NGO Governance and Management in China

NGO Governance and Management in China

Edited by Reza Hasmath and Jennifer Y. J. Hsu

6241-942-1pass-0FM-r03.indd 5 5/2/2015 6:29:46 PM

First published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2016 Reza Hasmath and Jennifer Y. J. Hsu

The rights of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

[CIP data]

ISBN: 978-1-138-90997-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-69365-1 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC

6241-942-1pass-0FM-r03.indd 6 5/2/2015 6:29:47 PM

Endorsements

Grounded in deep engagement as well as expert knowledge of contemporary Chi-na, this outstanding collection deftly explains how and why NGOs have multi-plied and evolved within the space created and mediated by the state. Of particular value is the book’s success in unpacking the complex political dynamics through which some organizations thrive and others struggle.

Professor Deborah Davis, Yale University, USA

This book on governing and managing NGOs in China is a useful contribution to current studies of NGOs in China. Particularly valuable are the diverse empirical case studies of specific types of state-NGO interaction, which lend texture and depth to the analysis. This will be an important read for students of China.

Professor Jude Howell, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK

In spite of hostility on the part of the Chinese government, NGOs, domestic and international, have become part of the landscape in China, engaging in a wide range of activities, sometimes supporting and supplementing the state, and other times challenging it. The well-researched and compelling case studies in this book help us understand the richness and complexity of life in the associational private spaces in China that are too often overlooked.

Professor Thomas B. Gold, University of California, Berkeley, USA

This book reveals the diversity and complexity of the relationship between con-temporary Chinese NGOs and the government, and looks into the future of civil society in China. For those who want to understand the China’s state-society rela-tionship, this book is a must read.

Professor Guosheng Deng, Tsinghua University, China

The governance and management of NGOs in China is an important and rapidly evolving field. In this up-to-date, carefully researched, and theoretically innova-tive collection, the editors are to be congratulated in bringing together a wide-ranging set of scholarly contributions that reframe the field. This book will be indispensable to scholars and practitioners in the years to come.

Professor David Lewis, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK

6241-942-1pass-0FM-r03.indd 7 5/2/2015 6:29:47 PM

Listoftablesandfigures xi List of abbreviations xiii

1 Governing and managing NGOs in China: an introduction 1JENNIFER Y. J. HSU AND REZA HASMATH

2 The politics of space, state, and NGOs in China 9JENNIFER Y. J. HSU

3 The emergence of an autonomous social sector in China 29BINGZHONG GAO AND XUNXIANG XIA

4 Mapping the dynamics of civil society in China: a modal analysis of trends in the NGO sector 47SHAWN SHIEH

5 The evolution of a collaborative governance model: social service outsourcing to civil society organizations in China 71JESSICA C. TEETS AND MARTA JAGUSZTYN

6 (Dis)trusting NGOs in China 91CHRISTOPHER HEURLIN

7 What explains a lack of state-NGO collaboration? a neo-institutional perspective 109REZA HASMATH AND JENNIFER Y. J. HSU

8 From NGO to enterprise: the political economy of activist adaptation in China 123TIMOTHY HILDEBRANDT

Contents

6241-942-1pass-0FM-r03.indd 9 5/2/2015 6:29:48 PM

x Contents

9 Experimenting with Party-led “people’s society”: four regional models 139PATRICIA M. THORNTON

10 China Youth Development Foundation: GONGO (government-organized NGO) or GENGO (government-exploiting NGO)? 153CAROLYN L. HSU

Bibliography 170Contributors 191

6241-942-1pass-0FM-r03.indd 10 5/2/2015 6:29:48 PM

Tables and Figures

Tables2.1 NGO engagements with different layers of the state 153.1 Development of Chinese social organizations between

1988 and 1999 343.2 Development of Chinese Legally Registered Social

Organizations, 2000–2012 366.1 Trust in NGOs in China 956.2 Trust in NGOs before and after the Sichuan earthquake 956.3 Trust in institutions in China 956.4 Trust in NGOs in East Asia 976.5 Determinants of trust in NGOs in 2002 1056.6 Determinants of trust in NGOs in 2008 106

Figures3.1 Development of Chinese legally registered social organizations,

1988–1999 353.2 Development of Chinese legally registered social organizations,

2000–2012 373.3 Development of Chinese legally registered social organizations,

1988–2012 374.1 NGOs in China and their relationship to the state 49

6241-942-1pass-0FM-r03.indd 11 5/2/2015 6:29:48 PM

1 Governing and managing NGOs in ChinaAn introduction

Jennifer Y. J. Hsu and Reza Hasmath

The number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in China has dramati-cally increased in the past two decades. The approximately 440,000 officially registered NGOs – alongside a greater number of unregistered ones – operate in a spectrum of activities, such as education, poverty alleviation, community devel-opment, the environment, and health, and offer a variety of services and support for, often, marginalized groups in Chinese society. In effect, the relatively recent proliferation of NGOs in China suggests the potential dawn of a turning point in China’s state-–society relations.

There are two major reasons explaining the contemporary rise of NGOs in China: socio-economic and political. For the former, NGOs in China have a grow-ing ability to: (1) satisfy the need for public goods, (2) pursue collective interests, and (3) enhance positive externalities while lowering negative externalities (see Xu 2008). At a more basic level, the numerical increase of NGOs mirrors the rising social challenges caused, in part, by economic liberalization – with prob-lems ranging from environmental damages to unsafe foods becoming an every-day reality that NGOs have sought to address. For the latter explanation, NGOs have proliferated due to the wider political ‘space’ afforded them by the state (see Liu 2008; Yu and Zhou 2012). J. Hsu and Hasmath (2014) reinforce this idea by arguing that the Chinese state has moved away from a strategy of overt coercion (termed overt sanctioning) to manage social organizations, to one of tacit sanc-tioning, whereby the state creates and mediates the ‘space’ for NGOs to operate.

The consequences of the growing numerical presence of NGOs in China, cou-pled with an evolving political, economic, and social institutional environment in the nation, is acutely interesting. Scholarly attention in Chinese NGOs has moved from macro investigations into state–society engagement (see Pei 1998; Ma 2006; Hasmath and J. Hsu 2009; Lu 2009) into detailed ethnographic accounts of how NGOs operate, and their day-to-day functions. We are now witnessing substantial changes in the way a range of social issues are addressed and discussed in China, in part thanks to the tireless efforts of NGOs.

China’s civil societyForemost, the growth of Chinese NGOs has facilitated analytical enquiries into the nature of China’s civil society and what this growth means for the Chinese state (see J. Hsu, 2014). At the crudest level, these enquiries, in sum, ponder

6241-942-1pass-001-r03.indd 1 5/2/2015 6:29:58 PM

2 Jennifer Y. J. Hsu and Reza Hasmath

whether NGOs should be viewed as a proxy for the development of civil soci-ety. Disaggregated further, the study of the behaviour of NGOs in China offers valuable insight into their transformative capacity, both for society and to a lesser extent in China’s case, for systemic political change.

Nonetheless, it will be misadvised to view NGOs solely as agents of democ-ratization in the context of China. While NGOs are not impotent of their trans-formative capacity, the capacity of NGOs in China to affect political change is much more muted. While NGOs can, and do, provide alternate space for citizen engagement, the fact that NGOs exist and operate within an evolving authoritar-ian political environment – one that is under the tacit and overt rule of the Com-munist Party of China (CPC) – the various constraints that besets NGOs facilitates different types of developments and relationships with the state.

Put differently, while NGOs are not synonymous for civil society, they do illu-minate the potential for non-state stakeholders to advance the social agenda. As China continues its economic and social development, various issues have come to the fore as a result. NGOs and other civil society stakeholders have taken the opportunity to address these emerging issues, and are advocating on behalf of the marginalized to local and central authorities.

While the civil society debate by Chinese scholars in the late 1990s and early/mid-2000s focused on matters of whether a Western/European notion was appli-cable in an authoritarian context, later studies on Chinese civil society have sought to discuss the usage of other more appropriate terms, such as a ‘third sector’ (Ma 2006; Lu 2009). For Gao Bingzhong and Xia Xunxiang, the notion of civil society requires greater articulation in the context of China, and thus an analysis of the functions of NGOs indicates that Chinese NGOs have contributed to a system of societal values, emphasizing notions such as civility. Gao and Xia’s chapter argue that the term ‘social sector’ may be more apt in categorizing the rise of NGOs, rather than civil society. When conceptualized as part of a ‘social sector,’ NGOs (and other non-state stakeholders) are thus tasked with the responsibility of advancing Chinese society, for example, to be a leader in responding to key events like the Wenchuan earthquake.

Whether we conceptualize the rise of Chinese NGOs as a strengthening civil society sector or not, Shawn Shieh advances a multidimensional framework – one that goes beyond civil society or a corporatist framework (see Hsu and Hasmath 2013) – to capture the often contradictory dynamics at play in the development of Chinese NGOs. Shieh, in his chapter, suggests that a framework emphasiz-ing ‘societalization,’ whereby NGOs participate in initiatives that rely on societal resources, is most apt at explaining the trends in the sector between 2008 and 2013. The Chinese state may have evolved over the last two decades as to how it engages with NGOs, as Shieh notes, from management to guidance, but the state remains a considerable factor in the development of NGOs.

Strong state, weak society?The ‘Chinese state’ should be conceptualized in a myriad of different ways, from local to central. While the role of the central state in influencing NGO activities

6241-942-1pass-001-r03.indd 2 5/2/2015 6:29:58 PM

Governing and managing NGOs in China 3

has been commented upon extensively in the literature, this book will generally place the analytical framework at the local state level. Here, the local state struc-ture is defined as “the organization of local government”; and local state practice is understood as “the way local governments implement central policy and make and implement their own policy in the absence of higher-level guidance” (Remick 2002: 399). The need to account for local discourses of the Chinese state is made more pertinent by China’s decentralization. Local states are expected to make a wide range of decisions, as well as take on increased responsibilities, including the delivery of social welfare provisions. For instance, the proceedings from the Thirteenth National Civil Affairs meeting in March 2012 illustrated the central state’s desire to encourage greater participation of social organizations in a range of activities, in tandem with the local state’s efforts to improve its social assis-tance system to low-income households. Thus, by privileging the local state in the analysis of the state–NGO relationship, one can uncover the different factors that shape the development of NGOs, and why some NGOs are more effective than others.

The necessity for a more nuanced framework for understanding state–NGO engagement will reflect the changing dynamics and subtleties of both actors. It may be easy to conclude that the state is strong, and society is weak. By design, Chinese NGOs are inseparable from the Chinese state, whether in a tacit or an overt manner, and as such, whether we choose to incorporate the state into our analysis or not is a moot point. The current system of registration and manage-ment of Chinese NGOs heavily involves the state, and it will inevitably say some-thing about the nature of the Chinese state. Yet, the viewpoint unveils little in understanding the forces at work in shaping the engagement between state and NGOs. For example, labour NGOs in China may seek informal partnerships with local branches of mass organizations thus allowing the NGO a level of relative independence to conduct its work (Chan 2013).

Jennifer Y. J. Hsu in her chapter specifically examines the significance of the state in the development of NGOs. She offers a proposal to differentiate notions of the state – that is, the Chinese state should be viewed as comprising spaces and layers where the boundaries of the state are porous, and its flexibility means that it can permeate and co-opt spaces of NGOs. Pragmatically, the flexible boundaries of the state translate to mean that the state is expanding into areas occupied by NGOs, and whether through formal or informal means of engagement, spaces of the state expand or contract depending on its interactions with NGOs.

Similarly, Reza Hasmath and Jennifer Y. J. Hsu’s chapter further reinforces the notion of the importance of the local state. Although NGOs have demonstrated the ability and capacity to deliver resources to various social groups and advocate on their behalf, as noted by Jessica C. Teets and Marta Jagusztyn’s chapter, Hasmath and Hsu observe relatively low levels of collaboration between the local state and NGOs. Hasmath and Hsu examine strategies of engagement between local state and NGOs to comprehend this case. They note that NGOs have not matured sufficiently to become part of an epistemic community in which their expertise or interpretive powers can be used as reference points by the state. This in turn explains low levels of collaboration between the local state and NGO. The focus

6241-942-1pass-001-r03.indd 3 5/2/2015 6:29:58 PM


on knowledge and expertise provides a further avenue to assess state–NGO devel-opment. Recent literature indicates that the state will vary its engagement with NGOs depending on the type of organization, for example, the social services or goods they offer (Kang and Han 2011; Wu and Chan 2012).

The evolving political institutional environment in China, one that has varied from strict management to more guidance in recent years, shapes the NGO sector. The institutional environment is plagued by various isomorphic pressures affect-ing the way NGOs develop, where coercive and mimetic pressures have impacted on the form and functions of NGOs (see the Hasmath and Hsu chapter in this vol-ume). In a recent survey by the China Development Brief (2013), 18 per cent of the NGOs surveyed had an annual budget of approximately US$16,000 to $81,500, and another 17 per cent with budgets ranging from $81,500 to $163,000. The find-ings of the survey indicate that the scale of NGO operations ranges from small to modest. The registration difficulties and access to stable domestic and interna-tional funding suggests that NGOs, and their ability to achieve their organizational goals, are likely to be shaped by the evolving political environment in China.

NGOs as social service providersSimultaneously, both central and some local authorities in China are actively exper-imenting with the delivery of social services, including contracting such services out to NGOs. In a case study of two different outsourcing models, HIV service contracting in Yunnan and migrant children education in Shanghai, Teets and Jag-usztyn show that social service outsourcing has the potential to impact state–NGO relations. Indeed, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Beijing, and Nanjing have all eased reg-istration requirements for NGOs conducting social service delivery. While out-sourcing may present itself as an indicator of future administrative reforms in China, Teets and Jagustzyn’s chapter clearly notes that the feedback mechanisms to inform policy require critical attention if the infrastructure to strengthen the participation of NGOs is desired. Although outsourcing may lead to greater inter-action between state and NGOs, among the potential pitfalls in moving towards a market-based model without the necessary standards or monitoring mechanism is the failure to understand and adhere to accountability measures and ensure the quality of the services delivered (Fisher et al. 2012). Another question that out-sourcing raises is whether a market-based model of service delivery will lead to a homogenization of the sector – due to the isomorphic pressures noted by Hasmath and Hsu’s chapter – as NGOs compete for limited resources and contracts.

As NGOs serve to deliver more services to a greater proportion of the popula-tion, NGOs will inevitably become stronger mediators between state and society. How NGOs perform in such a role is again dependent on how they function as service providers. Whether greater NGO penetration into communities as service providers will lead to higher trust levels of NGOs is open to question. Christopher Heurlin writes in his chapter that the public trust level of NGOs is dependent on their relationship with the state. His study details that ties between NGOs and local authorities facilitate trust in NGOs by making citizens who trust the local

6241-942-1pass-001-r03.indd 4 5/2/2015 6:29:59 PM


authorities much more likely to trust NGOs. However, during the Hu Jintao era, trust in local authorities and NGOs declined significantly. Heurlin shows that the declining sociopolitical environment negatively affected trust levels for NGOs. Given such a situation, it begs the question whether NGOs can be effective media-tors between state and society.

Perhaps major events such as the Wenchuan earthquake, where NGOs have illustrated decisive action in providing humanitarian aid, can reinvigorate public trust in NGOs. The earthquake not only showed the capacity of NGOs to respond quickly and effectively, but it also led to wider space for NGOs to emerge (Deng and Shieh 2011). Under such circumstances and changing institutional environ-ment, we see NGOs adapt and develop new strategies for organizational survival. Though Heurlin’s chapter may offer a bleak prognostication of the future of Chi-nese NGOs, whereby there is a trust deficit in NGOs, Timothy Hildebrandt dem-onstrates that NGOs in China have a capacity to quickly evolve, factoring in their environment constraints.

Models of fundingThe declining availability of international funding and the move towards an out-sourcing model have created conditions in which NGOs must find new models of funding. Hildebrandt contends in his chapter that as the government becomes more adept at addressing social welfare issues, for example, in contracting out these services to non-profits and NGOs, existing NGOs must find new organiza-tional goals, as well as finances. Hildebrandt offers a distinctive outlook on the future of Chinese NGOs from the perspective of social entrepreneurship. Hilde-brandt argues that NGOs are now more likely to shift from principled orientations to economics in their funding models. In this context, NGOs are being led by social entrepreneurs, where entrepreneurial business strategies are utilized to cre-ate and maintain a funding stream. In considering this turn, Hildebrandt adopts a political economy approach to theorize the evolution of NGOs, but as he observes with clarity, the social enterprise route holds both promise and peril for the organi-zations involved.

Survival strategiesWhile Chinese NGOs may not offer the large-scale political change that we may hope for, the likes of environmental NGOs can offer citizens the means to “prac-tice political skills, organize and participate in civic action, and test political lim-its” (Yang 2005, 65). Or in the case of migrant NGOs, Ren (2011) argues that these NGOs are challenging the urban citizen regime. Moreover, migrant NGOs have engaged in raising labour rights amongst migrant workers and have moved to foster a sense of collective identity. HIV/AIDS’ NGOs have been active in reshap-ing the discourse on how people living with HIV/AIDS are viewed and treated (Wan et al. 2009). Thus, different sectoral developments across China’s NGO landscapes suggest that NGOs have the transformative potential. Nonetheless,

6241-942-1pass-001-r03.indd 5 5/2/2015 6:29:59 PM


as Hildebrandt identifies, the various forces at work, domestic and international, suggest that the majority of NGOs, no matter the sector, will eventually have to address the question of organizational survival.

Strategies adopted by NGOs in response to their own survival emerge from external conditions and from the institutional experiences of its own members. Carolyn L. Hsu in her chapter articulates an organizational framework to interpret and analyze the evolution and adaptive strategies of NGOs. In her case study of the China Youth Development Foundation (CYDF), Carolyn L. Hsu shows that organizations such as the CYDF have successfully manipulated their status as government-organized NGOs (GONGOs) to assist in NGO development, tackle a social problem, and establish enough momentum within society to affect social change with regard to rural children’s education. Organizations such as the CYDF are not passive entities waiting for instructions from the state or reactive to their institutional environments. As Carolyn L. Hsu’s case study shows, the CYDF has managed to create a template for how to manipulate the disagreements and anxieties within the Chinese Party-state in order to achieve social and organiza-tional goals. Hsu highlights the CYDF’s innovativeness in terms of organizational development and expansion.

Although the CYDF has demonstrated potential to be one step ahead of the Party-state in terms of its development and survival, Patricia M. Thornton’s chap-ter indicates that the Chinese Communist Party is actively reasserting its control over NGOs. Thornton’s chapter documents new Party developments in creating a Party-led Chinese “people’s society.” Such innovations include the establishment of a Party committee or branch inside the NGO. Responding to central leader-ship to be socially innovative, provincial and municipal Party committees have sought to establish and register new social organizations, in what Thornton refers as PONGOs, or Party-organized NGOs, which are a new organizational hybrid to support the formation of grassroots social groups. These PONGOs, unlike NGOs, are reliant on the local Party committees for sponsorship and registration. In considering Carolyn L. Hsu’s and Patricia M. Thornton’s chapters, we may reach the conclusion that these are contradictory developments. How then do we best understand these contrasting developments, where the activeness of social organizations may be tempered or quashed by a strengthening Party? We believe the developments presented clearly show the heterogeneity of social organiza-tional development across China today, whether it be NGOs, GONGOs, or PON-GOs. As we have sought to establish, there are varying levels of development and experimentations at both the state and NGO levels. There is no single model of a Chinese NGO, nor is there a unitary Chinese state. Consequently, we will see dif-ferent types of NGO developments, with local states responding differently across respective jurisdictions.

The chapters aheadThe aim of this book is to bring together the most recent research covering three broad themes, namely the conceptualizations and subsequent functions of NGOs;

6241-942-1pass-001-r03.indd 6 5/2/2015 6:29:59 PM


state–NGO engagement; and NGOs as mediators between state and society. It is clear that the results of the research do not always coincide with one another, but this only enhances the heterogeneity of the NGO sector and diverse sets of verti-cal and horizontal relationships. Despite the strength of the state and reassertion of the Party, the book demonstrates that there is substantial room for NGOs to navigate, adapt, and establish new types of relationships with the state.

Meanwhile, NGOs for the most part continue to mediate between state and society, whether as government contractors or as social enterprises. NGOs have the space and opportunity – albeit limited on both fronts – to explore new ways and hone their skills in mitigating China’s persistent and emergent social prob-lems. The success in resolving these issues will also depend on how well central and local authorities respond to the presence and innovations of NGOs. Thus, this book should be viewed as a continuing story of state–society relations in contem-porary China.

The first three chapters (Jennifer Y. J. Hsu, Gao and Xia, and Shieh) track the emergence and evolution of NGOs in contemporary China, and explore the nature and type of interactions between the local state and NGOs. In particular, Jennifer Y. J. Hsu’s chapter frames the discussion on state–NGO relations by arguing the need to understand how local states impact the development of NGOs. Gao and Xia’s chapter complements J. Hsu’s approach, by considering the NGO sector within a broader framework of civil society. Their chapter highlights the utility of the civil society concept in China, and its application in understanding local state and NGO interactions. Shieh’s chapter looks at state–NGO relations through a modal analysis of trends in the NGO sector. He takes aim at concepts such as cor-poratism and civil society, and purports that they do not offer a full understanding of the diversity of state–NGO interactions in China. In sum, this section provides a theoretical framework for subsequent discussions throughout the book.

The next set of chapters (Teets and Jagusztyn, and Heurlin) consider not only the current role of Chinese NGOs at the local level, but how perceptions and expectations of NGOs are changing domestically. Teets and Jagusztyn’s chap-ter suggest a divergent perspective, by discussing a new collaborative model of governing NGOs – one that incorporates the recent move towards local state out-sourcing of social service delivery to NGOs. Heurlin invites us to pause and con-sider the development of the NGO sector from a trust perspective. He strongly suggests that the general public has a significant role to play in determining the function and legitimacy of the modern NGO.

Finally, the last chapters (Hasmath and Jennifer Y. J. Hsu, Hildebrandt, Thornton, and Carolyn L. Hsu) contemplate different possibilities and futures for NGOs in China. Hasmath and Jennifer Y. J. Hsu present a novel concep-tual framework that explains a lack of local state and NGO engagements. Hilde-brandt’s chapter provides an insight into what occurs once NGOs have achieved their aims. Thornton and Carolyn L. Hsu chapters illustrate the involvement of PONGOs and GONGOs, respectively. Both chapters ponder the future activities of PONGOs and GONGOs in the local state and their impact on the development of NGOs.

6241-942-1pass-001-r03.indd 7 5/2/2015 6:29:59 PM


As China becomes increasingly integrated into the global system, the pressure to acknowledge and engage with NGOs will rise. Unless there is a clear under-standing of state authorities’ interaction with NGOs, and vice versa, any analysis of China as a global, social, political, and economic force will be incomplete. Put differently, this book will provide an urgent insight into how state authorities are currently interacting with NGOs, allowing for the codification and cataloguing of such interactions to ensure a measure of predictability in our assessment of China’s state–NGO relations. Moreover, this book will provide a future glimpse into the practices and challenges of NGO and state interactions in China’s rapidly devel-oping regions, which will aid in NGOs’ strategic planning in the short/long term and help us better understand Chinese NGOs’ behaviour when they eventually move their areas of operation from the domestic sphere to an international one.

6241-942-1pass-001-r03.indd 8 5/2/2015 6:29:59 PM

Bibliography

Agnew, John. Place and Politics: The Geographical Mediation of State and Society. Lon-don: Allen and Unwin, 1987.

Agnew, John. “The Territorial Trap: The Geographical Assumptions of International Rela-tions Theory.” Review of International Political Economy 1, no. 1 (1994): 53–80.

Agnew, John. Making Political Geography. Oxford: OUP, 2002.Agnew, John. “Space and Place.” In Handbook of Geographical Knowledge, edited by J.

Agnew and D. Livingstone, 316–330. London: Sage, 2011.Appleton, Simon John Knight, Lina Song, and Qingjie Xia. “The Economics of Com-

munist Party Membership: the Curious Case of Rising Numbers and Wage Premium During China’s Transition.” Journal of Development Studies 45, no. 2 (February 2009): 256–275.

Aristotle. Politics. Translated by Shoupeng Wu. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1983.Ashley, Jillian and Pengyu He. “Opening One Eye and Closing the Other: The Legal and

Regulatory Environment for ‘Grassroots’ NGOs in China Today.” Boston University International Law Journal 26, no. 29 (2008): 29–96.

Austin, James, Howard Stevenson, Jane Wei-Skillern. “Social and Commercial Entrepre-neurship: Same, Different, or Both?” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice January (2006): 1–22.

Beissinger, Mark. “Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions.” Perspectives on Politics 5, no. 2 (2007): 259–276.

Bentley, Julia. “Survival Strategies for Civil Society Organizations in China.” Interna-tional Journal of Not-for-Profit Law 6, no. 2 (2004). <www.icnl.org/journal/vol6iss2/ar_bentley.htm> (accessed April 21, 2007).

Binney, Derek. “The Knowledge Management Spectrum – Understanding the KM Land-scape.” Journal of Knowledge Management 5, no. 1 (2001): 33–42.

Branigan, Tania. “China Officials Shut Legal-Aid Centre.” The Guardian, July 18, 2009.Bratton, Michael. “The Politics of NGO Relations in Africa.” World Development 17, no. 4

(1989): 569–587.Bray, David. Social Space and Governance in Urban China: The Danwei System from

Origins to Reform. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005.Brenner, Neil. “Beyond State-Centrism? Space, Territoriality, and Geographical Scale in

Globalization Studies.” Theory and Society 28 (1999): 39–78.Brenner, Neil, Bob Jessop, Martin Jones, and Gordon MacLeod. “Introduction: State Space

in Question.” In State/Space: A Reader, edited by N. Brenner, B. Jessop, M. Jones, and G. MacLeod, 1–26. Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 170 5/2/2015 6:32:02 PM

Bibliography 171

Breton, Albert and Raymond Breton. “An Economic Theory of Social Movements.” Chap-ters and Proceedings of the Eighty-first Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association 59 (1969): 198–205.

Briggs, Xavier de Souza. “Doing Democracy up Close: Culture, Power, and Communica-tion in Community Building.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 18, no. 1 (1998): 1–13.

Brint, Steven and Jerome Karabel. “Institutional Origins and Transformations: The Case of American Community Colleges.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analy-sis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, 337–360. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Cartier, Carolyn. “Urban Growth, Rescaling, and the Spatial Administrative Hierarchy.” Provincial China 3, no. 1 (2011): 9–33.

CCTV. “China Rolls out Plan to Transform Government Functions: Report on State Council Institutional Reform and Transformation of Government Functions.” March 10, 2013.

Chan, Chris King-chi. “Community-based Organizations for Migrant Workers’ Rights: The Emergence of Labour NGOs in China.” Community Development Journal 48, no. 1 (2013): 6–22.

Chen, Baoliang. The Societies and Associations in China [in Chinese]. Hangzhou: Zheji-ang People’s Press, 1996.

Chen, Feng and Ting Gong. “Party versus Market in Post-Mao China: The Erosion of the Leninist Organization from Below.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Poli-tics 13, no. 3 (1997): 148–166.

Chen, Jiaxi [陈家喜]. “Woguo Xin Shehui Zuzhi Dangjian: Moshi, Kunjing Yu Fangxi-ang” [“我国新社会组织党建：模式、困境与方向”] [Our Country’s New Social Organization Party Building: Models, Difficulties, and Directions], Zhonggong Zhong-yang Dangxiao Xuebao 中共中央党校学报[Journal of the Party School of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party] 16, no. 2 (2012): 36.

Chen, Jie. Popular Political Support in Urban China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.

Chen, Jie. “Shanghai Qing Cong Quan Children’s Intelligence Training Center: Gaining the Community’s Support.” China Development Brief 48, Winter (2010). <www.china-developmentbrief.cn/?p=349> (accessed November 2, 2013).

Cheng, Joseph Y. S., Kinglun Ngok, and Wenjia Zhuang. “The Survival and Development Space for China’s Labor NGOs: Informal Politics and Its Uncertainty.” Asian Survey 6, no. 50 (2010): 1082–1106.

China CDC Draft Handbook for Social Organizations Implementing Interventions with MARPs and Providing Care to PLHIV (社会组织开展艾滋病高危人群干预及感染者和病人关怀技术指南), prepared by China CDC in June 2012.

China Development Brief. Chinese NGO Directory (251 NGO Profiles with a Spe-cial Report) China’s Civil Society in the Making. Beijing: China Development Brief, 2013.

China Labour Bulletin. 2011a. “China’s Labour Dispute Resolution System.” <http://www.clb.org.hk/en/view-resource-centre-content/100618> (accessed June 22, 2012).

China Labour Bulletin. 2011b. “Migrant Workers in China.” <http://www.clb.org.hk/en/view-resource-centre-content/100259> (accessed June 22, 2012).

“Chinese Government’s NGO Funding Peaks in 2012.” Xinhua (China Daily). February 13, 2013.

Chinese Social Science Academy Project Group. Mobility of the Modern Chinese Society [in Chinese]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2004.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 171 5/2/2015 6:32:03 PM

172 Bibliography

Choi, Eun Kyong and Kate Xiao Zhou, “Entrepreneurs and Politics in the Chinese Transi-tional Economy: Political Connections and Rent-Seeking.” The China Review 1 (2001): 111–135, 125–126.

Clark, John. “The Relationship Between the State and the Voluntary Sector.” World Bank, Human Resources Development and Operations Policy, Working Paper, 1993.

Clarke, Gerard. The Politics of NGOs in South-East Asia: Participation and Protest in the Philippines. London: Routledge, 2001.

Clemens, Elisabeth Stephanie. The People’s Lobby: Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest Group Politics in the United States, 1890–1925. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Cohen, Jean L. and Andrew Arato. Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992.

Cohen, Stanley. Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers. New York: Routledge, 2011.

“Communiqué on the Current State of the Ideological Sphere A Notice from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s General Office.” April 22, 2013. http://www.chinafile.com/document-9-chinafile-translation#start.

Cooper, Carolyn M. “ ‘This Is Our Way In’: The Civil Society of Environmental NGOs in South-West China.” Government and Opposition 41, no. 1 (2006): 109–136.

Covaleski, Mark A. and Mark W. Dirsmith. “An Institutional Perspective on the Rise, Social Transformation, and Fall of a University Budget Category.” Administrative Sci-ence Quarterly 33, no. 4 (1988): 562–587.

Cox, Kevin. Fundamental Concepts of Political Geography: An Introduction, in Political Geography: Territory, State, and Society. Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.

Dacin, M. Tina, Jerry Goodstein, and W. Richard Scott. “Institutional Theory and Institu-tional Change.” Academy of Management Journal 45, no. 1 (2002): 45–54.

Deephouse, David L. “Does Isomorphism Legitimate?” Academy of Management Journal 39 (1996): 1024–1039.

Deng, Guosheng. “Yilong County’s Township and Village Development Association” [Yilong Xian Xiangcun Fazhan Xiehui]. In Research on China’s NGOs [Zhongguo NGO Yanjiu], edited by M. Wang, United Nations Centre for Regional Development Report Series No. 43, 2001.

Deng, Guosheng. “New Environment for Development of NGOs in China.” In The 500 NGOs in China, edited by M. Wang, 17–29. Beijing: United Nations Centre for Regional Development, 2002.

Deng, Guosheng. “The Hidden Rules Governing China’s Unregistered NGOs: Conse-quences and Management.” The China Review 10, no. 1 (2010): 183–206.

Deng, Guosheng and Shawn Shieh. “An Emerging Civil Society: The Impact of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake on Grass-Roots Associations in China.” The China Journal 65 (2011): 181–194.

Deng, Guosheng et al., eds. Responding to Wenchuan: an Analysis on Relief Mechanism in China. Peking University Press, 2009.

Diamond, Larry. “Rethinking Civil Society: Toward Democratic Consolidation.” Journal of Democracy 5, no. 3 (1994): 4–17.

Dickson, Bruce. “Cooptation and Corporatism in China: The Logic of Party Adaptation.” Political Science Quarterly 115 (2000): 517–540.

DiMaggio, Paul. “Interest and Agency in Institutional Theory.” In Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment, edited by Lynne G. Zucker, 3–21. Cam-bridge, MA: Ballinger Publications, 1988.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 172 5/2/2015 6:32:03 PM

Bibliography 173

DiMaggio, Paul. “Constructing an Organizational Field as a Professional Project: US Art Museums, 1920–1940.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, 267–292. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

DiMaggio, Paul and Walter Powell. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48, no. 2 (1983): 147–160.

DiMaggio, Paul J. and Walter W. Powell. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Iso-morphism and Collective Rationality.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter Powell and Paul DiMaggio, 63–82. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Dong, Qiang [童强]. “Shanghai ‘Liangxin’ Zuzhi Dangzhibu Shuji Duiwu Jianshe Diao-cha.” [上海“两新”组织党支部书记队伍建设调查] [An Investigation into Building the Team of ‘Two New’ Organization Party Branch Secretaries in Shanghai]. Shanghai Dangshi yu Dangjian [Shanghai Party History and Party-Building], May 25, 2005.

Du, Xiaotian et al. “Labor NGOs: Growing Pains.” Southern Daily [Nanfang Ribao], September 3, 2012.

Duckett, Jane and Beatriz Carrillo. “Toward an Understanding of China’s Welfare Mix.” In China’s Changing Welfare Mix: Local Perspectives, edited by J. Duckett and B. Car-rillo, 1–19. London & New York: Routledge, 2011.

Edin, Maria. “Remaking the Communist Party-State: The Cadre Responsibility System at the Local Level in China,” China: An International Journal 1, no. 1 (2003): 1–15.

Evans, Peter. Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.

Fei, Xiaotong. From the Soil, the Foundations of Chinese Society. Beijing: Joint Publishing Company, 1985.

Feng, Yongfeng. “Is the Alashan (SEE) Foundation a Model for the One Foundation?” China Development Brief 50, Summer (2011). <http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=660> (accessed November 3, 2013).

Fewsmith, Joseph. “Debating Constitutional Government.” The China Leadership Monitor 42, October (2013).

Fisher, Karen, Jing Li and Lei Fan. “Barriers to the Supply of Non-Government Disability Services in China.” Journal of Social Policy 41, no. 1 (2012): 161–182.

Ford, Peter. “China Cracks Down on NGOs.” The Christian Science Monitor, December 6, 2007.

Foster, Kenneth W. “Associations in the Embrace of an Authoritarian State: State Domina-tion of Society?” Studies in Comparative International Development 4, no. 35 (2001): 84–109.

Friedland, Roger and Robert R. Alford. “Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analy-sis, edited by Walter Powell and Paul DiMaggio, 232–263. Chicago: University of Chi-cago Press, 1991.

Frohlich, Norman, Joe A. Oppenheimer, and Oran R. Young. Political Leadership and Col-lective Goods. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.

Froissart, Chloé. “Escaping from Under the Party’s Thumb: A Few Examples of Migrant Workers’ Strivings for Autonomy.” Social Research 73, no. 1 (2006): 197–218.

Froissart, Chloé. “Is There a NGO Model? Comparing NGOs Supporting Migrant Workers in Beijing and the Pearl River Delta.” Paper presented at Asia Centre at Sciences Po, Conference Series, 2010.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 173 5/2/2015 6:32:04 PM

174 Bibliography

Frolic, B. Michael. “State-led Civil Society.” In Civil Society in China, edited by T. Brooks and B. Frolic, 46–67. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997.

Fu, Hualing. “Embedded Socio-Legal Activism in China: The Case of Yirenping.” Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 2012/029, University of Hong Kong, 2012.

Fu, Tao. “From Opposition to Dialogue.” China Development Brief 48, Winter and Sum-mer (2010). <http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=945> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Fu, Tao. “Participatory Governance: Interview with Song Qinghua,” China Development Brief 49, Spring (2011). <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=575> (accessed Novem-ber 4, 2013).

Fu, Tao. “Deciphering the Chengdu Civil Organization Service Park,” China Development Brief 56, Winter 2012.

Fulda, Andreas, Yanyan Li and Qinghua Song. “New Strategies of Civil Society in China: A Case Study of the Network Governance Approach.” Journal of Contemporary China 21, no. 76 (2012): 675–693.

Galaskiewicz, Joseph and Wolfgang Bielefeld. Nonprofit Organizations in an Age of Uncertainty. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, 1998.

Gallagher, Mary. “China: The Limits of Civil Society in a Late Leninist State.” In Civil Society and Political Change in Asia, edited by M. Alagappa, 419–452. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004.

Gansu Shehui Zuzhi Wang 甘肃社会组织网 [Gansu Social Organization Net]. 2011. “Qiansheng Shehui Zuzhi Dangjian Gongzuo Diaoyan Baogao” 全省社会组织党建工作调研报告 [Investigative Report Into Party-Building Work in Social Organizations across the Province], (April 8). <http://www.gsshzzw.gov.cn/show_dj.asp?id=743>.

Gao, Bingzhong and Ruijun Yuan, eds. The Blue Book of Chinese Civil Society Develop-ment [in Chinese]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2008.

Gao, Liuli. “NGOs Join Forces in Response to Disasters.” China Development Brief 50, Summer (2011). <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=801> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Gazley, Beth and Jeffery L. Brudney. “The Purpose (and Perils) of Government-Nonprofit Partnership.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 36, no. 3 (2007): 389–415.

Ge, Yunsong. “Feiyingli Zuzhi Fazhande Falu Huanjing.” In NGOs in China, edited by L. Xie. Shanghai: Shanghai Academy of Social Science Press, 2003. <www.npo.org.cn> (accessed November 13, 2007).

Gold, Thomas. “The Resurgence of Civil Society in China.” Journal of Democracy 1, no. 1 (1990): 18–31.

Gore, Lance P. The Chinese Communist Party and China’s Capitalist Revolution. London: Routledge, 2010.

Graeber, David. “Dead Zones of the Imagination: On Violence, Bureaucracy, and Interpre-tive Labor.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 2, no. 2 (2012): 105–128.

Gramsci, Antonio. An Antonio Gramsci Reader: Selected Writings, 1916–1935, edited by David Forgacs. New York: Schocken Books, 1988.

Green, Andrew and Ann Matthias. “NGOs – A Policy Panacea for the Next Millennium?” Journal of International Development 7, no. 3 (1995): 565–573.

Gross, Mattais. Ignorance and Surprise: Science, Society and Ecological Design. Cam-bridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010.

Guo, Chao and Muhittin Acar. “Understanding Collaboration among Nonprofit Organi-zations: Combining Resource Dependency, Institutional, and Network Perspectives.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 34, no. 3 (2005): 340–361.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 174 5/2/2015 6:32:04 PM

Bibliography 175

Guo, Ting. “Environmental NGOs Join Forces to Submit Legislative Proposals.” China Development Brief 53, Spring (2012a). <http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=1176> (accessed February 19, 2014).

Guo, Ting. “Roundtable on the Impact of Recent Policy Changes on NGOs.” China Development Brief, 54 Summer (2012b). <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=1261> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Guo, Ting, Tao Fu, and Haiying Liu, eds. The Diversification of Public Advocacy in China Beijing: China Development Brief, 2013. <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=2056> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Guo, Yujie. “History of Lesbians Organizing.” China Development Brief 47, Fall (2010). <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=355> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Haas, Peter. “Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordina-tion.” International Organization 46, no. 1 (1992): 1–35.

Habermas, Jürgen. The Theory of Communicative Action: Lifeworld and System: A Cri-tique of Functionalist Reason. Vol. 2. Boston: Beacon Press, 1985.

Hagar, Mark, Joseph Galaskiewicz, and Jeff Larson. “Structural Embeddedness and the Liability of Newness among Nonprofit Organizations.” Public Management Review 6, no. 2 (2004): 159–188.

Halpern, Nina P. “Economic Reform, Social Mobilization, and Democratization in Post-Mao China.” In Reform and Reaction in Post-Mao China: The Road to Tianan-men, edited by Richard Baum, 38–59. New York: Routledge, 1991.

Han, Sun Sheng. “Shanghai between State and Market in Urban Transformation.” Urban Studies 37, no. 11 (2000): 2091–2112.

Hannan, Michael. “Age Dependence in the Mortality of National Labor Unions: Comparisons of Parametric Models.” Journal of Mathematical Sociology 14, no. 1 (1988): 1–30.

Hansen, Mette Halskov and Rune Svarverud, eds. iChina: The Rise of the Individual in Modern Chinese Society. Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2010.

Haque, M. Shamshul. “The Changing Balance of Power between the Government and NGOs in Bangladesh.” International Political Science Review 23, no. 4 (2002): 411–435.

Hasmath, Reza and Jennifer Hsu. “NGOs in China: Issues of Good Governance and Accountability.” Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration 1, no. 30 (2008):1–11.

Hasmath, Reza and Jennifer Hsu, eds. China in an Era of Transition: Understanding Contemporary State and Society Actors. New York and Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

Haveman, Heather. “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Organizational Change and Perfor-mance Under Conditions of Fundamental Environmental Transformation.” Administra-tive Science Quarterly 37 (1992): 48–72.

Hayek, Fredrik A. “The Use of Knowledge in Society.” American Economic Review 35 (1945): 519–530.

He, Baogang. The Democratic Implications of Civil Society in China. New York: St. Mar-tin’s Press, 1997.

He, Dan. “New Rules for NGOs to Improve Operations.” China Daily, April 17, 2013.He, Zengke. “Institutional Barriers to the Development of Civil Society in China.” In

China’s Opening Society, edited by Y. Zheng and J. Fewsmith, 161–173. London: Routledge, 2008.

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Elements of the Philosophy of Rights [in Chinese]. Trans-lated by Yang Fan and Qitai Zhang. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1982.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 175 5/2/2015 6:32:04 PM

176 Bibliography

Heilmann, Sebastian. “From Local Experiments to National Policy: The Origins of China’s Distinctive Policy Process.” The China Journal 59, January (2008): 1–30.

Henderson, Keith. “Alternative Service Delivery in Developing Countries: NGOs and Other Non-Profits in Urban Areas.” Public Organization Review: A Global Journal 2 (2002): 99–116.

Hess, David J. “The Potentials and Limitations of Civil Society Research: Getting Undone Science Done.” Sociological Inquiry 79, no. 3 (2009): 306–327.

Hetherington, Marc J. “The Political Relevance of Political Trust.” American Political Sci-ence Review 4, no. 92 (1998): 791–808.

Heurlin, Christopher. “Governing Civil Society: The Political Logic of NGO-State Rela-tions under Dictatorship.” Voluntas 21 (2010): 220–239.

Heurlin, Christopher. “Old Laws, New Citizens: Trust in the Courts in the New Federal States.” German Politics 4, no. 21 (2012): 411–428.

High, Anna. “ ‘Non-Legal’ Orphanages and the Chinese State.” China Development Brief (2013). <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=2337> (accessed November 1, 2013).

Hildebrandt, Timothy. “The Political Economy of Social Organization Registration in China.” The China Quarterly 208 (2011): 970–989.

Hildebrandt, Timothy. “Development and Division: The Effect of Transnational Linkages and Local Politics on LGBT Activism in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 21, no. 77 (2012): 845–862.

Hildebrandt, Timothy. Social Organizations and the Authoritarian State. New York: Cam-bridge University Press, 2013.

Hildebrandt, Timothy and Jennifer L Turner, “Chinese Green Groups and the Paradox of Success.” Paper presented at the Association of Asian Studies Annual Conference, Chi-cago, April 1, 2005.

Ho, Peter. “Embedded Activism: and Political Change in a Semiauthoritarian Context.” China Information 21 (2007): 187–209.

Ho, Peter. “Embedded Activism and Political Change in a Semi-Authoritarian Context.” In China's Embedded Activism: Opportunities and Constraints the Social Movement, edited by Peter Ho and Robert Louis Edmonds, 1–19. New York: Routledge, 2008.

Ho, Peter and R. H. Edmonds, eds. Embedded Activism: Opportunities and Constraints of a Social Movement. London: Routledge, 2008.

Howell, Jude. “New Directions in Civil Society: Organizing around Marginal Interests.” In Governance in China, edited by J. Howell, 143–171. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.

Howell, Jude. “Reflections on the Chinese State.” Development and Change 37, no. 2 (2006): 273–297.

Howell, Jude. “Civil Society in China: Chipping away at the Edges.” Development 50, no. 3 (2007): 17–23.

Hsu, Carolyn. “Market Ventures, Moral Logics, and Ambiguity: Crafting a New Organiza-tional Form in Post-Socialist China.” Sociological Quarterly 47, no. 1 (2006): 62–92.

Hsu, Carolyn. “ ‘Rehabilitating Charity’ in China: The Case of Project Hope and the Rise of Non-Profit Organizations.” Journal of Civil Society 4, no. 2 (2008): 81–96.

Hsu, Carolyn. “Chinese NGOs and the State: Institutional Interdependence Rather than Civil Society.” Paper presented at the American Sociological Association, San Fran-cisco, August 8–11, 2009.

Hsu, Carolyn. “Beyond Civil Society: An Organizational Perspective on State-NGO Rela-tions in the People’s Republic of China.” Journal of Civil Society 6, no. 3 (2010): 259–277.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 176 5/2/2015 6:32:04 PM

Bibliography 177

Hsu, Carolyn. “Even Further beyond Civil Society: The Rise of Internet-Oriented Chinese NGOs.” Journal of Civil Society 7, no. 1 (2011): 123–127.

Hsu, Carolyn and Yuzhou Jiang. “An Organizational Approach to Chinese NGOs: The Implications of Two Different Resource Strategies.” Working Paper.

Hsu, Jennifer. Layers and Spaces of the State: Migrant Organisations and the Chinese State. Unpublished manuscript.

Hsu, Jennifer. “Quietly, Quietly: Beijing’s Migrant Civil Society Organizations.” In Dis-sent and Cultural Resistance in Asia’s Cities, edited by Melissa Butcher and Selvaraj Velayuthum, 51–71. London: Routledge, 2009.

Hsu, Jennifer. “Spaces of Civil Society: The Role of Migrant Non-Governmental Organi-zations in Beijing and Shanghai.” Progress in Development Studies 12, no. 1 (2012a): 63–76.

Hsu, Jennifer. “Layers of the State: Migrant Organizations and the Chinese State.” Urban Studies 49, no. 16 (2012b): 3513–3530.

Hsu, Jennifer. “Chinese Non-Governmental Organisations and Civil Society: A Review of the Literature.” Geography Compass 8, no. 2 (2014): 98–110.

Hsu, Jennifer and Reza Hasmath, eds. The Chinese Corporatist State: Adaptation, Survival and Resistance. New York and Oxford: Routledge, 2013a.

Hsu, Jennifer Y. J. and Reza Hasmath. “The Rise and Impact of the Local State on the NGO Sector.” In The Chinese Corporatist State, edited by Jennifer Y. J. Hsu and Reza Hasmath, 120–135. London: Routledge, 2013b.

Hsu, Jennifer and Reza Hasmath. “The Local Corporatist State and NGO Relations in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 23, no. 87 (2014): 516–534.

Hu An’gang. “Renmin Shehui Weihe Youyu Gongmin Shehui” [Why People’s Society Is Superior to Civil Society] [胡鞍钢“人民社会为何优于公民社会]. Renmin Ribao Hai-wai Ban［人民日报海外版], July 19, 2013.

Hu, Bing [胡兵]. “Tansuo minjian Zuzhi Zuijia Shengcun Huanjing – Zhengdang Zuzhi Dui Minjian Zuzhi de Yingxiang.” [探索民间组织最佳的生存环境— 政党组织对民间组织的影响] [Exploring the Optimal Environment for Grassroots Organizations – the Influence of the Party Organizations on Civic Organizations]. Xuehui [学会][Academe] 226 (2007): 9.

Hu, Jintao. “Hu Jintao zai Zhongguo Gongchandang Di Shibaci Quanguo Daibiao Dahuis-hang de Baogao” [胡锦涛在中国共产党第十八次全国代表大会上的报告] [Hu Jin-tao’s Report to the Eighteenth Party Congress]. Xinhuashe, November 17, 2012.

Huang, An. “Workers’ ‘Self-Help’ Efforts under Globalization.” Nanfeng Chuang, Novem-ber 15, 2007. <www.clntranslations.org/ article/27/labor-ngos-in-guangdong-province> (accessed November 9, 2008).

Huang, Cary. “Leading Leftist Academic Mocked over ‘Maoist’ Op-Ed,” South China Morning Post, July 20, 2013.

Huang, Yasheng. “Rethinking the Beijing Consensus.” Asian Policy 11, January (2011): 1–26.

Jing, Yijia. “Outsourcing in China: An Exploratory Assessment.” Public Administration and Development 28, no. 2 (2008): 119–128.

Jing, Y. and E. S. Savas. “Managing Collaborative Service Delivery: Comparing China and the United States.” Public Administration Review Special Issue (2009): 101–107.

Jing, Yijia and Ting Gong. “Managed Social Innovation: The Case of Government Spon-sored Venture Philanthropy in Shanghai.” Australian Journal of Public Administration 71, no. 2 (2012): 233–245.

AuQ2

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 177 5/2/2015 6:32:04 PM

178 Bibliography

Kang, Xiaoguang. Chuangzao Xiwang: Zhongguo Qingshaonian Fazhan Jijinghui Yanjiu (Creating Hope: A Study of the China Youth Development Foundation). Guilin: Lijiang Publishing House and Guangxi Normal University Publishing House, 1997.

Kang, Xiaoguang [康晓光]. “Zailun ‘Xingzheng Xina Zhengzhi’—90 Niandai Zhongguo Dalu Zhengzhi Fazhan yu Zhengzhi Wending Yanjiu” [再论“行政吸纳政治”—90年代中国大陆政治发展与政治稳定研究] [Revisiting ‘Administrative Absorption’—Research into the Development of Mainland Chinese Politics in the ’90s and Political Stability]. Ershiyi Shiji [二十一世纪] [Twenty-First Century] August (2002): 14–30.

Kang, Xiaoguang. “China’s Third Sector: Is It Losing Its Independence? China Devel-opment Brief 49, Spring (2011). <http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=496> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Kang, Xiaoqiang [康晓强]. “Xiandai Shehui Zuzhi Tizhi de Hexin Quxiang” [现代社会组织体制的核心取向] [Core Direction for the System of Modern Social Organizations]. Xuexi Shibao [学习时报], April 15, 2013. <http://www.qstheory.cn/sh/shgl/201304/t20130415_223152.htm>.

Kang, Xiaoguang and Han Heng. “Graduated Controls: The State-Society Relationship in Contemporary China.” Modern China 34, no. 1 (2008): 36–55.

Kang, Xiaoguang and Han Heng. “Graduated Control: Research on State-Society Rela-tionship in Contemporary Mainland China.” In State and Civil Society: The Chinese Perspective, edited by Z. Deng, 97–121. Singapore: World Scientific, 2011.

Kaufman, Joan. “The Role of NGOs in China’s AIDS Crisis: Challenges and Possibilities.” In State and Society Responses to Social Welfare Needs in China: Serving the People, edited by J. Schwartz and S. Shieh, 156–174. London: Routledge, 2009.

Kaufman, Joan. “Turning Points in China’s AIDS Response.” China: An International Journal 8, no. 63 (2010): 63–84.

Kaufman, Joan. “China’s Evolving AIDS Policy: The Influence of Global Norms and Transnational Non-Governmental Organizations.” Contemporary Politics 18, no. 2 (2012): 225–238.

Keech-Marx, Samantha. “Airing Dirty Laundry in Public: Domestic Violence Activism in Beijing.” In Associations and the Chinese State: Contested Spaces, edited by J. Unger, 175–199. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2008.

Kelman, Steven. “Contracting.” In The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New Govern-ance, edited by Lester M. Salamon, 282–318. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Kennedy, Scott. The Business of Lobbying in China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.

Kettl, Donald F. Sharing Power: Public Governance and Private Markets. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1993.

Kirzner, I. M. Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973.

Kornai, Janos. The Socialist System: The Political Economy of Communism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Kostova, Tatiana and Kendall Roth. “Adoption of an Organizational Practice by Subsidiar-ies of Multinational Corporations: Institutional and Relational Effects.” Academy of Management Journal 45, no. 1 (2002): 215–233.

Kwong, Julia. “Educating Migrant Children: Negotiations between the State and Civil Society.” The China Quarterly, 180 (2004): 1073–1088.

Laforest, Rachel. Voluntary Sector Organizations and the State. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2009.

Leadbeater, Charles. The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur. London: Demos, 1997.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 178 5/2/2015 6:32:04 PM

Bibliography 179

Lee, Tang Lay. “Rethinking Power and Rights-Promoting NGOs in China.” Journal of Asian Public Policy 5, no. 3 (2012): 343–351.

Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space, translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1991.

Leonard, Kenneth L. “When Both States and Markets Fail: Asymmetric Information and the Role of NGOs in African Health Care.” International Review of Law and Economics 22, no. 1 (2002): 61–80.

Levi, Margaret. “A State of Trust.” In Trust and Governance, edited by Valerie Braithwaite and Margaret Levi, 77–101. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998.

Lewis, David and Paul Opoku-Mensah. “Moving Forward Research Agendas on Interna-tional NGOs: Theory, Agency and Context.” Journal of International Development 18, no. 5 (2006): 665–675.

“李克强：发挥社会力量作用共同应对艾滋病挑战.” Xinhua. November 28, 2012. <http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2012-11/28/c_124018452.htm> (accessed April 20, 2013).

Li, Hui et al. “From Spectators to Implementers: Civil Society Organizations Involved in AIDS Programmes in China.” International Journal of Epidemiology 39 (2010): ii65–ii71.

Li, Jingpeng [李景鹏]. “Hou Quanneng Zhuyi Shidai de Gongmin Shehui” [后全能主义时代的公民社会] [Civil Society in the Post-Totalitarian Age]. Zhongguo Gaige [中国改革] [China Reform] 11 (2005): 38–39.

Lieberthal, Kenneth. “Introduction: The ‘Fragmented Authoritarianism’ Model and Its Limitations.” In Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China, edited by K. Lieberthal and D. Lampton, 1–30. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.

Lin, Rong [林蓉]. “Qiantan Xin Shehui Zuzhi Dangjian Gongzuo Cunzai de Wenti ji Jie-jue Tujing” [浅谈新社会组织党建工作存在的问题及解决途径]. Zhongguo Zheng-quan Qihuo [中国证券期货] [Securities and Futures of China] 6 (2013): 324–325.

Lin, Shangli. “Liangzhong Shehui Jiango: Zhongguo Gongchandang yu Feizhengfu Zuzhi” [两种社会建构:中国共产党与非政府组织]［Two Types of Social Construc-tion: The Chinese Communist Party and NGOs]. Zhongguo Feiyingli [中国非营利评论] ［China Non-Profit Review] (2007): 1.

Lin, Shangli [林尚立]. “Minjian Zuzhi yu Zhengzhi Gaige: Zhongguo de Luoji” [民间组织与政治改革：中国的逻辑] [Grassroots Organizations and Political Reform: China’s Logic]. In Zhonggguo Minjian Zuzhi 30 Nian – Zouxiang Gongmin Shehui [中国民间组织30年—走向公民社会] [Thirty Years of Chinese Grassroots Organizations – Moving Toward Civil Society], edited by Wang Ming [王名], 270–273. Beijing: Shehui Kexue Wenxian Chubanshe [社会科学文献出版社], 2008.

Liu, Haiying. “The Third Path of NGO Development in China: An Interview with Xu Yongguang.” China Development Brief 42, Summer (2009). <www.chinadevelopment brief.cn/?p=217> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Liu, Haiying. “The Collective Voice of Disability NGOs.” China Development Brief, 48, Winter (2010). <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=351> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Liu, Haiying. “How Is the Freeze on Global Fund Funding to China Affecting Grassroots Groups?” China Development Brief 50, Summer (2011a). <www.chinadevelopment brief.cn/?p=621> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Liu, Haiying. “As Foreign Funding Declines, Gansu NGOs Find It Harder to Survive.” China Development Brief 51, Fall (2011b). < www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=847> (accessed November 4, 2013).

AuQ3

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 179 5/2/2015 6:32:04 PM

180 Bibliography

Liu, Haiying. “Break the ‘Inner Circle’ and Embrace the New Era of Public Service. China Development Brief 51, Fall (2011c). < www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=855> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Liu, Haiying. “The Year of Scandal.” China Development Brief 52, Winter (2011d). <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=960> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Liu, Haiying. “Have NGOs Been Overshadowed by Microblogging?” China Develop-ment Brief 52, Winter (2011e) <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=1001> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Liu, Haiying “How the Official Discourse of ‘Social Management Innovation’ Has Expanded the Space for NGOs.” China Development Brief 52, Winter (2011f). <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=1070> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Liu, Li [刘莉]. “Jiaqiang Minban Feiqiye Danwei Dangjian Gongzuo Yanjiu” [加强民办非企业单位党建工作研究] [Research into Strengthening Party-Building Work among Private Non-Enterprise Units]. Lilun Daokan [理论导刊] [Theory Guide] (2009): 11.

Liu, Peifeng. “Development of Charities in China since the Reform and Opening Up.” In NGOs in China and Europe: Comparisons and Contrasts, edited by Yuwen Li, 71–94. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011a.

Liu, Peng [刘鹏]. “Cong Fenlei Kongzhi Zouxiang Qianru Jianguan: Difang Zhengfu She-hui Zuzhi Guanli Zhengce Chuanxin” [从分类控制走向嵌入型监管: 地方政府社会组织管理政策创新] [From “Graduated Control” towards Embedded Regulation: NGO Regulatory Policy Innovations in China’s Local Governments]. Renmin Daxue Xuebao 5 (2011b): 91–99.

Liu, Xiaobo and Elizabeth J. Perry. Danwei: The Changing Chinese Workplace in Histori-cal and Comparative Perspectives. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997.

Liu, Zuyun. 2008. “Feizhengfu Zuzhi Xingqi Beijing Yu Gongneng Jiedu” [The Rise and Functions of Non-Governmental Organizations]. Hunan Shehui Kexue [Hunan Social Sciences] 1, 73–78.

Lu, Jian [卢建],Yang Peilong [杨沛龙], and Mao Xingyong [马兴永]. “Beijingshi Gou-jian Shehui Zuzhi ‘Shuniuxing’ Gongzuo Tixi de Shijian yu Celüe” [北京市构建社会组织“枢纽型”工作体系的实践与策略] [Practice and Tactics in the word of Beijing’s Building of ‘Hub-type’ Social Organizations]. Shehui Zhuzhi Guanli Xintao [社会组织管理新探] [New Investigations in Social Organization Management] 9 (2011): 26–29.

Lu, Xueyi, ed. Series Report of Chinese Social Strata Studies [in Chinese]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2002.

Lu, Yiyi. “The Autonomy of Chinese NGOs: A New Perspective.” China: An International Journal 5, no. 2 (2007): 297–221.

Lu, Yiyi. “NGOs in China: Development Dynamics and Challenges.” In China’s Opening Society: The Non-State Sector and Governance, edited by Yongnian Zheng and Joseph Fewsmtih, 54–70. New York: Routledge, 2008.

Lu, Yiyi. “NGOs in China: Development Dynamics and Challenges.” In China’s Opening Society: The Non-State Sector and Governance, edited by Yongnian Zheng and Joseph Fewsmith, 89–105. New York: Routledge, 2009.

Lu Yiyi. Non-Governmental Organizations in China: The Rise of Dependent Autonomy. China Policy Series. Vol. 5. London and New York: Routledge, 2009.

Luo, Feng [罗峰]. “Shehui Zuzhide Fazhan yu Zhizheng Dangde Zuzhi Qianru: Zhengdang Quanwei Chongsude Shehui Shijiao” [社会组织的发展与执政党的组织嵌入:政党权威重塑的社会视角] [The Development of Social Organizations and the Embedding of the Ruling Party’s Organizations (within them): Remolding Society’s Perspective of the Party-State’s Authority]. Zhong Gong Zhejiang Shengwei Dangxiao Xuebao 中共浙江

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 180 5/2/2015 6:32:04 PM

Bibliography 181

省委党校学报 [Zhejiang Provincial Chinese Communist Party Committee Journal] 4 (2009): 31–37.

Ma, Qiusha. “The Governance of NGOs in China since 1978: How Much Autonomy?” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 31, no. 3 (2002): 305–328.

Ma, Qiusha. “Classification, Regulation, and Managerial Structure: A Preliminary Enquiry on NGO Governance in China.” In Social Capital in Asian Sustainable Development Management: Examples and Lessons, edited by Samiul Hasan and Mark Lyons, 11–36. New York: Nova Science, 2004.

Ma, Qiusha. Non-Governmental Organizations in Contemporary China: Paving the Way to a Civil Society? Routledge Contemporary China Series [6]. New York: Routledge, 2005.

Ma, Qiusha. Non-Governmental Organizations in Contemporary China: Paving the Way to Civil Society? New York: Routledge, 2006.

Mair, Johanna and Ignasi Marti. “Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Source of Explana-tion, Prediction, and Delight.” Journal of World Business 41 (2006): 36–44.

Massey, Doreen. “Politics and Space/Time.” New Left Review 196 November/ December (1992): 65–84.

Massey, Doreen. “Making Spaces or, Geography Is Political Too.” Surroundings Autumn Issue 1 (1995): 193–208.

Mawdsley, Emma et al. Knowledge, Power and Development Agendas: NGOs North and South. Oxford: INTRAC, 2002.

McGoey, Linsey. “On the Will to Ignorance in Bureaucracy.” Economy and Society 36, no. 2 (2007): 212–235.

McGoey, Linsey. “Ignorance and Regulation: The Strategic Avoidance of Risky Knowl-edge.” Risk and Regulation 16 (2008): 11–12.

Mercer, Claire. “NGOs, Civil Society and Democratization: A Critical Review of the Lit-erature.” Progress in Development Studies 2, no. 1 (2002): 5–22.

Mertha, Andrew. “China’s ‘Soft’ Centralization: Shifting Tiao/Kuai Authority Relations.” The China Quarterly 184 (2005): 791–810.

Mertha, Andrew. Water Warriors: Citizen Action and Policy Change. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008.

Meyer, John W and Brian Rowan. “Institutional Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMagggio, 41–62. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Ministry of Civil Affairs. 2012. “Mínzhèng Bù Shǒu Gè Shègōng Wénjiàn Chūtái Mínjiān Zǔzhī Yǒuwàng Huò Zhīchí.” <http://gongyi.163.com/11/1115/10/7IT5HKO700933KC8.html> (accessed September 28, 2012).

Mishler, William and Richard Rose. “What Are the Origins of Political Trust? Testing Insti-tutional and Cultural Theories in Post-Communist Societies.” Comparative Political Studies 1, no. 34 (2001): 30–62.

Murphy, Brian K. “International NGOs and the Challenge of Modernity.” Development in Practice 10, nos. 3–4 (2000): 330–347.

Nonprofit Incubator, The International HIV/AIDS Alliance and The Technical Support Facility for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Independent Assessment of Civil Society Organizations Capacity Needs for a Scaled up Response to HIV in China. May 2011.

Oberschall, Anthony, Social Conflict and Social Movements. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

Oi, Jean. “The Role of the Local State in China’s Transitional Economy.” The China Quar-terly 144 (1995): 1132–1149.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 181 5/2/2015 6:32:04 PM

182 Bibliography

Oliver, Christine. “Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes.” Academy of Manage-ment Review 16, no. 1 (1991): 145–179.

Olson, Mancur. The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1965.

Ostergaard, Clemens. “Citizens, Groups and a Nascent Civil Society in China.” China Information 4, no. 2 (1989): 28–41.

Pache, Anne-Claire and Filipe M. Santos. “When Worlds Collide: The Internal Dynamics of Organizational Responses to Conflicting Institutional Demands.” Academy of Man-agement Review 35 (2010): 455–476.

Parsons, Talcott. The Social System. London: Psychology Press, 1991.Parsons, Talcott and Neil J. Smelser. Economy and Society: A Study in the Integration of

Economic and Social Theory. London: Routledge, 1998.Pearson, Margaret. “The Janus Face of Business Associations in China: Socialist Corporat-

ism in Foreign Enterprises.” Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 31 (1994): 25–46.Pearson, Margaret. China’s New Business Elite: The Political Consequences of Economic

Reform. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.Pei, Minxin. “Chinese Civic Associations: An Empirical Analysis.” Modern China 24,

no. 3 (1998): 285–318.Pei, Minxin. “China’s Governance Crisis.” Foreign Affairs 81, no. 5 (2002): 96–109.People’s Daily [人民日报]. “Shiying shidai fazhan yaoqiu, jianshe xuexi xing zhengdang”

适应时代发展要求，建设学习型政党 [Adjust to the Developmental Needs of the Times, Construct a Learning Party]. September 26, 2009: 8.

People’s Daily Online. “Building Harmonious Society Crucial for China’s Progress: Hu.” June 27, 2005. <http://english.people.com.cn/200506/27/eng20050627_192495.html> (accessed July 23, 2012).

Peredo, Ana Maria and Murdith McLean. “Social Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review of the Concept.” Journal of World Business 41 (2006): 56–65.

Pfeffer, Jeffrey and Gerald R. Salancik. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.

Pieke, Frank N. The Good Communist: Elite Training and State Building in Today’s China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Powell, Walter W. and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1991.

Putnam, Robert. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.

Qian, Tina and Nick Young. “Rule on Names Start to Close Door to NGO ‘Businesses.’ ” China Development Brief 15 April 2005. <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.com> (accessed November 11, 2007).

Qian, Tina and Nick Young. “Profile: Veteran Fighter for ‘Ugly Duckling’ that Serves Rural Women.” China Development Brief 3 April 2006. <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.com> (accessed October 23, 2007).

Qi Mei. “Developing a Working Model for Legal NGOs in China.” Washington University Global Studies Law Review 10, no. 3 (2011): 617–639.

Qinghua University NGO Research Center. “A Nascent Civil Society within a Trans-forming Environment: CIVICUS Civil Society Index Report China (Mainland).” CIVICUS, 2006.

Read, Benjamin L. “Revitalizing the State’s Urban ‘Nerve Tips.’ ” The China Quarterly 163 (2000): 806–820.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 182 5/2/2015 6:32:05 PM

Bibliography 183

Remick, Elizabeth. “The Significance of Variation in Local States: The Case of Twentieth Century China.” Comparative Politics 34, no. 4 (2002): 399–418.

Ren, Xuefei. “Dancing with the State: Migrant Workers, NGOs, and the Remaking of Urban citizenship in China.” In Remaking Urban Citizenship: Organizations, Institu-tions, and the Right to the City, edited by M.P. Smith and M. McQuarrie, 99–109. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 2011.

Renminwang. [人民网].“Zhongyang Zuzhibu: Quanguo Gongyou Gongchandangyuan 8512.7 Wan Ming” [中央组织部：全国共有共产党员8512.7万名]. Last modified July 1, 2013. <http://js.people.com.cn/html/2013/07/01/238271.html>.

Roberts, Dave and Christine Woods. “Changing the World on a Shoestring: The Concept of Social Entrepreneurship.” University of Auckland Business Review, Autumn (2005): 45–51.

Romzek, Barbara S., and Jocelyn M. Johnston. “Effective Contract Implementation and Management: A Preliminary Model.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 12 (2002): 423–453.

Ross, Heidi. “Challenging the Gendered Dimensions of Schooling: The State, NGOs, and Transnational Alliances.” In Education and Social Change in China, edited by Gerard A. Postiglione, 25–50. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2006.

Roulleau-Berger, Laurence and Shi Lu. “Migrant Workers in Shanghai: Inequality, Economic Enclaves, and the Various Routes to Employment.” China Perspectives, March-April (2005): 2–9.

Ru, Jiang and Leonard Ortolano. “Corporatist Control of Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations: A State Perspective.” In China’s Embedded Activism: Opportunities and Constraints of a Social Movement, edited by P. Ho and R. H. Edmonds, 44–68. London: Routledge, 2008.

Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Evelyne Huber, and John D. Stephens. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Saich, Tony. “Negotiating the State: The Development of Social Organizations in China.” The China Quarterly 161 (2000): 124–141.

Saich, Tony. “The Blind Man and the Elephant: Analysing the Local State in China.” In East Asian Capitalism: Conflicts and the Roots of Growth and Crisis, edited by L. Tomba, 75–99. Milan: Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Milano, 2002.

Saich, Tony. Governance and Politics of China, 2nd ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.Saich, Tony. “China in 2005: Hu’s in Charge.” Asian Survey 1, no. 46 (2006): 37–48.Saich, Tony. “The Changing Role of Urban Government.” In China Urbanizes: Conse-

quences, Strategies and Policies, edited by Shahid Yusuf and Tony Saich, 181–206. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008.

Salisbury, Robert H. “An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups.” Midwest Journal of Politi-cal Science 13 (1969): 1–32.

Savage, Charles. “The Development of Knowledge Management and Why It Is Impor-tant.” Knowledge Management for Development Organizations, Report of the Knowl-edge Management Brighton Workshop, University of Sussex, June 26–28, 2000.

Savas, Emanuel. “A Taxonomy of Privatization Strategies.” Policy Studies Journal 1 (1989): 343–355.

Savas, Emanuel. Privatization and Public-Private Partnerships. New York: Chatham House Publishers, 2000.

Schwartz, Jonathan. “Environmental NGOs in China: Roles and Limits.” Pacific Affairs 1, no. 77 (2004): 28–50.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 183 5/2/2015 6:32:05 PM

184 Bibliography

Schwartz, Jonathan and Shawn Shieh, eds. State and Society Responses to Social Welfare Needs in China: Serving the People. London: Routledge, 2009.

Sell, Susan K. and Aseem Prakash. “Using Ideas Strategically: The Contest between Busi-ness and NGO Networks in Intellectual Property Rights.” International Studies Quar-terly 48 (2004): 143–175.

Shallcross, David and Nana Taona Guo. “The Expectations and Realities of NGO Registra-tion: A Study of HIV/AIDS Groups in Sichuan and Yunnan.” China Development Brief, December 12 (2012). <http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=1353> (accessed November 2, 2013).

Shambaugh, David. China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center University Press, 2008.

Shane, Scott and S. Venkataraman. “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research.” Academy of Management Review 25 (2000): 217–226.

Shane, Scott, Edwin A. Locke, and Christopher J. Collins. “Entrepreneurial Motivation.” Human Resource Management Review 13, no., 2 (2003): 257–279.

Shen, Guoqin. “The Development of Women’s NGOs in China.” In NGOs in China and Europe: Comparisons and Contrasts, edited by Yuwen Li, 95–116. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.

Shevchenko, Alexei. “Bringing the Party Back In: The CCP and the Trajectory of Market Transition in China.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 37 (2004): 161–185.

Shi, Tianjian. “Cultural Values and Political Trust: A Comparison of the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan.” Comparative Politics 4, no. 33 (2001): 401–419.

Shi, Tianjian. “China: Democratic Values Supporting an Authoritarian Regime” In How East Asians View Democracy, edited by Yun-han Chu, Larry Diamond, Andrew J. Nathan, and Doh Chull Shin, 209–237. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.

Shi, Yin-hong. “The Issue of Civil Society in China and Its Complexity” In Growth and Governance in Asia, edited by Yoichiro Sato, 225–232. Honolulu Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2004.

Shieh, Shawn. “Beyond Corporatism and Civil Society: Three Modes of State-NGO Interaction in China.” In State and Society Responses to Social Welfare Needs in China: Serving the People, edited by J. Schwartz and S. Shieh, 22–42. London: Routledge, 2009.

Shieh, Shawn, ed. Special Issue on Recent Trends in Philanthropy and Civil Society in China. Beijing: China Development Brief, 2011.

Shieh, Shawn and Amanda Brown-Inz. “A Special Report: Mapping China’s Public Inter-est NGOs.” In Chinese NGO Directory: Civil Society in the Making, edited by S. Shieh et al. Beijing: China Development Brief, 2013.

Shieh, Shawn and Guosheng Deng. “An Emerging Civil Society: The Impact of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake on Grassroots Associations in China.” The China Journal 65 (2011): 181–194.

Shieh, Shawn et al., eds. Chinese NGO Directory: Civil Society in the Making. Beijing: China Development Brief, 2013.

“Shiying Shidai Fazhan Yaoqiu, Jianshe Xuexi Xing Zhengdang” [适应时代发展要求，建设学习型政党] [Adjust to the Developmental Needs of the Times, Construct a Learning Party]. People’s Daily [人民日报], September 26, 2009.

Shue, Vivenne. “Legitimacy Crisis in China.” In State and Society in 21st Century China: Crisis, Contention, and Legitimation, edited by P. H. Gries and S. Rosen, 24–49. New York: Routledge, 2004.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 184 5/2/2015 6:32:05 PM

Bibliography 185

Simon, Karla. “Regulation of Civil Society in China: Necessary Changes after the Olympic Games and the Sichuan Earthquake.” Fordham International Law Journal 32, no. 3 (2009): 943–987.

Simon, Karla. Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the “New Reform Era.” Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations (1776). New York: Modern Library, 1937.Smith, Steven Rathgeb and Judith Smyth. “Contracting for Services in a Decentralized

System.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 6 (1996): 277–96.South China Morning Post. “Li Keqiang Reaches Out to Help AIDS Victims.” December 1,

2012.<http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1094791/li-keqiang-reaches-out-help-aids-victims> (accessed April 20, 2013).

Spires, Anthony J. “Contingent Symbiosis and Civil Society in an Authoritarian State: Understanding the Survival of China’s Grassroots NGOs.” American Journal of Sociol-ogy 117, no. 1 (2011): 1–45.

Spires, Anthony, Lin Tao, and Kin-man Chan. “Societal Support for China’s Grassroots NGOs: Evidence from Yunnan, Guangdong and Beijing.” The China Journal 71 (2014): 65–90.

Staeheli, Lynn A. “Place.” In A Companion to Political Geography, edited by J. Agnew, L. Mitchell, and G. Toal Malden, 158–170. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.

Stern, Rachel and Kevin J. O’Brien. “Politics at the Boundary: Mixed Signals and the Chinese State.” Modern China 38, no. 2 (2011): 175–199.

Stryker, Robin. “Legitimacy Processes as Institutional Politics.” Research in the Sociology of Organizations 17 (2000): 179–223.

Su, Xiaokang and Luxiang Wang. River Elegy [in Chinese]. Beijing: Modern Press, 1988.Sullivan Mort, G., Jay Weerawardena, and Kashonia Carnegie. “Social Entrepreneurship:

Towards Conceptualisation.” International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing 8, no. 1 (2003): 76–88.

Sun, Liping. Public Welfare NGOs and Governance: The Case of “Project Hope.” Civil Service and Governance Programme, Institute of Development Studies, 2000.

Sun, Liping. “Minjian Gongyi Zuzhi Yu Zhili: ‘Xiwang Gongcheng’ Ge’an.” In Zhongguo Gongmin Shehuide Xingqi Yu Zhilide Bianqian, edited by K. Yu, 335–359. Beijing: Social Science Documents Publishing House, 2002.

Sun, Liping. Crack: The Chinese Society since 1990 [in Chinese]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2003.

Sun, Liping et al. Dongyuan Yu Canyu: Disanbumen Mujuan Jizhi Ge’an Yanjiu [Mobiliza-tion and Participation: A Case Study of Third Sector Fundraising]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang People’s Publishing House, 1999.

Tam, Jonathan, and Reza Hasmath. “Navigating Uncertainty: The Survival Strategies of Religious NGOs in China.” University of Oxford Department of Sociology Working Paper 2014-07: 1–17.

Tan, Wee-Liang, John Williams, and Teck-Meng Tan. “Defining the ‘Social’ in ‘Social Entrepreneurship’: Altruism and Entrepreneurship.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 1 (2005): 353–65.

Teets, Jessica. “Post-Earthquake Relief and Reconstruction Efforts: The Emergence of Civil Society in China.” China Quarterly June, no. 198 (2009): 330–347.

Teets, Jessica. “Evolution of the Policy Process in China: The Impact of the Color Revo-lutions and Global Economic Crisis on Civil Society Participation in Public Policy.” Harvard Asia Quarterly 1, no. 13 (2011): 41–48.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 185 5/2/2015 6:32:05 PM

186 Bibliography

Teets, Jessica. “Reforming Service Delivery in China: The Emergence of Social Innovation Model.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 17, no. 1 (2012a): 15–32.

Teets, Jessica. “Dismantling the Socialist Welfare State.” In China in and beyond the Head-lines, edited by Timothy Weston and Lionel Jensen, 69–86. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012b.

Teets, Jessica. “Let Many Civil Societies Bloom: The Rise of ‘Consultative Authoritarian-ism’ in China.” The China Quarterly 213 (2013): 19–38.

Teets, Jessica, Stanley Rosen, and Peter Hays Gries. “Political Change, Contestation and Pluralization in China Today.” In Chinese Politics: State, Society and the Market, edited by Peter Gries and Stanley Rosen, pp. 1–21. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2010.

Thompson, John T. “The World of the Social Entrepreneur.” International Journal of Pub-lic Sector Management 15 (2002): 412–431.

Thornton, Patricia. “The New Life of the Party: Party-Building and Social Engineering in Greater Shanghai.” The China Journal 68 (July 2012): 58–78.

Thornton, Patricia. “The Advance of the Party: Transformation or Takeover of Urban Grassroots Society?” The China Quarterly 213 (2013): 1–18.

Thorton, Patricia and William Ocasio. “Institutional Logics.” In The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, edited by Royston Greenwod, Christine Oliver, Ker-stin Sahlin, and Roy Suddaby, 99–129. London: Sage, 2008.

Tolbert, Pamela S. and Lynn G. Zucker. “The Institutionalization of Institutional Theory.” In Handbook of Organization Studies, edited by Stewart R. Clegg, Cynthia Hardy, Thomas Lawrence, and Walter R. Nord, 175–190. London: Sage, 1996.

Tsai, Wen-Hsuan and Nicola Dean. “The CCP’s Learning System: Thought Unification and Regime Adaptation.” The China Journal 69 (January 2013): 87–107.

Unger, Jonathan. “ ‘Bridges’: Private Business, the Chinese Government and the Rise of New Associations.” The China Quarterly 147 (1996): 795–819.

Unger, Jonathan and Anita Chan. “China, Corporatism, and the East Asian Model.” Aus-tralian Journal of Chinese Affairs 33 (1995): 29.

Unger, Jonathan and Anita Chan. “Corporatism in China: A Developmental State in an East Asian Context.” In China after Socialism: In the Footsteps of Eastern Europe or East Asia? edited by B. L. McCormick and J. Unger, 95–129. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996.

Unger, Jonathan and Anita Chan. “Associations in a Bind: The Emergence of Political Cor-poratism.” In Associations and the Chinese State: Contested Spaces, edited by Jonathan Unger, 48–68. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2008.

USAID. 2012. Foreign Operations FY 2011 Performance Report, FY 2013 Perfor-mance Plan. Washington, DC: USAID. <http://transition.usaid.gov/performance/apr/APR2011–2013.pdf> (accessed August 14, 2012).

Van Slyke, David M. “The Mythology of Privatization in Contracting for Social Services.” Public Administration Review 63 (2003): 277–296.

Van Slyke, David M. “Agents or Stewards: Using Theory to Understand the Government-Nonprofit Social Service Contracting Relationship.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17 (2007): 157–187.

Waddock, Sandra A. and James E. Post. “Social Entrepreneurs and Catalytic Change.” Public Administration Review 51 (1991): 393–401.

Walder, Andrew G. Communist Neo-traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Indus-try. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Wan, Yanhai, Hu Ran, Guo Ran, and Linda Arnade. “Discrimination against People with HIV/AIDS in China.” Equal Rights Review 4 (2009): 15–25.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 186 5/2/2015 6:32:05 PM

Bibliography 187

Wang, Hua. “Zhili Zhong de Huoban Guanxi Zhengfu yu Feizhengfu Zuzhi Jian de Hezuo” [Partnership of Governance: Cooperation Between Government and NGO]. Social Sci-ences in Yunnan 3 (2003): 25–32.

Wang, Hui. “Government Procurement Promotes Social Work Agencies.” China Devel-opment Brief 47, Fall (2010). < www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=584> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Wang, Hui. “The Shenzhen Public Interest Fair.” China Development Brief 49, Spring (2011). <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=577> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Wang, Lihua and Tracey Holland. “In Search of Educational Equity for the Migrant Chil-dren of Shanghai.” Comparative Education 47, no. 4 (2011) 1–17.

Wang, Ming, ed. Zhongguo NGO Yanjiu. Beijing: United Nations Centre for Regional Development Report Series No. 38, 2000.

Wang, Ming. “The Development and Present Situation of NGOs in China.” Social Sciences in China 28 (2007): 96–104.

Wang, Ming. The 30 Years of Chinese Folk Organizations: Towards Civil Society (1978–2008) [in Chinese]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2008.

Wang, Ming, ed. Emerging Civil Society in China, 1978–2007. Leiden: Brill, 2011.Wang, Shaoguang. “Adapting by Learning: The Evolution of China’s Rural Health Care

Financing.” Modern China 35, no. 4 (2009): 370–404.Wang, Shaoguang and He Jianyu. “ ‘Gongmin Shehui’ Shi Xin Ziyou Zhuiyi Bianzao de

Cucao Shenhua.” Renmin Luntan, August 8, 2013.Wang, Shaoguang and He Jianyu. “Adapting by Learning: The Evolution of China’s Rural

Health Care Financing.” Modern China 35 (2009): 370–404.Wang, Shaoguang and Jianyu He. “Associational Revolution in China: Mapping the Land-

scapes.” Korea Observer 35, no. 3 (2004): 1–66.Wang, Xiaoming. “Ruin in the Wild: The Crisis of Literature and Humanism.” Shanghai

Literature [in Chinese] 6, (1993): 65–66.Wang, Yin, Xiaoye Zhe, and Bingyao Sun. The Middle Social Stratus: Reform and the

Chinese Societies [in Chinese]. Beijing: Chinese Development Press, 1993.Wang, Zhengxu. “Generational Shift and Its Impacts on Regime Legitimacy in China.”

Asian Barometer Working Paper Series 50 (2010): 1–28.Watkins, Susan Cotts, Ann Swidler, and Thoma Hannan. “Outsourcing Social Transforma-

tion: Development NGOs as Organizations.” Annual Review of Sociology 38 (2012): 285–315.

Weigle, Marcia A. and Jim Butterfield. “Civil Society in Reforming Communist Regimes: The Logic of Emergence.” Comparative Politics 25, no. 1 (1992): 1–23.

Weinstein, Jeremy M. “Resources and the Information Problem in Rebel Recruiting.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (2005): 598–624.

Wells-Dang, Andrew. “China Women’s Network Against AIDS.” China Development Brief 48 (Winter 2010). <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=463.> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Wells-Dang, Andrew. Civil Society Networks in China and Vietnam: Informal Pathbreak-ers in Health and the Environment. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

Wen, Ying-na and Chung-tai Chen. “Resource Platform, Capacity Building and Social Net-working: A Case Study of NPI Initiative.” China Journal of Social Work 5, no. 2 (2012): 139–147.

Wexler, Robyn, Ying Xu, and Nick Young “NGO Advocacy in China: A Special Report from China Development Brief.” China Development Brief (2006). <www.chinadevelopment brief.org> (accessed November 23, 2007).

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 187 5/2/2015 6:32:05 PM

188 Bibliography

White, Gordon. “Prospects for Civil Society in China: A Case Study of Xiaoshan City.” Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs 29 (January 1993): 63–87.

White, Gordon, Jude A. Howell, and Xiaoyuan Shang. In Search of Civil Society: Market Reform and Social Change in Contemporary China. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.

World Bank. “China: Deepening Public Service Unit Reform to Improve Service Deliv-ery.” Report No. 32341-CHA, 2005.

Wu, Fengshi. “Environmental GONGO Autonomy: Unintended Consequences of State Strategies in China.” The Good Society 1, no. 12 (2003): 35–45.

Wu, Fengshi and Kin-Man Chan. “Graduated Control and Beyond: The Evolving Government-NGO Relations.” China Perspectives 3 (2012): 9–17.

Wu, Fulong, Jiang Xu, and Anthony Gar-On Yeh. Urban Development in Post-Reform China: State, Market, and Space. New York: Routledge, 2007.

Wu, Hui [吴辉] and Zhao Xusheng [赵绪生]. “Jiaqiang Dang Dui Shehui Zuzhide Ling-dao, Fahui Shehui Zuzhi de Jiji Zuoyong” [加强党对社会组织的领导，发挥社会组织的积极作用] [Strengthening the Party’s Leadership in Social Organizations, Developing the Positive Functions of Social Organization]. In Guojia Minjian Zuzhi Guanliju [国家民间组织管理局编] ed., 2008 Nian Zhongguo Shehui Zuzhi Lilun Yan-jiu Wenji [2008年中国社会组织理论研究文集] [Research Essays on the Theory of Social Organizations in China 2008]. Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Chubanshe [中国社会出版社], 2009.

Wu, Jiangjiang. “Online Fundraising Strategies for Grassroots NGOs.” China Develop-ment Brief 55, Fall (2012). <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=2358> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Wu, Xinye [吴新叶]. “Zhizhengdang yu Feizhengfu Zuzhi: Lilun de Chaoyue yu Xianshi de Lujing – Yi Chaoyue Guojia-Shehui Fanshi de Shijiao” [执政党与非政府组织：理论的超越与现实的路径—以超越“国家—社会”范式的视角] [The Ruling Party and NGOs: Beyond Theory and Real Means – the View from Beyond the State/Society Dichotomy]. Xueshu Luntan [学术论坛][Academic Forum] 191 (2006): 50–54.

Xinhua. 李克强：发挥社会力量作用共同应对艾滋病挑战. 28 November 2012 (2012). http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2012-11/28/c_124018452.htm> (accessed on April 20, 2013).

Xinhua (China Daily). Chinese Government’s NGO Funding Peaks in 2012 (2013). <http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-02/12/c_132166169.htm> (accessed on April 14, 2013).

Xu, Guihong. “Feizhengfu Zuzhi Xingqi de Jingjixue Jieshi” [Economic Explanations for the Rise of Non-Governmental Organizations]. Heilongjiang Shehui Kexue [Heilongji-ang Social Sciences] 6 (2008): 88–91.

Xu, Yongguang, ed. The Third Sector Series [in Chinese]. Hangzhou: Zhengjiang People’s Press, 1999.

Xu, Yongguang. “2008, the Epoch of Chinese Civil Society.” NPO Review [in Chinese] 4, (2008): 1–5.

Yan, Yunxiang. The Individualization of Chinese Society. Oxford; New York: Berg, 2010.Yang, Guobin. “Environmental NGOs and Institutional Dynamics.” The China Quarterly

181 (2005): 46–66.Yang, Guobin. “How Do Chinese Civic Associations Respond to the Internet: Findings

from a Survey.” The China Quarterly 189 (2007): 122–143.Yang, Guobin. The Power of the Internet: Citizen Activism Online. New York: Columbia

University Press, 2009.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 188 5/2/2015 6:32:05 PM

Bibliography 189

Yang, Guoqiang. “The Rise of Individual Activism Does Not Signal the Decline of NGOs.” China Development Brief 54 (Summer 2012). <www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/?p=1973> (accessed November 4, 2013).

Yang, Li [杨丽]. “ ‘Shuniu Xing’ Shehui Zuzhi Yanjiu – Yi Beijingshi Wei Lie” [‘枢纽型’社会组织研究] [Researching ‘Hub-style’ Social Organizations – Taking Beijing Municipality as an Example]. Xuehui [学会] [Academe] 280 (2011): 14–19.

Yang, Qing and Wenfang Tang. “Exploring the Sources of Institutional Trust in China: Cul-ture, Mobilization, or Performance?” Asian Politics & Policy 3, no. 2 (2010): 415–436.

Ye, Jianping et al. “The Recognition Change of Basic-Level Government on Grass-Root Organizations.” China Comment [in Chinese] 23 (2010): 14–18.

Yin, Deci [尹德慈]. “Zhongguo Minjian Zuzhi Fazhan yu Dangde Zhizheng Fangshi Yan-jiu.” [中国民间组织发展与党的执政方式研究] [Research into the Development of Grassroots Organizations in China and the Party’s Governing Style] Tanqiu [探求] [Investigation] 150 (2004): 9–16.

Yu, Fangqiang. “International NGOs Should Increase, Not Reduce, Their Support for Chinese Civil Society Organizations.” China Development (2013). <http://www.chinadevelopment brief.cn/?p=2226> (accessed November 2, 2013).

Yu, Keping. “Civil Society in China: Concepts, Classification and Institutional Environ-ment.” In State and Civil Society: The Chinese Perspective, edited by Z. Deng, 63–96. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 2011.

Yu, Jianxing and Jun Zhou. “Growing out of Participation: Finding the Developmental Path of China’s Civil Society.” In Civil Society and Governance in China, edited by Yu Jianxin and Guo Sujian, 133–156. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

Yusuf, Shahid and Weiping Wu. “Pathways to a World City: Shanghai Rising in an Era of Globalisation.” Urban Studies 39, no. 7 (2002): 1213–1240.

Zack, Michael H. “Managing Organizational Ignorance.” Knowledge Directions 1 (1999): 36–49.

Zeng, Yonghe [曾永和]. “Chengshi Zhengfu Goumai Fuwu yu Xinxing Zhengshe Guanxi de Goujian” [城市政府购买服务与新型政社关系的构建] [The Purchase of Services by Municipal Governments and the Structure of a New Type of State-Society Rela-tionship]. Tansuo Chuangxin [探索创新] [Trail-Blazing New Explorations], 2008: A41–A43.

Zhang, Hong and Marsha Smith. “Navigating a Space for Labor Activism: Labor NGOs in the Pearl River Delta of South China.” In State and Society Responses to Social Welfare Needs in China: Serving the People, edited by J. Schwartz and S. Shieh, 66–88. Lon-don: Routledge, 2009.

Zhang, Li. Strangers in the City: Reconfigurations of Space, Power and the Social Net-works with Chinas Floating Population. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.

Zhang, Lu. “Domestic Violence Network in China: Translating the Transnational Concept of Violence Against Women into Local Action.” Women’s Studies International Forum 32, no. 3 (2009): 227–239.

Zhang, Xin and Richard Baum. “Report from the Field: Civil Society and the Anatomy of a Rural NGO.” The China Journal 52 (2004): 98–107.

Zhao, Xiumei. “Guanyu Beijing Huabao NGO de Diaocha Fenxi.” In Zhongguo NGO Yanjiu, edited by M. Wang, 37–50. Beijing: United Nations Centre for Regional Devel-opment Research Report Series No. 38, 2000.

Zheng, Hangsheng. “Social Construction and Social Management Research and the Mis-sion of Chinese Sociology.” Sociology Studies [in Chinese] 4 (2011): 12–21.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 189 5/2/2015 6:32:05 PM

190 Bibliography

Zhong, Yang, Jie Chen, and John M. Scheb II. “Political Views from Below: A Survey of Beijing Residents.” PS: Political Science and Politics 3, no. 30 (1997): 474–482.

Zhou, Benshun. “Along the Creative Social Management Road in the Chinese Context.” Qiushi [in Chinese] 10 (2011): 37–38.

Zhou, Hongyun [周红云]. “Minjian Zuzhi Fuwu Zhongxin Bu Shi ‘Er Zhengfu’.” [民间组织服务中心不是 ‘二政府’][NGO Service Center Is Not a “Second Government”]. Shequ [社] [Resident Association] 2 (2009).

Zhou, Tianyong et al. Gongjian: Shiqi Da Hou Zhongguo Zhengzhi Tizhi Gaige Yanjiu Baogao, [攻坚：十七大后中国政治体制改革研究报告] [Storming the Fortress: A Report on Reform of the Chinese Political System after the 17th Party Congress], 311–312. Xinjiang Shengchan Jianshe Bingtuan Chubanshe [新疆生产建设兵团出版社], 2008.

Zhou, Xueguang. “Unorganized Interests and Collective Action in Communist China.” American Sociological Review 58, no. 1 (1993): 54–73.

Zhou, Zengquan et al. “Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 Using Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Rural Yunnan, China.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 53, supplement 1 (2010): ii15–ii22.

6241-942-1pass-BM1-r03.indd 190 5/2/2015 6:32:06 PM

Contributors

Bingzhong Gao (Ph.D., Beijing Normal) is Professor of Anthropology and Direc-tor of Center for Civil Society Studies, Peking University. He is also Vice Presi-dent of China Folklore Society

and a member of the Expert Committee of Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, Ministry of Culture, China. Professor Gao’s professional research inter-ests are focused around three main avenues: the development of civil society in China, the everyday life of ordinary people, and the institutional efforts to conduct overseas ethnography. His publications include Bluebook of Chinese Civil Soci-ety Development (co-edited with Ruijun Yuan, Peking University Press) and Folk Culture and Civil Society: Cultural Studies of Modern Process in China (Peking University Press).

Reza Hasmath (Ph.D., Cambridge) is a Lecturer in Chinese Politics at the Uni-versity of Oxford, and an Associate Professor in Political Science at the Univer-sity of Alberta. He is also a Tutor in the Politics of China at Hertford College, and a Research Associate in the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, the China Growth Centre, St. Edmund Hall, and the Department of Social Policy and Inter-vention at the University of Oxford. He has held faculty positions in Management and Sociology at the Universities of Toronto and Melbourne, and has previously worked for think tanks, consultancies, development agencies, and NGOs in the USA, Canada, UK, Australia, and China. His recent articles have appeared in The China Quarterly, Journal of Contemporary China, Australian Journal of Political Science, Ethnic and Racial Studies, and the International Labour Review. He is the author of The Ethnic Penalty: Immigration, Education and the Labour Market and A Comparative Study of Minority Development in China and Canada and has edited the collections Inclusive Growth, Development and Welfare Policy: A Critical Assessment, The Chinese Corporatist State: Adaptation, Survival and Resistance, China in an Era of Transition: Understanding Contemporary State and Society Actors (with J.Y.J. Hsu), and Managing Ethnic Diversity: Meanings and Practices from an International Perspective.

Christopher Heurlin (Ph.D., Washington) is an Assistant Professor in the Gov-ernment and Legal Studies Department and the Asian Studies Program at Bowdoin

6241-942-1pass-BM2-r03.indd 191 5/2/2015 6:29:35 PM

192 Contributors

College. His dissertation titled Responsive Authoritarianism: Protest and Policy Change in Rural and Urban China examined how protests by landless farmers and evicted urban homeowners shaped provincial and national policies towards land takings and demolitions. His research on land takings has appeared in Land Disputes in East Asia. In addition to his research on contentious politics in China, Heurlin has published articles on NGO-state relations in East Asian dictatorships in Voluntas and on trust in judicial institutions in reunified Germany in German politics.

Timothy Hildebrandt (Ph.D., Wisconsin-Madison) is Assistant Professor in the Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics and Political Science. His research focuses on NGO development in authoritarian polities, the linkages between activism and social entrepreneurship, the political economy of social exclusion, emerging LGBT rights and activism in the non-Western world, and the changing state–society relationship in China. He is the author of Social Organizations and the Authoritarian State in China (Cambridge University Press, 2013) and his research has appeared in numerous journals, including Voluntas, The China Quarterly, Journal of Contemporary China, Review of International Studies, and Foreign Policy Analysis. Previously he was Lecturer in Chinese Politics at King’s College London, taught in the School of International Rela-tions at the University of Southern California (USC), and was a fellow in the US–China Institute at USC, as well as the Center for Asian Democracy at the University of Louisville. He previously served as a managing editor of the China Environment Series at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC.

Carolyn L. Hsu (Ph.D., UC San Diego) is an Associate Professor of Sociology at Colgate University. Her central research interest is organizational transformation in China. She has written several articles on NGOs in China, including “Beyond Civil Society: An Organizational Perspective on State–NGO Relations in the Peo-ple’s Republic of China” (2010) “ ‘Rehabilitating Charity’ ” in China: The Case of Project Hope and the Rise of Nonprofit Organizations” (2008) for the Journal of Civil Society. She is the author of Creating Market Socialism: How Ordinary People are Shaping Class and Status in China (Duke University Press, 2007), as well as articles on corruption, guanxi, entrepreneurship, and joint ventures in the PRC.

Jennifer Y. J. Hsu (Ph.D., Cambridge) is an Assistant Professor in the Depart-ment of Political Science, and a member of the China Institute at the University of Alberta. She previously taught in the Department of Sociology at the State Uni-versity of New York at Binghamton. She is currently researching on the role of the local Chinese state in the development of the NGO sector. She has worked with a variety domestic Chinese NGOs in both professional and academic capacities. Her recent articles are published in the The China Quarterly, Journal of Contem-porary China, Progress in Development Studies, and Urban Studies. She is the

6241-942-1pass-BM2-r03.indd 192 5/2/2015 6:29:36 PM

Contributors 193

co-author of HIV/AIDS in China – The Economic and Social Determinants, and the co-editor of The Chinese Corporatist State: Adaptation, Survival and Resist-ance and China in an Era of Transition: Understanding Contemporary State and Society Actors. She is currently writing the monograph Layers and Spaces of the State: Non-Governmental Organizations and the Chinese State.

Marta Jagusztyn is a social development practitioner with more than 10 years of experience working in China. She has managed development programs and consulted for INGOs (ActionAid, Pact, Mercy Corps, RTI), local NGOs and gov-ernments. She has worked on a range of development issues including HIV, gov-ernance, economic strengthening, and migration. Since mid-2011 Marta has been engaged in policy advocacy and research focusing on the introduction of social service outsourcing in HIV/AIDS sector in China. Research areas included policy design, impact on relationships between local governments and social organiza-tions, capacity development needed for effective social service outsourcing, and effective transition from a foreign-funded to a locally funded and locally owned HIV response. Marta’s other interests include monitoring and evaluation, public policy, capacity development, and participatory approaches. In addition to China, Marta has professional experience in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Namibia, and Ukraine.

Shawn Shieh (Ph.D., Columbia) is Director and Editor of China Development Brief (English) and serves as a civil society consultant for the US-based Interna-tional Center for Not-for-Profit Law, the United Nations Development Program and the Asian Development Bank. Shawn was a professor of political science at Marist College in Poughkeepsie, NY for 14 years. He has been living in Bei-jing and researching and writing on Chinese NGOs since 2006 and joined China Development Brief in 2011. He has edited (with Jonathan Schwartz) State and Society Responses to Social Welfare Needs in China: Serving the People (Rout-ledge, 2009) and The Chinese NGO Directory: Civil Society in the Making (China Development Brief, 2013) and authored (with Guosheng Deng) “An Emerging Civil Society: The Impact of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake on Grassroots Associa-tions in China” (The China Journal, January 2011).

Jessica C. Teets (Ph.D., Colorado-Boulder) is an Assistant Professor in the Politi-cal Science Department at Middlebury College, Vermont. Her research focuses on governance in authoritarian regimes, specifically the role of civil society such as non-profits, NGOs. and associations. Dr. Teets possesses a research emphasis on Chinese politics, conducting frequent field research in China. She is the author of “Post-Earthquake Relief and Reconstruction Efforts: The Emergence of Civil Society in China?” published in The China Quarterly in June 2009, and “Reform-ing Service Delivery in China: The Emergence of a Social Innovation Model” in the Journal of Chinese Political Science in March 2012. Dr. Teets was recently selected to participate in the National Committee on United States-China Rela-tions’ Public Intellectuals Program.

6241-942-1pass-BM2-r03.indd 193 5/2/2015 6:29:36 PM

194 Contributors

Patricia M. Thornton (Ph.D., UC Berkeley) is a University Lecturer in the Politics of China at the University of Oxford, in the Department of Politics and International Relations and the Contemporary Chinese Studies Programme, and a Fellow of Merton College. She is the author of Disciplining the State: Virtue, Violence and State-making in Modern China (Harvard, 2007), and recent articles on the new Party-building drive among social organizations and privately owned enterprises, impact of marketization on urban space and society, and the geogra-phy of protest in China. Her current research interests include party transforma-tion, the continuing impact of the Cultural Revolution, and the so-called “New Left” in contemporary China.

Xunxiang Xia (Ph.D., Chinese University of Hong Kong) is an Assistant Pro-fessor in the School of Sociology and Anthropology at Sun Yat-sen University. His research interests are in political anthropology, the study of Hong Kong, and urban studies.

6241-942-1pass-BM2-r03.indd 194 5/2/2015 6:29:36 PM

NGO Governance and Management in China

Documents

Transcript of NGO Governance and Management in China