [lnx'aba(r)/lochan small loch

lokh-uhn /'lpxan/lochia discharge from the uterus after

childbirthlok-i-uh /'lnkia/

Lochnagar small lake, Scotlandlokh-nuh-gar /lnxne'go:(r)/

Lockerbie town, Scotlandlok~uhr-bi /'lnka(r)bi/

Lockyer, Norman English astronomerlok-yuhr /'lokje(r)/

Locrian musical modelok-ri-uhn /'1nkrien/

locum tenens pl. locum tenentesprofessional stand-inl0h—kuhm ten—enz, pl. loh—kuhmten-ent-eez /Jaukem ‘tenenz/, pl./ts'nenti:z/

l0Cl1S pl. loci particular position or placeloh-kuhss, pl. loh-ky /'1aokas/, pl. /-kAI/v See LATIN panel.

locution word or phraseluh-kyoo-shuhn /le'kju:Jan/

loden thick woollen clothloh-duhn ,/'laudan/

Lodi city, Polandwootch /wu:t_f/

Loel) American publisherslohb /1aub/

loess deposit of sedimentloh-ess /'lauss/

Lofoten Islands islands, Norway|uh—foh-tuhn /le'feotan/, ['lu:futan]0 Established anglicization.

Logan, Mount mountain, Canadaloh-guhn /'1eogen/

logarithm mathematical quantitylog-uh-rith-u hm /'logarIoam/

Loge Wagnerian characterloh-guh /'laogo/

loggia gallery or room with one or moreopen sidesIoj-uh /'lod3e/

logistics organization andimplementation of a complex operationluh-jist-iks /1e'd31st1ks/

logo identifying symbolloh-goh Plaogaol

2 27

logorrhoea tendency to extremeloquacitylog-uh-ree-uh /,1nga'ri:a/

Logos theological termlog-oss /'lngns/

Logrofio town, Spainlog-ron-yoh /1p'grnnjau/

Lohan, Lindsey American actressloh-ha n /'1euhan/

Lohengrin opera by Wagnerloh-uhn-grin /'leoen,gr1n/, German['lo:an,gri:n]' Established anglicization.

Loire river, Francelwar /1wr1:(r)/

Loki Norse godloh-ki /'1aoki/

Lok Sabha lower house of the IndianParliamentlohk sub-hah /,le0k sAb'hn:/

Lolita sexually precocious girlloh-lee-tuh /lao'Ii:ta/

lollapalooza particularly impressivething or personlol-uh-puh-|oo~zuh /,1n1apa'lu:ze/

Lollard follower of John Wycliflol-uhrd /'1n1a(r)d/

lollo rosso lettucelol-oh ross-oh /,lnlau ‘rosso!

Lombardy region, Italylom-buhr-di /'lomba(r)di/Established anglicization. The Italian nameis Lombardia, pronounced 1lom-buhr-dee-uh.

l

l

1

l

l

l

I

l

Lombok island, Indonesialom—bok /'1pmbnk/

Lomé capital ofTogoloh-may /'1aume1/

logorrhoea I Loren, Sophia

American poetwodz—wurth I0ng—fel—0h/_wodzwa:(r)9 '1onfe1ao/

Lonfinus Greek scholarIon-jy-nuhss /lDl'l'd3AIIl8S/ongitude distance of a place east orwest of the Greenwich meridianlong-git-yood /'1nr_1g1tju:d/Less commonly also Ion-jit-yood; thisapplies also to longitudinal (below).Because of the changing pronunciation of‘tu’ in English (e.g. Tuesday), thepronunciation lon-gitch-ood is alsopossible.

ongitudina] running lengthwise ratherthan acrosslong-git-yood-in-uhl /,lnng1'tju:d1na1/

ongueur tedious passage, e.g. in a booklong-gur /lp1]'ga:(r)/oop of Henle part of the kidneyhen-Ii ]'henli/

Loos, Anita American writerlooss /lu:s/

Loos, Rebecca Dutch-bom celebritylohss llaosloperamide drug used to treat diarrhoealoh-perr—uh-myd /lao'peramA1d/oqnacious tending to talk a great dealIuh-kway-shuhss /la'kwe1_[as/oquat fruitloh-kwot /'laukwnt/oqllitur ‘speaks’ (stage direction)lok-wit-uhr /'1nkw1ta(r)/orazepam drug of the benzodiazepinegrouplaw-rayz-uh-parn {lo:'gre*1zepam/As with OE-¢}i&££g; in this groiip, the L in Lpronunciation law-raz-uh-pam is alsocommon. See note on BENZODIAZEPINE.

Lomond loch» Scmland Lorca, Federico Garcia Spanish poetIoh-muhnd /'laumand/

Lomu, Jonah New Zealand rugbyplayerjob-nuh loh-moo /,d3eone 'leomu:/

Londonderry county, Northern Irelandl

and dramatistfedd-air-ee-koh gar-thee-uh Iork-uh/feds.-::,ri:kao ga:(r),Bi:a '1o:(r)ka/ordosis curvature of the spinelor—doh-sis /l:1:(r)'daos|s/

lu"d'uh"'de"'i /'lAnd9n-dgru L’Oréal international beauty companylongeron structural component of an Iorr-ay-al llnrerall

ai1'¢1'_afi'5 fuselage Lorelei rock on the Rhine, held to be the|°"“lUh‘T°n 1' '1m'ld39l"l)l1/ home of a siren

longevity long life lorr—uh-ly /'lDI'8lAI/|°n'leV'lt'i /1DI1'd3EVIti/ Loren, Sophia Italian actress

Longfellow, Henry Wadswoflh suh-fee—uh law-ruhn /sa,fi:a '1o:ran/

Lorenz, Konrad I lozenge

Commonly also lorr-en. However, thepronunciation we recommend is confirmedby various sources and is used throughout afilm of her life, in which she participated.

Lorenz, Konrad Austrian zoologistkon-rat lorr-ents /_knnrat'1nrsnts/

Loreto town, ItalyIuh-ray—toh /la'rertau/

lorgnette (also lorgnettes) pair ofglasses on a long handleIor-nyet /1:>:(r)'njst/

Lorient port, Francelorr—i—ah(l1g) /l'ori'(1/

lorikeet birdlorr-ik-eet ;"lnr1ki:t/

loris primatelaw-riss /'1:>:ris/

Lorraine region, FranceIorr-en /ln'ran/

Lorre, Peter Hungarian-American actorlorr-i /'1nri/

lory parrotlaw-ri /'1o:ri/

Los Alamos town, USloss al-uh-moss /Ins 'alemns/

Los Angeles city, USI055 an-juh—luhSS /Ins 'and3alas/

Lostwithiel town, Englandloss-with-i-uhl /1ns'w19ia1/

L011 river, Francelot /lnt/

loth see loathLothario man who behaves irresponsibly

in his sexual relationshipsluh-thar-i-oh /la‘9u:riau/Commonly also luh-thair-i-oh.

Lothian region, Scotlandloh-thi-uhn Flaooianl

Loti, Pierre French novelistpyair lot-ee /,pjs:(r)1n'ti:/

loti pl. maloti currency unit, Lesotholoo-ti, pl. muh-loo-ti /'1u:ti/, pl./ma'lu:ti/

Lotto, Lorenzo Italian painterluh-rent-soh lot-oh /larsntsau 'lntau/

louche disreputable in an appealing wayloosh /1u:j‘/

lough lake (Irish)lokh flux]

Loughborough town, England

228

luf-buh-ruh /'lAflJBI‘8/Louis name of eighteen kings of France

loo-i /'lu:i/, [lwi]~ Established anglicization.

Louis, Joe American boxerloo—iss /'1u:1s/

Louisiana state, USloo-ee-zi-an-uh /1u:,i:zi'ana/

Louisville city, USI00-i-vil /'lu:iv1l/

loupe small magnifying glassloop [lu:p/

lour (also lower) look angry or sullenlow-uhr /'laoa(r),'

Lourdes town, Franceloord [1ua(r)d/

Louth county, Republic of Irelandlowth /1auB/

Louvain see LeuvenLouvre museum, Paris

loo-vruh /'1u:vraflouvre angled slat in a door or shutter

loo-vuhr /'1u:va(r)/Loujis, Pierre French poet

pyair lweess /,pje:(r) 'lwi:s/lovage plant of the parsley family

luv-ij /'lAVI(l5/lovat muted green colour

luv-uht ['lAvat,fLovell, Bernard English astronomer

luv-uhl /'lAva1/Lowell, Percival American astronomer

loh-uhl /'1aual/Liiwenbrau trademark German beer

loev-uhn-broy /'lo:vanbror,llower see lourLowestoft port, England

loh-stoft /'laustnft/Also pronounced loh-uh—st0ft or, locally,loh-stuhf.

Lowry, L. S. English painterlow-ri /'lauari,/

lox smoked salmonloks /loks,’

Loya Jirga Afghan parliamentloy-uh jur-guh ,',1oIa 'd3a:(r)ga/

Lozells district of BinninghamIoh-zelz /lao'zs1zl

lozenge rhombus or diamond shapeloz-uhnj /'1nzand3/

229

Lualaba river, Africaloo-uh-Iah-buh /,1u:a'lu:be/

Luanda capital ofAngolaloo-and-uh /1u:'anda/

Luang Prabang (alsoLouangphrabang) city, Laosloo-ung pruh-bung /,1u:m] pra-bM]/

luau Hawaiian partylo0—ow /'lu:au/

Lubbock city, USlub-uhk /'lAl)8l{/

Liibeck port, GermanyIue-bek /'ly:bsk/

Lublin city, PolandI00-bleen /'lu:bli:nl

Lubumbashi city, Democratic Republicof Congoloo-buum-bash-i /,lu:bom‘baIi/

Lubyanka building in Moscow used as aprisonloo-byank-uh /1u:'bjar_1ka/

Lucan Roman poet, born in Spainloo-kuhn rluzkanj

Lucan relating to St Lukeloo-kuhn /'lu:kan/

Lucas van Leyden Dutch engraverloo-kuhss vun ly-duhn /,1u;1(ag vim'lAl(l9I'1,"' See DUTCH panel.

Lucca city, Italyloo-kuh /‘1u:ke/

luce pike (fish)looss ,I1u:s/

Lucerne lake and resort, Switzerlandloo-surn /lu:'sa:(r)n/, French /ly$£rn/Established anglicization. The Germanspelling is Luzern, pronounced logt-5airn_

Lucia di Lammermoor Opera byDonizettiloo-chee-uh di lam-uhr-moor /lu:,tj‘i:adi 'lama(r)moa(r)/

lucite trademark perspexloo-syt /'lu:sA1t/

Lucknow city, Indialuk-now /'lAl([l3U/

lucre moneyloo-kuhr /'1u:ka(r)/

Lucretius Roman poet and philosopherloo-kree-shuhss /lu:'kri:_[es/

luculent clearly expressedloo-kyuuI—uhnt /'lu:kju1ant/

Lualaba I Lukacs, Gyiirg

Lucullan extremely luxuriousloo-kul—uhn /lLlZ'kAl3I‘lI

Luda port, Chinaloo-dah /_1u:‘du:/

Luddite English worker who destroyedmachinerylud-dyt /'li\dArt/

Ludendorlf, Erich German generalay-rikh loo-duhn-dorf /,e1r1e'lu:dan,do:(r)f/

Ludhiana city, Indialuud-i-ah-nuh /,ludi'u:na/

Ludwig name of three kings of Bavarialuud-vig /‘ludvig/, German /'lu:tvIc/' Established anglicization.

Ludwigshafen port, Germanyloot-vikhss-hah-fuhn /'1u:tv1cs,hu:fen/

Lufthansa German airlineluuft-han-zuh /'lufthanze/

Luftwaffe German air force|uuf't~vaf~uh /'luftvafa/

Luganda African languageloo-gan-d uh /lu:'ganda/

Lugano lake and town, Switzerlandloo-gah-noh /lu:'go:nou/

Lugdunum Roman name for Lyonsluug-doo-nuum /1og'du:num/

luge light tobogganloozh /1u:3/

Luger US trademark type ofGermanautomatic pistollo0—guhr /'lu:ga(r)/

Lughnasa Celtic festivalloo-nuh-suh /'lu:nasa/

Lugosi, Bela I-Iungarian—Americanactorbel-uh loo-goh-si /,b1-Ila lu:‘gausi/

lugubrious looking or sounding sadluug-oo-bri-uhss /lo'gu:brias/

Luhansk city, Ukraineloo-hansk flufhanskf

Luhrmann, Bill Australian filmdirectorbaz lur-muhn l,baz 'la:(r)man/

Luik see LiegeLukzics, Gyiirgy Hungarian philosopher

and politicianioerj l0o~kahtch /,d3o;-(r)d3 'lu:ku:t_[/,[__1cer_; 'luka:t_[]

Lukashenko, Alexander l Luvale 230

Lukashenko, Alexander (alsoLukashenka) president of Belarusal-uhk-sahn-duhr loo-ka—sheng-kuh/alak'sc1:nda(r) 1uka'_[‘si3ka/

Lula see Da Silva, LuizLully, Jean-Baptiste French composer,

born in Italyzhah(ng) bat-eest lue-lee /,3d ba_ti:stly'1i: /

lumbago back painlum-bay-goh /lAm'be|gau/

lumen SI unit of luminous fluxloo—men /'lu:menJ

Lumet, Sidney American film directorloo-met /lu:'met/

Lumiere, Louis French pioneer ofcinemalwee loom-yair /,lwi: lu:‘mje:(r)/

Luminal trademark drugloo-min-uhl /'lu:mma1/

luminary person who inspires othersloo-min-uh-ri /'lu:minari/

lulnme expression of surpriselum-i /'1Ami/

Lund city, Swedenluund /lond/

Lundy island, UKlun-di /'1nndi/

lunette arched apertureloo-net /lu:'nst/

Lunghi, Cherie English actresssherr-i luung-gi /Jeri 'lungi/

lungi sar0ng—like garmentluung-gi /'lungi/

lunula pl. lunulae white area at the baseof a fingernailloo-nyuul-uh, pl. loo-nyuul-ee/'lu:njula/, pl. /-1i:/

Luo African ethnic grouploo-oh /'1u:au/

Luoyang city, Chinalwaw-yang /,1wo:'jan/

Lupercalia (sing. Lupercal) ancientRoman festivalloo-puhr-kay-Ii-uh, sing. loo-puhr-kal/,lu:pa(r)'ke1lia/, sing. /'lu:pa(r)kal/

lupine relating to wolvesloo~pyn /'lLlZpAIl'l/

lupus erythematosus skin diseaseloo-puhss err-rith-ee-muh-toh-suhss/'lu:pas _e:r1Eli:ma‘tausaS/

lur (also lure) Scandinavian trumpet

loor /loa(r)/lure tempt

loor /1ua(r)/Commonly also lyoor or lyor.

lurex trademark yarn or fabric with aglittering metallic threadlyoor-eks /‘1juaraks/

lurgy indeterminate illnesslur-gi /'1o:(r)gi/

lurid unpleasantly colourfiilloor-id /'luer1d/ Mi W gCommonly also lyoor-id or lyaw-rid.

Lurie, Alison American writerlyoor-i /'ljuari/

Lusaka capital of Zambialoo-sah-kuh /lu:'su:ka;'

Lushun port, Chinaloo-shuun /,1u:'_[un/

Lusitania ancient name for Portugal;also a shiploo-sit-ay-ni-uh /,lu:sr'teinia/

lusopllone Portuguese-speakingloo—suh-fohn /'lu:safaun/

luteinizing hormone female hormoneloo-tuh-ny-Zing /'lu:ten1uzn]/

lutetium (also lutecium) chemicalelementloo-tee-shi-uhm /lu:'ti:_l‘iam/

Luther, Martin German Protestanttheologianloo-thuhr /'lu:6a(r)/, ['lute]1 Established anglicization.

luthier maker of stringed instrumentsloo-ti-uhr /'lu:tia(r)/

Luthuli, Albert John South Africanpolitical leaderlo0—too-Ii /lu:'tu:1i/

Lutine Bell bell kept at Lloyd's inLondon and rung to communicate newsto the underwritersloo-teen /1u:'ti:n/

Lutoslawski, Witold Polish composervee-tolt loo-toss-waf~ski /_vi:tult1u:tn'swafski/

Lutyens, Edwin English architectlut-yuhnz /'lAlj8l'lZ/

lutz jump in skatingluuts llotsl

Luvale African ethnic groupluuv-ah-lay /lu'vu:1e1/

231

Lllwian ancient languageloo-wi-uhn /'lu:wian/

lux SI unit of illuminanceluks /Inks]

Luxembourg (also Luxemburg)countryluk-suhm-burg /'lAksamba:(r)g/,French [lyksdbuzr], German[luksambork]~ Established anglicization.

Luxemburg, Rosa Polish-Germanrevolutionary leaderroh-zuh luuk-suhm-boork /,raoza'1oksambua(r)k/

Luxemburgish language, a form ofGermanluk-suhm-bur-gish / 'lAksam_ba:(r)g1_[/

Luxor city, Egyptluk-sor /'lAl{SOI(I‘)/'Established anglicization; the Arabic nameis el-Uqsur, pronounced uhl uk-soor.

luxuriate enjoy something as a luxurylug-zhoor-i-ayt /lAg'3oarie1t/

Luzern see LucerneLuzon island, Philippines

loo-zon /lu:'zon/Lviv city, Ukraine

lveev /lvi:v/The Russian transliteration is Lvov,pronounced lvof, and the Polish spelling isLwow, pronounced lvoof.

lycaenid butterflyly-see-nid /1Ar'si:n1cl/

lycanthrope werewolfly-kuhn-throhp /'11ukan,6raup/gommonly also ly-kan-throhp.

lyeée state secondary school in Francelee-say /li:'se1/

Lyceum garden at Athens in whichAristotle taughtly-see-uhm /lAI'SlI3l'I1/

lychee fruitly-chee /'1AIt_[i:/

lychgate roofed gateway to a churchyardlitch-gayt /'11t_[ge1t/

Lycia ancient region ofAsia Minorliss-i-u h /'11sia/

Lycidas poem by Miltonliss-id-ass /'lIsidas/

Luwian I Lysol

lycopene red pigment present intomatoesly-koh-peen /'1iukaupi:n,'

Lycurgus Spartan lawgiverly-kur-guhss /1A1'ka:(r)gas,f

Lydia ancient region ofAsia Minorlid-i-uh /'l1dia/

Lyell, Charles Scottish geologistly-uhl /'lzual/

Lyly, J0l1n English dramatistlil-i /'llli/

Lyme disease form ofarthritislym /lA1m/

lymphoma pl. lymphomata cancer ofthe lymph nodeslim-foh-muh, pl. lim-foh-muh-tuh/hm‘fauma/, pl. [metal

lyonnaise cooked with onionslee-uh-nay: /,llZ8'I'l8IZ/'

Lyons city, Francelee-o(ng) /'1i:5/, [ljfi]Established anglicization; the Frenchspelling is Lyon. An older anglicization,Iy-uhnz, exists, but we have notrecommended it for fifty years.

Lyotard, Jean-Francois Frenchphilosopher and criticzhah(ng) frah(ng)-swah lyot-ar /361frd,swu: 'ljnto:(r)/

Lyra constellationly—ruh /'11ura/

Lysaght, Cornelius BBC sportscorrespondently-suht I 'lAIS8t/

Lysander Spartan generally-sand-uhr /lAI'S3l1d3(l‘)/

Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich Sovietbiologist and geneticisttruh-feem din-eess-uh-vitchliss-yen-kuh /tra,fi:m di,ni:sav1t_[l1'sjsnka/

lysergic acid compound from which thedrug LSD can be madely-sur-jik /1A1’sa:(r)d31k/

Lysippus Greek sculptorIy-sip-uhss /lAI'SIp3S/

Lysistrata play by Aristophanesly-sist-ruh-tuh /lAI'SIStI‘9t9/

Lysol trademark disinfectantly—s0l /'lAIso1;’

232

Ma, Yo Yo Chinese-American cellistyoh yoh mah /,jau jan ‘muzl

Maal, Baaba Senegalese musicianbub—uh mahl /,bAba 'mo:l/

Maasai see MasaiMaastricht city, Netherlands

mah—strikht /i1'l(lZ'Sil'1XifThere is no established anglicization,although pronunciations such as mah-striktare sometimes used.

Maat ancient Egyptian goddessmaht [mart]

Mabinogion collection of Welsh prosetalesmab-in-og-i-uhn /,mab1'nngian/

Mabuse, Jan Flemish painteryun muh-buez /_jAn ma'by:z/

macabre disturbingmuh-kah-bruh /ma'ku:bre/

macadam broken stone used forsurfacing roadsmuh-kad-uhm /ma'kadam/

macadamia tree with edible nutsma-kuh-day~mi-uh /,maka'de1mia/

McAleeSe, Mary Irish stateswomanmak-uh-leess /_maka'li:s/

Macanese native ofMacaomak—uh-neez /,maka'ni:zl

Macao (also Macau) former Portuguesedependency, Chinamuh-kow ,Ima'kao/

Macapé town, Brazilmak-uh-pah /,maka'pa:j

macaque monkeymuh-kak /ma'kak,I

macaroon light biscuitmak-uh-roon /_maka'ru:n/

Macaulay, Thomas English historianand philanthropistmuh-kaw-Ii /ma'ko:1i/

McAvoy, Doug English trade unionistmak-uh-voy /'makavoi/

macaw parrotmuh-kaw /rna'ko:/

Maccabees followers of JudasMaccabaeusmalt-uh-beez /'makabi:z/

macchiato espresso coffee with steamedmilkmak-i-ah-toh /,maki'o:tau/

McC0ist, Ally Scottish footballermuh-koyst ,Ima'k:>1st/

MacDiarmid, Hugh Scottish poetmuhk-dur-mid /mek'da:(r)m1d,/

Macedonia ancient countrymass-uh-doh-ni-uh /,masa'daonia/

Maceio port, Brazilmass-ay-oh /,mase1'ao,'

McEnroe, John American tennis playermak-uhn-roh /'makanrao/

macerate soften by soakingmass-uh-rayt /'masare1t/

Maicgillicuddfs Reeks range ofhills,Republic of Irelandmuh-gil-ik-ud-iz reeks /ma_g111_kadiz‘ri:ks/

McGonagall, Willialn Scottish poetmuh-gon-uh-guhl /ma'gnnagel/

Mach, Ernst Austrian physicistairnst makh /,s:(r)nst ‘max!as ..mr;,‘r;r;;t*.ts‘.;;i;;;;;ras him isas;anglicized to mak or mahk.

Machado, Antonio Spanish poetan-tohn-yoh match-ah-thoh/an,t<-aunjau ma'tj‘u:oao/

macher person who gets things done(Yiddish)makh-uhr /'maxa(r)/

machete broad, heavy knifemuh-shet-i /ma'jati/

Machiavelli, Niccolo Italianphilosophernik-uh-Ioh mak-yuh-vel-i /n1ka'lau,makja'vs1i/

machicolation defensive architecturalfeaturemuh-chik-uh-lay-shun{mo,t_l‘lka’1ei_[an/

233

machination schememaSh—in-ay-shuhn /_ma_|'1'nei_fan/

machismo aggressive masculine pridemuh-chiz-moh /ma'tIizmao/

macho aggressively masculinematch-oh /'matIao/

Machtpolitik power politicsmakht—pol-it~eek /'maxtpol|,ti:k/

Machu Picchu Inca town, Perumatch-oo peek-choo /,mat_l'u:‘pi:kt_[u:/

Machynlleth town, Walesmuh-khun-hluhth lmaxaniafil

Mackay port, Australiamuh-ky /ma'k1uf

Mackerras, CharlesAustralian-American conductormuh-kerr-uhss /ma'kcras/

mackinaw short woollen coatmak-in-aw /'makmo:/

McKinlay, John Scottish explorermuh-kin-Ii /ma'kmli,'

McKinley, William Americanstatesmanmuh-kin-Ii /ma'k1n1i/

Maclean, Alistair Scottish novelistmuh-klayn /ma'kIe1n/

Maciean, Donald English Soviet spymu h-klayn /mo'kle1n/

Macleod, John Scottish physiologistmuh-klowd /ma'klaud/

McLuhan, Marshall Canadian writermuh-kloo-uhn /me'klu:en/

McNaghten rules criteria for judgingcriminal responsibilitymuhk-naw-tuhn /mak'no:tan/

MacNeice, Louis Northern Irish poetloo-i muhk-neess /,1u:i mek'ni:s/

Macon town, Francemah-ko(ng) /mo:'k5/

Macquarie university and river,Australiamuh-kworr-i /me'kwori/

macramé art of knotting stringmuh-krah-may /ma'kro:me1l

macrocosm whole ofa complexstructuremak-ruh-koz-uhm ,I'makrakozam/

macron diacritic (‘)mak—r0n /'makrnn/Somietiines also may-kron.

machination I Madurai

McTimoney form of chiropractictreatmentmuhk-tim-uh-ni /mak't1mani]

macumba Brazilian religious cultmuh-koom—buh ,'ma'ku:mba/

macushla affectionate form of address(Irish)muh-kuush-luh /ma'ko_fle/

Madagascar countrymad-uh-gask-uhr /_mada'gaska(r)/

Madame French title for a womanmuh—dam ,Ima'dam/

Madeira island, Portugalmuh-door-uh /ma'diera/

Madejski, John English businessmanmuh-day-ski /ma'de1ski/Pronunciation also appropriate for hisvarious endowments, including theMadejski football stadium in Reading andthe Madejski Fine Rooms at the RoyalAcademy ofArts.

madeleine small rich sponge cakemad-uh-len /'madolen/

Mademoiselle French title for a youngwomanmad-mwaz-el /,madmwa'zsl/

Madhya Pradesh state, Indiamud-yuh pruh-daysh /_mndjapra‘dei_1'/

Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie SouthAfrican politicianmad-ik-i-zel-uh man-del-uh/madikigzeia man'de1a/

Madras former name for Chennaimuh-drahss /ma'dru:s/

madrasa. (also madrassah) Islamiccollegemuh-drass-uh /ma'drasa/

Madrid capital of Spainmuh-drid /ma'dr1d/, [mao‘rio]' Established anglicization.

madrigal part-songmad-rig-uhl /'madr1gal/

Madrilefio native ofMadridmad-ril-ayn-yoh /,madr1'lemjeo/,Spanish [ma6ri'leJ10]

Madura island, Indonesiamuh-door-uh /ma'doare/

Madurai city, Indiamud-oor-y /mi\doa'r1i1/

Maecenas, Gains | Magnitogorsk 234

Maecenas, Gains Roman statesmangy-uhss my-see-nuhss /,QAI8Sm1n'si:nas/

maedi sheep diseasemay-di /'me:di/

Mae Hen Wlad Fy Nha/dau ‘Land ofmy Fathers’, the Welsh national anthemmy hen uu-lad vuhn hahd-y /mm ,henu,1ad van 'ha:dm/~ See WELSH panel.

maelstrom whirlpoolmayl-struhm /‘me1lstram/

maenad female follower of Bacchusmee~nad /'mi:nad/

Maersk Danish airlinemairsk ,Ime:(r)sk/

InaBSt0S0 musical termmy-st0l'|—s0h fmarstaosaol

maestro pl. maestri distinguishedmusicianmy-stroh, pl. my-stri /'m1nstrao/, pl./-stri/- Standard -s plural is also possible.

Maeterlinck, Maurice Belgian poetand dramatistmay-‘tuhr-link /'me1ta(r)l1nk/

Mafeking town, South Africamaf-uh-king /'mafal-tn]!

Mafia organized body of criminalsmaf-i-uh /'mafia,!

mafioso pl. mafiosi member of the Mafiamaf-i-oh-soh, pl. maf-i-oh-si/,maf1'aosau/, pl. /-si/

Magadha ancient kingdom, Indiamug-uh—duh rmagadal

magdalen name for St Mary Magdalenemag-duh-luhn /'magda1an/However, Magdalen College, Oxford, andMagdalene College, Cambridge, are bothpronounced mawd-lin.

Magdalena river, Colombiamag-duh-lay-nuh /,magda'le1na/

Magdeburg city, Germanymag-duh-boork /'magda,boa(r)k/

mage magicianmayj /merd3/

Magellan, Ferdinand Portugueseexplorer

muh-gel-uhn /ma'gs1an/Established anglicization. Thispronunciation is also appropriate for theMagellan spacecraft and the Straits ofMagellan.

Magen David symbol ofJudaismmag-en da-veed /ma,gsn da'vi:d/

Maggiore, Lake lake, Italymaj-aw-ray /ma'd5:):re1/

Maghrib (also Maghreb) region ofAfricamug-rib f'l‘I1AQI‘IlJ/

Magi biblical charactersmay-jy /'me1d31u/

Maginot Line system of fortifications,Francemazh-in-oh /'ma3maU/

magisterial showing great authoritymaj-ist-eer-i-uhl /,mad3r'stiarial/

magistrate civil oflicer who administersthe lawmaj-ist-rayt /'mad31stre1t/Commonly also maj-ist-ruht.

magna cum laude ‘with greatdistinction’ (Latin)mag-nuh kuum low-day /,magna kum‘laodeilUsed largely with reference to universitydegrees. More anglicized pronunciationssuch as kum law-di are also heard; seeLATIN panel.

Magna Graecia ancient Greek cities ofsouthern Italymag-nuh gree-shuh /_magne 'gri:_[a/' See LATIN panel.

magnate influential businesspersonmag-nayt /'magne1t/

magnesium chemical elementmag-nee-zi-uhm /mag'ni:zi-am!

magnetometer instrument formeasuring magnetic forcesmag-nuh-tom-uh-tuhr/,magna'tomata(r)/

Magnier, J0lln Irish businessmanmag-nuhr /'magnar/

Magnificat canticlemag-nif-ik-at /mag'n1frkat/

Magnitogorsk city, Russia imag-nit—uh—g0rsk /,magn1ta'g0:(r)sk/

235

magnum opus pl. magna opera greatwork of artmag-nuhm oh-puhss, pl. mag-nuhop-uh-ruh /_magnam 'aupes/, pl./,magna ‘opera!

Magritte, René Belgian surrealistpainterruh-nay mag-reet /ra,ne1ma'gri:t/

magus pl. magi priest ofancient Persiamay-guhss, pl. may-jy /‘merges/, pl./'me1d31\1/

Magyar Hungarian ethnic groupmoj-or /'mod3:>:(r)/Commonly also anglicized to mag-yar.

Mahfibid city, Iranmuh-hah-bahd /,meha:'bo:d,'

Mahabharata Sanskrit epicmuh-hah-bah-ruh—tuh]ma,hu:'bu:rata/

maharaja (also maharajah) Indianprincemah-huh-rah-juh /,mo:ha'ro:rl3a/

Maharashtra state, Indiamah-huh-rush-truh /,mu:ha'r.»\_l‘tra/

Maharishi Hindu sagemah-huh-ree-shi /,mo:ha'ri:Ii/

Mahathir bin Mohamad Malaysianstatesmanmuh-hud-eer bin moh-ham-uhd/l'I18,l'lAClI3(I‘) bin ma'hamed,'

mahatma revered personmuh-hat-muh /ma'hatme/

Mahaweli river, Sri Lankamuh-hah-wel-i /ma'ha:wali/

Mahayana tradition of Buddhismmah-huh-yah-nuh /_ma:ha‘ja:na/

mahdi spiritual leader or messiahmah-di /‘mo:di/Established anglicization. For the Al—MahdiArmy (an Iraqi organization), werecommend makh-dee, a pronunciationcloser to the Arabic.

Mahfouz, Naguib Egyptian writernag-eeb maf-ooz /na'gi:b ma'fu:z/

Mahilyow city, Belarusmah-hil-yoh /,mo:h1'ljeo/

mah-jong (also mah-jongg) Chinesegamemah-jong /mo:'d3or]l

Mahler, Gustav Austrian composerguust-af mah-|uh(r) /,gustaf 'rno:la(r)/

magnum opus I major-domo

Mahmood, Mazher Englishinvestigative journalistmaz-u hr muh-mood /,maza(r)me'mu:d/

mahogany timbermuh-hog-uh—ni /ma'hogani./

Mahon toum, Spainrnah—on ,Imo.:'on/

Maia Greek and Roman goddessmy-uh /'I‘I1AIB/

maieutic denoting the Socratic mode ofenquirymay-yoo-tik /me|'ju:tIk/

Maikop city, Russiamy-kop [markup]

Mailer, Norman American writermay—luhr /'me11a(r),f

maillot pair of tightsmy-yoh /l'l'lAI'j3U/

Maimonides Jewish philosophermy-mon—id-eez /mnrmonrdizzl

Main river, Germanymyn /Il'lAII’1/

Mainz city, Germanymynts jmnmtsf

maiolica earthenwaremy-0|-ik—uh /marolrkal

mai tai cocktailmy ty /‘mm tar}

maitre d’h6tel head waitermay~truh doh-tel /,me|tra dao'tel/,French [matr dotal]Ofien abbreviated to maitre ti: pronouncedmay-truh dee.

Maitreya Buddha of the futuremy-tray-uh /mAr'tre1a/

majlis parliament in various countriesmaj-Ieess /mad3'1i:s/

majolica earthenware made in imitationof Italian maiolicamuh-jol-i-kuh ,'ma‘d3n11ka/

Majorca island, Spainmuh-yor-kuh /ma'jo:(r)ka/[maviorka]Established anglicization; the Spanish nameis Mallorca, pronounced mal-yor-kuh (IPAabove). We stopped recommending theanglicized pronunciation muh-jor-kuh inI973.

major-domo chief stewardmay-ju hr doh-moh /_me1d3a(r)'daumao/

majuscule I Malinke

majuscule large letteringma]-uh-skyool /'mad3askju:l/

Makarios III Greek Cypriot archbishopand statesmanmuh-kar-i-oss /ma'ko:rins/

Makgadikgadi P3115 salt pans inBotswanamag-uh-dee-guh-di /,maga'di:gadi/

Makhachkala capital of Dagestanmakh-uhtch-kuh-Iah /_maxatIka'1(1:/

Makkah see Meccam3.l(0 shark

mah-koh /'mc1:kau/Makybe Diva Australian champion

racehorsemuh-ky-bi dee-vuh /ma,kA1bi 'di:va/

Malabar C0381: coast, Indiamal-uh-bar /'ma1abu:(r)/

Malabo capital of Equatorial Guineamuh-Iah-boh /I'n9'1l1Zb8U/

malaeca canemu h-iak-uh /ma'laka/

Malachi book of the Biblemal—uh-ky /'I‘I13.l8l(AI/

malachite bright green mineralmal-u h-kyt /'I'l13l8l{AIi/

maladroit ineptmal-uh-droyt /,male'dr:)1t/

Mzilaga port, Spainmal-uh-guh /'ma1age/

Malagasy language spoken inMadagascarmal-uh-gass-i /,mala'gasi/

malaguefia Spanish dancemal-ag-ayn-yuh /_mala'ge1njaf

malaise feeling of uneasemal-ayz /ma'le1z,'

Malamud, Bernard American novelistmal-uh-mud /'lT18.l3Il'1Al'l/

malamute breed of dogmal-uh-myoot /'ma1amju:t/

malapropism mistaken use of a word inplace of a similar-sounding onemal-uh-prop-iz-uhm /'malaprn_p1zam/

malar relating to the cheekmay-luhr /'me1la(r)/

Miilaren lake, Swedenmay-luh-ruhn /'me1laren/['ms:laran]

malarkey meaningless talkmuh-lar-ki /ma'iu:(r)ki/

Malawi country

236

muh—lah—wi /ma'lo:wi/Malay people inhabiting Malaysia and

Indonesiamuh-lay /ma'1e1/

Malayalam languagemal-uh-yah-luhm /,ma1e'jo:lem/

Malaysia countrymuh-lay-zhuh /ma'le13a/Also muh-|ay~zi-uh.

mal tie met seasicknessmal duh mair /,rnal da 'me:(r)/

Maldives countrymawl-deev /‘ma:1di:v/Less commonly also other pronunciations,such as mol-dyv and mawl-div.

Maldivian native or of the Maldivesmawl-div-i-uhn /mo:1'd1vian/

Male capital of the Maldivesmah-lay /'mu:1e1/

malefactor wrongdoermal-uh-fakt-u hr /'mala,fakta(r)/

Malegaon city, Indiamah-Iuh-gown /'mo:legaun/

Malenkov, Georgi Russian statesmangyor-gi mal-uhn-kof /,gjo:(r)gimalan'k0f/

Malevich, Kazimir Russian painterkaz-im-eer mal-yay-vitch /kazi,m1a(r)ma'Lie1v1t_l‘/

malfeasance wrongdoingmal-feez-uhnss /mal'fi:zans/

Malherbe, Francois de French poetfrah(ng)-swah duh mal-airb /frd,swa:da ma'1e:(r)b/

Mali countrymah-Ii /'ma:li/

Malibu resort, US; also a kind ofsuriboardmal-ib-oo /'malibu:/

malignant evil in effectmuh-lig-nuhnt /ma'l1gnant/

Malik, Zubeida BBC journalistzoo—bay—duh mal-ik /zu:_be1da 'ma11k/

malinger pretend to be illmuh-ling-guhr /ma'1u3ge(r)/

Malin Head point, Republic of Irelandmal-in /'mal|n/

Malinke African ethnic groupmuh-link-ay /ma'ln3ke1/

237 Malinowski, Bronislaw | mandatory

Malinowski, Bronislaw Polishanthropologistbron-eess-waf mal-in-of-ski/bronizswaf ,ma11'nnfski/

mall large enclosed shopping areaITI8| /mal/Commonly also mawl or mol. The Mall inLondon is pronounced mal.

Mallarmé, Stéphane French poetstay-fan mal-ar-may /steI_fan,malu:(r)'me1/

Malle, Louis French film directorlwee mal /,lwi: ‘mal,’

malleus pl. mallei bone in the middle earmal-i-uhss, pl. mal-i-y /'ma1ias/, pl./'n1aliAI/

malm soft rockmahm /ma:m/

Malmii port, Swedenmal-moe /'ma1mo:/

mallnsey sweet winemahm-zi /'m:1:mzi/

Malory, Thomas English writermal-uh-ri /'maleri/

Malpighi, Marcello Italianmicroscopistmar-chel-oh mal-pee-gi /martfslaomal'pi:gi/

Malplaquet battle site, Francemal-pluh-kay /'ma1ple,ke1,'' Established anglicization.

Malraux, Andre French novelist andpoliticianah(ng)-dray mal-roh /d,dre1 ma1'reo/

malt grain that has been steeped,germinated, and driedmawlt /m0:1t/Commonly also molt.

Malta countrymawl-tuh /'ma:1te/

Malthus, Thomas English economistmal-thuhss /'ma1BeS/

Malverns range ofhills, Englandmawl-vuhrnz /'rno:lve(r)nz/

Malvinas see Islas Malvinasmalvoisie grape variety

mal-vwaz-ee /malvwa'zi:/Malvolio Shakespearean character

mal-voh-Ii-oh /mal'veo1ieo/mama (also mamma) one’s mother

muh-mah /me‘ma:/

The pronunciation mam-uh is also possible,especially in AM and in children’s speech.

mamba snakemam-buh ,"mamba/

Mameluke ruling military caste inOttoman Egyptmam-uh-look /'mame1u:k/

Mamet, David American dramatistmam-uht /‘mamet/

Mammon wealthmam-uhn /'maman/

Mamoutzu capital ofMayottemam—oot-soo /ma'mu:tsu:/

Managua capital ofNicaraguaman-ag-wuh /ma'nagwe/

Manama capital of Bahrainmuh-nah—muh /ma‘nc1:me/

lnafiana ‘tomorrow’ (Spanish)man-yah-n uh /l'I13.l‘1'jl1II19/, [ma'Jiana]

manat currency unit, Azerbaijan andTurkmenistanman-at /'manat,'

manatee sea cowman-uh-tee /'manati:/

Manaus city, Brazilmuh-nowss /me'naUs/

Manche department, Francemah(ng)sh /may

Manchuria region, Chinaman-choor-i-uh /man'tj‘oerie/

Mancini, Henry American composerman-see-ni /man'si:ni/

manciple person in charge ofbuyingprovisionsman-sip-uhl /'mans1pel/

Mancunian native or inhabitant ofManchesterman—kyoo-ni—uhn /man'kju:nian,f

mandala circular symbolman-duh-Iuh /'mandala/

Mandalay port, Burmaman-duh-lay ,',mande'le1/

mandamus judicial writman-day-muhss ,/man'de1mas/

Mandarié, Milan Serbian-Americanbusinessman; owns Portsmouth FCmee-Iuhn man-duh-ritch /,mi:1an'mande1"It_]‘/

Mandarin form of Chineseman—duh-rin /'mander1n/

mandatory required by lawman-duh-tuh-ri /'mandateri,'

Maude I manqué

Maude African ethnic groupman-day /'mander/

Mandela, Nelson Rolihlahla SouthAfrican statesmanroh-Ii-hlah-hluh man-del-uh/raoli,lci:'le man'dela/

Mandelbrot, Benoit Polish-Frenchmathematicianbuhn-wah man-duhl-broht /ban,wu:'mandalbraot/His sumame may be Gallicized tomah(ng)-duhl-broh, but this is less usual.Mandelbrot sets are almost alwayspronounced as we suggest.

Mandeville, John English noblemanman-duh-vil /'mandavr1/

mandible jawman-dib-uhl /'mandrbal/

Mandinka African ethnic group andlanguageman-dink-uh /man'dinka/

mandir Hindu templeman-deer /'mand1a(r)/

mandola musical instrumentman-doh»|uh /man'daula/

mandragora mandrake used as anarcoticman-drag-uh-ruh /man'dragara/However, there is a ballet of the same nameby Szymanowski, for which the Polishpronunciation man-drag-orr-uh isappropriate; see POLISH panel.

manege enclosed area in which horsesand riders are trainedman-ezh /ma'ne3/

Manet, Edouard French painteray-dwar man-ay /erd'wa:(r) ma'ner/

Manetho ancient Egyptian priestman-eth-oh /ma'ne6au/

mange Japanese genre of cartoons,comic books, and animated filmsmang-guh /‘mange,’

mangabey monkeymang-guh-bay /'ma1]gabe1/

manganese chemical elementmang-guh-neez /'mangeni:z/

mange skin diseasemaynj /me1nd3/

mangetout pea with an edible podmah(ng)zh-too /m€|3'tu:/

238

mangonel military device for throwingmissilesmang-guh-nuhl /'mar]gana1/

mangosteen tropical fruitmang-guh-steen /'mangasti:n/

maniacal wildmuh-ny—uh-kuhl /ma'm\1eka1/

Manicaland province, Zimbabwemuh-nee-l<uh—Iand /ma'ni:kaland/

Manichaean (also Manichean) relatingto a dualistic religious systemman-ik-ee-uhn /,manr'ki:an/

manifold many and variousman-if-old Fmanrfauldl

Manila capital ofthe Philippinesmuh-nil-uh /ma'nl1e/Use thilslphiiiuncialtlionl alsojforrmariila (or 7manilla) ropes, envelopes, etc.

manioc cassavaman-i-ok /'manink/

Manipur state, Indiamun-i-poor /,mAni'pue(r)/

Manitoba province, Canadaman-it-oh-buh /,man1'taoba/

manitou good or evil spiritman-it-00 /'manitu:/

Mannar island, Sri Lankamuh-nar /ma'no:(r)/

Manneken Pis statue in Brusselsman-uh-kuhn peess /,manakan 'pi:s/

mannequin dummymarl-uh-kin /'manak1n/

Mannesmann Germantelecommunications companyman~uhss-man /'manasman/

Mannheim port, Gemianyman-hym /'manh1um/

mano-a-mano head—to—headman-oh uh man-oh /,manau a'manau/

manoeuvre series of movesmuh-noo-vuhr /ma'nu:va(r)/

manoir large French country houseman~war /man'wo:(r)/

Manon Lescaut opera by Pucciniman-o(ng) Iesk-oh /ma'n5 ls'skau/

manque having failed to become whatone might have beenmah(ng)-kay /'mfike1/

239

Mansart, Francois French architectfrah(ng)-swah mah(ng)-sar /frfrswnzm€1'su:(r)/

Mansell, Nigel English motor—racingdriverman-suhi /'mansal/

Mantegna, Andrea Italian painterand-ray-uh man—tayn-yuh /an,dreiaman'temja/

Mantel], Gideon English geologistman-tel /man'tz-:l/

mantilla lace scarfman-til-uh /man'tila/

Mantoux test test for immunity totuberculosisman-too /'mantu:/

Mantua town, Italymant-yoo-uh WmantjualEstablished anglicization. The Italian nameis Mantova, pronounced man-toh-va.

Manu archetypal first man of HindumythologyI'l'llll'l-OOf'II1Al‘itlZf

Manueline architectural styleman-yuu-uh-lin /'manjualin/

manuka New Zealand treemah-nuuk-uh /'ma:noka/

manumit release from slaveryma n~yoo—mit /,manju‘mit/

manzanilla Spanish sherryman-zuh-nil-luh /,manze'n1la/,[manBa'ni£a]' Established anglicization.

Manze, Andrew English violinistman-zi /'manzij

Manzoni, Alessandro Italian writeral-ess-and-roh mant-soh-ni/ale,sz-indrao man'tsaoni/

M801'i aboriginal people ofNew Zealandmow-ri /'mauri/A more authentic—sounding pronunciation,mah-uh-ri, is also used, especially in NewZealand.

Maoritanga Maori culturemow-ri-tang-uh /_maori'ta13a/

Mao Zedong (also Mao Tse-tung)Chinese statesmanmow dzuh duung /,mao dza ‘don!

Mapanje, Jack Malawian poetmuh-pan-ji /ma‘pand3i,'

Mappa Mundi 13th-century map of theworld

Mansart, Francois I Marburg

map-uh muun-di /,mapa 'mundi/Maputo capital of Mozambique

muh-poo-too /ma'pu:tu:/maquette sculptor’s small preliminary

modelmak-et /ma'kst/

maquillage make—upmak-i-yahzh /,maki'ju:3/

Maquis French resistance movementmak-ee /ma'ki:/

maquisard member of the Maquismak-i-zar /_maki'zo:(r)/

maraboll large storkmarr-uh-boo /'marabu:/

marabout Muslim holy manmarr-uh-boot /'marabu:t/

maraca percussion instrumentmuh-rak-uh /ma'raka/

Maracaibo port and lake, Venezuelamarr-uh-ky-boh /,mara'kmbau/

Maradona, Diego Argentinianfootballerdi-ay-goh marr-uh-don-uh /dreigau,mara'dnna/

marae courtyard of a Maori meetinghousemuh-ry/ma'rAI1'

maraging steel steel alloymah-ray-jing /'mu:re1d3n;3/

Marais quarter of Parismarr—ay /ma're1,l

Maramba city, Zambiamuh-ram—buh /ma'ramba,'

Maran breed ofchickenmarr-u hn /'maran/

Mai-anhao state, Brazilmarr-uhn-yow(ng) /,mara'njau/

Maranon river, Perumarr-uhn-yon /,mara'njon/

maraschino liqueur made from cherriesmarr-uh-skee-noh /_mara'ski:nao/

Marat, Jean Paul French revolutionaryand journalistzhah(ng) pol marr-ah /,3€1 pol ma'ru:/

Marathi languagemuh-rah-ti /ma'ro:tif

Marbella town, Spainma r-bay-uh /mo.:(r)'beia/, [mar'BeKa]

Marburg city, Germanymar-buurk /'ma:(r)bu(r)k/

marcasite [ marionette

marcasite semi-precious stonemar-kuh-syt /'mo:(r)kasA|t/

marcato musical termmar-kah-toh ,'mo:(r)‘ku:tau/

Marceau, Marcel French mime artistmar-sel mar~soh /mci:(r),sa1mu:(r)'seo/

marchesa pl. marchese Italianmarchionessmar-kay-zuh, pl. ma r-kay-zay/mo:(r)'keIza/, pl. /mo:(r)'keIze1/

marchese pl. marchesi Italian marquismar-kay-zay, pl. mar-kay-ziimo:(r)'keizei/, pl. /mo:(r)'keizi/

marchioness wife or widow of amarquessmar-shuh-ness /,mci:(r)Ia'nes/

Marciano, Rocky Italian—Americanboxermar-si-ah-noh /_mu:(r)si'u:nao/The Italian pronunciation of this surname ismar-chah-noh.

Marconi, Guglielmo Italian electricalengineergool-yel-moh mar-koh-ni /guzljslmaumu:(r)'kaoni/

Marco Polo Italian travellermar-koh poh—l0h /,mo:(r)kao ‘paulaol

Marcos, Imelda Filipino political figureim-el-duh mar-koss /i_mslda'mu:(r)kns/

Mar del Plata port, Argentinamar del plah-tuh /,mc|:(r) del 'plo:ta/

Mardi Gras carnival held on ShroveTuesdaymar-di grah /,mn:(r)di 'gro:/

Marduk Babylonian godmar-duuk /'mo:(r)duk/

mare pl. maria plain on the surface of themoonmar-ay, pl. mar-i-uh /'ma:(r)e1/, pl./'mo:ria/

Marfan’s syndrome hereditarydisordermar-fah(ng)z ,"mo:(r)fdz/

margarine butter substitutemar-juh-reen /_mu:(r)d3a'ri:n/The older pronunciation mar-guh-reen isalmost never used today.

margarita cocktailmar-guh-ree-tuh /,ma:(r)ga'ri:ta/

2-’l<O

marginalia notes w1'itten in the marginsof a textmar~ji-nay-Ii-uh /,mu:(r)d31'ne1lia/

Mai-golyes, Miriam English actressmar-guh-leez /'mu:(r)ga1i:z/

Margrethe II queen of Denmarkmar-gray-tuh jmc1:(r)'greita/

marguerite ox-eye daisymar-guh-reet /,mu:(r)ga'ri:t/

Mari Russian ethnic groupmar-ee /'mo:ri:,'

mariachi Mexican folk musicmarr-i-ah-chi /,mari'a:t_l'il

mariage blanc unconsummatedmarriagemarr-i-ahzh blah(ng) /,mario:3 ‘blfif

Marian relating to the Virgin Marymarr-i-uhn /'marian/Our research indicates that thispronunciation is more common amongpriests, although mail’-i—uhn is also used.

Marianas islands and deep-sea trench inthe western Pacificmarr-i-an-uhz /,mari‘anaz/

Maria Theresa former archduchess ofAustriamuh-ree-uh tuh-ray-zuh /ma_ri:ata'reiza/

Maribor city, Sloveniamarr-ib-or /'marib:>:(r)/

Marie Antoinette former Frenchqueen, wife of Louis XVImarr-i ah(ng)-twan-et /_mari,l')twa'nct/

Marie Byrd Land region ofAntarcticamar-i burd /,mu:ri 'ba:(r)d,l

Marie de Médicis former French queenmuh-ree duh may-di-seess /ma_ri: do,me1di'si:sl

Mari El autonomous republic, Russiamar-ee el /,ma:ri: 'el/

marijuana (also marihuana) cannabismarr-i-wah-nuh /,mari'wa:ne/

marimba musical instrumentmuh-rim-buh /ma'rimba/

Marinetti, Filippo Italian poet anddramatistfil-ee-poh marr-i-net-i /fi,1i:peo,mari'nsti/

marionette string puppetmarr-i-uh-net /_maria'net/

241 Marischa] College I Martenot, Maurice

Marischal College part of AberdeenUniversitymar-shuhl /'mu:(r)_[al/

Maris Piper variety of potatomarr—iss /‘mans,’

Marist member of Roman Catholic orderthe Society of Marymar-ist /'mo:r1st/This is the order’s preferred pronunciation,although mair-ist and marr-ist are alsoheard.

Maritsa river, Europemuh-rit—suh /ma'rltso/

Mariupol port, Ukrainemarr-i-oo-pol /_mari'u:pol/

marioram herbmar-juh-ruhm /'mo:(r)d3aram/

Markaryan, Andranik Armenianstatesmanand-ruh-neek mar-kuhr-yahn/andre_ni:k mo:(r)ko(r)'jo:n/

Markiewicz, Constance Irishpolitician; first woman elected as an MPmar-kiv-itch /'mt1:(r)k1vrt_|'/Established anglicization of her surname;the Polish pronunciation ismar-kyev-eetch.

Markova, Alicia English ballet danceruh-leess-i—uh mar—koh-vuh /a,li:siamo:(r)'kauva/

Markov model statistical modelmar-kof /'mo:(r)knf/

Marlborough, Duke of British generalmawl-buh-ruh /'mo:lbare/However, Marlborough in New Zealand andin Zimbabwe, and the cigarette brandMarlboro, are pronounced marl-buh-ruh.

mar-muht /'mo:(r)mat/Marne river, France

mam /mo:(r)n/marque make of car

mark /mo:(r)k/marquee large tent

mar-kee /mo:(r)'ki:/Marquesas Islands islands, French

Polynesiamar-kay-suhss /mu:(r)'keises/However, the Marquesas Keys in Florida arcpronounced mar-keez-uhss.

marquess (also marquis) noblemanmar-kwiss /'mu:(r)kw1s/

marquetry inlaid workmar—kuh-tri /'mo:(r)katri/

Marquette, Jacques French missionaryand explorerzhahk ma r-ket /,3u:k mo:(r)'kat/

marquise wife or widow of a marquismar-keez /mo:(r)'ki:z,/

Marrakesh (also Marrakech) city,Moroccomarr-uh-ltesh /,mare'ksj"/

Marryat, Frederick English novelistmarr-i-uht /'mariat/

Marsala dessert wine produced in Sicilymar-sah-Iuh /mo:(r)'su:la/

Marsalis, Wynton American trumpeterwin-tuhn mar-sah-liss /,w1ntanmo:(r)'so:lis/

Marseillaise French national anthemmar-say-yayz /,mo:(r)sei'je1z/

Marseilles city, Francemar-say /mt1:(r)'set/

marline light ropemar-lin /'mu:(r)lm/

Marmara, Sea ofsea, Turkeymar-muh-ruh /'mn:(r)mara,'

Marmite trademark savoury spreadmar-myt /'mu:(r)ma|t,l

marmite earthenware cooking containerma r-meet /mo:(r)'mi:t/

marmoreal made ofor compared tomarblemar-maw-ri-uhl /mo:(r)'mo:rio1/

marmoset monkeymar-muh-zet /'mn:(r)mazst/

marmot rodent

The French spelling is Marseille. An olderanglicized pronunciation of the Englishspelling, mar-saylz, is rarely heard now.

Marsyas Greek mythological charactermar-si-uhss /'mu:(r)sias/

Martaban, Gulfofpart of the IndianOceanmar-tuh-bahn /,mo:(r)ta'bo:n/

Martello small circular fortmar-tel-oh /mo:(r)'te1eo/

Martenot, Maurice French pianist andinventormorr-eess mar-tuh-noh /mn_ri:sm:1:(r)ta'nao/

Martial I mastodon

This pronunciation is also correct for themusical instrument he invented, theondes-vnarrewmt.

Martial Roman cpigrammatistmar-shuhl /'mu:(r)Ial/

Martineau, Harriet English writermar-tin-oh /'mu:(r)t1nao/

martinet person who demands completeobediencemar-tin-et /,mn:(r)tl'net/

Martinique island, Caribbeanmar-tin-eek /_mo.:(r)t1'ni:k/

M3.l'lltS Hindu mythological charactersmurr-uuts ,"m.\ruts/

Marvell, Andrew English metaphysicalpoetmar-vuhl /'mu:(r)val/

Maryland state, USmair—i—luhnd /'me:ri1end,/

24-2

mayS5-feeld ,I'meIsfi:1d/Maseru capital of Lesotho

muh-sair-oo /ma'se:ru:/Masha], Khaled (also Meshal)

Palestinian statesmankhah-luhd muh-shal /,xu:lad ma'j'all

Mashhad (also Meshed) city, Iranmash-had /maj"had/

Mashona Afiican ethnic groupmuh-shon-uh /me'j‘ona/

masjid mosquemU5s-jid /'mAsd3Id/

masquerade pretencemask-uh-rayd /,maske're1d/

Massachusetts state, USmass-uh-choo-suhts /,masa't_]"u:sats/'

massage rubbing of the body with thehandsmass-ahzh /'maso:3/

This is the usual BR pronunciation. AM isoften also merr-i-luhnd or marr-i~luhnd.

Marylebone district of Londonmar - h—luh-buhn FmaralabenfI‘ U

Sometimes also marI—uh-buhn.

Masaccio Italian paintermaz-ah-choh /ma'zu:tIao/

Masada architectural ruins, Israelmuh-sah-duh /me'su:da/

Masai (also Maasai) Kenyan ethnicgroupmah-sy /mo:'sA1/

masala mixture of spicesmuh-sah-Iuh /ma'su:la/

Masaryk, Tom:-ii“; Czechoslovakstatesmantom-ahsh mass-arr-ik /,tnmo.:_|‘'masarIk,I

Masbate island, Philippinesmass-bah-ti /mas'bo:ti/

Mascagni, Pietro Italian composer andconductorpyay-troh mask-ahn-yi /_pje1treoma'sko:nji/

Mascarenes group of islands, IndianOceanmask-uh-reenz /,maska'ri:nz/

mascarpone cream cheesemass-kuhr-poh-nay/,maska(r)'paone1/

Masefield, John English poet andnovelist

Commonly also muh-sahzh.

massasauga rattlesnakemass-uh-saw-guh /‘,masa‘s:):ga/

Massawa port, Eritrea; also calledMitsiwam uh-sah-wuh /ma'sa:wa/

masseter cheek musclemass—ee—tuhr /ma'si:ta(r)/

masseur person who provides massageprofessionallymass—ur /ma'sa:(r)/

masseuse female masseurmass-u(r)z /ma'sa:z/AM is mass-ooss.

MassifCentral mountainous plateau,Francemass-eef sah(ng)-tral /_ma_si:f s€1'tra1/

Massine, Léonide Russian—Frcnchchoreographerlay-on-eed mass-een /1e1o,ni:dma'si:n/

Massinger, Philip English dramatistmass-in-juhr /‘masmd3a(r)/'

MHSSOII, André French artistah(ng)-dray mass-o(ng) /fi,dre| 'mas5/

mastaba ancient Egyptian tombmast—uh-buh /'mastaba/

mastectomy surgical operation toremove a breastmast-ek-tuh-mi /ma'stektami/

mastodon large extinct mammalmast—uh-don fmastadonf

24-3 Mastroianni, Marcello l Maupassant, Guy de

Mastroianni, Marcello Italian actormar-chel-oh mast-ruh-yan-i/rnu:(r)_t_fs1ao mastra'jani/

Masuria region, Polandmuh-zoor-i-uh lmzrzoarial

Matabele African ethnic groupmat-uh-bee-Ii /,mata'bi:li/

Mata Hari Dutch dancer and secretagentmat-uh hah-ri /,mate 'ho:ri/

Mataram town, Indonesiamut-uh-rahm /mAta'ro:m/

Mataskelekele, Kalkot Vanuatuanstatesmankal-kot mat-uh-skel—uh—kay-luh/ka1,kot _matasks1a'ket1a/

maté bitter infusionmat-ay I ‘mater,’

matelot sailormat-loh /'matleu/

mater ‘mother’ (dated)may-tuhr /'me1ta(r)/' See LATIN panel.

mater dolorosa Virgin Mary sorrowingfor the death ofChristmah-tuhr dol-uh-roh-suh /,mu:ta,do1a'raosa/

materfamilias female head of a familymay-tuhr-fuh-mil-i-ass/,melta(r)fa'm1lias,I

materia medica body of remedialsubstances used in medicinemuh-teer-i-uh med-ik-uh /ma,t1aria'madika/

Mathura city, Indiamut-oor-uh /'mAtuara/

matinee afternoon performancemat—in-ay /'mat1ne1,l

Matisse, Henri French artistah(ng)-ree mat-eess /d,ri: ma'ti:s/

Mato Grosso region, Brazilmat-oo gross-00 /,matu: 'grnsu:/

matriarch female head of a familymay-tri—ark /'mettric1:(r)k,f

matriculate be enrolled at a universitymuh-trik-yuul-ayt /ma'tr1kjoleIt/

matrimony state ofbeing marriedmat-rim-uh-nl /‘matr1mani/

matronymic name derived from amother or female ancestormat-ruh-nim-ik /,matra'n1m1k/

matryoshka pl. matryoshki Russian doll

muht-ri-osh-kuh, pl. muht-ri-osh-ki/,matri.‘nj"ka/, pl. /-ki/

ma.tsI.ll'i Shinto festivalmat-soo-ri /mat'su:ri/

Matsuyama city, Japanmat-suu-yah-muh /,matso'ja:ma/v See JAPANESE panel.

Mattel American toy manufacturersmuh-tel jma'teIl

Matterhorn mountain, Switzerlandmat—uhr-horn /'mata(r)h0:(r)n/

Matthau, Walter American actormat—ow /‘matao/

Matthias, St apostlemuh-thy-uhss /ma'9A1as/

Maturin, Charles Irish novelistmat-yoor-in /'matju9rIn/

matutinal occurring in the morningmat—yoo-ty-nuhl /,l'HfltjL1'tAII'18i/Also muh-tyoo-tin-uhl.

matzo (also matzoh or matzah)unleavened biscuit, traditionally eaten byJews during Passovermot-suh /'motse/Can also be pronounced mut-suh or,influenced by the spelling, mat-soh.

mauby West Indian drinkmoh-bi ,"maobi/

maudlin self-pityingly sentimentalmawd-lin /‘mo:d1In/

Maugham, Somerset British novelistmawm lmozml

Maui island, Hawaiimow-i /'maoi,/

Mau Man African secret societymow mow /‘mats mao/

Malina Kea volcano, Hawaiimow-nuh kay-uh /,maone 'ke1a/

Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaiimow-nuh loh-uh /_maone 'laoa/

Maunganui mountain, New Zealandmong-uh-noo-i /mnna'nu:i/

Maulldy Thursday Thursday beforeEastermawn—di /'mo:ndi/

Maupassant, Guy de French writergee duh moh-pass-ah(ng) /,gi: demaupa'sr'1/

Maupin, Armistead I meatus

Maupin, A1-mistead American writerar-mist-ed maw-pin /,u:(r)m1stsd'm:1:pm/

Mauresmo, Amelie French tennisplayeram-ay-lee maw-rez-moh /ame1_li:mo:rez'mau/

Mauriac, Francois French novelistfrah(ng)-swah morr-i-ak /frd_swu:mnri'ak/

Mauritania African countrymorr-it-ay-ni-uh /,mor1'te1ma,I

Mauritius island countrymu h-rish—uhss /ma‘r1Ias/

Maury, Matthew Americanoceanographermaw-ri /'mo:ri/

Maurya ancient Indian dynastymow-ri-uh /'maurie/

Mauser trademark make offirearmmow-zuhr /'mauza(r)/

mausoleum building housing a tomb ortombsmaw-suh-lee-uhm /,mo:sa'liam/

mauve pale purple colourmohv lmauvl

maven expertmay-vuhn /'me1van/

Mé. Vlast symphonic poem by Smetanamah vlast /,mu: 'vlast/

maxilla pl. maxillae jawmak-sil-luh, pl. mak-sil-lee /mak's1la/,pl. /-1i:/~ See LATIN panel.

lnaxixe Brazilian dancemuh-shee-shuh /ma'_1'i:j‘a/

Maya Central American ethnic groupmy-uh /'m1ua/

maya Hindu supernatural powermah-yuh /'mo:ja/

Mayakovsky, Vladimir Georgian poetand dramatistvluh-dee-meer my-uh-kof-ski/_ml\ra'knfski/

Mayan family of Central Americanlanguagesmy-uhn /'mA1an/

Maynooth town, Republic of Irelandmay-nooth /meI'nu:B,'

mayoral relating to the office of mayormair-uhl /‘me:ral,'

Mayotte island, Indian Ocean

244

mah-yot /mn:'jnt/Mayr, Ernst Walter German-American

zoologistairnst val-tuhr myr /_a:(r)nst ,valta(r)'m1ue(r)/

Mazar-e-Sharifcity, Afghanistanmuh-zar-esh-uh-reef /ma,zo:ra_l‘a'ri:f/

Mazarin, Jules Italian-Frenchstatesmanzhuel maz-arr—a(ng) /_3yl maza'ré/

mazarine blue butterflymaz-uh-reen /'mazari:n,I

Mazatlan port, Mexicomass-at-Ian /,masat'lan/

Mazdaism Zoroastrianismmaz-duh-iz-uhm /'mazda,1zam/

mazdoor Indian labourermuz—do0r /ITlAZ'ClU9(I‘)/

mazel tov ‘congratulations’ (Hebrew)maz—uh| tof /'mazel ,tnf/

mazer wooden drinking bowlmay-zuhr ,"meiza(r)/

mazurka Polish dancemuh-zur-kuh /ma'za:(r)ka/

Mazzini, Giuseppe Italian nationalistleaderjuuz-ep-ay mat-see-ni /d3u,zepeimat‘si:ni/

Mbabane capital of Swazilanduhm—bab-ah-ni /,emba'bu:ni/

mbaqanga South African popular musicstyleuhm-bak-ang-guh /_amba'kanga/

Mbeki, Thabo South African statesmantah-boh uhm-bek-i /,ta:bao am'bski/

mbira thumb pianouhm-beer-uh lam'biara/

Mbundu African ethnic groupuh m-buun-doo lanrbunduzl

Mbuti African ethnic groupuhm-boo-ti /am'bu:ti/

mea culpa acknowledgement of one’serrormay-uh kuul-puh /,me1a 'kulpa/~ See LATIN panel.

meander follow a winding coursemi-and-uhr /mi'anda(r)/

Meath county, Republic of Irelandmeeth /mi:9/

meatus passage leading to the interior ofthe bodymi-ay-tu hss /mi'e1tas/

24-5

mebos fruit preservemee-boss /'mi:bns/

Mebyon Kernow Cornish nationalistpolitical partymeb-i—on kur-noh /,mcbion 'ka:(r)nau/

Mecca (also Makkah) city, Saudi Arabiamek—uh /'mska/Established anglicization. Sometimes alsomilk-uh. a more Arabic-soundingpronunciation.

Meccano trademark construction toymuh-kah-noh /ma'ku:neo/

Mechelen city, Belgiummekh-uh-Iuhn /‘mexolan!

Meehlin type oflacemek-lin /'mekl1n/

Mecklenburg former state, Germanymelcluhn-burg /'meklanba:(r)g/,['msklenbork]' Established anglicization.

meconium faeces ofa newborn infantmi-koh-ni-uhm /mi'kaoniem/

meconopsis poppymek-uh-nop-siss /_mska'nnps1s/

médaillon round cut ofmeat or fishmay-dy-yo(ng) /,me1dA1'j5/

Medan city, Indonesiamay-dun /'meIdAn/

Medau rhythmical exercisemay-dow /'meldao/

Medawar, Peter English immunologistmed—uh—wuhr /'msdawa(r)/

Medb Irish mythological queenmayv [mew]

Medea Greek mythological figuremuh-dee-uh /ma'di:a;'

Médecins sans Frontieresinternational charitymed-sa(ng) sahlng) fro(ng)t-yair/Imsdsfi so fr5'tjs::(r)/

Medellin city, Colombiamed-el-yeen /,medel'ji:n/, [me0e'/Kin]

Media ancient region ofAsiamee-di-uh /'mi:dia,f

medicament substance used for medicaltreatmentmuh-dik-uh-muhnt /ma‘dIkamant/

Medicean relating to the Medici familymed-i-chee-uhn /,medi't]'i:an/

Medici powerful Italian familymed-itch-i /'madltIi/, ['me:dit_\'i]

mebos | megrim

Established anglicization. Anotheranglicization, med-ee-chi, is seen as lesscorrect.

medieval (also mediaeval) relating tothe Middle Agesmed-i-eev-uhl /,medi'i:val;'

Medina city, Saudi Arabia; also the namefor the old walled part of a North Africantownmed-ee-nuh /ms'di:na/

mediocre of average qualitymee-di-ohk-uhr /,mi:di'ooka(r)/

meditative relating to meditationmed—it-uh-tiv /'mad1,tativ/

Mediterranean sea, Europemed-it-uh-ray-ni-uhn/,msd1te'remian/

Médoc red winemay-dok /me|'dnk/

medulla oblongata part of thebrainstemmuh-dul-uh ob-long-gah-tuh/me,dAla _ob1nr]'gu:ta/

Medusa Greek mythological charactermph-dyoo-zuh/me‘dltu:zw WOther pronunciations such as muh-doo-suhare also used.

meerkat mongoosemeer-kat /'m1a(r)kat/

meerschaum white clay-like materialmeer-showm /'m|a(r)_[aom/

Meerut city, Indiameer-uht f'm1arat/

mefloquine antimalarial drugmef-luh-kween /'meflakwi:n/

megalopolis very large citymeg-uh-lop-uh-liss /,maga'lnpaI1s,!

megalosaurus dinosaurmeg-uh-loh-saw-ruhss/_msgalao'so:ras/

Meghalaya state, Indiamay-gah-luh-yuh /meI'go:1eja/

Megiddo ancient city, Palestinemuh-gid-oh /ma'g1dao/

Megillah book of Hebrew scripturesmuh-gil-uh /ma'glla/

lnegilp mixture added to oil paintsmuh-gilp /ma'g11p/

megrim fishmee-grim /'mi:gr|m/

Meiji Tenno | Memphis

Meiji Tenno former emperor of Japanmay-ji ten-oh /,me1d3i 'teneo/

meiosis pl. meioses type of cell divisionmy—0l'|-siss, pl. my-oh-seez /mA1‘aos1s/,pl. /-si:z/

Meir, Golda Israeli stateswomangol-duh may-eer /,golde meI'1a(r)/

Meirelles, Fernando Brazilian filmdirectorfair-nan-doo may-rel-ish /fe:(r),nandu:me1'relI_\'/

Meirionnydd district, Walesmair-i-on—uhth /ms:ri'nna0/

Meissen city, Germany; also a type ofporcelainmy-suhn /'m1usan/

Meissner effect magnetic fluxmyss-nuhr /'mnIsna(r)/

Meistersinger member of a guild ofGerman lyric poetsmy-stuhr-zing-uhr /'mA1sta(r)zma(r)/

Meitner, Lise Austrian-Swedishphysicistlee-zuh myt-nuhr /,1i:za 'm.utna(r)/

meitnerium chemical elementmyt-neer-i-uhm /mAIt'nIariam/

Meiwes, Armin German cannibalar-meen my-vuhss /,u:(r)mi:n 'I‘I'lAIV8S/

Mekele city, Ethiopiamuh-kay-li /ma'ke1Ii/

Meknes city, Moroecomek-ness /msk'nss/

Mekong river, Asiamee-kong /mi:'kn1]/

mela Hindu fair or festivalmay-luh /'me1la/

Melaka. state, Malaysiamuh-Iak-uh /ma'1aka/

melamine compound used in makingplasticsmel-uh-meen /'melami:n/

melancholia sadnessmel-uhn—k0h~li—uh /_me1an'kau1ia/

Melanchthon, Philipp GermanProtestant reformerfil-ip mel-ank-thon /_f1l1p me'1a13k9nn/

Melanesia region of the western Pacificmel-uh-nee-zhuh /,msla'ni:5a/

melange varied mixturemay-lo(ng)zh /me1'1fi3/

melanin pigment

24-6

mel-uh-nin /'melan1n/melanoma tumour

mel-uh-noh-muh j,mela'naome/melatonin hormone

mel-uh-toh-nin /,mela'taon1n/Melbourne city, Australia

mel-buhrn /'ma1ba(r)n/Melchior traditional name ofone of the

Magimel-ki-or /'mslki:>:(r)/

Melchizedek biblical charactermel-kiz-uh-dek lme1'k|zadsk/

Meleager Greek poetmel-i-ay-guhr /,me1i'e1ga(r)/

melee confused fightmel-ay /'msle1/

Melilla Spanish enclave in Moroccomel-ee-yuh /me'1i:je/

melisma pl. melismata group of notessung to one syllable of textmuh-liz-muh, pl. muh-liz-muh-tuh/ma'1Izma/, pl. /-mata;‘

Melkite Orthodox Christianmel-kyt /'melk1ut/

melliflllous pleasingly smooth andmusical to hearmel~if-loo-uhsss /ms'11fluas/

Mellon, Andrew American financierand philanthropistmeI—uhn /'melan/

Melos see MilosMelpomene Greek mythological

charactermel-pom-uh-ni /msl'pnmani/

meltemi Mediterranean windmel-tem—i /msl't£mi/

Melua, Katie Georgian-born singermel~oo-uh /‘meme,’

membrum Virile man’s penismemb-ruhm virr—ee-li /,membramv1'ri:li/

meme element ofa culture passed fromone individual to anothermeem /mi:m/

memento mori reminder of theinevitability of deathmem-en-toh maw-ri /msmentao'm:>:ri/

Memphis ancient city, Egypt; alsocity, USmem-fiss /'mamf1s/

2+7 memsahib | Mennonite

memsahib Indian term of address for a an-tohn-yoh day men-doh-thuhmarried white woman /anjaonjao dei men'dau9a/mem'5ahb rmamsuzbf Menelaus Greek mythological characterSometimes also mem-sah-hib. men-uh-lay-uh55 /_mgng'1e195/

ménage a lCl‘0iS arrangement in which Menelik (3-15° Menelekl Ethl°Plan kingthree people live together men‘Uh‘|ek /.I11~‘3I19'18li/may-nahzh ah trwah /me1,no:3 o: Manes Egyptian pharaoh'll‘W0I/ mee-neez /'mi:ni:z/

menagerie collection of wild animals Menezes, Jean Charles de See dcmuh-naj-uh—ri /ma'nad3ari/ Menezes

Menai Strait sea channel Wales’ Men ele Josef G N .'men_y rmanml crimgina], erman an war

Menander Greek dramatist y°h_Zuhf meng_uh_|uh I jeuzafmuh-nan—duhr /ma'nanda(r),' .mma1aI '

Menapian relating to a glaciation in . . _ _nonhem Europe Me|Il1eg‘—t;lu Chinese philosopher, also

muh-nap-i-uhn /ma'napian,' ia encms_ _ _ mung-tsoo /m1ii]'tsu:/menaqulnone one of the K vitamins

men-uh-kwin-ohn /,msna'kw1naon/ menhzdendfisi? _h dmenarche onset of menstruation me;-_ av‘ _uhn /man 81 am

men-ark-E /ms'nu:(r)ki/ men 11' uprls t StoneMencius Chinese philosopher; also mewheer 'l'm5nhIa(r)/

called Meng-Izu menial not requiring much skillmen-si-uhss /'msnsias/ mee—ni-uhl /'mi:nia1,I

Mellfikell» H- L- AII1@1'i¢aHj0l1l"flflli$ll Méniere’s disease medical conditionm9nl<*Uhl'\ /'II1EI]k9I"1/ men-yairz /man‘je:(r)z/

Mendel’ Gregor Moravia“ monk’ the meninges sing. meninx membranesfather of genetics lining the Skull§_','e§l_",9[__'T'e"'dFllll/~9r89°:(") Imendau muh-nin-jeez, sing. mee-ninksThe term Mendelian, referring to his theory, /m9'm1-[(13112/, Sing, /'mj;n11]k5/is usually pronounced men-deel-i-uhn. meningitis disease in which there is

Mendeleev, Dmitri Russian chemist inflammation of the meningesduh-meet-ri men-duhl-yay-uhf men-in-jy-tiss /,menm'd31utis//daimiim =m5“d9'1le1°f/ meningococcus pl. meningococci

mendelevillm Chemical Element bacterium involved in some forms ofmen-duh-lee-vi-uhm l,m£nda'li:viam/ meningitis

Mendelssohn, Felix German composer muh-ning-goh-kok-uhlss, pl.and pianist muh-ning-goh-kok-yfay-liks men-duhl-suhn /,fe|liks /me,nn]gau'knkas/, pl. /-'knkA1/'menda1san/, Pmendalszozn]~ Established anglicization.

The plural form -cocci is sometimes also-kok-sy; see LATIN panel.

Menderes river, Turkey _

Menties, Sam English film director Surtace.Ofa hqmd m a tube.men_deZ rmsndszi, muh-msk-uhss, pl. muh-mss~yMendoza city Argentina jmalmskas/’ PL 'l-SA”

men-doh-zuh Iman'daoza/ , Spanish Meflkesv Suzy Allstmllan news!”-P91’[men'dosa] editor' Established anglicization. mellk-Uh$5 /'m8I]k9S/

Mendoza, Antonio de Spanish Mennonite member of a Protestant sectcolonial administrator men—uh-nyt /'II1E1'l81'1A1t/

menologion I merguez

menologion calendar of the GreekOrthodox Churchmen-oh-log-i-on /_msnao'lnginn/

Ineno m0SSO musical termmen-oh moss-oh /[menao 'mnsau/

menorah Jewish candelabrummuh-naw-ruh /ma'n0:ra/

menorrhagia abnormally heavybleeding at menstruationmen~uh-ray-ji-uh /,mene'reid5ia/

menorrhoea flow ofblood atmenstruationmen-u h-ree-uh /,mena'ri:a/

menses discharge from the uterus atmenstruationmen—seez ]'mensi:z/

Menshevik member of the moderatenon-Leninist wing of the Russian SocialDemocratic Workers’ Partymen-shuh-vik /'menIavrk/

mens rea knowledge ofwrongdoing thatconstitutes part of a crimemenl ree-uh /_menz 'ri:a/v See LATIN panel.

mensural involving measuringmen-shuh-ruhl /'men_faral/

Menuhin, Yehudi American-Britishviolinistyuh-hoo-dl men-yuu-in ,Iya'hu:di'menjom/

Menzies, Robert Gordon Australianstatesmanmen-ziz /'menzIz/This name can be pronounced either asabove or as ming-iss. The latterpronunciation is traditional in most parts ofScotland; see JOHN MENZIES and CAMPBELL,MENZIES.

Meo Asian ethnic group; also called Miaoor Hmongmi-oh /mi‘:->o,f

Mephistopheles mythological demonmef-ist-of-uh-leez /_mef1s‘tnfali:z/

Mephistophelian (alsoMephistophelean) wickedmef-ist-uh-fee-Ii-uhn /,mef1sta'fi:lian/Less commonly also muh—fist-uh-fee-Ii-uhnor mef-ist-of-uh-lee-uhn.

Mercalli scale scale for expressing thelocal intensity of an earthquakemuhr-kal-i /ma(r)'kali,'

mercantile relating to trade

24-8

mur-kuhn-tyl /'ma:(r)kantA:l/Mercator, Gerardus Flemish

cartographerjuh-rard-uhss mur-kay-tuhr/d3a,ro:(r)das ma:(r)'ke1te(r)f

Merced city, USrnuhr-sed /ma(r)'sed,'

Mercedes Benz trademark German carmanufacturersmuhr-say-deez benz /ma(r),se1di:z‘hanz/, [mer_tse:des 'bents]Q Established anglicization.

Merchant, Ismail Indian film produceriss-myl mur-chuhnt /|s,m1u1'ma:(r)t_|'ant/

Mercia former kingdom of centralEnglandmur-si-uh /‘ma:(r)sie,l

Merckx, Eddy Belgian cyclisted-i mairks /_sdi 'me:(r)ks/

Mercosur customs union betweenArgentina, Brazil, Paraguay, andUruguaymair-koh-soor /'me:(r)kaosoa(r)/

Mercouri, Melina Greek actress andpoliticianmuh-lee-nuh muhr-koor-i /ma,li:nama(r)'koari/

mercurial subject to unpredictablechanges of moodmur-ky0or—i-uhl /ma:(r)'kjoaria1/

merde ‘shit’ (French)maird /me:(r)d[

mere Maori war clubmerr—i /‘meri/

Meredith, George English novelist andpoetmerr-uh-dith /'merad1B/However, the usual Welsh pronunciation of

surnameis muh-red-ith.

merengue style of dance musicmerr-eng-gay /ms'rs1]ge1/

mereology philosophical studymerr-i-ol-uh-ji /,msr1'nlad3i,'

meretricious attractive but having noreal valuemerr-uh-trish-uhss /_mera'tr1_fasf

merganser diving duckmur-gan-suhr /ma:(r)'gansa(r)/

merguez spicy beef and lamb sausagemur-gez /ma:(r)'gez/

24-9

Mérida city, Spainmair-id-uh /'me:rida{, ['merioa]v Established anglicization

meridian circle of constant longitudemuh~rid-i-uhn /m3'I'ldi8n/

meridional in the southmuh-rid-i-uh-nuhl /ma'r1dianal/

meringue baked sugar and egg whitesmuh-rang /me'ran/

merino breed of sheepmuh-ree-noh /ma'ri:nao/

meritocracy government by peopleselected according to meritmerr-it-ok-ruh-si /,msr1'tokrasi/

meritorious deserving reward or praisemerr-it-aw-ri-uhss /,mer|'t:>:rias/

Merkel, Angela German stateswomanang-gel-uh mair-kuhl /,a13gsla'me:(r)kal/

merlon solid part of a crenellatedparapetmur-luhn /'me:(r)lan,/

Merlot Wine grapemu r-loh /ma:(r)'lao/

Meroe ancient city, Sudanmerr-oh-i /'msraoi/

Merope Greek mythological charactermerr-uh-pi /'mcrapi/

Merovingian Frankish dynasty ofmedieval Europemerr-uh-vin-ji—uhn /,mera'v|nd3ian/

Mersa Matruh town, Egyptmur-suh muh-troo /_ma:(r)sa ma'tru:/

Mersey river, Englandmur—zi /'me:(r)zi/

Mersin port, Turkeymair-sin /me:(r)'s1n/

Merthyr Tydfil town, Walesmur-thuhr tid-vil /,ma:(r)9a(r) 'tIdv|l/

mesa flat—topped hillmay-suh /'me1sa,'

mésalliance unsuitable marriagemez-al-i-uhnss /mt:'zalians/

mescalin (also mescaline)hallucinogenic compoundmesk-uh—lin /‘meskal|n/Less commonly also mesh:-uh-leen with thelatter spelling.

mesclun green saladmesk-loon /mes'klu:n/

Mesdames plural form of Madame

Mérida | Messina

may-dam /mer'dam/mesembryanthemum plant

muh-zem-bri-anth-uh-muhm/ma_zembri'anBamam/

Meshal, Khaled see Mashal, KhaledMeshed see Mashhadmeshuga (also meshugga) crazy

(Yiddish)muh-shuug-uh /ma'_1‘oga/

meshuggener crazy person (Yiddish)muh-shuug-uh-nuhr /ma'Iogana(r)/

Mesic, Stjepan Croatian presidentstyep-an mess-itch /_stjepan 'mes1t_1‘/

Mesmer, Franz Anton Austrianphysicianfrants an-ton mez-muhr /,frants,antnn 'mezma(r)/

mesmeric causing a person to becometransfixedmez-merr-ik /msz'merrk/

Mesnes region near Wigan, Englandmaynz lmelnzf

meson subatomic particlemee-zon /'mi:znn/

Mesopotamia ancient region, Asiamess-uh-puh-tay-mi-uh/,mssapa'te1mia/

mesothelioma cancermez-oh-thee-Ii-oh-muh,/,mz»:zeo,Bi:li'eoma/

Mesozoic geological eramess-uh-zoh-ik /,mesa'zau1k/

mesquite treemesk-eet /ma'ski:t/

Messalina (also Messallina) Romanempressmess-uh-lee-nuh /,mesa'li:na/

Messerschmidt, Willy Germanaircraft designervil-i mess~uhr-shmit /_v11i'mssa(r),_lm1t/

Messiaen, Olivier French composerol-eev-yay mess-yah(ng) /oli:_vjeime'sj<‘1/

messiah promised deliverer of theJewish nationmuh-sy—uh ,'ma'sAta/

messianic relating to the Messiahmess-i-an-ik /,mesi'an1k;'

Messier, Charles French astronomersharl mess-yay /,j‘o:(r)l me'sje1/

Messina city, Sicilymess-ee-nuh /m:;'si:na/

Messines | mezuzah

Messines First World War battle site,Francemess-een /me'si:n/

mestizo person of mixed racemest-ee-Zoh /ms'sti:zao/, Spanish[mes'tis0]

metabolism chemical processes thatOccur within a living organismmuh-tab-uh—liz-uhm fma'taba1izam/

metallurgy branch of science concernedwith metalsmet-uh-Iur-ji /'mata1a:(r)d3i/This pronunciation was preferred bymetallurgists whom we consulted, but thepronunciation met-a|—uhr-ji is also possible.

metamorphose undergometamorphosismet-uh-mor-fohz /,meta‘m0:(r)faoz/

metamorphosis pl. metamorphosestransformationmet-uh-mor-fuh-siss, pl.met-uh-mor-fuh-seez/,mata'm0:(r)fas1s/, pl. /-si:z/A differently stressed pronunciation,met-uh-mor-foh-siss, is also possible.

metastasis pl. metastases developmentof secondary cancersmet-ast-uh-siss, pl. met-ast-uh-seez/m€'taSt€-JSIS/, pl. /-si:z/

Metazoa division of the animal kingdommet-uh-Z0h—uh /,msta'zaoa/

mete dispense or allot justicemeet /mi:t/

meteorology branch of scienceconcerned with the atmospheremee-ti-uh-rol-uh-ji /,mi:tia'rnlecl3i/

methadone heroin substitute drugmeth-uh-dohn /'me0adaun/

methane flammable gasmee-thayn /'mi:6em/The alternative pronunciation meth-ayn isincreasingly rare.

methanol flammable liquid alcoholmeth-uh-nol /'meBann1/

Methodius, St brother of St Cyrilmuh-thoh-di-uhss /me'6aodias/

Methuselah biblical charactermuh-thyoo-zuh-luh /ma'Bju:zala/

methyl chemical derived from methanemee—thy| /‘mi:0A|l/

250

Less commonly also meth-il, meth-yl, ormee-thil.

metical currency unit, Mozambiquemet-ik-al /_mstt'kal/

métier profession or occupationmay-tyay /'meitje1,'

metonymy substitution ofthe name ofan attribute or adjunct for that of thething meantmet-0n—im-i /ms'tnnlmij

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer American filmcorporationmet-roh gohld-win may-uhr /,mstrao,gao1dw1n 'me1o(r)/

metronome device that marks timemet-ruh-nohm /'mstranaom/

Mette-Marit Norwegian crown princessmet-uh mar-it /_meta 'mo:r1t/

Metterniell, Prince Austrian statesmanmet-uhr-nikh /'mata(r)n1c/

Metz city, Francemets /msts/

Mellcei, Antonio Italian engineeran-tohn-yoh may-oo-chi /an,taonjaome1'u:t_I'i/’

meuniere culinary termmoen-yair /moen'ja:(r)/

Meursault burgundy winemoer-soh [m0e(r)‘seu/

Meuse river, Francemoez lmozzl

Mevrouw Dutch title for a marriedwomanmuh-vrow /ma'vrao/

Mexicali city, Mexicomek-si-kah-li /,meksi'ko:li/

Meyerbeer, Giacomo Germancomposerjah-kuh-moh my-uhr-beer/,d3u:kamao 'mA1a(r)_b1a(r)/,['ma1ebe:e]

Meyerhof, Ottfl German—Americanbiochemistmy—uhr—hof /'l’TlAl8(I‘)l'1Df/

meze selection ofdishesmez-ay /'mszer,f

mezuzah pl. mezuzoth parchmentattached in a case to the doorpost of aJewish housemez-oo-zuh, pl. mez-oo-zoht/me'zu:za/, /-zaot/

251

$ometimesals0 mez-uuz-ah, a Hpronunciation closer to the Hebrew.

mezzaluna semi-circular blade forchopping herbsmet-suh-loo-nuh /,metsa'1u:na/

mezzanine storey between two others ina buildingmet-suh-neen /'mstsani:n/Commonly also mez-uh-neen.

mezzo female singermet-soh flmstsaoj

Mezzogiorno region, Italymed-zoh-jor-noh /,msdzao'd3o:(r)noo/

Mhairi Gaelic girl’s namevar-i /'vu:ri/

Miami city, USmy—am-i lmaramil

Miao Asian ethnic group; also calledMeo or Hmongmi-ow /mi'ao/

miasma unhealthy vapourmi-az-muh /mi‘azma/

mica shiny mineralmy-kuh /'mA1ke,'

Micah Hebrew minor prophetmy-kuh /'I'[1AIk9/

Mieawber, Mr Dickensian charactermik-aw-buhr /m1'ka:ba(r)/

Michaelmas feast of St Michaelmik-uhI—muhss ,/'m1kaImas/

Michelangelo Italian artistmy-kuhl-an-juh-loh/,m1ukal'and3a1ao/~ Established anglicization.

Michelin tyre manufacturersmitch-uh-lin f‘m1tIa1m/Established anglicization. Thispronunciation is appropriate for thecompany and its products. The Frenchpronunciation meesh-lalngl [IT1iI1€] isappropriate for the names ofthe c0mpany’sFrench founders.

Michelob American beer brandmik-uh—l0hb /‘m1ka1aob/

Michelozzo Italian architect andsculptormik-ei-ot-soh /,mtke‘lutsau/

Michigan lake and state, USmish-ig-uhn /'miI1gan,'

Michoacan state, Mexicomee-choh-ak—an /,mi:tIaoa'kan/

mezzaluna | migraine

Mickiewicz, Adam Polish poetad-am meets-kyev-eetch /,adammi:ts'kjsvi:tI/

microcosm encapsulation in miniaturemy-kroh-koz-uhm /'I‘l'lAIl{I‘90l(UZ81'I1/

microfiche film containingmicrophotographs of the pages of adocumentmy-kroh-feesh /'mA1kraufi:I/

micrometer gauge which measuressmall distancesmy-krom-uh—tuhr /l'I1Al'l{I‘D1T16t8(I‘)/

micrometre unit of measurementmy-kroh-mee-tuhr/'m1nkrao,mi:te(r)/

micron unit of measurementmy-kron /'m1ukrnn/

Micronesia region, Pacificmy-kroh-nee-zhuh ,/,l'1’1AIl'El;'8U'I]iZ38/

micturate urinatemik-tyoor-ayt /'m1ktjore1t/

Midas Greek mythological charactermy-duhss /'I'1‘1AIClBS/

Midlel‘, Bette American entertainerbet mid-luhr /_bet 'm1d1a(r)/

Midlothian area, Scotlandmid-loh-thi~uhn /m1d'1auoian,'

Mido Egrptian footballermee—d0h /'mi:dao/

Midrash ancient commentary on part ofthe Hebrew scripturesmid-rash /'mrdraJ‘/

Miele German appliance manufacturersmee-luh ,"mi:1a/

mien person’s appearance or mannermeen /mi:n/

Mies van der Rohe, LudwigGerman-American architect anddesignerloot-vikh meess van dair roh-uh/,lu:tv1c _mi:s van da:(r) 'raoe/

mifepristone drug given to induceabortionmif-ep-rist-ohn /,m1fs'pr1staun/

migraine throbbing headachemee-grayn ,"mi:grem/

Commonly also my-grayn.

Mihailovié, Draia I Minerva

Mihailovié, Draia Yugoslav generaldrazh-uh mi-hy-luh-vitch /,dra3ami'hA11avit_[/

mihrab niche in the wall of a mosque atthe point nearest to Meccamee~rahb /'mi:rd:b/

mikado title given to the emperor ofJapanmik-ah-doh jmrkazdaof

mikva Jewish ritual bathmik-vuh /'m1kva/

Milan city, Italymil-an /mI'lan/Established anglicization. The Italian nameis Milano, pronounced mil-ah—noh.

mile]! cow kept for milkmiltch /m|1t_|‘[

miles gloriosus pr. milites gloriosiboastful soldiermee-layz glaw-ri-oh-suhss, pl.mil-it-ayz glaw-ri-oh-see /_mi:1eiz,glo:r1'eusas/, pl. /,militeiz ,gIo:ri'ausi:/

Milesian inhabitant ofancient Miletusmy-|ee5h—uhn /mA1'li:_l'an/

Miletus ancient city, Asia Minormy-lee-tuhss /mA1'1i:tes/

Milhaud, Darius French composerdarr-i-uess mee-yoh /dari,ys mi:'jau/

milieu pl. inilieux social environmentmil-yoe, pl. mil-yoe /mrljo/, pl.lmrljol

Millais, John Everett English paintermil-ay /‘mil:-21,!

millefeuille pastry cakemeel-foey /mi:1'fce1/

millefiori ornamental glassmil-i-fyaw-ri /,m11i'fjo:ri/

millenary period ofa thousand yearsmil-en—uh-ri lmrlanaril

Millet, Jean French painterzhah(ng) mee-yay /_3f1 mi:'jeI/

Millett, Kate American feministmiI—uht /'mIiat,/

Milngavie town, Scotlandmul-gy /I11A.l'QAI/

milometel‘ instrument for measuringthe number ofmiles travelledmy-lom—u h—tuhr /m.u'lnmata(r)/

Milos island, Greecemee-loss /'mi:lns/

252

The former name, Melos, is pronounced inthe same way, although there are a numberof musical ensembles named Melos whogenerally use the more classicalpronunciation may-loss.

Milosevic, Slobodan Serbianstatesmanslob-od-an mil-osh-uh-vitch/slubudan m1'luj'av1tj‘/

Milquetoast timid personmilk-tohst /‘milktaustf

Miltiades Greek generalmil-ty-uh-deez /mIl'tA1adi:z/

Milton Keynes town, Englandkeenz /kitnzj

Milllpa. baby food manufacturersmil-00-puh /mIl'u:pe/

Milwaukee port, USmil-waw-ki /ITlIl'WDZki/

Mimas moon of Saturnmy-mass /'mA1mas/

Mime Wagnerian charactermee-muh /'mi:ma/

mimesis imitationmim-ee-siss fmrmizsrsf

mimosa Australian treemim—0h-suh fmrmaosaj

Mina site of pilgrimage near Meccamee-nuh /'mi:na/

Minangkaball Indonesian languagemee-nank-uh-bow /,mi:nanka'bau/

minaret part of a mosquemin-uh-ret /‘mInaret/

Minas Gerais state, Brazilmee-nuhzh zhuh-ryss /,mi:na33a'rms/

Minas Morgul fictional place in TheLord ofthe Ringsmin-ass mor-gool /_m1nas'mo(r)gu:1,I

Minas Tiritll fictional place in The Lordofthe Ringsmin-85$ tirr-ith /,minas 't1r|0/

rninatory expressing a threatrrlin-uh-'tuh—ri /'mmatari/

minaudiere small handbagmin-ohd-yair /_mmau'dja:(r)/

Mindanao island, Philippinesmin-duh-now /_mmda‘nao,I

Mindoro island, Philippinesmin-daw-roh /ml_n'do:rao/

Minerva Roman goddessmin-ur-vuh /mi'na:(r)ve/

253

Minervois French winemin-air-vwah ,|‘,m1ne:(r)'vwo:/

minestrone thick soupmin-uh-stroh-ni /,m1ne'straoni/

Minghella, Anthony English filmdirectorming-gel-uh /min'ge1a/

minging foul-smellingming-ing /'mmn3/

Mingus, Charlie American jazzmusicianming-guhss /‘mlI)gas/

mingy meanmin-ji /'m1nd3i/

Minho river, Portugal; also called Mifioin Spainmeen-yoo /'mi:nju:,'

Minicoy Islands islands, Indian Oceanmin-ik-oy /‘mm1koi/

miniver fiir used for lining or trimmingclothesmin-iv-uhr /'mmiva(r)/‘

minke whalemink-i /'mInki/

Minkowski, HermannRussian—German mathematicianhair-man min—kof-ski /,he:(r)manmm'knfski/

Minneapolis city, USmin-i-ap-uh-Iiss /,m1ni'apa11s/

Minnelli, Liza American singerly-zuh min-el-i /llmza m1'nsli/

minneola citrus fruitmin-i~0h—luh /,m1ni'oola/

Minnesinger German lync poetmin-uh-zing-uhr /'m1nazn]a(r)/

Minnesota state, USmin-uh-50h-tuh /_mine'sauta,'

Mifio river, Spain; also called Minho inPortugalmeen-yoh /'mi:njaoj

Minoan relating to a Bronze Agecivilization centred on Cretemin-oh-uhn /m1'naoan/

Minorca Balearic islandmin-or-kuh ,/mi'n:J:(r)ka/

Minogue, Kylie Australian singerky-Ii min-ohg /_kA1li mI'naog/

Minos Greek mythological charactermy-noss /'mAmos/

Minotaur Greek mythological creature

Minervois | misandry

my-nuh-tor /'m.unato:(r),'Minquiers islands, Jersey, UKmink-iz /mn]k1z/

Minsk capital of Belarusminsk lminskl

minuscule extremely smallmin-uhss-kyool /'m1naskju:l/

minutiae precise details of somethingmy-nyoo-shi-ee /m1u'nju:j‘ii:/Commonly also min-yoo-shi-y.

minyan pl. minyanim quorum of tenmen required for traditional Jcwishpublic worshipmin-yuhn, pl. min-yuhn-im /'mmjan/,pl. /'m1njan1m/

Miocene geological epochmy-oh-seen /'l’IlAI8USlZ1'l/

miosis excessive constriction of the pupilof the eyemy-oh-siss /l11Al'8USIS/

Miquelon islands, Atlanticmee-kuh-Ion /mizkalnn/, French[miklfi]' Established anglicization.

Mir Soviet space stationmeer /m1a(r)/

Mira starmy~ruh /'mmra/

Mirabeau, Comte de Frenchrevolutionary politicianko(ng)t duh mirr-uh-boh /,k5t damIra'bao/

mirabelle plum-like fruitmirr—uh-bel /'mn'abel,'

mirabile dicliu wonderful to relatemirr-ah-bil-ay dik-too /mi,ru:b1lei'drktu:/

mirage optical illusionmirr-ahzh /mIr'c1:3/

Mirchandani, Rajesh BBC journalistrah-jesh mur—chuhn-dah-ni /_ru:d3eIma:(r)t_fan'du:ni/

mirepoix mixture of sauteed choppedvegetables used in saucesmeer-pwah /,m1a(r)'pwa:/

mirin rice winemirr-in /'m1r1n/

Miro, Joan Spanish painterzhoo-an mee—r0h /3u:,an mi:'rao,'

misandry hatred of menmiss-an-dri /m1'sandri/

misanthrope I mithai 254-

\ Top tenmispronunciationsThe following list gives examples of ten words and names that arecommonly mispronounced. Look up each individual entry for thePronunciation Unit recommendation!Beijing Slobodan Milosevic

1 Mohamed ElBaradei nucleargenealogy Vladimir PutinMedici restaurateurMelbourne J. K. Rowling

misanthrope person who dislikeshumankindmiss-uhn-throhp /'m1san8raup,f

miscegenation interbreedingmiS$~ej—uh—nay—shuhn/,m1sed3a'neI_|‘an,f

miscellany collection ofdifferent itemsmiSs—el—luh—ni ,'m1'salani/

mischievous causing troublemi$s—chuh—vuhss /'mist_fivas/The mispronunciation mis-cheev-i-uhss,probably founded on a misspelling, issometimes heard but should be avoided.

miscreant wrongcloermisk-ri-uhnt /'miskriant/

misc en scene arrangement of sceneryin a playrneez ah(ng) sen /_mi:z 61 'sen/

miserere psalmmiz-uh-rair-uh /miza'rs:ra/~ See LATIN panel.

misericord ledge projecting from theunderside ofa hinged seatmiz-air-i-kord /mi'zs:riko:(r)d/

Mishcon de Reya British law firmmish-kon duh ray-uh /,m1Il-znn do're1a/

Mishima, Yukio Japanese writeryoo-ki-oh mee-shim-uh /_ju:kiau'mi:_\'ima/

Misirlou Greek folk songmiz-eer-I00 /mizia(r)'lu:/

Miskolc city, Hungarymish—kolts ,f'm1Iko1ts/

miso paste made ii-om fermented soyabeansmee—soh /'mi:sao/

misogyny hatred of womenmiss-oj-uh-ni /m1'snd3ani/

missa brevis short massmiss-uh bray-viss /,m1se 'bre1vIs/

missal book containing the texts used inthe Catholic Massmiss-uhl /'misal/

Mississauga town, Canadamiss-iss-aw-g uh /,m1s1'so:ga/

Mississippi river, USmiss-iss-ip-i /,m1s1's1pif

Missolonghi city, Greecemiss-uh-long-gi /_misa'1m]gi,I

Missoula town, USmiz-ool-uh lm1'zu:la/

Missouri river, USmiz—oor—i fmrzoarif

mistral strong French windmist-rahl /m|'stru:l/

Mitchell, Joni Canadian singerjoh-ni /'d3auni/

mithai Indian sweetsmit-y /m1't.u/

255

mither make a fussmy-thuhr /'mA1oa(r)/

Mithraeum temple of the god Mithrasmith-ree-uhm /mI'6ri:em,'

Mithras god, probably of Persian originmith-rass /'mI9ras/

Mithridates ancient king of Pontusmith-rid-ay-teez /_m19r1'deIti:z/

Mitla ancient city, Mexicomeet-luh /'mi:tla/

mitochondrion pl. mitochondriaorganelle found in most cellsmy-tuh-kon-dri-uhn, pl.my-tuh—k0n-dri—uh /_mA1ta'kondrian/,pl. /-rial

mitosis type of cell divisionmy-toh-siss /'II1AI"[6USIS/

Mitsiwa port, Eritrea; also calledMassawamit-see-wuh /m1'tsi:We/

Mittal, Lakshmi Indian businessmanluk-shmi mit-uhl /_lAkImi 'm1tal/

Mittelland canal, Germanyrnit-uhl-lant /'m1tal_lant/

Mitterrand, Francois Frenchstatesmanfrah(ng)-swah meet-uhr~ah(ng)/frc'1,swu: mi:ta'ro/

mitzvah pl. mitzvoth Jewish precept orcommandmentmits-vuh, pl. mits-voht /'m1tsva/, pl./-vaot/

Mixolydian musical modemik-suh-lid-i—uhn /,m1kse‘lIdien/

Miyagi prefecture, Japanmi-yah-gi /mi'jo:gi/

Miyake, Issey Japanese fashiondesigneriSs—i mi-yak-i /_lsi mi'jaki/, [isimijake]' Established anglicization.

Mizoram state, Indiamiz-aw-ra m /'m1z:>:ram/

Mizrahi, Isaac American fashiondesignermiz~rah—hi /m1z'ro:hi]

mizuna salad leavesmiz-oo-nuh fmI'zu:na/

Mmabatho city, South Africamab-ah-toh /ma'bo:tao/

mnemonic device which assists in

mither | Moiit et Chandon

remembering somethingni-m0n—ik /nl'In'0TlIl(/

Nlnemosyne Greek mythologicalcharacternim-oz-in-i /n1‘mnz1ni/

Moab ancient kingdom, Dead Seam0h—ab /'maoab/

Moabite biblical peoplem0h—uh—byt /'maoabi\|t/

moai Easter Island statuesm0h—y /'maoA1/

Mobile city, Alabamamoh-beel fmeo'bi:l/

Miibius strip surface with onecontinuous sidemoe-bi-uhss /'mo:bies,'

Mobutu S686 S8l(0 African statesmanmuh—boo-too sess-ay sek-oh/ma'bu:tu: ,seseI ,sskaU/

mocha type of coffeemok-uh /'moka,f

modal relating to form as opposed tosubstancem0h—duhl Pmeodall

modem device for modulation anddemodulationm0h—dem /'maodem/

Modena city, Italym0d—in—uh_['innd1ne£|;1no:_d_ena] WEstablished anglicization. Less commonlyalso mod-ee-nuh, an anglicization which wedo not recommend.

moderne artistic stylemuh-dairn /ma'de:(r)n/

modicum small quantitymod-ik-uhm fmndlkamf

Modigliani, Amedeo Italian painterand sculptoram-uh-day-oh mod-il-yah-ni/8.II19'd9IBU _modI'ljo:ni/

modus operandi pl. modi operandiparticular way of doing somethingmoh-duhss op-uh-ran-di, pl. moh-diLrnaodas nperrandi/, pl. /_maudi/

Moesia ancient country, Europemeesh-uh /‘mi:Ia/

Moiit et Chandon brand of champagnemoh-uht ay shah(ng)-do(ng) /,maoete1 ‘j'od5/

Mogadishu | molto

The company’s preferred anglicization,influenced by the Dutch origins of the firstname. However, the pronunciation moh-ayis also oiten heard.

Mogadishu capital of Somaliamog-uh-dish-00 /,moge'd1_iu:/

Mogadon trademark drugmog-uh-don /'mogadon/

Mogae, Festus president of Botswanafest-uhss muukh-y /fsstas 'mox1u/

Mogul (also Moghul) Muslim dynasty ofMongol originmoh-guhl /'maugal/This pronunciation is also appropriate forother meanings of the word: an importantperson or a bump on a ski slope. Theetymologically related word MUGHAL ispronounced difierently.

Mohitcs port, Hungarymoh-hahtch /'n1aoh(1:t_f/

Mohammed see MuhammadMohave see MojaveMohegan (also Mohican) American

Indian ethnic groupmoh-hee-guhn /meo‘hi:gan/

mohel Jew who performs the rite ofcircumcisionmoh-huhl /'maoha1/

Mohenjo-Daro ancient city, Pakistanmoh-hen-joh dah-roh /mao,hsnd3au'd(1:rao/

Moholy-Nagy, LaszloHungarian-American artistlah—s|oh moh—hoy noj /,lo:slao ,maoho1'nnd3/

Mohorovicic discontinuity surfacebetween the earth's crust and the mantlemoh-huh-rov-itch-itch/LIl’l8Ull8'I“DVIl1_l'Il_f/Often shortened by geologists to ‘Moho’,pronounced moh-hoh.

Mohs’ scale scale ofhardness ofmineralsmohz fmaozl

Moi, Daniel Arap Kenyan statesmanarr-uhp moy /,arop ‘mail

moiety each of two parts into which athing is dividedmoy—uh—ti /'mo1ati/

Moirai Greek mythological charactersmoy—ry /'lTlOII‘Al/'

256

moiré silk fabricmwar-ay ]'mwo:re1/

Moissan, Ferdinand French chemistfair-di-nah(ng) mwass-ah(ng)/f1-::(r)di'no mwa'sE1/

Mojave (also Mohave) desert, USmoh-hah-vi /mao'hu:vi/

mojito cocktailmoh-hee-toh /mau'hi:tao,'

mojo magic charmmoh-joh /'maod3ao/

moko traditional Maori tattoomoh-koh /'maokao/

Mold town, Walesmohld /maold/

Moldavia former principality, Europemol-day-vi—uh /mnI'de1vie/

Moldova countrymol-doh-vuh /mnI'daova/

mole (also mol) SI unit of amount ofsubstancemohl fmaolf

mole Mexican saucemoh-lay /‘mauled

Moliere French dramatistmol-i-air /'mn1is:(r)/, [moljerj

Molinaro, Simone Italian composersim-oh-nay moi-in-ar-oh /srmaonelmnlrncuraof

Molise region, Italymol-ee-zay /mn'li:ze1/

Mollweide map projectionmol-vy-duh f'1T1DlVAICl3/

Molnar, Ferenc Hungarian writerferr-ents mol-nar /ferents 'mnlno:(r)/'

Moloch Canaanite idol to whom childrenwere sacrificedmoh-Iok /‘maolnk/

Molokai island, Hawaiimoh-luh-ky /maole‘k1u/

Molotov, Vyacheslav Soviet statesmanvyatch-uh-slaf moi-uh-tuhf/vjatj'a_slaf 'molataf/

Molshcim town, FrancemoI-zemlmPl'zem/As is common in Alsace-Lorraine, this townhas a German name which is given a Frenchpronunciation as standard. The Germanpronunciation is mohlz-hym.

molto musical termmoi-toh /'mnltao/

257

Molucca island group, Indonesiamuh—luk-uh [l'l'l3'lAk8/

molybdenum chemical elementmuh-lib-duh-nuhm fma'l1bdanam/

Molyneaux, James Northern Irishpoliticianmol-in-oh /'mnlinau/

Mombasa port, Kenyamom-bass-uh /mnm'basa,'

Mommsen, Theodor Germanhistoriantay-uh-dor mom-Zuhn /,te1ado:(r)'mnmzan/

Mompou, Federico Spanish composerfed—err-ee-koh muum-poh-00/fede,ri:kao monrpaou:/, Catalan[mum'pou]

Monaco principality, Europemon-uh—k0h J'monakao/

monad single unitmon-ad /'mnnad/

Monadhliath mountains, Scotlandmon-uh-lee-uh /mnna'1i:a/

monadnock isolated hill or ridgemuh-nad-nok /ma‘nadnnk/

Monaghan county, Republic of Irelandmon-uh-huhn /‘monahan;'

Mona Lisa painting by Leonardo daVincimoh-nuh lee-zuh /,maona 'li:za/

Monash university, Australiamon-ash /'mnna_[/

Monbazillac sweet white winemo(ng)-baz-i-yak /m5bazi'jak/

Monbiot, George English writer andactivistmon-bi-oh /'mnnbiao/

Miinchengladbaeh city, Germanymoen-khuhn-glat-bakh,',moen<;en'glatbax/

Monck, George English generalmunk /mA13k/

mondaine belonging to fashionablesocietymo(ng)-den /m5'dsn/

Mondeo model of Ford carmon-day-oh /mon'de1ao/

mondial relating to the whole worldmon-di-uhl /'mondial/

Mondrian, Piet Dutch painterpeet mon-dri-ahn /,pi:t 'mnndria:n/

Monégasque native of Monaco

Molucca | Monseigneur

mon-eg-ask /_mnns‘gask/Monel trademark alloy metal

moh-nuhl ,"maonal/Monet, Claude French painter

klohd mon-ay /,klaod mn'neI/Mongol native of Mongolia

mong-guhl /'mongal/Mongolia country

mon-goh-Ii-uh lmmygauliajMonmouth town, Wales

mon-muhth /'mnnma6/Monoceros constellation

muh-noss-uh-ruhss /mafnosarasfMonod, Jacques French biochemist

zhahk mon-oh /,3o:k mn'nao/monodactyly malformation of the hands

or feetmon-uh-dak-til-i /‘mnna'dakt1li;'

monody Greek odemon-uh-di /'mnnadi,'

monomer molecule that forms apolymermon-uh—muhr /'monama(r)/

monophthong vowel that has a singleperceived auditory qualitymon-uhf-thong /'mnnaf6nn/Sometimes also mon-uhp-thong or,especially in AM, muh-nop-thong.

Monostatos character in Mozart operamon-ost-uh-toss lmirnostatnsf

monotheism beliefthat there is onlyone Godmon-uh-thee-iz-uhm /‘mnna,Bi:izarn/

Monroe, James American statesmanmuhn-roh /man'r-an,’The same pronjunciadon is used forand others of the name, and for the US city.

Monrovia capital of Liberiamuhn-roh-vi-uh /man'raovie/

Mons town, Belgiummonz /mnnz/

Monsanto American agrichemicalcompanymon-san-toh /mon'santau/

Monsarrat, Nicholas English writermon-suh-rat /'mnnsarat/

Monseigneur pl. Mcsseigneurs title ofaFrench-speaking prince, cardinal, orbishopm0(ng)-sen-yoer, pl. mess-en-yoer/,m5se‘njo=::(r)/, pl. /_mssr-:'njoa:(r)/

Monsieur I Montserrat

Monsieur pl. Messieurs title of aFrench-speaking manmuh-syoe, pl. mess-yoe /ma‘sjo/, pl./ma'sje/

Monsignor title of various seniorRoman Catholic postsmon—seen—yor /mnn'si:njo:(r)/

monstera plantmon-Steer-uh ,Imon'st1ara/

Montagnard Vietnamese Christianethnic groupmont-uhn-yard /,monta'njo:(r)d/

Montaigne, Michel de French essayistmee-shel duh mon-tayn fmi:,_[£l domon'teIn/, [mijei do moten]~ Established anglicization.

Montana state, USmon-tan-uh /mon'tana/

Mont Blanc peak in the Alpsmo(ng) blah(ng) /m5 'blr'1/

Montcalm, Louis French generalLee" m9£'19>:!*="I* /-1:e=1P='>'ka1m/This pronunciation also correct for the placein Quebec of the same name.

Monte Alban ancient city, Mexicomon-tay al-ban /,monte1 al'ban/

Monte Carlo resort, Monacomon-ti kar-loh /,monti 'kc1:(r)lao/I Established anglicization.

Monte Cassino hill, Italymon-tay kass-ee-noh /,mnnte1ka'si:nao/

Monte Cervino Italian name forMatterhornmon-tay chair-vee-noh /_l’nDI'1ieIt_[s:(r)'vi:nau/

Montego Bay port, Jamaicamon-tee-goh /mnn'ti:gao/

Montenegro autonomous republic,Europemgon-ti~neeg-roh /,mnnt1'ni:g of g['3

Established anglicization. The nativeis Crna Gora, pronounced ‘t5ul'-nuh gorr-uh['tsr:na: ,gnra].

Montepulciano red winemon-tay-puul-chah-noh/_mnnte1pul'tj‘u:nau/

Monterey city, USmon-tuh-ray /,mnnta're1/

Monterrey city, Mexicomon-terr-ay /,monts'reI/

258

Montesquieu, Baron French politicalphilosophermo(ng)-tesk-yoe /miite'skjo/

Montessori system of education foryoung childrenmon-tiss-aw-ri /_mont1'so:ri/

Monteverdi, Claudio Italian composerklow-di-oh mon-tiv-air-di /_klaodiao,mont1've1(r)di,'

Montevideo capital of Uruguaymon-tiv-id-ay-oh l_montiv1‘de1ao/,Spanish /m0nte]3i'oe0/- Established anglicization.

Montez, Lola Irish dancermon-tez /'mnntez/

Montezuma Aztec emperormont-uh-zoo-muh /,mnnta'zu:ma/

Montfort, Simon de English soldiermont-fort /'montf:):(r)t/

Montgolfier brothers French hot-airballoon pioneersmo(ng)-golf-yay /m:'igol‘fje1;'

Montgomery capital of Alabama, USmuhnt—gum—uh-ri /mant‘gAmari/

Montgomery, Field Marshal Englishsoldiermuhnt—gum—uh-ri /ma-mt'gAmari,'

Montmartre district, Parismo(ng)-mar-truh /m5'mo:(r)tra/

Montonero member of a left-wingguerrilla organization in Argentinamont-on-air-oh /,mnnto'na:rao,'

Montparnasse district, Parismo(ng)-par-nass /m5po:(r)'nas/

Montpelier capital ofVermontmont-peel-yuhr fmnnt'pi:lja(r)/

Montpellier city, Francemo(ng)-pel-yay /m5pel'je1/

Montreal port, Canadamon-tri-awl /_montri'o:l/Established anglicization. Soineftiniesalso Fmo(ng)-ray-al, a pronunciation closcr to theFrench version.

Montreux town, Switzerlandmo(ng)-troe /m5'tro,|'

Mont St Michel rocky islet, Francemo(ng) sa(ng) mee-shel /,m5 semi:'_[al/

Montserrat island, Caribbeanmont-Suh-rat /,mnntsa'rat/

259

Moodyson, Lukas Swedish filmdirectorloo-kuhss mod-iss-on /,lu:kas'mod|son/

Moog electronic music synthesizermohg fmougfInvented by Robert Moog, who advised thathis name should rhyme with ‘vogue’.Nevertheless, commonly pronounced moog.

moolah moneymoo-luh /'mu:1a/

Moor north African ethnic groupmoor /moa(r)/Also mawr. This difference in pronunciationdepends on regional accent. The same istrue, and the same two pronunciationspossible, for other meanings of the wordmoor and for the surname Moore.

Moore, Demi American actressduh-mee mawr /da,mi: 'ma:(r)/

Mopti city, Malimop-ti /'mopti/

moquette thick pile fabric used forcarpetsmok-et ,'mn'kst/

Moradabad city, Indiamaw-rah-duh-bad /,mo:ro:da'bad/

moraine rocks deposited by a glaciermuh-rayn /ma'rem/

Morales, Cristobal de see de Morales,Cristobal

Morales, Evo president of Boliviaay-voh morr-ah-less I_ervau mo'ru:1as/

Moran, Dylan Irish comedianmaw-ruhn /'mo:ran/

Moral‘, Loch loch, Scotlandmaw-ruhr /'m:):ra(r)/

morass area ofboggy groundmuh~rass /me'ras/

Moravia region of the Czech Republicmuh-ray-vi-uh /ma're1via/' Established anglicization.

Moray area and firth, Scotlandmurr-i /'lTlAI‘i/

moray eel-like fishmorr-ay /'more1/

morbilli measlesmor-bil-y /mD2(I‘)'lJllAI/

morceau short literary or musicalcompositionmor-soh /mo:(r)'sau/

Moodyson, Lukas | Morpeth

Mordor fictional place in The Lord oftheRingsmor-dor /'l110I(l‘)(l3Z(I')/

Mordred Arthurian charactermor-druhd /'mo:(r)drad,l

Mordvinia autonomous republic, Russiamord-Vin-i-uh /mo:(r)'dvmiaf

Moreau, Jeanne French actresszhan morr-oh /,3an mn'rau/

more] edible fungusmuh-rel ,fma‘rel/

Morelia city, Mexicomorr-ay-Ii-uh /mn're11ia/

morello cherrymuh-rel-oh /ma‘relaul

Morelos state, Mexicomorr-ay-loss /mn're11ns/

mores customs and conventions ofasocietymaw-rayz /'m:>:re1z/

morganatic denoting a marriage inwhich one spouse has no claim to theother’s possessionsmor-guh-nat-ik /_mo:(r)ga'natik/

Morgan le Fay legendary enchantressmor—guhn luh fay /,mo:(r)gan1a 'fe1/

MORI Market and Opinion ResearchInternationalmorr-i /'mnri/

moribund at the point of deathmorr-i-bund /'I’I1D1‘IbAl‘Id/

Miirike, Eduard German poetayd-wart moe-rik-uh /,erdwo:(r)t'me:rIka/

Morisco Spanish Moormuh-risk-oh /ma'r1skeu/

Morisot, Berthe French painterbairt morr-iz-oh /,be:(r)tmor1'zau/

Mormon member of the Church of JesusChrist of Latter-Day Saintsm0r—rnuhn /‘mo:(r)man/

mornay served in a cheese-flavouredwhite saucemor-nay /'mo:(r)ne1 I

Morocco countrymuh-rok-oh /ma'rnkau/

Moroni capital of Comorosmuh—r0h-ni /ma'rauni/

Morpeth town, Englandmor-puhth /'mo:(r)paEl/

Morpheus | Mostar 260

questions

Top ten mostfrequently asked

the audience.

mendation!

The following list gives examples of the words and names we are askedabout the most, both by BBC programme makers and by members of

Look up each individual entry for the Pronunciation Unit recom-

BaslefBasel Roosevelt1 Boudicca scone \

cervical Shrewsbury \~Niger Van Goghal-Qaeda Uranus

Morpheus Roman mythologicalcharactermorf-yooss ]'mo:(r)fju:s/Commonly at-go .s.;i_fiiJis;. I if if C

morphine drugmor-feen /'mo:(r)fi:n/

Morpurgo, Michael English children’swritermor-pur-goh /m:>:(r)'pa:(r)gau/

Morricone, Ennio Italian composeren-yoh morr-i-koh-nay /,enjaumnri'kaone1,l

mortadella Italian sausagemor—tuh-del-uh /,mo:(r)ta'de1a/

mortgage loanmor-gij /'mo:(r)g1d3/

mosaic picture produced by arrangingtilesmoh-zay-ik /mau'ze11k/

moscato Italian dessert winemosk-ah-toh /mo'sku:tao/

Moschino Italian fashion labelmosk-ee~noh /mn'ski:nao/

Moscow capital of Russia

m0Sk—0h /'mnskao/Established anglicization; AM commonlymosk-ow. The Russian name is Moskva,pronounced muhsk-vah.

Mose] river, Europemoh—zuhl /‘meuze1/This is the German pronunciation; the riveralso runs through France, where the spellingis Moselle and the pronunciation is moz-el.Wine ofthe same name is produced in bothcountries.

moshav cooperative association of Israelismallholdersmoh-shahv /rnao'j'o:v/

Moslem see MuslimMosley, Oswald English fascist leader

mohz-Ii /'maoz1i/Mossad Israeli secret intelligence service

moss-ad /m1:>'sad/Miissbaner eifeet chemical nuclear

elfectmoess-bow-uhr /‘moesbaoa(r)/

Mostar city, Bosnia—Herzegovinamost-a r /'mostc1:(r)/

261

Mosul city, Iraqmoo-suhl ,l'mu:sal/Commonly also moh-suhl, which isbecoming an established anglicization. Ourrecommendation is based on the advice ofIraqi Arabic speakers.

motet short piece of sacred choral musicmo h-tet /mau'tet,'

motif decorative imagemoh-teef /mau'ti:f/

motjuste appropriate wordmoh zhuest /,mau '3yst/'

Moto, Severo Equatorial Guineanstatesmansev-air-oh mot-oh /ss,ve:rau 'mntau/

motorcade procession of motor vehiclesmoh-tuhr-kayd /'maota(r)ke1d,f

Motown trademark type of musicmoh-town /'maotaun/

motte mound forming the site of a castlemot /mot/

moue pouting expressionmoo /mu:/

moules lnariniere mussels cooked in awine and onion saucemool marr-in-yair /_mu:l mar1n'js:(r)/

Mouli trademark kitchen utensilmoo-Ii /'mu:li/

Moulin Rouge cabaret in Montmartre,Parismoo-la(ng) |’OOZh /_mu:lE: 'ru:3/

mountebank person who deceivesothersmown-tuh-bank /'mauntaba:]k/

Mount Isa town, Australiay-Zuh /'ntza/

Mourne Mountains range ofhills,Northern Irelandmorn /mo:(r)n/

moussaka (also mousaka) Greek dishmoo-sah-kuh /mu:'su:ka/

mousseline fine fabricmooss-leen /'mu:sli:n/

mousseux sparklingmoo-soe /mu:'so/

Mowgli character in The Jungle Boolemow-gli /'maugli/Various sources indicate that this is thepronunciation Kipling would have used,although the name was pronouncedmoh-gli in the Disney film.

Mosul l mudra

Moygashel trademark type of Irish linenmoy-gash—uhl /mo1'ga_[al/

Mozambique countrymoh-zam~beek /_maozam'bi:k/

Mozart, Wolfgang AmadeusAustrian composervolf-gang am-uh-day-uuss moht-sart/,\/ulfgan 3m9,d€IUS 'maotsu:(r)t/

mozzarella cheesemot-suh-rel-uh /,mntsa'raIa/

MPEG international standard forencoding and compressing video imagesem-P99 /'smp8s/

Mpumalanga province, South Africauhm-poo-muh-Iang-guh/am,pu:ma'langa/

mridangam drumuhm-rid-ung—guhm lemrrdiingaml

Ms woman’s titlemuhz /maz/

MSS manuscriptsem-ess-iz /sm'es1z,'

Mswati Swazi kinguhm-swat-i /em‘swati/

mu letter of the Greek alphabetmyoo /mju:/

Mubarak, Hosni Egyptian statesmanhuuss-ni moo-bar-uhk /,husnimu:'hn:rak/

Mucha, Alphonse Czech painter anddesigneral-fonss muukh—uh /_alfnns 'moxa/

muchacha ‘young woman’ (Spanish)moo-chatch-uh /mu:'t_[atIa/

muchacho ‘young man‘ (Spanish)moo-chatch-oh /mu:'tIatIau/

Muchinga Mountains mountainrange, Zambiamoo-ching-guh ,'mu:'tIn]ge/

mucho ‘much' or ‘many’ (Spanish)muutch-oh /'mutIao/

mucosa pl. mucosae mucous membranemyoo-koh-suh, pl. myoo-koh-see/mjufikausa/, pl. /-si:/

Mudejar pl, Mudejares Gothic-Islamicarchitectural stylemoo—day-khar, pl. moo-day-khar-ayss/mu:dei'xu:(r)/, pl. /-reis/

mudra symbolic hand gesture used inIndian dancemud-ruh /'ITlA(ll‘8/

muesli I Munch, Edvard

muesli cereal mixturemooz-Ii /‘muzzli/'Sometimes also myooz-Ii; both areanglicizations ofthe German word milisli,pronounced rnuess-Ii ['my:sIi].

muezzin man who calls Muslims toprayermoo-ez-in /mu:'szm/

mufii plain clothes/'mAfti/

Mugabe, Robert Zimbabweanstatesmanmuug-ah-bi /mu'ga:bi/

Mughal Muslim dynasty of Mongoloriginmoog-uhl /'mu:ga1/

Muhajiroun, al- extremist Islamicgroupuhl muu-haj-irr-oon/al mo,had31'ru:n/

Muhammad (also Mohammed) Arabprophet and founder of Islammoh-ham-uhd /mao‘hamad/

Muhammad All see Ali, MuhammadMuharram Islamic month

muh-hurr-uhm /l'I18'l1AI‘3II1/Muir, Jean English fashion designer

myoor /mjoa(r)/Inujahidin (also mujahedin,

mujaheddin, or mujahideen) guerrillafighters in Islamic countriesmoo-jah-huh-deen /,mu:d3a:ha'di:n/

Mujibur Rahman Bangladeshistatesmanmuuj—ee—bo0r rakh-mahn/mo,d3i:bua(r) rax'mo:n/

Mukalla port, Yemenmuuk-al-uh /mo'ka1a/

mukhtar Arab head of local governmentmuukh-tar /'moxtu:(r)/

mukluk high, soft bootmuk-luk /'m1\klAk/

muktuk whale blubbermuk-tuk /'m.\ktAk,'

Muldoon, R0bBl't New Zealandstatesmanmui-doon /IT1Al'dI.1Il'l;'

mulefa creature in Philip Pullman’s HisDark Materialsmuul-ef-uh /mu'lsfa/

Mulhacén mountain, Spainmoo-lath-en /,mu:la'Bsn/

262

Miilhflim city, Germanymuel-hym /'my:1h1um/

Mulhouse city, Francemuel-ooz /my‘lu:z/'I'he German name of this city in i IAlsace-Lorraine is Miihlhausen, pronouncedmuel~how-zuhn ['my:lhauzan].

rnnllah Muslim learned in Islamictheologymuul-luh /'mula,/

mullein plantmul—in /'mA1m/

Muller, Hermann Joseph Americangeneticistmul-uhr /'mA1a(r)/

Miiller, Johannes German anatomistand zoologistyoh-han-uhss muel-uhr /jau,hanas'mYla(r)/

muller grinding stonemul-uhr /'mAIa(r)/

Miiller—Thurgau white wine grapemuel-uhr toor-gow /,lTlYl9(1")'tua(r)gao/

mulligatawny spicy soupmul-ig-uh-taw-ni /_mAl1ga'to:ni/

Mullingar town, Republic of Irelandmul-ing-gar /,mAl1n'go:(r)/

Mulroney, Brian Canadian statesmanmu|—r00—ni /mAl'ru:ni/

Multan city, Pakistanmuu|—tahn /mo1'tu:n/

multiparous having borne more thanone childmul-tip-uh-ruhss /I1'lAl'lZIp6l‘8S/

multiply in several different waysmul-tip-Ii /'I‘[‘lAl.iIpli/

multivalent having many applicationsmu!-ti-vay-iuhnt /,mAlti've1lant/

multum in parvo a great deal in a smallspacemuul-tuhm in par-voh /,mo1tam In'po:(r)vau/

Mnlnbai city, India; also called Bombaymuum—by /mum'b.\1/

mumpsimus traditional custom or ideaadhered to although shown to beunreasonablemump-sim-uhss /'II1AII1pSIII13S/

Munch, Edvard Norwegian paintered-vard muunk /,advo:(r)d 'munk/

263 Munchausen syndrome | muskellunge

Munchausen syndrome mentaldisorder in which a person feigns illnessmuuntch-ow-zuhn f'muntj‘,auzan/Established anglicization. The Germanpronunciation of the original BaronMiinchhausen’s name (note the difference inspelling) is muenkh-how-zuhri['mYnchauzen].

Munich city, Germanymyoo-nik /'mju:n1k/Established anglicization. The Germanname is Miinchcn, pronouncedmuen-khuhn ['mYncan].

Munro high mountain in Scotlandmun-roh /m1in'rau/

Munsell system of classifying coloursmun-suhl /‘mAnsal/

Munster province, Republic of Irelandmun-stuhr /'mAnste(r);'

Miinster city, Germanymuen-stuhr /'mYnsta(r)/

Miintefering, Franz German politicianfrants muen-tuh-fay-ring /,frants'mYntafe1rm/

muntjac small deermunt-jak /'IT1AI‘lt(l33l{_/

muon subatomic particlemyoo-on /'mju:onf

Murallo glass decorative glassware,associated with the island ofMurano,near Venicemyuu-rah-noh /mjo'ro:nao/Established anglicization; the island itself ispronounced moor-ah-noh.

Murat, Joachim French general andformer king of Napleszhoh-ash-a(ng) mue-rah /3:->ua'sémy'r(1:/

Murcia region, Spainmoor-thi-uh /'moa(r)Bie/

murex pl. murices molluscmyoor-eks, pl. myoor-iss-eez/'mjua1-eks/, pl. /-r1si:z/

murgh chicken (Indian)moorg /mua(r)g/

Murillo, Bartolomé Spanish painterbar-tot-uh-may moor-eel-yoh/bo:(r)tola,me1 mua'ri:ljeu/' See SPANISH panel.

murine relating to rodentsmyoor-yn /‘mjoar1im/

Murmansk port, Russiamoor-mansk /moa(r)'mansk/

Murnau, Friedrich (F.W.) Germanfilm directorfreed-rikh moor-now /_fri:dr1<;'moa(r)nao/

murrain disease aflecting cattlemurr-in /'mAr1n/

Murrumbidgee river, Australiamurr-uhm-bij-ee /,I'I’1A1"6IIl'lDI(i§lZ/

Mururoa atoll, French Polynesiamoor-oo-roh-uh /_muaro'raua/

Musala mountain, Bulgariamoo-sal-ah /mu:sa'lo:,'

Muscadet white winemusk-uh—day /'mASl(8d€I/

Muscat capital of Omanmusk-at /'mnskat,'

muscat grape varietymusk-at /'mAskat/

muscatel muscat grapemusk—uh-tel /_mAska'tsl/

muscovado unrefined sugarmuss-kuh-vah—doh /,mAska'vo:deo/

Mnscovite native or citizen of Moscowmusk-uh-vyt /'I1‘1ASl§3VAIt/

Muscovy medieval principality, Russiamuss-kuh-vi /'lT1ASl(8Vl/

musculature arrangement of musclesmusk—yuu|—uh—chuhr /'mAskjo1at_[a(r)/

Musée d’Orsay museum, Parismue-zay dor-say /my,ze1 do:(r)'sei/

musette small bagpipemyoo-zet /mju:'zet/

Museveni, Yoweri Ugandan statesmanyoh-werr-i moo-sev-en-i /jo,werimufssvanif

mush person’s mouth or facemuush /mo_|‘/

Musharraf, Pervez Pakistani presidentpair-vayz muush-arr-uhf /ps:(r),ve1zmo'_faraf/

Musil, Robert Austrian novelistmooss-eel /'mu:si:1/In standard German the name ispronounced moo-zeel; ourrecommendation reflects the author's ownAustrian pronunciation.

muskellunge pike fishmusk-uh-lunj /'mnska_l/md5/

Muskogee | Mysia

Muskogee American Indian ethnicgroup _musk-oh-gl fmzrskeugil

Muslim (also Moslem) follower of thereligion of Islammuuss-lim /'musl1m/Our research indicates that pronunciationswith z such as muuz-lim or muz-lim,although common, can cause offence amongArabic speakers.

lnuso musician, especially one0ver—ooncerned with techniquemyoo-zoh /'mju:zao/

musquash muskratmusk-wosh I 'mAskwn_[I

Mussolini, BCIIHIO Italian Fasciststatesmanben—ee-toh muuss-uh-lee-ni /ba_ni:tao_mosa'li:ni/

Mussorgsky, Modest RussianCOTIIPOSGT

mod-est muuss-org-ski /mudsstmo's:>:(r)gski/

mustang American feral horsemust-ang /'nmsta11/

mustelid weaselmust-uh-lid /'ITlASt9lld/

Mustique island, Caribbeanmust-eek /m1\'sti:k/

Mnt Egyptian goddessmu ut /mut/

mutagen agent which causes mutationmyoo-tuh-juhn /'mju:tad3an/

Mutare town, Zimbabwemoo-tar-i /mu:'tu:ri/

mutatis mutandis making necessaryalterations while not affecting the mainpoint at issuemoo-tah-tiss moo-tan-diss /mu:_tu:t1smu:'tand1s/

Mutharika, Bingu wa Malawianpresidentbing-goo wuh muut-arr-ee-kuh/lbmguz we mo'tari:ka/

mllti African medicine or magical charmsmoo-ti /'mu:ti/

muumuu loose, brightly coloured dressmoo-moo /'mu:mu:/

Muzaffarabad town, Pakistanmuuz-uf-uh-ruh-bad /Il‘lU'ZAf8l‘3_bad/

muzak trademark light background musicmyoo-zak /'mju:zak/

26%

muzhik Russian peasantmoo-zhik /mu:'31k/

Muztag mountain, Chinam00—stahg /mu:s'tu:g/

myalgia pain in a musclemy-al-juh fI'I1AI'3ld3G/

myalism Jamaican folk religionmy-uh-liz-uhm /'II1AI9l.IZ9lTl/

Myanmar alternative name for Burmamyan-mar /,mjan'mu:(r)/

Mycenae ancient city, Greecemy—see-ni /m.u'si:ni/

Mycenaean (also Myoenean) lateBronze Age civilization in Greecemy-sin—ee-uhn /,mmsi'ni:an/

mycology scientific study of fungimy—kol—uh-ji /lTlAl'l(Dl3(l_'§l/

myelitis inflammation of the spinal cordmy-uh-ly-tiss /,mA1a'1iut1s/

myeloma pl. myelomata malignanttumour of the bone marrowmy-uh-loh-muh, pl.my-uh~loh—muh-tuh /_mme'leome/, pl./-meta,’

Mykolayiv city, Ukrainemik-uh-lah—yif /_mika‘1u:j1f/

Mykonos island, Greecemik-uh-noss /'m1kanns/

My Lai site of a massacre, Vietnammee ly /,mi: ‘M1,!

Mymensingh port, Bangladeshmy-men-sing /,m1umen'sm,'

mynah birdmy—nuh /'mA1na/

myocarditis inflammation of the heartmusclemy-oh-kar-dy-tiss/,mA1aukc1:(r)'dA1t1s/

myopathy disease of muscle tissuemy-op—uh-thi /mAI'opa6i/

myopia short—sightednessmy-oh-pi-uh jmnraupiaf

myrmidon follower of a powerful personmur-mid-uhn /'ma:(r)mIdan/

Myron Greek sculptormy-ruhn /'mA1ran/

myrrh fragrant gum resinmur /ma:(r)/

Mysia ancient region, Asia Minormiss-i-uh /‘mlsia/

265 Mysore I mzungu

Mysore city, India Mytileni town, Greecemy-sawr /mA1'so:(r)/ mit-il-ee—ni /_m1tr'li:ni/

mythopoeia myth_making my?§(0m:tos1T1<iis:'=:1ase of rabbitsmith-oh-pee-uh /,mi6ao'pi:a/ rm _su _",lu _ 0 _s'Ss/,m1ksa1na tausisl

mythos pl. mythoi myth or mythology mzungu white personmith-oss, pl. mith-oy /'m16ns/, pl. /-6o1/ uhm-zuung-goo /am’zongu/

266

NAAFI Navy, Army, and Air ForceInstitutesnaf-i /'nafi/

Naas town, Republic of Irelandnayss /ners/

Nabeul town, Tunisianab-oel /na'b0el/

Nablus town, West Banknah-bluhss /'nu:blas/

nabob Mogul officialnay-bob /'neIbob/

Nabokov, Vladimir Russian—bornAmerican novelistvluh-dee-meer nuh-boh-kof/v1a,di:m1a(r) na'beokof/Although the authors surname is oftenpronounced nab-uh-kof, he told the BBCthat this was his preferred Englishpronunciation, with the middle syllablestressed, and rhyming with ‘smoke’.

Nabucco opera by Verdinuh~boo-koh /na'bu:kau/

nacelle aircrafi: engine casingnuh~sel /na'ss1/

naches (also nachas) parental pridenukh-uhss /'I‘!AX8Sf

nacho Spanish foodnatch~0h I'natj‘aol

Nachfigfl], Gustav German explorerguust-af nakh-tig-al /,g0staf'naxt1ga1/

nacre mother-of-pearlnay-kuhr /'ne1ka(r)/

nada ‘nothing’ (Spanish)nah-duh /'na:da/, ['nai'>a]~ Established anglicization.

Na-Dene North American Indianlanguage groupnah den-ay /no: 'deneI/

Nader, Ralph American politiciannay—duhr /'ne1da(r)/

nadir lowest pointnay~deer I 'ne1d1a(r)/

Commonly also nad-eer.

Nadolig Llawen ‘Happy Christmas’(Welsh)nuh-dol-ig hlah-wen /na,dnl|g "lC11W8Tl/' See WELSH panel.

naevus birthmarknee-vuhss /'ni:vas/

Nagaland state, Indianah-guh-land /'no:galand/

Nagasaki city, Japannag-uh-sah-ki /nage'su:ki/1 See JAPANESE panel.

Nagorno-Karabakh region, Azerbaijannuh-gor-noh karr-uh-bakh/na,g:>:(r)nau kara'bax/

Nagoya city, Japannuh-goy-uh ,'na'g:)1a/

Nagpur city, Indianag-poor /nag‘poa(r)/

Nagra, Parminder British actresspar-min-duhr nah-gruh/po.:(r),mmde(r) 'nci:gra/

Nagy, Imre Hungarian politicianim—ruh noj /_1mra 'n'od3/, {no]]~ Established anglicization for surname.

Naha port, Japannah-huh /‘no:ha/

Na h-Eileanan an Iar ‘Western Isles’(Scottish Gaelic)nuh hil—uh-nuhn uhn yeer /na'h1lanan an'jIa(r)/

Nahuatl Central American ethnic groupand languagenah-wah-tuhl /'nu:w(1:tal,'

Nahum Hebrew prophetnay-huhm /'ne1ham/

naiad pl. naiades water nymphny-ad, pl. ny-uh-deez /‘muad/, pl.,/'nAIedi:z/

naif (also naif) ingenuous personny—eef ,'nA1'i:f/

Naipaul, V. S. Trinidadian writerny-pawl /'nAIp0:l/

267

naira currency unit, Nigeriany-ruh /'n1ura/

Nairobi capital of Kenyany-roh-bi /nAI'reo‘oi/

Naisi (also Naoise) Irish boy’s namenee-shuh /'n1:ja/

naissant heraldic termnay-suhnt /‘neIsant/

Najaf (also an-Najaf) city, Iraqnaj-af, uh-naj-af /'nad3af/, /a'nad3af/Q See ARAB!C panel.

nakfa currency unit, Eritreanak—fuh /'nakfa/

Nakhichevan see NaxcivanNakuru city, Kenya

nak—oo-roo /na'ku:ru:/Nalbandian, David Argentinian tennis

playerdav-eeth nal-ban-dyan /daviena1ban'djan/Commonly also anglicized to day-vidnal-band-i-uhn.

Nalchik capital of Kabardino-Balkarianrepublic, Russianal-chik /‘nalt_[1k/

Namangan city, Uzbekistannam-uhn-gahn /naman‘gu:n/

Namaqualand region, Africanuh—mah-kwuh-land/na'ma:kwe1and/

namaskar South Asian greetingnum-uh-skar /nnmas'ku:(r)/

namaste South Asian greetingnum—uh—stay f'I'1AIT18StBI/

namaz Islamic prayersnuh-mahz /na'mu:z/

Namib desert, Africanah-mib /'nu:m1b/

Namibia countrynuh-mib-i-uh /ne'mrbia/

Namoi river, Australianam-0y /'namoI/

Namur town, Belgiumnarn-oor /na'moa(r)/, French [namy:r]~ Established anglicization.

nan bread (Indian)nahn /nc1:n/

Nanaimo port, Canadanan-y-moh /na'n1i1mao/

Nanak Sikh guru

naira I Naples

nah-nuk /'I1C1Il'1Ak/Nanchang city, China

nan-chang /,nan'tjan/Nancy city, France

nah(ng)-see/ni1'si,'~ See FRENCH panel.

nandrolone steroidnan~druh-iohn /'nandrelaon/

nan Gaidheal Radio nan Gaidheal is theBBC’s Gaelic language radio in Scotlandnuhn gayl /nan ‘ge11/

Nanga Parbat mountain, Pakistannung-guh par—but /,nA1]ga'pu:(r)bnt/

Nanjing city, Chinan -jing /,nan'd5m/a n

iistaétiigait}; called Nanking,pronounced nan-king.

Nanning capital ofGuangxi, Chinanan-ning /,nan'nm,'

nanometre unit of measurementnan-oh-mee-tuhr /'nanaU,mi:te(r)/

Nansen, FridtjofNorwegian explorerfreet-yof nan-suhn /,fri:tjnf 'nansan/

Nanterre city, Francenah(ng)-tair /nf1'ts:(r)/

Nantes city, Francenah(ng)t /nfit/'

Nantucket island, USAna n-tuk-it /nan'tAkxt/

Naoise see Naisinapalm weapon

nay-pahm / 'ne1p<1:m/napery household linen

nay-puh-ri / 'ne1peri/Naphtali Hebrew patriarch

naf-tuh—ly /'naftelA1/naphtha flammable oil

naf-thuh /'naflBe/Napier port, New Zealand

nayp-yuh r /'nerpja(r)/Napier, John Scottish mathematician

nayp-yuhr /'ne1pje(r)/Naples city, Italy

nay-puhlz /'ne1pa1z/Established anglicization; the Italian nameis Napoli, pronounced nah-pol-i ['na:po1i]but often anglicized to nap-uh-Ii where itappears e.g. in the name of sports teams.

Napoleon | naval-in

Napoleon French emperornuh-poh-Ii-uhn /napaolian/,[napaleo]I Established anglicization.

Napoleonic relating to Napoelonnuh-poh-Ii-on-ik /napeoli'unIk/

Nara city, Japannah-ruh /'no:re/

Narayan, R. K. Indian writernuh-rah-yuhn /na'ru:jan/‘

Narayanan, K. R. Indian statesmannuh-rah-yuh-nuhn /na'ra:janan/

Narayanganj port, Bangladeshnuh-rah-yuhn-gunj /I'19'I‘(}Ij6I'l,QAI'l(l3f

Narbonne city, Francenar-bon /nu:(r)'bnn/

narcissism vanitynar-siss-iz-uhm /'n(1:(r)s1s1zam/

Narcissus Greek mythological characternar-siss-uhss /no:(r)'s1sas/

narcolepsy medical conditionnar-kuh-lep-si /'nu:(r)ke1spsi/

Nares, James British composernairz /m::(r)z/

nares sing. naris nostrilsnair-eez, sing. nair-iss /'ns:ri:z/, sing./'n&::rIs,'

narghile hookahnar-gil-ay /‘no:(r)glleI/

Narita airport, Japannarr-ee-tuh /'nari:ta/- See mrnnrse panel.

Narmada river, Indianar-mud-uh /'nu:(r)mada/

Narragansett North American Indianethnic groupnarr-uh-gan-suht /nare'gansat/

Narvik port, Norwaynar-vik /'nu:(r)v1k]

narwhal Arctic whalenar-wuhl /'nu:(r)wal/

nary notnair-i /'ne:ri;'

NASA National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministrationnass-uh /'nasa/

Nasca see Nazcanascent coming into existence

nass-uhnt /'nasant]Also nay-suhnt. I

268

Naseby English civil war battle sitenayz-bi /'ne1zbi/

nasi goreng Indonesian rice (.l1Sl"lnah-si guh-reng /,nu:si ga'ra1]/

Nasik city, Indianah-sik /'na:s1k,l

Nasiriyall, al- city, Iraquh-nass-i-ree-yuh [a,nasi'ri:ja/v See AlIAB|C panel.

Nasmyth, Jalnes Scottish engineernay-smith /'ne1sm10/

Nassau capital of Bahamasnass-aw /'naso:/

Nassau former duchy, Germanynass-ow /'nasao/

Nastase, Ilie Romanian tennis playeril-ee—uh nuh-stah-say /|'li:e na'sto.:seI/

Natal former province, South Africanuh-tal ,/na'tal/

NATO North Atlantic TreatyOrganizationnay-toh /'neItau/

Natron lake, Tanzanianay-truhn /‘ne1tran/

naturopathy alternative medicinenay-chuh-rop-uh-thi /_ne1tj‘a'ropa6i/

Naugahyde US trademark artificial leathernaw-guh-hyd /'I1OZQ8hAId/

Naughtie, James Scottish broadcasternokh-ti f'noxti/

Nauru island, Pacificnow-roo /nao'ru:/

nausea sicknessnaw—zi—uh /'n0:zia/

nauseous affected by nauseanaw-zi-uhss /'no:zias/AM is naw-zhuhss or naw-shuhss.

Nausicaa Greek mythological namenaw-sik-ay-uh /no:'s|ke1a/

Navajo (also Navaho) North AmericanIndian ethnic group and languagenav-uh-hoh /'navahao/

Navan town, Republic of Irelandnav-uhn /'navan/

Navanagar former state, Indianuv-uh-nug-uhr /_nAva'nAga(r)/

Navaratri Hindu festivalnuv-uh-rut-ri /,nave'rAtri/

navarin French casserolenav-uh-rin /'navarm/, [navaré]

269

Navarino naval battlenav-uh-ree-noh /nava'ri:nau/

Navarone, The Guns offilm titlenav-uh-rohn /nava'raun/

Navarre region, Spainnuh-var /na'va:(r)/

Navratilova, Martina Czech-bornAmerican tennis playermar-tee-nuh nav-rat-il-oh-vuh/mo:(r),ti:na navratrleovef 7 gThis is her preferred anglicization. TheCzech pronunciation would be mar-tee-nanav-ruh—ti|-ov-ah.

nawab Indian mogul governornuh—wahb /na'wc1:b/

Naworth town, Englandnah-wuhrth /'nu:wa(r)B/However, Naworth Castle is pronouncedna rth.

Naxcivan (also Nakhichevan) republic,Azerbaijannakh-chiv—ahn /naxt_f1'vo:n/

NHXOS island, Greecenak-soss /'naksos/

Nazarene native of Nazarethnaz-uh-reen /'nazari:n/

Nazareth town, Israelnaz—uh—ru hth /'nazara6/

Nazca (also Nasca) ancient culture, Perunass-kuh /'naska/

Nazi German fascistnaht-si /'no:tsi/

Nazran capital of Ingushetia, Russianaz-rahn /‘nazro:n/

Ncube, Welshman Zimbabweanpoliticiannoo-bay /'nu:be1,'Established anglicization. VVhen notanglicized, the surname contains a dentalclick sound; the BBC was told by Mr Ncubethat he preferred the sound to be omittedaltogether in English, rather than anotherconsonant being substituted. See cucxspanel.

Ndebele African ethnic group andlanguageuhn-duh-bay-Ii /anda'be11i/

N’Djamena capital ofChaduhn-ja-may—nuh /and3a'meina,f

Ndola city, Zambiauhn—doh-luh /an'daola/

Navarino | Negev

N’Dour, Youssou Senegalese singeryoo—so0 uh n-door /,ju:su: an'due(r)/

Neagll, Lough lake, Northern IrelandIokh nay /,lox 'neI/

Neanderthal early humanni-an-duhr-tahl /ni'anda(r)ta:l/

Neapolitan relating to Naplesnee-uh-pol-i-tuhn /,ni:e'pol1tan/

Nearchus Macedonian generalni-ar~kuhss /ni'a:(r)kas/

Neath town, Walesneeth /ni:6/

Neatishead RAF base, Englandneets-hed /'ni:tshsd/

Nebbiolo grape varietyneb-y0h—|oh /neb'jaulao/

Nebo, Mount mountain, Jordannee-boh /'ni:bau/

Nebraska state, USnuh-brass-kuh ,/ne'braska/

Nebuchadnezzar Babylonian king; alsoa large wine bottleneb-yuu-kuhd-nez-uhr/_nebjokad'nsza(r)/

nebula gas cloudneb-yuu-iu h /'nsbjula/

Necaxa river, Mexiconek-akh-u h /ns'kaxa/

necessarily inevitablyness—uh-sair-uh-Ii /,nssa'se:rali/An alternative pronunciation with the stresson the first syllable, ness-uh-suh-ruh-Ii, isalso possible, but is becoming less common.

Nechells suburb of Birmingham,Englandnee-chuhlz /'ni:tj‘a1z/

Neckar river, Germanynek—ar /'nako:(r)/

necrosis death of tissuenek—roh-siss /ns'kreus1s/

0 0necrotizing fasclitis flesh-eatingdiseasenek-ruh-ty-zing fash-i-y-tiss/'I'l8kI'3iIAIZII_] ,fa_[i'A1tIs/

lléfi (also né) originally callednay /nei/

Nefertiti Egyptian queennef-uhr-tee-tee /,nsfa(r)'ti:ti:/

Negev region, Israelneg-ev /'negev/

négligée I Neuchatel

négligée garmentneg-Ii-zhay /'n.<;gl13ei/

Negombo port, Sri Lankanuh-gom-boh /na'gombau/

Negri Sembilan state, Malaysianeg-ree sem-bee-luhn /,nagri:sem'bi:lan/

negroni cocktailnuh-groh-ni lne'greuni/

Negroponte, John American politicianneg—r0h-pon-tay /,negrau’pontel/

Negros island, Philippinesneg-ross /'nsgros/

Nehemiah book of the Biblenee-huh-my-uh /ni:ha'mma/

Nehru, Jawaharlal Indian statesmanjuh-wah-huhr-lahl nair-00/d3a'wo:ha(r)lo:l 'ne:ru:l

Neisse river, Europeny~suh /'niuse/

neither not one nor the otherny-thuhr /'nnIoa(r)/Equally commonly nee-thuhr. Traditionally,BR is ny-thuhr and AM is nee-thuhr.

Nejd region, Saudi Arabianejd /n:~:d3d/

Nellore city, Indianel-or /ne'la:(r)/

Nelspruit town, South Africanel-sproeyt /'nelsproe1t/

Nemean lion Greek mythologicalanimalnuh—mee-uhn /na'mi:an,'

nemesis agent of downfallnem—uh-siss /'nsmas|s/

nemo dat legal termnee-moh dat /,ni:mau 'dat/~ See l.ATtN panel.

nemo me impune lacessit ‘no-oneprovokes me with impunity’ (Latin),motto of the kings of Scotlandnay-moh may im-poo-nay Iak-ess-it/,ne1mao mei im,pu:nei 1a'kesit/' See LATIN panel.

Nene river, Englandnenn, neen /nan, ni:n/Pronounced differently in differentlocations. Usually nenn inNorthamptonshire; neen inCambridgeshirc.

270

Nennius Welsh chroniclernen-i-uhss /'nsnios/

Neogaea zoogeographical areanee-oh-iee-uh /_ni:an'd3i:a,'

neonatal newbornnee-oh-nay-tuhl /,ni:au'neita1/

Neot, St English monknee-uht /‘ni:at/

Nepal countrynuh-pawl /na'pa:l,'

Nepalese relating to Nepalnep-uh-leez /nepe'li:z/

ne plus ultra perfect examplenay pluuss uul-trah /,nei plus 'u1tra:/

nepotism favouring of relativesnep-uh-tiz-uhm /'I'l8p8llZ8II1/

nereid Greek nymphneer-i-id /'mariid/

Nernst, Walther Hermann Germanchemistval-tuhr hair-mann nairnst /_valta(r)he:(r)man 'ns:(r)nst/

Nero Roman emperorneer-oh /'n1arao,'

Neruda, Pablo Chilean poetpab-loh nerr-oo-thuh /,pablaune'ru:oa/

nescient lacking knowledgeness-i-uhnt /'nesiant/

Nesperennub Egyptian mummynes-puh-ren-uub /,nespa'rsnub/

Nestle food companynespsjplay /'nsslei,LWW fiifli i miThe company used to be known asness-uhlz in the UK, but has been usingthis pronunciation for at least the lasttwenty years_

Nestor Greek mythological characterness-tuhr /'nesta(r)/

Netanyahu, Binyamin Israelipoliticianbin-yuh-meen net-uhn-yah-hoo/b1nja'mi:n netan'jo:hu:/

netsuke Japanese ornamentnet-skay /'n:-:tskel/I See JAPANESE panel.

Neuberger, Julia English rabbinoy-bur-guhr /'n:nba:(r)ga(r)/

Neuchatel canton and lake, Switzerlandnoe-shat-el /neIa'te1,'

271 Nelle Sachlichkeit I Nicene Creed

Nene Sachlichkeit arts movementnoy—uh zakh-likh-kyt /_n:J1a'zaxl1ckA1t,/

Neumann, John vonHungarian-American mathematiciannoy-man /'n:nman/

neuralgia nerve painnyoor-al-juh /,njoa'rald3a,'

neurosis pl. neuroses mental conditionnyoor-oh-siss, pl. nyoor~oh-seez/,njoa'raus1s/, pl. ,I-si:z/

Neusiedler See lake, Austrianoy-zeed-luhr zay /'n:>1zi:d1a(r} ,ze1/

Neva river, Russianee-vuh /'ni:va/, [nlrva]Q Established anglicization.

Nevada state, USnuh-vah-duh ,'na'vu:de/

NGVEPS city, Francenuh-vair /ne've:(r)/

Nevis island, Caribbeannee-viss /'ni:v1s/

Newark city, US and UKnyoo-uhrk /‘nju:a(r)k/

Newcastle city, Englandny00—kah—$uhl /'nju:ku:sal/This is a standardized version of the placename; locally, the pronunciation isnyoo-kass-uhl.

Newfoundland island, Canadanyoo-fuhnd-land j,nju:fand'land/The stress can fall on all three syllables butthis is the pronunciation preferred byNewfoundlanders. However, the breed ofdog is usually nyoo-fownd-luhnd.

Ne Win Burmese politiciannay win /,ne1 'WlI'1/

New Orleans city, USnyoo or-Ii-uhnz /nju: 'o:(r)lianz/Other pronunciations are also heard; thisstress placement is the most common inboth BR and AM.

Newry city, Northern Irelandnyoor-i /'njuari/

Nez Percé North American ethnic groupnez pair-say /_nsz 'ps:(r)se1/

Ng Cantonese family name"9 /' 11/

ngaio New Zealand treeny-oh /'n1\1ao/

Ngaliema mountain, central Africang-gah-Ii-ay-muh /I],gu:1I'enna/

Ngbandi language, Democratic Republicof Congong-ban-di /n'bandi/

Ngoni Malawian ethnic groupng-goh-ni /i]'gaoni,/

Ngorongoro volcanic crater, Tanzaniang-gorr-ong-gorr-oh /n,gnrnr3‘gnreu/

ngultrum currency unit, Bhutanng-guul-truhm /1]'go1tram/

Nguyen Vietnamese family namenue-en /ny'en/

Nhulunbuy town, Australianuul-uhn-boy /'nulenb:>1/

4NI ‘daughter of' in lrish surnamesnee /ni:/

niacin vitaminny-uh-sin /'nA1os1n,'

Niagara Falls city and waterfalls,Canada/USny-ag-ruh fnaragral

Niamey capital of Nigernyah-may /nju:'me1/

Niamh Irish girl’s nameneev lnizvf

Nibelung mythological dwarfnee~buh-luung /'ni:balun/

Nibelungenlied German poemnee-buh-luung-uhn-leet/'ni:be1oi]an_1i:t/

Nicaea ancient city, Asia Minorny-see-uh /mu'si:a/

Nicam digital sound formatny-kam /'I1AIl(8I1'l/

Nicaragua countrynik—uh-rag—yuu—uh /_n1ka'ragjua,/Spanish [nikzrraywa]Established anglicization. A pronunciationcloser to the Spanish, nik-uh-rag-wuh, isalso common, and nik-uh-rah-gwuh istypical of AM.

NICE National Institute for ClinicalExcellencenyss /n1us/

Nice city, FranceneeSS Jnizsl

Nicene Creed Christian textny-seen /'n1usi:n,'

niche I Njal

niche recessneesh i-I,’___,_/‘L1AM is nitch.

Nichiren Buddhist sectnish-uh-ruhn /'n1Iaran,/

Nicklaus, Jack American golfernik-luhss /'n1klas/

Nicobar island group, Indianik-uh-bar /'nIkabo:(r)/

nicoise saladnee-swahz /ni:'swc1:z/

Nicosia capital of Cyprusnik-uh-see-uh /,n1ka'si:a/

Niemiiller, Martin German pastormar-teen nee-moel-uhr /_mu:(r)ti:n'ni:mcele(r)/

Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore Frenchinventorzhoh-zef nee-say-for nyeps /3au'zefni:sei_f:::(r) 'njcps/

Niersteiner white wineneer-shty-nuhr /'l"ll3(I‘)__ftAll'18(I‘)/

Nietzsche, Friedrich Germanphilosopherfreed-rikh neet-shuh /_fri:dric ‘ninja!

Niflheim Nordic mythologicalunderworldniv-uhl-haym /'n1valhe|m/Established anglicization. The Icelandicversion of the name, Niflhcimr, ispronounced nee-buhl-hay-muhr.

Nigel‘ countryynee-zhair /ni:'3e:(r)/ W WAn older, more anglicized pronunciationny-juhr is also heard, but we no longerrecommend this.

Niger river, Africany-juhr /'n.ud3a(r)/

Nigeria countryny—jeer-i-uh /TlAI'fl3I8I‘l3/

nihilism philosophyny-il-iz-u hm /'I'lAIllIZ8lTl/

Niigata port, Japannee-gat-uh /'ni:gata/

Nijinsky, Vaslav Russian dancervass-luhf nizh-in-ski /,vaslef n1'31nski/Sometimes anglicized to nij-in-ski.

Nijmegen lZOW‘I1, Netherlandsny-may-guhn /'nA|me1gan/,['ncime:va(n)]

272

Nike Greek goddess, also a sportswearcompanyny-ki /‘nnlkif

Nikkei stock market indexnik-ay /‘mke1/

nil desperandum ‘don’t give up‘ (Latin)nil desp-uh-ran-duhm /‘ml_daspa'randam/

nimbostratus cloudnim-boh-strah-tuhss/,nImbao'stru:tes/

NIMBY Not In My Back Yardnim-bi /'n1mbi,'

Nimes city, Franceneem /ni:m/

Nin, Anais French writeran-uh-eess neen /ana,i:s 'ni:n/

Nineveh ancient city, Assyrianin-uh-vuh /‘n1nava/

Ningria autonomous region, Chinaning-shyah /_nn]'Ijo:/

Ninian, St Scottish bishopnin-i-uhn /'n1nian/

Niobe Greek mythological nameny-uh-bi /'IlAl8l)l/

niobium chemical elementny—oh~bi—uhm /mu'aubiam,I

Nipissing district, Canadanip-iss-ing /'nlpISIl]/

NIREX Nuclear Industry RadioactiveWaste Executiveny—reks /'l‘1AII‘El{S/

nirvana transcendent stateneer-vah-nuh /ma(r)'vo:na/

Nis (also Nish) city, Serbianeesh /ni:]‘/

nisi legal termny-sy /'l'1AISAI/

Niteroi port, Brazilnee-tuh-roy /_ni:ta'r:>1/

nitrogen chemical elementny-truh-juhn /'nn1trad3an/

Niue island, New Zealandni-00-ay /ni'u:e1/

Nilliniy Novgorod port, Russianizh-ni nov-guh-rod /,n13n1'novgarod/, [,n1i3ni 'n:)vgarat]I Established anglicization.

Njal Icelandic mythological characternyowl /njaul/

273

Nkrumah, Kwame Ghanaian politiciankwam-i ng—kroo-muh /,kwami1]'kru:me/

Nobel, Alfred Swedish chemistal-fred noh-bel /,a1fred nau'bel/Stress shifts to the first syllablein the phrase ‘Nobel Prize’: noh-bel pryz.

nobelium chemical elementnoh-bee-Ii-uhm /nao'bi:l1am/

noblesse oblige aristocratic dutyn0h—ble5s uh-bleezh /naU,b1es a'bli:3/

Noll (also N0) Japanese theatrenoh /nao/

noisette piece of meatnwaz-et /nwa‘zst/

noisome smellynoy-su hm /'no1sam/

Nokia telecommunications companyn0k—i—uh /'nnkia/

noli me tangere ‘d0n’t touch me’(Latin)noh-Ii may tang-guh-ray /,nauli met'ta13gereI/Other pronunciations are possible; see LATINpaneh

nolle prosequi legal termnol-i pr0ss—uh—kWy /,nnl1 'prnsekwA1/

Nolte, Nick American actornohl-ti /‘neulti/

nom de guerre assumed namenom duh gair /,nnm do 'gs:(r)/

nom de plume pen namenom duh ploom /,nnm do 'p1u:m/

Nome city, USnoh m /naom/

nomenclature namingnuh-men-kluh-chuhr/ne'ms1] k1atIe(r)/AM is noh-muhn-klay-chpuhfr. _ T

nonagon nine-sided shapenon-uh-guhn /'n'onagan/

nonchalant relaxednon-shuh-luhnt /'nnn_\"a1ant,'

nonpareil matchlessnon-puh-rayl /,nnnpe're11/

non sequitur illogical statementnon 5ek—Wi—tuhr /non 'sekw1ta(r)/

Nootka Canadian ethnic groupnuut-kuh /'notka/

nori edible seaweed

Nk1'umah,Kwame | nous

naw-ri /'n:>:ri,'Noriega, Manuel Panamanian

statesmanman-we! norr-i~ay-guh /man_wa1,nnr1'e1ge/

N01-rkiiping city, Swedennor-shoe-ping /'no:(r),j‘o:p113/

Northampton town, Englandnor-thamp-tuhn /n:>:(r)'9ampten/

Northumberland county, Englandnor-thum-buhr-luhnd/l'lOZ(I‘)'9AI‘l'1b8(I‘)l9I1Cl/

Norway countrynor-way /'no:(r)weI/Established anglicization. The Norwegianname is Norge, pronounced nor-guh.

Norwalk Virus virus causinggastroenteritisnor-wawk /'n:1:(r)w0:k/

Norwich city, Englandnorr-ij /'nnrId3/

Nosferatu vampirenoss-fuh-rah—t00 /,nr)sfe'ru:tu:/

Nostradamus French astrologernoss-truh-dah-muhss /,nnstra'd<1:mes/

Nostratic hypothetical language groupnoss-trat-ik /no'strat1k/

nota belle ‘observe carefully’ (Latin)noh-tuh ben-ay /,nauta 'bsne1/

Notogaea zoogeographical areanoh-tuh-jee-uh /|naota'd3i:a/

Notre-Dame cathedral in Parisnot-ruh-dahm /,n0tre'du:m/However, the US university ofthe samename is pronounced noh-tuhr daym.

Nottingham city, Englandnot-ing-uhm /'nntn3em,'

Nouadhibou port, Mauritanianwad-i-boo /,nwad1'bu:/

Nouakchott capital ofMauritanianwa k-shot /nwak'j'ntf

nougat sweetnoo-gah /'nu:g:1:/Less commonly also nug-uht. AM isnoo-gu ht.

Nouméa capital ofNew Caledonianoo-may-uh /nu:'me1a/

110118 COIIIITLOII SEHSB

nowss fnaosl

nouveau riche I Nyx

nouveau riche recently wealthy peoplen00-voh reesh /_nu:vao 'ri:I,I

nouvelle cuisine modern cookerynoo—vel kwi-zeen /nu:_vsl kw1'zi:n/

Nova Scotia peninsula, Canadanoh-vuh skoh-shuh /,nauva 'skaoj‘a/

Novaya Zemlya islands, Arctic Oceannov-uh-yuh zuhm-lyah /,nnvajazam'lju:/

Novello, Ivor Welsh songwriternuh-vel-oh /na'vslao/

Novgorod city, Russianov-guh-rod /'novgarnd/, [novgaret]I Established anglicization.

Novosibirsk city, Russianov-uh-sib-eersk /,nnvas1'b1a(r)sk,‘

Novotny, Antonin Czechoslovakianstatesmanan-ton-een nov-ot-nee /,antnni:n'novot,ni:/

Noye’s Fludde opera by Brittennoh-uhz flud f,nauaz 'ilAd/

NSAID Non-SteroidalAnti-Inflammatory Drugen-sed /'snsed/

nu letter of the Greek alphabetnyoo /nju:/

Nuala Irish girl's namenoo-Iuh /'nu:la/

nuance subtle differencenyoo-ahnss /'nju:o:ns/

Nubia ancient region ofAfricanyoo-bi-uh /'nju:bia/

Nubuck leathernyoo-buk /'l'l_lllIbAl(/

nuchal relating to the nape of the necknyoo-kuhl ,I'nju:kel/

nuclear relating to the nucleus of anatomnyoo-kli-uhr/'1lju'kl' r)/

274-

numismatics study of coinsnyoo-miz-mat-iks /,nju:m1z'mat1ks/

Nunavut territory, Canadano0—nuh-vuut /'nu:navot/

Nunc Dimittis Christian canticlenuunk di—mit-tiss/,no1]k d1'm1t1sj

nunchaku Japanese weaponnun~chak-oo /n.in'tJ‘aku:/

nuncio papal envoynun-si-oh /'nAnsiau/

nuoc mam Vietnamese fish saucenwok mahm /nwnk 'mu:m/

nuptial maritalnup-shuhl /'nApIe1/

Niirburgring motor-race track,Germanynuer-boork-ring /'ny:(r)bua(r)krin/

Nuremberg city, Germanynyoor-uhm-burg /‘njuaramba:(r)g/Established anglicization. The Germanname is Niirnberg, pronouncednuern-bairk.

Nureyev, Rudolf Russian ballet dancerroo-dolf noo-ray-uhf /_ru:do1fnl1Z'1‘9l8f/

Nut Egyptian goddessnuut /not,’

Nuuk capital ofGreenlandnook /nu:k/

Nyala city, Sudannyah-luh /'njo:laf

Nyerere, Julius Tanzanian statesmanjoo-Ii-uhss nyerr-air-i /_d3u:liasnja'rs:ri/

nyckelharpa musical instrumentnuek~el~har-puh /'nYkel,ho:(r)pa/

Nyman, Michael English composerny-muhn /'muman/

Nynorsk literary form ofNorwegiannue-norshk /'ny:no:(r)Ik/. 1a(

An incorrect pronunciation,nyoo-kyuul-uhr, is sometimes heard.

nugatory unimportantnyoo-guh-tri /'nju:gatri/

Nuku’a]ofa capital ofTongan00-koo-uh-loh-fuh /,nu:ku:a'laofa/

Nullarbor Plain arid zone in Australianul-uhr-bor /'I‘lAl8(I‘)b0Z(I‘)/

Sometimes anglicized to nee-norsk,”

Nyquist criterion electronics termny-kwist /'l'lAIl(WISl/

Nystriim, Giista Swedish composeryoess-tuh nue-stroem /_jesta'ny:strom]

Nyx Greek goddessniks /niks/'

275

Oahu island, Hawaiioh-ah-hoo /eo'u:hu:/

Oaxaca city and state, Mexicowuh-hah-kuh /we'ho:ke/, Spanish[wzrxaka]~ Established anglicization.

Obadiah Hebrew prophetoh-buh-dy-uh /_8Lil)8'dAl8/

Oban port, Scotlandoh-buhn flaobanf

Obasanjo, Olusegun Nigerianpresidentol-oo-sheg-oon ob-ass-an-joh/n'lu:_\'egu:n o'basand3au/

obbligato instrumental partob-lig-ah-toh /_nb11'go:tao,'

obdurate stubbornob-dyuu-ruht /'nbdjurat/

obeah sorceryOh-bi-uh /'aobie/

obeisance respectoh-bay-suhnss /ao'be1sans/

obelisk tapering stone pillarOb-uh-llsk f'DlJ8llSl(/

Oberammergau village, Germanyoh-buhr-am-uhr-gow/,auber'ama(r)gao/

Oberhausen city, Germanyoh-buhr-how-zuhn /'auba(r),haozan/

Oberon Shakespearean character, alsoone of Uranus’s moonsoh-buh-ron /'aobarnn/

obfuscate make unclearob—fuss-kayt /'nbfAske1t/

obi kimono sashOh-bi /'aubi/

obiter dictum judge's opinion, notlegally bindingob-it-uhr dik-tuhm /,nb1ta(r) 'd1ktam/

obituary death noticeuh-bich-oo-uhr—i /a'bItIuari/

0l)j€Ct thingOb-jekt /'obd3ekt/

object disagree

uhb-jekt /ab‘d3akt/objet d’art decorative item

ob-zhay dar /,ub3e1 'da:(r)/objel: trouvé found object, displayed as a

work of artob-zhay troo-vay /,nb3e1 'tru:vei/

oblast administrative region in Russiaob-last /'nblast/

obligatory required by ruleuh-blig-uh-tuh-ri /a'b1Igatari,‘

Oblomov play by Goncharovuh—bIom-uhf /a'blnmaf/

obloqny public condemnationob-Iuh-kwi /'nblekwi/

oboe d’am0l'e musical instrumentoh-boh dam-aw-ray /_9Ub3Uda'mo:re1/

Obote, Milton Ugandan statesmanuh-boh-tay /a'bautei/

obscurantism deliberate hiding ofinformationob-skyuu-rant-iz-uhm/_nbskju'rant1zam,I

obsequies funeral ritesob-suh-kwiz ,"nbsakw1z/

obsequious attentive to an excessivedegreeuhb—see-kwi-uhss /ab'si:kwias/

obsidian volcanic rockuhb-sid-i-uhn /ab'sidian/

obstetrician doctor specializing inobstetricsob-stuh-trish-uhn /,obsta‘tr1_[an/

obstetrics medicine concerned withchildbirthuh b-stet-riks /ab'statr1ks/

obstreperous difiicult to controluh b—strep-uh-ruhss lalrstrsparasl

obstrllent speech soundob-stroo-uhnt /'nbstruant/

ocarina wind instrumentok-uh-ree-nuh /,oka'ri:na/

O’Cathain, Detta Irish—born Britishpoliticiandet-uh oh-kuh-hoyn /,deta aoka'hom/

Occam’s razor | oedema

Occam’s razor reductionist principleok-uhmz /'nkamz/

Occident countries of the Westok-sid-uhnt /'nks1dant/

occipital bone bone in the skullok-sip-it-uhl /ok'srp1tal/

Occitan language of southern Franceok-si-tuhn ,/'nks1tan/

occult supernaturalOl(-Ul1l/'Dl<Alt/Less commonly also ok-ult.

Oceania islands of the Pacific Oceanoh-si-ah-ni-uh /,aosi'u:nia/Commonly also oh-shi-ah-ni-uh; this Wvariation in pronunciation is also possiblewith all the ocean- words below.

oceanic relating to the oceanoh-si-an-ik /_aosi'an1k/

Oceanid pl. Oceanides sea nymphoh-see-uh-nid, pl. oh-si-an-id-eez/ao'si:enId/, pl. /,aosI'an1di:z/' Standard -s plural is also possible.

Oceanus Greek godoh-see-uh-nuhss /au'si:anas/

ocelot wild catoss-uh-lot /'usalnt/

och Scottish interjectionokh lnxl

oche line behind which darts playersstandok-i /'nki,l

ochre pigmentoh-kuhr /'auka(r)/

Ockeghem, Johannes FlemishCOIDPOSQT

yoh-han-uhss ok—uh-khuhm/jeo_hanas 'okaxam/

Ocracoke island, USoh-kruh-kohk /'aokrakaok/

octahedron three-dimensional shapeok-tuh-hee-druhn /,nkta'hi:dran/

octameter line of verse consisting ofeight metrical feetok—tam-uh-tuhr /nk'tamata(r)/

octave series ofeight notesok—tuhv /‘nktav/

Octavian Roman emperor Augustusok-tay-vi-uhn /nk'te1vian/

octavo page sizeok—tah—voh /nk'tu:vao/

276

1,e;;1ii;msan;;;;;;J<;ey-ah. O" Ooctet group of eight people or things

ok-tet /ok'tst/octopus pl. octopodes, octopi sea

creatureok-tuh-puhss, pl. ok-tuh-poh-deez,ok-tuh-py /'oktapas/, pl. /okta'peodi:z,',/'oktep/\.I/v Standard -es plural is also possible.

octuple consisting of eight partsok-tyoo-puhl /nk'tju:pal/Less commonly also ok-tyuupi-uhl; seesTRi=.ss panel.

ocular connected with the eyes or visionok-yuul-uhr /'nkjo1a(r)/

odalisque female slaveoh-duh-Iisk /'aodal1sk/

Odense port, Denmarkoh-duhn-suh Faodansal

Odent, Michel French obstetricianmee-shel oh-dah(ng)/mi:'j‘s1au'd(1/

Oder river, central EuropeOh-duhr /'aode(r),!

Odessa port, Ukraineoh-dess-uh /au'dssa/

Odets, Clifford American dramatistoh-dets /ao'dets/

Odin Norse god; also called Wodin orWotanoh-din /'eodm/

odium hatred or unpopularityoh-di-uhm /'aodiam/

odometer instrument for measuringdistanceoh-dom-uh-tuhr /au'dnmate(r)/

Odone, Christina British journalistkriss-tee-nuh oh-doh-nay /kr1s'ti:naao'daone1/

odontology scientific study of teethod~on-tol-uh-ji /,ndnn'to1ad3i/

odoriferous giving off a smelloh-duh-rif-uh-ruhss /,aoda'riferas/

Odysseus Greek mythological characteruh-diss-yooss /e'drsju:s/Commonly also uh-diss-i-uhss. W WW if 7

Odyssey Greek epic poem; also any longjourneyOd-iS5-i /'ud1si/

oedema medical conditionee-dee-muh /i:'di:ma/

277

Oedipus Greek mythological characteree-dip-uhss /'i:d1paslAM also ed-ip-uhss.

OEIC Open—Ended Investment Companyoyk /;uk/

oenology study of winesee-nol-uh-ji /i:'nulad7,iJ

Oenone Greek mythological characteree-noh-ni /ifnaonif

oenophile connoisseur of winesee-nuh-fyl /'iZI13fAil./

Oersted, Hans Christian Danishphysicisthanss krist-yuhn oer-steth /_hanS,kristjon 'oe(r)stso/

oesophagus pl. oesophagi part of thealimentary canaluh-sof-uh-guhss, pl. uh-sof-uh-jy/a'snfagas/, pl. /-f83AI/Commonly also Standard-es plural is also possible.

oestrogen female hormoneee-struh-juhn /‘i:stred3an/AM is est-ruh-juhn.

oestrus period of fertilityee-stru hSS /'i:stras/AM iS BS1-TUhSS. in I 77"’ T V7 7

oeuvre artist's body ofworkur-vruh /'a:vra/

Ofl'a historical king of Mercia0f—uh /‘nfa/

Oifaly county, Republic of Ireland0f—uh-Ii /'ofali/

Offenbach, Jacques German composerzhahk of-uhn-bakh /_3c1:k 'nfanbax/

ofliciate act in chargeuh—fish-i-ayt /a‘f|j‘ie1t/

Ofgem OFfice of Gas and ElectricityMarkets0f—jem /'ofd3sm/

Ofili, Chris English artistkriss uh-fee-Ii /_kris a‘fi:1i/

often frequentlyof-uhn /'ufan/ as

Ofwat OFfice ofWATer Servicesof-wot j'ofwot/

Ogaden desert, Ethiopiaog-uh-den /,nga'den/

Oedipus I Olaf

Ogbomosho city, Nigeriaog-buh-moh-shoh /,ngba'maoIaoi

ogdoad group of eightog-doh-ad /'ogdaoad/

Ogen melon varietyoh-gen /'aogen/

ogham ancient British and Irish alphabetog-uhm /'ngam/

ogonek diacritic symbol0g—0n~ek /o‘gom-:k/

Ohio state, USoh-hy-oh /ao'h.-uau/'

Ohm, Georg Simon German physicistgay-ork zee-mon ohm /,ge1a:(r)kzizmon 'aom/

ohm unit of resistanceohm loom]

Ohrid lake between Macedonia andAlbaniaokh-rid /'nxrid/

Oireachtas legislature of the IrishRepublicerr-uhk-tuhss /traktas/, IrishPariaxtasl

Oisin mythical Irish bard; also calledOssianoh-sheen /au'_[i:n/

okapi large mammaloh-kah-pi /au'ku:pi/

Okara city, Pakistanoh-kah-ruh /au'kci:ra/

Okayama city, Japanoh-kuh-yah-muh /,aoka'jc|:ma/

Okeechobee, Lake lake, USoh-kuh-choh-bee /,auke't_[eubi:/

O’Keefi'e, Georgia American painterjor-juh oh-keef /,d3o:(r)d7,a au'ki:f/

Okefenokee swamp, USoh-kuh-fuh-noh-kee /,aokafa'nauki:/

Okhotsk sea and town, Russiauh-khotsk /a'xntsk/

Okinawa region, Japanoh-kin-ah-wuh /_auki'nu:wa/

Oklahoma state, USoh-kluh-hoh-muh /_aukla'hauma/

okra edible plant0h—kruh /'aukra/

Okri, Ben Nigerian writerben oh-kri /ban 'aokri/

Olafname offive kings ofNorwayoh-lav /'eo1av/, [u:laf]

Oland I oncology

' Established anglicization.Oland island, Sweden

oe-land /'o:land,'olde worlde quaint

ohl-di wurl—di /_auldi 'we:(r)ldi/A pseudo-archaic pronunciation, often usedto suggest inauthenticity.

Oldenburg, Claes Swedish—Americanartistklahss ohl-duhn-burg /_klu:s'ooldanbe:(r)g/

Oldham town, Englandohl-duhm f'3Ul(l8ITl/

Oldowan early Lower Palaeolithicculture ofAfrica0|-doh-wuhn /'oldaowan,/

Olduvai gorge, Tanzaniaol-duuv—y /'DldUVAI;'

Ole ‘bravo’ (Spanish)oh—lay ,/ao‘le1/

oleaginous oilyoh-li~aj-in-uhss /,aol1'ad31nes/

oleander poisonous shruboh-Ii-an-duhr /_au11'anda(r)/

Oleanna play by David Mametol-i-an-uh /,ul1'ana/

Olestra trademark synthetic fat substitute0|-est-ruh /n'lsstra/

olfactory relating to smellol-fak-tuh-ri /o1'faktari/

oligarch ruler0|-ig-ark /'nl1go:(r)k/

Oligocene geological epoch0|-ig-uh-seen /'nl1gasi:n/

olingo nocturnal mammalol-ing-goh /n'lmgao/

olio spiced stewoh-ii-oh /'aol1ao/

Olivier, Laurence English actorlorr-uhnss uh-liv-i-ay /,1nrans a'livie1/

Olmec ancient Meso-Americancivilization0|—mek /'olmek/

Olomouc city, Czech Republicol-uh-mohts /'n1amaots/

oloroso dark sherryol-uh-roh-soh /,ola'reosao/

Olsztyn city, Polandoi-shtin /'nljt1n/

Olympiad occasion when OlympicGames are held

278

uh-lim-pi-ad /a'l1mpiad/Olynlpus home of the Greek gods

uh—lim—puhss /o'l1mpas/om Hindu mystic mantra

ohm laornlOmaar, Rageh Somali BBC reporter

rag-i oh-mar /,ragi 'aomo:(r)/Omaha city, US

oh-muh-hah /'aomahci:/Oman country

0h—mal'|n /eu'mo:n/Omar Khayyam Persian poet and

mathematicianoh-mar ky-ahm /,eomo:(r) kA1'o:m/

ombudsman official who investigatescomplaintsom-buudz-muhn /'nmbodzman/

Omdurman city, Sudanom-duhr-mahn /,nmda(r)'m(1:n/

omega letter of the Greek alphabetoh-mig-uh /'aomiga/

omerta code of silenceoh-mair-tah /,aoma:(r)'to:/

omicron letter of the Greek alphabetoh-my-kron /ao'mA1kron/Coinjmonly also om-i-kron. 7

omnipotent having unlimited powerom-nip-uh-tuhnt /nm'n1patant/

omniscient knowing everythingom-niss-i-uhnt /om'nIsiant/

omnivorous eating food ofboth plantand animal originom-niv-uh-ruhss /om'n1varas/

omphalos pl. omphaloi centre or hubom-fuh-loss, pl. om-fuh-loy /'omfa1os/,pl. /-lo1/

Omsk city, RussiaOmsk lomskl

onanism masturbationoh-nuh-niz-uhm /'aonan1zam/

Onassis, Aristotle Greek businessmanarr-ist-ot-uhl oh-nass-iss /,ar|stntalao'nasIs/

onchocerciasis river blindnesson-koh-sur-ky-uh-siss/,o13kaoso:(r)'kA1asIs/

oncology study and treatment oftumoursong-kol-uh-ji /n13'ko1ad5i/

2 79

Ondaatje, Michael SriLankan-Canadian writermy-kuhl on—dah-tyuh /_mAIl(8lnn'do:tja/

ondes martenot electronic musicalinstrument0(ng)d mar-tuh-noh /Dd 'mo:(r)tanao/

on (lit piece ofgossipo(ng) dee /ii 'di:/

Onega port and lake, Russiauh—nyeg-uh /a'nj£ga/

Onegin, Eugene see Eugene OneginOneida American Indian ethnic group

oh-ny-duh /ao'nArda/oneiromancy interpretation of dreams

uh-ny-ruh-man-si /a'nA1ra,mansi/onerous difficult

oh-nuh-ruhss Faunarasi }E§§}‘ " _ '

Ondaatje, Michael I Oran

Exporting Countriesoh-pek /'aupsk/

Opel, Wilhelm von German motor imanufacturervil-helm fon oh-puhl I ,v11he1m fon'aopal/

Opera bouife French comic operaop-air—uh boof /pp:-zzra 'bu:f/

opera bufl"a Italian comic operaop-air-uh boo-fuh fppazra ‘bu:fa/

Ophelia Shakespearean characteruh-fee-Ii-uh /a't‘i:lia,'

ophicleide organ stopOf-ik-lyd /nf1klMd/

Ophiuchus constellationoh—fyoo-kuhss /ao'fju:kas,'

ophthalmologl branch of medicineconcerned with the eyeof-thal-mol-uh-ji /,nfBa1'mnled3i/

Ono, Yoko Japanese-American musicianyoh-koh oh-noh /,jaokeo ‘anneal

onomastic relating to the study ofproper nameson-uh-mass-tik /nna'mastik/

onomatopoeia formation of a wordfrom an associated soundon-uh-mat~uh-pee-uh /,nnamate'pi:e/

Ontario province, Canadaon-tair-i-oh /nn'ta:riau/

ontology branch of metaphysicson-tol-uh-ji /un'tolad3i/

onus responsibilityoh-nuhss /‘eonas/

onyx semi-precious variety of agateon-iks /'nn1ks/

oocyte cell in an ovaryoh-uh-syt /'8U8SAliI/

oogenesis production or development ofan OVUITI

oh-uh-jen-uh-siss /aoa'd3anls1s]oology collecting ofbirds’ eggs

oh—0l-uh-ji /ao'nlad3i/oolong dark—coloured China teaoo-long /'u:lm]/

Oort, Jan Hendrik Dutch astronomeryun hend—rik ort /jan ,hsndr1k 'o:(r)t/

opacity opposite of transparencyuh-pass-it-i /a'pasiti/

opaque not able to be seen throughoh-payk /ao'pe1k/

OPEC Organization of Petroleum

Commonly also op-thal-mol-uh-ji.

Oporto see Portoopossum mammal

uh-poss-uhm /a'pnsam/oppidum ancient Celtic fortified tovm

0p—id—uhm /'op1dam/opportune especially convenient

op-puhr-tyoon /'npa(r)tju:n/opprobrium harsh criticism

uh-proh-bri-uhm /a'praobriam/oppugn question the truth of

uh-pyoon /a'pju:n/opsimath person who begins to study

late in life0p-sim-ath /'nps1ma6/

optative grammatical moodop-tuh-tiv /'nptat1v/Less commonly also op-tay-tiv.

opus pl. opera musical compositionoh-puhss, pl. op-uh-ruh /'aopas/, pl./'npara/' Standard -es plural is also possible.

Opus Dei Catholic organization; ‘God’swork‘ (Latin)oh-puhss day-ee /_aopes 'de1i:/

oracy ability to speak fluentlyaw-ruh-si /'o:rasi/

Oradea city, Romaniaaw-rah—di-uh /:>:'ru:dia/

Oran port, Algeriaaw-rahn /a:'ro:n/

orang-utan I Orion

orang-utan apeuh-rang-oo-tan /a'rar3u:_tan/If spelt omng-utang, pronounceduh-rang-oo-tang.

Oranienbnrg town, Germany; site of aSecond World War concentration camp0rr—ah—ni-uhn-buurk /n'ro:nionbo(r)kf

Oranjestad capital of Arubaaw-ran-yuh-staht /:>:'ranja,sto:t/

oratorio large-scale musical work0-ruh-tor-i-oh /'ora'to:riao/

oratory small chapelorr-uh-tuh-ri /'oretari/

Orbison, Roy American singerroy or-biss-uhn /_ro1 ':J:(r)b1san,'

orca whaleor-kuh /'o:(r)kaj

Orcadian relating to the Orkney Islandsor-kay-di-uhn /o:(r)'kerdian/

Orcagna, Andrea Italian painter andarchitectan-dray-uh or-kah-nyuh /an'dreIe:>:(r)'k0.:nja,'

orchitis inflammation of the testiclesor-ky-tiss /(JI(I‘)'kAIlZIS/

Orczy, Emmuska Hungarian-Britishnovelistem-uush-kuh ort-si /,smo1‘ka 'a:(r)tsi/

ordinand trainee priestor-di-nand /'o:(r)dmand;'

ordinarily usuallyor-duh-nuh—ril-i /'o:(r)danar11i/Commonly also or-di-nair-il-i.

ordinary usualor-fclguh-nun-ri /'o:(r)danari/Reduced pronunciations ord-nulilrior ord-uhn-ri are common, and or-din-err-iis also possible.

ordinate mathematical lineor-di-nuht ,I'o:(r)dmat/

Ordnance Survey organization whichproduces mapsord-nuhnss sur-vay /,:>:(r)dnans'sa:(r)ve1/

Ordovician geological periodor-duh-vish-i-uhn /,:):(r)da'v1_\‘ian/

ordure excrementor-dyuur /':J:(r)djoa(r)/

Orebro city, Swedenoe-ruh-broo /_(e:ra'bru:/

280

orecchiette small pieces ofear-shapedpastaorr-ek-kyet-ay /,nrs'kjate1/

oregano culinary herb0-ruh-gah-noh /,nra‘go:nao/

AP’! F? F'ch"°_9Ic“"'I‘°h-___ __c___Oregon state, US

orr-uh—guhn /'nragen/Orel city, Russia

uh~rel /a'rel/Orenburg city, Russia

orr—uhn—burg /'nranba:(r)g,'Oreo trademark American chocolate

biscuitaw—ri-oh /'o:riao/'

Oresteia play trilogy by Aeschylusorr-est-y-uh /nras'tma/

Orestes Greek mythological characterorr-est-eez /n'ri-:sti:z/

flresund (also Oresund) strait betweenSweden and Denmarkoe-ruh-suund /,oe:ra'sund/

orfe fishorf /0:(r)f[

Orfeo ed Euridice opera by Gluckor-fay-oh ed ay-oo-rid~ee-chay/o:(r)'fe1ao ed e1u:r1'di:tj‘e1/

Orfl‘, Carl German composerkarl orf /,ko:(r)l 'o:(r)f/

organdie cotton fabricor-guhn-di /':i:(r)gandi/

organum type of polyphonic musicor-guh-nuhm /':>:(r)ganam/

organza dress fabricor-gan-zuh /o:(r)'ganza/

orgone excess life forceor—gohn /'o:(r)gaun/

oriel large upper-storey bay with awindowaw-ri-uhl /‘:>:ria1/

orifice openingorr-if-iss /'nr1f1s/

origami Japanese art of folding paperorr-ig—ah-mi /,or1'gu:mi/

Origen Christian scholar and theologianorr-ij-uhn /‘m"rd3en/

Orinoco river, South Americaorr-in-oh-koh ]_nr1'n9okao/

oriole birdaw-ri-ohl /'o:riao1/_

Orion constellationuh-ry—uhn /8'I‘AI8I'l/

281

orison prayerorr-iz-uhn /‘or1zan;‘

Orissa state, Indiauh-riss-uh /a'risa/

Orkneys islands, Scotlandork-neez /'o:(r)kni:z/

Orlando city, USor-Ian-doh /o:(r)‘landao/

Orleans city, Franceor-lay-ah(ng) /o:(r)le1'fi/Less commonly anglicized to or-lee-uhnz,which is the pronunciation used for theplace of the same name in Quebec. See alsoNEW ottusaus.

Orlnazd Zoroastrian godor-muhzd /'o:(r)mezd/

ormolu metal alloyor-muh-loo /'a:(r)ma1u:/

ornery bad—temperedor-nuh-ri /':>:(r)neri/

ornithology study ofbirdsor-nith-ol-uh-ji /,0:(r)n1‘6nlad3i/

orography branch of geography dealingwith mountainsorr-og-ruh~fi /n'rngrafi/

Oromo member of an East Africanethnic grouporr-uh-moh /'nramao/

Orontes river, Asiauh-ron-teez /a'runti:z/

oropharynx part of the throataw-roh-farr-inks /,o:rao'far1nks/

orotund imposingorr-oh-tund /'I)l“8UtAl'lCl/

orpharion stringed instrumentor-farr-i-uhn /o:(r)'farian/

Orpheus Greek mythological characteror-fyooss /'o:(r)fju:s/Commonly also or-fi-uhss.

orrery model of the solar systemorr-uh-ri /'Drari/

ortanique citrus fruitor-tuh-neek /,o:(r)to'ni:k/

Ortega, Daniel Nicaraguan statesmandan-yel or-tay-guh /dan,jsl 0:(r)'te1ga/

orthodontics treatment ofdentalirregularitiesor—thuh—don-tiks /,o:(r)6a'dnnt1ks/

orthoepy correct or acceptedpronunciation of wordsor-thoh-uh-pi /o:(r)'8auapi/

orison | osmium

Less commonly also or-thoh-ep-i oror-thoh-ee-pi. We find it ironic that thepronunciation ofthis word is so variable.

orthogrlathous having a jaw which doesnot project forwardsor-thog-nuh-thuhss /o:(r)'9ngna9as,I

orthogonal involving right anglesor-thog—uh-nuhl [o:(r)'6ngenal/

orthography spelling systemor-thog-ruh-fi /:i:(r)'Bngrafi/

orthopaedics branch of medicinedealing with bones or muscle deformityor-thuh-pee-diks /_o:(r)6a'pi:d1ks/

orthosis pl. orthoses splint or braceor-thoh-siss, pl. or-thoh-seez/o:(r)'6eos1s/, pl. /-si:z/

ortolan birdor-tuh-luhn /‘o:(r)talan/

Oruro city, Boliviauh-roo-roh /a‘ru:rao/

Orvieto town, Italyor-vyay-toh /o:(r)'vje1tau/

oryx antelopeorr-iks /‘nriks/

orzo small pieces of pastaort-soh /':>:(r)tsao/

Osaka port, Japanoh-sah-kuh /au'sa:ka/' See Japanese panel.

oscillate move in a regular rhythmoss-il-ayt /'ns1le|t/

oscular relating to kissingosk-yuul-uhr /'nskjo1a(r)/

Osh city, Kyrgyzstanosh /nI/

Oshawa city, Canadaosh-uh-wuh /'nIewa/

osier willowoh-zi-uhr /'auzia(r),I

Osijek city, Croatia05$-i-yek /'osrjek/

Osiris Egyptian godoh-sy-riss /ao'sA1r1s/

Oslo capital of Norwayoz-loh /'nz1eo/, ['us1u]~ Established anglicization.

Osman I Turkish founder of theOttoman empireoz-muhn /'nzman/

osmium chemical elementoz-mi-uhm /'uzmiam/

osmosis | Ottoman

osmosis process of diffusionoz-moh-siss /nz'maos1s/

Osnabriick city, Germanyoz-nuh-bruuk /'nznabrok/,[,asna'brYk]

osnaburg coarse linenoz-nuh-burg /'nznabe:(r)g/

osprey bird ofpreyOsp—ri /'nspri/Less commonly also osp-ray.

Ossetia region, Caucasusoss-et-i-uh /os'etis/An older anglicized pronunciation,uh-see-Shuh, is given in various referenceworks. Our research has indicated that thepronunciation we recommend, which iscloser to the Russian, is more acceptable.

Ossi citizen of the former GermanDemocratic Republicoss-i /'nsi/

Ossian legendary Irish bard; also calledOisin05$-i—uhn fusion]

ossify turn into boneOSS-i-fy /'ns1fn1/

osso buoo Italian dish made of shin ofvealoss-oh boo-koh /,nsao 'bu:kau/

ossuary receptacle for bonesoss-yoo-uh-ri /"nsjueri/

Ostade, Adriaen Van Dutch painterand engraverah—dri-ahn vun ost-ah-duh /'o:dric1:nVAI1 n'stu:da/

Ostend port, Belgiumost-end /n'stsnd/

ostensible appearing to be true, but notnecessarily soost-en-sib-uhl /n'stsns1bal/

ostentatious showy0st-en-tay-shuhss /,nsten'te1_\‘es/

Osteomyelitis inflammation ofbone orbone marrowost-i-oh-my-uh-ly—tiss/,DSti8Ul'IlAI3'lAItIS/

osteopathy branch of complementarymedicine0st—i—0p—uh-thi /,nsti'npa6i/

osteoporosis medical conditionost-i-oh-puh-roh~siss/,nstiaupa‘raos1s/

282

Ostia ancient city, Italyost-i-uh /'nst1a,'

ostinato pl. ostinati repeated musicalphraseost-in-ah-toh, pl. ost-in-ah-ti/_nst1'nu:tao/, pl. /-'nd:ti/- Standard -s plural is also possible.

ostler person employed to look afterguests’ horses055-luhr /'nslo(r),'

Ostpolitik foreign policy of détente withthe former communist blocost-pol-it-eek /'nstpnli,ti:k/

ostracize excludeost-ruh-syz /'nstras1i1z/

Ostrava city, Czech Republicost-ruh-vuh /'ostrava,~'

Ostrogoth member of an ancient people0st-ruh-goth /'nstragn6,'

Ostwald, Friedrich German physicalchemistfreed-rikh ost-valt /,fri:dric 'ostvalt/

0§Wi¢Cim town, Poland; site ofAuschwitz concentration camposh-vyen-cheem /o_\"vji=:ntIi:m/

Otago region, New Zealandot-ah-goh /o'tu:gao,'

otaku young people highly skilled incomputer technologyoh-tah-koo /ao'tci:ku:/

otiose serving no practical purposeoh-ti-ohss /'8Utl9US]'

otolog: study of the earoh-tol-uh-ji ,'au'tn1ad3i/

Otomanguean family of AmericanIndian languagesoh-tuh-mang-gi-uhn /,auta'mangian/

otorhinolaryngology study ofdiseasesof the ear, nose, and throatoh-toh-ry-noh-larr-in-gol-uh-ji/,aotau_r.unao_lar1n'gnlad3i,'

Otranto strait between Italy and AlbaniaOh-tran-toh /'aotranteu/

Ottawa city, Canadaot-uh-wuh ,f‘I)tewe/

ottocento relating to the 19th century inItaly

not-oh-chen-toh /,ntao't_[sntao/Otzi mummified Stone Age man,

discovered in Austriaoet-si /'cetsi/

Ottoman Turkish dynastyot-uh-muhn /'ntamon/

283

Ouagadougou capital of Burkinawag-uh-doo-goo /,wago'du:gu:/‘

Oubliette secret dungeonoo-bli-et /,u:blr'et/

oud musical instrumentood /u:d/

Oudenarde town and battle site,Belgiumoo-duh-nard /'u:danci:(r)d/, Flemish['oudanu:rde]

Olldll region, Indiaowd laodj

ouguiya (also ougiya) currency unit,Mauritania00-gee-yuh /u:'gi:je/

Ouida English novelistwee-duh /'wi:de/

Ouija board board with letters,numbers, and symbols around its edgewee-juh /'wi:d3a/

011111 city, Finland0h—|00 /'aolu:/

Ouse river, Englandooz /u:z/

oust drive outowst /aust/

outage period without power supplyow-tuhj /'autod3/

outjie child (South African)Oh-ki /'aoki/

outré unusual or shockingoo-tray /'u:tre1/

Outremer medieval French crusaderstates0o—truh-mair /'u:trams:(r)/

ouzo Greek aniseed-flavoured spirit00-Z0h /‘uzzao,’

ovarian relating to the ovariesoh-vair-i-uhn /oo've:rian/

Overijssel province, Netherlandsoh-vuhr-y-suhl /,eovar'1i1se1/

overt done openlyoh-vurt /:->o've:(r)t/

Ovid Roman poet

Ouagadougou l Ozymandias

ov—id /'nv1d/Oviedo city, Spain

ov-yay-thoh /,nv'jer6ao/ovine relating to sheep

oh-vyn /'oovn1n/ovulate discharge ova from the ovary

ov-yu ui-ayt /'nvjulert/ovum pl. ova female reproductive celloh-vuhm, pl. oh-vuh /'<-iuvam/, Pl./‘aova,l

0W1; anything (dialect)owt laotl

oxalis plantOk-Suh-liS$ /'nksal1s/Less commonly also oltlsah-|iSS.

0Xb0W loop in a riverOks-boh /'nksbao/

Oxonian relating to Oxford or OxfordUniversityok-soh-ni-uhn /nk'saonien/

OxyContin trademark analgesic drugok—si-kon—tin /_nksi'knnt1n/

oxygenate supply with oxygenoit—sij-u h-nayt /‘nks1d3onert/

Oxymoron contradictory figure of speechok—si—maw-ron /,nksi'mo:rnn/

oxytocin female hormoneok-si-toh-sin /_nksi'teusm/

Oyeyemi, Helen Nigerian writeroy-ay-uh-mi /o1'eiami/

oyez call given to command attentionbefore an announcement0h-yay/so'je1/Less commonly also oh-yield’

oy vey (also oy veh) Yiddish interjectionofdismayoy vay /or ‘veil

Ozarks mountains, USoh-zarks /'aozu:(r)ks/

ozonosphere ozone layeroh-zohn-uh-sfeer /au'zaunasfra(r)/

Ozymandias poem by Shelleyoz-i-man-di-ass /,nzi‘mandias/

284

Ppa’anga currency unit, Tonga

pah-ahng-guh /pu:'u:nga/pace with due respect to

pay-si /'peisi/Sometimes also pah—chay; see LATIN panel.

Pachelbel, Johann German composeryoh-han pakh~uhl-bel /_jaohan'paxe1bs1/

pachinko Japanese form of pinballpuh-Chink—0h /po't]‘rnkao/

pachisi Indian board gamepuh-thee-zi /pa‘t_l‘i:zi/Marketed in the US as parchcesi,pronounced par-thee-zi.

Pachuca de Soto city, Mexicopatch-oo-kuh day soh-toh /pa_t_[u:kaClBI 'saoteu/

pachyderm thick—skinned mammalpak-id-urm /'pak1da:(r)m/

Pacino, Al American actorpuh-chee-noh /pa't_l'i:noof

Padang port, Indonesiapud-ung /'pAdA[]/Less commonly puh-dang.

pademelon (also paddymelon) Wallabypad-i-mel-uhn /'padi,melan/

Paderewski, Ignacy Jan Polishcomposer and statesmaneeg-nat-si yan pad-uh-ref-ski/i:g,natsi ,jan ,pada'rsfski/

Padma river, Bangladeshpud—muh /'pi\dmo/

Padraig Irish boy's namepaw-rig /'po:r1g/

padre chaplainpah-dray /'po:dre1/

padrona female bosspad-roh-nuh /pa'draona/

pad thai Thai noodle dishpad ty /pad 'ti\l/

Padua city, Italypad-yoo-uh /'padjue/

Established anglicization. The Italian nameis Padova, pronounced pah-dov-uh.

paean song of praisepee-uhn /'pi:on/

paediatrics medicine dealing withchildrenpee-di-at-riks ,/_pi:di'atr1ks/

paedophilia sexual interest in childrenpee—duh-fil-i-uh /pi:de'fr1ia/

paella Spanish rice dishpy-el—uh /pAl'E.l8/Sometimes alsd py-ay-yluh, 7 MSpanish~sounding pronunciation.

Pagan town, Burmapuh-gahn /pe'gu:n/

Paganini, Niccolo Italian violinist andcomposernee-kol-oh pag-uh-nee-ni /ni:ka,lao,paga'ni:ni/

Paget’s disease medical conditionpaj—uhts /‘pad3ats/

Paglia, Camille American critickuh-meel pahl-yuh /ka,mi:1'pu:lja/

Pagnol, Marcel French dramatistmar-sel pan-yol /mo:(r),Selpa'nj1)l/

pagoda templepuh-goh-duh /pa'gaoda/

Pahang state, Malaysiapuh-hung /p3'hAlj/'

palloehoe smooth lavapuh-hoh-i-hoh-i /pa'hauihaoi/

paideia system of cultural educationpy-dy-uh /pA1'd.ua/

pain an chocolat pastrypan oh shok-uh-Iah /,pan so '_[okala:,'

Paine Towers granite peaks, Chilepy-nay /'[JAII'tBI/

paisan fellow countrymanpy-zahn /p1u'zu:n/

pak choi Chinese cabbagepak choy /pak 't_l'o1/

Pakeha non-Maori New Zealanderpah-kuh-hah /'pu:kaho:/

Pakenham village, Englandpay-kuhn-uhm /'perkonem/

285

However, the family name is usuallypronounced pak-uhn-uhm.

Pakistan countrypah-kist-ahn /pu:k1s'tu:n/Commonlyialso pak-ist-an. I W

pakora Indian snackpuh-kaw-ruh /pa'ko:ra/

Palaeocene geological epochpal-i-Oh-Seen /'paliaosi:n/Eommonly also pay-Ii-oh-, especially inAM. The same variation occurs inPalaeolithic and palaeontologjy (below).

palaeography study ofwriting systemspay-Ii-og-ruh-fi /,peI1i'ogral"1/

Palaeolithic early phase of the StoneAgepal-i-Oh-lith-ik /,paliao'lI9Ik/

palaeontology science concerned withfossilspal-i-on~tol-uh-ji /_pa1inn'to1ad3i/

palaestra wrestling schoolpuh-lee-struh /pa'li:stre/

palais dance hallpal-ay /'pale1/

palanquin covered litterpal-uhn-keen /_pa1en'ki:n/

palantir object from The Lord oftheRingspal-an-teer /pal'antIa(r)/

palatal relating to the palatepal-uh-tuhl /'pa1ata1/

palatinate territorypuh-lat-i-nuht /pa'1at1nat/

Palau islands, Pacificpuh-low /pa'lao/

palaver fusspuh—lah-vuhr /pa'lu:ve(r)/

Palawan island, Philippinespuh-Iah-wuhn /pa'la:wan/

palazzo pl. palazzi palatial buildingpuh-lat-soh, pl. puh-lat-si /pa'1atsau/,pl. /-tsi/

Palembang city, Indonesiapul—em—bung /pA'lEIl1lJAI]/

Palenque former Mayan city, Mexicopal—eng-ky /pa'1e1]ke1/

Palermo port, Italypal-air-moh /pa'ls:(r)mau/

Palestine territory, Middle Eastpal-uh-styn /'p3l8StAII1/

Pakistan 1 Palmyra

Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi daItalian composerjuh-vah-ni pyair-lwee-ji dahpal-uh-stree-nuh /d3a_vu:nipje:(r)_lwi:d3i do: ,pala'stri:na/

palette thin boardpal-uht /'palat/

palfrey docile horsepawl-fri /'po:lfri/

Palgrave, Francis Turner Englishcritic and poetpal-grayv /'palgreiv/

Pali Indian languagepah-Ii /'po:1i/

palimony compensation after separationpal-im-uh-ni /'pal|meni/

palimpsest manuscript on which laterwriting has been superimposedpal-imp-sest /'pal1mpsest/

palindrome sequence that reads thesame backwards as forwardspal-in-drohm fpalmdraoml

palisade fencepal-iss-ayd /,pali'se|d/

Palissy, Bernard French potterbair-nar pal-iss-i /ba:(r),nu:(r)pal1'si/

Palk Strait inlet of the Bay of Bengalpawlk /pa:lk/

Palladian relating to the architecture ofAndrea Palladiopuh-lay-di-uhn /pa'le1dian/

Palladio, Andrea Italian architectand-ray-uh pal-ah-di-oh /an,dre1apa'1u:diao/

palladium chemical elementpuh-lay-di-uhm /pa'1e1diam/

palliasse straw mattresspal—i—ass /'palias/

palliative relieving painpal-i-uh-tiv /'paliat1v/

Palma port, Majorcapal—muh /‘palms,’

Palmas town, Brazilpal-mass /'pa1mas/

palmate botanical termpal-mayt /‘palmeIt/

Palme, OlofSwedish statesman00-lof pal-muh /_u:lnf ‘palm:-2;’

Palmerston, L0l‘d English statesmanpah-muhr—stuhn /'pc1:ma(r)stan/

Palmyra city, Syria; also called Tadmurpal-my—ruh /p3l'l"flAII‘8/

Palo Alto | panzer

Palo Alto city, USpal-oh al-toh /_palau 'altao/

Palomar, Mount mountain, USpal-uh-mar /'palamo:(r);'

palomino horsepal-uh-mee-noh f,pa1a‘mi:nao/

palsy paralysispawl-zi /'po:1zij

Paltrow, Gwyneth American actresspal-troh /‘pa1trau/

paly heraldic termpay-Ii /'peili/

Pamir Mountains mountain system,central Asiapuh-meer /pa'm1a(r)/

pampas treeless plainspam-puhss /'pampas/

Pampllylia ancient region, Asia Minorpam-fil—i-uh /parn'f1lia;'

Pamplona city, Spainpam-ploh-nuh /pam'p1aona/

panacea curc—allpan-uh-see-uh /_pana'si:a/

panache flamboyancepuh-nash /po'naI/

Panaji city, Indiapun-uj-i /'p1\l'lA(i3l/

Panama countrypan-uh-mah /‘panama:/,Spanish [panama]

Panay island, Philippinespan-y /pa'n.»\1/

panoetta porkpan—chet-uh /pan't_[eta,’

panchayat Indian village councilpun-chy-uht /pAn‘t_|‘A|at/

pancreas glandpank—ri-uhss /‘pankrias/

Pandarus Greek mythological characterpan-duh-ruhss /'pand9ras/

pandemic prevalent over a whole areapan-dem-ik /pan'dam|k,f

pandemonium wild disorderpan-duh-moh-ni-uhm/,panda'mauniam;'

Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi Indianpoliticianvij-uh-yuh luk-shmi pun-dit /,v1d5aja,lAk_[mi 'pAndIt/

paneer curd cheesepan-eer /pa'nia(r)/

286

panegyric praiseful speechpan-uh-jirr-ik /,pana'd51rik/

panettone rich Italian breadpan-et-oh-nay /_pane'teune1/

panga machetePa"9-Qvh francs!

Pangaea prehistoric supercontinentpan-jee-uh /pan'd3i:a/

Pangloss optimistic personpan-gloss /'panglns/

pangolin ant-eaterpang-guh-lin /,panga'lm/

Panini Indian grammarianpah-nin-i /'pu:mni/

panino pl. panini sandwichpan-ee-noh, pl. pan-ee-ni /pa'ni:nau/,pl. /-ni/

Panjabi see Punjabipanjandrum influential person

pa n-jan-druhm /pan'd3andram/Pankhurst family of English sullragettes

pank-hurst j‘pankha:(r)st/panoply extensive collection

pan-uh-pli /'panapli/Pantagruel Rabelaisian giant

pan-tuh-groo-el /_pantagru'el/, French[potagrysl]The absence of syllable stressgives rise to other anglicized pronunciationssuch as pan-tag-roo-el.

Pantagruelian enormouspan-tuh-groo-el-i-uhnI ,pantegru'elian/

Pantalaimon fictional creature in PhilipPullman’s His Dark Materialspan-tuh-ly-muhn /,panta'l1uman/

Pantanal swampland, Brazilpan-tuh-now /,panta'nau/

Pantelleria island, Italypant-el-uh-ree-uh /_pantsle'ri:a/

pantheism religionpan-thee-iz-uhm /'pan9i:1zam/

pantheon godspan-thi-uhn /'pan9ian/

Pantocrator title of Christpan-tok-ruh-tuhr /pan'tokreta(r)/

panzer German armoured unitpan-zuhr /'panza(r)/, ['pantse]¢ Established anglicization.

287 Paolozzi, Eduardo | parens patriae

Paolozzi, Eduardo Scottish sculptored-war-doh pow-lot—si /sd'wa:(r)daupao'1ntsi;'

papa one’s fatherpuh-pah /pa‘pu:/The pronunciation pap-uh is also possible,especially in children's speech.

papabile eligible to be popepap-ah-bil-ay /pa'p<1:b1le1/

papacy office of the Popepay-puh-si f'pelpasi,/

Papageno character in Mozart operapap-uh-gay-noh /papa'ge1nao/

paparazzo pl. paparazzi freelancephotographerpap-uh-rat-soh, pl. pa p-uh—rat~si/,papa'ratsao/, pl. /-tsi/

papaya tropical fruitpuh-py-uh /p8'pAI8/

Papeete capital of French Polynesiapah-pi-ay-tay /,pu:pi'e|te1/

Papiementu Creole languagepa p-i-uh-men-too /,papia'mentu:/

papier mfiflllé mixture of paper andgluepap-yay mash-ay /‘papjei 'maIe1/

papilla pl. papillae protuberancepuh-pil-uh, pl. puh-pil-ee /pe'p11a/, pl./-1i:/

papilloma pl. papillomata wart—lil-regrowthpap-il-oh-muh, pl. pap-il-oh-muh-tuh/_pap1‘l:-ioma/, pl. /-mata/

papillon breed ofdogpap-ii-on /'papi1onjSometimesjalso pap-ee—y0lIlt9),7a more?’French—s0unding pronunciation.

pappardelle kind of pastapap-ar-del~ay /,papo:(r)'de1e1/

paprika spicepapi-rik-uh /'papr1ka[h W pAlso puh-pree-kuh, especially in AM. W

Papua New Guinea countrypap-wuh nyoo gin-i /‘papwa nju:'g1ni/

papyrus materialpuh—py-ruhss fp8'IJAlI‘8S/

Para state, Brazilparr-ah /pa'ru:,l

parabola pl. parabolae curve

puh-tab-uh-luh, pl. puh-rab-uh-lee/parabola,/, pl. /-1i:/

Paracel Islands islands, South ChinaSeaparr-uh-sel /,para'se1/

Paracelsus Swiss physicianparr-uh-sel-suhss /,para'selsas/

paracetamol drugparr-uh-see-tuh-mol /,para'si:tamol/Commonly also parr-uh-set-uh-mol.

Paraclete Holy Spiritparr-uh-kleet !'parakli:t/

paradiddle drumming patternparr-uh-did-uhl /'para,d1da1/

paradigm typical exampleparr-uh-dym /'paradA1m/

paradigmatic relating to a paradigmparr-uh-dig-mat-ik /parad1g'mat1k/

parador pl. paradores government hotelin Spainparr-uh-dor, pl. parr-uh-daw-rayss/,pare'd:1:(r)/, pl. /-'d:i:re1s/

Paraguay countryparr-uh-gwy /']_JflI‘9QWAl/, [paraywaj]Q Established anglicization.

Paraiba state, Brazilparr-uh-ee-buh /_para‘i:ba/

parallax visual effectparr-uh-la ks /'paralaks/

Paramaribo capital of Surinameparr-uh-marr-i-boh /,para'maribau/

paramecium single—celled animalparr-uh—mee—si-uhm /_para‘mi:siam/

parameter factorpuh-ram-uh-tuhr /pe'ramata(r)/

Parana river, South Americaparr-uh-nah /,para'nc1:,"

paraphernalia miscellaneous articlesparr-uh-fuhr-nay-li-uh/,parafa(r)'neilia/

paraplegia paralysis of the lower bodyparr-uh-plee-juh /,pare'pli:d3a/

paraquat herbicideparr-uh—kwot /‘par:-ikwntl

paratha flat breadpuh-rah-tuh /pa'ru:ta/

par avion by airmailpar av-yo(ng) /puzr a'vj:‘>/

Parcae Roman mythological characterspar-ky /'pClZ(I')kAI/

parens patriae legal termparr-enz pat-ri-ee /,parenz 'patr|i:/

parenthesis l pascal

parenthesis pl. parentheses bracketpuh-ren-thuh-siss, pl.puh-ren-thuh-seez /pa'ren09$ls/, pl.]-si:z/

pareve kosher foodpah-ruh-vuh /'po:rava/

par excellence better than otherspar ek-suh-lah(ng)ss /,pa:r akse'lf1ns/

parfait cold dessertpar—fay /pn:(r)'fe1/

parget cover with plasterpar-juht I 'p(1:(r)d3at/

pariah outcastpuh-ry-uh /pa‘rA1e/

Paribas French bankparr-i-bah /'paribu:/

Paris capital of Franceparr-iss /iPt':i.I‘lSZ, [parig] W H 7 ___Established anglicization. Occasionally alsoreferred to jocularly in English as parr—ee.

Parisian relating to Parispuh-riz-i-uhn /pa‘rIzian/AM is usally puh-ree-zhuhn.

parlance particular way of speakingpar-luhnss /'pa:(r)1ans/

parlando musical termpar-land-oh /pu:(r)'Iandao/

parley conferencepar-Ii /'pu:(r)li/

parliament legislaturepar-luh-muhnt /'p0:(r)1amont1‘The alternative pronunciationparl-yu h-muhnt is increasingly rare.

Parma city, Italypar-muh /'pu:(r)ma/

Parnlenides Greek philosopherpar-men-id-eez /pu:(r)'msn1di:z/

Parmesan hard cheesepar-muh-zan /po:(r)ma'zan/

Parmigiana cooked with Parmesancheesepar—mi-jah—nuh /,po:(r)mi'd3o:na/

Parmigianino Italian painterpar-mi-jan—ee-noh/,po:(r)mid3a'ni:nau/

Parnassus, Mount mountain, Greecepar-nass-uhss /pa:(r)‘nasas/

Parnell, Charles Stewart Irishnationalist leaderpar-nuhl /'po:(r)nal/

288

parochial relating to a parishpuh-roh-ki-uhl /pa'raokial/

Paros island, Greeceparr-oss /'parns/

paroxysm sudden attackparr—uhk-siz-uhm /'paraks1zam/

parquet wooden flooringpar-kay /'pc1:(r)keI/

parramatta fabricparr-uh-mat-uh /,para'mata/

parse resolve into component partsparz /po:(r)z/KM is parss.

parsec unit of astronomical distancepar-sek /'pu:(r)sak/

Parsifal opera by Wagnerpar-sif-al /'po:(r)s1fal/

parsimonious frugalpar-sim-oh-ni-uhss /_pa:(r)s1'maonias/

Piirt, Arvo Estonian composerar-voh pairt /_o.:(r)vao ps:(r)t/, [,arvoWRIT]

Partenope opera by Handelpar-ten-oh-pay /pn:(r)'tenaope1/

parthenogenesis reproduction withoutfertilizationpar-thuh-noh-jen-uh-siss/,po:(r)9anao'd3snas1s/

Parthenon temple, Greecepar-thuh-nuhn ,f'pa:(r)6anan/

participle word formed from a verbpar—tiss—ip—uhI /'po:(r)t1s1pal/

parti pris preconceived viewpar-ti pree /,pa:(r)ti 'pri:/

partisan supporter of a causepar—tiz-an /'po:(r)t1zan/

partita pl. partite musical suitepar-tee-tuh, pl. pa r-tee-tay/pu:(r)'ti:ta/, pl. /-I81/'

Parvati Hindu goddesspar-vuh-ti /'po:(r)vatil

parvenu person of humble origin whohas gained wealthpar-vuh-noo /'po:(r)vanu:/

Pasadena city, Californiapass-uh-dee-nuh /,pasa'di:na/

Pascal, Blaise French physicistblayz pask-al /,ble1z pas'kal/

Pascal computer programming languagepask-al /pas'ka1/

pascal SI unit of pressurepask—al /pas'kal/

289

Sometimes also pask-uhl.

pascllal relating to Easterpask-uhl /'paskal/

pas de bourrée ballet steppah duh boor-ay /_po: do boa'rer/

pas de chat ballet jumppah duh shah /_po: da'_1‘c1:/

pas de deux dance for twopah duh doe /_po: do ‘do,’

paseo leisurely walkpass-ay-oh /pa'se1ao/

pasha Turkish officerpash-uh /'paIa/

pashmina shawlpash-mee-nuh /paJ'mi:na/

Pashto languagepush-toh /'pAj'tau/

Pasic, Nikola Serbian statesmannee-kol-uh pash-itch /,ni:kn1a'pa_f1tI/

Pasiphae Greek mythological characterpuh-sif-uh-ee /pa's1fai:/

paso doble ballroom dancepass-oh doh-blay /,pasao'deob1e1/

P8S0lil1i, Pier Italian film directorpyair pass-uh-lee-ni /,pjs:(r),pasa‘li:ni/

passacaglia musical compositionpass—uh-kah|—yuh /,pasa'ko:1ja/

passant heraldic termpass-uhnt /'pasant/

passata tomato pastepuh-sah-tu h /pa‘so:ta/

Passau city, Germanypass-ow /'pasao/

Passchendaele, Battle of First WorldWar battle

Pas"-uh"-dev‘ /‘vetoes!/toThe Belgian village is now calledjllassendale,pronounced puss-uhn-dah-luh.

passe no longer fashionablepass-ay /pa'se1,'

passeggiata leisurely walkpass-ej-ah-tuh /_pass'd3o:ta,'

passepartout mounted picturepaSp—ar—t00 /,paspc1:(r)'tu:/

Pasternak, Boris Russian writerborr-iss past-uhr-nak /‘borls'pasta(r)nak/v Established anglicization.

Pasteur, Louis French bacteriologist

paschal | paterfamilias

lwee past-oer /,lwi: pa'stce:(r)/pastiche imitative artistic work

past-eesh /pa'sti:_[/pastille sweet

past-uhl /'pastol/pastis aperitif

past-eess /pa'sti:s/pastoral relating to carepah-stuh-ruhl /‘po:staral/Commonly also past-uh-riuhl. W W"

pastorale instrumental compositionpast—uh-rahl /,pasto'ro:l/

pasty filled pastrypast-i /'pasti/

pasty unhealthily palepay-sti /'peIsti/

pataca currency unit, Macaopuh-tah-kuh /pa'tu:ka,'

Patagonia region, South Americapat-uh-goh-ni-uh /,pata‘gaonia/

patas monkey primatepuh-tah /pa'to:/

Patau’s syndrome congenital disorderpa't—0WZ /‘pataoz/

patchouli aromatic oilpuh—choo-li /pe'tj'u:li/

pate dc foie gras goose liver pastepat-ay duh fwah grah /,pate1 do fwa:‘gro:;’

Patel surname of Indian originpuh-tel /pa'tal/

patella pl. patellae kneecappuh-tel-uh, pl. puh-tel-ee /pa'tala/, pl./-1i:/

paten metal platepat-uhn /‘pat:-an,’

patent government licencepay-tuhnt /'pe1tant/Sometimes also pat-uhnt, particularly wiithjreference to the Patent Oflice or letterspatent. Patent leather is usually pay~tuhnt.

Pater, Walter English essayistpay—tuhr /'pe1ta(r)/

pater father (dated)pay—tuhr /'pe1ta(r)/0 See LATIN panel.

paterfamilias pl. patresfamilias malehead of a familypay-tuhr-fuh-mil-i-ass,pl. pay-treez-fuh-mil-i-ass/,pe1ta(r)fa'm1lias/, pl. /,peitri:z-/

paternoster 1 peau-de—soie

Also paitiuihr-; see LATIN panel.

pater-noster the L0rd’s Prayerpat-uhr—nost-uhr /,pata(r)'nnsta(r)/‘

Pathé, Charles French film pioneersharl path-ay /,_1‘o:(r)1 pa'9er/

pathogen micro—organismpath-uh-juhn /'pa6ed3en/

pathos quality that evokes sadnesspay-thoss /'pe16ns/

patina film on metalpat-in-uh /‘patina/’

patisserie cake shoppuh-tee-suh-ri /pa'ti:sarij

Patmos island, Greecepat-moss /‘patmos,'

Patna city, Indiapat-nuh /'patna/' Established anglicization.

patois dialectpat-wah /'patwu:/

Paton, Alan South African writerpay-tuhn /'peItan/

Patras port, Greecepuh-trass /pa'tras,'

patria native countrypat-ri-uh /'patrie/Sometimesflalso pay-tri-uh. if

patriarch male headpay-tri-ark /'pe1trio:(r)k/

patrician noblemanpuh-trish-uhn /pa'tr1j"anj

patriot person who supports theircountrypay-tri-uht I 'pe1tr1at/Commonly also pat—ri-uhti. if if

Patroclus Greek mythological characterpuh-trok—luhss /pa'trnkles/

patronymic name derived from a fatherpat-ruh-nim-ik /,patra'n1m1k/

Pattaya resort, Thailandpat-ay-ah /'pate1<1:/

Patum Peperium trademark anchovyrelishpat-uhm pep-air-E-uhm /,patampe'pe:riam/

paua abalonepOw—uh /‘paoa/

paucity insufficiencypaw-sit-i /'po:s1ti/

Pauli, Wolfgang Austrian—born

290

American physicistvolf-gang pow-Ii /_volfgaij| 'paoli/

Pauline relating to St Paulpaw-lyn /'p3:lnIn/

Pauling, Linus American chemistly-nuhss paw—|ing /|lAln8S 'p0:1n3/

Pausanias Greek geographer andhistorianpaw-say-ni-uhss /po:'se1nias/

pavane dancepuh-van /pa'van,'

Pavarotti, Luciano Italian operatictenorloo-chah-noh pav-uh-rot-i /1u:_t_[o:neo,pava'roti/

Pavese, Cesare Italian writerchay-zuh-ray pav—ay—zay /_t_\‘etzare1pa've1ze1/

Pavlov, Ivan Russian physiologistee-vahn pav-luhf /i:_vn:n 'pavlaf/

Pavlova, Anna Russian danceran-uh pav-|uh—vuh /,ana 'pavlava,/The anglicized pronunciation pav-loh-vuhis used for the dessert named alter her. Ourresearch indicates that the Russianpronunciation given above is the one heardand preferred in ballet circles.

Pavlovian relating to conditioningpav-Ioh-vi-uhn /pav'leovian/

Pavord, Anna English writerpay-vord /'petvo:(r)d/

pawpaw tropical fruitpaw-paw /'p:):po:/

Pax Romana peace within the RomanEmpirepaks roh-mah-nuh /_paks reo'mo:na/

paysage landscapepay-zahzh /peI'zo:3/

Pays Basque Basque Countrypay bask /,pe1 'bask/

Paz, Octavio Mexican poetok-tahv-yoh pass /nk‘to:vjeo ‘pas!

Peano, Giuseppe Italianmathematicianjuuz-ep-ay pay-ah-noh /d5o‘zspe1pe1'u:neu/

Pearce, Padraig Irish nationalistpaw-rig peerss /,po:r1k 'pia(r)s/

Pears, Peter English operatic tenorpeerz /p1a(r)z/

peau-de-soie fabricpoh duh swah /_pao da 'swu:/

291

pecan nutpee-kan /'pi:kan/Sometimes also pi-kan or pi-kahn,especially in AM.

peccadillo minor sinpek-uh-dil-oh /_peka'd1lau/

peccavi expression ofguiltpek-ah-vi /pa'ku:vi/

Pechenga region, Russiapetch-uhng-guh /'pstj"a1]ge/

Pechora river, Russiapuh-chaw-ruh /pa't_fo:ra/

Peckinpah, Sam American filmdirectorpek-in-pah /'pekmpu:/

pecorino Italian cheesepek-uh-ree-noh /,pska‘ri:nau/

Pé(!S city, Hungarypaytch /pe1t_l/

pectoral relating to the chestpek-tuh-ruhl /'psktara1/

perlagogue teacherped-uh-gog flpadagngl

pedagogy practice of teachingped-uh-goj-i /'psdagnd3i,'Also ped-uh-gog-i.

pedalo pleasure boatped—uh-l0h /'p&:da1ao/

pederasty paedophiliaped-uh-rast-i /'psdarasti/‘

Pedersen, Mogens Danish composermoh-uhnss pay—thuhr-suhn /_mauans'peiOa(r)san/

pedometer step-counterped—0m-uh-tuhr /pe'dometa(r)/

peely-wally sickly in appearance(Scottish)pee-Ii wal-i /,pi:11'wali/

Peenemiinde village, Germanypay-nuh-muen-duh /,pema'mYnda/

Peer Gynt opera by Griegpeer gint /,pra(r) 'gmt/

Pegu city, Burmapeg-00 /pe'gu:/

Pei, I. M. Chinese—American architectpay /pe1/

peignoir nightwearpayn-war /pem'wu:(r)/

Pejaizevié, Dora Croatian composerdaw—ruh-pay—ah-chuh-vitch /_d:>:ra

pecan | pemmican

pei'o:t_[av|tj"/pejorative expressing disapproval

puh-jorr-uh-tiv /pa'd3oratIv/Pekinese lapdog

pee-kin-eez /,pi:k1'ni:z/Peking former name for Beijing

pee-king /pi:'km/pekoe tea

pee-koh /'pi:kau/pelagic relating to the open sea

puh-laj-ik /pa'lad31k/Pelagius British or Irish monk

puh-lay-ji-uhss /pa'le1d3ias/pelau spicy West Indian dish

puh-low /pa'lao/Pelé Brazilian footballer

pel-ay /'psle1/Pelée, Mount volcano, Caribbean

puh-lay /pa'1e1,'Peleus Greek mythological character

peel-i-uhss /'pi:1ias/pelike pl. pelikai amphora

pel-ik-i, pl. pel-ik-y /'pal|ki/, pl./'p£lll(Al/

Pelion mountain, Greecepee—|i-uhn f'pi:lian/

pelisse cloakpuh-Ieess /pa'li:s/

pellagra diseasepel-ag-ruh /ps'1ag1"a/

Pelléas et Mélisande opera by Debussypel-ay-ass ay may-liz-ah(ng)d/psleras er me111'zfid/

Pelmanism memory trainingpel-muh-niz-uhm I 'ps1manrzam/

Peloponnese peninsula, Greecepel-uh-puh—neez /,pslepa'ni:z/

Pelops Greek mythological characterpee-lops /'pi:1nps/

pelorus sighting devicepuh-law-ruhss /pa'lo:ras/

pelota ball gamepel-oh-tuh /ps'lauta/

Pcmba. port, Mozambiquepem-buh /'psmba/

Pembroke port, Walespem-bruuk /'psmbrok/There are also Oxford and Cambridgecolleges of the same name, pronounced inthe same way.

pemmican dried meat cakepem-ik-uhn /'psmikan/

pemphigus | perchloroethylene 292

pemphigus skin diseasepem—fig-uhs$ /'psmf|gas/

Peiia, Paco Spanish guitaristpak—oh payn-yuh /,pakao 'pemje/

Penang island, Malaysiapuh-nang /pa'nan/

penates Roman household godspuh-nah-teez /pa'no:ti:z,'

penchant fondness for somethingP0019)-sholns) /'pf>Ifi/Commonly also pen-shuhnt, a moreanglicized pronunciation.

Pencoed town, Walespen-koyd /pen'ka1d/

Penderecki, KrzysztofPolishcomposerkshish-tof pen-duh-ret-ski /,kj1_[tofpenda'retski/

Pendolino trademark tilting trainpen-duh-lee-noh /psnda'1i:nau/

Pendragon ancient British titlepen—drag-uhn /psn’dragan/

Penelope Greek mythological characterpuh-nel-uh-pi /pa'nelapi/

Penge district of LondonDeni lpfindsl

penillion improvised Welsh singingpen-ihl-i-on /pe‘m-lion/

penistone woollen clothpen—is-tuhn /‘pt-:n1stan,f

penne kind of pastapen—3Y /'D€ner/

Pennine Hills hills, Englandpen-yn /'p8I'1All'1/'

penn’ol'th pennyworthpen-uhrth /‘pt:na(r)6/

Pennsylvania state, USpen-sil-vay-ni-uh ,',pensil've1nia/

Penobscot American Indian ethnicETOUPpen-ob-skot /pB'nnbsknt/

Pensacola resort, USpen—suh-koh-luh /,psnsa'kaola/

pensée reflectionpah(ng)-say /pfi'sei/

pension small hotel, especially in FrancePolnsl-a/o(ng) /'pf>sif>/

pensione pl. pensioni small hotel in Italypen-syoh-nay, pl. pen-syoh—ni/,pan'sjaone1/, pl. /-ni/

pentameter line of verse

pen-tam-uh-tuhr jpen'tamata(r)/Pentateuch first five books of the Old

Testamentpen-tuh-tyook /‘pentatju:k,!

pentatonic five-note scalepen-tuh-ton-ik /_penta'tnnrk/

Pentecost Christian festivalpen-tuh-kost /'psntakost/

Penthesilea Greek mythologicalcharacterpen—thess-il-ee—uh /_psn8es1'li:a/

Pentothal trademark drugpen-tuh-thal ]‘psntaBal/

penult penultimate syllablepen—ult /'psnnlt/

penumbra pl. penumbrae shadowregionpen-um-bruh, pl. pen-um-bree/p8'l"lAl'l’ll)I‘8/, pl. /-brizl

pellllry state of being very poorpen-yuh-ri f'psnjari/

Penza city, Russiapyen-zuh /'pjsnza/

Penzance town, Englandpen-zanss /pen'zans/

peony plantpee-uh-ni /‘pizani,-'

Peoria city, USpi-aw—ri—uh /pi'o:ria/

pepino plantpep-ee-noh /pe'pi:nau/

Pepys, Samuel English diaristpeeps lpizpsi

Péquiste supporter of the Canadian PartiQuébecoispay-keest /pe1'ki:st/

Pequot American Indian ethnic grouppee-kwot /'pi:kwot/

Perak state, Malaysiapeer-uh /'p1ara/

percale cotton fabricpuhr-kayl /pa(r)'keil/

per capita for each personpur kap-it-uh /pa:(r) 'kapita/

Perceva] legendary figurepur-suh-vuhl /'pa:(r)saval/

perclleron draught horsepur-shuh-ron /'pa:(r)_|'arnn/

perchloroethylene dry-cleaning fluidpuhr-klaw-roh-eth-il-een/pa(r),kl:::reu'eB11i:n/

293

per curiam legal termpur kyoor-i-am /_po:(r) 'kjoariam[

percuss tap gentlypuhr-kuss /pa(r)'kAs/

per diem for each daypur dee-em /pa:(r) 'di:sm/

perdition eternal punishmentpuhr-dish-uhn /pa(r)'d1_|‘an/

pére fatherPair /pe:(r)/

peregrine falconperr-uh-grin /'peragrm/

Perelman, S. J. American Writerperr-uhl-muhn /'psralman/

Peres, Shimon Israeli statesmanshi-mon perr-ess /_fi,mon 'psres/

perestroika policy of reformperr-uh-51:r0y—kuh /_psro'stro1ko/

Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier Peruviandiplomatkhav-yair perr-ess day kwel-yar/xav,je:(r) ,peres del ‘kws1jo:(r)/

perfidy deceitfulnesspur—fid-i j"pa:(r)f1di/

Pergamum city, ancient Asia Minorpur—guh-muhm /'pa:(r)gomam/

Pergau dam, Malaysiapuhr-gow /pa(r)'gao/

pergola arched structurepur-guh-luh /'pe:(r)ge1e/

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista Italiancomposerjuh-vah-ni bat-ee-stuh pair—go|—ay-zi/d3o,vo:ni ba'ti:ste pe:(r)gn'leIzi/

Peri, Jacopo Italian composeryah-kuh-poh pair-i /,jc1:kepeo 'ps:ri/

peri mythical superhuman beingpeer-i /'p1ari/

pericardium membrane enclosing theheartperr-i-kar-di-uhm /,psrr'ko:(r)diam/

Pericles Greek statesmanperr-ik-leez /‘psrrkli:z;‘

pericope extract from a textpuh-rik-uh-pi /pa'rlkapi/

peridot semi-precious stoneperr-id—0t /'peridnt/

Périgord area, Franceperr-ig-awr /'psr1go:(r)/

perihelion astronomical termperr-i-hee-Ii-uhn /,psri'hi:lian/

per curiam | Perpignan

periodicity quality ofoccurring atregular intervalspeer-i-uh-diss-it-i /,piaria'disiti/

peripatetic rovingperr-ip-uh-tet-ik /_psripe'tstik/

peripeteia reversal of fortuneperr-ip-uh-tee-uh /‘,per1pa'ti:e/

periphery edgepuh-rif-uh-r| /pe'r1fari/

periphrasis pl. periphrases indirectspeechpuh-rif~ruh—siss, pl. puh-rif-ruh-seez/pe'rifras1s/, pl. /-si:z/

periqtle tobaccoperr—eek /ps'ri:k/

peritoneum abdominal liningperr-it-uh-nee—uhm [,psrita'ni:am/

peritus theological adviserpuh-ry-tuhss /pe'r1i1tes/

perjury lying under oathpur-juh—ri /'pa:(r)d3ari/

Perlis state, Malaysiapur—liss /'po:(r)lis/

Perm city, Russiapyairm /pjs:(r)m/A semi-established anglicization, purm, isalso heard.

permeable able to be passed throughpur-mi-uh-buhl /'pa:(r)miabal/

Permian geological erapur-mi-uhn /'pe:(r)mian/

Pernambuco state, Brazilpair—nam—b00—koo /,pe:(r)nam'bu:ku:/

Pernod trademark aperitifpur-noh /'pe:(r)nao/

Peron, Eva Argentinian politicianay-vuh perr-on /,e1va ps'rnn/

Peron, Juan Argentinian statesmankhwan perr-on /,xwan ps'rnn/

perorate speak at lengthperr-uh-rayt /'psrere1t/

Perot, Ross American businessmanpuhr—oh /pa'reo/

Pérotin early French composerpay-rot-a(ng) /pe1ro'té/

perpetuum mobile perpetual motionpur-pet-yoo—uhm moh-bil-ay/pa:(r)_pstjuam 'moub1le1/

Perpignan city, Francepair-peen-yah(ng) /ps:(r)pi:'njfi/

perquisite 1 Petrine

perquisite benefitpur-kwiz-it /'pa:(r)kw1zIt/

Perrault, Charles French writersharl perr-oh /,_l‘c1:(r)l ps'rau/

Perrier trademark mineral waterperr-i—ay /'psrie1/

Persaud, Raj English psychiatristrahj puhr-sawd /,ru:d3 pe(r)'s0:d/

per se in itselfpur say /,pa:(r) 'se1/

Perseids meteor showerpuhr-see-idz /pa(r)'si:1dz/

Persephone Greek goddesspuhr—sef—uh-ni /pa(r)'safani/

Persepolis ancient city, Persiapuhr-sep-uh-liss /pa(r)'sz-:palIs/

Perseus Greek mythological characterpurss-yooss /'pa:(r)sju:s/Commonly also pur-si-uhss.

perseverate prolongpuhr-sev-uh-rayt /pa(r)'sevare1t/

Persia former name for Iranpur-zhuh /'pa:(r)3a/

persiflage mockerypur—sif-lahzh /‘pe:(r)s1flo:3/

persimmon fruitpuhr-sim-uhn /pe(r)‘s1man/

persona non grata p|.pe1-sonae nongratae unwelcome personpuhr-soh-nuh non grah-tuh,pl. puhr-soh-nee non grah-tee/pa(r)_seuna nnn 'gra:te/, pl. /-ni:/, /-ti:/~ See umu panel.

Persson, Goran Swedish primeministeryoe-ran pair-shon /,jce:ran 'p£:(r)_fnn/

pertussis whooping coughpuhr-tuss-iss /D3(I')'tASlS/

Peru countrypuh-r00 /pa'ru:/

Perugia city, Italypuh~roo~juh /pa'ru:d3a/

peruke wigpuh-rook /pa'ru:k/

peruse read thoroughlypuh-rooz /pe'ru:z/

Pesach Jewish Passover festivalpay-sahkh /'pe1so:x/

Peshawar city, Pakistanpuh-show-uhr /pe'Iaoa(r)/

peshmerga Kurdish nationalist

294

pesh-mur-guh /ps_['me:(r)ga;'peso currency unit, various Latin

American countriespay—soh /‘person,’

pessary medicine administered vaginallypess-uh-ri /'peseri/

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich Swisseducational reformeryoh-han hyn-rikh pest-uh-lots-i/,jeohan ,hAmr1<; ,pssta'lntsi/

pestle grinding toolpess-uhl /'pasal/

Pétain, Philippe French statesmanfil-eep pay-ta(ng) /fi'1i:p perts/

pétanque gamepuh-tah(ng)k /pe'tE1k/

petard small bombpuh-tard /pa'to:(r)d/

petechia pl. petechiae spot on the skinpit-ee-ki-uh, pl. pit-ee-ki-ee /pI'ti:kie/,pl. /-kii:,/

pethidine painkilling drugpeth-id-een /'psB1di:n/

pétillant sparklingpet-i-yo(ng) ,"pstijo/

petiole leaf stalkpet-i—0h| /'petiao1/

Petipa, Marius French choreographermarr-i-uhss pet-ip-ah /,mariaspst1'pc1:/

petit four small cakepuh—ti for /_pati 'fo:(r)J

petit mal seizurepuh—ti mal /,pati 'mal/

petit point embroiderypuh—ti pwa(ng) /,peti 'pws/narngiiclrsaio plihz-ii poynt.

petits pois young peaspuh—ti pwah /,peti 'pwc1:/

Petii, Andras Hungarian educationalist0ncl—rahsh pet-0e /pndruzj 'psta:/

Petra ancient city, Jordanpet-ruh /'petra/

Petrarch Italian poetpet-rark /'pstru:(r)k/

Petri dish shallow, transparent dishpet-ri /'petri/

Petrie, Flinders English archaeologistflin-duhrz peet-ri /,flmde(r)z 'pi:tri/

Petrine relating to St Peterpeet-ryn /'pi:trAm/

295

petroglyph rock carvingpet—ruh-glif /'patregl1f/'

Petronas Towers building in KualaLumpurpet-ruh-nass /'pstrenas/'

Petronius, Gaius Roman writergy-uhss pet-roh-ni-uhss /,g.»uaspstrauniesf

Petropavlovsk port, Russiapet-ruh-pav-luhfsk /,pstra'pavlefsl</

petrosal part of the skullpuh—troh-suhl /pa'traosal/

Petrozavodsk city, Russiapet-ruh-zuh-votsk /,petraza'vntsk/

Petrushka ballet by Stravinskypuh-troosh-kuh /puh'tru:_1‘ka/

pe tsai Chinese salad leafpay tsy /per 'lISAI/

Peugeot car manufacturerspoe-zhoh /'po3ao/

Pevsner, Nikolaus British art historianpevz-nuhr /'psvzna(r)/

peyote cactuspay-oh-ti ,lpe1'auti/

Peyronie's disease medical conditionperr-uh-neez /'perani:z,'

Pforzheim city, Germanypf0rts—hym ,I'pfo:(r)tshA|m/

phacelia plantfuh—see-|i—uh /fa'si:lia/

Phaeacians ancient peoplefee-ay-shuhnz /fi:'eij‘anz/

Phaedra Greek mythological characterfeed-ruh /'fi:dre/Sometimes also fyd-ruh or fay-druh; secGREEK panel.

Phaethon Greek mythological characterfay-uh-thuhn /'feie0en/

phaeton carriagefay-tuhn /'fe1ten/

phagocyte cellfag-uh—syt /'fagesnit/

Phaidon British publishing companyfy—duhn /'fAICl8I1/

phalanx pl. phalanges troops in closeformationfal-anks, pl. fuh-Ian-jeez /'fa1anks/, pl./fa'1and3i:z/

phalarope birdfal-uh-rohp /'falaraop/

phallus pl. phalli penis

petroglyph I Phidias

fal-uhss, pl. fal-y /'fa1as/, pl. /-lAI/Phanerozoic geological aeonfan-uh-roh-zoh-ik /,fanarau'zao1k/

phantasm ghostfan-taz-uhm /'fantazam/

phantasmagoria sequence of real orimaginary imagesfan-taz-muh-gorr-i-uh/,fantazma‘gnria/

pharaoh ruler in ancient Egyptfair-oh /'fe:rao/

Pharisee member of an ancient Jewishsectfarr-iss-ee /'far1si:/

Phar Lap Australian racehorsefar lap /,fa:(r) ‘lap!

pharmacopoeia list of medicinal drugsfar-muh-kuh-pee-uh /,fo:(r)make'pi:a/

Pharos lighthouse, Egyptfair-oss /'f£:ros/

pharyngitis inflammation of theP“a'?.’“". .farr-|n-jy-tiss /,farin'd3Ait1s,'

pharynx pl. pharynges throatfarr-mks, pl. fuh-rm-jeez /'farn1ks/, pl./fa‘rmd3i:z,l

phasoogale marsupialfask-og-uh-Ii /fa'skngali/

phatic used for social interactionfat-ik /'fat1k/

Pheidippides ancient Greek messengerfy-dip-id-eez /fAl'dIpIdiZZ/

phenobarbitone drugfee-noh-bar-bit-ohn/,fi:nau'bo:(r)b1taun/

phenolphthalein pH indicatorfee-nolf-thal-een /_fi:nn1'fBali:n/

phenotype set ofbiologicalcharacteristicsfee-noh-typ /'fi:naot.up/

phenylketonuria inherited conditionfee-nyl-keet-uh-nyoor—i-uh/_fi:nA|l,ki:ta'njoaria/

pheromone chemical substanceferr-uh-mohn /'fsramaon/

phi letter of the Greek alphabetfy /fM/

phial small bottlefy-uhl /'fn1al/

Phidias Greek sculptorfid-i-ass /'f1dias/

Philadelphia | phratry

Philadelphia city, USfii-uh-delf-i-uh /_f11e'deifie,f

philanthrope philanthropistfil-uhn-throhp /'fI1en,6reop/

philanthropic seeking to promote thewelfare of othersfil-uhn-throp—ik /,f1lan'Brop1k/

philately collection ofpostage stampsfil-at-uh-Ii jfrlatalil

Phileas Fogg fictional characterfil-i-uhss fog /,f1lios 'fng/

Philemon Greek mythological characterfil-ee-muhn /f1'1i:men/

Philippi ancient city, Macedoniafil-ip-y /'fIllpAI/

Philippians epistle of St Paulfil-ip-i-uhnz/f1'1ipienz,'

Philippines countryfil-ip-eenz /'f1l1pi:nz/

Philistine ancient Palestinian peoplefil-ist-yn /'f111st1i1n/

philodendron climbing plantfil-uh-den-druhn /,f1la‘dendran/

Philo Judaeus Alexandrian Jewishphilosopherfy-Iohjoo-dee-uhss/_fl\11ao d3u:‘di:es/

Philomel Greek mythological characterfil-uh-mel /'f1lams1/

Philomela Greek mythological characterfil-uh-mee-luh /,f1le'mi:la/

philtre love potionfil-tuhr /'f11te(r)/

Phintias Greek mythological characterfin-ti-ass /'fmtias/

Phi Phi island, Thailandpee PEG /.plI 'pi:/

Phiz English illustratorfiz /flz/

phlebotomy taking bloodfluh-bot-uh-mi /fla'bntami,’

Phlegethon Greek mythological riverfleg-uh—thon /'flega6on/

phlegm substanceflem ,'f1em/

phlegmatic calmfleg-mat-ik /flag'mat1k/

phloem vascular tissue in plantsfloh-em /'fleosm/

Phnom Penh capital of Cambodiapnom pen /_pnom 'psn/A more anglicized pronunciation, nom pen,is also used.

296

Phobos moon ofMarsfoh-boss /'feobus/

phocomelia congenital deformityf0h—kuh-mee—|i~uh /,feuke'mi:lie/

Phoebe Greek mythological characterfee-bi /'fiZbl/

Phoebus Greek godfee-buhss /'fi:bes/

Phoenicia ancient countryfuh-nee-Shuh /fa'ni:Ie/

Phoenix city, USfee-niks /'fi:n1ks/However, Phoenix in Mauritius ispronounced fay-neeks.

Phoenix, Joaquin American actorwah-keen fee-niks /wa:,ki:n 'fi:n1ks/

pholcodine drugfol-kuh-deen /'folkedi:n/

phonation production of speech soundsfoh-nay—shuhn /feo'ne1_|‘en/

phoneme sound unitfoh-neem /'faoni:m,I

phonetic relating to speech soundsfuh—net—ik /fa'nstik/

phonic relating to speech soundsfon-ik /'fon1k/

phoresy association between organismsfuh-ree-si /fe'ri:si/

phosphoresce emit lightfoss-fuh-ress /,f'osfe'res,/

phosphorus chemical elementfoss-fuh-ruhss /'fosfaras/

phot unit of illuminationfoht /foot,’

Ph0tillS Byzantine scholarf0h—ti-uhss /'faotias/

photogenic looking attractive inphotographsfoh-tuh-jen-ik /,faota‘d3enik,'Sometimes also fphjtuh-jeen-ik.

photometer instrument for measuringlight intensityfoh-tom-uh-tu hr /fao'tometa(r)/

photon particlefoh-ton /'faotnn/

phragmites reedfrag-my—teez /frag'm1uti:z/

phratry kinship groupfray-tri /'fre1tri/

297

phreatic relating to underground waterfri-at-ik /fri'at1k/

phrenie relating to the diaphragmfren-ik /'frsn1k,'

Phrygia ancient region, Asia Minorfrij-i-uh /'fr1d3ia/

phthalate chemical substancefthal-ayt ,~“f6ale1t/

phthisis wasting diseasefthy-siss /'f6A|s1s/

Phuket island, Thailandpoo-ket /pu:‘kst/

phulkari ornamental shawlpuul-kah-ri /pul'ku:ri/

phycology botany concerned with algaefy-l(0|-uh-ji /fm'kolad3i/

phylactery box containing Hebrew textsfil-ak-tuh-ri lfrlaktaril

phyllo see filophyllotaxis arrangement of leaves on a

stemfil-oh-talc-siss /,f1lau'taksis,l

phylum pl. phyla taxonomic categoryfy-luhm, pl.fy-luh/'fA1lam/, pl. /-19;‘

physalis Chinese lantern plantfy-say-liss /fAI'se1l1s/Also fiss-uh-Iiss or fy-suh-Iiss; sec LATINpanel.

physiognomy facial featuresfiZ—i-0n—uh-mi /_t"Izi'nnami,lLess commonly also

physique body formfiz-eek /f1‘zi:k/

pi letter of the Greek alphabetPy /pm

pia mater brain membranepee—uh mah-tu hr /,pi:a 'mu:ta(r)/

Piaf, Edith French singeree-dith pyaf /,i:d18 'pjaf/First name customarily anglicized; Frenchpronunciation is ay—deet.

Piaget, Jean Swiss psychologistzhah(ng) pyah-zhay 1,361 pj<1:‘3e1/

pianissimo very sofilypyuh-niss-im-oh /,pja'nls1mau/

piano musical instrumentpi-an-oh /pi'anau/

piano softlypyah-noh /'pja:nau/

pianoforte musical instrument

phreatic I picot

pi-an-oh-for-tay /pi,anao'fo:(r)te1/pianola trademark automatic piano

pi-uh-noh-luh ,/,pia'naola/piapiac crow

pee-uh-pee-uhk /'pi:api:ak/Piafigorsky, Gregor Russian-American

cellistgreg-or pyat-ig-or-ski /_grsg0:(r)pjat|'go:(r)ski!

Piaui state, Brazilpyow-ee /pjao'i:/

piazza public squarepi-at-suh /pi'atsa/

Piazzolla, Astor Argentine composerast-or pyass-oh-Iuh /_ast0:(r)pja'saole/

pibl‘0Cll bagpipe musicpee-brokh /'pi:brnx,I

pica craving to eat unusual substancespy-kuh /'p.~uka/

picador horesback bullfighterpik-uh-dor /'p1kada:(r)/

picante spicypik-an-tay lprkanteil

Picardy region, Francepik-uhr-di /‘p1ka(r)di/0 Established anglicization.

picaresque style of fictionpik-uh-resk /_p1ka'rssk/

picaro roguepik-uh-roh /'p1karau/

Picasso, Pablo Spanish artistpab-loh pik-ass-oh /,pab1au p1'kasau/

picayune of little valuepik-uh-yoon /,p1ka'ju:n/

pickelhaube spiked helmetpik-uhl-how-buh /'p|kal,haoba/'

Pico da Neblina mountain, Brazilpee-koo dah neb-lee-nuh /_pi:ku: du:ns'b1i:na/

Pico della Mirandola Italianphilosopherpee-koh del-uh mirr-and-uh-luh/,pi:keu ,dz-zla m1'rande1a/

Pico de Orizaba mountain, Mexicopee-koh day orr-ee-sab-uh /,pi:kaudel nrifsaba/‘

picot looppee-koh J'pi:kau/

piece de résistance | pinguid

piece de résistance most importantfeaturepyess duh ruh-ziss-to(ng)ss /,pjss dara'zrstfis/Also pyess duh rez-ist—ah(ng)ss, especiallyin AM.

Pieck, Wilhelm German statesmanvil-helm peek /,v1lhslm 'pi:k/

pied having two or more diiferent coloursPvd fimdl

pied-a-tel-re small home for occasionalusepyed-ah-tair /,pjsdo:'ts:(r)/

Piedmont region, Italypeed—m0nt /'pi:dmont/Established anglicization. The Italian isPiemonte, pronounced pyay-mon-tay.

pierid butterflypy—uh-rid /'pA1arid/

Piero della Francesca Italian painterpyair-oh del-uh fran-chesk-uh/_pje:reo ,dslo fran't_l‘esko/

pierogi dumplingspeer—0h-gi /p1a'raugi/

Pierre French boy's namepyair /n}£:(r)/

Pierre city, USpeer /pia(r)/

Pierrot clown characterpeer-oh /'p1arau/Also pyerr-oh.

Piesporter white winepeez-port—uhr /'pi:z,po:(r)ta(r)/

pieta picture of the Virgin Marypyay—tah fpje1'to:/

Pietermaritzburg city, South Africapee-tuhr-marr-its-burg/,pi:ta(r)'marttsba:(r)g/

pietism pious sentimentpy-uh-tiz-uhm /'pAl8tIZ8IIl/

piet-my-vrou South African cuckoopit may froh I ‘pit met _frao/

pietra dura mosaic workpyet-ruh doo-ruh /,pjetra 'du:ra/

piety religiositypy-uh-ti /'pl~.1ati/

piezoelectricity electric polarization ina substancepy-ee-zoh-eI-ek-triss-it-i/pA1,i:zaoelek'tr1sIti/

298

pika rabbit-like mammalpy-kuh ,/'pl\1ka/

Pik Pobedy mountain, Kyrgyzstanpeek puh-byed-uh /_pi:k pa'bjedaf

pilaf rice dishpee-laf /'p1laf,'

pilaster rectangular columnpil-ast-uhr /p1'lasta(r)/

Pilate, Pontius Roman procurator ofJudaeapon-shuhss py-luht /_ponIas 'pn1lat/

Pilates system of exercisespil-ah-teez /pI‘l(1:ti:z/

pilau rice dishpee-low /'pi:lao/

pileus pl. pilei mushroom cappy-Ii-uhss, pl. py-Ii-y /'pmlias/, pl./-liAI/

Pillai, Nisha BBC journalistnee-shuh pil-ay /,ni:_l"a ‘pilei/'

Pilsen city, Czech Republicpil-zuhn ['p11zan/

Pilsner lager beerpilz-nuhr l'p1lzna(r)/

pilule a small pillpil-yool /'p1lju:l/

pimento red sweet pepper; alsopimientopim-en-toh lprmentaol

pimiento red sweet pepper; alsopimentopim-yen-toh lprmjantauf

pimpernel plantpim-puhr-nel /'p1mpe(r)nel/

pina colada cocktailpee-nuh kuh-lah-duh /,pi:na ka'1o:da/

piiiata sweet-filled containerpeen-yah-tuh /pi:'nju:ta/

pince-nez eyeglasses with a nose clippa(ng)ss-nay /pés'ne1/

Pindar Greek lyric poetpin-duh r /'pmda(r)/

Pindus mountain range, Greecepin-duhss /'pmdas/

pineal glandpin-i-uhl ,"p1nie1/

Pinero, Arthur Wing Englishdramatistpin-eer-oh /pI'n1arao/

pinguid plumpping-gwid /'pmgw1d/

299

pinguin prickly plantping-gwin /'pn]gwIn/

pinion cogwheelpin-yuhn /'p1njan/

pinnace boatpin-uhss /'pmas/

Pinochet, Augusto Chilean statesmanow-goo-stoh pee-noh-shay/av.9u=Stav nilnadlei/Z _H_____Z____gA hispanized pronunciation, pee-notch-et,is also common in Chile (see BACI-{EI.E'I‘,MICHELLE). For this particular name,however, our research indicates that theFrench-sounding pronunciation werecommend is best.

pinochle card gamepee-nok-uhl /'pi:nnkal/

pifion pine treepin—y0n /p1'njnn/

Pinot wine grapepee-noh /'pi:nao/

pinotage red wine grapepin-uh-tahzh /'p1nata:3/

Pinter, Harold English dramatistpin-tuhr ,f'pinta(r)/

pinto piebaldpin-toh /'p1ntao/

Pinyin romanized Spelling for Chinesepin-yin /pm'jm/

piolet ice pickpyoh-lay /pjau'le1/

pion particlepy-on ,"pl\mn/

pipa Chinese musical instrumentpee-puh /'pi:pa/

pipette dropperpip-et jprpetl

pipistrelle batpip-ist-rel ,/,p|p1'strsl/

piquant appetizingpee-kont /'pi:kpnt,/

pique irritationpeek /pi:k/

pique fabricpee-kay /'pi:ke1/

piquet card gamepik-et /p1'kst/

Piraeus port, Greecepy-ree-uhss /pA1'ri:as/~ Established anglicization.

piraglla canoe

pinguin I piste

pirr-ag-wuh /p1'ragwa/Pirandello, Luigi Italian dramatist

lwee»ji pirr—uhn—del—0h /,lwi:d3i_p1ren'ds1ao/

Piranesi, Giovanni Battista Italianengraverjuh-vah-ni bat-ee-stuh pirr-uh-nay-zi/d3a,va:ni baytizsta _prra’neIzi/

piranha fishpirr-ah-nuh /p1'ru:na/Less commonly also pirr-ah-nyuh, a morePortuguese-sounding pronunciation.

piri-piri chilli saucepirr-i pirr-i /'p1ri ,p1ri/

pirog Russian piepirr-og lprrngi

pirogue canoepirr-ohg jprraugj

piroshki Russian savoury pastriespeer-uhsh-kee /p1ara'_I'ki:/

pirouette spinpirr-00-et /,p|ru'at/

Pisa citypee-zuh /'pi:zal, ['pi:sa]v Established anglicization.

Pisano family of Italian sculptorspee-sah-noh /pi:'sa:neu/

piscatorial concerning fishingpisk-uh-taw-ri-uhl /'pISl{9'lI()Zl‘l9l/

Pisces constellationpy-seez /'|)AlSiIZ/

piscine concerning fishpiss-yn /'p1s1un/ "

pishogtle superstitious beliefpish-ohg /p1'j"aog/

Pisidia region, ancient Asia Minorpy-sid-i-uh /pAI'SI(li9/

Pisistratus tyrant ofAthenspy-sist-ruh-tuhss /pn1's1stratas/

pissaladiére open tartpiss-al-ad-yair ,',p1sala'dje:(r)/

pissant insignificant person or thingpiss-a nt /'p1sant/

Pissarro, Camille French painterkam-ee pee-sarr-oh /ka,mi: pi:sa'reo/Sometimes also piss-ah-roh, a somewhatestablished anglicization.

pistachio nutpist-ash-i-oh /pi'staj‘iao/

piste ski runpeest /pi:st/

pistil I Plato

pistil female parts of a flowerpist-il /'p1st11/

pistole gold coinpist-ohl /p1'stao1/

pistolero gunmanpist-uh-lair-oh /,pista'1.<::rau/

pitahaya cactuspit-uh-hy-uh /,p|ta'hA1a,I

Pitcairn Islands islands, South Pacificpit-kairn /'p1tks:(r)n/

pithivier tartpit-iv-yay /_piti'vje1/

piton spikepee-ton /'pi:tnn/

Pitli Florence art gallerypit-i /'pIti/

Pittsburgh city, USpits-burg /'pItsbe:(r)g/

pitllitflfy glandpit-yoo-it-uh-ri /pl"[j11ZIt3I'i/

pin mosso musical termpyoo moss-oh /pju: 'mnsau/

Pius name of several popespy-uhss f'pAIas/

Pizarro, Francisco Spanishconquistadorfran-thee-skoh pee-tharr-oh/franfiizskao pi:'6arau/

pizza Italian dishpeet-suh /'pi:tsa/

pizzeria pizza restaurantpeet-suh-fee—uh /_pi:tsa'ri:a/

pizzicato plucking an instrument'sstringspit-sik-ah-toh /,pits1'ka:tau,'

placate mollifypluh-kayt /pla'ke1t/

placebo sugar pillpluh-see-boh /p1a'si:bau/

placenta pl. placentae organ in theuteruspluh-sen-tuh, pl. pluh-sen-tee/pla'senta/, pl. f-ti:/

Placentia port, Canadapluh-sen-shuh /pla'ssnj'a/

placet affirmative voteplay-set /'ple1sst/

plagal musical termplay-guhl /'ple1gel/

Plagge, Karl German army ofiicerkarl plag-uh /,ka:(r)l 'p1aga/

300

plagiarize copyplay-juh-ryz /'pl9ld381"A1Z/

plaid chequered clothplad lpladl

Plaid Cymru Welsh Nationalist partyplyd kum-ri /,pl1i1d 'kAmri/

Plaistow various locations, Englandplah-stoh /'pla:stao/This is correct for the Plaistows in Londonand West Sussex. However, the one in Kentis sometimes also pronounced play-stoh,and those in Derbyshire and Herefordshirealways are.

planchette small board on castersplahn-shet /pln:n'_[at/

plangent resonantplan-juhnt /'p1and3ant/

Plano city, USplay-noh /'p1e1neo/

Plantagenet English royal dynastyplan-taj-uh-nuht /plan'tad3anet/

plantain bananaplan-tayn /'plante1n/

plantar relating to the sole of the footplan-tuhr /'p1anta(r)/

plaque ornamental tabletplak lplakf

Plataea, Battle ofbattle of the PersianWarspluh—tee-uh /p1a'ti:a/

plat du jour dish of the dayplah doo zhoor /‘pin: du: '3ua(r)/,French [pla dy 3ur]

Plate, River estuary, South Americaplayt fpleitjSpanish name is Rio de la Plata,pronounced ree-oh day la plat-uh.

Platée ballet by Rameauplat-ay /p1a'te1/

Plater, Alan English playwrightplay-tuhr /'pleita(r)/

plateau area of level high groundplat-oh /'p1atao/

platen plate in a printing pressplat-uhn /‘platen,’

Plath, Sylvia American poetplath /p1a0/

platinum chemical elementplat-in-uhm /‘plat1nam/

Plato Greek philosopherp|ay—toh /'ple1tao,'

301

Platonic associated with Platopluh-ton-ik /pla'tonik/

Plattdeutsch German dialectplat-doytch ,"p1atdo1tj'/

platypus egg—laying mammalplat-ip-uhss / 'plat1pes/

platysma pl. platysmata neck musclespluh-tiz-muh, pl. pluh-ti:-muh-tuh/pla't1zma/, pl. /-mete/

plaudit praiseplaw-dit /'plo:d1t/

Plautus, Titus Roman comic dramatistty-tuhss plaw-tuhss /,t1utas 'pl:>:tas/Also classical pronunciation plow-tuuss;see LATIN panel.

playa area of landply-uh /'plAl8/

plebeian commonerpluh-bee-uhn /pla'bi:en/

plebiscite direct votepleb-iss-it /'pl1-:b1sIt/Sometimes also pleb-iss-yt.

Pleiades constellationply-uh-deez /'plA[8dlZZ/

plein-air outdoorsplen air /plan 'e:(r)/

Pleistocene geological epochply-stuh-seen /'pl.ustasi:n/

plenary general meetingplee-—nuh-ri /'pli:nari/

plenipotentiary diplomatplen-ip-uh-ten-shuh-ri/,p1sn1pa'tsn_|'ari/

plenum assemblyplee-nuhm /'pli:nam/

pleonasm use of more words than arenecessary to convey meaningplee-uh-naz-uhm /'pli:a_nazam/

pleroma spiritual universepluh-roh-muh /pla'ra0ma/

plesiosaur dinosaurplee-si-uh-sawr ,f'pli:siaso:(r)/

plethora excesspleth-uh-ruh ,/‘pleBara/

pleura pl. pleurae membrane envelopingthe lungsp|oor—uh, pl. ploor-ee f'plUara/, pl.,-'-I‘i:/

pleurisy inflammation ofthe pleuraeploor-iss-i /‘p1uar1si/

Platonic | pochette

Pleven town, Bulgariaplev-en /'pleven/

plié knee—bend in balletplee-ay /'p1i:e1/

Pliny name of two Roman statesmenplin-i /'plini/

Pliocene geological epochp|y—uh—seen /'pl1nasi:n/

Ploiesti city, Romaniaploh-yesht /plau'j£_l't/

plongeur dish—washerplo(ng)-zhoer /pl5'30e:(r)/

Plotinus Roman philosopherpluh—ty—nuhss fpl9'lIAlf13S/

Plovdiv city, Bulgariaplov-dif /‘pIovd1f/

plover wading birdpluv-uhr /'plnva(r)/

plumage bird’s feathersploo-mij /‘p1u:m1d5/

pluS ca change expressionacknowledging the fundamentalimmutability ofhuman natureplue sah shah(ng)zh /,ply sa 1615/

Plutarch Greek biographerploo-tark /'plu:tu:(r)k/

Plutino planet-like bodyploo-tee-noh /plu:'ti:nau/

plutocracy government by the wealthyploo-tok-ruh-si /plu:'tokrasi/

Plymouth port, Englandplim-uhth /'p11ma0,I

pneuma vital spiritnyoo-muh /'nju:ma/

pneumoconiosis miners’ lung diseasenyoo-muh-koh-ni-oh-siss[_nju:mekauni'aosis/

Pnyx place ofassembly in ancient Athenspniks lpnlksl

Poblacht na hEireann Republic ofIrelandpob-lakht nuh hair-uhn /,pob1axt na'he:ran/

poblano green chilli pepperpob-Iah-noh /po‘bln:nao/

Pocahontas American Indian princesspok-uh-hont-uhss /,poka'hontes/

pochard duckpoh-chuhrd ,"pautIe(r)d/

pochette small handbagposh-et /pn'j‘st/

poco I polka

poco musical termpoh-koh /'paukao/

Podgorica capital of Montenegropod-gorr-it-suh /'podgnr1tsa/

podiatry chiropodypuh-dy-uh-tri /D3'dAI8l1“if

Podolsk city, Russiapuh-dolsk /pa'dnlsk/

Podunk hypothetical dull smallAmerican townp0h—dunk /'p8UdAl]k/

poesy poetrypoh-uh-zi /'pauazi/

poetaster bad poetpoh-uh-tast-uhr /,paue'tasta(r),!

poete malldit unappreciated poetpoh-et moh—dee /pao,et mau'di/

p0gl‘0lI1 organized massacrepog-rom /'pogrom/

Pohamba, Hifikepunye Namibianstatesmanhif-ee-kuh-poon-yuh poh-ham-buh/h1fi:ka_pu:nja pau'hamba/

Pohnpei (also Ponape) island,Micronesiapon-uh-pay /'pDl'l9p9l;'

pohutukawa treepuh-hoo-tuh-kah-wuh/pa'hu:ta'k<1:wa/

poi Hawaiian dishPOY IP01!

poignant evoking a sense of regretpoyn-yuhnt /'pomjant/

poilu French infantry soldierpwal-ue /pwa'ly/

Poincare, Jules-Henri Frenchmathematicianzhuel ah(ng)-ree pwa(ng)-karr-ay/_3y1fi_ri: pwéka're1/

Poindexter boringly studious personpoyn-dek-stuhr l'p:undsksta(r)/

poinsettia plantp0yn—set—i-uh /|p:)m'setie/

pointe tips of the toesPwainglt /PW5U

Pointe-:31-Pitre port, Guadeloupepwa(ng)t-ap-eet-ruh /,pw€:ta'pi:tra,'

pointelle lacy knitted fabricpoyn-tel /_pom'tel/

Pointe-Noire port, Congopwa(ng)t nwar /pwet 'nwc1:(r)/

302

pointillism painting techniquepwant-il-iz-uhm /'pwant1llzam/

Poitier, Sidney American actorpwah-ti-ay /'pwu:tie1/

Poitiers city, Francepwat-yay /'pwatje1/

Poitou-Charentes region, Francepwat-oo sharr-o(ng)t /pwatu: j'a'r:'it/

Pokémon Japanese game characterpoh-kay-mon /‘paoke1mnn/Less commonly also pok-em-on. Thispronunciation seems etymologically moreaccurate, since the name is derived from theEnglish words ‘pocket monster’. However,the pronunciation we recommend is thatused in the theme tune of the televisioncartoon.

Polanski, Roman French film directorroh-muhn puh-Ian-ski /,r<-aumanpa'lanski/

Polaris starpuh-lar-iss /pa'lu:r1s/

polder low-lying reclaimed landpohl-duhr /'pau1da(r)/

p0le.mi(: verbal attackpuh—Iem-ik /pa'1am|k/

polenta maize flourpuh-lent-uh /pa'lsnta/

Poliakoff, Stephen English playwrightpol-yuh-kof /'pnljaknf/

policier crime filmpol-iss-yay /,pnh'sje1/

poliomyelitis diseasepoh-li—oh-my-uh-ly-tiss/,pao1iaumn1a'l1\1t1s/

polis ‘police’ (Scottish and Irish)poh-Iiss /'peul1s/

polis city state in ancient Greecepol-iss /'po11s/

politbllro policy-making committeepol-it-byoor-oh /'pn11t,bjuareu/

Polites Greek mythological characterpuh-ly-teez /pa'lAlti:z,'

politesse etiquettepol-i-tess /_pnli'tss/

polity form ofgovernmentpol-it-i I'pnl1ti/

Polk, James Knox American statesmanpohk lpaokl

polka dancepol-kuh /'pnlka/

303 Polish

P PolishPolish is a Slavic language, written in the Roman alphabet. It is spokenby about 4~O million people, mainly in Poland, but also in neighbouring

1 countries of the former Soviet Union, and in Polish communitiesaround the world.

Polish pronunciation is fairly predictable from the spelling. This isfar from straightforward, however, due to the many diacritical marksthat can be placed on letters to change the pronunciation. The correct

l Polish spelling must therefore be established before the pronunciation

for example, is pronounced wootch.The Polish given here is, as always, somewhat anglicized in line with

BBC policy and the constraints of the phonetic respelling.

StressPolish stress always falls on the second to last syllable.

‘. VowelsA is always pronounced a. Jan is yan. In anglicized Polish, A followed

by R and another consonant is given as ar, and sometimes as schwa(uh) in unstressed positions.

5 is pronounced o(ng) word-finally and before the sounds f, v, s, 2, sh,and zh. It is pronounced on before t, d, ch, j, ts, and dz, om before pand b, ong before k and g, and 0 before I and w.

E is always pronounced e. Ewa is ev—uh. In anglicized Polish, E fol-lowed by R and another consonant is given as air, E followed by avowel as ay, and sometimes as schwa (u h) in unstressed positions.

E is pronounced a(ng) word-finally and before f, v, s, 2, sh, and zh. It ispronounced en before t, d, ch, j, ts, and dz, em before p and b, and engbefore k and g.

p I is usually represented as ee, although it is not as long as the ee in; sleep. It is pronounced y as in yes before vowels. Marcin is mar-cheeni and Gierek is gyerr-ek.

O is always pronounced 0. Antoni is an-ton-i. In anglicized Polish,O followed by R and another consonant is given as or, and O at theend ofa word is given as oh.

C) is pronounced oo. Jézefis yoo-zef.U is pronounced 00. Janusz is yan-oosh.Y is pronounced close to i. Krystyna is krist-in-uh.

can be worked out, and the result may be unexpected! The city ofLodz‘,

Pollaiuolo, Antonio | polyamory 30+

, Consonants

C is pronounced ts.

position. DZ is pronounced j.

, ants.J is pronounced y.L is pronounced W.

vlen-y(uh).

ants.S is always pronounced s.

word—final position.

Polish has some consonant sounds that do not occur in English, which, are difficult to represent in the respelling. There are also some rather

tricky consonant combinations, which can be real tongue—twisters forEnglish speakers. Former president Alelcsander Kwasniewslri, forexample, is pronounced kfash-nyef-ski.B, D, F, G, K, L, M, N, P, T, V, and Z are pronounced as in English.

However, B, D, G, V, and Z are devoiced to p, t, k, f, and s respectivelyin word-final position, and next to other voiceless consonants (i.e.pronounced without vibration of the vocal cords). See also D and Zin combination with other letters below.

C and CI are pronounced close to ch, and CZ is pronounced ch.i CH is pronounced kh (as in Scottish loch).Y DZI and DZ are pronounced close to j, and close to ch in word-final

H is pronounced h initially, and kh (as in Scottish loch) before conson-

N is pronounced i(ng), but ny as in onion finally. Gdansk isg(uh)-dy(ng)sk (although often anglicized to guh-dansk) and Wlevi is

RZ is pronounced zh, but sh finally and next to other voiceless conson-

SI and S are pronounced close to sh, and SZ is pronounced sh.;\ W is pronounced v, but f finally and next to other voiceless consonants.

ZI and Z are pronounced close to zh, and Z is pronounced 2h, but sh in

Pollaiuolo, Antonio Italian sculptoran-toh-nyoh pol-y-woh-Ioh/an,taunjao ,pnl1u'wao1ao/

Pollux Greek mythological characterpol-uhks /'pn1aks/

Polokwane town, South Africapol-oh-kwah-ni /,po1ao'kwu:ni,|'

polonaise dancepol-uh-nayz j,pnla'ne1z/

polonium chemical elementpuh-loh-ni-uhm /pa'1auniam,'

Polonius fictional characterpuh-loh-ni-uhss /pa'launias/

Polonnaruwa Sri Lanka

pol-on—uh-roo-wuh /po,lona'ru:wa/polony bologna ham

puh-loh-ni /pa'leonilPol Pot Cambodian leader

pol pot /,pnl 'pot/Poltava city, Ukraine

poi-tah-vuh /po1'tu:va,'poltergeist ghostpol-tuhr-gyst /'pnlto(r)gAIst/

polyamide synthetic polymerpol-i-ay-myd /,pnli'e1m1\1d/

polyamory having multiple sexualpartnerspol-i-am-uh-ri /,pn1i'amari/

305

polyanthus plantpol-I-an—thuhss /,pn1i'an9as/

Polybius Greek historianpuh-lib-i-uhss ,'pe'l1bies/

Polyclitus Greek sculptorpol-i-kly-tuhss /,pnli'klA1tas/

Polydeuces Greek mythologicalcharacterpol-i-dyoo-Seez /_po1i‘dju:si:z/

Polyeucte play by Corneillepol-yoekt ]po'ljo:kt/

polygyny polygamy in which a man hasmore than one wifepuh-lij-in-i /pa'l1d3mi/

polyhedron pl. polyhedra solid figurewith many plane facespol-i-hee-druhn, pl. pol-i-hee-druh/,pol1'hi:dran/, pl. /-dra/Commonly also pol-i-hed-ruhn.

Polyhymnia Greek mythologicalcharacterpol-i-him-ni-uh /,pnli'himnia/

Polynesia region of the Pacificpol-i-nee-zhuh /,poli'ni:3a/

polynomial consisting of several termspol-i-noh-mi-uhl /,pnli‘naomial/

Polyphemus Greek mythologicalcharacterpol-if-ee-muhss /_pol1'fi:mes/

polyphony musical stylepuh-lif-uh-ni /pa'lIfani,/

polysemy coexistence of possiblemeaningspuh—Iiss-uh—mi /pa'l1sami/

polytheism belief in more than one godpol-i-thee-iz-uhm /'po1i,0i:rzam/

polyurethane synthetic resinpol-i-yoor-uh-thayn /,polijoara9em/

Polzeath town, Englandpol-zeth /pol'ze9/

pomace fruit pulppum—is5 /'pi\m1sf

pomade hair oilpuh-mayd /pa'me1d[

pomander aromatic ballpuh-man-du hr /pa'manda(r)/

pombe fermented drinkpom-bay /'pombe1/

pomelo citrus fruitpom-uh-loh /'pomalaof

Pomerania region, Europe

polyanthus 1 Pontine Marshes

pom-uh-ray-ni-uh /,pnma're1nis/pommes fiites potato chips

pom freet /,pom 'fri:t/Pomona city, US

puh-moh-nuh /pa'mauna/pompadour woman’s hairstyle

pom-puh-door /‘pompadoa(r)/pompano fish

pom-puh-noh /'pnmpanao/Pompeii ancient city, Italypom-pay-i /pom'pe1i/

Pompey Roman statesmanpom-pi /'pompif

Pompidou, Georges French statesmanzhorzh pom-pid-oo /,3a:(r)5pnmprduzj

Ponape see PohnpeiPonce de Leon, Juan Spanish explorer

khwan pon-thay day lay-on /,xwan,pon9e| del lel'on/

ponderosa pine treepon~duh-roh-suh /,ponda'raosa/

Pondicherry territory, Indiapon-ditch-err-i /,pnndr'tJari/

pone maize breadpohn fpatml

ponga see pungapongal Tamil New Year festivalpong-guhi /'po1]ga1/

pongee fabricpon-iee /pDn'd3i:/

pons Varolii part of the brainstemponz vuh-roh-Ii-y /,ponz va'raolm1/

Pontchartrain lake, USpon-chuhr-trayn /'pont_l'artre1n/

Pontefract cake liquorice sweetpon-tuh-frakt fpnntafraktl

Pontiac fever diseasepont—i-ak /'pontiak/

Pontianak port, Indonesiapont-i-ah-nak /,ponti'u:nak/

pontifex pl. pontifices member of theprincipal college ofpriestspon-tif-eks, pl. pon-tif-iss-eez/'pont1faks/, pl. /pnn't1f1si:z/

pontificate express one’s opinions in apompous waypon-tif-ik-ayt /pnn't1f1ke1t/

pontificate oflice of a pope or bishoppon-tif-ik-uht /pnn't1f1kat/

Pontine Marshes marshland, Italypon-tyn /'pontA1n/

Pont l’Evéque I Poseidon

Pont Pfiveque soft cheesepo(ng) luh-vek /,p5 la'vz-:k}

Pontormo, Jacopo da Italian painteryah-kuh-poh dah pon-tor-moh/_ju:kapau du: pun't0:(r)mao/

Pontypridd town, Walespont-uh-preeth /pnnta'pri:o/

pooka hobgoblinpoo-kuh /'pu:ka/

Poona see Punepopinjay vain person

p0p—|n—]ay /'pnpmd3er/Popocatépetl volcano, Mexicopop-uh-kat-uh-pet-uhl/_popa'kata,pata1/

poppadom (also popadom) Indian friedbreadpop-uh-duhm fpnpademl

Poppaea Sabina Roman empress, wifeof Neropop-ee-uh suh-by-nuh /pn,pi:asa'bAIna/~ See LATIN panel.

porcelain ceramicpor-suh-lin /'p0:(r)sa11n/

porcine relating to pigspor-syn /'po:(r)sA1n/

porcini wild mushroomspor-chee-ni /p:>:(r)'t_\‘i:ni/

Porgy and Bess opera by Gershwinpor-gi /'po:(r)gi/

Pori port, Finlandporr-i /'pnri/

porphyria hereditary diseasepor-firr-i-uh /po:(r)'f1ria/

porphyry rockpor-firr-i /'po:(r)f1ri/

porpoise small whalepor-puhss ,"po:(r)pas/

porringer bowlporr-in-juhr /'purmd5a(r)/

Porsche Austrian car manufacturerporsh-uh /'po:(r)Ia/Commonly also porsh, an anglicizedpronunciation. Our recommendation is thepronunciation preferred by the company inthe UK.

portamento musical slide between notespor-tuh-men—toh /_po:(r)ta'menta0/

Port-an-Prince capital of Haitiport-oh-prinss /,po:(r)tau'prrns,f

306

Established anglicization, also common inHaiti. A French pronunciation,por-oh-pra(ng)ss, and a French Creolepronunciation, port-oh-pra(ng)ss, are alsoboth in current use.

P0112-Gentil port, Gabonpor zhah(ng)-tee /,po:(r) 3é'1'ti:/

Portia Shakespearean characterporsh-uh /'po:(r)ja/

portico roofed structurepor-tik-oh /'po:(r)t1kau/

Portimfio city, Portugalpoor-tim—ow(ng) /pua(r)ti'mau/

Portishead town, Englandpor-tiss-hed /'p:J:(r)tISl‘l8d/

Portlaoise (also Portlaoighise) town,Republic of Irelandport-leesh /p:):(r)t'li:_[/

Port Louis capital of Mauritiusport loo-ee /_pa:(r)t'1u:i/

portmanteau travelling bagport-man-toh /po:(r)t'mantao/

P011 Moresby capital of Papua NewGuineaport morz-bi /_p0:(r)t 'mo:(r)zbi/

P0l't0 port, Portugalpor-toh /'p:):(r)tao/Established anglicization. The Portuguesename is ()porto, pronounced 00-por-too.

P0110 Alegre city, Brazilport-00 uh—leg—ri /_po:(r)tu: a'lsgri/

P0110 Novo capital of Beninport-oh noh-voh /,po:(r)teu 'naovau/

Porto Velho town, Brazilport-00 vel-yoo /,pa:(r)tu: ‘valjuzl

P011 Pirie port, Australiapirr-i /'p1ri/

Port Said port, Egyptsyd /s1\1d/v Established anglicization.

Port Salut mild cheesepor Sal-00 /,po:(r) sa'lu:/

Portugal countryport-yuu-guhl /'po:(r)tjugal/,[p0rtu'gal]~ Established anglicization.

posada hotel in Spainposs-ah-thuh /pn'su:oa/

Poseidon Greek godpuh-sy-duhn /p6'SAId8l'1/

3 07 Portuguese

PortugueseL

Portuguese is a Romance language spoken in Brazil, in various parts of, Africa, particularly Angola and Mozambique, and of course in P0l'l:u'l gal. Some English speakers, who perhaps know a little Spanish, may

imagine that the pronunciation of Portuguese is much more similar toSpanish than it actually is, and attempt to pronounce Portuguese in aSpanish manner. It is a common mistake, for example, to mispro-nounce Portuguese José as Spanish khoh-zay, rather than Portuguesezhuuz-ay. This can be particularly offensive to Portuguese speakers,who understandably do not wish to be lumped in with their Spanish-speaking neighbours. In fact, although the language is lexicallyand structurally similar to Spanish, the pronunciation is markedly

l different.Portuguese pronunciation is complicated. Although generalizations

are usually made about European Portuguese compared to BrazilianPortuguese, there is also considerable variation within these and otherlusophone countries. As with all the brief panels in this book, this is arough and by no means exhaustive guide, and gives details of how weadvise on the pronunciation of Portuguese, subject to the constraints ofour anglicization policy and the respelling system.

StressPortuguese stress falls on the second-last syllable of the word if theword ends in A, E, O, M, or S; otherwise it falls on the last syllable.Exceptions to this rule are indicated in the spelling by an accent overthe vowel of the syllable to be stressed, for example inglés, débil.

VowelsIn our recommendations we advise that A, I, and U are pronounced asa (if short) or ah (if long), ee, and oo. E is e, and E is ay; O is 0, 6 is oh.Vowels which appear with no accent may be pronounced in either way; .a dictionary or a native speaker must be consulted to be certain. O ispronounced uu when it is unstressed, and 00 at the end of a word.Other vowels in unstressed syllables are reduced to uh. Vowels can benasalized, which may be indicated with a tilde (A). There is also a largeset of diphthongs in Portuguese, which are pronounced more or less assequences of their component parts.

Consonants‘ C is pronounced k before A, O, and U and s before E and I.I Q is pronounced s, and CH is pronounced sh.

positron I Pouilly-Fumé 308

D is pronounced d unless it appears between vowels or at the end ofwords, in which case it is th as in this. In Brazilian Portuguese Dbefore I is pronounced j.

G is pronounced g, except for before E and I, where it is zh.H is always silent. J is pronounced zh. IL sometimes becomes w after vowels, and LH is pronounced ly as in

y million.l NH is pronounced ny as in onion.

S is pronounced as s, 2 between vowels, and sh or zh before consonants.I At the end of a word it is sh in Portugal and parts of Brazil, s in other

parts of Brazil.T before I or E is pronounced ch in Brazilian Portuguese; in European

Portuguese it is always t.p X is pronounced sh, ks or s.l Z is usually 2, but at the end of a word it is sh in Portugal, and zh in

Brazil.

positron subatomic pa;-ticle Sometimes anglicized to puh-tem-kin,poz—it-ron /'pozitr'on/ gggslglly Ig§g1jfltI_\1@_§1$¢,- __,_ g ,7 __

Posse Pod!’ °f me" Potcnza town, Italy57°55" /P95” puh-tent-Suh /pa'tentsa/

P058“ milk drink Potiphar biblical characterPO55-“uhl llpnsau pot-if-uhr /'pntifa(r)/

POSSLQ Person of the Opposite Sex potjie casmron pot (South Africa)Sharing L1V1I1g Quarters _ p°y_ki /.p31ki/poss-uhl-kyoo /'pnsal,kJu:/ Potomac river Us

poste restante mail kept in a post oflice puh_t°h_mu|;k /pa.t8Umak/pohst rest-uhnt /paust 'restant/ Potosi my Bolivia

postern back entrance pot_oh_see /'pntaU,Si:’,post-uhrn /‘pnsta(r)n/ _ _

posthumous after death potpourri perfumed filled petalspoh-puh-ree /paupa r1:/post-yuum-uhss /'pnstjumas/ _potable safe to drink Potsdam filly’ Germany

poh-tuh-buhl /'paotabal/ p°t5'dam llpmsdamlpotage thick soup potsherd broken piece of ceramic

pot-ahzh /po'tu:3/ mate"'al _potager kitchen garden pobshurd I pDl‘la:(r)d‘l

pot—uh-juhr /'putad3a(r)/ POTUS President Of The United Statespotassium chemical element p°h'tuhs5 llpautesl

puh-tass—i-uhm /pa‘tasiamf Pouchong kind Ofteapot-au-feu meat soup pooihong lpuzll-lm-l‘!

pot—oh-foe /,pntao'fa:/ pouffe FootstoolPotawatomi American Indian ethnic Poof /Puifl

group Poughkeepsie town, USpot-uh-wot-uh-mi /,puta'wntami/ puh-kip-si /pa'k1psi/

Potemkin Russian battleship Pouilly-Fumé white winepuh-tyom-kin /pa'tjnmkin/ poo-yi-foo-may /_pu:ji'fu:mei/

309

Poulenc, Francis French composerfrah(ng)-seess poo-la(ng)k /frf|,si:spu:'lF;k/Q See FRENCH panel.

poult young fowlpohlt /pao1t/

poult corded fabricpoolt /pu:lt/

poultice moist mass of materialpohl-tiss /'peoltIs/

poundal unit offorcepownd-uhl /'paondal/

pourboire gratuitypoor-bwar /poe(r)'bwo:(r)/

P0l1Ssin, Nicolas French painternee—koh-Iah poo-sa(ng) /ni:keo_lo:pu:'sé/

poussin chickenpoo-san /'pu:san/

Powell, Anthony English novelistpoh-uhl /'peoa1/

Powell, Colin American statesmank0h—|in pow-uhl /,keol1n 'paoe1/The unusual pronunciation for the firstname is his own.

Powell, Enoch British politicianee-nok pow-uhl /,i:nnk 'paoa1/

Powhatan American Indian ethnicgroup 'pow-u h-tan /'paoatan/

Powys county, Walespow—iss /'pauIs/

Pozidriv trademark type of cross-headscrewdriverpoz-i-dryv /'pI)ZidI‘A[V/

Poznan city, Polandpoz-nan /'pnznan/, ['pozna_n]~ Established anglicization.

Prader—Willi syndrome congenitaldisorderprah-duhr vil-i /_pr(1:de(r) 'v1li/

Prado Spanish art galleryprah-doh /'pru:deo/

praecipe legal order requesting adocumentpree-sip-i /'pri:s1pi/

praepostor prefect or monitorpri-post-u hr /pri'pnsta(r)/

Praesepe cluster of stars in theconstellation Cancerpry-see-pi /pI‘AI'SiZpi/

Poulenc, Francis I precis

Prague capital of the Czech RepublicP[?l19 /P""9/ ,_r 7 7 ,_ ,Established anglicization. The Czech naiiieis Praha, pronounced prah-huh ['praha].

Praia capital of the Cape Verde Islandspry-uh /"prA1a/

Prakrit ancient dialects of Indiaprah-krit /‘pro:kr1t/

praline sweet nut pasteprah-leen /'pru:li:n/

pralltriller musical ornamentpral-tril-uhr /'pra1_tr1le(r)/

pranam respectful greetingprun-ahm /pI‘A'I1(1III1/

pranayama regulation of the breathprun-uh-yah-muh /,prAna'jo:ma/

prandial relating to dinner or lunchpran-di-uhl /'prandia1,'

Prandtl, Ludwig German physicistluut-vikh prant-uhl /,lotv1c 'prante1/

prasad devotional offeringpruss-ahd /pI‘A'S(1Id/

praseodymium chemical elementpray-zi—oh-dim-i-uhm/_preiziao'dImiam/

prafiqlle permission granted to a shipprat-ik /'prat1k/

Prato city, Italyprah—t0h /'pra:teo/

Pravda Russian daily newspaperprahv-duh /'pru:vda/

praxis practiceprak-siss /'praks1s/

Praxiteles Greek sculptorpra k-sit-uh-leez /prak'sItali:z/

Prayer of Manasses book of theApocryphamuh-nass-eez /ma'nasi:z/

preamble preparatory statementpree-am-buhl lpriramball

prebendary honorary canonpreb-uhn-duh-ri /'prsbandari/

Precambrian geological aeonpree-kam-bri-uhn /pri:'kambrian/

precatory relating to a wishprek-uh-tuh—ri /'prsketari/

precis pl. precis summarypray—si, pl. pray—seez /'pre1si/, pl./-si:z/

predilection | prima donna

predilection special liking forsomethingpree-dil-ek-shuhn /_pri:d1'1skjan/

prcdnisolone steroidpred-niss-uh-lohn /pred'n1sa1aon/

preface introduction to a bookpref-uhss I 'prsfes/

prelapsarian characteristic of the timebefore the Fall of Manpree-lap-sair-i-uhn /,pri:lap'ss:rian/

prelate bishopprel-uht /'prs1at/

prelude introductionprel-yood /'prs1ju:d/

premier first in importanceprem-i-uhr /'prsmie(r)/AM usually pruh-meer.

premier cru wine of a superior gradeprem-yay kroo /,prsmje1 'kru:/

premiere first performance or showingprem-i-air /'pramie:(r);'

Preminger, Otto Austria.n—Americanfilm directorot-oh prem-in-juhr /,ntau'prsm1nd3o(r)/This is his own preferred anglicization; theusual German pronunciation isprem-ing-uhr.

premise previous propositionprem-iss /'pI‘8IT1IS/

premonition strong feeling thatsomething is about to happenprem-uh-nish-uhn /_prsma'n1_['an/

Premonstratensian member of anorder of canons founded at Prémontré inFrancepree-mon-struh-tensh-uhn/,pri:mnnstra'tsnj"an/

prepuce foreskinpree-pyooss /'pri:pju:s/

Pre-Raphaelite member of a group ofartistspree-raf-uh-lyt /pri:'rafalAIt/

prerogative exclusive rightpruh—r0g-uh-tiv /pre'rngat1v/

presage be a sign ofpress-uhj /'presad3/

presbyopia long-sightednessprez-bi-oh-pi-uh /_pr8zb1'9Upie/

Presbyterian Christian denominationprez-bit-eer-i-uhn /,prszbi't1arian/

310

prescient having knowledge ofeventspress—i-uhnt /'prssiant/

presentiment intuitive feelingpruh-zen-ti-muhnt /pra'zsntimant/

presidio fortified military settlementpress-id-i-oh /prz-:'s1dieu/

Presocratic relating to philosopherspree-suh-krat-ik /,pri:sa'krat1k/

pressé juice drinkpress-ay /'prssei/

prestidigitation conjuring tricksprest-id-ij-it-ay-shuhn/_pn:st1,d1d31'te1j‘an/

prestissimo musical termprest-iss-im-oh /prs'st1s1mau/

Prestonpans battle site near Edinburghprest-uhn-panz /,prestan'panz/

pret-it-porter ready—to-wear designerclothespret-uh-por—tay /_prsta'p:>:(r)te1/

preterite grammatical termpret—uh-rit /‘preterit,’

preternatural beyond what is normalpree-tuhr-natch-uh-ruhlI ,pri:ta(r)'natIoral]

Pretoria capital of South Africapruh-taw-ri—uh fprrtozrial

prevalent widespreadprev—uh-luhnt /'prsva1ant/

Previn, André German-Americanmusicianah(ng)-dray prev-in /,<‘1dre1'prsv1n/

Prévost d’Exiles, Antoine-FrancoisFrench novelistah(ng)-twahn frah(ng)-swahpray-voh deg-zeel /frtwozn fr€1,swu:prerveo dsg'zi:l/

Priam Greek mythological characterpry-am /'pI‘AI8H1/

priapic relating to a phalluspry-ap—ik /prA1'ap1k/

Priapus Greek god of fertilitypry-ay-puhss /pl‘Al'eIp8S/

Pribilof Islands islands, USprib-il-of /'prib11nf/

prie~dieu piece of furniturepree dyoe /pri: 'djo/

primacy importancepry-muh-si /'pr1umasi/

prima donna chief female opera singerpree-muh don-uh /,pri:ma 'dnna/

311

prima facie based on the firstimpressionpry-muh fay-shi /|p['AIIT16 'fe1_|'i,fOther pronunciations, such as fay-si-ee, areused; see LATIN panel.

primarily for the most partpry-merr-il-i /prA1'mar11i/Also pry-mair»i|-i 01% |5ry;}{{Jh-rrr-a. This llsecond pronunciation is traditional BR butis increasingly less common.

primate chiefbishoppry-muht /'pI'AI1‘I‘l8i/Sometimes also pry-mayt.

primate mammalpry—mayt /'prA1meIt/

Primavera painting by Botticellipree-muh-vair-uh /,pri:me‘vs:re/

primeval of the earliest time in historypry-mee-vuhl /prAI'mi:val/

Primo de Rivera, Miguel Spanishstatesmanmee-gel pree-moh day riv-air-uh/n1i:_gs1_pri:mao der r1've:ra/~ See SPANISH panel.

primogenitor ancestorpry-muh-jen-it-uhr/,prnrme'd3r;n1te(r)/

primordial existing at the beginning oftimepry-mor-di-uhl /prA1'mo:(r)diel/’

Primorsky territory, Russiapree-m0r—ski /pri:'m:>:(r)ski/

primo l10ln0 principal male operasingerpree-moh woh-moh /Ipriimi-Jo‘weomaof

Primus trademark portable cooking stovepry—muhss /'pI‘AIIIl8S/

primus inter pares ‘first among equals’pree-muhss in-tuhr pah-rayz /_pri:mes_mte(r) 'pr1:re1z/Q See LATIN panel.

Princeton American universityprin-stuhn /'prmsten/

Principe island in the Gulf of Guineapree(ng)-sip—uh /'pri:s1pe/

principe pl. principi princeprin-chip-ay, pl. prin~chip~ee,/'pr1ntI1pe1/, pl. /-pi/

prineipessa pl. principesse princessprin-chip-ess-uh, pl. prin-chip-ess-ay

prima facie 1 proboscis

/,pr1ntI1'p.=:se/, pl. /~'pese1/prion protein particle

pree-on /'pri:on/Pripyat river, Ukraine and Belarus

preep-yuht /'pri:pjet/Priscian Byzantine grammarian

prish—i—uhn /'pr1_[ian/Priscoan geological aeon

prisk-oh-uhn /pr1‘skeuan/avPristina city, Serbia

preesh-tin-uh /'pri:_[tme/pristine in original condition

prist-een /'pr1sti:n/prithee ‘please’

prith-ee /'prI6i:/

Prius trademark model of car which useshybrid fuelpry-uhss /'prn1as/

We were firmly advised of thispronunciation by Toyota UK. Thepronunciation pree-uhss is common in AM.

privacy state in which one is notdisturbed by otherspriv-uh-si /'pr1vasi/

Also pry-vuh-si, especially in AM.

privation state of lacking essentialspry-vay-shuhn /pm1've1Ian/

Prix de Rome French artistic awardpree duh rom /_pri: do 'rnm/

prix fixe fixed price mealpree feeks /,pri: 'fi:ks/

Prix Goncourt French literary awardpree go(ng)-koor /_pri: g5'koe(r)/

probity moralityproh-bit-i /'preobIti/

pro bono publico legal term; ‘for thepublic good’proh boh-noh puub-Iik-oh /prauIbaoneo ‘pobllkeo/‘

proboscis pl. probosces, proboscidesmammals nosepruh-boss-iss, pl. pruh-boss-eez,pruh—b0SS-id—eeZ /pr:-fbnsrs/, pl. /-si:z/,/-s1di:z/

Commonly also pruh-bosk-iss; see LATINpanel.

proces-verbal I proprioceptive

proces-verbal pl. proces-verbauxwritten report of proceedingspross-ay-vair-bal, pl.pross-ay-vair-boh /prn,se1ve:(r)'bal/,pl. /-'bao/

proclivity fondnesspruh-kliv-it-i /p[‘8'ki[VIlllf

Procne Greek mythological characterprok-ni /'prnkni,'

proconsul ancient Roman governorpr0h—kon-suhl /prao'knnsal/

Procopius Byzantine historianpruh-koh-pi-uhss /pra'kaupias/

Procrustean enforcing uniformityproh-krust-i-uhn /prao'krAstien/

Procrustes Greek mythologicalcharacterproh-krust-eez /prao'kmsti:z/

Procyon starproh-si-uhn /'prausian/

prodigious remarkably great in sizepruh-dij-uhss /pra'd1d3as/

prodrome early symptomproh-drohm /‘praodraum/

profanity obscene languagepruh—fan-it—i /pre'faniti/

profiterole cream-filled pastrypruh-fit-uh-rohl /pra‘f1taraol/

Profumo, John English politicianpruh-fyoo-moh /pre'fju:mao/

progeniture production of offspringproh-]en—itch-uhr /preo'd3anit_l‘a(r)/

progeny descendantproj-uh-ni /'prnd3ani/

progesterone female hormonepruh-jest-uh-rohn /pra'd3estaraon/

progestogen natural or synthetichormonepruh-jest-uh-juhn /pra'd3ssted3an/

prognathous having a projecting lower_]3.Wprog-nay-thuhss /prng'neiBas/

prognosis pl. prognoses likely course ofa medical conditionprog-noh-siss, pl. prog-noh-seez/prng'neos1s/, pl. /-si:z/

prohibition action of forbiddingproh-ib-ish-uhn /,prau1'brl‘an/Also proh-hib-ish-uhn.

prokaryote single-celled organismproh-karr-i-oht /prau'kariaot/

3 1 2

Prokofiev, Sergei Russian composersuhr-gay pruh-kof-i-ef /sa(r),ge1pre‘knfief/

Prokopyevsk city, Russiapruh-kop-yuhfsk /pra'knpjafsk/

prolactin female hormoneproh—lak-tin /prao'laktin/

prolegomenon introduction to a bookproh-luh-gom-uh-nuhn/_prao1a'gomanani

proletariat working classproh~|uh-tair-i-at /,prao1a‘tr-::riat/

proliferate increase rapidly in numberpruh-lif-uh-rayt /pre'llfarert/

prolix verboseproh-liks /'praolrks/

Prolog computer programming languageproh-log l'preo1ng/

promenade paved public walkprom—uh-nahd /,prnme'no:d/

AME‘S°_P[9T'EEfEi¥d~Prometheus Greek mythological

characterpruh-mee-thi-uhss /pra'mi:0ias/

promethium chemical elementpruh-mee-thi-uhm /pra'mi:Biam/

promissory conveying a promiseprom-iss-uh-ri /‘prom1sari/

promontory point of high landpr0m—uhn-tuh-ri /‘prom:-mteril‘

pronaos pl. pronaoi vestibule at thefront of a classical templeproh-nay-oss, pl. proh-nay-oy/prarrnems/, Pl. /-'ne1o1/

propane flammable gasproh-payn ,I'praopem/

Propertius, Sextus Roman poetsek-stuhss pruh-pur-shuhss /,sskstaspra'pa:(r)_fas/

prophesy make a prophecyprof-uh-sy /'prnfesn1/

prophylactic intended to preventdiseaseprof-il-ak-tik /,prof1'1aktik,'

propinquity closenesspruh-pink—wit-i /pra'pn3kw1ti/

propitiate win favourpruh-pish-i-ayt /pra'p1Iie1t/

proprioceptive relating to stimuliproh-pri-uh-sep-tiv /|praupria'sspt1v/

313 propylaeum | Proxima Centauri

propylaeum pl. propylaea entrance to a prot-ezh-ay /'prnts3e1/templeprop-il-ee-uhm, pl. prop-il-ee-uh/_prnpi'li:am/, pl. /~'li:e/

pro rata proportionalproh rah-tuh /,prau 'ro:te/

prorogue discontinue a sessionpruh-rohg /pre'reog/

prosaic unpoeticproh-zay—ik /prao'zenk/

proscenium part of a theatre stagepruh-see-ni-uhm /pra'si:niam/

prosciutto raw cured Italian hampruh-shoo-toh /pra‘Iu:tao/

proselytize attempt to convertpr0$S-uh-lit-yz j"prnsal1tA1z/

Proserpina Roman mythologicalcharacterpruh-sur-pin-uh /pra'sa:(r)p1ne,fShe is also a character in various Italianoperas, for which the pronunciation isproz-air-pin-uh. An anglicized version ofher name, Proserpine, is pronouncedpross-uhr-pyn.

prosit‘cheers'(Germani)7 7 7*proh-zit /'prauzIt/

prosody patterns of rhythm and sound inpoetry or speechpross-uh-di /'prnsadi/

prosopography description of peoplepross-uh-pog-ruh-fi /_prnsa'pngrafi/

Prospero Shakespearean characterpross-puh-roh rprnsparauj

Prost, Alain French motor—racing driveral-a(ng) prost /a,1é 'prust/

prostaglandin compound withhormone-like effectsprost-uh-glan-din /,prnsta'g1andm/

prosthesis pl. prostheses artificial body|)fl.l'lIpross-thee—siss, pl. pross-thee-seez/pros'(-)i:s1s/, pl. /-si:z/Sometimes also pross-thuh-siss, pl. -seez.

protactinium chemical elementproh-tak-tin-i-uhm /,praotak't1niam/

protean changeableproh-ti—uhn /'preotian/

protease enzymeproh-ti-ayz /'praot1e1z/

protégé person guided by an older andmore experienced person

Also proh-tuh-zhay, especially in AM.

Proterozoic geological aeonproh-tuh-ruh-zoh-ik /,praotara'zaoik/

protestation emphatic declarationprot-uh-stay-shuhn /,prnta‘ste1_\‘en/

Proteus Greek godproh-ti-uhss fpraotiasl

Protista biological kingdom; also calledProtoctistaproh-tist-uh /prao'tlsta/

Protoctista biological kingdom; alsocalled Protistaproh-tok-tist-uh /,prautnk't1sta/

Protozoa zoological phylumproh-tuh-zoh-uh /,praote'zaoa/

Proudhon, Pierre French socialphilosopherpyair proo-do(ng) /,pje:(r) pru:'d5/

Proust, Marcel French writermar-sel proost /mu:(r),sel 'pru:st/

Prout, William English chemistprovvt lpraotl

proven demonstratedproov-uhn /'pru:v<-an,’Sometimes also proh-vuhn. The Scottishlegal verdict ‘not proven’ is usuallypronounced in this way.

Provencal relating to Provence in Franceprov-ah(ng)-sahl ],prnvfi'su:l/The culinary term provengrale is pronouncedin the same way.

Provence former province, Franceprov-ah(ng)ss /prn'vos/

provender animal fodderprov—uhn-duhr /'provanda(r)l

proviso conditionpruh-vy—zoh /pra'v.\1zao/

provolone Italian soft smoked cheeseprov-uh-loh-nay /,prnva'laune1l

provost the head of certain universitycollegesPY°Y"Uh5T lrrvvastl gHowever, the word is pronounced pruh-vohin military contexts.

Proxima Centauri starprok-sim-uh sen-taw-ry /_prnl-zsimeS81‘l'l0II‘A[/- See urrm panel.

proxime accessit | puerperal

proxime accessit runner-upprok-sim~ay ak-sess-it /,prnksimeiak'sss1t/~ See LATIN panel.

Prozac trademark antidepressant drugproh-zak /'praozak/

Prudhoe Bay inlet in Alaska, USproo-doh /'pru:dao,!However, Prudhoe in north-east England ispronounced prud-oh or prud-uh.

pruritus itching of the skinpruu—ry-tuhss /pro'mitas/

prusik climbing methodpruss-ik /'prAs1k/

Prut (also Pruth) river, Europeproot /pru:t/

Przewa.lski’s horse wild Mongolianhorseprzhuh-val~ski /,pr3e'va1ski/

psalm sacred songsahm lsozml

psalmody singing of psalmssah-muh-di ,"sc1:madi/

psalter Book of Psalmssawl-tuhr /'so:lta(r)/

Psammead fictional character inE. Nesbit's Five Children and ItSam-i-ad /'samiad/

psephology statistical study ofvotingsee—fol-uh-ji /si:'fn1ed3i/Commonly also sef 0| uh 'i the' ' ‘J ;pronunciation we recommend was preferredby the psephologist we consulted.

pseudonym fictitious namesyoo-duh-nim /'sju:dan1m/This and other related words are commonlyalso pronounced sood-.

psi letter of the Greek alphabetPsi‘ /psA1/

psilocybin hallucinogenic compoundsy-loh-sy-bin /,sAIlao'sAIbln/

psittacosis contagious disease ofbirdssit-uh-koh-siss /,sita'kaosis/

Psmith fictional Wodehouse charactersmith /smr0/

psoas large musclesoh-ass /'saoas/

psoriasis skin diseasesuh-ry-uh-siss /sa'm1as1s/

psyche human soul

314-

sy-ki /'sAiki/‘psychopathy mental illnesssy-kop-uh-thi /s.\1'kopa9i/

psychosis pl. psychoses severe mentaldisordersy-koh-siss, pl. sy-koh-seez/SAI'k9USlS/, pl. /-si:z/

psychosomatic caused by a mentalfactorsy-koh-suh-mat-ik /,sAIkaosa'mat1k/

psychotropic relating to drugs thataffect mental statesy—koh-troh-pik ,/,sA1kao'traopIk/Also syg-koh-tropti

psy-ops manipulative tacticssy-ops /'sA1nps/

Ptah ancient Egyptian godtah /to:/

ptarmigan grousetar-mig-uhn /'tc1:(r)m1gan/

pteranodon dinosaurterr-an-uh—don /ts'ranednn/

pterodactyl dinosaurterr-uh-dak-til /,t&:ra'dakt1l/

Ptolemaic relating to Ptolemytol-uh-may-ik /_tn1e'menk/

Ptolemy Greek astronomer andgeographer; also the name of all theMacedonian rulers of Egypttol-uh-mi /'tnlami/

pubis pl. pubes bone forniing the side ofthe pelvispyoo-biss, pl. pyoo-beez /'pju:b1s/, pl./-bi:z/

Puccini, Giacomo Italian composerjah-kuh-moh poo-chee-ni /'d3u:kamaopu:'tji:ni/

pudendum pl. pudenda genitalspyuu—den-duhm, pl. pyuu-den-duh/pjo‘dendam/, pl. /-da/

pudeur sense of shamepyoo-dur /pju:'da:(r)/, French /pydoar/

Pudong airport, Chinap0o—duung /_pu:'do1],'

Puebla state, Mexicopway-bluh /'pwe1bla/’

Puente, Tito American bandleadertee-toh pwen-tay /'ti:tao 'pwentel[

puerile childishpy00r—yl /'pjU9I‘All/

puerperal relating to childbirthpyoo-ur-pu h-ruhl f,pju'o:(r)peral/

315

Puerto Cortés port, Honduraspwair-toh kor-tayss f,pws:(r)tauko:(r)'te1s/

Puerto Rico island, Caribbeanpwair-toh ree-koh /,pws:(r)tao'ri:kao/

Puget Sound inlet, USpyoo-juht /'pju:d3at/

Pugin, Augustus English architectpyoo-jin /'pju:d3m/

Puglia see Apuliapugnacious quick to argue

pug-nay-shuhss /p1ig'ne1_fas/puii-t~a-beul Gaelic mouth musicpoorsht uh bayl /_poa(r)It o 'be11/

puissant influentialpwee-suhnt /'pwi:sant/

pukka genuinepuk-uh /'pAl§9/

pula currency unit, Botswanapuul-uh /'pola/

pulchritude beautypul-krit-yood /'pAll{I‘Itjl12(l/

Pulitzer prize journalism awardptlul-it-suhr /'pol1tso(r)/'

Pullein-Thompson, JosephineEnglish authorpuul-in /'pol1n/

pullulate spread rapidlypul-yoo-layt /'pAljl]l8I11f

pulmonary relating to the lungspul-muh-nuh-ri ,/'pA1manari/

pulsar celestial objectpul-sar /'pn1sc1:(r)/

pumice light volcanic rockpum-iss /'pAmlSf

pumpernickel German rye breadpuum-puhr-nik-uhl /'pompa(r)_n1ka1/

punani female genitalspoo-nah-ni /pu'no:nif

Pune (also Poona) city, Indiap0o—nuh /'pu:na/

punga (also ponga) tree fernPW9-Uh /‘panel

Punic relating to ancient Carthagepyoo-nik /'pju:n1k,f

Punjab region of India and Pakistanpun-iahb /I)Al'1'd3l1ZlJ/

Punjabi (also Panjabi) native orinhabitant of Punjabpun-jah-bi /pAn'd3o:bi/

Puerto Cortés I Pusan

punt flat—bottomed boatpunt /pAnt/

punt former currency unit, Republic ofIrelandpuunt [punt]

Punta Arenas port, Chilepoon-tuh arr—ay-nass /_pu:ntaa'remas/

Punxsutawney town, USpunk-suh-taw—ni /pAr]ksa'to:ni/

pupa pl. pupae insect in immature formF19?-Duh, 111- PY°°'PE@ /‘P1111111->/, Pl--p1:

purblind having impaired visionpur-blynd /'pe:(r)blAmd/

Purcell, Henry English composerpur—suhl /'pa:(r)sal/We were advised of this pronunciation by adescendant of the composer. It is alsosomewhat supported by evidence from theode written on his death by hiscontemporary Dryden, which includes thelines ‘So ceas’d the rival Crew when Purcellcame’ and ‘The Gods are pleas'd alone withPurcell’s Lays’, both of which must bestressed on the first syllable to conform tothe metre.

purdah practice of screening womenfrom menpur-duh /'pa:(r)da/

purée liquidizepyoor-ay /'pjoare1/

purgatory place of sufferingpur—guh-tuh-ri /'pa:(r)geteri/

puri unleavened breadpoor-i /‘pu:ri/

Purim Jewish festivalpoor-im /'poar1m/Sometimes also puu-reem, a pronunciationcloser to the Hebrew.

purlieu area surrounding a placepur—ly00 /'pe:(r)lju:/

purslane plantpurss-Iuhn /'pa:(r)slan/

pursuant in accordance withpuhr—syo0-uhnt /pa(r)'sju:ant/

pursuivant heraldic officerpur-siv-uhnt /'pe:(r)s1vant/

purulent containing puspyoor-uul-uhnt /'pjoaro1ant/

Pusan city, South Koreapoo-san /,pu:'san/

Pusey, Edward Bouverie I pyx

Pusey, Edward Bouverie Englishtheologianboo-vuh-ri pyoo-zi /,bu:vari 'pju:zi/

Pushkin, Aleksandr Russian writeral-uhk-sahn-duhr puush~kin/alek,sc1:nda(r) 'poIkIn/

pusillanimous showing a lack ofcouragepyoo~si-Ian-im-uhss /,pju:s1'lan1mas,'

Pllskés, Ferenc Hungarian footballerferr-ents puush-kahsh fferents'pvIkflII/

Putin, Vladimir Russian presidentvluh-dee-meer poo-tin /v1a,di:m1a(r)'pu:t1n/

putlog horizontal pole projecting from awallput-log /'pAt1ng/

putonghua standard spoken form ofmodern Chinesepoo-tuung-hwah ,/pu:'to1]hwo:/

Putrajaya federal territory, Malaysiapuut-ruh-jy-uh /'potra'd5AIa/

putrescent decayingpyoo—tresS-uhnt lpjufltrssantl

putsch violent attempt to overthrow agovernmentpuutch /putj,’

puttanesca pasta saucepuut-uh-nesk-uh /pute'neska/

putto pl. putti representation of a nakedchildpuut-oh, pl. puut-i /'poteo/, pl. /'puti/

Putumayo region and river, Colombiapoo-tuum-y-oh /pu:to'mluao,'

putz stupid personputs fpntsl

puy variety ofgreen lentilpwee /pwi:/

Pwllheli town, Walespoohl-hel-i /pu:i'he1i/

pyaemia blood poisoningpy-ee-mi-uh /pA1'i:mie/

Pyatigorsk city, Russia

316

pyat-ig-orsk /pjat1'go:(r)sk/pygidium segment of an invertebrate’s

bodypy-jid-i-uhm /pAI'('l3I(‘ll8I‘I1/Also py-gid-i-uhm; see Latin panel.

Pygmalion Greek mythologicalcharacter; play by Shawpig-may-Ii-uhn /p1g'me1lian;'Also a ballet by Rameau, which has theFrench pronunciation peeg-mal-yo(ng).

Pynchon, Thomas American novelistpintch-uhn ,"'pInt_',‘on/

Pyongyang capital ofNorth KoreaPY°n9‘l/a"9 1' .PlD1J'laI]/

pyracantha. shrubpy—ruh-kan~thuh /,pA1ra'kanBa/

pyramidal resembling a pyramid inshapepirr-am-id-uhl /p1'ram1dal/

Pyramus Roman mythological characterpirr~uh-muhss /'p1remas/

Pyrenees mountain range, France andSpainpirr—uh-neez /_p1ra'ni:z/, French[pirene]

pyretic feverish or inducing feverpy-ret-ik /pn1'rst1k/

pyrites shiny yellow mineralpy-ry-teez /pAI'I‘AItlZZ/

pyrope deep red garnetpy-rohp /'pAII‘GUp/

pyrrhic won at too great a costpirr-ik /'pir1k/

Pyrrhus ancient king of Epiruspirr-uhss /'prras,f

Pythagoras Greek philosopherpy-thag-uh-ruhss /pi\I'9agaras/

Pythia priestess ofApollo in ancientGreece ipith-i-uh /'p1Bie/

pyx container for consecrated breadpiks [piks]

317

Qabis see GabesQaeda, al- (also Qaida, al-) terrorist

groupuhl kah-id-uh /al ko:'1da/, [al 'qa:i‘1da]The name means ‘the Base’ in Arabic, andour recommendation is as close as possibleto the Arabic pronunciation. Otheranglicized pronunciations such as uhlltyiciuh oruhl kah-eep-duh are often heard.

Qaddafi, Muammar see GaddafiQahira, al- see CairoQalqilya city, West Bank

kal-keel-yuh ,/ka1'ki:lje/qanat water channel

kuh-naht /ka'nu:tfQANTAS Australian airline

kwon-tuhss fkwontasfqilllllll zither

kah-noon /ko:'nu:n/Qaradawi, Yusif al- Egyptian clericyoo-suuf uhl karr-uh-dah-wi /,ju:sufal kare'du:wi/~ See ARABIC panel.

Qaraghandy city, Kazakhstankarr-uh-gan-di /'kara,gandi/The Russian name is Karaganda,pronounced karr-uh-guhn-dah.

qat narcotickaht /ko:t/

Qatar sheikhdorn, Persian Gulfkut~uhr /'kAta(r)/~ Established anglicization.

qawwali Muslim devotional musickuh-wah-Ii /ke'wo:li/

qi life force in Chinese medicinechee /tji:/

qibla direction of Meccakib-luh /'k1bla/

qigong Chinese system of physicalexerciseschee-guung /t_l‘i:'goI]/

Qinetiq trademark defence technologycompanykin-et-ik /kI'net1k/

Qingdao port, Chinaching-dow /,tj1o'dao/

Qjnghai province, Chinaching-hy /,t_\‘m'hA1/

Qjqihar port, Chinachich-i-har /‘tj‘itj‘i'ho:(r)/

Qom (also Qum or Kum) city, Irankuum /kom,’

qua in the capacity ofkwah /kwuzf

Quaalude US trademark sedative drugkway-lood /'kweIlu:d/

Quadragesima first Sunday in Lentkwod-ruh-jess-im-uh/,kwodra'd3es1ma/

quadriceps thigh musclekwod-riss-eps /'kwodrrseps/

quadrille dancekwod-ril /kwn'dril/

quadriplegia paralysis ofall four limbskwod-rip-lee-juh ,l_kwndr1'pli:d3a/

quadruped four—footed animalkwod-ruup-ed /'kwodruped/

quadruplet each of four children born atone birthkwod—roop—luht /kwo'dru:plat,'Sometimes also kwod-ruup-luht.

quaestor Roman officialkwee-stuhr /'kwi:ste(r)/

quagga extinct kind of zebrakwag-uh /'kwaga/

quagmire bogkwog-my-uhr /'kwngm1na(r)/Less commonly also kwag-my-uhr.

quahog edible clamkwaw-hog /'kw:>:hog/

quaich shallow cup (Scottish)kwaykh /kwe1x/

Quai d’Orsay street in Pariskay dor-Say /,keI do:(r)'se1/

quale | Quintana R00

quale pl. qualia perceived quality orpropertykway-Ii, pl. kway-Ii-uh /'kwe1li/, pl./‘kwe11ia/

qualitative relating to qualitykwol-it-uh-tiv /'kwol1tatrv/

qualm uneasy feelingkwahm /kwo:m/

quango semi-public administrative bodykwang-goh /'kwa1]gao,!

Quant, Mary English fashion designerkwont Ikwnntf

quantitative relating to quantitykwon-tit-uh-tiv /'kwont1tat1v/

quark subatomic particlekwork /kw:>:(r)k/Commonly also kwark. Ourrecommendation is the pronunciation usedby the physicist who coined the term.

quark curd cheesekwark /kwu:(r)k,'Sometimes also kvark, a pronunciationcloser to the original German.

quartier district of a French citykart—yay /‘kc1:(r)tje1/

quasar remote celestial objectkway-zar /'kwerzo:(r)/

Quasimodo fictional hunchbackkwoz-i-moh-doh /_kwozi'maudao/

Quatermass Experiment, The culttelevision serieskway-tuhr-mass /kwer'ta(r)mas/

quaternary fourthkwuh-tur-nuh-ri /kwa'te:(r)nari/

quatrain stanza of four lineskwot-rayn /'kw1Jtrem/

quatrefoil design of four leaveskat-ruh-foyl /'katrefo1l/

quattrocento 15th centurykwat-ruh-chen-toh /_kwatra'tIsntau/

Quds, al- Arabic—language newspaperuhl kuudz /al 'kuudz/

Quebec province, Canadakwuh-bek /kwa'bsk/

Québécois relating to Quebeckay-bek-wah /l(8Ib8l('W(1Z/'

Quechua ethnic group and language,South Americaketch-wuh /'ket_l‘wa/

quenelle meatballkuh-nel /ka'nel/

318

Querétaro state, Mexicokerr-ay-tarr-oh /ks'reitarau/

qllerulous complainingkwerr-uul-uhss /'kwerulas/

quesadilla cheese tortillakay-suh-dee-yuh /,ke1sa'di:ja/

questionnaire set of questionskwess-chuh-nair /,kwest_[e'ne:(rg)l WWWThe older pronunciation kess-chuh-nair isnow very rarely heard.

Quetta city, Pakistankwet-uh /'kwete/

quetzal birdket-suhl /'ketsal/

Quetzalcoatl Aztec godket—suh|—k0h-at-uhl /_katsa1keo'atal/

Quezon city, Philippineskay-zon /'kerzon/

Qufu town, ChinaCh00-fOO /,t_[u:'fu:/

Quiche Guatemalan ethnic groupkee-chay /ki:'tIe|/

quiche flankeesh /ki:_[/

quiddity essencekwid-it-i /'kw1d1ti/

quid pro quo favour granted in returnkwid proh kwoh /_kw1d prao ‘kweof

quiescent dormantkwi-ess-uhnt /kwi'asant/

quietus deathkwy-ee-tuhss /l{WA['iIl8S/

quila fortkil-uh /'kIla/

Quiller-Couch, Arthur English authorkwil-uhr kootch /,kwrle(r) 'ku:t_|'/

Quimper city, Franceka(ng)-pair /ke'ps:(r)/

quinine compoundkwin-een /‘kwmi:n/

quinoa grainkee—noh—uh /'ki:naoa/

Quinquagesima. Sunday before Lentkwing-kwuh-jess-im-uh/,kw11j|kwa'd3esIma/

quinquereme Roman or Greek galleykwing-kwuh-reem /'kw11]kwa,ri:m/

Quintana R00 state, Mexicokeen-tah-nuh roh /ki:n,ta:ne 'reo/

319

Quintilian Roman rhetoriciankwin-til-i-uhn /kw1n't1lian/

quintuplet each of five children born atone birthkwin~tyoop-luht /kw1n'tju:plat/Sometimes also kwin-tup-luht orkwin-tyuu p-luht.

Quirinal one of the seven hills of Romekwirr-in-uhl /'kwIr1nal/

Quirinale Palace oflical residence ofthe Italian prime ministerkwee-rin-ah-lay jkwizrrnozleif

quisling collaboratorkwiz-ling /'kwIz1nJ/

Quito capital of Ecuadorkee-toh /'ki:ta0/

qui vive on the alertkee veev /,ki: 'vi:v/

qui tollis peccata mundi ‘who takesaway the sins of the world’ (Latin)kwee tol-iss pek-ah-tuh muun-di/kwi ,t'olls pe,kc1:ta 'n1ondi/

Quixote, Don see Don Quixotequixotic idealistic

kwik-50t—ik /kwIk'sot1k/Qum see QomQumran region, Jordan

kuum-rahn /kom'ru:n/quodlibet musical term

kwod-I i b-et ,' 'kwndl1bst/

Quintilian | qwerty

quod erat demonstrandum used toconvey that a situation demonstrates thetruth of one’s theorykwod err-at dem-uhn-Strand-uum/kwnd ,s:rat dsmanstranduml

quoit ringkoyt /ko1t/

quokka Wallabykwok-u h /'kwoka/

quondam that once waskwon-dam /'kwondam/

Quorn trademark vegetable proteinkworn /kw:>:(r)n/

quorum minimum numberkwaw-ruhm /'kwa:ram/

quoth saidkwohth /kwaoG/

quotidian dailykwoh-tid-i-uhn /kwau't1d1an/

quotient a result obtained by dividingone quantity by anotherkwoh-shuhnt /'kwauIent/

Qur’an (also Quran) see KoranQurei, Ahmed (also Qureia)

Palestinian prime ministerakh-muhd kuu-ray-uh /,axmadko're1a/

qwerty standard layout onEnglish-language keyboardskwur-ti /'kwa:(r)ti/

320

Raban, Jonathan English writerray-buhn /'reiben/

Rabat capital ofMoroccoruh-bat /ra'bat,l

Rabau] port, Papua New Guinearuh~bowl /ra'baol/

rabbi Jewish scholar or teacherra b—y /'I‘3bAI/

rabbinic relating to rabbis or to Jewishteachingsruh—bin—ik/ra'b1n1k,I'

Rabelais, Francois French satiristfrah(ng)-swah rab-lay /frdswo:rab'1e1/

rabid fanaticalrab-id /'rab1d/Less commonly also ray-bid.

rabies contagious disease of mammalsray-beez /'re1bi:z/

Rabin, Yitzhak Israeli statesmanyits-hahk rab-een /j1ts_hu:k ra'bi:n/

rachis (also rhachis) pl. rachides stem ofa plantray-kiss, pl. ray-kid-eez /'re1k1s/, pl./-k1di:z/

Rachmaninov, Sergei Russiancomposer and pianistsuhr-gay rakh-man-in-of /sa(r),ge1rax'manmof/

Rachmanism exploitation of tenants bylandlordsrak-muh-niz-uhm /'rakmamzam/

Racine, Jean French dramatistzhah(ng) rass-een /561 ra'si:n/

Rackham, Arthur English illustratorrak-uhm /'rakem/

raclette Swiss cheese dishrak-let /ra'k1st/

raoonteur amusing story-tellerrak-on-tur /_rakon'ta:(r)/

RADA Royal Academy of Dramatic Artrah-duh ,"ro:da/

Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli Indianstatesman

sur-vuh-pul-i rah-duh-krish-nuhn/,sa:(r)vapAli ,ro:do'kr1_l'nan/

radian unit of measurement of anglesray-di-uhn /'re1dion/

radicchio chicoryrad-ee-ki-oh /ra'di:kiao/

Radice, William English translatorrad-ee-chay /ra'di:tj‘e1/

radiometer instrument for measuringradiationray-di-om-uh-tuhr /,re1di'nm1ta(r)/

radioscopy examination by X—raysray-di-osk-uh-pi /,re1d1'nskapi/

Radio Telifis lilireann Irishbroadcasterrah-di-oh tel-uh-feesh air-uhn/,ru:dieo ,tslafi:j‘ 'e:ran/

radium chemical elementray-di-uhm /'reIdiem/

radius pl. radii straight line from thecentre to the circumference of a circleray-di-uhss, pl. ray-di-y /'re1dias/,p1./-dim,’0 Standard -es plural is also possible.

radix pl. radices base of 8. nnmerationsystemray-diks, pl. ray-diss-eez /'re1d1ks/, pl./-disi:z,l

Radnorshire former county, Walesrad-nuhr-shuhr /'radna(r)j'a(r),!

Radom city, Polandrad-om /'radnm/

radon chemical elementray-don /'re1dnn/

Raeburn, Henry Scottish portraitpainterray-burn /'reiba:(r)n/

Raelian movement atheistic cultry-ee-Ii-uhn /rA1'i:lian/

Rafah town, Palestineraf-uh /'rafa/

Raifarin, Jean-Pierre Frenchstatesmanzhah(ng) pyair raf-uh-ra(ng) /361pj£:(r) rafa'rfi/

321 Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar Hashemi

Rafsanjani, Ali Akbar HashemiIranian statesmanal-ee ak-bar hah-shem-eeraf-san-jah-nee /a,li: ak_bu:(r)ho:]"e,mi: ,rafsand3o:'ni/

raga (also rag) musical moderahg lrdzgl

ragga style ofdance musicrag-uh /'raga,l

ragged tornrag-id /'ragid,'

Ragnarok Norse mythological battlerag-nuh-rok /'ragnarok/Q Established anglicization.

ragout meat stewrag-oo fra'gu:/

raguly heraldic termrag-yuul—i /'ragjo1i/

Ragusa city, Italyrag-oo-zuh /ra'gu:za/

ragwort plantrag-wurt /'ragwa:(r)t,'

rai style of musicry /1"M/

raillery good-humoured teasingrayl-uh-ri /‘re1Iari/

Raimi, Sam American film directorray-mi /'re1rni,1

Rainier, Mount mountain, USruh-neer /ra'nia(r)/

Rainier, Prince former ruler ofMonacorayn-yay /'re1njez/

Raipur city, Indiary-poor /[‘AI'pUB(I‘)/

raison d’étre reason for existencerez-o(ng) det-ruh /,rez5 'dstra/

raita Indian yogurt dishry-tuh /'ri\1to/

Raj British sovereignty in Indiarahj /ro:d3/

raja (also rajah) Indian king or princerah-juh /'ro:d3a/

Rajapakse, Manhinda president of SriLankamuh-hin-duh ruj-uh-puk-shuh/mahinda rAd3a'pAk_|‘a,'

Rajasthan state, Indiarah-juh-stahn /,ro:d3a'sto:n/

Rajkot city, Indiarahj-koht /ru:d3'kaut/

Ramallah

Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree Indiangurubuhg-wahn shree ruhj-neesh/ba,gwo:n ,Iri: rr\d3'ni:_f/

Rajputana ancient region, Indiarahj-puut-ah-nuh /,ro:d3po'to:na/

Rajshahi port, Bangladeshrahj-shah-hi /ro:d3'_\‘u:hi/

Rajya Sabha upper house of the Indianparliamentrahj-yuh sub—ah /,rn:d3ja SA'lJ(1I/

raki alcoholic spiritruh-kee /ra'ki:[

Rakoczy March composition by Berliozrah-koht-si /'ru:kaotsi/

Rakosi, Matyfis Hungarian statesmanrnaht~yahsh rah-kosh-i /,mu:tju:j‘'ro:kuj‘i/

Raksha Bandhan Hindu festivalruk-shah bund-uhn /,rAk_l‘o: 'bAndan/

Rakvere town, Estoniarak-vuh-ruh /'rakvara/

rale rattling sound made by unhealthylungsrahl /ro:l/

Raleigh city, USraw-Ii /'ro:Ii/

Raleigh cycle manufacturersral-i /'ra1i/

Raleigh, Walter (also Ralegh) Englishexplorerraw-Ii /'ro:1i/Our research indicates that this is the R,correct pronunciation, although rah-li andral-i are also used.

rallentando pl. rallentandi musicaltermral-uhn-tan-doh, pl. ral-uhn-tan-di/,ralan‘tandau/, pl. /-di/- Standard -s plural is also possible.

Rama Hindu godrah-muh /'ro:ma/

Ramadan Muslim monthram-uh-dahn /,rama'do:n/bommonly LE0 ram-uh-dan and, outside IArab countries, ram-uh-zahn.

Ramadi, al- town, Iraquh-ruh-mah-di /era'mo:di/~ See ARABIC panel.

Ramallah town, Palestinerah-mal-uh /ru:'mala/

Raman, Chandrasekhara I Rarotonga 322

Raman, Chandrasekhara Indianphysicistchund-ruh-say-kuh-ruh rah-muhn/t_|"Andra,se1kara 'ro:man/

Ramanujan, Srinivasa Indianmathematiciansrin-i-vahss rah-mah-nuuj-uhn/,srmiva:s ru:'mu:nud3en/

Ramapithecus fossil aperah-muh-pith-ik-uhss /,ru:ma'p191kas;'

Rimiyana Sanskrit epicrah-mah-yun-uh /rt1:'mu:j1\n0/

R:-l.ml)el'l;, Marie Polish-born Englishballet dancer and directorrah(ng)-bair /'rdbe:(r)/

Rambouillet breed of sheepram—buh—lay /'I‘&lTll)3lBIj'

ramblltan tropical fruitram-boo~tuhn /ram'bu:tan/

Rameau, Jean-Philippe Frenchcomposerzhah(ng) fee~Ieep ram-oh /351 fi:_li:pra‘mau/

ramekin small dishram-uh-kin /'ramak1n/

ramen noodlesrah-men /'ro:msn/

Rameses Egyptian pharaohram-uh-seez /'ramasi:z/

Ramillies, Battle ofbattle in the Warof the Spanish Successionram-il-iz /'ram111z/, French [ramiji]~ Established anglicization.

Ramon y Cajal, Santiago Spanishphysiciansant-yah~goh ram-on ee kakh-al/san'tjo:gao ra,mnn i: ka'xal/

Ramsay, William Scottish chemistram-zi /'ramzi/

ranchera Mexican country musicran-chair-uh /ran'tIs:ra/

ranchero person who works on a ranchran-chair-oh /ran'tj"s:rau/

Ranchi city, Indiarurl-chi /'rAntIi/

Rand, Ayn Russian-born Americanwriteryn rand /,A1n 'rand/

rand currency unit, South Africarand [rand/, Afrikaans [rant]Q Established anglicization.

Ranllers port, Denmark

ran-uhrss /'rana(r)s/Randstad region, Netherlands

runt-stuht /'rnntstat/Ranelagh Gardens park in London

ran-uh-luh /'ranala/rangatira Maori chief

rang-uh-teer-uh /_ra1]a‘t1aro/rangé orderly

rah(ng)-zhay /rf1'3eI/Rangoon capital of Burma

rang-goon /ran'gu:n/rangy tall and slim

rayn-ji /'remd3i/ranitidine antihistamine drug

ruh-nit-id-een /re‘n1t1di:n/Ranjit Singh Indian statesmanrun-jit sing /_mnd31t 'sm/

ranunculus pl. ranunculi plantruh-nunk—yuul—uhss,pl. ruh-nunk-yuu|—y /ra'n./xnkjoles/, pl./-lAi/- Standard -es plural is also possible.

R310, P. V. Narasimha Indianstatesmannarr-uh-sim-huh row /nara_s1mha'rau/

SRaoult S law law of physicsrowlt /raolt/

rapacious aggressively greedy orgraspingruh-pay-shuhss /ra'pe1_|‘as,'

Rapa Nui Easter Islandsrap-uh noo-ee /,rapa 'nu:i:/

Raphael Italian painter and architectraf-ay-uhl /'l'8.f€‘I0l/

Raphael British surnameray-fuhl /'re1fal/

raphe pl. raphae groove or ridge in bodytissueray-fi, pl. ray-fee /'re1fi/, pl. /'re1fi:,f

rappel absei]rap-el ;'ra'psl/

rapport understanding relationshiprap-or ;'ra'po:(r)/

rapprochement resumption ofharmonious relationsrap-rosh-mah(ng) /ra'prn_fmE1/

rarefy (also rarify) make less dense orsolidrair-if-y j'rs:rifm/

Rarotonga island, South Pacificrarr-uh-tong-guh /,rara'tm]ga/

323

Ras al Khaimah member state, UnitedArab Emiratesrahss uhl khy—muh /,ro:s a1 ‘xmmal

rasam Indian soupruss-uhm /'rAsam,f

rascasse fish used in bouillabaisserask-ass /ras'kas/

ras malai Indian sweet dishruss mu|—y /,rns mi\'1A1/

Rasmussen, Anders Fogh primeminister of Denmarkan-uhrss foh |'aS$-muuss-uhn /_ana(r)sfoo 'rasmusan/

Rasputin, Grigori Russian monkgrig-aw-ri rasp—yoo-tin /gr1,go:rira'spju:t1n/

Rastafarian follower of a Jamaicanreligious movementrast-uh-fair-i-uhn /rasta'fe:rian/Sometimes also rast-uh-far-i-uhn_

ratafia almond liqueurrat-uh-fee-uh f,rata‘fi:a/

I‘3.t3J11il»Cll€ basic drumming patternrat-uh-muh-kyoo /'ratama_kju:/

Ratana Maori churchrah—tuh—nuh /'ro:tana/

rataplan drumming or beating soundrat-uh-plan /,rata'plan/

ratatouille vegetable dishrat-uh-too—i /,rata'tu:i/, [ratatuj]

Rathaus pl. Rathiiuser German townhallraht-howss, pl. raht-hoy-zuhr/'ro:thaos/, pl. /'ru:thoIza(r)/

Rather, Dan American newsbroadcasterrath-uhr ]'raoa(r)/

rathskeller beer hall in a basementrahts-kel-uhr /'ro:ts_kela(r)/

rath yatra Hindu ceremonial processionrut yut-ruh /‘mt ,jntra/

ratiocinate form judgementsrat-i-oss-in-ayt /_rati'nsme1t/

rationale logical basisrash-uh-nahl /,raIa'no:1/

Ratisbon see Regensburgrattan palm stems

ruh—tan /ra'tan,'Rattigan, Terence English dramatist

rat-ig-uhn /'rat1gan,'Ratzinger, Joseph Alois Pope

Ras al Khaimah I Rea, Chris

Benedict XVIyoh-zuhf ah-loyss rat-sing-uhr /,jauzaf,u:1o1s 'ratsI1]a(r)/

raucous making a harsh noiseraw-kuhss /'ro:kas/

Rauschenberg, Robert Americanartistrow-shuhn-burg /‘rau_[anba:(r)g/

rauwolfia shrubrow-wol—fi-uh Jratrwnlfial

rav rabbirov /rnv,I

Ravel, Maurice French composermorr-eess rav-el /mtrrizs ra've1/

raven hunt for preyrav-uhn /'ravan/

Ravenna city, Italyrav-en-uh /ra'vena/

Ravensbriick Nazi concentration camprah-vuhnss-bruek /‘ru:vansbrYk/

ravigote (also ravigotte) mixture ofchopped herbs and shallotsrav-ig-ot /'rav1gnt/

ravioli stuffed pasta envelopesrav-i—oh-Ii /,ravi'ao1i/

Rawalpindi city, Pakistanrah-wuhl-pin-di f,ru:wa1'pmdi/

Raworth, Sophie BBC journalistray-wuhrth /'retwa(r)6/

Ray, Man American photographerman ray /,man 're1/

Ray, Satyajit Indian film directorsut-yuh-jit ry /,sAtjad31t 'I‘AI/

Rayleigh, John English physicistray-Ii /'re11i/

Raynaud’S disease medical conditionray-nohz /'remaoz/

rayonnant French style ofGothicarchitectureray-on-ah(ng) /_re1jn'nf1/

Razzall, Tim English politicianraz-uhl /'raza1/

razzia hostile raidraz-i-uh /'razia/

re in the matter of _ray /re1/ 'Commonly also ree; see LATIN panel.

Rea, Chris English singerree-uh /ri:a/

Reading | refulgent

This British surname can also bepronounced ray or ree, depending onindividual preference.

Reading town, Englandred-ing /'red113/

Reagan, Ronald American statesmanray-guhn /'re1gan/

reagent substance for use in chemicalreactionsri-ay-juhnt /ri‘e1d3ant/

real currency unit, Brazilray—al /re1'al/

Real Madrid Spanish football teamray-al muh~drid /re1,a1ma'dr1d/v Established anglicization; see MADRID.

realpolitik system of politics based onpractical considerationsray-al-pol-it-eek /re1'alpnl1,ti:k/

realtor estate agentree-uhl-tuhr /'ri:alta(r)/

Réaumur scale obsolete temperaturescaleray-oh-myoor /'re1eo,mjue(r)/

rebab musical instrumentruh-bahb /ra'bn:b/

rebbetzin (also rebbitzin) wife of arabbireb-it-sin /'rsb1ts1n/

rebec (also rebeck) medieval musicalinstrumentree-bek /'ri:bsk/Less commonly also reb-ek.

reblochon soft French cheeseruh-blosh-o(ng) /'rab1n'_\‘5/

rebozo Mexican shawlreb—oh-soh frebaosaof

rebus puzzleree-buhss /'ri:bas/

recce reconnaissance missionrek-i /'rski/

Rechabite biblical familyrek-uh—byt /'rakabA1t/

réchauifé dish ofwarmed-up foodray-shoh-fay /reIjeo‘fe1/

recherche rare or exoticruh-shair-shay /rs'_[s:(r)_fe1/

recidivist convicted criminal whoreoffendsruh-sid-iv-ist /rI's1d1v1st/

Recife port, Brazilruh-see-fi /ra'si:fi/

324

reciprocity exchanging things withothers for mutual benefitress-ip-ross-it-i /|I‘ESI'pl‘I)SIlIl/

recitative musical declamationress-it-uh-teev /,rssrta'ti:v/

Recklinghausen city, Germanyrek-ling-how~zuhn /,rak1n3'haozen,I

recluse solitary personruh-klooss /ra'klu:s/

recognizant (also recognisant)conscious of somethingruh-kog-niz—uhnt /1"o'kogn1zent/

recollect rememberrek-uh-lekt /,rska'1skt/

recondite little knownrek-uhn-dyt / 'I'8l{Gl’1(lAI'[/Commonly also ruh-kon-dyt.

reconnaissance military observationruh-kon-iss-uhnss /ra'kon1sans/

reconnoitre make a militaryobservationrek-uh-noy-tuhr /_reka‘no1ta(r)/

rectrices Sing. rectrix feathers in a bird’stailrek-triss-eez, sing. rek-triks/'rektr1si:z/, sing. /-tr1ks/

recusant person who refuses to submitto authorityrek-yuuz-uhnt /'rskjozant/

redan embankment forming part of afortificationruh—dan /rs'dan/

redingote woman’s long coatred-ing-goht /'rsdn]gaot/

redolent reminiscent ofred-uh-luhnt /'rede1ant/

Redon, Odilon French artistod-il-o(ng) ruh—do(ng) /nd1'l5 ra'd5/

reductio ad absurdum method ofproving the falsity of a premiseruh-duk-ti-oh ad ab-sur-duhm/rI,dAktieo ad ab'sa:(r)dam/

rednx brought backree-duks /'1"l.I(llAkS/

reebok see rhebokReeves, Keanu American actor

ki-ah-noo /ki'u:nu:,/reflet lustre or iridescence

ru h-flay /re'fle1/refiilgent shining very brightly

ruh—ful-juhnt /I'8'fAl.d3GI‘llZ/

325

refiisenik Jew refused permission toemigrate to Israelruhf-yooz-nik /ra'fju:zmk/

regalia emblems of royaltyruh-gay-Ii-uh /ra'ge11ia/

Regensburg city, Germanyray—guhnz-burg /'rerganzba:(r)g/,['re:gansbork]Established anglicization. Anbldeiihartie forthe city is Ratisbon, pronounced rat-iz-bon.

Reger, Janet English lingerie designerray-guhr /'reiga(r)/

reggae musical stylereg-ay /'rage1/

Reggio di Calabria port, Italyrej-oh di kal-ab-ri-uh /_rsd3ao dika'labria/

regime governmentray-zheem /re1'3i:m/

regimen prescribed course of treatmentrej-im-uhn /'red3Iman/

Regina city, Canada; also reigning queenruh-jy-nuh /ra'd31i1na/

Regiomontanus, Johannes Germanastronomer and mathematicianyoh-han-uhssreg-yoh-mon-tah-nuuss /jau,hanas_r£gjaomon'tu:nos/

regisseur theatrical producerrezh-iss-oer /,ra3r'sce:(r)/

Regius professor holder of a universitychairree-juhss /'ri:d3as/

regnal of a reign or monarchreg-nuhl /'rsgnal/

Rego, Paula Portuguese painterpow-luh ray-goo /,paula 'reigu:/

Regulus starreg-yuul—uhss /‘rsgjulas/

Rehnquist, William American judgerenk-wist /'raI]kw1st/

Rehoboam king ofancient Israelree-uh—b0h-uhm /,ri:a'baoam/

Reich former German staterykh /rA|c/

Reichstag German parliamentrykhss-tahk /'rA1cs_tn:k/

reifir make something more realree-if-y /'ri:1fA1/Colnmonly also ray-if-y.

reiki healing technique

refusenik I remuda

ray-ki /‘re1ki/Reims (also Rheims) city, France

reemz /rizmz/, [res]~ Established anglicization.

Reinhardt, Django Belgian jazzguitaristjang-goh ryn-hart /,d3a1]gao'r/imho:(r)t/

reishi mushroomray-ee-shi /'re1i:j‘i/

Reitei-’s SyI‘ldl‘0Ine medical conditionryt-uhr /‘rn1ta(r)/

reive plunderreev lri:v/

rejuvenescence renewal ofyouthruh-joo-vuh-ness-uhnss/ra_d3u:va'nssans/

relativism philosophical doctrinerel-uh-tiv-iz-uhm /'T'El8tIVIZ8In/'

relevé ballet movementruh-luh-vay /,rala‘ve1/

reliquary container for holy relicsrel-ik-wuh-ri /'re1|kwari/

Remagen city, Germanyray-mah—guhn /'re1mu:gan/

Remarque, Erich MariaGerman—born American novelistay-rikh muh-ree-uh ruh-mark /,e1r1cma,ri:a ra'mu:(r)k/

Rembrandt Dutch painterrem-brant /'rambrant/

REME Royal Electrical and MechanicalEngineersree-mi /'ri:mi/

Remi, Georges Belgian cartoonistzhorzh ray-mee /,3o:(r)3 re1'mi:/

remiges Sing. remex flight feathersrem-ij-eez, sing. ree-meks /'ram1d3i:z/,sing. /'ri:msks/

remit area of activityree-mit /'ri:m1t/

Remonstrant brotherhood Dutchreligious societyruh-mon-Struhnt /ra'mnnstrent,I

remonstrate make protestrem-uhn—strayt Frsmanstreltl

remora fishrem-uh-ruh /'rsmera/

remoulade egg dressingrem-oo-Iahd /'I‘EI1'lUlClZ(l/

remuda herd of horsesruh-moo-duh /re'mu:de/

remunerate | resolute

remunerate payruhm-yoo-nuh-rayt ,/ra'mju:nare1t/

Remus Roman mythological characterree-muhss /'ri:mes/

Remy Martin trademark brand of cognacrem-i mar-ta(ng) /,rami mu:(r)'té/

Renaissance European art revivalruh-nay-suhnss /ra'ne1sans/

326

This British surname can also bepronounced ren—ik, according to individualpreference.

reparable possible to rectifyrep-uh-ruh-buhl /‘rsparabal/l

repartee witty conversationrep-ar-tee /,I‘€p(1Z([‘)'tlZ,"$?§>_n1_r!]9Iji{ @159_reP-9r-'<av- ,___ gg

Less commonly also ruh-ness-ah(ng)ss or,in AM, ren-uh-sahnss.

renal relating to the kidneysree-nuhl /'ri:nalf

Renan, Ernest French historian andphilosopherair-nest ruh—nah(ng) ]s:(r),nast ra'n(1/

Renault French car manufacturersren-oh /‘renew

Rendell, Ruth English writerren-duhl /‘rendal/

rendezvous pl. rendezvouses meetingron-day-voo, pl. ron-day-vooz/‘rnndeivur/, pl. /'rnnde1vu:z/

rendzina fertile soilrend-zee-nuh /rsnd'zi:na/

renege go back on a promiseruh-nayg /ra'ne1g/

RENFE Spanish railway systemren-fay /'ranfe!/

Renfiewshire county, Scotlandren-froo-shuhr /'rsnfru:Ia(r)/

renga Japanese poemreng-guh /'rsnga/

Rennes city, Franceren lrsnl

rennet used in making cheeseren-it /'rsn1t/

Reno city, USree-noh /'ri:nao/

Renoir, Jean French film directorzhah(ng) ruhn-war /,3€1 ra'nwo:(r)/

Renoir, Auguste French painteroh-guest ruhn-war /au,gystra'nwo:(r)/

renosterbos shrubren-ost~uhr-boss ,/rs'nosta(r)bns/

rentier person living on income fromProperlyro(ng)-ti-ay /'rf1tie1/

Renwick, David English comedy writerren-wick /'renw1k/

repéchage contest for runners—uprep-esh-ahzh /repa'_[u:3/

repertoire stock ofperformancesrep-uhr-twar /'rspa(r)twu:(r)/

repertory performance ofvarious playsby a companyrep-uhr-tuh-ri /'repa(r)tari/

répétiteur ballet or music tutorrep-et-it-ur /rs,pst1‘te:(r)/

reportage reporting of newsrep-or-tahlh ,~',repo:(r)'tu:3/

reposado aged tequilarep-OSS-ah-doh /_repn'so:dao/

repoussé hammered into reliefruh-poo-say /ro'pu:sei/

reprise repeated passage in musicruh-preez /ra'pri:z/

reprobate unprincipled personrep-ruh-bayt /'reprabe1t/

requiem Mass for the deadrek-wi-em /'rskwi::m,'

requiescat prayer for the repose ofadead personrek-wi-esk-at /,r£kwi'eskat/

requinto small guitarrek-in—tOh /rs'kmtao/

reredos ornamental screen behind analtarreer-doss /'r|a(r)dos,I

research investigationruh-surtch /ra'sa:(r)tIfCommonly also roe-surtch, especially inAM.

réseau network or gridray-zoh lrerzaul

res gestae events which relate to aparticular caserayz gest-y /relz 'gest1i1/

Resnais, Alain French film directoral-a(ng) ruh-nay /a,lé ra'neI/

resolute admirably purposefulrez-uh-loot /'rszalu:t/

327

resource stock of assetsruh—z0rss /ra'zo:(r)s/Commonly aa;;;;;;3;;; es;;;;Is1i,Ja

Respighi, Ottorino Italian composerot-uh-ree-noh resp-ee-gi /nta_ri:naore'spi:gi/

respiratory relating to respirationruh-spirr-uh-tuh-ri /ra'sp1ratari/Less commonly also resp-uh-ruh-tri.

respite rest from something difficultresp-yt /‘rssp1ut/Less commonly also resp-it.

res publica state or republicrayz puub-lik-uh /,re1z 'pob11ka/

restaurant eating—houserest-uh-ront /Testaront!Commonly also re$t—ruhnt orrest-uh-ro(ng).

restaurateur person who owns arestaurantrest-uh-ruh-tur /,rsstara'ta:(r)/

Restormel castle, Englandruh-stor-muhl /ra'sto:(r)mal/

résumé summaryrez-yuum-ay /‘rszjome1/

retable decorated panels above andbehind an altarruh-tay-buhl /ra'te1bal/Less commonly also ree-tay-buhl.

rete pl. retia network ofblood vessels ornerve cellsree-ti, pl. ree-ti-uh /'ri:ti/, pl. /-tie,’

Rethymnon port, Cretereth-im-non /'rs61mnnn/

Reti chess gambitray-ti /‘re1ti/

retiarius pl. retiarii Roman gladiatorwho used a netret-i-ar-i-uhss, pl. ret-i-ar-i-y/,reti'o:rias/, pl. /-I‘iAI/' See LATIN panel.

reticule small handbagret-ik-yool /'rst1kju:l/

reticuloendothelial physiologicalsystemruh-tik-yuul-oh-end-oh-thee-li-uhl/ra_tikjo1aosndau'6i:1ia1/

reticulum pl. reticula fine networkruh-tik-yuul-uhm, pl. ruh-tik-yuul-uh

resource l Reykjavik

/ra‘t1kjolam/, pl. /-la/retina pl. retinae part of the eye

ret-in-uh, pl. ret-in-ee /‘retina/, pl./-ni:/~ Standard -s plural is also possible.

retinitis pigmentosa eye diseaseret-in-y-tiss pig-men-toh-suh/reti_nA1t1s ,pigmen'taosa/

retinue group of advisersret-in-yoo /'ratmju:/

retire ballet stepruh-teer-ay /ra't1are1/

retrochoir area of a cathedral behindthe altarret-roh-kwy-uhr /‘retrao,kwAia(r)/

retroussé turned—up (nose)ruh-troo-say /ra'tru:se1/

retsina Greek wine flavoured with resinret-see-nuh /ret'si:na,'

Reuben biblical characterroo-buhn /'ru:ban/

Réunion island, Indian Oceanree-yoon-yuhn /ri:'ju:njan/, FrenchEreynjfilv Established anglicization.

Reuters international news agencyroy-tuhrz /'roIta(r)z/

reveille signal sounded to wake soldiersruh-val-i /re'va1i,lAM is rev-uh-Ii.

revelatory revealing something hithertounknownrev-uh-lay-tuh-ri /,rsve'le1teri/Less commonly also rev-uh-luh-tuh-ri.

Revere, Paul American patriotruh-veer ,/ra'v1a(r)/

reverie dreamrev-uh-ri /‘re:vari;'

revers turned-back edge of a garmentruh-veer /ra'v1a(r)/

revetment retaining wallruh-vet-muhnt /ra'vetrnant/

revue light theatrical entertainmentruh-vyoo /ra'vju:/

rewarewa New Zealand treeray-wuh-ray-wuh /'re1we,re1wa/

Reye’s syndrome metabolic disorderryz /'I‘AIZ/Sometimes also rayz.

Reykjavik capital of Icelandrayk-yuh-veek /'re1kjavi:k/

Reynard | Rhymney

Reynard name for a foxren-a rd /'renc1:(r)d/

Reynolds, Albert Irish statesmanren-uhldz /'reneldz/

Reynolds, Joshua English painterren-uhldz /'renaldz/

rhabdomancy dowsing with a rodrab—duh-man-si /'rabdo,mansi/

rhachis see rachisRhadamanthus Greek mythological

characterrad-uh-man~thuhss /,rada‘man6as/

Rhaeto-Romanic Romance dialectsree-toh roh-man-ik /,ri:taurao'man1k/

rhapsodic ecstaticrap-sod-ik /rap'sodik/

rhatany astringent substancerat-uh-ni /'ratani,'

Rhea Greek mythological characterree-uh /'ri:a/

rhea flightless birdree-uh /'ri:a/

rhebok (also reebok) anteloperee-bok /'ri:bnk/

Rheims see ReimsRhein see RhineRheinland-Pfalz seeRhineland-Palatinate

Rhenish of the Rhineren-ish /'ranij'{

rhenium chemical elementree-ni-uhm ,/'ri:niam/

rheostat electrical instrumentree-uh-stat /'ri:astat/

rhesus baby infant suffering fromhaemolytic diseaseree-suhss /'ri:sas;'

rhetoric art of effective speakingret-uh-rik /'retarik/

rheum watery fluidroom /ru:m/

rheumatoid relating to rheumatismroo-muh-toyd /'ru:mato1d/

Rhiannon Welsh girl's nameri-an-uhn /ri'anan/

Rhine river, Europeryn [mm]The German name Rhein is also

328

Rhineland-Palatinate state, Germanyryn-land puh-lat-in-uht /,r1i1n1andpa'1at1nat/The German name is Rheinland-Pfalz,pronounced ryn-lant pfalts.

rhinitis inflammation of the nosery~ny-tiss /rA|'nA1t1s/

rhinoplasty plastic surgery on the nosery-noh-plast-i /'l‘All'l3U_Dl3Sll/

rhizome horizontal underground stemry-zohm /'r1nzaom/

rho letter of the Greek alphabetroh /rau/

Rhodes island, Greecerohdz /reodzy‘The Greek name is Rodhos, pronouncedroh-thoss.

Rhodesia former country, Africaroh-dee-zi-uh /rao'di:zio/

rhodium chemical elementroh-di-uhm /'raodiam/

rhododendron shrubroh-duh-den-druhn /,raoda'dendran/

Rhodope Mountains mountainsystem, Europerod-uh-pi /‘rodapi/

Rhodri Welsh boy’s namerod-ri /'rodri/

rhomboideus pl. rhomboidei backmusclerom-boy-di-uhss, pl. rom-boy-di-y/rnm'boIdias/, pl. /-CllAI/

rhombus pl. rhombi quadrilateralrom-buhss, pl. rom-by /‘rumba-as/, pl.f-bAI/v Standard -es plural is also possible.

Rhondda district, Walesron-thuh /'rrmoe/

Rhfine river, Europerohn /room’

rhotic denoting a variety of English inwhich r is pronounced alter vowelsroh-tik /'raot1k,'

Rhuddlan town and castle, Walesrith-Ian /'r1olan/

Rhum (also Rum) island, Scotland/rnm/

rhumba see rumbapronounced ryn, and the French name Rhin Rhyl-nney town Walesis pronounced ra(ng). 7

rum-ni /'I‘A1'I1l1l]'

329

Rhys, Jean Dominican-born Britishwriterreess frizsf

rhythm repeated patternrith-uhm /'rIoaIn/

rial (also riyal) currency unit, Iran andOmanree-ahl /'ri:u:1/

Rialto island in Veniceri-al—toh /ri'altao/

ribald rude or irreverentrib-uhld /'r1ba1d/

Ribbentrop, Joachim von GermanNazi politicianyoh-uh-khim fon rib-uhn-trop/_jauaxIm fon 'rIbantrnp/

Ribera, José de Spanish painterkhoss-ay day rib-air-uh /xn_se| delr1‘be:ra/

riboflavin vitaminry-boh-flay-vin /‘rn1bau'fle1v1n/

ribonucleic acid chemical substancery-boh-nyoo~klay-ik/,rA1ba0nju:‘k1eI1k/

Ricardian relating to Richard I, II, or IIIrik-ar—di-uhn /r1'ko:(r)dien/'

Ricci tensor set of components inphysics‘ree-chi /'ri:tIi/

Rice, Condoleeza Americanstateswomankon-duh-lee-zuh /konda'1i:za/

ricercar (also ricercare) musicalcompositionree-chuhr-kar, ree-chuhr-kar-ay/_ri:tj‘a(r)'ku:(r)/, /_ri:t_\‘a(r)‘ku:re1/'

Richelieu, Cardinal French statesmanreesh—uh-lyoe /ri:ja'ljo/

Richler, Mordecai Canadian writermor—duh-ky ritch-luhr /,mo:(r)dakA1'r1t_1‘1a(r),f

Richter, Karl German conductor andorganistkarl rikh-tuhr /,kc1:(r)1 'r1cta(r)/

Richter scale scale for measuringearthquakesrik-tu hr /'r1kte(r)/

Richthofen, Manfied von Germanfighter pilotman-frayt fon rikht-hoh-fuhnI |l'1'13.I1fI‘8l'E fun ‘r1ct,haufen/

ricin toxic substance

Rhys, Jean I RigVeda

ry-sin /'r1i1s1n/ricochet rebound off a surface

rik-uh-shay /'r1ka_{e1/Less commonly also rik-uh-shet.

Ricoh oflice equipment manufacturerree-koh /'ri:kao/

ricotta soft white cheeserik—0t—uh /rr'knta/

Riddell British surnamerid~uh|, rid~el /'r1dal/, /r1‘del/

Ric, Lucie Austrian-born British potterloo-si ree /,1u:si 'ri:/

Riefenstahl, Leni German film—makerlay-ni ree-fuhn-shtahl /,1emi‘ri:fen,_\'tu:l/

Riel, Louis Canadian political leaderlwee ri-el /,lwi: ri'el/

riel currency unit, Cambodiari-el /ri'a1/'

Riemann, Bernhard Germanmathematicianbairn-hart ree-man /,bs:(r)nhu:(r)t'ri:man/

Riesling Wine grapereess-ling /'ri:s11n/

Rievaulx village and abbey, Englandree-voh /'ri:vau/An older anglicized pronunciation, riv-uhrz,is also possible, but increasingly lesscommon.

rifampicin antibioticrif-amp-iss-in frrfamprsmf

Riga port, Latviaree-guh f'ri:ga/

rigatoni pastarig-uh-toh-ni /_riga'taoni/

Rigel starry-guhl /'nugal/

righteous morally justifiablery-chuhss ,"rA1tIas/

rigmarole lengthy and complicatedprocedurerig—muh-rohl /'rIgmarau1/

Rigoletto opera by Verdirig-uh-let-oh /r1ga'l&:teo/

rigor mortis stiffening of the body afterdeathrig-uhr mor-tiss /,r1ga(r) 'm:>:(r)t1s/

Rig Veda Hindu textrig vay-duh /,r1g ‘Verde!

Rljeka | ritenuto

Rijeka port, Croatiaree-yek-uhg/rig:'ijeka/The Italian name is Fiume, pronouncedfyoo-may.

Rijksmuseum art gallery, Amsterdamryks-mue-zay-uhm /'r1uksmy,zeram/

rijsttafel rice mealryst-tah-fuhl /'rArst_tu:fol/

Rikers Island jail, New Yorkry-kuhrz /'r1\rka(r)z,'

rikishi sumo wrestlerrik-ish-i /'rikij’i/

Rila Mountains mountains, Bulgariaree-luh /'ri:lal

Rilke, Rainer Maria Austrian poetry-nuhr muh-ree-uh ril-kuh /,mma(r)ma,ri:a ‘rilkal

rillettes patéree-yet /'ri:jst,'

Rimbaud, Arthur French poetar-tuer ra(ng)-boh /o:(r),ty:(r) ré'bao,l

Rimet, Jules former president of FIFAzhuel ree-may /,3y1 ri:'meI/

Rimini port, Italyrim-in-i /'r1mIni/

rimonabant weight-loss drugrim-on-uh-bant /r1'mr>nabant/

Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai Russiancomposernik-uh-ly rim-ski kor-Suh-kof /I1Ik8,lAI,r1mski 'ka:(r)saknf/

rimy covered with frostry-mi /'r.umi/

Rinoewind fictional character in TerryPratchetfs Discworldrinss-wind /'rrnsw|nd,I

rinderpest disease of ruminantsrin-duhr~pest /‘rmda(r)psst/

ringgit currency unit, Malaysiaring-git /'rmg1t/

rinkhals (also ringhals) cobrarink-halss /'rmkhals/

Rinpoche Buddhist religious teacherrin-poh-chay /'rInpaut_\'eI/

Rio Branco city, Brazilree-oo brank-oo I ,ri:u: 'bra1]ku:/

Rio de Janeiro port and state, Brazilree-oh duh juh-neer-oh /,ri:au dad3a'nrarau/, Portuguese [,ri:u d3i3a'neiru]' Established anglicization.

330

Rio de la Plata see Plate, RiverRio (le Oro region, Africa

ree-oh day aw-roh /,ri:au del 'a:rau/Rio Grande river, US and Mexico

ree-oh grand /,ri:au ‘grand/, Spanish[,rio ‘grande]

Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazilree-00 grand-i doo nor-ti /_ri:u:_grandi du: 'n:>:(r)ti/

Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazilree-oo grand-i doo sool /,1-izu: _grandidu: 'su:l/

Rioja Spanish wineri-okh-uh /ri'nxa/

Rio Muni region, Equatorial Guinearee-oh moo-ni /,ri:au 'mu:ni;'

Rio Negro river, South Americaree-oh nay-groh /,ri:ao 'ne1grao/

ripieno pl. ripieni musical termrip-i-ay-noh, pl. rip-i-ay-ni/,r1pi'e1nao/,p1./-ni/I Standard -s plural is also possible.

Ripon town, Englandrip-uhn /'r1pen/

I'iSl‘|i Hindu sagerish-i /'rr_\‘i/

risible provoking laughterriz-ib-uhl /'r1zIba1/

Risley prison, Englandriz-Ii /'r1zli/

Riser city, Norwayree—soer /'ri:sue:(r)/

Risorgimento Italian unificationmovementriss-or-jim-en-toh /ri,so:(r)d31'mentau/

risotto Italian rice dishriz-ot-oh lrrzntaol

risqué slightly indecentrisk-ay /rI'ske1/

ristorante pl. ristoranti Italianrestaurantrist-orr-an-tay, pl. rist-orr-an-ti/,r1stn'rante1/, pl. /-ti,’

Ritalin trademark drugrit-uh~Iin /‘rrtalIn,f

ritardando pl. ritardandi musical termrit-ar-dan-doh,p1. rit-ar-dan-di/,r1tc1:(r)'dandao/, pl. /-di/' Standard -s plural is also possible.

ritenuto pl. ritenuti musical termrit-en-oo-toh, pl. rit-en-00-ti/,r1te'nu:tao/, pl. /-ti,I

331

' Standard -s plural is also possible.Rivera, Diego Mexican painter

dyay-goh riv~air-uh /,dje1gao r1'va:ra/riviera coastal region

riv-i-air-uh /_rivi'e:ra/riviere necklace of gems

riv-i-air /,r1vi'e:(r)/Rivne city, Ukraine

riv-nuh /'r1vne/Riyadh capital of Saudi Arabia

ree-yahd /ri:'ju:d/riyal see rialRoaccutane trademark hair—loss drug

roh—ak—yuut-ayn lrairakjoteinlRoanoke town, US

roh-uh-nohk /'reoaneok/'robata charcoal grill

rob—ah-tuh /rn'bu:ta/Robbe-Grillet, Alain French novelist

al-a(ng) rob gree-yay /a,1e rnbgri:'je1/

Robben Island island, South Africarob—uhn /‘roben,’

Robert, Paul French lexicographerpol rob-air /,pn1rn'bs:(r)/

Robeson, Paul American singerrohb-suhn /'raobsan/

Robespierre, Maximilien de Frenchrevolutionarymak-sim-il-ya(ng) duh rohbz-pyair/1T18.l(SII11I'lj§ do 'raobzpjs:(r)/

Robinson Crusoe novel by DanielDefoekr00—S0h /'kru:seo/

rocaille ornamental styleroh-ky /1"8U'l(AI/

Rocamadour village, Francerok-am-ad-oor ,lrDkama‘doe(r),/

Rocha, John English fashion designerrosh-uh /'rn_[e/

Roche Swiss pharmaceutical firmrosh /rnI/

Roche, Barbara English politicianrohtch /1"aotj'/

Roche limit astronomical termrohsh [roof]

roche moutonnée rock shaped byglacial erosionrosh moo-ton-ay /,rnJ‘ mu:'tnne1/

ROCl1€f0l'l; name ofseveral places inFrance and Belgium

Rivera, Diego I Roeselare

rosh-for /1"nI'fo:(r)/Rochester town, England

rotch-uh-stu h r /'rot_1‘asta(r)/Rochester, Earl ofEnglish poet

rotch-uh-stuhr /'rntIaste(r)/rochet surplice

rotch-uht /'rnt_iat/Rockefeller, John D. American

industrialistrok-uh-fel-uhr /'rnkefs1a(r)/

rococo ornamental styleruh-koh-koh /ra'kaokao/

Roddenberry, Gene Americantelevision producerrod—uhn-berr-i /'rnden,beri/

Roden, Claudia Egyptian—born cookerywriterklaw-di-uh roh-duhn /_k1o:dia'raoden/

rodeo cowboy exhibitionroh-di-oh /'raodiao/Less commonly also roh-day-oh. This latterpronunciation is also appropriate for theballet by Copland, and for Rodeo Drive inBeverley Hills.

R6dh0S see RhodesRodin, Auguste French sculptor

oh-guest roh-da(ng) /augyst rao'dé/Rod-Larsen, Telje Norwegian

diplomattair-yuh roed Iar-shuhn /,te:(r)ja ,ra:d'la:(r)j‘an/, [,taerja ,ra:d '1a:san]

rodomontade boastful talkrod-oh-mon-tayd /,rndaum'0n'te1d/

Rodrigo, Joaquin Spanish composerkhoh-ak-een rod-ree-goh /xeoa,ki:nrn'dri:geo/, [xoakin ro'oriy0]

Rodriguez Zapatero, José Luis seeZapatero, José Luis Rodriguez

Roeg, Nicolas English film directorrohg /rang/V

roentgen unit of ionizing radiationront-guhn /‘rnntgan/Commonly also runt—juhn; both areestablished anglicizations. See R6N'rGEN,WILHELM, after whom the unit is named, forthe German pronunciation.

Roeselare town, Belgiumroo-suh-lar-uh /'ru:sa1u:ra/, Flemish['ru:sa1a:re]

rogan josh I rondeau

Established anglicization. The French nameis Roulers, pronounced r0o~lair.

rogan josh Indian dishroh-guhn johsh /_reog:-in 'd3ao_f/

Roget, Peter Mark English scholarrozh-ay /'ro5e1/

Rogge, Jacques Belgian president ofthe International Olympic Committeezhahk rokh-uh /,3u:k 'roxe/This is his own pronunciation of thisFlemish surname. French speakers tend topronounce this name rog.

Rohan fictional place in The Lord oftheRingsroh-han /'raohan/

Rohmer, Eric French film directorerr-eek rom-air /a,ri:k ro‘me:(r)/

Roh Moo-hyun president of SouthKoreanoh moo hyun /,noomu:'hjAn/

Rohypnol trademark sedative drugroh-hip-nol /rao'h1pnnl/

Roisin Irish girl’s namerosh-een ,/rn'j‘i:n/

Roissy airport in Parisrwah-see /rwc1:'si/

Roland Garros see Garros, RolandRolland, Romain French novelist

rom-a(ng) rol-ah(ng) /rams ro'1E1,/Rolodex trademark card index

roh-luh-deks flraoladeksfromaine cos lettuce

roh-mayn /rao'mem/romaji spelling system used to

transliterate Japaneseroh-muh-ji /'raomad3i/

roman—a-clefcoded novelroh-mah(ng) ah klay /rau,m£i u: 'k1er/

Roman de la rose French medievalpoem

roh-mah(ng) duh Iah rohz /reo,mfi dolo: 'raoz/

Romanesque architectural styleroh-muh-nesk /,raoma'nssk/

Romania (also Rumania) countryroo-may-ni-uh /ru:'me1nie/

Romanize bring under Roman influenceroh-muh-nyz /'raoman1nz/

Romano hard cheeseroh-mah-noh /rao'mo:nao/

Romanov Russian dynasty

332

ruh-mah-nuhf /re‘mu:naf/Romansh language spoken in

Switzerlandroh—mansh /rau'manj'/

Romany gypsy languagerom-uh-ni /'rnmani/Commonly also roh-muh-ni.

Romberg, Sigmund Hungarian-bornAmerican composersig—muhnd rom—burg /,s1gmand'romba:(r)g/

Romeo Shakespearean characterroh-mi-oh /'raumiao/However, the Italian pronunciation (suitablefor use with reference to the Bellini opera) isroh-may-oh.

Rommel, Erwin German field marshalair-veen rom-uhl /,e:(r)vi:n 'rnmal/

Romney, George English portraitpainterrum-ni /'I‘AITlIll/

Romney Marsh region of Kent,England; also a breed of sheeprom-ni /'rnmni/

Romulus Roman mythological characterrom—yuui-uhss /'romjolas/

Ronaldinho Brazilian footballerron-al-jeen-yoo /rnna1'd3i:nju:/

Ronaldo Brazilian footballerron-al-doo /rn'naldu:/The names Ronaldinho and arecommonly also anglicized to ron-al-dee-nohand ron-al-doh.

Roncesvalles, Battle ofbattle in thePyreneesron-suh-val /'ronsaval/, Spanish[ron(-les‘vaXes]Established anglicization. The French formofthe name is Roncevaux, pronouncedro(ng)ss-voh.

rondavel circular African hutron-dah-vuhl /rnn'do:val/

rond dc jambe ballet stepro(ng) duh zhah(ng)b /,r5 da'3€1b/

ronde dancerond /rnnd/

rondeau pl. rondeaux poemron-doh, pl ron-dohz /'rnndeu/, pl.,1 -eoz/

333 Rondonia I Rossini, Gioacchino

R0ll(l6Ilia state, Brazilron-d0hn—yuh /rnn'daonja/

rongo-rongo ancient scriptrong-goh-rong-goh ,l_rnr3gau‘r'0i]gau/

ronin wandering samurairoh-nin /'raomn/

ronquil fishron-kil /'rnl]k1l/

Riintgen, Wilhelm German physicistvil—he|m roent-guhn /|Vlll1£1I'l1‘roentgen!~ See also noenrem.

1‘00ib0S South African shrubroy-boss /'raIbns/

Roosevelt, Franklin D. Americanstatesmanroh-zuh-velt /'raozavs1t/The same pronunciation is used for Eleanorand Theodore Roosevelt.

Roquefort trademark soft blue cheeserok-for /'rokfo:(r)/

roquette salad leavesrok-et /rn'kat/

Roraima mountain, South Americaroh-ry-muh /rao'r1uma/

rorqual whaleror-kwuhl /'ra:(r)kwal,'

Rorschach test psychoanalytic testr0r—shakh /'r:):(r)_[ax/Named after Swiss psychiatrist Hermann KRorschach. Sometimes also anglicized toror-sha h k.

rosacea facial skin conditionroh-zay-shuh /rau'ze1_fa[

rosaceous relating to rose plantsroh-zay-shuhss /rau'ze1Ias/

ROSfll'l0 port, Argentinaroh-sar-i-oh /rau'sc1:rieo/

rosarium rose gardenroh-zair-i-uhm /rau'zs:riam]

rosary repetition ofprayersroh-zuh-ri /'raozari/

Roscoffport, Francerosk-of {rns'knf/

ROS(!0ml110n county, Republic ofIrelandrosk~om-uhn /rns'komanf

rosé light pink wineroh-zay /'raoze1/

roseate rose-coloured

roh-zi-uht /'raoziet/Roseau capital of Dominica

roh-zoh /rau'zau/Rosebery, Earl English statesman

rohz-buh-ri /'reuzbari/rosella parakeet

roh-zel-uh fratvzelelrosemaling art of painting flower motifsroh-suh-mah-ling /'rausa,mu:lm/

Rosenthal, Jack English playwrightroh-zuhn-thawl /'raozan9o:l/This was his own pronunciation. Thissurname can also be pronouncedroh-zuhn-tal, roh-zuhn-tahi, orroh-zuhn-thal, according to individualpreference.

roseola skin rashroh-zee-uh-luh /rao'zi:ala/

Rosetta Stone inscribed stoneroh-zet-uh /rao'zste/

Rosh Hashana (also Rush Hashanah)Jewish festivalrosh huh-shah-nuh /,rnI ha'Iu:na/

Roshi Buddhist leader of monksroh-shi /'rauj‘i/

Rosicrucian member of a secret societyroh-zik-roo-shuhn /_rauz1‘kru:_|‘an/

l'0SiIl resinroz-in /'rnz1n/

Roskilde port, Denmarkrosk-il-uh /'rnsklla,'

l‘0S0li0 sweet cordialroh-zoh-Ii-oh fratfzauliaui

Rossellini, R0l)el't0,Italian filmdirectorrob-air-toh ross-uh-lee-ni /rn,bs:(r)teu_rnse'li:ni/

Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Englishpainter and poetdan—ti gay-bri-uhl ruh-zet-i /_danti,ge1bria1 ra'zsti/The same pronunciation is used forChristina Rossetti.

Rossignol French ski equipmentmanufacturersross-in-yol lrnsrnjnll

Rossini, Gioacchino Italian composerjoh-uh-kee-noh ross-ee-ni/d3aua,ki:nau rn'si:ni/

Rosslare I rowan

Rosslare port, Republic of Irelandross-lair ,/rns'1s:(r)/

Rostand, Edmond French dramatisted-mo(ng) ross-tah(ng) /ad,m:'J rD'sto/

roster listF051-u hr l'rnsta(r)/

riisti Swiss potato dishroesh-ti /'ro:Iti/

Rostock port, Germanyrost-ok /'rostok/

Rostov port, Russiarost-of /‘rnstnf/, [ra'stof]I Established anglicization.

Roswell town, USroz-wel /'rozwal/

Roth, Philip American writerroth /rn6/

Rotherham town, Englandroth-uhr-uhm /'rnoaram/

Rothko, Mark American painterroth-koh /'rn6kao/

Rothschild, Meyer Amschel Germanfinanciermy-uhr am-shuhl roht-shilt /,lTlAI8(I‘),am_|‘al 'raut1'11t/Many other people with this surnamepronounce it rothss-chyld, an anglicizedpronunciation.

roti Indian flat breadroh-ti /'raoti/

rotisserie restaurantroh-tiss-uh-ri /rao't1sari/

Rotorua city, New Zealandroh-tuh-roo-uh /,raota'ru:a/

Rotterdam city, Netherlandsrot-uhr-dam /'rnta(r)dam/

Rottweiler breed of dogrot-vy~luhr /'I'DtVA1l8(1‘)/

Rouault, Georges French painter andengraverzhorzh r00-oh /,3:>:(r)3 ru:'eo,'

Roubaix city, Franceroo-bay /ru:'bei/

rouble currency unit, Russiaroob-uhl /'ru:bal/

roucou orange-red dye, annattoroo-koo /ru:'ku:,/

roué debauched manroo-ay /‘ru:e1/

Rouen port, Franceroo-ah(ng) /ru:'fi/

33 4-

Sometimes also roo-on, an olderanglicization.

rouge cosmeticroozh /ru:3/

rouille Provencal saucer00-i /'ru:i/

roulade dish in the form of a rollroo-lahd /ru:'1u:d/

roulement movement of troops orequipmentrool-mo(ng) /'ru:lmfi,'

Roulers see RoeselareRoumania see Romaniaroundelay simple songrown-duh-lay /'raundale1/

roup auctionrowp lraupf

roup disease of poultryroop /ru:p/

Rous form of tumourrowss /raus/

Rousse (also Ruse) city, Bulgariaroo-suh /'ru:sa/

Rousseau, Henri French painteraghlgngl-ireefiroolsoh /o,ri: ru:'seo/The same pronunciation is used forJean-Jacques and Theodore Rousseau.

Roussel, Athina Greek heiressath-ee-n uh roo—sel /a0_i:na ru:‘sel/

Roussillon former province, Franceroo-see-yo(ng) /ru:si:‘j5,!

roustahout casual labourerrowst-uh-bowt flraustabaotl

rout disorderly retreatrowt fraotj

router cutting toolrow-tuhr /'raota(r)/

router computer devicer00-tuhr /'ru:ta(r)/

routier French medieval mercenaryr00-'ti~ay /'ru:tie1i

Routledge English publishersrowt-luhj /'raut1ad3/

Rovaniemi town, Finlandrov-uhn-yem-i /'rova_njsmi/

rowan treeroh—uhn /'reoan/Less commonly also }8»)i-uhn.

3:35 Rowlandson, Thomas I Rumelia

Rowlandson, Thomas English painterroh-luhnd-suhn /'raolandsan/

Rowling, J. K. English novelistroh-ling /'raoin3/

rowlock fitting on a boatrol-uhk /'ro1ak/

Rowntree, Joseph Englishphilanthropistrown-tree /'raontri:/

ROXbllI‘gl'1Sl1iI‘e former county, Scotlandroks-buh-ruh-shuhr /'rnksbara_[e(r)/

Roy, Arundhati Indian writeruh-roon-dut-i roy /alruzndnti 'I‘0I/

Ruaridh Scottish boy’s nameraw-ri /'ro:ri/

Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyamcollection of poemsroo-by-yaht oh-mar ky-ahm/ru:bA1'ju:t ,aomu:(r) l{Al'(1ZII'l/

Rub’ al Khali desert, Arabian peninsular00b uhl khah-li /,ru:b al 'xu:li/

rubato pl. rubati musical termruub-ah-toh, pl. ruub—ah-ti /ro'bo:tao/,pl. /-ti)‘v Standard -s plural is also possible.

Rubbra, Edmund English composerrub-ruh /'I‘Al)1'9/

rubella German measlesroo-bel-uh /ro'b&:la/

Rubens, Peter Paul Flemish painterroo-buhnz /'ru:banz/, ['ry:bens]¢ Established anglicization.

rubeola measlesruub-ee-uh-luh ,lro‘bi:a1a/

rubescent reddeningruub-ess-uhnt /1"o'besant/

Rubicon stream, Italyroo-bik-uhn /'ru:b1kan/

rubidium chemical elementruub-id-i-uhm /ro'b1diam/

Rubik’s cube trademark puzzleroo-biks /'ru:b1ks/

Rubinstein, Anton Russian composeruhn-ton ruub-in-shtayn /an,tnn,rob1n'_|‘tem/

Rubinstein, Artur Polish-bomAmerican pianistar-toor roo-bin-styn /,u:(r)toa(r)'ru:b1nstmn/

rubric heading on a documentroo-brik /'ru:br1k/

ruche frill or pleat

roosh /ru:I/rucksack bag with shoulder straps

ruk-sak /'rAksak/Less commonly also ruuk-sak.

rucola rocket (plant)roo-kuh-luh /'ru:kala/

Rudaki Persian poetroo-dak-ee /ru:da'ki:/

rudbeckia plantrood-bek-i-uh /ru:d'b&-:kie/

Rudra minor Hindu godruud-ruh /‘rudra/

ruffe fishruf /I‘Af/

rufiyaa currency unit, Maldivesroo-fee-yah /‘ru:fi:ju:/

rufous reddish brownroo—fuhss /'ru:fas/

Riigen island, Germanyrue-guhn /'ry:gan/

rugose wrinkledrod-gohss /'ru:gaus/Commonly also ruug-ohss.

Ruhr region, Germanyroor /rua(r)/

Ruisdael, Jacob van (also Ruysdael)Dutch painteryah-kop vun roeyss-dahl /,juknp VAT].'r0eIsdu:l/~ See DUTCH panel.

Ruislip suburb of Londonryss—|ip /'rAis11p/

Ruiz de Alarcén y Mendoza, JuanMexican dramatistkhwan ruu-eess day al-ar-kon eemen-doh-suh /,xwan ru,i:s del,a1u:(r)'kon i: men,deosa/

Rukh Ukrainian nationalist movementrookh /ru:x/

rukh mythical birdrook /ru:k/

Rum see RhumRumania see Romaniarumba (also rhumba) dance

rum-buh /'mmba/Rumelia former Ottoman territories

roo—mee~|i-uh /ru:'mi:1ia/

rumen | Ryukyu Islands

rumen pl. rumina first stomach ofaruminantroo-men, pl. roo-min-uh /'ru:men/, pl./-mmo/v Standard -s plural is also possible.

Rumi, Jalal al-Din Sufi poetjuh-lahl uh-deen roo-mee /d3a_lu:Ia,di:n ru:'mi:/

Rumsfeld, Donald American politicianrumz-felt /'I‘AIIlZfEllf/

rune letter of an ancient alphabetroon /ru:n/

Runnymede meadow near Windsor,Englandrun-im-eed /'rnn1mi:d/

rupee currency unit, India and severalother countriesroo-pee /ru:'pi:/

rupiah currency unit, Indonesiaroo-pee-uh /ru:'pi:e/

Ruritania imaginary kingdomroor-it-ay-ni-uh /,roar1'te1nie/

Rusedski, Greg Canadian—born Britishtennis playerr00-zet—ski /ru:'zstski/

Ruse see Rousseruse trick

rooz /ru:z/Rushdie, Salman Indian—born British

novelistsal-mahn ruush-di /sal_mu:n 'ro_[di/

Rusholme suburb of Manchesterrush-hohm /'mj'haom/

rus in urbe countryside within a cityrooss in oor-bay /_ru:s 1n'oa(r)be1/

Russify make Russianruss-if-y /'rns1fm/

Russo, Rene American actressruh-nay roo-soh /ra,ne1 'ru:sao/

russula toadstoolruss-uh-luh /'I'AS8l9/

rutabaga swederoo-tuh-bay-guh /_ru:ta'be1ga/

Rutgers American universityrut-guhrz /'r1itga(r)z/

Ruthenia region, Europeroo-thee-ni—uh ,!ru:'6i:nia/

336

ruthenium chemical elementruuth-ee-ni-uhm /ru'Bi:niam/

Rutherford, Ernest New Zealandphysicistruth-uhr-fuhrd /'rAoa(r)fa(r)d/

rutherfordium chemical elementru th-u hr-for-di—uhm/,rAoa(r)'fo:(r)diem/

Ruthven Scottish family nameriv-uhn /'rivan/However, Ruthveniiflliiarraclrs andltiithvenvillage in the Scottish Highlands arepronounced ruth-vuhn.

rutilant glittering with red or goldenlightroot-ll-uhnt /'ru:t1lant/

Ruwenzori mountain range, Africaro0—wuhn-zaw—ri /,ru:wan'zo:ri/

Ruy Bias overture by Mendelssohnrwee blass /,rwi: 'blas/

Ruysdael, Jacob van see Ruisdael,Jacob van

Rwanda countryro0—ancl-uh /ru'anda/

Ryazan city, Russiaryuh-zahn /,rja'zu:n/

Rybinsk city, Russiarib-insk /'r1bInsk/

Rydberg, Johannes Swedish physicistyoo-han-uhss rued-bairg /ju:_hanas'ry:dbe:(r)g/, [jughannes 'ry:dbaerj]Rydberg atoms and the Rydberg constantare anglicized to rid-burg.

Ryder, Sue English philanthropistry-duhr /'lf'AI(l3(I')/

Ryle, Martin English astronomerryl /I'All/

ryokan Japanese innryoh-kan /'rjeukan/

Rysy peak, Tatra Mountainsriss-i /'r1si/

ryu Japanese style of artryoo /rju:/

Ryukyu Islands islands, western Pacificryoo-kyoo /'rju:kju:]

337

Saadi sec Siidisaag spinach (Indian)

sahg /su:g/Saakashvili, Mikheil Georgian

presidentmee-khayl sah-kuhsh-vil-i /,mi:xeIl'so:ko]'v1li/

Saale river, Germanyzah-Iuh /'zo:lo/

Saanen breed ofgoatsah-nuhn /'su:nan/

Saarbriicken city, GermanyZar-bruek-uhn /zu:(r)'brYkan/Commonly also anglicized tosar-bruuk-uhn.

Saarland state, Germanyzar-lant /'za:(r)]ant/

Saas Fee resort, Switzerlandza hss fay /,zc1:s 'fe1/

Saatchi, Charles English gallery ownersah-chi /'so:t_[i/

Saba island, Caribbeansah—buh /'so:ba/

Sabaean ancient Semitic peoplesab-ee-uhn /sa'bi:an/ -

Sabah state, Malaysiasub-uh /'SAl)6/

Sabaoth hosts ofheavensab-ay-ot fsa‘bemt/Sometimes also Sab-ay-ot, especially whensung in hymns etc.

Sabellian ancient Italian peoplesuh-bel-i-uhn /se‘be1ien/

Sabhal mor Ostaig Scottish Gaeliccollege

. soh-uhl mor ost-ayk /,saua1m:>:(r)'nste1k,'I See GAELIC panel.

Sabine ancient Italian ethnic groupsab-yn /'sabA1n/

Sabine river, USsuh-been /sa'bi:n/

Sabin vaccine

say-bin /'seIbm/sabot clog shoe

sab-oh /sa'bao/sabotage deliberately destroysab-uh-tahzh /'sabatn:3/

saboteur person who engages insabotagesab-uh-tur /,sabo'to:(r)/‘

sabra Jew born in Israelsab-ruh /'sabra/

Sabreur cavalryman using a sabresab-rur /sa'bre:(r)/

sabzi vegetables (Indian)sub-zi /‘SAlJZl/

Sacajawea American Indian womanexplorersak-uh-juh-wee-uh /,sakad3o'wi:o/The spelling and translation of her name aredisputed; the less common spellingSacagawea is pronounced either as above oras sak-ag-uh-wee-uh.

saccade rapid movement ofthe eyesak-ahd /sa'kn:d;'

saccharin (also saccharine) sugarsubstitutesak-uh-rin /'sakorm/

sacerdotal relating to priestssass-uhr~d0h-tuhl /_sasa(r)'daotal/Sometimes also sak-uhr-doh-tuhl orsatch-uhr-doh-tuhl.

sachem chiefsay-chuh m /'se1tIamf

Sachertorte chocolate gateauzakh-uhr-tor-tuh /'zaxa(r),to:(r)ta/

Sachs, Hans German poet anddramatisthanss zaks /,hans 'zaks/

Sachsen see SaxonySachsen-Anhalt see Saxony-Anhaltsackbut early musical instrumentsak-but /'sakbAt/

sacrament ceremonysak-ruh-muhnt /'sakramant/

Sacramento | St Croix

Sacramento river, USsak-ruh-men-toh /,sakra'msntao/

Sacranie, Iqbal Malawi-horn BritishMuslim campaignerik-bahl suh-krah-ni /,ll{l](1ZlS3'kI‘(1ZIll/

sacré blell French expression ofsurprisesak-ray bloe /,sakrei ‘blof

sacrilege violation ofsomething sacredsak-ril-ij /'sakrIl1d3/

sacristy room in a churchsak-rist-i /'sakr1sti/

sacroiliac relating to the sacrum and theiliumsay-kroh-il-i-ak /,seikrao‘1liak/

sacrosanct too important to heinterfered withsak-ruh-sankt /'sakrasankt/

sacrum hone in thc lower backsay-kruhm /"SBIl(I‘8l’l'1/

Sadat, Anwar al- (also es-Sadat)Egyptian statesmanun-wuhr uh-suh-dat /,AllW8(l')asa'dat/~ See ARABIC panel.

Saddam Hussein see Hussein,Saddam

Sadducee member of a Jewish sectsad—yuuss-ee /'sadjosi:/

Sade, Comte (18 French writerko(ng)t duh sahd /,k5t da 'su:df

Sade Nigerian-born British singershah-day /'Iu:de|/

sadhu Indian holy mansah-doo /'st1:du:/

Sidi (also Saadi) Persian poetsah-dee /sn:'di:/

sadomasochism sexual practicesay-doh-mass-uh-kiz-uhm/,se1dao'masak1zam/

Sadr City city, Iraqsad-uhr ,"sade(r)/

Sadr, Moqtada al- Iraqi Shia leadermook-tad-uh uh-sad-uhr /mu:k_tadaa'sada(r)/

Safavid Persian dynastysaf-uh-vid /'safev1d/

Saffron Walden town, Englandsaf-ruhn wawl-duhn /,safren'w:>:idan,'

saga long storysah-guh j'su:ga/

sagacious having good judgement

338

suh-gay-shuhss /sa'ge1Ios/sagacity wisdom

suh-gass-it-i /sa'gasIti/Sagan, Carl American astronomer

say-guhn /'se1gan/Sagan, Francoise French writer

frah(ng)-swah: sag-ah(ng) /frf1,sw(1:zsa'gt"1/

Sagitta small constellationsuh-jit-uh /sa‘d3ita/

Sagittarius large constellationsaj-it-air-i-uhss /,sad3I'ts:rias/

sago edible starchsay-goh /'se1gau/

saguaro giant cactussuh-gwah-roh /sa'gwo:rao/

Saguia el Hamra intermittent river,Western Saharasuh-gee-uh el ham-ruh /'sa,gi:a sl‘hamra/

Saba, Meghnad Indian physicistmayg-nud suh—hah /_m6IQflAd sa'ho:/

Sahara desert, North Africasuh-har-uh /sa'hu:ra/

Sahel region, North Africasuh-hel /sa'hs1,I

sahib Indian form of address for a mansahb /stub,’Sometimes also sah-hib.

Sahiwal breed of cattlesah-hiv-ahi /‘su:hivu:l/

sai Japanese daggersy /san!

Said, Edward Palestinian-Americancriticsah-eed /so:'i:d,'

Saigon city, Vietnamsy—gon /s1\1'gon/

saint person acknowledged as holysaynt /SBIl'IiI/'When ‘saint’ (or 'St’) appears before a name,it is usually pronounced suhnt.

St Albans city, Englandsuhnt awl-buhnz /sant 'o:lbanz/

St Asapb city, Walessuhnt ass-uhf /sent 'asaf/

St Briavels village, Englandsuhnt brev-uhlz /sant 'brevalzj

St Croix island, Caribbeansuhnt kroy /sant 'kro1/

339

Saint-Denis suburb, Parissa(ng) duh-nee /,sé da'ni:/

Sainte-Beuve, Charles French criticand writersharl sa(ng)t boev /_j‘u:(r)l set 'boev/

St-Emilion tovm, Francesa(ng)t ay-mil-yo(ng) /,sét e1m1l'j5/

St—Etienne an industrial city in SEcentral France, south-west of Lyonssa(ng)t ay-tyen /,sét ei'tjan/

Saint-Exupéry, Antoine dc Frenchwriter and aviatorah(ng)-twahn duh sa(ng)teg-zue-pay-ree /6._two:n da sétsgzypei'ri:/

St Gotthard Pass mountain pass in theAlpssuhnt got-uhrd /sent 'gnta(r)d/,German [zankt '9othart]' Established anglicization.

St Helena island, South Atlanticsuhnt huh-lee-nuh /sent ha‘li:na/~ See also Helena, St.

St Helier capital of Jerseysuhnt hel-i-uhr /sent 'hslia(r)/

St Kilda island group, Scotlandsuhnt kil-duh /sent 'kllda/

Saint Laurent, Yves French couturicreev sa(ng) lorr-ah(ng) /,i:v ,sE1n'rfi/

St Leger horse racesuhnt lej-uhr /sent 'lsd3a(r)/

St Lucia country, Caribbeansuhnt loosh—uh /sant 'lu:_[a/

St-Malo port, Francesa(ng) mah-loh /sé ma:'lau/

St Martin island, Caribbeansa(ng) mar-ta(ng) /sf: ma:(r)'té/

St Moritz resort, Switzerlandsa(ng) morr-its /sé mn'r1ts/

St-Nazaire port, Francesa(ng) naz-air /sé na'zs:(r)/

St Petersburg city, Russiasuhnt peet-uhrz-burg/sent ‘pi:ta(r)zba:(r)g/, [sanktp*1t*rr'burk]~ Established anglicization.

St Piilten city, Austriazarikt poel-tuhn /zankt 'pce1tan/

Saint-Saens, Camille Frenchcomposerkam-ee sa(ng) sah(ng)ss /ka,mi:sé 'sf1s/

Saint—Denis I Saladin

- See rnzucn panel.Saint-Simon, Comte de French social

reformerko(ng)t duh sa(ng) see-mo(ng) /,k5tdo ,s€: si:'m5/

St S0[)lli&\. Byzantine monumentsuhnt soh-fee-uh /sent sao'fi:e/

St-Tropez resort, Francesa(ng) troh-pay /_sé trau'pe1/

St Vincent island, Caribbeansuhnt Vin—suhnt /sent 'v1nsant/

Saipan islands, Pacificsy-pan /sA1'pan,I

saith says (archaic third person singular)seth /sa6/

saithe fishsayth /se16/

Saiva branch of modern HinduismSy-vuh ,f'sA1va/

Sakai city, Japansah-ky /'so:k1\1/

Sakamoto, Ryuichi Japanese composerryoo-itch-i sak-uh-moh-toh /,rju:|t_[isaka‘maotao/

Sake Japanese alcoholic drinksak-ay /'sake|j

saker large Eurasian falconsay-kuhr /'se1ka(r)/

Sakha, Republic Ofofficial name forYakutiasah-kuh /'sc1:ka/

Sakhalin island, Russiasak-uh-leen /.saka'li:n/

Sakharov, Andrei Russian physicistand civil rights campaignerand-ray sakh-uh-ruhf /an_dre1‘saxarafl

Saki British short-story writersah-ki /'su:ki/

salaam aleikum greeting in manyArabic-speaking and Muslim countriessuh-Iahm uh—lay-kuum /sa,lu:ma'le1kom/

salaiciolls unduly interested in sexsuh-lay-shuhss /sa'leiIas/

Saladin sultan of Egypt and Syriasal-uh-din /'salad1n/Established anglicization of Salah al-Din, anArabic honorific title for which anacceptable anglicized pronunciation wouldbe sal-ah-uh-din.

Salafi I Saltillo

Salafi member of an orthodox Muslimsectsuh-Iah-fi /sa'lo:fi/

salal heather plantsuh-lal /sa'lal/

Salam, Abdus Pakistani physicistab-duuss suh-lahm /,abdos sa'lu:m/

Salamanca city, Spainsal-a m-ank-uh /,sala'mar]ka/

salamander newt-like amphibiansal-uh-man-duhr /'sala,manda(r)/

Salamis island, Greecesal-uh-miss /'sa1am1s/

salat ritual prayer of Muslimssal-aht /sa'Io:t/

Salazar, Antonio de OliveiraPortuguese statesmanan-ton-yoo di ol-iv-ay-ruhsuh-luh-zar /an,tnnju: di nlrvelrasala'zo:(r)/

salbutamol synthetic compound relatedto aspirinsal-hyoo-tuh-mol /sal'bju:tamnl/

salchow jump in figure skatingSal-koh /‘salkao/

Salem city, USsay-luhm /'SBll8ITl/

Salerno port, Italysal-air-noh /sa'ls:(r)nao/

Salesian relating to St Francis de Salessuh-lee-zi-uhn /sa'li:zian/

Salford city, Englandsawl-fuhrd /'s0:Lfa(r)d/

salicional organ stopsuh-lish-uh—nuhl /sa'11,|‘anal/

salicylic acid bitter compoundsal-iss-il-ik /,sah'sil1k/

salient most noticeable or importantsay-Ii-uhnt /'se11iant/

Salieri, Antonio Italian composeran-tohn-yoh sal-yair-i /an_taunjausa1‘j‘s:ri/

salina salt lake or marshsuh-ly-nuh /sa'lAmal

saline containing saltsay-lyn /'seilA1n/There are several places worldwide calledSaline. The place in Scotland is pronouncedsal-in, in Italy sal-ee-nay, and in the USsuh-leen.

Salinger, J. DTAmerican yvriter

340

sa|—in-juhr ,/'sal1nd3a(r)/Salisbury city, Englandsawlz-buh-ri /'so:lzbari/

Salish American Indian ethnic groupsay~lish /'seilrI/

Salk, Jonas American microbiologistjoh-nuhss sawlk /,d3aunas 'sa:lk/

Sallust Roman historian and politiciansal-uhst /'salast/

salmanazar large wine bottlesal-muh-nay-zuhr {,salma'ne1za(r)/

Salmond, Alex Scottish politicianSam-uhnd /‘samand/

salmonella pl. salmonellae bacteriumsal-muh-nel-uh, pl. sal-muh-nel-ee/,salma'nsla/, pl. /-1i:/

Salome biblical charactersuh-loh-may /sa'laome1/Oscar Wildcs play Salome’ is usuallypronounced sal-oh-may, and the Straussopera based on it is given the Germanpronunciation zah-Ioh-may.

Salonen, ES3.—Pel(l(fi Finnish conductoress-uh pek-uh sal-on-uhn /,2-zsa ,paka'sa1onan/

Salonica former name of Thessalonikisuh-Ion-ik-uh /sa'lon1ka/

Salop former name ofShropshiresal-uhp /'salap/

Salopettes trousers with shoulder strapssal-uh-pets /,sa1a‘p£ts/

salpingectomy surgical removal of theFallopian tubessal-pin-jek-tuh-mi ,I,salpin'd3aktami/

salpingostomy surgical unblocking of aFallopian tubesal-ping-gost-uh-mi /_sa1pnj|'gnstami/

Salsa Latin American dance musicsal-suh /'sa]sa/

salsify edible plantsal-sif-i /'sa1s1fi/

salt white crystalline substancesawlt fsozltiCommonly also Solt. This variation inpronunciation applies to a wide range ofwords spelled with al (e.g. Salisbury,Walter).

saltarello energetic dancesal-tuh-rel-oh /,salta'rsl:-mi

Saltillo city, MexicoSal-tee-yoh /sal'ti:jao/

34-1

saltimbocca Italian dishsal-tim-bok-uh /,salt1rn'boka,l

saltine savoury biscuitsawl-teen /sa:l'ti:n/

saltire diagonal crosssawl-ty-uhr /'SDlllIAI3(I‘)/

saltpetre potassium nitratesawlt-peet-uhr /sa:1t'pi:ta(r)/

salubrious health-givingsuh-loo-bri-uhss /se'lu:brias/

salud ‘cheers’ (Spanish)Sal-00th /sa'lu:6,|'

saluki breed of dogsuh-loo-ki /sa'lu:ki/

salut ‘cheers’, ‘hi’ (French)Sal-ue /sa'ly/

salutary producing good efl"ectssal-yuut-uh-ri ,f'saljoteri/

Salvador port, BrazilSal-vad—or /salva'd0:(r)/

Salvador-can relating to El Salvadorsal-vuh-dor-i-uhn /_sa1va'd0:rien/

Salve Regina Roman Catholic hymnSal-vay ruh-jee-nuh /,salve1 ra'd5i:na/

sal volatile scented solution ofammonium carbonate in alcoholsal vuh-lat-il-i /,sal va'lat1li/'

salwar loose, pleated trousers; also calledshalwarsul-war /s1\l'wu:(r)/

Salyut Soviet manned space stationsuhl-yoot /sa'lju:t/

Salzburg city, Austriasalts-burg /'saltsba:(r)g/, Germanj'zaltshurk/' Established anglicization.

Salzgitter city, Germanyzalts-git-uhr /'zalts,gIte(r)/

Salzkammergut resort area, Austriazalts-ka m-uhr-goot/'zaltskama(r)_gu:t/

samadhi state of concentration achievedthrough meditation

. sum-ah-di /s1\'mo:di/Samar island, Philippines

Sam-ar /'samo:(r)/Samara city, Russiasuh-mar-uh /sa'mci:ra/

Samaranch, Juan Antonio Spanishformer president of the InternationalOlympic Committee

saltimbocca I samsara

khwan an-tohn-yoh sam-arr-ang/xwan an_teonjao sama'ra1]/

Samaria ancient city, Palestinesuh-mair-i-uh /sa‘ms:rie/

Samarinda. city, Indonesiasam-uh-rind-uh /,sama'rinda/

Samarium chemical elementsuh-mair-i-uhm /sa'ms:riam/

Samarkand (also Samarqand) city,Uzbekistansa m—ar-kand /,samu:(r)'kand/

Samarra city, Iraqsuh-mar-uh /sa'mo:ra/

Sama Veda Hindu textsah—muh vay-duh /'so:ma _ve1da/

samba] spicy relishSam-bal /'sambal/

sambhar spicy lentil dishsahm-bar /'so:mbu:(r)/

sambuca aniseed-flavoured liqueursam-boo-kuh /sam'bu:ka/

Samfil Chinese trouser suitsam-foo /'samfu:/

Samhain Celtic winter festivalsah-win /'su:win/

Sami Scandinavian ethnic groupsah-mi /'so:mi/

samisen (also shamisen) Japanese lutesam—i-sen ,"samisen/

samite rich silk fabricsam-yt ,I'sam.»\1t/

samizdat clandestine copying anddistribution ofbanned literaturesam-iz-dat /'samizdat/

Samoa islands, Polynesia5uh—m0h—uh /se‘maoa/

Samos island, Greecesay-moss /‘selmns/, ['su:m0s]v Established anglicization.

samosa triangular savoury pastrysuh-moh-suh /sa'mausa/

samovar tea urnsam-uh-var /_sama'vl1t(I')/

Samoyed Siberian ethnic groupsam-oy-ed /sam':)1ad/

Sampdoria Italian football clubsamp-daw-ri-uh /samp'd0:ria/

samphire plantsam-fy-uhr /‘samfA1a(r)/

samsara material worldsum-sah-ruh /SAl'1’l'SClZI‘8/

samskara | San Sebastian

samskara Hindu purification ritesum-skah-ruh fSAl'I1'Sl((1ZI‘9/

Samson Agonistes poem by Miltonsam-suhn ag-uh-nist-eez /samsanage'nisti:z/ '

Samsung Korean electronics company$am—sung /'SEl1'I1SAlj/

samurai member of a Japanese militarycastesam-uu-ry /‘samumI/

Sana’a (also Sanaa) capital ofYemensan-ah /'sano:/

San Andreas fault fault line, Californiasan and-ray-uhss /san an‘dre1as/

Sancerre white winesah(ng)-sair /sfi'se:(r)/

Sanchi archaeological site, Indiasun-chi /‘sAntj‘i/

Sancho Panza fictional character inDon Quixotesan-choh pan-zuh /_santjeu ‘panzaf~ Established anglicization.

Sanctus part of the Masssank-tuuss /'sar|ktos/

Sand, George French novelistzhorzh sah(ng) /_3o(r)3 's<‘1/

sandhi phonological processsun-di /'SAl'1[li/

San Diego city, USsan di-ay-goh /san di'e1gao/

Sandinista member of a Nicaraguanpolitical organizationsand-i-neest-uh /,sandi'ni:sta/

sandiver scum on molten glasssan-div-uhr /‘sandIve(r)/

Sandringham House British royalresidencesand-ring-uhm /'sandrn3ern;'

San Francisco city, USsan fran-sisk-oh /,san fran's1skao/

Sangatte immigration centre, Francesah(ng)-gat /s61'gat,'

sang-dc-boeufdeep red coloursah(ng) duh boef /_sf1 de 'boef/

sangfroid composuresah(ng)-frwah /sc"1'frwci:/

San Gimignano town, Italysan jim-in-yah-noh/_sand51m1'njo:nao/

Sangiovese wine grapesan-joh-vay-zay /_sand3ao've1ze1/

342

sangrail (also sangreal) holy grailsang-grayl /sa13'gre1l/

Sangria red wine drinksang-gree-uh /san'gri:a/

sanguine cheerfully optimisticsang-gwin /'sangw1n/

Sanhedrin supreme council in ancientJerusalemsan-heed-rin /san'hi:dr1n/Sometimes also san-uh-drin.

San Jacinto town, USsan juh-sint-oh f,san d3a's1ntou/

San Jose city, USsan hoh-zay /,san hau'zeI/

San JOSé capital of Costa RicaSan khoss-ay /_san xn'seI/

San Juan capital of Puerto Ricosan hwahn /,san 'hwc1:n/Established anglicization. Other places ofthis name in Latin America are pronouncedsan khwan.

San Luis Potosi state, Mexicosan loo-eess pot-oss-ee /san lu:,i:s,pntu'si:f

San Marino republic enclave in Italysan muh-ree-noh /,san me'ri:nao/

San Martin, JOSé de Argentiniansoldier and statesmankhoss-ay day san mar-teen /xn,se1 deisan mu:(r)'ti:n/

sannyasi (also sanyasi) Hindumendicantsun-yah-si /'SAI1'jl1ZSl/

San Pedro Sula city, Hondurassan ped-roh soo-luh /,san ,psdreu'su:le/

San REITIO resort, Italysan ray-moh /,san 're1mao/

sans withoutsanz /sanz/‘iihisiisiihéiiiterairy English pmnunciaiion.A French pronunciation, sah(ng), is alsocommon.

San Salvador capital of El Salvadorsan sal-vad-or /,san ‘sa1vado:(r)/,Spanish [_san saI[3a'oor]

San Sebastian port, Spainsan suh-bast-i-uhn /san se‘bastian/,[san se[$as'tjan]~ Established anglicization.

343

Sanskrit ancient languagesan-skrit /'sanskr|t/

Sansovino, Jacopo Italian sculptoryah-kop-oh san-suh-vee-noh/,ju:knpau ,sansa‘vi:neo/‘

sans serif (also sanserif) style of typesan Serr-if /Isan 'S£l"If/

Sans Souci palace, Germanysah(ng) soo-see /,sd su:'si:/

Santa Ana city, El Salvadorsan~tuh an-uh /,santa ‘anal

Santa C1112 city, Boliviasant-uh krooss /,santa 'krus!

Santa Fe city, USsan-tuh fay /,santa 'f8I/

Santana, Carlos Mexican guitaristkar-loss san-tah-nuh /,ku:(r)1nssan'tu:na/

Santander port, Spainsan-tan-dair /_santan'da:(r)/

Santayana, George Spanishphilosophersan-tuh—yah—nuh ,’,santa'jo:na/

santeria Afro—Cuban religious cultsan-terr-ee-uh /,sants'ri:a/

Santiago capital of Chilesan-ti-ah—goh /_santi‘u:gao/

Santiago dc Compostela city, Spainsan-ti-ah-goh day kom-post-ay-luh/santi,u:gau del kompn'ste1la,f

Santo Domingo capital of theDominican Republicsan-toh duh-ming-goh /_santauda'rnn)gau/

santoor Indian musical instrumentsun-toor /SAI1'lLU3(l‘)/

Santorum, Rick American politiciansan-taw-ruhm /san'to:ram/

Santos port, Brazilsan-tuuss /'santus/

sanyasi see sannyasiSan Ysidro town, US

san ee-seed-roh /_san i:'si:dra0/Sil0il‘S(-3 Irish girl’s name

seer-shuh f's1a(r)_\‘a/S50 Luis port, Brazil

sow(ng) loo-eess /s€1ulu:'i:s/~ See PORTUGUESE panel.

Safine river, Francesohn /saun/

S50 Paulo state, Brazil

Sanskrit I Saratoga, Battle of

sow(ng) pow-loo /,sau 'paulu:/$5.0 Tomé e Principe island country

sow(ng) tuh-may uh pree(ng)-sip-uh/,sau tamer 9 'pri:s1pa/'

sapele timberSuh—pee-Ii /sa'pi:li,f

sapient wisesay-pi-uhnt ['se|piant/

Sapir—Whorf linguistic hypothesissuh-peer worf /sa_p1a(r) 'wa:(r)f/

saponaceous like or containing soapsap-uh-nay-shuhss /,sapa'nei]‘asf

sapphic relating to lesbianismsaf-ik /'safIk/

sapphire precious stonesaf-y-uhr /'saf1ua(r)/

Sappho Greek lyric poetsaf-oh /'safau/v See GREEK panel.

Sapporo city, Japansap-aw-roh /'sap:):rau/' See JAPANESE panel.

Saqlawiya. town, Iraqsak-luh-wee-yuh /sakla'wi:ja/

Saqqara necropolis in Memphis, Egyptsuh-kar-uh /sa'ka:ra/, [sAq'qu:ra]' Established anglicization.

saraband (also sarabande) slow dancesarr-uh-band /'saraband,I

Saracen an Arab or Muslim, especially atthe time of the Crusadessarr-uh—suhn /'sarasan/

Saragossa see ZaragozaSarajevo capital of Bosnia- Hemcgovina

sarr—uh—yay-voh /,sara'je1vau/,['sarajsv0]I Established anglicization.

Sarandon, Susan American actresssuh-ran-duhn /sa'randan/

Saran Wrap US trademark cling filmsuh-ran fsa'ran/

sarangi Indian musical instrumentsah-rung-gi /'su:r1n]gi/

Saransk city, Russiasuh-ransk /sa'ransk,'

Sarape see sei-apeSaraswati Hindu goddess

surr-uss-vut-i }'SA'I‘ASVAiI/Saratoga, Battle Ofbattle of the War of

American Independencesarr-uh-toh-guh /_sara'tauga/

Saratov I saucisson

Saratov city, Russiasuh-rah-tuhf /sa'rn:taf/

Sarawak state, Malaysiasuh-rah—wuhk /se'rn:wek/

sarcoma pl. sarcomata tumoursa r-koh-muh, pl. sar-koh-muh-tuh/su:(r)'kaoma/, pl. /-ta/v Standard -s plural is also possible.

sarcophagus pl.sa1-cophagi stone coflinsa r-kof-uh-guhss, pl. sa r-kof-uh-jylso7i(r)'kofagas/, pl.g/-d§a_1]_ 7 flflPlural commonly also sar-kof-uh-gy; secLATIN panel.

sardar (also sirdar) Persian leadersuhr-dar /sa(r)'du:(r)/

Sardinia island, Italysar-din-i-uh /su:(r)‘d1nie/Establishcdangliciaation. The Italian nameis Sardegna, pronounced sar-dayn-yuh.

sargasso seaweedsar-gass-oh /su:(r)'gasau/

Sargodha city, Pakistansuhr-goh—duh /sa(r)'gaude/

sari (also saree) Indian garmentsar-i /'sr1:ri/

sarin nerve gassar-in ,"su:rin/

Sarkozy, Nicolas French politiciannee-kol-ah sa r-koh-zee /ni:ko_lu:S(1:(I‘)k8U'ZIZ/

sarod Indian lutesuh-rohd /sa‘raod/

sarong garmentsuh-rong ,lsa'rnn/

saros period between eclipsessair-oss /'ss:rns/

Sa.ro—Wiwa, Ken Nigerian authorsar-oh wee-wuh /SUZFBU 'wi:wa/

sarsaparilla preparation made fromplantssar-suh-puh-ril-uh /,su:(r)sapa'rila/

Sarto, Andrea del Italian painterand-ray-uh del sar-toh /an,dreia del'sr1:(r)tao/

Sartre, Jean-Paul French philosopherzhah(ng) pol sar-truh /56 pol'sct:(r)tra/

Sarum old name for Salisburysair-uhm /'sa:ram/

Saruman fictional character in The Lord

344-

Qfthe Ringssarr-00-man ,/'saru:man/

sashimi Japanese raw fishsash-ee-mi /'sa_l'i:mi/Commonly also sash-ee—mi; see JAPANESEpanel

Saskatchewan province, Canadasuh-skatch-uh-wuhn /sa'skat_fewan/

Saskatoon city, Canadasask-uh-toon /,saska'tu:n/

sassafras treesass-uh-frass /'sasafras/

Sassari town, Italysass-uh—ri /'sasari/

Sassenach English personsass-uh-nakh /'sasenax,I

Sassoon, Siegfiied English poetseeg-freed suh-soon /,si:gfri:dsa'su:n/

Sassoon, Vidal English hairdresservid—al suh—S00n /v1d,a1sa'su:n,/

sastrugi ridges on the surface of snowsast-roo-gi /sa'stru:gi/

satay (also saté) Indonesian dishSat-ay /‘sated

satiate satesay-shi-ayt /'seII1ert/

Satie, Erik French composererr-reek sat-ee /a,ri:k sa'ti:/

satiety feeling of being satedsuh-ty-uh-ti /sa'tA1ati/

satori Buddhist enlightenmentsuh-taw-ri /sa'to:ri/

satsuma citrus fruitsat-soo-muh /sat'su:m9/‘

Saturnalia Roman festivalsat-uhr-nay-Ii-uh /,sata(r)'ne11ia/

saturniid silk mothsuh-tur-ni-id /sa'ta:(r)nildl

saturnine gloomysat-uhr-nyn /'sata(r)nAIn/

satyr Greek mythological creaturesat-uhr /‘sata(r)/

satyriasis uncontrollable sexual desiresat-uh-ry-uh-siss /,SfllI{-)'I'AI3SIS/

Sauchiehall St street, Glasgowsokh-i-hawl /,soxi'ho:l/

saucisson French sausagesoss-ee—so(ng) /sosi:'sf>,'

34-5

Saucony American sportswearmanufacturerssok-uh-nee /,snka'ni:/‘

saudade feeling of nostalgiasow-dah-duh /sao'da:de/

Saudi Arabia countrysow-di uh-ray-bi-uh /,saodi a're|bia/

sauerkraut German cabbage dishsow-uhr-krowt /'saoa(r)kraut/,[zaoakraot]

sauger fishsaw-guhr /'so:ga(r)/

Sault Sainte Marie port, US500 saynt muh-ree /,su: semt ma'ri:/

sauna hot—air roomsaw-nuh /'so:na/ 7 ("WLess commonly also sow-nuh, apronunciation closer to the original Finnish.

Sauron fictional character in The Lord ofthe Ringssow-ron /'saor'on/

sauropod dinosaursaw-ruh-pod /'sa:rapnd/

Saussure, Ferdinand dc Swisslinguistics scholarfair-din-ah(ng) duh soh-suer/f£:(r)di,n(1 do sao'sy(r)/

sauté fried quicklysoh-tay ['seotel/

Sauternes white winesoh-tairn /sao‘ts:(r)n/

Sauvignon white wine grapesoh-vin-yo(ng) /'sauvmj5/

Sauze d’OlllX resort, Italysohz doo /,saoz 'du:/

Sava.i’i (also Savaii) island, Samoasah-vy-i /S(lI'VA|i/

Savalas, Telly Greek actortel-i suh-val-uhss /,tsli se'va1as/

Savannah port, Georgiasuh-van-uh /sa'vana/

Savannakhet (also Savannaket) town,Laossuv-un-uh-ket /sAv./ma'kst/

savant learned personsav-uhnt /'savant/

saveloy pork sausagesav-uh-loy /'savaloi/

Savery, Thomas English engineersay-vuh-ri /'se1varil

Saucony 1 scalene

Savoie department, Francesav-wah /sav'wu:/

savoir faire ability to act appropriatelysav-war fair /,savwu:(r) 'fe:(r)/

Savonarola, Girolamo Italianreligious reformerjirr-ol-uh-moh sav-on-uh-roh-luh/d3r_i-nlamao ,savnna'raula/

Savonlinna town, Finlandsav-on-lin-uh /'savnnlma/

Savoy region, Francesuh-voy /sa'v01/Established anglicization. The French nameis Savoic, pronounced sav—wah.

Sawalha, Julia English actresssuh-wahl-huh /sa'wa:lha/

Sawhney, Nitin English composernit-in saw-ni /,nItIn 's:>:ni/

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha British royalhousesaks koh-burg goh-thuh /,saks_kauba:(r)g 'gao0a/

saxifrage plantsaks-if-rayj ,"'S8l{SlfII‘9Id3/

Saxony region, Germanysalt-suh-ni /'saksani/Established anglicization. The Germanname is Sachscn, pronounced zakh-Suhn.

Saxony—Anhalt state, Germanysak-suh—ni an—halt /_saksani 'anhalt/Established anglicization. The Germanname is Sachscn—Anhalt, pronouncedzakh-sohn an-halt.

sayonara ‘goodbye’ (Japanese)sy-uh-nar-uh /,SAI9'T1(lII‘8/

sayyid Muslim claiming descent fromMuhammadsay-yid /'se1j1d/

scabies skin diseaseskay-beez /'ske1bi:z/

Scacchi, Greta Italian-English actressgret-uh skak-i /,grste ‘skakil

Scafell Pike mountain, Englandskaw-fel /,sk0:'fai,'

scagliola imitation marbleskal-yoh-luh /skal'jaola/

scald see skaldscalene having sides unequal in lengthskay-leen /'ske|li:n/

scalenus | schizandra

scalenus pl. scaleni neck muscleskuh-lee-nuhss, pl. skuh-lee-ny/ska-rliznas/, pl. {-n1\1/

scallop edible molluscskol-uhp /'skn1ap/Commonly also skal-uhp. Ti”? WW

Scania international vehiclemanufacturersskan-yuh /'skanja/

scandium chemical elementskan-di-uhm /'skandiam/

Scapa Flow strait, Scotlandskah-puh floh /_ska:pa 'flao/

scapula pl. scapulae shoulder bladeskap-yuul-uh, pl. skap-yuul-ee/‘skapjola/, pl. /-li:;'0 Standard -s plural is also possible.

scarab beetleskarr~uhb /‘skarebf

scaramouch boastful but cowardlypersonska rr-uh-mootch /skara'mu:tI/

Scarborough port, Englandskar-buh-ruh f 'sko:(r)bara/

scarify cut and remove debris from alawnskarr-if-y /'skar1fA1/

Scarlatti, Alessandro Italian composeral-ess-and-roh skar-lat-i /alt.-:,sandraoskc1:(r)‘1ati/

scatological preoccupied withexcrementskat-uh-lo]-ik-uhl [skate'loc13ikal/

Scaup diving duckskawp /skozpf

scavenge collect from wasteskav-uhnj /'skavend3/

scenario outline of a filmsuh-nar-i-oh /se'nu:riao/

Schadenfreude pleasure derived fromanother’s misfortuneshah-duhn-froy-duh / ‘Iuzdanfroidal

Schama, SiIl10n English historianshah-muh /'_l‘o:ma/

schedule planshed-yool /'_l'sdju:l/

34-6

karl vil-helm shay-luh/_k<1:(r)l,v1lha1m '_le1le/

Scheherazade fictional narrator of theArabian Nightsshuh-herr-uh-zahd /_[a_hera'zo:d/

Scheldt river, Europeskelt /skr.lt/Established anglicization. TheDutch fFlemish name is Schcldc,pronounced skhel-duh, and the Frenchname is Escaut, pronounced esk-oh.

schema pl. schemata representation of aplanskee-muh, pl.Sl(6e-lTlUl'1-{Uh /'ski:ma/,pl. /-mata/I Standard -s plural is also possible.

Schenectady town, USskuh-nel(—tuh-di /skzrnsktadif

Schengen agreement Europeanagreement on border controlssheng-uhn Hanan)

Schering pharmaceutical companysheer-ing /'Iiarn3/

scherzo musical compositionskair-tsoh /‘skt-;:(r)tsau/

Schiaparelli, Elsa Italian-born Frenchfashion designerel—suh skyap~uh-rel-i /lslsa skjape'ra1i/

Schiavo, Terry brain-damagedAmerican woman in right-to-die caseshy-voh /'_[1\1vao/

Schiele, Egon Austrian painteray-gon shee-luh /,e1gon '_l'i:la/

Schiller, Friedrich von Germandramatistfreed-rikh shil-uhr /_fri:dr1c ‘j‘1la(r)/

Schindler, Oskar German industrialistosk-uhr Shind—|uhr /_nske(r) '_[1nd1a(r)/

Schiphol airport, Netherlands§|(l17l7|)-l'lV0|V/'S?tIVpl‘l1Jl’/ p p if p iiiCommonly also anglicized to skip—0l.

schipperke breed of dogskip-uhr-kuh /'skIpa(r)ka/

schism split or divisionskiz-uhm /'sk1zam/Less commonly also siz-uhm.

AM is sgd-iyool, also increasingly commonin BR.

Scheele, Carl Wilhelm Swedishchemist

schist metamorphic rockShist /IISU

schizandra Chinese herbskit—5and-ruh /sk1t'sandra/

347 schizophrenia | Schwabisch Gmiind

schizophrenia mental disorderskit-suh-free-ni-uh /,sk1tsa'fri:nia/

schizophrenic relating to schizophreniaskit-suh-fren-ik /,sk1tse‘fran1k/

Schlegel, August Wilhelm vonGerman poetow-guust vil-helm fon shlay-guhl/,august _v11helm fon '_l‘le1gal/

schlemiel stupid or unlucky personshluh-meel /Ile'mi:l/

schlep haulshlep /_[lz-:p/

Schleswig-Holstein state, Germanyshless-vig hol-styn /,I1szv1g 'hDlstnm/,[,_[le:svic 'hol_\‘ta1n]0 Established anglicization.

Schlick, Moritz German philosophermorr-its shlik /_mI)rItS 'Il1k/

Schliemann, Heinrich Germanarchaeologisthyn-rikh shlee-man /,hAinr1c;'_[1i:man/

schlimazel unlucky personshluh-moz-uhl /j'la'mnzal/

schlock inferior goods or materialSl‘llOl< /Ilnkf

Schmalkaldic League historicalallianceshmal-kal-dik /_fma1'kald1k,'

schmaltz excessive sentimentalityshmawlts /_[mo:1ts/

Schmeichel, Peter Danish footballerpay-duhr shmy-kuhl /,pe1de(r)'_1‘mA1ka1/

Schmidt-Cassegrain type of telescopeshmit kass-uh-grayn /,_fm1t‘kasagreml

schmooze talk cosilyshmooz ljmuzzl

schmuck contemptible personshm uk /Im1\k/

Schnabel, Artur German composerar-toor shnah-buhl /,a:(r)toa(r)'_[no:ba1/

schnapps alcoholic drinkshnaps /_]'naps/

schnauzer breed of dogshnow-zuhr /'Inaoza(r)/Less commonly also shnowt-suhr, a moreGerman-sounding pronunciation.

schnitzel thin slice of veal

Shnit-suhl /'_[n1tsal/Schoenberg, Arnold Austrian-born

American composershoen-bairg /'Ia:nbe:(r)g/

scholasticism system of theology andphilosophyskuh-last-iss-iz-uhm /ska'last1,s1zam/

Scholl, Andreas German singerand-ray-ass shol /an_dre1as ‘Ital!

Schiinbrunn palace in Viennashoen-bruun /'_|'o:nbrun,l

schooner sailing shipskoo-nuhr /'sku:ne(r)/

Schopenhauer, Arthur Germanphilosopherar-toor shoh~puhn-how-uhr/,u:(r)toa(r) 'Iaopan,haoa(r)/

schottische slow polkashot-eesh /Jn'ti:_|‘/

Schreiner, Olive South African novelistshry-nuhr /'_frA1na(r)/

Schriider, Gerhard German statesmangair-hart shroe-duhr /,gs:(r)ha:(r)t‘j'ra:de(r)/

Schrodinger, Erwin Austriantheoretical physicistair-veen shroe-ding-uhr /,1-::(r)vi:n‘_fra:d1na(r)/

schtum see shtumschtup see shtupSchubert, Franz Austrian composerfrants shoo-buhrt /frants 'Iu:ba(r)t/

Schulz, Charles American cartoonistshuults /Iu1ts/

Schumacher, Michael German racingdrivershoo-mak-uhr /'_[u:maka(r)/, [,micasl'_[u:maxe]¢ Established anglicization.

Schumann, Robert German composerrob-airt shoo-man /,robe:(r)t 'Iu:man/

schuss downhill run on skisshuuss /_[os/

Schiitz, Heinrich German composerhyn-rikh shuets /lhiunru; '_|'Yts/

schwa unstressed central vowelshwah /_[wci;/

Schwaben see SwabiaSchwiibisch Gmiind city, Germanyshvay-bish gmuent /,Ive1bi_f 'gmvnt/

Schwann, Theodor | Scylla

Schwann, Theodor Germanphysiologisttay-uh-dor shvan /,te1ado:(r) '_[van/

Schwarzenegger, ArnoldAustrian—born American actorshworts-uh-neg-uhr/‘_\‘wo:(r)tse,nega(r)/, ['1vartsanege]I Established anglicization.

Schwarzkopf, Elisabeth Germansopranoay-leez-uh-bet shvarts-kopf/erlizzebet '_fvu:(r)tskopf/

Schwarzschild type ofblack holeshVarts—shi|t /'Ivu:(r)ts__\‘1lt/

Schwarzwald forest, Germanyshvarts-valt /'Ivu:(r)tsva1t/

Schweinfurt city, Germanyshvyn-fuurt ,"_|'v1unfoe(r)t/

Schweitzer, Albert German theologianal-balrt shvyt—suhr /,a1be:(r)t'1‘v./\1tsa(r)/

Schweiz see SwitzerlandSchweppes soft drinks manufacturers

shweps /Iweps]Schwei-in city, Germany

shverr-een /_[ve'ri:n/Schwyz city, Switzerland

shveets /j'vi:ts/sciatic relating to the hip

sy-at-ik /s1n'at1k/Scilly Isles islands, UK

Sil—i /'s1li/scimitar curved swordsim-it-uhr /'sim1te(r)/

scintilla tiny tracesin-til-uh /sm't|la/

scintillate emit flashes of lightsin-ti|—ayt /'smt1le1t/

scion young shoot or twig of a plantsy-uhn /'SAI8I1/

Scipio Aemilianus Roman generalskip-i-oh ee-mil-i-ah-nuhss /,sk1piaui:,mIli'u:nas/' See LATIN panel.

scirocco (also sirocco) windsirr-ok-oh /s1'rnkeo/

SciSSi0n action of cutting or being cutsish-uhn /'sI_I'an/

sclera white outer layer of the eyeballskleer-uh /'skl1are/

sclerosis hardening ofbody tissue

348

skluh-roh-siss /skle'raosIs/sclerous hardened or bony

skleer-uhss /'skllaras/scoliosis curvature of the spine

skoh-Ii-oh-siss /_skeuli'ausIs/Scone settlement, Scotland

skoon /sku:n/scone small cake

skon /sknn/Equally commonly also skohn.

scops owl small owlskops /sknps,'

scordatura altering the normal tuningof a stringed instrumentskor-duht-yoor-uh /_sko:(r)de’tjuara/

Scorsese, Martin American filmdirectorskor-say-zi /sk;>:(r)'seizi/

scorzonera edible plantskor-zoh-neer-uh /,sko:(r)zao'n1are/

scoter diving duckskoh-tuhr /'skaota(r)/

Scouse Liverpudlian dialectskowss lskaosl

scramasax Anglo-Saxon knifeskram-uh-saks /'skramesaks/

Scriabin, Aleksandr (also Skryabin)Russian composeral-uhk-sahn-duhr skri-ab-in/alek,so:nda(r) skri'ab1n/

scrivencr clerk or scribeskriv-uh-nuhr /'skr1vene(r)/

scrofula diseaseskrof-yuul-uh /'skrnfjo1a/

scuba aqualungskoo-buh /'sku:ba/

scullery small kitchenskuI~uh-rl /'skA1ari/

Scunthorpe town, Englandskun-thorp /'SkA1'lli0I(I‘)p/

scurrilous making scandalous claimsskurr-il-uhss /'Sl(A[‘Il8S/

scutage money paid in lieu of militaryserviceskyoo-tuhj /'skju:ted3/

Scutari former name for ilskiidarskoo-tar-i /sku:'tu:ri/

Scutum constellationskyoot-uhm /‘skju:tom/

Scylla Greek mythological monstersil-uh /'s1la/

349

Scythia ancient region of EuropeSith-i-uh /‘s1oie/

seaborgium chemical elementSee-borg-i—uhm /si:'bo:(r)giam/

Seagal, Steven American actorsee-gahl /si:'go:l/

Sealyham breed of terriersee—|i—uhm ,"si:1iam/

Seanad upper llouse of Parliament inthe Republic of Irelandshan-ad /'_[anad/, Irish ['s1aned]

Seance meeting at which people attemptto contact the deadSay-onss /'seInns/

Searle, Ronald English cartoonistsurl /se:(r)l/

Seat car manufacturerssay-at ,/‘seIat/

Seattle city, USsi-at-uhl /si'ata1/'

sebaceous relating to oil or fatsuh-bay-shuhss /sa'be1Ies/

Sebastopol port, Ukraine; also calledSevastopolsuh-bast-uh-puhl /sa'bastapel/0 Established anglicization.

seborrhoea excessive discharge ofsebumseb—uh-ree-uh /,seba‘ri:e/

sebum oily secretionsee—buhm /'si:bam/

SECAM television broadcasting systemsee-kam /'si:kam/

secant mathematical ratiosee-kuhnt /‘si:kent/

secateurs pruning clipperssek-uh-turz /,seka'ta:(r)z/

Secombe, Harry English actorsee-kuhm /'si:kam/

Seconal trademark barbiturate drugsek-uh-nal /'sekanal/

second transfer temporarily to anotherpositionsuh-kond /sa'kond/

secretaire small writing desksek-ruh-tair /,sakra'te:(r)/

secretariat permanent administrativeoflicesek-ruh-tair-i-uht /,sekra'te:riat/

secrete produce and discharge asubstance

Scythia | Seine

suh-kreet /sa'kri:t/secular not religious

sek-yuul-uhr /'sekjole(r)/SecuI'itate Romanian internal security

forcesuhk-yoor-it-ah-tay /sakj08l‘I'i(1ZieI/

Sedaka, Neil American singersuh-dah-kuh /se'du:ka[

sedan enclosed carrying chairsuh-dan /sa'dan/

sedentary tending to spend much timeseatedsed-uhn-tuh-ri /'sedantari/‘

Sedaris, David American writersuh-dair-iss /sa'de:r1s/

Seder Jewish ceremonial dinnersay-duhr /'se1da(r)/

Sedna Inuit goddesssed-nuh /'ssdna/

sedulous showing dedicationsed-yuul-uhss /'sadjo1as/

Sefer Hebrew religious textssay-fuhr /'seIfo(r)/

Segovia city, Spainseg~oh-vi-uh /segeovia/, [se'Y0[3ja]

Segovia, Andres Spanish guitarist andCOl'IlpOS€l'

and—rayss seg—oh-vi—uh /an‘dre1sse'gaov1a/, [se'v0[3ja]

segue move from one thing to anotherseg—way /'segwei/

Segundo, Compay Cuban guitaristkom-py seg-uun-doh /knm,p./use'gondao/

Seguridad Spanish security serviceseg-00r—id—ad /se_goar1'dad/,[se,Yuri'oao]

Sehnsucht yearningzayn-zuukht /'zemzoxt/

seicento 17th centurysay-chen—t0h jsertjsntaol

Seierstad, Asne Norwegian writerawss-nuh say-uhr-stah /_o:sna'seta(r)sto:;'

seigneur feudal lordsay-nyur /se1'nje:(r)/

Seikan underwater tunnel, Japansay-kan /'se1kan/

Seiko watch manufacturerssay-koh /'se1keo/

Seine river, Francesen /sen/

Seinfeld, Jerry I Senedd

Seinfeld, Jerry American comediansyn-feld /'sA1nfeld/

seisin (also seizin) possession of land byfreeholdsee-zin /'si:z1n/

Sei Shonagon Japanese writersay shoh-nag-on /,se1 _[au'nagnn/

Seismic relating to earthquakessyz-mik /'SAIZI1’lIl{/

Sei whalesay /se1/

sejant heraldic termsee-juhnt /'si:d3ent/

Sekhmet Egyptian goddessSek-met /'sz-:kmet/

Sekt German sparkling white wineZekt lzektf

Selangor state, Malaysiasuh-Iang-uhr /se'1arJa(r)/

Selassie, Haile Ethiopian emperorhy-Ii suh—lass-i /,hA11ise'1asi/

Selene Greek goddesssuh-lee-ni /se'li:ni/

selenium chemical elementsuh-lee-ni-uhm /sa'li:niem/

selenology scientific study of the moonse|—in-ol-uh-ji /_sa11'nnlad3i/

Sele§, Monika Yugoslav-born Americantennis playermon-ik-uh sel-ez /,mnn1ka 'selez/0 This is her own preferred anglicization.

Seleucid ancient Syrian dynastysil-oo-sid lsrluzsrdl

self-aggrandizement process ofpromoting oneselfself uh—grand-iz-muhnt /selfa'grand1zrnent/

Seljuk ancient Turkish dynastysel-jook /'ssld3u:k/

Selkirk, Alexander Scottish sailorsel—kurk /'sslke:(r)k/

Selous, Frederick English explorerSuh—|O0 /se'lu:/

seltzer soda waterselt-suhr /'seltsa(r)/

selvedge edge produced on woven fabricsel-vuhj /'sa1ved3/

Selye, Hans Austrian-born Canadianphysicianhanss sel-yay /,hans 'selje1/

350

Selznick, David 0. American filmproducerselz-nik /'sa1zn1k/

Semarang port, Indonesiasuh—mah-rang /sa'mu:ra1]/

Semei (also Semey) city, Kazakhstansuh-may /sa'me1,I

Semele Greek goddessSem-uh-Ii /'seme1i/

semibreve musical noteSem-i-breev /'semibri:v/

Sémill0l‘| white wine grapesem-ee-yo(ng) /'semi:jfi/

seminary training college for priests orrabbissem-in-uh-ri /'semmari/

Seminole American Indian ethnic groupsem-in-ohl /'ssmIneu1/

semiotics study of signs and symbolssem-i-Ot-ikS /,ssmi'ntIks/Less commonly also see-mi-ot~iks.

Semiramis Greek mythologicalcharactersuh—mirr—uh—miss /sa'm1ram1s/

Semitic family of languagessuh-mit-ik /sa'm1t1k/

Semmelweis, Ignaz Hungarianobstetricianig-nats zem-uhl-vyss /,1gnats'ZE1‘I18lVAIS/

semper fidelis ‘always faithful’ (Latin)sem—puhr fid-ay-liss /_sempa(r)f1‘de1lis/

Sempiternal eternal and unchangingsem—pi-tur—nuhl /,ssmp1'te:(r)nel/

semplice musical termsem-plee-chay /'ssmp1i:t_[eI/

sempre musical termsem-pray /'ssmpre1/

Sen, Amartya Indian economistuh-mart-yuh Sen la_mc1:(r)tje 'sen/

Senanayake, Don Stephen Sinhalesestatesmansen-uh-ny-uh-kuh ,/_ssne'nAiaka/

Sendai city, Japansen-dy /ssn'd1n/

Seneca Roman statesmansen-ek-uh /'seneka/

Senedd Welsh parliamentsen-eth /‘sense,’

351

Senegal countrysen-uh-gawl /,sr.na'go:l/

senescence deterioration with agesuh-ness-uhnss /se'nesans/

scneschal steward of a medieval greathousesen-uh-shuhl /'ssna_fal,'

senhor pl. senhorcs Portuguese title for amansen-yor, pl. sen-yor-uush /sen'jo:(r)/,pl. /-rofl

senhora Portuguese title for a womansen-yaw-ruh /ssn'j:>:ra/

senhorita Portuguese titlc for a youngwomansen-yuh-ree»tuh /,sr:nja'ri:ta/

Senkaku islands, East China seasen-kak-oo /'ssnkaku:/

Senna, Ayrton Brazilian racing driverah-eer-tuhn sen-uh /o:_Ia(r)tan ‘sens/'

Senor pl. sefiores Spanish title for a mansen-yor, pl. sen-yor-ayss /ss'nj:>:(r)/, pl./-rers/

Senora Spanish title for a womansen-yaw-ruh /se'nj:>:ra/

seiiorita Spanish title for a youngwomanSen-yuh-ree-tuh /_senja'ri:ta/

sensei ‘teacher’ (Japanese)sen-say /s£n'seI,l

sentient able to perceive thingssen-ti-uhnt /'ssntiant/Sometimes also sen-shuhnt.

Sentamu, John English archbishopsent-uh-moo /'sentomu:/

Seoul capital of South KoreaSOl‘ll /sao1/¢ Established anglicization.

sepal part of a flowerSep-uhl /'sepal/

Sephardi pl. Sephardim Jew of Spanishor Portuguese descentsef-ar-di, pl. sef-ar-dim /ss'fr1:(r)di/, pl./-d1m/

sephira pl. sephiroth attribute inHebrew mythologySef-irr-ah, pl. sef-irr—oht /‘ssfiru:/, pl./'sefIraot/

sepia brown coloursee—pi—uh /'si:pia/

seppuku ritual suicide

Senegal I sergeant

sep-uh-koo /'s£paku:/' See mmnesr panel.

septcentenary 700th anniversarysept-sen-tee-nuh-ri /,septssn'ti:nari/Commonly also sept -sen-ten-uh-ri.

septicaemia blood poisoningsep-tiss-ee-mi-uh ,',sr.pu'si:mia/

Septuagesima Sunday beforeSexagcsimasept-yoo-uh-jess-im-uh,f,ssptjua'd3ss1ma/

sepulchral relating to a tombsuh-pul-kruhl /sa'p:\lkral/

sepulchre stone monumentsep—uhl-kuhr /'sepalke(r)/

sequential forming or following in alogical order or sequenceSuh-kwen-Shuhl /sa'kwen_|'al/

sequester isolate or hide awaysuh-kwest-uhr /sa'kwesta(r)/

sequestrate take legal possession ofsee-kwu l1-strayt /‘si:kwastre1t/

sequoia redwood trccsuh-kwoy-uh [sa'kwo1a/

Serafinowicz, Peter English comedianserr-uh-fin-uh-wits /sr:ra'f1naw1ts/

seraglio women's apartments in aMuslim palaceserr-ah-Ii-oh /ss'ro:liao,f

Seraing town, Belgiumsuh-ra(ng) /sa'ré/

scrape (also sarape) shawlsuh-rah-pay /sa'ro:pel/

seraph pl. seraphim angelic beingserr-uhf, pl. serr-uhf-im /'ssraf/, pl./-flm/'v Standard -s plural is also possible.

seraphic angelicsuh-raf-ik /sa'raf1k/'

Serapis Egyptian godsuh-rap-iss /sa'rap1s/

Seremban city, Malaysiasuh-rem-buhn /se'remben/

serendipity happy chanceserr-uhn-dip-it-i /,seren'd1p1ti/

Serengeti plain in Tanzaniaserr-en-get-i /,seren'geti/

Sereny, Gitta English sociologistgee-tuh suh-ree-ni /,gi:te sa'ri:ni/

sergeant army ranksar-juhnt /'so:(r)d3ent/

Sergipe | sexcentenary

Sergipe state, Brazilsair-zhee-pi ls:::(r)'3i:pi/

serif projection finishing off a stroke ofaletterserr-if /'ser1f/

Se:-ota, Nicholas English curatorsuh-roh-tuh /sa'roota,'

serotine bat5err—uh-teen /'serati:n/

serotonin chemical compoundserr-uh-toh-nin /_sera'taonm/

Seroxat trademark antidepressant drugsuh-rok-sat /se'ruksat/

Serpens constellationsur-puhnz /'sa:(r)panz/

serpentine like a snakesur-puhn-tyn /'S8I([‘)p9I1tAI1’1/'

SERPS State Earnings-Related PensionSchemesurps /sa:(r)ps/

Serraillier, Ian English authorsuh-ral-i-ay /se'ralie1/

Serse sec Xerxesserum pl. sera. liquid in blood

seer-uhm, p1. seer—uh /'s1aram/, Pl./-l"9/v Standard -s plural is also possible.

serval African wild catsur-vuhl /'sa:(r)val/

sesame edible seedsess-uh-mi /'sssami/

Sesotho language of Lesothosess-oo—t0o /ss'su:tu:/

sesquialtera denoting a ratio of3:2sesk-wi-alt-uh-ruh /,seskwi'a1tera/

sesquicentenary 150th anniversarysesk-wi-sen-tee-nuh-ri/,seskwissn'ti:nari/

352

The French name is Sestrieres, pronouncedsest-ri-air.

Seth, Vikram Indian novelist and poetvik-ruhm sayt /flvikrem 'se1t,'

Seth Egyptian godseth /52:0]

Setswana language, Africaset-swah-nuh /ss'tswu:na/

Setlibal port, Portugalsuh-too-buhl /sa'tu:bal/

Seurat, Georges Pierre Frenchpainterzhorzh 50e—rah /_3o:(r)3 so'ro:/

Sevastopol port, Ukraine; also calledSebastopolsuh-vast-uh-puhl /sa'vastapal/,[slivastopali]' Established anglicization.

Severnaya Zemlya islands, ArcticOceanSyay-vuhr-nuh-yuh zuhm-lyah/,sje1va(r)naja zam'ljo:/

Severodvinsk port, Russiasyay-vuh-ruh-dvinsk/,sje1vara'dvmsk,f

Seville city, Spainsuh-vil /sa'vil/Establishecl anglicization. The Spanishname is Sevilla, pronounced say-veel-yuh[se'l3i1(a].

Sevres type offine porcelainsev—ruh /'sevra/

sevruga sturgeon fished for its caviarsev-roo-g uh /ssv'ru:ga/

sewage waste water and excrement$00-ij /'su:1d3,lLess commonly syoo-ij.

Commonly also sesk-wi-sen-ten-uh-ri.

sesterce pl. sesterecs ancient Romancoinsest-urss, pl. sest-ur-seez /'sssta:(r)s/,pl. /ss'sta:(r)si:z;'

sestertius pl. sestertii ancient Romancoin (Latin name)sest-ur-shuhss, pl. sest-ur-shi-y/se'sta:(r)Ias/, pl. /-'sta:(r)j‘ia|/

Sestina poetic formsest-ee-nuh /ss'sti:na/

Sestriere resort, Italysest-ri-air-ay /ssstri's:re1/

Seward, Anna English poetsee-wuhrd /'si:wa(r)d/

sewer underground conduitsoo-uhr /'su:e(r)/Less commonly syoo-uhr.

sewin (also sewen) sea troutsyoo-in /'sju:1n/

Sexagesima Sunday beforeQuinquagesimasek-suh-jess-im-uh /_saksa'd3asima,f

sexcentenary 600th anniversarysek-sen-tee-nuh-ri /,ssksen'ti:nari/

353

Eoinmonly alsoisek-sen-ten-uh-ri. W I I W7

Sextans constellationsek-stu h nz /'sekstanz/

sextant instrumentseks-tuhnt /'sekstent/

sextuplet each of six children born atone birthseks—ty00p-luht /ssks'tju:plot/Commonly also seks-tup-luht or I Iseeks-tyuup-luht.WW i i

Seychelles countrysay—shelz /sei'j".slz,I

Seychellois native of the Seychellessay-shel-wah /sei_l’a1'wo:/

Seyfert type ofgalaxysay-fuhrt /‘seifa:(r)t/

Seymour, Jane third wife of Henry Vlllsee-mor /'si:mo:(r)/

Sezession avant-garde art movementzayt-sess-yohn /_ze1tsss'jeon/

Sfax port, Tunisiasfaks lsfaksl

Sf0l'Z3.l‘ld0 musical termsfor-tsan-doh /sfo:(r)'tsandoo/

sgraffito pl. sgraffiti decoration made byscratchingsgraf-ee-toh, pl. sg raf-ee-ti/sgra'fi:teo/, pl. /~ti/

Shaallxi province, Chinashahn-shee /_[a:n'l‘i:/

Shabaka Egyptian pharaohshah-uh-kuh /‘jab-aka}

shabbaba musical instrumentshuh-bab-uh /j‘a'baba/

Shabbat Sabbath (Hebrew)sha b-at /j'a'bat/

Shabbos (also Shabbes) Sabbath(Yiddish)shab—uhss /'_l‘abas/

shabu—shabu Japanese beef dishshab-oo shab-oo /Jabu: 'Iabu:/

shadchan (also shadkhan) pl.shadchanim Jewish marriage brokershad-khuhn, pl. shad—khuhn-im/'j‘adxen/, pl. /'1‘adxan1m/

Shadjareh, Massood Iranian chairmanof Islamic Human Rights Commissionrnuh-sood shah—juh-ruh /ma,su:d'_fo:d3era/

shadoofpole with a bucket used for

Sextans | shaman

raising watershuh-doof /Ia'du:f,l

Shaffer, Peter and Anthony Englishplaywrightsshaf-uhr /'_fafa(r)/

Shaftesbury, Earl of Englishphilanthropistshahfts-buh-ri /'Iu:ftsbari/

shagreen sharkskinshag-reen /Ia'gri:n/

shah title of the former monarch of IranShah /j"o:/

shahada. (also shahadah) Muslimprofession of faithshuh-hah-duh /It->'ho:da,l

Shah Alam city, Malaysiashah ah-luhm /,_l'c1:'o:1om/

shahid (also shaheed) Muslim martyrshuh~heed /_[9'l1lICl/

Shaik, Schabir South Africanbusinessmanshab-eer shayk /Ia,b1a(r) 'Ie1k/

Shaitan (also Shaytan) the Devil inIslamshay—tahn /_[ei'tc1:n/

Shaka (also Chaka) Zulu chiefshak-uh /'_[aka/

Shakhty city, Russiashahkh-ti /‘_fo:xti/

Shakti Hindu feminine expression of thedivineshuk-tee /'[itkti:/

shakuhachi bamboo fluteshak-uu-hatch-i /,_fako'hatji/

Shakur, Tllpac American rap artisttoo-pak shak-oor /_tu:pak _1‘a'koa(r)/

shallot onion-like vegetableShuh-lot /_l‘a‘lot/

Shalmaneser ancient king ofAssyria$hal—muh—nee-zuhr /,1‘alme'ni:za(r)/

shalom ‘peace’ (Hebrew)shuh-lom /j‘a'1nmj

shalwar loose, pleated trousers; alsocalled salwarShu I-war /_1‘A1'wo:(r)/'

shaman person regarded as havingaccess to the spirit world5ham—uhn /'_l‘aman/Commonly also shay-muhn.

Shamir, Yitzhak I Shelob

Shamir, Yitzhak Israeli statesmanyits-hahk sham-eer /j1ts,hu:kIa'm1a(r)/

shamisen see samisenShan Chinese and Burmese ethnic group

shahn /j'u:n/Shandong province, China

shan-duung /_Ian'don/Shanghai city, China

shang-hy/,_[ai3'hA1/Shango religious cultshang-goh /'Ia1j|gau/

Shangri-La Tibetan utopiashang-gri-Iah /,_fa13gri'lu:/

Shankar, Ravi Indian sitar playerruv-i shunk-uhr /,rAvi 'IAIjl(9(1“)/

Shantou port, Chinashan-toh /Ian'tao/

shantung silk fabric5han-tung/j'an't1n]/

Shanxi province, Chinashan-shee /,Ian'Ii:/

shapka Russian fur hatshap-kuh /'_fapka/

sharara loose pleated trousersshuh-rar-uh /_[e'ru:re/

sharia (also shariah) Islamic canonicallawshuh-ree-uh /_[a'ri:a/

Sharif, Nawaz Pakistani statesmannuh-wahz shuh-reef /na_wu:z j'a'ri:f/

Sharif, Omar Egyptian actoroh-mar shuh-reef /_aom(1:(r) j‘a'ri:f/

Shaljah state, United Arab Emiratesshar-juh /']‘u:(r)d3ej

Sharma, Shankar Dayal Indianstatesmanshunk-uhr dy-ul shar-muh /,ji\ka(r)dA1,Al 'j‘c1:(r)ma/

Sharm el-Sheikh resort, Egyptsharm uhl shayk /,Ic1:(r)m a1 ‘jerk,’

Sharon plain, Israelshair-uh n /'Is:ran/

Sharon, Ariel Israeli statesmanarr-i-el shuh-ron /ari_a1 ]'a'ron/

sharon fruit persimmonShair-uhn /'Is:ran/

Shar Pei breed ofdogshar pay /,Iu:(r) ‘peil

shashlik mutton kebabshash-Iik f’_[a]'11k/

354-

Shatl: al-Aral) river, Asiashut uhl arr—uhb j_j‘At al 'arab/

Shavian relating to George BernardShawshay-vi-uhn /'IeIvian/

Shavuoth (also Shavuot) Jewish festivalshah-voo-ot /Ic1:vu'ot,/Commonly also shu h-voo-uhss, a Yiddishpronunciation

Shaytan see Shaitan

Shea stadium in New Yorkshay /fen’

shea nut—bearing treeshee-u h /'Ii:a/

sheading administrative division of theIsle of Manshee-ding /'j'i:dI1]/

Sheafifer American pen manufacturersshay-fuhr /'Ie1fe(r),'

Sheba biblical place nameshee-buh /'Ii:ba/

Shebang matter or set of circumstancesshuh-bang /Ia'baI_]/

shebeen unlicensed establishmentselling alcoholshuh—been /j‘e'bi:n/

Sheela-na-gig medieval stone femalefigureshee-Iuh nuh gig /,_fi:la na 'QlQ/

Sheikh (also sheik) Arab leadershayk [jerk]Established anglicization. The moreArabic-sounding pronunciation shaykh isalso sometimes used. Less commonly alsosheek.

sheitel wig worn by a Jewish womanShay-tuhl /'_l‘e1ta1/

Shekel currency unit, Israelshek-uhl /'j‘skal/

Shekinah (also Shekhinah) Jewishsymbolshuh-ky-nuh /_[1'kA1na/

shellac resin melted into thin flakesShuh-Iak /_\"a'lak/

Shelley, Percy Bysshe English poetbish she|—i /,bII 'Isli/

Shelob spider in The Lord ofthe Ringsshee-lob /'Ii:1nb/

355

Shenandoah river, USshen-uhn-doh-uh /,_fr:nan'daua/

shenanigans secret activityshuh-nan-ig-uhnz /I1'nan1ganz/

sheng Chinese musical instrument5hL"'\9 l'.lA1J/

Shenyang city, Chinashuhn-yahng /__\‘an'jo:I]/

Shenzhen city, Chinashuhn-juhn /,_|‘an'd3an/

Shenzhou Chinese spacecraftshuhn-joh ,f__\'an'd3ou/

Sheol Jewish underworldshee-ohl /'ji:ao1,I

Sher, Anthony English actorshur /'_[a:(r)/

Sheraton, Thomas Englishfurniture-makerSheri‘-uh-tuhn /‘_feratan/

’s-Hertogenbosch city, Netherlandssair-toh-khuhn-boss/,sr-;:(r)taoxan'bos/

sherwani knee-length man’s coatshur-wah-ni /_fe:(r)'wo:ni/

Shevardnadze, Eduard Sovietstatesmaned-wuhrd shuh-vuhrd-nahd-zuh/,sdwa(r)d ,j‘ova(r)d'nu:dza/

Shia (also Shi’a) branch of Islamshee-uh /'[i:a/

shiatsu Japanese massage therapyshi-at-soo /Ii'atsu:/

shibboleth distinctive customshib-uh-Ieth /'I1ba1s8/

Shibuya district ofTokyoShib-00-yuh /Irbuzjei‘

shidduch Jewish arranged marriage5hid—uhkh /'_[1dax/

Shih—iLZll breed ofdogshit—SO0 /Ii'tsu:/

shiitake mushroomshit-ah-kay /_|‘1'tu:ke1/~ See JAPANESE panel.

Shiite (also Shi'ite) adherent of the Shiabranch of Islamshee-yt /'_[lIAIt/

Shijiazhuang city, Chinashuh—ji-ah—jwahng /_l'ed3io:'d3wci:rJ,'

shikhara (also shikara) spire on aHindu templeshik-ar-uh /_f1‘ka:ra/

Shenandoah I Shoah

Shil(0l(ll island, Japanshik-oh-koo /Ii'kaoku:/

shiksa non—Jewish womanshik-suh /'I1ksa/

shillelagh thick stickshi|~ay~li /_[1'1e1li/

Shillong city, Indiashil-ong /_[1'lm],I

Shillllli African ethnic groupshil-uuk /_f1'1uk/

Shiloh, Battle ofAmerican civil warbattleShy-Ioh /'_|‘A11ao/

Shimano bicycle componentmanufacturersshim-ah-noh /Ii'ma:nao,'

Shin Bet (also Shin Beth) securityservice of Israelshin bet /Im ‘bat;

Shinkansen Japanese high speedrailwayShin-kan-sen /'j‘mkan_san/

Shinola US trademark brand ofboot polishshy-noh—luh /j‘AI'neola/

Shinto Japanese religionshin-toh /'j'1ntao/

Shiraz city, Iransheer-az /Iia'raz/

Shiraz black wine grapeShirr-82 /[I'raz/

shire countyShy—uhr /'_[1\ro(r)/This is the pronunciation for the word inisolation or in phrases such as ‘shire horse‘.As a suiiix, e.g. in Laneashire or Cheshire,the pronunciation is much reduced to-shuhr or, less commonly, -sheer.

Shiva (also Siva) Hindu godshee-vuh /'_|'i:va/

Shiva (also shivah) Jewish period ofmourningShiv-uh /'_fIva/

Shiv Sena Hindu nationalistorganizationshiv say-nuh /,1‘IV 'sema/

Shizuoka city, Japanshiz-oo-oh-kuh /_J1zu:'aoka/

Shkodiir city, Albaniashkoh-duhr /'_[kauda(r)/

Shoah Holocaustshoh-uh /'_l'aoa/

Shoemaker-Levy I Siddhartha Gotama 356

Shoemaker—Levy cometshoo-may-kuhr lee-vi /,Iu:me1ke(r)'1i:vi/

shofar ram’s-horn trumpet used inJewish ceremoniesshoh-fuhr /'Ieufe(r)/

shogun hereditary commander-in-chiefin feudal Japanshoh—guun /'_\‘augon,'

Shoji sliding screen doorshoh—ji /'Ieod3i/

Sholapur city, Indiashoh-Iuh-poor /,_faula'pua(r)/

Shona African ethnic groupshoh—nuh /'j'aona/

shoogly unsteady (Scottish)shuug-Ii /'_[og1i/

Shorinji Kempo martial artshuh-rin—ji kem-poh /j‘a,rmd3i'kempao/

Shoshone American Indian ethnic groupshuh—sh0h-ni /_l'a'_[aoni/

Shostakovich, Dmitri Russiancomposerduh-meet-ri shost-uh-koh-vitch/da,mi:tri _Iosta'kaov1tj'/

Sholaokan style of karateshoh-toh-kan /'j'eotaokan/

Showalter, Elaine American writershoh-wawl-tuhr /']'aUwo:1ta(r),f

shoyu Japanese soy sauceshoh-yoo /'j‘aoju:/

Shreveport city, USshreev-port /'Iri:vpo:(r)t/

Shrewsbury town, Englandshrohz—buh-ri HreuzberilEquallyflconimorilyisliitiol-lit! h- ri . iI30thpronunciations are used in the town.

Shri (also Sri) Indian title of respectshree /_|'ri:/

shrimati Indian title of respect for awomanshree-mut-i /'_[I‘lIII1Alil/

Shriner member of a US charitablesocietysh ry-n uhr / '_fI'AII'13(I')/

shtetl pl. shtetlaich small Jewish town ineastern Europeshtet-uhl, pl. shtet-lakh /'_|‘teteI/, pl./'_l'tst1ax/v Standard -s plural is also possible.

shtum (also schtum) silentshtuum /_ftom/

shtup (also schtup) have sexualintercourse withshtuup /Itup/

shubunkin goldfishshuub-unk-in ,'_\'u'bAnk1n/

Shllfii look or reconnoitreshuuf-ti /'I0fti/

Shugiin Japanese parliamentshoo-gee-in / '_|‘u:gi:1n/

Shul synagogueshool /_[u:1/

Shumen city, Bulgariashoo-muhn /'Iu:man/

Shllra. Islamic councilshoor-uh /'_luera/

shuriken weapon in the form of a star5h00r-ik-en /‘_foar1kan/

Siachen Glacier glacier, Indiasee-uh-chen l‘si:at_\‘an/

Sialkot city, Pakistansi-ahl-koht /si'o:lkeot/

Siam former name for Thailandsy-am /sA1'arn/

Sibelius, Jean Finnish composerzhah(ng) sib—ay-ii-uhss 1,36 SI'lJ8Ill6S/

éihenik city, Croatiashee-buh-nik /'j'i:ban1k/

Sihiu city, Romaniasib-yoo /s1'bju:/

Sibyl woman prophetsib-il /‘sIb1l/

Sihneft Russian oil company$ib—nyeft /sIb‘njsft/

sic ‘thus’ (Latin)Slk /sIk/

Sichuan province, Chinasuh-chwan /se't_[wan/v See also Szechuan.

Sickert, Walter English paintersik-uhrt /'sIka(r)t/

Siddhartha Gautama founder ofBuddhism; also called SiddharthaGotamasid-ar-tuh g0w—tuh-muh /s1,du:(r)ta'gautema/

Siddhartha Gotama founder ofBuddhism; also called SiddharthaGautamasid-ar-tuh goh-tuh-muh /s1,da:(r)ta'geotema/

357

siddhi complete understandingSid-i /'SICli/

sidereal of the distant starssy-deer-i-uhl /SAI'ClI3l’l8l/

Sidhe Irish mythological fairy peopleshee /Ii:,'

Sidi bel Abbes town, Algeriasid-i bel uh—be5s /,s1di bel a'bes/

Sidi bou Said town, Tunisiasid-i boo suh-eed /,s1di bu: sa'i:d/

Sidon city, Lebanonsy-duhn /'sn1den/

Sidra inlet, Libya; also called Sirtesid-ruh /'sidra/

Siebengebirge range of hills, Germanyzee-buhn-guh-beer-guhI 'zi:benga,ble(r)ga/

Siegessiiule Column, Berlinzee-guhss-zoy-luh /'zi:gaszo11a/

Siegfiied Wagnerian character and heroof the Nibelungeiihcdseeg-freed /'si:gfri:d/, German[‘zi:kfri:t]' Established anglicization.

Sieg Heil Nazi victory salutezeek hyl /,zi:k 'l’1AIl/

Sieglinde Wagnerian characterZeek-lin-duh /zi:k'l1nda/

Siegmllnd Wagnerian characterzeek-m uunt /'zi:kmont,'

Siemens German family of scientistslee-muhriss /'zi:mens/The name of the company founded by thefamily is usually anglicized to see-muhnz.

siemens SI unit of conductancesee-muhnz /'si:manz/

Siem Reap city, Cambodiasyem ryahp /sjem 'rjo:p/

Siena city, Italysi-en-uh /si'i-:ne/

sierrajagged mountain chainSi-ail‘-uh /si'e:ra,/Commonly also si-err-uh.

Sierra Leone countrySi-err-uh |i—0hn /si_era1i‘aun/

Sierra Madre mountain range, Mexicosi-err-uh mah-dray /si,era'mo:dre1/,Spanish [_sjera ‘maore]v Established anglicization.

Sierra Nevada mountain range, Spain

siddhi I Silesia

si-err-uh nuh-vah-duh /si,erane'vo:de/, [,sjera ne'L$aoa]v Established anglicization.

siesta afternoon napsi-est-uh /si'esta/

sievert Sl unit of dose equivalentsee-vuhrt /'si:va(r)t,'

sigil magical symbolsij-il /'sid311/

Sigisoara town, Romaniasig-ish-war-uh /s1gI_['wo:ra,f

sigma letter of the Greek alphabetsig-muh /‘sigma,’

sigmoidoscopy examination of thecolonSig-moy-dosk-uh-pi /,s|gm:n'doskapi/

Signac, Paul French painterpol seen-yak /,po1si:'njak/

signatory party that has signed anagreementsig-nuh-tuh-ri /'s1gnatsri/

signor pl. signori Italian title for a manseen-yor, pi. seen-yor-i /'si:nja:(r)/, pl./-'nj;):ri/

signora Italian title for a womanseen-yor-uh /si:‘njo:ra/

signorina Italian title for a youngwomanseen—yuh—ree-nuh /,si:nja'ri:na/

Sigur R63 Icelandic rock bandsee-guhr rohss /,si:ga(r) 'raos/

Sihanouk, Norodom Cambodianstatesmannorr-uh-dom see-uh-nuuk /nora_dnmsi:e'nok/

Sikhism religionseek-iz-uhm /'si:kizam/

Sikkim state, Indiasik-im /'s1k1m/

Sikorsky, Igor Russian—Americanaircraft designeree-gor sik-or-ski /,i:ga:(r) srka:(r)ski/

silage compacted foddersy-lij /'SAIlId3/

Sildenafil trademark drugsii-den-uh-fil /s1l‘denaf11/

Silenus Greek godsy-lee-nuhss /s1u'li:nas/

Silesia region, Europesy-lee-zi-uh /SAI'liZZi9/

silhouette | Singspiel

This region is mostly in Poland. The Polishname is Slask, pronounced $hlo(ng)$k.

silhouette dark shapesil-00-et /,srlu'st,'

silicon chemical elementsil-ik-uhn /'sil1kan/

silicone synthetic materialsil-ik-ohn /'s1l1kaon/

silo tower used to store grainsy-loh /'sA11eu/

Siloam biblicai pool near Jerusalemsy-loh-uhm jsarlauaml

Silurian geological erasy-lyoor-i-uhn /s.u'ljuarian/

Silvanus Roman godsil-vah-nuhss /s1l'vo:nas/

Silverstein, Shel American cartoonistshei sil-vuhr-steen /jal 's11va(r)sti:n/

Simbirsk city, Russiasim-beersk /s1m'bia(r)sk/

Simenon, Georges Belgian novelistzhorzh see—muh-no(ng) /,3o:(r)3si:ma'n5/

Simeon Hebrew patriarchsim-i-uhn /'s1mian/

Simeon Stylites, St Syrian monksty-Iy-teez /stA1'lA1ti:z/

Simferopol city, Ukraineseem-fuh-rop-uhl /,si:mfa'ropa1/

simian relating to apes or monkeyssim-i-uhn /‘srmian/

simile figure of speechSim-il-i /'s1m11i/

Simla city, Indiasim-luh /'simla/

simnel cake fruit cake eaten at Eastersim-nuhl ,"s1mne1/

Simon Boccanegra opera by Verdisee-mon bok-uh-nay-gruh /si:,mnnbDl(8'I1BIgl'8/

Simonides Greek lyric poetsy-mon-id-eez /s1u'mnn1di:z/

simony buying or selling of ecclesiasticalprivileges$y—muh-ni /'s1umani/

simpatico likeablesim-pat-ik-oh /slm'patIkau/

Simplon pass, Switzerlandsimp-Ion /'s1mplDn/

simulacrum pl. simulacrarepresentation of something

358

sim-yuul-ay-kruhm, pl.sim-yuul-ay-kruh /,s1mjo'1e1kram/, pl./-kra/v Standard -s plural is also possible.

simurg mythical birdsim-urg /s1'ma:(r)g/

simvastatin drugsim-vuh-stat-in /s1mva'statm/

Sinai peninsula, Egyptsy-ny /'SAI1'lAI/

Sinaloa state, Mexicosee-nuh-loh-uh /,si:na'laua/

Sinatra, Frank American singersin-ah-truh /s1'na:tra,l

Sinclair, Clive English engineersink-lair /'s1r3kls:(r)/

sine trigonometric functionsyn [SAID]

sinecure position requiring little worksin-uh-kyoor ,f'smakjua(r)/

commonlyjalso syn-uh-kyoor.

sine die with no appointed date forresumption (Latin)see-nay dee-ay /,si:ne1 'di:e1/

sine qua non essential condition (Latin)sin-ay kwah non /,sme1kwu:'nnn/Commonly also other pronunciations Ias sin-i kwah nohn; see urrm panel.

sinfonia symphony; also the name of aLondon-based orchestrasin-f0h—ni-uh /sm‘faunie/Established anglicization. The Italianpronunciation, however, is sin-fon-ee~uh,which is less commonly also used.

sinfonietta short symphonySin-foh-ni-et-uh /,smfauni'sta,/

Singapore countrysing-uh-por /,s1i]a'p:J:(r)/

Singh, Manmohan Indian primeministermun-moh-hun sing /l‘l‘lAl'l_l‘n8Ul'lAl‘1'sn]/The first name is commonly alsopronounced mun-moh-hun by Hindispeakers.

Singspiel pi. Singspiele form of Germanlight operazing-shpeel, pl. zing-shpeel-uhf'zn3_[pi:l/, pl. /-la/

359

Sinhala (also Singhala) ethnic groupand language, Sri Lanka; also calledSinhalesesing—huh-luh /'snj|hela/

Sinhalese (also Singhalese) ethnicgroup and language, Sri Lanka; alsocalled Sinhalasing-huh-leez /,s1r]ha'li:z/

sinistral of the left sidesin-ist-ruhl /'sm1stra]/

Sinn Féin Irish political partyShin fayrl /,j'm ‘fem,’

sinology study of Chinasy-nol-uh-ji /s1u'nnlad3i/

sinsemilla variety of cannabissin-suh-mil-uh /,s1nsa'm|la/

Sint-Niklaas town, Belgiumsint nik~lahss /,s:nt 'n1klo:s/

Sintra (also Cintra) town, Portugalsint-ruh /'smtra/

Sinllijll city, North Koreasin-Wee—]Oo /,smwi:'d3u:/

SintlOnS curvysin-yoo-uhss /'smjuas/

sinus cavity within a bonesy-nuhss /'sA1nos/

Siobhan Irish girl's nameshiv-awn /Ii'vo:n/

Sion see ZionSi0llX North American ethnic group

$00 /su:/siphon tubesy-fuhn /'SAIf8l"l/

Sirdar see SardarSirius star

sirr-i-uhss /'sirias/SirleafJohnson, Ellen Liberian

presidentsur-leef /'sa:(r)li:f/

Sil'0C(!0 see sciroccosirrah term of address for a mansirr-uh /'sIra/

Sirte inlet, Libya; also called Sidraseer-tay /'sia(r)te1/

sisal fibrous plantSy-suhl /'smsal/

Sisley, Alfred French painteral-fruhd siz-Ii /,alfrad 's1zli/

Sistani, Ayatollah Ali al- Iraqi seniorShia clericy-uh-tol-ah al-ee uh-sist-ah-ni

Sinhala I Skanda

/A1a_tolo: a,li: as1s'to:ni/Sistine Chapel chapel in the Vatican

sist-een /'s1sti:n,'Sisyphean denoting a task that can

never be completed5iS5—if-ee-uhn /_s1si'fi:an/

Sisyphus Greek mythological charactersiss—if-uhss /'s1s|fes/

Sita wife of Ramasee-tuh /'si:ta/

sitar musical instrumentSit-3|’ /s1'tu:(r)/

Sitges resort, Spainsee-chuhss /'si:tIas/

sitka spruce treesit-kuh /'sitka/

Sitlls inversus medical conditionsy-tuhss in-vur-suhss /,s/utasm'va:(r)sas/

sitzfleisch buttockszits-flysh ,"z1tsflmI/

Siva see ShivaSivan Jewish month

See-vahn ,"si:vo:n/Siwalik Hills foothills in the Himalayas

Si-wah-lik /s|'wo:l1k/sjambok whip

Sham-bok /'j'ambok/Sjiig1‘en's syndrome autoimmune

conditionshoe-graynz /'j‘o:gremz/This pronunciation is closest to the Swedishpronunciation of Sjiigren's name.Anglicizations shoh-gruhn and shur-gruhnare also common.

ska style of musicskah /sko:/

Skagen town, DenmarkSkag-uhn /‘skagan/, ['sgeyan]0 Established anglicization.

Skagerrak strait between Norway andDenmarkskag-uh-rak /'skagarak/

skiil ‘cheers’ (Swedish, Norwegian, andDanish)skawl /sko:l/- See also snot.

skald (also scald) Norse bardskald /Sl(EllC1/

Skanda Hindu godskan-duh /'skanda/

skean-dhu | Smirnoff

skean-dhu daggerskee-uhn dOO /gskizan ‘du:/

skedaddle depart quickly or hurriedlyskuh-dad-uhl /ska'dada1/

skein length ofyarnskayn fskernf

skeletal relating to a skeleton5ke|—uh—tuh| /'sksletal/Less commonly also skuh-lee-tuhl.

skene part of the set in Greek theatreskee-ni /‘ski:ni/

ski device for travelling over snowskee /ski:/Eighty years ago our BBC predecessorsrecommended the pronunciation shee,which is how the word is pronounced inNorwegian. However, the anglicization skeequickly took hold.

Skiathos island, Greeceski—ath-oss /ski'a9ns/

Skibo castle, ScotlandSkee-boh /'ski:bao/

Skidoo trademark motorized toboggan$kid—00 /sk1'du:/

skijoring being pulled on skis by a horseor dogskee-jaw—ring ,f'ski:d3o:rn3/

Sklodowska, Maria see Curie, Marieskol ‘cheers’

skol [skullLess commoiilyalso 5k*<;i|K,*soii1etinielsi;iththe spelling shoal. Cognate with modernScandinavian SKKL.

Skopje capital, Macedoniaskop-yuh /'sknpja/

Skraeling indigenous inhabitant ofGreenlandskray—|ing /'skre1ln]/

Skryabin see Scriabinskua seabirdskyoo-uh /'skju:a/

skulduggery (also skullduggery)dishonest behaviourskul-dug-uh-ri /Sl(Al'ClAQBI‘l/

Sliinte ‘cheers’ (Gaelic)slahn-chuh /'s1o:nt_[o/

slalom downhill ski raceslah-lu hm /'slc1:Iom;‘

Slav ethnic groupsla hv /slow,’

360

slaver saliva running from the mouthslav-uhr /'slava(r)/

Slavic language familyslah-vik /'sIu:v1k/Commonly also slav-ik.

Slavonic Slavicsluh-von-ik /sle'vnn1k/

sleight use of dexterity or cunningslyt /slart/’

Sligo county, Republic of IrelandSly-goh /'slA1gao,'

Sliven city, Bulgariaslee-vuhn /'sIi:van/

slivovitz plum brandysliv—uh-vits /‘sl1vov1ts,'

Sloth reluctance to Workslohth /slsoB/

Slough town, Englandslow /slao/

slough swampslow /s1ao/

slough shed dead skinsluf /Slnf/l

Slovak native of SlovakiaSloh-vak /'slaovak;’

Slovakia countrysluh—vak—i-uh /sle'vakia/

Slovene native of Sloveniasloh-veen /'slauvi:n/

Slovenia countrysluh-vee-ni-uh /sIa'vi:nia/

Slovo, Joe South African activistSloh-voh /'slaoveu/

Smaug dragon in The Hobbitsmowg /smaog/

Sméagol fictional character in The Lordofthe Ringssmee-gol /'smi:gn1/

smetana sour creamsmuh-tah-nuh /sme'tu:no/

Smetana, Bedrich Czech composerbe]-ikh smet-uh—nuh /bed31x'smstano/

Smethwick town, Englandsmeth-ik /'smeoIk/

Smilodon prehistoric sabre—toothed catsmil-uh-don /'smIladnn,'

Slnithereens small piecessmith-uh-reenz /,smIoe'ri:nz/

Smirnolfbrand ofvodkasmur-not /‘sme:(r)nnf/

361 Smith—Magenis syndrome l soigné

Established anglicization. Originallyroduced b Piotr Smirnox ' this commonp y . '.

Russian surname is pronounced smeer-nof[sm11r'nof ififli

Smith-Magenis syndromechromosome disordermuh-gen-iss [ma'gz-;n1s/

Smithsonian Institution USfoundation in Washington DCsmith-soh-ni-uhn /sm18'saonian/

smithy blacksmith’s workshopsmith-i /'smIoi/

Smolensk city, Russiasmuhl-yensk /sma'ljz-:nsk/

Smollett, Tobias Scottish novelisttuh-by-uhss smol-it /ta,bA1as 'smo11t/

smorgasbord buffetsmor—guhz—bord /'smo:(r)gasbo:(r)d/

smorzando musical termsmor-tsan-doh /smo:(r)'tsandeu/

Smuts, Jan South African statesmanyan smuts /,jan 'S1‘I'1AlIS/

Smyrna ancient city, Asia Minorsmur-nuh /'sma:(r)na/

Smyth, Ethel English composersmyth /'Sl'nAI6/This British surname is variouslypronounced smyth, smyth, and smith,depending on individual preference.

Smythson English firm of stationerssmyth-suhn /'smA1osan/

snafu chaotic statesnaf-oo ,'sna'fu:/

snood ornamental hairnetSnood /snu:d/

Snorri Sturluson Icelandic poetsnorr-i stur-luh-son /,snnr1'sta:(r)1eson/~ Established anglicization.

Snowdonia national park, Walessnoh-doh-ni-uh /snao'daonia/

Soave white wineswah-vay /'swi1:velf

Soay breed of sheepsoh-ay /'saoe1/

soba buckwheat noodlessoh-buh /'saoba/

Sobel, Dava American writerdah-vuh soh-bel /,da:va sau'bsl/

Sobibor site ofa Nazi exterminationcamp, Poland

sob-ee-boor /so'biboa(r)/sobriety state of being sober

suh-bry-uh-ti /sa'brA1ati/sobriquet affectionate nickname; alsosoubriquetsoh-brik~ay /‘saobr1ke1/

soca calypso musicsoh-kuh /'saoka/

SOCA Serious and Organized CrimeAgencysok-uh /'soka/

Sochi port, Russiasotch-i /'snt_[i/

sockdolager forceful blowsok-dol-uh-juhr /sok'do1ad3a(r)/

socle plinthsoh-kuhl /‘saoke1/

Socotra island, Arabian Seasuh—koh-truh /se'kautra,f

Socrates Greek philosophersok—ruh-teez /'sokrati:z/

Socratic relating to Socratessuh-krat-ik /sa'krat1k/

sodality confraternitysoh-dal-it-i /sao'dal1ti/

Soderbergh, Steven American filmdirectorsoh-duhr-burg /'saode(r)be:(r)g/

Sfiderblom, Nathan Swedishtheologiannah-tan soe-duhr-biuum /_nn:tan'so:da(r)blom/

Siidertiilje city, Swedensoe-duhr-tel-yuh /,so:da(r)'talja/

Sodom town in ancient Palestinesod-uhm /'sndem/

S09 Win Burmese prime ministersoh win /sao 'WII‘l/

Sofia capital of Bulgariasoh-fi-uh /'saofia/

Sofia Spanish queensuh-fee—uh /'safi:e/

Sogne Fjord ljord, Norwaysong-nuh /'sm3na/

sogo shosha large company (Japanese)soh-goh shoh-shuh /,saogeo'j'ao_1'e/

Soham village, Cambridgeshiresoh-uhm /'sauam/

soi-disant self—styledswah dee-zo(ng) /‘swu: di:'z5/

soigné dressed elegantlyswahn-yay /swu:'njei/

soirée I sonar

Soiree an evening party or gatheringswah-ray /swo:'re1/

soixante-neufsexual activityswass-o(ng)t noef /,swas5t 'no=:f/

sojourn temporary staysoj-uhrn /'sod3a(r)n/Less commonly also soj-urn. AMicdnimonlysoh-jurn.

Sokol Czechoslovakian athleticsmovementsok-0| /'snkol/

Sol Roman sun godsol /snl/

solace consolationsol-uhss /‘snlas/

Solana, Javier Spanish politiciankhav-yair sol-ah-nuh /xa_vjs:(r)sn'lo:na!

solanaceous relating to plants of thenightshade familysol-uh-nay-shuhss /,sola'ne1Ias,'

solander box in the form of a booksuh-land-uhr /sa'1anda(r)/

solarium room equipped with sunlampssuh-lair-i-uhrn /sa'ls:riam/

solder low-melting alloysohl-duhr /'sao1da(r)/

solecism grammatical mistakesol-uh-siz-uhm /'so1as1zam/

solemnity seriousnesssuh-lem-nit-i /sa'1amnrti/

solenoid electromagnetsol-uh-noyd /'snlanoid/

Solent channel, EnglandsOh—|uhnt /'saolant/

soleus calf musclesoh-lee-uhss /sao'li:as/

solfeggio pl. solfeggi singing exercisesol-fej-oh, pl. sol-fej-i /sol'fed3oo/, pl./-fl3i/

Solidarnosé Polish trade unionsol-ee-dar—noshch /so1i:'do:(r)no_[t]'/

Solidus pl. solidi slash (I)sol-id-uhss, pl. sol-id-y /'solxdas/, pl./-dAI/

Solihull town, Englandsoh-Ii-hul /,saolr'hAl/This is the pronunciation most commonlyused locally. Commonly also sol-i-hul.

soliloquy speaking one’s thoughts aloud

362

suh-lil-uh-kwi /so'l1lakwi/solipsism view that the self is all that can

be known to existsol~ip—siz-uhm /'snl1ps1zam/

solitaire game for one playersol-i-tair /'solita:(r)/

Soller town, Majorcasol-yair ,f'soljs:(r)/

Solnhofen village, Germanyzohln-hoh-fuhn /'zaoln,haofan/

Solomon king of ancient lsraelSOI-uh-muhn /'snlaman/

Solon ancient Athenian statesmansoh-Ion /'saolon/

solstice longest or shortest daySol-Stiss /'solst1s/

Solti, Georg Hungarian-born Britishconductorjorj Shol-ti /,d3o:(r)d3 'j'o1ti/

Solutrean archaeological culturesuh-loot-ri-uhn /sa‘1u:trian/

Solveig character in Peer Gyntsool-vay /'su:lveI/

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Russiannovelistal-uhk-sahn-duhr sol-zhuh-neet-sin/alek,su:nde(r) ,snl3a'ni:ts1nf

Som currency unit, Kyrgyzstan andUzbekistansohm /saom/

Somalia countrysuh~mah-Ii-uh /sa'mo:lia/

somatization manifestation ofpsychological distress by thepresentation ofbodily symptomssoh-muh-ty-zay-shuhn/,saomatAI'zeIj'an/

sombrero broad—brimmed hatsom—brair-oh /som'bre:rao/

Somerset county, Englandsum-uhr—set /'s1\ma(r)sst/

Somme river, Francesom /sum,’

sommelier wine waitersom-el-i-ay /so'mslie1/

somnambulism sleepwalkingsom-nam-byuul-iz-uhm/som'nambju11zam/

somoni currency unit, Tajikistansom-oh-ni ,/so'mooni/

sonar detection systemsoh—nar /'saono:(r)/

363

sonata musical compositionsuh-nah-tuh /sa'no:ta/

sonatina short sonatason-uh-tee-nuh /,snna'ti:na/

SOI1Clll8ilI1, Stephen Americancomposer50nd-hym /'snndhA1m/

son et lumiére entertainmentson ay loom-yair /,snn er lu:'mjs:(r)/

Songhai African ethnic groupsong-gy /SDI]'QAI/

Song Hong river, Vietnamsong hung /,sm] 'hm]/

Songhua river, Chinasuung-khwah /,su1]'xwo:,'

sonography analysis of soundsuh-nog-ruh-fi /sa'nngrafi/

Sonora state, Mexicosuh—naw-ruh /sa'n:>:ra/

sonorant speech soundson-uh-ruhnt /'snnarant/

S0l10l‘0llS irnposingly deep and fullson-uh-ruhss /'snnaras/Less commonly also suh-naw-ru hss.

Sontag, Susan American writerson-tag /'sontag/

Sony electronics companysoh-ni /'saoni/

sooth truthsooth /su:9/

sopaipilla deep-fried pastrysop-y-peel-juh /,snpA1'pi:lja/

sophistry use of clever but falseargumentssof-ist-ti /'sof1stri/

S0pll0Cl€S Greek dramatistsof-uh-kleez /'sofek1i:z/

sophomore second-year studentsof-uh-mor /'sofamo:(r)/

sophomoric immaturesof-uh-morr-ik /,snfe'mnr1k/

soporific tending to induce drowsinesssop—uh-rif-ik /,snpa'rIf1k/

soprano singing voicesuh-prah-noh /sa'pru:nao/

sorbet water icesor-bay /'sa:(r)be1/AM is sor-buht. This pronunciation is alsopossible, but much less common, in BR.

Sorbonne part of the University of Paris

sonata | Soufrlere

sor-bon /s:):(r)'bnn/sordino pl. sordini mute for a musical

instrumentsor-dee-noh,p1. sor-dee-ni/s0:(r)'di:nao/, pl. /-ni/

sorghum cerealsor-guhm /'so:(r)gem/

Soroca city, Moldovasuh-rok-uh /sa'rokal

Soroptimist member of an internationalwomen's associationsuh-r0p—ti-mist /sa‘roptImIstl

sorority university club for femalestudentssuh-rorr—it-i /sa'rnr1ti/

sorrel plantsorr-uhl /'snral/

S0rrent0 town, Italysuh-ren-toh /so'rsntau/

Sosnowiec town, Polandsoss-nov-yets /sns'nnvjsts/

sostenuto musical termsost-uh-noo-toh /,snsta'nu:tao/

Sotheby's English auctioneerssuth-uh-beez rsaoabizzl

Sotho African ethnic group500-too f'su:tu:/

SOHO voce in a quiet voicesot-oh voh-chay /,soteo 'vaotj'e1/

sou old French coin500 /su:,'

soubise onion saucesoc-beez /su:‘bi:z/

soubresaut ballet jumpsoob-ruh-soh /'su:bresau/

soubrette minor female role in a comedysoo-bret /su:'bret/

S0llbl'iqll€t affectionate nickname; alsosobriquetsoob-rik-ay l'su:br1ke1/

Souch, John English paintersoosh /su:J'/

soucouyant malignant witchsoo-koo—yah(ng) /,su:ku:'jfi/

soufile blowing sound heard through astethoscopeS00-fuhl /'su:fel/

soufllé egg dishsoof-lay /su:'fle1/

Soufriére name ofvarious volcanoes inthe Caribbeansoof-reer /su:'fr1a(r)/

sough | spectroscopy

This is the common pronunciation in StVincent and Montserrat, although in StLucia the pronunciation is suuf—rair.

sough whistling or rushing soundsow /sao/Commonly also suf.

souk (also suk or sukh) Arabmarketplacesook /su:k,'

Soumak rug or carpet500—mak /'su:mak/

Souness, Graham English footballersoo-nuhss /‘su:nas/

soupcon very small quantity ofsomethingsoop-son /'su:pson/

Sousa, John Philip Americancomposersoo-zuh /'su:za/

sousaphone musical instrumentsoo-zuh-fohn /'su:zefeon/

Sousse port, Tunisia$0055 /su:s/

soutane priests cassocksoo-tahn /su:'tu:n/

souterrain underground chamber$00-tuh—rayn /'su:tarem/

Southampton city, Englandsowth-hamp-tuhn /sao9'hampten/Commonly also sowth-amp-tuhn. C W

Southey, Robert English poetsow-thi /'saooi/

Southwark borough of Londonsuth-uhrk /'sAoa(r)k/

Southwell town, Nottinghamsowth-wuhl /'saoBwe1/Commonly also suth-uhl. This latterpronunciation is also appropriate forSouthwell Minster and Viscount Southwell.

Soutine, Chaim French painterkuh-eem soo-teen /ka,i:m su:'ti:n/

souvlaki pl. souvlakia. Greek meat dishsoov-Iak-i,p1.soov-Iak-i-uh /su:'vlaki/,pl. /-kie/

sou’Westel' waterproofhatsow-est-uhr /sao'westa(r)/

soviet elected council in the USSRsoh-vi-uht /'seoviat,f ifCommonly also sov-yu ht.

3 6 4-

Sowerhy town, Englandsor-bi /'so(r)bi:/

Soweto urban area, South Africasuh-wet-oh jsa'wateo/

Soyinka, Wole Nigerian dramatistwol-i shoy-ink-uh /,woli _l'o1'11Jke/

Soyuz Soviet spacecraftsuh—yooz ,'sa'ju:z/

Spacek, Sissy American actressspay-sek f'speIs£k/

spaetzle dumplingsshpets-luh /'_\'pats1e/

Spago restaurant in Los Angelesspah-goh /'spa:gao/

Spallanzani, Lazzaro Italianphysiologist _lat-suh-roh spal-ant-sah-n| /_latsaraospa1an'tsu:ni/

spalpeen rascalspal-peen /spal'pi:n/

spanakopita spinach and feta cheese piespan-uh-kop-it-uh /,spana'kopIte/

Spandau prison in Berlinspan-dow /'spandao,'

sparable headless nailsparr-uh~buhl /'sparabal/

Sparta city, Greecespar-tuh /'spu:(r)ta/

Spartacus Thracian slave and gladiatorSpar-tuh—kuhSS /'spo:(r)takss/

Spatial relating to spacespay—shuh| /'spe1Ial/

Spiitlese white wineshpayt-lay-zuh /'Ipe1t_lerza/

speciality particular area of knowledgespesh-i—al-it—i /,speI1'al1ti/AM is specialty, pronounced spesh-uhl-ti.

specie money in the form of coinsspee-shi /'spi:Ii/

species group of living organismsspee-sheez /'spi:j‘i:z/Less commonly also spee-seez.

spectrometer apparatus used formeasuring spectraspek-trom-uh-tuhr /spek'trometa(r)/

spectroscopy branch of scienceconcerned with spectraspek-trosk-uh-pi /spsk'truskapi/

365 Spanish

SpanishSpanish is spoken by more than 350 million people worldwide. It is aRomance language quite similar to Italian and even more closelyrelated to Catalan and Galician (minority languages of Spain). Spanishpronunciation is relatively straightforward, and—bearing in mindsome salient differences between Latin American and EuropeanSpanish—-is entirely predictable from the spelling.

When we make recommendations on the pronunciation of Spanishwe can usually come quite close to a native pronunciation, subject asalways to a degree of anglicization. The details given below are not anexhaustive list of the features of Spanish, as some are too subtle to bedescribed using our respelling. In particular, the pronunciation of B G,and V are distinctively different from English. These sounds are angli-cized in our recommendations.

StressSpanish stress falls on the second-last syllable of the word, unless thelast letter of the word is a consonant other than N or S, in which casestress falls on the last syllable. Exceptions to this rule are indicated inthe spelling by an accent over the vowel of the syllable to be stressed,for example inglés, Cordoba.

VowelsThe five vowels A, E, I, O, and U are monophthongs and are pro-nounced approximately a, ay, ee, oh, and oo. In some anglicizations A ispronounced ah, e.g. macho. Diphthongs such as AI and EU are pro-nounced as Sequences of their component parts, a-ee (or y as in 613/)and ay—oo.

ConsonantsC is pronounced k before A, O, and U. Before E and I it is pronounced

th as in thin in European Spanish and s in Latin American Spanish.CH is pronounced ch.D is pronounced th as in this, or d at the beginning of a word or after L

or N. In our recommendations we sometimes anglicize the sound tod in all positions.

G is pronounced kh (as in loch) or kh with added voicing (i.e. pro-nounced with vibration of the vocal cords), but is sometimes angli-cized to g. GUA is pronounced gwa, GUE is gay, and GUI is gee;however, GUE is gway and GIHJI is gwee.

H is always silent.J is pronounced kh (as in loch). José is khoss-ay.

speculum l spinet 366

LL is pronounced ly as in million in formal Spanish, but many Spanishspeakers just pronounce it y as in yes. We generally give ly, as that isthe pronunciation that still appears in dictionaries, although in indi-vidual cases we sometimes judge that y would be better.

$1 is pronounced ny as in onion.Z is pronounced th as in thin in European Spanish and s in Latin

American Spanish.

speculum pl. specula medicalinstrumentspek-yuul-uhm, pl. spek-yuul-uh/'spakjulam/, pl. /-Ia/

speedometer instrument for measuringa vehicles speedspee-dom-uh-tuhr /spi:'dnmata(r)/

Speenhamland system historicalsystem ofpoor reliefspeen-uhm-land /'spi:nam1andf

Speer, Albert German architect andNazi oflicialal-bairt shpair /,alb|-;:(r)t 'j'ps:(r)/,[Irene]

Speke, John I-Ianning Englishexplorerspeek lspizkl

speleologr study or exploration of cavesspec-Ii-0|-uh-ji /,spi:li'nlad3i/

spelunking exploration of cavesspuh-lurlk-ing ]'Sp8'lAI]l{Il]/

Spencerian style of handwritingspen-seer-i-uhn fspanslarianf

Spengler, Oswald German philosopheross-valt speng-luhr /psvalt 'spsnla(r)/

spermaceti waxy substance produced bythe sperm whalespur-muh-see-ti /,spa:(r)me'si:ti/Commonly also Spur-muh-Set-i.

spermatozoon pl. spermatozoa malesex cellspur-muh-toh-zoh-on,pl. spur-muh-toh-zoh-uh/,spa:(r)matao'zaonn/, pl. /-'zaua/

Spetsnaz Russian military unitspets-nass /spsts'nas,f

Spey river, Scotlandspay /spar,’

sphagnum moss plantsfag-nuhm /'sfagnam/

sphenoid bone in the skullsfee-noyd /'sfi:n:nd/

spheroid sphere-like bodysfeer-oyd /'sfiaro1d/

spherical sphere—shapedsferr-ik-uhl /'sfarIke1/

sphincter ring of musclesfink-tuhr /'sfn]kta(r)/

sphygmomanometer instrument formeasuring blood pressuresfig-moh-muh—nom-uh-tuhr/,sf1gmeuma'nomata(r)/

Spica starspee—kuh /‘spi:ka;'

spiocato style of playing on stringedinstrumentsspik-ah-toh /sprkoztaol

Spiegl, Fritz Austrian-born Britishmusician and broadcasterfrits shpee-guhl /,fr|ts '1'pizgall

Spiel elaborate or glib speechshpeel /_[pi:1/

Spielberg, SICVCII American filmdirector and producerspeel—burg ,f'spi:lba:(r)g/

Spiers, Bob British television directorspeerz /'sp1a(r)z/

spigot small peg or plugspig-uht /'spIgat/

Spillane, Mickey American writerspil~ayn /sp1'le1n/

spina bifida congenital defectspy~nuh bif-id—uh /,spA1na'b1f1da/

spinach vegetableSpin-itch /'spm1tI/Commonly also spin-ij.

Spin Boldak town, Afghanistanspeen bawl-dak /_spi:n'bo:1dak/

Spillet small harpsichordspin-et fsprnetj

367

Commonly also spin—uht. I WI

spinnaker three-cornered sailspin-nuh-kuhr /'spmeka(r)/

Spinoza, Baruch Dutch philosopherbuh-rook spin-oh~zuh /ba_ru:ksprnaozef~ Established anglicization.

spiraea shrubspy-ree-uh /spAI'ri:a/

spirochaete bacteriumSpy-roh-keet /'SpAII‘8UkIIt/

spirogyra algaspy-r0h—jy—ruh /_spa1reo'd3A1ra/

spirometer instrument for measuringlung capacityspy-rom-uh-tuhr /spAI'I‘Dn'18t3(I')/

spirulina protein—rich bacteriaspy-ruul-y-nuh /_spA1ro'lAina/Less commonly also spirr-uul-ee-nuh; seeLATIN panel.

Spitsbergen island, Norway WWspits-bur-guhn /'sp1ts,be:(r)gan/0 Established anglicization.

splenectomy surgical removal of thespleenSpluh-nek-tuh-mi /sple'nektomi/

splenetic bad-tempered5pluh—net—ik /splo'net1k/

splenius pl. splenii neck musclesplee-ni-uhss, pl. splee-ni-y/'spli:nias/, pl. /-T1IAl/

Split port, CroatiaSplit /SI)lIll/

Spokane city and river, USspoh-kan /speo‘kan/

Sp0let0 town, Italyspuh-lay-toh /spa'1e1teu/

spoliation action of ruining somethingspoh-Ii-ay-shuhn /,speoli'e1j"en/

spondaic concerning spondeesspon-day-ik /spnn'denk/

spondee metrical footspon-dee /'spnndi:/

Spondulicks moneyspon-dyoo-Iiks /spun'dju:l1ks/

spondylosis condition of the spineSpon-dil-0h—si$s /,spnnd1'1aos1s/

Sporades islands, Greecesporr-uh-deez /'spnradi:z/

sporadic occurring at irregular intervals

spinnaker I Sri

Spuh-rad-ik ,'spa'rad1k/sporran pouch worn around the waist

Sporr—uhn /'sporan,'sportif interested in athletic sports

spor-teef ,'spo:(r)'ti:f/Spraellgefiihl intuitive feeling for a

languageshprahkh-guh-fuel /'_l‘pro:xgo,fy:1/

sprauncy smart in appearancesprawn—si /'spr:>:nsi/

Sprechgesang style ofdramaticvocalizationsprekh-guh-zang /'_[prccga,za1]/

Sprechstimme another term forSprechgesangsprekh-shtim-uh /'_[prce,_l'trma,l

sprezzatura studied carelessnessspret-suh-toor-uh l,spratsa'toara/

Springbok gazellespring-bok /'spr11)bok/

spritsail extended sailsprit-suhl /'spr1tsal/

spruit small streamSprayt /spre1t/

spumante sparkling white winespoo-man-tay /spu:'mante1/

spume froth or foamspyoom /spju:m;'

Spurious not being what it purportsto bespyoor-i-uhss /'spjoorias/

Sputnik Soviet satellitespuut-nik /'spotn1k/

Spyri, J0l‘l3.nn3. Swiss authoryoh-han-uh shpeer-i /jau,hana '_[p1eri/

squall sudden violent gust ofwindskwawl /skwo:l/

Sql1fl.l0l‘ dirtinessskwol-uhr /‘skwn1e(r)/

squamous covered with scalesskway-muhss /'skwe1mes/

Squeegee scraping implementskwee-jee /’skwi:d3i:/

squirearchy landowners collectivelyskwy-uhr-ar-kl /'skw1na_ro:(r)ki/

squireen minor landownerskwy-uh-reen /_skwA1a‘ri:n/'

Srebrenica town, Bosnia-Herzegovinasreb-ren-it-suh /'srebre_n1tsa/

Sri see Shri

Sri Lanka I statin

Sri Lanka countrySri lank-uh /sri 'lanka/

Srinagar city, IndiaSrin—ug—ul'ir /SI‘I'1'lAQ8(I‘)/

St see SaintStabat Mater medieval Latin hymn

stah-bat mah-tuhr /,sto:bat 'mu:te(r)/stabile free-standing abstract sculpture

or structurestay-byl /'ste1b.u1/

staccato musical termstuh-kah-toh /sta'ku:tao/

staifage accessory items in a paintingstuh—fahzh /sto'fu:3/

Stafford town, Englandstaf-u hrd /'stafa(r)d/

staithe landing stagestayth /steto/

Stakhanovite productive worker in theformer USSRstuh-khahn-uh~vyt /ste'xc1:nevA1t/

stalactite structure hanging from theroof of a cavestal-uhk-tyt /'stalaktAIt/

Stalag German prison campshtal-ag /'j'talag/

stalagmite structure rising from thefloor of a cavestal-uhg-myt /'S‘lI&l3QI1‘1AIt/

Stalin, Joseph Soviet statesmanjoh-zuhf stah-lin /,d3oozaf 'sto:l1n/,Russian [_jos*1f 'stali1n]v Established anglicization.

Stallone, Sylvester American actorstuh-lohn /sta'1eon,l

stalwart loyal and hard-workingstawl-wuhrt /'sta:1wa(r)t/Less commonly also stal-wuhrt.

Stalybridge town, Englandstay-Ii-brij /'ste11ibr1d3/

Stambolic, Ivan Serbian statesmanee-van stam-buh-litch /_i:van'stamba1itj'/

starnen male organ of a flowerstay—muhn /'sterman/

stanchion upright bar or framestan-shuhn /'stan_l‘en/

Stanford, Charles Villiers Irish-borncomposervil-uhrz stan-fuhrd /,v1larz'stanfa(r)d/

368

Stanhope, Hester English travellerStan-u hp /'stanap/

Stanier, William English railwayengineerStan-i—uhr /'stanie(r)/

Stanislaus, St patron saint of Polandstan-iss-lowss /'stan1s1aus/Established anglicization. nameis Stanislaw, pronounced stan-eess-waf.

Stanislavsky, Konstantin Russiantheatre directorkon-stuhn-teen stan-iss—laf—ski,lkDnstanti:n ,stanIs'lafski/

Stansted airport, Englandstan-sted /'stansted/

stanza group of lines in a poemStan-zuh /'stanza/

stapes bone in the middle earStay—peez /'ste1pi:z/

staphylococcus pl. staphylococcibacteriumstat-il-oh-kok-uhss,pl. staf—il-oh-kok-y /,staf1lao'knkas/, pl./-'l(Dl{Al/Plural is sonietilmeslalso -liolt-sy; seepanel.

Stara Zagora city, Bulgariastar-uh zuh—gorr-uh /_stu:ra za'gnra/

starboard one side of a shipstar-buhrd /'stt1:(r)ba(r)d/Sometimes also star-bord.

Starck, Philippe French interiordesignerfee-leep stark /fi:,li:p 'stu:(r)k/

stargazy pie Cornish fish piestar-gay-zi /'sto:(r)ge1zi/

starveling undernourished personStarV—ling /'sto:(r)vl1n/

Stasi internal security force of the formerGerman Democratic Republicshtah-zi /'_[tu:zi/

stasis period of inactivitystay-sis f'SteISIS/

statant heraldic termstay-tuhnt /'ste1tant/

Staten Island borough of New York Citystat-uhn /'statan/

statice sea lavenderstat-iss-i /'stat1si/

statin cholesterol-lowering drugstat-in /'stat1n/

369

status quo existing state of affairsstay-tuhss kwoh /_steitas 'kwau/

statutory required or permitted bystatutestatch-00-tuh-ri /'stat_[otari/

Stauffenberg, Claus von Germanaristocrat; attempted to assassinateHitlerklowss fon shtow-fuhn-bairk /_k1aosfon '_['taofanbz::(r)k/

Stavanger port, Norwaystuh-vang-uhr /sta'vana(r)/

Stavropol territory, Russiastav-ruh-puhl /‘stavrapal/

steak au poivre peppered steakoh pwahv-ruh /an 'pwu:vra/

steatopygia accumulation offat on thebuttocksstee-uh-toh-pij-i-uh /_sti:atao'p1d3ia/

Steaua Bucharest Romanian footballclubstyah-wuh boo-kuh-rest /,stj<1:wabu:ka'rest/

Stedelijk museum in Amsterdamstay-duh-lik /‘ste1dalIk/

Steen, Jan Dutch painteryun stayn /,j/in ‘stein!

stegosaurus dinosaurSteg-uh-sawr-uhss /_sti';ga'so:ras/

SteilfGerman toy manufacturersshtyf /ItA1f/

Stein, Gertrude American writerstyn /StAlIl/

Stein earthenware beer mugstyn [stun]

Steinbeck, John American noveliststyn-bek /'stA1nbek/

steinbock ibexstyn—b0k fstmnbnkl

Steinem, Gloria American feministSty-nuhm /‘stA1nam/

Steiner, Rud0lfAustrian philosopherroo-dolf shty-nuhr /,ru:do1f '_[tA1ne(r)/

stela pl. stelae upright stone slabstee-luh, pl.stee-lee/'sti:la/,p1. /-1i:/

stele stem and root of a plantsteel /sti:1/

Stella Maris ‘star of the sea’ (Latin)§tel—uh marr—i$s /_stsle ‘mans!

Stellenbosch town, South Africastel-uhn—b0ss fstslanbnsl

status quo | Stevenson, Adlai

Stena English ferry companysten-uh /'stana/

Stendhal French noveliststa(ng)-dal /sté'dal,'

Stenhammar, Wilhelm Swedishcomposervil-helm stayn-ham-uhr /,vilhslm'ste1nhama(r)/

stenography writing in shorthandsten—0g-ruh—fi /sts'nogr9fi/

stentorian loud and powerfulsten-taw-ri—uhn /stsn‘to:rian/

stephanotis climbing plantstef-uh-noh-tiss /,stsfa'naotis/

steppe area offlat land in Europe orSiberiastep jstepl

Steppenwolfnovel by Herman Hesseshtep-uhn-volt /'Itepanvn1f/

steradian SI unit of solid anglestuh-ray-di-uhn /ste're1dian/

stercoraceous consisting of clungstur-kuh-ray—shuhss /,sta:(r)ka're1j‘as/

stereophonic using two or morechannels oftransmissionsterr-i-oh-fon-ik /,stsriao'fnmk/

commonly steer-i-OT:-fon-ik; thesame variation is possible for most otherW0 rds with stereo-.

stereotype widely held butoversimplified imagesterr-i-oh-typ /'stsriau,tArp/

Sterne, Laurence Irish noveliststurn /sta:(r)n/

sternocleidomastoid neck musclestur-noh-kly-doh-mast-oyd/ISll8I([‘)l'l8U|l(lAI(l8U'II13SlI3Id/

steroid class oforganic compoundssterr-oyd /'star:nd/Less commonly also steer-oyd.

stertorous noisy and labouredster-tuh-ruhss /'sta:(r)taras/

stevedore dock employeestee-vuh-dor /'sti:vada:(r)/

Stevenage town, Englandstee-vuh-nij /'sti:vanid3/

Stevenson, Adlai American politicianad-ly /'adlA1/

Stevenson, Robert Louis | Stradivari, Antonio 370

Stevenson, Robert Louis ScottishwriterI00-iss /'lu:1S/0 This is the family's own pronunciation.

Steyn, Mark Canadian journaliststyn lstiunl

Stieglitz, Alfred Americanphotographersteeg-lits /'sti:glits/

stifado Greek meat dishstif-ah-doh /sti'fo:dao/

Stlfiltey village, NorfolkStif-ki /‘st1fki;'Rarely also styoo-ki, a local pronunciationwhich is becoming increasingly uncommon.

stigma pl stigmata mark ofdisgracestig-muh, pl. stig-muh-tuh /‘stigma/,@;l"“l§la" s____,__ s _s __Unusually for plurals formed in this way, thepronunciation stig-mah-tuh is alsocommon.

stimulus pl. stimuli thing that evokes areactionstim—yuul-uhss, pl. stim—yuul-ee/'st1mjolas/, pl. /-1i:/Plural also stim-yuul-y; see LATIN panel.

stingy meanstin-ji /'st1nd3i/

stipend regular sum paid as a salarysty-pend /'stiupsnd/

Stipendiary receiving a stipendsty-pen—juh-ri /stAi'psnd3ari/'

stochastic having a random probabilitydistributionstuh-kast-ik /ste'kast1k/

Stockhausen, Karlheinz Germancomposerkarl-hynts shtok-how-zuhn/,kci:(r)lhA1nts 'Itnk_haozan/

Stockholm capital of SwedenSt0|(—h0hm /'stpkhaumj, ['stokholm]v Established anglicization.

stoep verandastoop /stu:p/

stogy (also stogie) cigarSt0h—gi /'staogi/

stoicism endurance of pain withoutcomplaintstoh-iss-iz-uhm /'stauis1zam,'

St0l{0W5l(i, Leopold British—bom

American conductorstok-of-ski /stp‘kpfski,|'

stollen German loafshtol-uhn /'j'tplan/

stoma pl. stomata pore in a leafstoh-muh, pl. stoh-muh-tuh /'staoma/,pl. /-mata/Q Standard -s plural is also possible.

Stopes, Marie Scottish birth-controlcampaignermarr-i stohps /,mari 'staups/

Stoppard, Tom Czech-born Britishdramatiststop-ard /'stnpu:(r)d[

Stormont Castle castle in Belfaststor-muhnt /'sto:(r)mont/

Stornoway port, Scotlandstor-nuh-way /'sto:(r)nawe1/

Storting Norwegian parliamentStor-ting /'sto:(r)tin/, ['stu:rtn]]~ Established anglicization.

stoup basin for holy waterstoop ,'stu:p/

Stour various rivers, Englandstow-uhr, stoor, stoh-uhr /'staoo(r)/,/stoa(r)/, /'staoa(r)lPronounced differently in differentlocations, and with sonic variation evenwhen used in reference to the same river.The Stour in Suffolls/Essex is 5tOOf, the onein Kent is stoor or stow-uhr, and those inOxforclshire and Worcestershire/WestMidlands (as in Stourbridgc) are stow-uhror stoh-uhr.

stovies potato dishstoh-veez /'steovi:z/

Strabo Greek historian and geographerstray-boh ,/'streibao/

stracciatella Italian soupstratch-uh-tel-uh /,stratj‘a'ts1a/

Strachan Scottish family namestrawn, strakh-uhn /strozn/, /'straxen/This surname can be pronounced in eitherway, depending on individual preference.

Strachey, Lytton English biographerlit-uhn stray-chi /,litan 'stre1t_\'i/

Stradivari, Antonio ltalianviolin—mal<eran-toh-ni-oh strad-iv-ar-i /antaoniao_strad1‘vo:ri/

371

Violins made by him or his followers arecalled Stradivarius, usually pronouncedstrad-iv-air-i-u hss.

strafe attack repeatedly with low-flyingaircraftstrahf lstruzfl W" p__ 7Commonly also strayf.

Stralsund town, Germanyshtrahl-zuunt /'ftru:lzunt/

stramash uproar (Scottish)struh-mash /stra'maI/

strangury bladder conditionstrang-gyuu-ri /'strangjuri/

Stranraer port, Scotlandstran-rar /stran'ru:(r)/

strappado form of punishment ortorturestrap-ah-doh /stra'p<1:dao/

Strasberg, Lee American actor anddrama teacherstraz-burg /'strazba:(r)g/

Strasbourg city, Francestraz-burg /'strazba:(r)g/, [strazbuzr]v Established anglicization.

stratagem plan or schemestrat-uh-juhm /'stratad3am/

Strathclyde region, Scotlandstrath-klyd /stra9'klA1d/

strathspey slow Scottish dancestrath-spay /stra9'spe1/

stratosphere layer of the earth’satmospherestrat-uh-sfeer /'strata_sf1a(r)/

Stratum pi. strata layerstrah-tuhm, pl. strah-tuh /'stru:tam/,pl. /-ta/Less commonly also stray-tuhm.

stratus type of cloudstrah—tuhss /'stra:tes,'

Strauss, Richard German composerritch-uh rd strowss /_r1t_|'a(r)d 'straus/v Established anglicization.

stravaig roam (Scottish)-struh-vayg /stra've1g/

Stravinsky, Igor Russian-borncomposeree-gor struh-vin-ski /,i:ga:(r)stre'v1nski/

Streatfeild, Noel English authorstret-feeld /'strstfi:ld/

Streatham district of London

strafe | strudel

stret-uhm /'stretam/Strega trademark liqueurstray-guh /'stre1ga/

Streisand, Barbra American singerstry-sand /'str.»usand/

streptococcus pl. streptococcibacteriumstrep-toh-kok-uhss, pl.strep-toh-kok-y /,strsptau'knkes/, pl./-'kDkAI/Plural is sometimes also -kok-sy; see LATINpanel.

streptomycin antibiotic drugstrep-toh-my-sin ]_streptau'mms|n/

Streusel crumbly toppingstroy-zuhl f'stro1zal/

stria. pl. striae linear ridge or groove on asurfacestry-uh, pl. stry-ee /‘strata/, pl. /-Alli,’

strigil scraping instrumentStrij-il /'str1d31l/

Strindberg, August Swedish dramatistow—guust strind-bairg /_z-mgust'str1ndbe:(r)g/

Strine English language as spoken byAustraliansstryn /StI‘AIT1/

stringendo musical termstrin-jen-doh /str1n'd3sndau/

stringent strict and exactingstrin-juhnt /'str1nd3ant/

strobilus pl. strobili tree conestroh-bil-uhss pl. stroh-bil-y/'straub|las/, pl. /-1A1]

stroganoif stewstrog-uh-nof /‘strDgannf/

Stromboli volcanic island, Italystrom-buh-Ii /'strnm‘oa1i/

strongyloidiasis intestinal infestationwith threadwormsstron-jil-oy-dy-uh-siss/,strnnd31lo1'dA1as1s/

strontium chemical elementstron-ti-u hm /'strnntiam/

strophe section of an ancient Greekchoral odestroh-fi /'straofi/

Stroud town, Englandstrowd /'straud/

strudel pastry dessertshtroo-duhl /‘_[tru:dal/

Struve, Otto I succedaneum

Struve, Otto Russian—born AmericanastronomerStr00—\/uh /'stru:va/

Struwwelpeter fictional character inGerman fairytalestroo-vuhl-pay-tuhr/'stru:val,peIta(r)/

strychnine poisonstrik~neen /'strIkni:n/

stucco fine plaster5tUk—0h ,1 'stAkao/

Stuckism contemporary art movementstuk-iz-uhm /‘stnk1zam/

studdingsai] additional sailstun-suhl /'st1insa1/

Stuka German military aircraftshto0k—uh /'Itu:ka/

stupa dome—shaped building erected as aBuddhist shrine5t00—puh /'stu:pa;‘

Sturmer variety of applestur—muhr /'sta:(r)ma(r)/

Sturm und Drang artistic movementshtoorm uunt drang /,j'toe(r)m unt‘drag!

Stuttgart city, Germanyshtuut-gart /'_[totgo:(r)t/

Stuyvesant, Peter Dutch—bornAmerican statesman$ty—vuh-suhnt /'st1uvasant/

Stygian relating to the River Styxstij-i-uhn /'stid3ian/

stymie prevent progressSty—mi /'SiAlIIll/

styptic capable of causing bleeding tostopSlip-tlk /'st1ptIk/

Styria state, Austriastirr-i-uh /'stIriafEstablished anglicization. The Germanname is Steiermark, pronouncedshty-uhr~mark.

Styx Greek mythological riverStiks /strks/

suave charming and elegantswahv /swu:v,'

subaltern officer in the British armysub-uhl-tuhrn /'snbalte(r)n[

Subaru Japanese car manufacturersS00-bar—oo /'su:bn:ru:/

Sllbbuteo trademark tabletop soccer

372

su b-y00-ti-0h /s1\'bju:tiao/sub judice under judicial consideration

sub j00-di55-i /snb 'd3u:d1si,'Less commonly also suub yoo-dik-ay; secLATIN panel.

subjugate bring under controlsub-juug-ayt /'snbd3oge1t/

suborn bribesuh-born /sa'bo:(r)n/

Subotica city, Serbiasoo-buh-tit-suh /'su:bat1tsa/

subpoena writ ordering a person toattend a court$uh—pee—nuh /sa'pi:na/

sub rosa happening in secretsub r0h—Zuh /,sAb ‘raozal

subsequence state of followingsomethingsub-sik-wuhnss Fsnbsikwansf

subsequence sequence contained inanother sequenceSub—seek-wuhnss /‘sAb,si:kwans/

subsidence gradual caving in of an areaof land ‘suhb-sy—duhnss /sab'sA1dans/Less commonly also $ub~sid-uhnss.

subsidiarity political principlesuhb-sid-i-arr-it-i /sab,s1di'ar1ti/

substantive having a firm basis in realitysub-stuhn—tiv /'SAbSt(-)lTlLIV/Sometimes also suhb-stan-tiv.

subsume absorbsuhb-syoom /sab'sju:m,'

subterfilge deceitsub-tuhr-fyooj /'snbta(r)fju:d3/

subtle delicate or precisesut-uhl /'sAtal/

Sllblld mystical movementsuub-ood /so'bu:d/

succah (also sukkah) booth in which apractising Jew spends part of Succothsuuk-uh /‘stake/‘

succedaneum pl. succedanea substitute,especially for a medicinesuk—suh-day~ni-uhm,pl. suk-suh-day-ni-uh /_sAksa'demiam/,pl. /-nia/

373

succes de scandale success due tonotorietySuek-say duh skah(ng)-dal /syk,se| doSkE1'dal/

succinct briefly expressedSuhk-5inkt/sek's1nkt/

succotash maize and bean dishsuk-u h-tash /'s1ikataj/

Succoth (also Sukkot) Jewish festivalsuuk-oht /so'kaot/This is the Hebrewprhniinciation; suk-uhtand suuk-uhss arc also possible.

succour assistance and supportsuk-uhr /'sAka(r)/

succubus pl. succubi female demonsuk-yuub-uhss, pl. suk-yuub-y/‘snkjobas/, pl. /-bAl]'

Suchard Swiss confectionerymanufacturerssoo-shard /'su:j"u:(r)d/

Suchet, David English actor500-shay /'su:_|'ei/

Sucre legal capital of BoliviaSO0|(—ray /'su:kre1/

sucre currency unit, Ecuador500k-ray /'su:kret/

sucrose chemical compoundsoo—krohz /'su:krauz/Less commonly also syoo-krohss.

Sudan countrysoo-dan /su:'dan/Gomnionly also soo;a;r;a; both Ifpronunciations are widely used.

Siiddeutsche Zeitung Germannewspaperzuet—doy—chuh tsy-tuung /,zy:tdo1t_]‘e'tsmton/

Sudetenland region, Czech Republiczoo~day-tuhn-land /zu:'de1ten_land/

Sudjic, Deyan English architecturecriticday-an so0—jitch /,de1an 'su:d31tI/

sudoku Japanese number puzzlesoo-doh-koo /su:'dauku:/The puzzle has only recently becomepopular in the UK, and various anglicizedpronunciations are in usc. Less commonlyalso soo-dok-oo or soo-dok-oo. This lastpronunciation was the one preferred bynative speakers ofJapanese whom weconsulted.

succes de scandale | Sulawesi

Sudra Hindu castesood-ruh /'su:dra/

suerte action performed by a bullfighterswair-tay /'swe:(r)te1/

Suetonius Roman biographersoo-uh-toh-ni-uhss /'sua'taunias/

Suez isthmus between the Mediterraneanand the Red Seas00—iZ /'su:iz/

suflice be enoughsuh-fyss /sa'f.us/

Sllflblk county, Englandsuf—uhk /'SAf3l{/

suffragan assistant bishopsuf-ruh-guhn flsafraganl

suffrage right to votesuf-rij /'s.\frId3/

Sufi Muslim ascetic and mysticS00-fi /'su:fi,'

Suharto, Mohamed Indonesianstatesmanmoh-ham-uhd soo-har-toh/mao,hamad su:'ha:(r)tao/

Sui Chinese dynastysway /sweif

sui generis uniques00—i jen-uh-riss /,su:i'd3ener1s/

Suisse see Switzerlandsuk (also sukh) see soukSukarno, Achmad Indonesian

statesmanakh-mad suuk-ar-noh /_axmadso'ko:(r)nao/

Sukarnoputri, Megawati Indonesianstateswomanmeg-uh-wah-ti suuk-ar-noh-poot-ri/msgawmti su,ku:(r)nao'pu:tri/

Sukhoi Russian military aircraflsuukh-oy /so'xo1/

Sukhotai (also Sukhothai) town,Thailandsuuk-uh-ty /_soka't1u,'

sukiyaki Japanese meat dishsuuk-i-yak-i /_suk1'jaki/~ See JAPANESE panel.

sukkah see succahSukkot see SuccothSukkur city, Pakistansuk-uhr /'SAl{8(I')/

Sulawesi island, Indonesiasoo-|uh—way-si /,su:1a'we1si/

Sulaymaniyah, al- | surcingle

Sulaymaniyah, al- (alsoas-Sulaimaniya) town, Iraquh-soo-lay-mah-nee-yuh/a,su:leim:1:'ni:ja/0 See ARABIC panel.

sulcus pl. sulci groove or furrowsul-kuhss, pl. sul-sy /'SAlk9S/, pl. /-SAI/' See LATIN panel.

Suleiman (also Sulayman) name ofseveral Muslim rulers, after an IslamicprophetS00-lay-mahn /,su:lei'mci:n/

Sulla Roman generalsul-uh /‘s1ila/

Sullom Voe inlet on Shetland, Scotlandsuul-uhm voh /,solam 'vao/

sulphuric containing sulphur orsulphuric acidsulf-yoor-ik /sA1'fjoerlk/

Sulpician secular Roman Catholic priestsul-pish-uhn /sAl'p1_[an,/

Sulu Sea sea, Malay Archipelagosoo-loo /'su:lu:/

sumac (also sumach) shrub500-mak /'su:mak/

Sumatra island, Indonesiasoo-mah-truh /su:'ma:tra,'

Sumbawa island, Indonesiasuum-bah-wuh /som'b<1:waj

Sumer ancient region, Iraqsoo-muhr /'su:ma(r)/

Sumerian relating to Sumersuum-eer-i-uhn /so'm1arian/

Sumer is icumen in early piece ofEnglish musicsum-uhr iz uh-kum-in in /,s1ima(r)1z8'l(A1'l’1II1 ,m/

summa cum laude ‘with highestdistinction’ (Latin)suum-uh kuum low-day /some kum'laode1/Used largely with reference to universitydegrees. More anglicized pronunciationssuch as sum-uh kum law-di are also heard;see LATIN panel.

summat ‘something’ (dialect)sum-u ht /'sAmat/

sumo Japanese heavyweight wrestlingS00-moh /‘su:mau/

Sumqayit city, Azerbaijansuum-kah-yeet _/,sumku:‘ji:t/

374-

Sumy city, Ukrainesoo-mi /'su:mi/

Sunda Islands islands, MalayArchipelagosuun-duh /'sonde/

Sundarbans region, India andBangladeshsuun-duhr-bunz /'SUI'1Cl9(I‘)l)Al'lZ/

Sunna Muslim law based onMuhammad’s words or actssuun-uh /'sone/

Sunni orthodox branch of Islamsuun-i /'suni/

sunyata Buddhist doctrineshoon-yuh-tah /‘Iu:njata:/

Sun Yat-sen Chinese statesmansuun yat sen /,son jat 'sen/

Suomi see FinlandSuor Angelica opera by Pucciniswor an-jel~ik-uh /,sw:):(r) an'd3slika/

superciliary relating to the eyebrowsoo-puhr~sil-i-uh-ri /,su:pa(r)'s1liari/‘

other super- are lesscommonly also pronounced syoo—puhr.

superfluity unnecessarily large amount500-puhr-floo-it-i /,su:pa(r)'flu:1ti/

superlative of the highest qualitysoo-pur-luh-tiv /su:'pa:(r)lat1v/

supernal relating to the sky or theheavenssoo-pur-nuhl /su:'pa:(r)nal/

supersede take the place of$00-puhr-Seed /_su:pa(r)'si:d/

suppurate form pus$up—yuh—rayt /'s1ipjore1t/

supraventricular tachycardiairregular heartbeatsoop-ruh-vent~rik-yuul-uhrtak-i-kar-di-uh /su:pravsn,tr1kjole(r)taki'ka:(r)dia/

supremacy superioritysoop-rem-uh-si /su:'prsn1asi/

sura (also sur-ah) chapter of the KoranSO0r—uh /‘soars,’

Surabaya port, Indonesiasoor-uh-by-uh /,SU8I‘8'l)Al3j'

Surat city, Indiasoor-uht /'soarat/

surcingle strap for a horsesur-sing-guhl ,"sa:(r)s113gal/

375

Sfireté French police departmentsuer-tay /syr'te1/

surety person who takes responsibilityfor anothershoor-uh-ti /'_ioarati/

surfactant chemical substancesuhr-fak-tuhnt /sa(r)'faktant/

surimi minced fishsoo-ree-mi /su:'ri:mi,!

Suriname (also Surinam) countrysoor-in-am /,soar1'nam/, Dutch[syri'na:ma]v Established anglicization.

surmise suppose that something is truesuhr—myz /S3(I')'lTlAIZ/

surplice white vestmentsur-pliss /'sa:(r)pl1s/

surrogate substitutesurr-uh-guht /'SAI‘9Q3l./

Surtees, Robert Smith Englishjournalist and novelistsur-teez /'se:(r)ti:z/

Surtsey island, Icelandsurt—si )"sa:(r)tsi/

surveillance close observationsuhr-vay-luhnss /sa(r)'ve11ans/

Surya Hindu gods0or—yuh /'soa(r)ja/

sushi Japanese rice dish500—shi /'su:_[i,/

Susquehanna river, USsusk-wuh-han-uh /,sAskwa'hana/

Sustrans environmental charitysuss-tranz /'sAstranz/

Siissmayr, Franz Xaver AustrianCUIHPOSCF

frants ksah-vuhr zuess-my-uhr/frants ,ksu:va(r) 'ZYSlTlAI8(I‘)/

SUSU West African ethnic groupsoo-soo /'su:su:/

susurration whispering or rustlingS00-Suh-ray-Shuhn /,su:sa'reIIan/

Sutherland, Joan Australian operaticsopranosuth-uhr-luhnd /'s:\oe(r)1and/

Sutlej river, India and Pakistansut-lej /'sAt1sd5,/

sutra rule or aphorism in Sanskritliterature$00t-ruh f'su:tra/

suture stitch holding together a wound

Sfireté | swami

s00—chuhr /'su:t_[a(r),lSuva capital of Fiji

500-vuh /'su:va/Suwannee (also Swanee) river, US

suu-won-i /5o'wonilsuzerain sovereign having some control

over another statesoo-zuh-rayn /'su:zerem/

Suzhou city, Chinasoo-joh /,su:'d3eo/

Suzman, Helen South Africanpoliticiansuuz-muhn /‘suzman/

Suzuki Japanese motorcyclemanufacturerssuuz-00-ki /su'zu:ki/

Svalbard islands, Arctic Oceansvahl-bar /'svo:lbu:(r)/

Svedberg unit of time equal to 10-13secondssved-burg /'sv£dba:(r)g/

Svengali person who exercises acontrolling influence on anothersven—gah—li /sven'gu:1i/

Svenska Dagbladet Swedishnewspapersven-skuh dahg-blah-duht Lsvsnska'do:gblo:dat/

Sverige see SwedenSvetambara sect of Jainism

swet-ahm-buh-ruh lswetazmbarelSvizzera see SwitzerlandSVOb0dfl., Lutvik Czechoslovakian

statesmanluud-veek svob-od-uh /,lodvi:k'svnbode/

Swabia former duchy, Germanysway-bi-uh /'swelbia/Established anglicization. The Germanname is Schwaben, pronouncedshvah-buhn.

swadeshi made in Indiaswad-esh-i ,Iswa'deIi/

Swaifham town, Englandswof-uhm /'swofam/

Swahili languageswuh-hee-Ii /swa'hi:Ii,'

swami Hindu male religious teacherswah-mi /'swo:mi/

Swammerdam, Jan 1 Symons, Julian 376

Swammerdam, Jan Dutch naturalistand microscopistyun swum-uhr-dum /_jAI1SWAl'I13(I')'dAITl/

Swanee see SuwanneeSWAPO South West Africa People’s

Organizationswah-poh /'swu:pao/

sward expanse of short grasssword /sw:>:(r)d/

Swarofski cut—crystal manufacturersSwuh—r0f-ski /swa'rofski/

swathe wrap in layers of fabricswayth Jsweiof

SWAT team group ofpolice marksmenswot /swnt/

Swaziland country, Africaswah-zi-land /'sw0.:ziland/

Sweden countrysweed-u hn flswizdanlEstablished anglicization. The Swedishname is Sverige, pronounced svair-yuh['svsrja]. gm W g g

Swedenborg, Emanuel Swedishscientist and mysticsweed-u h n-borg /'swi:danbo:(r)g/,[e'mc1:naal 'sve:danborj]' Established anglicization.

Sweelinck, Jan Pieterzoon Dutchcomposeryun pee-tuhr-sohn sway-link /_jAn,pi:ta(r)s<-Jun 'swe1l113k/

swingeing severe or extremeswin-jing /'sw1nd3I1]j

swingometer device used todemonstrate a political swingswing-om-uh-tuhr /swm'nmata(r)/

SWlSS Re building London landmark,better known as the Gherkinswiss ree /,sw1s 'ri:/

Switzerland countryswit-suhr-luhnd /'swIts-:-i(r)land/Established anglicization. The French nameis Suisse, pronounced sweess, the Germanname is Schweiz, pronounced shvyts, andthe Italian name is Svizzera, pronouncedzvit-serr-uh.

Syal, MEBP8, English comedianmeer-uh sy-uhl /,m1ara 'SAI8l/

sybaritic fond of sensuous pleasureSib-uh-rit-ik /_s1ba'r1t1k,-'

sycophant person who acts obsequiouslyin order to gain advantagesik-uh-fant /'s1kafant/

Sycorax Shakespearean witchsik-uh-raks /'s1karaks,'

Sydenham, Thomas English physiciansid-uh-nuhm f'SIl'l6l‘19l’l’l/

Sydow, Max von Swedish actorfon sue-dov /fon 'sy:dov/

Syktyvkar city, Russiasik—tif-kar /,sikt1f'kn:(r)/

Sylhet region, Bangladeshsil-het /s11'hst/

syllabary set ofwritten charactersrepresenting syllablessil-uh-buh-ri /‘s1laberi/

syllabification division ofwords intosyllablessil-ab-if-ik-ay-shuhn [s1_lab1fI'ke1j'an/

syllable unit of pronunciation having onevowel soundSil-uh-buhl /'sIlaba1/

syllabub whipped cream dessertsil-uh—bub /'s11ab1\b/

syllabus pl. syllabi subjects in acourse of studysil-uh-buhss, pl. sil-uh-by /'s1labas/, pl./-l)AI/~ Standard ~es plural is also possible.

Syllepsis pl. syllepses figure of speechsil-ep-siss, pl. sil-ep-seez /srlspsrs/, pl./-sizz,’

syllogisrn form of reasoningsil-uh-jiz-uhm /'s1le_d31zam/

sylph mythological spiritsilf /s1lf/

Sylvaner variety ofwine grapeSi I-vah-nuhr /sIl'vu:na(r)/

symbiosis pl. symbioses interactionbetween two different organismssim-by-oh-siss, pl. sim-by-oh-seez/,s1mbA1'eos1s/, pl. /-si:z/

Symonds Yat village, Englandsim—uhnz yat /,sImanz ‘jatl

Symons, Arthur English poetsim—uhnz /'s1manz/

Symons, Julian English writersy-muhnz /'SAII'[19I1Z/'

377 Swedish

Swedishl__%_. . _ -_... __

Swedish (sve'rt.s~k*a in Swedish, pronounced sven-skuh) is a NorthGermanic language. It is spoken by about 8 million people in Sweden,and as mother tongue by about 300,000 people in Finland. This makes ,Swedish the most widely spoken of the Scandinavian languages.Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian are closely related, although Danishpronunciation differs in many aspects, and a Swede will find it mucheasier to understand Norwegian than (spoken) Danish. Many of thepoints discussed below will be true for Norwegian as well.

This is not intended to be a full account of Swedish phonology, andthe pronunciations given here are, as always, somewhat anglicized in

, line with BBC policy and the constraints of the phonetic respelling.

Tone ‘One distinguishing feature of Swedish, famously caricatured by theSwedish chef in The Muppet Show, is the ‘sing-song’ quality. Swedish isa tone language, and there are around 300 word pairs that differ onlyin the use of tonal accent. Swedish has two tones, sometimes referredto as acute and grave accent. Acute accent, or single tone, makes theword anden mean the duck. Grave accent, or double tone, makes thesame word mean the spirit. This is not a feature we can retain inanglicized Swedish. For more on tone please refer to the Tone panel.

StressStress (whether it is acute or grave accent) often falls on the firstsyllable of a word, but this is variable and it is advisable to check eachindividual case by consulting a Swedish dictionary.

VowelsThere are nine vowels, which can all be long or short. Vowels areusually long before a single consonant and short before a doubleconsonant. Rata. is rah-tuh and mtta is rat-uh.A is pronounced ah when long and a when short.E is pronounced close to ay (although not diphthongal in Swedish)

when long and e when short. Unstressed E is commonly schwa (uh).I is pronounced ee when long and i when short.O is pronounced 00 when long and either uu or o when short. Mar is

moor, master is muust-uhr, but monster is m0n—stuhr.U is pronounced close to oo when long and uu when short.

Swedish 378

Y is pronotmced ue (as in French vu) when short and ue (as in Germanwhenshort).

A is pronounced close to oh (but not diphthongal in Swedish) whenlong, and 0 when short. We often also use aw to reflect long A.

A is pronounced air, without the -r, when long and e when short. VVhenno R is present in the orthography we have to respell long A as ay orah

6 is pronounced oe (as in French peu) when long and oe (as in Frenchcoeur) when short.

A and are written AF. and Q respectively in Norwegian and Danish.

ConsonantsMost Swedish consonants are straightforward, although certainconsonant combinations, such as TJ and SJ, can be difficult for Englishspeakers, and often get inconsistently anglicized in different ways.

Double consonants, like the BB in Abba, are, as in Italian, pro-nounced as such, but since this does not occur in English, it is notsomething we can reflect when giving recommendations for Swedish. *B, D, F, H, L, M, N, P, T, and V are pronounced as in English, but see

D, T, and L in combination with other letters below.C is usually pronounced k before A, O, U, and A, and s before E, I, Y, A,

and O.CH is usually pronounced close to sh, but CHR is kr.DJ, GJ, and LJ are pronounced y (as in yes). Fredrik ‘Freddie’Lju.ng-

berg is yuung-bairg, not lung-bairg!G is pronounced g before A, O, U, and A, and usually y before E, I, Y, A,

and O. The G in Borg and Berg is always y, although in this positionwe usually anglicize to g—-as in IJ'ungberg above.

J is pronounced y.K is pronounced before A, O, U, and A, and usually close to sh before 1

E, I, Y, A, and O.KJ is pronounced close to sh.S is always pronounced s.R plus another consonant makes that consonant retroflex (i.e.pronounced with the tongue curled back, sounds which are common in

Hindi and other Indian languages). The R itself is silent.SJ is pronounced as sh and kh (as in Scottish loch) simultaneously.

There is some variation in the Swedish pronunciation, and it is usu-ally anglicized to sh.

SK__is pronounced in the same way as SJ, but only before E, I, Y, A, andO. Otherwise it is pronounced sk.

TJ is pronounced close to sh.W only exists in old-fashioned spellings, and is pronounced v.Z exists mostly in loanwords and is pronounced s. Z00 is soo.

379 symposium | Szymanowski, Karol

symposium pl. symposia conference ormeeting to discuss a particular subjectsim-poh-zi-uhm, pl. sim-poh-2i-uh/s1m'pooziam/, pl. /-zio,l' Standard -s plural is also possible.

synagogue building where a Jewishcongregation meetssin-uh-gog /'smagog/

synapse junction between two nerve cellssy-naps ,l'sninaps/Commonly also sin-aps.

synchronicity simultaneous occurrenceof eventssink-ruh-niss-it-i ,/,s11]kra'n1s1ti/

syncopate displacing musical beatssink-uh-payt /'sn]kape1t/

syncope fainting spellsink-uh-pi /'s11]kepi/

syncretism amalgamation ofdifferentreligions or culturessink-ruh-tiz-uhm /'sn]krat1zam/

syndactyly webbed lingers or toessin-dak—til~i /s1n'dakt11i/

syne agosyn lsrnnf

synecdoche figure of speechsin-ek-duh-ki /s1'nekdaki/

Synge, J. M. Irish dramatistSing /snj|/

synod church assemblysin-uhd /'s1nad/’

synonymous having the same meaningsin-on-im—uhss /sr'nnn1mas/

synopsis pl. synopses brief summarysin-op-siss, pl. sin-op-seez /srnopsts/,pl. /-si:z/

synovial physiological joint surroundedby fluidsy-noh-vi-uhl /sn1'neovia1/

syntagmatic grammaticalsin-tag-mat-ik /,s1ntag'mat1l</

syntax grammarsin-taks /'s1ntaks/

synthesis pl. syntheses combination ofelements to form a wholesin-thuh-siss, pl. sin-thuh-seez/'sm6rs1s/, pl. /~si:z/

Syracuse town, Sicilysy-ruh-kyooz /'S1\lr3k_ll.liZ/

Established anglicization. Italian name isSiracusa, pronunced see-rak-oo-zuh.

Syracuse city, USSirr-uh-kyooz /'s1rakju:z/

Syrah black wine grapeseer-uh /'sIara/

Syria countrysirr-i-uh /'SIl‘l8/

syringe tube for sucking in and ejectingliquidsirr—inj ,~'si'r1nd3/

syrinx pan pipessirr-in ks ,l‘sn"11]ks/

syrtaki Greek folk danceseer-tak-i /s1a(r)‘taki/

systemic relating to a systemSlit-e"1-iE_l§1'§*§m1k/._Less commonly also sist-ee-mik.

systole phase of the heartbeatSist-uh—|i /‘sIsta1i/

syzygy conjunction or oppositionSiZ—uh—ji /'sIzad3i/

Szczecin city, Polandshchetch-een /'It_[stIi:n/

Szechuan type of Chinese cuisinesetch-wahn /sa't_[wu:n/Established anglicization. This is also analternative transliteration of the Chineseprovince SICHUAN.

Szeged city, Hungaryseg-ed /'segadf

Szigeti, Joseph Hungarian-Americanviolinistsig-et-i /s1'gz-:ti/Established anglicization. The Hungarianpronunciation for this surname is sig-et-i.

Szilard, Leo Hungarian-Americanphysicistzil-a rd /'zilo:(r)d/

Szirtes, George Hungarian-British poetsur-teez /'sa:(1")ti:z/

Szpilman, Wladyslaw Polish pianistvwad-iss-waf shpeel-man /vwa_d1swaf'_l‘pi:lman/

Szymanowski, Karol Polish composerkarr-0| shim-an-of-ski /_karo1_l‘1ma'nnfski/

380

tabard sleeveless garmenttab-ard /'tabu:(r)d/

Tabasco state, Mexicotuh-bask-oh /ta‘baskau/

tabbouleh Middle Eastern saladtuh-boo-lay /ta'bu:le1/

tabernacle dwellingtab-uhr-nak-uhl /'taba(r)_nake1/

tabes emaciationtay-beez /'te1bi:z/

tabi Japanese socktah~bi /'tu:bi/

tabla drumtub-luh /"lAl)19/

tablature musical notationtab-Iuh-chuh(r) /'tabletIa(r)/

tableau vivant group of people arrangedto represent a scenetab-loh vee-vo(ng) /,tablau 'vi:vf>/

table d’h6te fixed price restaurant mealtah-bluh doht /|tc1:b1a 'daut/

tabor drumtay-buhr ['te1ba(r)/

Tabriz city, Irantab-reez /ta'bri:z/

tabula rasa pl. tabulae rasae blank slatetab-yuul-uh rah-zuh, pl. tab-yoo-leerah-Zee /itabjula ‘raxza/, pl. /,tabju1i:'ru:zi:/

tacamahac poplar treetak-uh-muh-hak /'takame,hak/

tacet musical termtass-uht /'tasat/

tachi samurai swordtatch-i /'tatj‘i/

tachism French art movementtash-iz-uhm /'taf1zam/

tachometer speedometertak-om-uh-tuhr /ta'komata(r)/

tachycardia abnormally rapid heart ratetak-i-kar-di-uh /,taki'k<1:(r)dia/

tachyon hypothetical particletak-i~0n /'takinn/

tacit understood without being stated

tass-it /'tas1t/taciturn uncommunicative

tass-it-urn /'tas1ta:(r)n/Tacitus Roman historian

tass-it-uhss ,I‘tasItas/taco Mexican dish

tak-oh /'takoo,ITadhg Irish boy’s nametyg /tAlQ/

Tadmur city, Syria; also called Palmyratad—m00r /'tadmua(r)/

tae-bo trademark exercise systemty-boh /'tAIbau/

taedium vitae state of ennuitee—di-uhm vee-ty /_ti:diam 'VlZtAI/v See LATIN panel.

Taegu see DaeguTaejon city, South Koreatej-on /'ted3nn/

tae kwon do Korean martial artty kwon doh /,tz\1kwnn'deu/

tael weight used in Chinatayl /teIl/

Tafl' river, Walestat /taf/, [tuv]Q Established anglicization.

taenia pl. taeniae flat physiologicalstructuretee-ni-uh, pl. tee-ni-ee /'ti:nia/, pl./-nii:/- Standard -s plural is also possible.

taffeta silk fabrictaf-uh-tuh /'tafata/

Tagalog Philippine language and peopletuh-gah-log /ta‘gu:log/

Taganrog port, Russiatag-uhn-rog /,tagen'rng/

tagetes daisy planttuh-jeet-eez /ta'd3i:ti:z/

tagine (also tajine) North African stewtuh—zheen /ta'3i:n/'Less commonly also tuh-jeen; sec ARABICpanel.

tagliatelle kind of pastatal-yuh-tel-ay /,talje‘tsle|/

381 Tagore, Rabindranath | Taliesin

Commonly also tag-li-uh-tel-i, a moreanglicized pronunciation.

Tagore, Rabindranath Indian writerruh-bin—drun-ut tuh-gor /rabindmnntta'go:(r)/

Tagus river, Spain and Portugaltay-guhss /'te1gas/ gEstablished anglicization. The Portuguesename is Tejo, pronounced tezh-00 [T8311],and the Spanish name is Tajo, pronouncedtakh-oh ['tax0].

tahini sesame seed pastetuh-hee-ni /ta'hi:ni/

Tahiti island, Smith Pacifictuh-hee-ti /ta'hi:ti/

Tahitian native ofTahitituh-hee-shuhn /ta'hi:Jan/

Tahoe lake, UStah-hoh /'tu:h0u/

Tai’an city, Chinaty-an /|tA['3l’l/

t’ai chi ch’uan Chinese system ofcallisthenicsty chee chwan /_t.ut1‘i: 'tj‘wan/

Taichung city, Taiwanty-juung /,t1\l'd3o13/

Ta‘if, al- city, Saudi Arabiauh-tah-if /a'to:1f/~ See ARABIC panel.

Taig insulting name for a Catholictayg /te1g,l

taiga swampy forestty-guh /'t1\1ga/

taiko Japanese drumty-koh /'t1ukeu/

Tailleferre, Germaine Frenchcomposer and pianistzhair-men ty-fair /3s:(r),men tn1'f£:(r)/

Taimyr peninsula, Russiaty-meer /t1\1'mia(r)/

Tain B6 Cuailnge Irish taletawn boh kool-nyuh /_to:n bau'ku:lnja/

taipan snakety-pan /‘tA1pan/

Taipei capital of Taiwanty-pay /,t.»\r'pe1,f

Taittinger brand of champagnetay-ta(ng)-zhay /te1t.§'3er/

Taiwan countryty-wahn /tA1'wo:n/

Conimonly also

Taiyuan city, Chinaty-yue-an /_t1\1jy'an/

Ta’iz city, Yementah-iz /to:‘iz/‘

Taizé Christian communitytez-ay /te'ze|l

Tajik Asian ethnic grouptaj-ik /'tad31k/'

Tajikistan independent republictuh-jik-ist-ahn /ta,d51k1'stu:n/

tajine see tagineTaj Mahal mausoleum, Indiatahj muh-hahl /,to:d3 ma'ho:l/

Tajo see Tagustaka currency unit, Bangladeshtah-kuh /'to:ka/

talcahe flightless birdtah-kuh-hi /'to:kahi/

takin animaltah-kin /'tu:k1n/

Taklimakan (also Takla Makan) desertChinatah-k|uh—muh—kahn /,to:klama‘ko n/

Takoradi port, Ghanatak-uh-rah—di /,taka‘ru:di/

tala currency unit, Samoatah-luh /'tu:la/

Talafar town, Iraqtal-ah-fuhr /ta'1u:fa(r),'

talapoin Buddhist monk or priesttal-uh-poyn /'talapo1n/

talaq Islamic divorcetal-ahk /ta‘lu:k/

talaria winged sandalstuh-lair-i-uh /ta‘le:rie/

Talbot, Fox English pioneer ofphotographytawl-buht /'to:lbat/

British sumameiis variouslypronounced tal—buht or tawl-buht,depending on individual preference.

taleggio soft Italian cheesetal-ej—oh /ta'led3aoj

tales writ for summoning jurorstay-leez /'te1li:z;'

Taliban (also Taleban) fundamentalistMuslim movementtal-ib—an /'talIban/

Taliesin Welsh bardtal-yay-sin /_tal'je1s|n/

talipes | tangi

talipes club foottal-ip-eez /'ta11pi:z/

talisman lucky objecttal-iz-muhn /'ta1rzmen/

tallage medieval taxation systemtal-uhj /'talacl3/

Tallaght town, Republic of Irelandtal—uh /'tala/

Tallahassee city, UStal-uh-hass-i /,tala'hasi/

Talleyrand French statesmantal-i-rand /‘taiirand/, [talerd]' Established anglicization.

Tallinn capital of Estoniatal-in /‘talm/

Tallis, Thomas English composertal-iss /'ta11s/

tallith Jewish prayer shawltal—ith /‘ta116/

Talmud body of Jewish lawtal-muud /'talmod/

talus pl. tali ankle bonetay-luhss, pl. tay-Iy /'terlas/, pl. /'terlA1/

talwar Indian swordtul-war /tAl'W(lZ(I‘)/

tamagotchi trademark electronic toytam-uh-gotch-i /,tame'gnt]"i/

tamale Mexican dishtuh-mah-lay /te'mu:le1/

tamanduzi anteatertam-and-wah /taman'dwu:/

Tamar river, Englandtay-mar /'te1ma:(r)/

tamari Japanese soy saucetuh-mar-i /ta'mu:ri/

tamarind ingredient in Indian cookerytam-uh-rind /'t8I‘I‘l8!'II1Cl/

tamarisk treetam—uh-risk ,/'tamar1sk/

Tamaulipas state, Mexicotam-ow-lee-pass /_tamau'1i:pas/

Tambo, Oliver South African politiciantam-boh /‘tambao/

tambotle African treetam-boo-ti /tam'bu:ti/

tambour small drumtam-boor /'tamboa(r)/

tamboura (also tambura) lute-likemusical instrumenttam-boor-uh /tam'boara/

tambourine percussion instrument

382

tam-buh-reen /,tamba'ri:n/‘Tambov city, Russia

tam-bof /tam'bnf/Tamburlaine play by Marlowe

tam—buhr-Iayn /'tambe(r)le1n/Tamerlane Mongol ruler of Samarkand

tam-uhr-Iayn /'tama(r)1em/Tamil Indian language and ethnic grouptam-il /'tam|lj0 Established anglicization.

Tamil Nadu state, Indiatum-il nah-doo /,tam1l 'na:du:/

Tammany organization within the USDemocratic Partytam-uh-ni /'tamani/

Tammuz Mesopotamian godtam-uuz /'tamuz/

tam-0’-shanter woollen captam-uh-shan-tuhr /,tama'Ianta(r)/

tamoxifen breast cancer drugtuh—mok-sif-en /ta'mnks1fen,I

Tampa port, UStam-puh /'tampa/

Tampere city, Finlandtam-perr-uh /‘tamper:-U

Tampico port, Mexicotam-pee-koh ,'tam'pi:kao/

Tamworth town, Englandtam-wuhrth /’tamwa(r)B/

Tana lake, Ethiopiatah-nuh /‘taznal

Tanagra ancient Greek citytan-uh-gruh /'tanagra/

Tanaiste deputy Prime Minister of theRepublic of Irelandtaw-nish-tyuh /'t:>:n1Itja/

Tancredi opera by Rossinitank-ray-di /tar]'kre1di/

tandoori style of Indian cookingtan-door-i /tan‘doari/

Tang Chinese dynastytang /tan]

Tanga port, Tanzaniatang-guh /'ta1]ga/

tangata whenua Maori peopletang-at-uh fen-00-uh /_tarJata ‘fennel

Tange, Kenzo Japanese architectken-zoh tang-gay /,kanzao 'tange1/

tangent straight lineta n-juhnt /‘tand3ant/

tangi Maori funeraltang-i /'ta13i/

383

Tangier seaport, Moroccotan-jeer /tan'd31a(r)/

Tangshan city, Chinatang-shan /tan'jan/

tanh hyperbolic tangenttan-aytch /tan'e1tI/Srinietiiiies the h is incorporated into thepronunciation in other ways, as tansh orthan.

taniwha Maori legendary monstertan-if-ah /'tan1fu:/

Tannhiiuser German poettan-hoy-zuhr /'tanh:nza(r)/

tanpura Indian musical instrumenttun-poo-ruh /lIAH'])l.1Il"8/

Tantallon castle, Scotlandtan-tal-uhn /tan'ta1an/

tantalum chemical elementtan-tuh-luhm /'tantalam,/

Tantalus Greek mythological charactertant-uh-luhss f'tanta1as/

tant mieux ‘so much the better’ (French)tah(ng) myoe /,tc‘1'mjo/

tant pis ‘so much the worse’ (French)tah(ng) pee /,tf1'pi:/

Tanzania countrytan-zuh—nee-uh /,tanza'ni:e/

Tao Chinese principletow /tao/

Taoiseach Prime Minister of the IrishRepublictee-shok /'ti:j‘pk/

Taoism Chinese philosophytow—iz-uhm /'taotzam/

Taormina town, Sicilytowr—mee—nuh /,taor'mi:na/

Tao-te-Ching Taoist texttow tuh thing /,tao ta ‘tIn]/

tapas small Spanish savoury dishestap—ass /'tapas/

tapenade olive pastetap-uh-nahd /‘tapeno:d/

Tapiola tone poem by Sibeliustap-i-ol-uh /'tapinlal

tapis tapestrytap-ee /ta'pi:/

tapotement massage techniquetuh-poht-muhnt /te'paotment/

taqueria taco restauranttak-uh-ree-uh /_taka'ri:a,r

Tara ancient residence of Irish kings

Tangier | Tarpeian Rock

tar-uh /‘t(1:ra/taramasalata fish roe pastetarr-uh-muh-suh-Iah-tuh,'_taramesa'lu:ta/

Taranaki mountain, New Zealandtarr-uh-nak-i /,tara'naki/

tarantella dancetarr-uhn-tel-uh /_taran'tsIa,'

Tarantino, Quentin American filmdirectortarr-uhn-tee-noh /,taran'ti:nao/

Taranto port, Italytarr-an-toh /ta'rantao,'

tarantula spidertuh-ran-chuul-uh /ta'rant_[ula/

Tarawa atoll, South Pacifictarr-uh-wuh /'tarawa/

tarboosh mans captar-boosh /tu:(r)‘bu:_f/

Tan-dis time machinetar-diss /'to:(r)d1s/

tare weight allowancetair /ta:(r)/

Tarim river, Chinatar-eem /_tu:'ri:m/

tariqa Sufi doctrinetarr-ee-kuh /ta'ri:ka/

Tarkovsky, Andrei Russian filmdirectorand-ray tar-kof-ski /an,dreitt1:(r)‘kofski/

tarlatan thin fabrictar-luh-tuhn ,f'tu:(r)latan/

Tarleton, Banastre English soldierban-uh-stuhr tar-luh-tuhn/,banasta(r) 'tu:(r)1atan/

Tarlev, Vasile Moldovan prime ministervuh-see-Ii tar-luhv /va_si:li 'ta:(r)lav/

tarmacadam tarmactar-muh-kad-uhm /,to:(r)ma'kadam/

Tarn-et-Garonne department, Francetam ay garr-on [_tc1:(r)n e1 ga'rnn/

Tarnéw city, Polandtar-noof /'tu:(r)nu:f/

tarot divination cardstarr-oh /'tarau/

tarpaulin waterproof clothtar-paw-lin /to:(r)'p:>:1m/

Tarpeian ROCl( cliff in ancient Rometar-pee-uhn /tc1:(r)'pi:an/

Tarquinius | taverna

Tarquinius semi-legendary Etruscankingtar-kwin-i-uhss /tu:(r)'kw1nias/

tarragon herbtarr-uh-guhn ,"taragan/

Tarragona region, Spaintarr-uh-goh-nuh /,tara'gaone/

tarsus pi. tarsi ankle bonestar-suhss, pl. tar-sy /'tu:(r)sas/, pl./-sA1/

Tartar central Asian ethnic grouptar-tuhr /'tu:(r)ta(r)/

tartar deposit on the teethtar-tuhr /'tu:(r)ta(r)/

tartare served rawta r-tar /tc1:(r)'tc1:(r)/

Tartarus Greek godtar-tuh-ruhss /'t<1:(r)taras/

Tartary historical region ofAsiatar-tuh-ri /'tu:(r)tari/

tarte Tatin upside-down apple tarttart tat—a(|1g) /,ta:(r)t ta'te/

tartrazine yellow dyetar-truh-zeen /'tu:(r)trazi:n/

Tartu city, Estoniatar-too /‘tc1:(r)tu:/

Tartuffe religious hypocriteta r-toof /tu:(r)‘tu:f/Established anglicization; this epithet is areference to a play by Moliére of the samename. The French pronunciation is ta r-tuef[tartyf].

tartufo edible fungusta r-too-foh /tc1:(r)'tu:fao/

taser trademark weapon causingtemporary paralysistay-zuhr /'te1ze(r)/

Tashkent capital of Uzbekistantash-kent /taj"kant/

Tasman, Abel Dutch navigatoray-buhl taz-muhn /,e1ba1'tazman/,[,a:bal 'tasman]~ Established anglicization.

Tasmania state, Australiataz-may-ni-uh /taz'memia/

Tasso, Torquato Italian poettor-kwah-toh tass-oh /to:(r),kwu:tao'tasau/

tastevin cup for tasting winetast-uh-va(ng) /'tastav:T;/

tatami straw mat

384-

tuh-tah-mi /ta'tu:mi/Tatarstan autonomous republic, Russiatah-tuhr-stahn /_tu:ta(r)‘stc|:n/

Tate, Nahum English librettistnay-huhm tayt /,neIhem 'te1t/

Tathagata honorific title of a Buddhatuh-tah-guh-tuh /ta'tu:gate/

tathata Buddhist concepttat-uh-tah /,tate'tu:/

Tati, Jacques French film directorzhahk tat-ee /,3u:k ta'ti:/

Tatra Mountains mountain range,Europetat—ruh /'tatra/

tatterdemalion dilapidatedtat-uhr-duh-may-Ii-uhn/,tata(r)da'me1lian/

tattersall woollen fabrictat-uhr-suhl /'tata(r)sal/

Tattersalls English firm ofhorseauctioneerstat-uhr-sawlz /'tata(r)s:):lzl

Tatum, Art American jazz pianisttay-tuhm /'teitem/

tau letter of the Greek alphabettow [tau] W WW if p pCommonly also taw.

Taunton town, Englandtawn-tuhn /'to:ntan/

taupe grey—browntohp /taup/

Taupo, Lake lake, New Zealandtow-poh /'taopao/

Tauranga port, New Zealandtow-rang-uh /tao'ra1]a,'

taurine like a bulltaw-ryn /'to:rAIn/

tauromachy bullfightingtaw-rom-uh-ki /to:'romaki/

Taurus constellationtaw-ruhss /‘tozrasf

tautology saying the same thing twicetaw-tol-uh-ji /to:'to1ad3i/

Tautou, Audrey French actressoh—dray t0h—t00 /ao_dre1 tao'tu:/

Tavel French rosé winetav-el /ta'val/

taverna small Greek restauranttuh-vur-n uh /ta'va:(r)na,'

385

Tawhid and Jihad Iraqi militant grouptow-hid ji-had /,taoh1d d3i'had/

taxidermy stufiing animalstak-sid-ur-mi /'taksi,da:(r)mi/

taxis pl. taxes restoration ofdisplacedbones or organs by manual pressuretak-siss, pl. tak-seez /'taks1s/, pl./'taksi:z/

taxon pl. taxa classification grouptak-son, pl. tak-suh /'taksnn/, pl./'taksa/

taxonomy classificationtaks-on-uh-mi /tak'sonami/

Taxotere trademark breast cancer drugta|(—suh-teer /'taksatIa(r)/

tayra animalty-ruh /'tAII‘8/

Tay—Sachs disease metabolic disordertay saks /tel 'saks/

Tbilisi capital of Georgiatib-lee-si /_tib'li:si/, [tblisi]Established anglicization. Sometimes stillcalled by its former name ofTiflis,pronounced tif-liss.

Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Russian composerpyot-uhr chy-kof-ski /_pjnta(r),tj'AI'knfski/

tchotchke small decorative objectchotch-kuh /'t_[nt_fka/

Teachta Dala member of the Dailtyukh-tuh daw-luh /,tji\xta 'do:1e,',Irish /,t1axta 'dc1:laf

technetium chemical clementtek-nee-shuhm /tek'ni:Iam/

tectonic relating to the earths crusttek-ton-ik /tek'tnn1k/

tectrices sing. tectrix tailfeatherstek-triss-eez, sing. tek-triks/'tektr1si:z/, sing. /-tr1ks/

Tecumseh American Indian leadertuh—l(um—si /ta‘kl\msi/

Te Deum hymntay day-uum /tel 'de1om/Less commonly also tee dee-uhm; seeLATIN panel.

Tees river, Englandteez /ti:z/

teetotal abstaining from alcoholtee-toh-tuhl /ti:'teotal/

tefillin Jewish phylacteriestuh-fil-een /ta'f1li:n/

Tawhid and Jihad I Telegu

TEFL Teaching of English as a ForeignLanguagetef-uhl /'tefal/

Tegel airport, Berlintay-guhl /'teigal/

tegmentum region of the brainteg-men-tuhm /teg'mentam/

tegu lizardteg—o0 /'tegu:/

Tegucigalpa capital of Hondurasteg-00-si-gal-puh /ts,gu:si'ga1pa/

tegula pl. tegulae part of an insects wingteg-yuul-uh, pl. teg-yuul-ee /'tsgjola/,/-li:/' Standard -s plural is also possible.

Tehachapi mountains, UStuh-hatch-uh-pi /ta'hatjapi/

Tehran (also Teheran) capital of Irantair-ahn /te:'ro:n/, Farsi [teh'ru:n]I Established anglicization.

Teignmouth town, Englandtin-muhth /'tmma6/

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre Frenchphilosopher and palaeontologistpyair tay-ar duh shar-da(ng) /_pja:(r)te1,o:(r) da Ic1:(r)'dé/

Ethiopian drinktej /ted3/'

Tejano Mexican-American Texantekh-ah-noh /ts'xu:nao/

Tejo see TagusTe Kanawa, Kiri New Zealand soprano

keer-i tuh kah-nuh-wuh /_k1a(r)i ta'i((1ID8W8f

tekke monastery of dervishestek-ay /'tskeI/

telamon pl. telamones male figure usedas a pillartel-uh—mon, pl. tel—uh—m0h-neez/'telamnn/, pl. /tela'maoni:z/

telangiectasia spider veinste|—an-ji—ek-tay-zi-uh/te,1and3iek'telzia/

Tel Aviv city, Israeltel uh-veev !,tel a'vi:v/

teledu badgertel-uh-doo /'te1adu:/

Telefonica Spanish telecommunicationscompanytel-uh-fon-ik-uh ltelerfontkaj

Telegu see Telugu

telekinesis | tenet

telekinesis ability to move objects bymental powertel-uh-kin-ee-siss /_tE.lIkl'11iZSIS/Less commonly also tel-uh-ky-flee-Siss.

Telemachus Greek mythologicalcharactertuh-lem-uh-kuhss /ta'lemakas,/

Telemann, Georg Philipp Germancomposergay-ork fee-lip tay-Iuh—man/‘ge1:):(r)k Ifizhp 'te1laman,'

Telemark region, Norwaytel-uh-mark /‘te1amu:(r)k/,['te:lamark]v Established anglicization.

teleology explanation of phenomena bythe purpose they servetel-i—0l-uh—ji /_tali'olad3i/The prefix tel.'- on this and words such astelic and telos can also be pronounced teel-.

téléphérique cablewaytel—ef-err-eek /,te1efs'ri:k/

telephony working or use of telephonestuh-lef-uh-ni fta'l£fani/

telic directed to a definite endtel-ik /'talik/

Tel] el-Amarna ruins, Egypttel uhl uh-mar-nuh /,ts1ala'mu:(r)na/

tellurian of or inhabiting the earthtel-yoor-i-uhn /te'1juarian,r

Tellllride resort, UStel-yoor-yd ,f‘teljuarA1d/

tellurium chemical elementtel-yoor-i-uhm /te'1jueriam/

telos pl. teloi ultimate aimtel-oss, pl. tel—oy /‘talus/, pl. /-lo1/

Telugu (also Telegu) Indian ethnic grouptel-uh-goo /'talagu:/

Temarn, Oscar president of FrenchPolynesiatuh-mar-00 /ta'mu:ru:/

temazepam drugtuh-mayz-uh-pam /ta'me1zapam,'As with other drugs in this group, thepronunciation -az-uh-pam is also common.

temenos pl. temenoi piece ofgroundsurrounding a templetem-uh-noss, pl. tem-uh-noy/'temanns/, pl. /-non’

Temeraire British naval ship

386

tem—uh—rair jtema'rs:(r)/temerity excessive confidencetuh-merr-it-i /ta'm£r1ti/

tempeh soya be-an dishtem-pay /‘tamper,’

Telllpelhofairport, Berlintem-puhl—h0hf Ftampalhaofl

tempera method of paintingtem-puh~ruh /'tsmpara/

tempestuous turbulenttem-pest-yoo-uhss /tsm'pestjuas/

Templar order of knightstemp-Iuhr /'tample(r)/

temporal relating to worldly affairstem-puh—ruhl /'tsmparal/

temporalis jaw muscletem-puh-ray-liss /,t£mpa're1l1s/

temporomandibular joint jaw hingetem-puh-roh-man-dib-yuuI-uhr/,l£1Tlp8l'8UIl‘l3.l'1'Clll)jUl8(l‘)/

Tempranillo Spanish wine grapetemp-ran-eel-yoh /,tempra'ni:1jao/

temps levé ballet movementtah(ng) luh—vay /to la've1/

tempura Japanese dishtem-puu-ruh rtamporaf~ See JAPANESE panel.

tenacious keeping a firm holdtuh-nay-shuhss /ta'ne1Ias/

tendresse feeling of fondness or loveto(ng)-dress /tfi'drss/

tend]! ballet termtah(ng)-due /td‘dy/'

Tendulkar, Sachin Indian cricketersatch-in ten-duul-kuhr /_satj‘in'tsndu1ka(r)/

Tenebrae matins and lauds during HolyWeekten-uh-bray /"[€l'\8lJl'9I;'

tenebrism style of paintingten—uh-briz-uhm Ftsnebrlzaml

tenement set of roomsten-uh-muhnt /‘tenement!

Tenerife island, Canariesten-uh-reef /_t1-:ne'ri:f/, Spanish/tene'rife,'Q Established anglicization.

tenesmus bowel disordertuh-nez-muhss /ta'nz:zmas/

tenet principle or belieften—uht /‘tsnat/

387

tenge currency unit, Kazakhstanteng-gay /'te1]ge1/

Tennessee river, USten-uh-see /,tena'si:/

Tenniel, John English illustratorten-i-uhl /'tsnial/

Tenno emperor of Japanten-oh ,"tanau/

Tennyson, Alfred English poetten-iss-uhn /'tsnisan/

Tennysonian relating to Tennysonten-iss-oh-ni-uhn ltenrsaonianf

Tenochtitlan ancient Aztec capitalten-otch-tit-lahn /ta,nntj‘ti'tlu:n,'

tensile relating to tensionten-syl /‘tensmlf

tensor mathematical objectten-sor /'tsnsa:(r)/

tenuto musical termtuh-noo-toh /ta'nu:tau/

Tenzing Norgay Sherpa mountaineerten—zing nor-gay /_tsnzn] 'no:(r)ge1/

teocalli Aztec templetay-ok-al-i /_tc10'kali/

Teotihuacan ancient city, Mexicotay-ot-i-wak-an /tei,ntiwa'kan,'

tepache Mexican drinktep-atch-ay /ts'pat_fe1/

tepal part of a flowertep-uhl /'tspal/

tepee conical tenttee-pee ,"ti:pi:/

Tepic city, Mexicotep-eek /te'pi:k/

tepidarium warm room in a Romanbathtep-id-air-i-uhm /,tepl'de:riam/

teppanyaki Japanese dishtep-an-yak-i /,tspan'jaki/

tequila Mexican alcoholic spirittek-ee-luh /te'ki:la/

beratoma pl. teratomata type of tumourterr-uh-toh-m uh,

. pl. terr-uh-toh-muh-tuh /,tera'taurna/,pl. /-matail~ Standard -s plural is also possible.

terbium chemical elementtur-bi-uhm /'ta:(r)biam/

terce church serviceturss /ta:(r)s/

tercel male hawk

tenge I terribilita

tur-suhl /'ta:(r)sal/Terengganu state, Malaysia

terr-eng-gah-noo /,teren'gu:nu:/Te Reo Maori language

tay ray-oh /tel 're1ao/teres shoulder muscle

terr-eez /'teri:z,'Teresa, Mother Roman Catholic nun

tuh-ree-zuh /ta'ri:za/Teresa ofAvila, St Spanish mystic

terr-ay-zuh av-il-uh /t8,I‘8IZ9 'avila/Tereshkova, Valentina Russian

cosmonautval-uhn-tee-nuh terr-uhsh-kov-uh/valan,ti:na _tera_[‘knva/

Teresina city, Brazilterr-ez-ee-nuh /_tsre'zi:na/

Terezin see ThcresienstadtTerfel, Bryn Welsh operatic bass

brin tair-vel /,brm 'ts:(r)val/tergiversate make conflicting

statementstur-jiv-uhr-sayt /'ta:(r)d31va(r),se1t,'

teriyaki Japanese dishterr-i-yak-i /,tsri'jaki/

termagant harsh-tempered womantur-muh-guhnt /‘ta:(r)megent/

Termini town, Sicilytair-mee-ni /'ta:(r)mi:ni/

Terpsichore Greek mythologicalcharacterturp-sik-uh-ri /ta:(r)p's1kari/

terpsichorean relating to dancingturp-sik-uh-ree-uhn/,ta:(r)ps1ka'ri:an/

terrain stretch of landterr-ayn /te'reinf

terraqueous consisting of land andwaterterr-ay-kwi-uhss /te'reikwias/

Terrassa town, Spaintuh-rass-uh /te'rasa/

terrasse paved area outside a cafete rr-ass /te'ras/

terrazzo flooring materialterr-at-soh /t|:'ratsau/

Terre Haute city, USterr-uh hoht /,tsra 'haut/

terribilita emotional intensity in a workof artterr-ib-il-it-ah /_ter|b1l1'tn:/

tertiary l Thammuz

tertiary third in order or leveltur-shuh—ri /'ta:(r)Ieri,'

Tertullian early Christian theologiantur-tul-i—uhn /ta:(r)'tAlian,l

terza rima poetry styletairt-suh ree-muh /,te:(r)tsa ‘ri:ma/

terzetto pl. terzetti musical triotairt-set-oh, pl. tairt-set-i/te:(r)t'sateo/, pl. /-ti/¢ Standard -s plural is also possible.

Tesla, Nikola American inventornik-uh-luh tess-luh /,n1ka1a'tss1e/

tesla SI unit of magnetic flux densitytess-luh /'tssla/

TESOL Teaching of English to Speakersof Other Languagestee-sol /'ti:sn1/

tessera. pl. tesserae small mosaic blocktess-uh-ruh, pl. tess—uh-ree /'tesara/,pl. /-ri:/

Tessin see Ticinotessitura vocal rangetess-it-yoor-uh /_tesr'tjoara/

testate having made a willtest-ayt /'taste1t/

testis pl. testes male reproductive organteSt—iss, pl. test-eez /'tEStIS/, pl. /-ti;z/

testosterone male hormonetest-ost-uh-rohn /tc'st'ostaraon/

téte-it-téte private conversation betweentwo peopletet Uh tet /,tEt 9 'tEt/

Sometimes also tayt ah tayt.

rem de cuvée wine from the first grapepressingtet duh kue-vay /,tet do ky've1/

Tethys Greek goddessteth-iss /'te81s/

Teton mountains, UStee-tuhn /'ti:tan/

Tétouan city, Moroccotay~twahn /te1'twa:n/

tetracycline antibiotictet-ruh-syk-leen /_tstra'siukli:n/

Tetragrammaton name of Godtransliterated in four letterstet-ruh-gram-uh-ton/,tatra'gramaton/

tetrahydrocannabinol compound incannabistet-ruh-hyd-ruh-kan-uh-bin-ol

388

/_tstra,h1udra'kanabmnl/Teuton ancient ethnic grouptyoo-tuhn /'tju:tan/

Tevere see TiberTeviot river, Scotland

tee-vi-uht /'ti:viet/Tewa American Indian ethnic group

tay-wuh /'t6IWB,lTeX computer typesetting program

tek ,/tEk/

The final X represents the Greek letter CHI,hence this pronunciation.

Texarkana city, UStek-sar-kan-uh /,tekso:(r)'kane/

Thackeray, William MakepeaceBritish novelistthak-uh-ri /'Bakari/

Thaddaeus apostlethad-i-uhss /'6adias,'Commonly also thuh-dee-uhss.

Thais opera by Massenettah-eess /to:'i:s/

thalamus pl. thalami part of the brainthal-uh-muhss, pl. thal-uh-my/'6alames/, pl. /-II'1AI/

thalassaemia blood diseasethal-uh-see-mi-uh /_9ala'si:mia/

thaler German silver cointah-luhr /'tc1:1a(r)/

Thales Greek philosopherthay-leez /'Be11i:z,l

thali set meal at an Indian restauranttah-Ii /'t(1Zli/

Thalia Greek mythological characterthuh-ly-uh /B8'lAI9/Gonimonly alsojthiay-ll-uhopthald-uh. g g

thalidomide drugthuh-lid-uh—myd /69'lId€lm.AI(l/

thallium chemical elementthal-i-uhm /'9aliam/

thalweg line connecting the lowestpoints along a valleytahl-veg /'tc1:1vag/

Thames river, Englandtemz ltemzfThere is also a river ofthis name in the US’which is pronounced thaymz.

Thammuz Jewish monthtam-uuz Wtamuzf

389

Thanatos death instinctthan—uh-toss Ffianatnsf

Thar desert, India and Pakistantar /tc1:(r);’

thaumaturge performer of miraclesthaw-muh-turj /'Bo:mata:(r)d3/

the for names containing ‘the’, see underheadword: e.g. Hague, The

Thebes ancient cities, Greece and Egypttheebz /6i:bz,'

thegn historical noblemanthayn [Hem]

theism belief in a god or godsthee-iz-uhm /'Bi:1zom/

Themis Greek goddessthem-iss /'Bemrs/

Themistocles Athenian statesmanthuh—mi5t-uh-kleez /(-)e'm1sta,kli:z/

Theocritus Greek poetthi-ok-rit-uhss /6i'nkr1tas/

th€0d0lit€ surveying instrumentthi-Od-uh—lyt /6i'nde1A1t/

Theodorakis, Mil£iS Greek composerand politicianmee-kiss thee-uh-duh-rak-iss /,n'1i:kIs,Bieda'rak1s/

Theodoric king of the Ostrogothsthi-od-uh-rik ]6i'ndar1k/

Theophrastus Greek philosopher andscientistthi-uh-frast—uhss /6ia'frastas/

theorbo large lutethi-or-boh /Bi'o:(r)bao/

theorem general propositiontheer-uhm /'91ar9m/

therapeutic healingtherr-uh-pyooetik /_Bcra'pju:t1k/

Theravada tradition of Buddhismtherr-uh-vah-duh /,6sra'va:da/

thereanent concerning that matterthair-uh-nent /,6e:re'nz-:nt/

theremin electronic musical instrumenttherr—uh-min /'6srem1n,l

Theresienstadt Nazi concentrationcamp, Czech Republictuh-ray-zi-uhn-shtat /ta‘rerzianj'tat/The Czech name for the town is Terezin,

onounced terr-ez-eenpr .

thermion ion emitted by a substance athigh temperaturethurm-i-on /'6a:(r)mion/

Thanatos | Thomas a Kempis

thermogenesis production ofheatthur-moh-ien-uh-siss/_6a:(r)mao'd3enos1s/

Thermopylae mountain pass, Greecethurm-op-il-ee /6a:(r)'mnp11i:/

Theron, Charlize South Afi'ican actressshar-leez therr-uhn /_l‘c1:(r),li:z ‘Baron/'

Theroux, Paul American travel writerthuh-roo /Ha'ru:,'

thesaurus pl. thesauri book of synonymsthuh-saw-ruhss, pl. thuh-saw-ry/(:la'so:ras/, pl. /-rni/

Theseus Greek mythological charactertheess-yooss /'9i:sju:s/Sometimes also thee-si-uhss, as withODYSSEUS and PERSEUS; see GREEK panel.

Thesiger, Wilfi'ed English explorerthess-ij-uhr /‘Bes1d3a(r),'

thesis pl. theses theorythee-siss, pl. thee-seez /'Bi:sis/, pl./-si:z/

Thespis Greek dramatic poetthesp-iss /‘6£sp1s/

Thessalonians book of the Biblethess-uh-loh-ni-uhnz /_6ssa'1aonianz/

Thessaloniki port, Greecethess-uh-lon-ee-ki /,0aselo'ni:ki/

Thessaly region, Greecethess-uh-Ii /'9aso1i/

theta letter of the Greek alphabetthee—tuh /'l-)i:ta/

Thetis Greek mythological characterthet-iss /'9et1s/However, the girls name and the island inCanada are commonly also pronouncedthee—tiss.

thiamine vitaminthy-uh-meen /'6Aiemi:n/

Thimphu capital of Bhutantim-poo /'t1mpu:/

Thisbe Roman mythological characterthiz-bi /'9|zbi/

Thomas, Dylan Welsh poetdil-uhn /'d1lan/The Welsh pronunciation of this first nameis more like dul-an, but the poet preferredthis anglicization for English-languagebroadcasts.

Thomas £1 Kempis German theologiantom-uhss uh kem-piss /,tnmas a'ksmp1s/

Thomism I Ticonderoga

Thomism theology ofThomas Aquinastoh-miz-uhm /'taom1zam/

Thor Norse godthor /9o:(r);‘

thoracic relating to the thoraxthaw-rass-ik /Hofrasxkf

thoracolumbar relating to the thoracicand lumbar regions of the spinethaw-ruh-koh-lum-buhr/_9o:rakau'1Amba(r)/

thorax pl. thoraces chestthaw-raks, pl. thaw-ruh-seez/'9a:raks/, pl. /'Bo:rosi:z/- Standard -es plural is also possible.

Thorazine trademark drugthaw-ruh-Zeen /'9o:razi:n/

Thoreau, Henry David Americanessayist and poetthaw-roh /'9:>:rao,'

thorium chemical elementthaw-ri-uhm /'6o:riam/

Thorvaldsen, Bertel Danish sculptorbair-tuhl tor-val-suhn /,ba:(r)ta1‘to:(r)valsan,f

Thoth Egyptian godthohth /9909]Sometimes alsothothorioht. G 7

Thrace ancient countrythrayss /9re1s;'

thrall being in s0meone’s powerthrawl /Bro:l/

threepence sum of three pencethrup-uhnss /'9rnpans/

threepenny worth three pencethrup-uh-ni /‘BrApani/

threnody lamentthren-uh-di /'Brsnadi,'

thrombosis pl. thromboses blood clotthrom-boh-siss, pl. th rom-boh-seez/6rnm'baosIs/, pl. /-si:z/

Thucydides Greek historianthyoo-sid-id-eez /6ju:'sid1di:z/

thulium chemical elementthoo-li-uhmi]'9u:liain/commonly also thyoo-Ii-iiihm. T W

thurible censerthyoor-ib-uhl /'Bjoar1bal/

Thuringia state, Germanythoor-ing-gi-uh /,9oa'rn]gia/

390

Established anglicization. An olderanglicized pronunciation, thyoor-in-ji-uh, isalso common. The German name isThiiringen, pronounced tuer-ing-uh n.

Thurman, Uma American actress00-muh thur-muhn /,u:ma ‘6a:(r)men/

Thur-so port, Scotlandthur-soh /‘6a:(r)saoj

Thyestes Greek mythological characterthy-est-eez /9/u'asti:z,'Q See GREEK panel.

thyme herbtym ltnrml

thymus glandthy-muhss /'6armas/

thyroid glandthy-royd /'9AII‘OI(l/

Thyssen German family of industrialiststue-suhn /'tYsan/

Tiamat Babylonian mythological dragontee-uh-mat /'ti:amat/

tian vegetable dishtyahlnql /tJ'fi/

Tiananmen Square square, Beijingtyen-uhn-muhn ,"tjenenman/

Tianjin port, Chinatyen-jin /_tjen'd3m/

Tiilll Shan see Tien ShanTiber river, Italyty-buhr /'t1uha(r),'Established anglicization. The Italian nameis Tevere, pronounced tev-err-ay.

Tiberius Roman emperorty-beer-i-uhss /tA1'b19l"i9S/

Tibesti Mountains mountain range,Africatib-est-i /t1'b£sti/

Tibet countrytlb-Qt /tI'b8t/

tibia leg bonetib-i-uh /'trbia/

Tibullus, Albius Roman poetal-bi-uhss tib-ul-uhss /,a1bias t1'h1\1as/

Ticino canton, Switzerlandtitch-ee-noh/tr't_|'i:nao,lThis is the Italian name. The German andFrench name is Tessin, pronounced tess-eenin German and tess-a(ng) in French.

Ticonderoga town, USty-kon-duh-roh-guh /tA1l(DI1d8'I"3UQ8/

391

tienda general storetyen-duh /'tjsnda/

Tien Shan (also Tian Shan) mountainrange, Chinatyen shan /_tjsn 'j'an/

Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista Italianpainterjuh-vah-ni bat-eest-uh tyep-ol-oh/d3o_vu:ni ba'ti:sta 'tjapnlao/

Tiergarten suburb of Berlinteer-gar-tuhn /'t1a(r)gu:(r)tan/

Tierra del Fuego island, South Americatyerr-uh del fway-goh /_tjr::ra delTwelgaol

Tiflis see TbilisiTigray (also Tigre) province, Ethiopiateeg-ray /‘ti:gre1;‘

Tigris river, Asiaty—griss /‘tA1gris/Estahlislicd anijilicizatioii. The Arabiciiiaineis Dijla, pronounced dij-luh.

Tijuana town, Mexicoti-wah-nuh /ti'wo:na/, Spanish[trxwana]- Established anglicization.

Tikal ancient Mayan city, Guatemalati-kah|/ti'ka:1/

Tikrit town, Iraqtik-reet /t1'kri:t/Thcwlraqi surname al-Tikriti is pronounceduh-tik-ree-ti.

tilak mark worn by a Hindu on theforeheadtil-LIl( /'ill1\k/

tilapia fishtil-ay—pi-uh ,lti'lerpi:a/Commonly also til-ap-i-uh. i

Tilburg city, Netherlandstil-burg /'t11ba:(r)g/, ['t1lbYrx]~ Established anglicization.

tilde diacritic (~)til-duh /'tllda/

tilleu] lime treetee—y0e| /ti:'j0e:1/

Till Eulenspiegel German literarycharactertil oy-luhn-shpee-guhl /_trI‘:)1lan,j‘pi:gel/

Tillich, Paul German-born Americantheologian

tienda | Tiruehirapalli

til-ik /‘t1l1k/Timaru port, New Zealand

tim-uh—r00 /‘t1maru:/timbale dish

tam-bahl /tam‘bn:l/timbre quality ofa musical sound or

voicetam-buhr /'tamba(r),'

Timbuktu (also Timbuctoo) town, Malitim-buk-too ,/,trmbAk'tu:/

timeous in good timety-muhss /'t1\1mas,I

Timigoara city, Romaniatim-ish-war-uh /,t1rn1']'wo:ra,'

Timor island and sea, Pacifictee-mor /'ti:mo:(r)/

timpani kcttledrumstim-puh-ni /'tnnpani/

tinea ringworm1:in-i-uh/'tmio/

tinnitus ringing or buzzing in the earstin-y-tuhss ,/tl'nAItas/Commonly also tin-it~uhss, although thepronunciation recommended in medicaldictionaries is tin-y-tuhss.

Tintagel village and castle, Englandtin-ta}-uhl ,lt1n'tad3ol/

Tintoretto Italian paintertin-torr-et-oh /,t1ntn'rF.tao/

Tipperary county, Republic of Irelandtip-uh-rair-i /,tlpa're:ri/

tirade long, angry speechty—ayd /tA1're1d,/Commonly also tirr-ayd. i

tiramisfi Italian desserttirr-uh-miss-oo /_tIromi'su:/

Tirana (also Tirane) capital ofAlbaniatirr-ah-nuh /ti'm:na/

Tiree island, Scotlandty-ree /tAl'ri:/

Tiresias Greek mythological characterty-ree-si-uhss /tA1'ri:sias/

Tirgu Mureg city, Romaniateer—g00 moor-esh /,t1a(r)gu: 'moarej"/

Tir-na—n(')g Irish mythological placeteer nuh nohg /_tia(r) na 'naog/

Tirol sec TyrolTiruchirapalli city, Indiatirr-uutch-irr-ah-puh-Iil,tlrotI1'ru:pa1i/

tisane | Tokugawa

tisane herb teatiz-an ltrzanl

Tiscali internet service companytisk-uh-li /'t1skali/

Tisiphone Greek mythological charactertiss-if-uh-ni /t1's1fani/

tissue type of materialtish-00 /'t1Iu;/Sometimes also tiss-yoo, a pronunciationwhich is increasingly uncommon.

Tisza river, Europetiss-uh /'t1sa/

Titan Greek godty—tuhn /'tA1tan/

Titania moon of Uranustit-ah-ni-uh /tI'tu:nia,lLess commonly also tit-ay-ni-uh.

titanium chemical elementtit-ay-ni-uhm /t1'te1niem/

tithe taxtyth /tA1o/

Tithonus Greek mythological charactertith-oh-nuhss /t1'6aonas/

Titian Italian paintertish-uhn /'tt_[an/Established anglicization. The Italianversion ofthe name is Tiziano, pronouncedtit-syah-noh.

Titicaca lake, Peru and Boliviatit-ik-ah-kuh ,I_trt|'ko:ka/

titivate make minor enhancements totit-iv-ayt /'tItIveIt/

Tito, Josip Yugoslav statesmanyoss-ip tee-toh /_jnsip 'ti:tao/

titrate measurementty-trayt /tAI'tI‘6It/

titular holding a purely formal positiontit-yuul-uhr /'titjola(r)/

Titus Roman emperorty-tuhss /'tA1tas/

Tivoli city, Italytee-vol-i /'ti:vnli/

Tlaxcala state, Mexicotlask-ah-luh /tlas'ko:1e/

Tlemcen city, Algeriatlem—sen /tlsm'ssn/

Tlingit American Indian ethnic grouptling-git /‘tlI13g1t/

tmesis pl. tmeses separation of parts of acompound word by an intervening word

3.92

tmee-siss, pl. tmee-seez /'tmi:s1s/, pl./-si:z/

Tobago see Trinidad and TobagoTobermory town, Scotlandtoh-buhr-maw-ri /'taobe(r)mo:ri,'

Tobrllk (also 'I‘ubruq) port, Libyatuh-bruuk /ta'brok/

Tocantins river, South Americatoh-kuhn-teenss /,taokan'ti:ns/

toccata musical compositiontuh-kah-tuh /ta'ku:ta/

Tocharian ancient languagetuh-kair-i-uhn /ta'ke:rian/Less e<Jn{r.{5§1§ also tiiilkliiskiiiuhn. G

tochus person's buttockstokh—uhss /'tnxas/

tocopherol substance found in foodtok-of-uh-rol /tn'knfarnl,'

Tocqueville, Alexis de French writeral-ek-see duh tok-veel /alsk,si: datok'vi:1/

tofil soya proteintoh-foo /'taofu:/

Togliatti (also Tolyatti) city, Russiatol-yat-i /tu'ljati/

Togo countrytoh-goh /'taogao/

Toboku region, JapantOh-hoh—koo /tau'haoku:/~ See JAPANESE panel.

Toibin, Colm Irish writerkol-uhm toh-been /_ku1am t6U'bi2Tt/

toile version of a garment made in cheapmaterialtwahl /twc1:1/

toile (IE Jouy printed calicotwahl duh zhwee /_twu:l do '3wi:/

Tojo, Hideki Japanese statesmanhee-dek-i toh-joh /,hi:deki 'taod3eo/

Tokaji Hungarian winetok-oy /'tnk01/The name, also spelt Tokay or Tocai, is alsoused with reference to wines producedelsewhere. An anglicized pronunciationt0h~kay is sometimes used, particularly ofnon-Hungarian wines.

Tokelau three islands, Pacifictok-uh-low /'tnka,lao/

Tok Pisin Creole languagetok piss—in /_tok 'p1s1n/

Tokugawa shogunate in Japantok-oo-gah-wuh /,tuku:'go:wa/

393

Tokyo capital of Japantoh-kyoh Ptaukjaul

tolar currency unit, Sloveniatol-uhr /‘tola(r)/

tolbutamide diabetes drugtol-byoo-tuh-myd /tnl'bju:tonm1d/

Toledo city, Spaintol-ay-doh /to'1e1dao/, [t0'le6o]Established anglicization. Toledo in the USis pronounced tuh-lee-doh.

Tolkien, J. R. R. (Reuel) Englishscholar and authorroo-uhl t0|—keer1 I ,ru:a1 ’tolki:n/

Tollemache British surnametol-mash /'tnlmaI/

Tollund Man well-preserved corpse ofan Iron Age mantol-uhnd /'tn1ancl,'

Tolstoy, Leo (Lev) Russian writerlee-oh to]-stoy /“liiao 'tnlsto1/. [,ljaftal'stoj]- Established anglicization.

toluene solventtol-yoo—een /'tnljui:n/

Tolyatti see Togliattitomahawk light axe

tom—uh—hawk /‘tomeho:k/tomalley part of a lobstertom-uh-Ii ,"tnmali/Sometimes also tuh-mah-li.

tomatillo fruittom-uh-teel-yoh /tnma'ti:ljau/'

Tomatin village and whisky distillery,Scotlandtuh-mat-in /ta'matIn,'

Tombaugh, Clyde William Americanastronomertom-baw /'tombo:/

tomography imaging techniquetuh-mog-ruh-fi /ta'mografi/

ton unit ofweighttun /tam!

ton fashionable styletoms) /ni:/

Tonga countrytOng—uh /'tn1]a/

Tongariro mountain, New Zealandtong-uh-reer—oh /,tm3e'r1arau/

Tonge, Jenny English politiciantong ltnnl

Tokyo I torque

This British surname is variouslypronounced tong or tung, depending onindividual preference.

Tonkin region, Vietnamtonk-in /tm]‘km/

Tonlé Sap lake, Cambodiaton-lay sahp /tnn,1e1 'su:p/

tonne metric tontun /tAI'1/

tonsorial relating to hairdressington—saw-ri-uhl /tnn's0:rial/

Tonton Maooute Haitian militiato(ng)-to(ng) mak-oot /,t5t5 ma'ku:t/

Toowoomba town, Australiatuh-wuum-buh /ta'wumbe/

Topeka city, UStuh-pee-kuh /ta‘pi:ka/

topgallantsail type of sailtuh-gan-suhl /ta'gansal/

topiary art ofclipping shrubstoh-pi-uh-ri j'taupiari/

Topkapi Palace museum, Istanbultop-kap-i /‘tnpkapi/

toponym place namet0p—uh—nim /’tnpan1m,'

topos pl. topoi traditional theme inliteraturetop-oss, pl. top-0y /"topos/, pl. /'tnp:>l/

toque woman’s small hattohk ltaukl

Tora Bora village, Afghanistantoor-uh boor-uh /,tuara 'buara/

Torah Hebrew scripturestaw—ruh /'to:ra/, [to'ro:]Q Established anglicization.

torchere ornamental standtor-shair /to:(r)'Is:(r)/

torchon type of bobbin lacetor—shuhn /'t0:(r)_[an/

toreador bullfightertorr-i-uh-dor /'toriad0:(r)/

torii gateway ofa Shinto shrinetaw—ree /'to:ri:/¢ See mrnuass panel.

Torino see TurinTomio river, Sweden

tor-ni-oh /'to:(r)niau/torpor state of inactivity

t0r—puhr /'to:(r)pa(r);'torque twisting forcetork /to:(r)k,I

Torquemada, Tomas de | Tortola 39+

TonePitch is used in all languages to indicate differences in meaning, butthere are two basic ways in which this is achieved. In a language likeEnglish, pitch operates at sentence level, so that different intonation inthe utterance Ben loves cycling can make it a statement or a question.In so-called tone languages, on the other hand pitch operates at wo d

ing or rising intonation in English, to make it either a statement orquestion respectively, it is still the whole utterance that has changed,not the meaning of the word itself.

Chinese is a tone language with four basic tones. The word ma has‘ four different meanings, depending on which tone is used. Pronounced. with a high level tone it means mother, with a high rising tone hemp,

with a low falling rising tone horse, and finally with a high falling toneit means scold.

We do not expect BBC announcers to be able to make these tonaldistinctions, and we cannot retain them when giving Chinese recom-mendations in our phonetic respelling, even though this may onoccasion result in some pronunciations that are rather bewilderingto Chinese ears!

Many languages of western and southern Africa, such as Ewe,Yoruba, and Lingala, are tone languages. The only European tone lan-guages are Swedish and Norwegian, Where tone is used to a lesserextent than in Chinese. In Swedish there are around 300 word pairsthat differ only in the use of tonal accent. There are two tones, some-times referred to as acute and grave accent. Acute accent, or singletone, makes the word anden mean the duck. Grave accent, or doubletone, makes the same word mean the spirit.

, rlevel to change the meaning ofwords. Even when yes is said with a fall- ‘

Torquemada, Tomas de SpanishGrand Inquisitortom-ass day tor-kem—ah-thuh /trrmasdei ,to:(r)kc'mu:oa/

Torres Strait channel north ofAustraliat0rr—uhZ /'tnroz/

Torricelli, Evangelista Italianmathematician and physicistev-an-juh-lee-stuh torr—i-chel-i/svand3e'li:ste _tori'tjsli/

tor-tuh, pl. tor-tuhn /'to:(r)ta/, pl./‘t0:(r)tan,'

Tortelier, Paul French cellisttor-tel-i-ay /to:(r)'telie1/, [tortalje]1- Established anglicization.

tortilla Spanish pancaketor-tee-yuh /to:(r)'ti:ja/

tortoise reptiletor-tuhss /'to:(r)tas/

Torshavn capital of the Faroe Islands commonly also t°r_tOyZ'Tortola island, Caribbeantor-toh-Iuh fto:(r)'taola,I

torss-hown /'to(r)shaun,'torte pl. torten cake or tart

395

Toruri city, PolandtOrr-0On /'tnru:n/, ['toru_n]~ Established anglicization.

tosa breed ofdogtoh-suh /'taosa/

Toscana see TuscanyToscanini, Arturo Italian conductor

ar-toor~oh tosk-uh-nee-ni/o:(r),toarao ,tnska'ni:ni/

tostada Mexican pancaketost-ah-duh /to'sto:da/

totara New Zealand treetoh-tuh-ruh Ftaotarel

T0tn6S town, Englandtot—nuh$S /'tntnas/

toucan tropical birdtoo-kuhn /'tu:kan]

touché acknowledgement ofa hittoo-shay /tu:'Ie1/

Toulon port, Francetoo-lo(ng) /tu:'l6/

Toulouse city, Francetoo-looz /tu:'1u:z/

Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Frenchpainter and lithographerah(ng)-ree too-Iooz loh-trek /d_ri:tu:_1u:z 1ao'trsk/

toupee artificial hairpiecetoo-pay /‘tu:pe1/

tour de force skilful performancetoor duh forss /_toa(r) do 'fo:(r)s/

Tourette’s syndrome neurologicaldisordertuu-rets /to'rsts/

tourmaline mineraltoor-muh-Ieen /'toa(r)mali:n/

Tournai town, Belgiumtoor-nay /tua(r)'ne1/This is the French name. The Flemish nameis Doornik, pronounced dor-nik. 7

tournedos small cut ofbeeftoor-nuh-doh /'toa(r)nadao/

tourney medieval tournamenttoor-ni /'toa(r)ni/Sometimes also tor-ni.

tourniquet device for stopping the flowofbloodtoor-_nik-ay /‘toa(r)mke1/Commonly also tor-nik-ay.

T0llI'S city, France

Torun | Traherne, Thomas

toor /toe(r)/tout attempt to sell

tovvt /taot/Toutatis Celtic god

too-tah-tiss /tu:'to:t1s/tout court with no addition

‘(O0 koor /_tu: 'koa(r)/tout de suite immediatelytoo duh sweet /,tu: do 'swi:t/

tovarish (also tovarich) comradetov-ar-ish /tn'vo:r1II

toxaemia blood poisoningtok-see-mi-uh /tnk'si:mia/

toxocariasis larval infectiontok-soh-kuh-ry-uh-siss/,tnksaoka'r/nests,’

toxophilite lover of archeryt0k—50f—il-yt /tnk'snf1lA|t/

Toynbee, Arnold English economisttoyn-bi /'t:>1nbi/

trabeation use of beams in architecturalconstructiontray-bi-ay-shuhn /,tre1bi'e1Ian/

Triblous see TripoliTrabzon port, Turkey

trab-zuhn /'trabzan/An older name for the port, Ttebizond, ispronounced treb-iz-ond.

trachea pl. tracheae windpipetruh-kee-u h, pl. truh-kee-ee /tre'ki:a,'pl. /-'ki:i:,'éomnimily alsoday-ki-uh. Standard -splural is also possible.

tracheotomy incision in the windpipetrak-i-0t-uh-mi /_traki'ntami/

trachoma eye infectiontruh-koh-muh /tra'kaoma/

Tradescant, John English botanisttruh-desk-ant /tra'deskant/

Trafalgar, Battle ofnaval battletruh-fal-guhr /tra'falga(r)/

tragedian tragic actortruh-jee-di-uhn /tra'd3i:dian/

traghetto pl. traghetti jetty for gondolastrag-et-oh, pl. trag-et-i /tra'gstao/, pl./-'98ti/

tragus part of the external eartray-guhss /'tre1gas/

Traherne, Thomas English religiouswritertruh-hurn /tra'ha:(r)n/'

trahison des clercs | Treves

trahison des clercs betrayal ofstandards by artists or writerstrah-iz-o(ng) day klair /_trc1:1z5 der'kls:(r)/

trait distinguishing qualitytrayt ltrertlCommonly also tray.

Trajan Roman emperortray-juhn /'tre1d3an/

trajectory path of a flying objecttruh—jek-tuh-ri /tra'd3ektari/

Trakehner breed ofhorsetrak-ay-nuhr /tra'kema(r),'

Tralee town, Republic of Irelandtruh-lee /tra'li:/

Traminer white wine grapetruh-mee-nuhr /tra‘mi:na(r)/

tranlontana cold north windtram-on-tah-nuh l,tramnn‘to:na/

tranche portion ofsomethingtrahnsh /tro:n_1'/

transept part of a churchtran-sept /'transept/

transferable able to be transferredtranss-fur-uh-buhl /trans'fa:raba1/Commonly also trahnss- ortrans-fuh-ruh-buhl.

Transkei region, South Africatran-sky /tran'skm/

transparent allowing light to passthroughtran-sparr-uhnt /tran'sparant/Less commonly also trahn- ortran-spair-uhnt.

transubstantiate convert into the bodyand blood ofChristtran-suhb-stan-shi-ayt/,transab‘stanIie1t/

Transvaal former province, South Africatranz-vahl /tranz'vo:l/

Transylvania region, Romaniatran-sil-vay-ni-uh /,trans11'vemie/

Trapani town, Italytrah-puh-ni /'tro:pani/ -

trapezium pl. trapezia quadrilateraltru h-pee-zi-uh m, pl. truh-pee-zi-uh/tra'pi:ziom/, pl. /-zia/- Standard -s plural is also possible.

trapezoid quadrilateraltrap-uh-zoyd /‘trapezoid,’

396

Trapido, Barbara South African-bornnovelisttruh-pee-doh /tra'pi:deu;’

Tris-OS-Montes region, Portugaltraz oozh mont-uhsh /,traz u:3'mnnta_fI

trattoria Italian restauranttrat-uh-ree-uh /,trata‘ri:a/

trauma distressing experiencetraw-muh /'tra:ma/Lesscommonly also trow-muh.

travois sledgetruh-voy /tra'vo1/

Treacy, Phillip English millinertray-si /'tre1si/

treadle foot levertred-uhl /'tredal/

treatise w1'itten work on a particularsubjecttree-tiss /'tri:trs,'

Trebbiano variety ofwine grapetreb-yah-noh /,trsb‘jo:nao/

Trebizond see TrabzonTreblinka Nazi concentration camp,

Polandtreb-link-uh ltrcblmkal

trebuchet large catapulttreb-yuush-ay /'trebjo_[e1/Less commonly also treb-yuush-et.

trecento 14-th centurytray-chen-toh ftrertjentaof

trefa against Jewish lawtray-fuh /'trerfa/

trefoil clover-like planttref-oyl /'trafa1l/

trenchant vigorous or incisivetren—chuhnt rtrsntjantl

'Irencharti, Hugh British air marshaltrensh-uhrd /'trenj‘e(r)d/

Trentino-Alto Adige region, Italytren-tee-noh al-toh ad-»ij-ay/trsn,ti:naU ,alteo 'adid3e1/

trepan saw used to perforate the skulltru h-pan /tra'pan/

trephine surgical sawtruh-fyn /tra'fA1n/

Tretyakov art gallery in Moscowtruht-yuh-kof /‘tratjaknfl

Tréves see Trier

397

Trevino, Lee American golfertruh-vee-noh /tra'vi:nao/

Trevelyan, George Macaulay Englishhistoriantruh-vil-yuhn /tra'vI1jen/This British surname is variouslypronounced tru h-vel-yu hn ortruh-vil-yuhn, depending on individualpreference.

Trevithick, Richard English engineertrev-ith-ik /‘trevi91k/

triad group ofthreetry—ad /'tr1\1ad,'

triage preliminary assessmenttree—ahZh /'tri:u:5/

Triassic geological periodtry-ass-ik /t1“AI'3.SIRf

tribadism lesbian sexual practicetrib—uh—diZ—uhm /'trlbadIzam/

Tribeca area of New York Citytry—bek-uh /tr1n'bska,/

tribunal body established to settledisputetry-byoo-nuhl /trAI'bju:nal/

triceps arm muscletry-seps ,1 'tm1ssps/

triceratops dinosaurtry-serr-uh-tops /tr1\1'seratnps/

Trichet, Jean-Claude Frenchpresident of the European Central Bankzhah(ng) klohd tree-shay /3(1,k1eudtri:'j"e1/

trichology study of the hair and scalptrik—ol-uh—ji jtri'kn1ad3i/

trichomoniasis infectiontrik-oh-muh-ny-uh-siss/_trIkaome'nAias1s/

triclinium dining table with couchesalong three sidestry-klin-i-uhm itmrkliniemfThis and many other words with tri- can bepronounced either tri- or try-; see LATINpanel

tricolour three-coloured flagtrik-uh—|uhr /‘tr1kale(r)/

tricot fine knitted fabrictree-koh /'tri:kao/

tricoteuse woman who knitstree-kot-oez /,tri:kI)'toe:z/'

Tridentine Catholic catechismtrid-en—tyn /tr1'dant1un/

Trevino, Lee [ tripos

triduum period of three days’ observancetrid-yoo-uhm /'tridjuam/

Trier city, Germanytreer /tria(r)/The same pronunciation is an appropriateanglicization for Danish film director Larsvon Trie1"s name. The city is near the borderwith Luxembourg. The French name isTreves, pronunced trev.

Trieste city, Italytri-est /tri'est/

trigeminal nervetry-jem-in-uhl /tmi'd3sm1na1/

trigonometry branch of mathematicstri-guh-nom-uh-tri /,tr1ga'nometri/

trilobite fossiltry-loh-byt / 'tI‘AIl8UlJAIt/

trimaran yacht with three hullstry-muh-ran /'iI['AIHl91“8I1]

trimester period of three monthstry—mest—uhr /lII‘Al'l'Il8St8(l“)['

trimeter line of versetrim-uh-tuhr /‘tr1m1ta(r)/

Tl'in1l1l'ti Hindu trinitytrim-oor-ti /tr1'moa(r)ti/

Trincomalee port, Sri Lankatrink—uh-muh-lee /,trn]kema'1i:/

‘Trinidad and Tobago country,Caribbeantrin-id-ad tuh-bay-goh /'tr1n1dadte'be1gao/

Trinitarian relating to the Trinitytri-nit-air-i-uhn /,trIn1'ta:rian/

trinitrotoluene explosivetry—ny-troh-tol-yoo-een/trA1,nnItrao'toljui:n,'

triplltllong three vowels combined inone syllabletrif-thong /‘tr1fHrn]/c@mm0n1§§E§i}iH-iihbng. T Z Z i

Tripitaka sacred Buddhist canontrip-it-uh-kuh /tr1'p1taka/

triplex trademark safety glasstrip-leks /'tripleks/

Tripoli capital of Libyatrip-uh-ii /'tripali/The Arabic name is Trablous, pronouncedtrah-blooss.

tl‘ip0S examination at CambridgeUniversitytry—po5$ /'tI‘A[])DS/

triptych | truculent

triptych picture on three panelstrip-tik /'tr1pt1k/

Tripura state, Indiatrip—oor-uh /'tripoara/

trireme ancient war galleytry-reem /'tm1ri:m/

triskaidekaphobia superstitionregarding the number thirteentrisk-y-dek-uh-foh-bi-uh/_tr1ski\1dska'faobia/

triskelion Celtic symboltrisk~el-i-uhn /tr1'ski-:1ian/

trisomy chromosome abnormalitytriss-uh-mi /'tr1sami/

Tristan da Cunha island, SouthAtlantictrist-uhn duh koon-yuh /,tr1stan da'ku:nja/

tristesse melancholiatreest-ess /tri:'stss/

Tristan legendary knight, lover of Isolde;also called Tristramtrist-uhn /'tI'ISt8l1/

Tristram legendary knight, lover ofIseult; also called Tristantrist-ruhm /'tr1stram/

triticale cereal croptrit—ik-ay-Ii /,tI‘ItI'l(Elll/'

Triton Greek godtry-tuhn /'trn.1tan/'

triumvir pl. triumviri Roman officertry~um»vuhr, pl. try-um-vuh-ry/trAI'Amve(r)/, pl. /-r1u/

triumvirate three men holding powertry-um-virr-uht /tl"AI'1\I‘I‘lVII'9t/

triune consisting of three in onetry-yoon /'tI'AIjL1Zl'1/

Trivandrum port, Indiatriv-and-ruhm ftrrvandramf

Troad ancient region, Asia Minortroh-ad /'traoad/

Trobriand Islands islands, Pacifictroh-bri-uhnd /'traobriand/

trocar surgical instrumenttroh-kar /'treuko:(r)/ _

trochaic consisting of trocheestruh-kay-ik /tra'ke11k/'

trochee metrical foottroh-kee f'traoki:/

Trockenbeerenauslese sweet Germanwhite wine

398

trok-uhn-bair-uhn-owss-lay-zuh/'tI‘Dl{8I‘l,lJ£2l‘3I1,8OSl8lZ8/

troglodyte cave-dwellertrog-luh-dyt /'trngladAIt/

troika Russian vehicletroy-kuh /‘tro1ka,I

troilism sexual activity involving threeparticipantstroy-liz-uhm /'trailizam/

Troilus and Criseyde poem byChaucertroy-luhss kriss-ay-duh /‘tradesl(I‘I'SeId6f

Trollope, Anthony English novelisttrol-uhp /'trolap/

trompe l’ceil visual illusiontromp loy /,tromp ‘101/, French /tr5pleer]- Established anglicization.

Tromso city, Norwaytruum-soe /'tromsn:/

Trondheim town, Norwaytrond-hym /'tI‘DI1('il‘lAIl1'l/, ['tr:1nhejm]I Established anglicization.

troposphere region of the atmospheretrop-oh-sfeer /'trnpaosf1a(r)/'

'1i'ossa»chs valley, Scotlandtross-uhks /'trnsaks/

troth faith or loyaltytrohth /trao0/

Trotsky, Leon Russian revolutionaryIi-on trot-ski /Ii'on 'trntski,'

Trottisclifle village, Englandtroz-Ii /'troz1i/

troubadour French medieval lyric poettroo—buh-dor /'tru:bado:(r)/

Troughton, Patrick English actortrow-tuhn /'traotan/

trousseau pl. trousseaux items collectedby a bride for her marriagetroo-soh, pl. troo-sohz /'tru:sao/, pl./-sauz/

trouvaille lucky findtroo-vy ftl“l.lZ'VAI/

trow think or believetroh /trau/

T1-owbridge town, Englandtroh-brij /'traobr|d3/

Troyes town, Francetrwah ftrwcul

truculent quick to arguetruk-yuul-uhnt /'tI‘Al(jUl9l"lt/

399

Trudeau, Pierre Canadian statesmanpyair troo-doh /,pjs:(r) 'tru:dao/

Trudgill, Peter English linguisttrud-gil /‘tr1\dg1l;'

Truffaut, Francois French film directorfrah(ng)-swah true-foh /frolswuztry'fao/

Tl'lljill0 city, Perutroo-kheel-yoh /tru:'xi:ljao/

Truk Islands islands, Micronesiatruk /trAk/

TI'lll'0 town, Englandtroor-oh /'truarau/

trypanosomiasis tropical diseasetrip-uh-noh-suh-my-uh-siss/_iI‘lpF-)l‘l3US8'mAl3SlS/

tryptophan amino acidtrip-tuh-fan /‘tr|ptafan/

Tsang, Donald cliicfexccutive of HongKong;lung /d3/\n/

tsar (also czar or tzar) emperor of Russiatsar /tsu:(r)f

tsarevich (also czarcvich or tzarevich)son ofa tsartsar-uh-vitch /'tsu:rav1tI/

tsarina (also czarina or t1.arina)wife ofa tsartsar-ee-nuh /tsu:'ri:na/

TSRVO national park, Kenyatsah-voh /'tsu:vao/

tsessebi antelopetsess-ay-bi /tss'se1bi/

tsetse hloodsucking flyt$et—Si /'tsatsi/

Tshwane another name for Pretoriachwah-nay ,l'tIwo:ne1/

tsimmes (also tzimmes or tzimmis)Jewish stewtsim-uhss /‘tsimas/

Tsing Tao Chinese breweryching dow /'t_|"11;] 'dao/

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Russianaeronautical engineerlion-stuhn-teen tsi-uhl-kof-ski/knnstz->n'ti:n ,tsial'kofski/

Tskhinvali capital of South Ossetiatskhin-vah-Ii /tsx1n'v<1:li;‘

Tsotsi young criminal (South African)tsot-si /'tsntsi/

tsukemono Japanese pickled vegetabledish

Trudeau, Pierre | tuk-tuk

tsoo-kem-oh-noh /tsu:'kE.maunau/'v See JAPANESE panel.

tsunami tidal wavetsoo-nah-mi /tsu:'no:mi/

lSl.Il'iS problems or (liflicultiests0or—iss /'tsuar|s/

Tsushima island, Japantsoo-shee-muh /'tsu:j‘i:ma/

Tsvangirai, Morgan Zimbabweanpoliticianchang-girr-y/tIangr'm1/

Tswana African ethnic grouptswah—nuh /'tswo:na,f

Tuamotu Archipelago island group,Polynesiatoo-uh-moh-too /,tu:a'mautu:/

Tuareg African nomadic ethnic grouptwar-eg /'twu:rag/

Tuatha Dé Danann Irish mythologicalracetoo-uh-huh dair dan-uhn /,tuahads:(r) 'danan/~ See GAELIC panel.

tuber cinereum part of thehypothalamustyoo-buhr sin-eer-i-uhm /_tju:ba(r)sr'n1eriem/

tuberculosis infectious diseasetyuub-ur-kyuul-oh-siss/tjo,ba:(r)kjo'laosIs,'

tuberose planttyoo-buh-rohz !'tju:barauz/

Tiibingen city, Germanytue—bing-uhn /'ty:bman/

Tubruq see TobrukTubuai islands, Polynesiatoob-wy /tu:b'wai/

Tucana constellationtuuk-ah-nuh /tu'ko:na,I

Tucson city, UStoo-son /'tu:snn/

tucuxi small dolphintuuk-oo-hi /tu'ku:hi,'

tufa porous rocktyoo-fuh /'tju:fa/

hlgrik currency unit, Mongoliatoo-greek /'tu:grl:k/

Tuileries gardens in Paristwee—|uh—ri /'twi:lari/

tuk—tul( three-wheeled vehicletuuk-tuuk /'tuktok/

Tula | tussive

Tula city, Russiatoo-luh ,l'tu:la/

Tuicea city, Romaniatuul-chuh /'toItj‘a/

Tull, Jethro English agriculturalistjeth-roh tul /,d5e{-lrao 'IAl/

Tullamore town, Republic of Irelandtul-uh-mor /,tAl8'I‘I‘lOZ(I‘)/

tulle fine materialtyool /tju:l/

Tulsa port, UStul-suh /'tAlS8/

Tulsidas Indian poettuul-sid-ahss /'tols1dr1:s/

tumescent becoming swollentyuum-ess-uhnt /tjo'mesant,/

tumulus pl. tumuli ancient burial moundtyoo-myuu-luhss, pl. tyoo-myuu-lee/“tjuzmjolas/, pl. /-lizf

tundra Arctic regiontun-druh /‘tAndra/

tungsten chemical elementtung—stuhn ,"tAnstan/

Tunguska river, Russiatuung-goo-skuh /ton'gu:ska/

tunica pl. tunicae membranous sheathenveloping an organtyoo-nik-uh, pl. tyoo-nik-ee/'tju:n1ke/, pl. /-ki:/

Tunis capital ofTunisiatyoo-niss /'tju:n1s/

Tunisia countrytyoo-niz—i-uh /tju:‘n1zia/I Established anglicization.

Tupelo city, UStoo-puh-loh /'tu:palao/

Tupolev, Andrei Russian aeronauticalengineer _and-ray too-puh-luhf /an,dre1'tu:palaf/

tupuna Maori ancestortoo-puun-uh /'tu:pone/

tuque knitted captook /tu:k/

tur wild goattoor /tua(r)/

turaco birdtoor-uh-koh f'tuarakau/

Tul'8.l1d0t opera by Puccinitoor-an-dot /'toarandnt,/

turbinal part of the nasal cavity

4-O0

tur—bin—uhl /‘ta:(r)bmal/tureen soup Serving dish

tyoor-een /tjoa'ri:n/Turgenev, Ivan Russian writer

ee-vahn toor-gay—nyef /i:,vu:ntoa(r)'geInjef/

t1u'gid tedioustur-jid /'ta:(r)d31d/

Turin city, Italytyoor-in /tjoa'r1nlEstablished anglicization. The Italian nameis Torino, pronounced torr-ee-noh_

Turing, Alan English mathematiciantyoor-ing /'tjuarm/

Turkana African ethnic grouptur-kah—nuh /ta:(r)'ko:na/

Turkestan (also Turkistan) region,central Asia 'turk-ist-ahn /,ta:(r)k1‘st(1:n/

Turkmenistan republicturk-men-ist-ahn /ta:(r)k,men1'stu:n/

Turks and C8.iCOS islands, Caribbeankay-koss /'l<e1kns/

Turku port, Finlandtoor-koo /'tua(r)ku:/This is the Finnish name. The Swedishnainiefis Abo, pronounced aw-boo.

turmeric Spicetur—muh-rik /'ta:(r)mar1k/

turpitude depraved or Wicked behaviourturp-it-yood /'ta:(r)pitju:d/

turquoise semi-precious stonetur-kwoyz f'ta:(r)kw:)|z/

turron Spanish nougattoor-on /tua'ron;'

Tuscaloosa city, UStusk-uh-loo-suh /tAske'Iu:sa/

Tuscany region, Italytuslt-u*h—ni ftaskanif ___Established anglicization. The Italian nameis Toscana, pronounced tosk-ah-nuh.

tush person’s buttockstuush /tu_[/

Tussaud, Madame French founder ofwaxworks in Londontuh-sawd /ta's:>:d/, [tyso]' Established anglicization.

tussive relating to coughingtuss-iv ,~"tAs1v/

4~O1

Tutankhamen (also Tutankhamun)Egrptian pharaohtoo-tuhn-kah-muhn /_tu:ton'ku:man/Less commonly also too-tuhn-l<ah-moron.

tutelage protection or supervisiontyo0—tuh—|ij /'tju:ta1rd3/

Tuthmosis Egyptian pharaohtuth-moh-siss /tAB'maosIs/

Tutsi African ethnic grouptuut-si /'totsi/

tutti musical termtuut-i /'toti/

Tutu, Desmond South Africanclergymantoo-too /‘tu:tu:/

Tuvalu country, Pacifictoo-vah-loo /tu:'vu:1u:/

tuxedo man’s dinner jackettuk—See—d0h /tAk‘si:dao/

Tuxtla Gutiérrez city, Mexicotoost-luh goot-yerr-ess /,tu:st1a_gu:'tjs:res/

Tuzla town, Bosniatooz-luh /'tu:zla/

Tver port, Russiatvair ftve:(r)/

twopence sum of two pencetup-uhnss /'tAp9I1S/

tWopenn’orth amount of somethingthat costs twopencetoo-pen-uhrth /tu:'psna(r)9/

twopenny worth two pencetup-uh—ni /'tApani/

Tybalt Shakespearean charactertib—uhIt /'t1ba1t/

Tybllrn place in Londonty—burn /'ti\rba:(r)n/

tychism philosophical doctrinetyk-iz-uhm /'tA1k1zam,|'

Tyddewi Welsh name for St Davids,Walestith-ew—i /t1'oewi/

Tylenol trademark paracetamolty—_Iuh-nol /'tAIl8I10l/

Tymoshenko, Yuliya Ukrainianpoliticianyoo-Ii-uh tim-uh-shenk-uh /juzlia

Tutankhamen | tzimmes

t1ma'j‘snka/tympanum eardrum

tim—puh-nuhm /'t1mpanam/Tynan, Kenneth English writerty-nuhn /'tA1nanl

Tyndale, William English translatorand martyrtin-duhl /'t1ndaI/

Tyndall, John Irish physicisttin-duhl /'t1ndel/

Tynwald parliament of the Isle of Mantin-Wuhld /‘tmwaid/

Tyr Norse godteer /t1a(r)/

tyrannical exercising power in a cruelwaytirr—an-ik-uhl /t1‘ranika1/Lessfcommounly also ty-ran~ik~uhI.

tyrannosaurus dinosaurtirr-an-uh-sawr-uhss /tr_rana'sa:ras/

Tyre port, Lebanonty-uhr /'tA1a(r)/

tyro beginner or novicety-roh /'tA1reo/

Tyrol state, Austriatirr-ohl /t1‘raol/Spelled Tirol in German; the pronunciationis more or less the same.

Tyrone county, Northern Irelandtirr-ohn ltrraonl

Tyrrhenian seatirr-ee-ni-uhn /t1'ri:nian/

Tyumen city, Russiatyuum-yen /tjo'mj:-:n/

tzar see tsarTzara, Tristan Romanian-born French

poettreest-ah(ng) zar-uh Itrizstd 'zu:ra/

tzatziki Greek yogurt dishtsat-see-ki /tsat'si:ki/

tzedakah charitable givingtsed-ok-ah /tse'dnka:/

tzigane Hungarian Gypsytsig-ahn /ts1'gu:n/

tzimmes see tsimmes

402

U characteristic ofupper social classesV00 /1111:’

U Burmese man’s title00 /u:/

U-Bahn underground train systemoo-bahn /'u:bu:n/

Ubermensch supermanue-buhr-mensh /' 'ba(r) mEn_[/y‘ I

The German prefix ir',be:r'- is sometimesanglicized to oob-uhr, here and in otherwords.

ubique motto of the Royal Engineers andthe Royal Artillery; ‘everywhere’ (Latin)yuu-by-kway /jo'brukwe1;'Our research indicates that this heavilyanglicized pronunciation was used by themajority of RE and RA officers. The classicalLatin pronunciation is oo-bik-way.

ubiquitous found everywherey00—bi—kwi-tu hss /ju:‘b1kw1tas/

UCAS Universities and CollegesAdmissions Serviceyoo-kass /'ju:kas/

Uccello, Paolo Italian painterpow-Ioh oo-chel-oh /,paoleo u:'tj"elao/

Udall, Nicholas English dramatistnik-uh-luhss yoo-duhi /,nikalas'ju:dalf

Udine province, Italyoo-din-ay /‘u:d1ne1/

Udmtmtia autonomous republic, Russiauud-moor-ti-uh /od'moa(r)tia/

udon thick Japanese noodlesO0-don /'u:dnn,/

UEFA Union of European FootballAssociationsy0o—ay-fuh /ju:'erfa/Various pronunciations have been used forthis body since its inception, includingyoo-fuh and yoo-ee-fuh; ourrecommendation is the one used by UEFAand FIFA uiiicials.

Ueno park, Tokyo00-ay-noh /u:'e1nao/

Ufa capital of Bashkiria00-fah /u:'fr1:,'

UFAW Universities Federation forAnimal Welfareyoo—faw /‘ju:fo:,‘

Uflizi art gallery, Florenceuu-feet-si /o'fi:tsi/- See ITALIAN panel.

ufology study of UFOsyoo-fol-uh-ji /ju:'fn1ad5i/

ugali maize porridge00-gah-Ii /u:'gu:1i/

Uganda countryyoo-gan-duh /ju:'ganda/

Ugli trademark citrus fruitLlg-Ii /'Ag1i/

Ugric language familyy0o—grik /'ju:gr1k/

Uighur (also Uigur) member of a Turkicpeople of Chinawee-guhr /'wi:ga(r)/

uillean pipes Irish musical instrumentil-uhn /'1Ian/

Uist two islands, Scotlandyoo—ist /'ju:1st/

Ujjain city, India00-jyn /u:'d3A1n,I

Ujung Pandang port, Indonesiaoo-juung pan-dang /u:,d3on pan'dar|/

UKIP UK Independence Partyyoo-kip /'ju:k1p,/

ukiyo-e school of Japanese artoo—kee-yoh-ay /u:,ki:jao'ei/

Ukraine countryyoo-krayn /ju:'kre1n/¢ Established anglicization.

ukulele musical instrumentyoo-kuh-lay-Ii /,ju:ka‘ie1li/

Ulan Bator (also Ulaanbaatar) capitalof Mongoliaoo-lahn bah-tuhr /_u:lu:n 'br1:ta(r)/

Ulanova, Galina Russian ballet dancerguh-lee-nuh oo-Iah-nuh~vuh /ga'1i:nau:'lo:nava,l

4-O3

Ulan-Ude capital of Buryatia00-lahn 00-day /u:_lo:n u:'de1/

lllema (also ulama) body of Muslimscholarsuu-lam-ah /'olamci:/

Ulfilas Gothic bishop and Bibletranslator; also called Wulfilauul-fil-ass /'u1fr1as/

Ulhasnagar city, Indiaool-huhss-nug-uhr /,u:lhas'nnga(r)/

tillage amount by which a container fallsshort ofbeing fullul-ij /'Alrd;',/

Ulm city, Germanyuulm /ulm/

ulna pl. ulnae bone in the forearmul-nuh, pl. ul-nee /‘rune/, pl. /-ni:/0 Standard -s plural is also possible.

Ulpian Roman juristulp-i-uhn /'nlpian/

Ulsan port, Koreaool-sahn /u:l'su:n/

ultimo ‘of last month’ (Latin)ul-tim-oh /'Altrmao/

ultramundane existing outside theknown worldult-ruh—mun-dayn /_r\ltra'm1mde1n/

ultra vires beyond one's authorityult-ruh vy-reez /,nltra 'v.»uri:z/As is typical with legal latin, this is ananglicized pronunciation. A moreclassical-sounding pronunciation, ult-ruhveer-ayz, is also used; see LATIN panel.

ululate howl or wailul-yuh-layt /'Al_l3l8It/Less commonly also yoo-lyoo-layt.

Ulundi town, South Africaoo-luun-di /urlundi,’

Uluru sacred mountain, Australia00-luu-r00 /u:lu'ru:/

Ulysses Roman name for Odysseusvoo-liss-sgyiq;fy§j;§r_, _,__,_,,Sometimes also yoo-liss-eez.

urnami category of taste in food00-mah-mi /u:'mu:mi/

Umayyad Arab dynastyuum-y-ad /U'mAl&Cl/

Umbanda Brazilian folk religionuum-band-uh /um'banda/

umbellifer plant of the parsley family

Ulan-Ude I undine

um-bel—if-uhr /r\m'bsl1fa(r)/umber yellow-brown pigment

um-buhr /'AITllJ6(I')/umbo pl. umbones central boss of a

shieldum-boh, pl. um-boh-neez /'Amb30/, pl./.\m'baoni:z/' Standard -s plural is also possible.

umbra pl. umbrae inner regionum-bruh, pl. um-bree /'.~\mbra/, pl./-brizl' Standard -s plural is also possible.

umbrage offenceum-brij /'AI‘l‘llI)I‘l(l3]'

Umbria region, Italyum-bri-uh /'Ambria/v Established anglicization.

Umbriel moon of Uranusum-bri-uhl /'AlTlbI‘l8l/

Umefi city, Sweden00-muh-aw /'u:ma_o:/

umiak Eskimo boatoo-mi-ak /'u:miak/

umlaut diacritic mark (")uum-lovvt /'omlaot/

umma (also ummah) community ofMuslimsuum-uh /'uma/

Umm al Qaiwain state, United ArabEmiratesuum uhl ky-wyn /_um al l{AI'WAl]1/

Umm Qasr port, Iraquum kaSS-uhr /,om 'kasar/

umrah lesser pilgrimage to Meccauum-rah /'omrc1:/

Umwelt worlduum-velt /'Umv8ltl

una corda musical termoo-nuh kor-duh /_u:na 'k:):(r)daf

unanimous in agreementyoo-nan-im-uhss /ju:‘nan|mas/

uncial scriptun-si-uhl /'r\nsia1/

UNCTAD United Nations Conference onTrade and Developmentunk-tad iumktadi

tlnction religious riteunk-shuhn /'Ai]k_l'an;'

unctuous ingratiatingunk-tyoo-uhss ,l'AI]l(lj'l.10S/

undine water nymphun-deen /'Andi:n/

undulate I uropygium

undulate move with a wave-like motionun-dyuh-Iayt /'Al1Clj9l6It/

UNESCO United Nations agencyyoo-nesk-oh /ju:'nsskeu/

ungainsayable undeniableun—gayn-say-uh-buhl/,Angem'se1aba1/

ungual relating to a nail, hoof, or clawung-gwuhl /'AI]gW3l/

unguent ointmentung~gwuhnt /'A1;|gwant/

llngulale hoofed mammalung-gyuul-uht /'AI]gjUl9ll/

unheimlich uncannyuun-hym-likh /un'hA1ml1c/

unicameral having a single legislativechamberyoo-ni-kam-uh-ruhl /,ju:ni'kamarel/

UNICEF United Nations agencyyoo-niss-ef /'ju:n1ssf,'

UNIDO United Nations InternationalDevelopment Organizationyoo-nee-doh /ju:'ni:dau/

llllifil make wholey0O-ni-fy /'ju:n1fA1/

uniparous producing a single offspringyoo-nip-uh-ruhss /ju:'mperas/

uniped having only one foot or legyoo-nip-ed /'ju:n1ped/

UNITA Angolan nationalist movementyoo-nee—tuh /ju:'ni:ta/

UNITAR United Nations Institute forTraining and Researchyoo-nee-tar ,/ju:'ni:ta:(r)/

unitard one-piece garmentyoo-nit-ard /'ju:n1tu:(r)d/

Unix trademark computer operatingsystemyoo-niks /'ju:n1ks/

unkempt dishevelledun-kempt /An'k€.mpt/

Untermensch pl. Untermenschenperson considered inferioruun-tuhr-mensh,pl.uun-tuhr-mensh-uhn _/'unta(r)men_[/, pl. /-man_1'an/

unwonted unaccustomedun-wohn-tuhd /AI1'W3Ul’ll18d/

Upanishad Hindu sacred treatiseoo-pan-ish-ad /u:'panijad/

Updike, John American writer

404

up-dyk /'A]J(lAIl(/Up-Helly-Aa annual festival held in the

Shetland Islandsuup hel-i ah /,op hsli '<1:/

upholster cover furnitureup-hohl-stuhr /Ap'haulste(r)/

Uppsala city, Swedenuup-sah—Iuh /'opso:la/

upsilon letter of the Greek alphabetyoop-sy-luhn /_lllII)'SAIlBI“l/Commonly also up-sil-on.

Uqsur, el- see LuxorUr ancient Sumerian city

ur /a:(r)/Uralic family of languages

yuu-ral-ik /jo'ra11k/Urals mountain range, Russiayoor-uhlz /'joara1zf

Urania Greek mythological characteryuh-ray-ni-uh /ja'remie/

uranium chemical elementyuh-ray-ni-uhm /ja'remiem/

Uranus planetyour-uh-nuhss /'juaranas/Commonly also yuh-ray-nuhss. Ourrecommendation is based on the preferredusage of astronomers.

urbane refined in mannerur-bayn {a:(r)'bem/

Urdu languageoor-doo /'oa(r)du:/Commonly also ur-doo.

urea chemical compound in urineyuh-ree-uh /ja‘ri:a/

ureter duct from the kidneyyuh-ree-tuhr /je'ri:ta(r),'

urethra duct from the bladderyuh-reeth-ruh /ja'ri:6ra/

Urey, Harold American chemistyoor-i /'joari/

Uriah biblical characteryuh-ry-uh /j8'1'AIG/

urinal receptacle for urineyuh-ry-nuhl fj8'I‘All'l8l/

urine waste fluidyoor-in /'juerIn/

t1l'0lOgy branch ofmedicine concernedwith the urinary systemyuh-rol-uh-ji /je'rn1ad3i/

uropygium rump of a birdyoor-oh-pij-i-uhm /,joarao'p1d3iam/

405

Ursa Major constellationur-suh may-juhr /,a:(r)sa 'me1d3a(r)/

UPS3. Minor constellationur-suh my-nuhr /_a:(r)sa 'mA1na(r)/

Ursula saint and martyrur-syuul-uh ,I'a:(r)sjula/

Ursuline order of nunsur—$yuul-yn ,/'a:(r)sjo1n1n/

urtext pl. urtexte earliest version of a textoor-tekst, pl. oor-teks-tuh/'oa(r)tskst/, pl. /-taksta,'~ Standard -s plural is also possible.

urticaria skin rashur-tik-air-i-uh /,a:(r)ti'ks:ria/

Uruguay countryyoor—uh-gwy /'juaragwnI/, Spanish[uru'ywaj]' Established anglicization.

Uruk ancient city, Mesopotamiauu-ruuk ,/'orok/

Uruk-Hai fictional creatures in The Lordofthe Rings00-ruuk hy /,u:rok ‘hm,’

Urumqi (also Urumchi) city, Chinauu-ruum-chee /,orom'tji/

Usdaw Union of Shop, Distributive andAllied Workersuz-daw /'1\zdo:/

Ushuaia port, Argentina00-swy-uh /u:'swAia/

Uspallata pass, South Americaoo-spuhl-yat-uh /,u:spal'jata/,[uspa'&ata]

UStiI10V, Peter British actor of Russiandescentyoo-stin-of /'ju:stmof/

usurer moneylenderyoo-zhuh-ruhr /'ju:3ara(r)/

usurp take a position of poweryoo-zurp /ju:'za:(r)p,l

usury lending moneyy00-zhuh—ri /'ju:3ari/

Utah state, USyoo-tah /‘ju:tn:;‘AM is yoo-taw.

Utamaro, Kitagawa Japanese artistkee-tag-ah-wuh uu-tam-ah-roh/ki:ta'go:wa _u:ta'mu:rau/- See mmusse panel.

Ursa Major | Uzi

Ute American Indian ethnic groupyoot ,fju:t/

uterine relating to the wombyoo-tuh-ryn /'ju:tarAIn/

Uther Pendragon legendary figure;father of Arthuroo—thuhr pen—drag-uhn /_u:Ba(r)pen'dragan/

Utica town, USyoo-tik-uh /‘juztika/‘

Utopia imagined perfect placeyoo-toh-pi-uh /ju:'taopie/

Utrecht city, Netherlandsy00—trekht /'ju:trext/, ['ytrext]~ Established anglicization.

Utl'ill0, Maurice French paintermorr-iss yoo-tril-oh /‘moms ju:'tr11eo/,[moris ytrijo]¢ Established anglicization.

Utsire island, Norway; also shippingareasuut-seer-uh /ut's1ara/

Uttaranehal state, Indiauut-uh-run-chuhl /,ut8'rAntj'al/

Uttar Pradesh state, Indiauut-uhr pruh-daysh /,uta(r) pra'dei_l‘/

Uttoxeter town, Englandyoo-tok-suh-tuhr ,'ju:'tnksata(r)/There are other local pronunciations of thisplace name, including ut-ok—suh-tuhr anduk-sit-uhr.

Utzon, Jiirn Danish architectyoern uut-son /,jce(r)n 'otsnn/

uvea part of the eyeyou-vi-uh /'ju:via/

uvula pl. uvulac fleshy extension at theback of the soft palateyoo-vyuul-uh, pl. yoo-vyuul-ee/'ju:vjola,', pl. /-1i:/~ Standard -s plural is also possible.

uxorious fond of one’s wifeuk-saw—ri-uhss /J\k'S3Il"l3$]'

Uzbek member ofa Turkic people livingmainly in Uzbekistanuuz-bek ,"uzbsk/

Uzbekistan independent republicuuz-bek-ist-ahn /uz,bz-:k1'sto:n/

Uzi sub-machine gunoo-zi /'u:zi/

406

Vaal river, South Africavahl /vu:1/

Vaasa port, Finlandvah-suh /'v(1:so/

vaccine inoculationvak-seen /'vaksi:n/

Vacllerin soft cheesevash—uh-ra(ng) /'va_|‘ar€:/

vacillate wavervass-il-ayt /'vas11eit/

vacuum space devoid of mattervak-yoom /'vakju:m/Less commonly also trek-yiiti-iilhlti, a morecareful pronunciation.

vade mecum handbookvah-di may-kuhm /,vc1:di 'meIkam/Q See LATIN panel.

Vadodara city, Indiavuh-doh-duh-ruh /va'deodara/

Vaduz capital of Liechtensteinfad-uuts /fa'dots/

vagary unexpected changevay-guh-ri /'ve1gari/

vaginoplasty surgery to create a vaginavuh-jy-noh-plast-i /va'd3A1naoplasti/

vagrant person without a settled homevay-gruhnt /'ve1grant/

vagus pl. vagi cranial nervevay-guhss, pi. vay-jy /‘verges/, pl./-dsA1/

Viiiniimiiinen central character in theKalevalavay-nuh-moey-nuhn /'vemamce1nan/,Finnish Pvaainamajnan]

Vaishnava member of a branch ofmodern Hinduismvysh-nuv-uh /'v.uInAva/

Vajpayee, Atal Bihari Indianstatesman .ut-uhl bi-hah-ri vahj-pay /,AlZ9l b1,ho:ri'va:d5per/The pronunciation vahj-py is sometimesheard. However, our recommendation isbased on the advice of several Hindispeakers and the High Commission of India.

vajra thunderbolt or mythical weaponvuj-ruh /'VA(l3[‘8/

vakil lawyervuh-keel /va'ki:1/

Val d’Isére resort, Franceval dee-zair /,va1di:‘zs:(r)/

vale valleyvayl lvelll

vale farewellvah-lay /‘vu:le1/

valedictory serving as a farewellval-uh-dik-tuh—ri /,vala'dIktari/

Valencia city, Spainvuh-len-si-uh /veflsnsia/, [[.ia'len8ja]' Established anglicization.

Valenciennes bobbin laceval-ah(ng)-syen /,valE'1'sjsn/

valency combining power of an elementvay-|uhn—si /'ve11ansi/

Valentia island and coastal station,Republic of Irelandvuh-len-shi-uh /va'lenIia/

Valentino, Rudolph Italian-bornAmerican actorval-uhn-tee-noh /,va1an'ti:nao/

Valerian Roman emperorvuh—leer—i—uhn /va'11arienfCommonlyjalso vuh-laiizi-uhniseeiligrinit ipanel.

valerian plantvuh-leer-i-uhn /va'lIarian/As with many botanical names, more than ifone pronunciation is possible. Commonlyalso vuh-lair-i-uhn.

Valéry, Paul French poetpol val-air-ee /_pnl ,va1s'ri:/

valet man’s personal male attendantval-uht ,"valet/This is the traditionaIll3R pronunciation;val-ay is also used.

Valeta see veletavaletudinarian hypochondriac

va I-uh-tyoo~din-air—i-uh n/,va1atju:di'ns:rian/

407

valgus limb deformityval-guhss /'valges/

Valhalla Norse mythological palaceval-hal-uh /val'hale/'

valise small suitcasevuh-leez /va'li:z,'

Valium trademark tranquillizing drugval-i—uhm /'vaiiam/

Valkyrie Norse mythological charactersval-kuh-ri ,"valkari/Lcss commonly also val-keer~i. Sec also DIEWAI.Kiim~:.

Valladolid city, Spainval-uh-d0h—leed /,valadao'li:d/,[[5a£aoo'lio']Established a.nglit'ization. Sometimes alsoval-yuh-do|~eeth, a less anglicizedpronunciation.

vallecula pl. valleculae furrowval-ek-yuu-luh, pl. val-ek-yuu-lee/va'lekjole/, pl. /-1i:/' Standard -es plural is also possible.

Valle d’Aosta region, Italyval-ay dah-ost-uh /_vale1du:'nsta,f

Valletta capital, Maltavuh-let-uh /va'lsta,/

vallum defensive wallval-uhm /'valamf

Valois medieval duchy, Franceval-wah /val'w<1:f

valonia treeval-oh-ni-uh /va‘laonia/

Valparaiso port, Chileval-puh-ry-zoh /,valpa'rA1zeu/, Spanish[[$alpara'iso]~ Established anglicization.

Valpolicella red wineval-pol-i-chel-uh /,valpoli't,l8la/

valse waltzvaiss fvalsl

valuta exchange value of currencyvuh-lyoo-tuh /va'1ju:ta!

vambrace armourvam-brayss /'vambreis/

vamoose depart hurriedlyvuh-mooss /ve'mu:s/

vanadium chemical clementvuh-nay-di-uhm /vo'neldiem/

vanaspati thick vegetable oilvuh-nuss-puh-tee /va'nAspa,ti:;’

valgus | Vanir

Vanbrugh, John English architect anddramatistvan-bruh /'vanbra,'

Van Buren, Martin former Americanpresidentvan byoor-uhn /van 'bjoaran/

Van Cleef & Arpels American jewellersvan kleef ar-pelz /van 'kli:fo:(r)'ps1z/

vancomycin bacterial antibioticvank-uh-my-sin /,var)ka'mA|srn/

Vancouver city, Canadavan-koo-vuhr /van‘ku:va(r)/

van de Graaif generator machinewhich generates static chargevan duh grahf ,/,van da 'gr(1:f/

Vanderbijlpark city, South Africafund-uhr-bayl-park/'fAnda(r)beil,po:(r)k/

Vanderbilt, Cornelius Americanphilanthropistkor-nee-Ii-uhss van-duhr-bilt/k:):(r)_ni:lios 'vando(r)b|lt/

Van der Post, Laurens South Africanexplorer and writerlorr-uhnss van duhr post /'lorans ‘vanda(r) ’pnst/

van de Velde family of Dutch paintersvun duh vel-duh /,vi-in do 'valda/

Van Diemen’s Land former name forTasmaniavan deem-uhnz /van 'di:manz/

Van Dyck, Anthony (also Vandyke)Flemish paintervan dyk /van 'da1k/ [van 'deik]' Established anglicization.

Viillerll lake, Swedenvay-nuhrn /'ve1na(r)n/, ['ve:nsn]

vanessid butterflyvuh-ness-id /V9'I1ESlCl,/

Van Eyck, Jan Flemish painteryun vun yk /jan van 'AIl-(/

Vangelis Greek composervan-gel-iss /vai]'gsl1s/

Van Gogh, Vincent Dutch paintervan gokh /van 'gnx/, [vm,sent vun'YvX] WfiEstablished anglicization. Anotheranglicization, van goh, is used especially inAM.

Vanir Norse godsvah-neer /'vn:n1a(r),l

vanitas I Vaughan, Sarah

vanitas painting containing symbols ofdeathvan-it-ahss /'van1ta:s/

vanquish defeat thoroughlyvank-wish /'V3.l]l(WI_[/'

Vantaa city, FinlandVan-tah /'vantu:/'

Vanuatu countryvan-oo-uh-too /vanua'tu:/Commonly also van-wah-too, an anglicizedform.

vaporetto pl. vaporetti canal boatvap-uh-ret-oh, pl. vap-uh-ret-i/|vapa'rstao/, pl. /-ti/

vaquero cowboyvuh-kair-oh /va'ka:rao/

Varah, Chad English founder of theSamaritanschad var-uh /,t_[ad 'va:ra/

Varanasi city, Indiavuh-rah-nuh-si /va'ra:nasi/

vardo Gypsy caravanvar-doh j'vct:(r)dao/

varec seaweedvarr-ek /'varsk/

Varese town, Italyvuh-ray-say /va're1se1/

Varese, Edgard French-Americancomposered-gar varr-ez /ed,go:(r) va'rez/

Vargas Llosa, Mario Peruvian writermah-ri-oh var~gass Iyoh-suh /,mc1:riao,vu:(r)gas 'ljaosa/

varicella chickenpoxvarr-i-sel-luh /,vari'sala/

varicose swollen or twisted (veins)varr-i-kohss /'var|kaos/

variegated exhibiting different coloursvair-i-uh-gay-tid /'ve:riage1t1d/

varietal made from a single specifiedvariety ofgrapevuh-ry-uh-tuhl /va'r.uatel/

varifocal lens that allows differentfocusing distancesvair-i-fohk-uhl /,ve:ri'faukal/-

variola smallpoxvuh-ry-uh-luh /va'r1uala/

varix pl. varices varicose veinvair-iks, pl. varr-iss-eez j'vs:r1ksf, Pl./'var1si:z,'

varlet boy servant

4-O8

var-luht /'vu:(r)lat/Varmint wild animal

var-mint l‘vu:(r)mmt/Varna port, Bulgaria

var-nuh ,/'vu:(r)no/varna each of the four Hindu castes ,

var-nuh /'vu:(r)ne/Varro, Marcus Terentius Roman

satiristmark-uhss tuh-rensh-uhss varr-oh/,mu:(r)kas ta,rsnj‘as ‘varaul' See LATIN panel.

varroa microscopic mitevarr-oh-uh /'varaoa/

Varuna Hindu godvurr-uun-uh /'vArona/

varus limb deformityvair-uhss /'vs:ras/

vas pl. vasa vessel or ductvass, pl. vay-Suh /vas/, pl. f've1se/

Vasari, Giorgio Italian painterjor-joh vuh-sah-ri /,d5o(r)cl3eova'su:ri/

V38 defcrens sperm ductvass def-uh-renz /_vas 'defarenz/

vasectomy sterilizationvuh-sek-tuh-mi /va'ssktami/

vaseline trademark petroleum jellyvass-uh-leen /'vasali:n/

vasopressin hormonevay—z0h-press-in /,ve|zeu'presm;‘

vassal tenant landholdervass-u hl /'vasal/

vastation purificationvast—ay-shuhn /va'ste1_fan/

Viisteras port, Swedenvest-uhr-awss /,vesta'r0:s/

vaticinate foretell the fitturevat-iss-in-ayt /va't1s1ne1t/

Viittern lake, Swedenvet-uhrn /'vata(r)n/

vatu currency unit, Vanuatuvat-oo /'vatu:/

Valld canton, Switzerlandvoh /van,’

vaudeville entertainmentvaw-duh-vil /'v:):davtl/

Vaudois relating to Vaudvoh-dwah /vau'dwu:/

Vaughan, Sarah American jazz singervawn /vo:n/

409 Vaughan Williams, Ralph I vendeuse

Vaughan Williams, Ralph EnglishComposerrayf vawn /'re1f ,vo:n/

vault leapvawlt /vo:lt/Commonly also volt.

Vauxhall district of Londonvoks-awl /'vukso:I/

vavasour vassalvav-uh-s00r /'vavasua(r)/

Vavilov, Nikolai Soviet plant geneticistnik-uh-Iy vuh-vee-luhf /mka_lAiva'vi:laf/

Veblen, Thorstein American economistthor-styn veb-luhn /_6o:(r)st:un'veblan/

Veda Indian scripturevay-duh /‘velda,'

vedalia beetle ladybirdvuh-day-Ii-uh /va'de1lia/

Vedanta Hindu philosophyved-ahn-tuh /va'du:nta/

vedettc mounted sentryved—et lvrfidetl

Vedic relating to the Vedasvay-dik /‘ve1dik/

Vega, Lope do Spanish dramatistloh-pay day vay-guh /_laupe1 del've1ga,!

Vega starvee-guh /'vi:ga,’

vega grassy plainvay-guh /'ve1ga/

vegan person who avoids eating animalproductsvee-guhn /'vi:gan/

Vegemite trademark savoury spreadvej-uh-myt /'VSCl38IflAlt/

vegetal relating to plantsvei-uh-tuhl /'ved3atal,I

vehement showing strong feelingvee-uh-muhnt /‘vi:amant/

veitchberry hybrid plantveetch-buh-ri /'vi:tj'baril

Vela constellationvee-luh /'vi:le/

velar relating to a veil or velumvee-Iuhr /'vi:la(r)/

Velazquez, Diego Rodriguez deSilva y Spanish painterdyay-goh rod-ree-gess day see!-vuh

ee vel-ass-kwuh$$ /,dje|gao rnd,ri:ge:sdel ,si:lva i: ve'laskwas/, [[3e'laske6]~ Established anglicization.

Velazquez de Cuéllar, Diego Spanishconquistadordyay-goh vel-ath-kweth daykwel~yar /_dje1geo velaflkwefi del'kwetlju:(r)/

veld (also veldt) open grasslandvelt /v£lt/

veleta (also valeta) ballroom dancevuh—lee-tuh /va'1i:te/

vellcity inclinationvel-ee-it-i fvs'li:Iti/

Vellcius Paterculus Roman historianand soldiervel-ay-uhss puh-tair-kyuul-uhss/vs_le1as pa'ts:(r)kjulas/

vellum parchmentvel-uhm /'velam/

velocimeter instrument for measuringvelocityvel-uh-sim-uh-tu hr !,va1a's1mata(r)l

velociraptor small dinosaurvuh-loss-i-rap—tuhr /va_1osi'rapta(r)/

velocity speedvuh-loss-it-i /va'lns1ti/

velodrome cycle-racing trackvel-uh-drohm ,"vsladraom/

velour plush woven fabricvuh-loor /va'1oa(r)/

velouté white saucevuh-loo-tay /va'lu:te1/

velum pl. vela membranevee-luhm, pl. vee-luh /'vi:lam/, pl./-131’

Velux trademark roofwindowvee-luks /'vi:laks/

vena cava pl. venae cavae cardiac veinvee-nuh kay—vuh, pl. vee-nee kay-vee/,vi:na 'ke1va/, pl. /,vi:ni: 'kelvi:/

venal susceptibile to briberyvee-nuhl /'vi:nal/

vendace fishven-diss /'vend1s,'

vendange grape harvestvah(ng)-dah(ng)zh /vf1'df13/

Vendée river, Francevah(ng)-day /vfi'de1I

vendetta blood feudven-det-uh /vsn'deta/

vendeuse saleswomanvah(ng)-doez /vd'doz/

vendue | veljuice

vendue public auctionven-dyoo /ven'dju:f

venereal relating to sexvuh-neer-i-uhl /va'n1aria1/

venery sexual indulgenceven—uh-ri /'venari]

Venetia region, Italyven-ee-Shuh /v1-:'ni:Io/Established anglicization. The Italian nameis Veneto, pronounced vay-net-oh.

Venezuela countryven-uh-zway-Iuh /,vena'zweIle/,Spanish [|3ene'swela]~ Established anglicization.

venial relating to a lesser sinvee-ni-uhl /'vi:nia1/

Venice city, Italyven-iss /'vsn1s/

venison meat from a deerven-iss-uhn /'ven1sanf

Venite canticlevuh-ny-ti /ve'n.uti/This is a particularly anglicizedpronunciation used with reference to Psalm93 when sung at matins services. Otherpronunciations such as ven-ee-tay are alsoused; see LATIN panel.

veni, Vidi, vici ‘I came, I saw, Iconquered’ (Latin)way-ni wee-di wee-ki /,weIni ,wi:di'wi:ki/This is the classical Latin pronunciation forthis well-known quotation ofJulius Caesar.More anglicized pronunciations such asvay-ni vee-di vee—chi are oflzen used; sceLATIN panel.

venomous secreting venomven-uh-muhss /'vsnemas/

venous relating to veinsvee-nuhss /'vi:nas/

Ventnor town, Isle ofWightvent-n uhr /'ventna(r)/

Ventolin trademark drug used to treatasthma ‘ven-tuh—lin /'ventelm/

ventouse cup-shaped suction deviceven-tooss I 'vsntu:s/

Venturi, Robert American architectven-tyoor-i /ven'tjoari/

Venus de Milo classical sculpture

4-10

vee-nuhss duh my-loh /_vi:nas do'mA1lau/Also commonly mee-Ioh.

veracity truthvuh-rass-it-i /va'ras1ti/

Veracruz state, Mexicovair-uh-krooss /_ve:ra'kru:s,'

verbatim in exactly the same wordsvur—bay-tim /va:(r)'be1tIm,'

verbena herbaceous plantvur-bee-nuh /va:(r)'bi:na/

verbiage speechvur-bi-uhj /'va:(r)biad3/

verboten forbiddenfuhr-boh-tuhn /fa(r)'bauten/

Vercingetorix chieitain of Gaulvur-sin-jet~uh—riks/,va:(r)s1n'd3etariks/Egmhlislied anglicization. Sometimes alsovair-sa(ng)-zhet-uh-reeks, a moreFrench-sounding pronunciation.

verdant green with grassvur-duhnt /'va:(r)dant,'

Verdelho white grapevuhr-del—yoo /va(r)'da}ju:/

Verdi, Giuseppe Italian Composerjuuz-ep-ay vair-di /d3o_zepe| 've:(r)di/

Verdicchio white wine grapevair-deek-yoh /ve:(1")'di:kjau,f

verdigris copper patinavur-dig-ree /‘va:(r)d1gri:/

Verdun First World War battle site,Francevur-dun /V(—)Z(I‘)'dAIl/, [verdtiej° Established anglicization.

verdure vegetationvur-dyuhr /'va:(r)dja(r)/

Vereeniging city, South Africafuh-ree-nikh-ing /fo'ri:n1xn)/

Vergil see Virgilveridical truthfulvuh-rid-ik-uhl /va'r1d1ka1,'

verisimilitude appearance of being realverr-i-sim-il-it-yood /_veris1'm111tju:d/

verismo realismverr-iz-moh /ve'rizmau,'

vérité naturalistic genreverr-it-ay /'vsr1tsi/

veljuice sour fi'uit juicevur-jooss /'va:(r)d3u:s/

4-11

verlag publishing house (German)fair-lahk /fe:(r)'lo:k,'

Verlaine, Paul French poetpol vair-lenn /,pn1 vs:(r)'1en/

Vermeer, Jan Dutch painteryun vur-meer /Jan va:(r)'mie(r)/I Established anglicization.

vermeil gilded silver or bronzevur-mayl /'vo:(r)meil/

vermicelli pasta threadsvair-mi-chel-i /,ve:(r)mi'tj'sli,/

vermilion red pigmentvuhr—mi|-yuhn ,'va(r)‘m11jan/

vermis part of the brainvur—miss /'va:(r)m1s/

Vermont state, USvur-mont /va(r)'mnnt;‘

Vermouth flavoured winevuhr-mooth /va(r)'mu:6/Less commonly also vur-muhth.

Vernaccia wine grapevuhr-natch—uh /va(r)'natIa;'

vernacular language varietyvur-nak-yuul-uhr /ve(r)'nakjola(r)/

Verne, Jules French novelistjoolz vurn /,d3u:lz ‘va:(r)n/, [3y1vern]' Established anglicization.

Verner’s Law linguistic principlevair-nuhrz /'ve:(r)na(r)z/

vernissage private view of paintingsvair-niss-ahzh /,ve:(r)n1'su:5/

vernix deposit covering baby’s skin atbirthvur-niks /'va:(r)n1ks,|'

Vero board trademark used to makeelectronic circuitsverr-oh /‘verao/

Verona city, Italyvuh-roh-nuh /va'rauna/

veronal barbiturate drugverr-uh-nuhl /'verana1/

Veronese, Paolo Italian painterpow-loh verr-uh-nay-zay /,paulao,\zare'ne1ze1/

veronique dish garnished with grapesverr-uh-neek /,vera'ni:k/

Verrazano-Narrows Bridge bridgebetween Brooklyn and Staten Island, USverr-uh-zah-noh /,vsra'zo:nao/

verre églomisé glass decorated on theback

verlag | vesicle

vair ay-gloh-mee-zay /,ve:(r)_eiglnmi:'ze1/

verruca wart on the footvuh—ro0-kuh /va'ru:ke/

Versace, Gianni Italian fashiondesignerjah-ni vair-sah-chay /,d3u:nive:(r)'sr1:t_l'eI/The pronunciation of his fashion label iscommonly also anglicized to vur-satch-i.

Versailles palace, Francevair-sy /vs:(r)'sA1/

vers libre free versevair leeb-ruh /vs:(r) 'li:bra/

Verstehen empathic understandingfair-shtay-uhn /fs:(r)'1'te1en/

vertebra pl. vertebrae small bonesforming the backbonevur—tuh-bruh, pl. vur-tuh-bree/'va:(r)tebre/, pl. /'-bri:/

vertebrate animal with a backbonevur-tuh-bruht /'va:(r)tobrat/

vertex pl. vertices highest pointvur-teks, pl. vur-tiss-eez /'va:(r)tsks/,pl. /-tisi:z/~ Standard -es plural is also possible.

verticillium fungusvur-tiss-il-i~uhm /_va:(r)t1's11iaml

vertiginous extremely high or steepvur-tij-in—uhss /V9I(t‘)'tI£l3In8S/

vertigo loss ofbalancevur-tig-oh /'va:(r)t1gao/

Verulamium Roman name for St Alhansverr-uh—lay—mi-uhm /,vera'le1miam/

Verviers town, Belgiumvairv-yay /ve:(r)'vjeI/

Verwoerd, Hendrik South Africanstatesmanhend-rik fuhr-voort /_hsndrikfa(r)'voa(r)t/

Very light flare fired into the airverr-i /'vsri/

Vesak Buddhist festival; also calledWesakvess-ak /'vssak/

Vesalius, Andreas Flemish anatomistand-ray-uhss vuh-say~li-uhss/and,re1as va'se11ias/

vesical relating to the bladdervess-ik-uhl /'ves1ka1/

vesicle sac or cystvess-ik—uhl /'vas1ko1/

Vespasian | victor ludorum

Vcspasian Roman emperorvess-pay-zhuhn /vz'spei3en/

vespertine relating to the eveningvesp-uhr-tyn /'vespa(r)tnm/

Vespucci, Amerigo Italian exploreram-uh-ree-goh vesp-oo-chi/ama'ri:gao vs'spu:t]‘i/

Vesteralen islands, Norwayvest—uhr-aw-luhn /'vesta_r:>:1an/

vestibule antechambervest-ib-yool /'vcstibju:l/

vestige tracevest-ij /'vsst1d3/

vestigial forming a remnantvest~ij-uhl /va'stid3a1/

Vesuvius volcano, Italyvuh-S00-vi-uhss /va‘su:vias/

veterinary relating to the treatment ofanimalsvet-uh-rin-uh-ri /'V8lBI'Il1Bl‘l;'Commonly also vet-nuh-ri or vet-in-ri,reduced pronunciations.

Veuve Cliquot brand of champagnevoev klee-koh /_voe:v kli:'kauf

vexilloiogy study of flagsvek-sil-ol-uh-ji /,vsks1']oled3i/

via by way ofvy-uh /'VAI8/'

4-12

vy-briss-ee fVAI'l)1“lSiZ/~ See LATIN panel.

Viburnum shrubvy-bur-nuhm fVAI'b3I(l‘)I‘l9I‘I1f

vicarious experienced through othersvik—air-i-uhss /v1'k£:rias/

vice as a substitute forvy-si /'vAIsi/

vice anglais vice consideredcharacteristic of the Englishveess ah(ng)-glay /,vi:s ng'le1/

vicegerent person exercising delegatedpower on behalfof a rulervyss-jerr-uhnt /vnrsjclasranitly fifi WLess commonly ;.i5;,i;y';;;;;er-u*ram1** if f

Vicente, Gil Portuguese dramatistzheel vi-sent-uh ,',3i:1vi'sente/

Vicenza city, Italyvitch-ent-suh /vi'tj‘sntsa/

Vicereine wife of a Viceroyvyss-rayn /'wusrem/

Viceroy deputy rulervyss-roy /'vnrsro1/

vice versa other way roundvyss vur-suh /,vrus 'va:(r)sa/

Vichy town, Francevee-shi /'vi:_1‘i/

Commonly also vee-uiiespecially in 77’phrases.

viable capable of working successfullyvy-uh-buhl /'VAI8l)3l/

Via Crucis way of the Crossvee-uh kroo-chiss /,vi:a 'kru:t_l'|s/

via dolorosa route believed to have beentaken by Christ to Calvaryvee—uh dol-uh-roh-zuh /_vi:a,dnla'raozaf

Viagra trademark drug used to enhancemale potencyvy-ag-ruh /VA['8.QI‘8/

vial small containervy-uhl /'VAI8l}'

viand item of foodvy-uhnd /'VAI9l1Cl/

viaticum part of the last ritesvy-at-ik-uhm /VAl'al£Ik9ITl/

vibrato rapid, slight variation in pitchvib-rah-toh /v1'brci:teu/

vibrissae whiskers

Established anglicization. The town isknown for its mineral water, sometimescalled Vichy water, for which the samepronunciation is appropriate.

vichyssoise leek soupvee-shee-swahz /,vi:_fi:'swu:z/

vicissitude change of fortuneviss-iss-it-yood /v1's1s1tju:d/

Vico, Giambattista Italian philosopherjam-bat-eest-uh vee-koh/d3amba'ti:sta 'vi:kao/

vicomte French noblemanvee-ko(ng)t /'vi:k5t/

vicomtesse French noblewomanvee-ko(ng)-tess /,vik5'tes/

Victoria, Tomas Luis de SpanishCOITIPOSBT

tom-ass luu-eess day vik-tawr-ya/tnmas lu_i:s del vtk'to:rja/

victor ludorum overall championvik-tuhr loo-dawr-uhm /,v1kta(r)lu:'do:rem/

413

victrix pl. victrices female championvik-triks, pl. vik-triss-eez /'v1ktrrks/, pl/-trisi:z]

Victrola trademark gramophonevik-troh-luh /v1k'traula/

victual food or provisionsvit-uhl /'v1tal/

victllaller person licensed to sell alcoholvit-luhr /‘vrtla(r)[

vicufia llamavik-oon-yuh /vr'ku:nja/

Vidal, Gore American writergor vi-dahl /,ga:(r) vi'do:l/

vide seevee-day /'vi:de1/

videshi not Indianvid-esh~i fvrdsjil

vielle hurdy—gurdyvyel fvjell

Vienna capital ofAustriavi-en-uh /vi'sna/Established anglicization. The Germanname is Wien, pronounced veen.

Vientiane capital of Laosvyent-yahn /,vjsn'tju:n,'

Vierwaldsttittersee lake, Switzerlandfeer-valt-shtet-uhr-zay/‘f1a(r)'valt,_l'tsta(r)_ze1/

Vietcong guerrilla movementvyet-kong /vjet'knr3/

Vietnam countryvyet-nam /vjst'nam/

vieuxjeu old-fashionedvyoe lhoe /vjo '30]

viga roof timbervee-guh /'vi:ge/

Vigée-Lebrun, Elisabeth Frenchpainteray-leez-uh—be‘t vee-zhayluh-broe(ng) /erli:za,bet ,vi:5e1 la'brc'e/

vigesimal relating to the number twentyvi]-ess-im-uhl /vr'd3ssrmal/

vigilante unofficial law enforcervij-il-an-ti /,vId31'1antil

vigneron person who cultivates grapesveen-yuh-ro(ng) /,vi:nja'rfi/

vignette brief descriptionveen-yet /vi:'njet/

Vignola, Giacomo da Italian architectjah-kuh-moh dah vin-yoh-luh/,d3u:kamao do: vr'njaula/

victrix I vinaigrette

Vigny, Comte dc French writerko(ng)t duh veen-yi /,ko(ng)t davi:'nji/

Vigo port, Spainvee-goh !'vi:gau/

Vigo, Jean French film directorzhah(ng) vee-goh /,3fi: vi:'gau/

vigoro Australian team ball gamevig-uh-roh /'v1gorao,'

vihara Buddhist temple or monasteryvi-har-uh /vi'ho:ra/

Villuela. stringed musical instrumentvi-way-Iuh /vi'werla/

Vijayawada city, Indiavij-y-uh-wah-duh /_vrd3a1e'wa:da/

Vila capital ofVanuatuvee-luh /'vi:la/

Villa, Pancho Mexican revolutionarypan-choh veel-yuh /,pant_[ao 'vi:1ja/~ See SPANISH panel.

Villahermosa city, Mexicoveel-yuh-air-moh-suh/_vi:ljas:(r)'mausa/

Villa-Lobos, Heitor Braziliancomposeray-tor vil-uh loh-boss /,e1t:>:(r) ,vrla'l6UbDS,|'

villancico songveel-yan-see-koh /,vi:ljan'si:kau/

villanella pi. villanelle Italian part-songvil-uh-nel—uh, pl. vil-u h-nel-ay/_vrla'nsla/, pl. /-'nsler/

villanelle lyrical poemvil-uh-nel /,v11a'ns1/

villein feudal tenantvil—uhn /'v1lan/Sometimes also vil-ayn, particularly todistinguish it from the word villain.

Villon, Francois French poetfrah(ng)-swah vee-yo(ng) /fr<‘1,swa:viz‘jfif

villus pl. villi minute elongatedprojectionsvil-uhss, pl. vil-y /'v11es/, pl. ]-lAl/

Vilnius capital of Lithuaniavil—ni-uhss /'vIlnias/, ['v1il‘n1us]- Established anglicization.

Vimy Ridge First World War battlevee-mi /'vi:mi/

vinaigrette salad dressingvin-uh-gret /,v1na'gret/

vindaloo | Visby

vindaloo spicy curryvin-duh-loo /,vmda'lu:/

vin dc paille dessert wineva(ng) duh py /,vr?: da'p1n/

Vin de pays French wine produced in aparticular areava(ng) duh pay /,vé da pe1/

Vin de table French table wineva(ng) duh tahb-luh [_vé do 'tu:bla/

vingt-et-un carcl gameva(ng) tay oe(ng) /,v€:te1 'c‘e/

vinho Verde young Portuguese wineveen—yoh vair-di /_vi:njao 've:(r)di/

Vinnytsya city, Ukrainevee-nits-yuh /'vi:nrtsja/

vino Spanish or Italian winevee-noh /‘vi:nau/

vino da tavola Italian table winevee-noh duh tah-vol-uh /,vi:nau da'ta:vnla/

Vin ordinaire cheap everyday wineva(ng) or-din-air /,vii _o:(r)dr'ns:(r)/

VinS0n Massifmountain range,Antarcticavin-suhn mass-eef /_v1nsan ma'si:f/

vintner wine merchantvint-nuhr /'vrntna(r)/

vinyl synthetic resinvy-nuhl /'VAIl'18l/

Viognier white wine grapevee-on-yay /vi:'nnjs1,'

Viol musical instrumentvy-uhl /‘wool!

viola stringed instrumentvi-oh-luh /vi'aula/

Viola plantvy—uh-luh /'VAI3l9/This is also the pronunciation normally usedfor the girl's name Viola, e.g. theShakespearean character.

viola (la braccio early musicalinstrumentvi-oh-Iuh duh bratch-oh /vi,ao1a da'bratIao/

viola da gamba bass viol Vvi-oh-luh duh gam-buh /vi_au1a da'gambe/

viola d’amore musical instrumentvi-oh-luh dam-aw-ray /vi,aoleda'mo:re1/

Violoncello musical instrument

414-

vy-uh-Iuhn-chel-oh /,v1ua1an't_l‘s1ao/violone early musical instrumentvi-uh-loh-nay /via'laone1/

vipassana meditationvip-ass-uh-nuh jvrpasanal

virago domineering womanvirr-ah-goh /vrruzgao,-'

Virchow, RudolfGerman pathologistroo-dolf feer-khoh /_ru:dulf'f1a(r)ceu/

virelay short lyric poemvirr-uh-lay /'v1ra1e1/

virement accounting termvy-uhr-muhnt /'vAla(r)mant/Commonly also veer-mo(ng), a moreFrench-sounding pronunciation.

vireo songbirdvirr-i-oh /‘vrriau,'

Virgil (also Vergil) Roman poetvur-jil /'va:(r)d3il,'

Virgo constellationvur-goh /'va:(r)gauf

Virgo intacta woman who has never hadsexual intercoursevur-goh in-tak-tuh /_ve:(r)gaom'takta/

virgule slashvur-gyool /'va:(r)gju:l/

virilization development of malephysical characteristicsvirr-il-y-zay—shuhn /,vrrrlm'zer_lan/

virino hypothetical infectious particlevirr-ee-noh /vr‘ri:nau/

virion form of a virus outside a host cellvirr-i-on /'vrrion/

virologr study of virusesvy-rol-uh-ji /VAl'1‘Dl3tl$l/

virtuoso pl. virtuosi highly skilled personvur-tyoo-oh-soh, pl. vur-tyoo-oh—si/,va:(r)tju'ausaol, pl. /-si/' Standard -s plural is also possible.

virulent severevirr-yuul-uhnt /'vrrjo1ant/

visage faceviz—uhj /'vizad3/

Visakhapatnam port, Indiaviss-ah-kuh-put-nuhm/v1_so:ka'pntnam/

vis-it-vis in relation toveez-uh-vee /,vi:za'vi:/

Visby port, Swedenveess-bue /'vi:sby:/

415

viscacha rodentvisk—atch-uh /vI'skatj'a/

viscera (sing. viscus) intemal organsviss-uh—ruh, sing. visk-uhss /'v1sere/,sing. /'v1skes/

viscid glutinousviss-id /'v1sId/

ViS(30Ilti, Ll.lChin0 Italian directorluuk-ee-noh visk-on-ti /1u'ki:nauv1s'knnti/

viscose polymer fibrevisk-ohz /'vIskaUz/

viscosity stickinessvisk-oss-it-i ,fvI'skns1ti/

Viscount British noblemanvy-kownt / 'vA1kaont/

viscous stickyviss-kuhss ]'v1skes/

Vishnu Hindu godVish-n00 /'v1_fnu:/

Visigoth ethnic groupviz-i-goth /'vIzign9/

Visking trademark seamless cellulosetubingvi5k-ing /'vIsk113/

vis medicatrix naturae the body‘snatural ability to heal itselfviss med-ik-ay-triks natch-uh-ry /,vtsmedrkettrrks 'nat_l‘arA1/

visna disease of sheepviz-nuh /'v1zna/

visor part of a helmetvy-zuhr /'vA1za(r)/

Vistula river, Polandvist-yuul-uh /'vIstjula]

vita curriculum vitaevee-tuh ,"vi:ta/

vitamin substance required by the bodyvit-uh-min /'v1tem1n/AM is usually vy-tuh-min.

Vitellius, Aulus Roman emperoraw-luhss vit-el-i-uhss /piles vrteliasjClassical Latin pronunciation would beow»luuss wit-el-i-uhss; see LATIN panel.

vitellus yolkvit-el-uhss /v1'te1es/

viticulture cultivation ofgrapevinesvit-i-kul-chuhr /'v1ti,kA1t_[a(r)/

Viti Levu island, Fijivee-ti lay-V00 /_vi:ti '1eIvu:/

viscacha I vizier

vitiligo skin conditionvit-il-y-goh /_vItI'lAIgaU/

Vitoria city, Spainvit-awr-yuh /v1't:):rja/

Vitoria port, Brazilvit-aw-ri-uh /v1't:):ria/

vitreous like glassvit-ri-uhss /'vttrias/

vitrine glass display casevit-reen /'vItri:n/

vitriol bitter malicevit-ri-uhl /'v1trie1/

Vitruvius Roman architect and engineervit-roo-vi-uhss ,'v1'tru:vias/

Vitsebsk city, Belarusveet—sebsk /'vi:tsebsk/

vituperative bittervi-choo-puh-ruh-tiv /v1't_[u:parattv/

vilIllS, St Christian martyrvy—tuhss /'VAIlIE-)S/

viva oral examinationvy-vuh j‘vA1va/

viva ‘long live’ (Italian and Spanish)vee-vuh /'vi:va/

vivace livelyviv-ah-chay /v1'vu:tj'e1/

Vivaldi, Antonio Italian composer andviolinistan-tohn-yoh viv-al-di /anjaunjacvrvaldil

Vivarium enclosure for keeping animalsViv-air-i-uhm lvI've:riam/

viva voce oral rather than writtenVy-Vuh voh-chay /Ivnrva 'vaut_I'et/

Vivekananda, Swami Indian spiritualleader5wah—mi viv—ay-kun—un-duh /_swu:mi_v1veIkA'nAnde/

vivers foodvy-vuhrz /'VAIV9(I‘)Z/

ViVip3.I‘0llS bringing forth live youngViv-ip-uh-ruhss /vI'vIparas/

Viyella trademark fabricvy-el-uh /vA1'ele,'

vizard disguiseviz-uhrd /'v1za(r)d/

Vizetelly, Henry English publisherviz—uh-tel-i /,v1za'tali/

vizier high officialviz-eer /vr'z1a(r)/

vizsla [ volumetric

vizsla breed of dogvizh-luh /'v13la/

Vlaanderen see FlandersVlach central European ethnic group

v I a kh /v1ax/Vladikavkaz capital of North Ossetia

vluh-dik-uhf-kass /,v1ad1kaf'kas/Vladimir city, Russia

VlUl'1-dee-meefifi/Vli-)'[¥ZlYI‘lI8(t‘)/7This pronunciation is also more accurate forthe Russian boy's name than the commonanglicization vlad-im-eer.

Vladivostok city, RussiaVlad-iv-0st-0k /,vlad1‘vnstnk/,[v1ad11vA'st:Jk]Q Established anglicization.

Vlaminck, Maurice de French painterand writermorr-eess duh vlam-a(ng)k /mn,ri:sda v1a'm€k/

vlast pl. vlasti political powervlast, pl.VlaS1I-l /vlast/, pl. /-ti/

vlei natural pool ofwaterflay lfleil

Vlissingen see FlushingVl0I'i§ port, Albania

vlaw-ruh /‘vlo:ra/Vltava river, Czech Republic

vuhl-tuh-vuh /'valtava/vobla dried smoked roach

vob-luh /'vnb1a/vocalic relating to vowels

voh-kal-ik /vau'ka11k/vocative grammatical term

vok-uh-tiv /'vokat1v/vocoder synthesizer

voh-koh-duhr /vao'keuda(r)/voe creek

voh Ivan]voetsak ‘go away’ (Afrikaans)fuut-sak /'futsak/

\voila ‘there it is’ (French)vwa—lah /vwa'lu:/

voile thin fabricvoyl /v:11l/Commonly also vwahl, a moreFrench-sounding pronunciation.

Vojvodina province, Serbiavoy-vod-ee-nuh /'va1vndi:na/

Volans constellation

4~16

voh-luhnss /'vau1ens/volant able to fly

voh-luhnt /'vaolant/Volapiik artificial language

vol-uh-pook f 'vn1a,pu:k/vol-an-vent pastry canapé

vol oh vo(ng) /'vn1ao vb/Voldemort, Lord fictional character in

the Harry Potter booksvol-duh-mort /'vn1demo:(r)t/

volet panel of a triptychvol-ay /'vole1/

Volga river, Russiavol-guh /‘vn1ga,!

Volgograd city, Russiavol-guh-grad /‘vnlgagrad/

volk peoplefOll( /fnlk/

Viilkerwanderung migration ofpeoplesfoel-kair-va n-duh-ruung,1 ‘foalke:(r),vandarur]/

volkisch populistfoel-kish /'foa1k1_1'/

Volkov, Ilan Russian conductoril-an volk-uhf /1_lan 'vnlkaf/

Volodymyr Ukrainian archbishopvol-uh-dim-eer /vnla'd1m1a(r)/

Vologda city, Russiavol-uhg-duh Fvnlegdel

V0lOS port, Greecevol-oss l'v'0lns/

Volpolle play by Ben Jonsonvol-poh-nay /vnl'paone1/

Volscian ancient ethnic groupvolsh-uhn /'vn1_[an,/

volt unit of electromotive forcevohlt /vaoIt/The pronunciation volt is also common.

Volta, Alessandro Italian physicistal-ess-and-roh vol-tuh /aldsandrao'vn1ta/

voltaic relating to electricity in a batteryvol-tay-ik /vn1'tenk/

Voltaire French writervol-tair /vol'te:(r)/

volte-face act of turning roundvolt fass /vt>1t'fas/

volumetric relating to the measurementofvolumevol-yuum-et-rik /,vt>1jo'metr1k,'

417

voluminous very loosevuh-lyoo-min-uhss /va'lju:m1nas/

voluptuary person devoted to luxuryvuh-lup—ch0o-uh-ri /ve'L\pt_\‘uari/

V0llli'.€ Spiral Scrollvuh-lyoot /va'lju:t/

volvulus pl. volvuli bowel twistvol-vyuul~uhss, pl. v0l—vy00-ly/'vulvjolas/, pl. /-lAI/

Volzhsky city, Russiavolzh-ski /'vn13ski/

vomer small bone separating the nasalcavitiesvoh-muhr /'vaoma(r);'

Vonnegut, Kurt American writervon-uh-guht /'vnnagat/

von Recklinghausen's diseasehereditary illnessfon rek-ling-how-zuhnz /fon'reklu;1,hauzanz/

Voortrekker an Afrikaner who migratednorthfoor-trek-uhr /'foa(r),treke(r),'

Vorarlberg state, Austriafawr-arl-bairk /'fo:r,u:(r)1be:(r)k/

Voronezh city, Russiavuh-r0n—yuhZh /ve'ronja3/

Vorstellung pl. Vorstellungen mentalimagefor-shtel-uung,pl. for-shtel—uung~uhn /'fa:(r),jte1un/,pl. /-lunan/

vortex pl. vortices whirling massvor-teks, pl. vor-tiss—eez /'va:(r)tsks/,pl. /-tisizzj~ Standard -es plural is also possible.

Vosges mountain system, France

voluminous I vygie

vohzh /vau3/Vostolt Soviet spacecraftvost-ok /'vnstnk/

votary monk or nunvoh-tuh-ri /'vaotari,'

voussoir stone used to construct an archvoo-swar ,/'vu:swu:(r),/

Vouvray white winevoov-ray /'vu:vre1/'

vox humana organ stopvoks hyoo-mah-nuh /,v0kshju:'mo:na,!

VOX populi opinions of the majorityvoks p0p—yoo-lee /,vnks ‘pnpjulizf

voyeur watchervwy-ur /vw1u'a:(r)/

Vuillard, Edouard French painterayd-war vwee-yar /,e1dwa:(r)vwi:'jo:(r)/

Vuitton, Louis French fashion designerlwee vwee5to(ng)l,Iwi: vwi:‘t5/Variouslanglicizationsinay heardreference to his fashion label.

Vukovar battle site, Croatiavoo—kuh-var /'vu:kavu:(r)/

Vulgate Latin version of the Biblevul—gayt /'v1\lge1t/

Vulpecula constellationvul-pek-yuul—uh /val'pekjola/

vulpine relating to foxesvul-pyn /'VAlPAll1/

Vyatka town and river, Russiavyaht-kuh /'vju:tka/'

vygie flowerfay-khi /'ferxi/

4-18

W33] river, Netherlandsvahl fvo:1/

Wabbit exhausted (Scottish)wab-it /'wab1t/

Wadi valleywod-i /'wodi/

Wadi Halfa town, Sudanwod-i hal-fuh /,wndi 'halfa/I Established anglicization.

Waifen SS combat units in NaziGermanyvaf-uhn /'vafan/

Wagga Wagga town, Australiawog-uh wog-uh /,wnge 'woga/

Wagner, Richard German composerrikh-art vahg-nuhr /,rica:(r)t'vu:gne(r)/

wagon-lit railway sleeping carvag—o(ng) lee /,vagfi '11:,’

Wahhabi (also Wahabi) SunniMuslim sectwuh-hah-bi /we'ho:bi/

Waiata Maori songwy-uh-tuh /'w1uata;'

Waikato river, New Zealandwy-kah-toh /WAl'l((1Zl8U,/

Waikiki beach, Hawaiiwy—kik-ee /'wl\1k1,ki:/

Wainscot wooden panelling on wallswayn-skuht /'weInskat,'

Waitangi, Treaty of foundingdocument ofNew Zealandwy-tang-i /WAI'lI8.'[_]l/

Wajda, Andrzej Polish film directoran-jay vy-duh /,and3eI 'vA1da/

wakame Japanese edible seaweedwak-am-ay /'wakame1/

Wakhan salient corridor of land,Afghanistanwuh-kahn /wa'kc1:n/

wakizashi short Japanese swordwa k-i-zash-i /.waki'zaIi/

Waldenses puritan religious sectwol-den—seez /wo1'dsnsi:z/

Waldheim, Kurt Austrian statesmankuurt valt-hym /,ko(r)t 'va1thAim/

waldo remote-controlled devicewawl-doh /'wo:ldao/

Waldorf type of saladwawl-dorf /'wo:1d:>:(r)f/

Waldsterben death of forest treesvalt—shtair-buhn /‘valt‘j'te:(r)ban/

Waler breed of horseway-luhr /'we1la(r)/

Walesa, Lech Polish statesmanlekh va-wa(ng)-suh /,1ex va‘w§;sa/'

wali governorwah-Ii /'wc1:li:/

Wallacea zoogeographical areawol-ay-si-uh /wo'le1sia/

wallaroo kangaroowol-uh-roo /,wn1e'ru:/

Wallasey town, Englandwol-uh-si /'wolasi/

Wallenberg, Raoul Swedish diplomatrowl val-uhn-bairg /,rau1'va1anbe:(r)g/

Waller, Fats American jazz musicianfats wol-uhr /,fats 'w1)le(r)/

Wallis and Futuna Islands islands,South Pacificwol-iss f00—to0-nuh /'wol1s fu:'tu:na,/

Walloon French-speaking Belgianwol-oon /wo'lu:n/

Walpole, Robert English statesmanwawl-pohl /'w0:1paol/

Walpurgisnacht May Day's eveva|—puur-giss-nakht/val'poa(r)gisnaxt/

Walras’ law economic lawval-ra hss ,l'valro:s/

Walsall town, Englandwawl-sawl /'w:>:lso:l/

Walsingham, Francis Englishpoliticianwawl-sing-uhm /'wo:1s11]am/

+19 Walther, Johann Gotfried | wavicle

Walther, Johann Gotfried Germancomposeryoh-han got-freet val-tuhr /jaohan,gotfri:t 'valta(r)/

Walvis Bay port, Namibiawawl-viss /'wo:lv1s/

Wampanoag member ofa confederacyof American Indian peopleswahm-puh-noh-uhg /,wo:mpa'naoag/

Wampum beads used as moneywom-puhm /'wompam/

wan palewon /won,’

Wanamaker, Sam American actor anddirectorwon-uh~may-kuhr /'wnnarne1ka(r)/This pronunciation is also correct for hisactress daughter, Zoe.

Wandeljahr pl. Wandeijahre yearspent travelling abroadvan-duhr-yar, pl. van-duhr-yar-uh/'vanda(r)jo:(r)/, pl. /-re/

Wanderlust desire to travelwon-duhr-lust ,f'wonda(r)lnst,/Sometimes also van-duhr-luust, a moreGerman-sounding pronunciation.

Wanganui port, New Zealandwong-uh-noo-i /_wm]a'nu:i/

Wankel engine rotaryinternal-combustion engine“'i'_!1l$;F1l‘,'elil’V‘*1‘3li*?l/Established anglicization. The surname ofthe engine's German inventor is pronouncedvank-uhl.

Wannsee lake resort and location of aNazi conference, Germanyvan-zay /'vanzet/

wapentake county subdivisionwop-uhn-tayk /'WDp8nteIl{/

wapiti red deerwop-it-i /'wnp1tij

Waqf charitable endowment made by aMuslimwokf fwnkff

waratah Australian shrubworr-uh-tah /,wnra'tu:/

Warbeck, Perkin Flemish claimant tothe English thronepur-kin wor-bek /,pa:(r)km'w:):(r)bsk/

Warburg, Otto German biochemist

ot-oh var-buurk /,otao 'va:(r)bork/Wax-dour Street used to allude to the

British film industrywor-duhr /'w:):(r)da(r)/

Warfarin rat poison and drugwor-fuh-rin /'wo:(r)farIn/

Warhol, Andy American artistwor-hohl /'wa:(r)haol/

Warlpiri Australian Aboriginal languageworl-puh-ri /'wo:(r)1pari/

warmonger advocate ofwarfarewor-mung-guhr /'wo:(r),mnI]ga(r)/

warrigal dingo dogworr-ig-uhl /'wnrigel/

Warrington town, Englandworr-ing-tuhn /'WDI‘IIJt8l'lf

Warsaw capital of Polandwor-saw /'w:>:(r)so:/Established The Polish nameis Warszawa, pronounced var-shav-uh.

Warwick town, Englandworr-ik /’wnr1kf

Warwick, Dionne American singerdee—0n wor-wik /‘(lion 'wa:(r)w1k/

wasabi Japanese pastewuh-sah-bi /wa'su:bi/

wassail spiced ale or mulled winewoss-ayl /"wnse1l/

Wat Buddhist monastery or templewat /wat/

Waterloo battle site, Belgiumwaw-tuhr-loo /_wo:ta(r)'lu:/Established anglicization. The Frenchpronunciation is vat-air-loh [vaterlo], andtheliilenlish is wah,-tu hgr-loh ['wa:tar1o].

Watteau, Jean Antoine Frenchpainterzhah(ng) ah(ng)-twahn wot-oh /,3c'1ii,two:n 'wotaof, [vato]v Established anglicization of surname.

wattle building materialwot-uhl /'wotal/

Waugh, Auberon English writeraw-buh-ruhn waw /,o:beran 'wo:/

Waugh, Evelyn English novelisteev-lin waw /jzvlm 'w:>:/

wavicle entity having properties ofbothwaves and particlesway-vik-uhl /'weiv1kal/

wayang I Wenceslas

wayang Javanese theatrical performancewah-yang /'wo:jaIJ/

Wayland the Smith legendarycharacterway-Iuhnd /‘Welland,’

wazir vizierwuh-zeer /wa'zIa(r)/

Weald district in south Englandweeld /wi:ld/

Weaver, Sigourney American actresssig-oor-ni /sI'goa(r)ni/

Weber, Carl Maria von Germancomposerkarl muh-ree-uh fon vay-buhr/,ku:(r)1me_ri:e fon 've1ba(r)/

Weber, Wilhelm German physicistvil-helm vay-buhr /,v11hs1m 'veIba(r)/Tl-ieiSiI innit oimagnetic flux is named alterthis scientist, and pronounced in the sameway. -

Webern, Anton von Austriancomposeran-ton fon vay-buhrn /,antnn fon'verba(r)n/

Weddell Sea arm of the Atlantic Oceanwed-uhl /'wedal/

Wedekind, Frank German dramatistfrank vay-duh-kint /,frar_|k 've1dak1nt/

Wedgwood trademark English potterywej—wuud /'wsd3wud/

Weejee pseudonym ofAmericanphotographer Arthur Feligwee-jee /'wi:ji:/

Weelkes, Thomas English composerwilks fwrlksl

Wegener, Alfred Germanmeteorologistal-frayt vay-guh-nuhr /,a1fre1t'vergana(r)/

Wehrmacht German armed forcesvair~makht /‘ve:(r)maxt/

Wei Chinese dynastyway /weI/

Wei ch’i Chinese board gameway chee /wei 'tIi:/ _

Weidenfeld, George English publishervy-duhn-felt ,l'vAIdanfe1t/

Weifang city, Chinaway-fang /,weI‘fan{

Weil, Simone French essayistsee-mon vay /si:_mnn ‘veil

420

Weill, Kurt German composerkoort vyl /,ku(r)t 'vA11/

Weil’s disease leptospirosisvylz /VAllZ/

Weimar city, Germanyvy-mar /'vA1ma:(r)/

Weimaraner breed of dogvy-muh-rah-nuhr /'vA1me,ru:ne(r)/

Weinberg, Steven American physicistwyn-burg /'wA1nba:(r)g/

Weinstein, Harvey American filmproducerWyn-Steen /'WAII1SlZlII1/

Weinstube pl. Weinstuben smallGerman tavernvyn-shtoob-uh, pl. vyn-shtoob-uhn/'vAIn,j'tu:ba/, pl. /-j"tu:ben/

Weismann, August German biologistow-guust vyss-man /,augost'vmsman,'

Weissmuller, Johnny Americanswimmer and actorwyss-muul-uhr /'WAIS|I'I1Ul8(I‘)/

Weisswurst German veal sausagevyss-voorst /'vA1svoa(r)st/

Weizmann, Chaim Russian~bomIsraeli statesmankhym vyts-muhn /,xArm‘vn1tsman/

welcll fail to pay debtsweltch /welt_l'/

Welkin skywel-kin /'ws1k1n/

Well/com town, South Africavei-kuhm /'vslkam/

Welles, Orson American film directoror-suhn welz/,o:(r)san'wa1z/

Wellinglonifl. giant redwood treewel-ing—t0h-ni—uh /,weln]'taunia,'

wels fishvelss /vsls/

Weltanschauung pl.Weltanschauungen view of lifevelt-an-show-uung,p1.velt-an-show-uung-uhn/'vslt,an_Fauu1]/, pl. /-on an]

Weltschmerz world-wearinessvelt-shmairts /'vs1t,Ims:(r)ts/

Welty, Eudora American writeryoo-daw-ruh wel-ti /'wslti/

Wenceslas king of Bohemia; also calledWenceslauswen—suhss-lass /‘wensaslas/

4-21 Welsh

E WelshWelsh is one of the native languages of the UK, a Celtic languagespoken mostly in Wales. The BBC broadcasts extensively in Welsh (see *httml/wvvw.bbc.co:u*l§[cyinru), and we usually consult native speakersworking within the BBC to verify our recommendations. The pronunci»ation ofWelsh is complicated by several factors, including the influence ‘of English on some spellings and pronunciations and the considerablevariation in pronunciation between different parts ofWales. Somebroad guidelines are given here, but in practice we always check Welshpronunciations with native speakers for acceptability.

StressStress in Welsh generally falls on the penultimate syllable. If the finalsyllable is stressed, this is marked with an acute accent. \

. Consonants1 Most consonants are pronounced as in English.

CH is pronounced kh as in Scottish loch.DD is pronounced th as in there; Dajjydd is pronounced dav-ith.F is usually pronounced v, and FF is pronounced f.LL is pronounced hl. To make this sound, position your tongue as ifyou

are about to say an English L, then blow air around the sides.

VowelsA circumflex indicates that a vowel is long, and a grave indicates that avowel is short. However, these accents do not always appear.

In our recommendations A is pronounced a if short, and ah if long.E is pronounced e, air, or ay.I is pronounced i or ee, or y as in yes when followed by a vowel, unless

the I has a diaeresis (l), in which case it is i or ee despite the follow-ing vowel.

O is pronounced 0 if short, oh if long, and U is pronounced i if short, ee ‘if long. i

y W, which is a vowel in Welsh, is pronounced uu or 00; Clwyd is pro-nounced kloo-id. l

' Y, which is a vowel in Welsh, is pronounced u as in bun, i, or ee. Thisvaries with regional accent as well as vowel length. VVhen it appearson its own it is the Welsh word for the, and has an unstressed pro-nunciation uh.

Diphthongs are usually sequences of their component parts.

Wenceslaus | wholly

Wenceslaus king of Bohemia; alsocalled Wenccslaswen-suhss-lowss fwansaslaosl

Wenger, Arsene French footballmanagerar-sen veng-uhr /u:(r),sen 'vana(r)/Established anglicization for his surname.The French pronunciation is va(ng)-gair[végsr].

Wensleydale cheesewenz-Ii-dayl /'wsnz1ide1l/

Wenzhou city, Chinawen-joh f,wsn'd3ao/

werewolfperson who changes into awolfwair~wuuIf /'ws:(r)wolf/

Werner, Abraham German geologistah-bruh-ham vair-nuhr /,o:breham'vs:(r)na(r)/ ’

Werner, Alfred French-born Swisschemistal-fruhd vair-nair /,alfrad vs:(r)'na:(r)j

Wernicke’s area region of the brainwur-nik-uhz /'wa:(r)nikaz/Established anglicization. Discovered byGerman scientist Carl Wernicke,pronounced vair-nik-uh.

Wertenbaker, TimberlakeBasque—born playwrighttim-buhr-layk wurt-uhn-bayk-uhr/,t1mba(r)1elk wa:(r)tanbe1ka(r),'

Wesak Buddhist festival; also calledVesakwess-ak /‘wesak/

Weser river, Germanyvay-zuhr /'ve1za(r)/

Wesker, Arnold English dramatistwesk-uhr /'wsska(r)/

Wesley, John English preacherwez-li /‘wszli/

West Bromwich town, EnglandWest brom-itch /_west ’brnm|tj‘/

West, KanYe American rap singerkahn-yay west [,ko:njeI 'wsst/

Westmann Islands islands, Icelandvest-muhn /'vsstmen/

Westmeath county, Republic of Irelandwest—meeth /wsst'mi:B/

Westmorland former county, Englandwest-muhr-Iuhnd /'westma(r)1and/

Weston-super-Mare town, England

4-22

west-uhn soo-puhr mair /_westan_su:pa(r) 'ms:(r)/

Westphalia former province, Germanywest-fay-Ii-uh /wcst'ferl1alEstablished anglicization. The Germanname is Westfalen, pronouncedvest—fah—luhn.

weta grassh0pper—like insect

>3?!-9.b_/lwee’. ...._.Alsothienamie of a Zealandcompany, particularly noted for their workon the Lord ofthe Rings trilogy.

Weyden, Rogier van der Flemishpainterrokh-eer vun duhr vy-duhn /ro,x1a(r)van da(r) 'VAI(l3Tl/, Dutch [r0,vi:r vundor vsiden]~ See DUTCH panel.

Weymouth port, Englandway-muhth /'weimaB/

whanau Maori extended family orcommunityfah-now /'fo:nao/

Whangarei port, New Zealandfong-uh-ray /'fnnarei/

what-finger keeper of a wharfwor-fin-juhr /'wo:(r)fmd3a(r)/

Wharton, Edith American writerwor-tuhn /'w:>:(r)tan,'

whaup curlewwawp /wozpl

Wheatstone, Charles English physicistweet-stuhn /'wi:tstan/

wheesht interjection used to demandsilence (Scottish)weesht /wi:_[t/

Whinchat songbirdwin-chat /'w1nt_1'at/

whippoorwill nightjarwip-puhr-wll /'w1pa(r)w1l,'

Whitlam, Gough Australian statesmangof wit-luhm /,gof 'wrt1am/

Whitsuntide part of the churchcalendarwit-suhn-tyd /'witsantA1d/

Whoa command to a horse to make itstop or slow downwoh /wao/

Wholly entirelyl'\O|'1l-ll /'l‘l8Ull/

423

Commonly pronounced in this way, with along or double I, to avoid confusion withholy.

whooping cough diseasehoo-ping /'hu:pn3,'

whoreson unpleasant or disliked personhor—suhn /'h0:(r)san/

whorl turn in the shell of a gastropod ormolluscworl /w:):l/

Whyalla town, Australiawy—al-uh /wi\I'ala/

whydah weaver birdwid—uh /'w1da/

Whymper, Edward Englishmountaineerwimp-uhr /'wimpa(r)/

Wicca religious cult of modernwitchcraftwik-uh /'w1ke/

Wichita city, USwitch-it-aw /'wIt1'1to:/

wickiup American Indian hutwik-i-up /'w1ki1\p/

Wicklow county, Republic of Irelandwik-loh /'wiklao/

Wickremesinghe, Rani] Sri Lankanprime ministerrun-il wik-ruh-muh-sing-huh /,mni1_w1krama'sn3ha/

witldersliins anticlockwisewid-uhr-shinz /‘w1da(r)_\‘mz/

Widget small devicewij-uht /'w1d3et/

Widnes town, Englandwid-nuhss /‘w1dnas/

Wien see ViennaWiener sausagewee-nuhr /'wi:na(r)/Wiener means ‘Viennese’ in German; a lessanglicized pronunciation veen-uhr is usualin phrases such as ‘Wiener schnitzel' and‘Wiener waltz’.

Wiesbaden city, Germanyveess-bah-duhn /'vi:sbu:dan,'

Wiesel, Elie Romanian-born Americanhuman rights campaignerel-i vee-sel /_alivi:'ss1/

Wiesenthal, Simon Austrian Jewishinvestigator ofNazi war crimeszee-mon vee-zuhn-tahl /_z1:mnn

whooping cough I Winnebago

'vi:zant(1:l/The §imonWWiesenthal lcentreslin USusually anglicize the first name to Sy-muhn.

Wigan town, Englandwig-uhn ,"w1gen/

Wilberforce, William Englishpoliticianwil-buhr-forss ,"w11ba(r)fo:(r)s/

wildebeest mammalwil-duh-beest /'WI]dabi:st/

Wilder, Billy Austrian-born Americanfilm directorwyI—duhr /'WAIld8(I‘)/

Wilder, Thornton American writerwyl-duhr /'WAIld8(I‘)/

Wilhelm former emperor of Germanyvil-helm /'vilhs1ml

Wilhelmina former queen of theNetherlandswil-hel-mee-nuh /,w11hs1'mi:na/

Wilhelmshaven port, Germanyvil—he|mz-hah-vuhn/'v11he1mz,hc1:van/

Wilkes Land region ofAntarcticawilks /w1lks/

Willemstad capital of the NetherlandsAntilleswil-uhm-sta ht /'w1lamstc1:t;'

William of Occam see Occamwily skilled at gaining an advantagewy-Ii /'wmli/

Wimereux town, Francevee-muh-roe /'vi:marce/

winceyette fabricwin—si~et /,wmsi'et/

Winchester city, Englandwin—chuh-stuhr /‘w|ntj'asta(r)/

Winckelmann, Johann Germanarchaeologistyoh-han vink-uhl-man /,jauhan'v1r]kalman,-'

Windermere lake, Englandwind-uhr-meer /'w1nda(r)m1a(r)/

Windhoek capital ofNamibiavint-huuk /‘v1nthok/

windigo cannibalistic giantwind-ig-oh /'w1nd1gao/

wing cliun simplified form ofkung fuwing chuun /wn] 'tIon/

Winnebago American Indian ethnicgroupwin—uh—bay—goh /_w1na'be1gau/

Winnipeg I wonga

Winnipeg city, Canadawin-ip-eg /'w1n1psg/

Winterhalter, Franz German painterfrants vint-uhr-halt-uhr /frants'vinta(r),ha1te(r),'

Winterthur town, Switzerlandvint-uhr-toor /'v1nta(r),tua(r)/

Wirral peninsula, Englandwirr-uhl /'w1ra1/

Wirtschaftswunder economic miracleveert—shaf‘ts-vuund-uhr/'v1a(r)t_l'afts_vunda(r)/

Wirtshaus pl. Wirtshiiuser inn in aGerman-speaking countryveerts-howss, pl. veerts-hoyz-uhr/'v1a(r)tshaus/, pl. /-ho1ze(r)/

Wisbech town, Englandwiz-beech /'w1zbi:tI/

Wisconsin state, USwiss-kon-sin /w1s'knns1n/

Wisden, John English cricketerwiz-duhn /'wrzdan/

wiseacre person with an affectation ofknowledgewyz-ayk-uhr /'wA1zeIka(r)/

Wisent bisonwee-zuhnt /'wi:zant/

Wissenscliafl pursuit of knowledgeviss-uhn-shaft /'v1sanIaft/

Wisteria climbing shrubwist-eer-i-uh /wi'st|aria/

Witchetly large beetle larvawitch-uh-ti /'w1tj'ati/

witenagemot Anglo-Saxon councilwit-uhn-uh-guh-moht/‘witanage,maot/

withal in additionwith-awl /wi'o:>:l/

Withy willow branchwith-i /‘wroi/

Wittenherg town, Germanyvit-uhn-bairk /‘vrtanbs:(r)k/

Wittgenstein, LudwigAustrian-British philosopherloot-vikh vit-guhn-shtyn /_iu:tvi<;'v1tgan_itA1n/ -

Witwatersrand region, South Africavit-vah-tuhrz~rant /vIt'vu:ta(r)z,rant/Less commonly also wit-waw-tuhrz-rand.

wizened shrivelled with agewiz-uhnd /'wrzand/

4-24-

Wladyslaw former king of Polandvwad-iss-waf /vwad'1swaf/

wobbegong carpet sharkwob-uh-gong /'wnbagm]/

Wodehouse, P. G. English writerwuud-howss /'wodhaos/

Woden Norse god; also called Odin orWotanwoh-duhn rwaudani

woebegone sad in appearancewoh-buh-gon fwaobagnn]

Wiihler, Friedrich German chemistfreet-rikh voe-luhr /,fri:tric 'vo:1a(r)/

Woking town, Englandwoh-king /'waok1I]/

wold piece of high uncultivated landwohld [would]

Wolf, Hugo Austrian composerhoo-goh volf /,hu:geo 'vnlf/

Wolfenden Report landmark study ingay rightswuulf-uhn-duhn flwulfandanl

Wolfram tungstenwuul-fruhm /'wulfram,'

Wolfsburg city, Germanyvolfs-buurk /'vn1fsbu(r)k/

Wolfson, Isaac Scottish philanthropistwuulf—suhn /'wulfsan/

Wollaston, William English chemistwuul-uh-stuhn /'wo1astan/

Wollongong city, Australiawuul-uhn-gong Pwulangonl

Wollstonecraft, Mary English writerwuul-stuhn-krahft /'wolstan_kro:ft/

Wolsey, Thomas English churchmanwuul-zi /'wu1zi/

Wolverhampton city, Englandwuul-vuhr-hamp—tuhn/,wulva(r)'hampten/

wolverine carnivorous mammalwuul-vuh-reen /'wolvari:n/

woma pythonwoh-muh /'waoma/

Women plural of womanwim-in /'w1m1n,'The spelling womyn, favoured by somefeminists, is pronounced in the same way.

Won currency unit, Koreawon lwnnl

wonga moneywong-guh /'wm]ga/

425

Wont customary behaviourwohnt /waontj

wonton Chinese dumplingwon-ton /won'ton/

Woolf, Virginia English writerwuulf [Wolff

Woomera town, Australiawoo-muh-ruh /'wu:mara,I

Woonerf pl. woonerven road in whichdevices for slowing traflic have beeninstalledvoo-nurf, pl.VOO-I1LlI'V-Llhn/'vu:na:(r)f/, pl. /-a:(r)ven/

Woop Woop humorous name for ahypothetical remote Australian townwuup Wuup /‘Wop Wop]

Worcester city, Englandwuust-uhr /'wosta(r)/

Worms town, Germanyvormss /vo(r)ms/Sometimes also anglicized to wurmz,especially in historical reference to Luthcr’sDiet.

worsted yarnwuust-id /'wostid/

wort herbwurt /wa:(r)t/

Wotan Norse god; also called Woden orOdinwoh-tahn /'waotu:n/

wraith ghostrayth /reI6/

Wrangel island, Russiarang-guhl /'ra1]gel/

Wrasse fishrass /ras/

wrath furyroth /rnB/

Wrath, Cape headland, Scotlandkayp rahth /ke1p‘ru:0fAlthough Wrath can also be pronouncedroth (see above), we recommend thisScottish pronunciation for the place name.

Wrexham town, Walesreks-uhm /'reksam/

writhe squirmryth /rAIo/

Wroclaw city, Polandvrot-swat /'vrntswaff

Wuhan port, Chinawoo-khan /,wu:'xanl

wont I wyvern

Wulfila. Gothic bishop and Bibletranslator; also called Ulfilaswuul-fil-uh /'wo]fIle/

Wllnderkind person who achieves greatsuccess when relatively youngvuun-duhr-kint /'vonda(r)k1nt/

Wundt, Wilhelm German psychologistvii-helm vuunt /,vrlhelm 'vunt/

Wuppertal city, Germanyvuup-uhr-tahl /'vopa(r)to:1/

Wurlitzer trademark musical instrumentwur-lit-suhr /‘wa:(r)l1tsa(r)/

Wurst German sausagevoorst /vua(r)st/Commonly also anglicized to vu rst or wurst.

Wiirzburg city, Germanyvuerts—bo0rk /'vY(r)tsboa(r)k/

wushu Chinese martial artswoo-shoo ,'wu:'Iu:/

wuss weak personwuuss lwosl

Wuxi city, Chinawoo-shee /_wu:'ji:/

wuxia Chinese martial arts film genreWOO Shi-ah /,wu:Ii'o:/

Wyatt, Thomas English poetwy-uht /'wn1at/

Wycherley, William English dramatistwitch—uhr-Ii /'wIt_[a(r)1i/

Wyclif, John (also Wycliffe) Englishreligious reformerwik-lif /'w1k11f/

Wykehamist member ofWinchesterCollegewik—uh-mist /'wIkam1st/

wynd narrow streetwynd fwnmdl

Wyndham, John English writerwind-uhm /‘W1ndam/

Wynette, Tammy American singerWin-et /Wi'nat,'

Wyoming state, USwy—oh-ming jwareomnil

WYSIWYG What You See Is VVhat YouGetWll-i—Wig /‘wIZiwIg/

wyvern heraldic dragonwy-vuhrn /'w1uva(r)n/

4-26

Xai-Xai port, Mozambiqueshy-Shy /'_l'AI,_[1in'

Xanadu idealized placezan-uh-doo /'zanadu:/

Xanax trademark drugzan-aks ,"zanaks/

Xankiindi capital ofNagorno-Karabakhkhahn-kuhn-dee /,xa:nkan'di:/

Xanten town, Germanyksan-tuhn /'ksantan/

Xanthe girl's namezan-thi /'zanBi/

Xanthippe Socrates’ wifeZan—tip—i /zan'tIpi/

Xanthus ancient city, Asia Minorzan-thuhss /'zan6as/

Xavier, St Francis Spanish Catholicmissionaryzayv-yuhr /'zeivja(r)/, [xa'Bjer]This is also the usual pronunciation for theBritish boy’s name.

xebec (also zebec) three-masted shipzee-bek /'zi:bek/

Xenakis, Iannis Greek-Frenchcomposer and architectyan-iss ksen-ak-iss /jams kss'nakrs/

Xenia city, USzeen-yuh /'zi:nja/

xenon chemical elementzee-non /'zi:nnn/

Xenophanes Greek philosopherzen-of-uh-neez /za'nnfani:z/

xenophobia hatred of strangerszen-uh-foh-bi-uh /,zsna'faubia/

Xenophon Greek historianzen-u h-fuhn /'zenafan,f

Xelloplls kind of toad, formerly used inpregnancy testingzen-uh-puhss /'zanapas/ I

Xenova trademark biotech companyZuh-noh-vuh /za'naova/

xeroderma dryness of the skinzeer-oh-dur-muh /,z1arao‘do:(r)ma/

Xerox trademark photocopyzeer—oks /'z1arnks/

Xerxes Persian kingzurk-seen '(r)ksi'z,/L9. .

There is an opera by Handel of the samename, which is spelled and pronouncedeither in this way or in ltalian as Scrsc,pronounced sair-say.

Xhosa South African ethnic group andlanguagekaw-suh /'ko:sa/~ Established anglicization. See cucxspanet

Xi letter of the Greek alphabetksy ,/ks.~.1/

Xiamen port, Chinashyah—muhn /__[jo:'m0n/

Xian (also Xi'an) city, Chinashee-an /,_fi:'an/

xiao musical instrumentshyow /Ijau/

Xingtai city, Chinashing-ty /_In3't1n/

Xingu river, South Americashin-goo /j'n]'gu:/

Xinhua Chinese press agencyshin-khwah ;'_j'1n'xwu:/

Xining city, Chinashee-ning /,Ii:'nm/

Xinjiang autonomous region, Chinashin-ji-ang /__[1n3i'ar]/

xiphoid sw0rd—shapedzif-oyd /'zIfmd/

Xmas Christmaskriss-muhss /‘kr1smes/Less commonly also eks-muhss.

Xochimilco lake, Mexicosotch-i-meel-koh /,sutIi'mi:1kao/

Xochipilli Aztec godsotch-i-pee-Ii /,sntj‘i'pi:li/

Xiiiimij type of Mongolian singingkh0e—mee /'x0:mi:/

Xsara trademark model of Citroen carzah-ruh /'zu:re/

Xuzhou city, Chinashoo-joh /,j‘u:'d3ao,'

Xylem plant tissuezy-luhm /'z1ulem/

427'

yacht sailing boatV011 I'J'0t/'

Yad Vashem holocaust memorialyad vash-em /,jad va'j‘sm/

Yahweh godyah-Way /'ju:weI/

Yajur Veda Hindu textyuj-oor vay-duh /_jAd3oa(r) 'verda/

yakitori Japanese dishyak-i-taw-ri /_jaki'to:ri/

Yakutia autonomous republic, Russiaya k-00—ti—uh /ja'ku:tia/

Yakutsk capital ofYakutiayak-ootsk /ja'ku:tsk/

yakuza Japanese criminal organizationyuh-koo-zuh ,Ija'ku:za/

y’a1l ‘you all’yawl /j:):l/

Yalta port, Ukraineyal—tuh /'ja1ta/

Yalu river, Asiayah-loo /'jn:1u:/

Yama Hindu godyum-uh /'jAI'1‘1H/

Yamamoto, Yohji Japanese fashiondesigneryoh-ji yam-uh-moh-toh /'jaud3i,jama'maotao/

Yamoussoukro capital ofCote d’Ivoireyam-oo-sook-roh /,jamu:'su:krau/

yangqin musical instrumentyang—chin /ja13't_f1n/

Yangtze (also Yangtse) river, Chinayang-tsi /'ja1]_tsi/Established anglicization. The Chinesename is Chang Jiang, pronouncedapproximately chang ji-ang.

Yanomami American Indian ethnicgroui)yan-uh-mah-mi ,/'jana,mo:mi/

Yantai port, Chinayan-ty /,jan't1iI/

YBJO Chinese ethnic groupVOW /jaw

Yaounde capital of Cameroonyah-uun-day /j<1:'onde1/

Yaqui American Indian ethnic groupyak-i /'jaki/

yarmulke (also yarmulka) skullcapyar-muul-kuh /'ju:(r)moIka/

Yarmouth town, Englandyar-muhth /'jo:(r)ma0/

Yaroslavl port, Russiayah-ruh-slah-vuhl /'jo:ras,lci:val,l

Yashere, Gina British comedianyash-eer /ja'_|"1ar/

yashmak veilyash-mak /'jajmak/

Yawar, Ghazi al- Iraqi politiciangah-zi uhl yah-wuhr /_gu:zi al'jn:wa(r)f0 See ARABIC panel.

yclept by the name ofik-lept /1'klspt,'

Yeager, Chuck American pilotWY-Quhr /'ie19e(r)/

Yeats, W. B. Irish poetyayts /je1ts/

Yekaterinburg see EkaterinburgYeltsin, Boris Russian statesman

borr-iss yelt-sin /,bnris 'jEltS1I1/~ Established anglicization.

Yemen countryyem-uhn /'jsmen/

Yenisei (also Enisey) river, Asiayen-iss—ay /,jen1'se1/

yeoman freeholderyoh-muhn /'jaoman/

yerba buena herbyair-buh bway-nuh /,ja:(r)ba 'bwe1ne]

Yerevan (also Erevan) capital ofArmeniayerr-iv-an /,jsrr'van/

yeshiva Jewish collegeyuh-shee-vuh /ja'j'i:va/

yeti legendary creatureyet-i /'jeti/

Yevtushenko, Yevgeni '

Yevtushenko, Yevgeni Russian poetyuhv-gay-ni yef-tuush-enk-oh/jav'gemi ,jsfto'_[snkao/

Yggdrasil Nordic mythological treeig-druh-sil /'igdrasil/

Yichun city, Chinayee-chuun /,ji:'tj'on/

Yinchuan capital of Ningxiayin-chwan /,jln'tIwan/

Yizkor Jewish memorial serviceyiz-kuhr /'j1zka(r)/

ylang-ylang perfumeee-Iang ee-Iang /,i:1a1] 'i:lan/

ylem primordial matteree-lem /‘i:lsm/

Ymil‘ (also Ymer) mythological giantee-muhr /'i:ma(r)/

yngling small sailing boating-ling/'n]1rrJ/Based on the Norwegian word for‘youngster', which is pronounced ueng—ling.

Ynys Mfin Welsh name for Angleseyun-iss mawn /,Al'tIS'ITl0II1/

yodel form ofsingingyoh-duhl /'jaodal/

yogh Middle English letterV09 ling!

yogurt (also yoghurt) dairy foodV09-uhrt /'jr>9e(r)t/iuvi is usdall5?y§E?guhrtI

Yogyakarta (also Jogjakarta) city,Indonesiayog-yuh-kar-tuh /jogja'ku:(r)ta/

Yokohama port, Japanyoh-koh-hah-muh /,joukeu'hu:me/

Yom Kippur Jewish festivalyom kip-oor /,jnm k1'pua(r)/

Yomiuri Japanese newspaperyom-i-oor-i ,I,jomi'oari/

Yonge Street longest street in the world,TorontoYUI19 /jMJ/

yoni vulvayoh-ni /'jaoni/

Yoruba Nigerian ethnic group andlanguageyorr-uub-uh /'jnrobe/

Y0l'Vil( see JorvikYosemite national park, US

yoh-sem-it-i /jao'ssm1ti/

Yvelmes +28

Yoshkar-Ola capital of Mari El, Russiayosh-kar uh-Iah /joI,ko:r a‘lo:/

Youghal town, Republic of Irelandyawl /jo:l/

Youroenar, Marguerite French writermar-guh-reet yoor-suh-nar/mo:(r)ga,ri:t joa(r)sa'no:(r)/

youse (also yous) ‘you’, usually pluralyooz /ju:z/

Ypres town, Belgiumeep-ruh /'i:pra/, French /ipr/A jocular pronunciation wy-puhrz was alsoused during the First World War.

Yr Wyddfa Welsh name for MountSnowdonuhr with-vuh /ar'w1ova/

Yseult see lseultYstad city, Sweden

ue-stahd /'y:sto:d/ytterbium chemical element

it-ur-bi-uhm /1'ta:(r)biam,'yttrium chemical element

it-ri-uhm /'ltriam/yuan currency unit, China

yuu-an /ju'an/Yucatan state, Mexico

yuuk-uh-tahn /juke'to:n/yucca plant

yuk-uh /'jAk8fYudhoyono, Susilo Bambang

Indonesian presidentsoo-see-loh ham-bangyoo-doh-yoh-noh lsu:,si:lao ,bamban,ju:dao'joonau/

yukata cotton kimonoyuuk-at-uh /'jokate/- See JAPANESE panel.

Yukon river, USyoo-kon /'ju:knn/

Yunnan province, Chinayoo-nan /ju:'nan/, [_jyn'nan]~ Established anglicization.

yurt circular tentYuri l1'ar(r)t/

Yushchenko, Viktor Ukrainianpresidentveek-tor yoosh-chen-koh /_vi:kto:(r)'ju:j‘tj"enkao/Commonly also yoo-shen-koh, because of Cvariable treatment of -shch- in Ukrainianand Russian.

Yvelines department, Franceeev-leen /i:v‘li:n/

429

Z letter of the alphabetzed /zed,‘AMiszee. it it

zabaglione Italian dessertZab—al—y0h—ni /,zaba'ljaoni/

Zabrze city, Polandzab-zhuh /‘zab3a/

Zacapa town, Guatemalasak-ap-uh /sa‘kapa/

Zacabecas state, Mexicosak-at-ay-kass /'saka'te1kas,'

Zadig novel by Voltairezad-eeg /za'di:g/

Zadok the Priest anthem by Handelzay-dok /'ze1dnk/

zaftig curvaceouszaf-tig /'zaft1g/

Zagazig city, Egyptzag-uh-zig /'zagaz1g/

Zagreb capital ofCroatiazah-g reb Fzozgrab/, ['zagreb]~ Established anglicization.

Zagros mountains, Iranzag-ross /'zagrns/

Zaire (also Zaire) former country, nowcalled Democratic Republic of Congozy-eer /ZAI'IB(l")/

zakat Islamic paymentzuh-kaht /za‘ko:t/

Zakayev, Akhmed Chechen statesmanahkh-med zak-y-uhf /u:x,msdzak'i\iaf/

Zakinthos (also Zakynthos) island,Greecezak-in-thoss /'zakIn6os,'

Zakopane town, Poland- zak-op-an-ay /_zakn'panei/Zambezi river, Africa

zam-bee-zi /zam'bi:zi/Zambia country, Africazam-bi-uh /'zambia/

Zamboanga port, Philippineszam-boh-ang-guh /_zambao'anga/

Zamosé city, Poland

zam-oshch /'zamo_[tj'/'Zante island, Greece

zan-ti /'zanti/Zanu-PF Zimbabwean political partyzah-noo pee ef J'zo:nu: pi: ,ef/

Zanzibar island, Africazan-zib-ar /'zanzi,bn:(r)/

Zaozhuang city, Chinazow-jwang /_zao'd3wa1]/

Zapata, Emiliano Mexicanrevolutionaryem—eel-yan~oh sap-at-uh /emizljanao§?_'P?_l§/A Zapatista, pronounced sap-at-eess-tu h, isa supporter of Zapata or his ideas.

Zapatero, José Luis RodriguesSpanish prime ministerkhoss-ay lweess roth-ree-gessthap-at-air-oh /xn_se1 lwits rno,ri:gcsBapa'te:rao/

Zaporizhzhya city, Ukrainezap-orr-izh-yuh /,zapn'ri3je/

Zapruder film footage of John F.Kennedy’s assassinationzuh-proo-duhr /ze'pru:da(r)/

Zaragoza city, Spaintharr-ag-oh-th uh /,9ara'gao9a/Saragossa, pronounced sarr-uh-goss-uh, isa former established anglicization, but isnow dated.

Zarathustra Persian prophet; also calledZoroasterza rr—u h-thoost-ruh I_zare'9u:stra/

Zaria city, Nigeriazar-i-uh /‘zo:ria/

Zarqa city, Jordanzar-kuh /'zu:(r)ka/

Zarqawi, Abu Musab al- Jordanianterroristab-00 muuss-ab uh-zuhr-kah-wi/,abu: mu,sab aza(r)'ko:wi/The al- assimilates to the consonant whichfollows; see ARABIC panel.

zarzuela I Zidane, Zinédine

zarzuela Spanish musical comedythar-thway-luh ,'6a:(r)'Bweila/

Ziitopek, Emil Czech runnerem-il zah-top-ek /_amil 'za:tnpek/

Zawahiri, Ayman al- Egyptianterroristy-muhn uh—zuh-wah-hirr-i /,A1maneza'wo:hiri/

Zealand island, Denmarkzee-luhnd /'zi:land/

zealot fanaticzel-uht /'zalat/

zealous fanaticalzel-uhss /'zslas/

zebec see xebeczebra striped animalzeb-ruh /'z&:bra/The AM pronunciation zee-bruh also usedto be the preferred BR pronunciation.

Zebulun (also Zebulon) Hebrewpatriarchzeb-yuul-uhn /'zebjulan/

Zechariah Hebrew prophetzek-uh-ry-uh /_ZEl{8'l‘A18/

Zedekiah biblical characterzed-uh-ky—uh /,zada'kA1a/

Zeebrugge port, Belgiumzay-bruug-uh /zerbroga/, Flemish['ze:,brYxa]~ Established anglicization.

Zeeland province, Netherlandszay-luhnt /'ze1Iant/

Zeflirelli, Franco Italian film directorfran-koh dzef-irr-el-i /frankau,dzsf1'rsli,f

Zehetmair, Thomas Austrian violinisttoh-mass tsay-uht-myr /,tatsmas'tseietmAir/

zeitgeist spirit of the timestsyt-gyst /'tsAItg1\1st/Commonly also zyt-gyst.

Zell am See town, Austriatsel am zay /'tse1 am 'ze1/

Zellweger, Renee American actressruh-nay zel-weg-uhr /re'nei _'zalwega(r)/

Zemekis, Robert American filmdirectorzuh-mek-iss /za'msk1s/

Zener cards cards used inparapsychology experiments

4-30

zee-nuhr /'zi:na(r)/Zenith highest point

zen-ith /'zem0/Zeno Greek philosopher

zee-noh /'zi:nao/Zenobia ancient queen of Palmyra

zen-oh-bi-uh /zs'naubia/Zephaniah Hebrew prophet

zef-uh-ny-uh /_zsfa'mua/zephyr gentle breeze

zef-uhr /'zafa(r)/Zeppelin German airship

Zep-lin /'zeplm/, ['tsepali:n]Zermatt town, Switzerland

zur-mat /'za:(r)mat/, German[tsae'mat]~ Established anglicization.

zeta letter of the Greek alphabetzee-tuh /'zi:ta/

Zetec trademark model of Ford carzee~tek /'zi:tsk,'

zetetic proceeding by inquiryzuh-tet-ik /za'tet1k1'

zeugma figure of speechzyoog-muh /'zju:gma/

Zeus Greek godzyooss /zju:s/

Zhejiang province, Chinaiuh-ji-ang /,d3ed3i'an/

Zhengzhou city, Chinajung—j0h /,d3Ai]'d3ao/

Zhivago, Dr see Doctor ZhivagoZ110 see dzoZhongshan city, Chinajong-shan /d3m3'_[an/

Zhou Enlai Chinese statesmanjoh uhn-ly /,d3ao 9Il'lAl/

Zhvania, Zurab Georgian politicianzoo-rab zhvan-i-uh /'zu:rab '3vania/

Zhytomyr city, Ukrainezhit-om-eer /31'tom1a(r)/

Zia ul-Haq, Muhammad Pakistanistatesmanmoh—ham-uhd zee-uh uul huk/matthamed ,zi:a ol 'hAk/

Zidane, Zinédine French footballerzee-nay-deen zee-dan /zi:ne|d_i:nzi:'dan/

431

Ziegfeld, Florenz Arneiican theatremanagerflorr-uhnz zeeg-feld /,floranz'zi:gfeld/

Zielona G611! city, Polandzhel-on-uh goo-ruh /3e_1one 'gu:ra/

Ziggurat a rectangular stepped towerzig-uh-rat /'z1gerat/

Zildjian cymbal and percussioncompanyzil-juhn /'zilcl3en/

Zimbabwe countryzim-bahb-wi /zim'bci:bwi/Established anglicization; less commonlyalso zim-bahb-way.

Zimbabwean relating to Zimbabwezim-bahb-wi-uhn /z1m'bo:bwien/

Zimmer trademark walking framezim-uhr /'zima(r)/

Zinfandel wine grape varietyzin-fuhn-del /'z1nfanda1/

zinnia daisyzin-i-uh /'zmio/

Zion (also Sion) hill of Jerusalemzy-uhn /'zA1en/

Zionism pro-Israeli movementzy-uh-niz—uhm /'zA1an1zom/

zirconium chemical elementzur-koh-ni-uhm /za:(r)'keoniam/

zither musical instrumentzith-uhr /‘zroa(r)/

Ziua Romanian newspaperzee-wuh /'zi:wa/

zloty currency unit, Polandzlot-i /'zlnti/

zodiac astrological systemzoh-di-ak /'zeod1ak/

zoetrope optical toyzoh-it-rohp /'zao1traup/

Zoffany, Johann Anglo-Germanpainteryoh-han zof-uh-ni /,jaohan 'zofani/

Zog ruler, AlbaniaZ09 /2119!

Zohar text of the Jewish Kabbalahzoh-her /'zeohu:(r)/

Zola, Emile French novelistay-meel zoh-luh /e1,mi:l 'zao1a/, [emilzola]v Established anglicization.

Zollverein 19th-century German

Ziegfeld, Florenz | zum Beispiel

customs uniontsol-fuh-ryn f‘tsn1fe,r1\1n/

ZOOl0gy study of animals200-0|-uh-ji /zu:'nlad3i/Less commonly also zoh-ol-uh-ji.

zoomorphic in animal formzoh-oh-mor-fik /,zaoao'mo:(r)fIk/The z00- prefix can also be pronounced20h-uh-, ZOO-oh-, zoo-uh—, or zoo-.

zori Japanese flip-flop shoezaw-ri /'za:ri,I

Zoroaster Persian prophet; also calledZarathustrazorr-oh-ast-uhr /,znrao‘asta(r)/

Zoroastrianism religion founded byZoroasterzorr-oh-ast-ri-uh-niz-uhm/,zorao'astrien1zem/

zounds archaic interjectionZoondz /zu:ndz/A contraction of ‘(by) God’s wounds‘.Sometimes also pronounced zowndz.

Zovirax trademark drugzoh-vy-ra ks /Z8U'VAiI‘&l{S/

Zsigmondy, Richard Austrian-Germanchemistrikh-art zhig-mon-di /,ricu:(r)t'31gmnndi/

zucchetto priest's skullcaptsuuk-et-oh /tso'kata0/

zucchini courgettezuuk-ee-ni /zo'ki:ni/

Zug canton, Switzerlandtsook /tsuzk,’

Zugspitze mountain, Germanytsook-shpit-suh /'tsu:kIpItsal

zugzwang forced move in chesszoog-zwang /'zu:gzwan/, German[‘tsu:ktsva13]

Zuider Zee former inlet of the NorthSea, Netherlandszy-duhr zee /,ZAId8(I‘) 'zi:/,[,zceIder'ze:]~ Established anglicization.

Zulu South African ethnic groupzoo-loo /'zu:1u:/

zum Beispiel ‘for example’ (German)tsuum by-shpeel /tsom 'bA1jpi:1/

Zuni zymurgy

Zuni American Indian ethnic group andlanguagezoofni /'zu;nii;‘W W i W hi WlfspellediZufii, the pronunciation is Zzoon-yi.

Zurbai-z'i.n, Francisco de Spanishpainterfran-thiss-koh day thoor-barr-an/fran'(-liskeo dei ,6ue(r)ba'ran/

Ziirich city and lake, Switzerlandzyoor-ik /'zjuar1k/, German ['tsy:r1c]s Established anglicization.

Zwickau city, Germanytsvik-ow /‘tsv1kau/

zwieback rusklwee-bak /‘zwi:bak/

The original, German pronunciation,tsvee—bak, is sometimes also heard.

Zwingli, Ulrich Swiss Protestantreformeruul-rikh tsving-Ii /,olrIc 'tsvn]li/

Zwolle town, Netherlandszwol-uh /'zwo1a/

zydeco musiczy-duh-koh /'zAidakao/

zygote diploid cellzy—g0ht /'zA1goot;'

Zyklon B poison gaszyk-Ion bee /,zA1k1on 'bi:/

zymurgy fermentationzy-mur-ji /'z.uma:(r)d3i/