4Q-LiteeemooneeammiAIMI

lmormontmormonthormon pacific historical society

proceedings

fourth annual conference

MORMON HISTORY IN THE PACIFIC

april 301983

BRIGHAM YOUNG universityHAWAII CAMPUS

LAIE HAWAII

MORMON PACIFIC historical SOCIETY

proceedingsfourth annual conferencecelebrating OUR PAST

30 april 1983

presidents note executive council 1983841983 84 iiconference proceedings J

J ELLIOTT CAMERON president BYU hawaii campus welcoming remarks I1.11 jj BALDRIDGE KENNETH W search for a site selection of the CCH campus 2.2 J

involved with LDS history in the pacific since 1960 director of BYU hawaii oral history program phdBYU provo history professor of history BYU hawaii president MPHS

CHASE LANCE horse soldiers and the spaulding manuscript hawaiian missionary life a century ago 9.9phd marquette university associate professor of english chairman division of religiousinstruction BYU hawaii campus executive secretary MPHS

1.1 LOVELANDLOVFLAND JERRY polynesian origins and migrations 17.1717 Jdirector institute of polynesian studies professor of history political science andpolynesian studies phd american university

J LUNG GLENN statistical growth of the LDS church in samoa and tonga 23.2323 Jregional representative of the twelve executive assistant area presiding bishoprics office

5 treasurer MPHS

j RICHTER KURT origins of the polynesiansPolynesians 25.2525 Jconvert 1974 first counselor elders quorum presidency US navy attended kapiolani communitycollege employed with federal security police

k iei STAGNER ISHMAEL paper unavailable see his book hawaiian genealogies with edith mckenzieassociate professor of education BYUHCBYU HC chairman na makua mahalo laia author exec council MPHS

J TAHAURI MARVALEE the singing ruauauau of tahiti 31.3131 Jprimary teacher graduate CCH 1970 mother of five author assistant in family business executivecouncil MPHS

J TYAU LERUTH history recorded through art work A personal experience 36.3636 Ji author artist attended BYU provo san jose state utah state university executive council MPHS

WOLFGRAMM EMIL tonga receptacle of new concepts 40.4040 Jgraduate CCH research division manager polynesian cultural center

presidents NOTE

1983 brought new challenges and opportunities to MPHSNIPHS membersg and the society fascinating presentations at this conference

challenged the connoisseur of mormon pacific history to takej note of what was happening in research the roads of opportunityj were opened in art reports research and the performing artsj the horizons of all who attended were lifted not only from the

unique presentations but from the free exhangeexchange of fellowshipamong the attendeeslet us push forward in our quest for understanding the pastlet us share in your experiences that others might rejoice

j with us let us continue amid confusion and frustration to jremain committed to the objectives of the society

rex frandsenpresident 1983841983 84

I1 EXECUTIVE COUNCIL 1983841983 84rex frandsen president 1986

JL

lance chase vicepresidentvice president 1984 glenngienn lung 1984g marvalee tahauri treasurer 1985 grace pratt 1986

ishmael stagner exexaxex sec 1985 joe spurrier 1986kenneth W baldridge 1984 leruth tyau 1985

jp jfyear of expiration of term

IN MEMORIUM

PRESIDENT EDWARD LAVAUN CLISSOLDefcicfcicarimaramjf ir

11 apr 1898131898 13 feb 1984 UJLt member active supporter and friend mormon pacific historical society

presenter assignment kona 1921 at third annual MPHS conference 10 april 1982 as3srresA

presided over most of the hawaii LDS institutions including the oahu stake hawaii JJtemple 3 times japanese mission both in japan and hawaii hawaii missionzions securities as manager chairman of the board of trustees of churchcollege of hawaii member of board of directors polynesian cultural center

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REMARKS TOm mdrmadrMOBMCN PACIFICPAC HISCALhistorical SOCSOCIETY MEETINGMMTING april 30 1983

alohawalcomewelcome

this is nymy annual opportunity As somesanesomasama of you know I1 arrived oncampus the evening before this conference was held inin 1980 im notriot surethat the conference organizers have not built me into the tradition ofstarting the conference session I1 aman delighted however for this epportcpportopportunitytyagain

A hundred timmstimesti every day said albert einstein 1I remindmyself that myicyrcyidy inner and outaroutercatercatar life depend on the labors of other men

living and dead and that I1 mustmistmirtmyst exert myself in order to given in themeasure as I1 have received and am still receiving postscript 1966

since we were together a year ago much history has been writtenand performed here in our own area much has transpired which unlessrecorded for posterity will soon fade and become dimdin in memory samesome

thoughtful individual has said ehetheme past is to leamlearn frontfrom not to live ininour thoughts move in many directions every day often in a fleeting moment

we think about what has happened before and how it effects us todayI1 have been reading again this past few months the history of

this area of laielalelaialala I1 have been digging out some material which gives me

perspective as I1 establish goals and objectives for the future I1 cannotlive in the early days of this area but I1 can use the material I1 researchto put my thoughts and action in focus

we need a sense of history a examinationreexaminationre of purposespurpose andprinciples of why we have what we have with respect and gratitude tothose who gave us what we have and the good grace to pass it on inprovedupon if possible remembering that there is no sweeping easy solutionsolutlm toanything ever when admiral peary was disabled with the agony of frozenfeet which threatened to defeat his heroic effort to reach the northpole he wrote on the wall of his miserable shelter 1I shallshailshalirhasha find a way

or make onecne beyond adventure the lives of three explorers by andrews

earlier he had said 1I shallshailshalihalh I1 put into thisffortthiis effort everything therethare is in

me physical mental and moral ibid this is the spirit of thosewiwho have made history we have conecomecane by the trial and error andaryl anguishewxymsheanguishedanguiangulsheand effort of others and just waiting for history totootto happen isis notenough As did our forebearersforebearers we must help it happen for the rightprinciples for the right purposes and find a way or make one

this conference has become a significant event in the livesof many who are concerned about what happened in the pacific to bringus where we are today I1 take great pleasure in exextendingmg a warm welcomeand wishing you muchmoch success as you share a pleasant and profitable day

SEARCH FOR A SITE SELECTION OF THE CCH CAMPUS

by

kenneth W baldridge

this year marks the 25th anniversary of the occupation of the campus onwhich we are now meeting just a quartercenturyquarter century ago plans were underwayfor the vacation of the temporary campus over near the temple as this perma-nent campus was nearingneamnean ng completion there were still to be some hectic monthsahead however before the buildings here were ready for occupancy aboutdecember 1958 the campus was considerably smaller thentherethen There was of courseno aloha center cannon center or snow administration building nor even ourlittle theater the library was much smaller there were no temple viewapartmentsapartmentsinin fact there were only two dormitories instead of the six wefind on our present campus today instead of moana street faculty row thenstretched out along kamehameha highway between where laies two servicestations today are located1located 1 there were no townhouses and only about onethird the faculty we have at present

however instead of looking at the existing campus id like to go backbefore then back even before the temporary campus was utilized to see ifwe can find an initiation of the idea that resulted in the establishment ofchurch college of hawaii or what we know today as brigham young universityhawaii campus

church schooling in laie began soon after the property here was purchasedin the early part of 1865 when sister mildred randallrandatt conducted two schoolsone for the hawaiian children and one for the haole childrenuntilchildren until herreturn to utah in november 1866 2 subsequent schools were conducted inlaies first two chapels until a separate building was constructed about 1887this was located just to the kahukukahuhu side of the new chapel which had beenbuilt just five years before when the construction of the temple beganduring world war I1 the chapel was literally rolled down the hill about 100yards to the site of the chapel now under renovation the school house wasturned over to those doing some of the art work and sculpture for the templeand a new school was built adjacent to the newlylocatednewly located chapel this co-nsisted of five classrooms and an assembly hall and lasted until 1927 when thechurch turned it over to the territory of hawaii and went out of the educationbusiness here for nearly two decades

it was at this school perhaps that our story should really start in1921 elder david 0 mckay then a member of the council of the twelve apostlesand hugh J cannon began their historic journey visiting the missions of thechurch as they made their way around the world on arriving here in laie infebruary 1921 the two brethren witnessed the flagraisingflag raising incident depictedon the mural at the entrance to the foyer of the david 0 mckay building on thebrigham young universityhawaiiuniversity hawaii campus

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most latterdaylatter day saints in hawaii today seem to be under the assumptionthat as a result of that oftdescribedoft described happening david 0 mckay dedicatedthe grounds of church college of hawaii here thirtyfourthirty four years later my

purpose today is to trace the rathertortuousrather tortuous path the planning of the schooltook over the years and to show that the establishment of church college ofhawaii here in laie was not quite as cutanddriedcut and dried as often believed

the day after that 1921 visit here in laie elders mckay and cannontraveled over to maui and there as elder samuel H hurst recorded in hisdiary a very inspirational meeting was held with the missionaries in whichelder mckay asked them what they felt to be the greatest need of the missionhurst states that the missionaries all felt the greatest need was a churchschool of higher learning mckay an educator himself agreed with themand promised to write a letter to the first presidency with such arecommendation at the close of hish1shs remarks he commented on the resolutionto build a school at laie oahubahu 3 little did he know that he himself

would be the instrument to put that recommendation into effectin an oral history interview with lanierlam er britsch for the church

historical department in 1976 edward L clissold stated that david 0 mckaykept the idea of a school at laie constantly in mind mckay talked aboutthe school when he visited laie in 1936 and again in 1940 and 1941 when hestayed at the clissold home As clissold then first counselor in the oahustake presidency reported their conversation on that occasion pres mckayasked brother clissold what are we doing about the school and he4heareplied president mckay were waiting on you brethren to set it up

it was to be several years later however before the next documentedstep was taken on june 7 1949 ralph E woolley president of the oahustake appointed four members of his high council to a special committeeto investigatereinvestigatere and report the advisability of establishing an LDSchurch school in hawaii clinton kanahele chaired the committee which alsoincluded J frank woolley lawrence peterson and george zabriskie thecharge to reinvestigateinvestigatere investiinvests gate and the committee report that this same problemhas been investigated before by clinton kanahele is convincing evidence thatat least some study had been given to the situation previously 5 As part ofthe study the committee and president woolley met with bishops of the sixwards and presidents of the three branches on oahu on july 13 1949 to heardata concerning LDSLOS attendance at private schools at oahubahu the leadersreported about 150 were attending nonsectariannon sectarian schools such as kamehamehaand punahoupunahoaPun ahou about 50 others attended sectarian schools primarily catholicafter this presentation 15 of the 85 other people present took the opportunityto express their views some felt there was an academic inadequacy in thepublic schools but were reluctant to expose their children to the religiousorientation of other private schools although nearly everyone seemed toagree on the desirability of an LDS school there the consensus endedthe location of the school and the grades to be included were especiallycontroversial various sites in honolulu as well as laie were suggestedand schools from kindergarten to high school were recommended either to be

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6established all at once or one grade at a time acccording to the minutesno one suggested a junior college although committee member george zabriskietold me the other day he felt there was some mention of the idea the reportdoes however list among the advantages of laielate the availability of landshould expansion to the junior college level ever be desirable

although honolulu and laielatelale were the only two contenders the advantagesand disadvantages of each were carefully analyzed the report pointed outthat about 75175 of the oahu stake population resided in the honolulu areathis of course was also cited as the principal disadvantage of the laielatelocation the laielatelale advantages however included the low cost of land sincethe church already owned 6000 acres in and around the windward communityand as I1 just mentioned the availability of land would make future expansionpossible the rural environment lent itself to the possibility of agricul-tural training for the students as well as making lower costs possible throughtheraisingthe raising of some of the necessary food items although it appears to havebeen given no more emphasis than some of the other reasons the committee didmention that the presence of the hawaii temple and the fact that laie as anLOS community should encourage the development of gospel principles and amormon way of life 8

the next step along the path of school establishment took place thefollowing year and centered around the old waialaewaialee training school site aboutfourteen miles from laielatelale along the north shore toward haleiwaHaleiwa the schoolwhere the crawford convalescent home and university of hawaii tropical facilityare now located vacated its premises in thelatethecatethe late 1940s and moved to thekailua area in november 1950 clissold and woolley discussed the possibleuse of the grounds and buildings for a school and the latter still presidentof the oahu stake appointed his counselors fred E lunt and george kekauohaelmer jenkins and ruby enos president of the stake young womens MIA as acommittee to look into the possibilities according to a later statement byone of the principals the comnitteec9mmitteecommittee regarded the idea with favor and sorecommended its utilization 9v I1 have since talked to two of the three survi-ving members of the committeecoimiitteecqmmittee however who tell me there was in fact nosuch recommendation lu10 ruby enos felt the land on the makai side of the high-way was too low and suitable only for taro while the maukadaukamauva land7andband was too limit-ed in area fred lunt recalls visiting the site one uadayyaftercafterafter a conferencein wahiawa with visiting general authority henry 0 moyle and other localleaders the consensus at that time seemed to be that being away from thespiritual environment of laie would not be in the students best interest

there were others also who did not agree that the formerfonner detention homewas a suitable location for the LDSLOS schools eldon morrell told me that hefelt the LDSLOS students would have enough difficulty with acceptancewithoutacceptancevithoutacceptance withoutthe added stigma that the former detention facility might provide perhapseven more conclusive was the report of ofclarenceclarenceciarence silver of the church buildingcommitteeConnit tee who while vacationing in hawaii in 1950 was asked to report onthe waialaewaialee site As a result of his negative observations the waialaewaialeepossibility appears to have been shelved pending further investigation12investigation 12

on april 9 1951 david 0 mckay was sustained as president of the church

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of jesus christ of latterdaylatter day saints and the momentum for a school inhawaii increased considerably less than three months later on june 29 1951the first presidency appointed an advisory committee to look into school matterson oahu with the idea of starting school in the coming fall ralph E woolleypresident of the oahu stake and his two counselors arthur K parker andfred E lunt edward L clissold recently released as president of the hawaiimission his successor ernest Mnelsonneisontat1 son and poe kekauoha bishop of laie wardconstituted the new study team

to meet with the committee the first presidency sent seminary princi-pal frank mcghie of salt lake city to hawaii on july 11 1951 mcghie hadbeen director of seminaries in hawaii from 1944 to 1946 and then again in 1947until the existing program was declared unconstitutional by the supreme courtaccording to the notice in the deseret news he was to make a survey of thefacilitiesmatthat might be avai1ab1eforaavailafitrfor a junior college to be opened in laiethis fall 14 from that it appears that the type of school the locationand even the date of opening had been determined one of the committeesunanimous decisions however was that beginning school within the desireddeadline was impossible the committee met with oahu bishops and surveyedlatterdaylatter day saints to determine educational needs and possible enrollmentsin what again appears to be a classic example of inventingreinventingre the wheel thecommittee again considered several possible sites waialeewaialae was soon discardedwhen the committee learned it was no longer available mcghie in themeantime visited several schools on maui and oahu and suggested that thecommittee consider a location in or near honolulu this was at least discussedbut the committee was not swayed I1 quote from the report submitted to thefirst presidency

after careful consideration of the objectives of a church school programin hawaii and the best means of obtaining them the committee came to thefollowing general conclusions

1 that the school should be located at laie oahubahu2 that it should be predominantly a boarding school3 that it should eventually embrace the last two years of high school

and the first two years of college4 that the curriculum should include many vocational courses5 that the school should begin in september 19526 that the first year 1952531952 53 courses should be limited to junior

year high school studentstostudentsstudentstoto be followed by one additional gradeeach year for the next three years until in the fourth yeahyear1955561955 56 the full fouryearfour year course would be established 155

it might be noted at this point that in 1951 the proposed configurationof the school was not regarded as quite as unorthodox as it might be todaythe proposal was in keeping with the 6446 4 4 idea that was enjoying somepopularity at that time in the area of public education

according to the church news article concerning his assignment tohawaii mcghie was to return aafterTter three weeks to report to the first presi-dency after which he was to leave shortlishortlyshortly for hawaii to take charge ofthe development of the new institution 6 the report of the committee alsoimplied that he was expected to become the principal or president or what-ever in a phone call the other day he told me he did not have the ideahe was to take over so perhaps there is a bit of confusion therethereathere7177 in

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any case he was not willing to locate in laie and friction developed betwbeawbetweenenhim and members 79of the committee and the educator returned to utah to fifileflie his

18minority report although there had been a goodsizedgood sized church news articleabout his departure for the assignment only a brief paragraph in the improvementera mentioned his return on july 25 with the distorted message that theopening of an LOS high school in laie would be postponed at least a year 19gthat september he was again serving as a seminary principal in salt lake city

the committee however realized the importance of continued input fromchurch headquarters and asked sincesirce brother mcghie has apparently withdrawnhimself from the picture we request that another man be appointed as soon aspracticable to head up the project if you concur in the conclusion reachedby the committee we can begin with the new appointee to lay the groundwork forthe opening of the school the enrollment for an opening in 1952 was antici-pated at between 75 and 100 20

again nothing happened as a result of the study perhaps due to theconnected controversy and another year passed in mayway 1952 president clissoldagain attempted to get the project into motion two months later ordr mesleywesleyP lloyd of the brigham young university faculty was scheduled to be inhawaii en route from his return from japan As a result of clissolds urgingdr lloyd was assigned by the first presidency to conduct another survey ofeducational needs of the hawaii saints the pattern was repeated dr lloydmet with individuals concerning the same issues previously surveyed iewhat type of school should be established and where should it be locatedlloyd met with stake and mission officers at the honolulu tabernacle onjuly 31 1952 and as president clissold reported the consensus of this meetingwas thatjjuniorthat a junior college offering largely vocational courses be establishedat laie 221 lloyds written report to the first presidency supported therecommendation and added that the school could probably be opened in 1953should the decision be made to proceed 22

additional meetings were held in october and november 1952 and morereports were sent to salt lake city receommending that a man be appointed tohead the school in order to provide additional direction and momentum to theongoingon going studies president mckay assuredclissoldassured Clissold in june 1953 that thiswould shortly be done nearly one year later may 1954 president mckay toldclissold that a selection had been made and soon another survey committee wouldgo to hawaii 23

on wednesday july 21 1954 the first presidency made the longawaitedlong awaitedannouncement dr reuben 0 law dean of the college of education of brighamyoung university was named as the president of the new institution finallyfinllydesignated officially as a junior college

it would seem that by this stage the problems of site and format wouldhave been resolved and law could get about the work of getting the schoolestablished such however was not the case and it was evidently feltnecessary to repeat much of the same type of effort that had been pursued somany times before another meeting was called by edward L clissold who hadbeen released as hawaii mission president by this time and had succeededralph E woolley as president of the oahu stake those present at the staketabernacle in honolulu had an opportunity to express themselves and although

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there were still some who wanted a mitorydormitorydo high school president clissoldmaintained the younger students should remain at home under family and churchinfluence rather than being sent off to a boarding school this idea prevailedand the report of the survey committee stated that they had a distinctfeeling that all but few people feelfee14 it is wise for the new school to co-ncentratetrate the bab4cen on college years

the survey committee visited the four larger islands and talked exten-sively to church and educational leaders of hawaii As a result of the monthlong study the committee arrived at the following conclusions concerning thegeneral purposes of the school

1 to build strong latterdaylatter day saints2 to develop leadershipleadershipspiritualspiritual and temporal

3 to provide opportunities for exploratory work in both academicand vocational lines

4 to provide general education for all students

5 to offer twoyeartwo year terminal courses in the trades and vocationsfor those whose talents and inclinations point toward immediateemployment rather than further academic work

6 to provide preparatory programs for thomthonthose who will continueon to senior colleges and universities

after looking at various sites the committee concluded that only honolululaie and kaneohe were worth final consideration 26 honolulu and laie ofcourse had been recommended by various committees in previous years butthis was the first time that kaneohe had been mentioned as a possibilityand as we shall see that mention was to be significant

laws survey committee pointed out that both honolulu and laie hadloyal defenders and its determined opponents although admitting thathonolulu had several obvious advantages the committee cited three principalreasons for rejection of that city the high cost of land then running between1251.25125 and 2502.50250 per square foot the difficulty of finding a plot of at least100 acres which they felt would be the minimum possible for the plant desiredand what they referred to as an environmental disadvantage created by thepresence of great numbers of military personnel and the crewmen of passingships 27

consideration had been given the site of an unused naval hospital at aieaabeawhich was described as an excellent site but they felt that the buildingsspread over too extensive an area and maintenance costs would be prohibitivein addition should a lease become available it would be for shorttermshort term onlyand provide for evacuation by khethe school on short notice should the navywish to reclaim the property 2 considering the concern implied by the mentionof environmental disadvantage I1 cannot believe the committee seriouslyentertained the thought of a school so close to pearl harbor naval base

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the committeeconnit tee repeated most of the arguments that had been previouslyoffered in behalf of laieslaicslales candidacy the availability of good land wascited not only for the site of the institution itself but also the cu-ltivationti possibilities necessary for the agricultural pursuits assumedfor the college furthermore an ample supply of underground water wasavailable the committee also referred to the religious tradition andthe spiritual atmosphere as reasons why laie might be considered29considered 29

among the religious traditions referred to the committee mentionedthe oftcitedoft cited prophecy of joseph F smith concerning the blessings whichwould come to laie and its residents As a result the report statedleietslaietslaie is looked upon as a land of promise a gathering place for the saintsin hawaii

the committees next sentence may come as a surprise to many howevera study by president edward L clissold of prophecies and dedicatory prayerson record in hawaii finds no reference to a college at laie 30

here we find a most interesting situation because at this point drlaw and the survey committee are denying that there was ever a link betweenelder mckays 1921 reference to a school of higher learning and the comm-unity of laie there was indeed such a link but nothing had been saidabout it as near as I1 can determine at the time of laws survey inhis book however published in 1972 law makes several references to thevision of the college that mckay experienced the day of the flagraisingflag raisingraising7 february 1921 citing mckays diary as the source of the information 31

the fact is that his diary although describing the flagraisingflag raising in greatdetailcontainsdetail contains no reference to the idea of a college being located in thiscommunity it was elder samuel hurst who described the maui meeting mentionedearlier and who mentioned elder mckays speaking of a college in laie buteven he says nothing about the flagraisingflag raising vision that has since become partof our LDSLOS hawaii folklore it was president mckay himself who made thedefinite and most positive link when he dedicated the land at the groundbreaking for the new campus 12 february 1955 he stated on that occasionthis is the beginning of the realization of a vision I1 saw thirtyfourthirty four yearsago when one morning president hugh J cannon president E wesley smithothers and I1 witnessed a flagraisingflag r2raisingsing ceremony by students of the churchschool here in hawaii in laie 02

another one of the religious traditions cited by the committee me-ntions a conference here in laie at which thorpe B isaacson then a counselorto the presiding bishop reportedly spoke of a school in laie where peoplewould come for their spiritual and academic education 33 president clissoldalso told me of that same conference

another advantage of laie again shared with kaneoheKaneohe was that thecommunity was located near the sea im not sure why honolulu was denied thatparticular advantage however the seaside location would lend itself tothe study of marine life and also provide access to fishing opportunities whichwould enable the college to meet some of its food needs34needs 34

should the college be located in laie the recommended location was noton the site idententified in the laie master plan drafted by architect harold

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35burton in january approved by the first presidency that same year thelowlyinglow lying ground where the identified junior college was shown on themaster plan would be subject to tidal wavedsavedwaves and instead the school shouldbe located in the foothills southward from the temple perhaps referringto the area stretching from just behind temple view apartments along thehill to the site of the new sewage treatment plant

the disadvantages of laie however were numerous as cited by thecommittee although some of the objections seemed to overlap most seriousthe committee felt was the distance from the main center of populationobviously there were not enough students in laie to justify a college andthe financial problems created by the need either to travel or to stay indormitories were regarded as excessive the committee drew an arc of 20miles from laie and determined that only 25251 of the LDSLOS population of oahulived within that distance on the other hand a similar arc from kaneohecontained 95 of the LDSLOS population JO3 the absence of regular publictransportation in those ancient days before the bus would provide consider-able difficulties for students and parents not only from oahubahu but even moreseriously for those from the neighbor islands basically because of thetransportation dilemma dormitories would be necessary and would cost about3000 per student if the report stated and I1 quote

by locating the school near enough to honoluluso that even 100 students could live in theirown homes or the homes of relatives we wouldsave in capital outlay alone approximately300000 A difference of 200 nondormitorynon dormitorystudents would amount to approximately 600000which would probably offset the cost of landfor a campus elsewhere and this without co-nsideration of the ailedadded costs to students livingin the dormitories 3

according to max moody LDSLOS partner of walkermoodywalker moody contractors estima-ted building costs would be from five to ten percent higher in laie thanon more accessible parts of the island although clissold admitted costswould be higher he was less pessimistic than moody in this regard 38

the committee stated than in addition to the difficulties of distancethe related factor of isolation would inhibit enrollment As the report nearedthe end of the laie disadvantages the corresponding advantages of kaneohewere soon made apparent several prominent citizens of honolulu includingmembers of the stake high council reportedly told members of the committeethat they would send their children to the mainland before enrolling them ina boarding school in laie39 this reluctance did not extend to kaneoheKaneohein some cases at least because their children could live at home and commute

the advantages given for kaneohe over laie were based primarily on thegreater population base easier accessibility and the lower costs which thiswould provide more people could be served due to transportation facilitiesand fewer dormitories would be necessary because more students would be livingat home or with relatives local nonnoo LDS educators also recommended kaneohe asa site superior to laie kaneoheskanechesKaneohes greater size offered great advantages

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students especially girls would enjoy a greater opportunity for parttime employment in kaneohe than they would in laie there would be lowercosts for construction and maintenance of the school facilities repairand supply services would be much more readily available another reasonperhaps more strategic than economicwaseconomic was that the catholic church had supposedlybeen negotiating for 100 acres in the kaneohe area for a school of theirown the report stated it seems unwise to place our school in comparativelyisolated laie while the other church establishes itself in the more desirableand rapidly growing kaneohe district 40 A school in kaneohe could moreeasily meet the increasing educational needs of LDSLOS military personnel in theislands who would find laiewelale too far away to do them much good in whatmight be considered an attempt to neutralize laies chief economic assetthe availability of landtheland the report stated that any agricultural facilitiesavailable at laie could just as easily be found in kaneohe and then asks almostplaintively if the church did not now own the land at laie would we now buyland and build the school there the final advantage cited referred to arecent dispute in rexburgredburgRexburg idaho when the general authorities of the churchproposed the removal of ricks college to the more populous idaho falls inorder to avoid such a dilemma in years to come the committee stated thatit is our hope that the college in hawaii will be built where we shall wantit fifty and more years from now 41

the committee recommended that the school be located in kaneoheKaneohe not asa compromise but as a place that offers more advantages and fewer disadvantagesthan either of the others although president clissold was not a member ofthe committee he had traveled many miles with them and as stake presidentwas asked to sign the report he said he could not since he felt the schoolshould be in laie rather than either kaneohe or honolulu 42

in recalling the role of clissold several years later reuben 0D lawremarked president clissold wanted it in laie but he was a good sportabout taking us to all the other locations that we wanted to be taken to hewas president of the stake at the time and he didnt hesitate to indicatethat he wanted it to be in laie but he was willing to help us in any of ouractivities 43 soon after that probably in connection with october conferenceclissold happened to be in salt lake city again and visited president mckayin his office he describes their conversation as follows

he had me come around behind his desk and sit ina chair right by him he put his hands on my kneeshe said brother clissold what about our schoolI1 said well the brethren came down and made areport then he said thats right whereskaneoheKaneohe I1 replied kaneoheKaneohe is over the pali fromhonolulu about a fifteenminutefifteen minute ride he justkept looking at me I1 added president mckayI1 cant forget laie he slapped my kneeikneekneel I1 thinkI1 still have the mark on itandit and said good I1thought you had gone along with them now we havetheir report we appreciate&preciate it but the schoolwill be in laie 44

in the meantime lawalawlas arriaeriaerlrrivedbackved back in provo on sunday 29 august and

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immediately continued work on the survey report which had actually commencedbefore the committee left hawaii for the next week he kept two and som-etimes three secretaries busy and on friday september 3 the committee metwith BYU president ernest L ullUituliwilkinsonkinson to go over the report in detailten days later law completed the table of contents for the five copieshe delivered the original to president mckays office and the other copiesto wilkinson cottam and bennion joseph anderson secretary to the firstpresidency told law he would call as soon as president mckay was able tosee him about the report 45

with the annual general conference of the church scheduled for earlyoctober the committee did not get to meet with president mckay untilnovember 4 although they had held a preliminary meeting with his counselorstephen L richardsonrichards on october 26 according to laws diary president mckaystated that the first presidency had definitely decided that the collegeshould be built at laie even though the survey admittedly showed many excellentreasons inin support of the kaneohe area as a possible location nearer to

446honolulu in an oral history interview in 1980 he quoted pres mckaysaying were going to overrule you on one thing the college is really tobe at laie and I1 know thats where the lord wants it and thats where it isgoing to be and as law concluded well that settled that there couldntbe any guestionquestion about that 474 at the same time president mckay announcedthe decision to appoint a local advisory committee of edward L clissoldralph E woolley and D arthur haycock with an additional member whom thethree would select 448

in the meantime law had kept busy while awaiting his appointment with thefirst presidency he visited all the other colleges in utah and traveled torexburgredburgRexburg idaho to observe the operation of ricks college the other LDS

institution that might be somewhat comparable to that for which he was to beresponsible he also visited former hawaii mission presidents E wesley smithernest nelson and castle H murphy and talked to anyone he felt could give himinformation that might be helpful in his assignment especially clintonkanahele a laie educator then on exchange in provo he even found time towork on the local welfare farm topping and loading sugar beets and also to 49revise some material he had prepared for a manual for the LDSLOS youth program

in november 12 1954 law met again with president mckay and receivedfurther counsel and instructions concerning budgets buildings and hisrelationship with what mckay called the continuing advisory committee thepresident also had two possible names for the college since the name suggestedby the survey committee had suffered the same fate as the suggested locationthe first presidency requested that the advisory committee consider eitherthe church college of hawaii or possibly the church hawaii college wouldbe acceptable at the first meeting of law and the committee church collegeof hawaii was adopted as the name subsequently the was added and thechurch college of hawaii was to be the title for the next two decades

although laie was now accepted as the home of the school the exactlocation had still to be determined law arrived back in hawaii 22 novemberand went to work immediately one of the main items when what was by thenknown as the continuing committee met on 24 november in laie was considerationof possible sites within the community on the day following the arrival of

n

harold and douglas burton the father and son team of architects furtherdiscussions were held and on december 8 the decision was made at a meetingin laie the committee unanimously agreed to locate the buildings on thehigher cane land south east of the temple and south of the village in otherwords where it is today they made another ssignificant decision that daywhich contained a simultaneously small dash of pessimism and a generous doseof optimism ralph woolley based on his extensive contracting experienceand architect harold burton convinced the rest of the committee that it wouldtake four to six months to adequately prepare the drawings and blueprints andto construct the buildings in any sort of economical manner before the summerof 1956 would be impossible the committee agreed that an explanatory lettershould be drafted which law and burton would then personally deliver topresident mckay

on returning to the mainland law met with pres mckay and J reuben clarkdarkdardoardconcerning the recommendations of what by now was simply being called thecontinuing committee mckay was not happy about the proposed postponementlaw quotes him as saying oh weve waited too long already to establishthat college we must start this fall even if we have to start in temporaryquarters before the day was over law telephoned clissold in honolulu anddiscussed with himthehirthehim the possibility of holding classes the first year in theoahu stake tabernacle

the tabernacle plan never materialized however and soon the continuingcommittee began looking elsewhere laws diary states that on march 9 1955he and clissold were looking at the old social hall and plantation storebuilding in laie to see if they could be remodeled in a suitable manner theyalso discussed the temporary use of the laie chapel in the meantime lilliankondo of kapaakapac kauai became the first student to return her applicationethel whitford now almodova became the registrar and the first to offer oralacceptance of a position and librarian kenneth slack provided the first writtenacceptance

from april 1 to june 25 law was on the mainland during which time clissoldhad arranged for several war surplus buildings to be trucked to laie andplaced near the laie chapel as temporary quarters of the college

now perhaps it was safe to say that the sitestemporarysites temporary and permanenthad finally been determined the ground had been broken for the permanentcampus and the buildings were on hand for the temporary campus the facultyof twenty had been hired the first years student body of 223 freshmansodhomoressoohomoressophomoressoohomores and special students were still erollingenrolling90 and it looked as ifschool would open on time in september 1955 50 there were still changedahead many changesandchanges and frustrations and disappoinmentsdisappointments would be plentifulstill the site had been selected and that certainly was a start

7

NOTES

conversation with jerry lovelandLove tandland wiley swapp and joseph spurrierlaie hawaii 26 april 1983

2giorge0george nebeker to brigham younyoungg 17 october 1865 and 19 november 1866archives historical department of the church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter daysaints salt lake city utah as cited in R lanierlam er britsch historyhistorbistory of tthehelatterdaylatter day saint church in the pacific unpublished manuscript 1981 inauthors possession chapter 8 p 9

3 reuben D law the founding and early development of the church collegeof hawaii st george utah dixie college press 1972 p 29

4edwardbedward4edward L clissold oral history interviewed by R lanier britsch

1976 typescript p 18 the james moyle oral history program archiveshistorical department of the church of jesus christ of latterdaylatter day saintssalt lake city utah

5special LDS school committee report to oahu stake presidencynd typewritten LawlawwoottonlawmoottonWootton papers archives brigham young universityhawaii campus laie hawaii

ggeorgegeorge 0 zabriskiezaanzabn skie acting recorder special LDS school committeeminutes of meeting held at oahu stake tabernacle honolulu hawaii 730 pm13 july 1949 to discuss the problem of an LDS church school in hawaiitypewritten archives BYU hawaii

7 interview with george 0 zabriskiezaanzabn skie honolulu hawaii 28 april 1983

special LDS school committee

9 lawaw ppap 373837 38

10interview10 interview with fred E lunt honolulu hawaii 25 april 1983 and rubyenos laie hawaii 27 april 1983

11interview with eldon morrell laie hawaii 16 february 1983

12 law p 38

13letter13 letter from ralph E woolleyWoolwooi tey arthur K parker fred E lunt edward L

clissold and poe kekauoha to the first presidency nd lawwoottonLaw Wootton papersarchives BYU hawaii

14deseret14deseret news church section 11 july 1951

13

15hilohiko15woolleysitoolleySitoWoolleyolley et aaaa1 to the first presidency

16deseret16deseret news ibid1 telephonetelephone interview with frank UW mcghie salt lake city utah

27 april 1983 mcghie indicated in this conversation that he had recommendedkaneoheKaneohe although the other reports available from that period state that hehad then recommended honolulu in a letter to the author 29 april 1983he stated 1 I with many others thought the school should be nearer the centerof populationeitherpopulation eitherelther kaneohe or honolulu in our phone conversation mcghiedescribed laie in 1951 as a sleepy little village which he felt inadequateto accommodateaccomnodate the school as planned

18thehe implication of friction is found in a statement by edward L

clissold in law p 36 woolley et al to the first presidency and otherinformants who wish to remain anonymous when asked about this mcghie respon-ded the problems existed more between other members of the committee and 1 I1just got caught in the middle telephone interview 27 april 1983 additionalinformation on mcghiesmcghieyMcGhies recommendations may be found in confidential mem-orandum of conference with frank mcghie held on july 19 1954 re juniorcollege in hawaii although unsigned this appears to have been written byreuben D law and is found in his papers in byuhawaiiBYU hawaii archives howeverlaws diary gives no indication of a conversation with mcghie on that datelaws diary begins with his notification of his assignment 7 july 1954.1954

on 16 july he met with drs harvey D taylor ernest L wilkinson millardwillardE givens and wesley P lloyd all LDS educators with special knowledge orinterest in the project on 19 julythejuly the date of the confidential memorandumthe only entry concerns other matters entirely

19theaq4qthe church moves on the improvement era vY 54 p 9 september 1951

p 665 deseret news church section 5 sept 1951

20woolley20WOolleyWooileyotley et al to the first presidency

21lawlaw p 38

22wesley P lloyd to the first presidency 9 august 1952 lawwoottonLaw Wootton

papers archives BYU hawaii

laslaw p 39

24 reuben 0 law clarence cottam kenneth S bennion report of surveypertaining to the new college in hawaii 3 sept 1954 owen J cook papersarchives BYU hawaii p 7

25ibid p 32

261bidibid p 45

8

14

27 ibid p 46

ibidibjd29 ibid ppap 464746 47

301bidibid p 4731llawilawblawlaw ppap 25 33 56

32address of president david 0 mckay dedicatory service the church collegeof hawaii groundbreakingGroundbreaking 12 february 1955 LawlawwootonlawmootonLawMootonWooton papers archives BYU hawaii

331bidibid34 ibid35 proposed development plan laie oahubahu hawaii for zions securitiescorporation harold W burton architect map 12 january 195436369541954 survey report p 4837 ibid p 51

33 ibid39 ibid40 ibid p 56

4141ibidibid p 57

42 clissold oral history p 1943 reuben D law oral history interview by kenneth W baldridge

6 march 1980 typescript oh104OH 104 p 4 oral history program BYU hawaii44clissold oral history p 19

45 law diary 31 august 2 3 13 september 195446 ibid 4 november 195447 law oral history p 5

48 law diary 4 november 195449 ibid 30 september 4 676 7 12 october 10 11 november 1954 virtually

allail the subsequent material is from this same source50enrollment figures law p 293 list 145 regular and 88 special students

HORSE SOLDIERS AND THE SPAULDING manuscriptHAWAIIAN missionary LIFE A CENTURY AGO

BY LANCLANCEE CHASE

recently the honolulu star bulletin ran a special issue a part ofwhich dealt with hawaii one hundred years ago called echoes of the 80smy paper deals with the same time frame but differs in its more limitedand for us hopefully more interesting focus one limited primarily tothe mormon perspective and more specifically the view point of threesoldiers of christ here together during that same time fredrickbeesley isaac fox and joseph F smith the geographic focus is fur-ther restricted primarily to laie with some side trips to honolulukauai hawaii andana even conneautConneaut ohio

the main sources of my study are fredrick beesleys own journaljoseph F smiths biography written by his son joseph fielding smithand a recent acquisition also in the joseph F smith learning resourcecenter a two volume holograph by isaac fox this last has been for meby far the most absorbing because of circumstances surrounding its accuistionquistionquistion A descendant of fox came to laie in october last year with thejournals offering rex frandsen the opportunity to photocopy them ofcourse rex was anxious to do so but the problem was after he did thedevelopment equipment broke andzind it was likely to be weeks before it couldbe repaired rex had been told by the journals owner he must take themwith him when he returned to the mainland in two days not wanting totake chances I1 camped out in the LRC reading and writing furiously work-ing for some thirteen hours and through two meals until the librariansasked me to leave so they could close up nevertheless despite the hasteand long hours and even a missed general conference broadcast I1 not onlymade the deadline but it is only fair to admit I1 also listened as thedodgers eliminated the giants from the 1982 pennant race BYU bombedel paso 51351 3 and I1 still completed over one hundred fifty four by sixnote cards

let me further identify for us these three horse soldiers ofmy title

fredrick beesley was born on january 13 1864 making him twentyone when he labored in hawaii his journal covers the period from october1885 to september 1886 like president george albert smith he was oneof those challenged by the choice of mission or marriage or marriageand mission the first decision made he wrestled with the second bees-ley decided to get help so he told former hawaiian missionary joseph H

dean about his list of pros and cons encrouagedencrouagedby by dean to take hiswife he then made his two part proposal to nellie his finaceefinacefinaceyfinacee shetook a day to decide before accepting half his proposal we can onlyassume since the journal does not say and since hawaii had not yet becomea vacation paradise that nellies affirmatively answer was to the re-quest for her hand rather than the trip she took nearly a month to de-cide on the other half but four daysdavs later the couple were endowed andnarriedcarriedmarried in the logan temple on october 28 1885 the beesleysBee sleys left by

2

craintrain for california from which after a seven day voyage they arrived inhonolulu november 9 1885 president joseph F smith and others met rhenthenthemrhemthedrhedin honolulu for the eight hourhourhorsebackhorseback ride to laie whilethileuhlieI in laiebeesley did carpentry work and was made superintendent of the cane grind-ing by mid april he was serving as a proselyting missionary on the bigisland

isaac fox born in 1850 served two missions in hawaii three yearsfrom may 1883 to april 1886 twentytwotwenty two months between june 1889 andfebruary 1891 and in 1895 reservedheservedhehe served with harvey harris cluff as as-sistant manager at iosepalosepaiokepa for fifteen months he married at least threetimes his first wife died after only nine months of marriage the secondafter eleven years one of foxes first activities after arriving in laieon may 15 1883 was to work on the new meetinghouse the one most oftenpictured which stood for about thirty years where the temple now is andafter being moved down the hill burned down in 1941 the sugar mill wasin its half year down season when elder fox arrived for his first mis-sion so he proselytedproselyter on kauai with an elder gardner he was a slightman at one hundred fifty pounds and was so unfortunate as to lose hisoriginal teeth replacing them with a new set in honolulu before goingto proselyte on the big island in october of 1883 missing his familygreatly he also spelled rather poorly and of the three it was he whoappeared vohavevrhavehave the severest adjustment problems A lehi boy he wasassigned to the centrifugals at the mill he played the guitar and ledthe band and choir in laie the largest number of observations pertain-ing to daily missionary life come from foxes journals of these threefox most exactly fits the description of horse soldier for like the othersthe horse was his main means of transportation when one could be obtainedalso fox was assigned responsibility for the hundreds of cattle on theplantation in fact in addition to roundups branding and generalherding duties fox even conducted a cattle drive from laie to honoluluin februarvfebruary of 1885 where the animals were sold apparently to pay forband instruments

of the third horse soldier much more is known what may not be sowidely known however is that of all the church presidents joseph Fsmith is surely the one who must have best understood and loved the polynesians counselor to four prophetsprcrphetsprrphets before becoming one himself in 1901he spent more than six years in hawaii this son of joseph smithsbrother hyrum and teamster at ten years of age on the trek west in 1848joseph F smith had an association with hawaii which spanned all but themost modern events in the history of the church here the earliest mis-sionary days the lanai gathering and gibson era the laie plantationperiod and even intoinco the modern hawaii temple era he labored inhawaii for three years beginning as a fifteen year old presiding onmaui molokai and hawaii before hehie was nineteen years of age he return-ed when twentysixtwenty sixgix to participate in the excommunication of walter mur-ray gibson and then served out the balance of 1864 as mission presidentbefore returning to sajt lake city in december of chacchatthatchad year again infebruary of 1885 president smith cametocame to hawaii this time on the under-ground to avoid arrest for plural marriage remaining until july of 1887when he was forty eight during the time he was president of the churchhe visited the hawaiian islands on four more occasions march 1909 mayjune 1915 when as joseph spurrier recentlyrecent lv reported he dedicated land

3

for the building of the temple without consulting the twelve or hiscounselors he came less than a year later in february of 1916 andfinally just eighteen months before his death in november of 1918 noother prophet comes close to that length of cloecioetimecime spent in hawaii choughthoughhe was not the first president to have come here lorenzo snow came in1864 when he nearly drowned off lahaina while young joseph F smithwatched from the safety of the vessel ioin lahaina harbor

As one reads about these people of an earlier day a cautionary noteis essential racial bigotry and prejudice were acceptable social attit-udes among all societal levels in the nineteenth century one cannothelp but be conscious of the deep prejudices of the age as he readsjournals of the period what is more since my sources consist largelyof personal journals whose authors might not have guessed their obser-vations would be read to large audiences we need to recognize that theremay have been little attempt on the part of these diarists to protecttheir subjects from frank direct and sometimes harsh comment we needto recognize that the views expressed inthese journals represent only oneraces admittedly provincial and prejudicial attitudes and feelings

missionary LIFE

getting to this mission field in the eighties was a far cry fromthe relatively abbreviated plane ride of today crossing the greatdeep in from seven to fourteen days with its inevitable seasicknessafter a twentyfourtwenty four train ride to california brought the missionariesto honolulu they were then still as many as nine hours from their mis-sion homeheme we are indebted for his work to jacob F gates two time mis-sionary to hawaii and in 19d519fl5 editor of an edition of the book of mormonwhose wifes fame eclipsed his own this wife susa young gates is the oneto whom we owe credit for an account of their trip over the pali in de-cember of 1885 during his second mission elder gates wife bore himthree children while here of their thirteen susa young gates was thesecond daughter of BrighabrighambrighamyoungmYoungyoung later became a novelist teacher atbrigham young academy temple worker and prominent leader in reliefsociety as well as other womens organizations here is her account ofher journey over the pali she was twentyninetwenty nine when she sent this accountoff to the deseret news

the nnextext morning by the kindness of brother naau I1 had theextra comfort or riding to the top of the hill or pali in a twowheeled cart the rest all rode horseback the drive up nuuanuvalley is lovely beyond all description villas and cottagesembedded in tropical greens with dripping fountains and flowersof brilliant hues in riotous profusion line the roadside tothe right and left rise abrupt mountain sides clothed with treesand shrubs from base to top

leaving the suburbs of honolulu tkthe road ascends through adeep flowerstrewnflower strewn meadow until at last we all dismount at thesummit and prepare to descend the pali

people living in peaceful ignorance aaau home in utah fancythey have experienced winds vain fancy they have onlyknown breezes and zephyrs

10

4

one trip down this famous pali will convince dhenthenthem of this un-dying facefact

next she briefly recounts the story of the famous battle wagedhere

at this particular point an iron railing has been erected asthe wind sweeps around this corner with sufficient force to blow a personover

we cooktookdook off our hats or fastened vails and scarfs over them andaround our necks every flying end was fastened up and with one handclasped firmly around the armanaawaawn of our little children they were dividedup we announced ourselves ready A few steps and jehew phew let mecatch my breachbreathbreauh off tears my hat and escaped from its moorings it bangshelplessly round my shoulders unable coto quite get away from its confin-ing safety pin clasp mothers bonnet crushes down over her left eye-brow and the corner of her scarf persistently remains in her right eyeit is a precious blessing the men are unable coto take their attentionfrom their own hats and satchels for skirts and polonnaisepolonnaise friskmerily with the roaring winds unmindful of the modest uses for whichthey were made and determined for once to have their own wild way

someone shouts out a wish to wait and caketakenake one look at the lov-eliest of lovely scenes spread out below but the word is to hurryhurry

As you stand at the top of this steep precipice you can see al-most at your feet the road we must get down to the rough passage downhas been dug out of the rocks zigzag fashion in order to get down atall few have the temerity to ride down this steep rocky pass althoughone of our party is heard to remark that he has driven a twowheeledtwo wheeledbuggy bochbothhochhoth up and down chisthis same pali on a formerfonner mission to these is-lands

to return to the scene on the left rises a wall of rocks fernstrewn and wild down below us yawns the awful looking gorge overwhich the human bodies were once thrown in confusion it is now cover-ed with a forgetful crown of moss and ferns to the left the rice andsugar fields wave in undulating lines to the blue waters of the oceanchacchatthat sometimes caress the shore with foamy ripples and anon beats outthe thunder of its wrath in huge swiftflyingswift flying waves miles along theeastern coast of this island lay outstretched before us with white cot-tages and the grass huts of the natives here and there among the fieldslittle villages nestle here and there and away off to thechedhe right a hugerock rises in chethedhenhe sea surfdashedsurf dashed and sombre but all this while wehave been descending the rocks our limbs braced till our very kneesache as we hurry down the mile long steep rocky slimy road

at its footfoot we were mccactmetmec by tvotwodvo or three of our party who hadgone on to kaniohekanichemaniche for the light wagon left there the night beforeand now ensued a grave consultation who were the least able to ridehorseback chethedhe other 23 miles two or three of the ladlesladies bravely main-tained cheirtheir ability to do so and the two or three elders who had hadtheircheir first sad trial at horseback riding thetthacthatthalchalchet morning wisely and ma-nfully restrained their doubts as to their ability and patiently waited

two of the feeblest women folks of our party with the three chil-dren and a good driver who was charged with the care of the dishedwheel were seated in the wagon the rest mounted their pawing steedsand off we went

all went along pretty well for the first ten or fifteen mileseverybody enjoying the beautiful scenery through which we travelled

one of our young elders created a deal of fun for us by the wayin which he handledhishandledoishisolshis unaccustomed reins nowflowilow lagging behind pokingand weary he could give his animal a cut and away they went with fierceenergy one hand on his hat the other either holding on the pommel orresting behind him the beast unrestrained dashed up hill and down daletill tired out when with startling suddenness down on the walk he canecameagain I1 dont thingschingkthingk I1 was ever so forcibly reminded of john gilpinsride before the saddles grew very hare presently but the feminineportion as usual endured their sufferings without much fuss As therewas only one side saddle and three ladies you will know they had theirshare

we did not stopfordstopforscopstop for lunch but on and on we went past kahanawe we came at last to hauulagauula and found the little schooner on which wehad sent our luggage already arrived we stopped a few moments to seethe trunks unloaded and then away we went again

laie maloobaloo was entered and passed and at last we saw the clusterof white houses on the brow of a hill chacchatthatthac belongs to the white inhabi-tants of laie

I1 shallthall not now attempt any description of laie we arrivedabout four oclock in the afternoon having been nine hours on thethirtytwothirty twotwomilemilemlle road without stopping for rest or lunch

we were a tired sore sick lot of people when we at lastwalked into the mission house at laie and of our subsequent homesickhome sickness and loneliness I1 forbear to speak suffice it to say in spite ofall we felt to raise our hearts in humble gratitude to gadgudgod that hehad mercifully preserved us ailallali on our long journey and permitted usto arrive at the place where gods servant had called us to go toassist in the upbuilding of zion 1

LIVING conditions

living conditions for the utah missionaries in the early and mid1880s were less than ideal isaac fox in january of 1884 noted hewrote letters with gloves on his head tied up in a mosquito bar bedscould be protected from mosaosmosquitosquitos but the fleas punished the eldersseverely in his journal for january 10 1884 he wrote he dreamed hewas

out on a prary and attachedattactedatt acted by a lot of ravening wolves andthought they war dareing the flesh of his bones and hefought like a tigor or until it woakwaak me up and anstedinsted of wolfsit was an army of about a thousand fleas more or less thayware sucking the very life bloos from my poore brusedbruised and bleed-ing body sometime I1 have to drop everything and just go likea hound pup after clabber

four nights later he writes with his pants off against fleas his room-mate elder brim laughs when fox jumps up fromfron the tablecablecabie as if shot dutbutoutiqflo1qq0 fleas biting is worse than being shot the following night brimstands naked on a chair looking in his clathsclothscloths for fleas A week laterfox and woolley kill three scorpions at the mill and the hawaiian girl

6

who makes his bed catches one hundred fleas in his room fortunatelyfox had by this time been told about scorpions earlier he found onein the meetinghouse organ he had taken apart and not knowing what it washe poked his finger at it but such discomforts were not kept quietapparently for bby1 november of 1885 work had begun on a new house forthe missionaries

out in the field conditions could be at least as bad on the bigisland at puueopuleo fox showed remarkable naivete when he again encounteredfleas the worst he had ailtfilt anywhere but another equally ubiquitousinsect he could only describe there is also large bugs like largecrickets in almost every house but in this there is hundreds crawlingall over a person and the house stinks with them

in magahamakaha on hawaii they were involved in a very spiritual meetingbut the branch presidents wife was leprous and he had taken her up intothe mountains to try to heal her the elders thought by witchcraftafter the meeting the elders learned that the bed they had been sleep-ing in was her bed given the universal attitude toward hansens dis-ease in that day one can understand their squeamishness

certainly the local saints were not all in modern housing by 1884fox was exhausted from his work at the mill and was sleeping one satur-day in february when elder cluff came into the room explaining thatpresident partridge wanted to administer to a native elder six of thebrethren went to a low grass house with low doors and no windows theyfound the inhabitant poor old in a low condition and speechless norelatives or family were about there was no one to attend fox report-ed the elderly saint had lain there ten days the elders built a fireandpreparedand prepared a chicken boiling it and taking soup to feed him thesimple journal entry reads 10lo he was ded funeral held february 3sun

the primitive conditions described in the case of the hawaiianelder stand in stark contrast to a fox journal entry one year to theday later when he rode to punaluupunalua to telephone honolulu for lime thiswas the first mention of a telephone I1 encountered and it is clear thelines had not yet reached laie

much as utah had its reformation in 1855561855 56 hawaii followed suitin conjunction with the meetinghouse dedication on october 6 1883accompanying the dedication of this 6535 foot building 58 feet highand capable of accomodatingaccooodatingaccommodating 550 saints were a large number of rebaprebabllsms in fact in the weeks prior to the dedication the teachersmeetings were long and lasted late as more and more cases of sin wereuncovered of course it is not only in laie that problems with sin oc-curred nor did they all involved sexual transgression fox wrote thatwhile laboring with elder george cluff near waiahinu on hawaii innovember of1883of 1883 the missionaries were overtaken by a woman who askedthem many questions they in turn asked her whewherere she was from andwhere bound she admitted to just being released from prison totheir query about why she was there she said she stole oranges whatchurch do vouyouyou belong to they asked the morman sic church shereplied presumably the conversation had been in hawaiian for cluffthen turned to fox and said ironically by their fruits shall yeveknow them

but in laieitselflaielale itself drunkenness and adultadulteryermerv were relatively commanconaapncommqnjoseph F smith made this the fosfotosforosfofotfor nss of several of his talks and with

7

commendable honesty admitted the problem was not confined to one raceor area describing chethe damndammdamagee done to the church when one of its lead-ers in salt lake city recently felifellfeil 3 one of his addresses on the sub-ject seemed to be couchedtouched off according to elder beesley by the nodoubt annoying but considerably lesser sin of someone appropriating andmonopolizing lemon squeezers from the kitchen on sunday april 11president smith at the mission house spoke against undue familiarity withthe opposite sex and warned chacchatthatthac if such fraternization continued of-fendingfendingpartiesparties would be released and sent home in a particularlycandid moment he discussed his relationship with his first wife cousinlevira smith he had brought to hawaii his second wife explaining thatshe refused to live with him because he bestowed too much attention on

4her during the seven year marriage before he married julina lambsonthere is also frequent mention of hearings confessions and rebaptismsfor instance on october 2 1883 there were 209 baptisms only 19 ofthese new on october 4 250 had been rebaptized on octoberoct ober 5 58 moreon saturday october 6 meetinghouse dedication day and occasion for thekings visit 9 more were rebaptized on sunday 5 more april of 18844 women for adultery two men for being drunk A man stripped or priesth-ood since he wouldnt leave his wife who wouldnt leave her loverthe wife would not live with her husband unless he would allow the otherman to live with them he told the brethren he loved his wife too muchto change 5 in all of this it appeared the standards were applied toeach race equally thoughchough in the matter of beverage there seemed somediscrepancy as well as in matters pertaining to dress and recreation atleast in foxesjournalfoxes journal the haoleshables some of them anyway speak dis-paraginglypa of the hawaiian drinking awa yet while fox and cluff arelaboring in the makahamagaha district on hawaii they pause at a chinesecoffee shop to drink a cup of coffee remember cluff is thirtyfourthirty fouryears old when the hawaiians and the utah missionaries of both sexesenjoy a picnic at sacred falls in january of 1886 beesleys journalsounds a note of disapproval of the locals who take off nearly all theirclothes and frolic in the pool the haoleshables simply watch only afterthe hawaiians leave do the brethren swimswin but on several other occasionsthe utahans caketake a boat out from shore in laie bay strip completely aftersomeone accidentally upsets the boat and frolic with as little in-hibitionhibi tion as thechedhe hawaiiansHawaiians some of chisthis fastidiousness mavmayaay have beendue to concern for their garments but in others condescension seemsthe likely explanation

in the matter of frolickingfrolicingfrolicing generally the utah elders often watchamusedly while the hawaiians carry on they seem to be surprised at thespontaneous enjoyment the whooping and shouting of the local people asoccurs at a hukiiauhukilau in march of 1884 but life for the utah missionarieswas not always staid and severe by any means elder fred beesleysjournal does not make clear if president smith was at the table on aprilfools day of 1886 but his fellow counselor in thchethe missionemission presidencyalbert W davis and president enoch farr were the cooks elder matthewnoall and wife libbie had prepared for breakfast only one dish a hugebowl of mush hungry elders beelseybellsey and davis dig in and find the bowlfilled beneath the surface level of mush with rags they seem to haveforgotten it is fast day thursday and the perpetrators of the hoopunipunip2nipani figured it was a good day for their deception since no one shouldbe eating anyway but presidpresidententenc farr ordered oyster stew prepared and

12

served within thirty minutes done as orderedpresident smith is not only present but shows his own sense of humor

at a time when he might have been upset at a joke played by fox mailfrom home has always been of paramount importance to missionaries foxreturned from honolulu with the mail after an eight hour trip on february23 1885 to find all the brethren and sisters out in the yard playingpunch and grunt with the exception of president partridge of coursethey were all watching for foxes return but he sneaked through a backgate unsaddled and reached the house without being seen partridge andfox sorted the mail and the former called the group to come and get theirletters naturally they did not believe fox had returned and so wentabout their play fox wrote that he then told them through the door ifchaythay did not think eny more of mail then chacchatthatthac that I1 would not bring chenthenthemchemeny next time then of all the runing I1 ever saw thay did it brojoseph F smith came and shook my hand saying that was a real fox trickcredit the future prophet for he like george romneyronney and albert daviswere very anxious to hear about conditions in utah since all were on theunderground hiding from federal marshals after they finally opened theirmail they learned things were very gloomy

frequently the missionaries took sea baths and even constructeda hachhathbathbach house for the ladies in january of 1884 the sugar boiler gardnerhad quite a scare during one such bachoachdachbathoath when elder J B meldrum in thatage old joke of swimmers dived under him catching him by the foot gard-ner thinking he was being attacked by a shark he hollowed like a goodfellow wrote fox

the utah elders reported that of all the holidays the hawaiians madethe most of newsew years in the festivities preceding that holiday in 1883elders pack and this same gardner came to foxes house serenadingserenading ofthe singing I1 ever heard that beat thay sang in native I1 gave each ofthem a rusty pen and a shirt button to stop fox recorded

elder J HS gardner labored with fox and they were joined by presi-dent partridge for an escapade on kauai which would have been wonderfulrecorded by a movie camera though a mission president and a thirtyfourthirty fouryear old missionary might want to govern who saw it

brothers partridge gardner and I1 after breakfast took a ride tothe mountains for a ride and we had nice time when we got in themountains we was struc with amassmentamaismentamaisment the sight was beautiful theoringe trees bannas and furnsturns of all kinds also waterfalls thatwas very nive but the best of the fun was runing with rocks andsticks after wild turkeys and chickens brother gardner is verytall and he started down a hill after a flock of chickens and hegot to runing so fast chatthatchac he could not stop and he run over oneand could not stop to kill it and of all the steps I1 ever sawhe took them he appeared to tuch the gound about every rod we hada good laugh at him the next thing was brother gardner and I1 go-ing down a steep hill to go to a waterfall and to get sum bannasbut we paid for them climbing up and down througthrong the furns thenwe had several chaceschabes after turkinsturkies and chickens but we did notget enny but we had a good time

this rustic scene was near koloacoloa in september of 1883 as recorded infoxes journalj

one of the prominent aspect of every missionarys life is thefood he eats the food consumed bvby the eeldersiderseiders in Llaielaleie was wonderfully

9

varied in addition to the oyster stew already mentioned icit included thecustomary fish and poi potatoespotatoes sweet and irish guavasglavas oranges mel-lons bread pudding mince pie limes bread beef lobster squid tur-key chicken pork dog limu stuffed duck cakes pudding kukui nutsare all mentioned but out in the field both the food when they couldget it and the conditions in which they ate it tried their faithfrequently the utah elders gained back while on the planation that weightthey had lost in the field when fox first labored on kauai he was oc-casionallycasionally appalled by the eating conditions in may of 1883 he aisemdisembarked from the boat from honolulu and the meel they LDS who greetedhimyhimlhlahiahim were getting ready would have made a dog sick three days laterhe found his companion elder gardner at makaweli and wrote he had beeneating poi with maggots in it men with leprosy and dirt on their handsare mixing it the fish are cooked in the dirt and scales he said heeats coconut whenever he can in july of 1883 he says cheirtheir living onkauai has not been the best in the world sometimes squid sometimesraw fish dried fish and no fish at all and glad to get that and enjoyit to on the big island three months later laboring with elder clufffox wonders when cluff gives thanks if hetieilelle meant what he said in novem-ber at kaumalumalu fox noted the woman of the house has just been feed-ing he child and it almost makes me sick whenever I1 see them the waytha do chathadha take the food in thair mouth and spit it in the childsmouchmouthnouch water the same one wonders how infants could be fed given ratherprimitive conditions and no strained gerbers that samesane night fox con-cludes the days account

some of the saints came into spend the evening and the people areall great smokers from a child 10 years old and the house is asmall gras house with no windows chairs or table and ailallali of usin thacchatthatchauchac small room with the tobacco smoke and chairthair natural smellit was almost as much as I1 could bair

fox was so upset by the conditions and food he apparently went withoutfood for three days and the hawaiians thought he was about to die oneof the sights which destroyed his appetite he described when I1 cameback for breakfast the woman had just cleaned the baby she took a mouth-ful of water and spirtedskirted it on her hand and comencedcommencedcomen ced sturing the poibrother cluff looked at me and I1 at him but neither one spoke elderfox seems to have thought he would die one way or the other but hissqueamishness at chatthatchalchau time made death by abstinence preferable

in december 1883 near makahamagaha hawaii the elders find all the membersof a tiny branch living under one roof he describes a couplewhethercouple whetherLDS or not he does not say living together unmarried the boy iseighteen the girl eleven the house is 2016 feet one room made ofgrass

there was a lot of stufatuf thay make mats of in one corner two of thechedogs tide in another and there umekeisuoekeis and saspans laying aroundfor the dogs to lick out 2 doors no window when breakfastbreadfastbreadfast wasready to put out the man that cooked took an old gunny sackthat looked as though it was the first one made and brushed thefloor for a cabletablecabiezabie clothI1 think it is important to inject a personal note at this point lest

we who feel more identification with the white rather than the brownpeoples find our racist tendencies exacerbated when I1 was about teotenterdendeo

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10

years old my parents purchased a home in that reputed center place ofculture and refinement new england it later became an attractive andcomfortable home for our family but it is unlikely that it was a hotitem on the market since the hobbs family who owned it kept goats chic-kens and sheep among more domesticated animals inside the house withthem furthermore I1 have in a major united state city home caughttaught ina house where the family dishes were lined up on the floor in front ofthe sink for cleaning piles of plates pocspotsponspous pans silverware therethey were in a neat rowraw the top ones allreadyalfreadyallailali ready for cleaning by thefamilys animals laziness is not indigenous to any race the majordifference between these hawaiian and mainland situations as I1 see itis that in the case of my race commonplace examples of acceptable hy-gienic conditions were the norm and access to these conditions wasreadily at hand this was not quite so true for many of theuhe hawaiiansHawaii ans

it was not always so grim for the missionaries on hawaii as foxmakes clear with his account of honey gathering near papa on hawaiiwritten on october 23 188318a3

we had not gon far before the counclercouncler which is noted for findinghoney called to us and said he had found the bees and sure enoughhe had they was in a large hallow tree we cut the tree downand went to work to get the honey this same man chatthatchac found chemtheathemwent to work chopkingchockingchopking into the tree where the bees entered with partof his body bare his hat of and bare feet and his shirt corntorn almostoff his back he paid no attention tothe bees nor they they to himso I1 got brave and went to catching and eating the honey that wasdropingdraping under the tree then brother cluff came and we all was havinga nice time but presently one of the native boys that came with madea jump as though he had a strong that he was not wanted there andlooked felt around as though something had stuck to the hind partof his britches then brother cluff madeblademede a desperatedespratedesprate jump into thethicket ringing his hands and dairingtairing his hair and dancing the high-land fling or some other fling all this time I1 was eateing honeyand laughing at others cut up such capers just then an end was putto my laugh I1T got my finger to close to the gable end of a bee andhe gave me a gentle hint to take it away and so I1 did I1 thought ifhe wants that place wors than I1 did he could have it well by thistime the native had got to the honey and a pritty sight it was tothis native took it out with his bare hands and the bees crawling allover his armsanasanns and he got stung once we got two bookersbookets of honeyand when we got to the house we hat a treet of kalo and honey

back in laie of course there was a much more socially conve-ntional life for the elders one event is described in foxes journalswhich provides a further glimpse into life a hundred years ago thisaccount is of a local wedding october 25 1884 which includes some humorbut also just possibly a note of condescension on the part of thisthirtyfourthirty four year old observer who misses his own wife intensely he writes

at the home of the bride was gathered quite a number of people bothold and young male and female and after all ware ready thay formeda procession with about20about 20 old women in leed all drest in white withwrethawreths of ferns on there heads then came the bride and groom he hadon black pants and coat white vest white neck tie and white kidgloves she had on a white satin dress and slippers worth about 50dis also a wreth of orange blossom and a white vale on her head next

in the procession was the brids maidmaidimaldmaldi and grooms men then a lot ofgirls and old women and old alai was the main one in the processionthis alai is a man and he always dressisdresses in womans cloths with rib-

bons and flowers which makes him cut quite a swell and he is alwayswith the woman this made up the procession with the exceptions offlags and banners thay marched from the home of the bride to thechurch where thay ware married and then returned to partakepertake of asumptuous feast but while thay ware marching a shoureshogre of rain camealong and gave chemthenthem quite a drenching which took the starch out ofthere dresse we brethren went and saw them tied together and someof themthen went to the feast but I1 did not fox oct 25 1884188one of the most interesting parts of foxes journal is one that is not

true in the literal sense but rather as a piece of folklore concerning thecreation of a place familiar to many of us even when this account waswritten on october 8 of 1884 it was known as a place of great renown forthe natives I1 am referring here to a large gulch called kaliuaa A

pig called kamapuaaKama puaa was the main characterthis pig or rather part pig and part human was a god so the storygoesandgoesgoekoessandand he lived in this gulch our guide showed us the spot wherehe lived as we went up the gulch which is quite wide at this point butgradually gets narrower and the mountains higher untill it appers likea small crevice between two perpendicular walls of rock that loom upfor hundreds of feet the king of this island sent a lot of hissoldiers to fight kamapuaaKamapuaa but he proved too mutch for them thoughthey caught him and tide his legs but he broke loos and killed andate chenthenthemlheadheanhen ailallali but one man and he escaped to tell the king who on hear-ing this sent another armey so kamapuaaKamapuaa went farther up the gulch andhid we ware shown the spot where he hid and while he was hid anative that was up on a high mountain saw him and told the armey andkamapuaaKamapuaa hollowed and tolled him that he should never leave that spotbut should dumcumturn into a rock and remain there forever and there he standsto this day a very curious looking rock well when the armey cameafter him he took his family and went farther up the gulch thinking toescape over the mountains but when he came to where the gulch ends andthe walls are perpendicular he attempted to go up one side but it wasto high so he criedtrieddried another place that is in shape just like a nativeboat and Is called the wapaavapaa okamapuaaokamapuaa it is an indentation in thesollid rock and has the apperinceperinceap of being hewed out it is in lengthabout 200 feet and stands on end and herearedhe reared up on his hind legsand his back and escaped and while he stood there his feet made a deepindentation in the sollid rock after his family had escaped he turnedback to fight with the kings men but they overpowered and bound himand while they were trying to deside in what way they should disposeof him as some wanted to kill him there and others wanted to caketakehimhin to the king alive as they thought it would please him very mutchhe broke loos and ate them all upbuyupbutup bucbut one man and he ran and told himthe kind osic what happened kamapuaaKamapuaa then went back up the gulchand climbed up that perpendicular mountain joined his family andfriends and made his escape down the other side he then left theisland and went to hawaii to the volcano and faught with pali and gotall his hair burned off he then left the islands entirely and hasnever been heard of since A little to the right of where he went

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up oyerover dhethe precipice is a beautiful water fall orof about 200 feetjust under the fall is a very nice pond of water made by the fallsof course the place is sacred falls and the walk up while not difficultis in rainy weather treacherous enough coto make many wonder if at least thespirit of kamapuaaKamapuaa is still not lurking up there somewhere

THE SPAULDING manuscript

the concluding part of this paper concerns a figure whose story de-serves to be told in his words rather than foxes or beesleysBeesleys but unfortun-ately these journal accounts remain closed joseph F smiths whereaboutsbefore his arrival in laie for his third visit to the islands was as m-ysterious to the missionaries as it was to the federal marshallsmarchallsmarshalls who woulddearly have loved to catch him later since he knew so much about theendowment house enemies of the church attempted to extort both secretand sacred information from him during government hearings but between1884and1884 and 18911891 he was on the underground travelling widely in the westernstates under the name of mr JF speight he finally arrived in honolulufebruary 9 1885 there had been considerable criticism of the firstpresidency for remaining on the underground rather than coiningcomingcominb out servingtheir prison terms abdandaud leading the church in the open it may have beenas a reaction to this that presipreslpresidentdent smith made this statement about beingin hawaii as quoted by beesley november 15 1885 president smith statedhe would a thousand times rather suffer going to the penitentiary than behere only that duty required him to remain here as it was consideredadvisable by his brethren of the priesthood to come this was said to theutah missionaries in a study class in laie

the coming of the second counselor to president john taylor was not atotal secret in laie special preparations had been made for him missionand plantation president edward partridge wrote president john taylor onjanuary LI 1885 that he was disappointed president smith did not arriveon the last steamer as he had said he would it almost appears chacchatthatthac par-tridge got the month wrong for it is on february 10 that president smitharrived in laie elder enoch farr who is to replace partridge as missionpresident rides up about 9 PM to tell the partridges guests are comingto visit sister partridge is upset there is no food in the house presi-dent partridge himself was considerably put out about it imagine theirembarrassment when they discovered their guest was a former missionarycompanion now in the first presidency andhisanahis wife among the ggrouproudouzoup wawasalbert davis and a woman mistakenly identified as president smiths ffirstwife also president farrs wife and son on february 12th the smithsand sister farrs trunks arrived by boat probably at pounders bothtrunks were wet and the clothing in them spoiled while president smithspenespentspenc his first day on the windward side returning to honolulu it appearsunlikely he knew yet about the spaulding manuscripts existence in hawaii

it is necessary at this point to digress and refresh our memories con-cerning the solomon spaulding story briefly told it is this solomonspaulding was born in 176117&1 lived in new york and ohio and for a time wasa presbyterian minister since heliheiihellhedlaavowedheiiavowedhediahedlaavowed any belief in the divinity ofthe bible his ministerial life must have been difficult6difficultydifficult 6 he tried hishand at several businesses including that of novelist but appears to havebeen unsuccessful at anyang he died at 55 in 1816 when joseph smith jr was

13

only 11 nor does it seem likely he ever knew sidney rigdon as enemiesof the church claimed some cimetimecline probably between 1809 and 1814 whilehe was in conneautConneaut ohio some fifty miles easeeast of kirtland he wrotea narrative account of 175 pages about early settlers of america whoemigrated from rome about 315 AD and were taken in by the delawareindians there is no religious material in the story and the centraltheme of the novel revolves around a romance between eldeorelseor and lamesaspaulding in his preface to his novel entitled manuscript found claimsto have found the manuscript in a stone box in a cave in northeasternohio the box reportedlyregortedlyreportedly contained 28 sheets of parchment written inromanraman characters spaulding apparently attempted to publish the man-uscript bucbutbrutbruc was unsuccessful

I1 found it fascinating to compare modern accounts of the redis-covery of this manuscript with isaac forcesfaxes account some of which musthave been told him by joseph F smith and which journal account mostlater authors probably would not have seen the various sources whenconsidered together suggest a related chain of events leading to therediscovery of the manuscript in hawaii first there was a debate inkirtland ohio from february 12 to march 8 1884 a four week periodbetween the reverend C braden and E L kelley during which the spauld-ing manuscript was topic shortly after this james H fairchild presi-dent of oberlin college located about 75 miles west of kirtland came tohawaii and contacted mr LL rice at punahoupunahoaPun ahou rice had been an anti-slavery editor in ohio as well as state printer in columbus ohio andfairchild had hoped to obtain some antislaveryanti slavery documents to be added touhechethe oberlin college library in looking through his collection ricediscovered spauldings manuscript this story of the discovery wasgiven by fairchild to the newspapers in the east from which the deseretnews apparently obtained it president smith very likely read the utahnewspaper account here and on april 16 1885 he and president farr wentto rice asking to see the manuscript

one other bit of information is important here in understanding thesignificance of this manuscript discovered in hawaii it involves oneof the first apostates from the church doctor P hurlburt who was nevera physician by training but was given the name by his parents who thus

9provided cheirtheirtheitherrnheichelr seventh son with immediate status hurlburt claimed tohave read spauldings manuscript and determined that spaulding wrote thebook of mormon he even went so far as to include in the first antimormon book compiled by hurlburt but with the slightly more reputablename E D howe attached to ic as author and entitled mormonistMonnonist unvailedunavailedsic signed affadavitsaffidavitsaffadavits signifying that manuscript found and the book of

mormon were authored by spaulding hurlburt seems to have been planningto publish manuscript found but discovered that examination of this textby anyone of reasonable intelligence and objectivity would forever destroythe notion chacchatthatnhacchad spaulding wrote the book of mormon nevertheless presi-dent joseph F smithssaiths son joseph fielding smith himself the churchestenth president andauthorand author of his fathers biography indicated in chatthatchadbook why the discovery of manuscript found was of such importance to thechurch

of all the lying attacks ever made upon the book of mormon and thechurch this stands at the peak as the most stupendous it formedthe basis of most of the attacks during all the years from 1834 torhechethe dinecinetimedime of the discovery of the manuscript in the possession of mr

1S

1

rice it was never intended by mr E D howe and thosechose associatedwith him chatthatchac it should ever be found bucburbun providence ruled chatthatchac itshould not be destroyed and that eventually it should be revealed tothe world thus exposing these hypocrites who prepared the story ofhorNormocnormanismmonaonismnormonismmonism unveiled sic and their despicable methods of fightingthe work of the lord which they endeavored to destroy 10the manuscript must have been totally forgotten even after rice pur-

chased the printing office of ED howe where it lay rice brought thecontentsofconcentcontentscontentsofof the office to hawaii and only stumbledscumsnumbledbied on it during his searchfor fairchilds materials while the whole story is much more complexthan space will allow to relate here these are the basic details of thishistory when president joseph F smith comes on the scene

on april 16188516 1885 presidents smith and farr are told by the 85 yearold rice he will not sell them his manuscript for love or money he willnot let themthentham copy it nor sell them a copy foxes next journal entry per-taining to the manuscript is for saturday may 2 and tells that brotherssmith and farr returned from honolulu this evening having had the privi-lege of reading two chapters of the spaulding story finding it to be verysimple and that there is nothing in those chapters that agrees with thebook of mormon further reading of foxes journal convinces one that hav-ing this notorious manuscript so close despicebespice rices hostility presi-dent smith was unwilling to accept rices refusal to allow a copy to bemade thus on wednesday may 6 1885 fox wentventwencwend to the whitney home whererice lived with his son in lawlav and daughter the following is a briefpart of his account

he is 85 years old but carried hisbis age well I1 told him I1 hadheard that he had the manuscript of the spaulding story and thatI1 would like very much to see it he asked my name I1 told himand after a little conversation told me I1 could see them he tookme to his room gave a chair then turned to his trunk and cooktookdook outa package and handeinghandlinghandeing it to me said there it is just as it haselade for over 40 years the pacedge was about 7 by 8 inches duneup in light brown paper tied with a coetoedoe string he then took ituntied the string and took the rapping paper off and handed me themanuscriptaanmanascript talking the while about the time he had had it and saidvouyouyou see it is of very ancient date the paper was cullerdbullerd very muchbyy time and certainly did show markes of age the paper was closelywritten on boath sides and deel of it had been marked out apperentlyappetentlyby the writer I1 read a portion of the prefaceten days later fox records brothers smith and farr have again been to

see rice and he promised to let them have a copy of the manuscript oncondition they would send himhin 25 coppies and send 50 coppies to oberlincollege and then return the coppy to him rice further told them he hadalready sent the original to oberlin chalchatthatrhalthacchac very day one other stipulationwas that the manuscript was to be published with its mistakes the menwere instructed to call again that evening by which timetunelunenune the contractwould be ready remembering that this was pre xerox and ditto machinedays the terms rice set were prohibitive probably exactly as intendedwhen one realizes that a sizable group of peoplepeople some hostile to the churchwere attempting to acquire the manuscript 11I1 when the brethren returnedthat evening rice coldtoldcoid them his daughter and son in law had forbidden toallow the mormons mohavetohaveto have the manuscript under any terms president smithmust then have used all his powers of persuasion for when he and farr de

5

parted they had the manuscript with permission to read it and return itin two weeks the next day fox wrote he had been copying acriesoraescrie of themanuscript the fact that he was writing the 55th to the 157h17th pages makesit clear the manuscript was divided up among several copyists includingpresident and sister smith A day later fox recorded he was copying twomore pages but shortly after he left on tour around oahubahu of course hisleaving signified that the copying had been completed it turned out allchatthatchalchac copying was unnecessary due to the surprising friendship which de-veloped between rice and president smith shortly after president smithreturned the copy rice had loaned him the latter gave his copy to presi-dent smichseismiselthselsmithseithth it was sent to salt lake city june 21 1885 printed andreturned coto rice as agreed since that time the manuscript has beenavailable for sale to the public although until the last few years whensome handwriting analysts stirred up a brief resurrection of the spauldinespauldingauthorship theory no one was much interested

A conclusion to the whole affair may never be written for opponentsof the book of mormon soon drafted the idea of a second spaulding man-uscript of course much closer in style and content to the book of mormonpresident james H fairchild not himself a mormon recognized such oppos-ition and opponents would continue to arise his concluding account of theaffair is interesting

some other explanation of the origin of the book of mormon must befound if any explanation is required

we wonder who will be the ingenious fabricator who will furnish theother explanation of the origin of the book of mormon for

doubtless some of the conscienceless enemies of mormonismMonnon ism willconsider that another subterfuge is required

given the unfortunate necessity of using terms like enemiesandenemies and soldiersto describe christianity there is strong evidence the subjects of thispaper much like us their descendentsdescendants were involved only in skirmisheswhich will conclude only after a great final conflict still more than amilleniummillennium away As the conflict continues until that time certainly theadmirable example of these early horse soldiers will serve us in goodstead

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endnotesENDNDTES

andrew jenson 7therhenhe hawaiian mission bound typescript6 vols unpaged library BYUHCBYU HC vol 3 Decdecemberenber 1 1885

wensonjenson november 20 1885

3journaljournal of frederick J beesley microfummicrofijpMicro fUm BYUHCBYU HC libraryentry for january 3 1886

4beesleyneesleybeesley entry for april 11 1886

sjournalSJojournalurnal of isaac fox microfilm BYUHCBYU HC library entry for april1 1884

6solomon spaulding the manuscript found 1885 p 142 thismicrofilm reel is in the BYUHCBYU HC library under utah and the mormons

anfornforr 157177157 177 reel 11 162.162

melvin R brooks spaulding manuscript LDS reference encyclopedia

p 475

8foxox entry for may 6 1885

john henry evans one hundred years of MoiMoTnoinornotmoimonismmotmonismmormonismmonism p 90

10joseph10joseph fielding smith life of joseph F smith p266

life of joseph F smith ppap 26667266 67

polynesian ORIGINS AND migrations ASPECTS OF THE MORMONVIEW AND contemporary scholarship

by dr jerry K lovelandthe thesis of this paper is the latterdaylatter day saints view that the

polynesians have ancestors from the americas can be supported by scientificevidence however the same type of evidence indicates that the great bulk

of the antecedents of this culture and of the polynesian people have theirorigins somewhere in asia hagothharoth by LDSIDS traditions an ancestor of the

polynesians and a book of mormon character cannot by scientific evidence

be linked with an known migration into or within polynesia incomplete and

frequently hazy polynesian traditions however do support the contention

that there was in prehistoric times a contact with poepledoeple who knew of the

biblical account of the patriarchs and the peoples of the old testament

this evidence however is controversialthe argument presented here has nothing to do with a testimony of the

truthtruthfulnessfalness of the book of mormon or of the relationship of the polynesians

to the house ofisraelof israel it is a latterdaylatter day saint truism that a testimony

of the truths of the gospel is not based upon an scientific or humangeneratedhuman generated

evidence

the book of momon describes a man named hagothharoth who flourished about the

year 65 BC the bok of alma 6358635 8 describes this man in a few terseverses

5 and it came to passthatpass that hagothharoth he being an exceedinglycurious man therefore he went forth and built him anexceedingly large ship on the borders of the land bountifulby the land desolation and launched it forth into thewest sea by the narrow neck which led into the landnorthward

6 and behold there were many of the nephitesNephites who did entertherein and did sail forth with much provisions and alsomany women and children and they took their coursenorthward and thus ended the thirty and seventh year

7 and ih the thirty and eighth year this man built other shipsand the first ship did also return and many more peopledid enter into it and they also took much provisionsand set out again to the land northward

S and it came to pass that they were never heard of moreand we suppose that they were drowned in the depths of thesea and it came to pass that one other ship also didsail forth and whither she did go we know not

17

2

hagothharoth has been presumed by some to be the hawaii loa of hawaiian

traditions and a book of mormon and american ancestor of the polynesian

people Moreomoreoververi more modern authorities that is authorities of the

church has cited harothhagoth as an ancestor of the polynesiansPolynesians Patriarchpatriarchialpatriarchicalialblessings that are conferred upon faithful latterdaylatter day saints have declared

that polynesians are of the house of manasseh one of the children of

joseph manasseh was the forefather of lehi the book of mormon prophet

who migrated with his family from jerusalem to the american continent in

600 BC

so much for the position of the church now what does modern

science have to say about the migration patterns of the people of polynesiagenerally speaking scholars are agreed that there is a new world influence

in polynesia the question is how significant is this contact

there were four major cultural groups in the pacific islands priorto the coming of the first europeans in the pacific during the age of theeuropean discovery of the pacific which began in the l6th16thlath century thesewere the australia aborigines among the most ancient inhabitants of

the pacific islands carbon14carbon 14 dates place them in australia 35 to 40000years ago they were also a very culturally diverse group and about

500 languages have been distinguished in australia melanesia

the islands to the norchmorthnorthkorth of australia and to the west of polynesia is the

most culturally diverse area in the world today there are literallyhundreds of languages spoken in melanesiainmelanesia over 700 in papua new guinea

alone on the melanesian borders of polynesia there are local penetrationsof polynesians in such places as ontongantong jave renell and belona islandsanuta and others fiji which also borders melanesia and polynesia

is obviously under the influence of both melanesian and polynesian peoples

and cultures in the eastern and coastal areas of01 fiji there are strong

polynesian influences while the peoples to the west and in the interiorof the main island of viti levu are much more melanesian in appearance

language and culture to the north of melanesia lie the islands of

micronesia there are eight or nine distinct cultural groups here

to the east of micronesia and melanesia are the islands of the

polynesian triangle an area that has as its three corners hawaii in

the north easter island in the southeast and new zealand home of the

maorislaoris in the southwest unlike the other pacific island areas the

various cultures in polynesia are variations on a central theme the

languages are very similar almost being dialects rather than distinctlanguages cosmologiesCosmologies traditions legends and genealogies are allshared by all groups from polynesia again with local variations

biological evidence used to be thought to be more conclusive about

defining origins and migrations of people than it is presently contemporary

physical anthropologists tell us that things are not so simple as they

once appeared to be the polynesians are apparently of at least two racialgroups the origins of which are not entirely obvious polynesians do

share bloodgroupblood group afinitiesaffinities with american indians but the significance of

this naymaymaybelessaiaybelessbeless than it once appeared to be there are stronger biological

afinitiesaffinities between polynepolynesianssiansslans and american indians than any other racialgroups but the closest aflnityafinityaminity between polynesians and any other racialgroups is with a people who live in the interior of indonesia in any

event serologists advise us to use blood typing with caution other

factors such as disease may complicate the blood type situationnonthelessnonetheless it is a piece of evidence

the strongest single piece of evidence linking polynesians with

aboriginal1 americans is the sweet potato which ethnoetheo botanists declare

18

4

to be a plant of south american origin however some scientists insistthat it is just as likely that a group left polynesia sailed to theamericas picked up a load of sweet potatoes and returned back to thepacific islands as it is that people migrated from the american continentinto the pacific bringing with them the sweet potato

one of the interesting things about hagothsHagoths voyage or voyages isthat these were colonizing expeditions As the book of alma recordsman and women and children went into the ships with much provisionsthese were obviously colonizing expeditions and they would certainly have

taken with them a useful food product such as the sweet potato

the linguistic evidence in polynesia is not too supportive of theproposition that the portion of polynesian culture has its originsin the americas there are very few polynesian languageamericanlanguage american indianlanguage cognates the most interestininterestinginteinaeresting and significant one of these isprobably kumala which in its various forms is the generic term in polynesiafor the sweet potato this also according to some is a quechua indian term

the quechua are people who live along the western shores of southamericasouth america

other than this it appears very obvious that the polynesians shared theoriginal language that they spoke with other people who spoke the austro-nesian language which is actually a family of languages austronesianspeaking people extend from the island of madagascar off the coast of africathrough the indian ocean into malaya indonesia the philippines and acrossthe pacific as far as easter island austronesian speakers are also found

in china and in taiwan in the jumble of peoples and culture hatthat ismelanesia austronesian speakers and non austronesian speakers live sideby side

it would have beenmuchbeen muehmuch easier to trace the origins and migrations

of polynesia if they had had a written language which could record the

wheres and whys of their voyaging that they didaidald travel great distance at

sea is evident the greatest single material achievement of the polynesian

people was in canoe building and navigation there is plenty of evidence

both traditional and scientific to support the notion that there were

extensive voyages in prehistoric times that is preeuropeanpre european times between

the various islands areas As far as origins are concerned the traditionsare fragmentary and not too clear one of the problems with using these

traditions is that it is highly possible and in some cases quite likelythat the traditional evidence became mixed with more modern views in such

a way as to obscure the original traditionsin eastern polynesia there are a number of stories which tell of

people traveling from place to place over long distances these storiestalk about homelands such as hawaiikiHawaiiki or others that were the ancesteralancesteraljumpingoffjumping off points for these people in western polynesia particularlyin tonga or samoa there appeared to be no traditions of voyages or migra-

tions from other areas rather these people affirmed that they began where

they are at the present time these are autchonousautchonous theories that isthey do not claim to have come from someplace else rather they insistthey had their origins in samoa or in tonga

of interest to latterdaylatter day saints would be accounts in polynesian

tradition that support the belief that polynesians and their ancestors

came from the ambameampriaaalaasluas during the bookboole of mormon period there are a number

of such stories including a story from tahiti about analoaio adam and evelikeeve like

figure a hawaiian story of a man like joseph the son of jacob in the

book of genesis one cain and abeltypeabel type story from tonga A few of these

will be cited here

the missionary scholar william ellis arrived in tahiti in 1816

fifty years after its discovery by european explorers but only a couple

19

6

of years after the first christian converts were made there he wrote thisaccount which he discovered in tahiti

A very generally received tahitian tradition is that the firsthuman pair was made by taaroatamaroa the principal deity acknowledgedby the tahitian nation on more than one occasion I11 have listenedto the details of the people respecting his work of creationthey say that after taaroatamaroa had formed the world he created manout of arareaalarea red earth some relate that taaroatamaroa one day calledfor the man by name when he came he caused him to fall asleepand that while he slept he took out one of his ivi or bones andwith it made a woman whom he gave to the man as his wife andthey became the progenitors of mankind 1

the boy seaman will mariner who was captured andkeptand kept ashore intonga for a number of years in the early 1800s was told of a story about

a man who murdered his younger brother and was then cursed by the tongan

god tangaloa tangaloa saidput your canoes to sea and sail to the east to the great landwhich is there and take up your abode there be your skinswhite like your minds for your minds are pure you shall bewise making axes and all riches whatsoever and shall have largecanoes I1 will go myself and command the wind to blow from yourland to tonga but they the tonga people shall not be able togo with you with their bad canoes

tangaloa then spoke to the ochersothers you shall be black becauseyour minds are bad and shall be destitute you shall not be wisein useful things neither shall you go to the great land of yourbrothers how can you go with your bad canoes but your brothersshall come to tonga and trade with you as they please 2

in hawaii the congregationalist missionary sheldon dibble collecteda story in the 1830s about the character named waikelenuiaiku one of ten

brothers and one daughter

the story of joseph is comparable to the story of waikelenuiaiku

one of ten brothers and one daughter the children of waikuhaiku

waikelenuiaiku was the favorite of his father but was despised

by his brothers who threw him into a pit the oldest brother drew

him out of the pit and gave him to another man with instructionsto care for him waikelenuiaiku fled to a country governed by a

king named kamahoalii where he was again imprisoned while in

7

this prison waikelenuiaiku told his prison companions to dream

dreams and report them to him four of the prisoners dreamed

dreams which waikelenuiaiku interpreted he told the dreamers

to the firstfirstthreethreechree dreams that they would die to the fourthdreamer he promised deliverance and life the dreams were ful-

filled as waikelenuiaiku hadbad foretold the fourth dreamer cold

the king of waikelenuiaikus power to interpret dreams the3king sent for him and made him chief in his kingdom

these stories were not accepted without skepticism ellis said

regarding the adam and eve like story that this always appeared to me

to be a mere recital of the mosaic account of the creation which they

have heard from some european and I1 never placed any reliance on italthough they have repeatedly told me it was a tradition among them before

any foreigner arrived 4

As far as the cain and abel story from tonga john martin who com-

piled mariners book says regarding this storymr mariner took particular pains to make inquiries respectingthe above extraordinary story with a view to discover whetherit was only a corrupted relation of the mosaic account andhe found that it was not universally known to the tonga peoplemost of the chiefs and mataboolesmatabooles lesser chiefs often learnedmen were acquainted with it but the bulk of the people seemedtotally ignorant of it this led him at first to suspect thatthe chiefs had obtained the leading facts from some of ourmodern missionaries and had interwoven it with their ownnotions but the oldest men affirmed their positive belief thatit was an ancient traditionary record and that it was foundedin truth 5

these are few of the interesting parallels with old testament

characters who would have been known to a book of mormon people we

will say more about the reliability of these accounts a bit latertraditional migration accounts

we might also expect to find accounts in polynesian traditionsdealing with migrations of polynesian peoples from other places such

20

8

a tradition is fairly well stated in maori oral history which has the

early maoris leaving a homeland hawaiikihawailklHawaiiki and sailing for new zealand

the term hawaii or its variations turns up in several places in polynesia

hawaii in the presentdaypresent day hawaii and savaii in samoa the ancient name for

raiatea in french polynesia was according to some havaiihavaiki the name

also shows up in one marquesan story in which the people of hivaoahivala sailedto havaiihavaiki and back in a bamboo raft which have five levels two below

the water and three above

there are then traditions of the movement of people from place to

placehardlyplace hardly surprising considering the island character of polynesia

migration accounts are more frequently found in eastern polynesia than

in western polynesia where autochthonousautocthonous theories are the rule our

question here though is whether we can find any tradition that suggests

an affinity with the harothhagoth account in the book of mormon any event thatoccurred 1600 years before the first europeans entered the pacific to

note and record any polynesian traditions the answer here is yes

but in 1920 handyrandy recorded a marquesan tradition of a great double

canoe the kaahuakaahea which sailed from hivaoahivala east to tafiti the poly-

nesian word tafiti or tahiti designates a foreign place some explorers

left the vessel there while others returned handysrandys informant insistedchatthatchac the voyage was in the direction of the rising sun that is toward

south america not southwest toward the island of tahitithe most striking polynesian account of a harothhagoth like voyage is

that of hawaii loa or hawaii nui he is called hawaii loa or

ke kowa i hawaii in the fornandermanderFo story and hawaii nuinul in the kepelino

version mormonmonnon tradition has it that hawaii loa and harothhagoth are the

same person and IDSLDS temple records show them as being the same

9

the hawaii loa story is a part of the kumuhonuakunuhonua legends referred to above

A portion of fornanders account which he got from samuel kamakau and

kepelino follows

hawaii loa or ke kowa i hawaii he was one of the four chil-dren of ainaniainali ka lani hawaii loa and his brothers wereborn on the east coast of a country called ka aina kai melemeleMelemelea kane the land of the yellow or orhandsomehandsome sea hawaii loa wasa distinguiseddistinguisheddistinguised man and noted for his fishing excursions whichwould occupy sometimes months sometimes the whole year duringwhich time he would roam about the ocean in his big vesselwaa called also a ship he moku with his people his crewand his officers and navigatorsone time when they had thus been long out on the ocean makaliithe principal navigator said to hawaii loa let us steer thevessel in the direction of laoiao the eastern star the discovererof land there is land to the eastward and here is a redstar hoku ula aldebaran to guide us and the land is therein the direction of those big stars which resemble a birdso they steered straight onward and arrived at the easternmostisland they went ashore and found the country fertileand pleasant filled with awa coconut trees etc and hawaiiloa the chief called that land after his own name here theydwelt a long time and when their vessel was filled with foodand with fish they returned to their native country with thefirm intention to come back to hawaiinethawaii neinetnel ie here in hawaiiwhich they preferred to their own country they had left theirwiveschemthenthemchennhem

and children at home therefore they returned to fetch

and when they arrived at their own country and among theirrelations they were detained a long time before they set outagain for hawaii

at last hawaii loa started again accompanied by his wife andchildren and dwelt in hawaii and gave up all thought of everreturning to his native land he was accompanied also in thisvoyage by a great multitude of people steersmansteersmensteersmen navigatorsshipbuilders and this and that sort of people hawaii loawas chief of all this people and he alone brought his wife andchildren all the others came singly without women hence6hawaii loa is called the special progenitor of this nation

A problem with these traditional accounts is that they were recorded

in the posteuropeanpost european period some of them were actually not written

until almost a century after the arrival of the first europeans forexample the hawaii loa story which is certainly suggestive of the harothhagoth

account is part of a collection written by abraham fornander which he cooktook

21

10

from notes furnished him by the hawaiian historians kepelino and samuel

kamakau no other hawaiian tradition or legend refers to the hawaii loaaccount according to dorothy barrere who has written critically of

these late 19th century biblicallikebiblical like traditions barerrebarerra accuses

kepelino and kamakau of creating the hawaii loa legend saying

in the hawaii loa legendslegend s fornanderspomanders informants departedfrom biblicallyinspiredbiblically inspired tales and entered the realm ofpure invention in their attempts coto account for the peoplingof the hawaiian islands kepelinos story as written in1868 is a plausibly told legend but the embellishments andbiographical material found in fornanderspomanders notesreveal the extent of the invention they also disclose a know-ledge of pacific geography and of an ethnic relationshipamong polynesian peoples that were unknown to the hawaiiansbefore western contact and so could hardly have been incor-porated in an authentic tradition 7

barrere says that for kepelino the problem of accounting for the

peopling of hawaii had been a topic for discussion among those who wish

to replace the older mythological traditions with the more modern and8Qcredible account barrere accuses kepelino and kamakau of intellectual

dishonesty and outright fabrication these tales she says were part of

an ongoing attempt by some hawaiians of that time introduce traditions9compatible to christian teachings

the polynesians capacity for adaption has been noted in more

recent years alfred metraux in his study on easter island published a

few years ago declares thatthe natives who are still acquainted with their folk litera-ture have no scruples about introducing new details gainedfrom visitors with whom they have discussed their islandspast lavachertyLavacherty and I1 have our easter island friends anaccount of their ancestors behavior towards the first voyagerswho landed on the island I1 was greatly surprised to findlater that details the easter islanders had learned fromus or from other travellerstravellers had slipped into the modernaddeaversions of these tales 100

11

the fact of course that these legendary accounts are under sus-

picion does not mean that they are therefore false or that they do not

have some relationship with genuine traditions which had its origins

in a common tradition carried by people initially from jerusalem to the

americasAnericas and then to the pacific what we are simply saying here is that

all of these things perhaps are not to be taken at face value

current explanations of polynesian origins and migrations suggest

as has been said that the bulk of the people and of the cultures have

their origins somewhere in asia but that for a certainty there was a

south american contact archeological evidence suggests that western

polynesia that is fiji tonga samoa were the first settled areas of

polynesia fiji seem to been peopled by at least by 1300 B C samoa

and tonga by 1100 BC there appears then to have been migration from

western polynesia into the marquesasmarquesanMarquesas islands and from thence to eastern

polynesia in about AD 300 from here according to the evidence we have

to this date easter island was inhabited by AD 400 hawaii by AD 500

the society island by AD 600 and new zealand by A D 800 these dates

of course are tentative and as more archeological evidence is obtained

it may indicate an even earlier settling of these areas

conclusion for mormons the relationship of the polynesian peoples

with the house of israel is an unquestioned fact it is however based

upon faith and not upon the wisdom of man to rely upon questionable

evidence from questionable sources to support by scientific evidence

that the peoples of polynesia came from the americas is perhaps unwise

such information is better based upon faith to utilize the reasoning of

man to support ones position in this connection means that we must play

the game by different set of rules at the moment the winners in the

2 2

12

game areaze not those who support the settlement of polynesia by a book ofmormon people it is unlikely that science can either prove or dis-approve LDS beliefs about a book of mormonmonnon people settling in polynesiamay I1 suggest in concluding that it does not matter we have our

faith and what is most important is not where the peoples of polynesia

came from but rather where they are going

FOOTNOTES

my position on the relationship of traditional beliefs and thehagothharoth account is developed more fully in my article hagothharoth and thepolynesian tradition brigham young university studies 17 autumn 1976

597359 73 A summary of the theories of polynesian origins is found in a

chapter by alan howard polynesian origins and migrations A review of two

centuries of speculation and theory in a 1967 bernice P bishop museum

publication polynesian culture historylwilliamawilliamlWilliamwilliam ellis polynesian researches polynesia 1831 reprint ed

rutland vt and tokyo charles E tuttle 1969 p 110

2iiiliiwillwiliwiilill mariner an account of the natives of the tonga islandscompiled from the communications of W mariner by john martin 2 volslondon constable 1827 2112112112132112 1311

3sheldonheldon dibble A history of the sandwich islands honolulu thomasG thrum 1909 p I118

41bidbid51bidbid p 113

6abrahamtabrahamabraham fornander fornander collection of hawaiian antiquitiesand folklorefolk lore memoirs of the bernice P bishop museum vol 6 honolulu191919201919 1920 p 278

7dorothy barerrebarerraBarerre the kumuhonua legendsLeRends A study of latecentury hawaiian stories ofot creation andand origins pacific anthropologicalrecords number 3 honolulu departmentdepa tmentament of anthropology bernice P bishopmuseum 1969 p 38

8ld8aldibid p 37

91bidbid p 2

1oalfredalfred metraux easter island new york oxford university press 1957p 229

statistical GROWTH OF THE LDSLOS CHURCH IN SAMOA AND TONGA

byglenn Y M lung

in response to invitation I1 am pleased to present a brief updateof the LDSLOS churchs growth in samoa and tonga as a sequel to my paperlast april significant changes have occurred in the missionary suc-cesses of both countries as well as the construction of church meetinghouses there church programs have been upgraded and membership con-tinues to grow at a rapid clip one interesting change was the trans-ferring of translation services from samoa and tonga to salt lake city

perhaps the most exciting development in both countries is theconstruction of their own temples both temples are of the 12500square feet size and of similar design both were started at aboutthe same time both will have open houses shortly followed by dedi-cation this summer both are expected to have adjacent genealogyservice centers which will receive the name extraction cards from sur-rounding stakes and process them into computerized name slips for usein the temple both have generated tremendous spiritual uplift andanticipation as temple blessings approach realityTONGA

hurricane isaac which wreaked such terrible destruction such asover 90 of the homes in the haapai islands was also a blessing Asis so often the case in disaster it brought out some of the best inhuman behavior and demonstrated the great strength of the LOSLDS churchimmediately it was noticeable that except for minor roof damage notoneldsonelda chapel was destroyed they were quickly repaired and used astemporary shelters for nonmembersnon members as well as members the churchquickly allocated over a million dollars of relief funds plus largecommodity shipments which were distributed through normal church pro-cedure members were expected to work in return for the church assista-nce rendered with help from the presiding bishoprics office manysmall simple new homes were built for the saints the whole populationwas so impressed by the church members and the welfare program thatmissionary work surged forth notwithstanding a new reduction in ser-vice for tonga missionaries from 18 months down to 12 months under theable leadership of mission president pita hopoateHo poate convert baptismsskyrocketed spectacularly from 1583 in 1981 to 2787 in 1982 thatwas an increase of 82 accordingly church membership rose by 22 over1981 from 23795 to 29098 in the next month or two two new stakesare scheduled to be created in tonga

in physical facilities tonga made notable progress at the out-set of 1982 they were able to implement the full church operations andmaintenance program as practiced in the united states that is respo-nsibilitysibi lity and administration of chapel maintenance passed from the paidemployees of the presiding bishopricbishopricss office to the unpaid physicalfacilities representatives PFR called by stake presidents

when the tithing faithfulness program for construction was announcedin april of 1982 all seven stakes in tonga met the requirementsmeetinghouse construction surged forth with eight new buildings costinga total of about 2330000 at the end of 1982 a new milestone was

23

achieved with the awarding of contracts to construct three chapels byprivate contractor the first contracted meetinghouses in tonga itis hoped that eventually all church construction in tonga will be doneby private contractors as is practiced in the united states projectionfor 1983 construction is eighteen new buildings costing a total of2400000

A mark of spiritual maturity is qualifying for dedication ofmeetinghousesmeeting houses here tonga scores highly with 70 of their 76 permanentmeetinghouses dedicated two of the remain six are still in construc-tion and the other four are merely waiting for all expense bills tobe received and paid

an interesting aspect of life in tonga is a law which prohibitsbusinesses from operating on sundays everything is closed on sundayincluding the airport that law together with the faithfulness oftongan saints produced an average sacrament meeting attendance ofover 53 for the whole country for 1982 this compares favorably withthe 45 average attendance in hawaii for the same period in my lastvisit to tonga last november I1 attended a ward where over 90 of themembers were presentSAMOA

samoa likewise made commendable growth progress in 1982 theirchurch membership grew from 36513 to 38096 or a 4 increase partlydue to good publicity generated by the temple construction convertbaptisms increased gratifyingly from 1313 to 1648 this was a 26increase however one of samoas concerns is the migration of citi-zens to other countries there are probably more samoans now in newzealand than there are in samoa hawaii and utah also have largegroups of samoanssammansSamoans

in church construction samoa ran into a roadblock when churchheadquarters announced the tithing faithfulness requirement for co-nstructionst samoa has a long history of poor reporting undevelindevelundevelopedopedapedtransportation and communications facilities impede priesthood leadersin training clerks to make accurate and timely reports many churchunits became discouraged and made little attempt to submit the requiredreports to church headquarters these reports became the prime requ-isites to qualify for chapel construction under the new program andsince then only one of their eleven stakes had been able to qualify fornew construction this past week however four new stakes have justqualified consequently no new projects were begun in 1982 and onlyabout 119000 was expended on repairs and minor renovations of their1982 2000000 construction budget the presiding bishoprics officewith faith in samoas ability to resolve their problem has budgetedalmost a million dollars for new projects in samoa in 1983

like tonga samoa has been successful in dedicating their chapelssixtythreesixty three of their seventythreeseventy three are dedicated two of the remainingten are still in construction and the other ahtghtfghtfeht are awaiting financialclosing

in the pesegapenega village of western samoa the LOS church has a largepiece of porpertyporperty in excess of 125 acres this property serves as thecampus and faculty housing of the church college of western samoa andas headquarters for the samoa mission the church education systemand the presiding bishoprics office now to be located there are the

samoa temple and visitors center this whole complex has beenmasterplannedmaster planned for all its new uses and is on the verge of extensivechanges expected to cost about2aboutsabout 2 millionmill ion it will then truly becomethe hub of all mormon activities in samoa

A stagnant economy coupled with a high rising rate of inflationwill continue to feed the samoan exodus those who leave to furthertheir education have little if any employment incentives to returnto their homeland still there continues among her displaced sonsand daughters to be a strong attachment to the mother country theystrive to preserve their culture and to stay close to the churchthe LDS church in samoa probably is the brightest hope for thesepeople

SUMMARY

with all their problems and undeveloped condition there isdefinite economic progress in both countries tonga now sportspaved roads on their main thoroughfares and more widespread tele-phones samoa has developed to the point where many services whichthe church had to provide for itself can now be contracted such aschapel construction manufacture of building bl ocks vehicle main-tenancetenance and joinery products the saints in these countries arelikewise maturing spiritually their high levels of church activityand great missionary successes stand as beacon lights to all thechurch they continue to rank first and second among all itnernationalcountries in the ratio of LDS to the population jesus said to hisdisciples go ye therefore an d teach all nations baptizing them inthe name of the father and of the son and of the holy ghost thatis happening in samoa and tonga

24

ORIBDIORMU or tseTHEteeche polnsslaxspoixiesums

PRESERMFBESBKTED BY s XMKUBTeurt f RICHTXRBICHTBB

whoho areaz the polynesianpolynesianspolynesiamPolyneglaassianssiamglane wudemurewhere did they comcowcamcalcol fromfroe how dilidilldidthey comecoma why did they comscome when did they comcam theaethesecheseaxeareszearbaze just a& few of the questions that people have asked overthe years concerning the origin of the polynesiansPolynesiansmany interesting answers have been given to these questionssoeSOMsobaSOBSsoms are that the polynesians are fromfroetromtuom a alostlostloat continentthat they cosacosecogscomecoas fromfrofroe egypt greece or peru or that they azearearvamethe lost tribes of israel the osteast widely accepted andsndabdardtaught meranswermeewar isin that the polynesians originated fron asiaticoceania

itsletelets take a& look at the asiatic oceania origin theory I1call this the big blow theory because myy hawaiihmwajignhenell aa historyteacher at kapNapkapiolaniiolani ComconitycomamityConcomityamityity college told his class thatthe asiatic people wereweze blown off course by big storm andlanded in the polynesian islands soresowsonesol of these people thatwere blown off course taledlandedlaledlaudedla tedled in the tongantongen islands about1500 BC according to the theory shortly after arriving intongatongstansa aoneSOBSnonesons of these people sailed onan to semossamossamoa in aboutIOADload a& group of people aftafroxfta bothtoothbooth tongatongs and senossamossenoa amareaze saidsaldMto have left thobethose lalandsislandslalandaleliallet adanda and sailed to the marquesanmarquesaskarquemsMarquesessassea islandislandspromprosfron the Narmermeznarquesesnarquesasqueses omssomsSOBSamsmobs traveled oaon to the society islandstahiti while others went to seaterbastereesteratereterstar tilalandisland raparepsbaparaps nuikuinujsmi thebig blow theory boeagoes9008gobaboba OBon to say that it was not until sonetime between 500ad and 750ad that YArmarquesanmarquesaayarquesanMarququesanesaabanadana voyagers dis-covered and settled in hawaii while the ywmueeenamuquesans weresupposedly discovering hawaiikawall the tahitians set sail diadindladis-covered yowmewnowsewyew zealand and becanebecame known asan the anorismaorismnoris the lantlastlentgrationmigrationsi according to the theory took place sometimeboeaoebometise be-tween 1000ad and 1250ad when the Tahititahitiansambeunaeb are believed tohave nitratednigratedgratednii to hawaii

Isin this how the polynesian imiralislandsadsnds were settled can thebig blowslow theory stand up undunder fire laksletsinta find out bylooking at a mapnapnepaap of the pacific oceanomanoganaccording to thisULU mapnap and every other napmapnepaap you look at if thepeople had comacome troafroat asiatic oceania they would have beentraveling against both the winds and ocean cumcurrentsentaants since theprevailing winds and currentscuzcurtentarentatenka travel in a counterclockwisedirection below the equator and a clockwise direction abovethe equator wouldnt it be logical for the people tohave comscomecone tromtroefrom the american continent to answer this latesletslook again at the mapsapwap of the pacific omenoceanomanocsanonan and show the routesof soassonsnownom of the great explozeeexplarse magelloniMagelionsloniians 1519152211519 15221 drakedrakes157715 158015801 quelQueiQuaiquairossqueiroelzossroelrossmoeldoes 1605160551 hussaitussai 1642 164311643 cookicooks 17681771 1772 17751773 1776 1779 AS you chart the paths ofeach of thelthesethem explorers you can see that they followed thedirection of the prevailingprevail inglag winds and currents they had tofor they didnt have any source of power to movenove their shipsother than the winds and currents if these aensenmenren had to dependon theaethesetheme sources of power to ovaovemove their ships would not the

25

pacePAGBPAGE 2

voyaging polynesianpolyneeians also have to depend OBon the winds andwadmadcurrents ofif course they would

I1 attended ana interesting lecture at hethe bishop moseonmoseun onanarchnarchmarchmerchnerch 25 1982 to listen to dr yorihikoyosihikoYosihiko it sinoto paakapeakpeakspeakaboutboatboutboub muqueoanxlxquesen and tahititahitianan prehistory eimhiselmhi whole peperpaperexcept for amone part supported the asiatic oceania origintheory the meoneome part that didatdidnt support the theory provedthe opposite of what dr sinoto wamwasa trying to prove

dr sinoto gajaGRJAeaidarja that a fellowfollow scientist mewasmasmaa working with acompcoupcomputerukersteruber and ceecaecamcescan up with aonenonemome very interesting resultszwereeuitaultathe end result of khiathiathis work showed that no ship netnotbetbeb adriftwould travel eastward dabdotbutdalbabbal that ships set adrift would travelwestveetweetvest north and south with aaseease given a& certain startingpoint it showed that ships couldconidconacond travel anywhere emongamongmeonemeangemons thepolynesianPolynealaneiannian lalandsislands the results aisoalaoalsomiao showed four startingpoints OBon the veatveetvastweatwest coast of the americanaaaAaeamarican continent thesestarting points were in northern california mexionmexiooyamico centralamerica panama and the kidsouthkid south american coast area thecalifornia and mexico starting points bnobrobroughttight the ships tohawaii while the other two starting points brought the shipsto the other polynesian islands in the southevensven with this relatively new proof of the origin of thepolynesiansPolynesians the scientists attill stand behind the asiaticoceania origin theorysowmownow iotaletslotslatsleteiata look at another proof asan to the origin of the polynesians what about the genealogies and legends which pointsto the fact that the polynesianspolynesian canscaneca froefrom the american conti-nent did the scientists forget about khawthesethaw proofs of originno they didnt forget or overlook these piecespiece of evidencebut feel that language and a few piecepieces of pottery isin strongerevidence in showingshaving where the polynesians calcamcel fromfroe somosososo ofthe scientistscientists say that the genealogies and stories are justlegendslexand and azeaxeare therefore valuelessvalveless in their proof of the originof the Polynepolynesianspolyneeiansalenssiansalena however other scientistsscientist say that sincethe polynesians had no fozforfarefazroceromm of writing they had to meuseume chantsto preserve their genealogies and histories AsA you can seethe scientistscientists cant evwlmeva agree on this pointthe church of jesue christ of latterdaylatter day saints believe differ-ently fromfroncromsron the majorityajaajority of the scientists concerning thegenealogieslogi parforpanfar instance the genealogy contained in thekumaipokuaulipo creation chankchantchestchaatchaetchael isin recognizedrecognised an authentic by thechurch and heshasheaha been cleared for ordinance work in the twxTenTexcemcwmtwateeplestenplestexplespissples

lebsletslabsiatalata look at the KvAskuaulipokvasupoUpo also known asa the kumahomasKumahomushomas genea-logy this genealogy elartstartstartsewart with adamhemm and endaendends with kahakahebheaheehaashanahenehe IV there ieis boweornowborbog controversycontroverey burourbuzsurrounding this genealogybecamebecause it isin incompleteiacoepiwkaplete there azeareaxekre tvtwo periods during whichthere are no records belbetbutbwlbek there amareaze4vezyveryvbry good explanations asanto why this isin so

the first period of tigtim during which there are no recordrecordsis between fkftnasseh and lehi between theaethesetheme two great ebneensonmenwonthere are eleven hundred years or approximatelyapproxiaately 44 genera-tions being that 25 years isin the accepted I1 r of yearsbetween generations which are unaccounted for this period

P 3

of tinatinetimetibeblaeblaa can be broken down into tigotirotwo timetima periods DMtheche firstperiod covers the four hundred years that israel was heldholdheid incaptivity in egypt during that timeuseumeumbblaeblab no genealogies werekept eoso it is saldsaidskidid except in the tribe of judah the secondperiod of seven hundred years weswaswea duringdaring the timstilltime when lenelismelisraellived under the judges and kings of israel whoho ersarswazeerewerewars inalmost every instance of the lineage of deviddaviddaviadwvid through judahwe find the I1lineageI1 ne of janaanJjudah4 h in the bible thetha lineage oflahilohiishilahl back to Yanameh ieJA not to be found in ouroaroun didstnidetsidst fozfarfortartaurozit ieis onan the bramsbr plates talked of in the book of yawmanthough this lineage isin missingling nowmm wee shall knowknon what it isinsomesomasometimessometimstlamtims in the future and thanthenkhen well be able to fill in thebelnesaingng

the second period of timetine duringdaringduning whichnidinemy wee have no genealogicalrecords covers a 565 yelyeuyear period or about 23 generationsbetween nephi and notarinotaiiiiiili 11111 loalom1 thesethem records had been keptbutbatbuk the coon people did not haxehavehewe access to khethekhene recordswhen the people settled in polynesia this informationinforbation waawasweeweswealost to khemthebthembhea except fanfarforfoz the important people these biasingaiminggenerations though missing at this elmetime will surface in thefuture and then all the generations hallshallheilheiiwhellwheil beinhelnhainbe in their rightplace again

during this 565563 yearf period there is meoosons naesusesusee mentionedBentionedoeddedalong with his descendants in the genealogy records that I1researched this personapersons nanename was opukahowappukahoaaa

why was the nameneasnems opukahowaopukahooea importantibportantimpwtant to the people opukaopakahonmabonushomus isin known to have been hornborabornbozabazahorm about 263bc2 he lived inthe land of nephi shebshemehm aniah left the lend of nephi beeamseeomniqaniomal 12 book of m r 0 it isin believed that opukahonusopukahonuastayed behind and then later fled with others fromfroesrom southAwamericaericaaricaedica about 20obc20qbc

it is believed that opukahonuasopukahonulls group originally landed onanbaster lalani aspareperapabapa nulmuinuikuikul earlier I1 mentionedBentioned that therewas a& starting point an00 the nidkidmidmidsouthkidsouthsouth americanansABearsrican coast accordingto the computer to getgotbebewt to bapa nuihuinul amoaeoasome would have to leavetrobfrobfromtrom a point ORan the midboutheidridmideldnid southbouth americanamoAnoambrican coast in order to beable to me the prevailing winds and currentssometime later somee of the descendants of opukahoneaopwahonva tra-veled to andlaniami settled the tahitian islands and the marquesanmarquesasMarquesasislands this would explainIs why whomwaen later groupsgroupe of peoplecoming to khamthesethemkhal wandsialalaialnlamisolsmia found themtheathentham to be already inhabitedby people maylwall1 to khenthentheathemkhem

after opukahoeuaopukshomus the amknextamt important person that the peopleknow maswasw hawaiiloahawaii loeloaioe the members of the church of jesuajemsjesuschrist of latterdaylatter gayday saints know that havasihaxaiihavaii loalom was a cap-tain of a& ship built by harothhagothhagota the chirshipchipahir buybulbuilderaa1a meseebeeswe almaalaaalnaainaalea63s63t 583853 8 book of MOVEM what happened to banell loalom afterhe set sellsailmailseli we do know that he sailed in a& northward direc-tion fuosfrosfrom the narrow neck of landlandl but other than this thebook of mormon is silent we do have other sources of anforinforaitionitionmation concerning genall loeloaioe on his first trip this othersource of information are the legends of the twicaliforniaornia

26

yme 4

coastal indiana aalaaiandani physical evidencetldeTidewidenceoceoca

it ieis kanomkaowaknom that 11hawaiiloahawaiialiall loalom sailedailedklied north with makaliimakNakaliimilimill ratarakakatamatariki a very famous arnntrnnstearman madaadand esveneeveaseven otheeotterother famous steersmemaenmennannam the sorthnorthsoethnorthern california indianindians hamehavhavehenhwnheme somesoassoms interestingtradition about a shirhipshipahir tandilanditandllanding mezmar paatpxatpresent day crescentcity california about the sambsameamme period of timtiatime that hawaiiloaloelosioa and hiahiehishla party abtmet1 milmiiailmailamilamli Isin this whonwherewhomwhen hawaiiloacanaiihanaiihawaii loaioa firstlanded the possibility of hiahimhkahla landylandllanding there iain very strongasan you lilillwinwih meOBon the table land of point st george neaznearnowmearnodned crescent citycalifornia isin found aaan lasene bed of mussel shells andanimal boneshomes the traditions of the indians living in thearea aarssaysmanaaraaaeawe that the people whoho created this bed of shells andbones wazewezeweremerwmeze calledailed the seven hobgateehchgates notice the similarityalaisinilaritybetween hohgateshobgsteshobHohgatesseben and harothhagothragoth Is there any meaningaiming in thisI1 think sono its another proof of the origin of the polynesians aadandamaaea this proof become stronger as we continue lookingat this I1legeai of the imiansinamms

the seven hohgateshchgateshobHohgates axeareaze baidsaidamidbald to have speetspentop st oatmoatostmost of their binetinetimewinehunting andani fishing in obvious preparation for another oceanvoyage for they had1 alved wharewherewhomwhon they were in a ship oneonsday according to the tradition they went fishing and har-pooned a& giant sea lion at a& high rate of paedpeedspend the ammam liondragged the ship toward a whirlpool at the edge of thewhirlpool the rope broke andaad a& great whirlwind weptswept the boatout of the water the tradition goes onan to say nevermoreon earth were the hobHohKohkobhohgateskohgatesgatebgates swemseenmenawenlen but tharetherethemthakekhenehen azeaxeareake seven stars inheaven that all memnenmenaenabn know of and thasethesethawkhasakhanwhan stars axeareazeakeace the sevenhohgateshohgstmHohsebasgates that amonee lived where the great halihellshellhailahall bed neernearcrescent city amnownom isit isin interesting to note hehwehue at this timeti that hamaiihamadihawaiiloaloalosioadida nemenansnamenema thosekhanethosesevensegensevensevem stars after thet bevenseven zammafauna ateersteersteeabearsteersnsteeramenramansnramenzamanthat sailed with himhishi andaad NakYAdmaknadnakaliiyadcalillmakaliialiicalillkill metmeknatarikinat&rikiNatariki onan the firstvoyage the nambanamesnameb of the stiversatesteatwsheerensteerenstiversmenezenerenszenmen and the stars azeaxeeresenes laokahikikablkikahihi mlsmi hoku uuulauia baiaokaiaoy&tao Kioliollokiopaakiopsgapaa limllkmlululauunulaun and polohilanithese stairsstarsstemasteda axeareazeedaene known to this day by themethesethemthel namosnamesmenes by boththe americanamaAaeawerican fims and the polynesiansPolynesians I1 ask you wouldthe american tuaituditwastafftm know these stamastarsalsusstada by theaetheme nalenamenemennemannala if theywere not related to the polynesiansPolynesiansthe constellation rammedformed by these stars is known to usno asanpleiades and is also called the seven little siaSinslasisterstermtersteem hawaii-loa named this constellation after the headheihelhal steerman itekaliiyakluimatnatnatarikiitetarikiariki to this day this constellation isin known by thisusnamanaaenaweme by the polynesians throughout all&12eilelaeia the islands of thepacific rwrorpodpad instance iaim newmewnowseuswu zealand thesethem ekaetastazastars andaad thecomst13oonatellationution&tion that they faemforefarmform amareamearn known by the jaaesnaaesnamesmamba alreadymentionedsentiododnoddad their tradition concerning the stazestars originshowever isIA slightly different in that it says the starsstare azeaxearsseven chiefs who wezewere translated after death to heaven and aneye of each isin only visiblevaawaswaavas the above described fates of the seven their actual fate

PAGEPJCEpige 5

we aoqu not know vewe do know that hawaiihamallhawaiiloaloaloelaa did go on00 to dis-cover hawaii and then returned to hiahiehishla holandhomeland

when hawaiiloahawaii load1dreturnioaloa did return homshowhomehog heb gatheredhisgathered hiahiehishlabiabla familyreally to-gether along with others audandad then setnotaekaaknet sail again never toreturn vithwith hlahiahishim he took hiabishishla wife and children hiahiehishla brotherskiikili and kanaloakalosKA toslostoa aadand others of his family these people andtheir faalfaaifamiliesilesliesilea that aadebadenodsmade the voyage became the first humnhwninhabitants of the hawaiian islandsT 1 bda this voyage by hawaii-loa to settle hawaii took place about 54 or 53bc53rc this se-cond voyage also appears to have been a direct trip to hawaiisince there are no indian traditions concerning this voyageas thentherethemkhem are concerning the first one

it is interesting to note that the islands in the hawaiiano0chain were namadnamednenad after membersesbers of the group that camecasecamcal on thesecond voyage hawaii the big lalandislandlelamdleland was namadnamednenad for hawaiiloa oahu was namedna od for his daughter while maui was namedna boiorleol

for his son the other island were narednamednenad for other membersof the group

now lets backtrack a little to todr Sinotos talk and hisntioningentioningmentioning about a fellow scientist who while working with7a computercomcosputer found four places on the american continent whichwould take a& ship fromfrostrom the american continent to the polyne-sian islands letaletsistlelata look at the route hawaiiloahawaii loa took on hisfirst rounrouterout we knowkeowknon that he traveled north srosfrosfromsrom the narrowneck of land benemapanamaPanasaneamnemm now if he did land at point st georgehe would bobe able to use the currents and winds to take hisdirectly to hawaii QBon his second voyage by traveling northtil at the saw latitude asan mexico city and then turned tothe open sea he would have been taken directly to hawaiiagain by the prevailing winds and curcurrentsrentsreaterenke

of the four starting points onan the american continent frofrom

which the coacoscomputerputer said one could sailmailamiiamli fromfros the continent tothe polynesian islands I1 have thus brovprovproved that each one wasused one was used by opukahonuaopukahonva and the other three wemewerewezereused by hamelihamell loalosloeioeioa I1 find these facts interesting especi-ally when the computercomcosputer showed that theltherethem were no startingpoints in the mateastmotbastbaat whewhohere else could the polynesians haveconcow fromfros except troafromtuom the americanAenicanrican continent

when the descendants of the people who settled hawaii setsail to explore the ocean to the south they dincovdiscovdiscovered tahitiwhich they found to be alxeedy&1zsdy inhabitedinhibited theaethesethomthow inhabitants oftahiti wewezewere the descendants of opukahoouaopukah6sma a nephite andlalokooalglokon& a& laT mealkasanitaykeitsconcerning laioLalojalolalokonajalokonakona not wuchmuchmuehmunh is known it is known that hewas born about 238bc23obc his descendants inhabited sestereasterseatersauter islandrapsraparapecapsbspafaps nui tahiTabitahltahitiaatabitianTahititabithanblamtianklaaaa islands and the marquesanmarquesasMarquesas islands didhe travel with opuopukahoouaopukehanuskehanus it is not known if he did or notthere is a chancochanceahnchn that he did lalokonaLalokona when researchingthe genealogies is found to be the eleventh great grandfatherof wekeswakes this mccaceaccountsmountamounts for the LaLzlamanitesanitemanite blood in the hawaiian&hawaiianshamasiHawaiiaasansaaa

7

PAGEPACK 6

we have been looking at the legends an evidence of the originof the polyneaians sowhownow ietletiatalets look at somssonssomesoae physical evi-dencedanaedencedamoe which are known fackfactfactsraakaraaba

the coastal indianatirhans of california hadhod a gantocastecantogastegestegante system similarto the hawaii11an system thobethose that had arearboresoremozemaze wealth and faoumnogousnowmog ancestorsencaanceenoaatoratonatan became the ruler and noblesnoblee then calcam thechiefachiefs and then shethetassmssme bonerscommonersonersoners at the lowest level of thesystemstomstoastem casecanecamecawacambcamm the slavesthe slaves were abstainedabtained by capturing then during wewarenees andzaidaraidsraidzaldazmia or by purchasepuropurcpuzohaaehabehebe they were at timetineatine treated well how-ever their master had the right to give themthenthea aaas a& sacrificeameaaeamarificeto the spirits and gods

another interesting fact iais that the indiana living alongthe coast of the pacific northwestnarKornaethweat and the northern californiacoast wore capes of feathers the feathers were shingledon a netnot or animal skin foundation an excellent exampleshowing that feathered capes were in use in california isinfound in two years before the immemavineeleo richard danaoana jrthe author bought a& hide robe with brightly colored feathersall over it he called it an indian curiosityanother expellantexcellantexcellant piece of physical evidence isin found anongamongamonsthe haldahaida indianaindians which adeaxeareadb located on queen charlotte islandbritish columbiaColunbiablabim canada and the southern andend of prince ofvales island alaska USA have any of you seen theircanoes ar houses they are built exactly aaan those built bythe mamie in sowhewnowsew zealand the canoes were built in thesembsameaeme wannermannernannarmannarwenner fromfron log to finished product the lengths of thecanoes were the wehnsawmainnel theeheebb carved figures on the bow weresimilarnilarai asan were the painted designs the wooden canoe ballersand paddles were aademadeie the saweelbel alsoare all of these similaritiessinilarities1 juntjustjuab a& coincidence I1 think notbecause the polynesians did comeconecona frosfrom the american continentnow dont setgetgotbetsekeek as wrong and think that I1 dont believe that therewasnt sonasonssome infiltration of the people from asiatic oceaniathat is why thametherethemthanethel azeaxeareaxaaza a few language sisimilaritiessiailaritiesil atiesities and similartypes of pottery what I1 aaan saying is that the mainmalnaninmelnaein originof the polynesians isin trofroteolla the american continent IV lastbit of evidence that I1 will present will prove this to betrue and will also ahmshowohm that there was somasowsomemowaonaoma infiltration fromfrosfrontromasiatic oceania

did the scientists forget about blood type when they saidthat the polynesians cameammeamma frofrom asiatic oceania I1 dont knowbut if the polynesians had originated from there their bloodtype would be predominately type 10bB factor the Tontonganstongenscongenssensgensbens ands&moanznm do have a wall amount and tharetherethembhanwhan isin a& trace of typeB factor blood among the maertanaorismaorta which shows that therbtherethusthenethue wasaomaSOBOsome infiltration fromsrom asiatic oceania amongamang the rest of thepolynesians theltherethemkhazekhaneuhel isin no trace of the type IBIB factor theblood type of the Polynepolynesianssialsiamsimm isin said to resemblenbsresneberbleesbleerbie that of theameAseamericanmicanrican indianindians because of the contrasts of the blood type

PAGEpaas 7

of the polynesians andamiaud the asiatics this beemsSCOBSmeemsbeema to be con-firming scientific evidence that the basic racial stock ofthe polynesians isin from the americankneAaeenarhaenrican indianaindians I1 aaysayay thatthe polynesiapolynesians miand the americanAaeambrican laicanslaiians amarearbadb cousins whetherthey be distant or cloaeclosedo cousins mekesmekas no difference theyare cousins

IDin sy paper today I1 have only scratched the surface forthere arareaze many otharcitherother things that anam similar between thepolynesians and their comins the american indianaindians forinstanceimeinelmatance I1 havent talked about the thatched holeshouaaahomeshouawa builtby the simomole indiana in florida being built iain a& mannarannermanneranmervery similar to those built by the SasammanssaeaanasamoanssamSaemoanaaanamoansonnaosna what about thetattooing of the bodies of the lateen Womiland 1 11 newhich resembles that of the 11hrquesanshuymanaylene and the chorisnaoriayhoris tharetherethemchemchenare muyenyanyVAUDYamedy significant aiailaritiee81011axwom iain the religious belieffbeliefabeliefsand in actual creation chanta whatshetsheb about pottery nadenodemadeaade bythe indindiansno chowwhowwhose shapssshapesshapsa and ofevenbeanbyan designsdeadebdablansignslens resembles poly-nesianno ianlan pottery or vlmavisa veraaversavanak did you know that muimaimamimul andhihiahiehla trickstricka azeaxeareadeadb known among some t4Tindian4 tribes fronfrom the midhidkidvesternwestern states zhemthesethemzhel amaxeaze not just coincidences they provethe origin of the Polynepolynesiaalmassiansalmaa

before closing I1 would like to pass on to you a piece ofinformation which I1 knowimam will be of interest especiallyto those hsuehenherehel of polynesian ameeeeaaoeatxyameentryantryentry yourtour ancestors weretrue to the priesthood which they hadhod relievedrecievedrecieved and broughtwith then fromfrob the americaneseAseemenicanrican continentCoatinent in everyevary way up antilthe l2th12thlath century AD it wwmswaswea not until the 12th century thata literalliters apostasy and a& completecomcoeplete falling gaygarawayeberray occurredyour ancestors were the last to fall amarsmayasar franfronfrom the truthall polynesians should know andaad be proud of this fact thisis yet another piece of evidence proving that the polynesianscambcawcamecal frobfrom the american continentthough I1 have not presented all the evidence to prove theirorigin I1 have presented alleil I1 can in the tinatinetimetibe allotedaloted&loted meeI1 know through myy work in preparing this paper that the polynesians camscarcamecag frabfrob the americanambriABeriamazicanean continent

bibliographybarrere dorothy the kumuhonua legendscole william A and elwinelvineivin W jensen israel in the pacifickuykendall ralph S and A grove day hawaii A historymalomajohalohaiomaio david hawaiian antiquitiesoliver douglas L the pacific islandspeterson mark E polynesians came from americasmith joseph jr translator book of mormonmonnonhondon

whitehead E L thehouseThthe eHousehouse of israelprecookpre cook history of hawaii text for hist 224b kapiolanicommunity college

28

ANCESTORSAMCESTORS of ADAM ICUMMONUAKUMUHCKUA

english version

BC4004 adaadmadaa adi eveeyebyeeeebee3874 seth3769 enoeenos3679 cainan3609 yahal&leelhrh&laleel3544 dazedjazwijazed3382 enoch331 mathuNathumethuselahselah

1long199 aeeseebeebeb hawaiian versiontersion3130 lamachlamech2948 noehnoahnch2456 shanshenshamsh2346 Arphaxareded2311 salahsalehsaiehselah2281 eber2247 peleg2217 reuronrouren2185 sumssmmsserussemus21552153 nahormanor2126 terahtorah2056 abraham add sarah1956 isaaclameolaal adi rebeccarebbcca1896 jacob adi rachel1805 joseph ad& abenathasenath173 rAnasseh

1100noo yeara of no records40000 years captive in egypt no records kept except

inan the tribe of judah700TOO years I1livedived under the judges anolanciandamol kings of israelismsI1

only their genealogies wemewerewarswedawezewece kept660 leddleniladd 1adI sariah620 nephi

mc&storsajtcestobs OF KUMJHCKUAXUMMCKUA ADAM

hawaiian venionversionvanionvanlon

BC4001 kumuhonuakuauhonua nd1I wohonualalohooua f3874 kapili adi kohinohinolelenahinahinolele f3769 kanakahikokwakahikoKanakahiko adi luhiluhihalwinhilahiheleas f3679 kam&kupuakmakupus ad1I kahikoolupakahikoolups Mf3609 kahikoleihonua ndi nahaNabamahaekuanabaskunskuaskun f3544 Keaebaebekeakenuikeakenaikenuikenaikanalkanui adi kalanihoohonuaihoohonum Mf3382 keolesolkeolaijaolinaimaimeiee linailna a kaoekanskanekaae adi mullanimuolanipbolani f3317 ielKalleieelkalsilieltieitlsilI add afaikiapsski f

bauliihonuaxgullihonins warrior of reknown add imea fflpoaeiblylpossibly other sonsof keilaniweilanikauiiyalaiikajii unknown character ad1 xeaoselemelo11 f tmethuselah

3130 LalooWoomooloolalookonawookonakonekona adi kanoleansniiiilii 111 f2948 nuunuu adi lillnoelilinoe f2456 halnnananalumanismana ad1I maaamaaiakuluea Mf2346 violanikaiolaaiuiolaniKaiolanilaaiiani mdd kairowoilaniyawovoilani Mf2311 Hakmakaimokuhalcuibokuhakaimokuaimoku adi Imiimikapoluikapokapokero f2281 sunNimNunnimulaninunulaniulani adi pilipo f2247 hoouaokaimkuhonuackamoku add anahulukapoanahuluicapo f2217 reeneepapolaaineeneepapulani adi vhekapowohekapo f2185 heleikushikinaheleikuahikiaa mdi halakHalaKalakhelaheiakalakspohalakapokapoapospoepo f2155 heloKeloRelemoheiokelooloarelemooloaoloa ad& kawanaaoKawanaao f2126 keaoapaapaak&oapaap&& aad keaoolaslaekeaoolaelae f2056 inamuuloaauu ad& nneybehiwatoehiwatoehiwa f1956 kalanielaniklans7 tanslans maneYAnemanbmanehmyanehumemanehahumshumehuns PAi kamokanokaanlehllrinainmhine f1896 kalxipukakuivdpuk&ku adi kabooluhlkupaakahocluhikupsa f1805.5 Newenawenewenewenewe alulimaolinaalolim i kahiklkuxahikiku adi nowelohikinakomelohikiaa f1773 kaokaok&lanikaoklokali ad1I hehe ka okumoku f

1100 years of no records400 years captive in sgyptrgyptagypt no records kept except in thetbetrbeabe of 1judah

700TOO years lived under the judesjadesjudges and kings of israel onlytheir lmammagenealogieslogies were kept

660 anianikuAnianiku add kekaipeholaxekaipshol& f620 Aniananianlkalanianianikalaniikalani add kameenuihikinaittaeenaihikina f

532 years no accurate records kept the common people kepttrack of the important people only

29

MCESTORS OPOF KUIUHOMUAXUNUHOKUA adamADAMADAK

hawaiian versionVrlonion

BC88 hawaiihamall& loaloeioaioe adA huslalaihualalaiHuaHuslalai f63 oahu f 1adI kumlinkumli&kunolalakeakea38 kunuiakeakiirohakea id1I kahikiwaleaxahikiwalaa f13 keliialiawiwi&Keliiwiwikaliaailaails adi kahlKahikaahikikahikikahikulukuinkUlUiii fAD12 Kenilia ad1I polahainaaliipolah&inaalii f37 keliiku adi keoupe&11ixeoope&lii f62 KulaniKulankuiankulanishukulaniehuishuehuahu adi kahakauakokooko f89 papanuihanauboku f md1I hakeavakeawakea aad8ad87ad memphitehephitamephite & taeniteljuaaitetamnite blood112 hoohokukalani f ad1I haaouluaayknouluae137 walkmaiavalkvaiavala ad1I huhunahuhuns f162 wailoawail&vallawaild ad1I Hhikawaopo&laima0 noanea f187 kaksihilikaicaihili adi liaileulanimienl f212 kiaelaelngiagla ad& kamoiekanole f237 ole adi hail Mf262 dupuepupue add Kamagamagamekurhelakuahelakamahelshelehelshsie f287 funakujtaakuftnaku adi hikohaalelilkohaale f312 hukahakoanukabakoa ad1I koulae&ikalanikoulamaikalani f337 doaLoaduaTUT nutunuttnuutU add kaxaabaukele Mf362 kahikokahucokaciko adi ensakaaakasaenaa atefte atu or lataatui&te&tu a rarotaaganparotanganParotangan ease person387 kii adi Hinahinakoulahiaakouukoula f415 ulu ad1I klpunuukapuxmu f440 nankienansie 1adI kahaumokmleiakahaumokuleia Mf465 kankiNanaisankinanailanilaailaniiaal ndi hinakinauHinakinau f490 vaiWaiwaikulanitfailnilanikulani ad1I kekazilaniu f515 kuheleiboanakuhaleincana mdi mapunalaalaYAPMAJASI f540 konohikiKonohiki ad1I hikmlulenshikanlulena f565 valna ad1I hinaaahulahinazahuia f590 Akakalanaakslanaakslandalanaslanaaiana ad1I hibakaxeahinakswea f615 maulmauinami akalaoaakaska & ad1I hinakaalohailahinakes1ohails f640 ad& hin&ikapalkuarinsikapolkiss f665 nanakuleinan&kulei adi Kahakukahakuhonuakahakuhanumhanunhanum f690 mamakManaksamakmanaksokomaaakaokomokosoko ad1I kbhlmnlralanirabih1okalni f715 heleipawaheleipura adi kookkockkookookluaikalanismalimalimalkalanikalani f740 hulujanailanihulumanailani add hinhloajulkalani11 1 ni f

ANCESTUMAHCESTOBS OFUF KUHUHCBUAKUXUHCKUA adanadamADAMADAH

hamalianhawaiian vraionyorsionvozYoryorstonelonsionmion

adeado765 Aikanaka ad 41a1 Mf790 hamomholhel idi uluaahahoulunambas fr815 kahailahailahmi adi hinauluohiahiaauluohia f840 sahiVahisahlvahieloawahielaaeloaeloe md1I koolaakahikikoolanklhiki f865 lafkalakalakka wai hikavlem11 f890 luuruluuuuiamnuu ad1I k&pokulaiula Mf91 5 kamm edi popoiilipoponsin f940 pohiuk&iaapohuftin& ai&ii huahuak&poleiruahuaklpolei f965 humhua adi rikinoluloleahucijbolulolea f990 paupeu ad3di k&pohaaki&klp&a&ki& f1015 huanii1ira1a1an1hionvikal Wui mdi kapoeakapota1040 pamakuapamaku&pamagua ad& muiok&lllilaniftnokslililwd f1065 haho ad& kauilalanapaxudlalanspn flogo1090 palena 1edI HikahikamainuihikawailwaiL f1115 hanalaaauihanalaarmi wdi mahula f1140 lawkwaitfltt b rr4rrb adi kolohi&liiakairaikolddaluokami f1165 iasuia&ulaau1 an adi kukaaolibolialohakukawlisolulohal f1190 plupiupinpih vai hinaauakukinaausku fr1215 koagol adi hinaamaihinanuftlHinaagaiamaiagal f1240 oieole010 adi hinamilaleiikinlalileleil f1265 kukohoukukohoa edi hinakeuki f1290 kaniuhlkmiuhi edi hiliahiliaaakanikani f1315 kanipahuKanipahu aid allikauakokoalaikauakoko f1340 kalxpanaulapam nii nainumlamihanae Mf1365 kahalboeleakahzimelal idi kapk&pkapoakaulnhallaakas luballa& Mf1390 kalamuiobqakalnumiahm mdi kabadekahekakabake Mf1413 itaaiwakusiv& ledind& xamleilaaixlualeiuni filaoiino gahkahkahoukapukahoekapui pu id1I lmalmaylaakapuI f1463 kauholanuieahakauholanulmhu adi neuianoulanewia f1490 kihskihakihe odi vaoilwiw&ous& f1515 ldoaluoali2o& add akahikulnnakahikuleana f1540 ualuniumi a liloahiloa odi ftpukinikapukini f1565 kealiiokaloakellliokalos 1adI hkkuahineapalakaftkhjne&p&1jlk& f1590 Kukailani WAi kaohukiokalanikkahwdokalani f1615 tekakaualiiybkskaualii adi kapukaeolak&puwml& f

30

AD1640 iwikauikaua md Keakeakkamahanahana Mf1665 keakealani f md kanaloakapulehu

descendants OF KUMUHONUA ADAM1691 keawe md kalanikauleleiaiwi Mf hawaiian version1713 kalani keeaumoku md Kkaroakaimokum kaimokukaamoku Mf1734 keoua kalanikupuapaikalaniui md kekuiapoiwa f1756 kamehameha I1 md kaheiheimaliekaheihetmalie Mf1795 kinau Mf md mataio kekuanoaKekuanoa1835 kamehameha IV king of hawaii

BC263 opukahonua md lana f238 hekilikaaka md ohikimakaloa Mf211 ahulukaala md mihi Mf188 kapuululana md holanibolani f

descendants OF opukahonua163 kakamaluahaku md laamea Mf A nephite138 lanipipili md hinaimanau f 357 years from anianikalaniAnianikalani to113 laakealaakona md kamaleilanikamaleilartiKamaeamaleilani Mf opukahonua no records kept the

common people kept track of the88 haulanuiakea md manau Mf important people only63 kahaloalenaKahaloalena md Laumalaumaewalauaaewaewa Mf38 kahalolenaula md kanehoaianikanehoalani Mf same13 kaiwilaniolua md kanehoaianikaneboalani f personAD12 kalaniwahineKalaniwahine md malela Mf37 makakailenuiaola md ewa Mf64 kupulanakehau f md kahikokaciko 62 AD lamanite line89 wakeahakea md papanuihanaumoku f 89 AD hawaiian line

BC238 lalokonaLalokona md lalohoaniani Mf213 honuapoiluna md honuapoilalo f198 Pokinikini md polehulehu Mf163 pomanomanoPomanomano md pohakoikoi Mf

descendants OF LALOKONA138 kupukupunuu md kupukupulanikupukupulanj f A lamanite113 kamoleokahonua md keaaokahonua Mf 382 years from anianikalaniAnianikalani to88 kapaiaokalani md kanikekaa f Lalolaiolalokonakona no records kept63 ohemoku md pinainaiPina inai Mf the commonconanon people kept track of

the important people only38 mahulu md hiona Mf13 milipomeaMil ipomea md hanahanaiauHanahanaiau f

AD12 hookumupaku md hoaonotoaono f37 luakahakona md niau Mf62 kahikokaciko md kupulanakehau f 64 AD nephite line

THE SINGING MAMA RUAU OF TAHITI

by

marvelee soon tahauri

they are commonly and collectively known as the mama ruauauauof tahiti smiling rotund women of a grandmotherly naturedecked out in generous mother hubbard muumuus swishing withlace and ruffles you may see them at faaeafaaa airport or at abastille day celebration chanting singing and dancing in theunique style we identify as an endearing facet of old tahiti

it is difficult to imagine french polynesia without thewarmth and charm of these older women whose performances addas much life to public occasions as the throbbing tamurelamure beatyet thirty years ago the term mama ruauauau in a conversationsimply meant grandma and groups of colorful entertaininggrandmothers were not the order of the day modern tahiti may notrealize or perhaps never acknowledge that the church of jesuschirst of latterdaylatter day saints played a subtle if not vital role inreviving and developing this musical aspect of french polynesiathe singing mama auauruau

even before the arrival of the europeans musical folklorehad always been an integral part of french polynesia which in-cludes people from the widespread area of the society islandsthe leeward islands the tuamotu gamblergambier archipeligoarchipelagoArchipeligo the australislands and the marquesasmarquesanMarque sas

they had poetry and a sort of literature theycomposed the most perplexed war chants and songs ofDlediepleasureasure they also had a sort of rhythmical prosethatbhat they would repeat resting on certain syllableswhich were also marked with a beat of hands with atrampling of their feet or with movements of theirbodies there were even legends and genealogiesamong which were includedincluledincluded pieces of religious

and 1history mythology

with the evangelical changes brought first by the londonmissionary society and later the catholic mission the nativeforms of chanting and singing were adapted and incorporatedinto religious teaching sessions even today protestant worshippers

5131

will gather on sunday evenings for the tuatuaroirolirollarol a lengthymeeting in which the congregation will crack open and dissect abiblical verse that the minister has chosen As it would be tootedious to listen to commentaries and nothing else the organizerwisely intersperses three explanations with a himenechimene taravacaravawhich is made up solely of biblical words and chanted like litanies 2.2

brother tihoni pu now a laie resident says he remembers hisprotestant mother going to those singing meetings when he was asmall boy his wifewile tetuapetua who grew up in tubuaitubuli some 600 milessouth of tahiti has childhood recollections of people gatheringat niahtnishtnasht to sing the old traditional songs it was beautifulshe says but there were no performing mama ruauauau as we knowthem today

we should be aware that during the churchs years of growthfrom 1844 to the turn of the century the french polynesianmission was plagued by protestant and catholic opposition mis-guidance from the reorganized LDS and always suspicious governmentofficials the mormons were tolerated uneasily by the frenchadministration which saw in them an american advance guard iin5 aterritory that was already open to anglo saxon influences

with the many changes in lifestyle brought on by foreigninfluences the mormons included the tahitian people were oftencaught in an awkward transition from island culture to what wasconsidered proper christian worship clergymen even early LDSleaders forbade many native practices especially dancing whenthey felt that there was anything immoral about it

another damper on tahitian culture occuredoccurred around 1901 whenthe government drew up local regulations requiring institutions tohold their classes in french the mormonscormonsMormons however flourishingin the tuamotusamotusTu never even attempted to digress from the nativetongue to which they owed their missionary success they and thefrench protestants agreed on this one early view

to remain in contact with this people to preparethe youth to play a social and religious role topreserve above all its originality and personalityit was necessary to make broad and justifiable con-cessions to the tahitian language mission work ina native country which did not understand that factwould inevitably fail of its own accord at the sametime as it would add to the destructiordestructiondestruction of the spiritof those whom it claimed to enlienilenlightenenliahtenahtenit was this kind of attitude that kept the church growing

3

under the most adverse conditions in the amotustuamotusTu a scatteredchain of 80 coral atolls extending more than 600 miles northwestto southeast of tahiti the branch members retained the oldchants and the more conservative dancing styles besides thehimenehiraenechimene taravacarava mentioned earlier other types of music includedincludedsfafagumaguu sacred chants lamentslainenlarnents incantations and prayers types ofhaka dutu hand clapping chants teki and mereuru love songswork songs also used as welcoming chants faatenitenifalateniteni his-torical chants tuatau used to reeresrestoreore courage and energy anddancesleslaparima graceful hulalikehula like dancdanedancesebl

bro and sis teahuleahu mariteragi and bro and sis pu mentionedsome additional types of song and dancedances kapas patautaupa tautau uteparipaririparipa hivinau paoa lere mokorea mihi these I1 have yetto distinguish but I1 was assured that they were all distinct andfunctional parts of the archipeligos musical lore and daily life

along with accepting this traditional music the mission in1920 established the first brass band in the Tuamotus on theisland of takaroatamaroaTakaroa it was under the direction of elder leroymallory a talented missionary whose family generously donated thegleaming instruments to the tamaroatakaroa band it was made up ofapproximately 25 young island men who eventually mastered theirnew toys the group was called the pupu pu mononi eldermallory also organized the women and youth into church choirshe is highly spoken of as the person who raised the peoplesmusical consciousness by introducing true choir concepts andin some instances drilling the singers english diction so thatan unsuspecting listener might think it was an american choir

so it was that the tuamotu saints were blessed with suchdiverse experiences in music over the course of the years formany reasons many LDS tuamotu families began migrating to themain island of tahiti where the mission had established hea-dquarters in Papeete 11

by 1950 the french polynesian mission was showing positivegrowth and the saints enjoyed gathering in papeetepapette or on theouter islands for conferences where choirs were always ivengivenopoortunitiesopdortunitiesopportunities to display their talents

towards the end of 1954 the mission was informed that presdavid 0 mckay would be visiting tahiti the news caused aflurry of preparation among the members on jan 18 1955pres mckay his wife and bro franklin J murdock arrivedthat evening after the days formalities were over the polynesians prepared and sserved a dinner totd all the missionaries to

5232

4pres mckay his wife and his accompanying party followingthat they presented a program of dances and local chantschgntschants thewhole program was directed by the saints themselves 6

president mckays visit edified the membership and evenincluded a short but agreeable visit with the governor of theisland A few months later the new mission president presidentchristensen met for 30 minutes with the governor who politelyasked that the church not make unfavorable comparisionscompari sions betweenthe french government and that of the united states they had avery cordial meeting however and the next year the church wasallowed to bring in 20 more missionaries and to begin constructionof a mormon school in tahiti

working in papeetepapette during 1956a1956 a time of diplomacywasdiplomacy was anenthusiastic young elder named thomas R stone blessed with asense of knowing members needs and simultaneously improvingpublic relations he began to organize and use the auxiliariesto full capacity he saw much potential in the natural talentsand energies of the local congregations and shifted the scoutproproramprogramram and youth choir into high gear he also realized theneejneedneed for the senior women to be involved in the action and sug-gestedffested that they get together to practice songs of their heritage

hiriataviriata mariteragi of hikueru was appointed the first leaderof this musical segment and she rounded up twelve faithfulwomen all with a tuamotu background this was the formal begin-ning of the singing mama ruauauau they would meet in the chapelafter relief society or in their mormon neighborhood open thepractice with prayer and share the old songs of their forefathers

it should be noted that not all of the churchs womenaddreciatedoreciatedorecia ted this type of music the tahitian dialect is different

from the tuamotu dialect also called paumotuPaumotu the latter beingcloser to maori or rarotongan with its k consonant ng nasaland other inflectional and vocabulary differences besides someregarded the Tuamotus as a backwoods culture my husbandwhose family is from takaroatamaroaTakaroa says hedheldhead fight with other boys whocalled tuamotuansTuamotuans amu opaaopalaopagaolaa coconut eeatersaters but despite theinhousein house gossip these women kept on supported by their musicianhusbands who also joined them in certain types of songs

that same year 1956 the members of the church were invitedto present a welcoming show of dances and polynesian chants forthe tourists travellingvellingtra on the mariposaonemariposa one oftwoof two sister shipswith the matson line elder tom stone organized and directed thehalfhourhalf hour spectacular which principally featured the youth choir

costumecladcostume clad primary children and of course the new mama ruauauaugroup dressed in colorful motherhubbardmother hubbard uniforms this programwhich took place on the docked ship was also historical in thatit was the first time a mormon program had ever been carried onthe airwaves of radio tahiti

with Tahitahltahitistisstils coconut wireless communication the churchgainedmainevaine d instant socialrecognitionsocial recognition people took notice more thanever ofwhatof what the church was doing for the youth and the nativeculture as well some of the recognition was negative comingfrom the oldguardold guard religious faction of the local populationthey felt it was shameful for a church to be publicly indulgingin fun factivities instead of teaching the gospel as it shouldthey cited some youth activities especially ballroom dancing asexamples of deviation women in other circles felt that themama ruauauau were a part of a heathen influence not only becausetheir performances were musically and culturally unusual butbecause they had allied themselves with a western influencethe LDS church

within the framework of the church however the mama ruauauauenjoyed new status their slightly primitive style of song anddance were still the target of jokes especially from the youngerset but that didnt dampen their joy in performing they sewednew dresses made beautiful floral crowns for their hair receivedthe applause had their pictures taken the social prestige wasinfectious and little by little more women began joining thegroup whether they could speak paumotu or not because thechurch at papeetepapette now included families from all the outlyingdistricts women originally from farremovedfar removed tubuaitubuli and mainisland tahiti had to leamlearnleem the other dialect used by the originalmama ruausruais the group gave them a common cause for unity

they were asked to perform himenechimene taravascaravas at conferencesbuilding dedications and sacrament services they perfectedlittle dance routines and even composed new chants the mamaruauauau took their talents to orafaraOrafara a leprosy colony some 203020 30miles away from town where they entertained the afflicted peopledeodledeadleAs a service to tahitis tourism department they continued togreet the mariposa and the monterey with other members of thechurch then as now they delighted their audiences with aspontaneous charm at christmastime they visited the hospitalswhere they left the warmth of their performances as well aspresents for the patients with the choir they would sail toouter island conferences on the Paparaltaraita a small yacht owned bythe mission and used for interislandinter island travel by the members thegroup also performed at a grand ball for the french marines

3533

on a private level individual members of the group weresometimes contacted by hotels such as the belair anzandand travel lodgeto present mama ruauauau style programs service fees given to theseperformers helped to pay for their instruments and uniformsalthough the church itself never sponsorsponsoreddd a group in the julybastille day festivities the mormon mama ruauauau would practice ontheir own and enter the singing competitions here are thecomments of one missionary in papeetepapette in the 160sigos60s

the mama ruausruais also performed during the feteand their dances and singing were unusual and freshAs usual they performed well and gave a good nameto the church and earned 20.00020000 CPFCPP prize money7moneys

the papeetepapette mama ruaisruaus motivated other districts to starttheir own groups it was a blessing to the activation programas indicated by one missionary in paeaipaeatpacatour mama ruauauau group here in paea has reallyimproved hiro mariteragi told the group they

needed about 20 women so the members went out andfound 10 more womgnwomenwomen for the group most of theminactive members

another missionary on maupiti indicated an example of themama ruanaruauaruauls contribution to a fundraisingfund raising soireesoireesthis saturday we samasawasawr a soiree at avera it was oneof their better efforts including some excellentmama ruauauau numbers the piecespi6ces were a greatgreatfinancial success for the avera branch 19

in 1963193 when the first tahitian excursion to the new zealandtemple was organized the mama ruauauau within that group poured outtheir joys in performances for the saints in new zealand it wasa very touching experience for these women

by the late 1960s19601s mormon mama ruauauau from tahiti had alsocut a record album and performed with touring groups at disneylandand the polynesian cultural center in laie

in jan 1966 they were an important part of the programin one of the missions most successful soiree musicale anndelleannuelleAnAnnuellewhere the guests of honor were the governor1 of tahiti and hiswife gov and madame jean siguranisicuraniSicurani mission president thomasR stone renorreDorrecorreportedted on the significance of the occasionoccasions

in addition the largest gathering of frenchgovernment officials and their wives to ever attenda mission activity were present along with U Ssenator and sister frank E moss utah and senatorand mrs hiram fong hawaii who happened to bevisiting tahiti at that time 10

it was hoped that the amicable relationship of the eveningwas a step toward better communications between the church thefrench government and the united states

for many years other community churches eyed and criticizedthe MomomomonimomonilldomoniMomoninilanillnisa style of fellowshippingfellowshipping and its ensuing publicitybut a number of years after president stones release from themission they began to organize youth programs and mama ruauauaugroups too the latter gave rise to more revived folklore aswell as new compositions today all mama ruauauau groups in tahitiare regarded with pride and affection

I1 asked poura mariteragi originally from the main island oftahiti how she felt about being one of the first mamaidamamema ruausruais aswe know them today in translation she said 1 I was happy tolearnleam the songs on rairoa our mama ruauauau were a new thing tothem the other saints would host us when we traveled to theoutside islands before most of the activities were forthe youth and younger adults although the relief society hadquilting and handicraftshandcraftshandcrafts 11

tetuapetua pu expressed the same happiness in being able to activelyparticipate in the missions growth she said the old folksare chapoyhapoyhapdyj they can contribute people would call the mission ifthey wanted us the mission would call the group leaders someof us had never been to the outer islands whenever we traveledwith the mama ruauauau it was exciting and we didnt even have to pay

the philosophy of the church leaders in tahiti from the turnof the century until now was summed up in this 1968 message fromelder scott anderson an assistant to the mission president atthe times

let us build a strong mission with strong branchesthat can be made into stakes and wards the firstwork is to strengthen members they will as mission-aries bring new converts into the church enthusedmembers are the keys to success here in french polynesiatahitiansTahiti ans like everyone want to go where the actionis if the action is taking placeatplaceanplace at the bars or at

5434

the movie houses that ieis where they will be letshave the action chezchelchet nous at the mormonscormonsMormons the churchshould be the social center for the members and for thecommunity if the members are alive if the church isworking converts will come 11

one can see that this story of the singing mama ruauauau issimply a focused example of love and sensitivity towards acertain population of the saints in a certain culture notonly did the increased involvement of mama ruausruais strengthenthe church it also gave life and popularity to songs and dancesof french polynesia the mama ruauauau since then have helped toperpetuate pacific tradition up to this point it is somewhatdisturbing to realize that tahitis sophisticated new breed hasshown little interest in learning or performing the old songsthemselves

we who believe the polynesians to be of the house of israelwe who believe in keeping recordrecordssl we who have a cultural centerfounded on holy purposes must be sure that we do not allow thespiritual and cultural knowledge of our mama ruauauau to slip fromthe grasp of future generationsI1

and now wed like you to hear some of the songs of oursinging mama ruauauau

at this point in the presentation bro and sis tihoni puand sis mahana moomolomoso pulotu delighted the audience with examplesof himenechimene taravascaravastaravas kapas and aparimasaparimas

NOTES

edmond de bovis tahitian society before the arrival ofthe europeans translated by robert D craig laie hawaiiinstitute for polynesian studies 1961976 ppap 28 29

2daniel mauer the protestant church in tahiti les editionsdu pacifique

3colinmcolincolin newbury tahiti nui honolulu hawaii universitypress of hawaii 1980 p 148

4ibidbibid4ibid quoted from charles vernier tahitiensTahitiens dhierahier etdaujourdhui 2nd ed parisparisiparist 1948ae5eE G burrows native music of the Tuamotus honolulu hitbernice P bishop museum bulletin 109 1933gyvesyves R perrin lhistoire de leglise mormone en polynesiepolynesicPolynesie

francaise de 1844 a 19ettp1982 Papeete tahiti Imprimerie CESSTPCES STP1982 uD 21

ate7tete veavelavesa french polynesian mission vol VII no 7 aug19681966 p 160

8ibidbibidbid p 164

91bidbid p 164

lote10 vea vol V no 1 jan feb 1966 p 3

te vdaveavga vol VII no 7 augau 1968 p 146

in addition much of my information came from a roupgroupnoupinterview with the following people on mar 20s20 1983i1983

brobra pu tihonisis tetuapetua tihonibrobra teahuleahu mariteragiMarimarlteralteraisis poura mariteragisis tearo tahauribrobrabuo etua tahauriand a separate interview on april 10 1983 with

sissir mahanamahane moomolomoso pulotu

55

RECORDING HISTORYBISTORT THROUGH ART WORKA personal experience

by le ruth ward tyau

one of the purposes of the mormon pacific history society is toteach those skills helpful in recording historical information theword history has four dictionary meanings

1 an account of what has happened narrative story tale2 what has happened in the life or development of a people

country institution etc3 all recorded events of the past4 the branch of knowledge that deals systematically with the

past a recordinirecordingrecordinicordina analyzing coordinating and explaining ofpast events

usually when we say we are recording history as historians we thinkof recording with words therefore to teach skills helpful inrecording history we usually are dealing with written recordings ororal recordings

however there are other ways to record history one way isthrough the use of photography which we commonly use to enhance anddocument written histories another way to record history is throughthe use of the fine arts drawing painting and sculpture it isthese latter three methods of recording history that I1 would like toenlarge upon I1 will not be able to teach you the skills of art inorder for you to record history but rather I1 hope to encourage all ofyou as potential artists to make use of drawings paintings and evensculpture in recording your personal history

some of you will immediately think you do not have the ability toproduce works of art others of you will think yes I1 ve always hadthe desire to draw or paint I1 want to try all artists have varyingabilities to produce works of art from the primitive crudebeginnings to the skillful masterfully executed renderings and allthe variations in between the limited abilities of the artist neednot stop one from recording history there is great charm insocalledso called primitive or folk art which training in art often negatesall artists have elementary beginnings it is only with practice thatskills are perfected

artists are the reproducers of earth scenes and people and thetransient episodes of life for the enjoyment of the present and forthe future throughout history artistic recording and reproducinghas been done by craftsmen and architects as well as fine artistslet me share four examples

1 in egypt the great pyramid of gizehgizea was built about 2700BC many artistic treasures were found inside one of thetreasures was a carved drawing of a man in egypt it wascarved on the wooden doors of the tomb we know something

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aboutboutbootboul the stature and clothing of menman of that time because ofthat carved drawing it ieis preserved in the cairo museum

2 A fragment of a harp was found in ur the homeland ofabraham it is gilt and inlaid wood with graceful figures ofanimals on the harp it is believed to have been made about2800 BC and is preserved in the london british museum

3 chinese art has historical references from 1100 BCpottery with decorative designs is thought to be 6000years old

4 polynesian art rock painting and carvings date back to 1600BC design systems on pottery is traced back to 3000 and4000 BC there are thousands of art objects in museumsthroughout the world which testify to the fact that historyhas been recorded by art work history and art areinterrelatedinter related

ralph waldo emerson the great american philosopher of thenineteenthninteenth century said faith in the spirit of god gives man immensescope and gives every moment tremendous significance man will cometo see that the world is the perennial miracle which the spiritworvorvonworkettworkethvorkethkechketh and be less astonished at particular wonders he will learnthat there is no profane history that all history is sacred that theuniverse is represented in an atom in a moment of time in hisessay on art emerson wrote the artist must employ the symbols inuse in his day and nation to convey hisbisbibhib enlarged sense to hisfellowmenfel lowmen thus the new in art is always formed out of the old thegenius of the hour sets his ineffaceable seal on the work and gives itan inexpressible charm for the imagination As far as the spiritualcharacter of the period overpowers the artist and finds expression inhisbis work so far it will retain a certain grandeur and will representto future beholders the unknown the inevitable the divine hono mancan quite emancipate himself from his age and country behe cannotwipe out of his work every trace of the thoughts amidst which it grew

above his will and out of his sight behe is necessitated by the airhe breathes and the idea on which he and his contemporaries live andtoil to share the manner of hisbisbibhib times without knowing what thatmannermanneenner is now that which is inevitable in the work has a highercharm than individual talent can ever give inasmuch as the artist spen or chisel seems to have been held and guided by a gigantic hand toinscribe a line in the history of the human race this circumstancegives a value to the egyptian hieroglyphics to the indian chineseand mexican idols however gross and shapeless they denote theheight of the human soul in that hour shall I1 now add that the wholeextant product of the plastic arts has herein its highest value ashistory as a stroke drawn in the portrait of god perfect andbeautiful according to whose ordinations all beings advance to theirbeatitude thus historically viewed it has been the office of artto educate the perception of beauty the virtue of art lies indetachment in sequestering one object from the embarrassing varietyin this process emerson says are we able to have deep thoughtfrom this succession of excellent objects we learn at last theimmensity of the world the opulence of human nature which can runout to infinitude in any direction

recording history through art work page 3

art has been a part of recording LDS church history since thebeginnings of the restoration of the church in the 1800s the churchis currently building a new museum of church history and art in saltlake city just westvestwesc of temple square public opening will be june 1

1983 there will be several art galleries for changing exhibitionsin preparation for the museum the curator of collections is obtain-ing resumes slides of art work and biographies of LDS artists

the history of the church in polynesia is not only the past butis being made daily by us as we live our lives we are urged to keepjournals and histories of our thoughts and events in our lives wetreasure our photographs but there is something very special aboutdrawings paintings or sculpture asan recorded history As we endeavorto record the history of people in the church in polynesia we shouldnot hesitate to use all methods available to uswrittenus written history oralhistory photographic history and history recorded by art

I1 have a quote posted on a wall of our home which I1 readfrequently it is a quote from dag HhammarBammarbammarskjoldhammarskjoldskjold the swedishsecretarygeneralsecretary general to the united nations during the fifties let meread with open eyes the book my life is writingandwriting and learn As anartisthistorianartist historian I1 often think of how I1 can illustrate the book mylife is writing with photography and art work such as drawingspaintings and sculptures

art is a sacred commitment in my life part of a fourfoldfour foldpurpose for being family religion history and art have been my lifework my parents george david ward and callie belle arrington wardprovided me with a very good first family experience my husbandelmer doong shing tyau and our three sonssona and four daughters haveprovided me with opportunities to learn the art of companionship andthe art of parenting tracing my husbands genealogy back 23generations into china gave me the experience of research andgenealogy and recording history having the opportunity to hear andlearn the gospel of jesus christ of latterdaylatter day saints and being apart of the church organization has taught me the art of livinggetting my bachelor of art degree in world religions enhanced my loveof the religious and the spiritual

I1 would like to share examples of my personal experience ofrecording history through art work fully aware as I1 do so of myinabilities and limitations as an artist I1 have hadbad some periodictraining in art since the age of 10 but much has been trial and errorand experimentation much of my art workvork is the result of just havingthe courage to dive in and start all the while relying on thespirit to help me as muchsuch as possible I1 hope it will encourage eachof you to have confidence that if you have the desire you too canmake historical recordings in art work

I1 thought of myself as an artist from a very early ageexamples of my early arthistoryart history include a childlike drawing of ourhome in decio idaho my sister elaine ward mayfield in her haircurlers and a drawing of elaine asleep in our old brass bed at the

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age of 8 1I began copying pictures of flowers in seed cataloguescataloguercatalogues atthe age of 10 1I attempted to copy the great masters like landseer andthe dutch artisteartists

at the age of 12 we moved to logan ulahutahulab some examples ofrecordings from this period of my life include watercolors of atumbledowntumble down structure of our neighbors and the apple tree in ourbackyard two drawings of my sister one showingshoving her listeninglisteningto to ourbig radio in 1946 and another when she was ready for bed

during college days there were drawings of san jose californiaand beginning still life studies the afternoon light on a farm housewas recorded during chosethose years

following marriage to my husband elmer I1 have art work whichrecords our sevenyearseven year history in utah and california our prefabapartment in logan utah while attending utah state university myhusband studying at an old desk my husband holding our baby warrenon the shore of bear lake on a grey overcast chilly day watercolorscenes of logan utah street scenes our neighborhood grocery store apastel sketch of baby warren sleeping and a drawing of jeffreysleeping two awkward attempts at pastel drawings on black paper oneof our son jeffrey one of my husband the young children playing ona california beach sculptures of my husband and daughter done interra cotta sculpture in plaster of our son winston a plastercarving inspired by our baby jeffrey s position of sleeping in myfirst oil portraits we can still see young winston and jennifer asthey posed for mamas first attempts in a lifesizelife size portrait a contedrawing of young jeffrey with his arms around hisbis dad I1 wanted somuch to show the tender love that can exist between a father andchild and a pencil drawing of my father carrying the milk buckets

it was in 1962 the year we moved our family to hawaii myhawaiianarthistoryhawaiian arcart history began I1 became a part of polynesian churchhistory I1 produced some art work for two years examples of my workduring this time show portraits of models at the art academy where I1took a class A watercolor of the polynesian cultural center thechildren on the beach at punaluupunalua in the early morning sun rendered inpastel cousin dora and joe baohaorao s daughter betty two sisters frommakikimakaki ward george moas fishing boat george moamosmoe was my husbandshometeachinghome teaching companion when behe was a young man elmer s grandfatherking tong tyau had a store on the corner of kuakini and lusitanastreets I1 painted a watervaterwacerwatercolorcolor of the store before it was torn downin 1965 a sketch of aunty mary fernandezmandexmandezFe done on the inside of abrown shopping bag a drawing of aunty alice done on the same brownpaper a drawing of auvaiolimuauwaiolimu ward and finally two drawings of ourfifth child jacqueline

following the complications of the traumatic birth experience ofour fifth child I1 became a hibernating artist until the time wasright to continue actively in art work I1 focused my energy on thechallenging art of parenting and in between I1 recorded history inwritten form

recording history through art work page 5

during the seventeen yearyears that followed I1 used my art forlessons taught in church and particularly in the swasumbuasummerssummeregummeremersmere I1 exposed mychildren coto the use of various painting mediums and drawing materialsAs a result of these summer classes the seven children are all artistsof one type or another

since the summersurerbuler of 1981 1I felt it was time to return to my artwork there has been a new surge of creativity in my life I1 haveproduced 52 major works of art since chalchatthatchad time portraits of my fami-ly and children our beautiful hawaiian environment and many portraitcommissions for others examples of my art work which records historywould include the following charcoal portraits of my parents georgedavid ward and callie belle arrington ward as they were in 1960

charcoal portraits of my husbands parents khi fong tyau andmary ah ping kalaupapahiwakalaupapahiva wong tyau mary was very active in thebuilding of the church in hawaii shshee was known and loved bythousands as she fulfilled her callings as a leader in the primaryMIA and relief society it was of course necessary to work fromold photographs to render lifesizelife size portraits of these our parents

an oil portrait of my handsome husband elmer doong shing tyauis an important highlight of my history rendered in art I1 wanted toshow he was in the image of his mother so he is squinting with thesun in his eyes as his mother was in her portrait I1 have paintedhim with a background of sky ocean and rocky mountains of theblowbiowblowholeholehoie region of oahu hoping to colunicomunicommunicatecate that he is a part ofhawaii the viewer is perhaps next aware that my husband has but onefull arm and can know that here is a man who has suffered much in hislife in the moment I1 have recorded on canvas he is seriouslycontemplating hisbis own future on earth which he fears is limited alltoo soon in time but today is his day in the sun and he is thinkingdeeply about it I1 titled the portrait elmer doong shingsheng tyau hisday in the sun and it was awarded the grumbacher gold medallion inthe 1982 easter art festival I1 see this portrait as a visualbiography of my husband

another visualbiographyvisual biography is the portrait in oils of our eldestdaughter jennifer lei tyau whose interest in fashion designingseemed to call for showing her in an elegant setting so I1 paintedjennifer with a penetrating gaze and wearing a satin dress we didnot have the elegant setting necessary in our home so I1 borrowed thechair and the backdrop from a painting done by john singer sargent inthe early 1900s of lady agnew I1 have titled the portrait missjennifer lei in lady agnew s chair

A drawing in conte pastel of our third son warren khi fong tyauat age three was recently transferred to canvas in oil paints andrendered in monochromatic browns it will preserve for posterity thesmall size and gentleness of our little boy as he stood barefootcurling up his big toe dressed in a baggy shirt and pants holding atoy in his hands I1 have titled this portrait our little warren

as3s

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another visualbiographyvisual biography ieis the portrait in oil painted on maso-nite rather than canvas of our warren as a 22yearold22 year old returned mis-sionary he is dressed in his suit he holds his scriptures in hisown unique way and I1 hope to communicate that here is a young man wholoves the lord and his revelations to us I1 show warren standing onthe side of round top drive with diamond headread and the city of honoluluand heaven behind himhis I1 wanted it to say that warren is a hawaiianboy who loves the lord and is ready to go forth in life to teach thegospel by his actions and precepts to all hebe comes in contact withwarren was painted lifesizelife size but I1 have striven to give the illusionof greater height because I1 wanted to say he s a giant in spirt I1have titled this portrait warren khikbirhiabi fong tyau a giant in spirit

A portrait of our daughter jacqueline at the age of 18 showsher in her lovely pink prom dress I1 painted jacqueline standing infront of a drapery used by the artist james whistler in his portraitof a young woman titled symphony in white I1 also paintedjacqueline in the same pose as his famous portrait I1 wanted to showjacqueline s gentle sweet spirit and the depth of being which shepossesses if I1 have given a glimpse of jacqueline s great beautythis visual biography was accurately recorded I1 have titled this oilportrait jacqueline laulanihaulani symphony in life

A double portrait of jacqueline shows her as she looked duringher high school days at kamehameha school the left portrait is donein oil paints using only shades of the color burnt umber the rightportrait was painted identical to the left one and then was colorglazed in an attempt to understand some of the techniques of the oldmasters I1 titled this double portrait simply jacqueline it wasin the 1982 12th annual aloha exhibit at the federal building

A charcoal portrait of our daughter michele was rendered as asurprise for her birthday it is life size and was enlarged from aphotograph

A visualbiographyvisual biography painted in oil of our daughter michele showsher in a lovely twotonetwo tone purple dress which she made during the summerof 1981 1I wanted to show what a loving and sweet young woman she isthis is our michele at age 13 1I have titled this portrait michelekalaupapahiwa extremely precious one

A portrait of our seventh child marycallieMaryCallie uilanifilani tyau showsher standing by her daddy at kapiolani park in waikiki this portraitwas painted from a photograph chacchatthatnhatnhac marycallieMaryCallie had framed in thecamera put on time setting and then rushed into the picturepic turel I1 feltthe photograph captured a special love warmth and compassion which I1wanted to portray in an oil painting of them both her daddy isalways saying to her 1I m so glad I1 ve got you I1 felt that theyboth looked like they were glad they had each other this paintingwas selected to be in the 1983 easter arcartardarn festival at ala moana centerand earlier it was in the 1982 sulersummersumer dreams show at the honoluluhalebalehaie it is titled daddy and marycallieMaryCallie I1 m so glad ive got you

recording history through art work page 7

A watercolorvaterwaleewadeecolor painting shows the view we seeee fromfroe our living roomwindow looking up ohelo lane it waawas in the 1982 hawaii watercolorsocietys 20th20tb anniversary exhibit at the amfac plaza in honolulu

my husbandhusbands ancestors came to hawaii from china as merchants Awatercolor of the oahu fish market and adjourning stores on kingstreet was painted to represent those early stores of the ancestorsI1 titled it they came as merchants it was selected to be in the1982 hawaii watercolorvalerVaterwalercolor exhibit at the amfacanfacannac plaza

an oil painting of the koolauskollaus records a view of the mountainswhich we enjoy seeing on our drive from laie to honolulu I1 titledit the koolauskollausKoolaus it won the jurors award in the 1982 alohaexhibit at the federal building in honolulu

A watercolor showing the hawaii I1 love the sky mountainsocean and rocks I1 titled it paradise found it was selected tobe in the association of honolulu artists prelude to spring show atala moanamoans center in 1982

an acrylic painting of a horse bathed in the late afternoonsetting sun was painted because it reminded me of the happy days ofmy youth when I1 rode a horse on our idaho farm I1 titled thispainting the grass is greener on the other side all the whilethinking of the next life the painting was selected to be in theAHAARA show at ala moananoana center in 1982

an oil painting of the unique coral flower I1 desired to paintthis as a study in light and shadow it is history in that itportrays one aspect of our environment in hawaii it is titledcoral flowers in hawaii it was inthein chethe AHAARAgha show at ala moanamoans centerin 1982

an acrylic painting shows the view from the top of tantalusmountain our family has many times hiked a certain tantalus trailand sat on a platform at the top and viewed the island I1 titled thepainting A view from above thinking in my mind of the view ofheavenly father it was selected to be in the 1982 easter artfestival at ala moana center

our two sons away from home winston and jeffrey have yet to beportrayed by their mothers history motivated paint brush in the lasttwo years five years ago I1 did unfinished head studies of them but I1look forward to painting visualbiographiesvisual biographies of our two fine returnedmissionary sons and their companions and our grandchildren

I1 have hundreds of drawings paintings and sculptures in mymind if I1 aaam privileged to live longer on earth I1 shall endeavor torecord more of our history in art work

A number of sisters in the church have asked me to paintportraits of themselves their husbands parents or children so they

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could have visual biographiesbiographic as a treasure for their posterity inalunt vivian apo abbie deladelsdeiadele cruz darlene ching grace Hemenhenenhemenwayhenenwaywayvayvelmavelnaveima francisco helen hewrevhev len flora tano beverly wilson murielfong and manymeny other family and friends As time permits I1 hope torecord history by art work for others

artists who have a testimony of the gospel of jesus christ have aspecial responsibility in their art endeavors art work cannot beseparated from the artist anymore than any work cannot be separatedfrom the doer there cannot be genuine appreciation and recognitionof art without appreciation and recognition of the artist artistsstriving to live the gospel of jesus christ have high artisticstandards to uphold and high ideals to work towards eventually ourart should not only record history of earth life but shouldforeshadow the goals of eternity this can only be done when theartist has insights into spiritual and eternal values this is thethe only way that religion can spiritualize art when religionspiritualizes the artist then the art is uplifted and spiritualizedspiritualizerspiritualized

jesus used parables homey illustrations to teach great eternalprinciples the artist may see people mountains water rockstrees flowers vegetation animals and objects of our environmentand they may bee reproduced as illustrations of eternal symbols

in viewing art work I1 hope you will notice how variety isessential to the concept of beauty and art the artist is largelyinvolved with unifying contrasts contrasts of light and dark and ofshapes and spaces yet may I1 add there is something greater thanall art work and that is the work of art that can take place in eachperson on earchearth each of us can be true artistsartiste and unify thecontrast of a mortal man or woman with our divine spirit in theoneness weve can achieve with the spirit we can move toward our eternaldestiny to become perfect in our sphere as god is in heaven

A human being in the process of transformationA carnal being who is born of godgodlgodithe finite becoming infinitemortal becoming ImmimmortalortallortaliI1man and woman becoming a living work of art a masterpiecethe artist becoming an artlarcart

these are the goals of humandivinehuman divine artlet me read with open eyes the book my life is writing and

learn yes our lives are the history of the church in polynesiait is my hope that we willvill all be diligent in recording our historiesin written form as well as on tapes and through the use ofphotographs drawings paintings and sculpture may my personalsharing of history recorded by art work encourage you to use art workin your histories remember that art and history are combined in anembrace of love and beauty a legacy for all time

TONGA A receptacle of new conceptsby

emilbailemli wolfgrammwolfgranm

LECTURE OUTLINE

introductionan operational definition of cultureA definition of tongan culturecomments on syncretismthe functional role of the poet in tongan societymoana ofahengaue an example of creative expression of mormon doctrine

in tongan expressive formsperformance of compositions by moana ofahengaue and PCC associatesconclusion questions and answers

KO E MAAMALOAMAAMALDA 0 E mam0MOUImoulUI fakalaumalieULUAKIULL I1 KUPU

1 he vahanoa i amelika noate mo a sautewithinwithin the vast expanse of north and south dakota america2 kumi ki he maamaloaMaamaloa a haulmaulmc ui fakalaumaliefakalaumaliaseek recognition through missionary service3 fokotuu ko a kapadakapaeakapasakabasa meimai he faamailefuamaileFuamailethat which has been established as a directive from yoursource parents4 tukufuaanga a fonondafononga a a kalisitianekali&itianethe beginning on the journey of a christian disciple

KUPUKLJPU HONOHOMO DAUA

5 Ekiakipunaekiakipunakiaki puna bongotongo fioniafionoa mo fungabunga eonOnlonrononetakalonetakaetakayou are the white tavake of coloakoloa and navutokaNavutoka parents6 sii halahaiahalhai a ki langi mo a ana lo100 o hinathe road to heaven and cave of hina reference tokoloafather sione he7 matalskimatalikiMataliki a pupunhapupunga lose he fala lautoabudding blossoms of rose appear from fala louicaloutoaloutca coloakoloareferring to henell he the missionary8 ko e laukauanga ia 0 o a ngaahingaahlngathi toqutangatatoutangataloutantoutan gata

A source of pride to succeeding siblings

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KUPU honoMONO toluTOLLTOLI1

9 naatilaati e& lolo a halaevalu mo a fanga ai1ii he siyou are the sweet fragrance from lolo a halaevalu and fromthe fanga ai1ii he si your parents

10 ko a pine fakamau 0 o akuekuekli nofo mamaniyour parents are the fastening pin to your life on earth11 lau matakalitakalima he ngathingaahi haa ko akueku palakalafipalakalafiyour relationships to other men is in your genealogy112 fale 0 o a mafima fi mo a fuakava 0 o a nofono fo langi

alallusion1 ubiusiubl on to the house of the almightytempleAlmighty temple and eternalmarriage

KUPU HONOHONC 4

1317 eukalesiaigukalesiaEukalesia 0o a moui ni fakamatelieeucharisteucharist overcoming of mortality

14 kuo u ikunaakuna ae palomesipalomesi lo10 a telesitialeI1 have triumphed over the promise of the this telestial

life15 10faofaoga0 fa ke muiakimuraki ola tama tuu he fae

may you seek to follow obediently the counsel from yourmother

16 he ko a ulu ko ae tapuaki fakapeteliakefakapeteltakefor the leader of your family and future is the your

patriarchal blessingTAU

17 liuakiliuasi a mua a siemsiosiloslemniawio siutakaroyallyloyally return from your mission

18 inisenisiIni senisi he opaofao fa ni ho omo touangatou angathis parental love envelopes your missionary dedication

19 ko ae ngataanga pea ma a kamataangakamata angaand the beginning alpha of allthis is the ending omega

things20 malae 0a ae llaliailo10 mo ae poto lo10 a trangatatangata

this is the arena for knowledge and intelligence of maneternal marriage

moana ofahengaueoahengaue1982