Note-taking Workbook

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ISBN-13: 978-0-03-093221-2

ISBN-10: 0-03-093221-1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 862 10 09 08 07

Contents

Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

Holt Biology iii Note-taking Workbook

Biology and You ..................................................................................... 1

Applications of Biology ....................................................................... 10

Chemistry of Life .................................................................................. 18

Ecosystems .......................................................................................... 27

Populations and Communities ............................................................ 34

The Environment .................................................................................. 41

Cell Structure ....................................................................................... 49

Cells and Their Environment ............................................................... 56

Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis ........................................... 62

Cell Growth and Division ..................................................................... 69

Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction ...................................................... 75

Mendel and Heredity ............................................................................ 82

DNA, RNA, and Proteins ...................................................................... 91

Genes in Action .................................................................................... 99

Gene Technology and Human Applications ..................................... 108

Evolutionary Theory .......................................................................... 116

Population Genetics and Speciation ................................................ 122

Classification ...................................................................................... 129

History of Life on Earth ...................................................................... 135

Bacteria and Viruses .......................................................................... 142

Protists ............................................................................................... 150

Fungi ................................................................................................... 157

Plant Diversity and Life Cycles ......................................................... 164

Plant Structure and Growth ............................................................... 175

Plant Processes ................................................................................. 182

Introduction to Animals ..................................................................... 187

Simple Invertebrates .......................................................................... 198

Mollusks and Annelids ...................................................................... 206

Arthropods and Echinoderms ........................................................... 211

Fishes and Amphibians ..................................................................... 219

Reptiles and Birds .............................................................................. 229

Mammals ............................................................................................ 238

Animal Behavior ................................................................................. 246

Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems ............................. 253

Contents


Holt Biology iv Note-taking Workbook

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems ............................................... 263

Digestive and Excretory Systems ..................................................... 272

The Body's Defenses ......................................................................... 279

Nervous System ................................................................................. 286

Endocrine System .............................................................................. 296

Reproduction and Development ....................................................... 303

Forensic Science ............................................................................... 311

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________


Holt Biology 1 Note-taking Workbook


Biology and You

Section: The Nature of ScienceSCIENTIFIC THOUGHT

Key Idea: Scientific thought involves ______________________ using

evidence to ______________________________________________________

being ______________________ about ideas and _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

skepticism is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Questioning Ideas: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Discovery and Change: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

UNIVERSAL LAWS

Key Idea: Science is governed by ___________________________________

These truths are called _____________________________________________.

Additional notes about Universal Laws: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

The word aspect means _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Biology and You continued

SCIENCE AND ETHICS

Key Idea: Because ______________________ and discovery can have serious

______________________, scientific investigations

require ______________________.

Additional notes about Science and Ethics: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is it important that scientific investigations be done

ethically? _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

WHY STUDY SCIENCE?

Key Idea: An understanding of science can help you _____________________,

be a ______________________, and become a _________________________.

Additional notes about Why Study Science?: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

In your own words, write the everyday meaning for the word law.

_______________________________________________________________

How does the everyday meaning compare to the science meaning of law?

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Biology and You

Section: Scientific MethodsBEGINNING A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION

Key Idea: Most scientific investigations begin with ______________________

that lead to ______________________.

Observation is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A hypothesis is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Making Observations: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Formulating a Hypothesis:_____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS

Key Idea: Scientists conduct ______________________ or perform

______________________ in order to test a ___________________________.

An experiment is a ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A control group serves as a _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Controlled Experiments: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Study Without Experimentation: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Analyzing Results: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Drawing Conclusions and Verifying Results: _____

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Considering Bias: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

List the hypotheses that were proposed to explain the decrease in Canada geese

in Chicago. ______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Which hypothesis was supported by evidence? _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

SCIENTIFIC THEORIES

Key Idea: The main difference between a ______________________ and a

hypothesis is that a hypothesis is a ___________________________________

and a theory _____________________________________________________.

A theory is a _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




The steps involved in developing a theory are:

1. Questions

2. _____________________________________________________________

3. Experimentation

4. _____________________________________________________________

5. _____________________________________________________________

6. Theory

Reading Check: How does the scientific use of the word theory differ from

how it is used by the general public? __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Constructing a Theory: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Biology and You

Section: Tools and TechniquesMEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

Key Idea: The __________________ is used by all scientists because

__________________. SI is also preferred by scientists because it is ________

_______________________________________________________________

SI is ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How are prefixes used in names of SI units? ______________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Measurement Systems: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

LAB TECHNIQUES

Key Idea: In the lab, scientists always keep __________________ and

perform __________________. Many scientists also use __________________

such as __________________ and specialized procedures such as

__________________.

A technique is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Microscopy: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sterile Technique: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Collecting Data Remotely: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: When might sterile technique be used in a lab? ___________

_______________________________________________________________

SAFETY

Key Idea: Scientists must use caution when __________________ or doing

__________________ to avoid dangers such as _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Some guidelines for working safely in a lab are: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Complete the idea wheel that you started at the beginning of the chapter:

Additional notes about Safety: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Tools andTechniques

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Biology and You

Section: What Is Biology?THE STUDY OF LIFE

Key Idea: Biology includes ________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Biology is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Study of Life: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

PROPERTIES OF LIFE

Key Idea: The seven properties of life are _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

A cell is _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Homeostasis is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Metabolism is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Reproduction is the process of ___________________________________

Heredity is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Evolution is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reading Check: How is heredity related to evolution? ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about the Properties of Life: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Applications of Biology

Section: Health in the 21stCentury

MEETING THE CHALLENGE

Key Idea: Biologists combine __________________ and _________________

from many different fields of science to help ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Reading Check: Why is the cholera bacterium a pathogen? ____________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Solving the Riddle: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Using Models: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about A Low-Tech Solution: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Relate water temperature to cholera outbreaks. ________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

DISEASE IN A CHANGING WORLD

Key Idea: As scientists learn more about the nature of ___________________

our ability to prevent and treat _______________________________________.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Applications of Biology continued

Epidemiology is the study of _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Vaccination is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Genetics is the science of ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A genome is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Disease “Conquered” by Biology: ______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about New Insights into Disease: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How do vaccination programs prevent diseases? _____

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

BIOLOGY AND HUMAN POTENTIAL

Key Idea: As our understanding of ___________________________________

increases, humans will _____________________________________________.

The word device means _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Assistive Technologies: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Application of Biology continued

Additional notes about Battlefield Medicine: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Give an example of an assistive technology. _____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Biology, Technology and SocietyBIOTECHNOLOGY AROUND US

Key Idea: In agriculture, genetic engineering is used to __________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Genetic engineering is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Biotechnology Around Us: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

APPLICATIONS OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Key Idea: Tools such as ___________________________________________

have expanded the potential applications of ____________________________.

The word process means ________________________________________.

Additional notes about Biotechnology and Scientific Research: __________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Nanotechnology: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Biomolecular Materials:_______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Biomimetics: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Adapting Tools and Methods: _________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How is the lobster-eye telescope unique from other types

of telescopes? _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

BIOLOGY, FORENSICS, AND PUBLIC SAFETY

Key idea: Because biological factors, such as __________________________

__________________ are unique, they can be used to ____________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Biometrics is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Types of Fingerprinting: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Other Forms of Biometric Identification: ________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Preventing Bioterrorism: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is DNA fingerprinting, and how is it used to identify

someone?_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________




THE ETHICS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Key idea: Advances in __________________ raise ethical concerns that must

be addressed, both by __________________ and by ____________________ .

Additional notes about Manipulating DNA: __________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Personal Security: ___________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are some ethical concerns faced by society that

relate to genetically modified organisms? ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________





Section: Biology and EnvironmentA LOST WORLD

Key idea: Biological research helps __________________________________

__________________ the environment. We learn how to _________________

the environment by learning more about what affects it.

Ecology is: ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Environmental science is: _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about A Lost World: _______________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Key idea: Tools such as __________________, ________________________ ,

and __________________ are used to study and protect the environment.

Additional notes about Satellite Tagging: ____________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Geographic Information Systems: ______________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genetic Tools: _______________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reading Check: How does a GIS allow scientists to work together?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

CITIZEN SCIENTISTS

Key idea: Biologists rely on the contributions of ________________________

to help develop solutions for ________________________________________.

The word contribution means ___________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Environmental Clubs: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Getting Involved: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the mission of the SWCC? __________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Chemistry of Life

Section: Matter and SubstancesATOMS

Key Idea: All matter is made up of __________________. An _____________

has a positively charged __________________ surrounded by _____________

_______________________________________________________________.

An atom is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An element is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Atomic Structure: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Elements: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a proton? ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

CHEMICAL BONDS

Key Idea: Chemical bonds form between groups of _____________________

because __________________ become stable when they have _____________

__________________ in a valence shell.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Chemistry of Life continued

Additional notes about Covalent Bonding: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Ionic Bonding: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a chemical bond? _________________________

_____________________________________________________________

POLARITY

Key Idea: Hydrogen bonding plays an important role in __________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Solubility: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Hydrogen Bonds: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why does salt dissolve in water? ___________________

_____________________________________________________________

Make a comparison table that compares covalent bonding and ionic bonding.

Covalent bonding Ionic bonding

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Chemistry of Life

Section: Water and SolutionsPROPERTIES OF WATER

Key Idea: Most of the unique properties of __________________ result

because _________________________________________________________.

Cohesion is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Adhesion is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Properties of Water: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

SOLUTIONS

Key Idea: In solutions, some substances change the balance of ____________.

A solution is a ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An acid is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A base is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

pH is ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A buffer is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Acids and Bases: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about pH and Buffers: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Write a sentence that uses the everyday meaning of the word basic. _________

_______________________________________________________________

Write a sentence that uses the scientific meaning of the word basic. _________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Chemistry of Life

Section: Carbon CompoundsBUILDING BLOCKS OF CELLS

Key Idea: Large, complex __________________ are built from a few smaller,

simpler, repeating units arranged in a precise way.

Additional notes about Carbon Compounds: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What element is the basis of biomolecules? ___________

_____________________________________________________________

CARBOHYDRATES

Key Idea: Cells use carbohydrates for sources of _______________________

_______________________________________________________________.

A carbohydrate is a ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A lipid is a ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Energy Supply: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Structural Support: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Cell Recognition: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the basic unit of a carbohydrate? _____________

_____________________________________________________________

The word vary means __________________________________________.

LIPIDS

Key Idea: The main function of lipids include __________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Energy Stores: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Water Barriers: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

PROTEINS

Key idea: Proteins are chains of __________________ that twist and fold into

certain shapes that determine ________________________________________.

A protein is an ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An amino acid is a ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Amino Acids: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Levels of Structure: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a protein’s primary structure? _______________

_____________________________________________________________

Describe the levels of protein structure, and identify the quantifier used to

describe each level. _______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Key idea: Nucleic acids __________________ and _____________________

_______________________________________________________________.

A nucleic acid is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A nucleotide is an organic compound that __________________________

_____________________________________________________________

DNA is ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

RNA is ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

ATP is ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Hereditary Information: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Energy Carriers: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Chemistry of Life

Section: Energy and MetabolismCHANGING MATTER

Key Idea: Living things use different __________________ to get the energy

needed for ______________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Conservation of Mass: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Conservation of Energy: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Key idea: Chemical reactions can occur only when ______________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Energy is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A reactant is a ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A product is a ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Activation energy is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Activation Energy: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Alignment: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What causes particles to repel other particles? _________

_____________________________________________________________

BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS

Key Idea: By assisting in necessary biochemical reactions, _______________

help organisms maintain ___________________________________________.

An enzyme is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An active state is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Substrate is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Enzymes: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Metabolism: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is the shape of an enzyme important? ____________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Ecosystems

Section: What is an Ecosystem?ECOSYSTEMS

Key Idea: An ecosystem includes a community of __________________ and

their ___________________________________________________________.

A community is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An ecosystem is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A habitat is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Biodiversity is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Community of Organisms: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Physical Factors: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Biodiversity: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: List three examples of physical parts of an ecosystem.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Ecosystems continued

SUCCESSION

Key Idea: An ecosystem responds to __________________in a way that the

ecosystem is _____________________________________________________.

Succession is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Change in an Ecosystem: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Equilibrium: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading check: Why are pioneer species helpful to other species? _______

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

MAJOR BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES

Key idea: Two factors of __________________ that determine biomes are

_______________________________________________________________.

Climate is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A biome is a __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word range means _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Major Biological Communities: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




TERRESTRIAL BIOMES

Key Idea: Earth’s major terrestrial biomes can be grouped by _____________

into ____________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Tropical Biomes: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Temperate Biomes: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about High Latitude Biomes: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: In what latitudes are savannas found? ________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS

Key Idea: Aquatic ecosystems are organized into _______________________,

__________________, __________________, and ______________________.

Additional notes about Aquatic Ecosystems: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Use a dictionary to find the meanings of the word aquatic and ecosystem. Use

the definitions to write your own definition of aquatic ecosystems. __________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which aquatic ecosystems have salt water?____________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Ecosystems

Section: Energy Flow in EcosystemsTROPHIC LEVELS

Key Idea: In an ecosystem, energy flows from the __________________ to

__________________ to __________________ to______________________ .

A producer is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A consumer is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A decomposer is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A trophic level is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Food Chains: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Food Web: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading check: Where do consumers get their energy? _______________

_____________________________________________________________

LOSS OF ENERGY

Key Idea: Energy is stored at each link in the __________________. But some

energy that is used dissipates as __________________ into the environment

and is not __________________.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




An energy pyramid is __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Ten Percent Rule: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Energy Pyramid: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: When energy is transferred from one trophic level to

another, where does 90% of the energy go? _________________________

_____________________________________________________________

If the prairie dog level (second level) in a food pyramid contains 35,000 units of

energy, how much of that energy can be stored in the eagle level (third level) of

the food pyramid?_________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Note-Taking Workbook

Ecosystems

Section: Cycling of MatterWATER CYCLE

Key idea: The water cycle continuously moves water between the __________,

the__________________, and the ____________________________________.

Additional notes about Water Cycle: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

CARBON AND OXYGEN CYLCES

Key idea: __________________, __________________, and _____________

play an important role in ___________________________________________

through an ecosystem.

Carbon cycle is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Respiration is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Carbon and Oxygen Cycles: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does respiration play a role in cycling carbon and

oxygen through an ecosystem? ___________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Explain how the carbon cycle and the oxygen cycle are similar. ____________

_______________________________________________________________

Explain how they are different. ______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Ecosystem continued

NITROGEN CYCLE

Key idea: Nitrogen must be cycled through an __________________ so that

nitrogen is available for organisms to _________________________________.

The nitrogen cycle is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word convert means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Nitrogen Cycle: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Explain the role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

Key idea: Like __________________, __________________,

__________________, and __________________, phosphorus must be cycled

in order for an ecosystem to support life.

The phosphorus cycle is ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Phosphorus Cycle: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How is phosphorus passed from soil to plants? ________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Populations and Communities

Section: PopulationsWHAT IS A POPULATION?

Key Idea: Understanding __________________ is important because

populations of different species __________________ one another, including

__________________ populations.

A population is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about What Is a Population?: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What distinguishes one zebra population from another

zebra population? ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

POPULATION GROWTH

Key idea: Two major models of population growth are __________________

growth and __________________ growth.

Carrying capacity is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Exponential Growth: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Logistic Growth: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Populations and Communities continued

Reading Check: What are the characteristics of a population that grows

exponentially? ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPULATION SIZE

Key Idea: Water, food, predators and human activity are a few of many factors

that affect _______________________________________________________.

The word affect means _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Factors That Affect Population Size: ____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Write down the definition of the words biotic and abiotic. _________________

_______________________________________________________________

Then, write down what you think that bio- means. _______________________

Use a dictionary to check your answer.

Reading Check: Describe the differences between biotic and abiotic

factors. ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

HUMAN POPULATION

Key idea: Better _________________________________________________,

__________________, and __________________ are a few ways that science

and technology have decreased the death rate of the human population.

Additional notes about Historic Growth: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Science and Technology: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How have advances in technology allowed the human

population to grow faster? _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Interactions in CommunitiesPREDATOR-PREY INSTINCTS

Key Idea: Species that involve ____________________________________ or

____________________________________ relationships often develop

__________________ in response to one another.

Predation is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Coevolution is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Parasitism is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Interactions in Communities: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Identify one way in which herbivores and plants coevolve.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

OTHER INTERACTIONS

Key Idea: Mutualism and commensalisms are two kinds of _______________

__________________ in which at least one species benefits.

Symbiosis is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Mutualism is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Commensalism is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mutualism: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Commensalism: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Compare mutualism and commensalisms. ____________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Make a Venn diagram to help you compare the similarities and differences

between predators, parasites and herbivores.

Herbivores Predators

Predators

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Shaping CommunitiesCARVING A NICHE

Key idea: A niche includes the role that the __________________ plays in the

community.

Additional notes about Carving a Niche: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How is a niche different from that of a habitat? ________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

COMPETING FOR RESOURCES

Key idea: Competition for resources between __________________ shapes a

species’ fundamental __________________.

A niche is the _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A fundamental niche is ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A realized niche is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Competitive exclusion is _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word potential means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Competitive Exclusion: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Dividing Resources: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How might two different species divide resources?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCY

Key Idea: Interactions between __________________ and the number of

__________________ in an ecosystem add to the resiliency of an ecosystem.

A keystone species is __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Ecosystem Resiliency: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Using the term keystone species, write a sentence with a prediction based on a

condition. _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: List two factors that contribute to the resiliency of an

ecosystem. ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




The Environment

Section: An Interconnected PlantHUMANS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Key Idea: Humans are a part of the environment and can affect the

__________________ of the environment.

Additional notes about Humans and the Environment: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How is Earth an interconnected planet? ______________

_____________________________________________________________

RESOURCES

Key Idea: Earth’s resources are described as __________________ and

_______________________________________________________________.

A fossil fuel is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Renewable Resources: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Nonrenewable Resources: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Explain why natural gas is a nonrenewable resource.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



The Environment continued

THE ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH

Key Idea: Pollution and habitat destruction destroy the resources needed to

live, such as _____________________________________________________.

Additional notes about The Environment and Health: _________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Look up the suffix –tion in the dictionary. Also, look up the words pollute and

destroy, then write your own definition for pollution and destruction. ________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




The Environment

Section: Environmental IssuesAIR POLLUTION

Key Idea: Air pollution causes ______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Acid rain is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Global warming is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Air Pollution: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

GLOBAL WARMING

Key Idea: Burning fossil fuels increases the amount of __________________

in the atmosphere, which may be responsible for ________________________.

The greenhouse effect is ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Effects of Global Warming: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How might the burning of fossil fuels affect climate?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




WATER POLLUTION

Key Idea: Water pollution can come from _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Water Pollution: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: List three sources of water pollution. ________________

_____________________________________________________________

SOIL DAMAGE

Key Idea: Without ____________________________________, we will be

unable to grow crops to feed ourselves or the livestock we depend on.

Erosion is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Soil Damage: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

A lake in your state has had hundreds of dead fish wash up on shore. Write your

own hypothesis that might explain why so many fish in the lake died. ________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does erosion damage soil? ____________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




ECOSYSTEM DISRUPTION

Key Idea: Ecosystem disruptions can result in __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Deforestation is the ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Biodiversity is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Extinction is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word sustain means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Habitat Destruction: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Loss of Biodiversity: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Invasive Species: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Extinction: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How has the introduction of the zebra mussel into the

Great Lakes affected humans? ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



The Environment

Section: Environmental SolutionsCONSERVATION AND RESTORATION

Key Idea: Conservation involves ____________________________________.

Restoration involves ______________________________________________.

Additional notes about Conservation and Restoration: _________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the difference between restoration and

conservation? _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

REDUCE RESOURCE USE

Key Idea: We can reduce our use of resources, such as __________________

and ____________________________________ for energy. We can reuse

goods rather than __________________ of them and __________________

waste to help protect the environment.

Recycling is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word impact means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Reduce Resource Use: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are three ways that you can reduce your use of

resources? ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




TECHNOLOGY

Key Idea: Research and technology can help protect our environment by

providing _______________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Technology: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How can fuel-efficient hybrid cars help solve

environmental problems? ________________________________________

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

Key Idea: Education makes people more ______________________________

and shows people how they can _____________________________________.

Expressing support, or __________________, for efforts to protect the

environment can help ______________________________________________.

Additional notes about Environmental Awareness: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How can advocacy and education help solve

environmental problems? ________________________________________

Make a Venn diagram to help you compare the similarities and differences

between advocacy and education relating to environmental science.

Advocacy Education

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE

Key Idea: Careful planning for the future can help us avoid _______________

__________________ and can help us ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Planning for the Future: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why do we need to evaluate effects of development before

following through with the development? ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Cell Structure

Section: Introduction to CellsTHE DISCOVERY OF CELLS

Key Idea: Microscope observations of organisms led to the discovery of the

basic characteristics common to _____________________________________.

Additional notes about Cell Theory: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How powerful was Hooke’s microscope? _____________

_____________________________________________________________

LOOKING AT CELLS

Key Idea: A cell’s shape reflects the _________________________________.

The word dimension means _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Cell Size: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Cell Shape: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does a cell’s size affect the cell’s function? _______

_____________________________________________________________

CELL FEATURES

Key Idea: All cells have ___________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Cell Structure continued

A cell membrane is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Cytoplasm is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A ribosome is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A prokaryote is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A eukaryote is an _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The nucleus is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An organelle is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Features of Prokaryotic Cells: _________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Features of Eukaryotic Cells: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a ribosome? _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The root kary means "kernel," which describes the nucleus. Eu- means "true,"

so a eukaryotic cell has a true nucleus. If pro- means "before," what does

prokaryotic mean? ________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Cell Structure

Section: Inside the Eukaryotic CellTHE FRAMEWORK OF THE CELL

Key Idea: The __________________ helps the cell move, keep its shape, and

organize its parts.

Additional notes about The Framework of the Cell: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

DIRECTING CELLULAR ACTIVITY

Key Idea: DNA instructions are copied as __________________, which leave

the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, __________________ use the

__________________ to assemble __________________ .

The word assemble means ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Nucleus: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Ribosomes: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What kind of protein do “free” ribosomes make?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




PROTEIN PROCESSING

Key Idea: The ____________________________________ and the

____________________________________ are organelles that prepare

proteins for extracellular export.

A vesicle is a _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The endoplasmic reticulum is a __________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The Golgi apparatus is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Endoplasmic Reticulum: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Golgi Apparatus: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Make a process chart that shows how the cell digests food particles.

STORAGE AND MAINTENANCE

Key Idea: __________________ help maintain homeostasis by storing and

releasing various substances as the cell needs them.

A vacuole is a ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3:

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Lysosome: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Central Vacuole: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Other Vacuole: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

ENERGY PRODUCTION

Key Idea: The energy for cellular functions is produced by chemical reactions

that occur in the __________________ and __________________.

The chloroplast is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The mitochondrion is __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Chloroplasts: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mitochondria: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: In what kinds of cells are mitochondria found? ________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Cell Structure

Section: From Cell to OrganismDIVERSITY IN CELLS

Key Idea: The different __________________ and __________________ of

cells enable organisms to function in unique ways in different environments.

The flagellum is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Diversity in Prokaryotes: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Diversity in Eukaryotic Cells: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are flagella?________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Key Idea: Plants and animals have many highly specialized cells that are

arranged into ____________________________________________________.

Tissue is _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An organ is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An organ system is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Tissues: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Organs: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Organ System: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Write a simile comparing each level of organization to a part of your textbook.

(Hint: Cell are like letters.) _________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

BODY TYPES

Key Idea: A ____________________________________ is composed of

many individual, permanently associated cells that coordinate their activities.

Colonial organism is __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Cell Groups: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Multicellularity: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is differentiation? ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Cells and Their Environment

Section: Cell MembraneHOMEOSTASIS

Key Idea: One way that a cell maintains homeostasis is by ________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Homeostasis: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are some roles of the cell membrane? ___________

_____________________________________________________________

LIPID BILAYER

Key Idea: The phospholipids form a barrier through which only ___________

_______________________________________________________ can pass.

A phospholipids is a ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The lipid bilayer is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Structure: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Barrier: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Cells and Their Environment continued

MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Key Idea: Proteins in the cell membrane include ________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Cell-Surface Markers _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Receptor Proteins _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Enzymes ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Transport Proteins ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Proteins in Lipids: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Types of Proteins: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why can’t ions pass through the lipid bilayer? _________

_____________________________________________________________

Make a four-corner fold to compare four types of proteins found in the cell

membrane.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Cell TransportPASSIVE TRANSPORT

Key Idea: In passive transport, substances cross the cell membrane down their

____________________________________.

Equilibrium is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The concentration gradient is ___________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Diffusion is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The carrier protein is __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Simple Diffusion: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Facilitated Diffusion: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why does oxygen diffuse into the cell? ______________

_____________________________________________________________

OSMOSIS

Key Idea: Osmosis allows cells to ___________________________________

as their environment changes.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Osmosis is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Water Channels: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Predicting Water Movement: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Effects of Osmosis: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

The prefix hyper- means "higher than," and hypertonic means "higher

concentration." If hypo- means "lower than," what does hypotonic mean? ____

_______________________________________________________________

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Key Idea: Active transport requires __________________ to move _________

__________________ against their ___________________________________.

The sodium-potassium pump is a ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word release means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Pumps: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Vesicles: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the structure of the vesicle membrane? ________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Cell CommunicationSENDING SIGNALS

Key Idea: Cells communicate and coordinate activity by _________________

__________________ that carry information to other cells.

A signal is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Targets: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Environmental Signals: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Compare the targets of signaling hormones and nerve

cells. ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

RECEIVING SIGNALS

Key Idea: A ____________________________________ binds only to signals

that match the specific shape of its binding site.

A receptor protein is __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Binding Specificity: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Effect: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




RESPONDING TO SIGNALS

Key Idea: The cell may respond to a signal by _________________________

__________________ by activating enzymes, or by forming a second

messenger.

A second messenger is a ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Responding to Signals: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does membrane permeability change? ___________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Photosynthesis and

Cellular Respiration

Section: Energy in Living SystemsCHEMICAL ENERGY

Key Idea: Organisms use and store energy in the _______________________

of organic compounds. Almost all of the energy in __________________comes

from __________________.

Photosynthesis is the process by which_____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Chemical Energy: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why do organisms need a constant supply of energy?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

METABOLISM AND THE CARBON CYCLE

Key Idea: Metabolism involves either using energy to __________________

organic molecules or ____________________________________ organic

molecules in which energy is store.

Cellular respiration is the ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

ATP is ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Photosynthesis: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________



Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration continued

Additional notes about Cellular Respiration: _________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How is solar energy related to the carbon cycle? ________

_____________________________________________________________

TRANSFERRING ENERGY

Key Idea: In cells, chemical energy is gradually released in a series of

____________________________________ that are assisted by

__________________.

ATP synthase is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The electron transport chain is __________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word process means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about ATP: _______________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Additional notes about ATP Synthase: ______________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Hydrogen Ion Pumps: ________________________

________________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How is ATP used inside a cell? _____________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________




Photosynthesis and


Section: PhotosynthesisHARVESTING LIGHT ENERGY

Key Idea: In plants, light energy is harvested by __________________ that are

located in the ____________________________________ of

__________________.

A thylakoid is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A pigment is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Chlorophyll is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Electromagnetic Radiation: ____________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Pigments: ___________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Electron Carriers: ___________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Describe the structure of a chloroplast. _______________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




TWO ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINS

Key Idea: During photosynthesis, one electron transport chain provides energy

to make __________________, while the other provides energy to make

__________________.

Steps in the Electron Transport Chains

Step 1: __________________________________________________________

Step 2: __________________________________________________________

Step 3: _________________________________________________________

Step 4: __________________________________________________________

Step 5: __________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Producing ATP: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Producing NADPH: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Summarize how ATP and NADPH are formed during

photosynthesis. ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Use spatial language to describe production of ATP and NADPH during

photosynthesis. ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




PRODUCING SUGAR

Key Idea: In the final stage of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are used to

produce energy-storing ____________________________________ from the

carbon in carbon dioxide.

The Calvin Cycle is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word method means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Producing Sugar: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Key Idea: __________________ __________________, _________________

__________________, and _________________ are three environmental

factors that affect photosynthesis.

Additional notes about Factors that Affect Photosynthesis: _____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does temperature affect photosynthesis? _________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Photosynthesis and


Section: Cellular RespirationGLYCOLYSIS

Key Idea: The breaking of a sugar molecule by __________________ results

in a net gain of ___________________________________________________.

Glycolysis is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Anaerobic describes ___________________________________________

Aerobic describes _____________________________________________

Steps of Glycolysis

Step 1: _________________________________________________________

Step 2: _________________________________________________________

Step 3: _________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Steps of Glycolysis: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the three products of glycolysis? ____________

_______________________________________________________________

AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Key Idea: The total yield of energy-storing products from one time through the

Krebs cycle is __________________, __________________, and

__________________. Electron carriers transfer __________________ through

the electron transport chain, which ultimately powers __________________.

The Krebs cycle is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Krebs Cycle: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Electron Transport Chain: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is glycolysis important to the Krebs cycle? _______

_____________________________________________________________

Make a pattern puzzle to help you remember the steps in aerobic respiration.

FERMETATION

Key Idea: Fermentation enables __________________ to continue supplying a

cell with __________________ in ___________________________________.

Fermentation is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word transfer means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Fermentation: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Explain how fermentation recycles NAD+. ___________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Cell Growth and Division

Section: Cell ReproductionWHY CELLS REPRODUCE

Key Idea: Because larger cells are more ______________________________,

cells __________________ when they grow to a certain size.

Additional notes about Cell Size: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Cell Maintenance: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Making New Cells: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

CHROMOSOMES

Key Idea: Eukaryotic __________________ is packaged into highly condensed

__________________________ with the help of _______________________.

A gene is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A chromosome is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Chromatin is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Histone is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The nucleosome is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Cell Growth and Division continued

A chromatid is one of __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The centromere is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Chromosomes: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a chromatid? _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The prefix tel- means "end." If centromere means "a central part," what do you

think telomere means? _____________________________________________

PREPARING FOR CELL DIVISION

Key Idea: All newly-formed cells require DNA, so before a cell divides,

____________________________________ is made for each daughter cell.

The word complex means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Prokaryotes: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Eukaryotes: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Where does a prokaryotic cell begin to divide? ________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: MitosisEUKAYOTIC CELL CYCLE

Key Idea: The life of a eukaryotic cell cycles through phases of ____________,

__________________, preparation for cell division, and __________________

_______________________________________________________________.

The cell cycle is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The interphase is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Mitosis is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Cytokinesis is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Phases of the Cell Cycle:

Phase G1: ____________________________________________________

S: __________________________________________________________

Phase G2: ____________________________________________________

Mitosis: _____________________________________________________

Cytokinesis: __________________________________________________

Additional notes about Eukaryotic Cell Cycle: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What phases are included in interphase? ______________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




STAGES OF MITOSIS

Key Idea: Mitosis is a continuous process that can be observed in four stages:

__________________, __________________, __________________, and

__________________.

A spindle is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A centrosome is an ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Stage 1: Prophase ______________________________________________

Stage 2: Metaphase ____________________________________________

Stage 3: Anaphase _____________________________________________

Stage 4: Telophase _____________________________________________

Additional notes about Stages of Mitosis: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the spindle composed of? ___________________

_____________________________________________________________

CYTOKINESIS

Key Idea: During cytokinesis, the __________________ grows into the center

of the cell and divides it into ________________________________________.

Each daughter cell has about half of __________________________________.

The word rigid means __________________________________________

Additional notes about Cytokinesis: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a cell plate? ______________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: RegulationCONTROLS

Key Idea: Cell growth and division depend on _________________________

and other _______________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Controls: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are two factors that affect the cell cycle? _________

_____________________________________________________________

CHECKPOINTS

Key Idea: Feedback signals at key __________________ in the cell cycle can

__________________ or __________________ the next phase of the cell

cycle.

Additional notes about Checkpoints: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What happens at the G2 checkpoint? ________________

_____________________________________________________________

At each checkpoint, identify a cause that would result in a delay of the next

cycle. __________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




CANCER

Key Idea: ____________________________________ and

__________________ can result in masses of cells that invade and destroy

health tissues.

Cancer is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A tumor is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Loss of Control: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Development: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Treatment: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Prevention: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What causes cells to lose control of the cell cycle?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

Section: ReproductionASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Key Idea: An individual formed by asexual reproduction is _______________

__________________ to its parent.

Additional notes about Asexual Reproduction: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is fragmentation? ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Key Idea: In sexual reproduction, ___________________________________

give __________________ to produce __________________that are

genetically __________________ from their parents.

A gamete is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A zygote is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Germ Cells and Somatic Cells: _________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Advantages of Sexual Reproduction: ____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________



Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction continued

CHROMOSOME NUMBER

Key Idea: Each chromosome has __________________ of genes that play an

important role in determining how an organism develops and functions.

A diploid is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A haploid is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Homologous chromosomes are ___________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Haploid and Diploid Cells: ____________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Homologous Chromosomes: ___________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes: _____________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What kind of cells do germ cells produce? ____________

Name ______________________________ Class___________________Date__________________





Section: MeiosisSTAGES OF MEIOSIS

Key Idea: During meiosis, a diploid cell goes through __________________

divisions to form __________________ haploid cells.

Meiosis is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Crossing-over is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Stages of Mitosis:

Stage 1: Prophase I _____________________________________________

Stage 2: ______________________________________________________

Stage 3: Anaphase I ____________________________________________

Stage 4: ______________________________________________________

Stage 5: ______________________________________________________

Stage 6: Metaphase II ___________________________________________

Stage 7: ______________________________________________________

Stage 8: Telophase II ___________________________________________

Additional notes about Meiosis I: ___________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Meiosis II:___________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Reading Check: In what phase of meiosis is genetic material exchanged?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




COMPARING MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

Key Idea: Mitosis makes new cells that are used during growth, development,

repair and asexual reproduction. Meiosis makes cells that enable an organism to

____________________________________ and happens only in __________

__________________.

Additional notes about Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How are cells formed by mitosis different from cells

formed by meiosis in relation to number of chromosomes? _____________

_____________________________________________________________

Write two sentences that compare and two sentences that contrast meiosis and

mitosis. _________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

GENETIC VARIATION

Key Idea: Three key contributions to genetic variation are ________________

_______________________________________________________________.

The word exist means __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Crossing-Over: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How can crossing-over increase genetic variation?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Independent assortment is _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Independent Assortment: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Random Fertilization: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Multicellular Life CyclesDIPLOID LIFE CYCLE

Key Idea: In __________________ life cycles, meiosis in germ cells of a

_________________________results in the formulation of _______________.

A life cycle is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Sperm are ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An ovum is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Diploid Life Cycle: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How many gametes are formed from one female germ

cell? _________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

HAPLOID LIFE CYCLE

Key Idea: In __________________ life cycles, meiosis in a diploid zygote

results in ________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Haploid Life Cycle: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Use the two-column notes below to summarize the stages and details of the

haploid life cycle.

Haploid Life Cycle

Stages Details

Diploid

Haploid

ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS

Key Idea: Plants and most multicellular protests have a life cycle that

alternates between a ____________________________________ and a

____________________________________ called alternation of generations.

Additional notes about Alternation of Generation: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Mendel and Heredity

Section: Origins of Heredity ScienceMENDEL’S BREEDING EXPERIMENTS

Key Idea: Modern genetics is based on __________________ explanations for

_______________________________________________in garden pea plants.

Additional notes about Mendel’s Breeding Experiments: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How did Mendel experiment with pea plants? _________

_____________________________________________________________

FEATURES OF PEA PLANTS

Key Idea: The garden pea plant is a good __________________ for studying

heredity because the plant has _______________________________________,

usually ______________________________, and _______________________.

A character is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A trait is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A hybrid ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word contrast means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Features of Pea Plants: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Mendel and Heredity continued

Reading Check: What is the difference between a trait and a character? __

_____________________________________________________________

MENDEL’S FIRST EXPERIMENTS

Key Idea: Mendel’s first experiments used ____________________________

___________________ and were carried out in __________________ steps.

A generation is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Three Steps of Mendel's First Experiments

Step 1: ______________________________________________________

Step 2: ______________________________________________________

Step 3: ______________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mendel’s First Experiments: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a monohybrid cross? ______________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word filial is from the Latin filialis which means "of a son or daughter."

Thus, F (filial) generations are all of the generations that follow a P (parental)

generation. What do you think filiation means? _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

RATIOS IN MENDEL’S RESULTS

Key Idea: For each of the __________________ that Mendel studied, he found

a similar _____________ ratio of contrasting traits in the ________ generation.

Additional notes about Ratios in Mendel’s Results: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What was the important difference between Mendel’s F1

and F2 generations? ____________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Mendel and Heredity

Section: Mendel’s TheoryEXPLAINING MENDEL’S RESULTS

Key Idea: Mendelian theory explains simple patterns of __________________.

In these simple patterns, __________________ of several versions of a gene

combine and result in one of several possible traits.

An allele is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Dominant describes ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Recessive describes ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Explaining Mendels's Results: _________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the “blending” hypothesis? _________________

_____________________________________________________________

RANDOM SEGREGATION OF ALLELES

Key Idea: In modern times, the __________________ holds that when an

organism produces _______________, each pair of alleles is separated and each

________________ has an equal chance of ____________________________.

The word random means _______________________________________

Additional notes about Random Segregation of Alleles: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




MENDEL’S FINDINGS IN MODERN TERMS

Key Idea: Mendel’s experiments showed that __________________

determines __________________.

A genotype is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A phenotype is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Homozygous describes _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Heterozygous describes ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genotype and Phenotype: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Homozygous and Heterozygous: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Look up the word phenomenon in a dictionary. What is the meaning of the

Greek root of this word? ___________________________________________

How does this meaning apply to the word phenotype as used in biology? _____

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




MENDEL’S SECOND EXPERIMENTS

Key Idea: In modern terms, ________________________________________

holds that during gamete formation, the alleles of each gene segregate

independently.

Additional notes about Independent Assortment: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genes Linked on Chromosomes: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a dihybrid cross? _________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Mendel and Heredity

Section: Modeling Mendel’s LawsUSING PUNNETT SQUARES

Key Idea: A __________________ shows all of the __________________ that

could result from __________________ .

A Punnett square is a __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word contrast means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Analyzing Monohybrid Crosses: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Explain the boxes inside a Punnett square. ____________

_____________________________________________________________

Solve the following analogy:

yy : Yy :: Homozygous : __________________

USING PROBABILITY

Key Idea: Probability formulas can be used to __________________________

that ____________________________________ will be passed on to offspring.

Probability is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word occur means _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Probability =Number of __________________ possible outcome

__________________________ possible outcomes

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Calculating Probability: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the probability that a heterozygous cross will

produce homozygous recessive offspring? __________________________

_____________________________________________________________

USING A PEDIGREE

Key Idea: A pedigree can help answer questions about three aspects of

inheritance: _____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

A pedigree is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A genetic disorder is __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Using a Pedigree: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How can one identify a sex-linked trait? ______________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Mendel and Heredity

Section: Beyond Mendelian HeredityMANY GENES, MANY ALLELES

Key Idea: The Mendelian inheritance pattern is rare in nature; other patterns

include _________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

A polygenic character is _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Codominance is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word various means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Polygenic Inheritance: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Incomplete Dominance: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Multiple Alleles: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Codominance: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does codominance differ from incomplete

dominance? __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




GENES AFFECTED BY THE ENVIRONMENT

Key Idea: __________________ can be affected by conditions in the

environment, such as __________________ and __________________ .

Additional notes about Genes Affected by the Environment: ____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

GENES LINKED WITHIN CHROMOSOMES

Key Idea: During __________________, genes that are __________________

on the same chromosome are less likely to be separated than _______________

_______________________________________________________________.

Linked describes ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genes Linked Within Chromosomes: ___________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What term describes genes that are close together on the

same chromosome and that are unlikely to be separated? _______________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




DNA, RNA, and Proteins

Section: The Structure of DNADNA: THE GENETIC MATERIAL

Key Idea: DNA is the primary material that causes __________________,

____________________________________ in related groups of organisms.

A gene is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

DNA is ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about DNA: The Genetic Material: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are genes composed of? ______________________

_____________________________________________________________

SEARCHING FOR THE GENETIC MATERIAL

Key Idea: Three major experiments led to the conclusion that _____________

____________________________________. These experiments were

performed by ____________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Griffith’s Discovery of Transformation: _________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Use specific time markers to describe Griffith's experiment. _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Avery’s Experiments with Nucleic Acids: ________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



DNA, RNA, and Proteins continued

Steps of the Hershey-Chase Experiement: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

THE SHAPE OF DNA

Key Idea: A DNA molecule is shaped like a ___________________________

and is composed of two ____________________________________ of linked

subunits.

Nucleotide is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about A Winding Staircase: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Parts of the Nucleotide Subunits: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

THE INFORMATION IN DNA

Key Idea: The information in DNA is contained in the order of the

__________________, while the base-pairing structure allows the information

to be copied.

A purine is a _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A pyrimidine is a _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word complementary means _________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Nitrogenous Bases: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Base-Pairing Rules: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Complementary Sides: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How are base-pairs held together? __________________

_____________________________________________________________

DISCOVERING DNA’S STRUCTURE

Key Idea: __________________and __________________used information

from experiments by Chargaff, Wilkins, and Franklin to determine the _______

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Observing Patterns: Chargaff’s Observations:

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Using Technology: Photographs of DNA: ________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Watson and Crick’s Model of DNA: ____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How was X-ray diffraction used to model the structure of

DNA? _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Replication of DNADNA REPLICATION

Key Idea: In DNA _______________, the DNA molecule ________________,

and the two sides __________________. Then, new bases are added to each

side until ________________________________________________________.

DNA replication is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about DNA Replication: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

REPLICATION PROTEINS

Key Idea: During the replication of DNA, many __________________ form a

machinelike complex of moving parts.

A DNA helicase is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A DNA polymerase is __________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about DNA Helicase: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about DNA Polymerase: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is proofreading critical during replication? _______

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC REPLICATION

Key Idea: In prokaryotic cells, replication starts ________________________.

In eukaryotic cells, replication starts __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

The word distinct means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Prokaryotic DNA Replication: _________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Eukaryotic DNA Replication: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How is a “replication bubble” formed? _______________

_____________________________________________________________

In your own words, write a definition of helicase and polymerase, the names of

the enzymes involved in DNA replication, based on the meanings of each

term’s word parts. ________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: RNA and Gene ExpressionAN OVERVIEW OF GENE EXPRESSION

Key Idea: Gene expression produces proteins by __________________ and

__________________. This process takes place in __________________

stages, both of which involve __________________.

RNA is ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Gene expression is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Transcription is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Translation is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Transcription: DNA to RNA: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Translation: RNA to Proteins: _________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

RNA: A MAJOR PLAYER

Key Idea: In cells, __________________ types of RNA complement DNA and

translate the __________________ into __________________.

Additional notes about RNA Versus DNA: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Types of RNA

Messenger RNA: ________________________________________________

Transfer RNA: __________________________________________________

Ribosomal RNA: ________________________________________________

Additional Notes about Types of RNA: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the structural differences between RNA and

DNA? _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

TRANSCRIPTION: READING THE GENE

Key Idea: During transcription, the information in a specific region of DNA (a

gene) is transcribed, or copied, into __________________.

Additional notes about Transcription Versus Replication: ______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the role of a promoter? _____________________

_____________________________________________________________

THE GENETIC CODE: THREE-LETTER “WORDS”

Key Idea: The genetic code is based on __________________ that each

represent a specific ____________________________________.

A codon is a __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Codons of mRNA: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



DNA, RNA and Proteins continued

TRANSLATION: RNA TO PROTEINS

Key Idea: Translation occurs in a sequence of steps, involves three kinds of

RNA, and results in a complete __________________.

Steps of Translation

Step 1: ______________________________________________________

Step 2: ______________________________________________________

Step 3: ______________________________________________________

Step 4: ______________________________________________________

Step 5: ______________________________________________________

Additional notes about Translation: RNA to Proteins: _________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Repeating Translation: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How do codons and anticodons differ? _______________

_____________________________________________________________

COMPLEXITIES OF GENE EXPRESSION

Key Idea: The relationship between __________________ and their effects is

complex. Despite the neatness of the genetic code, every __________________

cannot be simply linked to a single outcome.

Additional notes about Complexities of Gene Expression: ______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Genes in Action

Section: Mutation and Genetic ChangeMUTATION: THE BASIS OF GENETIC CHANGE

Key Idea: For the most part, ________________________________________

among organisms originate as some kind of ____________________________.

A mutation is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Causes of Mutation: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Effects of Mutations: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Where do new alleles comes from? __________________

_____________________________________________________________

SEVERAL KINDS OF MUTATIONS

Key Idea: Different kinds of mutations are recognized as either ____________

____________________________________ or _________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Mutations as Changes in DNA: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mutations as Changes in Results of Genes:

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Genes in Action continued

Additional notes about Chromosomal Mutations: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why are point mutations often silent? ________________

_____________________________________________________________

EFFECTS OF GENETIC CHANGE

Key Idea: The results of genetic change may be ________________________,

__________________, or __________________; most changes are

__________________ and may not be passed on to offspring.

The word dramatic means ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Heritable or Not: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Tumors and Cancers: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about New Alleles: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genetic Disorders: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How are mutations related to cancer? ________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




LARGE-SCALE GENETIC CHANGE

Key Idea: Very large-scale genetic change can occur by __________________,

__________________, or __________________________________________.

Nondisjunction is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Polyploidy is _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Recombination During Crossover: _____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Errors in Sorting Chromosomes: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How can a child be born with extra chromosomes?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Genes in Action

Section: Regulating Gene ExpressionCOMPLEXITIES OF GENE EXPRESSION

Key Idea: Cells have __________________ that regulate whether or not

specific genes are expressed. Expression depends on the cell’s _____________

__________________.

Additional notes about Complexities of Gene Expression: ______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Are all genes expressed all the time? ________________

_____________________________________________________________

GENE REGULATION IN PROKARYOTES

Key Idea: The major form of gene regulation in prokaryotes depends upon

__________________ that respond to environmental factors.

An operon is a ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Interactions with the Environment: _____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Iac Operon Example: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

GENE REGULATION IN EUKARYOTES

Key Idea: Gene regulation in eukaryotes in more __________________ and

__________________ than gene regulation in prokaryotes.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




The transcription factor is ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An intron is a _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An exon is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word regulate means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Controlling Transcription: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Processing RNA After Transcription: ___________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Processing Proteins After Translation: __________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which parts of gene expression can be regulated?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

THE MANY ROLES OF PROTEINS

Key Idea: The sequence of __________________ in a protein determines its

three-dimensional structure and chemical behavior.

A domain is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Protein Structure: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Proteins in Gene Expression: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What determines a protein’s shape? _________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Genes in Action

Section: Genome InteractionsGENOMES AND THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE

Key Idea: Comparisons among the genetic systems of many organisms reveal

basic biological __________________________________________________.

A genome is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A plasmid is a_________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Universal Code: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genome Sizes: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about DNA Versus Genes: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Endosymbiotic Theory: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What kinds of organisms have large genomes?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




MOVING BEYOND CHROMOSOMES

Key Idea: Small bits of genetic material can be __________________,

__________________and __________________by a variety of interactions.

A transposon is a _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mobile Genetic Elements: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genetic Change: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How are transposons and viruses similar? ____________

_____________________________________________________________

MULTICELLULAR DEVELOPMENT AND AGING

Key Idea: Each cell within a developing body will express specific genes. Gene

expression depends on the cell’s __________________ and

______________________________________________________.

Cell differentiation is __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Apoptosis is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Cell Differentiation: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a homeobox? ____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Cell Growth and Maintenance: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Cell Death and Aging: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the roles of proteins in the cell cycle?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Find out the meaning of the prefix homeo-. ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Write a definition for homeotic and homeobox in your own words. __________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Gene Technologies

and Human Applications

Section: The Human GenomeSECRETS OF THE HUMAN GENOME

Key Idea: The sequencing of the human genome has advanced the study of

____________________________________ yet created new questions.

Genomics is the study of ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Surprising Findings: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How big is the human genome? ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

APPLICATIONS OF HUMAN GENETICS

Key Idea: __________________ and _________________________________

have many applications in human healthcare and society.

A microarray is a _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A DNA fingerprint is a _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Diagnosing and Preventing Disease: ____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: When might a person seek genetic counseling?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Gene Technologies and Human Applications continued

Additional notes about Treating Disease: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Identifying Individuals: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is insulin used to treat genetic diabetes?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The prefix pharma- means "medicine" or "drug." Use this information to

analyze the meaning of the term pharmacogenomics. ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

ONGOING WORK

Key Idea: Many important questions about the _________________________

remain to be investigated and decided.

The word implication means ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Ongoing Work: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is asthma difficult to cure? ____________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Gene Technologies


Section: Gene Technologies in Our LivesMANIPULATING GENES

Key Idea: Gene technologies are now widely applied to __________________

__________________, to ____________________________________, and to

_______________________________________________________________.

Genetic engineering is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Recombinant DNA are _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genetic Engineering: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a GMO? ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Everyday Applications: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Manipulating Cell Interactions: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the Bt gene used for? ______________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




MANIPULATING BODIES AND DEVELOPMENT

Key Idea: __________________ and _________________________________

__________________ are used in research on animal development and have

potential for treating certain diseases.

A clone is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A stem cell is a _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Cloning: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Using Stem Cells: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the two main types of stem cells? ___________

_____________________________________________________________

ETHICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES

Key Idea: ____________________________________ can be raised for every

use of ____________________________________.

The word ethical means ________________________________________

Additional notes about Ethical and Social Issues: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What issues does the use of genetic testing use?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Gene Technologies


Section: Gene Technologies in DetailBASIC TOOLS FOR GENETIC MANIPULATION

Key Idea: The basic tools of DNA manipulation rely on the _______________

____________________________________ and are adapted from natural

processes discovered in cells.

A restriction enzyme is ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

DNA polymorphisms are _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Electrophoresis is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word slight means _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Restriction Enzymes: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which basic genetic tools were used to make the first

GMOs? ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Polymorphisms: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Gel Electrophoresis: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reading Check: What property of a gel does gel electrophoresis depend

upon? _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Denaturation: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Hybridization: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

MAJOR GENE TECHNOLOGY PROCESSES

Key Idea: The major methods for working with genes use some combination of

the basic tools and mechanisms of ___________________________________.

The Polymerase chain reaction is ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Blotting Processes

Southern Blot: _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Fingerprints and Bar Codes: ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Northern Blot: ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Microarrays: __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What does “blotting” refer to? ______________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




DNA sequencing is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

DNA Sequencing

Step 1: _______________________________________________________

Step 2: ______________________________________________________

Step 3: ______________________________________________________

Reading Check: When are primers used in DNA sequencing? __________

_____________________________________________________________

Gene Recombination

Step 1: ______________________________________________________

Step 2: ______________________________________________________

Step 3: ______________________________________________________

Step 4: ______________________________________________________

Step 5: ______________________________________________________

Additional notes about Major Gene Technology Processes: _____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a vector? ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

EXPLORING GENOMES

Key Idea: One can explore and map a genome at many levels, including

__________________, __________________, _________________________

__________________, or __________________________________________.

Bioinformatics is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Genome mapping is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A genetic library is a __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Managing Genomic Data: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the first steps of studying genomes? _________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mapping Methods: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genome Sequence Assembly: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the two kinds of genetic libraries? ___________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Evolutionary Theory

Section: Developing a TheoryA THEORY TO EXPLAIN CHANGE OVER TIME

Key Idea: Modern __________________ began when __________________

presented evidence that ____________________ and offered an ____________

of how _____________________.

Evolution is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about A Theory to Explain Change Over Time: ________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What does evolution mean in biology? _______________

_______________________________________________________________

DARWIN’S IDEAS FROM EXPERIENCE

Key Idea: Darwin’s experiences provided him with evidence of ____________

____________________________________.

Artificial selection is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word insight means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Voyage of the Beagle: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Years of Reflection: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Evolutionary Theory continued

Additional notes about Breeding and Selection: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: When did Darwin first see evidence of evolution? ______

_______________________________________________________________

DARWIN’S IDEAS FROM OTHERS

Key Idea: Darwin was influenced by ideas from the fields of ______________,

__________________, __________________, and ______________________.

Additional notes about Lamarckian Inheritance: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Population Growth: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Geology and an Ancient Earth: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What belief did Darwin and Lamarck share? __________

_____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Evolutionary Theory

Section: Applying Darwin’s IdeasEVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION

Key Idea: Darwin’s theory predicts that over time, the number of individuals

that carry __________________ traits will increase in population.

Natural selection is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Adaptation is a _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Steps of Darwin's Theory

Step 1: _______________________________________________________

Step 2: _______________________________________________________

Step 3: ______________________________________________________

Step 4: ______________________________________________________

Additional notes about Steps of Darwin’s Theory: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Selection and Adaptation: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Publication of the Theory: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Is natural selection the same thing as evolution? _______

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




WHAT DARWIN EXPLAINED

Key Idea: Darwin presented a unifying explanation for __________________

from multiple fields of science.

A fossil is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Homologous describes _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word infer means __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Fossil Record: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Biogeography: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Developmental Biology: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is the fossil record incomplete? ________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Anatomy: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Biochemistry: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What explains similarities in bone structure?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




EVALUATING DARWIN’S IDEA

Key Idea: Darwin’s work had three major strengths: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Strengths: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Weaknesses: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What did Darwin do before publishing his ideas?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Evolutionary Theory

Section: Beyond Darwinian TheoryDARWIN’S THEORY UPDATED

Key Idea: Discoveries since __________________, especially in __________

have been added to his theory to explain _______________________________.

Additional notes about Remaining Questions: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

STUDYING EVOLUTION AT ALL SCALES

Key Idea: Because it affects every aspect of biology, scientists can study

__________________ at many scales. Generally, these scales range from

__________________ to __________________.

Speciation is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word random means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Speciation: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Processes of Microevolution: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Patterns of Macroevolution: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: At what scales can evolution be studied? _____________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Population Genetics and Speciation

Section: Genetic VariationPOPULATION GENETICS

Key Idea: __________________ can be studied by observing changes in the

numbers and types of __________________ in populations.

Population genetics is the study of ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Population Genetics: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What do we now know about heredity that Darwin did not

know? _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

PHENOTYPIC VARIATION

Key Idea: Biologists study ____________________________________ by

measuring each individual in the population and then analyzing the distribution

of the measurements.

Normal distribution is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Phenotypic Variation: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why do polygenic characters vary so much?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Population Genetics and Speciation continued

MEASURING VARIATION AND CHANGE

Key Idea: Genetic variation and change are measured in terms of the frequency

of __________________ in the gene pool of a population

Additional notes about Studying Alleles: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the main measure of genetic variation? ________

_____________________________________________________________

The word normal in science and math is often used to describe measurements

that fit within a normal distribution. What does a doctor mean when talking

about "normal height" for a person of your age? _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

(frequency of E) + (frequency of e) = 1

Additional notes about Tracking Frequencies: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the sum of all allele frequencies for any one gene?

_____________________________________________________________

SOURCES OF GENETIC VARIATION

Key Idea: The major source of new __________________ in natural

populations is __________________ in __________________ cells.

The word generate means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sources of Genetic Variation: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is mutation so important: _____________________

_____________________________________________________________

+(count of E)

(total)= 1

(count of e)

(total)

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Genetic ChangeEQUILIBRIUM AND CHANGE

Key Idea: The ____________________________________ predicts that the

frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will not change unless at

least ______________________________________________________ acts

upon the population.

Genetic equilibrium is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Measuring Change: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Hardy-Weinberg Principle: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Forces of Genetic Change: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What can cause gene flow? ________________________

_____________________________________________________________

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND EVOLUTION

Key Idea: Sexual reproduction creates the possibility that ________________

__________________ or __________________ can influence the gene pool of

a population.

Additional notes about Sexual Reproduction and Evolution: ____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




POPULATION SIZE AND EVOLUTION

Key Idea: Allele frequencies are more likely to remain stable in

__________________ populations than in __________________ populations.

Additional notes about Population Size and Evolution: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the genetic effect of inbreeding? _____________

_____________________________________________________________

NATURAL SELECTION AND EVOLUTION

Key Idea: ____________________________________ acts only to change the

relative frequency of alleles that exist in a population.

The word deviate means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about How Selection Acts: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genetic Results of Selection: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How is “fitness” measured in evolutionary terms? ______

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Why Selection is Limited: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How can unfavorable alleles persist? ________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




List possible exceptions to the statement "Natural selection removes

unsuccessful phenotypes from a population." ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

PATTERNS OF NATURAL SELECTION

Key Idea: Three major patterns are possible in the way that natural selection

affects the distribution of polygenic characters over time: _________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Directional Selection: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Stabilizing Selection: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Disruptive Selection: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which form of selection increases the range of variation in

a distribution? _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: SpeciationDEFINING SPECIES

Key Idea: Today, scientists may use more than one definition for __________.

The definition used depends on __________________ and ________________

__________________ being studied.

Additional notes about Defining Species: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is a species hard to define? ____________________

_____________________________________________________________

FORMING NEW SPECIES

Key Idea: Speciation has occurred when the net effects of evolutionary forces

result in a population that has _______________________________________

__________________.

Reproductive isolation is _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A subspecies is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Reproductive Isolation: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mechanisms of Isolation: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reading Check: Is hybridization always successful? _________________

_____________________________________________________________

EXTINCTION: THE END OF SPECIES

Key Idea: The species that exist at any time are the next result of both

__________________ and __________________.

Additional notes about Extinction: The End of Species: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: When do we know that extinction has happened?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Classification

Section: The Importance of ClassificationTHE NEED FOR SYSTEMS

Key Idea: Biologists use ____________________________________ to

organize their knowledge of organisms. These __________________ attempt to

provide consistent ways to name and categorize organisms.

Taxonomy is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Need for Systems: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the problem with common names of species? ___

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

SCIENTIFIC NOMENCLATURE

Key Idea: All scientific names for species are made up of two _____________

or __________________-like terms.

Genus is _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Binomial Nomenclature is a ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Early Scientific Names: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Classification continued

Additional notes about Naming Rules _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why did Linnaeus devise a new naming system? _______

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM

Key Idea: In the Linnaean system of classification, organisms are grouped at

successive levels of a hierarchy based on similarities in their ______________

and __________________.

Levels of the Linnaean System

Domain

__________________

Phylum

__________________

__________________

Family

__________________

Species

Additional notes about Levels of the Modern Linnaean System: _________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How many kingdoms are in the Linnaean system?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Classification

Section: Modern SystematicsTRADITIONAL SYSTEMATICS

Key Idea: Scientists traditionally have used similarities in

__________________ and __________________ to group organisms.

However, this approach has proven __________________.

Additional notes about Traditional Systematics: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is systematics? _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

PHYLOGENETICS

Key Idea: Grouping organisms by __________________ is often assumed to

reflect phylogeny, but inferring phylogeny is complex in practice.

Phylogeny is the ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Phylogenetics: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

CLADISTICS

Key Idea: Cladistic analysis is used to select the most likely ______________

among a given set of organisms.

Cladistics is a ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




The word objective means ______________________________________

Additional notes about Cladistics: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

The word root clad means "shoot, branch or twit" and the word root gram

means "to write or record." Use this information to analyze the meaning of the

term cladogram. __________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What does a cladogram show? _____________________

_____________________________________________________________

INFERRINGING EVOLUTIONARY RELATEDNESS

Key Idea: Biologists compare many kinds of __________________ and apply

__________________ carefully in order to infer phylogenies.

Morphology refers to ______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Molecular evidence includes ________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is an example of morphological data? ___________

_____________________________________________________________

The principle of parsimony holds that _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Inferring Evolutionary Relatedness: ___________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What kinds of molecular data inform cladistics? _______

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Classification

Section: Kingdoms and DomainsUPDATING CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

Key Idea: Biologists have added __________________ and ______________

to classification systems as they have learned more.

Additional notes about Updating Classification Systems: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What were the original Linnaean kingdoms? __________

_____________________________________________________________

THE THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM

Key Idea: Today, most biologists tentatively recognize __________________

domains and __________________ kingdoms.

Bacteria are __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Archaea are __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A eukaryote is an _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Major characteristics used to define kingdoms include:

cell type

__________________

__________________

body type

__________________

__________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Major Characteristics: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Domain Bacteria: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Domain Archaea: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

The major groups of eukaryotes include:

Plantae

__________________

__________________

Protista

Additional notes about Domain Eukarya: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which kingdoms are prokaryotic? __________________

_____________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which kingdoms are heterotrophic? _________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




History of Life on Earth

Section: How Did Life Begin?THE BASIC CHEMICALS OF LIFE

Key Idea: The __________________ experiment showed that, under certain

conditions, __________________ compounds could form from

__________________ molecules.

Additional notes about The Miller-Urey Experiment: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What compounds were formed in the Miller-Urey

experiment? __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

LIFE’S BUILDING BLOCKS

Key Idea: Among the hypotheses that address the origin of life, one states that

early ____________________________________ formed close to

__________________ cents. Organic molecules may have also arrived on early

Earth in __________________.

The word impact means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Hydrothermal Vents: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Space: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



History of Life on Earth continued

THE FIRST CELLS

Key Idea: Many scientists think that the formation of __________________

may have been the first step toward cellular organization.

A microsphere is a ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A ribozyme is a _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Forming a Cell: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Origin of Heredity: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Explain how RNA could have existed before DNA. _____

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: The Age of EarthTHE FOSSIL RECORD

Key Idea: Both the geographical distribution of organisms and when they lived

on Earth can be inferred from ____________________________________,

which chronicles the diversity of life on Earth.

A fossil record is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about How Fossils Form: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

ANALYZING FOSSIL EVIDENCE

Key Idea: In order to analyze fossil evidence, paleontologists use both

__________________ and __________________dating methods to date fossils.

Relative dating is a ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Radiometric dating is a ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Half-life is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Types of Fossils: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Relative Age: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Absolute Age: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the law of superposition? ___________________

_____________________________________________________________

DESCRIBING GEOLOGIC TIME

Key Idea: The geologic time scale is based on evidence in the _____________

__________________ and has been shaped by mass __________________.

The geologic time scale is _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Mass extinction is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Earth's history is divided into three eras:

Paleozoic Era _________________________________________________

Mesozoic Era _________________________________________________

Cenozoic Era__________________________________________________

Additional notes about Divisions of Geologic Time: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mass Extinction: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What evidence shows that mass extinctions occur?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Evolution of LifePRECAMBRIAN TIME

Key Idea: Single-celled __________________ and later,

__________________, evolved and flourished in __________________time.

The evolution of __________________ set the stage for the evolution of

modern organisms. The accumulation of ______________________________

allowed organisms to live on land.

Cyanobacteria are _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Endosymbiosis is a ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word accumulate means ____________________________________

Additional notes about Prokaryotic Life: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Formation of Oxygen: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Eukaryotic Life: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Observations that support the theory of endosymbiosis include:

Size and Structure: _____________________________________________

Genetic Material: ______________________________________________

Ribosomes: ___________________________________________________

Reproduction: _________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Origin of Energy-Producing Organelles: ________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Dominant Life: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mass Extinctions: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is the evolution of colonial organisms an important

step in evolution? ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

PALEOZOIC ERA

Key Idea: During the Paleozoic Era, marine __________________ diversified,

and marine __________________ evolved. The first __________________

evolved. Some __________________, and then some __________________,

left the oceans to colonize land.


_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mass Extinctions: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC ERAS

Key Idea: __________________, __________________, and _____________

were the dominant animals during the __________________ Era, and

____________________________________ dominated the

__________________ Era.


_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mass Extinction: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Bacteria and Viruses

Section: BacteriaWHAT ARE PROKARYOTES?

Key Idea: Prokaryotes are divided into two major groups: the domain

__________________ and the domain __________________.

Additional notes about Archaea: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Bacteria: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

BACTERIAL STRUCTURE

Key Idea: ____________________________________ bacteria have a thick

layer of __________________ and no outer membrane. __________________

__________________ bacteria have a thin layer of __________________ and

have an outer membrane.

A plasmid is a ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Peptidoglycan is a _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Gram-positive is a ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Gram-negative is a ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Bacteria and Viruses continued

Additional notes about Gram-Positive Bacteria: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Gram-Negative Bacteria: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Is E. coli a Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacterium?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

OBTAINING ENERGY AND NUTRIENTS

Key Idea: Grouping prokaryotes based on their energy source separates them

into __________________, __________________, and __________________.

Additional notes about Photoautotrophs: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Chemoautotrophs: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Heterotrophs: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

REPRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION

Key Idea: Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission; _____________________

____________________________________, __________________,

and__________________; and survive harsh conditions by forming

__________________ .

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Conjugation is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Transformation is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Transduction is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Endospore is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Binary Fission: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genetic Recombination: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Endospore Formation: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: VirusesIS A VIRUS ALIVE?

Key Idea: Viruses are __________________ living because they __________

__________________ key characteristics of living organisms.

Additional notes about Is a Virus Alive?: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

VIRAL STRUCTURE

Key Idea: All viruses have ________________________ and a ____________.

A capsid is a _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An envelope is a ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A bacteriophage is a ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Nucleic Acids: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Capsid: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Envelope: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Tail Fibers: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does reproduction differ between DNA and RNA

viruses? _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

REPRODUCTION

Key Idea: Viruses can reproduce by a __________________ life cycle and a

__________________ life cycle.

Lytic is a ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Lysogenic is a ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Lytic Cycle: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Lysogenic Cycle: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

VIROIDS AND PRIONS

Key Idea: Viroids and prions are molecules that are able to

__________________ and ____________________________________.

Additional notes about Viroids: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Prions: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Bacteria, Viruses, and HumansROLES OF BACTERIA AND VIRUSES

Key Idea: Bacteria play important roles in the __________________ and in

__________________. Both bacteria and viruses are important in research.

Additional notes about Bacteria and the Environment: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Bacteria and Industry: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Bacteria, Viruses, and Research: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

KOCH’S POSTULATES AND DISEASE TRANSMISSION

Key Idea: The four main steps in Koch’s postulates are __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Koch’s postulates is a __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A pathogen is an ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Koch’s Postulates and Disease Transmission:

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reading Check: What are five ways diseases can be transmitted? _______

_____________________________________________________________

BACTERIAL DISEASES

Key Idea: Bacteria can cause disease by producing __________________ and

by _____________________________________________________________.

A toxin is a ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Bacterial Diseases: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Use the two-column table below. In the "Effect" column, list all of the diseases

discussed in this section. In the "Cause" column, list the pathogen that causes

the disease, and note whether the pathogen is a bacterium or a virus.

Cause Effect

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

Key Idea: Antibiotic resistance spreads when sensitive populations of

__________________ are killed by __________________. As a result, resistant

bacteria __________________.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




An antibiotic is a ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Resistance is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word effective means _______________________________________

Additional notes about Development of Resistance: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Consequences of Resistance: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

VIRAL DISEASES

Key Idea: Because viruses enter __________________ to reproduce, it is

difficult to develop a drug that kills the virus without harming the living host.

Additional notes about Viral Diseases: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What factors cause the symptoms of viral disease?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

EMERGING DISEASES

Key Idea: Emerging diseases are infectious diseases that are ______________

____________________________________, that have ___________________

____________________________________, or that have ________________

when a disease that was once considered under control begins to spread.

Additional notes about Emerging Diseases: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Protists

Section: Characteristics of ProtistsWHAT ARE PROTISTS?

Key Idea: Protists are __________________ organisms that cannot be

classified as __________________, __________________ or animals.

Additional notes about What Are Protists?: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: what important characteristics arose among protests during

their evolution? _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

REPPRODUCTION

Key Idea: Protists can reproduce asexually by __________________,

__________________, and __________________. Protists can also reproduce

sexually by __________________ of __________________.

A gamete is a _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Zygote is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Zygospore is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The alterations of generations is _________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Binary Fission: __________________________________________________

Budding: _______________________________________________________

Fragmentation: _________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Protists continued


_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sexual Reproduction: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does alternation of generations differ from sexual

reproduction in unicellular protists? _______________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The Greek word root phyte means “plant.” Using this information, propose your

own definitions for sporophyte and gametophyte. ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

CLASSIFYING PROTISTS

Key Idea: The classification of organisms currently grouped in ____________

__________________ is likely to __________________ as scientists learn

more about ____________________________________ and ______________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Classifying Protists: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Protists

Section: Groups of ProtistsGROUPING PROTISTS

Key Idea: Grouping protists by the way they ___________________________

______________________ helps us understand their ecological roles.

Additional notes about Grouping Protists: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What method can be used to group protists? ___________

_____________________________________________________________

ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS

Key Idea: Animal-like protists __________________ other organisms to

____________________________________.

A pseudopodium is a __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word variety means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Amoeboid Protists: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Ciliates: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Flagellates: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Protists continued

Additional notes about Sporozoans: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which group of protists is all parasitic? ______________

_____________________________________________________________

PLANTLIKE PROTISTS

Key Idea: Plantlike protists obtain energy through __________________.

Additional notes about Diatoms: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Euglenoids: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Dinoflagellates: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: In which group of protists do the individuals get smaller

every time they reproduce asexually? ______________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Write a general statement that describes plantlike protists. _________________

_______________________________________________________________

Find two exceptions to this general statement. __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Protists continued

Additional notes about Red Algae: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Brown Algae: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Green Algae: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

FUNGUSLIKE PROTISTS

Key Idea: __________________ protists absorb __________________ from

their environment and reproduce by __________________________________.

A plasmodium is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Slime Molds: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Water Molds and Downy Mildews: _____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Protists

Section: Protists and HumansPROTISTS AND DISEASE

Key Idea: Protists __________________ a number of human diseases,

including giardiasis, amebiasis, toxoplasmosis, trichomoniasis,

cryptosporidiosis, Chagas disease, and malaria.

The word rarely means _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Giardiasis

Cause: _______________________________________________________

Symptoms: ___________________________________________________

Amebic Dysentery

Cause: _______________________________________________________

Symptoms: ___________________________________________________

Toxoplasmosis

Cause: _______________________________________________________

Symptoms: ___________________________________________________

Trichomoniasis

Cause: _______________________________________________________

Symptoms: ___________________________________________________

Cryptosporidiosis

Cause: _______________________________________________________

Symptoms: ___________________________________________________

Chagas Disease

Cause: _______________________________________________________

Symptoms: ___________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Protists continued

Malaria

Cause: _______________________________________________________

Symptoms: ___________________________________________________

Additional notes about Protists and Disease: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

PROTISTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Key Idea: Protists produce __________________, take up ________________,

are important producers in __________________ food webs, can produce

____________________________________, serve as ___________________

__________________ and have __________________ relationships with many

animals and plants.

An algal bloom is a ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Protists and the Environment: _________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are three ways in which protists affect ocean

ecosystems? __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

PROTISTS AND INDUSTRY

Key Idea: Protists are important in many __________________, in industrial

and consumer __________________, and in ___________________________.

Additional notes about Protists and Industry: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Fungi

Section: Characteristics of FungiWHAT ARE FUNGI?

Key Idea: Fungi have __________________ bodies, their cell walls are made

of __________________, and they absorb _____________________________.

A chitin is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about What Are Fungi?: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Key Idea: A typical fungal body is made of __________________ that allow

the fungus to have a __________________ surface area and to absorb nutrients

efficiently.

A hypha is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The mycelium is the ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A rhizoid is a _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A saprobe is an _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Body Structure: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Fungi continued

Additional notes about Obtaining Nutrients: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

REPRODUCTION

Key Idea: In sexual reproduction, __________________ are produced by

__________________. In asexual production, __________________ are

produced by __________________.


_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Yeast and Mold: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the difference between spores produced sexually

and spores produced asexually in fungi? ____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Write two sentences that compare and two sentences that contrast sexually and

asexually produced by spores. _______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Fungi

Section: Groups of FungiCHYTRID FUNGI

Key Idea: The __________________ are a group of __________________

fungi that provide clues about _______________________________________.

Additional notes about Chytrid Fungi: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which characteristics do chytrids share with protists, and

which do they share with other fungi? ______________________________

_____________________________________________________________

ZYGOTE FUNGI

Key Idea: Zygote fungi are named for ________________________________

that produce __________________ inside a tough capsule.

A zygosporangium is a _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word identical means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Zygote Fungi: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Where does meiosis take place in zygote fungi?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Fungi continued

SAC FUNGI

Key Idea: __________________are characterized by an ascus, a ___________

______________________________________________ that produces spores.

An ascus is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sac Fungi: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: In sac fungi, which structure is dikaryotic? ____________

_____________________________________________________________

Fill in the process chart below with the steps of the life cycle of sac fungi. Label

the loops for sexual and asexual reproduction.

7:

6: Spores germinate toform new fungal hyphae.

5:

1: Hyphae from twomating types fuse.

2:

3: Inside the

ascocarp asci form.

Nuclei within theasci fuse.

4:

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Fungi continued

CLUB FUNGI

Key Idea: Club fungi are characterized by a __________________, a clublike

sexual reproductive structure that produces spores.

A basidium is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Club Fungi: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which part of a club fungus is dikaryotic? _______________

_______________________________________________________________

FUNGAL PARTNERSHIPS

Key Idea: Fungi from mutualistic symbiotic associations to form __________

and __________________.

A lichen is a __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A mycorrhiza is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Fungal Partnerships: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Fungi

Section: Fungi and HumansFUNGI AND INDUSTRY

Key Idea: Fungi are used for __________________, __________________,

__________________, __________________, and __________________.

Additional notes about Fungi and Industry: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

FUNGI AND THE ECOSYSTEM

Key Idea: Fungi play important ecological roles by _____________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Fungi and the Ecosystem: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the primary role of fungi in ecosystems? _______

_____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

FUNGI AND DISEASE

Key Idea: Fungi cause disease by __________________ nutrients from host

__________________ and by ____________________________________.

A dermatophyte is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Fungal Infections: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Fungi continued

Additional notes about Fungal Toxins: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

The prefix histo- means “a web.” Explain why this prefix might be art of an

appropriate name for a fungal disease. ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Plant Diversity and Life Cycles

Section: Introduction to PlantsWHAT IS A PLANT?

Key Idea: Plants are ____________________________________ whose cells

have cell walls. Most plants are __________________ - they produce their own

food through __________________.

Additional notes about What is a Plant?: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What do plants need for photosynthesis? _____________

_______________________________________________________________

ESTABLISHMENT OF PLANTS ON LAND

Key Idea: In order to thrive on land, plants had to be able to absorb

____________________________________, to ________________________

__________________, and to _______________________________________.

A cuticle is a _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A spore is a __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word transport means ______________________________________

Additional notes about Absorbing Nutrients: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Preventing Water Loss: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Plant Diversity and Life Cycles continued

Additional notes about Dispersal on Land: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the waxy layer on the aboveground parts of most

plants that helps prevent water loss called? __________________________

_____________________________________________________________

PLANT LIFE CYCLES

Key Idea: Plants have life cycles in which _____________________________

alternate with ____________________________________. A life cycle in

which a ____________________________________ alternates with a

__________________ is called ______________________________________.

A sporophyte is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A gametophyte is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Basic Life Cycle of a Plant

Step 1: ______________________________________________________

Step 2: ______________________________________________________

Step 3: ______________________________________________________

Additional notes about Plant Life Cycles: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Is a plant sporophyte diploid or haploid? _____________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Seedless PlantsNONVASCULAR PLANTS

Key Idea: Nonvascular plants are small plants that reproduce by means of

__________________. They lack true __________________,

__________________, and __________________, which are complex

structures that contain vascular, or conducting, tissues.

The word consist means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mosses: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Liverworts: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Hornworts: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

REPRODUCTION IN NONVASCULAR PLANTS

Key Idea: In the life cycle of nonvascular plants, the __________________ is

the dominant generation. __________________ must be covered by a film of

__________________ in order for __________________ to occur.

An archegonium is a ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An antheridium is a ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A sporangium is a _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Life Cycle of a Moss: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which structure produces male sex cells in nonvascular

plants? ______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

Key Idea: __________________ of seedless vascular plants have vascular

tissue, but __________________ lack vascular tissue. Because of their vascular

system, vascular plants grow much __________________ than nonvascular

plants and also develop ____________________________________________.

A rhizome is a ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A frond is the _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Club Mosses: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Ferns and Fern Allies: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Where do sporangia form on ferns? _________________

_____________________________________________________________

What are two types of seedless vascular plants? _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




REPRODUCTION IN SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS

Key Idea: Like nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants can reproduce

__________________ when a film of water covers the ___________________.

Unlike nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants have __________________

that are much larger than their __________________.

A sorus is a __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Reproduction in Seedless Vascular Plants:

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How large is a fern gametophyte? ___________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Spores: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a cluster of sporangia on a fern frond called?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Seed PlantsKINDS OF SEED PLANTS

Key Idea: Seed plants are traditionally classified into two groups -

__________________ and __________________.

A gymnosperm is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A angiosperm is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Kinds of Seed Plants: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the difference between gymnosperms and

angiosperms in terms of seed production? ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________

REPRODUCTION IN SEED PLANTS

Key Idea: Unlike seedless plants, seed plants do not require _______________

to reproduce sexually. Reproduction in seed plants is also characterized by a

greatly reduced __________________ and a dominant ___________________.

A ovule is a __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A seed is a ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The pollen grain is the _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Pollination is the ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Pollination and Fertilization: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Seed Formation: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Seed Dispersal: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Where do gametophytes develop in seed plants?

_____________________________________________________________

Fill in this concept map using what you have learned about reproduction in seed

plants.

can be

pollination

pollen

whichinvolves

transferredto

during

in the in

sexual

Plant reproduction

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




GYMNOSPERMS

Key Idea: There are four major groups of gymnosperms - ________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Gymnosperms: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which gymnosperm has seeds that do not develop within a

cone? _______________________________________________________

LIFE CYCLE OF A CONIFER

Key Idea: Reproduction in conifers is characterized by a dominant

__________________, ____________________________, and the

development of ____________________________________.

The word cycle means __________________________________________

Additional notes about Life Cycle of a Conifer: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What characteristics of pine seeds aids in dispersal of the

seeds? _______________________________________________________

Additional notes about Cones: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Are male and female cones always produced on separate

plants? ______________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Flowering PlantsKINDS OF ANGIOSPERMS

Key Idea: Botanists traditionally divide the angiosperms into two subgroups –

_______________________________________________________________.

A monocot is an _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A cotyledon is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A dicot is an __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Kinds of Angiosperms: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are three characteristics of monocots?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS

Key Idea: A __________________ is a specialized reproductive structure of

angiosperms. The male and female __________________ of angiosperms

develop within __________________, which promote __________________

and __________________ more efficiently than do cones.

A stamen is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An anther is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




A pistil is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Structure of Flowers: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Kinds of Flowers: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the function of a stamen? ___________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Life Cycle of an Angiosperm: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the function of a pollen tube? ________________

_____________________________________________________________

POLLINATION

Key Idea: The flowers of many __________________ are adapted for

pollination by __________________ or by __________________.

Additional notes about Life Cycle of an Angiosperm: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Name three characteristics of flowers that might attract

pollinators. ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

List two characteristics of insect-pollinated flowers, then list two characteristics

of wind-pollinated flowers. _________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




FRUITS

Key Idea: Although fruits provide some protection for developing seeds, they

primarily function in ____________________________________.

Fruit is ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Fruits: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: From which part of a flower does a fruit develop?

_____________________________________________________________

VEGATATIVE REPRODUCTION

Key Idea: Plants reproduce __________________ in a variety ways that

involve __________________ parts, such as __________________,

__________________, and __________________. The reproduction of plants

from these parts is called ___________________________________________.

Additional notes about Vegetative Reproduction: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are three types of modified stems by which plants

can reproduce vegetatively? ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Seed Plant Structure and Growth

Section: Plant Tissue SystemsPLANT TISSUES

Key Idea: Vascular plants have three tissue systems – ___________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Dermal tissue is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Vascular tissue is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Ground tissue is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Plant Tissues: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Where on a plant is dermal tissue found? _____________

_______________________________________________________________

DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM

Key Idea: Dermal tissue covers the __________________ of a plant’s body. In

the __________________parts of a plant, dermal tissue forms a “skin” called

the __________________.

A stoma is the ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A guard cell is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word function means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Seed Plant Structure and Growth continued

Additional notes about Dermal Tissue System: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the function of root hairs? __________________

_____________________________________________________________

VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM

Key Idea: Vascular plants have two kinds of vascular tissue, called

__________________ and __________________, that transport ___________,

__________________ and __________________ throughout the plant.

Xylem is the __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Phloem is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Vascular Tissue System: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the conducting cells in phloem called?

_____________________________________________________________

GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM

Key Idea: Ground tissue makes up much of the _________________________,

where it __________________ and __________________ vascular tissue.

Additional notes about Ground Tissue System: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the primary function of ground tissue in roots and

stems? _______________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Roots, Stems, and LeavesROOTS

Key Idea: Most plants are anchored to the spot where they grow by roots,

which absorb __________________ and ______________________________.

In many plants, roots also function in the storage of organic _______________,

such as __________________ and __________________.

Additional notes about Roots: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are three functions of roots? __________________

_____________________________________________________________

STEMS

Key Idea: Stems support the leaves and house the __________________ tissue,

which transports substances between the roots and the __________________.

A vascular bundle is a _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A pith is the __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Heartwood is the ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Sapwood is the ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Nonwoody Stems: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Woody Stems: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the name of the point where a leaf attaches to a stem?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

LEAVES

Key Idea: Leaves are the primary __________________ organs of plants.

A blade is the _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A petiole is the ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Mesophyll is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word source means _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Specialized Leaves: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are two types of specialized leaves, and what are

their functions? ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Plant Growth and DevelopmentTHE PLANT EMBRYO

Key Idea: The plant embryo possesses an embryonic __________________

and an embryonic __________________. Leaflike structures called

__________________, or seed leaves, are attached to the embryonic

__________________.

Germination is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Plant Embryo: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How many cotyledons does a bean seed have?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Germination: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Breaking Dormancy: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are two ways in which the seed coat can be damaged

so that the seed will be able to sprout? _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Use cause and effect language to describe what happens when water penetrates

a seed coat. ______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




MERISTEMS

Key Idea: Plants grow by producing new __________________ in regions of

active cell division called __________________.

A meristem is a _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Primary growth is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Secondary growth is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Meristems: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does primary growth differ from secondary growth?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

PRIMARY GROWTH

Key Idea: Primary growth makes a plant’s stems and roots get

__________________ without becoming __________________.

Apical meristem is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Primary Growth: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How many apical meristems does a plant embryo have?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




SECONDARY GROWTH

Key Idea: Lateral meristems are responsible for increases in the

__________________ of stems and roots. This increase is called

____________________________________.

Lateral meristem is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Secondary Growth: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the names of the two lateral meristems that are

responsible for secondary growth? ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Plant Processes

Section: Nutrients and TransportNUTRIENTS

Key Idea: __________________, __________________, and

__________________ do not satisfy all of a plant’s need for raw materials.

Plants also require small amounts of __________________________________,

which are elements absorbed mainly as _______________________________.

Additional notes about Nutrients: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What two raw materials do plants need to make

carbohydrates? ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

TRANSPORT OF WATER

Key Idea: Water and mineral nutrients more up from a plant’s roots to its leave

through __________________.

Transpiration is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Transport of Water: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What causes the upward pull on water molecules in

xylem?_______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Use spatial language to describe the transport of water through a plant. _______

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Plant Processes continued

Additional notes about Guard Cells and Transpiration: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What happens to the guard cells and stoma when the guard

cells take in water? _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Key Idea: Organic compounds move through a plant within the

__________________ from a __________________ to a _________________.

Steps in the Pressure-Flow Model

Step 1: ______________________________________________________

Step 2: ______________________________________________________

Step 3: ______________________________________________________

Step 4: ______________________________________________________

Additional notes about Pressure-Flow Model: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is an example of a sink? ______________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Plant Processes

Section: Plant ResponsesPLANT HORMONES

Key Idea: Plant hormones are produced in small amounts buy may have large

effects on the growth and development of plants. Hormones may

__________________ or __________________ growth in a plant.

Reading Check: What are two ways in which hormones can affect the

growth and development of a plant? _______________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Steps in Went's experiment

Step 1: ______________________________________________________

Step 2: ______________________________________________________

Step 3: ______________________________________________________

Step 4: ______________________________________________________

Additional notes about Auxins: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What happened to the oat shoot when the agar block with

auxin was applied to it? _________________________________________

Additional notes about Gibberellins: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Cytokinins: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Ethylene: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Abscisic Acid: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reading Check: What is the one effect of each of the plant hormones

discussed in this section? ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

TROPISMS

Key Idea: A tropism is a response in which a plant grows toward or away from

a __________________. Plant __________________ are responsible for

producing tropisms.

A tropism is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A phototropism is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A thigmotropism is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A gravitropism is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Phototropism: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Thigmotropism: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Gravitropism: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a negative tropism? _______________________

_____________________________________________________________

Use what you know about word parts to write a definition of the word

heliotropism. ____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




SEASONAL RESPONSES

Key Idea: The principal way in which plants time seasonal responses is by

sensing changes in __________________ length.

Photoperiodism is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Dormancy is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word categorize means _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Photoperiodism: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Responses to Temperature: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are plants whose growth is not affected by day

length called? _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

PLANT MOVEMENTS

Key Idea: Some plant movements respond to an __________________

stimulus but are not influenced by the __________________ of the stimulus.

Nastic movement is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Plant Movements: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How are nastic movements regulated at the cellular level?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Introduction to Animals

Section: Characteristics of AnimalsGENERAL FEATURES OF ANIMALS

Key Idea: Animals are __________________, __________________

organisms with cells that lack cell __________________.

A heterotroph is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word environment means ___________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about General Features of Animals: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: List three ways in which humans depend on animals.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Heterotrophy: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Movement: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are three advantages of being able to move around

the environment? ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Introduction to Animals continued

KINDS OF ANIMALS

Key Idea: Animals are often informally grouped as __________________ or

__________________ although __________________ make up only a

subgroup of one phylum - __________________. The vast majority of animals

are __________________.

An invertebrate is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A vertebrate is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Invertebrates: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Explain why many invertebrates are small. ____________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Vertebrates: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are two characteristics that all vertebrates share?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Animal Body SystemsSUPPORT

Key Idea: An animal’s __________________ provides a framework that

supports the animal’s body. The __________________ is also vital to an

animal’s movement.

A hydrostatic skeleton is _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An exoskeleton is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An endoskeleton is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Support: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are three types of skeletons? __________________

_____________________________________________________________

DIGESTIVE AND EXCRETORY SYSTEMS

Key Idea: The digestive system is responsible for __________________

energy and nutrients from an animal’s food, while the excretory system

__________________ waste products from the animal’s body.

The gastrovascular cavity is ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Digestive System: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Excretory System: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does a gastrovascular cavity of a hydra differ from a

one-way digestive system? ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Key Idea: The nervous system carries ________________________________

through the body and coordinates ________________ and ________________.

Additional notes about Nervous Systems: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What type of nervous system do jellyfish have?

_____________________________________________________________

Use spatial language to describe the nervous systems of a hydra, a flatworm,

and a grashopper. _________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

Key Idea: The respiratory system is responsible for __________________

____________________________________between the body and the

environment. The circulatory system transports__________________________

__________________within the body.

The word transports means _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Respiratory System: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Circulatory System: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the function of the circulatory system?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

REPRODUCTION

Key Idea: The two types of reproduction in animals are __________________

and __________________.


_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Name an animal that can reproduce asexually.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Evolutionary Trends in AnimalsTISSUES AND SYMMETRY

Key Idea: Through evolutionary time, animals have developed more

__________________ body plans, including ___________________________

and ____________________________________.

Cephalization is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Tissues: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Body Symmetry: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are tissues, and what is an example of a type of

tissue? _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

Key Idea: The __________________ that is produced through the union of

__________________ and __________________ undergoes cell division and

tissue development during __________________, _______________________,

and __________________.

Cleavage is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The blastula is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Gastrulation is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A protostome is an ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A deuterostome is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Differentiation: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the three primary tissue layers? _____________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Patterns of Development: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Where does the mouth form in protostomes?

_____________________________________________________________

Fill in the spider map below to help you organize the information you learned

about early embryonic development in animals.

Embryonic development

zygote

gastrula forms

cell cluster staysthe same size

cell division continues

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




BODY CAVITIES

Key Idea: Animals with __________________ symmetry have one of three

basic kinds of internal body plans. The body plan may include a body cavity, or

__________________.

A coelom is a _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about A True Coelom: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is an example of a psedocoelomate? ____________

_____________________________________________________________

SEGMENTATION AND JOINTED APPENDAGES

Key Idea: Two major body characteristics evolved that gave animals a greater

ability to move and to be flexible. These two evolutionary trends in animals are

____________________________________ and _______________________

__________________.

Additional notes about Body Segmentation: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Jointed Appendages: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the name of the repeated blocks of tissue from

which the muscles of vertebrates develop? __________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Chordate EvolutionCHARACTERISTICS OF CHORDATES

Key Idea: At some point in their development, all chordates have a

__________________ nerve cord, a __________________, _______________

__________________ and a ________________________________________.

A notochord is the ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Invertebrate Chordates: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The First Vertebrates: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are two types of invertebrate chordates?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

EVOLUTION OF FISHES

Key Idea: Two important structures that first evolved in fish allowed them to

become efficient underwater predators. __________________ and

_________________________________ allowed fish to pursue and grasp prey.

Additional notes about Transitional Forms: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




EVOLUTION OF AMPHIBIANS

Key Idea: Three major characteristics helped amphibians succeed on land.

First, amphibians had ______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Second, an amphibian's_____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Finally, amphibians had ____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Evolution of Amphibians: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

EVOLUTION OF REPTILES

Key Idea: The major evolutionary innovations that first appeared in reptiles

include __________________, __________________ skin and the

__________________ egg.

An amniotic egg is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word diversity means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Kinds of Dinosaurs: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Extinction of Dinosaurs: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why are amphibians tied to water, despite their

adaptations to life on land? ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Use a dictionary to find the meanings of the word parts in the terms theropod

and sauropod. ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

EVOLUTION OF BIRDS

Key Idea: Birds first evolved about __________________ million years ago

from ____________________________________. The first birds had a

skeleton that ____________________________________. The first fossil

found to show the link between __________________ and birds was that of

__________________.

Additional notes about Age of Birds: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What characteristics of Archaeopteryx were similar to the

characteristics of birds today? ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

EVOLUTION OF MAMMALS

Key Idea: The first mammals appeared about __________________ million

years ago, not long after dinosaurs appeared. Mammals are descendants of the

__________________.

A therapsid is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Ice Age Mammals: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What were early mammals like? ____________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Simple Invertebrates

Section: SpongesCHARACTERISTICS OF SPONGES

Key Idea: Sponges as classified as animals because they are ______________,

are __________________, have no ___________________________________

and contain some specialized cells.

A choanocyte is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An amoebocyte is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Body Plan: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Feeding: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

SPONGE REPRODUCTION

Key Idea: Sponges reproduce both asexually and sexually. Most sponges are

__________________, which means they produce both __________________

and __________________.


_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Regeneration: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Simple Invertebrates continued

Reading Check: Describe how a sponge can asexually reproduce.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Complete the process chart below that shows the process of sexual reproduction

in sponges.

GROUPS OF SPONGES

Key Idea: The modern sponges are classified according to the

__________________ of the skeleton in their body wall.

A spicule is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A spongin is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sponge Skeletons: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sponge Classification: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Compare the three main types of sponge skeletons.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

1: Sperm

released

2:

3:

4:

5: Surface

attachment,

growth and

development

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: CnidariansCHARACTERISTICS OF CNIDARIANS

Key Idea: Cnidarians have two basic body forms, called the _______________

and the __________________.

Medusa is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A polyp is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A cnidocyte is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A nematocyst is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The planula is the _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Movement and Response: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Feeding: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Reproduction: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Summarize the life cycle of Obelia. _________________

_____________________________________________________________

Use the words cnidocyte and nematocyst in a sentence. ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

How are these two words related? ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




GROUPS OF CNIDARIANS

Key Idea: The three main groups of cnidarians are __________________,

__________________, and __________________.

Additional notes about Hydrozoans: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Scyphozoans: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Anthozoans: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How is the foundation of a coral reef formed?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: FlatwormsCHARACTERISTICS OF FLATWORMS

Key Idea: Flatworms have __________________ symmetry,

__________________ tissue layers, and __________________ - the

concentration of nerve tissue at an animal’s “head” end.


_______________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Feeding: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Respiration: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does a flatworm obtain oxygen? ________________

_____________________________________________________________

GROUPS OF FLATWORMS

Key Idea: Three major groups of modern flatworms include ______________,

most of which are free-living, and __________________ and ______________,

which are parasitic.

A proglottid is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word range means _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Turbellarians: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Tapeworms: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Flukes: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is a tegument important to endoparasites? ________

_____________________________________________________________

Complete the process chart below that shows the life cycle of a fluke.

Egg

Larva that infectssnail

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: RoundwormsCHARACTERISTICS OF ROUNDWORMS

Key Idea: Roundworms have __________________ embryonic tissue layers, a

__________________, and a digestive system with separate openings for

feeding and waste elimination.

A pseudocoelom is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Digestion, Circulation, and Reproduction: _______

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: List the functions of the pseudocoelom. ______________

_____________________________________________________________

GROUPS OF ROUNDWORMS

Key Idea: Common parasitic roundworms include __________________,

__________________, __________________ worms, and ________________.

Pinworms

Symptoms: ______________________________________________________

How they are spread: ______________________________________________

Life cycle: _______________________________________________________

Hookworms:

Symptoms: ______________________________________________________


Life cycle: _______________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Filarial Worms:

Symptoms: ______________________________________________________


Life cycle: _______________________________________________________

Ascarids

Symptoms: ______________________________________________________


Life cycle: _______________________________________________________

Reading Check: Compare ascarids with hookworms. _________________

_____________________________________________________________

FIGHTING PARASITES

Key Idea: To prevent parasitic infections, people who live in or travel to places

where parasites are common should __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

The word inadequate means _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Fighting Parasites: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Mollusks and Annelids

Section: MollusksCHARACTERISTICS OF MOLLUSKS

Key Idea: Mollusks are soft-bodied __________________ that have a three-

part body plan. Mollusks also have __________________ symmetry, and most

mollusks have a __________________.

Additional notes about Characteristics Mollusks: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

MOLLUSK BODY PLAN AND ORGAN SYSTEMS

Key Idea: The three parts that make up the basic mollusk body plan are the

__________________ mass, the __________________, and the ____________.

Visceral mass is the ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A mantle is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A foot is _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A radula is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A trochophore is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Feeding and Digestion: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Excretion: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Mollusks and Annelids continued

Additional notes about Circulation: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Respiration: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Describe a typical mollusk circulatory system. _________

_____________________________________________________________

MOLLUSK DIVERSITY

Key Idea: __________________, __________________, and _____________

share the same basic organ system and tissue layers, but have different ______

__________________ and __________________.

A siphon is a _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word equip means _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mollusk Diversity: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the three major classes of mollusks? _________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Gastropods: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are two feeding habits of gastropods? ___________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Cephalopods: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How can some cephalopods escape predators?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Bivalves: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Summarize how mollusks are classified. _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Mollusks and Annelids

Section: AnnelidsCHARACTERISTICS OF ANNELIDS

Key Idea: In addition to __________________, annelids are ______________

with highly specialized organ systems. Most annelids have external bristles

called __________________.

A seta is _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A septum is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The cerebral ganglion is ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Segmentation: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Nervous System: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Reproduction and Development: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Describe the body plan of an annelid. ________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




ANNELID DIVERSITY

Key Idea: Annelids are grouped into different classes based on the number of

__________________ that they have and the presence or absence of

__________________, which are flap-shaped appendages used for gas

exchange and locomotion.

The word region means _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Marine Worms: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Earthworms: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Leeches: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Explain how the chemicals that a leech’s sucker secretes

help a parasitic leech feed longer on its host. ________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Use the comparison table below to compare different classes of annelids.

Marine worms (Polychaeta) Earthworms (Oligochaeta) Leeches (Hirudinea)

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Arthropods and Echinoderms

Section: ArthropodsARTHROPOD CHARACTERISTICS

Key Idea: Arthropods are characterized by having a __________________

body, __________________ appendages, and a hard _____________________.

A thorax is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The cephalothorax is __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An appendage is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A trachea is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A spiracle is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The Malpighian tubule is _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A compound eye is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Segmented Body: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Jointed Appendages: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Exoskeleton: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Arthropods and Echinoderms continued

Reading Check: What does arthropod mean? _______________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Respiration and Circulation: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Feeding, Digestion and Excretion: ______________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Compound Eyes: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

ARTHROPOD LIFE CYCLE

Key Idea: __________________ allows the arthropod’s body to grow larger.

Molting is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Molting: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

GROUPS OF ARTHROPODS

Key Idea: The four main arthropod groups are __________________,

__________________, __________________, and ______________________.

Additional notes about the Evolutionary Success of Arthropods: ________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does an arthropod shed its exoskeleton? __________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Arachnids and CrustaceansARACHNIDS AND THEIR RELATIVES

Key Idea: The __________________ are arthropods that have appendages

called __________________, which are specialized for feeding.

A chelicera is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A pedipalp is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A spinneret is an ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word modify means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Spiders: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Scorpions, Mites and Ticks:____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Horseshoe Crabs: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Name two types of spiders that are dangerous to humans.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




CRUSTACEANS

Key Idea: Many crustaceans have a __________________ and an abdomen.

Like chelicerates, crustaceans have __________________ on their abdomen.

Unlike chelicerates, crustaceans have __________________ that are adapted

for feeding and have two __________________. Crustaceans breathe by using

__________________.

Additional notes about Terrestrial Crustaceans: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Aquatic Crustaceans: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which structures do decapods use to swim and to

reproduce?____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Classify arthropods into groups based on the types of appendages that the

animals have. ____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: InsectsINSECT CHARACTERISTICS

Key Idea: Most insects share the same general body plan, specialized

__________________ for feeding, a unique life style and the ability to

__________________.

A mandible is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Adaptations for Feeding: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

ADAPTATIONS FOR FLIGHT

Key Idea: Insects are adapted for flight by having a lightweight

__________________, __________________ and strong

__________________ to power flight.

Additional notes about Flying Insects: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are some advantages of flight? ________________

_____________________________________________________________

INSECT LIFE CYCLE

Key Idea: Insects have a unique life cycle compared with other arthropods.

During development, a young insect undergoes __________________.

Metamorphosis is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A chrysalis is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




A pupa is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Complete Metamorphosis: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Incomplete Metamorphosis: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is metamorphosis? __________________________

_____________________________________________________________

SOCIAL INSECTS

Key Idea: Social insects have elaborate social systems involving ___________

_______________________________________________________________.

A caste is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Honeybees: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Termites: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

CENTIPEDES AND MILIPEDES

Key Idea: __________________ include centipedes and millipedes.

Additional notes about Centipedes and Millipedes: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: EchinodermsECHINODERM CHARACTERISTICS

Key Idea: All adult echinoderms have an __________________ skeleton,

____________________________________ symmetry, a ________________

__________________ system, and the ability to breathe through their skin.

An ossicle is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A water-vascular system is _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A tube foot is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A skin gill is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Endoskeleton: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is an endoskeleton beneficial? _________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Five-Part Radial Symmetry: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Water-Vascular System: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Circulation and Respiration: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

ECHINODERM DIVERSITY

Key Idea: The living classes of echinoderms include ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

__________________.

Additional notes about Echinoderm Diversity: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which echinoderms disperse as larvae? ______________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Fishes and Amphibians

Section: The Fish BodyCHARACTERISTICS OF FISHES

Key Idea: Fishes have __________________, __________________,

____________________________________ and __________________.

Additional notes about Characteristics of Fishes: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why are fishes so diverse? ________________________

_____________________________________________________________

MOVEMENT AND RESPONSE

Key Idea: Fishes have many important structures for swimming and sensing

their underwater environment, including _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

The swim bladder is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The lateral line is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Fins and Swim Bladder: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sensory Organs: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Fishes and Amphibians continued

Reading Check: What is the function of the lateral line? ______________

_____________________________________________________________

RESPIRATION AND CIRCULATION

Key Idea: Fishes are able to obtain the oxygen they need from

__________________.

A gill is a ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A gill slit is a _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Countercurrent Flow: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Single-Loop Blood Circulation: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Describe how oxygen moves through a fish’ body.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The prefix counter means "against." Write a definition in your own words for

countercurrent flow. ______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

EXCRETION

Key Idea: Although the gills play a major role in maintaining a fish’s

__________________ and __________________ balance, another key element

is a pair of __________________.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




A kidney is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word minimize means ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Salt and Water Balance: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Kidneys: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Compare marine and freshwater fish excretion. ________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

REPRODUCTION

Key Idea: Most fishes reproduce sexually though _______________________

__________________.


_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Describe the process of spawning. __________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Groups of FishesJAWLESS FISHES

Key Idea: Jawless fishes have skeletons made of __________________, a

strong fibrous connective tissue. They retain their __________________ into

adulthood. __________________ __________________ are the only modern

vertebrates without a backbone.

Additional notes about Hagfishes: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Lampreys: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Compare the feeding methods of jawless fishes.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

CARTILAGINOUS FISHES

Key Idea: Cartilaginous fishes have _________________________ and jaws.

They also have skeletons made of cartilage strengthened by _______________

_____________________________ (the material that makes up oyster shells).

The word typically means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sharks: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Skates and Rays: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reading Check: List three characteristics of cartilaginous fishes.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

BONY FISHES

Key Idea: Bony fishes have a strong endoskeleton made completely of

__________________. Bony fishes also have structural adaptations, such as

_______________________________________________________________,

that contribute to their success.

An operculum is a _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A teleost is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Lateral Line: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Gill Cover: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Swim Bladder: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Ray-finned Fishes: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Lobe-finned Fishes: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does the fin of a teleost compare with the fin of a lo-

finned fish? ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: The Amphibian BodyCHARACTERISTICS OF AMPHIBIANS

Key Idea: Most of these amphibians share five key characteristics: _________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Characteristics of Amphibians: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why do most amphibians live in moist habitats?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


Key Idea: The sense of __________________ and __________________ are

well developed in most amphibians. The primary sensory organs of amphibians

are the __________________ and __________________.

The tympanic membrane is _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word transmitted means ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Skeleton: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sense Organs: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reading Check: Describe how amphibians hear sounds. ______________

_____________________________________________________________

RESPIRATION

Key Idea: In amphibians, the __________________, __________________,

____________________________________, and a partially divided

__________________ work together to ensure that sufficient oxygen reaches

the body tissues.

A lung is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Lungs: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Skin: ______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What structures do amphibians use to breathe?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

CIRCULATION

Key Idea: The structure of the amphibian circulatory system – including the

partially divided heart and double-loop circulation – allows oxygen to be

delivered to the body more __________________ than in fishes.

The septum is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The pulmonary veins are _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Partially Divided Heart: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Spiral Valve: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Double-Loop Circulation: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How is the circulatory system of amphibians different

from the circulatory system of most fishes? _________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Write two sentences that compare and two sentences that contrast fish and

amphibian circulation. _____________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Groups of AmphibiansSALAMANDERS

Key Idea: Salamanders have _______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Salamanders: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How do most salamanders reproduce?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

CAECILIANS

Key Idea: Caecilians are a highly specialized group of burrowing amphibians

with __________________, ____________________________________

embedded in their skin.

Additional notes about Caecilians: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

FROGS AND TOADS

Key Idea: There are about __________________ species of frogs and toads,

also known as __________________, which live in environments ranging from

deserts to rain forests, valleys to mountains, and ponds to puddles.

A tadpole is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




The word cycle means __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Frogs and Toads: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How do the diets of adult and larval frogs differ?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reptiles and Birds

Section: The Reptile BodyCHRACTERISTICS OF REPTILES

Key Idea: Modern reptiles have __________________, __________________,

__________________________________, and reptiles lack _______________.

Additional notes about Characteristics of Reptiles: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How are reptiles adapted to life on land? _____________

_____________________________________________________________

MOVEMENT AND REPSONSE

Key Idea: Reptiles have a strong ________________, ______________,_____

______________________________and ______________________________.

These adaptations help reptiles ______________________________________.

Jacobson’s organ is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Ectothermic is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word determine means _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sensory Systems: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Body Temperature Control: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Reptiles and Birds continued

Reading Check: Why does being ectothermic limit reptiles’ range?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


Key Idea: A reptile’s lungs have a __________________ surface area, and a

reptile’s heart is almost completely divided into ________________ chambers.

Additional notes about Lungs: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Heart: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Compare reptilian and amphibian circulation.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

REPRODUCTION

Key Idea: An __________________ egg contains both a water supply and a

food supply and is key to ___________________________________________.

Oviparous describes ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Ovoviviparous describes _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Amniotic Egg: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Summarize the structure of an amniotic egg. __________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reptiles and Birds

Section: Groups of ReptilesTURTLES AND TORTOISES

Key Idea: Turtles and tortoises have a hard shell that covers their body, and

their __________________ is fused to the top of their shell.

The carapace is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The plastron is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Turtles and Tortoises: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Describe the structure of a turtle’s shell. ______________

_____________________________________________________________

TUATARAS

Key Idea: Unlike most other reptiles, tuataras are more active at

__________________ temperatures.

Additional notes about Tuataras: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

CROCODILIANS

Key Idea: Unlike most other reptiles, crocodilians __________________ their

young.

Additional notes about Crocodilians: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




LIZARDS AND SNAKES

Key Idea: Because lizards and snakes share a common ancestor, they have

many features in common, including

____________________________________ and a jaw that is

__________________ attached to the skull. This jaw allows the mouth to open

wide enough to accommodate large prey.

A constrictor is a ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word modify means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Lizards: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Snakes: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Describe the ways that snakes kill their prey.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reptiles and Birds

Section: The Bird BodyCHARACTERISTICS OF BIRDS

Key Idea: The key characteristics of modern birds include ________________

_______________________________________________________________

____________________________________.

Endothermic is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Body Temperature and Control: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How s a bird able to maintain a high body temperature

even in an artic environment?_____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

ADAPTATIONS OF BIRDS

Key Idea: __________________ and a _______________________________

__________________ are critical to a bird’s ability to fly.

A contour feather is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A down feather is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Feathers: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Lightweight Skeleton: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Beaks and Feet: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What type of beak does a seed-eating bird have?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


Key Idea: Birds have respiratory and circulatory structures, such as _________

___________ and a __________________-chambered heart, that improve the

efficiency of oxygen intake and oxygen delivery and allow birds to get the

energy that they need.

The word exceed means _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Air Sacs: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Four-Chambered Heart: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Describe the structure of a bird’s heart.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Examine a figure showing a bird's air sacs during inhalation and exhalation.

What do you think the prefixes in- and ex- mean? _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




REPRODUCTION

Key Idea: Unlike most reptiles, most birds __________________ for their eggs

and for their young.

Additional notes about Parental Care: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Explain how different types of birds provide care for their

young. _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reptiles and Birds

Section: Groups of BirdsTERRESTRIAL BIRDS

Key Idea: Terrestrial birds have __________________ adapted to perching,

hunting or running and __________________ adapted to eating fruits, seeds,

insects or small animals.

A talon is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Perching Birds: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Birds of Prey: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Flightless Birds: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

AQUATIC BIRDS

Key Idea: Aquatic birds have __________________ adapted to paddling or

wading and __________________ adapted to eating aquatic organisms.

The word maintain means ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Diving Birds: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Water Birds: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Wading Birds: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What structures does a penguin use to swim?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Mammals

Section: Characteristics of MammalsKEY CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALS

Key Idea: Mammals are __________________, they have ________________

and ____________________________________, and females produce milk in

__________________ to nourish their young.

Additional notes about Key Characteristics of Mammals: ______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are three functions of hair? ___________________

_____________________________________________________________

ENDOTHERMY

Key Idea: The __________________ and __________________ systems of

mammals are adapted to __________________. They acquire and distribute

oxygen more efficiently than the ectotherms do.

Additional notes about Respiratory System: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Circulatory System: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why does a mammal need to eat more food than a reptile

of a similar size does? __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Mammals continued

SPECIALIZED TEETH

Key Idea: Mammals have specialized teeth that reflect the differences in their

__________________.

Additional notes about Types of Teeth: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What type of tooth is used for stabbing and holding?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

PARENTAL CARE

Key Idea: Unlike the young of other vertebrates, __________________ depend

on their mother for a relatively long period of time. They receive ___________

and other food, __________________, and __________________ from her.

Mammals are unique in the way they _________________________________.

A mammary gland is __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The placenta is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The gestation period is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Monotremes: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Marsupials: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Mammals continued

Additional notes about Placental Mammals: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: which group of mammals lay eggs? _________________

_____________________________________________________________


Key Idea: Mammals use various modes of __________________, including

_______________________________________________________________.

Echolocation is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


_____________________________________________________________


_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are three types of locomotion that mammals use?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Mammals

Section: Groups of MammalsMONOTREMES

Key Idea: Monotremes share more traits with __________________ than with

other mammals. Monotremes are the only living mammals that ____________

__________________.

A monotreme is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Monotremes: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: In what ways are monotremes more like reptiles than like

other mammals? _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

MARSUPIALS

Key Idea: The females of most __________________ have a _____________,

and their young spend most of their time ______________________________

__________________ while they ____________________________________.

The word similar means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Marsupials: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is an example of a marsupial whose ecological niche

is similar to a deer’s? ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Mammals continued

PLACENTAL MAMMALS

Key Idea: Placental animals make up nearly __________________ of all

mammalian species. The young of placental mammals develop inside the

female’s __________________, where they are nourished by nutrients from her

blood.

Additional notes about Placental Mammals: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: In general, which group of mammals has a longer

gestation period: marsupials or placental mammals? __________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Domestic Mammals: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are three ways in which humans use domestic

mammals? ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Australia is the world's leading producer of wool, producing about 27% of the

global total. If Australia produces 475,000 kg of wool per year, what is the

global production of wool? _________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Mammals

Section: Evolution of PrimatesCHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMATES

Key Idea: All primates have ____________________________________ and

most have ____________________________________. The

__________________ placement of the eyes give primates overlapping,

binocular vision.

A primate is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Characteristics of Primates: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: When did the first primates evolve?__________________

_____________________________________________________________

MODERN NONHMAN PRIMATE GROUPS

Key Idea: The three groups of primates alive today include _______________

and their relatives, __________________, and __________________ -

monkeys, apes and humans.

Additional notes about Lemurs and Their Relatives: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Tarsiers: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Monkeys and Apes: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Mammals continued

EARLY HOMINIDS

Key Idea: Hominids differ from other primates in that we are _____________.

Our spines are ____-shaped, rather than ____-shaped. We have relatively short

arms and a __________-shaped pelvis. Our thighs angle in under the body. Our

spinal cord exits at the__________________ of the skull. And our canine teeth

are __________________ than those of other primates.

A hominid is a ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Bipedalism: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Studying Early Hominids: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

The Latin meaning of the species name Homo erectus is "upright man." Use a

dictionary to find the meaning of the name Homo sapiens. ________________

_______________________________________________________________

THE PATH TO HUMANS

Key Idea: Many different hominid species lived over the past _____________

years. And more than one species lived at the same time. Except for ________

__________________, all of these ancient hominid species died out.

The word imply means _________________________________________

Additional notes about Earliest Hominids: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Mammals continued

Additional notes about Australopiths: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Paranthropus: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Homo habilis: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Homo ergaster and Homo erectus: ______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which came first – a larger brain or bipedalism?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

MODERN HUMANS

Key Idea: Studies of the genes of __________________ indicated that modern

humans evolved in __________________ about ________________ years ago.

Additional notes about Neanderthals: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Homo sapiens: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Animal Behavior

Section: The Nature of BehaviorQUESTIONS ABOUT BEHAVIOR

Key Idea: Scientists studying behavior ask two kinds of questions - _________

_____________________________ and ______________________________.

Behavior is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Stimulus is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A response is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about How vs. Why Questions: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about How the Body Responds: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a response? ______________________________

_____________________________________________________________

INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR

Key Idea: Behavior is controlled by both __________________ and

__________________ factors.

Additional notes about Genes, the Environment, and Behavior: _________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Animal Behavior continued

Reading Check: What organ systems together produce behavior?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR

Key Idea: ____________________________________ favors traits that

increase an individual’s reproductive success.

Additional notes about Natural Selection and Behavior: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What traits are favored by natural selection? __________

_____________________________________________________________

The word behavior describes a phenotype, or trait of an organism. Use the word

behavior in a sentence to illustrate its role as a trait, not just an action. _______

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

INNATE BEHAVIOR

Key Idea: Innate behaviors may be greatly influenced by

__________________, but these behaviors are not necessarily fixed. Some

innate behaviors may be modified by __________________.

Innate behavior is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A fixed action pattern is _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Fixed Action Pattern: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




LEARNED BEHAVIOR

Key Idea: Learning can occur through ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Learning is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Reasoning is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Conditioning is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Imprinting is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word adaptive means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Habituation: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Problem Solving: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the value of habituation? ___________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Associative Learning: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Sensitive Periods: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the benefits of imprinting behavior?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Animal Behavior

Section: Classes of BehaviorSURVIVAL STRATEGIES

Key Idea: The survival of an individual depends on _____________________

__________________, such as __________________, and ________________

__________________.

Foraging is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Migration is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A circadian rhythm ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Foraging Behavior: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Antipredator Behavior: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Cyclic Behavior: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

MODES OF COMMUNICATION

Key Idea: Animals use __________________ to influence the behavior of

other animals. Many kinds of __________________ can be used for this

purpose.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Communication is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sight: ______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How has natural selection shaped signals? ____________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Chemicals: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Touch: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sound: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Language: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which signal is often used over large distances?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES

Key Idea: During a __________________ period, animals perform

__________________ and __________________ behaviors. These behaviors,

in different ways, maximize the reproductive success.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Territorial behavior is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word individual means _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Social Behavior: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Territorial Behavior: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Courtship Behavior: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Parental Care: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Cooperative Behavior: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How can parental care increase reproductive success?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Skeletal, Muscular, and

Integumentary Systems

Section: Body OrganizationCELLS

Key Idea: __________________ cells are different from other cells of the body

because they can _______________________ and can become ____________

_______________________________________________________________.

A stem cell is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Stem Cells: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

TISSUE TYPES

Key Idea: The human body contains four type of tissues: _________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Epithelial tissue is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Nervous tissue is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Connective tissue is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Muscle tissue is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Epithelial Tissue: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems continued

Additional notes about Nervous Tissue: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Connective Tissue: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Muscle Tissue: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are four types of tissues found in the body?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS

Key Idea: __________________ that work together form organs. Organs that

work together form organ systems.

Additional notes about Organs and Organ Systems: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

HOMEOSTASIS

Key Idea: The body maintains homeostasis by __________________ and

__________________ to changes in the internal environment.

Additional notes about Negative Feedback: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Body Temperature: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________






Section: The Skeletal SystemTHE SKELETON

Key Idea: The five important functions of the skeletal system are __________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Axial Skeleton: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Appendicular Skeleton: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which bones make up the pectoral girdle and which make

up the pelvic girdle? ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

BONES

Key Idea: A typical bone is made up of four layers: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________.

An osteocyte is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Bone marrow is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Leukemia is __________________________________________________

The word produce means _______________________________________

Additional notes about Bone Structure: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Bone Growth: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Bone Injuries and Disorders: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How are osteocytes and osteoblasts different? _________

_____________________________________________________________

Complete this Venn diagram to help you remember the structure of bone.

JOINTS

Key Idea: Movable joints are made up of _______________, _____________,

and __________________.

A joint is ____________________________________________________

A ligament is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Types of Joints: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Joint Injuries and Disorders: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the difference between osteoarthritis and

rheumatoid arthritis? ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Periosteum

Bone marrow

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________






Section: The Muscular SystemTYPES OF MUSCLES

Key Idea: The human body contains three types of muscle: _______________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Types of Muscles: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

MOVEMENT AND MUSCLE

Key Idea: Muscles switch between two processes to produce __________,

depending on the level of __________________ and the presence of

__________________.

A tendon is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A flexor is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An extensor __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word flexible means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Movement and Energy: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the advantages and disadvantages of aerobic and

anaerobic respiration? __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




STRUCTURE OF MUSCLES

Key Idea: Skeletal muscle tissue is made of cells called __________________

__________________ ,which contain small cylinders called _______________.

__________________ are made of __________________ linked end-to-end.

Muscle fiber is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A myofibril is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A sarcomere is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Structure of Muscles: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Key Idea: ____________________________________ bind to ____________

filaments, _____________ filaments move inward, and ___________________

shorten to cause muscle contraction.

A myosin is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An actin is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Steps of Muscle Contraction

Step 1 _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Step 2 _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Step 3 _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Step 4 _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Muscle Contraction: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How is ATP involved in muscle contraction? __________

_____________________________________________________________

The word part myo- means "muscle." The word part sarco- means "flesh." Why

might myo- and sarco- both be used to refer to muscle? ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

EXERCISE AND MUSCLE

Key Idea: Exercise can affect _______________________________________

__________________. It can result in _______________ and _____________.

And lack of exercise can cause ____________________________________.

Additional notes about Strength, Speed, and Endurance: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Fatigue: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Injury: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Atrophy: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________






Section: The Integumentary SystemSKIN

Key Idea: The structure of skin includes ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

The epidermis is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The dermis is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Subcutaneous tissue is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Epidermis: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Dermis: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Subcutaneous Tissue: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

FUNCTIONS OF SKIN

Key Idea: The skin protects the body from ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Melanin is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Keratin is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Sebum is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________


_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about UV Protection: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Disease Prevention: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Temperature Regulation: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Waterproofing: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

HAIR AND NAILS

Key Idea: Hair and nails are formed by _______________________________

__________________ and made of __________________.

Additional notes about Hair: ______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Nails: ______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which structures produce hair and nails? _____________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




DISORDERS OF SKIN

Key Idea: Skin disorders can be genetic, the result of __________________ or

__________________, or a result of changes that occur within the body over

time.

Additional notes about Acne: ______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Skin Cancer: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Other Disorders: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Use what you have learned about skin disorders to solve the following analogy.

skin cancer : radiation :: ringworm : __________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Section: The Cardiovascular SystemWHAT IS THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM?

Key Idea: The cardiovascular system carries __________________,

__________________, __________________, and __________________

through the body and distributes heat to maintain __________________.

The cardiovascular system is ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about What is the Cardiovascular System?: ___________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does blood help the body maintain homeostasis?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

THE HEART

Key Idea: The structure of the heart chambers is related to their function. The

__________________ are thin walled because they pump blood just to the

__________________. The __________________ are thick walled because

they pump blood to either the __________________ or the rest of the body.

The atrium is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A ventricle is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Pulse is ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Circulatory and Respiratory Systems continued

The word coordinate means _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Blood Flow Through the Heart: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Heartbeat: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Heart Rate: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What causes muscles in ventricles to contract?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

BLOOD VESSELS

Key Idea: The structure of blood vessels relates to their function. __________

have thick, muscular walls to withstand the force of the pumped blood.

__________________ have thin walls to allow the exchange of gases and

nutrients. __________ have valves that stop blood from flowing backward.

An artery is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A capillary is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A vein is _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Blood Vessels: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How is blood pushed through the veins? ______________

_____________________________________________________________

BLOOD

Key Idea: The key components of human blood are _____________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Plasma is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A red blood cell is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A white blood cell is ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A platelet is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Blood: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Blood Types: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which blood types can an A+ patient receive?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Key Idea: The lymphatic system works with the cardiovascular system by

collecting __________________ that leak our of __________________ and

returning those __________________ to the cardiovascular system.

The lymphatic system is ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Lymphatic System: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are two ways in which the cardiovascular system

and the lymphatic system are related? ______________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Cardiovascular HealthCARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Key Idea: The four main cardiovascular disease are _____________________

_______________________________________________________________.

Blood pressure is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A heart attack is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A stroke is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about High Blood Pressure: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Clogged and Hardened Arteries: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Heart Attack: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Stroke: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Compare and contrast heart attacks with strokes.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




PREVENTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Key Idea: The most important ways to prevent cardiovascular disease are to

maintain a _______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________,

Additional notes about Controllable Risk Factors: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Healthy Lifestyle: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Make a list of three changes that you can make to your

lifestyle to prevent cardiovascular disease. __________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: The Respiratory SystemTHE PATH OF AIR

Key Idea: Air enters the __________________ passage, then flows through the

__________________, the __________________, the __________________,

the __________________ tubes, and finally the __________________ into the

__________________ of the lungs.

The pharynx is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The larynx is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The trachea is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The bronchus is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An alveolus is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The diaphragm is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Path of Air: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

BREATHING

Key Idea: When the diaphragm and rib muscles __________________, the

chest cavity __________________ and air rushes ______. When these muscles

relax, the chest cavity ________________________ and air rushes _________.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Inhalation and Exhalation: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Breathing Rate: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What causes air to enter the lungs? __________________

_____________________________________________________________

GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT

Key Idea: Oxygen is transported bound to __________________ inside

__________________, and most carbon dioxide is carried as

__________________ ions in the __________________.

The word release means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Oxygen Exchange and Transport: ______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Carbon Dioxide Exchange and Transport:

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What signals hemoglobin to release O2?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




RESPIRATORY DISEASES

Key Idea: Six common disease of the respiratory system are ______________

_______________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Asthma: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Bronchitis: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Pneumonia: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Tuberculosis: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Emphysema: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Lung Cancer: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which lung diseases could be caused by smoking?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Digestive and Excretory Systems

Section: NutritionFOOD AND ENERGY

Key Idea: Even when you are not moving, your body needs energy to

__________________, ________________________________, and

__________. The more active you are, the more __________________ you

burn to release energy.

A nutrient is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A calorie is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Food and Energy: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

FUEL FOR THE BODY

Key Idea: __________________, __________________, and _____________

provide most of the energy and building materials for the body.

Additional notes about Carbohydrates: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Proteins: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Fats: _______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name a class to which the following members could belong: glucose, sucrose,

starch, and cellulose. ______________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Digestive and Excretory Systems continued

OTHER ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

Key Idea: __________________, __________________, and

__________________ contribute to many functions, such as regulating

chemical reactions that release energy.

A vitamin is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A mineral is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Vitamins: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Minerals: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

HEALTHY EATING HABITS

Key Idea: Good __________________ must be balanced with

_________________________________________ to maintain a healthy body.

The word abnormal means ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Body Mass Index: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Excess Body Fat: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Eating Disorders: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is BMI? __________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: DigestionFROM FOOD TO NUTRIENTS

Key Idea: The ____________________________________ takes in food,

breaks it down into ____________________________________, and gets rid

of _____________________________________________________________.

Digestion is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Chemical Digestion: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mechanical Digestion: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

STARTING DIGESTION

Key Idea: The __________________ and __________________ begin the

process of digestion by breaking food into small particles.

An esophagus is a _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Peristalsis is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Pepsin is _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mouth: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Stomach: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




ABSORBING NUTRIENTS

Key Idea: Absorption of nutrients takes place primarily in the _____________

intestine, and is aided by secretions from the __________________ and

__________________.

A villus is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Liver and Pancreas: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Small Intestine: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Where in the body does the digestion of fats begin?

_____________________________________________________________

REMOVING WASTE

Key Idea: All components of food that are not absorbed leave the body as

__________________.

Additional notes about Large Intestine: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Water: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the contents of the large intestine? ___________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: ExcretionMETABOLIC WASTES

Key Idea: By removing __________________ and ______________________,

excretion enables the body to maintain its _____________ and ______ balance.

Excretion is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Urea is ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Excretory Organs: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Water: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

CLEANING THE BLOOD

Key Idea: The __________________ filter wastes out of the blood and balance

levels of molecules.

A nephron is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Kidney Structure: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Filtration: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Reabsorption: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Secretion: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why aren’t blood cells in the filtrate? _______________

_____________________________________________________________

Complete the pattern puzzle below to help you remember how nephrons clean

the blood.

URINARY EXCRETION

Key Idea: __________________ wastes are removed from the body through

the formation and excretion of __________________.

Urine is _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Step 1: An arteriole enters the

Bowman's capsule and splits into a

bed of capillaries. Blood pressure

forces fluid into the cup of the

Bowman's capsule.

Step 2:

Step 3: The long, narrow tubes bend at

their center to form a loop. Capillaries

wrap around these tubules.Step 4:

Step 5: The fluid passes out of the

nephron through collecting ducts,

where much of the water is removed.

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




A ureter _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The urinary bladder is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The urethra is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Urinary Organs: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Urination: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a ureter? ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

KIDNEY FAILURE

Key Idea: Kidneys are vital to maintaining __________________, so damage

to the kidneys may eventually become life threatening.

Additional notes about Kidney Dialysis: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Kidney Transplant: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are some common causes of kidney failure?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




The Body’s Defenses

Section: Protecting Against DiseasePREVENTING ENTRY

Key Idea: __________________ and _________________________________

form strong barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body.

A pathogen is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A mucous membrane is ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Preventing Entry: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How do physical barriers prevent pathogens from entering

the body? ____________________________________________________

NONSEPCIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSES

Key Idea: When pathogens break through the body’s physical barriers, the

body quickly responds with _________________________. These defenses are

__________________, __________________, and __________________ of

special proteins that kill or inhibit pathogens.

Inflammation is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Histamine is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word part path- means "disease." The suffix -gen means "to bring forth."

Write a sentence explaining how pathology and pathogens are related. _______

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



The Body’s Defenses continued

Additional notes about Fever: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Inflammation: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Protein Activation: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSES

Key Idea: When a __________________ infects a cell, the body produces

__________________ cells that specialize in detecting and destroying that

specific pathogen.

A macrophages is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An antigen is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Antigen Display: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Two-Part Assault: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does the body recognize “nonself” invaders?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Eliminating InvadersACTIVATING A SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE

Key Idea: A specialized white blood cell called a _______________________

activates the immune system. These cells coordinate two responses: _________

___________________________________________________________ , and

_______________________________________________________________.

The helper T cell is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Helper T cells: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

DESTROYING INFECTED CELLS

Key Idea: _______________________________ destroy cells that have been

infected by pathogens.

A cytotoxic T cell is a __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Activating Cytotoxic T Cells: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

REMOVING PATHOGENS AT LARGE

Key Idea: The ___________________ response removes extracellular

pathogens from the body and prevents further infection.

A B cell is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




A plasma cell is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An antibody is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Activating B Cells: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Antibody Binding: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which cells produce antibodies? ____________________

_____________________________________________________________

Complete the pattern puzzle below to help you remember the steps of the

immune response system.

Step 1: A virus, which

displays viral antigens, can

infect body cells

Step 2:

Step 3:

Step 4:

Step 5: B cells form

specific plasma cells.

Step 6:

Step 7: Helper T cells

start production of

cytotoxic T cells that

have the specific

receptor.

Step 8:

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




LONG-TERM PROTECTION

Key Idea: After an immune response, __________________ cells continue to

protect the body from pathogens the body had already encountered. An

individual who recovers from an infectious disease becomes resistant to that

particular pathogen.

A memory cell is a ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Immunity is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A vaccine is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Activating Memory Cells: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Vaccination: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about How Pathogens Evade Immunity: ______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What causes antigen shifting? ______________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Immune System DysfunctionsALLERGIES

Key Idea: An ________________________ is the immune system’s excessive

response to a normally harmless __________________.

An allergy is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An allergen is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Asthma: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Other Allergies: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Why is asthma classified as an allergy?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

Key Idea: In an autoimmune disease, the body launches an immune response,

such that __________________ cells are attacked as if they were

__________________.

An autoimmune disease is ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Common Autoimmune Disorders: ______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

IMMUNE DEFICIENCY

Key Idea: When the immune system does not function, the body is unable to

fight and survive infections by __________________ that do not cause any

problems for a robust immune system.

AIDS is _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

HIV is ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Innate Immune Deficiency: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Immune Suppression: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about AIDS: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which immune cells does HIV destroy, and how does the

virus destroy them? ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Create a mnemonic device to help you remember the types of immune system

dysfunctions described in this section. ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Nervous System

Section: Structures of the Nervous SystemCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Key Idea: The central nervous system responses to __________________ and

__________________ information.

A neuron is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The central nervous system is ___________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The peripheral nervous system is ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The brain is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The cerebrum is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The brainstem is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The cerebellum is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The spinal cord is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Brain: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Nervous System continued

Additional notes about Spinal Cord: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is a neuron? _______________________________

_____________________________________________________________

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Key Idea: The peripheral nervous system contains __________________ and

____________________________________ that carry information between the

central nervous system and the rest of the body.

Additional notes about Autonomic Nervous System: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Somatic Nervous System: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

THE SPINAL REFLEX

Key Idea: A spinal reflex is an involuntary __________________ triggered by

sensory input and produced by neural circuitry limited to the

____________________________________.

A reflex is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Spinal Reflex: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What neurons are involved in a spinal reflex? _________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Nervous System

Section: Neurons and Nerve ImpulsesOUR ELECTRICAL BODY

Key Idea: Electrical signals in the nervous system are caused by the movement

of __________________ across the cell membrane of __________________.

Additional notes about Our Electrical Body: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

STRUCTURE OF NEURONS

Key Idea: A neuron’s __________________ gather information from other

cells, the cell body integrates this information, and the __________________

sends the information to other cells.

A dendrite is a ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An axon is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A nerve is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Structure of Neurons: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What part of the cell sends electrical signals?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




GENERATING A NERVE IMPULSE

Key Idea: All nerve impulses begin when the resting state of a ____________

is changed by a signal from another __________________ or from the

environment.

Membrane potential is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Action potential is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word distribution means ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Resting Potential: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Action Potential: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Threshold: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What structure keeps a neuron in its resting state?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Write a short paragraph describing threshold in your own words. ___________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NEURONS

Key Idea: Neurons communicate with other cells at specialized junctions called

__________________. Chemicals are released at __________________ and

can stimulate nearby cells.

A synapse is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A neurotransmitter is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Neurotransmitter Release: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Neurotransmitter Action: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Neurotransmitter Removal: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How are neurotransmitters released? ________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Nervous System

Section: Sensory SystemsPERCEPTION OF STIMULI

Key Idea: Specialized neurons called _________________________________

detect sensory stimuli and convert them to __________________. These signals

then can be interpreted by the brain.

Additional notes about Perception of Stimuli: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What types of cells are sensory receptors? ____________

_____________________________________________________________

SENSORY RECEPTORS

Key Idea: The major classes of sensory receptors are ____________________,

__________________, __________________, __________________, and

__________________.

A sensory receptor is __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The retina is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The cochlea is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The semicircular canal is _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A taste bud is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word generate means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Vision: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Hearing and Balance: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Taste and Smell: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Touch and Other Sense: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How do hair cells detect sound waves? _______________

_____________________________________________________________

Complete the spider map below about types of sensory receptor.

PROCESSING OF SENSORY INFORMATION

Key Idea: Specialized regions of the _________________________________

detect different __________________ information.

Additional notes about Processing of Sensory Information: _____________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

sensory receptors

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Nervous System

Section: Nervous System DysfunctionPSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS

Key Idea: Many psychoactive drugs produce __________________________

and __________________ when abused.

A psychoactive drug is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A depressant is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A stimulant is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How do depressants cause death when they are abused?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Nicotine: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Alcohol: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Marijuana: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Narcotics: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reading Check: Why are opiates used in pain relievers? ______________

_____________________________________________________________

NEURAL CHANGES

Key Idea: __________________ occurs when repeated use of a drug alters the

normal functioning of __________________ and __________________.

An addiction is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A tolerance is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Withdrawal is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Neural Changes: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does addiction change a neuron? _______________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS

Key Idea: Damage to the nervous system can occur as a result of the ________

_______________________________________________________________

__________________.

The word induce means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Multiple Sclerosis: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Meningitis: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Traumatic Injury: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How can the majority of traumatic injuries be prevented?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




The Endocrine System

Section: HormonesWHAT IS THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?

Key Idea: The endocrine system regulates _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________.

A hormone is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about What is the Endocrine System?: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

WHERE ARE HORMONES MADE?

Key Idea: __________________ glands and __________________ tissue

produce and release hormones.

An endocrine gland is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Endocrine and Exocrine Glands: _______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Endocrine Tissues: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the difference between endocrine glands,

endocrine tissues, and exocrine glands? ____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



The Endocrine System continued

HORMONES AND RECEPTORS

Key Idea: Hormones can affect only cells that have __________________

__________________ that match the hormones.

A target cell is ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Types of Hormones: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Hormone Receptors: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How do amino acid-based and cholesterol-based hormones

differ? _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

HORMONE FUNCTION

Key Idea: Amino acid-based hormones bind to the surface of _____________

________ and cause changes by a second messenger system. Steroid hormones

enter ______________ ________ and cause changes by direct gene activation.

A second messenger is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Steps of the Second Messenger System

Step 1: Glucagon binds to a receptor on the surface of a cell.

Step 2: ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Step 3: Cyclic AMP starts a cascade of enzyme activation.

Step 4: ______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Steps of Direct Gene Activation

Step 1: Cortisol enters the cell and binds to a receptor.

Step 2: ______________________________________________________

Step 3: ______________________________________________________

Step 4: ______________________________________________________

Step 5: The activities of the cell change.

Additional notes about The Second Messenger System: ________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Direct Gene Activation: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does glucagons cause the production of glucose in a

cell? ________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Write cause-and-effect statements that describe how hormones affect target

cells by the second messenger system. ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

CONTROL OF HORMONE LEVELS

Key Idea: The body uses __________________________________________

____________________________________ to regulate the levels of hormones

and their products.

A feedback mechanism is ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An antagonistic hormone is _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




The word specific means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Negative Feedback: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Positive Feedback: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Antagonistic Hormones: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Endocrine System Disorders: __________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the difference between negative and positive

feedback mechanisms? __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




The Endocrine System

Section: Major Endocrine GlandsCONTROLLING THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Key Idea: The __________________ and the __________________________

work together to control the functions of the endocrine system.

The word summarized means ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Hypothalamus: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Pituitary Gland: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which hormones control the endocrine system?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

REGULATING METABOLISM

Key Idea: The ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

regulate the body’s metabolic processes.

Additional notes about The Thyroid Gland: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Parathyroid Glands: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about The Pancreas: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Pineal Gland: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

RESPONDING TO STRESS

Key Idea: The ____________________________________ regulates short-

term responses to stress. The ____________________________________

regulates long-term responses to stress.

Epinephrine is a ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Norepinephrine is a ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Short-Term Responses: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Long-Term Responses: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which hormones are part of the body’s long-term response

to stress? _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




REGULATING REPRODUCTION

Key Idea: Reproduction is regulated by the __________________, which are

released by the pituitary gland, and by sex hormones, which are released by the

__________________.

An androgen is a ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Estrogen is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Progesterone is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Gonadotropins: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Gonads: ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reproduction and Development

Section: The Male Reproductive SystemSPERM PRODUCTION

Key Idea: The male reproductive system has two __________________ that

produce the male gametes, __________________, and the primary sex

hormone, __________________.

The testis is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A seminiferous tubule is _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Seminiferous Tubules: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Describe how hormones regulate sperm production.

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

SPERM’S PATH THROUGH THE BODY

Key Idea: The _____________________________ carries sperm into the

__________________. Sperm leave the body by passing through the

__________________, the same duct through which urine exits the body.

The epididymis is _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The vas deferens is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Structure of Mature Sperm: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Reproduction and Development continued

Reading Check: Why does a sperm cell need mitochondria?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

SEMEN

Key Idea: As sperm cells move into the urethra, they mix with fluids secreted

by the _____________________________, the ________________________

and the ____________________________________.

The prostate gland is __________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Semen is _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Semen: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

SPERM DELIVERY

Key Idea: After semen is deposited in the female reproductive system, sperm

swim until they encounter an __________________ or until they die.

The penis is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Sperm Delivery: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Explain why a high sperm count is necessary for

fertilization. __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: The Female Reproductive SystemEGG PRODUCTION

Key Idea: The __________________ produce egg cells. __________________

also secrete __________________ and __________________, the female sex

hormones.

An ovary is an ________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

An ovum is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A fallopian tube is ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The vagina is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The uterus, in female mammals, is the _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Egg’s Path: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Vagina and Uterus: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Where does an ovum become fertilized?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Reproduction and Delivery continued

PREPARATION FOR PREGNANCY

Key Idea: Throughout a female’s reproductive years, her body undergoes a

__________________ cycle that causes periodic changes. These changes

prepare the body in the event that an egg is __________________.

Ovulation is __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word mature means ________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about The Ovarian Cycle: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What event causes the ovarian cycle to enter the luteal

phase? _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Key Idea: If pregnancy does not occur, the levels of __________________ and

_______________ fall. This decrease causes the lining of the uterus to be shed.

The menstrual cycle is _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Menstruation is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Menstruation: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What causes menstruation to occur? _________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Human DevelopmentFERTILIZATION

Key Idea: During fertilization, a __________ cell penetrates an ____________

by releasing enzymes from the tip of its head. These enzymes break down the

jellylike outer layers of the ____________. The head of the _______________

enters the ___________, and the nuclei of the __________________ and

__________________ fuse together.

An embryo is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Implantation is _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Cleavage and Implantation: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

FIRST TRIMESTER

Key Idea: All of the embryo’s ____________________________________, as

well as the supportive __________________ that feed and protect the embryo,

develop during the first trimester of pregnancy.

A fetus is ____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Supportive Membranes: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Embryonic Development: _____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Fetal Development: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: During which trimester do the embryo’s organs begin to

form? _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

SECOND AND THIRD TRIMESTERS

Key Idea: By the end of the third trimester, the fetus is able to _____________

outside the mother’s body. The fetus leaves the mother’s body in a process

called __________________, which usually lasts several hours.

Additional notes about Second and Third Trimesters: _________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How does the fetus change in the third trimester?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________





Section: Sexually Transmitted InfectionsSTI TRANSMISSION AND TREATMENT

Key Idea: __________________ is the only sure way to protect yourself from

contracting an STI.

Additional notes about STI Transmission and Treatment: ______________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: How are different kinds of STIs treated?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

COMMON STIS

Key Idea: The most common STIs include ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Genital herpes is ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Pelvic inflammatory disease is __________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The word available means ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genital Herpes: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Genital HPV: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about AIDS: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Hepatitis B: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Syphilis: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Forensic Science

Section: Introduction to ForensicsWHAT IS FORENSIC SCIENCE?

Key Idea: The two major duties of a forensic scientist are ________________

__________________ and _________________________________________.

The word portrayed means ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Analyze Evidence: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Testify in Court: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are the two meanings of the word identity as it

relates to forensic science? ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about More Than Crime Scenes: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: List at least 10 things that forensic scientists do in addition

to investigating crime scenes. ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Search the text to find examples of jobs that forensic scientists perform. Can

you find more than 15 examples? ____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________



Forensic Science continued

TOOLS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE

Key Idea: Five basic types of tools used by forensic scientists are __________

__________________, __________________, __________________, and

__________________.

A chromatograph is a _________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

A spectrometer is a tool that ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Crime Scene Chemistry: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Looking at Details: ___________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Identifying Substances: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Organizing Information: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are three types of microscopes used by forensic

scientists for examining evidence? ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Forensic Science

Section: Inside a Crime LabIDENTIFICATION AND DNA

Key Idea: Two unique characteristics that are used to identify people are

__________________ and __________________.

The word analyzed means _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Identification: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Where are friction ridges found on the body? __________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about DNA Analysis: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

TRACE EVIDENCE

Key Idea: The ______________ major types of trace evidence are _________,

_______________, ______________, ______________, and ______________.

Additional notes about Hair and Fiber: _____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Glass: ______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Paint: ______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Soil: _______________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Additional notes about Pollen and Other Clues: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

Complete the spider map below to help you organize details that describe

various types of trace evidence.

FIREARMS AND TOOLMARKS

Key Idea: Firearms and toolmarks examiners study evidence from _________,

__________________, __________________, __________________, and

_______________________, and perform _____________________________.

Ballistics is ___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Firearms: __________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Toolmarks: _________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: Which science deals with projectiles? ________________

DRUGS, ALCOHOL, AND TOXICOLOGY

Key Idea: Forensic toxicologists analyze _______________, ______________,

and _________________________ to detect the presence of chemicals and to

determine whether a chemical was __________________ or _______________.

Types of Trace

Evidence

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Toxicology is _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Forensic Toxicology: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Forensic Alcohol: ____________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Illegal Drugs: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What is the difference between antemortem toxicologists

and postmortem toxicologists? ___________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

PATHOLOGY

Key Idea: Forensic pathologists perform __________________ to determine

_______________________________________________________________.

Pathology is __________________________________________________

An autopsy is an ______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Branches of Pathology: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Performing an Autopsy: ______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Reading Check: What does a forensic pathologist look for during an

autopsy? _____________________________________________________

ANTHROPOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY

Key Idea: Anthropology can help determine the identity of _______________

_____________________________. Anthropology and entomology can be

used to _________________________________________________________.

Additional notes about Forensic Anthropology: _______________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Forensic Entomology: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are four things that you can learn about a person

from a skeleton? _______________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Forensic Science

Section: Forensic Science in ActionAT THE CRIME SCENE

Key Idea: At a crime scene, __________________ secure a perimeter and

interview witnesses; crime scene investigators ______________, ___________

________________, ________________, and _________________ evidence.

Additional notes about Secure and Search: __________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Photograph and Document: ___________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Collect and Analyze: _________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Reading Check: What are three types of analysis that must be done at the

crime scene? __________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

TIME OF DEATH

Key Idea: _________________, _________________, __________________,

and the stages of __________________ are used to estimate the time at which a

person died.

Rigor mortis is the ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Livor mortis is the ____________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




Algor mortis is _______________________________________________

Additional notes about Rigor Mortis: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Livor Mortis: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Algor Mortis: _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Decomposition: ______________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Complete the graph below to show the progress of rigor mortis, livor mortis,

and algor mortis over the first 24 hours following death.

maximum

obvious

beginning

1 3 5 10 12

80

84

91

94

97

Time post-mortem (h)

Tem

pera

ture

(F)

Pro

gres

so

fp

ost

-

mo

rte

mev

en

t

Name ______________________________ Class __________________ Date __________________




CAUSE, MECHANISM, AND MANNER OF DEATH

Key Idea: The ______________, _________________, and ______________

describe how a person died.

Additional notes about Cause: _____________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Mechanism: ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Manner: ___________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

VICTIM AND PERPETRATOR

Key Idea: The identities of the _______________ and of the ______________

must be discovered in order to _______________________________________.

The word establish means to _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Identity of the Victim: ________________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Additional notes about Identity of the Perpetrator: ____________________

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Note-taking Workbook - Amazon AWS

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