ANNALES

du 18e CONGRÈS

Thessaloniki 2009

de l’ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE pour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE

ANNALESdu 18e CONGRÈS

de l’ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALEpour l’HISTOIRE du VERRE

Thessaloniki 2009

EditorsDespina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras

Editing CommitteeNadia CoutsinasIan C. Freestone

Sylvia FünfschillingCaroline Jackson

Janet Duncan JonesMarie-Dominique Nenna

Lisa PilosiMaria Plastira-Valkanou

Jennifer PriceJane Shadel Spillman

Marco VeritàDavid Whitehouse

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Couverture / Cover illustrationThe haematinon bowl from Pydna. Height 5.5 cm. © 27th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Greece.The bowl (skyphos) is discussed in the paper by Despina Ignatiadou ‘A haematinon bowl from Pydna’, p. 69.

© 2012 Thessaloniki AIHV and authorsISBN: 978-90-72290-00-7Editors: Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras

AIHVAssociation Internationale pour l’Histoire du VerreInternational Association for the History of Glasshttp: www.aihv.org

Secretariat: The Corning Museum of Glass One Museum Way Corning NY, 14830 USA

Printed by: ZITI Publishing, Thessaloniki, Greece http: www.ziti.gr

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CONTENTS

PRÉFACE – MARIE-DOMINIQUE NENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

PREFACE – MARIE-DOMINIQUE NENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

GREEK LITERARY SOURCES

STERN MARIANNE EVA

Ancient Greek technical terms related to glass production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2nd MILLENNIUM BC / BRONZE AGE GLASS

NIGHTINGALE GEORG

Glass and faience and Mycenaean society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

SMIRNIOU MELINA, REHREN THILO, ADRYMI-SISMANI VASSILIKI, ASDERAKI ELENI, GRATUZE BERNARD Mycenaean beads from Kazanaki, Volos: a further node in the LBA glass network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

ARCHONTIDOU-ARGYRI ΑGLAÏA, VAVLIAKIS GEORGE

Mycenaean Psara - The glass finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

BIRON ISABELLE, MATOÏAN VALÉRIE, HENDERSON JULIAN, EVANS JANE Scientific analysis of glass from Ras Shamra – Ugarit (Syria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

ERTEN EMEL

Early ancient glass from Şaraga Höyük, Gaziantep, Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

NICHOLSON T. PAUL, JACKSON M. CAROLINE The Harrow chalice: Early glass or early fake? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

RÖHRS STEFAN, SMIRNIOU MELINA, MARÉE MARCEL

The British Museum’s Amarna fish scientifically studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

IKEDA KAZUMI Core-formed glass vessels from Sinai peninsula, Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

AZUMA YOKO, TANTRAKARN KRIENGKAMOL, KATO NORIHITO, AND NAKAI IZUMI

Scientific analysis of ancient glass collections of the Miho Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

1st MILLENNIUM BC / ARCHAIC / CLASSICAL GLASS

LIARDET FRANCES

Taking the Heat: The contribution of apprenticeship to the understanding of the manufacture and typology of core-formed vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

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NENNA MARIE-DOMINIQUE

Les contenants à huile parfumée façonnés sur noyau dans les dépôts votifs des sanctuaires grecs : l’exemple de l’Artémision de Thasos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

IGNATIADOU DESPINA A haematinon bowl from Pydna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

OIKONOMOU ARTEMIOS, BELTSIOS KONSTANTINOS, ZACHARIAS NIKOLAOS

Analytical and technological study of blue glass from Thebes, Greece: An overall assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

READE J. WENDY, DUNCAN JONES JANET, PRIVAT KAREN

Iron Age and Hellenistic monochrome glasses from Gordion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

HELLENISTIC GLASS

PATERA IOANNA, NIKOLAIDOU-PATERA MARIA

Hellenistic tomb at the ancient city of Philippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

CONNOLLY PHILIP, REHREN THILO, DOULGERI-INTZESILOGLOU ARGYROULA, ARACHOVITI POLYXENI

The Hellenistic glass of Pherai, Thessaly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, KARATASIOS IOANNIS, TRIANTAFYLLIDIS PAVLOS

Corrosion morphology of Hellenistic glass finds in relation to manufacture techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

PLOYER RENÉ

Glass from the excavations in the so-called ‘Hellenistic’ town of Palmyra. A preliminary report . . . . . . . . 104

AUTH H. SUSAN The Denderah cache of glass inlays: A possible votive pectoral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

GRADEL CORALIE

Les verres d’époques hellénistique et romaine dans le royaume de Méroé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

ROMAN GLASS

BREMS DIETER, BOYEN SARA, GANIO MONICA, DEGRYSE PATRICK, WALTON MARC

Mediterranean sand deposits as a raw material for glass production in antiquity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

DIANI MARIA GRAZIA, TONINI CRISTINA

Nouvelles attestations de verres antiques dans le Musée de Lodovico Pogliaghi – Varèse (Italie) . . . . . . . . . 128

SAGUÌ LUCIA, SANTOPADRE PAOLA, VERITÀ MARCO

Technology, colours, forms, and shapes in the 2nd century glass opus sectile materialsfrom the villa of Lucius Verus in Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

BOSCHETTI CRISTINA, LEONELLI CRISTINA, CORRADI ANNA

The earliest wall mosaics and the origin of Roman glass in Italy: archaeological considerations for an archaeometric study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

BOSCHETTI CRISTINA, NIKITA KALLIOPI, VERONESI PAOLO, HENDERSON JULIAN, LEONELLI CRISTINA, ANDREESCU-TREADGOLD IRINA

Glass in mosaic tesserae: Two interdisciplinary research projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

DEMIERRE PRIKHODKINE BRIGITTE

Le verre du Quartier de la Maison aux mosaïques à Érétrie (Eubée, Grèce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

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MALAMA PENELOPE, DARAKIS KONSTANTINOS

Die Kunst der Glasherstellung in Amphipolis während der römischen Zeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

MCCALL BERNADETTE

Use or re-use: Late Roman glass finds from the Nea Paphos Theatre site, Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

STOLYAROVA K. EKATERINA

Chemical composition of glass and faience beads from the Belbek IV Necropolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

JACKSON CAROLINE, PRICE JENNIFER

Analyses of Late Roman glass from the Commandant’s Houseof the fort at South Shields, Tyne and Wear, UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

ROBIN LAUDINE

L’artisanat du verre à Lyon-Lugdunum (France) durant le Haut-Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

LOUIS AURORE

La place du mobilier en verre dans les sépultures gallo-romaines de Champagne-Ardenne (France) . . . . 190

BULJEVIĆ ZRINKA

Glass from the Lora Cemetery at Split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

FADIĆ IVO, ŠTEFANAC BERISLAV

Workshop stamps on square bottles from the Zadar region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

DRĂGHICI CRISTINA

Glassware from Tomis: Chronological and typological aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

HANSEN LUND ULLA

The Early Roman painted glass from Zaborów, Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

GREIFF SUSANNE

On the relationship between enamelled glass and other opaque glass technologies: The colour red . . . . . 224

TARTARI FATOS

Les nouvelles trouvailles de verre antique à Dyrrhachium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

ROMAN / EARLY CHRISTIAN GLASS

COUTSINAS NADIA

Le matériel en verre de la cité d’Itanos (Crète orientale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

PAPAGEORGIOU METAXIA, ZACHARIAS NIKOLAOS, BELTSIOS KONSTANTINOS

Technological and typological investigation of Late Roman glass mosaic tesseraefrom Ancient Messene, Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

SAKALIS ANASTASIOS, TSIAFAKI DESPOINA, ANTONARAS C. ANASTASSIOS, TSIRLIGANIS C. NESTOR Micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of Late Roman glass from Thessaloniki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

MORAITOU GEORGIANNA

Past Conservation Interventions on the Kenchreai opus sectile panels: The Greek approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

MORAITOU GEORGIANNA, LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, TILIGADA DIMITRA

A triple ark for the Kenchreai opus sectile glass panels: Preventive conservation and access at the Isthmia Archaeological Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

FUJII YASUKO

A study of a Late Roman blue glass dish with sea creatures in relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Contents

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SILVANO FLORA Glass finds from Antinoopolis, Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

MARII FATMA, REHREN THILO Levantine glass of Petra characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

JEREMIĆ GORDANA Glass artefacts from Roman and Late Roman fortification at Saldum on the Middle Danube.

Social and economic background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

GENÇLER GÜRAY ÇIĞDEM

Early Byzantine glass finds from Elaiussa Sebaste (Mersin-Ayaş) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

BYZANTINE AND EARLY ISLAMIC GLASS

BARAG P. DAN Stamped glass pendants from Syria: From Constantine the Great to the Arab conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

ANTONARAS C. ANASTASSIOS Gold-glass tile decoration in the St. Demetrios Basilica, Thessaloniki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

LOUKOPOULOU POLYTIMI, MOROPOULOU ANTONIA Byzantine gold-leaf glass tesserae:A closer look at manufacturing technique and decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

ATİK ŞENİZ Three Byzantine gold-glass pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

VERITÀ MARCO, ZECCHIN SANDRO Scientific investigation of Byzantine glass tesserae from the mosaics

on the south chapel of Torcello’s Basilica, Venice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

JAMES LIZ Glass and the manufacture of Byzantine mosaics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

CANAV-ÖZGÜMÜŞ ÜZLIFAT Recent glass finds in Istanbul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

WINTER TAMAR Glass vessels from excavations at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

BYZANTINE AND ISLAMIC GLASS

PILOSI LISA, STAMM KAREN, WYPYSKI T. MARK An Islamic cameo glass fragment in the Metropolitan Museum of Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

SWAN M. CAROLYN Spatial and temporal considerations of technological change: Examining Early Islamic glass . . . . . . . . . . . 346

BOULOGNE STEPHANIE, HARDY-GUILBERT CLAIRE Le verre décoré issu des fouilles du site d’al-Shihr au Yémen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

MOSSAKOWSKA-GAUBERT MARIA Verres de l’époque byzantine - début de l’époque arabe (ve-viiie siècle) :

objets provenant des ermitages en Égypte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

KATO NORIHIRO, NAKAI IZUMI, SHINDO YOKO

Comparative study of Islamic glass weights and vessel stamps with the glass vessels in Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . 367

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MEDIEVAL GLASS

FREY ANNETTE, GREIFF SUSANNE

Early Medieval glass beads with metal tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

BROADLEY ROSE, GARDNER CARLOTTA, BAYLEY JUSTINE

The Church Lane assemblage: Early Medieval glass-working in the shadow of Canterbury Cathedral. . . 379

RADIČEVIĆ DEJAN

Medieval glass bracelets from Banat Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385

MĂNUCU-ADAMEŞTEANU GHEORGHE, POLL INGRID

Bracelets en verre découverts dans les nécropoles de Isaccea - Vicina, département de Tulcea (Xe - XIIIe siècles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

KUNICKI-GOLDFINGER J. JERZY, KIERZEK JOACHIM, FREESTONE C. IAN, MAŁOŻEWSKA-BUĆKO BOZENA, NAWROLSKA GRAŻYNA

The composition of window glass from the cesspits in the Old Town in Elbląg, Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

ČERNÁ EVA, HULÍNSKÝ VÁCLAV, MACHÁČEK JAN, PODLISKA JAROSLAV

On the origin of enamel-painted glass of the 12th-14th centuries in Bohemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

KRIŽANAC MILICA

Scent bottles from Kotor, Montenegro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

ZEČEVIĆ EMINA

Glass of Novo Brdo and its significance in Late Medieval glass production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

POST BYZANTINE / VENETIAN / FAÇON DE VENISE GLASS

PAYNTER SARAH The importance of pots: The role of refractories in the development of the English glass industry

during the 16th / 17th centuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

SCOTT B. REBECCA, SHORTLAND J. ANDREW, POWER MATTHEW The interpretation of compositional groupings in 17th century window glass

from Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

CAEN JOOST M. A. The production of stained glass in the County of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant

from the XVth to the XVIIIth centuries: Materials and techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

MEEK S. ANDREW, HENDERSON JULIAN, EVANS A. JANE North-western European forest glass: Working towards an independent means of provenance . . . . . . . . . . 437

MEDICI TERESA Revisiting the ‘Moura glass treasure’: New data about 17th century glass in Portugal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

MORETTI CESARE, TONINI CRISTINA, HREGLICH SANDRO, MARIA DIANI GRAZIA

“Lead glass with wonderful emerald colour”. A parallel between one of Antonio Neri’s recipesand the composition of a vessel in the Pogliaghi Museum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

IOANNIDOU MARTHA

From didactic stained glass windows of medieval cathedralsto the redemptive divine lightin Matisse’s Vence Chapel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

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GREINER-WRONOWA ELŻBIETA, PUSOSKA ANNA, WRONA JAROSŁAW The influence of gradient temperature changes on a glass reaction intensity

with volatile organic compounds in museum cabinets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

DE VIS KRISTEL, CAGNO SIMONE, VAN MOL WILLY, SCHALM OLIVIER, JANSSENS KOEN, CAEN JOOST The decolourization of manganese-stained glass:

The conversion reaction and evaluation of its effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

18th AND 19th CENTURY GLASS

LAURIKS LEEN, DE BOUW MICHAEL, QUENTIN COLLETTE, WOUTERS INE 19th century iron and glass architecture:

Common construction details of cylinder and crown glass on iron sash bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

VAN GIFFEN ASTRID, EREMIN KATHERINE, NEWMAN RICHARD The Harvard Glass Flowers and more: A technical study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

JARGSTORF SIBYLLE Mosaikglas/Millefioriglas - Probleme der Zuordnung und Herkunftsbestimmung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

AFRICAN AND ASIAN GLASS

IGE O. AKIN Ancient glassmaking in Ile-Ife, Southern Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

BORELL BRIGITTE

Han period glass vessels from the gulf of Tonking region:Aspects of their technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

INDEX OF ΑUTHORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

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PRÉFACE

Marie-Dominique Nenna

J’ai le grand plaisir de vous présenter les Annales du 18e congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre et je tiens à remercier tous ceux qui ont

fait que cette publication paraisse dans les meilleurs délais, les auteurs au premier chef, le comité de lecture et surtout les éditeurs du volume, Despina Ignatiadou, vice-présidente, puis membre du bureau de l’AIHV durant les années 2006-2012 et Anastassios Antonaras.

Le 18e congrès de l’AIHV s’est tenu à Thessalonique du 21 au 25 septembre 2009. Il a été dédié à Clasina Isings qui est venue, via une video, nous offrir ses meilleurs vœux au début des sessions. Tous nos remerciements vont d’abord au Musée archéologique de Thessalonique qui a organisé l’ensemble de cette manifestation et au Musée de la civilisation byzantine qui a accueilli nos sessions dans le tout nouveau auditorium, utilisé pour la première fois pour notre congrès. Remercions aussi les amis du Musée archéologique de Thessalonique qui ont soutenu ce congrès avec entre autres, le beau sac décoré de balsamaires-oiseaux ; la préfecture de Thessalonique qui nous ont accueillis à la fin de ces journées. Et enfin, du fond du coeur, tous nos remerciements vont à Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras et au comité d’organisation pour avoir réuni tous leurs efforts pour organiser ce congrès et nous offrir l’occasion de nous rencontrer une nouvelle fois pour partager nos découvertes et nos réflexions sur ce matériau qui nous passionne tous.

Durant les trente-trois sessions organisées en parallèle, 95 contributions orales et 55 posters ont été présentés, montrant ainsi la vitalité de la recherche sur l’Histoire du Verre dans l’ensemble du monde scientifique. Grâce au dynamisme du comité grec, après une découverte de la ville à l’orée de notre congrès, des promenades thématiques ont été organisées afin de mieux connaître les différents aspects de Thessalonique, ville hellénistique et romaine, ville byzantine, ville ottomane avec son importante communauté juive et ville du xxe siècle. En outre, les excursions post-congrès ont permis aux participants de découvrir le cœur de la Macédoine avec les cités de Vergina et de Dion, ainsi que le lac de Pikrolimni, producteur de natron dans l’Antiquité et encore aujourd’hui, les villes d’Amphipolis et de Philip-pes ou encore de faire une croisière autour du Mont Athos.

Ce volume réunit 84 contributions qui couvrent un arc chronologique très vaste depuis le deuxième millénaire av. J.-C. jusqu’à nos jours, et touchent à tous les aspects de l’histoire du verre, avec une bonne interconnexion entre l’archéologie, l’histoire de l’art et l’archéométrie. Une part importante est réservée aux débuts de l’histoire du verre au iie millénaire et au début du ier millénaire av. J.-C. et à ses développements

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dans le monde hellénistique avec des communications portant sur le Proche-Orient, l’Égypte et le Soudan, la Grèce et la Turquie. Les mondes romain et byzantin sont abordés selon deux axes : étude de la production et de la consommation de la vaisselle et des ornements et étude en fort développement de l’emploi du verre dans les mosaïques pavimentales et pariétales. Les communications sur le monde islamique s’inscrivent dans la lancée inaugurée au 15e congrès et attestent la vitalité de la recherche dans ce domaine. La présentation de découvertes et études portant sur la Grande Bretagne, l’Italie, le Kosovo, le Montenegro, le Portugal, la Pologne, la Roumanie, la Serbie et la Tchéquie alimentent le débat sur le verre à l’époque médiévale et post médiévale en Europe. xviiie et xixe siècles ne sont pas en reste, avec des communications sur le verre dans les toits, les fleurs de verre et le verre mosaïqué et on dispose aussi de communications sur le verre en Chine méridionale et en Afrique subsaharienne.

Lors de l’assemblée générale, le bureau de l’AIHV a été renouvelé. Jan Egbert Kuipers, trésorier et Ian Freestone, que l’on doit remercier pour leur dévouement et leur efficacité, ont présenté leur démissions. De nouveaux membres ont été élus : Irena Lazar, organisatrice du 19e congrès en 2012, comme vice-présidente et Huib Tijssens, comme trésorier. Déjà présents dans le bureau, Despina Ignatiadou a été élue comme membre, Jane Spillman a été réélue comme secrétaire général, David Whitehouse comme membre, et j’ai moi-même été réélue comme présidente. Le comité exécutif réunissant six membres élus ainsi que les représentants des associations ou comités nationaux a été en partie renouvelé, avec l’élection de Fatma Marii et de Yoko Shindo, tandis que Sylvia Fünfschilling, Lisa Pilosi, Marianne Stern et Maria Grazia Diani ont été réélues. Nous avons déploré le décès lors du congrès de deux de nos membres, Sarah Jennings d’Angleterre et Claudia Maccabruni d’Italie.

Les préparatifs pour le 19e congrès se déroulent sous la houlette d’Irena Lazar. Le congrès se tiendra à Piran en Slovénie du 17 au 21 septembre 2012 (www.aihv.org, www.zrs.upr.si). Après l’accent mis sur la Méditerranée orientale au con-grès de Thessalonique, une nouvelle avancée vers les informations et les membres d’Europe Centrale sera effectuée à Piran.

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PREFACE

Marie-Dominique Nenna

I have great pleasure in presenting you with the Annales of the l8th congress of the Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, and I wish to thank all

those who have ensured that this publication appears with the least delay: princi-pally the authors, the academic committee, and especially the academic editors of the volume, Despina Ignatiadou, vice-president, and member of the board of the AIHV for the years 2006-2012 and Anastassios Antonaras.

The 18th congress of the AIHV was held in Thessaloniki from September 21st-25th, 2009. It was dedicated to Clasina Isings, who came, via a video, to offer us her best wishes. Here we have to warmly thank the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki which has organized the whole manifestation, and the Museum of Byzantine Culture, which has hosted our sessions in the brand new auditoriumof the Museum, used for the first time for our congress. All our warm thanks also to The Friends of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki who supported the organization of the congress among the others with the nice bag decorated with bird-balsamaria, and The Prefecture of Thessaloniki, who has hosted us at the end of the congress. Last, but not the least, from the bottom of our heart, our thanks go to Despina Ignatiadou, Anastassios Antonaras and the Organizing committee for their hard work in organizing this congress and for offering us the opportunity to meet once again to share our discoveries and our thoughts on this wonderful material, glass, to which we are all dedicated.

During the 33 parallel sessions, 95 oral communications and 55 posters were presented, displaying the vitality of research on the history of glass in the scientific world. Thanks to the energies of the Greek Committee, after a first glance at Thessaloniki at the beginning of our congress, thematic visits were organised to discover the different aspects of Thessaloniki. Hellenistic and Roman city, Byzantine city, Ottoman city with its important Jewish community, contemporary city. In the post-congress trips, the participants were able to visit the heart of Macedonia, with the cities of Vergina and Dion, and the Pikrolimni Lake, producing natron in Antiquity and still today, the ancient cities of Amphipolis and Philippi, or to make a cruise around Mount Athos.

This volume brings together 84 contributions, which cover a vast chronological span from the second millennium BC up to the present day, touching on all aspects of the history of glass with a good networking between archaeology, history of art and archaeometry. An important part is devoted to the beginnings of the history of glass in the second millennium and the beginning of the first

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millennium BC, and the developments in the Hellenistic world with paperscovering the Near East, Egypt and Sudan, Greece and Turkey. The Roman and Byzantine worlds are approached from two directions: the study of the production and consumption of vessels and ornaments and the expanding study on the glass in mosaic pavements and walls. The papers on the Islamic world build on the start made at the 15th congress and show the vitality of research in this area. The presentation of discoveries and research coming from the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, Portugal, Poland, Romania and Serbia, fuels the debates about glass during the medieval and post-medieval period in Europe. The 18th and 19th centuries are not ignored, with papers dealing with glass in roofs, glass flowers and mosaic glass and there are also studies dealing with African and Asian glass.

During the General Assembly the board of the AIHV changed. Jan Egbert Kuipers (Treasurer) and Ian Freestone, to whom we extend all thanks for their work, submitted their resignations. The newly elected members were Irena Lazar, organizer of the 19th Congress in 2012, as Vice President, and Huib Tijssens, as Treasurer. Already present in the board, Despina Ignatiadou was elected member, were re-elected Jane Spillman as General Secretary, David Whitehouse as member, and I as President. The executive committee which assembled six elected members as well as the presidents of the national Associations or Committees, was partly renewed, with the election of Fatma Marii and Yoko Shindo; Sylvia Fünfschilling, Lisa Pilosi, Marianne Stern et Maria Grazia Diani were re-elected. We mourned during the congress the recent death of two long time members, Sarah Jennings from England and Claudia Maccabruni from Italy.

The preparations for the 19th congress are progressing under the guidance of Irena Lazar. The congress will be held at Piran (Slovenia) from September 17th to September 21st 2012 (www.aihv.org, www.zrs.upr.si). After the wider opening towards eastern Mediterranean members effectuated during the Thessaloniki Congress, we will receive in Piran more information and members coming from Central Europe.

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GLASS AND FAIENCE AND MYCENAEAN SOCIETY

Georg Nightingale

Glass and faience beads1 were an integral element of the Mycenaean material culture in the Late Bronze

Age. This paper attempts to describe the place of these beads within Mycenaean society, and to illustrate some functions and characteristic uses of glass and faience beads in Mycenaean culture. Glass and faience beads al-ready appear at the beginning of the Mycenaean period in the middle of the second millennium BC in the mag-nificent burials of both grave circle A and B in Mycenae2. Five faience relief-beads were found in shaft grave Ypsi-lon of grave circle B and a further bead of the same type in tomb Xi. Obviously a necklace was divided up as bur-ial gifts. There are Minoan parallels for these faience re-lief-beads, and therefore they were presumably imported from Crete. A few simple faience beads belonged to the necklaces as well. Shaft grave I in grave circle A contained a necklace of thick cylindrical glass beads and a so-called Nuzi bead as a centre piece; this necklace was possibly imported from the East3. Different types of Nuzi beads, which have a distribution area from the Aegean across the East to the Caucasus, were found in several places of Mycenaean Greece. Thus glass and faience beads start-ed off as exotic materials imported from either Minoan Crete or beyond. Beads of glass and faience were thus part of the grave goods of the most elevated burials at the beginning of the Mycenaean culture. The use of glass, faience, and frit increased in the fol-lowing periods. The stylistic development was largely in-dependent of Egypt and the East; the shapes and motifs of the beads remained strictly within Minoan/Mycenaean artistic/cultural conventions. Only a few objects and beads were imported from the East (e.g. further Nuzi beads, thick star disc pendants, possibly some inlaid simple bead types4). In the later palatial stage of the Mycenaean culture – the 14th and 13th centuries – the use of vitreous materi-

1. cf. Jackson and Wager 2008; Nightingale 2008; Chatze-Speliopoulou 2002; Panagiotaki 2002.2. Nightingale 2008, 68, 74-75 with references.3. Haevernick 1981; Cline 1994, 137 No. 43-46, 137; Nightingale 2008, 74.4. cf. Cline 1994; Nightingale 2008, 73-75.

als became extremely widespread. Glass and faience were mainly used in the form of beads and inlays. The emphasis of the Mycenaean vitreous industries was on beads with a dominance of mostly dark blue glass. Other uses of glass were much rarer, e.g. buttons, seals, dress pins, decorative elements in architecture, or luxurious and rare objects like sword hilts or helmet parts5. Multicoloured vessels like the ones from Egypt or Western Asia remained rare in Myce-naean Greece and should most probably be considered as imports from these regions6. When the grave circles of Mycenae were no longer used, the impressive series of large tholos tombs from Mycenae became the burial places of the ruling dynas-ty/ies of the kingdom of Mycenae until the end of the Mycenaean Palatial period. Though these tombs were largely robbed of their rich contents some small finds re-mained7. Some simple faience beads and several glass relief-beads of different types were found during the excavation of the stomion area of the Atreus tholos. A number of glass beads were reported from the Cyclo-pean tholos; one small faience disc bead is known from the Epano Phournos tholos. One globular glass and five amethyst beads from the Klytaimnestra tholos still had a bronze wire in their perforation onto which they were obviously threaded to be part of a necklace; a few more glass and faience beads were found on the floor as well. More beads came to light in a pit dug in the dromos of the Klytaimnestra tholos: many simple faience and glass beads of several types and several glass relief-beads; an interesting find is an ivory wing inlaid with blue glass. Many simple faience and glass relief-beads were found in the tholos tomb of the Genii or Daemons. Two glass plaques with the depiction of such Minoan/Mycenaean genii or daemons gave the tomb its name. In other tholos tombs of Mycenaean Greece from Thessaly to Crete vitreous beads were found beside gold

5. Nightingale 2008, 72, 94-95; Nightingale 2005.6. Nightingale 2008, 93-94 with references.7. Wace 1921-23.

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jewellery or beads made of precious stones. Three burials in the tholos of Dendra (Midea) in the Argolid remained undisturbed8: the so-called ‘princess’ in pit III in the cham-ber floor and the king and queen in pit I. All three were buried with rich grave gifts including metal vessels, weap-ons, and luxurious goods – especially several varieties of gold relief-beads – but also including many glass and fai-ence beads of standard types. In the case of the so-called king, a collection probably from a helmet or some sort of head gear features blue glass locks or curls and triangular glass pieces, presumably imitating boar’s tusk plates, and some heavily corroded relief-beads with figural motifs. Tholos tomb D at Archanes/Crete9 contained the un-disturbed inhumation of a woman. Around the head she had a diadem of gold and glass double argonaut beads, three necklaces were made of gold, carnelian, amber, glass and faience, a possible veil was decorated with gold and glass beads, two glass pins were found at the shoul-ders, a further necklace of gold, rock crystal, and faience was found in a pyxis close to her head. Tholos tomb A10 contained a similar combination of glass and gold beads. Gold, glass and faience were used together at the very rich chamber tomb at Spata/Attica11; there was even a boar’s tusk helmet made of glass elements. Some of the glass beads are covered with gold foil. Several glass beads in many find places are covered ei-ther in part or totally in gold foil or they are set in gold fit-tings. In addition there is the use of glass as inlay in gold jewellery, e.g. at Mycenae, Elateia-Alonaki, Volos. Such beads were frequently interpreted as cheap substitutes for more solid gold beads. Nevertheless, an interpretation is more likely which takes into account that the Mycenaeans actually combined gold and glass on purpose to achieve a pleasing combination of the colour of gold and the dark blue of the glass, but not necessarily as substitutes for oth-er materials12. Blue glass and faience was certainly of value to the Mycenaeans, judging from the use of these materials in high status surroundings together with other valuable ma-terials. Furthermore, the colour blue seems to have been important in the Aegean. Despite the availability of oth-er glass colours, the Mycenaeans mostly used blue glass only. In contemporary Egypt the different shades of blue and materials of this colour were of a high significance for magical and religious beliefs connected to life and

8. Nightingale 2008, 95 with references; Nightingale 2005, 50.9. Sakellarakis 1997; Nightingale 2008, 82-83 with references.10. Sakellarakis 1997.11. Nightingale 2005, 19-20 with references.12. Nightingale 2008, 68, 72, 78, 79, 81 with references.

health13. Similar concepts are possible for vitreous beads from Mycenaean Greece as well. In addition, the relief-beads are decorated with motifs that seem to have mag-ical or religious significance, like the sphinx, genii/dae-mons, women, the altar with in-curved sides, the libation jug, and the figure-of-eight shields. Simpler motifs like pa-pyrus, rosettes, curls, volutes, or leaves probably had re-ligious meanings as well14. Thus glass and faience beads and objects were not simply jewellery, but they were po-tentially magical/religious objects as well. A lot of work has been done on burial groups from Crete, in particular on the so-called ‘warrior’ tombs. The burial customs on Crete frequently enable the identifi-cation of individual burials. The observation of regular combinations of burial gifts allowed for the identification of different classes of the military and social elite15. The main elements for this identification are weapons, metal vases, seals and gold necklaces. It is interesting to observe that glass bead necklaces are frequently part of such bur-ial groups of the highest status. Although used in a high status context, the vitreous beads themselves are of stand-ard types and quality. Furthermore, it can be observed that glass beads in the form of necklaces were not only used by women and children, but by men as well. The use of vitreous beads was not restricted to use as burial goods, but beads were also found in settlement con-texts. Beads also were part of religious practice; they were given as votive gifts or used as cult inventory of shrines, e.g. in several shrines of the cult centre of Mycenae. In prox-imity to these shrines of Mycenae stone moulds for mak-ing relief-beads and Linear B texts mentioning the *ku-wa-no-wo-ko – the glass workers – were found as well16. It is interesting that the use of vitreous beads is not only connected to high status burials with many weap-ons, gold jewellery, and metal vessels, but also extends to more standard burials in the common chamber tombs. Although the quantity of vitreous beads and the number of types and their varieties concentrate around Mycenae and the other palace centres, it can be observed that even tombs of the peripheral regions without a palace such as Phokis or Lokris contained glass relief-beads and simple faience beads. What is even more important, there is no significant difference between beads from the high status burials at the palatial centres of e.g. Mycenae or Knossos or burials in peripheral areas. The uniformity in quality,

13. cf. Chatze-Speliopoulou 2002; Panagiotaki 2002; 52, 53, Melas 2002.14. cf. Marinatos 1993, 193-200, 229-232; Nightingale 2008, 80-81 with references.15. Kilian-Dirlmeier 1988.16. Nightingale 2008, 79-80, 82, 92.

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motif, and style is striking. Thus people from lower classes and from peripheral areas were able to use the same beads as the ruling classes of the palatial centres. Judging by the evidence we have, vitreous beads were produced in a small number of workshops attached to the Mycenaean palaces, especially to Knossos, Mycenae and Thebes17. Thus, the production and the distribution of vitreous beads were controlled by the palaces. When seen in this light, the vitreous beads become a medium for the expression of ideals and concepts of the Mycenaean pal-aces and their culture, both within their states, where they had immediate power over the people and over resourc-es, and also in the peripheral regions, which do not seem to have been under the direct control of the palatial states, but which shared their culture to a large extent. Though, in the absence of written sources, we have no means to determine the exact ways of distribution and the meanings of these beads, we are able to get a general idea. By deciding to accept or to acquire such beads, the users tried to emulate the palatial elites, and to accept their cul-tural and political lead. Hence, they apparently shared the religious and magical ideas of the centres. The impor-tance of these ideas for the kings, whose title in Mycenae-an Greek was wanax, becomes clear from an analysis of the iconography of the ruler in Mycenaean art, in particu-lar of the frescoes in the palaces. Mycenaean culture lacks any iconography for the ruler18 comparable to the con-temporary East, where ruler iconography is very impor-tant. The so-called Lion’s gate, the main entrance to the cit-adel of Mycenae shows in its relief above the lintel a com-bination of mostly religious motifs (a column with archi-tectural elements on top, standing on to altars, with two rampant bodies of lions – the heads, either lion’s heads, a female head of a sphinx or the bird’s head of a griffin, are missing). Another prominent example is the throne room of the Palace of Pylos in Messenia. On its right wall facing the monumental hearth in the centre there is the base for a throne. It is flanked on the wall by frescoes of a lion and griffin; in Minoan/Mycenaean art both are connected to priestly figures of goddesses. Thus the person sitting on the throne was placed within a religious sphere. So far no depiction of a ruler was identified in the Mycenaean fres-coes. This led to the identification of a typical “wanax ide-ology”, consisting foremost of religious ideas and concepts based on Minoan traditions, which – instead of military or dynastic concepts – defined kingship and the entire po-litical system19.

17. Nightingale 2008, 72, 92-93 with references.18. Maran 2007, 286.19. Maran 2007.

These numerous meanings of the beads might explain the surprisingly few imports of beads into the Mycenae-an Aegean. Eastern beads possibly had little meaning for the Mycenaeans. The high numbers of beads transport-ed on the two Late Bronze Age shipwrecks of Uluburun and Cape Gelidonya clearly demonstrate that large quan-tities of all sorts of beads were available on ships travelling in and out of the Aegean20, though their actual use in the Aegean always remained restricted. These characteristics of Mycenaean vitreous beads might also explain their pattern of distribution beyond the Aegean21. Mycenaean vitreous beads in typical com-bination of types and significant numbers are only found within the area of the Mycenaean culture from the Ioni-an islands to the area around Miletos on the coast of Asia Minor and to the Dodecanese, and from the area around Mount Olympos to Crete. In the regions beyond this area (from Troy across Anatolia, Western Asia, Egypt and parts of Italy) there are only a few simple faience beads, usual-ly in very small numbers only, but no glass relief-beads. The only exceptions are some relief-beads onboard the Uluburun shipwreck, and at Ugarit on the Syrian coast, and maybe at Megiddo. Based on the meanings of vitreous beads in Myce-naean society, such a distribution pattern could be in-terpreted in the following way: as Mycenaean vitreous beads were closely linked to Mycenaean society and cul-ture, simple beads in larger quantities and especially the relief-beads are only found where there was a strong Mycenaean presence. The presence of two Mycenaeans on board the shipwreck of Uluburun was proposed by the excavators22. The glass relief-beads could have been their possessions. The actual presence of Mycenaeans in Ugarit is highly probable taking into consideration the intensive contacts of this city with Cyprus and the Myc-enaean Aegean. The island of Cyprus occupied an in-termediate position. In the Late Bronze Age there was already a strong Mycenaean cultural influence, though only at the transition from the second to the first mil-lennium was this island actually colonized by Greeks. In the Late Bronze Age simple Mycenaean vitreous beads were used in many places on Cyprus albeit in small numbers and integrated into local culture. Even the mo-tifs of Mycenaean relief-beads were used on Cyprus for some gold relief-beads or as repeated patterns on typi-cal Cypriote gold sheets, but no actual glass relief-beads.

20. Pulak 2001; Bass 1967; cf. esp. Nightingale 2008, 86-87 for citations of the finds mentioned below.21. Nightingale 2008, 85-88.22. Nightingale 2008, 87 with references.

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With regards to vitreous beads, therefore, Cyprus was not part of the Mycenaean culture. The fall of the Mycenaean palaces and of the Myc-enaean states shortly after 1200 BC changed every-thing. The loss of the palaces and of their infrastruc-ture meant an end to most palatial crafts. For the pro-duction of vitreous materials this proved to be per-manent. The loss of most of the elites and especial-ly the loss of prestige of the old ruling classes would have made it impossible to prolong the old bead cul-ture on the same lines. In a short period of time after the destruction of the palaces (and of the workshop) the technological knowledge of glass and faience was lost. What remained was the use of the last beads for as

long as they were available. Already in the 12th centu-ry BC only single old Mycenaean beads or only parts of such beads were used. Trail decorated beads and singular types gained in importance or made their first – and sometimes very short-lived – appearance in this post-palatial period, al-though the numbers of beads in general remained low23. The uses of beads changed in relation to the former Pala-tial Mycenaean period when, from the 10th century BC onwards, vitreous beads, especially the ubiquitous fai-ence disc beads and some glass beads, started to reap-pear; Lefkandi on Euboea has the highest numbers of such beads. Bead use in this period bears little resem-blance to the Late Bronze Age bead culture.

23. cf. the cemeteries of Perati and Knossos/North Cemetery.

REFERENCES

Bass, G.F., 1967. ‘Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age shipwreck’, TAPhS N.S. 57/8.

Chatze-Speliopoulou, G., 2002. ‘Mykenaiko gyali’ in Kordas and Antonaras eds, 63-88.

Cline, E.H., 1994. Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea. Internation-al trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean. BAR Interna-tional Series 591. Oxford, Tempus Reparatum.

Jackson, C.M. and Wager, E.C. eds, 2008. Vitreous materials in the Late Bronze Age Aegean. Sheffield Studies in Ae-gean Archaeology 9. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

Haevernick, T.E., 1981. ‘Beiträge zur Geschichte des Anti-ken Glases, XIII, Nuzi-Perlen’ in Haevernick, T.E., Bei-träge zur Glasforschung. Die wichtigsten Aufsätze von 1938 bis 1981. Mainz, Philipp von Zabern (=JRGZ 12, 1965, 35-40), 146-149.

Kilian-Dirlmeier, I., 1988. ‘Jewellery in Mycenaean and Mi-noan ‘Warrior Graves’’, in French, E.B. and Wardle, K.A. eds, Problems in Greek Prehistory. Papers Present-ed at the Centenary Conference of the British School of Archaeology at Athens, Manchester, April 1986, Bristol, 161-171.

Kordas, G. and Antonaras, A. eds, 2002, Istoria kai technolo-gia archaiou gyaliou. Athens, Glasnet Publication.

Maran, J. and Stavrianopoulou, E., 2007. ‘Πóτνιος ’Aνὴρ – Reflections on the Ideology of Mycenaean Kingship’, in Alram-Stern, E. and Nightingale, G. eds, Keimeli-on. Elitenbildung und elitärer Konsum von der mykeni-schen Palastzeit bis zur homerischen Epoche. The For-mation of Elites and Elitist Lifestyles from Mycenaean Palatial Times to the Homeric Period. Akten des inter-nationalen Kongresses vom 3. bis 5. Februar 2005 in Salzburg, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaf-ten. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse. Denkschriften 350. Veröffentlichungen der Mykenischen Kommissi-on 27. Wien, 285-298.

Marinatos, N., 1993. Minoan Religion. Ritual, Image, and Symbol, Studies in comparative religion. Columbia/South Carolina, University of South Carolina Press.

Melas, M., 2002. ‘Exotike polyteleia: gyali kai ideologia sto proistoriko Aigaio’ in Kordas and Antonaras eds, 2002, 193-230.

Nightingale, G., 2005. ‘The Mycenaean Glass Warriors’. An-nAIHV 16, 19-22.

Nightingale, G., 2008. ‘Tiny, fragile, common, precious. Mycenaean glass and faience, beads and other objects’ in Jackson and Wager eds, 64-104.

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Pulak, C., 2001. ‘The cargo of the Uluburun ship and evi-dence for trade with the Aegean and beyond’ in Bon-fante, L. and Karageorghis, V. eds, Italy and Cyprus in antiquity: 1500-450 BC. Proceedings of an internation-al symposium held at the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University, November 16-18, 2000. Nicosia, 13-60.

Sakellarakis, Y. and Sapouna-Sakellaraki, E., 1997. Archanes. Minoan Crete in a new light. Athens Ammos Publ.

Wace, A.J.B., 1921-23. ‘Excavations at Mycenae, IX. The Tholos Tombs’. ABSA 25, 283-402.

GEORG NIGHTINGALEUniversität Salzburg

Fachbereich Altertumwissenschaften, Alte Geschichte, Altertumskunde und Mykenologie

Residentzplatz 1, A-5020 Salzburg, AUSTRIAgeorg.nightingale@sbg.ac.at

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