О ЗАЛОГАХ РУССКОГО ГЛАГОЛА ● ON GRAMMATICAL VOICES OF RUSSIAN VERBS

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ISSN 0202-2400

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CJl}"lae CBOefl: o6bI'IHOCTH ( «6aHaJibHOCTH») B 6e3JIH'IHOH TpattccpopMa

QHH MO)f(eT 6hITb ycrpatteHO HnH npeo6pa30BaHO B 06cro.11TeJibCTBO

npH'IHHbI.

TetteHue JHeCJLo JLooKy - JiooKy yHecJLo metteHueM - JiooKy JHecJLo EoJLb ew cKpymuJLa - Ew cKpymuJLo om 6om1

2. lIH'IHbIH rnaron - Henepexo.n;HhIH.

a) CupeHb naxHem. - [/axHem cupeHblO

TpattccpopMHpyeTrn no.n;ne)f(aIQee, cpopMa rnarona craHOBHTC.11

6e3JIH'IHOH. IlepBbIH aKTaHT MO>KeT 6hITb ycrpaHeH no npH'IHHe ero

o6bI'IHOCTH, «6aHaJibHOCTH»: rnez maem - maem; Mopo3 Mopo3um -MOp03Umj 8emep oyem - oyem; 800a mettem - mettem.

6) lIH'IHbIH rnaron c -CJC cpe.n;HeB03BpaTHOfO 3Ha'leHH.ll.

MaJLbttUK mpJCcemCJC (oT crpaxa) - ew mpJCcem.

lIH'IHbIH Henepexo.n;HhIH rnaron npeBpaw;aeTc.11 B 6e3JIH'IHbIH ne

pexo.n;HhIH, no.n;ne)f(aIQee npeBpaIQaeTcJJ B np.11Moe .n;ononHeHHe.

17


3. I1peo6pasomurne e 6esJIWIHOH ¢opMoft: Ha -CJc.

JI (cezooHJc xopouw) maHL!JW - MHe. maH11JemCJC J1sMett.11eTe.11 ¢opMa rnarona, no)Vle)f(aru;ee npesparu;aeTC.11 B Koe

BeHHoe AOIIOJIHemr:e B AaT IIaAe)f(e, KOTOpoe TaK )f(e, KaK H IIOWJe)f(a

ru;ee, eOOTBeTeTsyeT nepBOMY aKTaHTY npeAHKaTa9

Bee BbillieeKa3aHHoe o 6esJIWIHOH ¢opMe rnarona, a TaK)f(e npHBe

AeHHbie npHMepbr nosBOJI.lllOT eAeJiaTb eJieAyroru;HH: BbIBOA. KaTeropH.11

6e3.IIH'IHOCTH HMeeT eTarye rpaMMaTWieeKoro 3aJIOra, IIOTOMY 'ITO OHa

Bbipa)f(eHa oeo6bIMH Mop¢onorWieeKHMH ¢opMaMH, HMeeT oeo6yro

eHHTaKeH'leeKyro KOHCTPJKQHIO 6es IIO)Vle)f(aru;ero, Tpatte¢opMHpo

BaHHOfO B ApyrHe 'IJieHbI npeWJO)f(eHH.11 HJIH ycrpatteHHOro soo6ru;e,

o6JiaAaeT eneQH¢WieeKHM 3Ha'leHHeM eTHXHHHOeTH Aeft:eTBH.11 HJIH eo

eTO.llHH.11, AeSaKTHBaQHH era oeHOBHoro Y'JaCTHHKa. OettoBHoft: )f(e

KOMIIOHeHT 3Ha'leHH.ll, 06yeJIOBJIHBa10ru;Hft: cyru;eCTBOBaHHe npOAJK

THBHOH H HHOfAa 6onee npeAIIO'ITHTeJibHOH, 'leM JIH'IHa.11, KOHCTpJK

QHH10, - JiorWieeKoe BbIAeJieHHe (¢oKyeHposKa) eaMoro AeffeTBH.11 HJIH

eoeTO.llHH.11, )VI.II nepeXOAHblX rnaroJIOB TaK)f(e o6'beKTa B03AeHCTBH.ll.

Heo6xoAHMO OTMeTHTb eru;e OAHY oeo6ettttoeTb KaTeropHH 6es

JIH'IHOeTH, eneQH¢WieeKyro )VI.II 3aJIOfOB Boo6ru;e: rJiarOJibHa.11 6e3JIWl

Ha.ll ¢opMa o6pasyeT QeJIYIO IIOAeHeTeMy rpaMMaTWieeKHX 3Ha'leHHH H

¢opM, eBOHCTBeHttyro H JIWIHOMY rnarony, npaBAa, e HeKOTOpbIMH or

paHH'leHH.llMH: ¢opMbl BpeMeHH (yHocum, )'HOCUJIO, 6yoem )'HOCUmb), BHAa (yHocu110, yHec110), HaKJIOHeHH.11 (yHeCJIO 6bl), HH¢HHHTHBa (MOJICem )'Hecmu), npH'laeTH.11 crpaAaTeJibHOro (BbtMblmo, Mblmo).

fK eTpaAaTeJibHOfO 3aJIOra npeACTaBJieHa B pyeeKOM .113bIKe II.llTblO

IIOAeHeTeMaMH, 'leTbrpe H3 KOTOpbIX o6eene'leHbl aHaJIHTH'leeKHMH

¢opMaMH H TOJibKO OAHa - eHHTeTH'leeKHMH. HeeMOTp.11 Ha HaJIH'IHe

eneQH¢HKH, see IIOAeHCTeMbI HMelOT o6i.QHe npH3HaKH, o6'beAHH.lllO

ru;He HX B OAHY rK. I1pe)f(Ae seero o6ru;HM eeMaHTHKO-eHHTaKeH'leeKHM

IIpH3HaKOM rnarOJIOB, paspelliaIOI.I.J;HX o6pasoBaHHe naeeHBa, .llBJI.lleTe.11

nepexoAHOCTb rnarona. 06ru;Hft: crarye HMeeT TaK)f(e onepaQH.11 npeo6-

pasoBaHH.ll aKTHBHoft: KOHeTpJKQHH B naeeHBHJIO nyTeM saMeHbI np.11-

9 YiHOrAa Ha C03AaHJ-1e 6e3m!'IHOH KOHCTp)'KJ.J;HH H Ha THII TpaHccpopMaJ.J;HH

BnH.llIOT AOIIOnHHTenbHble cpaKTOpb!, HaIIpHMep, OTpHu;aHHe rrpH rnarone: y MeHJt

ecmb KHUza -+ y MeHJt Hem KHUW; HnH pa3pb1B IIOAne)l(alJ.J;HOro cnoBOCO'leTaHH.11

THIIa ••• 6blJIO MHOZO Oell -+ iJeJI 6blJIO MHOZO.

lO TipeAIIO'ITHTenbHOCTb 3TOH KOHCTp)'KJ.J;HH oco6eHHO .llpKO rrpo.11Bn.lleTC.ll

rrpH Ha6nIOAeHH.llX HaA cpaKTaMH o6HXOAHO-pa3roBOpHoro .113b!Ka.

18

\


Moro AOilOJIHeHIDI HenaccHBHOH KOHCTp)'KQHH no~e)l(aI.QJ.iM naccHB

HOH H no~e)l(aI.Qero HenaCCHBHOH AOilOJIHeHHeM B TBOpHTeJJbHOM na

Ae)l(e naccHBHOH.

BTopaR TpattccpopMaQIDI, B OTJIJ.i'llie OT nepBOH, HOCHT MeHee 06.11-

3aTeJibHblH xapaKTep, IlOTOMY 'ITO nepBbIH aKTaHT npeAHKaTHO

aKTaHTHOH CTpyi<rypbl (AOilOJIHeHHe B TB. IlaAe)l(e naCCHBa) npH npe

o6pa30BaHHH MO)l(eT 6bITb ycrpatteH, OAHaKO peQHnHeHTbl H aBTOp

BcerAa MOryT ero npHMbICJJHTb 11 y CTpaHeHHe AOilOJIHeHH.11 - TpaHC

cpopMbl «aKTHBHOfO» no~e)l(aI.Qero - MO)l(eT 6bITb KOH'bIOHKrypHO,

T. e. 3aBHCHT JJH6o OT CaMOAOCTaTO'IHOCTH KOHTeKCTa, JJH6o OT HaMepe

HH.11 roaop.111.1~ero. <l>pasa PoMaH 3aKOH'-leH B Jmeape a acneKTe ycrpatte

HH.11 BTOpOH TpattccpopMaQHH (HanpHMep nucameneM) COOTBeTCTBYeT

3THM ABYM HHTepnpeTaQH.llM.

ITepaaR nOACHCTeMa cpopM 3anora o6pasoaatta KpaTKHM crpaAa

TeJibHbIM npH'!aCTHeM H BCilOMoraTeJJbHblM rnaroJIOM 6btmb c HyJieBblM

3KcnoHeHTOM B Hacro.11~eM apeMeHH. IToACHCTeMa COAep)l(HT cpopMbI

apeMeHH (6btll, 0, 6yoem HanucaH), poAa (6blll HanucaH, 6blna HanucaHa, 6blllO HanucaHo), '!HCJia (6blnu HanucaHbl), JIHQa (Jl, mbl, OH HanucaH). B

6e3JIH'IHOH cpopMe (ttanucaHo, noOKlllO'-leHo) ycrpatteHHe nepBoro aK

TaHTa CB.113aHo c ee cneQHcpHKOH. HeJIH'!Hbie cpopMbI: AeenpH'!aCTHe

(6yOJ'-IU HanucaH), HHcpHHHTHB (6blmb HanucaH), npH'!aCTHe (HanucaHHblU). fpaMMaTH'!eCKOe 3Ha'!eHHe nepao:H IlOACHCTeMbl CKJiaAbIBaeTC.11

H3 HeCKOJJbKHX KOMilOHeHTOB: H3 o6~ero 3Ha'!eHH.ll nepcpeKTHOCTH,

pe3yJihTaTHBHOCTH AeHCTBH.11, o6ycnoBJieHHOro 3Ha'!eHHeM npH'IaCTH.11

CB; H3 CHHTaKCH'!ecKoro KOMnoHeHTa, a HMeHHO CHHTaKCH'IeCKOH

cpyttKQHH C03AaHH.ll TpattccpopMbl c QeJibIO H3MeHeHH.ll KOMMyttHKa

THBHOfO cpoKyca BbICKa3blBaHHR, o6pa~eHHOro Ha pe3yJibTaTHBHOCTb

AeHCTBHR, KOTOpoMy IlOABeprC.11 o6'beKT12

11 B TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIX craTHBHbIX CTp}'KT}'PaJC THna ll.Bepb Janepma; 0KHO omKp1>1mo TO lKe caMOe. K 'Il!cny craTHBOB B TO lKe epeMJI MOryT 6hITb OTHeCeHbl

¢opMbI, nacrneHbie no BHCllIHeMy o6nuKy, HO conocraeHMbie no 3Ha'leHHIO Hene

pexOAHhIM rnaronaM: Jl.oM pacnomuaemCJl B 00111me Jl.oM pacno110J1CeH B oomme; ABmoMam ucnopmu11cJr ABmoMam ucnop'lett; fl JaHL1Ma10cb LIJ)"leHueM ucmopuu fl JaHJrm ltJ)"leHLleM ucmopuu. 0HH He o6pa3YJOT naccHBHOH AHaTe3bI.

12 0 CHHTaKCll'leCKOH <i>YHK~HH KaK KOMnOHCHTe 3Ha'leHHJI fK naCCHBHOro

3anora CM. e nporpaMMHOH craTbe: EoHoapKo A.B. Teopu11 3Ha'leHHJI H TpaKTOBKa

KaTeropHH 3anora II ilpo6neMbI Teopuu rpaMMaTH'lecKoro 3anora. JI., 1978. C. 43-49.

19


/

CTpHMep nonHo:H TpaHc¢opM~HH:

llucame11b 3aKOH'IWI poMaH (8 HH8ape)

~ ~ opoii aKTaHT

3aKOH'leH nucame11eM (8 HH8ape)

BTopaJI noACHCTeMa o6pa30Batta KpaTKHM cTpaAaTenbHbIM npH

qacTHeM nporneArnero BpeMeHH HCB H rnaronoM 6blmb. B He:H npeA

CTaBneH TaKOH )l(e Ha6op fK H ¢opM, qTo H B nepBOH IlOACHCTeMe.

TpaHc¢opM~HH aHanOfffqHbI BbirnenpHBeAeHHbIM.

AKaaeMuK

(6bl11) 'IUmaH

(6bl11) 'lumaH

00KJ1ao

aKaOeMUKOM

(8 HH8ape)

(8 HH8ape)

(8 JlHeape)

3HaqeHHe naccHBa TaK)l(e aHanorffqHO 3HaqeHHIO ¢opM nepBo:H

IlOACHCTeMbI, KpoMe nepBoro KOMilOHeHTa. <l>opMbl c npffqaCTHeM He

COBeprneHHOfO BffAa 06osHaqa10T (BonpeKH HecoBeprµeHHOMY BHAY

HCXOAHOfO rnarona) AeHCTBHe C08epweHHOe, HO 6es IlOAqepKHBaHHJI

pesynhTaTa.

3HaqeHHe 3THX ¢opM MO)l(HO KBanH¢HQHpoBaTb KaK aopHCT KOH

CTaTHpYIQIQHH, TaK KaK OHO He BKnIOqaeT B ce6JI ceM He3aKOHqeHHOCTH,

npoAOR)l(eHHOCTH, IlOBTOpJieMOCTH H ApyrHX OTTeHKOB 3HaqeHHH,

CBOHCTBeHHbIX HeCOBeprneHHOMY Bffey, a o6osHaqaeT KOHCTaTaQHIO

coBeprneHHoro AeficrBHH. CTpoAYKTHBHOCTb ¢opM 3Tofl nOACHCTeMbI

orpaHHqeHa MeHbIIIeH npOAYKTHBHOCTblO IlORHbIX npHqacrHH no

cpaBHeHHIO c naCCHBHbIMH IlpffqaCTHHMH COBeprneHHOfO BHAa.

<l>opMbl TpeTbeH IlOACHCTeMbl c~aT MH Bblpa)l(eHHH KaTeropHH

IlOTeHQHaRbHOCTH. 3HaqeHHe noTeHQHaRbHOCTH C03AaeT cneQH¢HKY

sanoroBoro cooTHorneHHH. OcHOBHaH qacrb ¢opM 3TOH KaTeropHH

o6pa3yeTCH KpaTKHM CTpaAaTenbHbIM npffqaCTHeM, o6pa30BaHHbIM OT

rnaronoB COBeprneHHOfO BHAa c IlOMOIQblO cy¢¢HKCOB -UM, -eM:

20

coeOtlHUMblU - coeOUHUM (coeOUHUmb) 001ca3yeMblU - ooKruyeM (ooKruamb) pa3pewUMbtU - pa3pewuM (pa3pewumb) HT. A·


,[Lim 3THX rrpH'!acrIDI: secbMa xapaKTepHo ynoTpe6JieHHe c '!acrH

Qei1: tte:

HeOOKa.JyeMblU - HeOOKa.JyeM HT. A· 3anorOBaJI TpattccpopMaQHJI MO)l(eT 6bITb rrpeACTaBJieHa QeJIOH Qe

IIO'!KOH:

T"' MO]j(eWb pa3peummb 3my npo611eMy

• • 1) llpo611eMa MO]j(em 61>1mb pa3peweHa (mo6ou)

• • 2} llpo611eMy MO]j(HO pa3pew11mb (me6e)

• ~ 3) llpo611eMa pa3pew11Ma (iJJUr me6H)

B ( 1) AaHO KJiaccH'!ecKoe rrpeo6pa30BaHHe aKTHBHOH KOHCTPJ'KQHH

B rraCCHBHYJO, IIpH 3TOM BblCOKOBepOHTHO ycTpaHeHHe rrepsoro aKTaH

Ta H3 rrpeo6pa30BaHHOH rraccHBHOH KOHCTPJ'KQHH.

B (2) rrpeo6pa30BaHHe ocyrn;ecrsnHeTcH no MOAeJIH 6e3JIH'!HOCTH,

ycrpatteHHe rrepsoro aKTaHTa TaK)l(e BbICOKOBepoHTHO: HMeHHO 3TO

3Ha'!eHHe 6e3JIH'!HOH KOHCTPJ'KQHH 6JIH)l(e scero rrepeAaeT 3Ha'!eHHe

IIOCJieAHefi TpattccpopMbl c KpaTKHM MOAaJibHblM rrpH'!aCTHeM, KOTOpaH

rrpeACTaBJIJieT B03MO)l(HOCTb/HeB03MO)l(HOCTb B03AeHCTBHfl Ha o6'beKT

Ka.I< 6bI 6onee BHespeMeHHOH H 6onee IIOCTOHHHOH. 3Ha'!eHHe 3TOH

pa3HOBHAHOCTH crpaAaTellbHOfO 3aJIOra CKJiaAbIBaeTCfl H3 3Ha'!eHHfl

IIOTeHQHaJibHOCTH, T. e. B03MO)l(HOCTH/HeB03MO)l(HOCTH AeHCTBHJI, H3

BbICOKOH crerreHH rraCCHBHOCTH rrepsoro aKTaHTa, 'ITO rrpHBOAHT K ero

HeorrpeAeJieHHOCTH H rrpHHQHIIHaJibHOMY ycrpaHeHHIO, K KOMMyttHKa

THBHOMY BbIAeJieHHIO o6'heKTa B03AeHCTBHfl B acrreKTe B03M0)1(HOCTH

HJIH HeB03MO)l(HOCTH TaKOBOro 13

KaTeropJrn IIOTeHQHaJibHOCTH HMeeT CHCTeMy cpopM speMeHH

(6w1, e, 6yoem pacmaopuM), 'IHCJia (6wiu pacmaopuMbl), HaKJIOHeHM

13 OnHcaHHe KaTeropHH noTeHl.{HaJJbHOCTH, CHCTeMbI ee cpopM, a TaJOKe AOKa-

3aTeJibCTBO ee ynoTpe6HTeJibHOCTH H npoJzyKTHBHOCTH CM. a pa6oTax: OmKJn~u

KOBa M. YI. 06ll\all napaAHrMaTHKa a MOpcpo11ornH. CI16., 1995. C. 88 H CJI.; Pyc

cKHe MOAaJibHbie npH'laCTHll H KaTeropHH noTeHl.{HaJJbHOCTH II MaTepHanb1 XXVI MClKBy3. HayqHo:l'! KOHcpepeHl.{HH npenoAaBaTene:l'! " acnHpaHTOB. Bbm. 4. 06ll\ee

113bIK03HaHHe. CI16., 1997 C. 11-14.

21


(6bll1 6bl pacmoopuM, 6yab (oH) pacmoopUM), po.n;a (6bll1a pacmoopuMa, 6bllio pacmoopuMo). Hen:witthre cpopMbr: np:wiacTHe nonttoe pacmoopuMbtii, .n;eenpH'IaCTHe 6yaY'm pacmoopuM, HHcpHHHTHB 6blmb pacmoopuM, -UMblM. B orn:wiHe OT cpopM nepBbIX .n;Byx CHCTeM noTeHQHanbHOCTh He

HMeeT 6e3nH'IHOH cpopMbl, .n;ecpeKTHa B OTHOIIIeHHH cpopM 1-ro H 2-ro

nHQa.

KaTeropm1 noTeHQHanbHOCTH .n;ocTaTO'IHO ynoTpe6HTenbHa B Ha

)"IHOM JI3hIKe, a TaK)l(e B pa3roBopHoM nHTepaTypHOM R3bIKe. Mo.n;enh

o6pa30BaHHJI cpopMbI npO.D;)'KTHBHa KaK 3a C'IeT B03HHKHOBeHHJI HOBbIX

npH'IaCTHH Ha -UM, -eM OT rnaronoB COBepIIIeHHOro BHp;a, He 3acpHKCH

poBaHHblX B cnoBapRX (HanpHMep HenO~UHUMblU, ynompe6UMblU, 03Jl0-6uMblU, pewUMbtii), TaK H no npH'IHHe npHTJI)l(eHHJI cpopM CTpa.n;aTenb

HbIX np:wiaCTHH HecoBepIIIeHHOro BHp;a, non)"IaIOI.QHX noTeHQHanbHOe

3Ha'!eHHe: 3ma <fiopMylla HeobloiJouMa; Ezo zepou J3HaoaeMbl; 3mo JlezKo npeoaolluMo; HacmoJritjee- HeHa3bloaeMo (A. Bo3HeceHCKHH).

qernepT}'IO H nRT}'IO nop;CHCTeMbI naCCHBa Qenecoo6pa3HO o6'I>e

.D;HHHTb no npH'lliHe o6I.Qero 3Ha'IeHHJI - KOHCTaTaQHH nacCHBHOro

p;e:H:CTBHH He COBepIIIeHHOro, a COBepIIIaeMoro. 3Ta KOHCTP)'KQHJI c

KpaTKHM CTpa.n;aTenbHbIM npH'IaCTHeM HecoBepIIIeHHOro BHp;a c cycp

cpHKCaMH -UM, -eM, -OM H n:wIHblH rnaron HeCOBepIIIeHHOro BHp;a c

nocTcpHKCOM -CJr, o6pa3}'IOI.QHH crpa.n;aTenbH}'IO KOHCTp)'KQHIO.

TpaHccpopMaQHJI H.n;eHT:wIHa TaKOBOH y nepBo:H: H BTopo:H: no.n;rnc-

TeM.

Jl.0KJ1ao (opyJ1CHo) 61>111 KpumwcyeM B1>1cmyna10Uj11Mu

B1>1cmyna10Ujue (opyxHo) Kp11muK0Bam1 00KJ1ao

J1.0KJ1ao (opyJ1CHo) KpllmUKOBallCJC B1>1cmyna10UjUMll

y crpatteHHe nepBoro aKTaHTa TaK )l(e KOH'I>IOHKTYPHO, KaK H B

Cn)"Iae nepBo:H: H BTopo:H: no.n;cHcTeM: Pacmoop oKpawuBaemCJC B :»Cellmbtii 4Bem; Bee 3/leMeHmbt ay6J1upy10mCJc. np:wiHHa Ta )l(e CaMaJI -

KOHQeHTpaQHJI BHHMaHHJI roBOpRI.Qero Ha o6beKTe B03.D;eHCTBHJI H Ha

CaMOM p;e:H:CTBHH. B CHHcpopMHbIX napax ay6J1upy10mcJf - ay6J1upyeMbl, pa3aellJfemcJr - pa3aeJ1JreM H T. n. 6onee ynoTpe6HTenbHhI BapHaHThI c ,, -CJl. EcTh cHcTeMa cpopM BpeMeHH, HaKnoHeHHH, po.n;a, n11Qa (.n;ecpeKTHhI

cpopMbI 1-ro H 2-ro nHQa), '!Hcna; KaK H B Cn)"Iae KaTeropHH noTeHQH

anbHOCTH, OTcyTCTByeT 6e3nH'!HaJI cpopMa.

22


qeTBepTa.R H rnmUI IlO)J,CHCTeMbl o603Ha'!aIOT nacCHBHOe )J,eHCT

BHe, CBOHCTBeHHOe HecoBeprneHHOMY BHJJ,y, BbinOJIHRIOT CHHTaKCH'!e

CKYIO cpyttKQHIO co3JJ,aHHR oco6ofl KOHCTPYKQHH, CJI)')Kall(eH MR oco-

6ofl KOMMyttHKaTH.BHOH ponH BbI)J,eJieHHR, cpoKycHpOBKH BHH.Ma.HHR Ha

o6'beKT B03)1,eHCTBHR.

CHCTeMa nacrnaa B pyccKOM R3bIKe 6oraTo npeJJ,CTaBJieHa. <l>opMbI

naccHBa Bbipa)f(eHbI CHHTeTH'!eCKHM (rnaron + nocrcpHKc -oc) H aHanH

TH'!eCKHM cnoco6oM (c IlOMOlll,bIO KpaTKHX npH'IaCTHH), C}'lll,eCTBYIOT B

R3bIKe co BpeMeH JJ,peBHecnaBRHCKOH o6lll,HOCTH14, )J,OCTHfnH CBoero

pacQBeTa B XVIII B.15 H, HeB3HpaR Ha CHH:>KeHHe npOAYKTHBHOCTH

cpopM HeKOTOpbIX IlO)J,CHCTeM, HrpaIOT Ba:>KHyro pOJib B rpaMMaTHKe

pycCKoro R3hIKa.

BTopoe 3anoroaoe COOTHOilleHHe, KOf)J,a HHBapHaHTOM RBJIReTCR

CHHTaKCH'IeCKaR MO)J,enh, a BapHaHTOM - ceMaHTH'!eCKOe npeJJ,CTaBJie

HHe, BOilnOlll,eHO B )J,Byx rpaMMaTH'IeCKH.X KaTeropHRX, KOTOpbie KBa

JIHcpH.QHPYIOTCR KaK 3anorn: KaTeropHR B03BpaTHOCTH H KaTeropHR

B3aHMHOCTH. B 3anor0Bh1x OTHorneHHRX B 3TOM cnyqae yqacrayeT CHH

TaKCH'IeCKaR CTPYKTYPa TH.Ila «noJJ,ne:>Kall(ee - CKa3yeMoe - o6R3a

TeJibHoe )J,OilOJIHeHHe (npRMOe HnH KOCBeHHOe) » .

PaccMoTpHM aonpochI, cBR3aHHbie c B03BpaTHhIM 3anoroM. B cHH

TaKCH'!eCKOH CTPYKTYPe npeJJ,no:>KeHHH lfoaH .mo6um )1,apb10; llaee11 cMeemcH Hao coceOoM; KamH OyMaem mo11bKO o Cawe o6bI'IHO, cornacHo

3aKOHY npeJJ,nO'ITHTeJibHOCTH, JJ,eHCTByrolll,eMy Ha Bcex ypoBHRX R3blKO

BOH CTPYKTYPhI H BO Bcex ee acneKTax, noJJ,Jie:>Kall(ee H JJ,ononHeHHe

o6o3Ha'!aIOT pa3HhIX nHQ HnH B006lll,e pa3Hbie o6'beKTbI. B TepMHHax

npeJJ,HKaTHo-apryMeHTHOH CTPYKTYPhI nepBbIH H BTopofl aKTaHThI OT

HOCRTCR K pa3HbIM JJ,eHOTaTaM.

B MapKHpOBaHHOM '!JleHe 3anor0Bofl onno3HQHH 3Ta 3aKOHOMep

HOCTh HapyrnaeTCR (npH coxpa.HeHHH cpopManbHOH CHHTaKCH.'IeCKOH

CTPYKTYPbI): nepBbIH H BTopofl aKTaHTbI CTaHOBRTCR OJJ,HopecpepeHT

HhIMH16, OTHOCRTCR K 0)1,HOMY H TOMY :>Ke JJ,eHornry: lfoaH 11106um ce6H;

14 CM., Hanp.: Bau.RH A. P)'I<OBOACTBO no crapoCJiaBJIHCKOMY Jl3bIKy. M., 1952. C. 252 H CJ!.

15 HoMOHOC06 M. B. PocCHft:CKaJI rpaMMarnKa II JloMottocoe M. B. II01IHoe co6p. co'I. T. 7. M.; JI., 1952.

16 CM.: XpaKo6cKuu B. C. HeKOTOpb1e npo6neMbI CHHTaKCH'lecKoft: rnnonomH (THilbl CHHTaKCH'ICCKOft: ACPHB31\HH B CHHTaKCHce B CBJl3H c aanoroM, B03BpaTHOCTblO H aaaHMHOCTbIO) II Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Philologica 5. Linguistica Generalia I. 1974.

23


IlaBell CMeemCJC Hao co6ou; KamJC oyMaem mOllbKO 0 ce6e. OnepaTOpOM,

oc~eCTBJHIIO~HM C03,n:aHHe TaKOH ceMaHTH'leCKOH crpyi<rypbI, RBnR

eTCR B03BpaTHOe MeCTOHMeHHe ce6JC. 0TO)l(,n:ecrBneHHe ,n:eHOTaTOB -

ero OCHOBHaR ¢YHKQHR B R3bIKe. 3To MeCTOHMeHHe HrpaeT pernaIO

~yro ponb B 3anoroBoM cooTHonreHHH. TaKHM o6pa30M, R3bIKOBbIM

cnoco6oM Bbipa)l(eHHR B03BpaTHoro 3anora H C.ll)')KHT 3aMeHa ,n:onon

HeHHR 3THM onepaTOpOM B03BpaTHOCTH.

B nHHfBHCTHKe o6hPrno onHcbrnaIOT HecKonbKO rpyrm B03BpaT

HbIX rnaronoB c 'IaCTHQeH -CJC17, cpe,n:H KOTOpbIX Bbip;enRIOTCR co6cr

BeHHO-B03BpaTHbie. 3TH rnaronbI o6o3Ha'IaIOT cpH3H'IeCKOe ,n:eHCTBHe,

3Ha'IeHHe B03BpaTHOfO o6'beKTa (npRMOfO ,n:ononHeHHR) BKflIO'IeHO B

ceMaHTHKY rnarona. TonbKO 'IaCTb TaKHX B03BpaTHbIX rnaronoB 6nH3KH

K CO'IeTaHHRM nepexo,n:Horo rnarona c ,n:ononHeHHR ce6JC: npu~ecblBambcJC - npu~ecblBamb ce6JC, HO 0Ha npu~ecb1BaemcJC B coceoHeM caJLOHe; 6pumbcJC - 6pumb ce6JC, HO OH 6peemcJC 8 napuKMaxepcKoil. B Cny<IaRX

nonHOH CHHOHHMHH rnarona H CO'IeTaHHR c ce6JC, BepORTHO, MO)l(HO

fOBOpHTb 06 ycTpaHeHHH BTOporo aKTaHTa oco6oro THna H3 CHHTaKCH

'IeCKOH crpyi<rypbI, OpH COXpaHeHHH ero B CeMaHTH'IeCKOH: coepJ1CuBamb ce6JC - COepJICUBambCJC; HacmpauBamb ce6JC - HacmpauBambCJC H

T. n. Cne,n:yeT 3aMeTHTb, 'ITO TaKHe CHHOHHMH'IeCKHe n~pbl COOTHOCRT

CR TOnhKO c KOHCTpyi<QHRMH nepexo,n:HbIX rnaronoB, B TO BpeMR KaK

B03BpaTHbIH 3anor oXBaTbrnaeT H Henepexo,n:Hbie rnaronbI. HeQeneco

o6pa3HO C'IHTaTb 003TOMY CHHTeTH'IeCKHH cnoco6 Bbipa)l(eHHR B03-

BpaTHOfO 3anora OCHOBHbIM. YHHBepcanbHbl, Hao6opoT, KOHCTpyi<QHH

c onepaTOpOM B03BpaTHOCTH.

O'IeBH,n:Ha ceMaHTHKO-CHHTaKCH'IecKaR ~HOCTb KaTeropHH B03-

BpaTHoro 3anora, OOTOMY 'ITO 3anoroBoe npoTHBOOOCTaBneHHe OCHO

BaHO Ha oco6bIX CHHTaKCH'IeCKHX Mop;enRx1 , Bbipa)l(eHO cnoBOCO'IeTa

HHeM, npaKTH'IeCKH He HMeeT MopcponorH'IecKoro cnoco6a Bbipa)l(e

HHR. 11HBapHaHTOM cooTHorneHHR Hcxo,n:HOH H npoH3BOAHOH cTpyi<ryp

KaTeropHH B3aHMHOCTH RBnReTCR CHHTaKCH'IeCKaR CTpyi<Typa: no,n:ne

)l(~ee - cKa3yeMoe - ,n:ononHeHHe (npRMoe HnH KOCBeHHoe): Maiua cuMnamu3upyem /f,aiue.

17 CM. Harrp.: PyccKaJI rpaMMaTHKa. M., 1980. C. 617 H CJI.

18 C11eizycr OTMeTHTh, 'ITO rrpH yr11y611eHHH CHHTaKCH'lecKofl CTPYKTYPhI AalKe

Ha OAHH ypoeeHb HepapXHH 3aJIOfOBOe COOTHOWeHHe He ocyw.ecrBJIJleTCJI. B rrpeA

JIOlKeHHH OH nocMompe11 Ha cBoe ompaJ1CeH11e HeT B03BpaTHoro 3anora, rroTOMY 'ITO

OH H ompaJ1CeHt1e He OAHOpecpepeHTHbl, a orrepaTop C80i'I OTHOCHTCJI He K CKa3yeMO

My, a K CIIOBY ompaJ1CeH11e.

24


l1ttsap:i.rnHT B TaKOM BHAe AOCTaTO'IHO ycnoseH. B npoQecce C03Aa

HHH B3aHMHOH KOHCTP}'KQHH Ha 3TY crpyi<Typy HaKnaAbIBaeTCJI orpa

HH'IeHHe: OOMe)l(aIL(ee He AOn)l(HO 06031-Ia'IaTb eAHHCTBeHHbIH o6oeKT.

CHHTaKCH'IeCKHM HHBapHattTOM B 3anoroBOM npoTHBonocTasneHHH

KaTeropHH B3aHMHOCTH JIBnJieTCJI CTpyi<Typa: noMe)l(aIL(ee - CKa3ye

MOe AOnonHeHHe np11Moe HnH KOcBeHHoe: Mama cuMnamUJupyem

/f.ame. Mallb~UKU ccopHmcJf c Oe80~KaMu.

l1CXOAHOe ceMaHTH'IeCKOe npeACTaBneHHe: nepBbIH 06113aTenhHblH

aKTaHT - npeAHKaT - BTOpOH 06113aTenbHbIH aKTaHT.

CTpoH3BOACTBO B3aHMHOH KOHCTpyi<QHH CBH3aHO Ta.I< )Ke, KaK H

npH B03BpaTHOM 3anore, c HapyrneHHeM o6hl'IHOH KapTHHbl pa3HOpe

¢epeHTHOCTH nepsoro H BTOporo aKTaHTOB - OHH CTaHOBHTCH OAHO

pecpepeHTHbIMH. OnepaTop B3aHMHOCTH - B3aHMHOe MecroHMe

HHe19 - npeo6pasyeT ceMaHTHKY nepsoro aKTaHTa, KOTOpbIH AOn)l(eH

o6o3Ha'IaTb MHO)l(eCTBO, pasttoe no Kpafttteft Mepe ABYM ::ineMeHTaM.

Co3AaeTcJI cno)l(HOe ceMaHTH'IecKoe npeAcrasneHHe, 3aKnro'Iaro~eecJI B

nepeMeHe ceMaHTH'IeCKHX poneH 3TOro MHO)l(eCTBa.

Mama u /f.ama CUMnamU3upy10m opyz opyzy.

3To 3Ha'IHT"

1) Mama cuMnamUJupyem /f.ame.

2) /f.ama cuMnamu3Upyem Mame.

1) CTepBbIH aKTaHT ( OAHH ::ineMeHT MHO)l(ecrna) - npeAHKaT -

BTOpOH aKTaHT (BTOpOH ::ineMeHT), npH'IeM aKTaHTbl pasHopecpepeHT

Hbl. 2) CTepBbIH aKTaHT (srnpow ::ineMeHT MHO)l(ecrsa) - npeAHKaT -

BTOpo:H aKTaHT (nepBbIH ::ineMeHT MHO)l(eCTBa). A1<TaHTbl B 3TOM Cnytiae

TaK)l(e pa3Hope¢epeHTHbl, OAHaKO o6a MHO)l(eCTBa (B IlOAne)l(a~eM H B

AOnonHeHHH) OAHopecpepeHTHbI. TaKyro 'IeTKyro cxeMy 3Ha'IeHHH B3a

HMHoro 3anora TPYAHO ycraHOBHTb, B Cnytiae ecnu aKTaHTbI o6o3Ha'Ia

IOT MHO)l(eCTBO, COCTOH~ee 6onee 'IeM H3 AByx ::ineMeHTOB. HanpHMep,

B Cnytiae TaKHX B3aHMHbIX KOHCTP}'KQHH, Ka.I< Mallb~UKU ccopHmcJf c oeBo~KaMu, HMeeT MecTo HeonpeAeneHHOCTb pas6HeHHH Ha ::ineMeHTbI.

19 B pyccKOM 113hIKe C}'ll\CCTBYCT 11e11b1fl: pa3p11A B3aHMHbIX MCCTOHMemtfl:, oc

HOBHOA: <PYHKl.IHCA: KOTOpbIX H llBJillCTCll ocpopMJICHHC 3aJIOfOBOro OTHOllICHHll

B3aHMHOCTH: opyz opyza, opyz opyxKll, OOllH opyzozo, OOllH OOHOZO (pa3r.). CM. 06

:JTOM: OmKJnUjLIKOBa M.11. l) B3aHMHbie MeCTOHMeHHll B pyccKOM 113hrKe II Coo6-

lll,CHHll XII 30HaJihHOfl KOHcp. Ces.-3an. o6'beAUHeHHll neAHHCTHryTOB. JI., 1970.

C.136- 138; 2) B3aHMHbie MCCTOHMCHHll B pyccKoM 113hIKe II Bonpocb1 JIHHrBHCTH

KH. Bhm. 3 . ToMcK, 1975. C. 66-73.

25


B pycHCTHKe Bb1p:em1eTrn rpyrma rnaronoB c 'IaCTHQeft: -cJC H TaK

Ha3bIBaeMbIX CHMMeTpH'IHbIX IIpep:HKaTOB (6btmb napalUlellbHbtM, 6btmb paBHbtM, paBH03HQttHblM HT. II.), KOTOpbie MOfYT o6pa30BaTb B3aHMHYJO

KOHCTPYKQHIO H 6e3 ynoTpe6neHHJI oIIepaTopa B3aHMHOCTH, B3aHMHoro

MeCTOHMeHHJI: MallbttuKu ccopum1cb. Coceou nepepyzuBalluCb. llpJCMbte nepeceKawmcJC. 3mu npJCMbte napallllellbHbt.

Y crpaHeHHe p:oIIonHeHHJI He HapyrnaeT B3aHMHoro 3Ha'IeHHJI. Op:

HaKO Qenecoo6pa3HO OTMeTHTb, 'ITO HMeHHO B 3TOM Cny'Iae B Jl3bIKe

cso6op:Ho p:oIIycKaeTcJI IIneoHa3M - p:o6asneHHe oIIepaTopa: MallbttuKu ccopUllUCb opyz C opyzoM. 11, 'ITO eru;e Ba)l(Hee, n106oe H3 TaKHX CKa-

3yeMbIX, HMeIOru;HX B3aHMHOe 3Ha'IeHHe, MO)l(eT o6pa30BaTb He B3aHM

Hyro KOHCTPYKQHIO: MallbttUKU ccopullUCb c oeBOttKaMu; JI.Be npJCMble napallJlellbHbt mpembef1 HT. II.

Tio3TOMy, HeCMOTpll Ha TO 'ITO B Jl3bIKe MHOro TaK Ha3b1BaeMbIX

B3aHMHbIX rnaronoB H CHMMeTpH'IHbIX IIpep:HKaTOB, C'IHTaTb I1X CIIe

QHanH3HpOBaHHbIM MopcponorH'IeCKHM cpep:CTBOM Bblpa)l(eHHJI B3a

HMHOro 3anora He IIpep:craBnJ1eTcJ1 B03MO)l(HbIM. Bonee yttHBepcaneH

cIIoco6 ocpopMneHHJI 3Toro 3anora IIpH IIOMOID;H oco6oft: CHHTaKCH'Ie

cKoft: KOHCTPYKQHH c oIIepaTopoM B3aHMHOCTH. B3aHMHbift: 3anor -

KaTeropHJI, HMe10ru;aJ1 CHHTaKCH'IeCKHH craryc. 3Ha'IeJrne B3aHMHOro

3anora 3aKnIO'IeHO B oco6oft: TpattccpopMaQHH IIpep:HKaTHO-aKTaHTHOH

CTPYKTYPhI. CeMaHTHKO-CHHTaKCH'IeCKHe orpaHH'IeHHJI He CHH)l(aIOT

ynoTpe6HTenbHOCTH H IIPOAJKTHBHOCTH 3Toft: KaTeropHH.

O'IeBHAHO, 'ITO rnaronb1, 06pa3yroru;He KOHCTPYKl..\HH KaK B03-

spaTHoro, TaK H B3aHMHoro 3anora, HMeIOT TaK)l(e «rnneft:cp» rnaronh

HbIX cpopM, p:a)l(e 6onee IIOnHOQeHHbIH, 'IeM y 6e3nH'IHOro HnH IIaCCHB

HOro 3anOra, IIOTOMY 'ITO KO BCeM fK p:o6aBnJleTCJI eru;e H IIOBenHTenb

HOe HaKnOHeHHe: Jll06ume opyz opyza, He 3a6bt8aI':'ime opyz opyza, He CCOpbmecb opyz C opyzoM.

TaKHM o6pa30M, pyccKaJI rnaronbHaJI CHCTeMa HMeeT ,D:Ba THIIa

rpaMMaTH'IeCKHX (T e. MopcponofH'IeCKH Bblpa)l(eHHbIX H HMeIOru;HX

CIIeQHcpH'IeCKOe rpaMMaTH'IeCKOe 3Ha'IeHHe) KaTeropHft:: CTpap:aTenb

HOro (IIaccHBHoro) H 6e3nH'IHOro (HMIIepcoHanbHoro) 3anoroB. 06a

OHH xapaKTepH3YJOTCJI oco6bIMH IIpeo6pa30BaHHJIMH CHHTaKCH'IeCKOH

cTpJKTypbI. KaTeropHH B03BpaTHoro H B3aHMHoro 3anoroB Mopcpono

rH'IeCKH AOCTaTO'IHO cna6bI, HMeIOT CHHTaKCH'IeCKHH CTaTyc H CBJl3aHbl

c ceMaHTH'IeCKHMH IIpeo6pa30BaHHJIMH.

HecMOTPJI Ha TO 'ITO o6a THIIa 3anOroB IIpOAJKTHBHbl B CBOeft: 06-

nacTH, Mbl He MO)l(eM CKa3aTb, 'ITO n106oft: pyccKHH rnaron He3aBHCHMO

26


OT ero ceMaHTHKO-CHHTaKCHl.JecKHX csoft:cTB MO)l(eT HMeTh TY HJIH

HHYJO 3aJiorosyro cpopMJ. KaTeropHH 3aJiora HMeIOT KJiaccHcp~Hpyro

W.HH xapaKTep. 3To CBOHCTBO KaTeropHH: nO):(TBep~aeTCJI HaJIHl.JHeM y

Ka)l(l(OfO nma 3aJIOfOB H HX nO):(THnOB «IIIJieHcpOB» cpopM, o6pa30BaH

HbIX YffHBepcaJibHblMH cnoBOH3MeHJ.ffeJibHblMH KaTerop.HJIMH BpeMeHH,

HaKJIOHeHHJI HT.):(. (cp. CBOHCTBO «IIIJieHcpOBOCTH>> y KaTeropHH BH):(a

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KJiaccHcp~HPYJOW.aR KaTeropHR no OTHOUieHHIO K CJIOBapIO onpe):(eJIR

eTCJI no npHH~Hny «Aa-HeT>>. B 3TOM OTHOUieHHH «cnosapHaR» RCHOCTh

onpe):(eJieHa JIHUib y 3aJIOfOBOH KaTeropHH naCCHBa • .lVIR AOCTH)l(eHHJI

TaKOH JICHOCTH B OTHOUieHHH ApyrHX KaTeropHH: 3aJIOra Tpe6yeTCR

6oJibUiaR noCJiel(oBaTeJibHaR pa6oTa.


Co.n;ep)l{aHHe

ITpeAHCJIOBHe ...............................................................•.................................................... 3 Iluompo8CKUU P. r ,[(oKa3aTenbH0-3KcnepHMeHTaJlbHaH rrapaAHrMa coape-

MeHHOro H3blK03HaHHH ....................................................................................... 5 Om11.ynUj1tK08a M. Yi. 0 3aJiorax pyccKoro rnarona .................................................... 14 CoBa JI. 3. tfaCTH pe'IH H 'lJleHbI rrpeAJIO)l(eHHH B aHaJIHTH'leCKOH nHHrBHCTHKe ........ 28 lllatiKeBll'I A. fl. I1o3HllHH n-rpaMMbI H rrapaAHrMbI B craTHCTH'leCKOM OT-

KpbITHH Mop<t>onorHH ....................................................................................... 55 I'epo A. c. JlHHrBOCTaTHCTH'leCKHe MaTepHaJibl K HCTOpHH HMeHHOro CKnOHe-

HHH a cnoaeHCKOM H3bIKe (Chritjanske uzhilo) ............................................... 69 CKpe61ioBa T r UNL KaK crroco6 rrpe,!1,craaneHHH ceMaHTHKH rrpeAJIO)l(eHHH ......... 80 MumpocfiaHOBa 0. A. M3MepeHHe ceMaHTH'lecKHX paccTOHHHH KaK npo6neMa

rrpHKna,ll,HOH nHHrBHCTHKH ............................................................................... 92 I'p1m6ayM 0. H. 0 pHTMe CTHXa, HnH 3a6bITbie crropbI o rnaBHOM .......................... 102 PoouoHoBa E. C. MeTOAbI aTpH6Yl..\HH xyAoX<ecraeHHbIX TeKcroa ........................... 118 3y6KoBa T Yi. 3MOllHOHaJibHaH c<t>epa a KynbrypHofl MO,ll,enH MHpa (Ha MaTe-

pHaJie CKa30K pa3HbIX Hapo,!1,0B) ..................................................................... 128 BeJ1JceBa JI. H. fno6aJibHbIH aHrnHHCKHH H3bIK B acrreKTe npHKna,ll,Horo nHH-

rBHCTH'lecKoro HCCJie,ll,OBaHHH ........................................................................ 159 A3apo8a Yi. B. RussNet KaK KOMilblOTepHbrH Te3aypyc HOBOro THIIa ...................... 175 Bay11t1Ha E. IO. TonKOBbIH Cnoaapb. Bo3MO)l(HOCTH 3neKTpOHHOH aepcHH ........... 187 KoBallb C. A. Tpe6oaaHHH K onpe,!1,eneHHHM KaK HHcrpyMeHT BaJIHAal.IHH

TepMHHOnOrH'leCKHX AC<l>HHHllHH: rrpaKTH'leCKHH acrreKT .......................... 197 llle1108 C. !f.. TepMHHonornqecKHe rronn H noHHTHil:HaH opraHH3allHH TepMH-

HonorHH ............................................................................................................ 211 Ta6aHaKoBa B. !f.. KaTeropHanbHOe MO,ll,enHpoaaHHe HayqHofl TepMHHonornH

B rrpHKna,ll,HbIX llenHX ...................................................................................... 233 KoMapoBa 3. Yi., I'11a3blpuHa A. Yi. THrronorHH aHrnHftcKHx KOHTaKTHbIX 3ne-

MeHTOB B pyccKOM KOMilblOTepHOM IIO,ll,'bH3bIKe .......................................... 239 !f.y611'11tHCK1tti B. B., lllaiixueea T H. JleKCHKorpa<l>H'lecKoe orrHcaHHe pyccKo-

HcrraHCKHX neKCH'lecKHX napanneneft ............................................................ 256 TuceHKO 3. B. BH6nHoTeKa OT «A» AO «5I» ................................................................. 263

!f.Mumpuee A. B. OcHOBHbie THIIbI HH<l>opMal.IHOHHbIX rrapaMeTpoa Ha KapTax

MHrepMaHnaHAHH XVII-XVIII BCKOB ............................................................ 273 !f.blpxeeea I' A. 3aonJOllHH H IICpCIIeKTHBbl pa3BHTHH MaJlbIX H3bIKOB B ycno-

BHHX rno6anH3al.IHH (Ha rrpHMepe 6ypHTCKoro H3b!Ka) ................................ 297 Tjeerd de Graaf Dutch in the Steppe? The Plaudiitsch Language of the Siberian

Mennonites and their Relation with the Netherlands, Germany and

Russia ................................................................................................................ 307 A11eKceeea E. JI. K aorrpocy o C'leTHOH (11H<l>HpHofl) Tail:HOIIHCH B pyccKHX

rraMHTHHKax IIHCbMeHHOCTH ........................................................................... 322 tfe6aH08 c. B., MapmblHeHKO r fl. M3 HCTOpHH THIIOnOrH'leCKHX npe,!1,craane-

HHH .................................................................................................................... 328

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О ЗАЛОГАХ РУССКОГО ГЛАГОЛА ● ON GRAMMATICAL VOICES OF RUSSIAN VERBS

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Transcript of О ЗАЛОГАХ РУССКОГО ГЛАГОЛА ● ON GRAMMATICAL VOICES OF RUSSIAN VERBS