Dr. Peter O. StummerInstitut für Englische PhilologieLUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS-UNIVERSITÄTSchellingstraße 3 / RgbD-80799 MünchenTel. (089) 2180-2397

Dies ist die Schriftliche Fassungdes auf der GNEL Tagung inAACHEN –LIÈGEam Sonntag, den04. Juni 2000gehaltenen Vortags

1

The New Cultural Divide, the Image of China and

the Chinese (literary) Diaspora

Peter O. Stummer(Munich)

IPostcolonialism , in its true sense , has to get away from

Third Worldism, a tokenism enjoyed by so many not only in

the United States. It is not defined by subjectmatter. The

fact that I talk about Africa or India, in a kind of reversed

condescension, and with pride in my do-gooder mentality ,

remains a self-defeating pose. Who are we to make ourselves

the mouth-pieces of the subaltern, somewhere far away, when we

could not care less about the many, who are pushed into the

object position, here in Europe, next door to our home. The

real test, alas, arises when we feel directly threatened by

the self-asserted other, who have shed their meekness and

refuse to cringe.1 Postcolonialism, then , is a process

whereby all participants strive after a critical awareness and

attempt some degree of consciousness-raising. This implies

the abandonment of verbal radicalism, rampant for so long in

post-colonial jargon of being subversive in one way or

another, and face up to the bitter truth that we are only

able to examine each other’s discourses and bring out into

1 I have tried to show this by comparing Western stereotypes of Africa and Japan: “Die soziale Konstruktion des Anderen. Überlegungen zur Funktionalisierung von Fremdbildern.” In Fremdheitserfahrung und Fremdheitsdarstellung in Okzidentalen Kulturen hrsg. Bernd Lenz & Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink (Passau: Richard Rothe, 1999), p. 347—363.

the open, what kind of values are being bandied about ,

overtly or covertly.2

In this context , it helps perhaps to remember, what

Taithe & Thorton have to say on the topic, in their book:

In twentieth-century Western Europe the popular perception of propaganda

focuses on the activities of governments and the state; thus propaganda has

become a misnomer and its image has been perverted by the developments

of German and Russian totalitarianism or by its close links with advertising.

While advertising has become almost an art form with its own aesthetics and critical studies, propaganda has ended in the dustbin of historical analysisand practice along with the Gestapo, the Stasi and the KGB.3

They emphasize that propaganda works in a double way: it

“promotes the ways of a community” and it defines it at the

same time. It is with Philip M. Taylor’s approach in Global

Communications, International Affairs and the Media since 1945 in mind that

I want to look at the intertwining of several discourses in

the contemporary construction of ‘China’ and the ‘Chinese’

in the West.

*

However, before I do this, allow me to mention yet

another dialogical background to my endeavour. Marc Delrez

, one of the co-organizers of the Aachen / Liège conference,

had announced a contribution with a bearing on Chinese writing

in the diaspora at the EASA conference in Toulouse in 1999,

but , in the end, he could not come. I had been looking2 Jonathan Spence´s ambitious project, which covers the time span 1253-1985,attempts this with regard to literary texts.3 Propaganda, p.1.

forward to his paper. So, unfortunately, I cannot build here

upon his knowledgable insights. Wenche Ommundsen, from Deakin

University, could come and gave a paper on the young Chinese

immigrants’ literature in Australia , all of them with a very

autobiographical leaning. I have not yet seen her findings in

book form. This is not a direct response anyhow, but the

debate triggered off some of my thoughts. I also met

Professor Zhu Jiong-Qiang from Hangzhou University there

and discussions with him promoted my interest in this area as

well. Last not least, I want to dedicate my essay to Marty

Chan from Canada, who was so generous to send me a typescript

of his play The Chopstick Kid, long before he acquired literary

fame and artistic reputation.

*

It just so happens that Hanser has brought out a new

translation in 2000 of Montesquieu’s Pensée. There we find a

remark that barbarian peoples lack the regulations of decent

manners and rules of politeness; but the author sees it fit to

add that there are also some peoples, such as the Chinese,

who go to the other extreme and tend to become tyrannical and

threaten to stifle all freedom of expression by insisting on

far too many such rules. More recent popular literature

emphasizes the barbaric shock element more openly instead.

Marc Olden’s ‘thriller of Far East Intrigue´, Oni, and

Margaret Gaan’s sensational novel, Red Barbarian, both indulge

in glaringly frightful dragon masks on their covers. Olden’s

novel concentrates on gratuitous violence and deals with Japan

in a similar way as Michael Crichton does in Rising Sun (1992).

Olden’s main message is , with regard to the Japanese

society, but presumably by implication this pertains, in his

eyes, to all ‘Asian´ societies, namely the notion that “the

nail that sticks up, gets pounded down” (p. 43). Margaret

Gaan, like Ballard, was born in Shanghai. Her family

background is part Chinese and part European. She later went

to live in the United States. Her book is basically a

historical novel, which covers the first half of the 19th

century and has the action turning on the opium trade originated

by the East India Company. The red barbarian of the title

incidentally refers , somewhat ironically, to the nickname,

which the Chinese had given the Europeans around 1800, and

the reference is, on the one side, to the ruddy outer

appearance of the Europeans, in particular of the British,

and on the other , as usual, to the fact that these

uncivilized foreigners did not speak a word of Chinese.

However, in unison with the dragon mask, the notion of Red

Barbarians seems to be quite an intentionally ambiguous

marketing ploy. Moreover, as early as on the second page, the

following stereotype is trotted out: “how ungraspable the

Chinese could be, when they wanted to”. Given that context,

it strikes one as less bizarre that David Harris should

bring out Felice Beato’s photographs of the British army’s

foray into China in 1860, in 2000 with the University of

California Press, under the title of Of Battle and Beauty.

*

The most obvious field , where the Outside Chinese run the

risk of being calumniated in their entirety , is, of course,

the area of organised crime, in general, and of drug-

trafficking, in particular. Of the legion of texts on the

triads, suffice it to mention just two: Sean O´Callaghan, The

Triads. The Illustrated Inside Story of the Chinese Mafia (1978) and Martin

Booth, the man who has given us the ‘definitive´ history of

opium, with The Dragon Syndicates. The Global Phenomenon of the Triads

(1999).

They both bother to go back a long way in history to

explain the phenomenon of the secret societies. They both

stress the societies’ role in the escalation of the heroin

trade to Europe, the Netherlands in particular, and to the

USA and Canada. Without wanting to belittle the problem, one

nevertheless cannot help taking umbrage at their unreserved

generalisations, such as “where there were Chinese, of

course, there were Triad societies” (Booth: 287) and

(O’Callaghan: 109). Booth unashamedly begins his book by

explicitly refering to the 60 million Chinese living outside

China. Thus “this massive diaspora” per se is posing a threat

for him. O’Callaghan daubs a rather apocalyptic writing on

the wall and I quote in full:

As a result of my investigations into the Triad Secret Societies in Asia, Europeand America, I predict that one day a new and more powerful Triad leader will emerge who will weld the scattered secret societies together, under one united command. The Triads have everything in their favour: a secret oath-bound society of over two million members; access to the poppy growing areasin Asia; a well organised courier network; and a vast, andas yet untapped, reservoir of manpower in the United States. If this happens, the Mafia will beswept aside and the Triads will take over the world distribution of narcotics.4

4 The Triads, p. 181

6

This clearly echoes DEA scenarios and reeks precariously of

Samuel Huntington’s tenets, who I heard publicly cast

suspicion on the outside Chinese, in particular in the Pacific

Rim, fully aware of the anti-chinese progroms which have

occurred in the area on and off over the last fifty years.

The most recent anti-chinese riots actually took place,

directly under his nose so-to-speak, in Medan, which is in

Northern Sumatra. Under the title of “Big Powers Have Little

Sway When Rival Civilizations Clash”, he repeated his

ominous warnings of ‘transnational cultural communities, or

diasporas” in writing , December 1999, in The New York Times,

and achieved global notoriety, when it was later reprinted in

The International New York Herald Tribune. In the same article, he also

announced again the end of “multi-civilizational states” and

maintained that the “age of multi- civilizational empires”

was over. It is astounding in this train of thoughts , that

the likes of him do not apply their favourite coinage

‘rougue state´ to China. 5

However, it is far less astounding that Josef Joffe has

definitely established himself as Huntington’s mouth-piece in

Germany; and it does not make a great difference, whether he

is in an influential position with the Süddeutsche Zeitung or, as

of late, with Die Zeit. I can not say that this reminds one of

Encounter and Quadrant days, but still ... Joffe did not pursue

some extra studies at Harvard under Huntington. It certainly

showed when he commented upon the Kosovo. 6 Issues in the

5 Incidentally the openly incrimating term has been officially substituted by the US government , in June 2000, by the slightly vaguer term `state ofconcern´.6 “Unsplendid Warriors,” Time (21 June 1999), 27; there, he not only upheldNATO´s nerve, but also invoked the battle for the future defense of Europe, not without smearing the German Foreign Minister as dyed-in-the-

7

European press , during the last years , were Jiang Zemin’s

visit , the fate of Falun Gong, the reception of the Dalai

Lama and of the dissident Wei Jingsheng. When Georg Blume

commented on Chancellor Schröder’s short visit to the Middle

Kingdom, he ironically titled “ The great leap”, in

November, in Die Zeit , and insinuated that the German

chancellor only announced there his vision of a democratic

China, joining the Group of Eight , to compete with his

foreign minister’s splendidly pc human rights record. It

speaks for Blume though, that roughly half a year later, he

devoted an entire page in the same weekly to the achievement

of China with regard to its success in its large-scale war on

poverty (in recent times only Mauritius, Vietnam and China

were at all successful in this field, he stated, and

maintained that between 1978 and 2000, China was able to

reduce the number of people living below the poverty-line,

from 500 million to 100 million). Kai Strittmatter, however,

in the Süddeutsche Zeitung concentrated on the white slave trade

and the clever production of false student visa in China, and

covered extensively , “Tödlicher Einbruch in der benachbarten

Fremde” , in May, the murder trial of the men who killed

the German manager Pfrang and his family in a Nanjing ghettto

of the rich. In the United States on the other hand, the

media emphasized the Taiwan tensions and concentrated on

China’s chance of being granted PNTR (=permanent national

trade relation) status and of becoming a WTO member.

Kissinger, and five other high-ranking politicians, wrote an

open letter to the Clinton administration, advocating Chinese

membership. More problematic was a programme on the Voice of

wool `peacenik´.

8

America (15 July, 1999), where the lesson of the Kosovo War was

relativised, in that the experience of a ‘no casualties war´

ought to be quickly forgotten, in view of a possible

confrontation with China over Taiwan. The accompanying news

had appropriately enough broadcast earlier that, by now, the

Chinese possess the neutron bomb. In the same vein, other

influential writers sought to pommel China in the print media.

In December 1999, W. Scott Thompson, a ‘Southeast Asian’

expert, warned , with an eye on Macau, in the Los Angeles Times:

“we have seen, however, how far Beijing has been willing to go

in testing Taiwan and America’s willingness to accommodate

China’s place in the sun”. In The New York Times, roughly at the

same time, the notorious William Safire wrote, that “Israel’s

Arms Deal With China Forgets the Moral Dimension”, when they

sell Phalcon, an advanced AWACS battle management system, to

the Chinese, and polemically asks, whether Israel, “in the

coming superpower rivalry in Asia”, will choose neutralism

and whether they intend to ask their “big new Asian customer”

to foot the multibillion-dollar bill, necessary to subsidize

a settlement with Syrians and Palestinians. Threateningly, he

compares the survival of 22 million Taiwanes to 6 million

Jews. The ‘butcher of Beijing´, he claims, should not get an

idea “for the final solution to the Taiwanese question”. My

last witness in this series of articles is Ian Buruma, the

author of Voltaire’s Coconuts: or Anglomania in Europe”, who wrote a four-

page piece under the title of “China and liberty” in the new

British monthly Prospect. He harangues Western businessmen,

using repeatedly the expression ‘kowtowing to the dragon

throne´; he criticises the British Government for not

permitting any show of protest during Jiang’s visit, and he

9

attacks Henry Kissinger for putting order and stability over

democracy:

What Sinophiles always admired about China were precisely its blueprintsFor social order: Confucian in the past, communist inthe present. 7

An additional swipe targets Volkswagen, since Buruma, who had

been invited to give a lecture to Volkswagen employees in

Germany on the topic of ‘World Citizens´, complains that he

was not allowed to do so, as “Volkswagen has two large car

plants in China”.

*

Linguistic prose can be just as revealing as journalese.

Let me just briefly mention two examples: John E. Joseph from

Edinburgh and Q.S. Tong from Hong Kong. The first article

figures in the FS for Rüdiger Ahrens, Studies in English Literatures,

and is entitled, “Basic English and the Debabelization of

China”. The issue is the Basic English campaign by Ogden &

Richards in 1935. We are informed that since 1994 English is

now required subject in primary schools in China. Joseph

criticizes Chomsky (1988: Manufacturing Consent) as well as

Robert Phillipson (1992: Linguistic Imperialism) for their attack

on the totalizing effect of the use of English in a political

sense, only to state categorically , on his part, “in China,

it is certainly true that the current totalitarian leadership

manipulates language in order, for example, to describe

themselves as democratic”8. What Buruma had only referred to

in passing, namely the so-called May Fourth Period (1917—

1921), Tong delves into in great detail. His article came out

7 “China and liberty”, p. 38.8 “Basic English”, p. 70.

10

in the new postcolonial scholarly journal Interventions and bears

the title “Inventing China: The Use of Orientalist Views on

the Chinese language”. The gist of his argument hinges on the

alphabetization of Chinese writing. According to his

reasoning, it was by no means “an idea of Chinese origin”9.

If one follows him, the radical Chinese of 1918 , after all,

just internalised the received ‘oriental´ wisdom of the West:

The May Fourth intellectuals’ radical disavowal of things Chinese Including the Chinese language was a most unambiguousconfirmationAnd voluntary acceptance of western orientalist formulationsConcerning China.”10

This is not a far cry from Siegfried Klaschka’s method of

obliquely using the historical description of recruiting

patterns of the imperial administration to insinuate that

Cheng Kejie and his enormous embezzlement scandal nicely

fit into the traditional sytem of corruption.

His trial certainly did not attract coverage in the news

media to the same extent.

II

For the remaining part of my paper, I want to concentrate on

fictitious texts with a bearing on the question under

scrutiny: the representation of ‘Asians´ or of Chinese

people. It is, of course, part of the problem that a

differentiation is all too often not aimed at. Just compare

9 “Inventing China”, p. 9.10 “Inventing China”, p. 19.

11

the usage in Great Britain, where Ayub Khan-Din’s play East is

East (1997) is hailed as long-awaited ‘Asian´ theatre,

although it is people of Pakistani background, which the play

introduces us to, in the Salford of 1970. With regard to

Australia, Pierre Ryckmans critiques the notion, when he says,

“Asia is hardly more than a Western prejudice”.11 It is true,

he wrote this in his essay collection The Angel & the Octopus,

whose Part One is devoted to China, under the pseudonym

Simon Leys, but it remains nonetheless true. After Eric Rolls’

(1992) Sojourners and Alison Broinowski (1992) The Yellow Lady, many

authors have followed their lead, for instance Jan Ryan (1995)

Ancestors: Chinese in Colonial Australia, Lachlan Strahan (1996) Australia’s

China: Changing Perceptions from the 1930s to the 1990s, Maryanne Dever

(1997) Australia and Asia: Cultural Transactions, David Walker (1999)

Anxious Nation: Australia and the Rise of Asia. As for the creative side,

the connoisseur Nicholas Jose, in his 1994 essay ‘Australia’s

China´, provides a comprehensive survey. It is part of his

collection Chinese Whispers (1995). The novel I want to deal

with, came out one year after Brian Castro’s Birds of Passage, and

almost a decade before he set new standards in the creative

use of the idea of `China´, in his appropriately called After

China (1992). In the year 1984, it was still possible for Hale

& Iremonger to claim on the cover: “The Chinaman is the first

major novel in Australian literature by a novelist of Asian

birth”. Don´o Kim’s central character is a Japanese man in

his twenties, who becomes involved with the mighty rich at the

Great Barrier Reef. He experiences anti-Asian sentiments and

is indiscriminately called ‘Chinaman´ by all and sundry. In

a central scene on a cay further out, he is shocked and11 Simon Leys, The Angel & the Octopus, p. 259.

12

confused by somebody shouting ‘kill the chinaman´, only to

discover that the reference was not to him, but to a deadly

poisonous fish he had inadvertently tried to handle. While

hired to look after a very expensive yacht, he continuously

reads on the boat from a mixture between diary and novel very

much for the benefit of the reader. The title of the book is

The Death of a Princling, and it is allegedly written by some Mr Lee,

one of the “first Asian writers in Australia”. This person

is once referred to as Korean, but appears most definitely to

be Chinese. He describes mostly cases of negative experience

between 1961 and 1971, from road trains to draft dodgers in

Darwin and fraudulent car dealers somewhere in the outback.

Some features speak for the assumption that this bookish

presence represents the author’s former self , as Don´o Kim

himself had come to Australia in 1961, too. Reflecting on a

case of parasitical symbiosis in nature, Jo-bu, the ‘Chinaman

´, joins Lee of the novel in the novel, to argue pro

difference, and seeks to concentrate on “how to be a racist

well”. Consequently, he witnesses Coast Guard action, who

are after Taiwanese divers illegally searching for king

clams, and hears them use the term Asiatics. For a moment they

mistake him for a Taiwanese, as, for them, “they all look

alike” (p. 131). Of the greatest importance though, there is

no adjusting to the victim role for Jo-bu. At the beginning,

he had timidly wanted to write a thesis on silence in the

contemporary novel. In the end, he is self-assured enough to

want to write a fully-fledged novel himself.

This ties up quite nicely with the main argument in one of

the more interesting treatises on Australia’s pluralist

society, the Lebanese-born Ghassan Hage’s White Nation: Fantasies of

13

White Supremacy in a Multicultural Society. In his 5th chapter, he

deconstructs the Australian ‘Pro-Asian Republic Fantasy´, to

reach his argumentative cusp in his 6th chapter on ‘The

Discourse of Anglo Decline Part Two: the Role of ‘Asians’ in

the Destruction of the ‘White Race’. He sees pro-Asian

thought in Australia, far from being truly multicultural, as a

strategy solely directed towards Asia. White hegemony, the

last straw to cling to, for poor whites, is faltering.

Australia’s traumatic experience is the rise of an ‘Asian´

middle and upper-class, exhibiting an “untamed ethnic presence”.12

To be an upper-class Australian is thus no longer a strictly

White affair.13 He sharply contradicts Geoffrey Blainey and

his accusatory Asianisation of Australia,14 in All for Australia

(1984), where, in particular, he had kept harping on the

notion of Chinese irrationality.

*

The Chinese in Canada have been more closely studied since

the Eighties, e.g. Tan & Roy (1985), Peter S. Li (1988), Y.C.

Yip (1990). One of the first studies of the literary field,

by Lien Chao, was appropriately called Beyond Silence (1997).

In the same spirit, the idea of speaking out unbiddenly, is

also followed up in the anthology of contemporary writing by

Chinese Canadians, Many-mouthed Birds (1991), edited by Bennett

Lee & Jim Wong-Chu.

Sky Lee, Disappearing Moon Café (1990), and Wayson Choy, The Jade

Peony, have made quite some splash, and Fred Wah very

impressively attended one of our conferences. In his poem,

“Last Words II”, Paul Yee markedly makes the point: “Forget12 White Nation, p. 222.13 White Nation, p. 213.14 White Nation, p. 220

14

us / If you must. / But if you must / Remember us. / We were

young men.”15 Yet in an interview with Geoff Hancock,

published in 1990, in Other Solitudes, he states categorically:

“I´m not convinced that we have seen a real acceptance ofthings Chinese in Canada.”16

And he continues in a rather disillusioned vein: “Though I am

third-generation, people still ask me how long I have been in

Canada. They marvel at how well I speak English. These are

constant reminders that I am still viewed as an outsider from

mainstream Canada, even though I was born here, even though I

write ‘Canadian’.” 17

I agree with what Albert-Reiner Glaap says about Marty

Chan in his “Constructing a New Diversity”. Glaap discusses

briefly Chan’s Mom, Dad, I´m Living with A White Girl (1995) and puts

him next to Betty Quan and her play Mother Tongue of the same

year. According to Glaap, Chan argues from a ‘position of

power´, since the white girl finds herself in a minority

position. She is the only White among Chinese.

For Glaap, Chan thematises satirically ‘Asian

stereotypes´. Chan’s use of humour equally abounds in his

earlier play, The Chopstick Kid (1992). And it is even more self-

empowering than the later play, as there are no white people

at all. Nonetheless, there is an amusing language game in

progress, when three of the four characters switch to and fro

between fluent Chinese, perfect English and put-on Broken

English with a fake Chinese accent. Only Sammy’s proficiency15 Many-mouthed Birds, p. 180.16 Linda Hutcheon & Marion Richmond, eds. (Toronto: OUP, 1990), p. 344.17 Other Solitudes, p. 345.

15

is limited, as he is unable to curse properly in Chinese, nor

is he able to understand the curses of the others. Subplots

hinge on a traditionalist mother’s hang-up for indigenous

medication, in preference to Canadian treatment, and her

attempt to procure a 100% Chinese husband for her daughter, a

project which, naturally, fails. Most of the action takes

place in a restaurant, called The Little Hong Kong, since the

Wong family, after the death of the bread-winner, has actually

immigrated from there. It is a sly pointer to the recent

influx, especially to Vancouver, because of which – not only

according to Paul Lee – the latent racism has come out into

the open again quite unashamedly. All political observations

are unobtrusive and ironical. There is a revealing quibble on

CBC and FOB, the one standing for Canadian born Chinese,

whereas the other recalls the bitter assignment Fresh off the

Boat. Culturally, the alienated Sammy succeeds in coming to

terms with his heritage. However, this is a very complex

process, with his father pushing him to learn Chinese, since

he finds his son too Western for his taste. Stage business

relativises cultural difference, when he demonstrates his lack

of skill in handling the chopsticks of the title. There is

some funny linguistic horse-play for an insider audience,

when Sammy gets his pitches wrong and involuntarily asks a

customer in the eatery whether he would fancy a prostitute

next. A fine literary subtext seeks to deconstruct the

Canadian / American rivalry; while pretending to explain Moby

Dick to his girl friend Li Kun, Sammy debunks it as a male

fantasy and thereby collapses the CA/US cultural divide. His

wrapping-up irony emerges, when he shows her around Chinatown

and explains:

16

The city planners haven´t decided which slum to designate as our central core,but this area has high potential. As you can see by the vandalism, vagrants and broken beer bottles, this is an ideal spot for our CHINESE-CANADIAN community to develop.

It is not only strategic optimism that leads one finally

to a somewhat conciliatory note. Ziauddin Sardar wrote an

article last week in the New Statesman in England, where, under

the title “China Syndrome”, he offered a very optimistic

reading of the new series , Marshall Law, which is about to

start on Channel Five, and where Sammo Hung features as hero.

With the move of the actor / director from Hong Kong to

Hollywood, Sardar sees “a shift in the conventional

representation of the Chinese in American cinema”. The evil

Fu Manchu is outdated and forgotten. The heart-rending

experience of American missionaries in hostile China is a

thing of the past. And David Carradine’s Kung Fu slow-motion

acrobatics are replaced by thereal thing. With Ang Lee, Wayne

Wang, and John Woo having by now directed a handful of

successful movies in the United States, nothing is more

natural than having normal complex Chinese people at the

centre of the action on the screen. It can only be hoped that

the same kind of normalisation will come true, in future, in

real life and openly xenophobic caricatures like the one in The

Times (22 October 1999), where one London Bobby asks his

colleague – baton at the ready – whether he fancies a Chinese

takeaway while two other policemen drag away a Chinese

demonstrator who still desperately holds on to his placard,

where it says `Free Tibet´. One could also do without the

17

institutionalised cynicism of habitually playing off economics

against human rights, as the Munich tz (1./ 2. Juli, 2000)

did, when a Haitzinger caricature showed Schröder conducting

the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra at a gala-concert for

President Zhu Rongji, with a gigantic tuba producing

impressive tunes and a frustratingly little triangle achieving

just one tiny note. A promising first step towards

communication, short of learning each other’s language, could

indeed be Dieter Graf’s Point it visual dictionary, as advertised

in the ADAC –reisemagazin. So perhaps it was appropriate,

after all, for Fortune magazine to have a tiny businessman

opening a very small breach in a very big Chinese Wall on

the cover of its October 11 edition in 1999. Or should we

go along with the most recent advertising campagne offered by

Siemens, where finest Chinese calligraphy is displayed, with a

small footnote explaining that this is Confucius (Kung Fu-tse)

exhorting us to trust that patience is the power with which to

gain the very best.

WORKS CITED:

18

ADAC, “Neugierig auf China,” ADAC Reisemagazin, Nr.54 (Januar / Februar,

2000).

BLUME, Georg, “Der große Sprung,” Die Zeit (4. November, 1999), “Kommunisten

lindern Not – Bei der

Armutsbekämpfung sind westliche Rezepte nicht effektiv”, Die Zeit, (27.

Juli, 2000), 10.

BOOTH, Martin, The Dragon Syndicates. The Global Phenomenon of the Triads (London: Doubleday,1999).

BURUMA, Ian, “China and liberty”, Prospect, (May 2000), 36—39.

CHAN, Marty, The Chopstick Kid (1992), typescript courtesy of the author.

GAAN, Margaret, Red Barbarian (1984, London: Futura, 1994).

GLAAP, Albert-Reiner, “Constructing a New Diversity,” in New Worlds:

Discovering and Constructing the

Unknown in Anglophone Literature, ed. Martin Kuester, Gabriele Christ, Rudolf

Beck, FS Pache

(München: Ernst Vögel, 2000), p. 163—176; esp. 172—173.

HAGE, Ghassan, White Nation: Fantasies of White Supremacy in a

Multicultural Society (Annandale, NSW :

Pluto Press, 1998).

HARDY, Roger, “How China colluded with the West in the Rise of Osama bin Laden,” London Review of Books (2 March 2000), 26--27.

HILTON, Isabel, “The sect that scares China’s leaders,” New Statesman (6 September 1999), 15—17.

HUNTINGTON, Samuel, “Big Powers have Little Sway when Rival

Civilizations Clash,” The International

Herald Tribune (20 December 1999), 10.

JOSEPH, John E , “Basic English and the Debabilization of China,” in Studies in English Literatures, FS Rüdiger Ahrens, ed. Heinz Antor & Kevin L.Cope (Heidelberg: Winter, 1999), p. 51—71.

JOSE, Nicholas, Chinese Whispers. Cultural Essays (Kent Town, SA: Wakefield Press, 1995).

KIM, Don’o, The Chinaman (Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 1984).

19

KLASCHKE, Siegfried, “Glücklich, wer Beamter ist,” Die Zeit (13. Juli, 2000), 72.

KOLONKO, Petra, “Schröder Supports ‘ One China’,” Frankfurter AllgemeineZeitung. International Edition (1 July 2000), 2.

LEE, Bennett & Jim Wong-Chu, ed. Many-mouthed Birds. Contemporary Writing by Chinese Canadians (Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1991).

LEYS, Simon, The Angel & the Octopus (Sydney: Duffy & Snellgrove, 1999).

O’CALLAGHAN, Sean, The Triads. The Illustrated Inside Story of the Chinese Mafia. (London: W.H.Allen, 1978).

OLDEN, Marc, Oni. (London: Corgi, 1987).

ORME, Jr., William A., “A Spy Plane for China Reflects Divergence of U.S.-

Israeli Interests,” International

Herald Tribune (1-2 July 2000), 4.

PAN, Lyn, Sons of the Yellow Emperor. A History of the Chinese

Diaspora. (Boston: Little Brown, 1990).

POOLE, Ralph, “‘Learning to be Chinese’ – Postcolonial Mourning in

Asian Drama in English,” in Race and

Religion, ed. Bernhard Reitz, CDE Vol.6 (Trier: WVT, 1999), p. 109—116.

PARKIN, Andrew, “Migrations: Reading Louise Ho and Interleaving the

Chinese Diaspora,” in Studies in

English Literatures, FS Rüdiger Ahrens, ed. Heinz Antor & Kevin L. Cope

(Heidelberg: Winter, 1999),

497—508.

SAFIRE, William, “Israël’s Arms Deal With China Forgets The Moral

Dimension,” The New York Times

reprinted in The International Herald Tribune (24-26 December 1999).

SARDAR, Ziauddin, “China Syndrome - Stereotypes,” New Statesman (22 May 2000), 46—48.

SEGAL, Gerd, “Does China Matter,” Prospect (October 1999), 14—15.

SHORT, Philip, “China’s Long March,” BBC on Air (October 1999).

SPENCE, Jonathan, The Chan’s Great Continent: China in Western Minds (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2000).

20

STRITTMATTER, Kai, “China verschärft Invasions-Drohung gegen Taiwan,“

Süddeutsche Zeitung (23.

Februar, 2000), 11. “Schmutziges Spiel mit der Angst vor China,”

Süddeutsche Zeitung (15. März,

2000), 10. “ Frauen enden im Bordell, Kinder auf der Straße: in China

ist Menschenhandel ein altes

Geschäft,” (14. April, 2000), 16. “Halbseidene Papiere aus China,”

Süddeutsche Zeitung (6. Mai,

2000). “Tödlicher Einbruch in der benachbarten Fremde,” Süddeutsche

Zeitung (19. Mai, 2000), 3.

“ Das Thema Einparteienherrschaft bleibt tabu,” Süddeutsche Zeitung (14.

Juni, 2000), 8.

“ Menschenschmuggel - Die Zukunft verpfändet,” Süddeutsche Zeitung (21./

22. Juni, 2000), 2.

TAITHE, Bertrand & Tim Thornton, ed. Themes in History: Propaganda. Political Rhetoric

and Identity

1300—2000 (Stroud: Sutton, 1999).).

TAYLOR, Philip M., Global Communications, International Affairs and the

Media since 1945 (London:

Routledge, 1997).

THOMPSON, Scott W., “An Eye on Macau’s Return to China,” Los Angeles Times

reprinted in The

International Herald Tribune (24-26 December 1999), 8.

TONG, Q.S., “Inventing China: The Use of Orientalist Views on the Chinese Language,” Interventions, International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 2.1 (2000), 6—20.

WESSENDORF, Markus, “Ein kurzer Abriß der austral-asiatischen Performance,” Newsletter der Gesellschaft für Australienstudien, 14 (2000), 67—79.

published in Towards a Transcultural Future, Literature and Human

Rights in a

`Post´- Colonial World, ed. Peter H. Marsden &

Geoffrey V. Davis,

21

Cross/ Cultures 76, ASNEL Papers 8, (Amsterdam:

Rodopio, 2004), p. 305-316.

22