Nepal's peace process and state building

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k|sfzs M g]kfn ;]G6/ km/ sG6]Dk//L l/;r{

ISBN: 978-9937-8865-2-9

efiff ;Dkfbg tyf s]xL v08sf] cf+lzs cg'jfb M l;kL cof{n

cfj/0f cjwf/0ff M ;'dg afa' kf}8]n

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c:jLsf/f]lQmMo; k':tsdf lglxt b[li6sf]0f tyf ljrf/ n]vssf lghL cleJolQm x'g\ .

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Pp6} k':tsdfkm{t g]kfnsf] of] hl6n ;+s|d0fsfnLg cj:yfsf] ;du| kIfx¿sf]

ljj]rgf c;Dej} 5 . oBlk, xfn b]lvPsf zflGt–lgdf{0fsf k|d'v d'2f / ltgsf] ;Daf]wgsf af/]df o; k':tsdf ;Sbf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL dlxgf klxnf k|sflzt

n]vssf] k':ts æg]kfndf ;z:q åGå / o;sf] k|efjÆn] of] k':tssf] k[i7e"ld tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . To;}n], oL b'j} k':ts cGt/–;DalGwt ePsfn] b'j}nfO{ Ps};fy x]/]df

g]kfnsf] clxn]sf] hl6ntfnfO{ ;du|tfdf a'‰g ;xh x'g]5 .

k':ts k|sfzg cfkm}+df lgs} hl6n, nfdf] ;do nfUg] / w]/} JolQmx¿sf] ;+nUgtf rflxg] ljifo xf] . of] k':ts k|sfzgsf] qmddf d}n] w}/} JolQmx¿af6 ;Nnfx ;'emfj / ;xof]u k|fKt u/]sf] 5' t/ oxfF tL ;a}sf] gfd pNn]v ug{ ;Dej ePg . t}klg,

n]vgsf] qmddf dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug{' x'g] s]xL JolQmx¿sf] gfd oxfF pNn]v gug]{ xf] eg] cGofo x'g]5 .

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cj:yf l;h{gf ug]{ >LdtL od'gfnfO{ x[bob]lv cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . 5f]/L cl:dtf /

5f]/f cfo'if ;w}+el/ xfd|f] k|]/0ffsf ;|f]t ag]sf 5g\ . d}n] k':ts n]Vg Jo:t x'g' k/]sfn]

pgLx¿nfO{ kof{Kt ;do lbg g;Sbf klg pgLx¿n] dnfO{ k|]l/t ul//x] . d pgLx¿ b'j} hgfnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . d]/f ;w}+sf k|]/0ffsf ;|f]tx¿– cfdf zfGts'df/L pk|]tL, a'af :juL{o b'uf{k|;fb pk|]tL / ;;'/fa'jf slj 3n], h;n] dnfO{ k/f]ksf/ / ;b\efjsf] ;+;f/ b]vfpg' eof] pxfFx¿ ;a}df d xflb{s cfef/ JoSt ub{5' . d]/f] sfddf ;w}+ ;xof]u ug]{ ef~hL zld{nfnfO{ ljz]if wGojfb .

d]/f sfof{nosf ;fyLx¿ clgtf l3ld/], l;l4 dfgGw/, ;f]gL s];L, uLtf yfkf, ;'dg afa' kf}8]n, uf]kLs]z cfrfo{, cgn t08'sf/, k|eft pk|]tL, cldt dxh{g, k|ltIff cfrfo{ / k|0fj clwsf/Ln] dnfO{ ljleGg ;dodf k'¥ofpg' ePsf] ;xof]usf nflu pxfFx¿ ;a}nfO{ ljz]if wGojfb . l;kL cof{n hLn] efiff ;Dkfbg tyf cg'jfbdf nuftf/ sfd u/L ;xof]u ug{' ePsf] 5 . d pxFfnfO{ ljz]if wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . lstfa n]Vbf xf];\ jf cg';Gwfg ug{ hfFbf laxfg}b]lv /flt ca]/;Dd klg ;jf/L rnfP/ ;xof]u ug]{ 8«fOe/ /d0f dxh{gnfO{ klg xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .

lji0f'/fh pk|]tL, ljBfjfl/lwl;len xf]D; #, ;'gfsf]7L

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kl/R5]b ! åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGtlgdf{0fsf cjwf/0ff ===================== !

kl/R5]b @ zflGt k|lqmof=+ zflGt jftf{ tyf jftf{ k|s[of af/] lrGtg===$%

kl/R5]b # o'4b]lv zflGt;Ddsf] ;+qmd0f Aoa:yfkg / d]nldnfk tyf k'g{;dfof]hg ======================================== (!

kl/R5]b $ zflGt k|lqmofdf dlxnf ============================================== !%#

kl/R5]b % zflGt k|lqmofdf gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn / ;~rf/ dfWod ===============================================!&(

kl/R5]b ^ ;z:q åGå / zflGt k|lqmofdf t];|f] kIfLo ;Demf}tf =======@@#

kl/R5]b & åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf] vfsf lgdf{0fM

;jfn tyf r'gf}tL ====================================================@%(

kl/R5]b * åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / ljsf; ======================================= @(!

kl/R5]b ( ;fgf xltof/ cf];f/k;f/ / åGåf]Q/ r'gf}tL ================= #!%

kl/R5]b !) åGåf]Q/ d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg =============================##&

kl/R5]b !! åGåf]Q/ g]kfnsf] ;qmd0fsfnLg /fhg}lts h6Lntf ==== #^(

tflnsf ljj/0f

tflnsf !=! ;dfhdf åGåsf ;+/rgfut sf/0fsf s]xL pbfx/0f ==========(

tflnsf !=@ zflGt–lgdf{0f / åGå;DaGwL cfwf/e"t a'emfO ================!!

ljifo ;"rL

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tflnsf !=# åGå ¿kfGt/0fdf e]/fOggsf] b[li6sf]0f =========================@#tflnsf !=$ åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fdf ljleGg cjwf/0ff, stf{ / sfo{gLlt ========================================================@(tflnsf $=! g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmofsf] jftf{ 6f]nL tyf ;xhstf{ dlxnf ;+nUgtf ======================================================= !^$tflnsf $=@ @)^$ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] kf6L{ut n}+lus ;+/rgf === !^(tflnsf $=# klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efdf kf6L{ut cfwf/df pDd]bjf/ ========!&@tflnsf *=! ;z:q åGåsfndf Wj:t ePsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ==========#)@

aS;x¿sf] ;"rL

aS; !=! åGåsf cfwf/e"t sf/0f ==================================================^

aS; !=@ åGåsf ljz]iftfx¿ ======================================================== &

aS; !=# dN6L 6«Øfs s"6gLlt =================================================== @&

aS; @=! b]pjf ;ldlt =============================================================== $&

aS; @=@ jftf{ ;d"x, lj=;+= @)%* ============================================== $*

aS; @=# @)%* ;fnsf] jftf{sf ;xhstf{====================================%#

aS; @=$ @)%( ;fnsf jftf{sf/x¿ ============================================%&

aS; @=% g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / ;/sf/aLr ePsf] o'4lj/fd

cfrf/;+lxtf ================================================================%*

aS; @=^ @)%( ;fnsf] jftf{sf ;xhstf{x¿ =============================== ^!

aS; @=& ;/sf/L Ph]G8fsf ;+If]k ================================================^$

aS; @=* jftf{sf nflu dfcf]jfbL Ph]G8fsf ;+If]k ========================= ^&

aS; @=( o'4lj/fd e+uM k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_sf]

jQmJosf] ;f/f+z ========================================================== &)

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aS; @=!) zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfaf/] dfcf]jfbLsf] wf/0ff ========================= &^

aS; #=! g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmofsf] km/s ljz]iftf=========================== !))

aS; #=@ d]nldnfksf nflu cfjZos k/Dk/fut ;+:yf tyf

To;df x'g] cEof; ===================================================== !%)

aS; ^=! /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrj sf]kmL cGgfgnfO{

dfcf]jfbLsf] kq =========================================================@#%

aS; *=! lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf

;jfn ====================================================================== @(*

lrqx¿sf] ;"rL

lrq #=! åGåf]Q/ ;jfndf ;xsfo{ ==============================================((

lrq #=@ ;+qmd0fsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;+/rgfut Joj:yfkg =====!@*

lrq #=# ;+qmd0fsf] Joj:yfkgsf ;+/rgfut r'gf}tL ===================!@*

lrq #=$ åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf cFufNg'kg]{ Jofjxfl/s sbdx¿ ======== !$%

lrq $=! ;Defljt zflGt ;+/rgfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ================== !^#

lrq &=! åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf cGt/;DalGwt kIfx¿ ===============@^#

lrq &=@ /fHok'g;+{/rgfsf tTjx¿ ===========================================@^$

lrq &=# /fli6«o klxrfg lgdf{0fsf cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ ===================@^%

lrq &=$ åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf nflu ljljw gLlt /

ltgLx¿sf] cGt/;DaGw =============================================@^^

lrq &=% åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fdf ;'zf;gsf cfjZos tTjx¿ ====== @^&

lrq &=^ ljutsf] gsf/fTds k|efj;Fu h'‰g cfjZos tTjx¿ = @^*

lrq &=& sfg'gL zf;g / ljutsf] gsf/fTds k|efj;Fu h'‰g]

sfdsf ljljw kIfx¿ ================================================@^(

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lrq &=* åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf] ;kmntf lgwf{/0f ug]{ tTjx¿ ====== @&)

lrq &=( sd{rf/LtGq k'g;{+/rgf tyf ;]jf ;'lglZrttfsf

cfwf/x¿ ==================================================================@&!

lrq &=!) ;fdflhs c;'/Iff lgDTofpg] tTjx¿ ========================== @&%

lrq &=!! ;'/Iff If]q ;'wf/sf tTjx¿ ======================================== @*@

lrq &=!@ /fhgLlts bn ;'wf/sf tTjx¿ ================================= @*^

lrq *=! ljsf;d'vL åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf cGt/;DalGwt

kIfx¿ ======================================================================@($

lrq *=@ kl/of]hgf rqmsf] åGå;+j]bgzLn ¿k/]vf =====================#)^

lrq (=! ;dfhdf ;fgf xltof/sf] ljljw c;/ ==========================#@@

lrq !)=! d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf

ljljw kIfx¿ ============================================================#%$

1

!=! kl/ro

s'g} klg lx+;fTds åGåsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fnfO{ cjwf/0ffTds cfwf/ agfpg' dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] zflGt–lgdf{0fnfO{ klg To:t} vfsf cfjZos 5 . of] kl/R5]bn] åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0f;DaGwL s]xL ;jfn, b[li6sf]0f, sfo{gLlt / pkfox¿sf] rrf{ u5{ .1 g]kfndf lj=;+= @)%@ kmfu'gb]lv @)^# d+l;/;Dd ePsf] bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGå / zflGt jftf{af/] cWoog ug{ oL k4lt k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . zflGt–lgdf{0fsf] kf6f]nfO{ /fd|/L ga'emL åGå ¿kfGt/0f ug{ sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] åGå ;dfwfg / :yfloTj k|flKtaf/] cl3 ;fl/Psf] ;}4flGts vfsfnfO{ k|i6 kfg'{ o; kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo xf] .

!=@ åGåsf] cy{

åGå t/n / c:ki6 zAbfjnL xf] . To;}sf/0f km/s–km/s dflg;n] km/s kl/k|]Iocg';f/ åGånfO{ leGgfleGg} tl/sfn] kl/efiff / JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . åGån] ax; jf ts{, dtleGgtf, ljjfb, em}–emu8f, ;+3if{,

n8fOF, d'sflanf, cl:y/tf, czflGt, c/fhstf jf lx+;fnfO{ hgfpg

;S5 . cfˆgf] /f]hfO, rfxgf, nIo jf dfGotfdf x'g] leGgtfsf sf/0f jf ;fwg–;|f]t, zlQm / kb k|fKt u/L lgoGq0fsf nflu b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L dflg;x¿ Pscsf{lj?4 plqFbf åGå x'G5 . åGådf ;fdfGotof

1 åGå Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGt / ljlwx¿ -e[s'6L k|sfzg, sf7df8f}+_ gfds 5'§} k':tsdf n]vsåf/f åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fsf lj:t[t l;4fGt, a'emfO, cjwf/0ff / k4ltx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .

kl/R5]b

!åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fsf cjwf/0ff

2

l/;, c;Gtf]if, kL8f, Jou|tf jf 8/sf] efjgf ;dflxt x'G5 . a'emfOsf] leGgtf, unt a'emfO, :jfy{sf] n8fOF, zlQm;+3if{, ;|f]tdfly lgoGq0fsf] xf]8afhL, dtleGgtf, ;fj{hlgs c;Gt'li6, ef}lts tyf zflAbs lj/f]w, ljå]if, j:t'sf] k|of]u, d'2f btf{, lx+;fTds tyf /Qmkftk"0f{ o'4h:tf kIfnfO{ åGån] ;d]6\5 -a]sn/ ;g\ @))@Ù pk|]tL ;g\ @))$P_ . lje]bsf] efjgf, z+sf–pkz+sf, cGofo, cljZjf;n] klg dflg;nfO{ åGålt/ ws]N5 . åGå dflg;sf] dg–dlit:s;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf]n] ;dfhdf åGå cjZoDefjL 5 / ;fdflhs k|lqmofaf6 of] tTj cljefHo klg 5 .

;fdfGotof …åGåÚ nfO{ zflGtsf] pN6f] cy{df dfq lng] u/]sf] kfOG5 . w]/}n] åGå c:jLsfo{ / ;dfhsf nflu 3fts ePsfn] o;nfO{ 6fg'{ cyjf lg/fs/0f ug'{kg]{ 7fG5g\ . t/, of] ;+s'lrt / PskIfLo a'emfO xf] . o:tf] a'emfOn] åGåsf ljljw :t/ / :j¿kaLr km/s 5'6\Øfpg lbFb}g -pk|]tL ;g\ @))^P, ufN6'ª ;g\ @)))P / aLÙ ;g\ !((^Ù ;g\ @))$P / aL_ . /, of] ljrf/ ;sf/fTds ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf klg tuf/f] aG5 . ;a} ;dfhdf åGå x'G5 . of] lglZrt JolQmdf, JolQmx¿aLr, kl/jf/, kl/jf/x¿aLr, ;fd'bflos ;b:o / ;d"xaLr, ;fd'bflos ;d"x / afXo ;+:yfaLr, ljleGg hftLo ;d"xaLr, /fhgLlts bn tyf /fi6«x¿aLr klg k|s6 x'G5,

s]jn :j¿kdfq km/s x'G5 . åGå kl/jt{glt/ pGd'v ;dfhsf] ;"rs klg xf] . /rgfTds åGån] ;dfhnfO{ ultzLn agfpF5 . gofF k|ljlwn] NofPsf] tLa| kl/jt{g, ;femf ;DklQ ;|f]tsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, ;fj{hlgs

;|f]tsf] lghLs/0f, a9\bf] pkef]Qmfjfb / å}w ;/sf/L gLlth:tf s'/fn]

åGå lgDTofpF5g\ -asN; ;g\ !(((_ . oL ;a} kl/jt{g / oL;Fu ufFl;Psf åGå /f]Sg c;Dejk|foM 5 . oL ;a} åGånfO{ :jLsfg'{, Jojl:yt ug'{ / ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ ;sf/fTds ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf nflu Psdfq pkfo xf]

-g]x]d / c¿ ;g\ @))!Ù cf]O{;L8L ;g\ @))!Ù pk|]tL ;g\ @))$P / aLÙ

e]l/g]g ;g\ !((!_ . ;a} åGå v/fa x'Fb}gg\ .

åGå dflg;sf] dg–dlit:saf6 l;h{gf x'g] / dflg; ;dfhsf] ceLGg ;b:o x'g] x'Fbf h'g} klg ;dfhdf åGå x'G5 . tTsfn} of] Jojl:yt jf

åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fsf cjwf/0ff


3

lgd{"n x'g klg ;S5, gx'g klg . t/, ;dosf] cGt/fndf of] ¿kfGtl/t x'G5 / pNn]Vo bL3{sfnLg Pj+ cNksfnLg c;/dfkm{t cg]sf}+ glthftkm{ 8f]l/G5 . o:tf glthf ;dfhsf nflu ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} vfnsf x'g ;S5g\ -l;d]Ssf ;g\ !((#_ . åGånfO{ p2]Zo, k|s[lt, :j¿k cflbsf cfwf/df leGg–leGg k|sf/n] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;lqmotfsf cfwf/df åGåsf b'O{ r/0f 5g\ M

-!_ ;'if'Kt åGå -Nof6]G6 slGˆNS6_M ljljw tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds :jfy{;lxtsf åGåf]Gd'v ;d"xaLr åGå x'g ;Sg] t/ Tof] aflx/ cfOg;s]sf] cj:yf /,

-@_ ;lqmo åGå -PlS6e slGˆNS6_M a]d]n ePsf kIfx¿n] s'g} l:ylt cyjf ;d:ofdfly b]lvg] u/L k|ltlqmof hgfPsf] cj:yf .

cleJolQmdf cfwfl/t /xL åGånfO{ lgDgcg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ zflGtk"0f{ -h:t}M gful/s cj1f_ / -v_ lx+;fTds -h:t} M ;z:q ljb|f]x, o'4 jf cft+ssf/L xdnf_ . ;dfwfgsf] pkfonfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ åGånfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M -!_ 3fts åGå, h'g ;xdltåf/f ;dfwfg x'g] vfnsf] b]lvFb}g / cGTodf lht–xf/ -ljg–n'h_sf] cj:yfdf kl/0ft x'G5 . -@_ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ åGå -Kof/f8lS;sn slGˆNS6_, h'g xf/df kl/0ft x'G5 / c:ki6 tyf k|Zgof]Uo x'G5 . -#_ ;dfwfgof]Uo åGå

-lnl6luo; slGˆNS6_, h'g lht–lht -ljg–ljg_sf] cj:yfdf 6'+lug

;S5 jf h;n] ;xdtLo kl/0ffd lgDTofpF5 -dfl6{g]nL / Pnd]O8f ;g\ !((*_ / -$_ e|fds åGå -ONo'hg/L slGˆNS6_, hxfF c;xdt b'j} kIfn]] Pp6} s'/f rfx]sf x'G5g\, t/ ltgnfO{ ;f]sf] cg'e"lt ePsf] x'Fb}g -pk|]tL ;g\

@))#P / aL_ . åGå /rgfTds / Wj+zfTds b'j} x'g ;S5 . t/, /rgfTds

åGå ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd Nofpg] vfnsf] x'G5 .

åGåsf] af/]df 5nkmn ubf{ åGå Joj:yfkg / åGå ¿kfGt/0f;DaGwL

cjwf/0ff a'‰g' dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . åGå ¿kfGt/0fn] vf;u/L åGåsf] k|s[ltdf kl/jt{g ug{ åGå/t kIfx¿sf] ;DaGwdf b]lvg'kg]{ kl/jt{g jf ;'wf/nfO{ hgfpF5 . åGåsf] lgbfg -slGˆnS6 l/hf]No';g_n] åGåsf]

4

bL3{sfnLg ;dfwfgdf hf]8 lbG5 . To;}u/L åGåsf] Joj:yfkg -slGˆnS6 Dofg]hdG6_n] zlQm afF8kmfF6sf] dfWodaf6 åGånfO{ hl6n x'gaf6 /f]sL ;xL af6f]lt/ 8f]¥ofpF5 . åGå ¿kfGt/0f -slGˆnS6 6«fG;kmd]{;g_n] kl/l:yltcg';f/ clestf{x¿n] ;DaGw ;'wf/sf nflu cfkm" ¿kfGtl/t x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 -ufN6'ª ;g\ @)))P / aLÙ aLaLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#_ .

lx+;fTds ;fdflhs kl/l:yltdf dflg;n] åGånfO{ t'?Gt lx+;fTds cj:yfsf ¿kdf JofVof u5{g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljrf/, l;4fGt / cEof;df dflg;aLr b]lvg] dtleGgtf g} åGå xf] -asN; ;g\ !(((_ / of] lx+;fTds dfq x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotf e'N5g\ . åGåsf] ;'?cftL cj:yf u'gf;f] xf] . To;df JolQm jf ;d"xn] cfkm" cGofodf k/]sf] 7fG5g\ . o;n] /f]if jf u'gf;f]sf] cfwf/ tof/ ul/lbG5 . ha dflg;aLr ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs jf cfly{s ljlgdoåf/f l;lh{t cGofosf] cg'e"lt -lkmlnª\; ckm OGhl:6;_ u5{g\ t/ To;sf] Gofok"0f{ ;Daf]wgsf] cefj dx;'; u5{g\, ta åGå l;h{gf x'g] cfwf/ aG5 -o'/L / cGo ;g\ !(*(_ . kmntM ;Defljt åGå k|:km'l6t x'G5 -e]/fOgg ;g\ !((!_ . åGåsf] r/d cj:yfdf dflg;n] o:tf] d'7e]8nfO{ aflx/ NofOlbG5g\ / d'7e]8 k|ToIf d'vl/t x'G5 -a'; ;g\ !((%Ù sKnfg ;g\ !((%_ .

åGåsf] ax;df b'O{ dxTTjk"0f{ ljrf/wf/f 5g\ . Pp6f ljrf/wf/fn] d]nldnfk / zflGtk"0f{ cj:yflj?4 plqg] cjwf/0ffh;/L åGånfO{ cljj]sL / gsf/fTds egL JofVof u5{ . åGåsf] of] JofVof a9L oflGqs 5 -dfl6{g]nL

/ Pnd]O8f ;g\ !((*_ . csf]{ ljrf/wf/fn] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf nflu

åGå pkof]uL dfWod klg x'g ;Sg] 7x/ u5{ . of] ljrf/n] åGåsf] cl:tTj :jLsf5{ . /rgfTds ;fdflhs k|lqmofdf åGå pkof]uL x'g ;Sg] 7fG5 . of] dfGotfn] ;d"xsf] ;Ldf :yflkt ug{, ;d"xdf ;xdlt ;'b[9 kfg{, cfTdklxrfg ljsf; ug{ / ;fdflhs P]Soa4tf tyf cfly{s÷;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf åGån]

of]ubfg lbg ;S5 -8uf]6L{ / kmfNhu|fkm ;g\ !(()_ . of] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ åGå lg/Gt/ ;fdflhs k|lqmof xf] . ;dfhsf] zlQm ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ /



5

;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿nfO{ cfsf/ lbg o;sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 -dfl6{g]nL / Pnd]O8f ;g\ !((*_ . oflGqs b[li6sf]0feGbf leGg ¿kdf ufN6'ª -;g\ @)))P / aL_ ts{ u5{g\ ls åGå gofF /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ef}lts jftfj/0fcg';f/ ;dfhsf] cg's"ng x'g] k|lqmofdf ;dflxt x'G5 . d]/f] lgrf]8 s] 5 eg], ;dsfnLg kl/l:yltdf gofF vf]h, gLlt, sfo{k4lt, sfg'g, :yfgLo zlQm;DaGw, lghLs/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|lqmofn] åGåsf] sf/0f lgwf{/0f u5{ .

d'7e]8 ljWj+zfTds jf lx+;fTds åGåsf] Pp6f k|sf/ xf] . o;n] ;w}+h;f] gsf/fTds kl/0ffd lgDTofpF5 . dflg;x¿nfO{ 5'§ØfpF5, ;DaGwx¿ tx;gx; kf5{, lx+;f, 8/ tyf cljZjf; a9fpF5 / JolQmut tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf gsf/fTds lbzftkm{ pGd'v u/fpF5 . o;ljk/Lt /rgfTds åGån] ;xL / pkof]uL tl/sfcg';f/ dflg;x¿nfO{ Pscsf{k|lt cfTdLo agfpF5 / pgLx¿aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ pFrf] agfpF5 . ;fy}, o;n] åGådf ;dflxt ;a} ;d"xnfO{ ;sf/fTds af6f] b]vfpF5 . g]kfndf ePsf] dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xh:tf] åGå / ef/tsf dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xsf ultljlwx¿ cfkm}+df hl6n k|s[ltsf 5g\ . To;}n] o:tf åGådf ;dfwfgsf y'k|} pkfo t'lxPsf lyP . vf;u/L logdf lx+;fdf cfwf/e"t dfGotfdf dte]b, ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF6 / ;f]dfly k|e'Tjsf ;fy}, /fHo zlQmdfly lgoGq0f / o;sf] cfˆgf]

:jfy{÷p2]Zocg's"n k|of]uh:tf /fhgLlts dxTTjsf+Iffaf6 lgb]{lzt 5g\ .

o:tf åGådf slxn]sfxLF 6fg{ g;lsg] vfnsf lht–xf/sf] cj:yf klg b]lvG5 .

6

aS; !=! åGåsf cfwf/e"t sf/0f

j}rfl/s leGgtf jf ;}4flGts lj/f]wfefif

lj/f]wLk|ltsf] :jfy{÷k"jf{u|x lgoGq0f ug]{ p2]Zo

nf]e / u'gf;f] tyf clt dxTTjfsf+Iff

b'n{e ;|f]t, zlQm / k|lti7fdfly k|lt:kwf{

e"ldsf, bfloTj / clwsf/k|lt c:ki6tf

sdhf]/ ;~rf/ / ;"rgfsf] cefj jf unt cyjf ck"0f{ ;"rgf

dflg;aLrsf] wf/0ff, sfd ug]{ z}nL / dgf]efjsf] leGgtf / cfkm"dfq 7Ls eGg] cxd\

ljjfbf:kb ;Ddfg / k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnL

lgikIftf / ;dfgtfdf c;xhtfsf] cg'e"lt

ljljw ljrf/, z}nL / cfr/0f / ltgLx¿sf] ;du| k|efj

;fdflhs k|lqmofdf cfwf/e"t a'emfOsf] cefj

ljsf;df a]d]n÷c;dfgtf, :jfy{

;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts, k|fljlws, cfly{s / cGo lsl;dsf kl/jt{gx¿ c:jLsf/ ug]{ dfgl;stf

cGt/f{li6«o lglxt :jfy{x¿ / ltgsf] :jfy{df sfd ug]{ gfosx¿sf] dxTTjfsf+Iff

;|f]tx¿M kmNu/ / hf]G; ;g\ !(($Ù a'; / kmNu/ ;g\ !(($Ù sKnfg ;g\ !((%Ù hf“ / k]8;{g ;g\ !((^ af6 ;+slnt .

ck]lIft xf];\ jf cgk]lIft, ;fdflhs k|lqmofsf] Pp6f cleGg c+u tyf

;fdflhs ljsf; / kl/jt{gsf] cljlR5Gg k|ltkmn g} åGå xf] . To;}n]

o;nfO{ pkof]uL ;fdflhs sfo{df s;/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] dxTTjk"0f{ x'g'k5{ . k|sfo{jfbL l;4fGt -kmª\;glnhd\ lyc/L_cg';f/ s'g} ;dfhsf JolQmsf] dfGotfcg';f/ ;dfh rN5 egL b'lv{d ts{ u5{g\ . o;k|sf/, ;dfh g}lts ;xdltdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;fdfGo ;Gt'ngdf /x]sf] 5 . k|sfo{jfbLx¿n]

c;Gt'ng / åGånfO{ k|fyldstf lbFb}gg\ . 6fNs6 kf;{gsf] ;+/rgfut

k|sfo{jfbsf] l;4fGtn] klg åGånfO{ ;dfhsf] k|efjz"Go jf c;fwf/0f



7

cj:yfsf] ¿kdf u|x0f u5{ -e]/fOgg ;g\ !((!Ù pk|]tL ;g\ @))@P_ . b'O{ lsl;dsf cfly{s ju{aLrsf] åGå pNn]v ub}{ sfn{ dfS;{n] cfly{s åGåsf] j}slNks cjwf/0ff k]; u/]sf lyP -l;d]Ssf ;g\ !((#_ . pTkfbgsf] ;fwg sAhf u/]sf] a'h'{jf / cfˆgf] >d a]Rg] >lds ju{aLr ;dfhdf ;w}+el/ åGå rln/xg] s'/fdf dfS;{n] hf]8 lbG5g\ . 8f/]G8«kmn] klg km/s :jfy{ ePsf ljz]iftM b'O{ ;d"x -zf;s / zfl;t_aLr åGå x'g] JofVof u5{g\ t/ of] >lds / ;DkGg ju{aLr g} hf];Fu klg x'g ;Sg] pgsf] ts{ 5 . o;sf/0f åGå cfly{s ;|f]tsf nflu s]jn ju{ ;+3if{df dfq ;Lldt x'Fb}g, km/s :jfy{ ePsf ;d"xaLrsf] zlQm ;+3if{df klg x'g ;S5 . l;d]Ssf -;g\ !((#_n] eg] åGåsf] dfS;{jfbL ljZn]if0fsf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\ . dfS;{n] ;fdflhs ;DaGw / åGåsf] cfly{s kf6f]df dfq} hf]8 lbPsf t/ ;xrfo{df glbPsf pgsf] cf/f]k 5 .

aS; !=@ åGåsf ljz]iftfx¿åGå

b]lvg sDtLdf b'O{ kIfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 cf]xbf, ;|f]t jf zlQmsf] cefj cyjf ;f]dfly ljifd lgoGq0fsf] sf/0f

pAhG5 csf]{ kIfnfO{ Wj:t kfg]{, 3fOt] agfpg], ljkmn kfg]{ jf lgoGq0f ug]{ k|of;

x'G5 lj/f]waLr ;d"xx¿df cGtlq{mof, lqmof / k|ltlqmofsf] cfjZostf x'G5 ;DaGwn] cefjo'Qm ;|f]t lgoGq0f ug]{ jf Jojxf/nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ k|of;

u5{ ;DaGwdf dxTTjk"0f{ lgisif{;lxtsf] ;fdflhs cGtlqm{of x'G5 k|lqmofn] ;d"xaLr cGtlqm{ofsf] c:yfloTjsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ zf;gsf] dfGotf / rfxgfx¿df ;DaGw :yfgfGtl/t x'G5 clx+;fTds jf lx+;fTds b'j} :j¿kdf b]vf kg{ ;S5 .

;|f]t M ;fO8fj] ;g\ !((^Ù pk|]tL ;g\ @))$PÙ k|'O6 / sfg]{e]n ;g\ !((#Ù k]lG8r / c¿ ;g\ !(($Ù l:dy ;g\ !((&Ù ufN6'ª ;g\ @))) .

DofS; j]a/sf] ;fdflhs lqmofsf] l;4fGt -;f];n PS;g lyc/L_

cg';f/ ;dfgtfsf] cj:yf / åGån] ;fdflhs l:ylt lgwf{/0f u5{ . of]

8

ljrf/wf/fcg';f/ åGå ;fdflhs k|lqmofdf ldl;Psf] x'G5, t/ k|sf/fGt/df of] ;dfhsf zlQmzfnL JolQmsf] kIfdf 9lNsg vf]H5 . j]a/n] ;dfhdf zlQm s;/L :yflkt / j}w x'G5 egL JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] l;4fGt -j]a/ ;g\ !($*_ df rf/ k|d'v kIf 5g\ M -s_ zlQmsf] e"ldsf, -v_ Jojl:yt k|lqmofdf hf]8, -u_ j}wtf, / -3_ lghL :jfy{x¿ .

j]a/ -;g\ !($*_ sf] åGå l;4fGtsf k|d'v tTTj o;k|sf/ 5g\ M -s_ ;fdflhs hLjgdf åGå Jofks 5, -v_ ;dfhsf ;d"x / JolQmaLr ljljw tl/sfn] zlQm afF8kmfF6 x'G5, -u_ s'g} klg ;dfhdf yf]/} zlQm ePsfnfO{ w]/} zlQm ePsfn] agfPsf] lgod / lbPsf] cfb]z ;xdltåf/f sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ ;fdflhs Joj:yf k|fKt ul/G5, -3_ ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / ;dfhsf] dfgs Joj:yf b'j} zlQmzfnLx¿af6 Jofks k|efljt x'G5g\ / log} zlQmzfnL dflg;sf] :jfy{nfO{ o;n] k|ltlglwTj ug{ yfN5, -ª_ ;fdfGo dflg;nfO{ eGbf zlQmzfnLsf nflu ;fdflhs kl/jt{g k|foM 3fts x'G5 . o;k|sf/ zlQmzfnLx¿n] kl/jt{gsf] lj/f]w u5{g\ jf o;lj?4 pqG5g\, -r_ oL kl/jt{gaf6 kmfObf lng vf]Hg] dflg;sf lqmofsnfkn] ;dfhdf kl/jt{g NofpF5 .

JolQm / ;dfhdf åGåsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} c;/ x'G5g\ . ;sf/fTds k|efjnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] åGån] dflg;nfO{ lht xft kfg{ pT;flxt

agfpg ;S5 . o;n] b[9tf a9fpF5 / ;fd"lxs lgi7f alnof] agfpF5 .

o;n] ;d:ofx¿sf] lgSof]{n u5{ / nufjsf] d"n ljifo klxrfg u5{ . gjLg z}nL / cjwf/0ffx¿tkm{ o;}n] 8f]¥ofpF5 . cfOk/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg u5{ jf b]lvPsf ;d:ofaf/] :ki6 agfpF5 / ;dfwfgpGd'v u/fpFb} åGån]

kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmoftkm{ n}hfg d2t u5{ . o;n] /fhgLlts n]gb]g, k|efj,

k|lt:kwf{ / ;xdtLo Ifdtf klg a9fpF5 .

o;}u/L åGåsf g/fd|f kl/0ffd klg x'g ;S5g\ . o;n] l/;, tf]8kmf]8,

xf]xNnf, s'07f, c;kmntfk|ltsf] 8/ / JolQmut c;dy{tftkm{ pGd'v u/fpF5 . o;n] uDeL/ ;"rgf /f]Sg jf tf]8df]8 ug{ ;S5 . pTkfbgzLn



9

dflg;sf] pTkfbsTj 36fpF5 . j[lQljsf;nfO{ 5]p nufpF5, ;DaGwx¿ tx;gx; kf5{ / ljBdfg sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ Wj:t kf5{ . o;n] dl:tissf] Ifdtfdf klg ckJoo u/fpF5, wg / ;dosf] ;d]t Iflt u/fpF5 . pTkfbsTj x|f; u/fO{ åGån] lx+;fnfO{ a9f]Q/L u5{, ;fdflhs d]nldnfk e+u u5{ / ;dfhnfO{ ljeQm agfpF5 . ha zflGtk"0f{ åGå lx+;f / o'4df kl/0ft x'G5, dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g, b'3{6gf / Wj+z a9\5g\ / cGttM /fHo c;kmntftkm{ ws]lnG5 .

tflnsf !=! ;dfhdf åGåsf ;+/rgfut sf/0fsf s]xL pbfx/0f

sf/0f k|d'v ljz]iftf pbfx/0f

;fdflhs

c;dfg, cGofoL jf u}/k|ltlglwd"ns ;fdflhs ;+/rgf

;fdflhs alxis/0f j/Lotfk"0f{ ;fdflhs

:t/Ls/0f -el6{sn ;f];n :6«Øfl6lkms];g_

lzIff, ;DklQ, cfo, ;"rgfdf e]b

sfg'gL hfu¿stfsf] cefj ;fdflhs c;'/Iff, hf]lvd / Ifo

kx'Fraflx/sf] ;fdflhs nfe

sfg'gL

lglZrt ;d"xk|lt e'msfj jf lje]b ePsf] sfg'gL Joj:yf

zlQmzfnLx¿nfO{ k|>o lbFb} ag]sf] sfg'gL k|aGw, h:t}M btf{ gePsf df]xL jf aFw'jf >ldsk|lt kIfkftL e"ld P]g

cfly{s

cfly{s k|aGw / zlQmk|ltsf] e'msfj

;DkGg–s]lGb|t cfly{s gLlt / ul/ak|lt lje]b

cflbjf;L cEof;dfly cfly{s zlQm / Jofj;flos sDkgLx¿sf] k|efj

pTvgg\d'vL pBf]u -PS;6«ØflS6e OG8l:6«h_nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ :yfgLo rf;f] / k|yfut ckgTj ePsfnfO{ pk]Iff ug]{

;/sf/L gLlt

10

sf/0f k|d'v ljz]iftf pbfx/0f

/fhgLlts

/fhgLlts k|lqmofdf d'¶Le/ zlQmu|fxLx¿sf] dgf]dfgL

ljrf/wf/fTds kIfkft / lje]b

hftLo cNk;+Vos ;d"x;Fusf] ulx/f] ljZjf;

/fHo÷;/sf/n] ug]{ ;f+:s[lts lje]b

k|ltkIfL kf6L{ / ;fgf bnsf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ ;d:ofdf kfg{ ;Qf?9 bnsf ;b:o / ;/sf/åf/f zlQm tyf k|zf;lgs ;|f]tsf] b'¿kof]u

cfˆgf] kl/rosf nflu cflbjf;L / cNk;+Vosn] ljljw dfGotf

;De|fGt /fhgLlt1n] hftLo, wfld{s, cfbLjf;L jf eflifs lje]bdf kIfkft

;d"xn] Pscsf{nfO{ dg gk/fpg]

;|f]t M pk|]tL ;g\ @))$PÙ aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))# .

!=# åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] vfsf

g]kfnsf] zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ a'‰g Pp6f cjwf/0ffut vfsf clt g}

dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;sf/0f of] v08n] åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–k|lqmof;DaGwL cjwf/0ffTds ;jfnnfO{ s]nfPsf] 5 . zflGtaf/]sf] ax; a'‰gsf nflu

åGåsf cfwf/e"t b[li6sf]0f klg a'e\mg' h?/L x'G5 . oL cjwf/0ff tflnsf

!=@ df b]vfOPsf] 5 .



11

tflnsf !=@ zflGt–lgdf{0f / åGå;DaGwL cfwf/e"t a'emfO

b[li6sf]0fcjwf/0ffTds s]Gb|Lotf

k|d'v åGåfTds Jojxf/

åGå Joj:yfkg

zlQm

cfj]u / lx+;f sd ub}{ u7aGwg, zlQm ;Gt'ng, åGåsf Jojxf/x¿, ;fd"lxs ;'/Iff, gfsfaGbLh:tf /f]stf]ssf ljljw ;+oGq k|of]u u/L åGå sd ug]{ / zflGt :yfkgf ug]{

dfGotf

h]g]ef ;lGwnufotsf cGo cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/sf sfg'g tyf ;lGw, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs Gofo, k|efjsf/L g}lts åGåfTds Jojxf/h:tf g}lts / sfg'gL dfGotfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] .

dte]b Joj:yfkg

cle?lr

lht–lht -ljg–ljg_sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu dte]b ePsf ;d"xnfO{ pT;flxt kfg]{, kbnf]n'ktfnfO{ lg?T;flxt kfg]{, ;xsfof{Tds Jojxf/dfkm{t ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo cl3 ;fg]{

åGå lgbfg cfjZostfcGo ;d"xsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ pT;flxt kfg]{, cfjZostfx¿sf] k|f;+lustf / j}wtf klxrfg ug{ vf]Hg], ljsNkx¿ vf]Hg]

åGå

¿kfGt/0f;DaGw

cfˆgf] / csf]{ ;d"xsf] wf/0ff ¿kfGt/0f u/L csf]{ kIfsf] cfjZostfaf/] ;xfg'e"lt ljsf; ug]{ .

gsf/fTds :d[lt, efj, 8/, cfj]u, 3[0ff /

kL8fnufotsf åGå lgdf{0fsf ¿9Lu|:t :d[lt ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ .

åGå /f]syfd

dfgjLo cfofd

åGå / dfgjLo cfofdsf] k|lqmof x]g]{

åGåsf] jftfj/0f / o;nfO{ lgd"{n kfg{ cfjZos ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g tof/ ug]{dfq geO{ ;xsfof{Tds

;DaGw lgdf{0fsf] cj:yf tof/ kfg]{ .

;|f]t M ;Nnf ;g\ @)))Ù a6{g / 8Ø'S; ;g\ !(()Ù aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))# af6 ;fef/ .

12

åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0f Ps} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f x'g\ . n]8]¥ofs -;g\ !((&_ sf] b[li6df zflGt tyf Gofo, ;To / d]nldnfksf] dfGotfcg';f/ åGåaf6 zflGttkm{sf] bL3{sfnLg ¿kfGt/0f g} zflGt–lgdf{0f xf] . cNk, dWo / bL3{sfnLg tj/df JolQmut, ;+/rgfut, ;fk]lIfs / ;f+:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof g} åGå ¿kfGt/0f xf] . zflGtk"0f{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ plrt sfo{gLlt;lxtsf] qmlds k|lqmof zflGt–lgdf{0f xf] . To;df /f]lhPsf] eljio / ;dsfnLg ;+s6sf] dx;'; ug]{ Ifdtf x'G5 . pkNnf] :t/df gLlt lgdf{tf, ;fdflhs ;+3 / wfld{s g]tf, dWod :t/df pRr kqsf/x¿, gful/s cu'jfx¿ / tNnf] >]0fLdf ;d'bfo txsf g]tf ePsf] lk/fld8sf] sNkgf n]8]¥ofs u5{g\ . zflGt–k|lqmofn] oL ;a} kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ -aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#_ . n]8]¥ofsn] åGå lgbfgeGbf dfly p7]/ ;dfhdf zflGt–lgdf{0fsf ;|f]tsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] ;'emfpF5g\ .

!=#=! åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0f

åGå ¿kfGt/0fn] kl/0ffd, k|lqmof tyf ;+/rgfpGd'v zflGt–lgdf{0fsf] bL3{sfnLg k|of;nfO{ hgfpF5 . o;n] lx+;fsf] ;+/rgfut, ;f+:s[lts / k|ToIf :j¿knfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ nIo /fV5 -n]8]¥ofs ;g\ !((&Ù sn]{ ;g\ !(&!Ù ufN6'ª ;g\ !((^_ . åGå ;dfwfg / Joj:yfkgsf] nIoeGbf

åGåsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] nIo cln dfly x'G5 . åGå ¿kfGt/0fn] åGåsf] x|f; jf åGåf]Gd'v dflg;x¿df kl/jt{g jf ;'wf/nfO{ hgfpF5 .

bL3{sfnLg lx+;fTds åGå tfgfzfxx¿sf] Jojxf/, jfXo :jfy{ s'zf;g

jf c;dfg zlQm ;DaGw / bdgsf/L ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;+/rgfsf kl/0ffd x'g\ . o;k|sf/ åGåsf] k|efjsf/L ¿kfGt/0f ug{ o;sf sf/0fx¿sf] klxrfg x'g'k5{ . tTsfnsf cfjZostf, :yfgLo :t/df ;LdfGts[t

hgtfsf ;/f]sf/ / åGå/t kIfnfO{ bafa g} åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] dxTTjk"0f{

sfo{gLlt xf] . o;n] lx+;f cGTo ug{ kmnbfoL jftf{sf nflu of]ubfg lbG5 . ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] ;'?df ;f]dflnofdf åGå cGTo ug{ ax; tyf ;xdltsf ljleGg r/0f;Fu} …a6d ck ck|f]rÚ -pWj{ufdL z}nL_ ;'? ul/Psf]



13

lyof] -n]8]¥ofs ;g\ !((&_ . oL 5nkmn :yfgLo zflGt ;Dd]ngsf] ¿kdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf lyP, h;n] ljljw hfthfltnfO{ Pp6} dfnfdf ufF;] . o:tf ;Dd]ngn] hgk|ltlglwx¿nfO{ klg ;d]6] . o;n] ubf{ k|To]s hfltsf] 8/ / ltgsf ;jfnnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df p7fg ug{ ;Dej eof] . oL :yfgLo ;Dd]ng ;xdltdf k'u] . To;}n] gLlt lgdf{0fsf o:tf k|lqmof hfltx¿sf] ;xeflutf;lxt pRr:t/df bf]xf]¥ofOof] .

åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf stf{sf] cle?lr tyf ljj]sL Jojxf/nfO{ Wofg lbg] cEof;stf{ åGå lgbfg -slGˆnS6 l/hf]No';g_df sfd ul//x]sf ;fws tyf ljåfgn] ljZn]if0ffTds vfsf;lxt ;d:of ;dfwfgdf of]ubfg lbG5g\ -lSnd]G6\; ;g\ !((*_ . lglZrt dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;}4flGts cg's"ng / k"j{lgld{t -laN6 Og_ cjwf/0ffsf sf/0f ljleGg ljåfg tyf cEof;stf{n] leGbfleGb} ;}4flGts vfsf k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . ha åGåsf ljåfg / cEof;stf{n] åGå ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ljrf/wf/fTds cjwf/0ffut vfsfdf k]; u5{g\ eGg] dfG5g\, ta ts{;+ut ljj]sL ljsNksf /f]hfOsf] l;4fGt -lyc/L ckm ¥of;gn rf]O;_, dfgjLo cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt -Xo'dg lg8\; lyc/L_ / clx+;fTds sfo{sf] l;4fGt -gg–efonG; PS;g lyc/L_sf] ;lDd>0fn] alnof] ljZn]if0ffTds ljrf/wf/f lbG5

-aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#_ . dxfTdf ufGwLsf] clx+;fTds l;4fGt -;g\ !(#* / !(%)_n] / dfl6{g n'y/ lsª -;g\ !(^#_sf] cjwf/0ffn] cfk;L lxt / cfk;L nfe Ps–cfk;df ;Ddfg ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf / b'j}nfO{

kmfObf x'g] kl/0ffd vf]Hgdf hf]8 lbG5g\ -ldT;]n ;g\ !(*!_ . u]d ;}4flGts

cjwf/0ff -u]d lycPl/]l6sn ck|f]r_ k|of]u ug]{x¿n] klg …cfk;L ¿kdf kmfObfsf nfesf/L kl/0ffdÚ -Do'r'cNnL a]lglkml;on cfp6sD;_nfO{ åGåsf] cWoogdf k|of]u u5{g\ .

u]d l;4fGt, dfgjLo cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt / clx+;fTds sfo{ l;4fGtn] åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fsf nflu alnof] cjwf/0ffut cfwf/ lbPsf 5g\ . oL] l;4fGtsf] cfFvfaf6 åGåsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{, åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf]

sfo{gLlt tLg a'Fbfaf6 ;'? x'g'k5{M -c_ åGå /fhgLlts lgoGq0fsf] tTTj

14

xf], -cf_ of] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] pTk|]/s xf], / -O_ of] ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu lx+;f/lxt ;+3if{sf] cleJolQm klg xf] . o;sf/0f åGå ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ;fdflhs lgoGqs / kl/jt{gsf] jfxs b'j} ¿kdf a'‰g ;lsG5 -lSnd]G6\;\ ;g\ !(**_ . o;n] ;fdflhs Gofo / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf hf]8 lbG5 .

zflAbs ¿kdf zflGtn] tgfj / lx+;f gePsf] / d]nldnfk, ;xrfo{ / ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿n] Ps–cfk;nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 . :yfoL zflGt x'Fbf tgfj / lx+;fsf] sd ;Defjgf /x]sf] :SoflG8g]lePg d'n'ssf pbfx/0fdf b]lvG5g\ . zflGt o:tf] :yfoL cj:yf xf], hxfF b'O{ kIfn] cfkm"x¿aLrsf] c;xdlt ;dfwfg ug{ o'4 g} ;DefJo ljsNk ePsf] dfGb}gg\ . zflGt–lgdf{0fdf of] dfGotf cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ 5 .

o'4/t kIfaLrsf] ;DaGw k'g:yf{lkt ug]{dfq geO{ k|efljt ;d'bfoaLr klg ;fdfGo ;DaGw :yflkt u/fpg] k|lqmof zflGt–lgdf{0f xf] . o;sf nflu klxn]sf] k|lts"n ;DaGw lr/]/ ;fd~h:o, ljutdf ePsf] Ifltk|lt Ifdfofrgf / ;xrfof{Tds ;DaGwsf] :yfkgf cfjZos x'G5 . zflGt–k|lqmofdf zflGt jftf{ cToGt} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . zflGt jftf{n] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ qmde+u ub}{ ljutdf s]–s:tf uNtL–sdhf]/L eP, s] u/]sf] eP plrt x'GYof] eGg] ljifodf Wofg lbFb} lg/Gt/ 5nkmn, ljZn]if0f, sf/0f lg¿k0f

/ ;d:of lgbfgsf af6f] vf]hL u5{ -ufN6'ª ;g\ @))) P / aL, ;g\ @))$ P / aL_ .

Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf zflGt–lgdf{0fn] åGåsf d"n sf/0f ;Daf]wg ug{

zflGtk"0f{ ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ k|]l/t u5{ . ljlwsf] zf;g, ;'/Iff tyf ljsf;, dfgjclwsf/ of]hgf / u'd]sf] ljZjf;nfO{ k'gk|f{lKt ug{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ePsfn] of] /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof xf] -o'/L / c¿

;g\ !(*(, pk|]tL ;g\ @))$;L / 8L_ . o; cy{df g]kfndf zflGt–

k|lqmofnfO{ nf]stfGqLs/0f u/fpg' clt g} h?/L 5 -pk|]tL ;g\ @))# aL_ .

emu8f ul//x]sf ;d"xnfO{ ef}lts ¿kdf 6f9f /fVg t6:y dWo:ytf -Go'6«n OG6/ldl8c/L_df /flvg] k|lqmofnfO{ cjwf/0ffTds cy{df zflGt



15

:yfkgf -lk; lslkª_ elgG5 . ;kmn zflGt axfnL -;xdtLo ;dfwfgsf] ljsf;_ / bL3{sfnLg zflGt–lgdf{0f -;DaGwx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgf_nfO{ :jLsfg{ o;n] /fd|f] sfd ug{ ;S5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] t6:y dWo:ytfsf] dfWodaf6 zflGt :yfkgfsf y'k|} k|of; u/]sf] 5, zflGt ;]gf k7fPsf] Pp6f o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . lglZrt dte]b cf}krfl/s ¿kd} cGTo u/L ;xdltdf hfg] k|lqmofnfO{ zflGt–lgdf{0f -lk; d]lsª_ elgG5 . s]g]y af]lN8ªh:tf ljåfgn] …:yfoL zflGtÚ cjwf/0ffsf] ;"qkft u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf b'j} kIfaLr h:tf];'s} åGåfj:yf cfP klg b'j}n] o'4 g} ljsNk ePsf] 7fGb}gg\ -aLcfO{;L;LPd ;g\ @))#_ .

…gsf/fTds zflGtÚsf ljljw r/0fnfO{ GofozLn / nf]stflGqs zflGtdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;f+:s[lts / ;+/rgfut lx+;fnfO{ df]8\g]eGbf a]Un} s;/t rflxG5 . o;sf nflu ;fdflhs ;DaGw / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx¿sf] ¿kfGt/0f vfFrf] k5{ . nf]stflGqs cEof; -zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng, ¥ofnL, cfdlj/f]w cflb_n] zflGtdf afwf kfg]{ ePsfn] o:tf lqmofsnfk zflGtsf] d"No r'sfP/ ug{ gx'g] ts{ s]xLsf] 5 . @)^! df3 !( kl5sf ts{x¿ -klxnf zflGt, To;kl5 nf]stGq eGg]_ o;} dfGotfdf cfwfl/t lyP . oBlk, nf]stGq / zflGt Ps–cfk;df lgif]wfTds -Do'r'cNnL PS;Sn'l;e_ 5}gg\ . oL b'j} :yfoL nf]stflGqs ;dfhsf cleGg c+u x'g\ . bL3{sfnLg

/ Gofo;+ut zflGtsf nflu nf]stGq Pp6f cfwf/zLnf xf] / nf]stGqsf]

cfwf/zLnf zflGt xf] .

;z:q åGå k|ToIf lx+;fsf] ¿k xf] / o;n] gsf/fTds / ljWj+zfTds c;/

NofpF5 . lx+;fTds åGå cGTo ug]{ p2]Zosf ;a} sfo{gLltx¿ o'4lj/fd

/ zq'tfk"0f{ ;DaGwsf] cGTo;Fu} yflnG5g\ . åGå ;dfwfg sfo{gLltdf ;kmntfnfO{ lht–lhtsf] qmlds ;dfwfg / bL3{sfnLg …;sf/fTds zflGtÚ jf ;fdflhs Gofosf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf x]l/G5 . åGå ¿kfGt/0f;Fu} zflGt–lgdf{0f ;'? x'g'k5{ . åGå ;dfwfgn] k|lqmof pGd'v

lqmofsnfknfO{ hgfpF5, h;n] ;+/rgfut, ;f+:s[lts / k|ToIf lx+;fsf ;a} sf/0fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ p2]Zo /fV5 .

16

c;dfg zlQm, k|e'Tj / k/lge{/tfn] k|d'vtf kfPsf a]nf ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s ;+/rgfsf] åGåfj:yfnfO{ ;+/rgfut åGåsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/G5 . ;f+:s[lts lx+;fn] k|ToIf / ;+/rgfut lx+;fsf] ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts j}wtfnfO{ hgfpF5 -aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#_ .

u]d l;4fGtsf] z"Go of]u -lh/f] ;d_ cg';f/ cfTdk/f:t cfofd -;]Nkm–l8lkml6ª 8fOd]G;g_nfO{ lhTg åGånfO{ cfk;L ;dfwfgsf] af6f]tkm{ df]8\g'kg]{ a6{g, s]nDofg, lkm;/ / lqm;au{h:tf ljåfgx¿sf] ts{ 5 -aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#_ . åGå lgbfg -slGˆNS6 l/hf]No';g_n] dfGg] kl/efiffcg';f/ ckl/k"t{ dfgjLo cfjZostfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k bL3{sfnLg åGå pAhG5 . To;}n] bL3{sfnLg åGå To;df ;xefuLx¿sf] cGt/lglxt cfjZostf -kl/ro, ;'/Iff / ljt/0ffTds Gofo_df e]6\g ;lsG5 . a6{gsf] dfgj cfjZostf l;4fGt -Xo'dg lg8 lyc/L_ åGå ;dfwfgdf s]lGb|t 5, h'g ;'/Iff, kl/ro, klxrfg, vfBfGg, cf>o, ;xeflutf, ljt/0ffTds Gofo / ljsf;h:tf cl:tTjjfbL cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ s]lGb|t x'G5 -a6{g ;g\ !(()_ .

dfgjLo cfjZostf / ;'/Iff ;Daf]wg ug{ clx+;fTds åGå / ;fdflhs kl/jt{gdf pTk|]/0ff rflxG5 . ckl/k"t{ cfjZostfx¿ / åGå/t ;d"xaLr x'g] 8/sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k pAhg] lx+;fTds cleJolQmnfO{ /f]Sg' o;sf] p2]Zo xf] . kl/ro, ;'/Iff / ;xeflutf;DaGwL o:tf cfjZostfaf/] tL ;d"xnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg' / ltgsf ck]IffnfO{ k'gkl/{eflift u/fpg' of] cjwf/0ffsf] dxTTjk"0f{ sfd xf] .

lj:t[t åGå ljZn]if0fn] s'g cfjZostf cem dxTTjk"0f{ 5 / dflg;sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf s;/L kl/k"lt{ x'g ;S5g\ eGg] rrf{ u5{ . åGåsf]

cfjZostfs]lGb|t JofVofn] ;xdtLo sfo{gLlteGbf k/ klg ;dfwfgsf]

af6f] ;f]r]sf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu k|lqmof–pGd'v / ;DaGw–pGd'v sfo{gLlt, lgolGqt ;~rf/, ;d:of–;dfwfgd'vL sfo{zfnf jf uf]nd]r 5nkmnh:tf ;xhLs/0fsf Joj:yf h?/L x'G5g\ .



17

åGåsf] plrt ljZn]if0fn] dfgjLo cfjZostf tyf tt\;DaGwL clestf{ klxrfg u5{ . o:tf] k|lqmofdf w]/}eGbf w]/} stf{ ;dfj]z x'g' h?/L x'G5 . :yfgLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;/sf/, ljb|f]xL kIf, ;'/Iff ;d"x, cf}Bf]lus ;d'bfo, bft[lgsfo cflb;lxt gful/s ;dfh, k|fl1s ;+:yf, …gful/s dWo:ytfÚ jf …gful/s s"6gLlt1Ú ;d"xaf6 tL stf{ cfPsf x'G5g\ . ;xsfo{ / JolQmut ;Dks{sf] dfWodaf6 o:tf ;d"xaLr ;femf cle?lr / cfjZostfsf] cfFsng;lxt åGå Joj:yfkgsf] ;kmn vfsf sf]g{ ;lsG5 -pk|]tL ;g\ @))$;L_ .

!=#=@ åGå ljZn]if0fdf cjwf/0ffTds vfsfsf] k|of]u

cWoog–cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0f ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf gjLg ljifo x'g\ . To;}n] l;4fGt lgdf{0f / j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf 5'§} zfvfsf] ¿kdf oL ljifox¿ ev{/} pbfO/x]sfn] cem} klg :yflkt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . 1fgnfO{ k|df0fl;4 agfpg] l;4fGt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf cem} klg xfdL;fd' cl:tTjjfbL -OlUh:6]lG;on_, 1fgzf:qLo -Plk:6]df]nlhsn_ / k4ltut -d]y8nlhsn_ ;jfnx¿ 5g\ . ltgaf/] JofVof, ax;, 5nkmn / k|of]u ug{ afFsL g} 5 . åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf ljleGg cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;}4flGts :j¿k lbg k|of]ul;4 tYo / åGåsf

l;4fGtdf cfl>t x'g' cfjZos x'G5 -af]§f]df]/ ;g\ !(^(_ . cg';Gwfgdf lgudgfTds -l88lS6e_ / cfudgfTds -OG8lS6e_ ;}4flGts vfsfdWo] s'grflxF k|of]u ug]{ eGg] o;kl5 cfOkg]{ r'gf}tL xf] . ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf åGå

¿kfGt/0f gofF zfvf eP klg o;sf nflu oyfy{cfwfl/t l;4fGt -u|fpG8]8

lyc/L_ k|of]u ug'{ nfebfoL x'g ;S5 . o;/L cg';Gwfgsf] cfudgfTds l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eO{ k|of]ul;4 tYo / cfwf/e"t ;To lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . lx+;fTds åGånfO{ ;}4flGts cfwf/df /fd|/L a'em]/dfq ;z:q

åGå Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ffTds ;'?cft x'G5 -HofF6 / k]8;{g ;g\ !((^_ . oBlk, o:tf] a'emfO s]jn ;}4flGts x'Fb}g, oyfy{ cjnf]sg / cEof;df klg cfl>t x'G5 -d:sf]le;L / 8f]Oh ;g\ !(($_ .

18

åGå;DaGwL y'k|} cjwf/0ff lj:t[t jf ;':ki6 ;}4flGts dfGotfdf cfwfl/t

5}gg\ .2 o;sf/0f l;d]Ssf n]V5g\, æåGådf x:tIf]ksf ljlwx¿ slxn] /

lsg k|of]u ug]{ eGg]df s]xL klg ;}4flGts k'li6 ePsf] 5}g .Æ -l;d]Ssf

;g\ !((# k[=@!&_ . ljz]iftM åGå;DaGwL w]/}h;f] cg';Gwfg l;4fGt–

k|]l/t sd / ljifo–cWoog ul/Psf w]/} x'G5g\ . cljsl;t t/ åGåu|:t

b]zx¿df åGå ¿kfGt/0f ;xL 1fg, ;Lk / ljåtf k|of]u ug]{ jftfj/0f;d]t

x'b}g . åGåsf] ulx/f] ;}4flGts k|fl1s cWoog u/]sf, cg';Gwfgdf of]Uo

JolQmnfO{ /fhgLlt1n] åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt :yfkgfsf] k|lqmofdf ;xefuL

g} u/fpFb}gg\, k|lqmofaf6 hfgL–hfgL cnu /fV5g\ . To;sf] k|d'v sf/0f

ulx/f] ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s 1fg ePsf], cg';Gwfgdf kf]Vt ljif]z1x¿

g]tfsf] :jfy{cg's"n sfd ug{ rfxFb}gg\ . To;}n] zflGt–k|lqmofsf dxTTjk"0f{

;+/rgf -hxfF of]Uo ljz]if1sf] cfjZostf x'G5_df cfˆgf sfo{stf{ jf

;DalGwt If]qdf ljz]if1tf xfl;n gu/]sf / cfˆgf] :jfy{cg's"n sfd ug]{

dflg;nfO{ lbG5g\ .

åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt cWoogsf ;}4flGts vfsfx¿ ;dfhzf:q,

dfgjzf:q, /fhgLltzf:q / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwaf6 lnOPsf] xf] . DofS; j]a/,

sfn{ dfS;{, 6fNs6 kf;{g / cGo ;dfhzf:qL tyf /fhgLltzf:qLx¿sf]

b]gnfO{ ;dsfnLg åGå cWoogdf Jofks ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

l;d]Ssfsf cg';f/, …j]a/sf] åGå l;4fGt ;dfj]zL vfsfdf k|of]u ug{

pQd 5, h;df åGå Joj:yfkgdf cEof; / l;4fGtnfO{ ;lDd>0f ug{

klg ;lhnf] 5 .Ú oBlk, j]a/sf] ;dfhzf:qdf cTolws cfl>t ePsf]df

l;d]SsfnfO{ w]/} ljåfgn] r'gf}tL lbG5g\, l;d]Ssfn] åGå Joj:yfkg

If]qsf] ;}4flGts sdhf]/L;DaGwL dxTTjk"0f{ ;jfn / o;df åGåsf] s'g}

:ki6 l;4fGtsf] sdLaf/]sf] ;jfn p7fg u/]sf 5g\ -aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\

@))#_ .

2 lj:t[t yfxf kfpg x]g'{xf];\ l;d]Ssf -;g\ !((#_ .



19

åGå cWoogdf ;}4flGts uxgtf, Jofjxfl/s pkof]lutf / ;fGble{stf cfjZos x'G5 . To; cj:yfdf cg';Gwftf–cEof;stf{nfO{ l;4fGtsf]] cltcfjZostf, åGå Joj:yfkg, åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf l;4fGtsf] e"ldsf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . cg';Gwftf tyf cEof;stf{x¿nfO{ åGåfj:yfsf] jt{dfg / efjL ljZn]if0fdf ;Ifd agfpg l;4fGtn] cjwf/0ffTds vfsf lbG5 .

åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] l;4fGtn] ;f]sf] Joj:yfkg / ;dfwfgsf cjwf/0ffx¿ pkof]u u5{ . åGå ¿kfGt/0f Psbd} gofF cfljisf/ eg] xf]Og . ;dsfnLg åGånfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ of] ljifonfO{ a[xt\ ¿kdf NofOPsf] dfq} xf] . åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] cEof;df k|of]u x'g] ljleGg ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffn] /fHob]lv /fHo]Q/ kIf tyf cfGtl/s / afXo x:tIf]ksf ljljw cfofd / k|sf/x¿ b]vfpF5 .

xfdLjl/kl/sf] ljZjsf ;dsfnLg lx+;fTds åGåx¿ ljifd 5g\ . tL zlQm / kbsf] c;dfgtfn] 3]l/Psf 5g\ . tLdWo] y'k|}nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o zlQmsf] /fhgLlts / cfly{s cf8df nDAofOPsf] 5 . nDAofOPsf] åGån] Psftkm{ :yfgLo ;+3if{sf] cfuf]df l3p yK5 eg] csf{tkm{ ;z:q xltof/ Jofkf/h:tf] ljZjJofkL tTTj / afXo /fHon] zf;g Joj:yf jf ljb|f]xLnfO{ ug]{ ;dy{gn] ;dfh / cy{tGq Wj:t kf5{ -aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#_ .

auf]{kmsf] XofG8a's km/ slGˆNS6 6«fG;kmd]{;g -;g\ @))#_n] lx+;fTds åGånfO{ åGå Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtsf/n] åGå/t ;d"xaLr pgLx¿sf]

dfGotf / cle?lrsf] leGgtfn] lgDTofPsf] ;dfwfg–cof]Uo kl/0ffdsf]

¿kdf x]5{ . zlQmsf] ljBdfg ljt/0f z}nL / P]ltxfl;s ;DaGwaf6 lx+;fk|ltsf] em'sfj ;'? x'G5 . åGå Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtn] lx+;fTds åGåsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ;Dej gx'g ;Sg] dfG5 . To;}n] o;sf] pQd pkfo To;nfO{ Jojl:yt / lgolGqt ub}{ ;Demf}tfdf hfg] k|of; ug'{ xf],

h;af6 lx+;f /f]lsP/ ;fdfGo ;DaGwx¿ k'g:yf{lkt x'g ;S5g\ .

20

zlQm / ;|f]t ePsf stf{n] åGå/t kIfnfO{ bafa lbO{ :jLsfo{ Joj:yfkgsf nflu åGå ;dfwfgdf k|f;+lus x:tIf]k ug]{ snf åGå Joj:yfkg xf] . cjZoDefjL åGånfO{ ;d'lrt ;dfwfgtkm{ lgb]{lzt ug{ vfsf sf]g]{ snf klg xf] of] . An'dlkmN8 / /]NnL eG5g\, æåGå lgd"{n kfg]{ k4ltdf k}/jLsf] ljlw gckgfO{ ;sf/fTds / /rgfTds tl/sfn] ljleGgtf tyf ljljwtf ;DxfNg] tl/sf åGå Joj:yfkg xf] . o;n] åGå;Fu cem /rgfTds tl/sfn] s;/L Jojxf/ ug{ ;lsG5, ljkIfL ;d"xnfO{ ;xsfof{Tds k|lqmofdf s;/L ;Fu} n}hfg], ljljwtfsf] /rgfTds Joj:yfkg ug{ Jofjxfl/s, ;fWo / ;xsfof{Tds k4lt s;/L lgdf{0f ug]{h:tf åGå Joj:yfkgsf] jf:tljs ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg u5{ .Æ -An'dlkmN8 / /]NnL ;g\ !((* k[=!*_ . oBlk, åGå ;dfwfgsf 1ftfx¿n] åGåsf] zlQm kIfnfO{ hf]8 lbFb}gg\ . pgLx¿n] ;fd'bflos / kl/rosf] n8fOFdf cfwf/e"t kl/ro / cfjZostf;Fu ;Demf}tf gx'g] ts{ u5{g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf s]jn ;d'lrt ;xhLs/0fdfkm{t åGåfj:yfnfO{ lhTg ;lsg] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

o;sf/0f åGå/t kIfaLr gjLg ;f]rfO / ;'wfl/Psf] ;DaGw ;xhLs/0f ug{ ;Lko'Qm tyf t6:y t];|f] kIfaf6 dWo:ytf ug'{ åGå ;dfwfgsf] hf]8 xf] . To; cj:yfdf ;xhstf{ / dWo:ystf{sf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ltgn] åGåsf] d"n sf/0f vf]hL /rgfTds tyf :jLsfo{ ;dfwfg

klxrfg u5{g\, h;nfO{ åGå/t kIfn] Wofg lbPsf x'Fb}gg\ . o;sf/0f,

åGå ;dfwfg x:tIf]ksf] Pp6f af6f] xf], h'g xf/–xf/ -n'h–n'h_ / ljWj+zfTds kl/0ffdaf6 lht–lht -ljg–ljg_ / /rgfTds kl/0ffdsf] af6f]tkm{ nDsG5 . åGå ;dfwfgsf] p2]Zo åGå/t ;d"xnfO{ :jLsfo{ x'g]

k|lqmofsf] ljsf; u/L ljsNk tof/ kfg]{ xf] .

o; k':tssf] 5nkmncg';f/ åGå ;dfwfg / åGå Joj:yfkgeGbf åGå ¿kfGt/0f lj:t[t 5 . d"n ¿kdf åGå ¿kfGt/0fdf ;DaGw ;'wf/;lxtsf] zflGt–lgdf{0f ;dflxt x'G5g\ . ;dsfnLg åGån] lht–lhtsf] kl/0ffd

klxrfg ug'{ / :t/x¿nfO{ k'gM cfsf/ lbg'eGbf cem} lj:t[t s'/fdf hf]8 lbg] åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf l;4fGtn] atfpF5 . åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf ljåfgn]



21

åGå/t ;d"xnfO{ ldnfk u/fpg] / lx+;fnfO{ k|>o lbg] ;fdflhs ;DaGw tyf cle?lrnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{] k|lqmofdf hf]8 lbG5 . /rgfTds åGå ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] pTk|]/s xf] . åGå ¿kfGt/0fn] o;sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;fy lbG5 . åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] b[li6sf]0fdf åGå/t kIf, To;af6 k|efljt dflg; / cGon] bL3{sfnLg zflGt k|fKt ug{ kl/k"/s e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\ .

åGå ¿kfGt/0fdf Jofks cjwf/0ffx¿sf] k|of]u x'G5 . o;n] lg/Gt/ k|of;dfkm{t åGånfO{ zflGtdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}sf] k|of;df hf]8 lbG5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf n]8]¥ofs n]V5g\, æåGå ¿kfGt/0fn] lbOPsf] kl/k|]Ioaf6 dfgj / ;f+:s[lts ;|f]tnfO{ ;lqmotfk"j{s k|f]T;fxg, ;Ddfg / Wofg lbg}k5{ . o;df gofF cjwf/0ff ;dflxt x'G5, h;n] hgtfnfO{ ;d:of dfq} / aflxl/ofx¿nfO{ ;dfwfgdfq} dfGb}g . tyflk ¿kfGt/0fsf] bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo hgtfsf nflu dfGo x'G5 eGg] xfdL a'e\m5f}+ .Æ -n]8]¥ofs ;g\ !((%_ .

cl3 elgPcg';f/, åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf l;4fGtx¿ 1fgsf cGo y'k|} zfvfaf6 lnP/ ljljw cjwf/0ffTds cfwf/dfly agfOPsf x'g\ . åGå lgdf{0fsf] cjwf/0ff ;]g3f; -;g\ !(&#_ / lqmk]G8km{ -;g\ !(&#_ h:tf o'/f]k]nL ;+/rgfut l;4fGtljb\sf] sfdaf6 pb\w[t ul/Psf] xf] . tL ljåfgn] åGå l;h{gf x'g] k|lqmof / kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sf lyP . kl5 ufN6'ª -;g\

!((^_n] cy{tGq, wd{, /fhgLlt tyf ;dfhzf:qnfO{ åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf]

Pp6} dfnfdf pGg] dxTTjk"0f{ sfd u/] .

ufN6'ª -;g\ !((^_ ts{ u5{g\, æPsk6s b]lvPkl5 åGådf ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmofsf] z[+vnf g} rN5 . o:tf z[+vnfdf :ki6tf jf c:ki6tf -cfl6{s'n];g c/ l8;cfl6{s'n];g_, ljj]sLs/0f jf cljj]sLs/0f -sG;fOG6fOh];g c/ l8–sG;fOG6fOh];g_, hl6nLs/0f jf ;/nLs/0f -sDKn]lS;lkms];g c/ l;lDKnlkms];g_, w|'jLs/0f jf u}/w|'jLs/0f -kf]n/fOh];g c/ l8kf]n/fOh];g_, rs{g] jf yfldg] -O:s]n];g c/ l8:s]n];g_ x'G5 . c;+ultnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u/fP/ jf To;;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]/ jf åGå ;+/rgfnfO{ Jofks agfP/ tyf stf{nfO{ ;+nUg jf c;+nUg

22

u/fP/ åGå/t kIfaLr pTkGg ePsf] c;xhtf lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .Æ -ufN6'ª ;g\ !((^ k[=!!^_ . ufN6'ª -;g\ !((^_, lqmk]G8km{ -;g\ !(&#_ / sn{ -;g\ !(&!_n] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf a9\bf] c;+ultk"0f{ ;DaGw g} ljZjdf åGåsf] ;+/rgfut ;|f]t ePsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . c;+ultk"0f{ ;DaGwnfO{ ;Gt'lnt ;DaGw, ljj]sLs/0f, ;fdgf, jftf{ / ljsf;sf] k|lqmofaf6 ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] csf]{ v'8\lsnf] clx+;fsf] l;4fGt xf] -;fk{ ;g\ !(&#Ù Jx]/, alu{; / alu{; ;g\ !(($Ù Snfs{ ;g\ @)))_ . clx+;fsf] Pp6f cleofgn] lx+;faf6 cnu u/fP/, ldnfk / ;xrfo{ alnof] agfP/ / zflGtk"0f{ ljsNkx¿ cGj]if0f u/L åGå ¿kfGt/0f u5{ . åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] l;4fGtn] cEof;stf{x¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostf, zf;g, klxrfg, ;'/Iff / cfly{s ljsf;h:tf lx+;fTds åGåsf d"n sf/0f ;Daf]wg ug{ afWo agfpF5 .

;dfhsf åGå ;DxfNg åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] dxTTj e]/fOggn] :ki6 cf}+NofpF5g\ . pgL n]V5g\, æåGå l;4fGtn] ;jfn, stf{ / cle?lrx¿nfO{ k"j{ ljtl/t 7fG5 / To;}sf] cfwf/df tLaLrsf lj/f]wfefifnfO{ lgd"{n kfg]{ ;dfwfg kQf nufpg an u5{ . oBlk, ;dfhsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts cfofdsf] kl/0ffdn] ;docg';f/ ;jfn, stf{ / cle?lr kl/jlt{t x'G5 .Æ -e]/fOgg ;g\ !((! k[=$_

kl/k|]Io ¿kfGt/0f -sG6]S:6 6«fG;kmd]{;g_n] åGådf cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{

hgfpF5 . o;df åGåfj:yfk|lt k|To]s kIfsf] ;f]rfO / p2]Zodf cfd"n kl/jt{g u/fpg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . h:t}M …lx/fdfly x'g] åGåÚ /f]Sg zLto'4sf] cGTo / jN8{ 8fodG8 sfplG;nsf] k'g:yf{kgfn] xL/f Jofkf/sf] lgod g}

kl/jt{g ul/lbof] . o;n] l;P/f lncf]g / P+uf]nfsf] åGådf dxTTjk"0f{ k|efj

kf¥of] .



23

tflnsf !=# åGå ¿kfGt/0fdf e]/fOggsf] b[li6sf]0f

¿kfGt/0fsf If]qx¿

b[i6fGt Joxf]/f

kl/k|]Io ¿kfGt/0f

If]qLo jf cGt/f{li6«o jftfj/0fdf kl/jt{g

stf{ ¿kfGt/0f

bndf kl/jt{g jf gofF bnsf] pbo k'/fgf stf{sf] ¿kfGt/0f / gofF stf{sf] pbo

g]t[Tj kl/jt{g p2]Zodf kl/jt{g cGt/bnLo kl/jt{g bnsf] lgjf{rg If]qdf kl/jt{g kl/jlt{t stf{x¿

;jfn ¿kfGt/0f

åGå ;jfnsf] Ph]G8fdf kl/jt{g

ljjflbt ;jfnaf6 d'lQm /rgfTds ;xdlt ablnFbf ;jfn ;jfnx¿nfO{ tf]8\g] / k'gM hf]8\g]

lgod ¿kfGt/0f

åGå lgoGq0f ug{ dfGotf jf lgodx¿df kl/jt{g

;+/rgf ¿kfGt/0f

åGådf ;DaGw / zlQmsf] ljt/0fsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g

c;Gt'lntaf6 ;Gt'lnt åGådf kl/jt{g

zlQm ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g lx+;fsf] laulauLdf kl/jt{g

clehft ju{sf]

¿kfGt/0f

clehft ;+/rgfnfO{ cem ;dtfd"ns

;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g

;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g, ldnfksf nflu OR5fzlQm / efje+uLdfdf kl/jt{g

;|f]t M e]/fOgg ;g\ !((!, aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#

;+/rgfut ¿kfGt/0f -:6«Sr/n 6«fG;kmd]{;g_n] stf{, ;jfn / c;+ut

p2]Zo, åGåfTds ljZjf; jf ;DaGwx¿ jf åGådf clNemPsf] ;dfh, cy{tGq jf /fHo h:tf åGåsf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ hgfpF5 . h/}b]lv ufFl;Psf ;+3if{k"0f{ / c;Gt'lnt ;DaGwdf ;+/rgfut

kl/jt{g gu/L c;+ultk"0f{ åGånfO{ ¿kfGt/ ug{ ;lsFb}g . h:t}M blIf0f clk|msfsf] /+ue]blj/f]wL cfGbf]ngn] ljb]zL cwLgTjsf] Joj;fo ljlgj]z

24

-l8sf]nf]gfOh];g_sf nflu c;dfg zf;gsf] cGToeGbf klxn] /+ue]bnfO{ bafpg d2t u¥of] . cfly{s cle?lrx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg gul/sg} åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] Joy{ k|of; b]vfpg vf]lhP To;n] o'4sf] cfuf]df l3p yKg] sfddfq u5{ eGg] tYo klZrd clk|msfdf ePsf y'k|} åGåx¿n] b]vfP .

stf{sf] p2]Zo kl/jt{g ug{ jf åGåk|ltsf] pgLx¿sf] ;fdfGo ljrf/ kl/jt{g ug{ ltgn] ug]{ lg0f{osf cfwf/df stf{sf] ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ dfkg ul/G5 . zflGtsf] vf]hL ubf{ jf zflGt–k|lqmof cf/De ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ of] ;dfj]z x'G5 . åGådf ¿kfGt/0f xfl;n ubf{ dxTTjk"0f{ 7flgg] g]t[Tjdf kl/jt{g ubf{ klg pgLx¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . cGttM tL stf{df ;fj{hlgs If]q / cf–cfˆgf /fhgLlts g]tfnfO{ lbg] ;dy{gsf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfpF5 .

åGåsf k|d'v ;jfndf ;d"xn] lng] c8fg / ;xdlt jf ;dfwfgdf k'Ug ltgn] k'gkl/{eflift ug]{ tl/sfsf c8fgdf ;jfn ¿kfGt/0f s]Gb|Ls[t x'G5 . ;jfn ¿kfGt/0fsf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f pQ/L cfo/NofG8sf] ljwfg;efsf] a}7saf6 cf0fljs c:qsf] k|of]u :yug ug]{ d'2f :jLsfg{ ToxfFsf] Pp6f bnn] lnPsf] lg0f{o lyof] . csf]{ pbfx/0f h]?;]nd If]qleq Kofn]l:6gL :jfoQtfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{ Oh/fonL lg0f{o xf] .

¿kl;+3] -;g\ !((%, !((*_ n] klg åGåsf] lj:t[t / k[ys cjwf/0ff

/f]H5g\, h;n] ax'tkmL{ ;lqmotf cFufN5 . zflGtk"0f{ lgjf{rg If]q agfpg / Jofkfl/s ;d'bfo, k]zfsdL{ ;d"x, ;~rf/, ;'/Iff an, /fhgLlts bn cflb;Fu} zflGtk"0f{ u7aGwg lgdf{0fdf klg ¿kl;+3]] -;g\ !((*_ n] gful/s

;dfhdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . åGå ;dfwfgsf] k|lzIf0f / s"6gLlts z}nL tyf

zflGt :yfkgf;lxtsf] 6«Øfs ! sfo{z}nL ;dflxt ePsf] lj:t[t k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf åGå ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ pgn] x]/]sf 5g\ . lkm;;{ / ls:n] -;g\ !((!_ ts{ u5{g\ ls x:tIf]ksf] k|s[lt åGåsf] cj:yf;Fu d]n vfg'k5{ . åGåsf]

;'?cftL cj:yfdf ;xhLs/0f pko'Qm x'g ;S5 t/ w|'jLs/0fsf] dflyNnf] :t/df åGå k'Ubf zlQmdf cfwfl/t dWo:ytf -an k|of]u_ klg h?/L x'G5 .



25

!=$ åGå;DaGwL ljljw cjwf/0ff

dfgjzf:q, cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g, dgf]lj1fg, bz{g, ;dfhzf:q, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, /fhgLltzf:q, cy{zf:q cflb ljwfaf6 z+:n]if0f u/L NofOPsf zflGt tyf åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf cjwf/0ffx¿ cfˆgf] k|s[ltdf hl6n / ax'ljifos 5g\ . zflGtsf] cWoogdf Pp6fdfq} k|efjL zfvf 5}g . zflGt cWoogn] åGå / o;sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ Pp6f ;fdfGo ;fdflhs k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf hf]8 lbG5 -aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#_ . ;z:q jf lx+;fTds åGåsf] sf/0f / kl/0ffd ljZn]if0fdf ;dsfnLg åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGtsf] cg';Gwfg lgs} ;dlk{t 5g\ -asf]{ler / ?lag ;g\ !((@_ . pTklQsf] lx;fan] zflGt cWoog cfTdk/s / j:t'k/s cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5 . cfTdk/s cjwf/0ff d'Vo u/L åGå/t ;d"xsf] slNkt p2]Zosf] c;+ultnfO{ sd ug{ s]lGb|t x'G5 . j:t'k/s cjwf/0ff zflGt k|fKt ug{ ¿9Ljfb, cljZjf;, cfj]uh:tf unt ;"rgf jf cg'e"lt ;+/rgfut ¿kdf cg'lrt jf cGofoL ;DaGw tyf a]d]nsf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf sd ug{ åGå/t kIfsf] p2]Zox¿sf] cg's"ntf vf]Hgdf s]lGb|t x'G5 -asf]{ler / ?lag ;g\ !((@_ . åGå ¿kfGt/0f tyf zflGtsf] cWoogdf cfTdk/stf / j:t'k/stfaLr Jojxfl/s e]b v'6\ofpg sl7g 5 . lsgls cfTdk/s dfGotf / cg';Gwftfsf] If]qflwsf/df cfwfl/t eO{ j:t'k/s cg';Gwftfn]

åGå/t kIfn] ;f]r]sf]eGbf leGg ¿kdf ;fdflhs ;+/rgf leGg x'G5 eGg] a'e\mg ;S5 .

o;} u/L j:t'k/s cjwf/0ffn] cGo s;}sf] cfTdk/s d"Nof+sgdfq k/fjlt{t

ug]{ ePsfn] of] dfGotfljxLg x'g ;Sb}g -j'8xfp; ;g\ !((!_ . cfTdk/s jf j:t'k/s vfsfdfly Jofks cfl>t x'Fbf zflGt;DaGwL cWoog k"0f{ x'g ;Sb}g . o;}n] b'j} cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} nUg' cem Jofjxfl/s x'G5 . åGå cg';Gwfgdf lgDglnlvt tLg ljlwx¿ w]/}h;f] k|of]udf cfpF5g\ -a]n

/ c¿ ;g\ !(*(_Ù

26

JofVofTds ljZn]if0f -OG6/lk|6]l6e Pgflnl;;_ M k|s[ltdf of] k|of]ul;4 x'G5 / dflg;n] s;/L Jojxf/ u5{g\, clglZrttfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] s;/L lnG5g\, tYox¿ s;/L ;+u|x u5{g\, ljrf/x¿ s;/L cBfjlws /fV5g\, pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] Jojxf/ s;/L l;S5g\ / ;fd~h:o :yflkt u5{g\, cfˆgf] sfo{z}nLaf/] pgLx¿n] s] ;f]R5g\ < h:tf s'/fx¿ JofVof u5{ . JofVofTds ljZn]if0f ;fdflhs j}1flgsx¿n] åGå cWoog cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ .

cd"t{ ljZn]if0f -cA;6«ØflS6e Pgflnl;;_ M of] cfbzf{Tds / ljj]szLn dflg;n] ug]{ Jojxf/;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . åGådf ;dflxt JolQmsf] Jojxf/ ljZn]if0fdf o:tf] z}nL cem pQd x'G5 . dgf]lj1x¿n] of] k4lt w]/} k|of]u u5{g\ . t/, of] a9L cfbz{jfbL, lrGtgjfbL / ;}4flGts ePsfn] w]/}n] of] ljlwsf] pRr k|of]u ug{ pT;fx b]vfpFb}gg\ .

lgb]{zsLo ljZn]if0f -k|]l:qmlK6e Pgflnl;;_ M cfˆgf] k|s[ltdf of] cem k/fdzf{Tds x'G5 . kf}/fl0fs / cfbzf{Tds dflg;sf nflu geO{ ;fdfGo dflg;sf nflu s:tf ljsNk, ljrf/, lg0f{o, cjwf/0ffTds of]hgf / k4lt k|of]uof]Uo x'G5g\ eGg]df of] s]lGb|t x'G5 -a]n / c¿ ;g\ !(*(Ù qm]d]Go's ;g\ !((!_ . of] ljlw a9L k|of]u ePsf] 5 lsgls of] ljrf/ lgb]{zLt 5 .

zflGt cWoogdf ljleGg Jofjxfl/s kbrfkx¿ ;fdfGo :t/df k|of]u x'G5g\ . 6«Øfs ! cjwf/0ffsf lqmofsnfkx¿ cflwsfl/saf6 u}/afWosf/L pkfosf] >]0fL;Dd k'U5 . h:t}M s"6gLlts sfof{no -u'8 clkm;]h\_, cGj]if0f

nIo, ;xhLs/0f, jftf{÷dWo:ytf, cg'df]bg, zflGt–k|j4{g, t];|f] kIfLo

dWo:ytf -cla{6«];g_ cflb o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ -aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#_ . 6«Øfs ! eGbf a]Un} lsl;ddf 6«Øfs @ cjwf/0ffn] …;xhLs/0fÚ / …5nkmnÚ h:tf u}/cflwsfl/s, u}/afWosf/L lqmofsnfknfO{ O+lut u5{ .

6«Øfs ! / 6«Øfs @ aLrsf] km/s eGg' sfo{gLlt k|of]usf] xf] . oBlk, b'j} 6«Øfssf s]xL ljz]iftfx¿ Psfk;df ldNbf 5g\ / cEof;df slxn]sfxLF



27

oL Pscsf{sf cfwf/e"t rl/qdfly vlK6G5g\ klg . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf pQ/L cfo/NofG8df ;g\ !(() sf] ;'?df ToxfFsf k"j{la|l6; /fHo ;lrjn] k|of]u u/]sf] 6«Øfs ! cjwf/0ff sDo'lg6L l/n];G; sfplG;n -;Lcf/;L_sf] 6«Øfs @ lqmofsnfk;Fu vlK6Psf] lyof] -An'dlkmN8 ;g\ !((&_ . åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt cWoogsf] ;+sygdf 6«Øfs # cjwf/0ff gjLgtd\ xf] . o;n] ;a} lsl;dsf k|lqmof tyf ;+/rgfpGd'v k|of;nfO{ hgfpF5 . To;sf] lhDd]jf/L tNnf] txsf hgtfsf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f, dfgl;s cf3ft;DaGwL sfo{, dfgjclwsf/ / ljsf; tyf dfgjLo ;xfotfsf sfd ug{ vl6Psf gful/s ;dfhsf sfo{stf{n] lnPsf x'G5g\ -An'dlkmN8 ;g\ !((&_ .

cr]n s]xL ljåfg cEof;stf{x¿n] ljleGg :t/df zflGt–lgdf{0f lqmofsnfkdf ax'dfuL{o k4lt …dN6L 6«Øfs ck|f]rÚ NofPsf 5g\ . lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug{ ;/sf/sf] dfq geO{ ;dfhsf ljleGg kIfsf] ;+nUgtf h?/L x'g] 7fgL …dN6L 6«Øfs s"6gLltÚsf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(() sf] ;'?cftlt/} ljsl;t lyof] -6«Øfs !_ -8fOdG8 / Dofs8f]gfN8 ;g\ !((^_ .

aS; !=# dN6L 6«Øfs s"6gLlt

of] cjwf/0ffsf] cu'jf, OlG:6Ro'6 km/ dN6L 6«Øfs l8Knf]Dof;Ln] gf} j6f dfu{ -6«Øfs_ klxrfg u¥of] . zflGtk"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0fdf oL ;a}n] ;Fu;Fu} sfd ug}{k5{ . tL dfu{ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

6«Øfs ! M ;/sf/ 6«Øfs @ M åGå ;dfwfgstf{x¿ 6«Øfs #M Joj;foL 6«Øfs $ M ;j{;fwf/0f gful/sx¿ 6«Øfs % M cg';Gwfg, k|lzIf0f / lzIff 6«Øfs ^ M ;lqmotf -PlS6lehd_ 6«Øfs & M wfld{s

6«Øfs * M sf]if u7g 6«Øfs ( M ;fj{hlgs ljrf/÷;~rf/ -ldl8of_

;|f]t M 8fodG8 / Dofs8f]gfN8 -;g\ !((^ k[=$–%_

28

;g\ !(() sf] ;'?cftaf6} åGå tyf zflGt cWoogdf cGt/;DaGw / cGt/lge{/tfdf plrt ljZn]if0ffTds Wofg uof] . o;n] ;dfof]hgfTds tyf ;dk"/s cjwf/0ffdf hf]8 lbG5 -lk|g ;g\ !(($_ .

ljljw 6«Øfssf] kl/k|]Iodf auf]{kmsf] XofG8a's km/ slGˆNS6 6«fG;kmd]{;gn] hf]8 lbG5, æo:tf ;dfof]hgfTds tyf ;dk"/s cjwf/0ffn] 6«Øfs ! / 6«Øfs @ sf] låefhgdf km/s wf/0ff lbg'afx]s ;dsfnLg lx+;fTds åGåfj:yfsf] hl6ntf / zflGt–lgdf{0f lqmofsnfkdf gofF cled'vLs/0f / gjljrf/x¿ klg k|bfg u5{ . åGå Joj:yfkg lqmofsnfk / sfo{gLlt;lxtsf km/s–km/s stf{x¿sf] cem ljj]sk"0f{ ldnfk clt dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts k|fyldstfcg';f/ logLx¿sf] d]n x'g}k5{, h'g åGå / Tof] yfldg] ljleGg r/0fdf b]vf k5{g\ .Æ

lkm;/ / ls:n] -;g\ !((!_ sf] …;DefJotfsf] vfsfÚ -slG6Gh]G;L df]8n_n] åGåsf] :t/ hlt ulxl/of], k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu x:tIf]k plt g} k|ToIf / alnof] x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . …;DefJotfsf] vfsfÚ sf b'O{ tfTko{ x'G5g\ M klxnf], zflGt–lgdf{0fsf s]xL lqmofsnfk s'g} laGb'df cGodf eGbf cem uDeL/ x'g]5g\ / bf];|f], cEof;stf{x¿n] zflGt–lgdf{0f lqmofsnfksf cfˆgf k|ultsf] cg'dfg ug{] x'gfn] pgLx¿ åGå Joj:yfkg sfo{gLltsf]

cl3Nnf] r/0fdf hfg'kg]{ klg x'g ;S5 -asf]{ler ;g\ !((^_ .

n]8]¥ofs -;g\ !((&_, sn{ -;g\ !(&!_, a6{g / 8Ø'S; -;g\ !(()_

/ ufN6'ª -;g\ !((^_ åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fsf] cg';Gwfg

/ ljZn]if0fdf sfd ul//x]sfdWo] s]xL ljåfg cEof;stf{x¿ x'g\ -aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#_ . a6{g / 8Ø'S; -;g\ !(()_sf] sfdn] …t];f]{Ú lsl;dsf] ;DaGwdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof]Ù h:tf]M ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf

;dfg :t/sf åGå/t ;d"xaLrsf] ;+jfb / ;xsfo{ . oBlk, c;dfg

;DaGw ePsf stf{aLr ;+jfb / ;xsfo{ :yfkgf ug'{ cem dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xdf h:tf] ;z:q åGådf 7f8f ;DaGwx¿ -el6{sn l/n];g_ cem dxTTjk"0f{ / cK7\of/f x'G5g\ . åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf]



29

cjwf/0ffn] t];f]{ / 7f8f] lsl;dsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ b'j}nfO{ ;Daf]wg u5{ -n]8]¥ofs ;g\ !((&_ .

tflnsf !=$ åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fdf ljleGg cjwf/0ff, stf{ /

sfo{gLlt

cjwf/0ff k|d'v stf{ k|d'v sfo{gLlt

6«Øfs !/fhgLltsdL{ jf ;]gfsf clwsf/L dWo:ystf{ jf åGå/t kIfsf k|ltlglw

kl/0ffdpGd'v,

cflwsfl/s tyf afWosf/L pkfo, h:t}Ù cg'df]bg, dWo:ytf, …zlQm dWo:ytfÚb]lv u}/afWosf/L pkfo, h:t}M ;xhLs/0f, jftf{÷dWo:ytf, tYofGj]ifL p2]Zo / …s"6gLlts sfof{nox¿Ú -u'8 clkm;]h\_

6«Øfs @

;j{;fwf/0f gful/s, lzIffljb\, k];fsdL{, …gful/s dWo:ytfÚ, …gful/s s"6gLltÚb]lv åGå ¿kfGt/0fdf ;Da4 cGt/f{li6«o tyf :yfgLo u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf;Dd

k|lqmofpGd'v,

;d:of ;dfwfg / uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngsf] :j¿kdf k|d'v u/L ;xhLs/0f÷5nkmn h:tf u}/–;/sf/L / u}/–afWosf/L pkfo

6«Øfs #

:yfgLo :t/sf hg:t/df

/x]sf ;+:yfx¿b]lv :yfgLo / cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; lgof]u,

dfgjclwsf/ tyf dfgjLo ;xfotfsf ;+u7gx¿

k|lqmof tyf ;+/rgfpGd'v,

Ifdtf lgdf{0f, dfgl;s cf3ft;DaGwL sfo{, hg:t/sf k|lzIf0fx¿, ljsf; / dfgjclwsf/sf sfo{

dN6L 6«ØfsPscsf{nfO{ ;xof]u u/L åGåsf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfn] zflGt–lgdf{0fsf] sfo{

bL3{sfnLg zflGt k|fKt ug{ ;a}

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] kl/0ffdpGd'v k|lqmof / k|of;sf] ;lDd>0f

;|f]tM aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))# .

åGå ¿kfGt/0f sfo{gLltcGtu{t zflGt–lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf dN6L 6«Øfs cjwf/0ff ;dfj]z x'g}k5{, h;n] lx+;fTds åGå k|efljtnfO{ hf]8 lbG5

30

-n]8]¥ofs ;g\ !((&_ . n]8]¥ofs ts{ u5{g\ ls h:tf];'s} åGåfj:yfdf klg zflGt–lgdf{0fsf] ;Defjgf ;w}+ hLljt /xG5 . o:tf] ;Defjgf lglZrt If]q jf ;d'bfodf / åGådf km;]sf] ;dfhsf] ;+:s[ltdf e/ k5{ . åGå ;dfwfgsf] k/Dk/fut vfnsf] df}h'bf cjwf/0ffn] klg /Qmkftk"0f{ åGåsf] ;dfwfgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;f]dflnofsf Pp6} j+zsf ;b:ox¿n] åGå/t kIfaLrsf] åGå ;dfwfg u/fO{ ltgnfO{ ;xdltdf k'¥ofpg cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut clwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ .

6«Øfs # dfkm{t\sf] åGå ¿kfGt/0f cjwf/0ff k|d'v u/L clx+;fTds sfo{sf] cjwf/0ffTds vfsfdf cfwfl/t x'G5, h;nfO{ ;fk{ -;g\ !(&#_, ufGwL -;g\ !(#* / ;g\ !(%)_, lsª -;g\ !(^&_ tyf zflGtsf cGo l;4fGtljb\ / g]tfx¿n] cl3 ;f/]sf lyP . clx+;fsf l;4fGtx¿ ljleGg wfld{s cf:yf tyf ljrf/, dfGotf tyf k|lta4tfdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . o; l;4fGtcg';f/ ufGwLn] ef/tdf u/]h:t} ;fdflhs Gofo / kl/jt{gsf nflu ul/g] clx+;fTds ;+3if{ g} åGå xf] . ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf nflu ul/g] clx+;fTds sfo{z}nLn] ;dfhdf klxNo}b]lv /x]sf t/ 9fs5f]k ul/Psf tgfj / lj/f]wfefifx¿nfO{ ;txdf NofpF5 -DofssfyL{ / ;fk{ ;g\ !((&_ .

zflGt–lgdf{0f lqmofsnfk tyf sfo{gLlt bL3{sfnLg d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs Gofodf s]lGb|t x'g'k5{, h'g dN6L 6«Øfs cjwf/0ffaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] h:tf] hl6n / åGåsf] ;Gbe{df åGå Joj:yfkgsf] Pp6f cjwf/0ffdf cTolws cfl>t x'Fbf Tof] lgik|efjL ePsf] lyof] . t;y{, åGånfO{ zflGtdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ 6«Øfs !, 6«Øfs @, / 6«Øfs # cjwf/0ffsf] cEof; / ;}4flGts :t/df ;dfof]hg / ;+Zn]if0f ug'{ dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . åGå ¿kfGt/0fdf oL cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug]{ sfd sd k|fyldstfdf kl//x]sf] 5 . zflGt–lgdf{0fdf ;zQmLs/0fsf] l;4fGt, dfgjLo cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt / clx+;fsf] l;4fGth:tf ljljw cjwf/0ffnfO{ k"0f{ ¿k]0f k|of]u ul/Psf] 5}g .

åGåsf] tTsfnLg ;dfwfg, åGå Joj:yfkg / åGå ¿kfGt/0fh:tf ljljw b[li6sf]0fx¿ åGå cWoogdf cfd ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . åGåsf] tTsfnLg ;dfwfgsf] cjwf/0ffn] Joj:yfkgsf] ts{df hf]8 lbG5 / zlQm



31

/fhgLlt;Fu o;sf] alnof] ;DaGw x'G5 . åGå Joj:yfkgdf klxn]–klxn] ul/Psf sfddf ljåfgx¿n] åGå Joj:yfkg tyf ;dfwfgsf] cjwf/0ffaLr Ps¿ktfeGbf dte]bdf hf]8 lbg vf]Hy] -aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#_ . åGåsf] j:t'k/s / cfTdk/s ljZn]if0f, åGåsf] tTsfnLg ;dfwfg / åGå lgbfgaLrsf] ljZn]if0fh:tf låefhg -8fOsf]6f]ldh\_x¿n] åGå cWoogsf] If]qdfly cem} klg k|e'Tj hdfO{ g} /x]sf 5g\ . oBlk, åGånfO{ zflGtdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ of] vfsf k|of]u ug'{ cem} klg ;fdfGo dflgG5 .

dfly ul/Psf] 5nkmncg';f/ åGå ¿kfGt/0f bL3{sfnLg, dN6L 6«Øfs / ultzLn k|lqmof xf], h;n] 6«Øfs !, @ / # cjwf/0ff tyf ;fgf, dWod / bL3{sfnLg nIonfO{ k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] ;d]6\5 . o;y{, clws[tx¿, ;]gf tyf /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf ;dfj]z ePsf stf{x¿ -6«Øfs !_, åGå ;dfwfgsf cgf}krfl/s ljz]if1 / åGå ;dfwfgdf sfo{/t -u}/_;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ -6«Øfs @_, hg:t/ / dfgjLo ;xfotf / ljsf; ;xsfo{ k|bfg ul//x]sf :jb]zL ;+:yfx¿ -6«Øfs #_nfO{ o;n] ;d]6\5 . o;n] kl/0ffd, k|lqmof / ;fdflhs Gofosf cjojx¿sf] cfwf/df zflGt–lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbG5 . åGå ¿kfGt/0fn] åGå/t kIfn] pAhfPsf cfjZostf / 8/;DaGwL d"n d'2f lgbfgsf] p2]Zo /fV5 . of] kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{ ;d'lrt k|lqmofsf] vfFrf] k5{ . o;sf/0f, kIfaLr ;xsfo{ / ;~rf/ a9fpg åGåsf] gsf/fTds dfgl;stf / dfGotf kl/jt{g ug{ k|lqmofpGd'v cjwf/0ff k|of]u ul/g'k5{ .

åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] cjwf/0ff kl/jt{gpGd'v cjwf/0ff xf], gofFvfn] /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ agfpg kfvf kfl/Psf ;d"x, blnt, hftLo

cNk;+Vos cflbsf] ;fdflhs Gofo alnof] kfg{ ltgsf] ;zQmLs/0f

/ klxrfgdf o;n] hf]8 lbG5 . ;fk]lIfs / JolQmut ¿kdf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ oy]i6 x'Fb}g . tyflk, ;|f]tsf] ;dfg kx'Fr k|fKt ug{ / k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ kfg{ k|of; ul/g'k5{, h;n] bL3{sfnLg ;fdflhs k'g;{+/rgf / d]nldnfksf] nIo;lxt ;+/rgfut c;dfgtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg

ug{ ;Dej t'Nofpg]5 . o;y{ åGå ¿kfGt/0fn] dfgjLo ;'/Iff -ef}lts, dfgl;s, dgf]j}1flgs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;'/Iff_ ;'lglZrt ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

32

!=$=! /fhgLlts cjwf/0ff

clt;+j]bgzLn åGå / u[xo'4sf a]nf k|of]u x'g] plrt / cfdcjwf/0ff /fhgLlts cjwf/0ff xf] . åGånfO{ k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug{ cGo ;a} cjwf/0ffx¿ /fhgLlts cjwf/0ffsf] vfsfleq} lgb]{lzt, cfb]lzt / lg0f{o lnOPsf] x'g' h?/L 5 . an k|of]u, o'4lj/fd, jftf{, /fHo k'g;{+/rgf / åGåsf d"n sf/0f ;Daf]wg ug]{ lg0f{o o;} vfsfaf6 cfpg'k5{ . /fhgLlts bn lgdf{0f / bnsf] nf]stfGqLs/0f, gful/s ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg, :jtGq lg/LIf0f lgsfo, /fhgLlts ;+:yfnfO{ alnof] agfpg], e|i6frf/lj?4sf] cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u / dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfO{ :yflkt ug]{, k|f]T;flxt ug]{ / k'g;{+/lrt ug]{, ;+;b\ / ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{, zlQm afF8kmfF6 ;+oGq -;j{bnLo ;/sf/, zlQm / ;|f]tsf] plrt afF8kmfF6_, ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ / nf]stflGqs ;/sf/, zflGt jftf{nfO{ alnof] kfg]{ cflbh:tf cGo lqmofsnfkx¿ o;dWo] k5{g\ -asf]{ler / ?lag ;g\ !((@Ù pk|]tL ;g\ @))$aLÙ nG8 ;g\ !((^Ù lkm;/ / c¿ ;g\ @)))Ù asf]{ler ;g\ !((^_ .

!=$=@ s"6gLlts cjwf/0ff

åGå ;dfwfgsf] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ cjwf/0ff eGg' s"6gLlt xf] . o'4sf a]nf s"6gLlts k|of; b'O{ j6f df]rf{df s]Gb|Ls[t x'G5 . tL o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

!= o'4 s"6gLlt M xftxltof/, ;}Go ;xfotf, anfwfl/t u7aGwg

-sf]Pl;{e PnfPG;]h_, aflx/L zlQm / ;}Go x:tIf]ksf] k|of]u

:jLsfg]{ cflb .

@= zflGt s"6gLlt M -zflGt k|j4{gsf nflu s"6gLlts k|of;,

cGt/f{li6«o zflGt ;xfotf ;d"x, xltof/ cfk"lt{ /f]Sg], jftf{ tyf o'4lj/fdsf nflu bafa lbg], d'n'sdf zflGtsf] Ph]G8fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ zflGt ljz]if1, sfo{stf{ tyf ljåfgx¿nfO{ af]nfpg]

cflb -aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#Ù lkm;/ / c¿Ù ;g\ @)))Ù nG8 ;g\ !((^Ù lkm;/ / ls:n] -;g\ !((!_ .



33

!=$=# cfly{s cjwf/0ff

åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|d'v dWo]sf] Ps csf]{ cjwf/0ff cfly{s xf] . o;df åGåaf6 k|efljt If]qdf cfly{s ljsf; ;xfotf, cfly{s gLlt ;'wf/, Joj;fo k|j4{g -lgof{t tyf cfoft_, ahf/ lgdf{0f, lzIff, :jf:Yo, lkpg] kfgLh:tf cfwf/e"t ;]jfdf pRr nufgL, u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / u|fdL0f nufgL, cGt/ ;fd'bflos Jofkf/ k|j4{g, lghL nufgLsf] k|j4{gh:tf kIf ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . o;}u/L, ;xfotf ;t{ / cfly{s cf>o, s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f, e"ld;'wf/ -e"ld rSnfaGbL, e"ldxLg / df]xLsf] e"ldclwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{, e"ldsf] xbaGbL tf]Sg], e"ld k|of]usf] juL{s/0f ug]{_, u|fdL0f pBdzLntfsf] ljsf;, h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;Defjgfsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]t -e"ld, jg, hn, vfgL cflb_ / ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tdf u|fdL0f hgtfsf] kx'Fr / nfe afF8kmfF6h:tf dxTTjk"0f{ ;jfn klg ;dfj]z x'G5g\ -lkm;/ / c¿ ;g\ !((^Ù nG8 ;g\ !((^Ù lkm;/ / ls:n] ;g\ !((!Ù lkm;/ ;g\ !((&_ .

!=$=$ Goflos jf sfg'gL cjwf/0ff

åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] Goflos cjwf/0ff g]kfndf plt ax;df 5}g . åGå ;dfwfg ug{ / zflGt sfod /fVg Goflos jf sfg'gL cjwf/0ffn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] ljZjJofkL cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 -n]8]¥ofs ;g\ !(((_ . of] cjwf/0ffdf ;dflxt If]q eg]sf hfFra'em cfof]u, o'4 ck/fw Gofoflws/0f -jf/ qmfOd l6«Ao'gN;_, cflbjf;L tyf k|yfut sfg'gL ;+:yf / cEof;sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / k|f]T;fxg, Gofofno ;'wf/, ;'/Iff If]qsf] Goflos tyf sfg'gL lg/LIf0f, Gofodf kx'Fr, unt sfd ug]{nfO{ ;hfo, ;+j}wflgs cfof]u, ul/asf nflu sfg'gL ;xfotf, dWo:ytf, Gofoflws/0f cflb x'g\ -nG8 ;g\ !((^Ù lkm;/ / c¿ ;g\ @)))Ù lkm;/ ;g\ !((&_ . ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf klg of] cjwf/0fsf] k|d'v If]q xf] .

!=$=% cgf}krfl/s / cf}krfl/s k4ltsf] ;lDd>0f

o'4u|:t clk|msf, Pl;of, k"jL{ o'/f]k / blIf0f cd]l/sf -cd{g / sfn{ ;g\ !((^Ù cd{/ / lkmlnK;g ;g\ !((*Ù afG;{ ;g\ @))@Ù qmØfG8n ;g\

34

@))$Ù n'l;df ;g\ @))@Ù ufN6'ª ;g\ @)))P / aLÙ ufN6'ª ;g\ @))$P / aLÙ x]lG8«S;g ;g\ !((*Ù ld> ;g\ @))@Ù Dofssf6{gL ;g\ !(((Ù / An'dlkmN8 / /]NnL ;g\ !((*_sf] cg'ejn] åGåsf] ;kmn Joj:yfkgsf nflu cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s cjwf/0ffx¿ h?/L b]vfPsf] 5, tfls ltgnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L / kl/0ffdpGd'v agfpg ;lsof];\ . km]l/ hl6nvfn] lx+;fTds åGåsf] kl/k|]Iodf Psn cjwf/0ff sfkmL x'Fb}g .

cle?lrdf cfwfl/t dWo:ytf / cflbjf;L åGå ;dfwfgnfO{ alnof] agfpg], sfg'gL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ alnof] agfpg] / ;xof]u ug]{, zflGt ;ldlt / åGåsf] cg';Gwfg tyf /f]syfd s]Gb| :yfkgf tyf lj:tf/ ug]{, zflGt tyf dfgjclwsf/ lg/LIfsnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{, zflGt ;xfotf ;d"x lgdf{0f tyf kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{ åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf ;fdfGo t/ dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{ x'g\ . o;}u/L To;sf cGo sfo{ eg]sf zflGtsf sfo{stf{ -g]N;g d08]nf, cfª;fª ;' rLh:tf gf]an zflGt k'/:sf/ ljh]tf cflb_nfO{ lgDtf] lbg], a[xt\ zflGt ¥ofnL / clx+;fTds cleofg / uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ug]{, e|d0f tyf l;sfO cfbfgk|bfg, gful/s a}7s cfof]hgf ug]{ x'g\ -n]8]¥ofs ;g\ !(((Ù aLcf/;L;L;LPd ;g\ @))#Ù lkm;/ / c¿ ;g\ @)))Ù nG8 ;g\ !((^_ . g]kfndf nf]stflGqs zflGt k'g:yf{kgfdf hf]8 lbg klg logLx¿ cfjZos x'G5g\ .

!=$=^ ;~rf/, ;"rgf / hfu¿stfsf] cjwf/0ff

åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ jf o;nfO{ cem ulx/f] agfpg] eGg] b'j} sfddf ;~rf/n] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . ;"rgfsf] sdL / unt ;"rgf, a+ufOPsf ;"rgfn]

sltko a]nf åGånfO{ cem uDeL/ agfpF5g\ . n8fOF, xTof, g[z+;tfnfO{

clt/l~ht ug]{, zflGtsf k|of; / d]nldnfknfO{ sd cfFSbf åGånfO{ cem ulx/f] agfpg ;xof]u u5{ . gsf/fTds / ;g;gLk"0f{ va/ k|;fl/t ug'{ ;~rf/sf ;fwgsf] rfv g} xf] . cfqmf]z a9fpg] To:tf ;g;gLk"0f{

va/nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ cfrf/;+lxtf ltgn] agfP, To;n] åGå ;dfwfgdf of]ubfg lbG5 . ;~rf/, ;"rgf / hfu¿stfsf] cjwf/0ffdf /]l8of] tyf



35

6]lnlehgdf zflGt;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/, ;g;gLk"0f{ va/sf nflu cfrf/;+lxtf, ;~rf/sf ;fwgsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, kqsf/x¿nfO{ Jofks dfqfdf zflGtsf] k|lzIf0f lbg], gful/s lzIff, e|d0f cfbfg–k|bfg tyf zflGt ;~hfn lgdf{0f, lglZrt If]qx¿nfO{ zflGt If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ -ljBfno, wfld{s If]q, ;fj{hlgs :yn, af6f3f6f cflb_, g]tf, gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jf, kqsf/, lzIfs, sd{rf/L, Joj;foLnfO{ åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fdf k|lzlIft t'Nofpg k|lzIf0f lbg] / hgr]tgf cleofg rnfpg] sfo{ k5{g\ .

!=$=& dfgjclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff

dfgjclwsf/sf] pNn+3g ;z:q åGåsf] Ps k|d'v rl/q xf] . dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g / ;z:q åGåsf] tLa|tf cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ lsgls ;z:q åGå tLa| ePsf a]nf dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g pRr x'G5 / hlt dfgjclwsf/ ;'/lIft x'G5, plt g} ;z:q åGåsf] p208tf sd x'G5 . o;sf/0f– ulxl/Psf] ;z:q åGåsf a]nf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;'/Iff / gful/s :jtGqtf ljZjJofkL k|fyldstfsf] s'/f xf] . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo, dfgjclwsf/jfbL sfo{stf{ / låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo bft[lgsfox¿n] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gdf ulx/f] rf;f] b]vfpF5g\ . pgLx¿n] dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ffkq, l;4fGt /

dfkb08 -h;nfO{ ;du|df dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g elgG5_sf] ;Ddfg ug{

clkn u5{g\ . o:tf clkn ul/g'sf] k|d'v sf/0f dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g

/f]syfd xf], h;n] åGåsf] plrt ;dfwfgsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f agfpg d2t u5{ . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;g\ !(($ df ?jfG8fdf ePsf] g/;+xf/af6 kf7 l;s]sf] 5 . olb p;n] ;dod} x:tIf]k gu/] u[xo'4sf]

;dodf xTof / dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwsf] ;Defjgf pRr /xG5 . of]

;jfndf dfgjclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff clt g} dxTTjk"0f{ 5 .

!=$=* ;}Go kl/rfngsf] cjwf/0ff

of] u[xo'4 / tLa| åGå;Fu h'‰g] cjwf/0ff xf] . o;nfO{ afWosf/L cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf a'lemG5 lsgls an k|of]u of] cjwf/0ffsf] d"n dGq

36

xf] . oBlk, an k|of]udf dfq of] cjwf/0ff ;Lldt 5}g . ;dflxt ;fdfGo lqmofsnfkdf /IffTds zflGt :yfkgf an, zflGt k|j4{gdf ;}Go x:tIf]k, xftxltof/ cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f, lgMz:qLs/0f / u}/kl/rfng, k"j{r]tfjgL, ;z:q ansf] k|lzIf0f / Jofj;foLs/0f, ;'/Iff If]q ;'wf/ / gful/s lgu/fgL, cfsl:ds tyf j}slNks ;'/Iff /0fgLlt k5{g\ . To;}u/L ;}Go u'Ktr/Lsf] dha'tLs/0f, u[x ;'/Iff / ;'/Iff an -;}lgs, cw{ ;}lgs / k|x/L_sf] ;~hfn lj:tf/, ;'/Iff ansf] cfTdljZjf; a9fpg], cGt/;}Go cfbfgk|bfg -ldln6/L 6' ldln6/L PS;r]Gh_ tyf e|d0f, u}/PsqLs/0f, ;}lgs / u}/;}lgs Onfsf 3f]if0ff, zlQm ;Gt'ng, xltof/dfly k|ltaGw, ;+s6 Joj:yfkg / k|ltlqmof ;+oGq cflb k5{g\ -;g\ !((&, lkm;/ / c¿ ;g\ @)))Ù nG8 ;g\ !((^Ù lkm;/ / ls:n] ;g\ !((!_ .

!=$=( åGåsf] ;dfwfgdf jftf{ / dWo:ytf

åGå ;dfwfgsf] cEof;df ;fwf/0ftof k|of]u x'g] b'O{ k4lt jftf{ / dWo:ytf x'g\ . oL b'O{ k4ltaf/] lgDg v08df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 M

jftf{

jftf{ Pp6f :jo+;]jf k|lqmof xf], h;n] jftf{/t kIfaLrsf] åGåj:yf;Fu

tfbfTDo /fV5 . jftf{ h:tf];'s} cj:yfsf] pbfx/0f dflgG5, hxfF b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L dflg;x¿ cfdg];fdg] eP/ Psfk;df ;+jfb u5{g\ tfls Pp6fsf] lg0f{onfO{ csf]{n] k|efj kfg{ / cfk;L :jLsfo{ ;dfwfgdf k'Ug

;lsof];\ . c;+ulto'Qm nIo ;dfwfgsf nflu kIfx¿aLr -:jtGq JolQm,

;d"x jf ;+:yf_ jftf{ x'G5 . o;y{ jftf{n] åGåsf ljljw cle?lr;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fV5 -k|'O6 / sfg]{e]n ;g\ !((#_ . jftf{n] åGåfj:yfnfO{ :ki6 kf5{ . dflg;x¿;Fu ljljw vfnsf åGåfTds cle?lr / p2]Zo x'G5g\ .

o;sf/0f ;d:of ;dfwfg k|lqmofsf] c+u g} jftf{ xf] -u'lne/ ;g\ !(&(_ .

s]xL n]vsx¿ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))@ PÙ asN; ;g\ !(((_ ts{ u5{g\– jftf{sf] e"ldsf lj:t[t x'Fb}5 / of] åGå Joj:yfkgdf dfq ;Lldt geP/ Jofksvfn] k4ltut l;4fGt / Jofks ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf; k|of;sf]



37

lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ klg x'Fb}5 . a]d]n ePsf ;d"xnfO{ kmsfP/ jf pT;flxt agfP/ Pscfk;df :jLsfo{ kl/0ffd kQf nufpg' jftf{sf] p2]Zo xf] . u'lne/ -;g\ !(&(_ JofVof u5{g\, æjftf{df ljleGg ;dfhsf jftf{sf/sf] cle?lr, ljrf/, d"No, lgod, dfGotfdf b]lvg] lsl;dsf] km/ssf afah'b kf/:kl/s Jojxf/sf] z}nL dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 .Æ pgL ts{ u5{g\, æk"0f{ ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts kl/k|]Iodf jftf{ k|lqmofn] ;Dk"0f{ a'emfO k|fKt u5{ .Æ o;sf/0f pgn] åGå / o;sf] ;dfwfg Jofks ;f+:s[lts kl/k|]Io / ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿df x'g] 7DofpFb} cfˆgf] Wofg jftf{sf] k|lqmofdf s]lGb|t u5{g\ . pgn] kf/:kl/s Jojxf/sf] lrq0f ug]{ ;femf k4lt vf]Hb} PskIfLo lg0f{o–lgdf{0f -o'lgn]6/n l8l;hg–d]lsª_ -ljjfb ;fDo kfg{ t];|f] kIfLo Gofostf{dfkm{t\_sf] t'ngf ;+o'Qm lg0f{o–lgdf{0f -hf]OG6 l8l;hg d]lsª_ -jftf{_;Fu u5{g\ .

jftf{nfO{ b'O{ :j¿kdf lrq0f ug{ ;lsG5– ljt/0ffTds / PsLs[t . ljt/0ffTds jftf{sf] :j¿k ;|f]tsf] ljt/0fdf hf]8 lbg] -lht–xf/sf]_ vfnsf] x'G5 . cfˆg} cle?lrdf hf]8 lbPsf] jftf{/t kIfsf] dgf]j[lQn] eg] kl/0ffdnfO{ xf/–xf/sf] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpF5 . ;+o'Qm cle?lrdf rNg] jftf{sf] ljz]iftf ;|f]t lgdf{0f ug]{ vfnsf] -lht–lhtsf] cj:yf_ x'G5 . oxfF jftf{/t kIf ljsNksf nflu tof/ x'G5g\ / ;xeflutfTds ;d:of

;dfwfgdfkm{t\ csf{sf] cle?lrdf klg Wofg lbG5g\ . ;fd"lxs ;dfwfg

k|fKt ug{ o;n] ;fd"lxs lg0f{o–lgdf{0f / ;+sNktkm{ n}hfG5 -d:sf]lesL / 8f]Oh ;g\ !(($_ . o;vfnsf] jftf{ dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 lsgls o;n] åGå/t kIfx¿nfO{ cfk;L :jLsfo{ ;dfwfg k|fKt ug{ cfdg]–;fdg] x'G5g\ .

;xdlt, cle?lr / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu jftfj/0f to ug]{ sfddf jftf{n] w]/} ljsNk lbG5 . t/, ljBdfg zlQm ;DaGwn] klg jftf{

k|lqmofdf dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . stf{sf] :t/, e"ldsf / JolQmTjh:tf

ljz]iftfx¿n] jftf{df zlQm ;DaGw lgwf{/0f u5{g\ . zlQmsf] jf:tljs k|of]u kl/k|]Iodf lge{/ x'G5 . jftf{df sfd nfUg] kfFr Jofks sfo{gLlt k|'O6 / sfg]{e]n -;g\ !((#_n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . tL o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

38

!= ljz]if ;'ljwf k|bfg -p2]Zo÷dfux¿ sd ug]{_

@= ts{ ug]{ -csf]{ kIfnfO{ /fhL u/fpg] k|of; ug]{ jf sa'n u/fpg] jf csf]{ kIfåf/f lj/f]w ug]{ k|of; ug]{_

#= ;d:of ;dfwfg -ljsNksf] ljsf;sf] k|of; ug]{_

$= lgliqmotf -a}7s / ;jfnx¿df ul/g] ;+jfbnfO{ 5]p nfP/ yf]/} g} eP klg ;Dej ePsf] sfd k"/f ug]{_

%= :yug -jftf{ :yug ug]{_

;xdltsf nflu pQd ljsNk -a]:6 cN6/g]l6e 6' c g]uf]l;P6]8 clu|dG6 M af6\gf_ zAbfjnL /f]h/ lkm;/ / ljlnod o'/L -;g\ !(*!_n] k|of]u u/]sf x'g\ . of] zAbfjnL jftf{df rlr{t 5 . s'g} klg jftf{sf/, ;xdtLo ;dfwfg -g]uf]l;P6]8 ;]6ndG6_df ;xdt x'g'cl3 p;n] af6\gfaf/] ;+sNk lnO;Sg'k5{ . olb tTsfnLg ;dfwfghlQs} Pp6fsf] af6\gf /fd|f] eP ;xdlt :jLsfl/g'k5{ . ljsNk /fd|f] 5 eg] tTsfnLg ;dfwfgsf] ;f6f] csf]{ vf]Hg'k5{ . Pp6f kIfsf] af6\gf /fd|f] eP Tof] jftf{df a:g] ;Defjg sd} x'G5, ;f6f]df ljsNk vf]Hg] k|of; x'G5 . jftf{ rNb} ubf{, cfwf/e"t ;dfj]zL sfo{gLltn] jftf{sf/x¿nfO{ d2t u5{ . of] cj:yf cK7\of/f] x'G5, lsgls ;b:ox¿n] ;xdlt lsg lgdf{0f ul/of] / Tof] g} pQd ljsNk

lyof] eGg] hfGg klg cfkm" ;dfj]z geOsg lg:s]sf] ;xdltnfO{ :jLsfg{]

;Defjgf Go"g x'G5 .

dWo:ytf

åGåsf] :jLsfo{ ;dfwfgdf k'Ug lj/f]wL kIfnfO{ ;3fpg] x]t'n] :jLsfo{,

lgikIf / t6:y t];|f] kIfåf/f ul/g] ;xhLs/0f Pp6f k|lqmof dWo:ytf xf] . dWo:ystf{;Fu lg0f{osf] clwsf/ x'Fb}g . ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf dWo:ystf{sf] t6:y e"ldsf kIfx¿nfO{ JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf

;xof]u ug]{ / ljjfbsf sf/s klxrfg u/L ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu k|:tfjgf ljsf; ug]{ xf] . dWo:ystf{x¿n] åGåsf kIf;Fu JolQmut ¿kdf e]63f6 u/L uf]Ko jf a]Unfa]Un} 5nkmn ug{ ;S5g\ . s'g}–s'g}



39

;jfndf Gofofno jf sfg'gL cfwf/df dWo:ytf clgjfo{ klg x'g ;S5 . cGo ;jfndf kIfx¿sf] ;xdltcg';f/ of] P]lR5s klg x'g ;S5 . s]xL cj:yfdf cbfntL Joj:yfcGtu{t dWo:ytf afWosf/L klg x'g ;S5 . dWo:ytfn] kIfx¿nfO{ ltgsf] ljjfb ;dfwfgdf cfqmfdstfnfO{ :jLsfb}{g / k"j{;DaGwnfO{ oyfjt\ /fV5 .

åGå Joj:yfkgdf dWo:ytfn] dxTTjk"0f{ 7fpF cf]u6\5 lsgls of] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] cjwf/0ff xf] / o;n] Psfk;nfO{ kmfObf x'g] ;dfwfgsf] cj;/ lgdf{0f u5{ . a'; / kmNu/ -;g\ !(($P_sf cg';f/ dWo:ytfdf åGåsf] s]Gb|df /x]sf b'j} kIfnfO{ cfˆgf] Ifdtfsf] cg"e"lt u/fpg] / c¿k|lt a9L pbf/ agfO{ ltgnfO{ kl/jt{g u/fpg] zlQm x'G5 . klxrfg / ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu dWo:ytfdf ¿kfGt/0fsf/L zlQm x'G5 -a'; / kmNu/ ;g\ !(($ aL_ . o;n] ;xdlt ;Dej t'NofpF5, h;nfO{ ljjfbdf k/]sfn] ;Gt'li6k"0f{ 7fG5g\ / cfˆgf] ;DaGw ;'wf/ u5{g\ .

åGådf ePsf] Pp6f JolQm jf kIfn] p;sf] jf c¿sf] dgf]efj, Jojxf/, ;jfn / cle?lrnfO{ s;/L lnG5 / cj:yf s;/L kl/eflift x'G5, To;nfO{ kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmofn] k'gM :j¿k u/fpg dWo:ytfn] hf]8 lbG5 . k|lqmofTds kl/k|]Iodf, dWo:ytfdf t];|f] kIf ;dfj]z x'G5, h;n] åGå/t

kIfnfO{ ;xdltdf k'¥ofpg ;xof]u u5{ . ljljw ljrf/x¿nfO{ lgikIf ¿kdf dgg ub}{, cfk;L nfe tyf ;dfwfg k|flKtdf ;xof]u ub}{, ;xdltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu To;nfO{ ;Demf}tfsf] ¿kdf lnlka4 ub}{

kb, k'gM :j¿k ul/Psf ;jfn tyf k|Zgx¿af6 cle?lr kQf nufpg

;xdtLo dWo:ystf{sf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 -k]lG8r / c¿ ;g\ !(($_ .

dWo:ytf åGå ;dfwfgsf] Pp6f k|rlnt k4lt xf] . To;df ljjfbdf

/x]sf kIf;Fu sfd u/L åGåfj:yfk|lt ltgsf] ljrf/ ;'wfg{ ;xof]u ug]{ dWo:ystf{ /xG5g\ tfls tL kIf cfkm}+n] åGå ;dfwfgsf] Pp6f pkfo klxrfg ug{ / 5fGg ;s"g\, h;n] ljjfbdf /x]sf ;a}sf] clr?lr /

40

cfjZostf k"/f u/f];\ . o;n] b'j} kIfsf] ts{ ;'g]/ ljjfbdf /x]sf kIfsf nflu lg0f{o lng] t];|f] kIfLo dWo:ytf -c/la6«];g_eGbf leGb} ¿kdf ljjflbt kIfnfO{ ;dfwfgsf] vfsf sf]g{ ;xof]u u5{ . o:tf] dWo:ystf{df b]z, ;+:yf jf :jtGq JolQm hf] klg x'g ;S5 .

s]xL ;jfnx¿df dWo:ystf{n] tTsfnsf] ljjfbnfO{ ;xdltdf n}hfg ;d:of–;dfwfgstf{sf] e"ldsf v]N5g\ . ;'wfl/Psf] ;DaGwn] åGå ;dfwfg jf /rgfTds lj/f]wtkm{ n}hfG5 eGg] dfGotf;fy cGo ;jfndf dWo:ytfn] ;DaGw ;'wf/df cem hf]8 lbG5 . dWo:ytf P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf åGå ;dfwfgdf rlncfPsf] k4ltdWo]s} Ps xf] . dWo:ytfsf s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ l;4fGtx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

dWo:ytf Pp6f snf / lj1fg xf] .

åGå :jfefljs ¿kdf ljWj+zfTds xf]Og .

dWo:ytf t6:y x'G5 .

åGå/t kIfsf] d~h'/L dWo:ytfdf cfjZos x'G5 .

dWo:ystf{n] ;dfwfg nfb\g] jf ;'emfpg] ub}{gg\ .

k}/jL -P8\ef]s];L_ / bafa -Ogkmf];{dG6_;Fu dWo:ytfnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] .

Pp6f :jtGq JolQm jf ;+:yf jf b]z klg ;+nUg x'g ;S5 .

!=% åGådfly sfd ul/Fbfsf /0fgLlts ljsNk

åGåsf] ;dfwfg hl6n / ultzLn k|lqmof xf] . To;sf/0f ¿k/]vfTds ljlw -An'lk|G6 d]y8_ ;a}vfn] åGådf nfu" gx'g ;S5 . o;df /0fgLlt, o'lQm, k|lqmof / ljsNksf sf}zn cfjZos x'G5g\ . åGå ;dfwfgsf

ljZjJofkL cg'ejx¿n] ljZjsf ljleGg If]qsf ;z:q åGådf ljleGg

/0fgLltx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf] b]vfpF5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL o;k|sf/ 5g\ M



41

!=%=! ;xhtf lgdf{0fsf /0fgLltx¿ -:6«f6]hL ckm csf]df]8];g_

åGå/t kIfn] ;DaGwnfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ nIonfO{ uf}0f dfg]sf] v08df pgLx¿n] ;xhtf lgdf{0fsf /0fgLlt /f]H5g\ . of] vf;u/L ;DaGwpGd'v /0fgLlt xf] / Pp6f kIfn] ;DaGwsf] d"Nodf csf]{ kIfsf] egfO jf dfusf] k|ltsf/ jf lj/f]w ub}{g . ;fdfGotof, åGå/t kIfn] ;xdlt ug]{, zfnLgtf ckgfpg], c;dembf/Lx¿ TofUg], csf]{sf] ;"rgf / lgoGq0fsf/L Jojxf/k|lt ;sf/fTds x'g] h:tf ljz]iftfx¿ b]vfpF5g\ . o;sf/0f pRr:t/Lo åGåfj:yfdf of] /0fgLlt jf:tljs ¿kdf clt pQd gx'g ;S5 .

!=%=@ ltQmtfsf] /0fgLlt -:6«f6]hL ckm cEof]O8]G;_

åGå/t kIfx¿ ;DaGw jf nIodf plt ;fx|f] pT;flxt geP ltgn] of] /0fgLlt cjnDag u5{g\ . pgLx¿ snxsf ;jfn TofUg, c:jLsf/ ug{, tLaf6 aRg, :jLsfg{ l9nfO ug{ / To;af6 kl5 x6\g rfxG5g\ . åGå/t kIfx¿ jftf{df a:g / åGå ;dfwfg ug{ rfxFb}gg\ -lkm;/ / lsZn] ;g\ !((!_ . w]/}h;f] uDeL/vfn] åGåsf nflu of] Jofjxfl/s x'Fb}g .

!=%=# ;Demf}tfsf] /0fgLlt -:6«f6]hL ckm sDk|dfOh_

of] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] åGå -kfl/jfl/sb]lv ;+:yfut / u[xo'4b]lv cGt/f{li6«o åGåsf] If]q;Dd_ ;dfwfg ug{ Jofks ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] / Jofjxfl/s /0fgLlt xf] . of] /0fgLltsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt n]gb]gsf] xf] . cfˆgf ck]Iffx¿ sd ug]{, g/d eO{ df]ntf]n k|of]u ug]{, dte]b tyf ljsNkx¿ vf]Hg], s]xL s'/fx¿ TofUg tof/ x'g] / ;+jfbdf nflu/xg] cfofdx¿ o;df ;dflxt 5g\ . o; /0fgLltdf åGå/t kIfx¿ lgs} lx;falstfaL, ;ts{ / ;ÅboL x'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;DaGw Joj:yfkg / p2]Zo k|flKtdf plQs} dxTTj lbG5g\ .

!=%=$ ;fdgfsf] /0fgLlt -:6«f6]hL ckm sGk|mG6];g_

of] afWosf/L / le8Gtsf] /0fgLlt xf] . o;df Pp6f kIfn] csf]{ kIf;Fusf]

;DaGwaf/] s'g} rf;f] /fVb}g . p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ clek|fo /xG5 . o;df

42

an, bafa, k|ltaGw, y'gfdf /fVg] cflb sfo{x¿ ;fdfGo x'G5g\ . åGå/t kIfx¿n] ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} klg Jojxf/ b]vfpFb}gg\ / jftf{ ;'?cft ug{ csf]{ kIfnfO{ ljZj;gLo dfGg tof/ x'Fb}gg\ . n8]/ lhTg] dg;foaf6 a9L k|]/Lt x'G5g\ . s'g} ;dodf of] cfjZos x'g] eP klg of] hf]lvdk"0f{, IfltpGd'v / sfnfGt/df cg'Tkfbs g} x'G5 .

!=%=% lgoGq0fsf] /0fgLlt -:6«f6]hL ckm sG6«f]lnª_

;Demf}tfsf] /0fgLlteGbf of] s]xL g/d vfnsf] 5 . t/, o;n] klg p2]Zox¿df dfq} Wofg lbP/ ;DaGwx¿nfO{ TotL jf:tf ub}{g . of] /0fgLltnfO{ lgb]{lzt ug]{ dgf]efj o:tf] 5, æTof] sfd d}n] cfˆg} tl/sfn] u5'{ / cGo kIfsf] cle?lraf/] rf;f] /flVbgF .Æ o;y{, o;;DaGwL lqmof eg]sf, ank|of]u, n8fOF, ;"rgfsf] tf]8d/f]8 cflb x'g\ / logLx¿ ;+jfb, 5nkmn / jftf{sf nflu w}o{ /fVb}gg\ -lkm;/ / lsZn] ;g\ !((!_ . of] /0fgLltdf h;/L klg ljkIfLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfd k|d'v x'G5 .

!=%=^ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] /0fgLlt -:6«f6]hL ckm k|And–;lNeª_

åGå Joj:yfkgsf] k|of;df …;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;fd"lxs k|of;Úsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ x'G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;a}eGbf ?rfOPsf] /0fgLlt

dflgG5 . o;y{, lht–lhtsf] kl/0ffd;lxt ;d:of ;dfwgdf b'j} kIfsf] b[9 ;+sNk /xG5 . o;n] åGå/t ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] laGb'df Nofpg vf]H5 . ljsNkx¿ vf]Hg], qmlds ;+jfbdf nfUg], cfjZos ;"rgf

;+sng / To;sf] /fd|f] ljZn]if0f ug'{df o;sf] k|d'v hf]8 x'G5 . To;sf/0f

of] Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf pQd /0fgLltdf kb{5 .

!=%=& lgliqmotfsf] /0fgLlt -:6«f6]hL ckm OGofS;g_

s]xL ;jfnx¿df åGå/t kIfdWo] s'g} Ps kIfn] åGåaf/] s'g} rf;f] /fVb}g

jf cu|;/ x'gaf6 pm hfg]/} 6f9f /xG5 . …lgliqmotfsf] /0fgLltÚsf] k|d'v p2]Zo csf]{ kIfnfO{ lgliqmo agfpg] jf åGåsf] hfnf]af6 6f9} /fVg] xf]



43

tfls Tof] sfd åGåsf] lgliqmo :j¿kdf kl/jt{g xf];\ . of] /0fgLlt kl/jf/ jf ;fgfltgf ;fdflhs åGådf ;fwf/0ftof k|of]u x'G5 .

!=^ lgisif{

of] kl/R5]bn] åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fsf s]xL ;}4flGts / cjwf/0ffTds cfwf/ ;fy} ljljw cjwf/0ff, /0fgLlt / k4lt ;+lIfKt ¿kdf k|:t't u¥of] . åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fsf k|of;nfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg of] kl/R5]bdf s]xL cjwf/0ff a'emfpg] k|of; klg ul/of] . åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fnfO{ cjwf/0ffTds agfpg g]kfndf ;';"lrt ax;sf] cfjZostf 5 . l;4fGt / a'emfOn] sfo{nfO{ lbzf lbg] x'gfn] ;}4flGts cfofdsf] ;d'lrt a'emfO / cjwf/0ffTds vfsf lgdf{0f gu/L åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–lgdf{0fnfO{ ;+/rgfut agfpg sl7g 5 .

****

45

o'4sf] cg'kl:yltdfq} x}g, ;/sf/ gx'Fbf klg Gofo, sfg'g tyf ;'Joj:yfsf] pkl:ylt g} zflGt xf] .

–cNa6{ cfOG;6fOg

@=! kl/ro

klxn]–klxn] g]kfn ljZjs} zflGtk"0f{ d'n'ssf] ¿kdf lrlgPsf] lyof] . t/, ;z:q åGå ;'? ePkl5 of] c;'/Iff / lx+;fsf] b]zsf ¿kdf lrlgof] . ;dfhdf zflGt–;'/Iff :yfkgf ug{ g]kfnL /fhgLlts k|lqmof cIfd 7xl/of], h;n] of] d'n'snfO{ cl:y/tf tyf c/fhstfsf] cfuf]df ws]lnlbof] . @)^! df3 !( sf] zfxL sbdn] g]kfnL nf]stGqnfO{ cem s'l07t agfof] . sdhf]/ g]kfn c;kmn /fi6«sf] bhf{df k'Uof] . jf:tjdf åGåsfndf b'a} kIfnfO{ :jLsfo{ nf]stflGqs d~r lgdf{0f ug'{ g} ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{

r'gf}tL x'G5, h;n] jftf{ k|lqmofnfO{ k'gh{Gd lbO{ bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgf

ug{ ;sf];\ . t/, g]kfndf /fHo / ljb|f]xLaLr plrt ;dfwfgdf k'Ug] y'k|} k|of; c;kmn eP . of] kl/R5]bdf lat]sf lbgdf ePsf zflGt jftf{ k|of;, c;kmntfsf sf/0f / uNtLaf6 l;Sg'kg]{ kf7nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

@=@ kl/k|]Io

;fdflhs alxis/0f, tLa| c;dfgtf, k"0f{ ul/aL, ;|f]t;Fu kx'Frsf] cefj / o:tf ;jfn ;Daf]wg ug{] /fhgLlts cIfdtfn] g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ cltuDeL/

cj:yfdf k'¥ofof] / cGttM b]z dfcf]jfbLsf] …;z:q åGåsf] rk]6fdf k¥of]

kl/R5]b

@

zflGt–k|lqmof M zflGt jftf{ tyf jftf{ k|lqmofaf/] lrGtg

46

-pk|]tL ;g\ @))# aL, @))@ PÙ sfsL{ / ;]8\8g ;g\ @))#_ . 5'jf5't, hftLo, n}+lus, wd{, ;+:s[lts, eflifs / lje]b :j¿kdf hsl8Psf] ;fdflhs hl6ntfn] åGånfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofof] . e|i6frf/, sd{rf/LtGq, k|x/L / u'Ktr/ lgsfodf x'g] /fhgLtLs/0f klg åGå a9\g'sf cGo sf/0f lyP . ;fy}, @)$^ ;fnkl5sf] nf]stflGqs ;+qmd0fsf] c;Gt'li6nfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] dh};Fu pkof]u ug{ ;kmn eof] .

s]Gb|Ls/0f tyf If]qLo c;Gt'ng, c;Gt'lnt ljt/0f k|0ffnL, k|fs[lts tyf cGo pTkfbgzLn ;|f]tdf kx'Frsf] ;d:of, k/Dk/fut lxGb" ;f+:s[lts dfGotfsf] x}sdn] dlxnflj?4 e]befj, hftLo lje]bsf] j:t'ut cfwf/ tof/ u¥of] . blntdf c;Gt'li6efjn] klg åGå l;lh{of] . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg nf]stflGqs eP klg To;sf] k|:tfjgfdf g} lj/f]wfefif lyof] . ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf lglxt eP klg rf/j6f cfwf/e"t Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g x'g ;Sb}g eGg] kIf lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ lyof] . hgtf ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg ePsf] eP ltgn] ;+ljwfgsf s'g} klg Joj:yf kl/jt{g ug{ kfpg'kg]{ xf] . o;}n] ;f] ;+ljwfg klg åGåsf] Pp6f ;|f]t aGof] . g]kfnsf] ax'wfld{s k|s[ltnfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ pQm ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f lxGb" clw/fHosf] dfGotf lbPsf] lyof] .

g]kfndf nfdf] ;dob]lvsf ;+/rgfut åGå ;Daf]wg ug{ ;+/rgfut sf/0f ;dfwfg gu/L ;Dej} 5}g -yfkf ;g\ @))#Ù pk|]tL ;g\ @))#P / aL,

;g\ @)))@P / aLÙ kxf/L ;g\ @))#Ù x6 ;g\ @))$Ù sfsL{ / ;]8\8g

;g\ @))#Ù cf]g]:6f] ;g\ @))%_ . dfcf]jfbL åGå ;'? ePkl5 o;nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ y'k|} h'lQm k|of]u eP . k|x/L, ;]gf kl/rfng, PsLs[t ;'/Iff an, ;r{ ck/];g, ;+s6sfn, cft+sjfb tyf ljWj+zfTds sfo{ lgoGq0f

cWofb]z, o'4lj/fd, zflGt jftf{ cflb ;a} xys08f ckgfOP . /fHo kIf,

dfcf]jfbL, ;+;bLo /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh, dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+u7g, Joj;foLnufot ;Dk"0f{ kIf åGå ;dfwfg u/L g]kfndf zflGt k'g:yf{kgf ug{ nfluk/]sf lyP . oBlk, oL ;a} k|of; !) jif{;Dd ;fy{s pknlAwdf 6'+luPgg\ .



47

dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xsf] dd{ tyf p;sf] cleJolQm, Jojxf/ / sfo{df ePsf] lj/f]wfefif ljZn]if0fdf w]/} ;do;Dd ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bn cGof]nu|:t eP . slxn]sfxLF ltgn] o;nfO{ /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng dfg] eg] slxn] cft+sjfbL sfo{ dfg] . o;nfO{ /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng dfGbf klg ;d:ofsf] /fhgLlts ;dfwfgdf ljz]if rf;f] b]vfOPsf] lyPg . /, o;nfO{ cft+sjfbL d'2f dfg]sf] eP klg alxis/0fjfbL /fHo -;fdGtL, s]Gb|Ls[t, cnf]stflGqs / clehft ju{tkm{ 9lNsPsf] zlQm_ / cft+sjfbaLrsf] ;DaGwdf pgLx¿ :ki6 lyPgg\ . o:tf cGof]ns} sf/0f ;z:q åGå ;Daf]wg ug{ ltgn] plrt /0fgLlt tyf ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]gg\ .

cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] klg o:t} sfo{ u¥of] . ltgsf] ljrf/ klg ljeflht lyof] . gful/s ;dfhsf] oyfy{ klg p:t} lyof] . åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ ;a} pkfo a]9+uL, cGof]nu|:t, cl:y/ / cg'Tkfbs lyP . o:tf] cGof]n / lj/f]wfefifaLr ;/sf/n] s]xL sfo{bn u7g;Fu} ljb|f]xsf] dd{ a'‰g vf]Hof] .1

dfcf]jfbL åGåsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg] p2]Zo;fy nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbsf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf klxnf] k6s sfo{bn lgdf{0f eof] . o;n] dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x /fhgLlts ;d:of ePsf] / o;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu zf;g k4lt tyf ;fdflhs–cfly{s j[Qdf ;'wf/ cfpg'kg]{ lgrf]8 lgsfNof] . ;Fu;Fu} ljb|f]xsf] sf/0fsf] JofVof / To;nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ s'g af6f] hfg'k5{ eGg] :ki6 wf/0ff;lxt k|ltj]bg a'emfof] . ;/sf/n] To;sf] l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog u/]sf] eP g]kfnn] nfdf] ;do;Dd lx+;fsf] b'u{lt ef]Ug'kg]{ lyPg .

@)%^ k'; @@ ut] s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ ;/sf/n] k"j{k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf …dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;'emfj lbg] pRr:t/Lo ;+oGqÚ u7g u¥of] . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] cfGtl/s kf6L{ ;+3if{

1 lj:t[t yfxf kfpg x]g'{xf];\ M pk|]tL, lji0f'/fh -;g\ @))^_, dfcf]jfbL åGå ;dfwfgM ljutsf sdhf]/L / eljiosf] af6f], d"Nof+sg dfl;s, c+s !!# sflQs–d+l;/, k[=$!–$#, lj=;+= @)^) / pk|]tL, lji0f'/fh -lj=;+= @)^!_ g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL ;z:q åGå M sf/0f, c;/ / ;dfwfgsf k|of;x¿ . sf7df8f}+ M e[s'6L PSof8lds klAns];G; -g]kfn_ .

aS; @=! b]pjf ;ldltz]/axfb'/ b]pjf M ;+of]hs;'zLn sf]O/fnf M ;b:olr/~hLjL jfUn] M ;b:ov'daxfb'/ v8\sf M ;b:o

48

tLj| x'Fbf of] ;+oGq u7g ePsf] lyof] . lsgls k|wfgdGqL e§/fO{n] cfˆgf k|ltåGåL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfnfO{ b]vfpg} eP klg s]xL /fd|f] ug{ rfx]sf lyP . b]pjf ;+oGqn] @)%& sflQs @@ ut] ;/sf/;fd' k|ltj]bg k]; u¥of] . ;z:q åGå ;dfwfg ug{ /fHokIfLo ;+oGqn] u/]sf] Tolta]nf ;a}eGbf lj:t[t k|ltj]bg oxL lyof] . ;f] k|ltj]bgsf] ;f/f+z o:tf] lyof] M

k|hftGqsf] c;kmntfn] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of hlGdPsf] xf]Og . /fHo zf;g k4ltdf sdhf]/L, af/Daf/ x'g] ;/sf/ kl/jt{g, ul/aL, c;dfgtf, cGofo / alxis/0f g} o;sf sf/0f x'g\ .

dfcf]jfbL;Fu zflGt jftf{ u/L of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 t/ of] tTsfnsf] /fhgLlts ;dfwfgsf] pkfodfq} xf] .

ljb|f]xsf d"n sf/0f g]kfndf lglxt ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;+/rgf xf] . ;z:q åGåsf] plrt ;dfwfg /fHosf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'g;{+/rgf u/]dfq ;Dej 5 .

@=#=! g]kfndf zflGt k'g:yf{kgf ug{ ePsf jftf{sf ;f/f+z

of] v08df dfcf]jfbL åGå;DaGwL zflGt jftf{ tyf jftf{af/] ;f/f+zdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . ljZjf;, l:y/tf, :jtGqtf lglZrttf Gofo hgfpg] cj:yf g} zflGt xf] . zflGtk"0f{ cj:yfdf dflg;x¿nfO{ ljljwtfsf]

pT;j dgfpg / Psfk; /dfpg pT;flxt ul/G5 -hf6{Dofg / aDof{g ;g\ !(*@_ . o;y{, lx+;fsf] cGTo / clx+;fsf] pkl:ylt ;lxtsf] åGå

¿kfGt/0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ zflGtk"0f{

cj:yfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 -ufN6'ª ;g\ @)))_ .

åGå/t kIfaLr ;fdfGo ;DaGw

:yfkgf ug]{ k|lqmof g} zflGt lgdf{0f klxnf] v'8\lsnf] xf] -afG;{ ;g\ @))@Ù_ . o;df ljZjf; k'g:yf{kgf

aS; @=@ jftf{ ;d"x, lj=;+= @)%*;/sf/Mlr/~hLjL jfUn], ;+of]hsdx]z cfrfo{, ;b:og/xl/ cfrfo{, ;b:oljho uR5bf/, ;b:orqm afF:tf]nf, ;b:o

dfcf]jfbLs[i0faxfb'/ dx/f, ;+of]hs

cUgL ;fksf]6f, ;b:o6f]kaxfb'/ /fodfemL, ;b:o



49

/ ;dGjofTds ;DaGw k'g:yf{kgf ug'{, ljutsf lx+;fsf nflu IfdfzLn x'g' tfls klxn]sf zq" klg Psfk;df ldq / 3lgi7 x'g ;s"g\ / cfpFbf lbgdf ;xh eO{ sfd ug{ ;s"g\ eGg] s'/f /xG5 .

@)%* ;fnsf] zflGt jftf{sf] c;kmntf

5 jif{sf] ljb|f]xkl5 klxnf]k6s @)%* ;fpg @% df o'4lj/fd ul/of] . o;sf] 7Ls b'O{ lbgcl3 ;fpg @# df z]/axfb'/ b]pjf k|wfgdGqL ePsf lyP .

lgDg cj:yfdf o'4lj/fd ul/Psf] lyof] M

k"/} /fi6« @)%* h]7 !( sf] b/af/ xTofsf08sf] zf]sdf lyof] .

zflGtsf nflu g]kfnL hgtfaf6 Jofks bafa cfO/x]sf] lyof] .

gofF /fhf :yflkt x'g rfxGy] / o'4lj/fdh:tf] sbdn] pgnfO{ zflGtsfdL JolQmTjsf] ¿kdf lrgfpg ;SYof] .

gofF /fhfk|lt dfcf]jfbLx¿sf] dfGotf km/s eO{ b/af/ xTofsf08;Fu} k/Dk/fut /fhtGq cGTo ePsf]n] u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf ckgfpg'kg]{ ltgsf] ljrf/ lyof] .

sDo'lg:6lj/f]wL eg]/ lrlgPsf k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn]

cgk]lIft ¿kdf kl5 x6]/ /fhLgfdf lbP . dfcf]jfbLn] /f]Nkfsf] xf]n]/Laf6 ^( hgf k|x/L ckx/0f u/]kl5 ;]gf kl/rfng ug]{ sf]O/fnfsf] efjgfnfO{ tTsfnLg /fhfsf] lgb]{zgdf zfxL g]kfnL

;]gfn] ;xof]u gu/]sfn]] pgL kl5 x6]sf lyP .

cf}krfl/s ¿kdf k|hftGqjfbL t/ /fhfjfbL z]/axfb'/ b]pjf dfcf]jfbL åGå ;dfwfg ug{ ;Qfdf cfPsf lyP . sf]O/fnfsf tLa| k|lt:kwL{ g]tf s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ k|wfgdGqL x'Fbf dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfo lbg] pRr:t/Lo ;+oGqsf ;+of]hs klg b]pjf g} lyP . b]pjf ;ldltn] lbPsf] ;'emfjcg';f/ dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x Pp6f /fhgLlts ;d:of ePsfn] /fhgLlts dfWod tyf nf]stflGqs

50

k|lqmofcg';f/ g} ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g ;SYof] . of] åGånfO{ /fhgLlts ¿kd} ;dfwfg ug{ cfkm" sl6a4 ePsf] b]vfpg klg rfxGy] b]pjfn] . ;ky u|x0f ug'{cl3 b]pjfn] o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ff ul/lbPsf lyP . pgn] cfˆgf k|ltåGåL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] g;s]sf] hl6n k|s[ltsf] dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg /fhgLlts ¿kd} ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf cfkm"n] b]vfpg rfxGy] . o;y{, lgDg b'O{ nIo;lxt zflGtsf] Ph]G8f lnP/ b]pjf cfPsf lyP M

s_ of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ b]zsf cGo g]tfeGbf cfkm" ;Ifd 5' eGg] b]vfpg .

v_ pgn] sDo'lg:6 / dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;DaGw ;'wf/]/ u}/sDo'lg:6 sf]O/fnfnfO{ /fhgLlts ¿kd} 5]p nufpg rfxGy] . dfcf]jfbLk|lt nlrnf] ePsfn] pgnfO{ dflg;x¿ …lxnf]df km'n]sf] sdnsf] km"nÚ;d]t eg]sf lyP . To;}u/L pgL ljutdf /fHo ;|f]tsf] b'¿kof]uL / nf]stflGqs k|lqmof tx;gx; kf/]sf] eGg] cfˆgf] g/fd|f] 5lj ;'wfg{ klg rfxGy]] . lsgls, kh]/f] ;+:s[lt / k]G;g ;+:s[lt leq\ofPsf] / /fli6«o ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] ;f6f] ;f+;b\ vl/b–laqmLdf nfu]sf] eGg] k'?if ;f+;b\nfO{ ;d]t ;'Ts]/L eQf lbPsf] g/fd|f] wAaf pgdf nfu]sf] lyof] .

lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] lgjf{lrt ;/sf/;Fu b/af/sf] O;f/fdf ;]gf c;xof]uL ePsf] cf/f]k nufPsf lyP . ptf ;]gfn] klg cfkm" lgjf{lrt ;/sf/lj?4 gePsf] k'li6 ug{ vf]lh/x]sf] lyof] . >LdtLsf sf/0f b]pjf b/af/sf gft]bf/;d]t ag]sf lyP / ;]gfdfyL o;}sf/0f pgsf] ks8 c¿sf] eGbf alnof] ag]sf] lyof] . h:t}M b/af/k|lt b]pjfsf] a9L em'sfj / /f0ff kl/jf/;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGwn] pgnfO{ a9L g} xf}:ofPsf] b]vlGYof] .

oL ;a} ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts / ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs sf/0fn] o'4lj/fd x'g / åGåsf] ;xdtLo Joj:yfkgsf nflu zflGt jftf{ ;'? ug{ ;3fPsf] lyof] .



51

jftf{sf] klxnf] r/0f @)%* ebf} !$ af6 sf7df8f}+eGbf s]xL k/ /x]sf] uf]bfj/L l/;f]6{df ;'? ePsf] lyof] . ljz]if Ph]G8fdf k|j]z gul/sg} kl/rofTds :t/d} To; lbgsf] jftf{ ;lsPsf] lyof] . o'4/t b'a} kIfsf nflu of] g} cf}krfl/s jftf{sf] klxnf] cg'ej lyof] .

zflGt jftf{sf] bf];|f] r/0f alb{ofl:yt 7fs'/åf/fdf @)%* ;fpg @( / #) df ePsf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbLn] p7fPsf k|d'v /fhgLlts d'2f o:tf lyP M

!= …u0ftGqfTds Joj:yf ;+:yfut ug]{Ú k|lqmof ;'? ug]{

@= clxn]sf] ;+ljwfg e+u ug]{, /

#= gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;jf]{Rr dfGg] .

jftf{sf nflu dfcf]jfbL jftf{sf/x¿n] lnlvt Ph]G8f a'emfPsf lyP . ljb|f]xLtkm{sf jftf{sf/n] …u0ftGqfTds Joj:yfsf nflu cEof; ;'? eO;s]sf]Ú bf]xf]¥ofpFb} cfPsf lyP . ;f]xL jftf{dfkm{t pgLx¿n] y'lgPsf dfcf]jfbL aGbL l/xf ug'{kg]{ dfu klg /fv] . dft[sf ofbj;lxtsf s]xL s]Gb|Lo g]tfx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] l/xf klg u¥of] . ;/sf/;Fu dfcf]jfbLn] lgDg dfu klg /fv]sf] lyof] M

k|x/L lx/f;taf6 a]kQf kfl/Psfx¿sf] cj:yf ;fj{hlgs ug{

;'/Iff ;+oGq / ;z:q k|x/L an e+u ug{2

PsLs[t ;'/Iff / ljsf; sfo{qmd /2 ug{3

PsLs[t ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf nflu kl/rfng ul/Psf ;]gfnfO{

Aof/]sdf lkmtf{ k7fpg .

2 dfcf]jfbL;Fu h'WgnfO{ g} ;/sf/n] ;z:q k|x/L an u7g u/]sf] lyof] . oBlk, cfkm"nfO{ alnof] gagfO{ csf]{ cw{;}lgs kmf}h v8f ug]{ ;/sf/sf] of] sfd;Fu zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf v';L lyPg . To;a]nf;Dd ljb|f]xL;Fu n8\g ;]gfsf] kl/rfng g} eO;s]sf] / k|x/L ;Ifddfq of] sfdsf nflu gePsf sf/0f ljz]if an u7g ul/Psf] lyof]] .

3 ;/sf/n] ljsf;sf] ljz]if sfo{qmd 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof], hxfF ljsf; Kofs]hdf ;'/Iff kmf}h kl/rfng x'Gy] . of] k/LIf0fsf nflu ;'?df uf]vf{ lhNnfdf / kl5 cGo ;ft lhNnfdf lj:tfl/t ePsf] lyof] . oBlk, of] k|efjsf/L gePsf]n] kl5 :ylut ul/of] .

52

jftf{sf] t];|f] r/0fdf dfcf]jfbLn] cfˆgf] lgoGq0fsf If]qaf6 ;}lgs / ;z:q k|x/L annfO{ lkmtf{ k7fpg ;/sf/L jftf{sf/;fd' bafa lbO/x]sf] lyof] . jftf{sf] t];|f] r/0fcl3 dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_n] …;+ljwfg;efÚ g} cfkm"x¿sf] /fhgLlts dfu ePsf] jQmJo hf/L u/]sf lyP . ljb|f]xL kIfn] cGtl/d ;/sf/ tyf ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ gofF ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff x'g'kg]{ dfu /fVof] . ptf, ;/sf/L kIfn] eg] ax'bnLo k|hftGq, ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf s'/f 5f8\g g;lsg] c8\8L s:of] . k|d'v /fhgLlts zlQm g]kfnL sf+u|]; / g]skf -Pdfn]_ ;+ljwfg;efaf/] ;sf/fTds eOg;s]sf] / b/af/n] of] dfu ;'Gg} grfx]sfn] ;/sf/L jftf{ ;ldltn] klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;jfndf s'/} ug{ ;s]g .

b]pjf ;/sf/ zflGt jftf{df Jo:t /xFbf sf+u|];sf] ;+:yfkg kIf eg] b]pjfnfO{ c;kmn agfpg sDd/ s;]/ nfu]sf] lyof] . åGåaf/] ;/sf/ / jftf{ ;ldltaLr klg dte]b lyof] . oxL sf/0f ;/sf/L jftf{ ;ldltsf s]xL ;b:o ;/sf/;Fu ;xsfo{ gug]{ dgl:yltdf lyP . åGåsf] ;xdtLo lgsf;sf nflu ;/sf/L jftf{sf/df uDeL/ OR5fzlQmsf] cefj lyof] . csf{lt/ ;/sf/;Fu ;+;b\ eP klg To;nfO{ p;n] ljZjf; / ;dy{gdf lng ;s]sf] klg lyPg . o;y{ ;Dk"0f{ jftf{ k|lqmofdf ;+;b\sf] e"ldsf Go"g lyof] . jftf{nfO{ ;kmn agfpg /fhgLlts bn klg k"0f{ sl6a4 lyPgg\ . dfcf]jfbLn] eg] ;/sf/ kIfsf oL sdhf]/LnfO{ /0fgLlts ¿kdf k|of]u ul//x]sf] lyof] .

dfcf]jfbLn] ;/sf/nfO{ dgf]j}1flgs bafa lbgsf nflu cfˆgf] an b]vfpg rfx]sf] lyof] . o;}n] p;n] b'O{ nfveGbf a9LnfO{ ptf/L sf7df8f}+df a[xt\ /fli6«o ¥ofnL -c;f]h %, @)%& df_ ug]{ of]hgf agfof] . dfcf]jfbLn] ;f] ¥ofnL cfof]hgf u/] 7"nf] d'7e]8 x'g] 8/ b]pjf ;/sf/nfO{ lyof] . oxL ansf cfwf/df dfcf]jfbLn] b/af/;Dd 3]g{ ;Sg] b]pjf ;/sf/sf] z+sf lyof] . To;}n] ;/sf/n] ¥ofnLnfO{ lgif]w ug{ rfXof] / afWo eO{ dfcf]jfbLn] of] e]nf /2 u¥of] klg . cGTodf oxL sf/0fn] ;/sf/ / ljb|f]xLaLr cljZjf; lgDTofof] . kmntM jftf{sf] jftfj/0f klg wldlnof] .

b'ef{Uojz @)%* d+l;/ ^ ut] …zflGt jftf{dfkm{t\ clxn]sf] /fhgLlts ;+s6af6 d'Qm x'g] ;Defjgfsf ;a} 9f]sf ;/sf/n] aGb u/]sfn] o'4lj/fdsf]



53

cf}lrTo ;dfKt ePsf]Ú eGb} dfcf]jfbL aflxl/of] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;jfndf ult/f]w pTkGg ePsfn] o'4lj/fd e+u ePsf] lyof] . ljb|f]xL g]tfx¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] cfkm"x¿lj?4 s'g} sf/afxLsf] tof/L ul//x]sf] eGg] 8/ klg lyof] . pgLx¿sf] 8/af/] pNn]v ePsf sf/0f o:tf lyP M

!= o'4lj/fdsf] ;dodf * lhNnfdf PsLs[t ;'/Iff tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd of]hgf / sfof{Gjog ug'{

@= s]xL dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ kqmfp kg'{ / s]xLsf] xTof x'g'

#= ;z:q k|x/L an :yfkgf x'g'

$= dWoklZrddf cfqmd0fsf] z[+vnf rnfpg] eGb} bfª, 3f]/fxLdf 7"nf] dfqfdf xltof/ cfk"lt{ ul/Psf] ;'/fsL cfkm"x¿n] kfPsf] bfaL .

o'4lj/fd e+u ug]{lalQs} dfcf]jfbLn] /fli6«o hg;/sf/ 3f]if0ff u¥of] / d+l;/ * ut] /flt bfª, :ofª\hf, ;f]n'v'Da'nufot d'n'ssf y'k|} 7fpFdf ;}Go cfqmd0f u¥of] . k|ltlqmofdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!% cg';f/ /fhfn] klg d+l;/ !! ut] ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff u/] . aGbL k|ToIfLs/0fsf] clwsf/afx]s g]kfnL hgtfsf ;a} ;+j}wflgs clwsf/4 klg lgnDag ul/of] . g]skf

-dfcf]jfbL_ / p;sf eft[ ;+u7gnfO{ ;/sf/n] …cft+ssf/LÚ 3f]if0ff u¥of] .

;+s6sfnkl5 ;]gf o'4d}bfgdf cf]ln{of] . of] a]nf dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g,

;~rf/ dfWoddf aGb]h / gful/s clwsf/ xgg x'g] l:ylt pu| eof] .

dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ y'k|} /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+:yfn] o'4/t kIfnfO{ cfXjfg u/] . Pdfn]sf] ;dy{gdf ;+;b\n] ;+s6sfnsf] cjlw bf];|f] k6s a9fof] . cft+ssf/L tyf

ljWj+zfTds ultljlw lgoGq0f P]g / ;hfo cWofb]z ;+;b\n] cg'df]bg

4 o;cGtu{t ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf e]nf x'g kfpg] :jtGqtf, b]zsf] s'g} klg efudf 3'dlkm/ / a;f]af; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/, /f]h]sf] Joj;fo ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf, 5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzgsf] clwsf/, lgjf/s gh/aGb -lk|e]lG6e l86]G;g_ lj?4sf] clwsf/, ;"rgf, ;DklQ, uf]kgLotf tyf ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs k5{g\ .

aS; @=#M @)%* ;fnsf] jftf{sf ;xhstf{

bdggfy 9'+ufgfkß/Tg t'nfw/

54

u¥of] . o;n] kl/l:yltnfO{ c¿ a9L hl6n agfof] .

jftf{sf] k|f/lDes cfofd / k|lqmof x]bf{ b'a} kIf zflGtsf nflu ;+slNkt gePsf] b]lvGYof] . o'4lj/fd tyf jftf{ cjlwnfO{ cfˆgf] /fhgLlts tyf ;}Go zlQm dha't agfpg] o'lQmsf] ¿kdf lnOof] . dfcf]jfbLn] ;f] cjlwnfO{ lgDg s'/fsf nflu k|of]u u¥of] M

/fhtGqnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg{ M b/af/ xTofsf08kl5 k/Dk/fut /fhtGqsf] cGTo ePsf] s8f ts{ dfcf]jfbLn] uYof]{ . oxL ts{nfO{ alnof] kfg{ p;n] ;Dk"0f{ k|of; u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs cleJolQm lbg], cfˆgf sfo{stf{nfO{ k|lzIf0f, cled'vLs/0f ug]{ / o'4lj/fd x'Fbf o;nfO{ hgtfdfem ax;sf] ljifo agfPsf] lyof] .

cfŠgf] /fhgLlts tyf ;}Go zlQm ;'b[9 agfpg M dfcf]jfbLn] @)%* c;f]hdf ;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\ u7g u¥of] . ;f]xL ;dodf p;n] …hgd'lQm ;]gfÚnfO{ cem lj:tf/ u¥of] . c;f]hsf] klxnf] ;ftflt/ s]xL dfcf]jfbL jftf{sf/x¿ ;/sf/;Fu sf7df8f}+df jftf{ ul//xFbf cGo s]xL g]tf k"jL{ /f]Nkfl:yt s'/]nL ufpFdf …;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\Ú / …hgd'lQm ;]gfÚsf] ;Dd]ng u/fpg Jo:t lyP . dfcf]jfbLn] o'4lj/fd e+u u/]sf] tLg lbgkl5 @)%* d+l;/ * df afa'/fd e§/fO{nfO{ #& ;b:oLo ;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\sf] ;+of]hs, s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f -h;n] klxnf] k6s jftf{ x'Fbf dfcf]jfbLsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf lyP_nfO{ ;x;+of]hs / b]j u'?ª -hftLo Ao'/f] k|d'v_nfO{ ;lrj lgo'Qm u¥of] . of] kl/ifb\sf] p2]Zo dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjdf g]kfndf u0ftGq ;+:yfut u/fpg] lyof] . o;sf] ;+ljwfgdf rf/ txsf ;+:yf x'G5g\ M s]Gb|, If]q, lhNnf / ufpF . dfcf]jfbLn] gf} j6f :jfoQ k|b]z klg sfof{Gjogdf Nofof] -pk|]tL ;g\ @))$PÙ _ . tL k|b]z o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

;]tL –dxfsfnL :jfoQ k|b]z M ;]tL / dxfsfnL c~rnsf kxf8L If]q



55

e]/L–s0ff{nL :jfoQ k|b]zM e]/L / s0ff{nL c~rnsf kxf8L If]q

yf?jfg :jfoQ k|b]zM /fKtLb]lv dxfsfnL c~rnsf klZrdL t/fO{

du/ft :jfoQ k|b]zM sfnLu08sL If]qb]lv wf}nflul/, /fKtL / n'lDagL c~rnsf kxf8L If]q

td'jfg :jfoQ k|b]zM u08sL If]q

tfD;flnª :jfoQ k|b]zM sf7df8f}+ pkTosfafx]s afUdtL, gf/fo0fL / hgsk'/ c~rnsf kxf8L If]q

g]jf/ :jfoQ k|b]zM sf7df8f}+ pkTosf

ls/fFt :jfoQ k|b]zM d]rL, sf];L / ;u/dfyf c~rnsf kxf8L If]q

dw]; :jfoQ k|b]zM dWot/fO{sf cjw If]q / k"jL{ t/fO{sf ef]hk'/L / d}lynLefifL If]q

;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\cGtu{tsf pQm ( k|b]zdWo] ̂ k|b]z hftLotfsf] cfwf/df / afFsL # -;]tL–dxfsfnL, e]/L–s0ff{nL / dw];_ If]qLo cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf lyP . …hgu0ftGqÚ k"0f{ ¿kdf :yfkgf gx'Gh]n If]qLo jf

hftLo df]rf{nfO{ ;f] bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ clwsf/;DkGg u/fOPsf] lyof] .

dfcf]jfbLsf oL ;a} sfo{ d"Nof+sg ubf{ o'4lj/fdsf] cjlwnfO{ p;n]

cfˆgf] /fhgLlts, hftLo, ;}Go / j}rfl/s cfwf/ alnof] kfg{] /0fgLltsf]

¿kdf k|of]u u¥of], zflGt jftf{nfO{ ;kmn agfpg u/]g . To;}n] o'4lj/fdsf] a]nf p;n] M

cfˆgf] ;}Go cfwf/ lgs} alnof] kf¥of] . of] s'/f o'4lj/fd e+u ePsf] s]jn tLg lbgkl5 bfª ;}Go lzlj/df cfqmd0f u/L p;n] k'li6 u/] . ToxfFaf6 7"nf] dfqfdf xltof/ sAhf klg u¥of] .

cfˆgf sfo{stf{nfO{ h]naf6 d'Qm u/fof] .

56

;/sf/;fd' cfˆgf dfu cf}krfl/s ¿kd} /fVof], ;/sf/;Fu cf}krfl/s jftf{ u/L p;n] cfkm"nfO{ j}w /fhgLlts zlQmsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/fof] .

;a} cfd;Dks{ k'gtf{huL u¥of], ;dfhsf] a[xt\ tKsf;Fu /fhgLlts u7aGwg alnof] kfg'{sf ;fy} gjLs/0f klg u¥of] .

ljb]zL zlQm;Fu klg ;Dks{ / ;DaGw a9fof] .

cfkm"k|lt cfdhgtfsf] wf/0ff a'‰g] c:qsf] ¿kdf of] o'4lj/fdnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] k|of]u u¥of] . hgtf, ;+;bLo bn tyf /fhf;Fu cfˆgf] Ph]G8f k/LIf0f u¥of] . hgtf, gofF /fhf / ;+;bLo bnsf] wf/0ff a'‰g] s;L klg eof] p;sf nflu o'4lj/fd . ;fy} g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ of] jftf{ /fhtGqk|lt dfcf]jfbLsf] tflTTjs wf/0ff a'‰g] /fd|f] cj;/ klg eof] .

o'4lj/fd e+u u/]kl5 @)%* kmfu'gdf dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfnn] zflGt jftf{ ;'rf? ug{ ;/sf/n] rfx] bf];|f] jftf{sf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] cleJolQm ;fj{hlgs u/] . oBlk, tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL b]pjfn] ;f] k|:tfj l;w} c:jLsf/ ub}{ dfcf]jfbLn] xltof/ ga'emfP;Dd pm;Fu jftf{ gug]{ 3f]if0ff ul/lbP . o;kl5 eg] @)%* d+l;/ bf];|f] ;ftfaf6 @)%( k';;Dd b'O{ kIfaLr 3df;fg o'4 eof], dfgjclwsf/sf] Jofks pNn+3g eof], /fHo ;|f]t / clwsf/sf] Jofks b'¿kof]u eof] .

@)%( sf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] zflGt jftf{ / o;sf] c;kmntf

@)%( df3 !% df bf];|f] k6s o'4lj/fd ePsf] lyof] . ;/sf/L kIfaf6 gf/fo0fl;+x k'gn] e"ldut ePsf Pshgf dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ dlGqd08nsf]

lg0f{ocg';f/ kq k7fP/ dfcf]jfbLsf] tLg a'Fb] dfu -uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng,

aS; @=$ @)%( ;fnsf jftf{sf/x¿

!= rGb ;/sf/ab|Lk|;fb d08n M ;+of]hsgf/fo0fl;+x k'g M ;b:opk]Gb| b]jsf]6f M ;b:o/d]zgfy kf08] M ;b:ocg'/fwf sf]O/fnf M ;b:o@= yfkf ;/sf/8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL M ;+of]hssdn yfkf M ;b:o



57

cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj_af/] 5nkmn ug{ tof/ /x]sf] atfPsf] kfOG5 .5 o;}n] o'4lj/fdsf] cfwf/ tof/ kf¥of] . of] o'4lj/fdsf] k5fl8 cgf}7f] cfwf/ klg 5 . @)^! c;f]h !* df /fhfn] lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{ cIfd ePsf] atfpFb} ;QfRo"t u/L sfo{sf/L zlQm cfˆgf] xftdf lnP . o;sf] s]xL lbgkl5 ulgPsf k~r tyf /fhfk|lt ulx/f] elQmefj /fVg] nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbsf] g]t[Tjdf gofF dGqLd08n u7g eof] . u}//fhgLlts 5lj ePsf, ;fgf /fhgLlts bn / /fhgLlts sf]l6af6 5]p nfOPsf …:jR5 5ljÚ ePsfx¿ dGqLd08ndf ;dfj]z eP .

;a} k|d'v /fhgLlts bnnfO{ 5]p nufOPsfn] ltgn] rGb ;/sf/sf] s6' cfnf]rgf u/] . of] kl/k|]Iodf o'4lj/fddfkm{t\ ljb|f]xLnfO{ jftf{sf] 6]andf Nofpg ;s] ;f] ;/sf/n] u/]sf] 7"nf] sfd x'g ;SYof] . ;fy} /fhgLlts bnnfO{ cjd"Nog ub}{ /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;gnfO{ j}w t'Nofpg klg ;Dej x'GYof] . o;sf/0f klg ;/sf/n] 7"nf] k|of;;fy o'4lj/fd / jftf{ u/fpg rfx]sf] lyof] . jL/]Gb| emfkfnL / wgL/fd nfld5fg]sf] ;xof]udf o'4lj/fd tyf jftf{ u/fpg dGqL gf/fo0fl;+x k'gn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/] .6

@)%( ;fnsf] zflGt jftf{sf a]nf dfcf]jfbL bx|f] tof/L;fy pRr:t/Lo jftf{ 6f]nL lnO{ cfof] . To;sf] g]t[Tj 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{n] u/]sf lyP .

cfˆgf] Ph]G8fdf dfcf]jfbLn] ljz]iftM hft, eflifs ;d"x tyf If]qdf /x]sf] cfGtl/s lj/f]wfefifsf] ;jfn p7fof] / /fHo k'g;+{/rgfsf] vfsf klg k|:tfj u¥of] . ;/sf/nfO{ k]; ul/Psf] tYon] o;f] eG5 M

5 zflGt–k|lqmofaf/] s'g} klg Jojl:yt vfn] tYo 5}gg\ . o:tf jftf{ / zflGt jftf{af/]sf ;"rgfdf cfdhgtfsf] kx'Fr klg 5}g . @)%( df ePsf] jftf{sf] t];|f] r/0fdf ;/sf/nfO{ a'emfOPsf] cu|ufdL Ph]G8fdfq} ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k|fKo 5 . cGo ;a} kq–Jojxf/ tyf lg0f{ox¿ ;fj{hlgs kx'Frdf 5}gg\ . To;sf/0f ;/sf/sf] ;+j]bgzLn ;jfnsf cf}krfl/s tYo kfpg lgs} d'l:sn 5 . oBlk, o:tf ;jfn ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf 5tf5'Nn eP klg dGqLx¿n] To;nfO{ ls t :jLsfb}{gg\ ls …yfxf gePsf]Ú atfpF5g\ .

6 /fhfsf] k|ToIf cfb]zcg';f/ gf/fo0fl;+x k'gn] o'4lj/fd k|lqmofsf nflu sfd yfn]sf] atfOG5 . Tolta]nf k'g cljZj;gLo ¿kdf ;lqmo / cfb]zfTds b]lvGy], h'g s'/f /fhfsf] ;xdltlagf x'g ;Dej lyPg .

58

lj=;+= @))& / @)$^ sf] /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngn] oL ;d:of ;Daf]wg

ug]{ tbf?stf b]vfP klg Tof] kl/l:yltn] rfx]sf] kl/0ffd lbg g;s]sf] xfd|f]

cg'ejn] b]vfO;s]sf] 5 . o;y{ zf]lift ;d"x, ju{ / ;d'bfon] @)%@ ;fndf xltof/ p7fP . o;sf] p2]Zo gofF k|ultzLn zf;g :yflkt ug'{ lyof] tfls ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts / cGo kl/jt{gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsof];\ . k'/fgf] ;Qf / gofF pbfO/x]sf] ;QfaLrsf] /0fgLlts ;Gt'ng b]zsf] e"/fhgLlts cj:yf;Fu} Ps eof] . o;n] ;+jfbdfkm{t /fhgLlts ;dfwfg lbg psf;]sf] tYo xfdL;fd' 5 . o;/L b'a} kIfn] @)%( df3 !% df o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ff u/] . To;}cg';f/ g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] jftf{ 6f]nLn] dfusf oL a'Fbfx¿ sf]/]sf] 5, h'g jftf{ k|lqmof cl3 a9\bf cem 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 .

of] zflGt jftf{sf a]nf dfcf]jfbLx¿ / rln/x]sf] ;z:q åGånfO{ ;xdtLo Joj:yfkg ug{] tof/L;fy cfPsf h:tf] b]lvGYof] . oBlk, ;/sf/n] /fd|f] s;/t u/]g . d"nwf/sf /fhgLlts bnnfO{ ;ldltdf NofPg . gful/s ;dfh tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] cfjfh klg ;'g]g . df3 !% sf] o'4lj/fd / To;kl5sf nuftf/sf tLg r/0fsf …zflGt jftf{Ú -@)^) j}zfv !$, j}zfv @^ / ;fpg #@–ebf} @ / ebf} !)_ lagf s'g} pknlAw 6'+luof] .

aS; @=% g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / ;/sf/aLr ePsf] o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] tkm{af6 jftf{ 6f]nL ;+of]hs 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{ / ;/sf/L jftf{ 6f]nL ;+of]hs gf/fo0fl;+x k'gaLr @)%( kmfu'g @( df o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf df ePsf] x:tfIf/ . o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf sf] ;f/M

!= b'a} kIf k|lta4 x'Fb} ;+jfbdfkm{t\ zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg lgsfNg] sfddf k|of;/t x'g'kg]{5 .

@= /fli6«o dxTTjsf ljifodf b'a} kIf cfk;L ;xdlt vf]Hg k|lta4 x'g'k5{ .#= b'a} kIfn] lx+;fTds sfo{ aGb u/L hgtfdf 8/efj k}bf ug]{ ;'/Iff an

kl/rfng ug]{5}gg\ .$= pRr ;'/Iff If]qdf b'a} kIfn] pQ]lht x'g] sfd ug]{5}gg\ .%= b'a} kIfn] aGbLx¿ la:tf/} l/xfO ub}{ hfg]5g\ .^= s'g} afwf c8\rglagf b'a} kIfn] cfd hgtfsf] cle?lrcg';f/ sfd

ug]{5g\ .&= /fHosf ;~rf/dfWoddf b'a} kIfnfO{ ;dfg tyf kIfkft/lxt Jojxf/

ul/g]5 .



59

*= jftf{ tyf zflGt–k|lqmofdf afwf k'¥ofpg] lsl;dsf cleJolQm b'a} kIfn]

k|;fl/t ug]{5}gg\ . k|ltlqmof lbFbf b'a} kIf ;fdfGo x'g]5g\ .(= b'a} kIfn] s;};Fu ha/h:tL rGbfsf] ¿kdf k};f jf ;fdfg c;'n ug]{ sfo{

aGb ug]{5g\ .!)= b'a} kIfn] zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf ;ef, ;Dd]ng, lj/f]w cfof]hgf ug]{5g\ .

o'4lj/fdsf a]nf s'g} x8\tfn, aGb jf oftfoft cj/f]w ug]{ sfd x'g]5}g .!!= b'a} kIfn] ;r{ ck/];g, kqmfp / ckx/0f ug]{ sfd ug]{5}gg\ .!@= o'4lj/fdsf a]nf zflGt :yfkgf ug{ b'a} kIfn] Pscsf{nfO{ d2t ug]{5g\ .!#= vfB kbfy{, cf}iflw tyf cfjZos ;fdfg cf];f/k;f/df cj/f]w pTkGg

u/fOg]5}g .!$= hgtfsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ b'a} kIfn] cj/f]w pTkGg u/fpg]5}gg\ .!%= cfwf/e"t clwsf/ k|of]u x'Fbf b'a} kIfåf/f s'g} afwf xflng]5}g .!^= dWo:ystf{sf] sfddf b'a} kIfn] efFhf] xfNg]5}gg\ .!&= lj:yflktnfO{ 3/ lkmtL{ u/fO{ ;dfhdf :yflkt u/fpg b'a} kIfn] ;xsfo{

ug]{5g\ .!*= b'a}sf] ;xdltdf cg'udg ;+oGq u7g ul/g]5 .!(= cfk;L ;xdltcg';f/ o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsg]5 .@)= o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfdf cfPsf dte]b b'a}n] ;xdltk"j{s ;'Nemfpg]5g\ .@!= cfk;L ;xdltcg';f/ o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf km/s 9+usf] agfpg ;lsg]5 .@@= of] o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf tTsfn} nfu" x'g]5 / x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] tLg xKtfdf

k"0f{ ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{5 .

@)^) ;fpg #) b]lv #@ sf] jftf{ k|of;sf] t];|f] r/0f lgs} cfzftLt

lyof] . lsgeg], ;f] jftf{ b'a} kIfn] /fv]sf] lnlvt Ph]G8fdf cfwfl/t lyof] . oBlk, b'a} kIfn] …d]/f] uf]?sf] afx|} 6SsfÚ cfˆgf] k|:tfjdf dfq s]lGb|t eO{ c8fg /fv]sf sf/0f d'n'sdf bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgf ug]{

cfzfdf km]l/ s'7f/f3ft eof] . cGt/f{li6«o :t/df :yflkt jftf{sf k|lqmof

tyf l;4fGt gdfg]sfn] klg o;f] ePsf] xf] .

o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ff ePkl5 g]kfnL hgtf lgs} pT;flxt lyP . t/, ebf} !)

df o'4lj/fd e+u ePkl5 hgtfsf tL ;a} pT;fx, cfzf clg e/f];fdfly klx/f] uof] . o;n] 8/, lrGtf clg lg/fzfsf] afbn cem sfnf] agfOlbof] .

60

bfªsf] xfk'/], k'/gwf/f uflj;df zflGt jftf{sf] t];|f] r/0f ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . Tolta]nf ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;jfndf b'a} nlrnf] ePsf] eP / ;]gfn] bf]/Daf g/;+xf/ gu/]sf] eP jftf{ cln Jojl:yt x'g ;SYof] . clx+;fTds tl/sfn] of] ;jfn ;dfwfg ug]{ cGo y'k|} pkfo x'g ;Sy] .7 b'a} kIfdf ePsf] 8/, cljZjf; / c;'/Iffsf] cj:yfn] klg jftf{ k|lqmofdf l9nfO ePsf] lyof] .

;/sf/L jftf{ 6f]nL u7gdf l9nfO, o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf cg'udg ;ldltdf /xg] ;b:oaf/] ljjfb -5flgPsf ;b:on] plrt cg'udg ug'{ ;f6f] jftf{sf/sf] cle?lr k"/f ug]{ clei6 /fVg]_, bf];|f] r/0fsf] zflGt jftf{kl5 ;xdlt ePsf ;jfn sfof{Gjogdf ljjfb -zfxL ;]gf cfkm" a;]sf] :ynaf6 kfFr lsnf]ld6/eGbf k/ hfg gkfpg] k|jwfgdf jftf{sf/aLr ;xdlt t eof] t/ of] s'/fsf] tYo g/flvPsfn] ;]gfn] klg of] s'/f :jLsf/]g . ptf, ;/sf/n] klg s'g} o:tf] ;xdlt gePsf] eGg yfNof] .8 o:tf s'/fn] jftf{df uDeL/ gePsf] b]vfpFYof] . ;fy}, ;xdlt eO;s]sf] o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfdf c;xdlt hgfOPsf]9, jftf{ 6f]nL, dGqL, ljb|f]xL g]tfåf/f lbOg] u/]sf ljjfbf:kb cleJolQm, ;+;b\jfbL /fhgLlts bnsf]

7 ljjflbt ;jfn ;dfwfg ug]{ pQd pkfo hgdt ;+u|x x'g ;S5 . t/, Ps}dfq ljjflbt ;jfnsf] cj:yfdf of] pkof]uL x'G5 -h:t} M ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg]÷ghfg] ls tTsfnLg ;+ljwfg k'gn]{vg ug]{h:tf_ . oBlk, clxn]sf] åGåfj:yfsf h:tf w]/} ;jfn Ps}km]/ cfP To;a]nf lgs} cK7\of/f] x'G5 . ;d:ofsf] k"0f{ ;dfwfg vf]lhPsf] cj:yfdf hgdt ;+u|xn] dflg;nfO{ ax'dt / cNkdt egL ljefhg ug]{ x'gfn] To; cj:yfn] klg åGå ;dfwfg ub}{g .

8 rf/dWo]sf tLg ;xhstf{n] ;]gfsf] lxF88'nnfO{ ;Lldt agfpg]af/] ;xdlt ePsf] ;fj{hlgs cleJolQm g} lbP . pgLx¿sf cg';f/ dfcf]jfbL k|ltlglwn] ;]gfnfO{ Aof/]sdf /flvg'kg]{ k|:tfj u/]kl5 To;sf] k|ltlqmofdf ;/sf/n] zfxL ;]gf kfFr lsld b"/Lleq lxF88'n ug{ kfpg'kg]{af/] k|:tfj u/]sf] lyof] . o;af/] s'g} lnlvt b:tfj]h lyPg . To;}n] ;/sf/n] of] s'/fdf ;xdlt gePsf] eGof] . t/, dfcf]jfbL ;xhstf{ -bdggfy 9'+ufgf, kb\d/Tg t'nfw/, z}n]Gb|s'df/ pkfWofo_n] of] ;jfndf df}lvs ¿kdf ;xdlt ePsf] hgfP . o;kl5 tL k|lta4tf k"/f ug]{ jftf{sf/ tyf ;/sf/sf] Ifdtfaf/] dfcf]jfbLdf Pp6f ulx/f] cfz+sf / cljZjf; k}bf eof] ._

9 b'a} kIfn] cfrf/;+lxtf pNn+3g u/]sf]df dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+:yfn] nuftf/ lj/f]w hgfO/x]sf lyP -h:t}M cfqmfds ultljlw, ;r{ ck/];g, kqmfp, ckx/0f hf/L /fv]/ dfgjclwsf/ xgg\, c;xdltnfO{ plrt tj/n] ;dfwfg gu/]sf] h:tf s'/f_ .



61

c;xof]uL Jojxf/ cflbn] klg ;d:of ;dfwfg u/L g]kfndf bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgf ug{ p2]Zodf /fhgLlts lg0f{ostf{ uDeL/ lyPgg\ .

jftf{ k|lqmofdf ljb]zL :jfy{n] klg csf]{ hl6ntf yk]sf] lyof] . ljb]zL s"6gLlt1n] g]kfn cfGtl/s / ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf klg jftf{ k|lqmofdf hl6ntf b]lvPsf] lyof] . cleJolQm lbFb} g]kfnL hgtf, /fhgLlts bn / ;/sf/nfO{ cfb]zfTds ;'emfj lbPsf] . ljb]zL s"6gLlt1n] lbPsf To:tf x:tIf]ksf/L cleJolQmn] klg o'4lj/fd e+u u/fpg ;xof]u g} u/]sf] lyof] .

@)%( df3 !% sf] o'4lj/fd ckf/bzL{ tyf cfZro{sf/L lyof] . o;}n] s]xL ljZn]ifssf] cg'dfgdf ljb|f]xL / ;/sf/L kIf -/fhtGqsf k|ltlglw_ ljjflbt ;jfndf klxn] g} s]xL ;xdlt ePsf] cfz+sf lyof] . /fhf;Fu zlQm ;+3if{df /x]sf kfFr ;+;bLo bnn] klg k|hftGq ckx/0f ug{ b'O{ aGb's] zlQmaLrsf] o'4lj/fd s'g} …u|ØfG8 l8hfOgÚ ePsf] z+sf u/]sf lyP . oBlk, dfcf]jfbLn] o'4lj/fd e+u u/]kl5 eg] ltgLx¿ unt ;flat ePsf lyP .

o'4lj/fd ePkl5 zflGt jftf{ ;'? ug{ w]/} ;do nfu]sf] lyof] . o'4lj/fdsf] ;ft dlxg] cjlwnfO{ cnf]stflGqs zflGt ePsf] cj:yf dflgG5 .

lsgls M

;+;b\h:tf] dxTTjk"0f{ nf]stflGqs ;+:yf lj3l6t lyof] .

k|d'v /fhgLlts zlQmx¿ /fhgLltsf] d"nwf/af6 cnu kfl/Psf

lyP .

zflGtk|lt k"0f{ k|lta4 gePsf / /fhfk|lt cg'u[xLt dgf]gLt JolQmx¿;lxt ;/sf/ u7g ul/Psf] lyof], h;n] hgtfsf]

ljZjf; klg u'dfPsf] lyof] .

aS; @=^ @)%( ;fnsf] jftf{sf ;xhstf{x¿

bdggfy 9'+ufgfkb\d/Tg t'nfw/z}n]Gb|s'df/ pkfWofos0f{Wjh clwsf/L

62

zflGt–k|lqmof tyf jftf{sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] ;dy{g sdhf]/ lyof] .

dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnx¿df ;]gfsf] c;xdlt -h:t}M kfFr lsdL If]qleq ;]gf v'Drg'kg]{ Joj:yfdf p;sf] cfklQ_ lyof] .

o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf kfng ug{, o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf cg'udg ;ldlt lgdf{0f ug{ / zflGt jftf{ ;'rf? ug{ gful/s ;dfh, dfgjclwsf/sdL{ / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaf6 Jofks bafa cfPsf] lyof] . o'4 km]l/ ;'? x'g] xf]nf, dfgjclwsf/sf] Jofks pNn+3g km]l/ xf]nf ls < eGg]af/] gful/s ;dfhnfO{ 7"nf] lrGtf lyof] . dfgjclwsf/sdL{x¿n] g]kfn ;/sf/n] x:tfIf/ u/]cg'¿ksf] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ ;lGw / ;Demf}tfsf] oy]i6 ;Ddfg gu/]sf] u'gf;f] af/Daf/ u/]sf lyP .

ljb|f]xL / ;/sf/ kIfsf k|ltlglwn] @)%( kmfu'g @( df o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . pgLx¿n] /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf] ;+of]hsTjdf o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf cg'udg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ ;xdlt klg u/]sf lyP . oBlk, dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/L kIf b'a}n] dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfO{ cg'udg ;'rf? ug{ cf}krfl/s kq gk7fPsfn] / b'a} kIfn] o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfsf] ;Ddfg gu/]sfn] klg cg'udg

;ldlt k|efjsf/L ePg .

o'4lj/fdsf] tLg dlxgfkl5 @)^) j}zfv !$ df /fhwfgLl:yt z+s/

xf]6ndf cf}krfl/s ¿kdf zflGt jftf{ ;'? ePsf] lyof] . To;}a]nf

dfcf]jfbLn] cfˆgf] Ph]G8f cf}krfl/s ¿kd} ;/sf/nfO{ k]; u¥of] . ;f] jftf{ k|lqmofTds ;jfndf dfq} s]lGb|t eP/ $ 306fd} ;lsPsf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbLsf] dfu ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfj x'g'k5{ eGg] lyof] . ;'?df ;~rf/

dfWodnfO{ leq l5g{ s'g} cg'dlt lbOPsf] lyPg . kqsf/n] To;}df v'a

lj/f]w u/] .

bf];|f] r/0fsf] zflGt jftf{ @)^) j}zfv @) af6 ;'? ePsf] lyof] . of] a}7s klg k|lqmofTds ;jfnd} s]lGb|t lyof] . zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf kfFr lsdL If]qleq



63

;Lldt x'g'kg]{ af/]sf] ;jfn ;f] a}7ssf] d"n ljifo ag]sf] lyof] . ;xdlt ePsf] csf]{ ;jfn eg]sf] dfcf]jfbLsf tLg s]Gb|Lo g]tfnfO{ h]naf6 l/xfO ul/g]af/] lyof] . tTsfnLg zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;Lldttfaf/]sf] ljjfbf:kb ljifo g} rGb ;/sf/ e+u x'g] / zflGt jftf{ klg layf]lng] sf/0f aGof] .

bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;]gfsf] ;Lldttfsf] ljjfbf:kb ;jfn / ljBfyL{x¿sf] Jofks k|bz{gsf sf/0f k|wfgdGqL rGbn] @)^) h]7 !^ df /fhLgfdf lbP . y'k|} ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf kfFr ;+;b\jfbL bnn] /fhtGqlj?4 cfqmfds eP/ af]n]sfn] klg /fhLgfdf lbg rGbnfO{ afWo kf/]sf] x'g ;SYof] . rGb ;/sf/nfO{ s]xL /fhfjfbLnufot /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{sf s]xL zlQmzfnL ;b:on] g} ;dy{g u/]sf lyPgg\ .

ulgPsf /0fgLlt1 tyf ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfnfO{ /fhfn] h]7 @@ df gofF k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm u/] . rGb ;/sf/sf] ktgkl5 zflGt–k|lqmof lgs} hl6n df]8df k'u]sf] lyof] . zflGt jftf{ ;'rf? ug{ ;/sf/n] s'g} sbd grfn]sf] v08df dfcf]jfbL s'g} klg a]nf h+un kms{g ;SYof] . k|wfgdGqL yfkfn] ;/sf/L jftf{ 6f]nLsf ¿kdf b'O{ dGqL -sdn yfkf / 8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL_nfO{ lgo'Qm u/] . ;xhstf{sf] nuftf/sf] k|of;kl5 ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbLsf tLg s]Gb|Lo g]tfnfO{ 5fl8lbof] .

klxn]sf ;/sf/sf jftf{sf/sf] t'ngfdf of] ;/sf/n] cem w]/} u[xsfo{

u¥of], k|lqmof :ki6 kf¥of], zflGt ;lrjfno :yfkgf u¥of], cf}krfl/s cGtlqm{ofTds a}7s cfof]hgf u¥of] / ;/sf/L Ph]G8f klg lgdf{0f u¥of] . oBlk, ptf dfcf]jfbL eg] ;/sf/k|lt klxNo} z+sf:kb lyof] . p;n] bf];|f]

r/0fsf] jftf{df ;xdlt ePsf] elgPsf] ;jfn -kfFr lsdLleq ;}lgs

;Lldttf_ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ af/Daf/ cfXjfg ub}{ lyof] . oBlk, ;f] ;xdltsf] s'g} k|df0f gePsf] eGb} ;/sf/n] k|fljlws :t/df ;f] s'/f gsfl//x]sf] lyof] .

64

aS; @=& ;/sf/L Ph]G8fsf ;+If]k

!= k|d'v /fhgLlts Ph]G8f!= cu|udg ;'wf/sf dfu{lrq M

kfOnf != ;'wf/sf p2]Zo, ljifoj:t' / k|lqmofaf/] ;/sf/ / ljb|f]xL kIfaLr jftf{dfkm{t\ ;xdlt lgdf{0f ug]{

kfOnf @= /fli6«o ;xdltdf k'Ug /fhgLlts bn;lxtsf] uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng ug]{

kfOnf #= ljb|f]xL;lxtsf] cGtl/d lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ u7g ug]{ kfOnf $= k|ltlglw;ef lgjf{rg u/fpg] kfOnf %= /fli6«o ;xdltcg';f/ ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{

@= k|:tfljt ;'wf/sf Go"gtd laGb' M hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / ax'bnLo k|hftGq

#= ;'wf/sf p2]Zo M ;a} g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ /fhgLlts Joj:yf lgdf{0f

ug]{ ;a} g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfTdljsf;sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ lgdf{0f ug]{ /fhgLlts zlQmaLr ;dsfnLg ;Gt'ngsf] cfwf/df /fhgLlts Joj:yf

ljsf; ug]{ ;a} lsl;dsf c;dfgtf, lje]b / zf]if0f cGTo u/L ;dtfd"ns ;dfh

lgdf{0f ug]{$= ;'wf/df k|:tfljt gofF ;jfnx¿ M

cfdlgjf{rgsf] tLg dlxgfcl3 lgikIf lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ u7g ug'{kg]{ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] lgjf{rgsf] Joj:yf /fli6«o;efdf hftLo ;d"x, cflbjf;L, blntsf] ;+Vofcg';f/sf]

k|ltlglwTj x'g] ;+;b\;lxtsf ;a} k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfdf sDtLdf @% k|ltzt dlxnf

l;6sf] Joj:yf x'g] ;+ljwfgdf ;'lglZrt ul/Pcg';f/ :yfgLo :jzf;gsf] Joj:yf . ;fydf,

:yfgLo ;+oGqnfO{ yk clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg :yfgLo zf;gsf] dd{cg';f/ If]qLo :t/df gofF ;+/rgf lgdf{0f

/fli6«o dxTTjsf ;jfndf hgdt ;+u|xsf] Joj:yf :yfgLo ;+oGqnfO{ sfdsfhL efiffsf nflu /fli6«o efiffdWo]af6 bf];|f]

efiff k|of]u ug{ lbOg]



65

dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghflt, hftLo ;d"x, blntnfO{ lglZrt ;dosf

nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, k|ltlglw ;+:yf / /f]huf/Lsf If]qdf ljz]if cf/If0f k|bfg ul/g]

/fHon] lng] nlrnf] ahf/nlIft cfly{s of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ;+j}wflgs ;ldlt 5gf]6 ug]{ clwsf/ ;+;b\nfO{ lbOg] .

%= dfcf]jfbLn] u/]sf y'k|} cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k|:tfjx¿df ;xdlt 5

^= cfk;L ;dembf/Lcg';f/ ;'wf/sf cjwf/0ffdf ;dLIff ug{ ;lsG5

&= Ph]G8fdf dfcf]jfbLn] a'emfpg] elgPsf] xftxltof/sf] ;jfn klg ;/sf/n] ;dfj]z ug]{5

*= jftf{sf Ph]G8fdf k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'gMlgdf{0fsf ;jfn ;/sf/n] ;dfj]z ug]{5

(= b'a} kIfsf k|:tfjcg';f/ Ph]G8f ljsf;sf nflu ;'emfj lnOg]5

!)= ;/sf/L tyf /fhgLlts bnsf lqmofsnfkdf s'g} afwf–c8\rg gk'¥ofpg hf]8 lbOg]5 .

s'g} klg cj:yfdf o'4lj/fd e+u gug{ b'a} kIfaf6 k|lta4tf JoQm ul/G5 .

dfcf]jfbLsf] ljz]if ks8 ePsf] bfª lhNnfsf] xfk'/] ufpFdf t];|f] r/0fsf] zflGt jftf{ ePsf] lyof] . o;af6 klg s'g} kl/0ffd lgl:sPg . jftf{sf/x¿ l;w} /fhgLlts Ph]G8fdf k|j]z u/], h'g jftf{sf] l;4fGtljk/Lt lyof] . kl/0ffdtM s'g} ;xdltdf k'Ug'cufj} jftf{ :ylut ul/of] . klxnf 5nkmn

ul/Ph:t}, …s'g} ;t{lagf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg]Ú / …bf]/Daf sf08Ú

-zflGt jftf{ rln/x]sf a]nf ;'/Iff kmf}hn] /fd]5fksf] bf]/Dafdf dfcf]jfbLsf !& ;z:q sfo{stf{ / @ ;dy{snfO{ lgd{dtfk"j{s xTof u/]sf] lyof]_ g} o'4lj/fd e+u x'g'sf] sf/0f ag] . @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf

lgDg rf/ Go"gtd laGb' -a6dnfOg_ dfcf]jfbL;Fu jftf{ x'g ;Sg] ;/sf/L

cfwf/ lyof] M

;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfdf lglxt

;+j}wflgs /fhtGq

ax'bnLo k|hftGq, /

66

/fli6«o Pstf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf alnof] agfpg] / o;sf] /Iff ug]{ .

oBlk, …hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;QfÚ hgtf cfkm}+nfO{ cEof; ug{ lbg'sf] ;f6f] b'a} kIfn] cfˆg}cg'¿k JofVof u/] . o;sf] jf:tljs cy{sf] unt JofVof ul/of] . ;+ljwfg n]vgsf nflu hgk|ltlglw 5fGg] hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}lds clwsf/ ;/sf/n] klg pk]Iff u¥of] . cfkm}+n] /f]h]sf] k|ltlglwåf/f ;+ljwfg n]vfpg hgtfn] kfPsf] eP To;}df hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf /xGYof] . ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq ;'lglZrt gu/fO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj u/fpg ;xdt x'g' ;/sf/sf nflu 7"nf] 8/sf] ljifo lyof] / p;n] dfg]g .

dfcf]jfbLn] /fhfnfO{ Ps zlQmsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/]sf] lyof] -/fhf, ;+;b\jfbL bn / dfcf]jfbLdWo]sf] Ps_ . of] kl/k|]Iodf jftf{dfkm{t\ cl3 a9\g s'g} ;d:of gx'g'kg]{ xf] . t/, xltof/ Jofkf/Ln] kl/rfng u/]sf] Pp6f zlQmzfnL cb[Zo zlQm jftf{ k|lqmof etfe'+u kfg{ sDd/ s;]/ nfu]sf] lyof] . ptf, dfcf]jfbL /0fgLlts ¿kdf cfkm" dfly kg]{ eP /fhf;Fu ldnL ;+;bLo kf6L{x¿nfO{ lsgf/f nufpg] jf ;+;bLo zlQm;Fu ldnL /fhfnfO{ lsgf/f nufpg] sfo{gLlt;lxt cfPsfn] p;sf] hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfdflysf] k|lta4tfdf klg z+sf lyof] lsgls b/af/ alnof] agfO{ ;+;bLo zlQmnfO{ Wj:t kf/]/ hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf sfod /xFb}g lyof] . To;}u/L cfˆgf] /0fgLlts rfnafhLcg';f/ g} dfcf]jfbL kIfn] o'4lj/fd e+u u/L o'4 ;'? u¥of] . b'a} kIfn] ;a}sf] ;/f]sf/ c6\g] vfnsf] ;+ljwfg agfpg] cGo ;Defjgf tyf df]8fln6L vf]h]gg\ . dfcf]jfbLn] sf7df8f}+sf ;}lgs s0f]{nx¿dfly …cfqmd0f u/L efu]Ú pkfo k|of]u u/]kl5, dfcf]jfbLnfO{ …cft+ssf/LÚ dfGb} ;/sf/ s8f ¿kdf plqof] .

jftf{sf] qmd :ylut / o'4lj/fd e+u ePkl5 rn]sf] o'4n] klxNo}b]lv sdhf]/ g]kfnnfO{ cem} sdhf]/ agfof] . b'a} kIfsf] cfqmfds o'4

/0fgLlt b]Vbf of] d'n's uDeL/ ;+s6df km:5 eGg] ;lhn} cg'dfg nufpg

;lsGYof] .



67

aS; @=* jftf{sf nflu dfcf]jfbL Ph]G8fsf ;+If]kc= k|d'v /fhgLlts Ph]G8fzf;g;Qfsf] ;jfn g} åGåsf] k|d'v sf/0f ePsf]n] /fhgLlts Ph]G8f d'Vo ljifo x'g'k5{ . gofF / k|ultzLn ;Qf tyf ;+ljwfg :yfkgf g} k|d'v ;jfn x'g'k5{ . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf s]xL bx|f a'Fbf -h:t}M ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{, ;dod} lgjf{rg ug]{ sfg'gL zf;g, k|]; :jtGqtf, jfs\:jtGqtf cflb_ eP klg To;df s]xL uDeL/ q'l6 / cIfdtf 5g\ -h:t}M ckl/jt{gLo a'Fbf, zfxL zf;g / ;fj{ef}d ;Qfaf/] lj/f]wfefif, ul/a, pk]lIft ;d"x, lglZrt If]q / hftsf] kIfdf jf:tljs k|hftGq gePsf] cj:yf, h'g la|6]gsf] h:tf] …cf}krfl/s nf]stflGqsÚ cfwf/df lgld{t 5, cflb_ . o;y{ gofF aGg] ;+ljwfgsf] cGt/j:t'sf] k4lt tyf lgdf{0f k|lqmof @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] eGbf a]Un} x'g'k5{ .

!= gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] k4lt jf k|lqmof M qmflGtsf/L bnsf] g]t[Tj . qmflGtsf/L zlQm;lxt cGo bnsf] ;xdltdf

a[xt\ uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ug]{ . ;f] ;Dd]ngn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . ;f] ;+ljwfgn] @)$&

sf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf k|hftflGqs clwsf/ xgg\ gul/sg gofF /fhgLlts zlQmaLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{k5{ . / qmflGtsf/L bnsf] g]t[Tjdf cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g ul/g'k5{ .

cGtl/d ;/sf/n] 5 dlxgfleq ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fpg'kg]{5 . ;+ljwfg;efdf ljljw ;d"x, hft, If]q ;d'bfo ;dfj]z x'g]5g\ . ;+ljwfg;efn] gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg]5 .

@= gofF ;+ljwfgsf Go"gtd s'/fx¿ M hgtf k"0f{ ;fj{ef}d x'g'k5{ / ;Qf klg s]jn hgtfsf] xftd} /xg'k5{ . hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rr k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw ;lDdlnt k|ltlglw;ef

u7g x'g]5, h;df dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, hftLo cNk;+Vos, eflifs ;d"x, ljljw wd{, If]q ;d"xsf k|ltlglw ;lDdlnt x'g]5g\ . ;Qfsf ;Dk"0f{

c+u o;} k|ltlglw;efk|lt akmfbf/ x'g]5g\ . o;f] u/]df ;/sf/df klg ljljw ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g ;Sg]5 .

68

k|ltlglw;efsf] b'O{ltxfO dt jf /fli6«o hgdt ;+u|xn] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} klg Joj:yf kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5 .

lglZrt ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{g u/L zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf / hgd'lQm ;]gf PsLs[t agfOg'k5{ . PsLs[t /fli6«o ;]gfnfO{ lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw dftxt NofOg'k5{ .

ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{, ;dod} lgjf{rg, sfg'gL zf;g, k|]; tyf jfs\:jtGqtf, JolQmut tyf dfgjclwsf/ / gful/s clwsf/h:tf Jofks ;dly{t nf]stflGqs clwsf/x¿ ;'lglZrt x'g'k5{ .

If]qLo tyf hftLo :jzf;gsf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjog x'g'k5{, h;n] hgtfnfO{ :jzf;gsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u5{ .

d'n'snfO{ k"0f{ wd{lg/k]If /fHo agfOg'k5{ . lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/LnfO{ JolQmut clwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt

ul/g'k5{ . ;a} gful/sn] lgMz'Ns / ;lhnf] kx'Frsf] lzIff / :jf:Yo ;]jf kfpg'k5{ .

…hf]Tg]sf] gfddf hUufÚsf] cfwf/df gofFvfn] …e"ld ;DaGwÚ :yflkt x'g'k5{ . Gofof]lrt e"ld ljt/0f sfg'gdf clgjfo{ kfl/g'k5{ . cf}Bf]lus ljsf;nfO{ /fli6«o cfTdlge{/tfpGd'v agfpg'k5{ . /fli6«o k'FhL / ;|f]tsf] ;'/Iffx]t' ;'/Iff of]hgf agfOg'k5{ .

ef/t;Fu ePsf] ;g\ !(%) nufot cGo ;a} c;dfg ;lGw vf/]h u/L c;+nUgtf tyf k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t :jtGq ljb]z gLlt sfof{Gjog ul/g'k5{ . k|ltlglw;efsf b'O{ltxfO ;b:on] ljb]zL /fi6«;Fu ePsf ;a} ;lGw–;Demf}tf :jLs[t ug'{k5{ .

#= k|ultzLn /fhgLlts lgsf;df ljZjf; ug]{ ;a} bn xfd|f oL k|ultzLn ljrf/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;S5g\ eGg] ljZjf; xfdLnfO{ 5 . oBlk, gofF ;+ljwfgsf ;a} s'/faf/] eljiojfl0f ug'{ k|fof]lus x'g]5}g . lsgls, lagfs'g} k"j{;t{ ;+ljwfg;ef ;DkGg x'g]5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjcl3 h'g;'s} /fhgLlts bn hgtf;fd' uO{ cfˆgf ljrf/ /fVg ;Sg] s'/f xfdL :ki6 kfg{ rfxG5f}+ .

cf= /fli6«o tyf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts ;jfnM!= ;a} ;lGw, ;Demf}tf, ;}Go ;xfotf, ljb]zL ;}Go clws[tsf] pkl:ylt /

cft+sjfb lgoGq0f ug]{ gfpFdf pgLx¿n] ug]{ lqmofsnfk tTsfn aGb ul/g'k5{ .

@= g]kfn–ef/t v'nf ;Ldf lgolGqt / Jojl:yt x'g'k5{ . ;Ldfkf/ cltqmd0f aGb ul/g'k5{ . ljb]zLnfO{ /f]huf/L lbFbf sfd ug]{ cg'dlt -js{–kld{6_ x'g'k5{ .



69

#= uf]vf{ etL{h:tf] d'n'ss} wAaf aGb ul/g'k5{ . g]kfnLnfO{ b]zleq}

;Ddfghgs hflu/ lbOg'k5{ .

$= /fli6«o pBf]ux¿df ljb]zL x:tIf]k aGb ul/g'k5{ . /fli6«o pBf]u tyf /fi6«leq}sf pBdLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/g'k5{ . lglZrt ;do cjlwdf ljb]zL C0f ltl/;Sg'k5{ .

%= u};; / cGt/f{li6«o u};;sf] gfddf x'g] ljb]zL cltqmd0f / cfGtl/s ljWj+z aGb ul/g'k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo ;+:yfn] nfb]sf gLlt a]sfd] 3f]if0ff ul/g'k5{ .

^= PsLs[t hn;|f]t gLlt sfof{Gjog x'g'k5{ . ;fgf tyf demf}nf :t/sf kfj/ KnfG6nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«nfO{ lah'nL ;]jf k|bfg ul/g'k5{ .

&= ;a} ul/a tyf e"ldxLgsf] C0f ldgfxf u/L pgLx¿nfO{ /f]huf/L lbOg'k5{ .*= ;a} e"ldxLgnfO{ e"ld tyf /f]huf/ lbO{ k'g:yf{lkt u/fOg'k5{ . sd}of,

x¿jf, r?jfh:tf lje]bsf/L cEof;x¿sf] qmd e+u ul/g'k5{ .(= ls;fgnfO{ :t/Lo aLplahg, l;FrfO / plrt ahf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .!)= ;w}+ eO/xg] k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] d"Noj[l4 lgoGq0f ul/g'k5{ . >ldssf]

tna j[l4 ul/g'k5{ .!!= e|i6, t:s/ tyf sld;g lng]x¿nfO{ tTsfn sf/afxL ug]{ k|efjsf/L

;+oGq agfOg'k5{ .!@= /fli6«o tyf j}1flgs lzIff nfu" ul/g'k5{ . /f]huf/d'vL lzIff k4lt lgdf{0f

ul/g'k5{ . lzIffsf] Jofkf/Ls/0f / lghLs/0f tTsfn aGb ul/g'k5{ .!#= ljz]ifu/L u|fdL0f e]udf lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g'k5{ .!$= c;Qm tyf j[4j[4fsf nflu ljz]if ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/g'k5{ .!%= dlxnflj?4sf ;a} lje]b /f]lsg'k5{ .!^= 5'jf5'tsf] ;d:of lg/fs/0f u/L blntnfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ lbOg'k5{ .!&= Go"gtd Hofnf / sfd ug]{ lglZrt ;do -xKtfdf $) 306f_ k|efjsf/L

¿kdf nfu" ul/g'k5{ . pBf]udf sfd ug]{ >ldsnfO{ klg Joj:yfkgdf ;dflxt u/fOg'k5{ .

!*= o'jfsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd nfu" ul/g'k5{ .!(= ;flxTosf/, 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/h:tfnfO{ af}l4s :jtGqtf lbO{ /f]huf/L

;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ . To:tf] :jtGqtf k|of]u u/L ltgn] hgtfnfO{ pQd ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;s"g\ .

@)= v'nf klZrdL k|b"if0f km}nfpg] n]v÷8s'dG6x¿sf] pTkfbg / ljt/0f aGb

ul/g'k5{ .

70

@!= u|fdL0f e]udf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tLa| agfOg'k5{ .

@@= ljb]zdf sfo{/t g]kfnLsf] clwsf/ / ljz]if ;'ljwf ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ .@#= b]zsf y'k|} cfGbf]ngdf dfl/PsfnfO{ ;lxb 3f]if0ff ul/g'k5{ / xTof/fnfO{

sf/afxL ul/g'k5{ .@$= hgtfsf ;+3;+:yfn] k|:tfj u/]sf hgtfsf dfu tTsfn ;Daf]wg ul/g'k5{ .

O= dfgjclwsf/ tyf Ifltk"lt{ / k'gjf{;sf ;jfn M

!= dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw;lxtsf pRr:t/Lo dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u u7g ul/g'k5{, h;n] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gf 5fglag u/L bf]ifLnfO{ b08 lbg ;sf];\ .

g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmofdf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] e"ldsfaf/] ljZn]if0f ub}{ kfkm]gxf]Nh -;g\ @))#, k[=(_sf] cWoogdf n]lvPsf] 5, æoxfF xfdLn] cGt/f{li6«o v]nf8Lsf b[li6sf]0f b]Vg ;S5f}+ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, ef/t / ;+o'Qm clw/fHon] o'4af6 zflGtsf] efjgfdf ljZjf; /fV5g\ . o'/f]k]nL o'lgog / ;fgf t6:y /fHon] ;+jfb / /fhgLlts pkfonfO{ ;dy{g u5{g\ . kl5Nnf] pkfonfO{ cGt/f{li6«o tyf :yfgLo gful/s ;dfh / dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;d"xn] klg ;dy{g u5{g\ .Æ

aS; @=( o'4lj/fd e+uM k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_sf] jQmJosf] ;f/f+z

@)^) ebf} !) ut] a'waf/ lbpF;f] dfcf]jfbLn] cfˆgf] j]a;fO6df k|sflzt jQmJodf dfcf]jfbL cWoIf bfxfnn] eg]sf lyPM

o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf / zflGt–k|lqmofsf] cf}lrTo s]xL ;dosf nflu ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . hgtfsf] OR5fnfO{ ;jf]{Rr dfGb} /fhgLlts lgsf; lbg] p2]Zo;fy xfdLn]

jftf{df a:g] lg0f{o u/]sf lyof}+ . o'4lj/fd ug]{ 3f]if0ff ubf{ To;nfO{ uDeL/ ¿kdf lnPsf lyof}+ . k'/fgf] ;Qf klg uDeL/ xf]nf eGg] cfzf lyof] . t/, xfd|f] hgd'lQm

;]gf o'4lj/fdk|lt k"0f{ akmfbf/ x'Fbfx'Fb} k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] zfxL ;]gfn] ;'?af6} o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf pNn+3g ug{ yfNof] . zfxL ;]gfn] cgfjZos w/ks8 ug]{ / kqmfp

ug]{ qmd tLj| dfq agfPg, xfd|f hgd'lQm ;]gfnfO{ ckx/0f ug]{ xTof ug]{ / lgMz:q

n8fs'sf] klg ljeT; xTof ug]{ sfd u¥of] . o:tf sfo{ xfd|f] kf6L{ / ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] pT;fx tyf /fhgLlts lgsf; ldNg] cfzflj?4sf] uDeL/ r'gf}tL xf] .



71

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g]kfnsf] ;jfndf /fhfsf b'O{ j6f kIf 5g\ – >L kfFrsf] ;/sf/ / zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf . Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf nflu vl6Psf b"tn] ;f] If]qdf eO/xg] ;}Go …s'Úsf] af/]df atfPsf lyP . ch]{lG6gfsf Ps rlr{t ;fyLn] o;nfO{ b'O{ tl/sfdf JofVof u/] . Pp6f, ;}lgs alnof] /}Ú5 To;}n], p;n] ;w}Fel/ …s'Ú u/]/ ;Qf xfl;n u5{ eGg] a'lemG5 . /, csf]{ gful/s ;dfh sdhf]/ /}Ú5 eGg] klg a'‰g ;lsG5 . kl5Nnf]rflxF lgs} dxTTjk"0f{ JofVof xf] lsgls o;af/] xfdLn] klg s]xL ug{ ;S5f}+ . ;]gfnfO{ 5'g' lgs} sl7g s'/f] xf] t/ xfdLn] cGo zlQmnfO{ cem alnof] agfpg ;S5f}+ . klxnf] ;jfn, dfcf]jfbLn] cfˆgf] s]xL dfu 5f8\g'kg]{ cj:yf;Fu ufFl;G5 . t/, csf]{ k|Zg, /fhfn] klg cfˆgf s]xL dfu 5f8\5g\ jf 5f8\b}gg\ eGg] klg xf] . o;af6 d]/f] a'emfO dfcf]jfbL cem ;zQm x'Fb}5 eGg] xf] . cfˆgf cd]l/sL / a]nfotL ;fyLsxfF /fhf hfnfg\ / of] åGådf b'O{ kIf ePsf] s'/f a'‰nfg\ . /fhfn] @)%( c;f]h !* sf] sbdsf nflu Ifdf dfUg ;s] / To;cl3sf] cj:yfdf cfkm" cIfd ePsf]df d"nwf/sf /fhgLlts bnn] klg Ifdf dfUg ;s] eg] d]/f] ljrf/df zflGtsf] ;Defjgf x'g ;S5 . -ufN6'ª ;g\ @))$ k[=!!%–!!^_ .

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73

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o'4lj/fd ckf/bzL{ lyof] .

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cljZjf;sf k|d'v cfwf/ lgDg lyP M b'a} kIfdf ;]gf / xltof/sf] ;+Vof j[l4, u|fdL0f If]qdf :jf:Yo lzlj/ ;~rfng ug]{ x]t'n] ;/sf/n] u/]sf] ;]gf kl/rfng, o'4lj/fdsf] cjlwdf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ u/]sf] k|ToIf ;xof]u, bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{df ;xdlt ePsf] elgPsf] -% lsld ljjfb_ tYo

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sfof{Gjogdf dte]b / b'a} kIfn] u/]sf] o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf pNn+3g . jftf{df x'g] k|lqmofTds kIfsf] dxTj x'G5, h;df cK7\of/fx¿af6 pDsg nrstf, ljZjf; lgdf{0f, :ki6tf tyf a'emfOdf k|f]T;fxg, u7aGwg lgdf{0f, cgf}krfl/s ;|f]t tyf t];|f] kIfLo ;xfotf k|of]u ug'{k5{ . oBlk, oL ;a} ;jfnx¿ b'a} jftf{df k|of]u ul/Psf lyPgg\ .

o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf ljsf; ug{ / To;df ;xdt x'g jftf{/t b'a} kIf clgR5's lyP . gful/s ;dfh / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaf6 cfPsf] Jofks bafasf sf/0f b'a} kIf o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfdf ;xdt t ePsf lyP t/ To;k|lt ;Ddfg k|s6 u/]sf lyPgg\ . k|lta4 lyPgg\ / cfrf/;+lxtf pNn+3g u/L/x] .

o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf cg'udg 6f]nLsf ;b:o lgo'lQmn] t6:ytfsf] uDeL/ k|Zg pAhfPsf] lyof] . pgLx¿ ;fj{hlgs :yndf slxn] Pp6fsf] kIfdf t slxn] csf]{sf] kIfdf pleP/ af/Daf/ ts{ ug]{ uy]{ . s]xL t Pp6f kIfsf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ sfd g} ug]{ JolQmx¿ lyP / ;Qf / zlQmsf] glhs /x]sf rlr{t cg'xf/x¿ ;a}nfO{ ToxfF /flvPsf] lyof], h;dWo] w]/}h;f]nfO{ g t ljifosf] 1fg lyof] g t cg'ej . pgLx¿ s]jn zlQmsf] ;DaGwn] dfq ToxfF nluPsf lyP . To;}n] pgLx¿n] t cg'udgsf] dd{cg';f/ sfd} u/]gg\ .

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;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgolGqt lyof], cfjZos k/]sf a]nf ;fIfLsf] ¿kdf dfq k|of]u x'GYof] . ;xhstf{x¿ zflGtk|lt k|lta4 eP klg ;xdtLo ;dfwfg -g]uf]l;P;g_sf] kof{Kt 1fg / ;Lk gePsf lyP . s]xL ;xhstf{ t b/af/sf] rfvcg'¿k klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf lyP, h;nfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] ljZjf; ub}{g lyof] .



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jftf{ k|lqmofdf pko'Qm k|ltlglw ;d"xsf] ;+nUgtf cefj lyof] . pu| Kofn]l:6gL ;d"xnfO{ cf]:nf] zflGt ;xdlt -cf]:nf] lk; clu|dG6_n] aflx/} /fv]kl5 Kofn]l:6gL zflGt–k|lqmof w/fkdf k/]sf] lyof] . :yfgLo ldlnl;of ;d"x alxis/0fdf k/]kl5 o:t} ;d:of s+uf]df klg b]vfk/]sf] lyof] -kfkm]gxf]Nh ;g\ @))#_ .

cl:y/ / ljjfbf:kb e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o zlQm g]kfndf ;lqmo lyP .

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;/sf/L e"ldsf tyf sfo{af/] ;'/Iff kmf}hdf låljwf k}bf ul/lbof]] . ;/sf/n] d'2f lkmtf{ lnO{ cbfntn] aGbL l/xfO ubf{ ;/sf/L lqmofsnfkn] ;'/Iff kmf}hnfO{ låljwfdf kfl/lbPsf] eGg] ;'lgGYof] . ;/sf/n] o;/L aGbL l/xfO u/] ;'/Iff kmf}hn] s;/L sfd ug]{ eGg] dfgl;stf klg ltgdf lyof] . pgLx¿sf] gsf/fTds dgf]j}1flgs k|efj k/]sf] lyof] .

cfdhgtf;Fu ltgsf] k|ToIf ;Dks{ eof] . cfˆgf kIfdf /fhgLlts ¥ofnL, a}7s, 5nkmn, ax; cfof]hgf klg ug{ ;s] . To:tf] v'nf jftfj/0faf6 ltgn] Joj;foL, ;~rf/dfWod, /fhgLlts bn / cGt/f{li6«o zlQm;Fu ;Dks{ a9fpg klg ;kmn eP . Joj;foL klg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ :jfut ug{ cft'/ lyP .

78

of] jftfj/0faf6 ltgn] xfl;n u/]sf] ;kmntfdfkm{t\ ;+ljwfg;efsf] cfjZostfaf/] hgdfg;df v'nf ax; l;h{gf u/fpg ;Sg' xf] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;jfn /fli6«o nf]stflGqs Ph]G8f aGof] / lx+;fTds åGå lgjf/0f ug]{ pkfo klg . Joj;foL ;d'bfo, nf]stflGqs g]tf, k|fWofks, /fhgLltzf:qL, jlsn, 8fS6/ ;a}n] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ;a} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ Psdfq cr's pkfo dfg]sf lyP . ;+;b\jfbL /fhgLlts bnn] klg of] ;jfnaf/] v'nf 5nkmn yfn], w]/}n] o;sf] ;dy{gdf ax; u/] . o;n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ bx|f] /fhgLlts tyf g}lts ;dy{g -Aofs ;kf]6{_ ldNof] .

o'4lj/fdtfsf dfcf]jfbLn] ;}Go zlQm klg a9fP . ltgn] gofF n8fs'' etL{ u/], k|lzIf0f lbP / b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFdf kl/rfng u/] .

cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf nflu sfd ug{ kfPsf]df klg of] ;do kmfObfhgs eof] . dfcf]jfbLn] b]zleq / aflx/sf cGt/f{li6«o /0fgLlt1, ljz]if1 / cGt/f{li6«o clwsf/L;Fu ;DaGw ufF:g] .

cfkm"n] vf]h]sf] s'/f jftf{sf] 6]anaf6} xfl;n ug]{ k|of; u/] .

@=$ dfcf]jfbLsf /0fgLlts o'lQm

dfcf]jfbL ;+;b\jfbL bn, /fhf, ;/sf/ / cfdhgtfdfem 7"nf låljwf l;h{gf u/fpg ;kmn eof] . jf:tjdf dfcf]jfbL s] rfxG5, p;sf] a6dnfOg s] xf] eGg]df ;a}nfO{ ulx/f] e|d 5g{', dfcf]jfbLsf] o'4 sfo{gLlt lyof] /

o;df pm ;kmn eof] . p;n] rGb / yfkf ;/sf/nfO{ cj}wflgs eGof] t/

ltg} ;/sf/;Fu jftf{rflxF u¥of] . cfk"m /fhfsf k|ltlglw;Fu jftf{df ;l/s ePsf] atfP klg p;n] ;/sf/nfO{ klg dfGotf lbPsf] lyof] .

åGå ;dfwfg ug{ dfcf]jfbLn] uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ /

;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjh:tf k|lqmofTds s'/f ;'emfPsf] lyof] . oBlk, p;n]



79

uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng / ;+ljwfg;efsf] :ki6 vfsf lbPsf] lyPg . o;n] klg cGttM låljwf l;h{gf u/]sf] xf] . jfdkGyL g]tfx¿ -h:t}M z+s/ kf]v/]n, df]xgljqmd l;+x_sf n]vsf] ;f/ 5, ædfcf]jfbL ls t cfkm}+df låljwfdf k/]sf ls t c¿nfO{ låljwfdf kfl/lbP/ To;af6 kmfObf lng vf]h]] .Æ

dfcf]jfbLn] af/Daf/ cfkm"n] åGåsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg rfx]sf] atfP klg p;sf lqmofsnfk egfO;Fu d]n vfFb}g . @)^@ ebf} !* df PskIfLo ¿kdf dfcf]jfbLn] kfFrf}+ o'4lj/fd ug'{cl3 dflg;x¿sf] g[z+; xTof u¥of], hah{:tL rGbf u¥of] . cfkm" lgolGqt If]qdf cGo /fhgLlts bnnfO{ hfg lbFb}gYof] / o'jfx¿nfO{ hah{:tL ;}Go ;]jfdf etL{ u/fpFYof] .12 o:tf] jftfj/0f zflGt jftf{sf nflu pkof]uL x'Fb}gYof] t/ dfcf]jfbLn] oL ;a} sfd zflGts} nflu u/]sf] cleJolQm lbGYof] .

@)^! df3 !( cl3 ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqk|lt dfcf]jfbLsf] :t/ hgtfdfem låljwfTds lyof] .13 /fhfsf] Jojxf/ / lqmofsnfksf] sf/0f ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj g} dfcf]jfbLsf] tyf ;du| /fi6«s} Ph]G8f aGof] . df3 !( cl3 /fhf / dfcf]jfbLaLr ;]t'sf] sfd u/]sf ;+;b\jfbL bn To;kl5 /fhfsf] tLa| lj/f]wL eP/ b]vf k/] . ltgsf] Ph]G8f klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj aGof] . csf{tkm{ dfcf]jfbL g]tfx¿n] b/af/ glhssf ljleGg

JolQmDfkm{t\ b/af/df klg /fd|f] ;Dks{ /fv]sf] / ;xsfo{sf] tof/L u/]sf lyP, h'g ;'wL/ ;df{åf/f lnvLt k|of]uzfnf gfds k':tsdf k|i6 pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

12 OG;]s, l;ljg, PDg]:6L OG6/g];gn, Xo'dg /fO6\; jfr / dfgjclwsf/sf cGo /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf tyf kqsf/sf k|ltj]bgn] dfcf]jfbLsf To:tf Jojxf/ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

13 kb\d/Tg t'nfw/n] ;xhstf{sf] cfˆgf] cg'ej ;'gfO{ /xGy] . pgn] atfPcg';f/ ;/sf/L jftf{sf/ -8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL, sdn yfkf_ ;Fu xfk'/]df ePsf] 5nkmndf 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{n] /fHo / dfcf]jfbLaLr plrt ;dembf/L eP g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] …;+j}wflgs /fhtGqÚ af]Sg tof/ 5 eg]sf lyP . cGo ;jfn ;dfwfg eP dfcf]jfbL klg /fhtGqsf] cl:tTj :jLsfg{ tof/ lyof] o;af6 a'lemG5 . ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] ;jfnaf/] cfkm"x¿ l:y/ eP klg /fhtGqsf] eljio lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] xf] eGy] pgLx¿ . / o;nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t\ /f]Hg lbOg'kg]{ rfx pgLx¿sf] lyof] .

80

b]z /0fgLlts zlQm ;Gt'ng (strategic equilibriun)sf] r/d laGb'df x'Fbf o'4dfkm{t\ s;}n] lhTg g;Sg] x'gfn] cfkm"n] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg rfx]sf] s'/f dfcf]jfbL af/Daf/ atfpFYof] . p;n] jftf{dfkm{t\ ;z:q åGåsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg rfx]sf] eP cfˆgf] dfgl;stf kl/jt{g ug'{kYof]{ . yflgof kfkm]gxf]Nh -@))#_ ts{ u5{g\, dfcf]jfbL cfˆgf] hgo'4sf] bz{gcg';f/ w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd nl8/xg tof/ lyof] . /fHon] Jojl:yt ;dfwfg grfx]sf] v08df p;n] o'4nfO{ bL3{sfnLg agfpg ;S5 . /fhgLlts :t/df ljb|f]x hlt tlGsof], /fhgLlts cj:yfnfO{ To;n] plt g} hl6n agfpF5Ù o;sf] pbfx/0f, ljb|f]xsf] sf/0f b]vfpFb} /fhfn] ;Qf cfˆgf] xftdf lnP . o;k|sf/ b]zdf lg/+s'ztGq / ;}lgsLs/0f xfjL x'g] k|d'v sf/0f g} dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x aGof] . t/, dfcf]jfbL eg] oL ;a} z}nL ckgfO{ cfˆgf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ ;kmn g} /Xof] . ;z:q åGå ;'? ug]{ a]nf dfcf]jfbLsf] 3f]lift p2]Zo åGå a9\b} hfFbf sdhf]/ x'Fb} uO/x]sf] lyof] t/ lj:tf/ eg] b|'t ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f s] b]lvof] eg] g]t[Tjsf] ;j{;QfjfbL lg/+s'ztf / ;dfhsf ck/fwL, abdf;x¿sf] Jofks k|j]z / pgLx¿n] l;h{gf u/]sf] qf; . To;}sf/0f zflGt jftf{kl5 b'O{–b'O{ k6s ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ubf{ klg p;n] /fd|f] sfd ug{ ;s]g .

@=$ lj=;+= @)^# sf jftf{ k|lqmof

b/af/n] ;+;bLo zlQm / dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k"/} lsgf/f nufO{ cfˆgf] Psflwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ p2]Zo;fy sfd ug{ yfn]kl5 oL b'O{ zlQm glhlsO{ !@ a'Fb]

;xdlt u/], h;sf] hudf @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng eof] . kl/0ffdtM

@)^@÷^# ;fnsf] ;kmn hgcfGbf]ng–@ kl5 ;sf/fTds vfnsf] gofF jftfj/0f tof/ eof] . ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLn] jftf{ 6f]nL u7g u/L zflGt jftf{sf z[+vnfdfkm{t\ !) jif]{ åGå ;kmn ¿kdf cGTo u/] .

/fhfn] 3'F8f 6]Sg]lalQs} g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] j}zfv !# df # dlxg] o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ff u¥of] . hgcfGbf]ngsf] andf ul7t gofF ;/sf/;Fu jftf{ u/L zflGt jftf{df ;xof]uL x'g dfcf]jfbLn] To;f] u/]sf] lyof] . ;ft bn



81

/ dfcf]jfbLaLr ePsf] !@ a'Fb] ;xdltcg';f/ k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;efsf] klxnf] a}7sdf k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfj u/fpg] k|:tfj k]; u/] . oxL g} dfcf]jfbLsf] dxTTjk"0f{ dfu lyof] . bf];|f] a}7sn] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg u/fpg ;j{;Ddltn] kf; u¥of] .

To;kl5 dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfnn] cfˆgf] bn ;/sf/;Fu jftf{df a:g OR5's /x]sf] hgfP . zflGt jftf{sf a]nf b'a} kIfn] ;Ddfg ug'{kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtf klg cfkm"n] k]; u/]sf] hfgsf/L pgn] u/fPsf lyP . csf]{lt/ k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] eljiodf cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'g dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cfu|x u/] . o;n] klg zflGt jftf{sf nflu cem ;sf/fTds jftfj/0f tof/ kf¥of] . nlntk'/ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]zcg';f/ ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbLsf b'O{ g]tf dft[sf ofbj / ;'/]z cfn] du/nfO{ gVv' h]naf6 l/xf u¥of] . o;n] klg zflGt jftf{sf nflu cem plrt jftfj/0f tof/ kf¥of] .

o;kl5 /fhfsf] clwsf/ s6f}tL u/L ;+;b\nfO{ ;jf]{Rr dfGg] k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnfsf] k|:tfj h]7 # ut] :jLs[t eof] . of] Joj:yfn] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr sdfG8/ x'g] /fhfsf] clwsf/ k"0f{ ¿kdf s6f}tL u¥of] . o;/L ;}lgsk|lt /fhfsf] lgoGq0f klg e+u eof] . o;kl5 ;/sf/n] u[xdGqL s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nfsf] g]t[Tjdf dfcf]jfbL;Fu zflGt jftf{ ug{ 6f]nL agfpg] lg0f{o u¥of] .

jftf{sf] jftfj/0f agfpg ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ sfg'gL zf;g, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stGq, dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff tyf k|]; :jtGqtfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{ cfu|x ubf{ dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjn] klg tL s'/fnfO{ ;sf/fTds dfGof] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf hfg] k"jf{j:yf klg lyP tL ;t{x¿ . ;ft bnLo u7aGwgnfO{ ljZj:t t'Nofpg] of] Pp6f ultnf] gLlt klg lyof] .

h]7 !! df b'a} kIfn] cf}krfl/s ¿kdf jftf{ 6f]nL 3f]if0ff u/] . dfcf]jfbLn] s[i0faxfb'/ dx/fnfO{ lgo'Qm u¥of] . csf]{ kIfdf ;/sf/L Soflag]6n] tLg ;b:oLo jftf{ 6f]nL u7g u¥of] . ;+of]hs u[xdGqL s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nfn] Ps jf b'O{ lbgdf jftf{ ;'? ug]{ atfP .

82

h]7 !@ df ;/sf/L / dfcf]jfbL kIfLo jftf{ 6f]nLn] klxnf] r/0fsf] zflGt jftf{sf nflu sf7df8f}+eGbf s]xL k/ /x]sf] uf]s0f{ l/;f]6{df cf}krfl/s ¿kdf e]63f6 u/] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj / zflGt jftf{nfO{ ;sf/fTds agfpg @% a'Fb] o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf klg hf/L eof] .

h]7 !% df dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08n] tTsfnLg zflGt jftf{ ;kmn agfpg cfˆgf] bn k|lta4 ePsf] atfP . dfcf]jfbL g]tf afa'/fd e§/fO{n] zflGt jftf{ c;kmn eP cfkm"x¿n] eo+s/ cfGbf]ng ug]{ r]tfjgL lbP, h'g ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg eg]sf] b]lvGYof] .

h]7 !& df dfcf]jfbLaf6 jftf{ 6f]nLsf ;+of]hs s[i0faxfb'/ dx/fn] ;+o'Qm nf]stflGqs df]rf{nfO{ sf7df8f}+df ;Daf]wg ub}{ s'g} ljZj;gLo kIfsf] /f]xj/df b'a} ;]gfsf] xltof/ lgu/fgLdf /fvL cfkm"x¿ bnx¿;Fu ;xdlt glhs k'u]sf] hgfP . ;'Nemg'kg]{ y'k|} ;jfndWo]sf] of] dxTTjk"0f{ lyof] .

o;kZrft\ h]7 @^ df k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnf ef/t hfFbf ef/tLo g]tf;Fu ePsf] 5nkmnkl5 dfcf]jfbL xltof/ Joj:yfkg cg'udgdf g]kfnnfO{ d2t ug{ ;+'oQm /fi6«;+3nfO{ af]nfpg] s'/fdf ef/t ;xdt ePsf] v'nf;f u/] . jf:tjdf ef/t ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nfO{ g]kfnsf] zflGt–k|lqmofdf ;+nUg u/fpg rfxFb}g lyof] t/ kl/l:ylthGo sf/0faf6 ;Lldt sfo{If]q;lxtsf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ kl5 p;n] :jLsf¥of] . h]7 @* df u[xdGqL s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nfn] dfcf]jfbL g]tf k'iksdn bfxfn / afa'/fd e§/fO{nfO{ sf:sLsf] b'u{d ufpF l;Sn];df e]6] . o;n] zflGt–k|lqmofsf] af6f] cem km/flsnf] agfof] .

dfcf]jfbL;Fu ePsf] ;xdltcg';f/ ;/sf/n] cft+ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds sfo{ lgoGq0f tyf ;hfo P]gcg';f/ cl3Nnf ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ nufPsf ;a} d'2f h]7 @( df lkmtf{ ug]{ lg0f{o lnof] . To;sf] csf]{ lbg b]zel/sf h]ndf y'lgPsf @$) hgf dfcf]jfbL g]tfnfO{ ;/sf/n] l/xf u¥of] . o;}u/L pkk|wfgdGqL clds z]/rgn] plta]nfsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ k'g:yf{lkt ug{ ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf agfpg] sfd u/]sf] klg v'nf;f u/] .



83

c;f/ ! ut] dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/n] sf7df8f}+df bf];|f] r/0fsf] zflGt jftf{ ;DkGg u/] . ltgLx¿n] #! ;b:oLo o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf /fli6«o cg'udg ;ldlt agfpg] lg0f{o u/], h;n] ;ft bn / dfcf]jfbLaLr ePsf] !@ a'Fb] ;xdlt / @% a'Fb] o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtf sfof{Gjog cg'udg ug{'kb{Yof] t/ of] ;ldltdf If]qut 1fg, ;Lk / k|lta4tf ePsf JolQmeGbf klg g]tfx¿sf glhssf dflg;x¿ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf lrlgPsfx¿ /flvPsfn] o;n] ck]Iffs[t sfd ug{ ;s]g .

c;f/ @ ut] ;Qf;Lg ;ft bnLo u7aGwg / dfcf]jfbLaLr k|wfgdGqL lgjf;df …pRr:t/Lo jftf{Ú eof] . ;f] jftf{df cf7 a'Fb] ;xdlt eof], h;df cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfgsf] vfsf sf]g]{, ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ldlt to ug]{, k'g:yf{lkt ;+;b\ / dfcf]jfbLsf] hg;/sf/ e+u ug]{, ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgikIf / eo/lxt lgjf{rg ;'lglZrt ug{] / ;z:q an Joj:yfkg tyf cg'ugdsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nfO{ af]nfpg] ;xdlt ePsf lyP .

c;f/ @) df xltof/ Joj:yfkg / zflGt–k|lqmof cg'udgsf nflu ;/sf/n] PskIfLo ¿kdf /fi6«;+3nfO{ kq n]Vof] . dfcf]jfbLn] To;df uDeL/ cfklQ hgfof] . kl5 b'a} kIfn] p:t} Jojxf/sf] kq n]vL /fi6«;+3;fd' ;xof]usf]

cfu|x u/] . c;f/ #) df dfcf]jfbLsf jl/i7 g]tf / /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwaLr sf7df8f}+df jftf{ eP/ k|ltlglw;efnfO{ cGtl/d ;+;b\df ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ / pQm ;+;b\df dfcf]jfbL klg ;dfj]z x'g] ;xdlt eof] .

o;kl5, ;fpg !@ ut] dfcf]jfbLn] o'4lj/fdsf] ;do tLg dlxgf yk

u¥of] . ;fpg @$ ut] ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLaLr kfFr a'Fb] ;xdlt eO{ zflGt–k|lqmof / ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgikIf lgjf{rgdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] ;xdlt eof] .

;fpg @^ df dfcf]jfbLsf jftf{ ;+of]hs s[i0faxfb'/ dx/fn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg gx'Fbf;Dd cfˆgf n8fs'nfO{ lzlj/df /flvg] t/ tL n8fs'nfO{ xltof/ljxLg / lgj[Q agfpg cfkm"x¿ tof/ gePsf] v'nf;f u/] . ;]gf

84

/ b/af/n] hgtfsf] u0ftGq :jLsfg{ g;Sg] hf]lvd /x]sfn] n8fs'nfO{ xltof/ljxLg u/fpg gx'g] atfPsf lyP .

ebf} % ut] u[xdGqL l;6f}nfsf] ;/sf/L lgjf;df jftf{ 6f]nLsf] e]6 eof] . ;f] e]6df cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{, xltof/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ / /fi6«;+3Lo 6f]nLn] g]kfn e|d0f ug]{af/] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltn] zflGt jftf{sf/;fd' ebf} ( ut] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf k]; u¥of] . o;kl5 c;f]h ! ut] k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] pgsf] ;/sf/L lgjf; afn'jf6f/df dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08;Fu e]6L b;}+ -c;f]h &_ cufl8 pRr:t/Lo jftf{ ug]{ ;xdlt u/] . t/, eg]sf] ;dodf a}7s a:g ;s]g .

/fhtGqsf] eljio, cGtl/d Joj:yflksf / xltof/ Joj:yfkgaf/] ;ft bn / dfcf]jfbLaLr a;]sf] a}7s lgisif{ljxLg eof] . c;f]h !) ut] dfcf]jfbL / ;ft bnLo g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] @)^$ h]7df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fpg] ;xdlt u/] . sflQs !@ ut] dfcf]jfbLn] o'4lj/fdsf] cjlw tLg dlxgf yk u/]sf] 3f]if0ff klg u/] .

o;kl5 sflQs @! df ;ft bnLo ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLaLr 5 a'Fb] ;xdlt eO{ bzsb]lvsf] ;z:q åGå cGTo u/L bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgf ug{]

;xdlt eof] . !$ 306f nfdf] cgj/t 5nkmn u/]kl5 b'a} kIf ;f]

lgisif{df k'u]sf lyP . cGttM sflQs #) ut] lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/L d+l;/ % ut];Dddf dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿ ;ft lzlj/df hfg] ;xdlt eof] .

km]l/ sflQs @$ ut] k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnf / dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08aLr afn'jf6f/df e]63f6 eO{ ;ft bn / dfcf]jfbLaLr ePsf] ;xdlt sfof{Gjogaf/] 5nkmn eof] .

klxn] to ul/Pcg';f/ lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x'g] elgPsf] x:tfIf/sf] ldlt jftf{ 6f]nLn] ;f¥of] . ;do gldn]sf] eGb} ldlt ;fl/Psf] lyof] . d+l;/ # df a;]sf] ;/sf/, dfcf]jfbL / /fi6«;+3sf] ;+o'Qm a}7sn] Onfd,



85

l;Gw'nL, sfe|], kfNkf, /f]Nkf, s}nfnL / ;'v]{tdf kfFr lzlj/ If]q ;'lglZrt u¥of] t/ kfNkf / sfe|]df clg0fL{t /fVof] .

d+l;/ % df k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnf / dfcf]jfbL cWoIf bfxfnn] dWo/ftlt/ lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/], h;n] bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGå cGTo u¥of] . dGqL, /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf, dfcf]jfbL g]tf, ljb]zL s"6gLlt1x¿sf] pkl:yltdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfdf !) zLif{s 5g\ . ;f] ;df/f]xdf k|wfgdGqLn] o;f] eg]sf lyP, cfhsf] lbgaf6 xTof, lx+;f / cft+ssf] /fhgLltnfO{ ;xsfo{n] k'g:yf{kgf ug]{5 . zflGt–;Demf}tf ug]{ a]nf;Dd cfOk'Ubf k'iksdn bfxfn / lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf b]lvP klg of] k|lqmofdf g]skf Pdfn]sf tTsfnLg dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] e"ldsf cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ lyof] . nvgp / l;nu'9Lb]lv lbNnL;Dd pgn] u/]sf] e|d0f, tof/L, hf]lvd cflbsf] kl/0ffd zflGt–;Demf}tf lyof] . lbNnLdf !@ a'Fb] ;xdlt ug]{ k|lqmofdf ljz]if1sf] ¿kdf pgnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ l;nl;nfdf d}n] Tof] e"ldsf dx;'; u/]sf] lyPF .

@=% lgisif{

g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmofsf] d"Nof+sg ubf{ jftf{ k|lqmof plrt tl/sfn] ;DkGg ePsf] lyPg .14 b'O{ k6s;Ddsf] o'4lj/fd cjlwdf ePsf ^ r/0fsf jftf{ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotfk|fKt l;4fGtcg';f/ ePsf lyPgg\ . k|dfl0ft ePsf

jftf{ k|lqmof / pkfo k|of]u ePsf] lyPg . b'a} kIf -/fHo / dfcf]jfbL_n]

o'4lj/fdnfO{ …/0fgLlts lj/fdÚ -:6«f6]lhs kh_sf] ¿kdf lnP . o;cg';f/ jftf{ ;kmn kfg{] pQd k|of; ug'{sf] ;f6f] b'a} kIfn] cfˆgf ;}Go Ifdtf lj:tf/ u/] . zflGt jftf{dfkm{tsf] ;dfwfg g} cr's pkfo ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf

jftf{ e+u ub}{ o'4df hfFb} ubf{ 7"nf] Iflt k'Uof] .

jftf{ tyf o'4lj/fd c;kmn ePsf] k|d'v sf/0fdWo]sf] Ps hf]lvdsf] dx;'; lyof] . ;a} k|d'v /fhgLlts v]nf8Lx¿ cfˆgf] cl:tTj ;+s6df

14 x]g'{xf];\, o;} n]vssf] lj:t[t cfn]v …dfcf]jfbL åGå ;dfwfgM ljutsf sdhf]/L / eljiosf] af6f]Ú, d"Nof+sg dfl;s, c+s !!#, sflQs–d+l;/, k[=$!–$# .

86

kg]{ hf]lvdsf] sNkgfn] eo+s/ u|l;t lyP . @)%( c;f]h !* sf] zfxL sbdnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ ;a}n] ljb|f]xL;Fu jftf{ u/L ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg ug{] ;xdlt eP ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'g ;Sg] 7fg] . ;+ljwfg;efn] u0ftGq Nofpg] 7fg]/ pgLx¿ ;z+lst eP . o;}sf/0f ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;jfndf ;xdlt hgfpg s8f k|ltjfb u/] .

df3 !( eGbf cl3 sf+u|];, Pdfn] / /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj rfx]sf lyPgg\ . To;}n] pgLx¿n] nfdf] ;do;Dd of] ;jfnaf/] k|i6 wf/0ff NofPgg\ . ;Fu;Fu}, cfkm"lj?4 x'g ;Sg] sf/afxLaf6 8/fPsf sf/0f klg jftf{ c;kmn agfpg ltgn] e/dUb'/ k|of; u/] . sDo'lg:6 /fHosf nflu dfcf]jfbL nl8/x]sfn] g]tf eg] ax'bnLo k|hftGqdf x'g] hf]lvdaf/] lrlGtt lyP . o;sf/0f pgLx¿ klg ;+ljwfg;efdf hfg rflx/x]sf lyPgg\ . jftf{ ;kmn eP dfcf]jfbLn] d"nwf/sf] /fhgLlts bnsf] ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ k|lt:yflkt unf{ eGg] 8/ Pdfn]nfO{ lyof] . lsgls b'a} bnsf] ;fdflhs ;'wf/sf] Ph]G8f p:t} k|s[ltsf lyP . km]l/ Pdfn]sf] 8/ lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k|of]u ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf klg sfod lyof] . o;sf] pbfx/0f rflxF k'g:yf{lkt ;+;b\df dfcf]jfbLnfO{ Pdfn]a/fa/ ;ef;b lbg' xf] . ptf dfcf]jfbL klg cfkm"x¿nfO{ b/af/, bn tyf afXo ;}lgs an;d]tsf] ;fd"lxs k|of;n] ef}lts ¿kdf Wj:t

eOg] xf] sL -k]?df h:t}_ xf] ls eGg] s'/fn] lk/f]lnPsf] lyof] . o;sf/0f

klg p;n] b/af/ / bnsf] b"/L hlxNo} a9fOlbg] / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] lbg] ;}lgs ;xfotf /f]Sg] k|of; u¥of] . pm ;hfo ldNnf eGg] 8/n] u|l;t lyof] . To;sf/0f p;n] ;/sf/, ;+;bLo bn / /fhf ;d]tnfO{

g/fd|f ;'emfj lbof] . oBlk, df3 !( af6 ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts jftfj/0f kl/jt{g eof] . dfcf]jfbL / bnaLrsf] b"/L 36\of] eg] bn / /fhfaLrsf]

b"/L km/flsnf] eof] . of] zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] km/flsnf] g} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf]

cfwf/ aGof] .

dfcf]jfbL åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfodf nfdf] ;do;Dd b'a} kIfsf] z}nL g} sdhf]/ lyof] . /fHon] ax'/]vLo k4lt -dN6L 6«Øfs ck|f]r_ /f]Hg'kYof]{,



87

h;df ljleGg :t/ tyf DofG8]6;lxt ;a} kIfaf6 jftf{sf nflu ;fd"lxs k|of; x'GYof] . dfcf]jfbL, b/af/ / ;/sf/n] ljleGg :t/df jftf{ ;'? ug'{kYof]{ . b/af/ / /fhgLlts bnaLrsf] /fhgLlts ;+s6n] klg jftf{dfkm{t ;dfwfg ug{ yk hl6ntf l;h{gf u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] pQd ;dfwfg, /fhfn] cfˆgf] zlQm x:tfGt/0f u/L g]kfnL hgtfsf] lg0f{o :jLsfg{ tof/ /xg'd} lyof] . o;afx]s dfcf]jfbLn] cfdhgtflj?4sf] lx+;f /f]Sg, cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yfkgdf k/]sfnfO{ 3/ lkmg{ lbg tyf cfˆgf] lgoGq0fsf If]qdf /fhgLlts bnnfO{ lqmofsnfk ug{ lbg'kYof]{ . /fhgLlts bnn] cfGtl/s nf]stGqnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug'{kYof]{, lat]sf lbgsf cfˆgf sdhf]/L / c;kmntfdf g]kfnL hgtf;fd' Ifdfk|fyL{ x'g'kYof]{ / pmhf{zLn k|hftGq tyf ;z:q åGåsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgdf Psh'6 x'g'kYof]{ . lje]baLr ;xrfo{ u/L d'n'snfO{ k'g;+{/rgf ug]{ / åGåsf d"n sf/0fnfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg u/]/ bL3{sfnLg nf]stflGqs zflGt :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;femf ;xdltdf cfpg g;Sg' g} bnx¿sf] sdhf]/L lyof] .

/fhfn] k|ToIf zf;g ug{ kfpg] s'g} Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf lyPg g t PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf j+zsf] cfwf/df zf;g ug]{ k|0ffnL :jLsfo{ x'g ;SYof] . To;}n] df3 !( kl5 ;/sf/n] dfGotf / j}wtf b'a} u'dfof] . o;afx]s, /fHo ;'wf/sf sfo{ klg p;n] ;'? ul/xfNg'kYof]{, ljb|f]xL;Fu jftf{ yfn]/ . /fhgLlts bn;Fu k"0f{ 5nkmn tyf ;xdlt u/L ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL åGå ;dfwfgdf nfUg'kYof]{ t/ /fhfsf] ;/sf/n] t ;+;bLo zlQm, dfcf]jfbL, gful/s ;dfh ;a}nfO{ bafP/ hfg] sfd u¥of] eg] ljb]zL zlQm;Fu klg /fd|f] ;DaGw /fVg ;s]g . kl/0ffdtM /fhtGqs} cGTo eof] .

ca cGo åGåu|:t d'n'saf6 g]kfnn] w]/} kf7 l;Sg ;SYof] . lx+;fn] k|ltlx+;f tyf k|ltzf]w lgDTofpg] / Tof] l:ylt jftf{ tyf zflGt–k|lqmofsf nflu k"0f{ 3fts x'g] s'/f a'‰g'kYof]{ . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf bf;tf :jLsfo{ gx'g] tYo klg /fhfn] a'‰g'kYof]{ . /fhgLlts bn, kqsf/, gful/s ;dfhsf ;b:o, dfgjclwsf/jfbL sfo{stf{nfO{ y'g]/, ;~rf/dfWoddf ;]G;/ u/]/ tyf cft+ssf] cj:yf l;h{gf u/L nf]stGq x'sf{pg ;lsFb}gYof] . o;y{

88

/fhfn] ug'{kg]{ klxnf] sfd /fhgLlts bnnfO{ ;Qf lkmtf{ lbg' lyof] . ;/sf/ tyf dfcf]jfbL kIf b'a}n] ;}lgs ;dfwfgn] b]znfO{ ;}lgsLs/0ftkm{ ws]Ng] / To;df k|hftGq klg x's{g g;Sg] tYo a'‰g'kYof]{ . t/, ;do lgs} l9nf geP;Dd s;}n] of] dd{ a'em]gg\ .

g]kfndf ePsf] ;}lgsLs/0fsf] cj:yfn] ;fdflhs ljsf;df x'g] vr{ cg'Tkfbs sfddf k|of]u u/fPsf] lyof] . dflg;x¿sf] xTof ug]{, ufpFn]nfO{ ufpFaf6 lgsfnf ug]{ / cft+s l;h{gf ug]{ sfdn] g]kfnL hgtf kSs} v';L x'Fb}gy] . dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/n] tTsfnLg lx+;fTds sfo{n] /fHonfO{ c;kmntfsf] af6f], ;}lgs zf;g / ljb]zL x:tIf]klt/ 8f]¥ofpg] lyof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf o'4/t kIfn] klg cfkm"n] kfpg] cfzf u/]sf] pknlAw kfpg ;Sb}gg\ . o;y{ ltgn] cfˆgf] ;}lgs sfo{af/] ljrf/ ug]{, cft+s aGb ug]{, o'4lj/fd ug]{, jftf{ ;'? ug]{ / jftf{dfk{mt ;xdltdf k'Ug] k|of; ug'{kYof]{ .

ljb|f]x;Fu h'‰g klg /fHo c;kmn ePsf] lyof] . ;/sf/L cjwf/0ff klg ;}lgs ;f]rfO / Jojxf/df cfwfl/t lyof] . Tof] kIf g]kfnh:tf] b]zdf ePsf] ljb|f]xsf] ;jfndf unt ;fljt ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn ul/aLsf] cj:yfaf6 kf/ kfpg c;kmn ePsf], cGofo, c;dfgtf tyf e]befj sfod /x]sf] / zlQm tyf ;|f]tsf] c;dfg ljt/0fdf hsl8Psf] lyof] . o'4/t kIf / ;DalGwt cGo stf{n] rfx]sf] eP dfcf]jfbL åGå ;dfwfg ug{ ufx|f] lyPg . of] hftLo lx+;f lyPg, g t /fi6« 6'qmfpg] k[ystfjfbL cfGbf]ng g} lyof] . o;afx]s of] wfld{s åGå klg lyPg . oL ;a}vfn] åGå ;dfwfg ug{ lgs} ufx|f] x'GYof] . dfcf]jfbL åGå t /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf] lyof] . ;/sf/, /fhgLlts bn / /fhfn] ul/aL, c;dfgtf, lje]b lgjf/0f u/L nf]stflGqs zf;g k4lt / cEof; lgdf{0f ug]{ / g]kfnLnfO{ v';L, ;d[4 /fvL GofozLn g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] p2]Zo /fVg'kYof]{ . oL ;a}yf]s k|fKt ug{ ;fd"lxs sfd ug'{kYof]{ . oL ;d:ofk|lt pgLx¿ uDeL/ ePsf] eP o;df vf;} dte]bsf s'/f klg lyPgg\ . dte]b eg]sf] k|lqmofdf x'g ;SYof] . oxL p2]Zo ltgn] /fv]sf] eP / plrt k|lqmof vf]Hg] OR5f b]vfPsf] eP o:tf sfd ;lhn} ug{ ;lsGYof] .

oL ;a} tYosf cltl/Qm ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgdf



89

bQlrQ gePsf] eP k6s–k6ssf] o'4lj/fd / jftf{n] klg sfd ub}{gYof] . cGo vfn] jftf{ / zflGt jftf{tkm{ cufl8 a9\g'cl3 oL ;+s6 lgjf/0f ug{ ;femf ;xdlt / k|lta4tf cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu plrt ;+oGq, ;a} k|d'v stf{nfO{ d"nwf/df Nofpg] k|lqmof, jftf{ ubf{ Pp6f ;xdtLo ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug]{ kl/kf6L / eljiosf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;xh agfpg] sfd cfjZos x'G5g\ .

zflGt–k|lqmofsf ljleGg sdLsdhf]/L, l;sfO, cg'ej / b]zsf] cfjZostfsf ¿kdf zflGt–;Demf}tf cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ ¿kdf cfPsf] lyof] .15 t/, kl5 o;sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;jfndf w]/} sdhf]/L b]lvP . n8fs' ;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgf ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u, a]kQf 5fglag cfof]u, /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf cfof]u, ;dfj]zL /fHolgdf{0fsf k|fjwfg, ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf, ;'/Iff If]q Joj:yfkg / ¿kfGt/0fsf] vfsf cflb k|fjwfg ls t sfo{Gjog g} ePgg\ ls t vl08t eP jf cf+lzs ¿kdf eP . zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] dd{ / efjgfnfO{ tf]8dtf]8 ul/Psf] dfq xf]Og, ckJofVof g} ul/of], sltko ;jfndf cf–cfˆgf :jfy{cg's"n . kl/0ffdtM g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfn nlDaof], b]zdf ;fDk|bflos ;b\efj vnalnof], hftLo ljå]zsf] aLp /f]lkof], 3[0ff, abnf, cljZjf;, z+sf ;fdflhs hLjgsf ckl/xfo{ c+u aGg k'u] . /fHo ;+oGq kf6L{sf efua08fdf rNg], kf6L{x¿ lghL sDkgLsf] h;/L rNg], /fHosf]if kf6L{ :jfy{cg'¿k b'¿kof]u x'g], sfg'gL /fHosf] pkxf; x'g], ;xdltsf gfddf /fHosf sfg'g / cGt/f{li6««o d"No–dfGotf ldlrg] ljs[lt g]kfndf ;+:yfut eP . kl5Nnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;dfg'kflts ;ef;b 5gf]6df b]lvPsf ljs[ltn] t of] b]z ca k"/} c;kmn ePsf] xf] eGg'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ul/lbof] .

****

15 zflGt–;Demf}tfsf ljleGg r/0fsf d:of}bf agfpg] qmddf ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] zflGt ;ldtLdf ljz]if1sf] x}l;otn] o;sf ;+of]hs /fdrGb| kf}8]n / ;lrj hgs/fh hf];L;Fu sfd ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf] lyPF / of] k|lqmofaf6 d}n] w}/} l;Sg] cj;/ klg ldn]sf] lyof] .

91

#=! kl/k|]Io

d+l;/ @)^# df lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePkl5 g]kfndf Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGå cGTo ePsf] lyof] . d'n'ssf k|d'v /fhgLlts zlQmaLr ;xdlt, jftf{ / ;Demf}tfsf z[+vnfkl5 of] cj:yf cfof] . o'4b]lv zflGt;Ddsf] åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkgsf] k|d'v p2]Zo ;fdflhs ;DaGw k'glg{df{0f ug]{, cfk;L ljZjf; lgdf{0f ug]{ / To;nfO{ alnof] kfg]{ tyf Gofo ;'lglZrt ug]{ / kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltcg's"n sfg'g agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/L ljlwsf] zf;g :yflkt ug]{ x'g'k5{ . o;}u/L ;fdflhs k'FhL k'gu{7g ug]{, :yfgLo ;+oGqnfO{ alnof] kfg]{, ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf a9fpg], ;fd"lxs hjfkmb]lxtf ljsf; ug]{, lx+;f cGTo ug]{, ;'/Iff tyf ;femf klxrfgsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg] klg To;sf] p2]Zo x'g'k5{ . of] /0fgLltn] tLg j6f pkfo

-tTsfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ;+nUgtf_ / b'O{ j6f :t/ -/fli6«o / :yfgLo :t/_sf] Vofn ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf g]kfnn] åGåsf k|d'v sf/0f ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . To;nfO{ tnsf] aS;df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

kl/R5]b

#

o'4b]lv zflGt;Ddsf] ;+qmd0f, Joj:yfkg, d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg

92

;fdflhs tgfj / lx+;fTds åGåsf ;|f]t

!= ;+/rgfTds ;|f]t @= cGt/f{li6«o ;|f]t #= cGo sf/s

/fhgLlts ;|f]t–zlQm ;+3if{, dxTjfsf+Iff

;fdflhs–/fhgLlts ;|f]t -hft, ju{, wd{df cfwfl/t lje]b / c;dfgtf, ul/aL / a]/f]huf/L_

ef}uf]lns ljifdtf

;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL lje]b

j}rfl/s leGgtf

cGt/f{li6«o kl/k|]Iodf kl/jt{g

zlQmzfnL /fi6«sf cle?lr -/fhgLlts, /0fgLlts ;}Go /, cfly{s cle?lr -k|fs[lts ;|f]t, Uof;, t]n, hn, jg_Ù P]ltxfl;s lj/f;t / wfld{s sf/0f_ .

;+nUgtf tyf c;+nUgtfsf ;jfn

lglxt :jfy{

;fdGtL clehft ju{sf t8se8s, wfld{s tyf hftLo cltjfb

;z:q ;d"x / cfk/flws ;+u7g

dgf]j}1flgs tTTj -abnf tyf k|ltzf]wsf] efjgf_

;dfhdf ljsl;t cj;/jfb

zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] dd{cg';f/ lj:t[t åGåf]Q/ /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt sfo{ tof/L / sfo{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf -åGåk|efljt, /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh, bft[lgsfo_;Fusf] Jofks 5nkmn cfjZos 5 . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ;Dk"0f{ dGqfno, ljefu, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] cfˆgf of]hgf tyf lqmofsnfkdf åGåf]Q/ /0fgLlt ;dfj]z ug{ h?/L 5 . d'n'sdf

rn]sf] åGån] g]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] 7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ clt k|efljt agfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o /0fgLltsf] s]Gb|laGb'df g]kfnL hgtfdf cfTdljZjf;, Ifdtf / OR5fzlQm ljsf; x'g'k5{ . åGåf]Q/ ;du| /0fgLltdf n}+lus–pQ/bfoL

k|ltlqmof k|fyldstfdf kg'{k5{ . ;fy}, o;df s]Gb|Lo :t/sf] ljz]if ;ts{tf

klg rflxG5 . s]Gb|Lo -/ :yfgLo :t/df klg_df dlxnf ljz]if1, dlxnf sfo{stf{, ;/sf/L k|ltlglw / ;/f]sf/jfnf;lxtsf] n}+lus n]vfk/LIf0f ;d"x u7g / ljz]if sfo{;"rL x'g' h?/L 5 . o;n] n}+lus–;+j]bgzLn

åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f ;'lglZrt u/fpg d2t u5{ . åGåf]t/ ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof dlxnfsf] u'0ffTds ;xeflutf cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ x'g] x'Fbf of] ;jfn

/fhgLlts bn, ;/sf/ / ;dfhsf] k|fyldstfdf kfg'{k5{ .

o'4b]lv zflGt;Ddsf] ;+qmd0f, Joj:yfkg d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg


93

åGåf]Q/ cj:yfsf] Pp6f k|d'v r'gf}tL ;|f]tsf ljifd afF8kmfF6 / ckf/bzL{ tj/df afXo ;|f]tsf] unt k|of]u x'g' xf] . bft[lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf dGqfno;Fu plrt ;dGjo, cfjZos ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng, ePsf] ;|f]tsf] plrt -;dtfd"ns_ afF8kmfF6h:tf s'/f ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L xf], h'g k|foM ;xL tl/sfn] ;DkGg ePsf] x'Fb}g .

ljQLo ;|f]t afF8kmfF6 tyf kl/rfng ug{ cGt/dGqfno ;dGjo klg plQs} dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . o;n] d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hg /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . ;dGjo :yflkt ug{, cg'udg tyf ;|f]tsf] plrt afF8kmfF6 ug{ k|To]s dGqfnodf zflGt k|j4{g PsfO

h?/L x'G5 . ;kmn åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f, d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu ljljw ;+:yfut / ljlgofds Joj:yf rflxG5, h'g ;/sf/ / ;+;b\sf] bfloTj xf] . t/, of] ;jfnnfO{ g]kfndf a]jf:tf g} u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

#=@ åGåsf] cGTosf] Jofjxfl/s cfwf/

;ft bnLo u7aGwg / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr ePsf] lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfn] !) jif]{ ;z:q åGåsf] cGTo;lxt /fHo ¿kfGt/0fsf] af6f] b]vfPsf] lyof] . of] ;xdltn] eG5 M

g]kfnsf] /fhtGq / k|hftGqaLrsf] nfdf] ;+3if{ sl7g / gofF df]8df cfOk'u]sf] 5 . bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGåsf] cGTo u/L cu|udgsf/L /fhgLlts lgsf;dfkm{t

zflGt :yfkgf ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . o;sf/0f /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts;lxt juL{o, hftLo, n}+lus, If]qLo ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{

/ lg/+s'z /fhtGq cGTo ug{ cu|udgsf/L /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfdfkm{t b]zdf k"0f{ nf]stGq sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfd clgjfo{ cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . b]zdf sfod

o:tf] k[i7e"lddf jftf{sf ljleGg k4ltdfkm{t ;+;b\sf ;ft bnLo u7aGwg / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr lgDg ;xdlt ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub{5f}+ .

of] ;Demf}tfn] ;+3Lo u0ftGqtkm{sf] af6f] klg b]vfPsf] lyof] . o;eGbf cl3 ;ft bn / dfcf]jfbLaLr ePsf] !@ a'Fb] ;xdltdf b'O{ j6f d"n s'/f lyP M lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTo / /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf . of] ;Demf}tf ug{ g]tfx¿ ;kmn t eP t/ klxnf] /fHo k'g;{+/rgfaf/] ltgsf] ju{, hft,

94

ln+u, If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ztfAbLof}+ k'/fgf ;d:of ;dfwfg ub}{ hgtfsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{] sfd;Fu ;f] ;jfn ufFl;Psf] 5 . o:tf] k'g;{+/rgf ;'lglZrt gx'Fbf;Dd g]kfndf ;d'lrt nf]stGq klg :yfkgf x'g]5}g . olt hl6n ljifonfO{ g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] Psn hftLo klxrfgsf] ljjflbt, ;fF3'/f] / cJofjxfl/s vfsfdf xfnL juL{o d'2fnfO{ kG5fPkl5 /fHosf] ¿kfGt/0f / k'g;{+/rgfn] d"t{ ¿k lng ;s]g . ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax';f+:s[lts b]zdf Psn hftLo klxrfg g j}1flgs 5, g ;Dej g} . t/, b]zsf #& k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf hghfltsf] dgf]lj1fgdfly v]n]/ ef]6 NofO{ ;Qf sAhf ug]{ dfcf]jfbLsf] unt /0fgLlt / o:tf] unt sfd x'g gx'g] c? /fhgLlts zlQmsf c8fgsf sf/0f b]zdf gofF ;+ljwfg ag]g .

@)^@ r}t @$ b]lv j}zfv !! ;Ddsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] lg/+s'z / ;fdGtL zf;gsf] cGTo u¥of] . cfˆgf] zf;g sfod /fVg] /fhfsf] /0fgLlt klg j}zfv !! sf] dWo/ftdf ;Dk"0f{ zlQm hgtfdf ;'lDkPkl5 c;kmn klg eof] . 6]lnlehgdf k|;fl/t pgsf] efif0f o:tf] lyof], æhgcfGbf]ng / ;ft bnLo u7aGwgsf] /f]8Dofk a'em]/ lx+;f / /fli6«o ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] cfk]Iff;lxt xfdLn] k|ltlglw;ef k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ 3f]if0ff ul/aS;]sf 5f}+===Æ1 t/, b'ef{Uo Pp6f zfx /fhfsf 7fpFdf y'k|} /fhfx¿ hlGdP–– sf]xL zLif{ g]tfsf gfddf, sf]xL c¿ s]xL gfddf . pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] sfo{z}nLdf zfx /fhfs} z}nL cg's/0f u/] .

of] cfGbf]ng ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fd"lxs p2]Zo lyof] . cfGbf]ngdf dlxnf, pk]lIft ;d"x, hftLo ;d'bfo, ljsnf+u, o'jf, afnaflnsf, u[lx0fL, >lds, s[ifs, km'6kfy Jofkf/L, Jofkfl/s ;d'bfo, v'b|f ljqm]tf, zflGt

tyf dfgjclwsf/jfbL sfo{stf{, kqsf/, jlsn, ljåfg, cg';Gwftf,

slj, n]vs, ljBfno lzIfs, k|fWofks, 8fS6/, g;{, ;'rLsf/, rd{sf/, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, k|fljlws, snfsf/, l;g]sdL{, /fhgLlt1h:tf ;a} If]qsf dflg; ;xefuL lyP .

1 lb sf7dfG8' kf]:6 @% clk|n @))^ .



95

of] cfGbf]ngn] /fhtGqsf] cGTo u/L ;ft bnLo u7aGwgnfO{ ;Qfdf k'¥ofof] . o;nfO{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] pknlAw dfGg'k5{ . of] kl/l:yltn] ;ft bnLo u7aGwg ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLaLr ;xdlt u/fof] . t/, b'ef{Uo /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf g]tfn] hgcfGbf]ng, zflGt–;Demf}tf / nf]stGqsf] dd{ ga'em]sf] dfq xf]Og, cfˆgf :jfy{sf nflu Ift–ljIft kf/] . ;+j}wflgs c+ux¿ / Gofofnodf ;d]t efua08f / kf6L{ ;b:osf] rGbfsf cfwf/df lgo'lQm, ;+ljwfg;efdf ;dfg'kflts ;b:o 5fGbf >LdtLnufotsf cGo gftf cflbsf cfwf/df dgf]gog oxL Ift–ljIftsf sfnf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

;ft bnLo u7aGwg / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr @)^# c;f/ @ df ePsf] cf7 a'Fb] ;xdlt ;z:q åGå cGTo u/L b]zdf zflGt k'g:yf{kgf u/fpg] dxTTjk"0f{ km8\sf] lyof] . cf7 a'Fb] ;xdltsf] rf}yf] a'Fbfdf pNn]v 5 M

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fkl5 cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g ug]{, ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ldlt 3f]if0ff ug]{, j}slNks Joj:yfkl5 ;xdltsf cfwf/df k|ltlglw;ef lj36g ug]{, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / ;/sf/aLr ePsf] !@ a'Fb] ;xdlt tyf o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfsf] k|:tfjgfsf] dd{sf] cfwf/df g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] u7g u/]sf] …hg;/sf/Ú e+u ug]{, @)$^ sf] tyf P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf] hgtfsf] clwsf/ Uof/]G6L ug]{ .

t/ b'ef{Uo, cf7 a'Fb] ;xdlt u/]sf bnx¿n] To;sf] cIf/zM sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]gg\ . o;n] cljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L zflGt–k|lqmofdf

gsf/fTds c;/ u¥of] .

åGå ;dfwfg, åGå Joj:yfkg, åGå ¿kfGt/0f, zflGt –k|lqmof, /fHo k'g;{+/rgf, ;'/Iff If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0f xltof/ tyf ;]gf Joj:yfkg,

;+ljwfg;ef, ;+3Lo /fHo ;+/rgf tyf ;dfj]zL /fHo h:tf zAbfjnL

;dsfnLg ax;df af/Daf/ k|of]u eP . k|To]s zAbfjnLaf6 7]nL g} n]Vg] ;fdu|L oy]i6 x'Gy] . t/, sfof{Gjog kIf clt lkmtnf] /Xof] . zflGt cS;/ dfgl;s efjdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o;n] ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs, ef}lts,

dfgl;s, cflTds tyf dgf]j}1flgs ;'v lbG5, To;}n] o;nfO{ lbdfuL cj:yf dflgG5 . afXo jf cfGtl/s sf/0faf6 oL tTTjnfO{ cK7\of/f] eP

96

zflGt kfpg ;lsGg . nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfnsf] cj:yf zflGtk"0f{ lyPg . /fHo / dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] !) jif{ nfdf] o'4 / To;n] lgDTofPsf] kl/0ffdn] g]kfnL ;dfhdf c;'/Iff, 8/, cfz+sf tyf lrGtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf u/]sf] lyof] . of] kl/k|]Iodf cfdhgtfn] a'em]sf] zflGtk|ltsf] cjwf/0ffn] /Qmkftk"0f{ o'4sf] cGTo u/L elTsPsf] ;dfhnfO{ ;'Gb/ agfpg]] dflg;aLr lalu|Psf] ;DaGw k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;+s]t u5{ . t/, of] If]qdf 7f]; sfd x'g ;s]g .

zflGt lgdf{0fn] ljutsf gsf/fTds k|efj;Fu h'‰g] sfd -d]nldnfk, IfdfzLntf, åGåaf6 afFr]sf / o;af6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ Gofo lbg], ;dfhdf x'g] u/]sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds / gsf/fTds ;DaGwnfO{ ;dGjofTds ;DaGwn] k'g:yf{lkt ug]{_nfO{ dfq ghgfP/ o;n] eljiosf] dfu{lrq, cfzf / ;kgf klg sf]5{ . ;xL k|lqmofaf6 of] kfpg ;lsG5 -a}rn/ / c¿ ;g\ @))*_ . t/, g]kndf ;xL k|lqmof g} ckgfOPg .

;dfh Psk6s åGådf xf]ldPkl5 o'4/t kIfaLr ;xdlt eP klg nfdf] ;do;Dd o;sf] c;/ /xG5 . dte]bsf ;jfndf ;Demf}tf ug{, c;Gtf]if lgjf/0f ug{ / ;DaGwx¿ ;fdfGo agfpg nfdf] ;do nfU5 / o;sf nflu k|lta4tf, uDeL/ k|of; / plrt k|lqmof h?/L k5{ . …;xL k|lqmofÚn] ;xL

kl/0ffd lbg d2t u5{ eGg] åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt lgdf{0fsf] ljZjJofkL cg'ejn] b]vfpF5 .

g]kfn clxn] o'4af6 zflGttkm{sf] uDeL/ ;+qmd0fdf 5 . Ps bzs;Dd

d'n'sn] /Qmkftk"0f{ ;z:q åGå ef]Uof] . o'4n] !^ xhf/sf] Hofgdfq lnPg, caf{}+ ?k}ofFa/fa/sf k"jf{wf/ klg Wj:t agfof] . o;afx]s of] åGån] ;fdGtL, s]Gb|Ls[t, PsfTds /fhtGqfTds d'n'snfO{ cfw'lgs, ;dfj]zL

/ ;+3Lo u0ftflGqs /fHodf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ cfwf/ klg tof/ u¥of] .

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / ;ft bnLo u7aGwgaLr !@ a'Fb] ;xdlt ePkl5 h"g cfGbf]ng–@ ;kmn eof] . To;n] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf] af6f] vf]Nof] . kmntM ;z:q åGå cGTo eO{ lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfdf ;d]t x:tfIf/



97

eof] . ;+o"Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cgldg (UNMIN) nfO{ cfdGq0f,2 xltof/ tyf ;]gf Joj:yfkgdf ;xdlt, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, cGtl/d ;+;b\ / cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g, ;+o'Qm cg'udg ;dGjo ;ldlt3åf/f k"j{n8fs' k|df0fLs/0f lgjf{lrt / ;fgf] ;+Vofdf ;dfof]hg, dw];L, hghflt / cGo;Fu ljleGg ;/sf/x¿sf] ;xdlt, nfdf] ;dob]lv k|tLIffdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] @)^% h]7 !% a;]sf] klxnf] a}7sn] g]kfnnfO{ …nf]stflGqs u0ftGqÚ 3f]if0ff, zlQm afF8kmfF6sf] cf+lzs Joj:yf -/fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL / ;+ljwfg;ef cWoIfsf] r'gfj_ cflb zflGt–k|lqmof ;kmn agfpg ul/Psf dxTTjk"0f{ sfd x'g\ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))*aL / ;L_ . t/, log} dxTTjk"0f{ sfdaLr kl5Nnf] r/0fdf g]kfnL /fhgLltdf sfnf] afbn d8fl/Psf] 5, vf;u/L dfcf]jfbLsf] Psn hftLo /fHosf] unt c8fgn] . klxn] g]kfn ztfAbLcf}+;Dd ;fdGtL, s]Gb|Ls[t, PsfTds, alxis/0fo'Qm, /fhtGqfTds d'n's lyof] . oxfF ln+u, hft, hftLotf / wd{sf cfwf/df Jofks lje]b x'GYof] . !) jif]{ ;z:q åGå / !( lbg] hgcfGbf]ngn] g]kfnnfO{ ;fdflhs ¿kdf ;dfj]zL, cfly{s ¿kdf ;d[4 / /fhgLlts ¿kdf k|hftflGqs d'n's agfpg] af6f] klg vf]lnlbof] . oBlk, oL ;a} ljz]iftf xfl;n ug{ g]kfnn] cem} nfdf] af6f] lxF8\g'kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfnL hgtf nf]stflGqs cEof;df nfUg'k5{ . /fHon] klg

cfˆgf hgtfsf] dfgjclwsf/ /Iff u/L ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ .

cfly{s ljsf; xfl;n ug{, /fhgLlts :yfloTj / zflGt k|fKt ug{ /

nf]stflGqs cEof; ug{ 7Ls ;dodf 7Ls cjwf/0ff h?/L k5{ . ;fy},

/fhgLltsdL{sf] :ki6 b"/blz{tf, /fHodf pQ/bfoL lgsfo / plrt jftfj/0f klg rflxG5 . lx+;f / o'4n] cfFvfn] b]lvg]eGbf w]/} xflg u5{ . b]lvg] kl/0ffd eg]sf t d[t tyf 3fOt] z/L/, anfTs[t tyf kLl8t z/0ffyL{ /

lj:yflkt, ejg tyf k"jf{wf/x¿df Iflt / ;fdflhs cK7\of/fx¿ x'g\ .

oL ;d:ofnfO{ tTsfn ;dfwfg ul/g'k5{ . t/, xfd|f] dgf]lj1fgdf uPsf]

2 /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] %^@@ cf}F a}7sn] !&$) ;+sNk k|:tfj ;j{;Ddltn] :jLsf/ ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] cfu|xadf]lhd cgldg :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] .

3 lj:t[t yfxf kfpg x]g'{xf];\ /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] %^@@ cf}+ a}7ssf] lg0f{o -P;;L÷*($@_ .

98

klx/f]nfO{ klg ;'Nemfpg Hofb} h?/L x'G5 lsgls To:tf klx/fn] dfgl;s cf3ftsf] ¿kdf xfd|f] dgdf ulx/f] 8fd kfl/lbG5g\ . To;n] ck/fw, 3[0ff / lt/:sf/sf] ;f]rfO hGdfP/ abnfsf] efjgf hfu[t u/fpF5 . ef}lts k'glg{df{0feGbf 7"nf] s'/f d]nldnfk xf] lsgls o;n] uDeL/ rf]6df k/]sf dflg;nfO{ k'g:yf{kgf klg u/fpF5, ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / ;+:s[ltsf] dd{t klg u5{ . o;nfO{ ;Daf]wg gul/P o'4 / lx+;f km]l/ hGdG5 . /fhgLlts :yfloTj k|flKt / zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ;dfof]lht cjwf/0ff k"j{;t{ xf] .

#=# ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkg

¿kfGt/0f :yflkt ug{ ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkg / :yfloTj k|flKt cToGt} h?/L x'G5 . ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgDg dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{ h?/L x'G5g\ M

zlQm–;fem]bf/L Joj:yfkgsf] OdfGbf/Lk"0f{ kfngf

zflGt–k|lqmofsf] lgoldt cg'udg

;xdlt tyf ;Demf}tfsf] OdfGbf/Lk"0f{ kfngf

;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo / sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttf

;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff Uof/]G6L

:jR5 / lgikIf lgjf{rg

lgMz:qLs/0f tyf ;dfof]hg k|lqmofdf ;xhLs/0f

;'/Iff If]q k'g;{+/rgf

d]nldnfk, k'g:yf{kgf, k'glg{df{0fsf sfd sfof{Gjog

;fj{hlgs ck]Iff / lg/fzfsf] ;Daf]wg

cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotf kl/rfng / lglxt :jfy{aLr ;Gt'ng



99

lrq #=! åGåf]Q/ ;jfndf ;xsfo{

;|f]tM n]vs

#=#=! zlQm afF8kmfF6sf] Joj:yf

zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg zlQm afF8kmfF6sf] Joj:yf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;+qmd0fsfndf o'4/t kIfaLr zlQmsf] cGtl/d Joj:yfkg ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n] ;Qf ;fem]bf/L ul//x]sf kIfaLr u7aGwgsf] ;+:s[lt dxTTjk"0f{

x'G5 . o;n] ;Qf ;fem]bf/LnfO{ sfo{d"ns agfpg] e"ldsf v]N5 .

g]kfndf lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tf / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;Qf ;fem]bf/Lsf] oy]i6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;lxt ;ft bnLo u7aGwgsf g]tfx¿ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, cGtl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;b\, s"6gLlth:tf bx|f]

zlQm ;+/rgfdf /x] klg u7aGwg ;+:s[ltsf] eg] cefj 5 . lat]sf

100

lbgsf cfˆgf lqmofsnfkk|lt cfkm"nfO{ ldn]sf] k'/:sf/÷;Ddfg:j¿k cfkm"n] zlQm cEof; ug{ kfPsf] tL g]tfn] 7fG5g\ . ;+qmd0fsfnnfO{ /fd|/L Joj:yfkg u/L zflGt, nf]stGq / :yfloTj k|fKt ug]{af/] cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L t dx;';} ub}{gg\ .

zlQm afF8kmfF6 Joj:yfaf/] clxn]sf stf{x¿sf] sfo{k4ltn] oy]i6 ;+/rgfut ;d:of lgDTofO/x]sf 5g\ eg] zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ sdhf]/ klg agfO/x]sf 5g\ . zlQm ;fem]bf/Lsf] 3]/faflx/ /xg]x¿ c;Gt'i6 5g\ / k|d'v u7aGwgsf lg0f{osf] k|ltjfb ug{ ltgLx¿ la:tf/} ;'? ub}{ 5g\ .

aS; #=! g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmofsf] km/s ljz]iftf afXo stf{sf] ulx/f] vfn] k|ToIf ;+nUgtfsf] ;f6f] cfGtl/s stf{åf/f

Jojl:yt Pscfk;df nl8/x]sf /fhgLlts zlQm -;+;bjfbL /fhgLlts bn

/ g]skf–dfcf]jfbL_ /fhtGqsf] lj?4df n8\g ;+ul7t ePkl5 . /fhf, dfcf]jfbL / bnaLrsf] lqkIfLo åGå /fhf / /fhgLlts bnaLr låw|'jLo åGådf kl/0ft eof] . zflGt–;Demf}tfdf k'u]/ /fhtGqsf] cGTo eof]

gful/s ;dfhsf] 7"nf] of]ubfg hgcfGbf]ng–@ df hgzlQmsf] k|ltljDa df3 !( sf] sbdkl5 hgtfnfO{ ldn]sf] Jofks cGt/f{li6«o ;dy{g sd{rf/L k|zf;g, Gofokflnsf, Jofkfl/s nufot ;dfhsf ljljw If]qdf

kl/jt{gsf] P]Soa4tf ;g\ @))* sf] lgjf{rgdfkm{t hgtfn] ljb|f]xL zlQmnfO{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf]

bnsf] ¿kdf /f]h]sf ;}lgs zf;gsf] kIfdf gnfu]/ zflGt–;Demf}tf / /fhgLlts kl/jt{g

:jLsf/L ;]gfåf/f ;xof]u cfGtl/s zflGt tyf åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cg';Gwftf

tyf cEof;stf{x¿sf] bx|f] ;+nUgtf

;z:q åGå cGTo u/L zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgdf cfpg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf sfo{/t dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;d'bfoåf/f Jofks bafa .

zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ;Dej eP;Dd w]/} ;d"xsf] ;xfotf cfjZos x'G5 . oBlk, clxn]sf] zflGt–k|lqmofsf] ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkgdf



101

oxL kIfsf] uDeL/ cefj eO/x]sf] 5 . s'g} klg /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o gePsf :jtGq, af}l4s, ljåfg cEof;stf{ / ljZn]ifssf] ljz]if1tf, 1fg, ;Lk tyf bIftf zflGt–k|lqmofdf k|of]u ul/g'k5{ . of] Pp6f o:tf] af}l4s ;d"x xf], hf];Fu ljrf/ lgdf{0f tyf ;"rgfsf] kx'Frsf] Jofks Ifdtf x'G5 .

#=#=@ ;xdlt sfof{Gjog

;xdltdf n]lvPsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] OdfGbf/Lk"0f{ sfof{Gjogdf ;+qmd0fsfnLg zflGt–k|lqmofsf] ;kmntf / c;kmntf cfwfl/t x'G5 . zflGt–;Demf}tf x:tfIf/ ug]{ kIfn] g} ;xdlt pNn+3g ug]{ -unt JofVof u/L, s]xL sfd gu/L, pN6f] ultljlw ug]{ cflb_ / c;xof]uL egL csf]{ kIfnfO{ cf/f]k nufpg] Pp6f dfgl;stf xfjL ePsf] cg'ej zflGt–k|lqmofsf] ljZjJofkL cg'ejn] b]vfpF5 -afG;{ ;g\ @))@Ù cflbTo / c¿ ;g\ @))^_ .

;ft bnLo u7aGwg / dfcf]jfbLn] u/]sf y'k|} ;Demf}tf tyf ;xdltdWo] s]xL o:tf 5g\M !@ a'Fb] ;xdlt, cf7 a'Fb] ;xdlt, @% a'Fb] cfrf/;+lxtf, lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tf, /fi6«;+3nfO{ kfFr a'Fb] kq, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, ;]gf tyf xltof/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;xdlt, @# a'Fb] ;xdlt cflb . y'k|} Joj:yf zlQm ;fem]bf/L -;Qf afF8kmfF6_;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . oBlk, tLdWo]

y'k|} cf+lzs sfof{Gjogdfq ePsf] jf sfof{Gjog} gePsf] jf km/s JofVof

ul/Psf] jf To;lj?4sf sfo{ ul/Psf 5g\ . sfof{Gjog gePsf y'k|} o:tf ;Demf}tf / ;dembf/L g]kfnL hgtfsf ;jfn;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /fV5g\ . ;+qmd0fsfnLg zflGt–k|lqmofdf of] Pp6f lgs} hf]lvdk"0f{ k|of; xf] .

#=#=# zflGt–k|lqmofsf] cg'udg

;+;f/df $) k|ltzteGbf a9L zflGt–;Demf}tfx¿ x:tfIf/ ePsf] rf/ jif{d} c;kmn ePsf 5g\ . ;xdlt ePsf Joj:yfsf] plrt cg'udg / OdfGbf/Lk"0f{ sfof{Gjog gePsf]n] o;f] ePsf] xf] . o;y{, zflGt–k|lqmof ;kmn agfpg, :yfloTj, zflGt / nf]stGq :yfkgf ug{ ;xdltsf] k|efjsf/L cg'udg plQs} h?/L 5 . cg'udg ;+oGq :jtGq, zlQmzfnL

102

/ lgikIftf;fy rgfvf] eO{ sfd ug]{ x'g'k5{ . x:tfIf/ u/]sf kIfn] OdfGbf/Lk"j{s ;xdlt kfng u/] ls u/]gg\, To;af/] Wofg lbg'k5{ . of] k|fljlws ;jfn klg xf], To;}n] o;df k|fljlws bIftf g} rflxG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df zflGt–k|lqmof cg'udg sfo{ cToGt} sdhf]/ lyof] . ;/sf/ tyf ;ft bnLo–g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ u7aGwgn] klg zflGt–k|lqmof cg'udg ;+oGqsf] ckl/xfo{tf a'‰g ;s]gg\ . o'4lj/fd cg'udg ;+oGq u7g ePsf] eP klg o;n] lgikIftf ;fy sfd ug{ ;s]g . kl5 zflGt–k|lqmof cg'udgsf nflu k|:tfljt cWoIfn] klg lat]sf lbgdf /fHo kIf / /fhgLlts bnsf] c;xof]uL Jojxf/ u/]sf] eGbf ;f] lhDd]jf/L lng c:jLsf/ u/] . ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfaf6 kf/ kfpg hgfb]z k|fKt, ;|f]t / clwsf/;DkGg cg'udg ;ldlt h?/L x'GYof] t/ To:tf] ;ldlt agfOPg .

#=@=$ ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf

;g\ !(() sf] ;'?af6} ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofon] ;+;f/e/ åGåf]Q/ ;dfhnfO{ y'k|} /fxt lbof] . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{ dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gf bf]xf]l/g] k|lqmof /f]Sg, d]nldnfk k|j4{g ug{ tyf kf/blz{tf dfkgsf] k|of; ug{ lbg dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gf ;Daf]wg ug]{ af6f] b]vfof] . åGåf]Q/ zflGt lgdf{0fsf] kl/k|]Iodf ljz]if cbfntsf cGt/f{li6«o clws/0faf6

:yflkt ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;+oGqnfO{ o'4 ck/fw, dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g tyf eljiodf x'g] ck/fw /f]Sg] cu'jfsf] ¿kdf x]l/Psf] lyof] . åGåsf a]nf ul/Psf ck/fw cGTo ug]{ / åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{

k'gM ;Daf]wg ug{] o:tf Goflos ;+oGq ;kmn x'g] cfzf Tolta]nf lyof] .

åGåf]Q/ ;dfhdf lxhf]sf lbgdf ePsf dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gf ;Daf]wg ug]{ Goflos dfWodsf] cfjZostfaf/] ax; k}bf u/fof] . ljz]ifu/L ljutsf ck/fw ;Daf]wg ug{ ;To lg?k0f cfof]u h:tf GofloseGbf

km/s k|s[ltsf ;+oGqx¿ jf k"0f{tM sfg'gL pkrf/ pkof]u ug]{ eGg]af/]

ax; s]lGb|t lyP .

åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ Gofo lbnfpg] alnof] pkfo ;+qmd0fsfnLg

Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf xf] . o; ;DaGwdf ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf nflu



103

cGt/f{li6«o s]Gb| -OG6/g];gn ;]G6/ km/ 6«flGh:gn hl:6;_n] eG5, æJofks dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf lj/f;t;Fu ;d'bfonfO{ ;dembf/L sfod u/fpg ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofon] ljljw cjwf/0ff ;d]6\5 . To;nfO{ ;dfhn] ckgfO/x]sf] klg x'G5 . ;f] cj:yfdf ;dfh lx+;fTds åGå jf zf]if0faf6 zflGt, nf]stGq, sfg'gL zf;g, JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs clwsf/sf] ;Ddfgtkm{ al9/x]sf] x'G5 .Æ o;sf] k|d'v hf]8 Gofosf] vf]hL, ;hfo, Ifltk"lt{ / d]nldnfk x'g\ -pk|]tL / af:tf]nf ;g\ !((&_ .

åGåf]Q/ zflGt lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] Pp6f efu ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ePsf] 5 . åGåkl5 gful/s ;dfh;Fusf] d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgsf] ¿kdf klg o;nfO{ x]l/G5 . ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;DaGwL ax;nfO{ zflGt / Gofo, Goflos / u}/Goflos pkfosf] ¿kdf klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, h;n] lat]sf lbgsf sdLsdhf]/L ;Rofpg ;S5 . cfk/flws ;hfon] åGå / cl:y/tf lgDTofpF5 egL ts{ klg ul/G5 . o;afx]s, ;Tosf] vf]hLnfO{ kf/blz{tfsf] dfWod dfGb} o;n] zflGt / d]nldnfk k|j4{g ug]{ klg dflgG5 -lqmh ;g\ !((%_ .

;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf k|d'v p2]Zo b'O{ lsl;dsf 5g\ M klxnf], hjfkmb]xLsf] k|lqmof;lxt åGå/t kIfaLr tyf åGåaf6 k|efljtsf] d]n u/fpg] k|lqmof ;'? ug]{ / bf];|f], bL3{sfnLg zflGt ;'lglZrt u/fpFb} g/fd|f 36gf dTy/ kfg]{ -afl:;pgL ;g\ @)))_ . Goflos / u}/Goflos hjfkmb]xLn] åGåf]Q/ ;dfhdf d]nldnfk k|lqmofnfO{ ;3fpg ;S5 . oBlk, d]nldnfk cfkm}+df hl6n cjwf/0ff xf] . o;nfO{ ;lhn} kl/eflift ug{ ;lsFb}g . o;nfO{ ljljw tl/sfn] JofVof ul/Psf] 5, s[t1tf / kZrftfkb]lv ck/fwL / kLl8taf6 Ifdfbfg;Dd -cEr'r / e]hf/fgf] ;g\ @))@_, u}/vt/fk"0f{ ;xcl:tTj -6]Kk/d]g ;g\ @))@_ . nf]stflGqs lg0f{o–lgdf{0f / k'g;{dfof]hg tyf ;To, Ifdf, zflGt tyf Gofo gfds rf/ cjwf/0ffsf] ¿kdf o;nfO{ JofVof ul/Psf] xf] -cf]8]g8fn ;g\ !((&_ . vf;u/L, d]nldnfk o:tf] k|lqmof xf], h;nfO{ ljljw tl/sf tyf ;docg';f/ ;DkGg u/fpg ;lsG5 .4

4 of] kl/R5]bn] /fli6«o tyf JolQmut d]nldnfkaLr km/s 5'§ØfpF5 .

104

;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf s]xL k|d'v tTTj eg]sf ;Tosf] vf]hL, cleof]hg, Ifltk"lt{ / d]nldnfk x'g\ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))&aL_ . OG;fOSnf]lkl8of ckm h]gf];fO8 PG8 qmfOD; cu]G:6 Xo'd]lg6L -;g\ @))$_sf cg';f/ ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofon] nf]stflGqs, GofozLn jf zflGtk"0f{ eljio lgdf{0fsf If]qnfO{ hgfpF5 . To; If]qsf] hf]8 ljutdf ePsf dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf lj/f;t, g/;+xf/ jf u[xo'4;lxt cfdg[z+;tf jf cGo lsl;dsf qm"/ ;fdflhs 3ftdf x'G5 .5 To;}n] ;+qmd0fsfnLg GofonfO{ …;+qmd0fsf] a]nfsf] GofoÚsf] ;+s'lrt cy{df a'lemg' x'Fb}g .

;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] ljrf/wf/fdf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL l;4fGtcg';f/ Gofosf] cjwf/0ffdfq ;dfj]z x'Fb}g . Ifltk"[lt{ sfo{qmd, ;Tosf] vf]hLsf] ;+oGq, åGåaf6 zflGt tyf :yfloTjsf] /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0f klg To;df c6\5 . To;}n], of] hl6n k|lqmof xf], h;sf nflu zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf bnx¿sf] :ki6 k|lta4tf h?/L x'G5 .

;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo ;z:q åGåaf6 kf/ t/]sf] ;dfhsf] cfofd / k|lqmof a'‰g] zlQmzfnL cjwf/0ff xf] . o;nfO{ g]kfnh:tf] åGåu|:t d'n'sdf cEof; ul/Fbf sfg'gL, /fhgLlts, g}lts tyf ;+oGqfTds låljwf / jf:tljs hl6ntf b]lvG5 . g]kfndf of] lgs} ljjflbt 5 / lj/f]w v]k]sf] 5 .

ljut;Fu h'‰bf / eljiok|lt ;'lglZrt x'Fbfsf] tgfj k|rlnt cfofd xf] . …/fhgLlts ;Demf}tf / jftf{Ún] ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] lqmofsnfk lgwf{/0f u5{ . zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnon] ;To tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u;DaGwL @)^$ ebf}df 5nkmnsf nflu NofPsf] cWofb]z o:tf] hl6ntfsf] pbfx/0f xf] .

;+qmd0fdf sfg'gL zf;g dx;'; ug{ klg sfg'gsf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;dfh sfg'gL k|ljlwsf] vfsfcg';f/ rN5 . o'4af6 zflGttkm{ lxF8]sf]

5 lj:tf/sf nflu x]g'{xf];\ lb OG;fOSnf]lkl8of ckm h]gf];fO8 PG8 qmfOD; cu]G:6 Xo'd]lg6L -;g\ @))$_, c+s #, k[= !)$%–!)$& .



105

g]kfnh:tf] d'n'sdf sfg'gsf] e"ldsf cToGt} dxTTjk"0f{ dflgG5 t/ Tof] cfkm}+df sdhf]/ 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] ;kmntf, o; d'n'sn] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gnfO{ slQsf] ;Ddfg u5{ eGg]df e/ k5{ . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf s]xL afWotfx¿ 5g\, h:t}M dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g /f]Sg], ljutsf ck/fw 5fglag ug]{, dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gstf{nfO{ bl08t ug]{, lx+;f dRrfpg]nfO{ k|ltalGwt ug]{, kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf nflu ;xh jftfj/0f agfpg], dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gf /f]Sg cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ / dfgjLotfsf ;jfn :jLsfg]{ / d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg k|j4{g ug]{ . To;sf/0f, g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ / dfgjLotfsf Joj:yfsf] ;Ddfgdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tTk/tfdf e/ k5{ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))& aL_ .

dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o Joj:yf -h]g]efsf rf/j6f ;Dd]ng / cGo lgodx¿_, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g, /fi6«;+3sf ljleGg ;Dd]ngx¿ -OG6/g];gn sGe]G;g cg b Olnldg];g ckm cn kmD;{ ckm /]l;on l8l:qmldg];gÙ sGe]G;g cg b /fO6\; ckm b rfON8Ù sGe]G;g cg b Olnldg];g ckm cn kmD;{ ckm l8l:qmldg];g cu]G:6 j'dgÙ OG6/g]:gn sGe]G;g cg Osf]gf]lds, ;f]l;on PG8 sNr/n /fO6\; cflb_, ;'/Iff kl/ifb\;fd' /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrjn] k]; u/]sf] k|ltj]bg …b ?n ckm n PG8 6«flGh;gn hl:6; Og slGˆNS6 PG8 kf]:6 slGˆNS6 ;f];fol6hÚ6 / :jtGq ljz]if1n] dfgjclwsf/sf] ^! cf}+ ;qdf b08xLgtf cGTo ug{ cBfjlws ul/Psf l;4fGtx¿7 d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs /fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hg lgb]{zg ug]{ dxTTjk"0f{ Joj:yf x'g\ .

g]kfnsf y'k|} åGåk|efljtn] afWosf/L lj:yfkg, ckx/0f, gh/aGb, xTof,

6 lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\, lb ?n ckm n PG8 6«flGh:gn hl:6; Og slGˆNS6 PG8 kf]:6 slGˆNS6 ;f];fOl6h, P;÷@))$÷^!^ -@# cu:t @))$_, gfddf ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ /fi6«;+3 dxf;lrjn] k]; u/]sf] k|ltj]bg .

7 ckmuflg:tfgdf lnG8/ -;g\ @))%_ sf] / o'ufG8fdf clNs/f qm]Od/, kfpn sf]lno/, sf]lng :s6 / dfu{/]6 cfgf]{N8 -;g\ @)))_sf] cWoogn] klg o:t} kl/0ffd b]vfPsf 5g\ .

106

;DklQ n'6kf6, ef}lts cfqmd0f / oftgf, anfTsf/, of}lgs lx+;f, z/L/ l5GgleGg ePsf] h:tf ;d:of ef]u]sf 5g\ . zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTj, ljZjf;, ;xfg'e"lt / /fxt Tolta]nf dfq ;Dej x'G5, hlta]nf kLl8tn] Gofo kfpF5g\ / ljutsf ck/fwL bl08t x'G5g\ . s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo :t/sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|of;n] kLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbg] / d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg k|j4{g ug{] lsl;dsf] x'gk5{ . lgDg sfo{x¿ ;dfof]lht 9+udf ul/P Gofosf] ;'lglZrttfdf d2t k'U5 M

!= ;Tolg¿k0f cfof]usf] k"0f{ lqmofzLntf

@= sfg'gcg';f/ ck/fwLnfO{ b08 lbg]

#= kLl8t ;d'bfonfO{ k'g:yf{lkt ug]{ . of] sfo{ ck/fwL / kLl8taLrsf] dWo:ytfaf6 ;Dej x'G5

$= k|x/L, ;}lgs / o'4sf a]nf ck/fwL 7xl/Psf clwsf/LnfO{ cg'zf;gsf] sf/afxLsf] ¿kdf bl08t ug]{

%= åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg] .

oL ;a} a'Fbf åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ bL3{sfnLg dgf]j}1flgs k'g:yf{kg u/fpg] p2]Zo;fy k|:tfj ul/Psf] xf] . åGåtfsf of}lgs lx+;f ef]u]sf

dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yf ;'wfg{ ljz]if ;ts{ x'g'k5{ . ltgnfO{ ljz]if sfg'gL ;xfotf klg rflxG5 . :yfgLo / lhNnf :t/df af/ P;f]l;Pgsf] ljz]if PsfO jf sfg'gL ;]jfdf sfo{/t u};;dfkm{t åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{

lgMz'Ns sfg'gL ;]jf k|bfg ul/g'k5{ .

#=@=% ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff

;+qmd0fsf a]nf zflGt–k|lqmofsf] ;kmntf gful/s / k"j{n8fs' kIfnfO{

;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttfdf e/ k5{ . sdhf]/ ;'/Iff cj:yfdf gfhfoh nfe

k|fKt ug{ vf]h]sf ;d"x jf zflGt, :yfloTj / k|ultzLn kl/jt{g grfxg]sf] lglxt cle?lr n's]sf] x'G5 . ltgn] c;'/Iff a9fpF5g\ . ;+qmd0fsfnnfO{



107

sdhf]/ agfP/ zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ y'k|} r'gf}tL klg v8f ul/lbG5g\ . ;fgf xltof/ / To;;Fu ;DalGwt ck/fw / lx+;fsf] Jofkstf g} To:tf g/fd|f p2]Zosf pbfx/0f x'g\ -pk|]tL / g]kfnL ;g\ @))^_ . To;}n] zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ck/fwL / xltof/ t:s/Lsf] lgoGq0f cToGt} h?/L 5 . b]zdf ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff :yfkgf ug{ gful/s / /fhgLltsdL{x¿ cfkm} gnfu] k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L ann] dfq ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ ;Sb}g .

u|fdL0f :t/df /x]sf] /fhgLlts z"Gotf tTsfn} k"lt{ ug'{k5{ . b]zel/sf ;a} /fhgLlts bnn] ;+o'Qm /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk ;'? u/L To; vfnsf] /fhgLlts z"Gotfdf sdL Nofpg'k5{ . gful/snfO{ /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf ;fd]n u/fpg'k5{, ;dfof]lht / u}/k/Dk/fut ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff cjnDag ug'{k5{ -;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iffsf nflu ;'/Iff annfO{ dfq ;Demg] sfo{eGbf dfly uP/_, ef/tLo ;'/Iff an;Fu ldnL ;Ldf If]qdf ;dGjofTds sfo{ ug]{ . ef/tLo /fhgLltsdL{;Fu k|zf;sLo sfo{ / ;+jfb ug'{ klg ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff ;'wfg{] sfo{ x'g\ . y'k|} o'4u|:t d'n'ssf o'4b]lv zflGt;Ddsf] ;+qmd0fn] b]vfPsf 5g\ ls zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ;Ldf Joj:yfkg cToGt} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 -afG;{ ;g\ @))@, cflbTo / c¿

;g\ @))^_ .

:yfgLo :t/sf] ;'/Iff cj:yf, ;/sf/k|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf;, Gofo /

hjfkmb]xL ;'lglZrttf, cfly{s cj;/ / ;fdflhs sNof0f -;f]l;on j]n

laOª_åf/f åGåf]Q/ cj:yf lgwf{/0f x'G5 .8 ;kmn åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu cToGt} h?/L kIf :yfgLo ;'/Iff xf] eGg] cg';Gwfg ul/Psf If]qaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfn] b]vfpF5g\ . ;fd'bflos ;'/Iff xfl;n ug{ k|x/L, :yfgLo hgtf /

/fhgLlts bnsf] PsLs[t sfo{ h?/L x'G5 .

8 lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] v08 $=$ n] o;f] eg]sf] 5, ædfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs'x¿sf] cg'udg, ;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] ljz]if ;ldlt agfPkl5 ug]{ .Æ

108

#=@=^ lgikIf lgjf{rg

;+qmd0fsf] ;kmn Joj:yfkg / zflGt–k|lqmofsf] cfwf/e"t tTTj lgjf{rg xf] . o;n] :yfloTj / k|hftGqsf nflu cfwf/ tof/ u5{ . tfhf r'gfjn] k"/fgf] /fHo ;+/rgfsf nflu rflxg] hgfb]z, sfg'g, ;+oGq / j}wtf k|bfg u5{ / ;+qmd0fsf] a]nf k|fKt pknlAw ;+:yfut klg u/fpF5 . oBlk, of]Uo dtbftfsf] pRr ;xeflutf;lxt lgikIf / eo/lxt lgjf{rgsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] k"j{;t{ xf] .

s'g} klg xfntdf lgjf{rg u/fO5f8\g] k|lqmof ;d'lrt ;dfwfg xf]Og eGg] ;g\ @))* sf] ;'?df s]Gofdf ePsf] lgjf{rgn] b]vfpF5 . lgjf{rgsf] dxTTjk"0f{ kIf t j}wtf / ckgTj -n]lhl6d];L PG8 cg/l;k_ xf] . To;}n] hgtf ;fd]n ePsf] lgikIf / eo/lxt lgjf{rg k|lqmof lgjf{rgsf] k"j{;t{ x'g'k5{ . lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwåf/f lgld{t ;+ljwfg;efn] xfl;n ePsf pknlAw ;+:yfut ug{ 7"nf] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ / c;kmntf / hftLo åGåsf] hf]lvd cGTosf nflu gofF d~r klg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] /fhgLlts bn / gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ / lgjf{lrt JolQmx¿sf] d~rsf] dxTj a9fpg lglZrt ;+j}wflgs l;4fGt / nf]stflGqs dfGotf :jLsfg'{k5{ . t/, lj8Dagf, /fli6«o cle?lr k"lt{ ug'{sf] ;f6f] lglxt cle?lr k"/f ug{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ lgof]lht 9+udf k|of]u ul/of] / o;sf] b'Mvb\ cj;fg;d]t eof] .

#=@=& k"j{n8fs'sf] lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng / k'g;{dfof]hg

lgMz:qLs/0f To:tf] k|lqmof xf], h;df JolQmn] k|of]u u/]sf] xltof/ j}w clwsf/LnfO{ ;'lDkOG5 . tL j}w clwsf/Ln] To:tf xltof/ ;'/lIft /fVg], k'glj{t/0f ug{] jf Wj:t kfg]{ sfo{ u5{g\ -Un}rd]g / c¿ ;g\ @))$_ . ;z:q ;d"x lj36g ug]{, n8fs'sf] ;+Vof Go"gLs/0f ug]{ jf ;Dk"0f{ ;z:q annfO{ k'gld{ng ug'{k"j{sf] cGtl/d cj:yfn] u}/kl/rfngnfO{ hgfpF5 -Un}rd]g / c¿ ;g\ @))$ k[=!%_ . To;}u/L k'g;{dfof]hg ;fdflhs / cfly{s k|lqmof xf], h;df k"j{n8fs'n] gful/s bhf{ k|fKt u5{g\ /



109

To;}cg';f/ sfd / cfh{gsf pkfo yfN5g\ -Un}rd]g / c¿ ;g\ @))$ k[=!%_ .

dfcf]jfbL hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng / k'g;{dfof]hgaf/]sf]

;xdltsf] a'Fbf !!=!=# …lzlj/df dfcf]jfbL n8fs'sf] k|df0fLs/0fÚn] o;f] eG5 M

lzlj/df ;xL tl/sfn] k|df0fLs/0f ul/Psf dfcf]jfbL n8fs'n] :t/Lo dfkb08 k"/f u/]kl5 ;'/Iff kmf}hdf ;Defljt ;dfof]hgsf nflu of]Uo x'g]5g\ . cof]Uo dflgPsf kmf}h ;Defljt ;dfof]hgsf nflu cof]Uo 7xl/g]5g\ . zflGt–;Demf}tfdf ;xdlt ePadf]lhd ;'/Iff kmf}hdf ;dfof]hg of]Uo n8fs'af/]sf] tYo ljz]if ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .9 ;dfof]hgsf] of] k|lqmof bnx¿;Fu cfjZos 5nkmnkZrft\ lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . dfcf]jfbL ;}Go n8fs'sf] k|df0fLs/0f eO;s]kl5 !@ h]7 @)$% kl5 hlGdPsf] tYo cfP pgLx¿ :jtM cof]Uo x'g]5g\ === dfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs'x¿sf] cg'udg, ;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] ljz]if ;ldlt agfPkl5 ug]{ .

;xdltsf] of] v08n] lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng / k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng / k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof d'n'sdf bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ / ;d'bfonfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg ug]{ sfddf dxTTjk"0f{ x'g]5 . of]Uo hgd'lQm ;]gfnfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff an -k|x/L / ;]gf_df ;dflxt ug]{ / b'j} kIfsf k"j{n8fs'nfO{ ;dfhdf k'g;{dfof]hg ug]{ sfd klg dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . To;sf/0f åGå ;+oGqnfO{ ;d'lrt lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng / k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmoflagf bL3{sfnLg zflGt / ljsf;df ;fd]n u/fpg] Pp6} k|lqmof 5}g . ;'/Iff If]q k'g;+{/rgf -an ;g\ @))@Ù s'df/ / zdf{ ;g\ @))%Ù cf]O{;L8L ;g\ @))$Ù :sgfa]n / O/xf6{ ;g\ @))%_ / ;'/Iff an tyf hgtfaLrsf] ;DaGw pRrt/ agfpg] sfo{ ;'/Iff If]qdf dxTTjk"0f{

9 lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] v08 $=$ n] o;f] eg]sf] 5, ædfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fs'x¿sf] cg'udg, ;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] ljz]if ;ldlt agfPkl5 ug]{ .Æ

110

x'G5g\ . oL kIf s'g} klg lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng / k'g;{dfof]hg sfo{qmdsf k"jf{wf/ x'g\ -cflbTo / c¿ ;g\ @))^_ .

#=@=* ;'/Iff If]q k'g;+{/rgf

zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg] dxTTjk"0f{ tTTj ;'/Iff If]q k'g;+{/rgf xf] . of] k|x/L, ;]gf, ;+;b\, :yfgLo ;'/Iff c+u, u'Ktr/ ;'/Iff;DaGwL cGo lgof]usf] DofG8]6, ;+oGq k|lqmof k'gk{l/eflift nf]stflGqs zf;gsf l;4fGtcg'¿k ;+;bLo cg'udg ;ldltnfO{ alnof] kfg]{ / gful/ssf] bx|f] lgoGq0fdfkm{t ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmof xf] . o;af/] cfpg] kl/R5]bdf cem lj:t[t JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

#=@=( d]nldnfk, k'g;{dfof]hg, k'gaf{; / k'glg{df{0f

d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgsf] k|d'v cfwf/ lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tf xf] . o;;DaGwL y'k|} bkmf 5g\, h;dWo] bkmf %=@=$ df dxTTjk"0f{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M

b'j} kIf ;z:q åGåaf6 pTkGg ljifd kl/l:yltnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ub}{ ;dfhdf zflGt sfod u/fpg tyf o'4af6 kLl8t / lj:yflkt JolQmx¿sf nflu /fxt sfo{ / k'g:yf{kgf u/fpg /fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf cfof]u u7g ug{ / To;dfkm{t o;;DaGwL sfd cufl8 a9fpg ;xdt 5g\ .

o;}u/L %=@=% n] pNn]v u5{ M b'j} kIf ;z:q åGåsf qmddf dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g ug]{ tyf

dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fwdf ;+nUgx¿sf] af/]df ;To cGj]if0f ug]{ / ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ cfk;L ;xdltaf6 pRr:t/Lo ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] u7g ug{ ;xdt 5g\ .

bkmf %=@=* n] eG5 M b'j} kIfn] ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf lj:yflkt JolQmx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts k"jf{u|xlagf

:j]R5fn] cf–cfˆgf] k}t[s jf k"j{a;f]af;sf] :yfgdf kms{g lbg, o'4sf sf/0fn] gi6 ePsf k"jf{wf/x¿ k'glg{df{0f ug{ / lj:yflkt JolQmx¿nfO{ ;–;Ddfg k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dfhLs/0f ug{ k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5g\ .

zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] bkmf * n] ljjfb ;dfwfg / sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf]



111

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M

!= b'j} kIf ljutdf eP u/]sf q'l6x¿nfO{ eljiodf gbf]xf]¥ofpg] / qmlds ¿kdf ;RofpFb} n}hfg] u/L j}olQms Pj+ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf pQ/bfoL x'g] ;xdlt k|s6 ub{5g\ -*=!_Ù

@= /fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf cfof]un] zflGt cleofgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg cfjZostfcg';f/ ;+oGqx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg]5 . cfof]usf] u7g / sfo{ljlw cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] to u/]adf]lhd x'g]5 -*=@_Ù

#= b'j} kIf jt{dfg / eljiodf x'g ;Sg] ;a} lsl;ddf kf/:kl/s dte]b jf ;d:ofnfO{ cfk;L ;+jfb, ;dembf/L, ;xdlt tyf jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ k|lta4 5g\ -*=#_Ù

$= of] ;Demf}tf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyf ;ft bn Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr ePsf ;a} lg0f{o, ;xdlt / ;dembf/Lx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf cfof]u, ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u, /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo ;'emfj cfof]unufot cfjZostfcg';f/sf cGo ;+oGqx¿sf] u7g ug]{ / ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf b'j} kIfn] k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5g\ -*=$_ .

d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] bx|f] a'Fbf /fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf cfof]u / ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u u7gsf] Joj:yf xf] . o;}u/L hgtfsf] /fhgLlts,

;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s clwsf/ /Iffsf] Joj:yf klg

zflGt–;Demf}tfn] u/]sf] csf]{ alnof] Joj:yf xf] . oL Joj:yf OdfGbf/Lk"j{s 9+un] sfof{Gjog ul/P To;n] d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgdf 7"nf] of]ubfg lbg] lyof] .

zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] sdhf]/ kIfrflxF To:tf jfSox¿ x'g\, hf] tL Joj:yfsf]

112

sfof{Gjog ;Gbe{df :ki6 5}gg\ . sfof{Gjog ;+oGq / :ki6 ;do;Ldf tf]lsPsf] eP zflGt–;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf To;n] 7"nf] d2t ug]{ lyof] .

s'g} klg ;xdltsf] ;kmntf jf c;kmntf To;df x:tfIf/ ug]{ bnx¿sf] OR5fzlQm / hjfkmb]xLdf e/ k5{ . zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] k|Zgdf, ;/sf/ /

g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ b'j} kIf cfˆgf] jfrf k"/f ug]{ sfddf sdhf]/ b]lvP . k|:tfjgfsf] Pp6f jfSon] o;f] eG5 M

nf]stGq, zflGt, ;d[l4, cu|ufdL cfly{s–;fdflhs kl/jt{g tyf b]zsf] :jtGqtf cv08tf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / :jfledfgnfO{ s]Gb|df /fVb} @)^$ h]7 dlxgfleq :jtGq / lgikIf ¿kn] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug]{ k|lta4tfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ b[9tf JoQm ub}{===

zflGt–;Demf}tfnfO{ ;kmn agfpg] y'k|} Joj:yfx¿ -pbfx/0f, k"j{/fhf–/fgLsf] ;DklQ /fli6«os/0f ug]{ -#=#_, ;fdGtL e":jfldTj cGTo ug]{ -#=&_, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f -#=!!_, y'k|} cfof]ux¿ u7g ug]{ -*=@ / *=$_, ;a} lsl;dsf ;fdGtjfb cGTo ug]{ -#=^_, rGbf ;+sng gug]{ -%=@=!_, a]kQf gful/saf/] ^) lbgleqdf ;"rgf lbg] -%=@=#_, s;}sf] lghL ;DklQ cj}w 9+un] sAhf gug]{ -&=%=%_ cflb_ b'j} kIfsf] clgR5fsf sf/0f sfof{Gjog ePgg\ . P:kf]l;6f] / qmf]s/ -;g\ @))$_sf] ;'8fgsf nflu åGåf]Q/ /0fgLltsf]

lgisif{ 5, æP]ltxfl;s zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]/dfq ;kmn åGåf]Q/ d]nldnfk, k'g;{dfof]hg / k'glg{df{0f ;'lglZrt x'Fb}g . To;}n] bL3{sfnLg cfly{s ;xfotf / ;d'lrt lg0f{ox¿ klg dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .Æ

blIf0f clk|msfsf k|d'v kfb/L Oldl/6; 8]:dG8 6'6'n] eg]sf lyP, ækL8fbfoL ljut ljZn]if0f ug]{, klxrfg ug]{, /fd|f] a'emfO agfpg] / cem To:tf] sfo{ gbf]xf]l/g] sfddf ;'lglZrttf x'g'k5{ .Æ -An'dlkmN8 / c¿

;g\ @))# sf] e"ldsfdf plNnlvt_ . d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgn] tLtf] /

k|lts"n ;DaGwaf6 cfk;L ;Ddfgo'Qm / ;xrf/L ;DaGwtkm{ hgtfnfO{ cled'vl/t u/fpF5 . ljz]ifu/L, d]nldnfkn] kL8s / kLl8taLrsf] /fxtsf] ;DaGw ljsf; u5{, h'g bL3{sfnLg zflGt / nf]stGqsf nflu cfjZos

x'G5g\ . åGåf]Q/ r'gf}tL ;Daf]wgsf] cfwf/ nf]stflGqs k|lqmof / ;+/rgf



113

:yfkgf xf] . oBlk, nf]stGq PSn} :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g, To;nfO{ :yfgLo :t/d} lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ . o;}u/L, åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf cGofo / lx+;fsf] lj/f;t sfod x'Fbf nf]stGq lqmofzLn x'G5 . To;}n], Jofks nf]stflGqs k|lqmofsf] ljsf; ug]{ / To;nfO{ alnof] kfg]{ cleGg c+u d]nldnfk xf] . åGåf]Q/ ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] k|d'v ;jfn ljutdf lx+;ftkm{ pBt dflg;x¿n] To:t} sfd k'gM ;'rf? gu¿g\ eGg] g} xf] -pk|]tL ;g\ @))^P_ .

@)^$ r}t @* df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ePkl5, g]kfnn] lj:t[t ;fdflhs–cfly{s / /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0f xfl;n ug{ ;+qmd0fsf] gofF w/ftn 6]s]sf] lyof] . oBlk, ¿kfGt/0f Tolta]nf ;Dej x'G5, hlta]nf of] b]zsf gful/sx¿ Psh'6 eP/ ;fdflhs ;b\efj, cfly{s ljsf; / /fhgLlts :yfloTj k|flKtsf] Pp6} p2]Zo;fy sfd u5{g\ . ;+qmd0fsfnnfO{ ;kmn agfpg] / d'n'sdf bL3{sfnLg zflGt xfl;n ug]{ k|d'v cfwf/x¿ d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg x'g\ . To;}n] g]kfnsf] zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg k|j4{g cToGt h?/L 5 .

d]nldnfkM Gofo, /fxt, IfdfzLntf, ;xcl:tTj / ;b\efjsf] efj a9fpg], ljutdf zq" ePsfsf] cfjZostf, 8/ / cfsf+Iff a'‰g] k|lqmof d]nldnfk xf] . o;}u/L k'g;{dfof]hg k"j{n8fs', cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt / åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ ;d'bfodf ;dflxt x'g ;xh jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/fpg] k|lqmof xf] .

ljutsf lx+;fsf] lj/f;t ;Daf]wg ug]{ / elTsPsf ;DaGwx¿ hf]8\g] tyf To:tf sfo{sf] ljZn]if0f sfo{ d]nldnfk xf] -An'dlkmN8 / c¿ ;g\ @))#_ . dxTTjk"0f{ ;f+:s[lts, b[li6sf]0ffTds, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 ljut;Fu h'‰b} ;sf/fTds ;DaGw lgdf{0f u/L cGt/lge{/ / :jR5 ;dfhsf] ;femf b[li6sf]0f ljsf; ug]{ k|lqmof d]nldnfk xf] -x]Da/ / s]NnL ;g\ @))$_ .10

d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt / b'j} kIfsf

10 lj:t[t yfxf kfpg x]g'{xf];\ M P a|fG8d x]Da/ PG8 u|]OGgL s]NnL -@))$_ . jls{ª 8]lkmlg;g ckm l/slG;lnP;g . a]nkmf:6M 8]df]qm]l6s 8fonu .

114

k"j{n8fs';Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ k|lqmof xf] . o'gfO6]8 g];G; l8Sn]/];g ckm a]l;s lk|lG;kN; ckm hl:6; km/ lelS6D; ckm qmfOd PG8 cAo'h ckm kfj/, hg/n P;]DAnL l/hf]No';g $)÷#$, @(–!!–!(*% sf cg';f/, …kLl8t To:tf dflg; x'g\, hf] JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf k|tfl8t 5g\ . ef}lts jf dfgl;s cf3ft / cfly{s Iflt ef]u]sf / /fli6«o kmf}hbf/L sfg'g pNn+3g gu/]sf t/ dfgjclwsf/ ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] tf]s]sf cfwf/e"t clwsf/ xgg\ ePsfx¿ kLl8t x'g\ .Ú

OG;]ssf] dfgjclwsf/ jif{ k':tsn] pNn]v u/]cg';f/ ;z:q åGå ;'? ePkl5 xTof, a]kQf, oftgf, anfTsf/, hah{:tL rGbf, cfqmd0fsf] wDsL, kqmfp / dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf y'k|} 36gf eP . kLl8t, k"j{n8fs' jf k"j{;}lgs, afnaflnsf, dlxnf, j[4j[4f, ckf+unufot o'4n] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf k|efljtx¿ ;z:q åGåaf6 lj:yflkt eP jf ef}lts tyf dfgl;s cfqmd0fdf k/] .

åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;sf kL8fdf lg/Gt/ dnd nufpg] sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] k|lqmof d]nldnfk xf] . of] cj:yfdf kLl8tsf] cfTdljZjf; alnof] kfl/G5, kL8ssf] p2]Zo a'emfOG5, ;d'bfonfO{ glhs NofP/ ;b\efj ljsf; u/fOG5 / Gofo k|flKtsf] af6f] b]vfOG5 . o;;Fu} cfTdljZjf; lgdf{0f

u/fpg], cfk;L ljZjf; k'g:yf{lkt ug]{ / k"j{zq"sf] Pscsf{k|ltsf] a'emfO ulx¥ofpg] sfd cToGt} 7"nf] r'gf}tL xf] . t/, g]kfndf bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgf u/fpg] ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ kIf klg oxL xf] . dflg;df ljljwtfaLr

a:g], To;nfO{ a'‰g] / ToxLF 3'nldn x'g] p2]Zo x'g'k5{ . ;DaGw alnof]

kfg]{ s'/f d'Vo ljifo xf] . ;dfof]hg / ;b\efjk"0f{ ;d'bfo lgdf{0fsf ;Dk"0f{ k|of; /fxt / d]nldnfksf nIoaf6 lgb]{lzt x'g'k5{ .

cjwf/0ffTds ¿kdf d]nldnfknfO{ unt a'lemP jf kl/0ffd -Ifdf b]pm /

gla;{_sf] ¿kdf dfq k|of]u ul/P, of] k|lqmof åGåaf6 k|efljtsf] ;d:of 5]p nufP/ ck/fwLnfO{ pDsg lbg] cEof;df ;Lldt x'g ;S5 . oBlk, d]nldnfksf] dxTTjk"0f{ kIf g} Gofo, /fxt / ;TonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|lqmof xf] . of] :j:km"t{ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ csf]{dfly nfb\g ;lsFb}g . kLl8t cfkm}+n]



115

ljut :jLsfg]{, ;Demg] / To;af6 l;Sg] u5{g\ / ;DaGw k'g:yf{lkt u/L cfˆgf p2]Zo lj:tf/ u5{g\ / eljiosf nflu ;'cj;/ klg e]6\5g\ . To;y{, of] …Ifdf b]pm t/ gla;{Ú -kmlu{e a6 g6 kmu]{6_ -6'6' ;g\ !(((_ wf/0ff;lxt JolQmdf cfpg] ulx/f] kl/jt{gsf] k|lqmof xf] . ;f/df, d]nldnfk eg]sf] b08xLgtf :yflkt ug]{ k|lqmof k6Ss} xf]Og . d]nldnfk t lg/Gt/ Pj+ bL3{sfnLg k|lqmof xf] / zL3|fltzL3| -lSjs lkmS;_ sfd kmQ] ug]{ ;f]rfOn] bL3{sfnLg zflGt xfl;n u/fpg ;Sb}gg\ -6'6' ;g\ !(((_ . ;DaGwx¿ ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ :j:km"t{ k|lqmof ePsfn] o;n] stf{, kLl8t / ;fd'bflos ;b:osf] ljZJff;, dfgl;stf, cfsf+Iff / efjgf dfu u5{, h'g cfkm}+df si6k"0f{ / kL8fbfos 5 -ufN6'ª ;g\ @)))Ù An'dlkmN8 / c¿ ;g\ @))#_ . gsf/fTds efjgf / kIfkft d]6\g JolQm -s'g} ;dosf zq"_ tyf ;d'bfonfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg'k5{, To;}n] klg of] Jofks / ;dfj]zL k|lqmof xf] .

d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hg /0fgLltn] 3[0ff, cljZjf;, clgZro ;Daf]wg u/L, ;x/L–u|fdL0f / s]Gb|–kl/lwaLrsf] c;dfgtf sd ug'{k5{ . zflGt–k|lqmofsf cj/f]ws -:kf]Onh{_x¿af6 o; k|lqmofnfO{ hf]ufpg'k5{, ;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{k5{, ;|f]t b'?kof]u /f]Sg' klg

k5{ . d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf sfo{ klxrfg ubf{ / k|fyldstfdf kfbf{ åGå–b[li6 -slGˆnS6–n]G;_ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . hgtfb]lv hgtf;Ddsf] ;+jfb Joj:yf k|j4{g ug'{k5{ / ljv08gsf/L

cjwf/0ff klg sd ug'{k5{ .

d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg hl6n / nfdf] k|lqmof xf] / o;sf nflu ;/sf/, ;dfh / :yfgLo ;dfhsf] PsLs[t k|of; h?/L x'G5 eGg] y'k|} cWoogx¿

-qm]Od/ / c¿ ;g\ @)))Ù o'lgkm]d ;g\ @))$Ù x]Da/ / s]NnL ;g\ @)))Ù

l:kR6 / sfn]{Og ;g\ !((*Ù ;]G6«f] l8 O:6'l8of];\ OG6/g]:gfN; ;g\ !((%Ù

l8kf6{d]G6 ckm km/]g ckm]o;{ PG8 OG6/g]:gn 6«]8 Sofg8f ;g\ !((&Ù df]sfn]a] ;g\ !(((Ù Aof/g ;g\ !((^Ù xGjfgf ;g\ @))%Ù DofssDof{s ;g\ @))#Ù kfNd/ ;g\ @))@Ù cflbTo / c¿ ;g\ @))^_n] b]vfPsf 5g\ .

116

To;}n] o;nfO{ :ki6 /0fgLlt, plrt ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg / /fhgLlts–;fdflhs k|lta4tf rflxG5 -pk|]tL ;g\ @))^la, ;g\ @))&8L_ .

k'g;{dfof]hgM k'g;{dfof]hg hl6n vfn] dgf]j}1flgs -hgtfn] u'hfl//x]sf hLjgaf6 ;fwf/0f clg gofF hLjgdf k'g;{dfof]hg u/fpg] dgf]j}1flgs

aGbf]a:tLsf] k|lqmof_, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s k|lqmof xf] . of] k|lqmofdf, u}/kl/rflnt ;}lgs jf k"j{n8fs', ltgsf kl/jf/ / åGåk|efljtn] ;lqmo ;b:osf] ¿kdf cfˆg} jf gofF ;d'bfodf gful/s hLjg ;'?cft ug{ yfN5g\ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))&8L_ . oBlk, of] v08n] ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hg;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fV5 . k'g;{dfof]hgsf] klxnf] v'8\lsnf]

d]nldnfk xf] . ;d'lrt d]nldnfksf] af6f] gvf]nL k'g;{dfof]hg xfl;n ug{ lgs} ufx|f] x'G5 . d]nldnfksf] /0fgLlts cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{] k|of; klg ePsf 5g\, h;n] k'g;{dfof]hg xfl;n ug]{ af6f] b]vfpF5 .

k'g;{dfof]hgdf ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s tTTjx¿ x'G5g\ . ;fdflhs k'g;{dfof]hg To:tf] k|lqmof xf], h;df k"j{n8fs' / ltgdfly cfl>t, cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflktdf k/]sf / åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ :yfgLo ;d'bfon] :jLsf5{ . /fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hg o:tf] k|lqmof xf], h;dfkm{t u}/kl/rflnt ;}lgs÷n8fs' / åGåk|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfo cf–cfˆgf

If]qsf /fhgLlts ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf / k|lqmofdf ;fd]n x'G5g\ . o;}u/L cfly{s ;dfof]hg /f]huf/L cj;/ / ahf/ ;Lk;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o; v08df cfly{s ;dfof]hgaf/] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g lsgls o;nfO{ 5'§}

5nkmn ul/g'k5{ .

o'4/t kIf;Fu s;/L sfd ug]{ / ltgnfO{ ;dfhsf] d"nwf/df NofP/ ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf ;dfj]z ePsf] /fli6«o ;]gfdf s;/L ;dfj]z ug]{ eGg] cflb

åGåf]Q/ cj:yfsf k|d'v ljifo x'g\ . o;sf nflu ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf]

¿kfGt/0f x'g'k5{, h;df ;a} stf{, ltgsf] e"ldsf, bfloTj / sfo{ ;dfj]z x'G5 . tL stf{n] nf]stflGqs dfGotf / ;'zf;gsf] ;d'lrt l;4fGtcg';f/ Ps} 7fpFdf a;]/ sfo{ u5{g\, h;n] ;'/Iff vfsf lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 .



117

k/Dk/fut :t/df, k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof lgMz:qLs[t11 tyf u}/kl/rflnt12

an / ltgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;fdflhs–cfly{s hLjgdf ;dfof]lht ug]{ k|lqmof xf] . k'g;{dfof]hg eGgfn] k"j{n8fs' / ltgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ :yflkt ;d'bfon] 7fpF lbg] / ;xcl:tTjsf] efj ljsf; ug]{ s'/f xf] .13 k"j{n8fs' / åGåk|efljtn] cfˆgf] hLjgz}nLnufot ;fd'bflos ;DaGwnfO{ k'glg{df{0f ug'{k5{ / gful/s hLjgdf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;xefuL x'g'k5{ . k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof nfdf] / hl6n k|lqmof xf] .14 o;y{, of] k"j{n8fs'sf] hLjgaf6 ;fdfGo hLjgtkm{sf] hl6n / nfdf] cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / dgf]j}1flgs ;+qmd0fsfnLg k|lqmofsf ;fy} åGåaf6 k|efljt åGåsf] 3fpaf6 ;fdfGo hLjgtkm{ hfg] k|lqmof klg xf] -cflbTo / c¿ ;g\ @))^_ . o;}n], ;kmn d]nldnfkdf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / dgf]j}1flgs k'g;{dfof]hg x'g}k5{ -6'6' ;g\ !(((Ù An'dlkmN8 / c¿ ;g\ @))#_ . åGåk|efljt -cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt, k"j{n8fs' / cGo åGåk|efljt_sf] /fhgLlts ;xeflutfnfO{ ;dfhn] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ;+/rgf / ;+oGqdf :jLsf5{, h;dfkm{t k|efljtn] ;fdfGo hLjgofkg ug{ cfˆgf] ;DaGw ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;S5g\ .

d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu ;fwf/0f, 5f]6f] jf tof/L pkfox¿

pknAw 5}gg\ . of] :yfgLo kl/k|]Io, ;z:q åGådf ;fd]n bnx¿sf]

11 åGåf]Q/ zflGt–k|lqmofsf] ;dodf xltof/ ;+sng, lgoGq0f / gi6 ug]{ k|lqmof lgMz:qLs/0f xf] .12 ;'/Iff ;]jfaf6 annfO{ d'lQm lbg] k|lqmof / kl/0ffd b'j} ePsf]n] u}/kl/rfng k|lqmof /fhgLlts

x'G5 . s'g} klg JolQm ;]jfaf6 u}/kl/rflnt x'g] / d'lQm kfpg] b'j} kIf /fhgLlts lg0f{odf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . u}/kl/rfng sfo{qmddf ;}lgsx¿nfO{ lzlj/df /fVg], xltof/ / pks/0f gi6 ug]{, ltgsf] ;}Go alb{ kl/jt{g u/fpg], k|df0fLs[t x'g], cf}ifwf]krf/ ug]{, /fxt lbg], k|lzIf0fnufot ;xfotfsf cGo :j¿k pknAw u/fpg] cflb k|lqmof ;dflxt x'G5g\ .

13 /fhgLltsdL{, af}l4s ju{, cleofgstf{ / ljåfgdf ljb|f]xLsf nflu dfq ;dfof]hg k|lqmof x'G5 eGg] ljrf/ Jofks 5 . oBlk, of] k|lqmof xltof/ Tofu]/ cfdhLjgdf hfg rfxg] /fHosf ;'/Iff kmf}h / ljb|f]xL kIf b'j}df nfu" x'G5 .

14 x]g'{xf];\ OSafn l/hf, /fi6«;+3 zflGt :yfkgf ld;gsf ;xfos dxf;lrj -Pl;:6]G6 h]g/n_, n] l8df]lanfOH8 ;f]Nh;{ l:ksM l/OlG6u|];g PG8 l/slG;n];g Og lgsf/fu'jf, Pn ;fNef8f]/, df]hflDas, lgsf/fu'jfM ;]G6/ 8L :6'l8of]; OG6/g]l;of]gfN;, !((% k[=$ df /fv]sf] ljrf/ .

118

k|lta4tf / zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] OR5fdf e/ k5{ . d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg afXo :t/af6 nflbg' x'Fb}g . a? :yfgLo k|of;af6 ;'? x'g'k5{ . k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmdsf] vfsfdf bft[ kl/of]hgfsf] cNksfnLg ;+nUgtfn] ;d:of cem aNemfpF5 . To;n] bL3{sfnLg k'g:yf{kgf xfl;n ug{ klg lbFb}g .

;d:of ;dfwfgsf] pkfo, 3/]n' d]nldnfksf] sfo{qmd ;'? ug'{ xf], h'g hgtfdf s]lGb|t x'G5 / hgtfs} cwLgdf /xG5 . k|To]s ;d'bfo / ;dfhsf] cf–cfˆg} d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgsf] tl/sf x'G5 / To;nfO{ ltgLx¿n] cfkm} ljsf; klg ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] Ujf6]dfnf, blIf0f clk|msfh:tf

o'4u|:t d'n'sn] l;sfPsf kf7n] atfpF5g\ -cflbTo / c¿ ;g\ @))^Ù xfj]{/L ;g\ @))$Ù 6'6' ;g\ !(((_ . To;}n] d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof kl/k|]Iocg';f/ km/s x'G5 . ljutsf] lx+;fTds lj/f;t;Fu h'‰g ;fd"lxs k|of; ljsf; ug]{, jt{dfgsf cfjZostf;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug]{ / cfk;L b[li6, ;fd"lxs k|of; / ;'Gb/ eljiosf nflu JolQmut / ;fd"lxs k|lta4tf lgdf{0fdf o;sf] ljz]if hf]8 x'G5 .

ljz]iftM åGåu|:t ;dfhdf zflGtk"0f{ ;fdflhs Joj:yf tof/ ug{ d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg cGof]Gofl>t x'G5g\ . An'dlkmN8, jfG;{, x';] -;g\ @))$_ h:tf åGå ljZn]ifssf] ts{ 5 ls åGåsf ;jfndf nf]stflGqs

dWodfu{n] ;dfwfg lgsfN5 eg] d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgn] dflg;aLrsf]

;DaGwnfO{ ;Daf]wg u5{ . ;kmn k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmofsf nflu ljutsf] lx+;fsf] lj/f;t ;Daf]wg ug]{, lalu|Psf ;DaGwx¿ k'glg{df{0f ug]{, ljutsf gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|efjsf/L ;+oGq -sfg'g,

k|lqmof, ;+/rgfut Joj:yfkg_ / eljiosf nflu ;femf b[li6sf]0f ljsf;

ug]{ sfd h?/L x'G5g\ . d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgn] gofF åGåsf] ;|f]tsf]

¿kdf ljutnfO{ k|of]u ug]{ sfd aGb ug'{k5{, lx+;fsf] rqm tf]8\g'k5{, zflGtnfO{ alnof] agfpg'k5{ / gj:yflkt nf]stflGqs ;+:yf / /fhgLlts k|lqmofx¿nfO{ alnof] kfg'{k5{ .



119

k'g;{dfof]hgsf a]nf pTkGg x'g] dte]bx¿ sd ug{ o:tf] d~r agfOg'k5{, hxfF ljjfbsf ;Dk"0f{ ;jfn ;lhn} /fVg ;lsof];\ . k"j{n8fs', ;}lgs, cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt / ;DalGwt ;d'bfon] ef]u]sf ;d:of aflx/ cfpg}k5{ . o;n] åGå s;/L cfOk¥of] eGg]af/] ;femf a'emfO :yflkt ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] k|lqmofn] ;dfhdf ;dfj]lztf / ;lxi0f'tf ljsf; ug{ klg d2t ug{ ;S5 . of] kIf :j:y ;fdflhs jftfj/0fsf] ;"rs klg xf] / o;n] unt a'emfOsf] cGTo u/L d]nldnfk k|j4{g ug{ ;S5 .

k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / k'ge{/0f -;'/Iff If]q k'g;+{/rgf, /fHo ;+u7g lgdf{0f, sfg'gL zf;g k'g:yf{kgf, ;fdflhs If]q ;'wf/, cy{tGq / ljQLo ;+u7gnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] / k"jf{wf/x¿sf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{15_sf] ;du| k|lqmofsf] cleGg c+u xf] . of] lg/Gt/sf] hl6n k|lqmof xf], h;n] Gofosf] af6f] b]vfpF5 . To;sf nflu w}o{, Ifdf / ;|f]t cfjZos x'G5 .

ljZjf;sf] k'glg{df{0f;Fu} d]nldnfk k|lqmof ;'? x'G5 . of] eljiosf nflu ;'/Iff / cfTdljZjf;sf] ljDa klg xf] . ljutsf] Wj+z kmls{g] ;Defjgf cg'ej u/] eg] hgtfn] cfkm"nfO{ ;'/lIft dx;'; ub}{gg\ / d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmofdfly ljZJff; klg ub}{gg\ . dflg;x¿nfO{ Pp6} ;"qdf afFWg] lglZrt tTTj k|To]s ;dfhdf x'G5 . ;~hfn tyf ;dfhnfO{ sfo{d"ns agfpg] gLlt lgodsf ljljw ;+u7gfTds kIfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs

k'FhL -;f]l;on Soflk6n_ elgG5 -k'6\gfd ;g\ !((#_ . sf]n]§f / c¿

-;g\ !((^_ ts{ u5{g\, æ;fdflhs k'FhL gful/s ;dfhnfO{ Pslqt ug]{ ;+u7geGbf klg a]Un} s'/f xf] . o;df ;+u7g, ;~hfn / clnlvt d"No / dfGotfx¿ klg x'G5g\Æ -k[=&#_ . ;d'bfonfO{ /fd|/L sfd ug{ lbg] Ifdtf ;fdflhs k'FhLn] k|bfg u5{ .

d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu :j:y ;fdflhs ;+u7gx¿ h?/L x'G5g\ . cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s ;+oGqdfkm{t hgtfn]

15 x]g'{xf];\M u]8{ h'Gg] / ljnPlDhg jsf]{/]gåf/f ;Dkflbt …slGˆnS6 PG8 l8e]nkdG6M ldl6ª Go' Rofn]Gh]hÚ . lbNnLM leef a'S; k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 .

120

cfkm}+ zfl;t x'g] / cfˆgf :yfgLo ;|f]tdfly zf;g ug]{ lgodx¿ agfpF5g\ . o;n] ;xrfo{ ;'lglZrt u5{ . ;fdflhs k'FhLn] :yfgLo hgtfaLr k|foM ;dGoj u/fpg d2t u5{ . ;fy} o;n] :yfgLo ;d"x / afXo kIfaLr klg ;'dw'/ ;DaGw :yflkt u/fpg, dfgj Ifdtf a9fpg, 8fxfsf] efj, tgfj / ljjfb TofUg klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . oBlk, o'4u|:t ;dfhdf ;fdflhs k'FhLdf uDeL/ Iflt ePsf] x'G5 . d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgnfO{ tGb'?:t agfpg To:tf Wj+zsf cjz]ifx¿ d]6\g'k5{ .

åGåk|efljt / k"j{n8fs' tyf ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts hLjgdf ;+nUg u/fpg] k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof cfk;L ;Ddfgafx]s Ifltk"lt{ Kofs]h -/sd jf cGo ;f+s]lts_, k|lzIf0f / cfly{s pkfh{gsf lqmofsnfkdf ;fd]n u/fpg] s'/fdf e/ k5{ eGg] kk'jf Go'lugLdf o'lgkm]d -;g\ @))$_sf] cWoogn] b]vfpF5 . åGåaf6 k|efljt;Fusf] ;xsfo{n] ;Ddfg k|j4{g ug'{sf ;fy} ;DalGwt ;d'bfo / åGåk|efljtaLr k'gM PsLs/0f klg u/fpF5 . ;f]xL cWoogn] k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnf åGåk|efljt dflg;nfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgdf c6\g cK7\of/f] x'g] klg b]vfPsf] 5 .

åGåf]Q/ cj:yfsf] d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg /0fgLltdf pko'Qm x'g] kfFr

j6f cGt/;DalGwt a'Fbf ;lxtsf d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof x]Da/ / s]NnL -;g\ @))$_ n] ;'emfPsf 5g\ M

!= cGt/lge{/ / :jR5 ;dfhsf] ;femf b[li6 k|bfg ug]{

@= ljut :jLsfg]{ tyf To;;Fu h'‰g]

#= ;sf/fTds ;DaGw lgdf{0f ug]{

$= dxTTjk"0f{ ;f+:s[lts tyf dgf]j[lQ kl/jt{g ug]{, /

%= ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts kl/jt{g u/fpg] .

dflysf 5nkmnsf cfwf/df lgDg cjwf/0ffTds cfwf/ tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5, h;n] Wj:t ;dfhdf d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs /fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf] ljZn]if0ffTds vfsf k|bfg ug{ ;S5 .



121

zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTjsf nflu ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;+u7gdf kLl8t tyf o'4af6 afFr]sfx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg], ;To phfu/ ug]{, Gofo ;'lglZrt ug]{, cfk;L klxrfg / ;Ddfg :yfkgf ug]{, Ifltk"lt{ tyf /fxt ljt/0f ug]{ / ;dfhdf Iflt ePsf] ;fdflhs k'FhL k'glg{df{0f ug]{ sfd ;kmn d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs /fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmofsf k"j{;t{ x'g\ eGg] ljZjel/sf] cg'ej / To;;Fu ;DalGwt cWoogn] klg b]vfPsf 5g\ .

k'gaf{;M of] åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ ef}lts tyf dfgl;s ;xfotfdfkm{t gofF 7fpFdf :yflkt u/fpg] k|lqmof xf] . k'ge{/0f To:tf] k|lqmof xf], h;n] åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf NofpF5 / o;sf nflu ;fdflhs, dgfj}1flgs / ljQLo ;xfotf h?/L x'G5 . k'gaf{; / k'ge{/0f -l/Xoflaln6];g PG8 l/se/L_ bL3{sfnLg k|lqmof ePsfn] lognfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbOg'k5{ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))&8L_ . k'gaf{;sf] k|fylds ;|f]t / clGtd nfeu|fxL klg :yfgLo ;d'bfo g} xf] . To;}n] ;d'bfo;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{ h?/L x'G5, ;d'bfosf nflu aflx/af6 sfo{qmd yf]kg]{ xf]Og . :jfjnDaL aGg dflg;nfO{ d2t ul/g'k5{ . ;d'bfosf] …jf:tljs cfjZostf / k|fyldstfÚsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] lj:tf/ ul/g'k5{ . o;sf nflu ;d'bfo;Fu sfd ug]{ z}nL / JolQmsf] dfgl;stfdf ljz]if kl/jt{g h?/L 5 . ;d'bfodf ckgTjsf] efjgf / k'g;{dfof]hg kl/of]hgfk|lt lhDd]jf/L x'g'k5{ .

k|foM ;fdflhs k'g;{dfof]hgsf] ;kmntf ;dfof]lht x'g]sf] dfgl;stf / ;dfof]lht ;d'bfosf] c+z x'g] nlIft JolQmsf] OR5fdf e/ k5{ . cem, ;dfof]hg ul/g] hgtfn] ;z:q åGådf v]n]sf] P]ltxfl;s e"ldsfn] klg ;dfhsf] d]nldnfksf] OR5fsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f u5{ .

k"j{n8fs'sf] ljutsf] b}glGbgL jl/otfqmlds Joj:yf, cfb]z / lgoGq0f -sdfG8 / sG6«f]n_cg';f/ s8f / cf}krfl/s lgodsfg'gaf6 lgb]{lzt ePsf] x'G5 . To;}n] ;z:q åGåsf] cf3ft / tgfj em]n]sf o:tf dflg;nfO{ d2t ug]{ / ;Nnfx lbg] sfo{ klg k'g;{dfof]hgdf h?/L x'G5 . dgf]j}1flgs k'g;{dfof]hgn] k"j{n8fs' jf ;]gf, åGåk|efljt tyf ;DalGwt ;d'bfo -xf]:6 sDo'lg6L_sf] dfgl;stf jf OR5fdf hf]8 lbG5 .

122

k'glg{df{0fM oyfy{df k'glg{df{0f eGgfn] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] k'g:yf{kgf / k'ge{/0fsf] k|lqmof xf] . oBlk, Jofks cy{df k'glg{df{0fdf åGåk|efljtn] ;fdfGo hLjgofkg ug{ ltgn] k|fKt ug]{ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, cfWoflTds, ef}lts / ljQLo Ifdtf klg ;fd]n x'G5 -pk|]tL ;g\ @))& 8L_ . ;z:q åGåsf a]nf ;d'bfoaLr uDeL/ kmf6f] cfPsf] lyof] . åGå ;'? x'g'cl3 ;fdflhs rl/q -;femf klxrfg, ;b\efj, ;fdflhs ;~hfn, cGt/ j}olQms ;DaGw, ;Ddfg, ljZjf; cflb_df Jofks kl/jt{g cfof] . clxn] g]kfnL ;d'bfodf d]nldnfk, ;b\efj tyf ;xrfo{sf] efjgf ;'rf? ug{ ;+3if{ eO/x]sf 5g\ . To;y{ /fli6«o, :yfgLo ;/sf/;lxt u};; / /fhgLlts bnsf] k|fyldstf ;fd'bflos k'glg{df{0f x'g'k5{ .

d]nldnfksf] pQd pkfo ljljw k|tLs lrXg, d~r tyf ;+oGq lgdf{0f x'g ;S5 . To;n] 6'lqmPsf ;fd'bflos ;b:onfO{ hf]8\g] sfd u5{ . /fxt k|j4{g ug'{sf ;fy} ;fd"lxs sfo{sf nflu dflg;nfO{ Ps agfpF5 . åGåaf6 k|efljtsf] ;Demgfdf zflGt afl6sf, km"naf/L / ;fd'bflos xnsf] :yfkgf, ljBfno lgdf{0f, ;fd'bflos ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf, dfl/Psf dflg;sf] ;Demgfdf d"lt{ v8f ug]{, k|lti7fg, 5fqj[lQ, k'/:sf/ :yfkgf ug]{, lglZrt ;8s, ;fd'bflos :ynnfO{ åGåk|efljtsf] gfd /flvlbg] h:tf sfo{n] d]nldnfk k|j4{g ug{ ;S5g\ . dflg;x¿nfO{ Ps 7fpF NofP/ cfjlws

lqmofsnfk cfof]hgf ug]{ / ljR5]lbt ;d'bfonfO{ Ps agfpg d2t ug]{

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123

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d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] p2]Zosf nflu åGåk|efljt dflg;nfO{ lgDg ;d"xdf ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5M -c_ dfl/Psf hgtfsf kl/jf/, -cf_ ckxl/t hgtf / ltgsf kl/jf/, -O_ cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt hgtf / ltgsf kl/jf/, -O{_ a]kQf hgtf / ltgsf kl/jf/ -pm_ 3fOt] hgtf / ltgsf kl/jf/ / ;fdfGo k|efljt cGo hgtf . o;} u/L ljleGg pd]/ / ln+u ;d"x, h:t}M afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f tyf dlxnfnfO{ klg ljz]ifvfn] d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg h?/L x'G5 .

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124

klxrfg ug]{ sfd klg d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgdf dxTTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f, d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu df]hflDasnfO{ k|foM gd'gfsf] ¿kdf k]; ul/G5 -8LPkmcfO{8L ;g\ @))%_ . ToxfF alxis[t ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s d"nwf/df NofP/ ljv08gsf] efjgf klg Go"gLs/0f u/fOof] . To;}n] df]hflDassf] ;kmntf ;/sf/, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;fd"lxs sfo{sf] k|ltkmn lyof] .

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127

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128

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129

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zflGt tyf :yfloTj xfl;n ug{ ;d'lrt ;+/rgf h?/L x'G5 . %) j6feGbf w]/} o'4u|:t d'n'ssf] cg'ej x]bf{ zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg lgDg ;+/rgf agfpg h?/L b]lvG5 M

#=#=! /fli6«o zflGt cfof]u

zlQmzfnL / ;|f]t ;DkGg tyf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ePsf] /fli6«o zflGt cfof]u cfjZos 5 . To;sf] Joj:yfkg ;+;bLo ;ldltåf/f ;'g'jfO / k|lt:kwf{dfkm{t bIf ;d"x 5gf]6 u/L ul/g'k5{ . zflGt–k|lqmofaf/] ;Dk"0f{ sfd ug]{ ;jf]{Rr lgsfo oxL cfof]u x'g'k5{ . zflGt–k|lqmofdf lj1 7x/ ePsfx¿ cfof]udf cfa4 x'g'k5{ . cfof]un] cfjZos cg'ej, 1fg / ;|f]t klg k|of]u ug'{k5{ . o;n] lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf ;xhLs/0f ug{ zflGt ;Dd]ng jf uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng jf 5nkmn cfof]hgf ug'{k5{ .

cfof]un] ;DalGwt hgtfsf ;jfn clen]vLs/0f ug'{k5{ . /fli6«o:t/df ax; u/fpg cfjZos Joj:yfkg klg ug'{k5{ . ;xdlt ePsf Joj:yf

sfof{Gjog u/fpg ;d'lrt ;+/rgfsf] klg vf]hL ug'{k5{ . /fli6«o zflGt cfof]un] ;/sf/L ljefu, dGqfno, gful/s ;dfh / cGt/f{li6«o

;d'bfo;Fu zflGtsf nflu ;xsfo{ ug'{k5{ . zflGt–k|lqmofdf b]lvg ;Sg]

;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{, ljjfb / c:ki6 ;jfnsf] ;dfwfg lgsfNg] / ;xdlt ePsf Joj:yf tTsfn} sfof{Gjog ug]{ o;sf sfd x'g ;S5g\ . o;n] ;/sf/, /fhgLlts bn / gful/s ;dfh;Fu glhs /x]/ sfd ug'{k5{ .

#=#=@ zflGt ;lrjfno

/fli6«o zflGt cfof]unfO{ ;xof]u ug{ alnof] zflGt ;lrjfno :yfkgf x'g'k5{ . o;sf] sfo{ zflGt cfof]unfO{ ;lrjfno ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ / zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ljleGg ;dodf ePsf ;xdlt tyf

130

;Demf}tfsf Joj:yf sfof{Gjog u/fpg] xf] . zflGt ;lrjfnosf k|d'vn] /fli6«o zflGt cfof]usf] ;b:o ;lrjsf] ¿kdf sfd ug'{k5{ . /fli6«o zflGt cfof]udf sfo{/t clwsf/Lx¿n] ;lrjfnodf xfl;n u/]sf 1fg / ;Lk zflGt–k|lqmofdf k|of]u ePsf] 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt u/fpg sDtLdf Ps jif{ pgLx¿sf] ;?jf ul/g' x'Fb}g . o;sf] sfo{sf/L lhDd]jf/L x'g'k5{ . zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnon] of] sfo{sf nflu w]/} d2t ug{ ;S5 .

#=#=# cg';Gwfg tyf ;|f]t s]Gb|

g]kfnsf nflu ;z:q åGå / zflGt–k|lqmof gofF xf] . t/, ljZjdf y'k|} To:tf d'n'sx¿ 5g\, h;n] bzsf}+ bzs;Dd ;z:q åGå em]ln;s]sf 5g\ . åGå Joj:yfkg tyf zflGt–k|lqmofdf ltgLx¿;Fu dxTTjk"0f{ / k|efjsf/L ;}4flGts tyf jf:tljs cg'ej, 1fg / ;Lk 5 . To:tf cg'ej, 1fg / ;LknfO{ g]kfnn] ;xL k|of]u ug'{k5{ . To:tf] k|of]u cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f / t'ngfTds cWoogdfkm{t xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfn;Fu åGå ¿kfGt/0f, zflGt jftf{, o'4 / ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L, clen]vdf cfwfl/t ;|f]tsf] cefj 5 . To;}n] cg';Gwfg tyf ;|f]t s]Gb| :yfkgf dxTTjk"0f{ ePsf] 5 . o;n] /fli6«o zflGt cfof]u / cGo stf{sf] ljz]if lgof]usf ¿kdf sfd u5{ .

#=#=$ ljleGg k|fljlws ;ldlt / sfo{ 6f]nL

;kmn zflGt–k|lqmofsf nflu ;Lk, 1fg, ;"rgf, ;d'lrt k|lqmof h?/L x'G5 . oL sfo{ k|fljlws lj1af6 cfpg ;S5g\ . To;}n] zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{

;xof]u ug{ zflGt cfof]udf …k|lqmof Joj:yfkgÚ, …jftf{Ú, …d]nldnfkÚ, …cg';GwfgÚ, …dxf;+3 lgdf{0fÚ, …dgf]j}1flgs–;fdflhs k/fdz{Úh:tf

dxTTjk"0f{ If]qdf k|fljlws lj1sf] alnof] ;d"x x'g'k5{ . zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{

;kmn agfpg ;jfnljz]if sfo{ 6f]nL agfpg' klg plQs} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . To;n] e"ld;'wf/, /fHo k'g;+{/rgf, Ifltk"lt{ Kofs]h ljsf; cflbdf sfd ug{ ;S5 . o:tf ;+/rgf cfkm}df c:yfoL x'G5g\ t/ o'4b]lv zflGt;Ddsf]

;+qmd0fdf cTofjZos dflgG5g\ .



131

#=#=% zflGt–k|lqmof cg'udg ;ldlt

zflGt–k|lqmof efFl8g] k|d'vdWo]sf] Pp6f sf/0f :jfoQ, :jtGq, bIf …zflGt–k|lqmof cg'udg ;ldltÚsf] cefj xf] . zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ;xdltdf x:tfIf/ eP/dfq} x'Fb}g, To;sf] ultnf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+oGq rflxG5 . ;f] ;ldltn] …o'4lj/fd ;xdltÚ, …o'4lj/fd cfrf/;+lxtfÚnufot b'O{ kIfaLr ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;xdltx¿sf] cg'udg ug'{k5{ . lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug{ pRr:t/Lo ;+oGq h?/L x'G5, h;n] zflGt–;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ubf{sf h'g;'s} cK7\of/f ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5 . of] ;+oGq tLg k|d'v stf{ -gful/s ;dfh, ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bn_n] k|ltlglwTj u/L cgldg, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, :yfgLo dfgjclwsf/ tyf gful/s ;dfh;Fu sfd ug'{k5{ .

åGåf]Q/ :yfloTj plrt cg'udg / ;xsfo{df e/ k5{ . To;}n] ;/sf/n] dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljsf; u/L zflGt;DaGwL lqmofsnfksf] cg'udg ug{ / To;df ;xof]u ug{ cfjZos ljQLo ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF6 ug'{k5{ . åGåf]Q/ zflGt nfef+zdf clehft ju{n] sAhf ug{ ;S5g\, To;af/] ;w}+ ;r]t x'g'k5{ . o'jf, afnaflnsf, of}lgs lx+;f ef]u]sf dlxnf tyf åGåsf] sf/0f 3/kl/jf/ 5f8\g'k/]sf h:tf ljz]if ;d"xsf] ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{ åGåf]Q/

lqmofsnfk cg'udgdf ljz]if Wofg k'Ug'k5{ . Ifltk"lt{ Kofs]hn] ckf+u, 3fOt] / cGosf] ljz]if cfjZostf ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5÷5}g, To;af/] klg cg'udg x'g'k5{ .

#=#=^ /fhgLlts bnaLr ‘åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt lgdf{0f PsfO’

/fhgLlts bnn] cfˆgf] bnLo ;+/rgfcGtu{t åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt lgdf{0f PsfO u7g u/L cfˆgf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . To:tf PsfOn]

åGå cg'udg ug]{, /fli6«o zflGt cfof]u, zflGt ;lrjfno, zflGt–k|lqmof

cg'udg ;ldlt, dfcf]jfbL, ;/sf/, ;]gf, gful/s ;dfh, s"6gLlts cfof]u / åGå ;/f]sf/sf cGo kIf;Fu 5nkmn ug'{k5{ .

132

#=#=& ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u

Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGån] nfvf}+ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ lk/f]Nof] . xTof, hah{:tL, 3/lgsfnf, ckx/0f, oftgfh:tf lqmofsnfkn] pgLx¿ k|tfl8t eP . y'k|} dflg; 3/jf/ljxLg eP, cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt eP, anfTs[t eP / ltgsf] ;DklQ klg Wj:t eof] . kLl8t tyf åGåaf6 afFr]sfx¿ c;Gt'i6 / lg/fz 5g\ . cfˆgf] cjd"Nog ePsfn] abnfsf] efjgf ;fFlr/x]sf 5g\ . s]xL t ;fdflhs ck/fw / lx+;fdf klg nflu/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] ltgnfO{ Gofo lbg] -JolQmut ¿kdf bl08t ug]{, cGt/f{li6«o jf cfGtl/s cbfntdfkm{t, ldl>t cbfnt -xfOla|8 sf]6{_dfkm{t, ;fIfL ;+/If0f -lj6g]; k|f]6]S;g_ / k/LIf0f lgu/fgL -6«fon dlg6l/ª_ cflbdfkm{t dgf]j}1flgs Ifltk"lt{ lbg] / d]nldnfk u/fpg] lqmofsnfk cToGt} cfjZos 5 . To;n] ltgdf cfzf hufpF5, cfˆgf] ;fdfGo hLjgdf kms{g l;sfP/ /rgfTds x'g] af6f] b]vfpF5 .

ljz]if ljz]if1tf ePsf] 5'§} ;+:yf h?/L x'G5 . To;nfO{ ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u rflxG5 . ljz]if ;jfndf sfd ug{ ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]uleq ljleGg ;ldltx¿ x'g'k5{ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] d:of}bf k|:tfj tof/ u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf s]xL Joj:yfn] ;To tyf d]nldnfksf] ;f/nfO{ cjd"Nog ug{ ;Sg]

ePsf]n] To;af/] k|Zg klg p7] . dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;d'bfon] p7fPsf

;jfn ;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/n] ;f] k|:tfjaf/] k'glj{rf/ ug'{k5{ . clg dfq ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u :yfkgf ug'{k5{ . ;f] cfof]usf] k|d'v sfo{ ;To phfu/ ug]{, åGåk|efljtnfO{ dgfj}1flgs k'gaf{; u/fpg] / Gofo

tyf d]nldnfk ;'lglZrt ug]{ xf] . ;To phfu/ eO;s]kl5 b08 of dfkmL

lbg] sfo{ kl/l:ylt / ;Gbe{ x]l/sg ul/G5 .

dfkmL -PDg]:6L_ klg /fxt k|lqmofsf] v08 xf] . ;z:q åGåsf] efjgfTds tyf dgf]j}1flgs 3fpaf6 5'6\sf/f kfpg] k|lqmof g} /fxt xf] . of] lx+;fsf]

tLj|tf, ;do / :t/ -lx+;f hlt w]/} ;do /xG5, /fxt lbg plt g} ufx|f] x'G5_, ;dfhsf] >]0fL, :yfloTj, ;d'bfosf] ljutsf] ;+:s[lt / ;+qmd0fsfnLg



133

/ gofF ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tf tyf OR5fdf e/ k5{ . kl/jf/sf ;b:o dfl/Psfsf] kL8f, ck/fwsf] efjgf, 3[0ff sd ug{, zf]if0f / oftfgf lbOPsf, anfTs[t, ckxl/t, 3/jf/ljxLg u/fOPsf, hah{:tL u/fOPsfnfO{ /fxt k|bfg ug{ ;do nfU5 .

;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u tYo k'li6 ug{ / ;To phfu/df s]lGb|t x'g'k5{, ck/fwLnfO{ b08 lbg nufpg] / cfjZos 7fpFdf Ifdf u/fpg ;xhLs/0f ul/lbg] sfo{ ug'{k5{ . åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ Gofo lbg ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo lbg] ;+oGq / /fli6«o cbfnt :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . Gofo k|bfg ug{ b]zleq}sf] cbfntn] OR5f gb]vfP jf g;s] ldl>t k4ltsf] cbfntL aGbf]a:t cfjZos x'g ;S5 . ;z:q åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ Gofo lbnfpg bf]ifLnfO{ b08 lbOFbf plrt cg';Gwfg u/L cfGtl/s ¿kd} bl08t ug'{k5{ .

a]kQf 5fglag cfof]u

åGåsf] a]nf Ps xhf/eGbf w]/} JolQm a]kQf kfl/P . a]kQf kfl/Psf tL JolQmaf/] cg';Gwfg eP zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg ;lsG5 . of] zflGt–k|lqmofsf] ;kmntfsf nflu k"j{;t{ klg xf] . o;sf nflu ljz]if 1fg, ;Lk / k|lta4tf rflxG5 . Pp6f o:tf] ;+:yf rflxG5, hf] cg';Gwfgsf

nflu k"0f{ lhDd]jf/ xf];\ / ;To–tYo cfdhgtfdfem Nofcf];\ . o;n]

/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u, gful/s ;dfh g]t[Tjsf dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+u7g, /fi6«;+3Lo dfgjclwsf/ cfo'Qmsf] sfof{no / /fli6«o zflGt cfof]u;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{k5{ .

Ifltk"lt{ ;ldlt

;kmn zflGt–k|lqmofsf] cfwf/e"t tTTj Ifltk"lt{ xf] . o;n] cufl8 a9\g

ef}lts / dgf]j}1flgs cfwf/ k|bfg u5{ . Ifltk"lt{ Kofs]hdf k'gaf{;, Ifltk"lt{, lkmtL{, :df/s jf :tDe lgdf{0f, uNtL u/]sfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf dfkmL dfUg nufpg] / bl08t ug]{h:tf kIf x'g'k5{ . åGåaf6 k|efljtsf

134

nflu Ifltk"lt{ kf/bzL{ / ;xh tl/sfcg';f/ :yfgLo ;dfj]zL ;+oGqdfkm{t afF8kmfF6 x'g] s'/f ;/sf/n] ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . Ifltk"lt{ /sddfkm{t x'g ;S5 / ;f+s]lts k|j[lQsf] x'g ;S5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ tyf dfgjLotfsf sfg'g -h]g]ef ;Dd]ng, cfO{;L;L /f]d ljwfg cflb_n] Ifltk"[lt{nfO{ d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgsf] Pp6f dfWod dfg]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo :t/sf k|of;n] hgclwsf/ k'g:yf{kgf, ;z:q åGå ;'? ePb]lv sAhf ePsf ;DklQ lkmtf{ tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf sfo{qmddf Wofg lbg'k5{ . ef}lts / dfgl;s :jf:Yo k'g:yf{kgf tyf cf}ifwf]krf/ / dgf]j}1flgs x]/ljrf/ clg sfg'gL Pj+ ;fdflhs ;]jf klg :yfgLo :t/df lbOg] Ifltk"lt{ Kofs]hsf cleGg c+u x'g'k5{ . åGåk|efljtsf] k"0f{ tYof+s pknAw ePkl5 dfq /fxt tyf Ifltk"lt{ Kofs]h k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

Ifltk"lt{ / /fxt ;|f]t b'?kof]u jf /fhgLtLs/0f x'g] ;Defljt If]qdWo]sf] Ps xf] lsgls o;df 7"nf] dfqfdf ;|f]t /xG5 . To;}n] :ki6 sfg'gL / cg'udg ;+oGq cfjZos x'G5, h'g åGåaf6 k|efljt, gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn jf ;/sf/L clwsf/LnfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/fO{ k"/f ul/g'k5{ . tby{ cfwf/df geO{ ;f]xL ;+oGqn] Ifltk"lt{ Kofs]haf/] lg0f{o ug'{k5{ .

åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ cfjZos ;]jf k|bfg tyf ;xof]udf s]lGb|t x'Fb}

ltgsf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{, ltgLx¿ klxn] a;]sf] ;d'bfodf jf 3/ lkmg{ ;xof]u ug]{ Ifltk"lt{sf] of] Kofs]hnfO{ b|'t ultdf n}hfg'k5{ . d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu Ifltk"lt{sf] ljz]if Kofs]hdf ;xhLs/0f

ug{ kl/jf/ tyf Oi6ldqaf6 5'6\ofOPsf afnaflnsfnfO{ PsLs/0f u/fpg],

vfB kbfy{ tyf a;f]af;, lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{h:tf sfo{ klxrfg ug'{k5{ . åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;sf] juL{s/0fadf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ Kofs]h ljsf; ul/g'k5{ .

åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ lbOg] Ifltk"lt{ åGåf]Q/ ;fdflhs ljsf; / /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] /0fgLlt ;Fu;Fu} hfg] s'/f ;/sf/n] ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . ljz]iftM k"j{n8fs'nfO{ …ltgn] dRrfPsf] lx+;fsf nflu



135

k'/:sf/Ú lbOPsf] ;f]rfO ;DalGwt ;d'bfon] lng] / :yfgLo ;d'bfo Ifltk"lt{ Kofs]haf6 alxis/0fdf kg]{ hf]lvd x'G5 . ;DalGwt ;d'bfoaf6 /f]if JoQm x'g ;Sg] klg plQs} ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}n] ;+jfb / ;r]tgf sfo{qmd klxNo} u/]/ :yfgLo:t/df cg'udg / ;dGjo ;+oGq agfO{ /IffTds pkfo lng h?/L 5 . k|fks ;d'bfonfO{ k'g;{dfof]hg Kofs]hsf] p2]Zo / k|lqmof, ;Defljt c;/af/] klxNo} hfgsf/L u/fOg}k5{ . ;fy} pgLx¿af6 ;Nnfx ;'emfj klg lnOg'k5{ .

;dGjo / cg'udgsf nflu ;d'lrt :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt x'g ;S5 . :yfgLo cg'udg / ;+oGq ;ldlt kqsf/, jlsn, gful/s ;dfhsf g]tf / /fhgLlts bnsf] :yfgLo c+u / ;/sf/L k|ltlglw ;fd]n ePsf] x'g'k5{, h;n] k'g;{dfof]hg tyf d]nldnfk k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg ;S5g\ .

b08xLgtf cGTo ug{ lzIff tyf hgr]tgf sfo{qmd

;dfhnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg u[x:t/b]lv /fli6«o :t/;Dd} Jofks :t/df lzIff tyf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd h?/L x'G5 . o;sf nflu ljz]if ;"rL, k|lqmof / lqmofsnfk h?/L x'G5, To;}n] ljz]if lgof]u klg h?/L x'G5 . ;dfhnfO{ /fxt lbg / ;To tyf d]nldnfk k|j4{g ug{ o;n] ;~rf/ dfWod, z}lIfs

/ u}/z}lIfs If]q tyf gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;dGjo ug'{k5{ .

lj:yfkg Joj:yfkg ;ldlt

;z:q åGå / o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] ljZjJofkL cg'ejn] b]vfpF5g\ ls

cfGtl/s lj:yfkg / afWosf/L a;fOF;/fO åGål;lh{t Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of xf] / lj:yfkgsf ;jfn ;Daf]wg gul/sg åGånfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ ;Dej klg 5}g . lj:yfkgnfO{ g]kfndf lgs} /fhgLtLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . zlQm s]Gb|

glhs ePsf, /fhgLlts ¿kdf s'g} kf6L{ cfa4 ePsf tyf zlQmzfnL /fhgLlt1sf] glhs ePsfx¿nfO{ dfq cfly{s nfe ljt/0f ul/G5 . kx'FrljxLg lj:yflktn] /fHoaf6 s'g} kmfObf kfO/x]sf 5}gg\ .

136

lj:yfkgsf ;jfndf sfd ug]{ clxn]sf] cjwf/0ffn] ;d:ofsf] jf:tljs ;dfwfg lbg ;Sb}g . o;n] zflGt–k|lqmofdf klg s]xL klg of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sb}g . To;}n] åGå l;lh{t lj:yfkg / afWosf/L a;fOF;/fOsf ;Dk"0f{ ;jfndf sfd ug{ ljz]if lgof]u h?/L x'G5 .

#=#=$ bft[lgsfo zflGt ;xfotf ;d"x

ljZjel/sf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo g} åGåu|:t d'n'ssf k|d'v afXo zlQm 5g\ . åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–k|lqmofdf pgLx¿ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;fd]n x'G5g\ . oBlk, lglZrt ;jfndf cfˆg} cjwf/0ff, /0fgLlts :jfy{, k|lta4tf jf ljz]iftfsf sf/0f ltgn] ;dGjo / k|lt:kwf{ b'j} ub}{gg\ . ;DalGwt d'n'ssf nflu of] k|To'Tkfbs 7xl/G5 -cflbTo / c¿ ;g\ @))^_ .

g]kfndf bL3{sfnLg zflGt / lqmofzLn nf]stGq ePsf] b]Vg rfxg] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] …bft[lgsfo zflGt ;xfotf ;d"xÚ u7g ug'{k5{ . of] ;d"xn] åGå rsf{O/x]sf jf lx+;f dRrfO/x]sf -xltof/dfkm{t_ ;d"x / åGå–pBt kIfsf] lgu/fgL ug'{k5{ . ;+oGqn] cfˆgf lqmofsnfkdf ;dGjo ug'{k5{, cfˆgf] sfd cGo lgsfo;Fu gbf]xf]l/g] u/L ljlzi6tf lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ / cfˆg} cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ . /fli6«o

zflGt cfof]uh:tf zflGt ;+/rgf;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{, åGåk|efljt dflg;,

ul/a, pk]lIft ;fdflhs alxis/0fdf k/]sf / tNnf ju{sf hgtfnfO{ ldNg] zflGtsf] nfef+z ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . cem kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL ¿kdf pgLx¿n] gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{k5{

/ dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3glj?4 pleg'k5{ . bft[lgsfosf] zflGt ;xfotf

;d"xn] sf]nlDaofdf u/]sf] sfd k|z+;gLo dflgG5 .

#=#=%

;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t gofF ;+ljwfg agfpFbf cfpg] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL hl6ntfsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;+j}wflgs cbfnt h?/L x'G5 . o;n]



137

dfgjclwsf/, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{, cfjlws lgjf{rg cflbh:tf nf]stflGqs l;4fGt, d"No / dfGotf /Iff ug'{k5{ . blIf0f clk|msfdf To:tf] ;+j}wflgs cbfntn] lgs} dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] .

#=#=^ /fHo k'g;+{/rgf ;ldlt

g]kfndf ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf ax; efjgf, kIfkf]if0f, cfTds]lGb|t cle?lr -lglZrt ;d"xsf] g]tf eP/ JolQmut nfe xfl;n ug]{_, ;+3Lotfsf j}1flgs tYo / l;4fGteGbf klg efjgfdf på]lnt eO{ sfd ug]{ kIfdf s]lGb|t 5 . ax;sf] of] k/Dk/fdf kl/jt{g ul/Pg eg] To;n] ;fd'bflos, hftLo, If]qLo tgfjeGbf sxLF klg n}hfFb}g . lsgls, s'g} klg hftLo ;d"xsf nflu ax'dt 5}g . hg;+Vofsf] ljljwtf, efiff, ;+:s[lt / ljz]iftfsf] a]jf:tf ub}{ …;du| dw]; Ps k|b]zÚ vfnsf hftLo ;+3Lotf cFufNbf a]kmfObf x'g ;S5 .

#=$ k|fs[lts ;|f]t / jftfj/0fdf ;z:q åGåsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0f

Wofg lbg] xf] eg] ;+/If0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] If]qn] jftfj/0fLo zflGt :yfkgf ug{ of]ubfg lbg ;S5 -asN; ;g\ !(((Ù DofYo' / c¿ ;g\ @))!Ù 8An"8An"Pkm ;g\ @)))_ . åGåsf] cTolws k|efj /x]sf] If]q

h}ljs ljljwtf / jg x'g\ . oLafx]s ;'zf;g, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xL / :yfloTjsf] cefjn] ;+/If0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]tnfO{ Wj:t agfPsf 5g\ .

;z:q åGån] gsf/fTds c;/dfq u/]g, o;n] c;dfg ;fdflhs ;DaGw

kl/jt{g ug{ ;sf/fTds e"ldsf lgjf{x klg u¥of] . ;fy} jftfj/0fLo ;jfn / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] If]qdf ePsf ;d:of ;Daf]wgsf] 9f]sf klg vf]lnlbof] . ;fd'bflos ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgdf ePsf] b"/j:yf

g]kfndf ;fdfGo dflgG5 .

k"j{cg';Gwfg tyf tYox¿sf] cfwf/df of] kl/R5]bsf] lgisif{ 5 ls tLj| c;'/Iff, cl:y/tf, s'zf;g, ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts c;dfgtf /

jftfj/0fLo cGofon] åGåsf] cfuf]df l3p yk]sf] xf] . k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf

138

ePsf] x|f; / g]kfnL h}ljs ljljwtfdf ePsf] vt/fsf] cj:yf g} ;z:q åGå, ;fdflhs cl:y/tf / s'zf;gn] hGdfPsf] cj:yf lyof] .

;+/If0f ;r]tgf, ;~rf/ kl/rfng -;+/If0fsf j[Qlrqnufotsf ;fdu|L k|;f/0fdf ;~rf/dfWod;Fusf] ;xsfo{_ / :yfgLo :t/sf gLltx¿ plQs} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . g]kfnsf nflu j/bfg dflgPsf] h}ljs ljljwtf / ;+/If0fnfO{ hf]ufpg] xf] eg] hgfj/sf] ljgfz /f]Sg' clt h?/L 5 .

d'n'ssf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] oy]i6 ¿kdf jftfj/0fsf ;jfn ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+/If0f ;+:yfsf] ;+nUgtf h?/L x'G5 . /fli6«o lgs'~h / ;+/lIft If]qdf a:g] u/]sf ul/a hgtf;Fu yf]/} ;|f]t 5 . ;fdfGo ¿kdf ;+/If0f ;+:yf / Jofks ¿kdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] hLljsfsf] ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg g;s] tL hgtfaf6 ;xsfo{sf nflu ;fy k|fKt ug{ lgs} sl7g x'g]5 .

jftfj/0fLo ;]jf / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;xL Joj:yfkgnfO{ bL3{sfnLg agfpg gofF sfo{lbzf, /0fgLlt, ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg, k4tLo vfsf h?/L x'G5 . bL3{sfnLg zflGt / ;fdflhs ;xrfo{ k|flKtdf jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] e"ldsf /0fgLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf gLlt lgdf{tf tyf /fhgLlt1sf] OR5fdf e/ k5{ .

…;+/If0f gLltÚ lgdf{0f / ;'wf/df /fhgLlts bn;Fusf] ulx/f] ;DaGw h?/L x'G5 . To;n] dfq k|s[lt / h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ug{ ;3fpF5 . ;DalGwt ;+;bLo ;ldlt / /fhgLlts bn;Fu lg/Gt/ sfd ug{ ;+/If0f ;+:yfn]

oy]i6 k|of; u/]sf 5}gg\ . /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ k|s[lt / ;+/If0f If]qsf]

cNk1fg eP/ ltgLx¿ plt ;fx|f] uDeL/ gePsf x'g\ .

;+qmd0fsf a]nf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t -c_ h}ljs ljljwtf cg'udg ;+oGq,

/ -cf_ l;sf/lj?4sf ;+u7g -cfjZos 7fpFdf akm/ hf]g :yfgLo ;+oGq,

lgs'~h k|zf;g / :yfgLo k|zf;g;lxt_ :yfkgf plQs} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .

lgs'~hdf ;}lgssf] e"ldsf :ki6 kfl/g'k5{ . o;af/] ulx/f] ax;

rln/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' cf/If ljefun]



139

;]gfsf cfjZostf, ;fdlostf / ;+nUgtfsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . jf8]{g -lgs'~h clws[t_ / :yfgLo ;}Go clwsf/LaLr …Pp6f u'kmfdf b'O{ j6f l;+xÚ ePh:t} åGå rn]sf y'k|} pbfx/0f 5g\ .

ko{6g, kof{j/0fLo ko{6g -Osf] 6'l/hd\_ / k|fs[lts ;+/If0faLr ;/sf/L tyf ;+/If0f If]q / Jofkfl/s 3/fgfdfkm{tsf] lghL–;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/L oy]i6 gePsf] tYo 5 . wfld{s ;+u7gnfO{ Ps agfpg wd{df cfwfl/t ;+/If0f / ko{6g plQs} dxTTjk"0f{ 5 t/ o;sf] dxTTjaf/] ljrf/ ePs} 5}g .

lgs'~h xftfdf hDdf x'g] ;x/L kmf]x/n] ;+/If0fnfO{ klg gsf/fTds c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . lgs'~h If]qdf pBf]u :yfkgf ubf{ jftfj/0fLo c;/ d"Nof+sg -OGefo/f]dG6 ODKofS6 c;];dG6÷O{cfO{P_sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/Psf]] 5 . gbLdf kmflng] kmf]x/ lgoGq0f ug{ …gbL k|flws/0fÚ -l/e/ cyl/6L_sf] tTsfn cfjZostf 5 .

cj}w l;sf/ w]/} k};f sdfpg] Joj;fo aGb}5 . o;sf] h/f] ltAatb]lv ef/t;Dd cGt/f{li6«o ¿kd} km}lnPsf] 5 . /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o zlQms]Gb|;Dd o;n] bx|f] h/f uf8]sf] 5 . cj}w l;sf/ lgoGq0f /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf

jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu jf cGo s'g} lgsfon] dfq PSn} ug{ ;Sb}g . To;sf nflu /fli6«o hf]8 /xg'k5{ . ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] d2t klg plQs} h?/L 5 .

;z:q åGå / ;DalGwt 36gfn] jftfj/0fLo Iflt, k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf Wj+z / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f k|of;df gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofof] . Ifltaf6 k'ge{/0f xfl;n ug{ ;+ljwfg;efn] agfpg] ;+ljwfgdf jftfj/0f clwsf/ ;'lglZrt

ug'{ clt h?/L x'G5 . O{cfO{P / åGå c;/ d"Nof+sg -slGˆnS6 ODKofS6

P;];dG6M ;LcfO{P_ klg åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / k'gaf{;sf sfo{qmddf ;dfof]lht u/fOg'k5{ .

jftfj/0fLo cg'udg, O{cfO{P / ;LcfO{Pdf lgoldttf NofP/, ;xeflutfTds

k|lqmof k|j4{g u/L, jftfj/0fLo sfg'g dfGg]nfO{ cfly{s kmfObf k|bfg u/L,

140

jftfj/0f ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿sf] OdfGbf/Lk"0f{ sfof{Gjog u/L, sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/ / k|lzIf0f lbO{, cGt/dGqfno ;dGjo sfod u/L, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ljs]Gb|Ls[t k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf k|of;nfO{ 9f8; lbO{ tyf cfktsfnLg ;xfotfsf] Joj:yf agfO{ pRrt/ jftfj/0fLo ;]jf k|flKt tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] bL3{sfnLg k|of]u / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .

lgs'~h tyf ;+/If0f If]qjl/kl/ a;]sf e"ldxLg, pk]lIft, cflbjf;L / kfvf kfl/Psf hgtfsf] ;jfn ;Daf]wg dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . dlxnf, hftLo ;d'bfo, blnt / ul/anfO{ lg0f{o tyf kmfObf afF8kmfF6 sfo{qmddf ;xefuL u/fOg'

klg dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . o;}n] ul/aL sd ug{ / åGåsf ;+/rgfTds sf/0f ;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5 .

;+/If0f ;+:yfsf k'glg{df{0f / k'gaf{; ;xfotfsf sfo{qmdn] åGåk|efljt / ul/a tyf pk]lIftsf nflu ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t hLljsfsf] cfwf/ ;'lgZrt ug'{k5{ . cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/, ;fdflhs k'FhL, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;]jfsf] k'g:yf{kgf klg åGåf]Q/ sfnsf] k|fyldstfsf] ;jfn x'g'k5{ . /f]huf/L l;h{gf, ;fd'bflos vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO{, ;d'bfo ljsf;, ;+:yfut Ifdtf lgdf{0f / ;fdflhs alxis/0fdf k/]sfsf] ;zQmLs/0fh:tf

kIf ;+/If0fsf p2]Zodf ;dfj]z ul/g'kg]{ s]xL ;jfn x'g\ .

åGåsf] hf]lvd d"Nof+sg -slGˆnS6 l/:s P;]:dG6M ;Lcf/P_ Pp6f

cjwf/0ff, ljrf/, dfWod / /0fgLlt klg xf] . of] Pp6f /0fgLlt xf] lsgls

o;n] åGåfj:yfsf] k"0f{ a'emfO / ;DalGwt hf]lvdsf :t/ k|bfg u5{ . of] Pp6f k|lqmof xf] lsgls of] Ps} ;dosf] 36gf xf]Og, åGåsf a]nf lg/Gt/ cEof; ul/g'k5{ . åGå ;w}+ ultzLn x'G5 . of] Pp6f dfWod klg xf]

lsgls o;n] åGåsf] :t/, tLj|tf / k|efj dfkg u5{ . o:tf] d"Nof+sgn]

ljsf;sf ;Defljt hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ / plrt k|ltlqmof lgdf{0fsf] p2]Zo /fV5 . To;}n] ;+/If0f ;+:yfn] k'g:yf{kgfsf cfˆgf sfo{qmddf of] d"Nof+sgnfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{ h?/L 5 .



141

#=$ åGåaf6 k|efljt hgtfsf] nut

åGåaf6 k|efljt hgtfaf/]sf tYo zfob} k|fKo xf]nf . ltgsf] lj:t[t tYo -pd]/, ln+u, cfly{s :t/, ;+Vof cflb_, ePsf] Iflt / Wj+zsf] k|s[lt, :yfgLo ;d'bfodf To;sf] k|efjsf] olsg :t/ kQf nufpg' g} d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgsf k"j{;t{ x'g\ . oy]i6 hfgsf/Llagf d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf k|of; ;Dej 5}gg\ . kLl8tsf lj:t[t tYon] Ifltk"lt{nfO{ klg kf/bzL{ agfpF5g\ . To:tf tYo :yfgLo gful/s cu'jfnfO{ ;fd]n u/fO{ xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . lj:yflktsf] juL{s/0fsf] k|:tfj o;/L ul/Psf] 5 M

cltk|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfo

k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfo

sd k|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfo .

cltk|efljt / k|efljt ju{df ljleGg JolQm k/]sf x'G5g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ d]nldnfksf] km/s k4lt h?/L x'G5 . d]nldnfk Jojl:yt ug{ lgDg juL{s/0f k|:tfj ul/Psf 5g\ M

dfl/Psf hgtf / ltgsf kl/jf/

ckxl/t hgtf / ltgsf kl/jf/

a]kQf hgtf / ltgsf kl/jf/

3fOt] hgtf

cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt hgtf

;DklQ u'dfPsf hgtf .

ljljw pd]/ / n}+lus ;d"xsf JolQmsf] juL{s/0f klg h?/L x'G5 M

afnaflnsf -s]6f / s]6L_

o'jfju{ -o'jf / o'jtL_

j[4j[4f -k'?if / dlxnf_

142

#=% ;fdflhs–cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf åGåaf6 k|efljtsf] ;+nUgtf

sfo{ If]q cWoogdf b]lvPcg';f/ Psk6s åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ ;fdflhs jf /fhgLlts j[Qdf ;+nUg u/fOP pgLx¿n] jt{dfg / eljiodf dfq Wofg lbG5g\, cfˆgf] ljut ;DemFb}gg\ . o;sf] pN6f] dflg;x¿nfO{ PSnfOP / ef}lts / dflg;s ¿kdf lgd'vf] agfOP pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] vt/gfs ljut ;DemG5g\ . To:tf] cj:yfn] cGttM abnf jf lg/fzf lgDTofpF5 . To;}n] åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfcg';f/ :yfgLo ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts lqmofsnfkdf ;fd]n u/fOg'k5{ . ltgLx¿nfO{ ;d'bfo cfwfl/t ;+u7g, :yfgLo pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] cu'jfOdf To:tf sfo{qmddf ;fd]n u/fpg ;lsG5 . o:tf ;xeflutfn] :yfgLo ;fdflhs k'FhLnfO{ k'gtf{huL u/fpg ;S5, h;n] cfk;L ljZjf; lgdf{0f u/L gofF ;fdflhs ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ ;S5 .

;dfhdf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;~hfn, ;femf d~r, wfld{s tyf sNof0fsf/L ;+u7gx¿ x'G5g\ . d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgn] o:tf ;fdflhs k'FhL k|of]u ug'{k5{ . åGåk|efljt dflg;nfO{ ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkdf ;fd]n u/fpgfn] pgLx¿sf] cfTdljZjf; lgdf{0f eO{ pgLx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf ;fd]n u/fpg d2t k'U5 . ;fdflhs ;~hfn, a}7s tyf e]nfn] pgLx¿sf] cf3ft

tyf tgfj dTy/ kfg{ ;S5 . ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ k'ge{/0f tyf d]nldnfk k|j4{g ug{ klg d2tsf/L 7xl/G5 . åGåk|efljtsf] cfTdljZjf; a9fpg], cfly{s sl7gfOdf dWodsfnLg /fxt k'¥ofpg] / pgLx¿sf] hLljsf

;'lglZrt u/fpg] vfnsf k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd klg ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ .

:yfgLo :t/df k|fKo ;|f]t -1fg, ;Lk, dfWod / pkfo_ kl/rfng klg åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0fsf nflu plQs} dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . s]xL ;dfhdf ljljw

k/Dk/fut ;+u7gx¿ plQs} rlr{t 5g\ . h:t}M u'?ª ;d'bfodf 3f6'

k|efjzfnL JolQm dflgG5g\ . wfdLemfFqmL, kl08t, :yfgLo lzIfs, j[4j[4f klg ;d'bfosf ;xhstf{ x'g\ . To;}n], :ygLo Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg klg åGåaf6 k|efljtsf] tYo ;+sng ;Fu;Fu} ;'? ul/g'k5{ .



143

sfd ul/g'kg]{ csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ If]q åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ :yfgLo :t/df dgfj}1flgs k/fdz{ lbg' xf] . ltgLx¿ dfgl;s cf3ft, tgfj, 8/ / lg/fzfaf6 u|l;t x'G5g\ . eljiok|ltsf] cfzf hufpg klg pgLx¿nfO{ To:tf] k/fdz{ h?/L x'G5 . !) jif{ nfdf] åGådf x/fPsf] dgf]j}1flgs :jf:Yo / JolQmsf] ;fdflhs :t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg w]/} ;do h?/L x'G5 . ckgTjsf] efjgf hufpg / b}glGbgLdf kmsf{pg ;'/Iffsf] efjgf / bL3{sfn;Ddsf] lgoldt k|of; rflxG5 . cfjZos To:tf ;jfndf sfd ug]{ Pp6f pkfo ;fd'bflos dWo:ytf klg x'g ;Sg] k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 .

/fi6«sf] Psdfq p2]Zo åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f xf] . af6f]3f6f], ljBfno, :jf:Yo rf}sL, ;fj{hlgs ejg, vfg]kfgL / l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf, ;fd'bflos :t/df ljB't\ KnfG6 lgdf{0fh:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f zflGt nfef+z / :yfgLo /f]huf/Lsf ;|f]t x'g\ . To;}n] åGåaf6 afFr]sfnfO{ pknlAwd"ns sfo{df nufpFbf ltgsf] ljutk|ltsf] ;Demgf df]l8P/ cGt} k'U5 . /f]huf/L lbOP 8/ nfUbf] ljut ;Demg] sfdaf6 ltgn] d'lQm kfpg ;S5g\ . cfˆgf ;d'bfosf] k'glg{df{0fdf ;+nUg x'g rfxg]nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg'k5{ . åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ pknlAwd"ns sfo{ -/f]huf/Lsf]_df nufpFbf To;n] d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgnfO{ :yfoL agfpF5 .

åGåf]Q/ lqmofsnfk /fi6«sf] k|fyldstf xf] . o;n] :yfgLo :t/sf wfld{s,

;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs ¿kdf rlncfPsf ;+u7gsf] ;Dj4{gdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . ljBfno, uflj;, /fhgLlts bnsf :yfgLo c+u, gful/s ;dfh tyf sNof0fsf/L ;+u7g klg d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgdf nfUg'k5{ .

/fhgLlts k|lqmofdf åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ ;fd]n u/fP/ ltgsf]

/fhgLlts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 . /fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgnfO{ ;xh agfpg bnsf :yfgLo ;+oGqn] k|d'v e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\ .

;d'bfodf ljz]if ¿kdf ljsf; ul/Psf cEof;dfkm{t åGåaf6 k|efljtn]

tgfjaf6 d'lQm kfpg ;S5g\ . k/Dk/fut ;+u7g tyf 3f6', wfdL–emfFqmL, kl08t, lzIfs jf a'h|'sx¿ ;fd'bflos d]nldnfksf ;xhstf{ x'g\ . ;fdflhs ;~hfn lgdf{0fdf pgLx¿n] åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ ;xof]u

144

ug{ ;S5g\, h;n] ;zQmLs/0f / ;'/Iffsf] efjgf hfu[t u/fP/ lg/fzf / c;'/Iff lgd"{n u/fpg ;S5 .

#=^ bnsf g]tfsf Jojxf/df kl/jt{g

;fdGtL, s]Gb|Ls[t, PsfTds, /fhtGqfTds / alxis/0fsf/L /fHonfO{ cfw'lgs, ;DkGg ;+3Lo g]kfndf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLsf] ;f]rfO tyf sfo{df klg ¿kfGt/0f x'g}k5{ . lgDg s'/fdf ¿kfGt/0f h?/L 5 M

!= /fhgLlts g]t[Tj, sd{rf/L, Goflos ;+oGq, ;'/Iffkmf}h, ;fdflhs ju{h:tf k|d'v stf{sf] dfgl;stf, Jojxf/, ljrf/, ;f]rfO / sfo{ / ltgsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf, k|lqmof / k|ltlglwTjsf] k|lqmof_

@= zf;sLo Joj:yf -ljBdfg sfg'g, lgod / Joj:yf g} lgoGq0fsf/L / alxis/0fsf/L 5g\_

#= ;jfn -g]kfnL ;dfh u[xo'4af6 bL3{sfnLg zflGt k|flKtdf ¿kfGtl/t eO/x]sf] 5 . o'4sf a]nfsf ;jfn kl/jt{g x'g'k5{ . ;fy} ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf lgoGq0f ug]{ geP/ ;xhstf{sf] x'g'k5{_

$= ;+/rgf -ljBdfg ;+/rgf / zlQm ;DaGw_

%= kl/k|]Io -alxis/0fsf/L / lgoGq0fsf/L zf;g cEof;_

^= d"No–dfGotf -lx+;faf6 ;fdflhs kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 eGg] egfO zflGtk"0f{ sfo{, clx+;f / ;xsfo{af6 ;fdflhs kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 eGg]df_



145

lrq =#=$M åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf cFufNg'kg]{ Jofjxfl/s sbdx¿

#=& åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tL

!= ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ;xdlt

@= ;+qmd0fdf cfpg] r'gf}tL;Fusf] h'emfO

#= zflGt–;Demf}tfcg';f/sf ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf ;xdlt

$= ljut / ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo;Fusf] h'emfO

%= cfly{s j[l4 / :yfloTj

^= ;dfhsf ul/a / pk]lIftnfO{ zflGtsf] nfef+z k|bfg

&= ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo / sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttf

146

*= ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf16

(= lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng / k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmofdf ;xhLs/0f

!)= lgikIf lgjf{rg

!!= zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg d]nldnfk, k'gaf{; / k'glg{df{0fsf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog

!@= ljutdf ePsf ;xdlt sfof{Gjog

!#= afXo x:tIf]k lgoGq0f jf Go"gtd cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]usf] k|of]u

!$= lgikIftfcg';f/ ;'/Iff, sd{rf/LtGq tyf Goflos ;+oGqnfO{ /fhgLlteGbf aflx/ /fVg]

16 s'g} klg åGåu|:t d'n'sdf zflGt ;xdltdf x:tfIf/ eO;s]kl5sf] k|d'v r'gf}tL ;'/Iff cj:yf Joj:yfkg xf] . g]kfndf åGåf]Q/ eGg] zAbfjnL ljjfbsf] 3]/fdf eP klg, ljleGg ;z:q ;d"xsf] pbo / lx+;fdf ltgsf] ;+nUgtfkl5sf] kl/efiff o:tf] 5, æg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / g]kfn ;/sf/aLr @)^# d+l;/ % df zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ eO;s]kl5sf] cj:yf, h;n] klxn] åGå/t kIfaLrsf] ;z:q åGå cGTo ub}{ ;xdltcg';f/sf Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf ;lqmotf NofpF5 .Æ g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff, -ljz]ifu/L t/fO{ If]qsf]_ nfO{ hgtflGqs t/fO{ d'lQm df]rf{ -Hjfnf l;+x_, hgtflGqs dw]; d'lQm df]rf{ -uf]Ot_, hgtflGqs t/fO{ d'lQm df]rf{ -lj:kmf]6 l;+x_, dw]; d'lQm 6fOu/, t/fO{ sf]a|f, kfOyg, t/fO{ aUuL, t/fO{ cfdL{, dw];L efO/; lsn;{ kf6L{, /f]on l8km]G; cfdL{, uf]vf{ nfOg d'lQm df]rf{, lna/];g 6fOu;{ ckm t/fO{ Ond, ls/ft js{;{ kf6L{ -ljz]ifu/L pbok'/ / vf]6fªsf_ h:tf ;d"xn] r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf 5g\ . oL ;d"xafx]s t/fO{df c;'/Iff dRrfpg] cGo ;d"x klg 5g\ -5f]6]nfn ;xgL, ;~h' afaf, /fh'l;+x /f7f}/, d'Ggf l;+xsf] ;d"x x'g\, hf] k|d'vtM ef/tLo e"ldaf6 ;~rflnt 5g\_ . pgLx¿n] u|fdL0f / ;x/L e]udf c;'/Iff / lx+;f dRrfPsf 5g\ . /fHon] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ uDeL/ ;'/Iff ;jfn x'g\ oL -pk|]tL ;g\ @))* O_, c;'/Iff / lx+;faf6 g]kfnL hgtfx¿ k|tfl8t 5\g . ck/fwsf] z[+vnfn] c;'/Iff dRrfP/ afnaflnsf ckx/0f, xTof, n'6kf6, xltof/ / lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] cj}w a]rlavg, dfgj a]rlavg, nfu"kbfy{ a]rlavg, lj:yfkg cflb ;d:of l;h]{sf 5g\ -pk|]tL / g]kfnL ;g\ @))^_ . ljz]ifu/L zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ eO;s]kl5 o:tf z[+vnf rNg yfn]sf x'g\ . of]ª sDo'lg:6 lnu, o'y kmf];{, dw]; /Iff aflxgLh:tf ;+u7g lgdf{0f ePkl5 cj:yf emg} hl6n ePsf] 5 . To:tf ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug'{sf] p2]Zo;Fu /fhgLlts bnsf] Jojxf/ d]n vfFb}g . k|x/L, ;]gf / ;/sf/åf/f :jLs[t lghL ;'/Iff an h:tf j}wflgs ;+u7g;Fu dfq ljz]if clwsf/ x'G5 . oBlk, To:tf ;+u7gx¿ s'g} sfg'gL DofG8]6lagf ;~rflnt 5g\, h;n] /fHo ;+oGqnfO{ lbgx'F sdhf]/ agfPsf] 5 . /fHo emg} c;'/lIft aGg k'u]sf] 5 . bnåf/f lgld{t To:tf ;+u7gn] ltg} bnsf] lglxt cle?lr k"/f ug]{ s'/f ;a}n] a'em]sf 5g\ . zlQmzfnL bnåf/f lgld{t To:tf ;+u7gn] k|x/LnfO{ uDeL/ ¿kdf sdhf]/ agfPsf] 5 -/fhgLlts ;+/If0f jf /fhgLtLs/0fsf] dfWod ckgfP/_ . To;}n] g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff cj:yf uDeL/ / låljwfdf 5 .



147

!%= gful/s ck]Iffsf] ;Daf]wg

!^= zflGt–k|lqmof / ;xdltsf] cg'udg

!&= åGåaf6 k|efljt dflg;nfO{ zflGtsf] nfef+z tyf Ifltk"lt{ Kofs]h ljt/0f

!*= /fhgLlts bn lgdf{0fsf] dxTTj a'‰g]17

!(= ;d'lrt k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;sf] ;'?cft18

@)= ;'/Iff Joj:yf k'g;{+/rgf .

#=* lgisif{

g]kfnsf] clxn]sf] ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkgdf of] k':tsdf 5nkmn ul/Psf zflGt–k|lqmofsf s]xL cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ffsf] cjd"Nog ul/of] jf ;'?af6} o;nfO{ ckgfOPg . k|d'v g]tfsf y'k|} /fhgLlts cle?lr, ckf/bzL{ ;Demf}tf tyf zlQm–s]Gb|Ls/0fn] ;du| zflGt–k|lqmofdf k|efj k/]sf] 5 . bnsf g]tfn] u/]sf lnlvt jf clnlvt ;xdltsf] OdfGbf/Lk"0f{ sfof{Gjog g} Pp6f k|d'v sdhf]/L /Xof] .

;Dk"0f{ zflGt–k|lqmof g} ckf/bzL{, clehftju{df s]lGb|t / alxis/0fsf/L 5 . ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bn b'j}n] dfly 5nkmn ul/P adf]lhdsf s'g} klg sfo{ uDeL/tfk"j{s u/]gg\ . ;xdlt ePsf Joj:yfsf] klg cIf/zM sfof{Gjog ul/Pg . j}zfv cfGbf]ngsf] dd{nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kd} lal;{of] . s'g}

17 /fi6« lgdf{0fsf g]t[TjbfoL zlQm /fhgLlt bn g} x'g\ . ltgsf] zf;g z}nLn] b]zsf] eljio klg lgwf{/0f u5{ . ;+qmd0fnfO{ ;kmn agfpg /fhgLlts bnsf] nf]stfGqLs/0f, cfGtl/s nf]stGq tyf o'jf g]t[TjnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ s'/f plQs} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . alxis/0fsf] cEof; ;fdGtL dfgl;stfsf] pkh xf] . To:tf] dfgl;stf kl/jt{g ug{ ldlxg ;+nUgtf tyf ;+jfbsf] cEof; h?/L x'G5 .

18 zflGt tyf :yfloTj xfl;n ug]{ pQd pkfo k'glg{df{0f / ljsf; xf] . ljsf;nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg / To;n] zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] agfpg gofF b[li6, of]hgf, /0fgLlt, ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg, k4tLo vfsf / gjLg cjwf/0ff rflxG5 . åGå–;+j]bgzLn cjwf/0ff ckgfpg' g} of]hgf lgdf{tfsf nflu ;d'lrt pkfo x'g ;S5 . o;n] bL3{sfnLg zflGt / ;fdflhs ;xrfo{ :yflkt ug{ tyf g]kfnL hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g ;S5 . k'glg{df{0f / ljsf; k|j4{g u/fpg åGå–;+j]bgzLn ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0fdf s]xL ;docufl8 dfq :yfkgf ePsf] zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfnosf] e"ldsf pRr x'G5 .

148

;d"xn] aGb, x8\tfn, k|bz{g u/]dfq ;xdlt ul/of] t/ To;sf] klg ;xL sfof{Gjog eg] ul/Pg .

lg0f{o lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf /fhgLlts bnn] ;]gfsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug{ rf;f] b]vfPgg\ . dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gstf{nfO{ sf/afxL u/L b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug{] ?lr b]vfPgg\ . ;fy} ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkg / zflGt–k|lqmofsf ljljw tTTjsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg / OdfGbf/Lk"0f{ sfof{Gjog klg u/]gg\ . k|d'v bnsf g]tfx¿nfO{ ;+s'lrt cle?lr tyf bnut :jfy{n] lgb]{zg u¥of], Jofks /fli6«o cle?lrdf ltgn] Wofg lbPgg\ . k6s–k6s ;fl/Psf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg klg bnsf g]tfsf] To:tf] rl/qsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] .

k|d'v /fhgLlts bnsf] dfgl;stfs} sf/0f ;dfj]zL /fHo lgdf{0f x'g g;s]sf] xf] . ;f]xL sf/0fn] ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkg x'g ;s]g / PsLs[t cwf]ufdL -6k–8fpg_ alxis/0fsf/L /fHonfO{ ;dfj]zL / nf]stflGqs /fi6«df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ klg sl7g eof] . ;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{ v08nfO{ a/f]a/ clwsf/ lbP/ ;fdGtL Joj:yfsf] cfwf/e"t ¿kfGt/0fsf] cfjZostf klg tL g]tfn] clxn];Dd a'em]sf 5}gg\ . pgLx¿n] /fi6«k|lt cfˆgf] dfq} bfloTj ePsf] ;f]r] / c¿nfO{ ;d:ofdfq 7fg] .

zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;3fpg cGt/f{li6«o zlQm s]Gb|x¿nfO{ lgDTofpg] sfo{ tyf hgck]Iff ;Daf]wg klg g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0f ;kmntfk"0f{ Joj:yfkg ug]{

k|d'v r'gf}tL xf] . /fhgLlt1n] cfˆgf ;+s'lrt cle?lrnfO{ 5]p nufP/

;fd"lxs ¿kdf Jofks /fli6«o cle?lrcg';f/ sfd} u/]gg\ . ljljw hftLo ;d"xsf] plrt dfu ;Daf]wg u/L /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf laufg]{ dfulj?4 g]tfx¿ plePgg\ . ljutsf pknlAw tyf c;kmntfsf] ;dLIff

ug]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} ljleGg ;xdltsf dd{df s]lGb|t eO{ o'4af6

zflGt;Ddsf] ;+qmd0f ¿kfGt/0f ;'lglZrt u/L g]kfnL hgtfsf lk/dsf{ ;Daf]wg ug{ gofF k|lta4tf, ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg / ;d'lrt k|lqmofcg';f/ sfd ug'{kg]{ ;do klg oxL xf] .



149

;z:q åGåsf] a]nf k|lts"n cj:yf;Fu h'‰g] ljleGg /0fgLlt :yfgLo hgtfn] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . w]/} k|of]u ePsf] /0fgLlt, csf]{ kIfsf] cl:tTjsf] lgliqmo :jLs[lt xf] . ;Defljt d'7e]8 jf tgfj lgDTofpg] tTTjnfO{ dtna gu/]sf] s'/f y'k|} pQ/bftfn] atfPsf lyP . To:tf sfo{ ug'{sf] ;f6f] ltgLx¿ ;xrfo{ Nofpg] jf Pscsf{nfO{ d2t k'Ug] sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf lyP . :yfgLo ;xrfo{ tyf Ifdf k|j4{g ug]{ lsl;dsf ;fdflhs sfo{df s]xL 7fpFdf hgtf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOof] . cj:yfsf] lgoldt cg'udg u/L To;}cg';f/ k|ltlqmof lbg] -h:t}M ufpFsf] cj:yf tgfjk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvP dflg;x¿ :j:km"t{ ¿kdf ufpF 5f8]/ s]xL lbg cGt} hfg] u/]sf_ u/]sf] klg kfOof] . glhssf ;Fu cfˆgf cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ / ;"rgf xfl;n ug{ ;~hfn kl/rfng ug]{h:tf sfo{ hf]lvd d"Nof+sgdf k|of]u klg eP . cfˆgf] c;Gt'li6k"0f{ cj:yfsf afah'b :yfgLo hgtfn] cem} klg s]xL kl/jt{g x'g] cfzf ul//x]sf 5g\ . gful/s ;dfh tyf /fhgLlts bnsf] g]t[Tj o'jfn] ug'{kg]{ ;f]r klg ltg} hgtfsf] 5 . lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfdf ePsf ;xdlt sfof{Gjogsf] dfu tL hgtfn] /fv]sf lyP .

o'4 lsg eof] < lsg ltg} hgtfsf] ufpFdf o'4 dlRrof] < To;sf] c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ s] ug{ ;lsG5 < cflb k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg o'4af6 hf]lug / ;f]xL o'4 ¿kfGt/0f u/L cfly{s k'ge{/0fsf] cj:yfdf n}hfg ljj]sLs/0fsf]

k|lqmofn] ;d'bfonfO{ d2t u5{ . åGån] ;fd'bflos k|lqmof tyf cEof;nfO{

k'gd"{Nof+sg ug]{ ;'cj;/ k|bfg u5{ . of] ;'Gb/ eljiosf] cfzf klg xf] . åGån] cfˆgf] Ifdtfdf ;zQmLs/0f NofPsf] o;} cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf y'k|} pQ/bftfn] atfPsf lyP . !) jif]{ o'4n] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g

u/]sf] tyf ;fdflhs cfly{s j}ejh:tf ;a} s'/f Wj:tdfq gagfPsf]

/fo tL hgtfsf] lyof] . ;f6f]df o'4n] ;fdGtL, :t/Ls[t, s]Gb|Ls[t /

alxis/0fsf/L /fHonfO{ cfw'lgs, ;dfj]zL, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs d'n's klg agfPsf] wf/0ff ltg} dflg;x¿sf] lyof] . hgd'lQm ;]gfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf, blnt, cflbjf;L tyf pk]lIft ;d'bfodf ePsf] ;zQmLs/0fsf] pbfx/0f

o; n]vsn] e]6]sf pQ/bftfn] lbPsf lyP .

150

bfª lhNnfsf] nIdLk'/ uflj; j8f gDa/ % kfn'yfgsL ;'>L lbn;/f g]kfnL;Fusf] eG5Lg\ M19

xfdL g]kfnLn] !) jif{;Dd pknlAwljxLg o'4 n8\of}F . xhf/f}+ lgbf]{if gful/sn] hLjg u'dfP, y'k|} 3fOt] eP . xfd|f] ufpFdf klg 8/, c;'/Iff / cft+sn] r/d ;Ldf gf3]sf] lyof] . cfkmGtsxfF xfdL hfg ;Sb}gYof}+ . zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePkl5 xfd|f] ufpFdf zflGt 5fPsf] 5 . s'g} c;'/Iff / tgfjsf] cj:yf klg b]lvPsf] 5}g . xfd|} af/Ldf xfdLn] u/L vfg rfxG5f}+, xfd|f afnaRrfnfO{ ;'/lIft ¿kdf ljBfno k7fpg rfxG5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ ;w}+sf] zflGt rflxPsf] 5 .

d'n'ssf y'k|} ef}uf]lns If]q / ;d'bfodf o:tf cflbjf;L ;+:yf, d~r tyf ;~hfn 5g\ . ;d'bfo :t/df ljjfb ;dfwfg / Pscfk;sf lxtsf nflu o:tf ;+oGq k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . t/, Ps bzs nfdf] åGån] xhf/f}+nfO{ kLl8t agfof] . To:tf kL8f d]6\g :yfgLo:t/df ljz]if k|of; / s]Gb|Lo :t/af6 Ifltk"lt{sf] ljz]if k|of; x'g'k5{ .20

åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0fdf ;Daf]wg x'g'kg]{ s]xL ;jfn lgDg 5g\ M

!= ;|f]t / zlQmdf kx'Fr

@= klxrfg lgdf{0f / :yfkgf

#= lglZrt ljrf/ tyf j}rfl/s ljleGgtfsf] k|j4{g

$= s'zf;g jf zf;g cEof; c;kmntf -kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xL, sfg'gL zf;g, hg;xeflutf_sf ;+/rgfut sf/0f .

åGåsf ;jfnsf] ;dod} ;Daf]wg gul/P clx+;fTds åGå lx+;fTds jf ;z:q o'4df ¿kfGt/0f x'G5 . To;}n] o'4b]lv zflGt;Ddsf] åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0fsf] /0fgLltn] åGåsf d"n sf/0f ;Daf]wgdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ .

åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0fnfO{ ;kmn agfpg rflxg] ;+oGqx¿ lgDg x'g\ M

e"ld;'wf/ cfof]u

19 !% c;f/ @)^$ df bfª lhNnfsf] kfn'yfg ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] ldl6ª xndf lnOPsf] cGtjf{tf{ .

20 lj:t[t yfxf kfpg x]g'{xf];\ e§rg, jfO{=s]= -;g\ @))&_ . 8]df]q]ml;h\ Og OlG8lhlgo; .



151

;'/Iff ;ldlt jf /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\

;'/Iff If]q k'g;{+/rgf jf ;DalGwt cGo ;ldlt

a]kQf 5fglag cfof]u

:yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt

k|zf;g k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u

ljifout ;ldlt

/fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf cfof]u

/fHo k'g;{+/rgf ;'emfjsf] pRr:t/Lo ;+oGq

/fhgLlts bnLo ;+oGq

zflGt ;lrjfno -zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno_;lxtsf] /fli6«o zflGt cfof]u

cg';Gwfg tyf ;|f]t s]Gb|

k|fljlws ;ldlt / ljz]if sfo{ 6f]nL -ljifout ;jfnsf nflu_

o;}u/L åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0fn] lgDg s'/f ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ M

!= åGå tyf ;+/rgfut c;dfgtfsf d"n sf/0f

@= ;d'bfodf ljZjf; tyf ;xrfo{ :yfkgf

#= åGåsf k|lts"n c;/;Fu h'‰g ;fd'bflos pkfosf] ljsf;

$= zflGt :yfkgfsf pkfo lgdf{0f

%= ;fdflhs alxis/0fdf k/]sf tyf pk]lIft ;d'bfonfO{ :ki6 b]lvg] kmfObf afF8kmfF6 ug]{ / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ltgLx¿ klg ;dfj]z 5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrttf

^= ul/a tyf wgLaLrsf] vf8n e/;s k'g]{ k|of; ug]{ / lje]b Go"gLs/0f

&= ljsf;sf sfo{qmdn] gofF tgfj tyf åGå l;h]{sf 5}gg\ eGg] kIf

;'lglZrttf,

*= clehft ju{ / o'4/t kIfn] ;|f]t sAhf u/]sf 5}gg\ eGg]

;'lglZrtf . ljsf; kl/of]hgf / sfo{qmddf zflGt tyf åGåsf] k|efj d"Nof+sgnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L of] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .

152

d]nldnfksf nflu cfjZos k/Dk/fut ;+:yf tyf To;df x'g] cEof;

;d'bfodf d]nldnfksf k/Dk/fut ;+oGq e]l6G5g\ . s]xL ;fdfGo ;+oGqx¿ rf8kj{, ljjfxf]T;j tyf cGo kj{ x'g\ . To;df dflg;x¿ e]nf eP/ 5nkmn u5{g\ / ;d:of ;dfwfg klg u5{g\ . :yfgLo d]nldnfkdf ;+nUg x'g] k|d'v JolQm wfdL–emfFqmL, kl08t tyf k'/f]lxt, :yfgLo lzIfs tyf a'h|'s x'g\ . lglZrt hftLo ;d"xsf] cfˆg} /}yfg] Joj:yf 5, h;n] ;d'bfosf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5g\ .

k/Dk/fut cfwf/sf d]nldnfk cEof; cfˆg} lsl;dsf /Lltlylt / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . ;u'g ug]{ Pp6f To:t} pbfx/0f xf], h'g u'?ª, du/, tfdfª, lh/]n, ;'/]n ;d'bfodf k':tf}+b]lv rlncfPsf] 5 . of] cEof;df, ufpFn]x¿sf] pkl:yltdf dflg;aLr ;u'g -/S;L, cG8f, df;' cflb_ ;f6f;f6 x'G5 . ;f] ;u'g åGå/t kIfaLr ;f6f;f6 x'G5 . ;a}dfem ;d:ofaf/] 5nkmn eO;s]kl5 Pscsf{nfO{ ;u'g k|bfg ul/G5 . Pp6f ;xdltdf k'u]kl5 pgLx¿n] ;u'g u|x0f u5{g\ -Pscsf{sf e]6L :jLsf/]/_ / :yfgLo dlb/fkfg u/L Pscsf{aLr d]nldnfksf] ;DaGw :yflkt u5{g\ . b;}+ -Ps csf{sf] 3/df uP/ 6Lsf yfk]/ ;DaGw ;'wf/ ug]{ Pp6f dfWod_, ltxf/ -lbbL÷efOaLrsf] ;DaGw k|uf9 agfpg] Pp6f dfWod_, Ob -;Dk"0f{ d';ndfg ;d'bfo h'6]/ Pscsf{sf] enfOsf] k|fy{gf u/L d]nldnfk :yflkt ug]{ Pp6f dfWod_, 3]jf -tfdfª hfltdf x'g] d[To' ;+:sf/_h:tf ;+:sf/x¿ d]nldnfk :yflkt ug{ pQd dflgG5g\ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))@ P, @))* P_ . ysfnLdf x'g] l9s'/L, du/ ;d'bfodf x'g] e]hf, u'?ª ;d'bfodf x'g] /f]wL / uf]nf, g]jf/L ;d'bfodf x'g] u'7L, lnDa" hfltdf x'g] kd{, yf¿ hfltdf x'g] Vofnh:tf ;+:yfx¿ :yfgLo :t/sf sNof0fsf/L ;+u7g x'g\ -e§rg ;g\ @))&_ .20 o:tf ;+:yfdfkm{t :yfgLo :t/df nf]stGq cEof;dfq geP/ ;xrfo{, d]nldnfk / ;fd"lxs kl/ro klg x'G5 .

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153

$=! kl/k|]Io

s'g} klg åGå/t b]zdf åGånfO{ bL3{sfnLg zflGt tyf nf]stGqdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ dlxnfx¿sf] of]ubfg klxrfg u/L zflGt–k|lqmofdf ltgnfO{ ;xefuL agfpg klg cfjZos x'G5 . ;fdfGo cy{df, zflGt eGg] zAbn] JolQmsf] ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs, ef}lts / cfWoflTds enfOsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;+s]t u5{ . oBlk, g]kfnL kl/k|]Iodf o;n] åGåsf sf/0f l;lh{t JolQm–JolQm tyf ;+:yf–;+:yfaLrsf] vnalnPsf] ;DaGw ;fdfGo agfpg] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 . To:tf ;DaGwnfO{ !) jif]{ ;z:q åGån] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df zflGt k|fKt ug{ dlxnf ;xeflutfsf ;fy} ljut;Fu ;DalGwt eO{ cfzf / pT;fx hufpFb} ;'Gb/ eljiosf] /]vflrq sf]g]{ k|lqmof h?/L x'G5 . ;xL k|lqmofsf] k|of]u, cg'udg ;+oGqdf n}+lus ;dfgtf, ;dembf/L tyf ;xdltsf] OdfGbf/Lk"0f{

sfof{Gjog, ljutsf ltQmtf;Fu h'‰g cfk;L ;dembf/L, ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo / sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttfdfkm{t\ zflGt :yfkgf ug'{ 5 . ;fy}, ;f] cj:yf k|fKt ug{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]G6L, :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rg k|lqmof, lgMz:qLs/0f, ;'/Iff If]qsf] k'g;+{/rgfh:tf sfo{ klg

h?/L x'G5 .

g]kfn clxn] zflGttkm{sf] uDeL/ df]8df cfOk'u]]sf] 5 . of] d'n'sn] Ps bzs;Dd uDeL/ ;z:q åGå ef]Uof] . åGåsf k|d'v sf/0f ;+/rgfTds c;dfgtf, alxis/0f / lje]b -hftkft, ju{, ln+u, e"uf]nsf cfwf/df_, zlQm s]Gb|Ls/0f, ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L, /fHo zf;g k4lt tyf ljrf/wf/fsf] c;kmntf lyP eg], ef/tLo / cGo ljb]zL zlQmsf] e"ldsf k|d'v

kl/R5]b

$zflGt–k|lqmofdf dlxnf

154

lyP . g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmof ljljw sf/0fn] k|z+;fsf] ljifo ag]sf] eP klg c;kmntfsf nflu klg of] k|lqmof plQs} cfnf]lrt 5 . ul/Psf jfrf k"/f gu/]sfn] / alxis/0fo'Qm cEof; -k|lqmofdf dlxnf, blnt, hghflt / cGonfO{ ;dfj]z gx'g'_ u/]sfn] klg o;n] cfnf]rgf v]k]sf] 5 -pk|]tL / l3ld/] ;g\ @))*_ .

zflGtsf] ;kmntf ;xL k|lqmof 5gf]6sf ;fy} ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] plrt k|ltlglwTj / ul/Psf jfrfx¿ sfof{Gjog tyf afXo ;xsfo{df e/ k5{ -pk|]tL / s0f{ ;g\ @))&_ g]kfnsf] zflGt–k|lqmofsf] ;Gbe{df . g]tfx¿n] zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg OR5f t b]vfPsf lyP t/ k|lqmofTds tTTjsf] dxTj a'‰b} ;a} g]kfnLnfO{ zflGtsf] nfef+z k|bfg u/L dlxnf;lxt cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ To;df ;dfj]z ug{ c;kmn eP -pk|]tL ;g\ @))*PÙ ;g\ @))*aLÙ / ;g\ @))*;L_ . pgLx¿ bQlrQ eP/ zflGt :yfkgfdf k|lta4 b]lvP klg d"ntM zlQm ;+3if{ tyf lglxt /fhgLlts :jfy{df nflu/x]sf 5g\ . of] kl/R5]bdf zflGt–k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf ljljw ;jfndfq ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

$=@ zflGt–k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;xeflutf M cGt/f{li6«o cEof; tyf ;kmntfsf syf

zflGt–k|lqmofsf dxTTjk"0f{ ;jfndf dlxnfn] ;kmntd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] s'/f ljZjJofkL cg'ejn] b]vfPsf 5g\ . zflGt :yfkgdf dlxnfsf]

of]ubfgsf] ;+If]kLs/0f ug{'kbf{ lgDg If]qdf clt dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf b]lvPsf]

5 M

-c_ o"PgPr;Lcf/ !#@% sfof{Gjog, -cf_ ;+s6 Joj:yfkg, -O_ jftf{

tyf åGå Joj:yfkg, -O{_ zflGt jftf{ tyf ;xdlt, -p_ åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0fsfn

Joj:yfkg -;+qmd0fsfn ;'/Iff tyf Gofo_ / -pm_ åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f tyf k'gaf{; cflb .

zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg dlxnfsf] :t/Lo ;+nUgtf clt cfjZos x'G5 eGg] y'k|} o'4u|:t d'n'ssf cg'ejn] k'li6 ul/;s]sf 5g\ . åGåf]Q/

zflGt–k|lqmofdf dlxnf


155

k'glg{df{0f / zflGt :yfkgfdf dlxnfsf ;kmntfsf tYox¿1 ljZjsf y'k|} e"efudf 5g\ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))^PÙ /]g / ;ln{km ;g\ @))@Ù a}rn/ / c¿ ;g\ @))*Ù cfO{;LhL ;g\ @))^, An'dlkmN8 ;g\ @))#Ù cul:6cfgf / kfSkfxfg ;g\ @))$ / PG8;{g ;g\ !(((_ .

zflGtnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ dlxnf ;+:yfx¿sf] Oltxf; x]bf{ dlxnfn] pTs[i6 pbfx/0f k]; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . Pp6f pbfx/0f OG6/g];gn s+u|]; ckm j'dg -cfO{;L8An"_ xf] . ;g\ !(!% clk|ndf xhf/eGbf a9L dlxnf o'/f]ksf ljleGg d'n'saf6 lb x]udf hDdf eP/ klxnf] ljZjo'4 cGTo ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf lyP . o'4 cGTo tyf ljZjJofkL lgMz:qLs/0fsf nflu pgLx¿n] hf]8bf/ dfu u/]sf lyP . cem pgLx¿n] cGt//fHo åGå dWo:ytfsf nflu lgikIf cGt/f{li6«o lgof]u u7gsf] dfu klg u/]sf lyP -/]g / ;ln{km ;g\ @))@_ . o;y{ /fi6«;+3h:t} lgsfoaf/] tL dlxnfn] ;g\ !(!% d} sNkgf ul/;s]sf lyP .

OG6/g];gn qmfOl;; u|'k -cfO{;Lh]_n] ;'8fg, s+uf] u0ftGq / o'ufG8fdf u/]sf] t'ngfTds cWoogn] o:tf] b]vfpF5 M

y'k|} lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUgtf hgfP/ dlxnfn] zflGt, ;xdlt / åGåf]Q/ k|of;nfO{ cem ;'ul7t, k|efjsf/L / Jofjxfl/s agfpg ;S5g\ . zflGt jftf{df ;xeflutf hgfP/, ;z:q ;d"xdf cfa4 afnaflnsfnfO{ k'gaf{; u/fP/, ;kmf lkpg] kfgL / ;}lgs vr{eGbf ;fdflhs ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] ah]6 lgdf{0fh:tf ;femf ;jfndf åGåu|:t dflg;;Fu 5nkmn ;+of]hg u/fpg pgLx¿n] hf]8 lbG5g\ -cfO{;Lh] ;g\ @))^ k[=!_ .

of] x/kmn] zflGt :yfkgfdf dlxnfsf] Ifdtfaf/] :ki6 lrq0f u5{ . t/

b'ef{Uo, of] k|lqmofdf g]kfndf dlxnf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] tYonfO{ Psbd} pk]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

o;}u/L zflGt lgdf{0fdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsfaf/] …dlxnfdfly ;z:q åGåsf]

k|efj tyf zflGt–k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf;DaGwL :jtGq lj1x¿sf]

1 lj:t[t yfxf kfpg x]g'{xf];\ http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel.chinwenwoye.htm -@ cu:t @))* df cBfjlws ul/Psf]_ .

156

d"Nof+sgÚ zLif{sdf o'lgkm]dn] lj:t[t cWoog u/]sf] lyof] -/]g / ;ln{km ;g\ @))@_ . of] cWoog k|ltj]bg zflGt lgdf{0fdf dlxnfn] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsf / o'4af6 pgLx¿n] ef]u]sf] si6af/] lj:t[t JofVof u/]sf] 5 . o;df ;d]l6Psf y'k|} pbfx/0f / JolQmut tYon] zflGt k'g:yf{kgf u/fpg dlxnfsf] e"ldsfsf] a[xQ/ b[li6sf]0f lbG5g\ .

o;}u/L /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] #! l8;]Da/ @))) df lglj{/f]w kf; u/]sf] ;+sNk k|:tfj !#@% n] klg dlxnf, zflGt / ;'/Iff;Fu h'Wg ultnf] ¿k/]vf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . zflGt–k|lqmofdf n}+lus cjwf/0ff ;d]6\g o;n] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f lbPsf] 5 . ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ k|:tfj gDa/ !#@% sfof{Gjogdf ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))@ df …j'dg, jf/ PG8 lk;M OlG8k]G8]G6 PS;k6{;\ c;];dG6 cg lb ODKofS6 ckm cfD8{ slGˆNS6 cg j'dg PG8 j'dGh /f]n cg lk; lalN8ªÚ zLif{sdf o;n] uxlsnf] k|ltj]bg k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] . of] cWoogn] dlxnf tyf afnaflnsfdf ;z:q åGå tyf lx+;fn] u/]sf] ljifd c;/ ljZn]if0fsf ;fy} zflGt–k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf pkfosf] vf]hL klg u5{ . ;fy}, o;n] anfTsf/nfO{ o'4sf] xltof/sf ¿kdf k|of]u ubf{ dlxnfsf] ;Ddfgdf s;/L c;/ u5{ eGg]af/] /fd|f] hfgsf/L lbG5 . zflGt–k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;xeflutf eP zflGt–;Demf}tfn] /fd|/L sfd ug{ ;Sg] ;Gb]z klg of] k|ltj]bgn]

lbG5 . ulx/f] ;dLIff tyf tYof+ssf cfwf/df of] k|ltj]bgn] dlxnfsf]

7"nf] ;+Vofn] -k|ltlglwTjsf nflu dfq xf]Og_ ;xdltsf] :t/dfq a9fpFb}g, zflGt–;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog klg plQs} t]lhnf] agfpF5 eGg] kIfdf hf]8 lbG5 .

;g\ !(() sf] dWodf ?jfG8fn] eo+s/ g/;+xf/ ef]Uof] . dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g x'g'sf ;fy} dfgjLo ;xfotfsf] ;+s6 l;h{gf u/fof] . ;f] g/;+xf/n] d'n'ssf] hg;f+lVos cj:yf g} kl/jt{g -&$ k|ltzt dlxnf

/ @^ k|ltzt k'?if_ ul/lbof], h'g clxn];Dd klg k"0f{ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf cfO;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf] cK7\of/f] kl/l:ylt ;fdgf ug{ dlxnf g} cu|;/ lyP . o;n] gofF sfg'gL cj:yf ljsf; u/L sfg'g dGqfnocGtu{t



157

…h]G8/ 8]:sÚ :yfkgf u¥of] . of] ;+oGqn] o'4n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ kf/]sf] k|efj;Fu h'Wg] sfd u¥of] . oxL 8]:ssf] cys k|of;;Fu} ?jfG8f ;/sf/n] dlxnfd}qL sfg'g lgdf{0f u¥of] . o;}u/L dlxnfsf] k|of;n] Goflos tyf d]nldnfk ;ldltdf hl:6; PG8 l/slG;lnP;g sld6L -h]cf/;L_n] dlxnf ;b:o yk u/]sf] 5 . dlxnfsf d'2f x]g]{ dlxnf GofofwLzdfq ePsf] / ltgsf] ;fIfLx¿sf] ckdfg ePsf] egL h]cf/;Laf/] uDeL/ cfnf]rgf ePsf] lyof] . clxn] ?jfG8fdf ;+;b\ tyf /fHosf] cGo ;+/rgfdf dlxnf pkl:yltsf] k|ltzt pRr 5 . g/;+xf/kl5 ;DkGg r'gfjn] $* k|ltzteGbf a9L dlxnfnfO{ ;+;b\df r'Gg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . dlxnfsf ;fgf–7"nf y'k|} k|of;n] ltg}nfO{ ;+;b\df Nofpg ;3fPsf] lyof] . tLdWo]sf] Ps PeLO{hLP -?jfG8f g/;+xf/sf] Psn dlxnf ;+3_ xf] . åGåk|efljtnfO{ d2t ug{dfq of] ;lqmo geP/ dlxnf ;+/If0f tyf /fhgLlts ;xeflutfsf nflu klg lqmofzLn lyof] .

lb dfgf] l/e/ o'lgoG; g]6js{ km/ lk; klg lulgof, nfOa]l/of, l;P/f lncf]gsf dlxnfx¿n] ;'? u/]sf csf]{ k|of; lyof] . o;n] tLg d'n'ssf] /fhgLltdf k|efj kfg{ ;s]sf] lyof] . of] ;+:yfn] :yfgLo / /fli6«o :t/df sfd ul//x]sf] lyof] . l;P/f lncf]gsf] åGå cGTo ug]{ of] k|efjsf/L ;+:yf lyof] . cfˆgf] ansf sf/0f lb dfgf] l/e/ o'lgoG; g]6js{ km/ lk; ;+:yf

km]8]/];g ckm clk|msg j'dGh lk; g]6js{ -PkmO{cf/PkmPkL_sf] Ps c+z

ePsf] lyof] . clk|msfdf zflGt :yfkgfdf ug{ PkmO{cf/PkmPkLn] o'lgkm]d -xfn o"Pg cf]dg_ tyf cGo ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 .

;f]dflnofdf /fhgLlts ;+/rgfdf ;fd]n x'g dlxnfx¿ lg/Gt/ nflu/x]sf

5g\ . 6«flGh;gn g];gn P;]DAnLsf @$% l;6dWo] @% l;6 t pgLx¿n] kfO;s]sf 5g\ . k"jL{l6df]/sf] gofF ;+;b\df #) k|ltzt sf]6f dlxnfsf nflu ;'/lIft 5 . ckmuflg:tfg / cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] klg zflGt–k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbO/x]sf 5g\ / Ph]G8fsf] pRr k|fyldstfdf

dlxnfsf ;jfn k/]sf 5g\ . ckmuflg:tfgdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsfdfly k|sfz kfg{ ;~rf/dfWod klg kl/rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . kl/0ffdtM y'k|} dGqfno,

158

kl/of]hgfx¿df n}+lustfsf] ;jfn ;dfj]z ug{ / tTsfnLg cj:yfdf aGg] elgPsf] gofF ;+ljwfgdf dlxnfsf nflu ;dfg xssf] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug{ cys k|of; ePsf] lyof] . ckmufgL dlxnfsf] cfly{s / ef}lts ;'/Iff / cfly{s pGglt, zflGt / ;'/Iff;Fu :ki6 ufFl;Psf] 5 .

dlxnfs} 7"nf] d]xgtn] åGå/t ljleGg d'n'sdf zflGt :yfkgf k|of; ePsf] 5 . j'dg Og ANofs -;la{of zflGt ;d"xsf dlxnf_sf] sfdaf6 klg w]/} l;Sg ;lsG5 . zflGtsfdL dlxnfx¿nfO{ Psh'6 agfP/ pgLx¿ zflGtk"0f{ k|bz{gdf plqPsf lyP . pgLx¿n] lx+;f cGTo u/L zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ dfu /fVb} Kn]sf8{;lxt ;/sf/L clkm;cufl8 zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf wgf{ lbP . ;/sf/sf] k|lt/f]wsf afah'b pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] sfo{ ul//x] / cfˆgf cfjfh ;'gfpg klg ;kmn eP . tL dlxnfn] cfˆgf] b]zdf zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ sl7g k|of; u/]sfn] cGo cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7g;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L o'lgkm]dn] ldn]lgod lk; cjf8{n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;Ddflgt u¥of] . PeLO{hLP -?jfG8fsf Psn dlxnf ;+3_n] åGåk|efljtnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs d2tdfq glbO{ g/;+xf/n] ;dfhdf kf/]sf] k|efj ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjfh klg p7fof] .

o;}u/L pQ/L gfldlaofsf dlxnfx¿ zflGtsf k|d'v stf{ lyP -a]s/ ;g\ @))#_ . tfGhflgofsf] df]/f]uf]/f] If]qdf åGå ;dfwfg u/L zflGt lgdf{0f ug{df klg dlxnf g} cu|;/ lyP -lnxfDaf ;g\ @))#_, åGå /f]sL zflGtnfO{

k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;]G6«n clk|msg l/klAnsdf -dfy] / c¿ ;g\ @))#_,

;f]dflnofdf -df]xDdb ;g\ @))#_ / a'?G8Ldf -gtfxf]af/L / gbflolhuf ;g\ @))#_ klg dlxnfx¿ g} ;lqmo lyP . åGå ;dfwfg ug{ k/Dk/fut dWo:ytfsf] cEof;sf nflu clk|msfdf x'g] dlxnf ;xeflutf rlr{t 5 .

Sofd?gsf] åGå k/Dk/fut tj/n] dWo:ytf ug{ dlxnfx¿ ;lqmo eP/

nfu]sf lyP -guf]ª\uf]–da]a ;g\ @))#_ . o;}u/L lhDafa]df klg åGåsf a]nf ;b\efj sfod /fVg / To;sf] 3fp lgsf] kfg{ dlxnfn] /rgfTds e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP -/]Gh/ ;g\ !((@_ . lhDafa]sf hgtfn] v]k]sf] o'4sf] 3fpdf dnd nufpg dlxnfn] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfaf/] l:sD6 -;g\

!((&_ klg :d/0fLo 5 . clk|msfdf zflGt lgdf{0fdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf



159

-ljz]iftM k/Dk/fut åGå ;dfwfg cEof;_af/] o'g]:sf] -;g\ @))#_n] /fv]sf] lj:t[t tYon] klg zflGt :yfkgfdf dlxnfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf ePsf] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .

s]Gofl:yt g}/f]aLsf] s]Gof§f ljZjljBfnosf] wfld{s / bz{g cWoog ljefun] ldl/ofd cufyf lrGj] Gjf]o]af/] lj:t[t tYo /fv]sf] 5 dlxnfsf] hGdl;4 u'0f tyf ;dfhdf /xg] ltgsf] :t/cg';f/ zflGt ;+of]hs / k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf zflGt–k|lqmofdf nfUg ;S5g\ eGg] ;f] tYon] b]vfpF5 .

$=# zflGt–;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog

g]kfnsf] zflGt–;Demf}tf Odfgbf/Lk"j{s sfof{Gjog x'g] xf] eg] o;n] g]kfnL dlxnfsf] cj:yf ;'wf/L pgLx¿nfO{ /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . t/, o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ;Demf}tfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog eg] cf+lzs, sdhf]/ / vl08t ¿kdf dfq ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfdf juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}+lus lje]bh:tf

;d:of ;dfwfg u/L k|ultzLn ;'wf/ ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, gful/s :jtGqtf tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, ;g\ !($* / cGo vfn] cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotfsf sfg'g / dfGotf, l;4fGt, clwsf/,

k|]; :jtGqtf, sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;Ddfg klg ug]{ k|lta4tf 5 . oL k|lta4tf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf klg cf+lzsdfq 5 . zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] wf/f !=#

df pNn]v ePcg';f/ …b'j} kIfn] cf–cfˆgf dftxtsf ;a} lgsfonfO{ of] ;Demf}tf tTsfn sfof{Gjog tyf kfngf ug{ cfjZos lgb]{zg hf/L ug]{5g\

/ sfof{Gjog ug]{÷u/fpg]5g\ .Ú tyflk tL ;+:yfcGtu{tsf lgof]ux¿n]

lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tf yf]/}dfq sfof{Gjog u/]sf 5g\ .

zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] bkmf #=& n] e"ld;'wf/sf] Joj:yfaf/] pNn]v u/]sf] 5, æ;fdGtL e"–:jfldTjsf] Joj:yf cGTo u/L j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ gLlt

cjnDag ug]{ .Æ o;}u/L bkmf #=!) eG5, æ;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, xlnof,

160

x¿jf–r¿jfnufotsf cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{ hUufnufot cfly{s–;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt lng] .Æ g]kfnL ;dfhdf c;dfg zlQm–;DaGwsf] k|d'v ;|f]t g} e"ld xf] / e"lddf cfwfl/t zlQm ;+/rgfsf] l;sf/ dlxnfx¿ ePsf 5g\ . t/ lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] wf/f #=& sfof{Gjogdf s'g} klg rf;f] b]vfOPsf] 5}g .

;'/Iff ;+/rgfdf dfcf]jfbL n8fs'sf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;dfof]hg / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] nf]stGqLs/0f k|lqmof klg zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] xNsf ¿kdf dfq lnP k|d'v c+u xf] . o:tf] uDeL/ t/ dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnnfO{ /fhgLlt1x¿n] . lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] bkmf $=$ df pNn]v 5, ædfcf]jfbL ;]gfsf n8fsfsf] /]vb]v, ;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgf lglDt cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] ljz]if sld6L agfP/ sfd ug]{ .Æ bkmf $=& n] eG5, æg]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg gofF ;}lgs P]gadf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{ . cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fhgLlts ;xdlt / cGtl/d Joj:yflksfsf] ;DalGwt ;ldlt ;d]tsf] ;'emfj lnP/ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] nf]stfGqLs/0fsf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ . o;cGtu{t g]kfnL ;]gfsf] pko'Qm ;+Vof, nf]stflGqs ;+/rgf, /fli6«o / ;dfj]zL rl/q lgdf{0f ub}{ nf]stGq / dfgjclwsf/sf] d"Noåf/f ;]gfnfO{ k|lzlIft ug]{nufotsf sfd ug]{ .Æ

oBlk, zflGt–k|lqmofsf] o:tf] dxTTjk"0f{ k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjog sdhf]/ /Xof] . lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] dfgjclwsf/ v08 -bkmf &=!=#_n] eG5, æb'j} kIf ;Demf}tf kqdf pNn]v ePsf clwsf/sf] pkef]udf afwf

k'¥ofpg] lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿dfly sfg'gcg';f/ lgikIf 5fglag tyf sf/afxL

x'g]5 egL k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub{5g\ / b08xLgtfnfO{ k|>o glbg] ;'lglZrt ub{5g\ . o;sf ;fy} åGå / oftgfkLl8t tyf a]kQf kfl/Psfsf kl/jf/sf] /fxt k|fKt ug{] clwsf/nfO{ ;d]t ;'lglZrt ub{5g\ .Æ of] Joj:yf klg k"0f{

sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{df a9L ljjflbt agfOPsf] 5 / o;n] ;zZq åGåsf]

;dodf cGofodf k/]sf dlxnf, afnaflnsfnufot åGåkLl8tn] Gofo kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . zflGt–;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt Joj:yf sfof{Gjogaf/]

dfly ul/Psf] 5f]6f] 5nkmnn] :ki6 kf5{, g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn



161

agfpg cem} w]/} v'8\lsnf r9\g afFsL g} 5 . of] k|lqmof sdhf]/ x'g'sf] Pp6f sf/0f lg0f{o tyf sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] cefj eP/ klg x'g ;S5 .

$=#=! cGt/j:t'

zflGt jftf{ tyf ;xdlt / ;dembf/Ldf ;d]l6Psf cGt/j:t'n] dlxnf, afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f / åGåsf] l;sf/ ePsfsf ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug}{k5{ . ;fy} zflGt–k|lqmof ;kmn agfpg dlxnflj?4 x'g] o'4 ck/fwnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfOg'k5{ . ;dfhdf zflGt sfod ug{ Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf / sfg'gL zf;gsf] k'g:yf{kgf cfjZos 5 .

dlxnf ;xeflutfn] s'g} klg zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ bL3{sfnLg agfpF5 . ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof c;kmn x'g] ;Defjgf klg sd u5{ . s'g} klg zflGt–k|lqmofn] åGåk|efljt ljleGg ;d"xsf ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] x'g'k5{ . tL ;d"xnfO{ o;/L juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

!= d[tssf kl/jf/

@= ckxl/t / ltgsf kl/jf/

#= cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt / ltgsf kl/jf/

$= a]kQf kfl/Psf / ltgsf kl/jf/

%= 3fOt] kfl/Psf / ;fdfGo c;/ k/]sf cGo dflg;x¿ .

o;}u/L åGåk|efljtsf ljleGg pd]/ ;d"x, afnaRrf, jo:s, j[4j[4f / dlxnfnfO{ klg ljz]if Wofg lbOg' cfjZos 5 . oL åGåk|efljtsf ;d:of klxrfg / ;Djf]wg ug{ pgLx¿sf] ;+nUgtf;lxtsf] ljz]if k|of; cfjZos

x'G5 . To;}n] zflGt :yfkgfsf ;a} lqmofsnfk / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf]

k|ltlglwTj x'g' clt h?/L 5 .

d]nldnfkdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf clt dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . Gofosf] vf]hL,

IfdfzLntf, ;xrof{ / ;xcl:tTjsf] k|lqmof g} d]nldnfk x'gfn] o:tf ;jfndf dlxnfn] åGåk|efljtsf ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;Daf]wg ug{ /

162

lau|]sf] ;DaGw k'g:yf{lkt ug{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ . åGåk|efljtnfO{ k'g;{dfof]hg u/fpg] sfd ;xh agfpg klg dlxnfx¿ plQs} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof åGåk|efljtnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tl/sfn] d"nwf/df NofO{ gofF jf ltgsf] cfˆg} ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;b:o agfpg] hl6n sfd xf], hxfF dlxnfn] klg cfwf/e"t e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;s"g\ . To;}u/L lkmtL{–k'gaf{;–k'g:yf{kgfsf Kofs]hdf dlxnf ;+nUg x'g'k5{ .

$=#=@ ;+/rgf

ljZjsf ljleGg åGå/t If]qdf ePsf jftf{df b]lvPcg'¿k, k"0f{ DofG8]6o'Qm, zlQmzfnL, k|lta4, n}+lus ;dfgtfo'Qm 6f]nL g} jftf{ ;kmn kfg{] dxTTjk"0f{ ;+/rgfTds oGq xf] . o;}u/L k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnf -gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn, dlxnf sfo{stf{, blnt, Joj;foL, ljz]if1 ;d"x cflb_sf] k"0f{ ;xof]u klg k|efjzfnL x'G5 . zflGt–k|lqmofdf :yfgLo cfjfhnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|efjsf/L ;+oGq gx'Fbf;Dd clehftju{–s]lGb|t / n}+lus ¿kdf cGwf] jf lje]bo'Qm ;lDd>0f ePsf] jftf{ jf zflGt–k|lqmof 6f]nLn] bL3{sfnLg zflGt–k|lqmof ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sb}g . åGå/t b]zdf lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug{sf nflu ;dfhsf] cfwf hg;+Vof dlxnfsf] x'g] x'Fbf zflGt–k|lqmofsf s'g} klg ;+/rgfdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .

zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] wf/f *=$ df ;f] k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg] dxTTjk"0f{ ;+/rgfaf/] pNn]v 5 . tLdWo] s]xL o;k|sf/ 5g\ M /fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf cfof]u, ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u,

/fHo k'g;+{/rgf;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo ;'emfj cfof]unufot o; ;xdlt

sfof{Gjogdf cfjZos kg]{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / ;ft bnLo u7aGwg, g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr ePsf ;a} ;xdlt÷;dembf/Lx¿ . oL ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ubf{ dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjn] zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ cem ;kmn agfpg ;S5 . blnt, dw];L, hghflt / åGåk|efljt h:tfsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fn] zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ cem ;kmn agfpg dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf



163

lgjf{x u5{ . t/ b'ef{Uo, o:tf ;+/rgfx¿df ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] k|ltlglwTj /fhgLlts lg0f{ostf{sf] k|fyldstfdf slxNo} k/]g / dlxnfsf] ;d]t plrt k|ltlglwTj x'g ;s]g . oBlk, g]kfnL dlxnfn] o:tf ;+/rgfdf ;+nUg g/x]/} klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfrflxF v]ln/x]sf 5g\ .

lrq $=!M ;Defljt zflGt ;+/rgfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf

ljutdf zflGt jftf{ 6f]nL / ;xhstf{sf] dgf]gogdf dlxnfsf] ef}lts

;dfj]lztf lg/fzfhgs lyof] . Tolta]nf Pshgf dlxnfnfO{ klg ;xhstf{sf]

¿kdf :jLsfl/Psf] lyPg . zflGt jftf{sf ljleGg r/0fdf b'O{ 5flgPsf ;xhstf{ 6f]nLdf Ps}hgf dlxnf klg ;dfj]z ePgg\ . zflGt jftf{sf] bf];|f] r/0fdf klg ;xhstf{ ylkPsf lyP t/ dlxnf k/]gg\ . To;kl5 t];|f]

r/0fsf] jftf{df ;xhstf{ ;+Vof ;/sf/n] kfFr ;b:oLo jftf{ 6f]nL u¥of] . o;df klg dlxnf klg ;dfj]z ul/Pgg\ .

164

@)^) ;fndf ePsf] zflGt jftf{df afx]s cGo zflGt jftf{df b'j} kIfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf lyPg . of] jftf{df ;xeflutf eP klg ;Lldt e"ldsf k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .

tflnsf $=! g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmofsf] jftf{ 6f]nL tyf ;xhstf{df dlxnf ;+nUgtf

zflGt jftf{ 6f]nL lj=;+= @)%* zflGt jftf{ 6f]nL lj=;+= @)^)

!_ c= ;/sf/L kIflr/~hLjL jfUn] M ;+of]hsdx]z cfrfo{ M ;b:orqmk|;fb af:tf]nf M ;b:oljhos'df/ uR5bf/ M ;b:og/xl/ cfrfo{{ M ;b:o

@_ c= ;/sf/L kIfab|Lk|;fb d08n M ;+of]hs/d]zgfy kf08] M ;b:osdnk|;fb rf}nfufO{+ M ;b:o gf/fo0fl;+x k'g M ;b:opk]Gb| b]jsf]6f M ;b:ocg'/fwf sf]O/fnf M ;b:o

!_ cf= g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ kIfs[i0faxfb'/ dx/f M ;+of]hs6f]kaxfb'/ /fodfemL M ;b:oclUgk|;fb ;fksf]6f M ;b:o

-@)^) ;fn h]7 @! df ;/sf/ kl/jt{g ePkl5 gofF k|=d= ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfn] gofF jftf{ 6f]nL dgf]gog u/]_

8f= k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL M ;+of]hssdn yfkf M ;b:o

@_ cf= g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ kIf8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{ M ;+of]hs

/fdaxfb'/ yfkf -afbn_ M ;b:os[i0faxfb'/ dx/f M ;b:o

b]j u'?ª M ;b:odft[sf ofbj M ;b:o

============================@)^) h]7 @! df gofF ;/sf/ u7g ePkl5

gofF k|=d=n] jftf{sf/ kl/jt{g u/]kl5 dfcf]jfbLn] klg ;dfof]hg u¥of]–

8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{ M ;b:o

s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f M ;b:o



165

;xhstf{ lj=;+= @)%*

kb\d/Tg t'nfw/bdggfy 9'+ufgf

;xhstf{ lj=;+= @)^)

bdggfy 9'+ufgfkb\d/Tg t'nfw/z}n]Gb|s'df/ pkfWofos0f{Wjh clwsf/L

#= lj=;+= @)^# sf jftf{sf/x¿

#_ c= dfcf]jfbL kIf -@)^# ;fn a}zfv @&_Ms[i0faxfb'/ dx/f M ;+of]hslbgfgfy zdf{ M ;b:ob]j u'?ª M ;b:o

;/sf/ kIf -@)^# ;fn h]7 %_s[i0fk|;fb l;6f}nf M ;+of]hsk|bLk 1jfnL M ;b:o/d]z n]vs M ;b:o

;xhstf{Mkb\d/Tg t'nfw/bdggfy 9'+ufgfnId0fk|;fb cof{nb]j]Gb|/fh kf08]dy'/fk|;fb >]i7

;|f]t M n]vsåf/f ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;+slnt

$=#=# ;d:of, r'gf}tL / cfufdL af6f]

;fdfGo cy{df g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmof / ljz]if cy{df To;df dlxnfx¿sf] e"ldsfn] y'k|} ;d:of / r'gf}tL ;fdgf u/]sf] 5 . zflGt–k|lqmofsf] af6f]df cy{k"0f{ dlxnf ;xeflutfsf nflu lkt[;QfTds ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / zlQm ;DaGw tuf/f] alg/x]sf] 5 . vf;df, k|d'v /fhgLlts lg0f{ostf{n] zflGt–k|lqmofsf] lg0f{o ;+/rgfdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] dxTTjaf/] slxNo} ljrf/ u/]gg\ . ha;Dd /fhgLlts lg0f{ostf{ / gLlt lgdf{0fdf /x]sfx¿n] dlxnfsf] u'0ffTds / dfqfTds ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{gg\, Tolta]nf;Dd ;dfhdf lbuf] / nf]stflGqs zflGt :yfkgf x'g sl7g 5 .

dlxnf cfkm}+df klg csf]{ ;d:of 5 . g]kfndf ;De|fGt juL{o dlxnf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf ljeflht 5g\ . tLdWo] y'k|} ;femf cle?lreGbf of t bnsf] /fhgLlts Ph]G8faf6 lgb]{lzt 5g\ . of]

166

cj:yfn] jf/–kf/ kfpg ;femf :jfy{sf nflu pgLx¿ Ps x'g'k5{ . h:t}M klxn] ;+ljwfg;efdf pk/fi6«klt kbsf nflu b'O{ hgf dlxnf k|:t't ul/Psf lyP . t/, tL b'j} dlxnfnfO{ /fhgLlts df]ntf]n -kf]lnl6sn afu]{lgª_sf nflu dfq k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . ltgsf] kIfdf g t ;+ljwfg;efsf dlxnf ;b:o pleP, g t gful/s ;dfhsf g]tf g} . dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] kIfdf dlxnfn] g} ef]6 xfn]gg\ . dlxnfnfO{ ug]{ Jojxf/sf] /fhgLltsf] of] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] .

of] ;Gbe{df s;}n] ;f] cj:yf ljz]ifvfn] lyof] jf ul/Psf k|of; ;kmn gePsf x'g\ egL ts{ klg unf{ . t/, To:tf ts{df n]vssf] ;xdlt 5}g . d'n'ssf] cfwf hg;+Vof dlxnfsf] ePsfn] of] /fi6«sf ;a} dlxnf dlxnfs} kIfdf pleg'k5{ . /fi6«sf] pRr cf]xf]bfdf k'Ug dlxnf;Fu clwsf/ klg ;'/lIft 5 . /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgsf a]nf lg0f{ostf{ k'?ifsf] dlxnfk|ltsf] dfgl;stf 5n{+u ePsf] lyof] . dlxnfnfO{ /fi6«kltsf] ¿kdf :jLsfg{ tL k'?ifx¿ tof/ lyPgg\ . b'O{ bnn] pEofPsf pk/fi6«klt kbsf dlxnf k|Tof;LnfO{ klg zlQm ;+3if{sf] l;sf/ agfOof] .

$=#=$ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iffsf] k|:tfj g+= !#@% / !*@) tyf g]kfndf o;sf] sfof{Gjog

lgDglnlvt sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfndf k|:tfj g+= !#@% sf] sfof{Gjog

k|efjsf/L 5}g M

/fhgLlts tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] :t/df /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] k|:tfj !#@% af/] ;r]ttf kof{Kt 5}g

zflGt–k|lqmofaf/] ulx/f] cg'e"lt / dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] ckl/xfo{tfaf/] g]tfx¿n] af]w u/]sf 5}gg\

lkt[;QfTds tyf ;fdGtL ;f]r / alxis/0fo'Qm ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts dfGotfn] klg /fhgLlts clehft ju{nfO{ dlxnfsf] Ifdtf af]w ug{ lbPsf] 5}g

k|lt:kwf{, c;xof]u / clehft juL{o dlxnfaLr bnsf] glhs

eO{ kmfObf lng] dxTTjfsf+Iffn] ;d:of v8f u/]sf] 5 .



167

$=$ g]kfndf lbuf] ;'zf;gdf dlxnfsf] efjL e"ldsf

zflGt–;Demf}tf / /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] k|:tfj g+= !#@% / !*@) nfO{ /0fgLlts sfo{z}nL / ;+/rgfut lgb]{lzsfsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/g'k5{ tfls zflGt–k|lqmof ;kmn agfpg dlxnfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ pT;flxt kfg{ ;lsof];\ . eljiodf, dlxnf zflGt–k|lqmofsf] ljifo, k|lqmof / ;+/rgfdf ;fd]n x'g'k5{ .

$=$=! zflGt–k|lqmofsf] cGt/j:t'df dlxnf

;fdfGotof xTof, a]kQf, oftgf, rGbf, cfqmd0fsf] wDsL, kqmfp, dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gh:tf 36gf / ljz]if u/L n}+lustfdf cfwfl/t 36gf -anfTsf/, of}gzf]if0f, clglR5t ue{, of}lgs lx+;f cflb_ åGåsfnsf d'Vo 36gf x'g\ . lj:yflkt, k"j{n8fs' jf k|x/L ;]gf, ef}lts jf dfgl;s ¿kdf cf3ft kfl/Psf afnaRrf, dlxnf, j[4j[4f / czQmsf ;fy} ;z:q åGån] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf k|efj kf/]sfx¿ ;dfhdf 5g\ .

;b\efj tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] k|lqmof :yfkgf ug{ dlxnfn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] åGåk|efljtsf] 3fpdf dnd nufpg tyf

pgLx¿sf ;d:of ;Daf]wg u/fpg, cfTdljZjf;sf] efj hfu[t u/fpg / ;d'bfoaLr ;]t' aGg of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ . åGåk|efljtaLr /fd|f] ;dembf/L

ljsf; u/fO{ pgLx¿nfO{ Gofo lbnfpg tyf Pscsf{aLr ;xrfo{ ljsf;

u/fpg clt g} h?/L 5 . pgLx¿df cfTdljZjf;sf] efjgf hfu[t u/fpg], cfk;L ljZjf; sfod u/fpg] / Psfk;sf] zq'tf cGTo ug'{ klg clt

dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . dlxnfdf x'g] dft[Tj gfdsf] hGdl;4 efjgfn] ;xrfo{ / k'g;{dfof]hg :yfkgf u/L g]kfndf bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgf ug{ clt dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ .

åGåk|efljtnfO{ rflxg] 7"nf] ;xof]u :yfgLo :t/df dgf]j}1flgs k/fdz{ xf] . pgLx¿ cf3ft, tgfj, 8/ / lg/fzfaf6 u|l;t 5g\ . eljiok|lt cfzf hfu[t u/fpg dgf]j}1flgs k/fdz{ rflxG5 . !) jif]{ åGådf b]lvPsf] dgf]j}1flgs :jf:Yo / JolQmsf] ;fdflhs sNof0fdf dgf]j}1flgs k/fdz{

168

lbg oy]i6 ;do tyf nufj rflxG5 . cfTdLotfsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg / b}lgs hLjg ;fdfGo u/fpg nfdf] ;do;Dd ;'/Iffsf] efj ljsf; u/fOg'k5{ . o;y{ ;|f]t kl/rfng tyf ;d'bfonfO{ ;fdfGo agfpg] k|lqmof ;xh u/fpg dlxnf b[9tf clt h?/L 5 .

g]kfndf lbuf] zflGt / nf]stGqsf nflu lgDg If]qdf dlxnfn] of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ M

!= zlQm–;fem]bf/L Joj:yfdf plrt afF8kmfF6

@= zflGt–k|lqmofsf] lgoldt d"Nof+sg

#= ljutsf ;xdlt tyf ;dembf/Lsf] OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfof{Gjog

$= ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo tyf sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttf

%= ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]G6L

^= lgMz:qLs/0f, ;dfof]hg tyf k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh u/fpg]

&= ;'/Iff If]q k'g;+{/rgfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{

*= ;xrfo{, k'gaf{;, lgj[lQ / k'glg{df{0f sfof{Gjog u/fpg]

(= hg;fwf/0fsf] cfzf tyf lg/fzfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{

!)= cGt/f{li6«o ;dy{g k|fKt ug]{ .

$=$=@ zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfpg] sfddf dlxnf

g]kfnsf] zflGt–k|lqmof cem} sdhf]/ 5 . ;du|df of] …k|lqmofljxLgÚ 5 . …;xL k|lqmofÚ pkof]u ePsf] v08df g]kfnsf] zflGt lbuf] / nf]stflGqs x'g ;S5 . k|lqmof ;xL u/fpg' eg]sf] zflGt :yfkgfsf ultljlw lg0f{o lnFbf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ -dlxnf, blnt, hghflt, åGåk|efljt, lj:yflkt_nfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg' xf] . o;f] ubf{ uf]kgLotf / kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{, bL3{sfnLg c;/ ug]{ lg0f{odf :jLs[lt lng], lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{ kf/bzL{ x'g] h:tf sfo{ ul/g'k5{ . dlxnf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'Fbf lg0f{o :t/Lo / To;sf] sfof{Gjog klg >]i7t/ x'G5 eGg] åGåu|:t cGo d'n'ssf cg'ejn] b]vfpF5g\ -cfO{;Lh] ;g\ @))^_ .



169

zflGt–;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgdWo] 5flgPsf dfq jf cf+lzs sfof{Gjogsf sf/0f dlxnf, j[4j[4f tyf afnaflnsf;DaGwL k|fjwfg cf]em]ndf k/]sf 5g\ . k|lqmofnfO{ ;Ddfg gu/]/ jf cg'lrt k|lqmof cjnDag ubf{ cK7\of/f] cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 . åGåk|efljt dlxnf / afnaflnsf cem} klg åGå;DaGwL hf]lvddf 5g\ . cem b08xLgtf, dfjgclwsf/ pNn+3gh:tf zflGtsf uDeL/ Ph]G8fdf sfd ul//x]sf dlxnf JolQmut ¿kdf klg hf]lvddf 5g\ .

$=$=# g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmofsf] ;+/rgfdf dlxnf

@)^@÷^# ;fnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g / ;}4flGts tyf sfo{ut ¿kdf xfl;n ePsf k|ultn] n}+lustfdf cfwfl/t zlQm ;DaGwdf dxTTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g ul/lbof] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] klg /fHo ;+/rgfdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf x'g'kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf u/]] . of] k|fjwfg dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ eP/ klg :jLsfg{ lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] :t/df sl7gfO{ b]lvof] lsgls pgLx¿df cem} klg k|lt/f]w xfjL 5 . of] k|lt/f]wsf afah'b klg klxn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf cfzftLt k|ult xfl;n ePsf] lyof] -x]g'{xf];\ tflnsf $=@_ .

tflnsf $=@ @)^$ ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] kf6L{ut n}+lus ;+/rgf

pDd]bjf/ s'n lgjf{lrt

qm= ;+=

bnsf] gfd dlxnf k'?if dlxnf k'?if s'n

! g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_

$# !(& @$) @$ (^ !@)

@ g]kfnL sf+u|]; @^ @!$ @$) @ #% #&

# g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -Pdfn]_ @& @!@ @#( ! #@ ##

$ dw];L hgclwsf/ kmf]/d, g]kfn # !)) !)# @ @& @(

% t/fO{ dw]; nf]stflGqs kf6L{ $ () ($ ! * (

^ ;b\efjgf kf6L{ $ *# *& ) $ $

& hgdf]rf{ g]kfn @* !&% @)# ) @ @

170

* g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ @& &! (* ) @ @

( :jtGq $@ &&$ *!^ ) @ @

!) /fli6«o hgdf]rf{ !% !)& !@@ ) ! !

!! /fli6«o hgzlQm kf6L{ !$ !*$ !(* ) ) )

!@ /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ @@ @!) @#@ ) ) )

!# ;dfhjfbL k|hftflGqs hgtf kf6L{, g]kfn

& $# %) ) ) )

!$ g]kfn /fli6«o ljsf; kf6L{ ) !# !# ) ) )

!% g]kfn ;dfhjfbL kf6L{ ) % % ) ) )

!^ /fli6«o hgd'lQm kf6L{ * &^ *$ ) ) )

!& /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{, g]kfn * !(^ @)$ ) ) )

!* g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -PsLs[t_ !) !@^ !#^ ) ) )

!( g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfn]_ !! !)% !!^ ) ) )

@) /fli6«o hgtf bn ) * * ) ) )

@! g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -PsLs[t_ ^ $( %% ) ) )

@@ g]kfn ;dtf kf6L{ @ !@ !$ ) ) )

@# blnt hghflt kf6L{ ! $( %) ) ) )

@$ g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfGgbLb]jL_ !# (! !)$ ) ) )

@% g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -PsLs[t dfS;{jfbL_

% $# $* ) ) )

@^ g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfS;{jfbL_

! & * ) ) )

@& lxGb" k|hftflGqs kf6L{ ) $ $ ) ) )

@* gjhgjfbL df]rf{ ! !$ !% ) ) )

@( g]kfn /fli6«o hgsNof0f kf6L{ ) # # ) ) )

#) /fli6«o ljsf; kf6L{ ) @! @! ) ) )

#! d':sfg ;]gf g]kfn kf6L{ @ #@ #$ ) ) )

#@ lnu g]kfn zflGt Pstf kf6L{ ) !) !) ) ) )

## g]kfn hgefjgf kf6L{ ) @ @ ) ) )

#$ g]kfn zflGt If]q kl/ifb\ ! @ # ) ) )

#% /fi6«jfbL o'jf df]rf{ ! $ % ) ) )



171

#^ pbf/ ;dfhjfbL kf6L{ ) # # ) ) )

#& g]kfnL hgtf bn !) #) $) ) ) )

#* g]kfn /fli6«o nf]stflGqs bn ! ! @ ) ) )

#( /fi6«jfbL Pstf kf6L{ @ ) @ ) ) )

$) hgd'lQm kf6L{, g]kfn ) # # ) ) )

$! ;zlQm kf6L{, g]kfn ^ ) ^ ) ) )

$@ /fli6«o hgtf bn, g]kfn ) !& !& ) ) )

$# zflGt kf6L{, g]kfn $ * !@ ) ) )

$$ g]kfn hgtf kf6L{ @ @# @% ) ) )

$% nf]s sNof0fsf/L hgtf kf6L{, g]kfn @ #@ #$ ) ) )

$^ d+uf]n /fli6«o ;+u7g ) !& !& ) ) )

$& g]kfn ;fDojfbL bn ) ! ! ) ) )

$* ;+3Lo k|hftflGqs /fli6«o kmf]/d @ $# $% ) ) )

$( g]kfM /fli6«o kf6L{ ! % ^ ) ) )

%) g]kfn nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfbL bn ) !! !! ) ) )

%! g]kfn ;'s'Daf;L kf6L{ -nf]stflGqs_

# * !! ) ) )

%@ g]kfn blnt >lds df]rf{ ) ! ! ) ) )

%# r'/] efj/ /fli6«o Pstf kf6L{ ! @! @@ ) ) )

%$ tfdfª;flnª g]kfn /fli6«o bn # !( @@ ) ) )

%% gjg]kfn k|hftflGqs bn ) @ @ ) ) )

s'n #^( #%&& #($^ #) @)( @#(

;|f]t M lgjf{rg cfof]u -;g\ @))*_Ù 3n] -;g\ @))* tflnsf &=$_

tflnsf $=@ n] b]vfPcg';f/ s'n #,%&& dWo] #^( hgf dlxnf pDd]bjf/ lyP . s'n pDd]bjf/Ldf dlxnfsf] k|ltzt -!)=#@_ sd lyof] . oBlk, k'?if k|lt:kwL{sf] t'ngf -%=# k|ltzt_df lhTg] dlxnfsf] k|ltzt -!*=#)_ w]/}

lyof] . o;n] hgfpF5, dlxnfx¿ ;Ifd 5g\ / cj;/ lbPsf] v08df

ltgn] lhTg ;S5g\ . t/, pgLx¿n] oy]i6 cj;/ kfPsf 5}gg\ .

172

tfln

sf $=

# klxn

f] ;+l

jwfg;e

fdf kf6L{ut

cfw

f/df

pDd

]bjf/

qm= ;+

bns'n

pDd]b

jf/

dlxn

f ;+V

ofk|ltz

thgh

flt

;+Vof

k|ltz

tdw

];L

;+Vof

k|ltz

tblnt

;+V

ofk|ltz

t

!g]s

kf -Pd

fn]_

@$)

@^!)

=*^%

@&=!

^%@&

=)*

@)=*

@g]k

fnL s

f+u|];

@$)

@%!)

=$^@

@%=*

%!@!

=@!

)=$

#g]s

kf -df

cf]j

fbL_

@$)

$@!&

=%*%

#%=$

^*@*

=#!^

#=#

$/f=k|=kf

@#&

@%!)

=%&&

#@=%

^&@*

=@#

!=@

%hgd

f]rf{ g]k

fn@!

$@(

!#%

$&@!

=(%$

@%=@

@^!@

=!^

/fli6

«o hgd

f]rf{

!@%

!$!!

=@#@

@%=^

!^!@

=*!@

(=^

&g]s

kf -;+o'Q

m_!$

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&=)$

^*%&

=*!$

(=*

$@=

**

dw];L hgflw

sf/ k

mf]/d

!)%

#@=

*@)

!((^

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))

(td

nf]kf

!);b\e

fjgf k

f6L{

(#%

%=#

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=%*&

(#=%

))

!!/fli6

«o hgz

lQm kf6L

{@)

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^=(

%(@(

=#$*

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!@/f=k|=kf=

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@)&

($=

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173

tflnsf $=# df b]vfOPcg';f/ /fhgLlts bnx¿ cem} klg dlxnfnfO{ /fhgLltdf cj;/ lbg]af/] nlrnf 5}gg\ . dlxnfnfO{ ## k|ltzt xs lbg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf k"/f ug{ k|d'v bnx¿ g} OR5's b]vLb}gg\ . tLg 7"nf bndWo] g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] @$) dWo] $@ pDd]bjf/Ldfq -!&=% k|ltzt_, g]skf -Pdfn]_sf] @^ hgf -!)=* k|ltzt_ / g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] s]jn @% hgf pDd]bjf/ -!)=$ k|ltzt_ lyP . t'ngfTds ¿kdf g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{n] dlxnfnfO{ /fd|f] cj;/ lbPsf] lyof] -(* dWo] @& l;6, @&=% k|ltzt_ .

t/, klxnf] ;+ljwfg;ef gofF ;+ljwfg lbg g;sL ;dfKt ePkl5 /fhgLlts bnx¿ c;kmn eO{ k|wfgGofofwLzsf] g]t[Tjsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;/sf/n] ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg u/]sf] bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efdf t dlxnf ;xeflutf cem sdhf]/ b]lvof] . tnsf] tflnsfn] bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] sdhf]/ cj:yf b]vfpF5 .

tfnLsf $=$ bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:o -dlxnf_x¿sf] ;"lr

/fhgLlts bn k|ToIftkm{ -@$)_

;dfg'kflts tkm{ -##%_

dgf]gLt -@^_

clxn];Ddsf s'n ;b:ox¿ -%&%_

g]kfnL sf+u|]; ^ $%

g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ Pdfn] # $@

g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ dfcf]jfbL ! @&

/fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ g]kfn !!

/fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{ %

dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d

nf]stflGqs

%

dw];L hgclwsf/ kmf]/d g]kfn $

t/fO{ dw]; nf]stflGqs kf6L{ #

g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfS;{jfbL

n]lggjfbL_

@

;befjgf kf6L{ @

174

;+3Lo ;dfhjfbL kf6L{ g]kfn @

/fli6«o hgdf]rf{ kf6L{ @

g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ ;+o'Qm @

g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ !

/fli6«o dw]; ;dfhjfbL kf6L{ !

g]kfn kl/jf/ bn !

/fli6«o hgd'lQm kf6L{ !

blnt hghflt kf6L{ !

t/fO{ dw]; ;b\efjgf kf6L{ !

y?x6 t/fO{ kf6L{ g]kfn !

;+3Lo nf]stflGqs /fli6«o d~r -y?x6_

!

dw];L hgclwsf/ kmf]/d -u0ftflGqs_

!

;+3Lo ;b\efjgf kf6L{ !

s"n !) dlxnf -$=!^ Ü_

!^@ -$*=#% Ü_

!&@ -@(=(! Ü_

clxn]sf] ;dfg'kflts 9+udf ;dfj]z ug{ ;Dej geP sDtLdf klg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ /fHo ;+/rgf jf zflGt–k|lqmofsf lgDg

:yfgdf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fOg'k5{ M

dlGqkl/ifb\

e"ld;'wf/ cfof]u

;'/Iff ;ldlt / /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\

;'/Iff If]q ;'wf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;ldltx¿

a]kQf cfof]u

ljz]if ;ldltx¿

:yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt

k|zf;g k'g;+{/rgf cfof]u



175

ljifout ;ldlt

/fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf cfof]u

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

/fHo k'g;+{/rgf;DaGwL cfof]u

lghfdtL k|zf;g, / Goflos ;+/rgf

/fhgLlts bnLo ;+/rgf

b]zdf lbuf] zflGt / n}+lus ;dfgtfsf nflu /fhgLlts lg0f{ostf{ / gLlt–lgdf{tfn] dfly plNnlvt /fHo ;+/rgfdf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{ cTofjZos 5 . t/, o:tf ;+/rgfdf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpgdf ;xh eg] 5}g / ulx/f] k|lta4tfaf6 dfq ;Dej 5 .

cf}krfl/s bfloTj lbOP dlxnfn] ultnf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] åGåu|:t clk|msL d'n'sdf ePsf] Ps t'ngfTds cWoog -cfO{;LhL ;g\ @))^_n] klg b]vfPsf] 5 . rf/ bzseGbf a9L ;dob]lv o'4 dlRrO/x]sf] ;'8fgdf /fli6«o ;xdltsf] ;/sf/L /fHodGqL cGg] OTtf] / n}+lustf, ;dfhsNof0f / wfld{s dfldnf dGqL Dof/L ls8]gn] zflGt–k|lqmofdf dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP . g]kfndf klg zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno dlxnfn] ;Dxfn]sf] v08df s]xL ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd

cfpg ;S5 .

$=% lgisif{

zflGt–k|lqmofdf dlxnfn] lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] e"ldsfnfO{ /fHon] k"0f{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;s]sf sf/0f p;n] dlxnfnfO{ dxTTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L klg

lbPsf] 5}g . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f, lkt[;QfTds ;f]r xf], h'g ;fdGtL /

lkt[;QfTds ;dfhsf] jf:tljs k|ltljDa klg xf] . o:tf] ;f]rfO ljsf; ug{ dlxnf klg k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;xof]uL alg/x]sf 5g\ . ha;Dd dlxnf ;xeflutfsf ;jfndf ;a} kf6L{sf dlxnfx¿ Ps x'Fb}gg\, ta;Dd

;dfj]zL /fHo lgdf{0f ;xh b]lvFb}g .

176

/fi6«sf] cfwf hg;+Vof dlxnfsf] 5 . To;}n] b]zsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] cfwf kf6f] ltg} dlxnf x'g\ . dlxnf PSn}sf] ;fdYo{n] g]kfndf zflGt / :yfloTj NofpF5 eGg] ts{ klg plrt 5}g . oBlk, zflGt–k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] ;fy{s ;xeflutfn] nIo xfl;n ug{ cjZo of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] s'/f eg] ;To xf] .

cGo d'n'ssf] cg'ejaf6 g]kfnn] l;s]/ cfTd;ft ug'{k5{, hxfF zflGt :yfkgf, k'glg{df{0f, k'gaf{;, k'g:yf{kgf, ldnfk, k'g;{dfof]hg, k|Tofjf;h:tf sfo{df dlxnfn] 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP .

g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmof ;kmn agfpg zflGt–k|lqmofsf] cGt/j:t', ;+/rgf / k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] ;+nUgtf h?/L 5 . /fhgLlts k|lqmofsf] Pp6f kf6f] zflGt–k|lqmof ePsfn] a[xt\ /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] ;+nUgtfn] dfq} dlxnf k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ ;S5 . o;y{, oL b'j} kIf ;Fu;Fu} hfg'k5{ .

zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ n}+lus ;+j]bgzLn, ;dfj]zL / pTkfbgzLn agfpg zflGt–;Demf}tf / /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;+sNk k|:tfj !#@% / !*@) nfO{ lgb]{zfTds dfgL :jLsfg'{ h?/L x'G5 . ;fy}, lgDg s'/fdf Wofg klg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 M

!= dlxnf ljz]if1tfsf] lglZrt If]qsf] lj:t[t clen]v;lxt zflGt–k|lqmofdf dlxnf ;+nUgtfsf] lj:t[t gS;f+sg ug]{ . o;n] lglZrt

;+/rgfdf dlxnfsf] pknAwtfsf] cfwf/ tof/ u5{ .

@= zflGtsf If]qdf o'jf dlxnf ljz]if1x¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ -clxn]

eg] zflGt;DaGwL ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g yf]/}dfq dlxnf g]t[Tj e]l6G5g\_ .

#= zflGt–k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L / cGt/f{li6«o nufgLsf] n}+lus ljZn]if0fdf hf]8 lbg], h;n] dlxnf / s]6fs]6L;fd' cfjZos ;|f]t k'u]sf] ;'lglZrt u5{ .



177

$= n}+lus ;"rs;lxtsf ;"rgf ;+sng tyf ljZn]if0fh:tf tYodfkm{t cj:yfsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ . d"Nof+sg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf o:tf 5g\ M ;z:q åGåsf] l;sf/ ePsf dlxnf;fd' g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf ;]jf slt / s:tf] :t/df lgb]{lzt 5 / o:tf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ slt dlxnf ;Da4 5g\, To;sf] vf]hL ug'{ . o;dfkm{t, åGåk|efljtx¿;Dd k'Ug] ;]jf k'gM lgb]{lzt u/fpg ;lsG5 .

%= /fHo k'g;+{/rgf tyf /fHo ;+/rgfdf dlxnf ;xeflutfdf x'g glbg] sfg'gL Joj:yfdf dlxnfn] u/]sf] cg'udgsf] cj:yf gS;f+sg ug]{ . /fhgLlts bn tyf cw{;/sf/L lgof]ux¿df klg o:t} cg'udg clgjfo{ u/fpg] .

^= zflGt ;+/rgfdf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg /fHo ;+/rgfdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;dfj]lztfsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] bx|f] cfwf/ lbPsf] 5 . s]xL rlr{t dlxnf cg'xf/dfq htf;'s} 5fpg'sf] ;f6f] dlxnfsf] ljifout j}lzi6\otf -lyDofl6s :k]l;lkml;6L_ ljsf; ul/g'k5{ / ljifo lj1nfO{ cl3 ;fl/g'k5{ . lglZrt ;dosf nflu s]xL ;+/rgfdf dlxnfsf] kIfdf ;sf/fTds lje]b cfjZos x'G5 lsgls g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ tL s'/f dxTTjk"0f{

x'G5g\ .

&= dlxnfn] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'gdfq hf]8 glbP/ zflGt–k|lqmofsf

ljifodf Wofg lbg'k5{ . To:tf ljifo eg]sf dlxnf lzIffdf cem ;|f]t kl/rfng ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg], :jf:Yo tyf lzIffdf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr, dlxnfsf] gfddf e"ld ;|f]t tyf åGåf]Q/ ;dodf

n}+lustfnfO{ d"nwf/df Nofpg] sfo{ x'g\ .

*= /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] k|:tfj !#@% / !*@) cem} klg w]/}sf]

hfgsf/L aflx/ 5 . 7"nf /fhgLlt1, lghfdtL sd{rf/L / ljz]if1

dlxnfx¿nfO{ klg o;df ePsf] k|fjwfgx¿af/] . /fd|f] hfgsf/L gx'g ;S5 . o;y{ tt\;DaGwL Jofks ;r]tgf sfo{qmd clt cfjZos 5 .

178

(= zflGt–k|lqmofdf dlxnfsf] k|of;sf] c;/ Jofks agfpg k'?ifx¿;Fu -sDtLdf n}+lustf ;+j]bgzLn k'?ifaf6 ;'?cft u/L_ ;xsfo{ ug'{ klg clt cfjZos 5 .

****


179

%=! kl/ro

of] kl/R5]bdf åGå ¿kfGt/0f tyf zflGt :yfkgfdf gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn / ;~rf/dfWodsf] e"ldsfaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf nflu åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt :yfkgfsf If]q ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf gofF x'g\ . To;}n] gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn / ;~rf/dfWod klg o;af/] cg'ejL 5|}gg\ t/ la:tf/} l;Sb} 5g\ . oBlk, cg'ej tyf 1fg xfl;n ug]{ ult eg] ;':t, vl08t / kIfkftL aGb} uPsf] 5 . of] dfldnfdf ljz]ifu/L /fhgLlts bn lgs} ;':t 5g\ / l;sfO tyf cfˆgf wf/0ff kl/jt{g ug]{ sfddf klg ;sf/fTds 5}gg\ .

of] kl/R5]bsf] klxnf] v08 åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt :yfkgfdf gful/s ;dfh / p;n] u/]sf] k|of;df s]lGb|t 5 . ;z:q åGå ;dfwfg ug{ /fhgLlts

bnsf] k|of; bf];|f] v08df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L t];|f] v08df rflxF åGå ¿kfGt/0fdf ;~rf/dfWodsf] e"ldsfaf/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

%=@ zflGt–k|lqmofdf gful/s ;dfh

gful/s ;dfh c:ki6 zAbfjnL xf] . gful/s ;dfhnfO{ kl/eflift ug{

klg sl7g 5 . o; kl/R5]bdf gful/s ;dfh eGgfn] /fhgLlts bnx¿,

;}Go tyf ;'/Iff an, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoafx]ssf Jofj;flos ;+u7g, Jofkfl/s ;d'bfo, ;~rf/dfWod, dfgjclwsf/jfbL sfo{stf{, ljåfg tyf cg';Gwftf, lzIfs, n]vs, jlsn, OlGhlgo/,

lrlsT;s, Jofj;flos ljz]if1, u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gsf sfo{stf{ wfld{s ;d"x cflbnfO{ a'emfpg]5 .

kl/R5]b

%

zflGt–k|lqmofdf gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn / ;~rf/dfWod

180

åGå/t b]zdf zflGt k'g:yf{kgf ug{ gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf 7"nf] ePsf] s'/f o'4 / zflGtsf] kl5Nnf bzssf] Oltxf;n] b]vfO;s]sf] 5 . zflGt :yfkgf ug{ ;fdfGo gful/s, ;'/Iff sd{rf/L / /fhgLlt1 / gful/s ;dfh nufot ;dfhsf ;a} tx / tKsf ;lqmo eP/ nfUg'k5{ . xfd|f] b]zdf zflGt–k|lqmofdf gful/s ;xeflutfnfO{ /fHosf tkm{af6 k|j4{g ubf{ g]tfsf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg] jf kf6L{ sfo{stf{x¿s} af]njfnf b]lvG5 . zflGt lgdf{0f / :yfloTj eGg' ;z:q åGå cGTo ug'{eGbf km/s s'/f xf] . o;n] åGåsf d"n sf/0f ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ k|j4{g u5{ . t;y{ zf;g k4lt, ;'/Iff / ljsf;, dfgjclwsf/ of]hgf / cEof; / u'd]sf] ljZjf; k'gM k|fKt ug]{ h:tf ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gdf s]lGb|t /xg] x'gfn]] zflGt :yfkgf /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs k|lqmof xf] -qmf]s/ / c¿ ;g\ !(($_ . o;y{, zflGt–k|lqmof nf]stflGqs k|lqmof klg xf] t/ /fhgLlts lg0f{ostf{x¿n] zflGtnfO{ o;/L a[xQ/ ¿kdf cfTd;ft ug{ rfx]sf] b]lvFb}g oxL s'/fsf] g]kfndf cefj 5 .

zflGt–k|lqmofdf ;fj{hlgs ;+nUgtfnfO{ Vofn gul/Fbf ;kmntf xft kfg{ d'l:sn k5{ . s'g} ;+of]un] ;kmntf xfl;n eP klg Tof] c:yfoL x'G5 -afG;{ ;g\ @))@_ . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ dflg; ;lqmo ;xefuL geP zflGt–k|lqmof ;De|fGt lgb]{lzt x'g ;S5 . zflGt–k|lqmof ;fj{hlgs j[Qdf NofOP

To;n] kf/blz{tf / lgikIftf k|j4{g ug{'sf ;fy} /rgfTds ;+jfb ;'rf?

u/fO{ ;fj{hlgs ;dy{g k|fKt . jf:tljs ¿kdf gful/s ;+nUgtf geP o'4u|:t ;dfhdf zflGt :yfkgfsf] s'/f la/n} :yfoL x'g ;S5 eGg] o'4 / zflGtaf/] clk|msL cg'ejn] b]vfpF5 -cdf]{G8 / c¿ ;g\ !((*Ù cdf]{G8

/ sfn{ ;g\ !((^Ù afG;{ ;g\ @))@_ . Jofjxfl/s tyf bL3{sfnLg zflGt

Tolta]nf ;Dej x'G5, hlta]nf :yfgLo hgtfsf] Ifdtf k|of]u u/L ;/sf/, dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+u7g, ;~rf/dfWod tyf cGo zflGtsfdL hgtfsf] ;xsfo{n] d"t{¿k lnG5 .

blIf0f clk|msfdf åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt lgdf{0fsf] ;kmntf wfld{s ;d'bfo -rr{_, pBdL, /fhgLlt1 / gful/s ;dfhsf ;b:oaLrsf] cfk;L



181

;xsfo{sf] kl/0ffd lyof] -afG;{ ;g\ @))@_ . Ujf6]dfnfdf åGå ;dfwfgdf klg …gful/s ;efÚ -l;l6hg P;]DAnL_sf] e"ldsf lyof], h;df gful/s ;+u7g, rr{, cflbjf;L o'lgog, dlxnf ;d"x / pBdLx¿ ;dfj]z lyP . åGå/t kIfaLr jftf{sf] Ph]G8f k|:tfj ug{ ;f] ;efn] ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] lyof] .

pQ/L cfo/NofG8sf dlxnfn] alnof] k|s[ltsf] …gb{g cfo/NofG8 j'dGh sf]Pln;gÚ u7g u/], h;n] ;g\ !((* sf] u'8 k|mfO8] clu|dG6sf] gfdn] klg lrlgg] a]nkmf:6 clu|dG6df 7"nf] of]ubfg lbPsf lyP -Dofssf6{g] ;g\ !(((_ . ljZjsf] Ps zlQms]Gb| a]nfot klg :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ ;+nUg gu/fO{ pQ/L cfo/NofG8sf] åGå ;dfwfg ug{ ;Ifd ePsf] lyPg . …hf]g d]h;{ l6«kn nsÚ sfo{qmdsf] Pp6f c+z hgdt ;+u|xdfkm{t ;xdlt ug]{ hgtfsf] :jLs[lt lyof] -An'dlkmN8 ;g\ !((&_ . gb{g cfP/NofG8sf] zflGTf–k|lqmofn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] …klZrd]nLÚ …nf]stflGqsÚ ;/sf/n] klg gful/s ;+nUgtf cjx]ngf ubf{ åGå ;dfwfg u/L zflGt :yfkgf ug{ g;Sg] / hg;xefuLtfn] zflGt–k|lqmof ;'lglZrt ug]{ k'li6 u/]sf] lyof] .

zflGt lgdf{0f ug{ lkmlnlkG;sf cflbjf;L hgtf, rr{ / :yfgLo ;d'bfon] klg ;/fxgLo k|of; u/]sf lyP -cdf]{g / lkmlnK;g ;g\ !((*_ . ltgn] s]xL åGåu|:t If]qnfO{ zflGtIf]q 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . sf]nlDaofsf :yfgLo

;d'bfon] klg To:t} k|of; u/]sf lyP -ufl;{of–b'/g ;g\ @))$_ . o:t}

cg'ej dWok"j{df, qmf]Pl;ofdf / ckmuflg:tfgdf -ld> ;g\ @))@_ klg b]lvof] .

zflGtsf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ gagfO{, zflGt–k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] dgdf ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; gu/fO{ / Jojwfgx¿ lgliqmo gu/L zflGt lgdf{0f ug{ / o;nfO{ ;'Jojl:yt kfg{ sl7g x'G5 . g]kfndf zflGt–;Demf}tf x:tfIf/ ePkl5 zflGt k|fKt eof] eGg] lrGtf xfaL 5 . ;xdlt eof] / To;sf] sfof{Gjog ePg eg] lbuf] zflGt k|fKt xF'b}g . /fhgLlts ;lxi0f'tf / ;xcl:tTjsf] :jLs/f]lQm k'g:yf{kgf -afG;{ ;g\ @))@Ù n'l;ofgf ;g\

182

@))@_ g} zflGtsf nflu clt cfjZos tTTj xf] . t/, g]kfnL /fhgLltdf oxL s'/fn] pko'Qm :yfg kfPsf] 5}g . hgtfn] zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ cfˆg} 7fg]/ ;lxi0f'tf / ;xcl:tTjsf] efjgf ljsf; ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ geP;Dd bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgf cfzfdfq} x'g]5 .

%=@=! zflGt :yfkgfdf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutf

hg;xeflutfn] zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ lbuf] ;dfwfgtkm{ n}hfG5 . ;}4flGts txdf zflGt jftf{df gful/s ;+nUgtf jf hg;xeflutfsf tLg cjwf/0ff x'G5g\ -afG;{ ;g\ @))@_ . tL o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

zflGt–k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;xeflutf

zflGt–k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] k/fdzf{Tds ;xeflutf /,

zflGt–k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf .

k|ltlglwd"ns ;xeflutf -/]k|]h]G6]l6e kfl6{l;k];g_

k|ltlglwd"ns ;xeflutfdf zflGt–k|lqmof tyf jftf{sf nflu lglZrt ju{÷;d'bfosf] /fhgLlts bnn] cfˆgf] k|ltlglwTj x'G5g\ . o;df clehft ju{sf] k|e'Tj /xg] hf]lvd /xG5 t/ klg o:tf] ;xeflutf pkof]uL klg b]lvPsf] 5 . Ujf6]dfnf / lkmlnlkG;sf] g];gn o'lglkms];g sld;g / l;len ;f];fO6L P;]DAnL klg k|ltlglwd"ns ;xeflutfsf c+z lyP .

k/fdzf{Tds ;xeflutf -sG;n6]l6e kfl6{l;k];g_

k/fdzf{Tds ;xeflutfdf gful/s ;dfhn] ljrf/ ;+sng u/L jftf{sf] 6]andf k'¥ofpF5 . dfnLdf ;fd'bflos k/fdz{sf] k|lqmofn] zflGt lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . gful/s ;xeflutfdf rr{, wfld{s g]tf, Jofj;flos ;d'bfo, ;~rf/dfWodnufot :yfgLo g]tfx¿sf] ;d"xn] o'4u|:t d'n'sdf zflGt :yfkgf ug{ 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

k|ToIf ;xeflutf -l8/]S6 kfl6{l;k];g_

k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf zflGt lgdf{0fdf h'6]sf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿ jftf{ k|lqmof ljsf; ug{ / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xefuL



183

x'G5g\ . zflGt–k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfsf] pbfx/0f blIf0f clk|msf / pQ/L cfo/NofG8 xf] -afG;{ ;g\ @))@Ù Dofssf6{gL ;g\ !(((_ . ;xeflutfsf] csf]{ k|ToIf pkfo hgdt ;+u|x x'g ;S5, hxfF lg0f{o k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf /xG5 . sf]nlDaofdf :yfgLo k|of;sf] zflGt lgdf{0fdf If]qLo zflGt ;ldlt k|ToIf ;xefuL x'GYof] -ufl;{of–8'/g ;g\ @))$_ . blIf0f clk|msfdf klg o:t} ePsf] lyof] . zflGt–k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g OR5's ;d'bfosf ;a} ;b:onfO{ oL d'n'ssf :yfgLo g]tfn] jftfj/0f ;xh kfl/lbPsf lyP .

g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmofdf dfly plNnlvt ;xeflutfsf s'g} klg pkfo cjnDag ul/Psf] kfOFb}g . @)%* ;fnsf] c;kmn jftf{df lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿ 5flgPsf] 36gf ckjfbsf] lyof] -pk|]tL / 9'+ufgf ;g\ @))$_ . oBlk, cfˆgf] lglxt :jfy{sf sf/0f ltgn] jftf{ 6]andf hgtfsf] zflGtk|ltsf] cfsf+Iffsf] ;xL k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\ . To;kl5sf ;a} ;/sf/n] zflGt–k|lqmofdf ax'/]vLo cjwf/0ff -dN6L 6«Øfs ck|f]r_ / gful/sn] k'¥ofpg ;Sg] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ug{ ;s]gg\ .

g]kfnL zflGt :yfkgf / nf]stGqsf ;'b[9Ls/0fdf hg;xeflutfnfO{ s;/L k|j4{g ug]{ eGg] g} k|d'v k|Zg xf] . zflGt;DaGwL k}/jLnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ / :yfgLo:t/df lgikIf zflGt cleofg rnfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . Jofks

:t/df gful/snfO{ zflGt :yfkgfsf ultljwLdf s;/L ;Da4 u/fpg] eGg]

xfnsf] k|d'v ;/f]sf/ xf] .

ljutdf zflGt :yfkgfdf g]kfnsf] gful/s ;xeflutfsf] cjnf]sg ubf{

hg:t/af6 /fd|f] sfdsf] ;'?cft ePsf] b]lvG5 . @)^) h]7 !* / ebf} !@

ut], ;fy} /fi6«;+3sf] zflGt lbj; @! ;]K6]Da/df %) xhf/eGbf w]/} gfulsn] -ljz]ifu/L dlxnf / s]6fs]6L ;lDdlnt_ a[xt\ zflGt ¥ofnL lgsfn]sf lyP . o;}u/L lrtjg, kf]v/f, lj/f6gu/ / d'n'ssf cGo e"efudf a[xt\ zflGt

¥ofnLsf z[+vnf g} rnfOPsf] lyof] . o;n] zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu åGå/t kIfdfyL bafadfq l;h{gf u/]g, gful/sdf cfzf klg hufof] . g]kfnsf] zflGt k|of;df lj1x¿sf] Kofgn agfpg / zflGt–k|lqmofdf hgtfnfO{

184

cfa4 u/fpg] cf}krfl/s ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{] k|of; klg ;/sf/L :t/af6 ePsf lyPgg\ . zflGt–k|lqmofsf sfd sf/afxLaf/] hgtfsf] /fo ;+sng ug{ ;Dks{ s]Gb| klg :yfkgf ePsf lyPgg\ . gful/s ;dfh / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaf6 cfPsf] Jofks bafakl5 ;/sf/n] zflGt ;lrjfno t :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] t/ ;'/Iff ansf] s8f 3]/f l;+xb/af/leq /x]sf] ;f] sfof{non] hgtfsf] kx'FreGbf aflx/ lyof] . ;/sf/sf] cf}krfl/s lgDtf] kfPsfx¿ dfq ToxfF hfg kfpFy] Tof] klg emGeml6nf] ;'/Iff hfFr kf/ ub}{ . k|ToIf zf;gsf] ;'?jftkl5 ljb|f]xL;Fu jftf{ ug]{ ;/sf/L k|fyldstf gx'gfn] df3 !( kl5 of] ;lrjfno nueu lgliqmo lyof] .

;~rf/dfWoddf c+s'z nufOPsfn] @)^! df3 !( kl5sf] cj:yfdf gful/ssf JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs ljifo ;~rf/dfWoddfkm{t cleJoQm x'g] cj:yfdf klg a'hf] nfu]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/ / ljb|f]xLaLr /fhgLlts ;+jfbdfkm{t Jojl:yt ;dfwfg u/fpg] ljrf/ /fVg], ;dfwfgsf] kIfdf af]Ng] / ;z:q åGå cGTo u/fpg] jftfj/0f t'xfpg] lsl;dsf ;/sf/sf unt sfddfly l6Kk0fL ug]{ lj1, gful/s cu'jf cflbnfO{ zq"em}+ Jojxf/ ug]{ / bdg ug]{ ;+:s[lt ;/sf/n] ckgfPsf] lyof] .

%=@=@ zflGt–k|lqmofdf gful/s ;dfh cfa4 /x]sf If]q

gful/s If]qsf ;+u7g, Jofj;flos lj1, ljrf/ lj1, cEof;stf{,

Jofj;flos ;d'bfo, n]vs, jlsnnufot y'k|} dflg;x¿ åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt lgdf{0fsf] sfddf ;lqmo lyP . tnsf] v08df To;af/] 5f]6f] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

;fgf xltof/ tyf zflGt ;DaGwdf ;r]tgf cleofg

;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/ k|;f/ tyf b'?kof]un] ;z:q åGåsf] cfuf]df l3p

yKg'sf] ;fy} g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ cK7\of/f] kf/]sf] lyof] . To:tf xltof/sf]

xflgsf/s c;/af/]sf] ;r]tgf hufpg' klg g]kfnL zflGt–k|lqmofdf Pp6f

r'gf}tL g} lyof] lsgls Tof] laNs'n gofF If]q lyof] . o; ax;df gful/s

;dfhsf] ;fgf] c+zdfq ;xefuL lyof] . ;'?sf jif{df ;z:q åGå gofF



185

ePsfn] o;lj?4sf] ;r]tgf klg g]kfnL gful/s ;dfhsf nflu gofF If]q

g} lyof], cem ;fgf xltof/;DaGwL ljifo t k|fljlws klg lyof] . To;}n]

;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/ ;Daf]wg;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o Joj:yf, /fli6«o

;'/Iffsf] ljifodf ;'/Iff tyf of]hgf sfof{Gjog, :jtGq kx/]bf/ ;+u7gx¿

-;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL cfof]u, cfO8]lG6lkms];g ckm

kmf]sn kf]OG6 cflb_sf af/]df ;d]t hfgsf/L /fVg'kg]{ x'GYof] . To;;Fu}

of] ;jfnsf ljleGg kIfHf:t} ;fgf xltof/sf] pTkfbg, ljt/0f, lgoGq0f,

cGt/f{li6«o k|fjwfg / g]kfnsf] k|lta4tf sfg'gL Joj:yf, lgb]{lzsf tyf

dfkb08 ljsf;, c;/ d"Nof+sg -cg';Gwfg tyf ljZn]if0f_, k}/jL /

cfoft lgoGq0fh:tf kIfdf klg /fd|f] hfgsf/L geO{ ;fgf xltof/;DaGwL

k}/jL k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}gYof] / o:tf] ljifosf] hfgsf/L /fVg] dflg;

cToGt sddfq lyP, Tolta]nf n]vs;d]t ;+nUg ;fpy Pl;og g]6js{

cg :dn cfD;{ g]kfnn] oL If]qdf s]xL sfd yfn]sf] lyof] . o:tf sfd

lglZrt ljifodfly cWoog, k}/jL tyf ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg;DaGwL s]lGb|t

lyP t/ of] ;jfndf /fHo ;sf/fTds lyPg .

;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/sf] cj}w Jofkf/ al9/x]sf] ljZjJofkL cg'ejn]

b]vfpF5 -Oof;f ;g\ @))#_ . ;fgf xltof/sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] lx+;fTds

åGådf af?bL ;'?ª uDeL/ ;d:of alg/x]sf] lyof] . ;+;f/e/ b]lvPsf]

tLtf] ;To s] xf] eg] ;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/ k|;f/n] åGånfO{ ;w}+

a9fjf lbG5, h;n] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgdf cj/f]w l;h{gf ug]{dfq geO{

åGånfO{ hl6n agfOlbG5 . ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] ;'?jft;Fu} g]kfndf ;fgf tyf

xn'sf xltof/ Jofkf/ tyf To;sf] k|;f/ lgs} al9/x]sf]] lyof] .1 To;}n]

g]kfnsf] gful/s ;dfhn] ;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/lj?4 tyf af?bL ;'?ª

x6fpg]af/] ;r]tgf cleofg ug'{ h?/L 5 .

1 lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/af/] k|m]G8\; km/ lk;, sf7df8f}+n] u/]sf] cWoog k|ltj]bg x]g'{xf];\ .

186

dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff

g]kfnsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;jfndf gful/s ;dfhn] ljjflbt / /fhgLlts p2]Zoaf6 k|]l/t eGg] cfIf]k nfUbf klg pgLx¿sf] k|of; ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf ;/fxgLo 5 . dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf y'k|} Jofj;flos ;+u7g ljsf; ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnL dfgjclwsf/jfbLn] /fHo / ljb|f]xL kIfn] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g u/]sf] ;dodf dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP . oBlk, ltgsf] sfo{ /IffTdseGbf lgjf/0fsf/L pkfodf a9L s]lGb|t lyof] . /fHon] ;w}e/L cfˆgf] cle?lrsf nflu /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfO{ k|of]u ug]{ k|of; u/] klg Tof] cfGtl/s åGåsf] emd]nfdf kl//Xof]] . nfdf] ;do;Dd cfo'Qmx¿aLr åGå / e|i6rf/sf] cf/f]k k|Tof/f]k, ;/sf/sf] c;xof]u -pbfx/0fsf nflu cfof]udf nfdf] ;do k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmx¿sf] kb vfnL x'Fbf klg ;/sf/n] kbk"lt{ gug'{_ h:tf sf/0fn] klg /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;s]g eg] u}/;/sf/L If]q a9L k|rf/d'vL, bftfs]lGb|t, /fhgLlts zlQms]lGb|t eGg] cf/f]k nfu]sfn] klg dfgjclwsf/ cg'udg k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]g / ljjflbt alg/Xof] .

åGåsf] ;dodf Pdg]:6L OG6/g];gn, Xo'dg /fO6\; jfr, cf]Pr;LPrcf/, OG6/Gof;gn sld;g ckm h'l/:6h:tf cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7g g]kfnsf] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf ;jfndf ;lqmo /x] klg ljjflbt eg] eO{ g}

/x] . pgLx¿n] h]g]ef ;Dd]ngnufot /fi6«;+3sf k|f]6f]sndf plNnlvt

dfgjclwsf/sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf] /Iff ug{ rf;f] lbO/x] .

åGåsfndf OG;]s, l;ljg, j'dg l/Xoflaln6];g ;]G6/ -8An"cf]cf/O{;L_,

;]G6/ km/ lelS6D; ckm 6r{/ -;LeLcfO{;L6L_, P8\ef]s];L kmf]/d,

laof]G8 a]Olhª sld6L -aLaL;L_, lnun P8 PG8 sG;N6\ofG;L ;]G6/ -PnP;L;L_, lxdfnog Xo'dg /fO6\; df]lg6;{ -lxd/fO6\;_, dfOtL g]kfn, hfu/0f g]kfn, g]kfn tfdfª dlxnf ;+u7g, dlxnf sNof0fsf/L ;dfh,

dlxnf ;r]tgf s]Gb|, ;]G6/ km/ Xo'dg /fO6\; PG8 8]df]qm]l6s :6l8h\, Xo'dg /fO6\; PG8 lkk'n ;le{; ;]G6/, PlnoG; km/ Xo'dg /fO6\; PG8 ;f]l;on hl:6;]h, lk|hg;{ Pl;:6]G; ld;g, slG;l6Ro':gn nP;{ kmf]/d,



187

n'dGtL, sn]lS6e SofDk]g km/ lk;, klAns x]Ny sG;g{ 6«:6, lkmlhl;og km/ ;f];n /]:klG;lalnl6h\ g]kfn, sG;g{ km/ lrN8«]g PG8 OGefo/dG6 g]kfn, lrN8«]g j'dg Og ;f]l;on ;le{; Xo'dg /fO6\;, lrN8«]g P6 l/:s g]6js{ u|'k, lrN8«]g j]nkm]o/ ;f];fO6L g]kfn, tfdfª 3]b'ª, blnt dlxnf ;+u7g, hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/, dlxnfjfbL blnt ;+u7g, hgpTyfg k|lti7fgn] dfgjclwsf/ ;lGw cg'udg ;+of]hg ;ldlt -Xo'dg /fO6\; l6«6L df]lg6l/ª sf]cl8{g];g sld6L_ u7g u/]sf lyP . åGåsfndf zflGt ;dfh, dfgjclwsf/ ;+u7g cflb / dfgjclwsf/jfbL sfo{stf{2x¿ klg b]zleq / aflx/ dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g /f]Sg / dfgjclwsf/af/] ;r]tgf cleofg rnfpg ;lqmotfk"j{s nflu/x]sf lyP . g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3, g]kfn blnt cfof]u, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]unufot cGo y'k|}n] klg dfgjclwsf/sf ;jfndf ;lqmo lyP / xfn klg dfly pNn]lvtdWo] w]/} ;+:yf of] sfddf ;+nUg b]lvG5g\ eg] s]xLn] t k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfd klg ul//x]sf 5g\ .

åGåsfndf g]kfndf eO/x]sf] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf tLj| 36gfdf b[li6uf]r/ ub}{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dfgjclwsf/ pRr cfo'Qmsf] sfof{no -cf]Pr;Lcf/_n] clk|n @))% df g]kfndf cfˆgf] sfof{no g} :yfkgf u¥of] . To;kl5 ;f] sfof{non] o'4/t kIfn] ug]{ dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf

36gf cg'udg ul//x]sf] lyof] . zflGt–;Demf}tf ePsf] ^ jif{kl5 dfq of]

sfof{no aGb ePsf] lyof] .

åGåfj:yfdf dfgjclwsf/dfkm{t dfgj ;'/Iffsf] dha'tL lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{

5 . lx+;fn] lgDTofPsf] kl/0ffd / r'gf}tLn] ;z:q åGåsf] cj:yf cem

hl6n agfpF5 . åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt lgdf{0fsf] ;kmntf o'4sf] ;dodf x'g] dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iffdf e/ k5{ . o;sf/0f åGå ¿kfGt/0f tyf zflGt lgdf{0fsf] dfgjclwsf/jfbL cjwf/0ff cem dxTTjk"0f{ x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5

2 dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{ sfddf kb\d/Tg t'nfw/, bdggfy 9'+ufgf, ;'zLn Kofs'¥ofn, slkn >]i7, ;'af]w Kofs'¥ofn, ;'bLk kf7s, s[i0f kxf8L, dNn s] ;'Gb/, dy'/f >]i7, uf}/L k|wfg, r/0f k|;fO{+, xf]dgfy bfxfn, dl0fGb| zdf{nufot y'k|} JolQmx¿ nfu]sf 5g\ .

188

-ufN6'ª ;g\ @))$aL_ . o;} cfwf/df /fi6«;+3 eG5, æclGtddf åGå /f]Sg] pQd pkfo dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ sfo{gLlt g} xf] .Æ

u'd]sf] ljZjf; k'glg{df{0f

åGåsf] ;dodf ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f klg Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ If]q xf], hxfF gful/s ;dfh ;lqmo g} b]lvGYof] . To;sf nflu p;n] o'4/t kIf;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg], ax; tyf 5nkmnsf nflu d~r lgdf{0f ug]{ / o'4/t kIfaLr ;]t' aGg] sfd u/]sf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbLglhs /x]sf] 6«]8 o'lgog / pBdLaLr ;g\ @))$ sf] cGTolt/ jftf{ u/fpg gful/s ;dfhn] dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] lyof] . Tolta]nf 6«]8 o'lgogn] nfdf] cf}Bf]lus x8\tfn u/]sf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbLglhssf] ljBfyL{ ;+u7gn] aGb u/fPsf lghL cfjf;Lo ljBfno vf]Ng cfjf;Lo ljBfno / ;f] ;+u7gaLr jftf{ u/fpg klg p;}sf] of]ubfg lyof] .3 o:tf tYo ljZjf; lgdf{0fsf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ .

åGå ¿kfGt/0f tyf zflGt lgdf{0fdf ljZjf;sf] e"ldsf lgs} k|efjsf/L x'G5 . åGå ¿kfGt/0fdf hgtfsf] dg lhTg' clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . of] sfddf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf 7"nf] x'G5 . h:t}M >Ln+sfsf] cfdf ;d"x -db;{ Sna_n]

åGåk|efljt;Fu a}7s u/L Jofks d]nldnfksf] k|of; ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . pQ/ cfP/NofG8 / clk|msL b]zx¿df klg dlxnfx¿sf] e"ldsf klg lgs} dxTjk"0f{ lyof] .

åGå ¿kfGt/0fdf hg;DaGw dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf eP klg dlxnfnfO{ ;dfj]z gu/L zflGt lgdf{0f ug{ c;Dej hlQs} x'G5 . t;y{, gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts zlQm, ;/sf/ / ;~rf/dfWodaLr ljZjf;sf]

jftfj/0f k}bf ug{ dlxnf ;]t' aGg ;S5g\ . :yfgLo ;Ddflgt JolQmx¿

t6:y JolQmTj ag]sf ;dfhdf ltgn] ljZjf; lgdf{0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ .

3 kb\d/Tg t'nfw/, dNn s] ;'Gb/, ;'bLk kf7sh:tf s]xL g]tfx¿ 6«]8 o'lgog / pBf]uL tyf ljBfyL{ ;+u7g / cfjf;Lo ljBfnoaLr jftf{ u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{x¿ lyP .



189

lgMz:qLs/0f tyf u}/kl/rfng, k'glg{df{0f, k'gaf{;, k'g;{dfof]hg / d]nldnfk

åGå ¿kfGt/0fdf x'g] clt cK7\of/f sfo{ eg]sf u}/kl/rfng, k'glg{df{0f, k'gaf{;, k'g;{dfof]hg / d]nldnfkh:tf åGåf]Q/ lqmofsnfk x'g\ . k"j{ljb|f]xLnfO{ ul/g] lgMz:qLs/0f / ;}Go lj36g tyf ltgsf] Joj:yfkg -ltgsf] s]xL c+z /fli6«o ;'/Iff andf ;dfj]z ug]{ jf cGo sfo{df nufpg] lsl;dsf bL3{sfnLg / c:yfoL sfo{_ cToGt} hl6n x'G5 . olb To;nfO{ /fd|/L ;dfwfg gul/P s]xL ljb|f]xLn] km]l/ lx+;f dRrfpg]5g\ . o:t} lsl;dsf] ;d:of Ujf6]dfnf / c+uf]nfsf] cg'ej åGå/t åGåf]Q/ b]zx¿sf nflu pkof]uL 5g\ .

;/sf/, dfcf]jfbL / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo;Fu ldn]/ gful/s ;dfhn] ljb|f]xLx¿sf] lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng, tyf lau|]–eTs]sf k"jf{wf/sf] k'glg{df{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'kYof]{ . ;xdlt ePcg';f/ åGåk|efljt, lj:yflkt tyf ;d'bfosf gofF If]qdf k"jf{wf/ :yflkt ug{ ;3fpg'kYof]{ . oL If]qdf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd oy]i6 dfqfdf ePsf] lyPg . gful/s ;dfhsf] Jofks k|of; h?/L lyof] t/ zflGt–;Demf}tfkl5 klg of] k|lqmof ;xL tl/sfn] cufl8 a9fOPg . ;/sf/, bft[lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / gful/s ;dfhn] cf–cfˆgf] :jfy{cg's"ndfq k|of]u u/] . pknAw ;|f]tx¿ ;b'kof]u x'g ;s]gg\ / of] k"0f{ k|lqmof g} cljZjfl;nf] / cw'/f] /Xof] . gful/s ;dfhn] ;z:q åGåaf6 k|efljt b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L kIfaLr ;DaGw ;'wf/sf nflu ug]{ lqmofsnfk g} d]nldnfk xf] . g]kfnsf] h:tf] nlDaPsf] åGådf cljZjf; cjZoDefjL x'G5 . cljZjf;n] jftf{ ug{ a:g] åGå/t kIfsf] Ifdtfdfly s'7f/f3ft ul//x]sf] 5 . ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ pkfo ;'? ug{ cToGt} h?/L x'G5 . cfk;L c;dembf/L ;Rofpg, 8/ tyf cljZjf; sd ug{ / åGå/t kIfaLr ;~rf/ ;'rf? ug{ gful/s ;dfhn] a]d]n ePsf kIfaLr uP/ sfd u/L ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f agfp5Fg\ / of] ;jfndf g]kfnsf s]xL gful/s cu'jfx¿sf] e"ldsf k|z+;gLo b]lvGYof] . kb\d/Tg t'nfwf/sf] of]ubfgnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5, h;n] åGåsfndf b'O{ kIfaLr /xL dxTjk"0f{ sfd u/]sf lyP .

190


>Ln+sf, pQ/L cfo/NofG8h:tf /fi6«df ;fd'bflos d]nldnfksf] dfWodaf6 d]nldnfk u/fpg dlxnfx¿ ;kmn ePsf lyP . n8fs';Fu Jojxf/ ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f ltgnfO{ cfˆgf] s;'/ sa'n u/fpg], Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg], IfdfzLn x'g eGg], cflwsfl/s ¿kdf dfkmL lbg] cflb x'g\, hxfF Psfk;df d]nldnfk u/fpg dlxnfsf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o:t} k|of; g]kfndf klg x'g'k5{, h'g k|efjsf/L ¿kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

zflGtsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

zflGtsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu zflGt lzIff tyf ;r]tgf dxTTjk"0f{ kfOnf x'G5 . g]kfndf :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ ;zQm gagfO{ bL3{sfnLg zflGt k|fKt ug{ sl7g lyof] . o;}n] sdhf]/ ;d"xnfO{ ;zQm agfO{ ltgsf] zlQm cem dha't agfpg] sfddf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf /xG5 . o:tf k}/jLdfkm{t tL hgtf zflGtsf] k}/jL ug{ ;Ifd x'Gy] / åGå ;dfwfgsf pkfo kQf nufpg alnof] ;xeflutf hgfpg ;Sy] .

åGåsf a]nf :yfgLo :t/df ;zQmLs/0f u/fpg cle?lrdf cfwfl/t ;+u7gx¿ -blnt, dlxnf, hftLo cNk;+Vos cflb_ nfu]sf lyP . zflGtsf] ;zQmLs/0f k|lqmofdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ csf{ stf{ eg]sf u}/;/sf/L

;+:yfx¿ x'g\ . zflGt tyf ;z:q åGåsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfgsf] dxTTj a'‰g o'4/t kIf klg ;zQm x'g cfjZos lyof] . /fHo ;'wf/ tyf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofdf zflGt slt cfjZos x'g ;S5 eGg] a'‰g bnx¿

clt sdhf]/ 7xl/Psf lyP . zflGtlagf ;d[l4, ljsf; / nf]stGqsf]

;'b[9Ls/0f ;Dej gePsf] oyfy{ dx;'; ug{ /fhgLlts kf6L{nfO{ emG8} kfFr jif{ nfUof] . -;zZq åGå ;g\ !((^ df yflnP klg klxnf] jftf{ ;g\ @))! Dff dfq ;'? eof]_

zflGt If]q :yfkgf

åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofdf gful/s ;dfhn] ug'{kg]{ csf]{ sfd eg]sf] zflGt If]q :yfkgf lyof] . oL eg]sf To:tf k|:tfljt ef}uf]lns If]q lyP, hxfF

o'4sf nflu o'4/t kIfx¿nfO{ lx+;f ug{ clkn ul/Psf] x'GYof] . zflGt If]q


191

lgdf{0f ug{ o'4/t kIfnfO{ gful/s ;dfhsf g]tfn] cfXjfg u/]sf lyP, hxfF zflGt jftf{ ug{ tyf zflGt;DaGwL cGo lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{ ;lsGYof] . h:t}M /fi6«;+3n] h]?;]ndsf ;a} hgtfsf] lxtsf nflu ToxfF zflGt If]q :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf zflGtd'vL sfo{stf{, dfgjclwsf/ tyf afnclwsf/ ;+u7gx¿, lzIfs, lghL ljBfno ;+u7gn] …ljBfnonfO{ zflGt If]q 3f]if0ff ug'{kg]{Ú dfu ul//x]sf lyP .

zflGtsf nflu u7aGwgsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{

gful/s ;dfh ;+u7gn] zflGtsf nflu u7aGwg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ ug'{kYof{] . @)) eGbf a9L /fli6«o :t/sf ;+u7gx¿sf] u7aGwgsf] pbfx/0f …zflGtsf nflu gful/s P]Soa4tfÚ lyof] . o;}u/L Jofj;flos ;+:yfx¿sf] dxf;+3 -kfk8_ zflGtsf nflu ;fd"lxs cleofg, zflGt dflnsf, /fli6«o ljsf; ;~hfn, lxdfnog dfgjclwsf/ cg'udg, ;fdflhs Gofo tyf dfgjclwsf/sf nflu /fli6«o u7aGwg g]kfnh:tf ;+u7gx¿ g]kfndf zflGt :yfkgf u/fpg sfd ul//x]sf u7aGwgsf pbfx/0f lyP . o:t} ;~hfn lhNnf:t/df klg lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] . oBlk, o'4/t kIfnfO{ jftf{sf] 6]andf Nofpg ltgsf k|of; k|z+;gLo lyP . g]kfnL zflGt sfo{stf{x¿n] dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbg of] u7aGwg cToGt pkof]uL jGof] .

dfgjLo ;xfotfdf ;+nUgtf

åGåsfndf zflGt lgdf{0fsf nflu dfgjclwsf/ tyf hg–;zQmLs/0fdf

;+nUg x'g'afx]s s]xL gful/s ;dfhsf ;+u7g dfgjLo ;xfotfsf sfo{df

klg nfu]sf lyP . tL sfo{ eg]sf åGåaf6 k|efljtnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{, dgf]j}1flgs tyf dfgl;s cf3ftsf] pkrf/, åGåk|efljtsf ;GtfgnfO{ lzIff lbg], cfod'vL lqmofsnfkdf åGåk|efljtnfO{ nufpg], d]nldnfk,

k'gaf{;, åGåk|efljt ljBfnonfO{ ef}lts ;xof]u ug]{ cflb x'g\ .

g]kfndf oL ;jfnnfO{ /fHo, gful/s ;dfhsf] ;du| tKsf tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] plt uDeL/tfk"j{s glnP klg of] zflGt lgdf{0f tyf åGå

192

¿kfGt/0fsf] cfwf/e"t kf6f] lyof] . lsgls o;n] åGåk|efljtnfO{ dfgjLo ;xfotf k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} hgtfnfO{ zflGt lgdf{0f sfo{df ;xefuL u/fpg d2t u5{ . cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflktnfO{ Joj:yfkg tyf k'gaf{; u/fpg] sfo{ klg åGåsf] k|d'v r'gf}tL alg/x]sf] lyof] .

;+jfbsf nflu gful/s s"6gLlt

gful/s s"6gLlt klg g]kfndf gofF ljifo lyof] . ;/sf/L:t/sf] k/Dk/fut s"6gLlts k4ltsf afah'b g]kfnL hgtf -af}l4s ju{, gful/s ;dfhsf g]tf, Jofj;foL cflb_ gful/s s"6gLltdf la:tf/} ;Da4 x'Fb} lyP . ;z:q ljb|f]x ;dfwfgsf] pkfoaf/] pgLx¿n] 5nkmn ;'? u/]sf lyP . ltgLx¿n] ;d"xaLr cGt/j}olQms ;dembf/L tyf cfTdljZjf; ljsf; ug{]tkm{ Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf lyP . zflGtsf nflu gful/s P]Soa4tfn] gful/s s"6gLltcGtu{t sfd ul//x]sf] lyof] . gful/s ;dfhn] klg Jojl:yt ;dfwfgsf y'k|} pkfo atfpg'sf ;fy} gful/s zflGt cfof]uh:tf gf}nf cjwf/0ff ;'? ug{ ;'emfPsf] lyof] -pk|]tL ;g\ @))#aL_ .

gful/s ;dfh, åGå Joj:yfkg ljz]if1 / zflGt sfo{stf{n] g]kfndf zflGt lgdf{0fsf nflu y'k|} dfu{lrq cf}+NofPsf lyP . oL stf{n] /fli6«o :t/df ;+jfb ;'? ug{ ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf lyP . cfˆgf

k|ltåGåL;Fu bnx¿ ;fd]n eO{ ul/g] ulx/f] / cy{k"0f{ 5nkmnsf] k|lqmof

g} ;+jfb xf] . o'4/t kIfsf cle?lr tyf ;xL a'emfO ljsf; u/fpg /

gsf/fTds cjwf/0ff, d"No–dfGotf d]6]/ ;femf ;xdltdf Nofpg o:tf] k|lqmof rnfOG5 . oy]i6 geP klg zflGt–k|lqmofdf gful/s ;dfhsf] of]ubfg ;sf/fTds lyof] .

;~rf/ cg'udg

g]kfnh:tf] o'4u|:t d'ns'df ;~rf/dfWodn] åGåsf w]/}h;f] 36gfnfO{

;g;gLsf ;dfrf/ agfpF5g\ / åGånfO{ cem pQ]lht agfpg] ;dfrf/of]Uo 36gfqmd dfq ;d]6\5g\ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))$P_ . o;}u/L slxn]sfxLF s]xL



193

stf{sf cle?lrdf cfwfl/t dxTTjk"0f{ ;"rgfnfO{ sd cfFs]/ k|jfx u5{g\ . zflGtsf] k}/jL ug{ To:tf ;"rgf hgtfsf nflu clt dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . gful/s ;dfhn] ;~rf/dfWod / ltgn] k|jfx ug]{ ;"rgf nuftf/ cg'udg ug'{k5{ tfls To:tf ;"rgf zflGt–k|lqmof laufg{ jf lx+;f a9fpg ;xof]uL gag"g\ . ;dfhsf s]xL ;+u7gn] ldl8ofsf] kx/]bf/sf] ¿kdf ;dfrf/ tyf k|;f/0f x'g] l/kf]6{ cg'udg ug]{ / åGå nDAofpg / v'DRofpg ltgn] lbg] of]ubfgsf] cg'udg ug]{ sfd yfn]sf lyP . oBlk, s]xL 7"nf ;+u7g jf egf}+ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf cGo ljljw sfo{df nfu]sf x'gfn] To;df Jofj;flos ljsf; ePsf] lyPg . Psflt/ åGåsfndf / zflGt–;Demf}tfkl5 klg ;~rf/ hut\ åGå ;+j]bgzLn aGg ;s]sf] lyPg eg] csf{tkm{ ;~rf/ cg'udg klg ;'b[9 lyPg . kl/0ffdtM gful/s ;dfhn] of] If]qdf plt 7"nf] of]ubfg lbg ;s]g .

tYosf] vf]hL tyf lgu/fgL

ljz]if1 6f]nLsf] ¿kdf tYosf] vf]hLsf] sfddf gful/s ;dfhsf g]tf ;+o'Qm ¿kdf nfu]sf lyP . tYosf] vf]hLsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;n] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gh:tf jf:tljs c;xdlt ;dfwfg ug{ ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL kIfnfO{ d2t u5{ . o;}u/L ;dfhsf g]tf -ljz]iftM dfgjclwsf/ sfo{stf{_ klg tYo vf]hLdf ;+nUg lyP . l;+xfjnf]sgaf6, gful/s ;dfhaf6 vf]lhg]

tYo ljjflbt eg] xF'b}gg\ . o;df Pp6f kIf vf]lhPsf tYosf] kIfdf

jsfnt ug{ nfU5 eg] csf]{ kIf k|:t't ePsf] tYodf ljZjf; ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg]df nfU5 . oL eg]sf cljZjf;sf sf/0f l;lh{t åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf hl6n kf6f x'g\, h;df t6:y gful/s ;dfhn] ce"tk"j{ of]ubfg lbG5g\

t/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df eg] gful/s ;dfhsf] t6:yfsf] ;jfn eg] ;w}+

ljjflbt /Xof] .

dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/aLr cfqmfds le8Gt x'Fbf gful/s ;dfhn] ko{j]Ifssf] sfd u/]sf] lyof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL b'j}n] Pscsf{nfO{

Iflt k'¥ofpg jf cft+lst kfg{ vf]lh/x]sf lyP . ;d'bfo / kLl8t hgtfdf

194

k/]sf] k|efj ;fDo kfg{ gful/s ;dfhn] ko{j]If0f ug]{ tyf tYo /fVg] sfd u/]sf] lyof] . ;dfhsf g]tfsf] ko{j]Ifssf] e"ldsf b'j} kIfsf] cfqmfds Jojxf/ / dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gfaf/] tYo k]; ug'{ xf] .

bf]/Daf sf08, af6f] agfpg] sfddf ;]gfdfly dfcf]jfbLn] lknLdf u/]sf] cfqmd0fh:tf 36gf 5fglagdf ;fdflhs cu'jfx¿ nfu]sf lyP . o'4/t kIfn] u/]sf] dfgjclwsf/ xgg\sf sfo{ 5fglag ug{ ljz]iftM dfgjclwsf/ ;+u7gx¿ nfu]sf lyP .

%=# gful/s ;dfh / @)^@ df3 !( kl5sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g

@)^@ sf] df3 !( sf] zfxL sbdsf] ;dy{g ug]{x¿ / lj/f]w ug]{ gful/s ;dfhsf d"nwf/sf g]tf, dfgjclwsf/jfbL, zflGt sfo{stf{aLr tLtf] ;DaGw lyof] . gful/s ;dfhsf lqmofsnfk lgoGq0f ug{ df3 !( kl5sf] ;/sf/sf] Jojxf/n] ;dfhnfO{ emg\ p/fNof] / gful/s ;dfh / b/af/aLrsf] ;DaGw c? ltQm aGof] .

;/sf/n] cfkm"nfO{ ;dy{g ug]{nfO{ xftdf lnP/ ;dfgfGt/ gful/s ;dfh u7g ug]{ k|of; u¥of], ltgnfO{ ¥ofnL, cfd a}7s ug{ cg'dlt klg lbof] . cfdhgtfsf nflu To:tf] sfo{df /f]s nufOPsf] lyof] lsgeg] Tof]a]nfdf ;+s6sfn hf/L lyof] . gful/s clwsf/, zflGt tyf nf]stGqsf nflu

sfd ug]{ gful/s ;dfhsf ;+u7g / cfk"mnfO{ ;dy{g gug]{sf lqmofsnfk

lgoGq0f ug{ ;/sf/n] ;dfhsNof0f kl/ifb\;Fu ldn]/ cfrf/;+lxtf ljsf; ug{ yfNof] . o:tf] sfo{n] ;/sf/ / d"nwf/sf gful/s ;dfhaLr ;DaGw lr:ofpg] sfddfq u/]g, cGt/f{li6«o rf;f] klg k}bf u/fpg yfNof] .

gful/s ;dfhs} bfloTjdf kg]{ cfrf/;++lxtf lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;/sf/n]

u/]kl5 /fi6«;+3 dxf;lrj / cGo /fi6«sf g]tfx¿n] uDeL/ rf;f] JoQm u/]sf lyP . zfxL sbdsf] lj/f]wdf, zflGt / nf]stGqsf] kIfdf g]kfnsf] gful/s ;dfhn] cToGt k|z+;gLo / ;fxl;s of]ubfg u/]sf] lyof] . ;a} If]q / k];fsf JolQmx¿n] tTsfnLg /fhfsf] zf;glj?4 Psh'6

eO{ b]zdf nf]stGq / zflGt :yfkgfdf of]ubfg k'¥ofP . hgcfGbf]ng



195

;kmn agfpg, cfTdUnfgLn] hh{/ ePsf /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] cfTdlj:jf; a9fpg ;+;f/sf] ;dy{g h'6fpg cToGt dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbof] .

%=$ /fhgLlts bnsf] k|of;

gful/s ;dfheGbf /fhgLlts bn leGb} eP klg zflGt k'g:yf{kgfdf ltgsf] k|of; oxL v08df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . klxn]–klxn] /fhgLlts bnn] ;z:q åGåsf] hl6ntf a'‰g ;s]sf lyPgg\, To;}n] o;nfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s klg lnPgg\ . kl5sf] cj:yf cfˆgf] ks8eGbf aflx/ uPkl5 To;af/] aNn ljrf/ u/L ;dfwfgsf] pkfo vf]Hg yfn] . o;/L ljleGg /fhgLlts bnn] ;z:q åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ cf–cfˆg} Ph]G8f lgdf{0f u/] . tLdWo] ljsNkx¿ k|sflzt ug{ g]skf -Pdfn]_ c?eGbf cln a9L nfluk/]sf] lyof] . /fhgLlts bnsf k|of;x¿ lgDg 5g\ M

%=$=! g]skf -Pdfn]_sf] k|of;

ljleGg /fhgLlts bnn] u/]sf] sfd ljrf/ ubf{ rln/x]sf] ;z:q åGåsf ;jfn / To;nfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ cjwf/0ff lgdf{0fsf] tYo vf]Hg] sfddf g]skf -Pdfn]_ cln a9L ;lqmo ePsf] n]vssf] cg'ej 5 . p;n] dfcf]jfbL ;z:q åGånfO{ x]g]{ / To;nfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ pkfo ;'emfpg b'O{ j6f ;ldlt g} u7g u/]sf] lyof] . ;LkL d}gfnL -;g\ !((& df_n] Pp6f

6f]nL / emngfy vgfn -;g\ @))@ df_n] csf]{ 6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf lyP .

k|ultzLn lgsf;sf nflu /fli6«o ;xdltsf] k|:tfj

g]skf -Pdfn]_n] …k|ultzLn lgsf;sf nflu /fli6«o ;xdltsf] k|:tfjÚ lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] . o;nfO{ @)^) j}zfv * b]lv !$ ;Dd rn]sf] kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sn] kfl/t u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] k|:tfjaf/] oxfF 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .

d'n'sdf b]lvPsf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ;d:ofsf] k|ultzLn ;'wf/ / kl/jt{gsf nflu xfd|f] kf6L{ g]skf -Pdfn]_n] of] k|:tfj k]; u/]sf] xf] . /fli6«o ;xdltsf nflu ;+;b\df xfdLn] nuftf/ cfjfh p7fO/Xof}+ . ;+ljwfg hf/L

196

x'g] a]nf xfdLn] hf/L u/]sf] @& a'Fb] ;xdlt k|:tfj d'n'snfO{ k|ultkydf n}hfg] p2]Zosf] lyof] . oyfl:yltdf /fi6«sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg gx'g] 5fF6 b]v]/ ;+ljwfgdf k|ultzLn ;'wf/sf nflu of] k|:tfj k]; u/]sf lyof}+ .

hf/L ;z:q åGå cGTo ug{ g]skf -Pdfn]_n] lgDg k|:tfj k]; u/]sf] lyof] M

!= @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLlts pknlAwaf6 cGo ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ lat]sf lbgsf cg'ej d"Nof+sg ug]{, hgclwsf/ a9fpg], uNtLx¿ gbf]xf]¥ofpg], k|hftGqsf] /Iff ug]{ tyf o;nfO{ alnof] kfl/g'k5{ .

@= @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] lbnfPsf] ;kmntf hgtf;Dd lj:tfl/t ul/g'k5{, hgtfsf] zlQm cem alnof] x'g'k5{, hgtfsf] ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ cem alnof] agfP/ hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf :ki6 kfl/g'k5{ . To;nfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts If]q;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g'k5{, h;n] k|hftGqn] hgtfnfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg] s'/f ;'lglZrt u5{ . To;}cg'¿k /fhgLlt, ;dfh, cy{tGq / ;+:s[ltdf ¿kfGt/0f Nofpg'k5{ .

#= cf}krfl/s tyf k|lqmofut s'/fdf ;Lldt gagfO{ jf:tljs / ;xeflutfd"ns tYodf k|hftGqnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug'{k5{ . /fHo / ;dfhnfO{ k"0f{ k|hftflGqs agfP/, pQ/bfoL tyf kf/bzL{ of]hgf;fy ;'zf;g :yflkt ug'{k5{ .

$= xTof, lx+;f / c/fhstfsf] k/fsfi6f cGTo u/L ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLaLr eO/x]sf] ;+jfb ;kmn tyf kl/0ffdf]Gd'v agfOg'k5{ .

g]skf -Pdfn]_åf/f k|:tfljt Ph]G8f ;fdfGo:t/sf] lyof] . oL ;a} ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ p;n] lgDg a'Fbf klg k]; u/]sf] lyof] M

!= hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fHo;Qfsf] clwsf/ :ki6, k|efjsf/L / ;'ul7t kfl/g'k5{ . /fli6«o dxTTjsf ;jfndf hgdt ;+u|xsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .

@= /fli6«otfjfb / b]zelQmjfbsf nflu /fi6«ufgaf/] lg0f{o ul/g'k5{ .

#= /fhtGqnfO{ kf/bzL{ / k|hftlGqs agfOg'k5{ .



197

$= hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf ;]gfnfO{ /flvg'k5{ . pm b]z

/ hgtfk|lt akmfbf/ /xg]5 . /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 d'Qm u/fO{

o;nfO{ cem Jofj;flos agfOg'k5{ .

%= clxn]sf sdLsdhf]/L ;RofO{ k|efjsf/L lgjf{rg k4lt ;'?

ul/g'k5{ .

^= hftLo ;d"x, blnt, dlxnf / klxrfg ul/Psf cGonfO{ ;fd]n

u/fpg /fli6«o ;efsf] k'g;+{/rgf ul/g'k5{ .

&= /fHonfO{ wd{lg/k]If 3f]if0ff ul/g'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ /fli6«o ljz]iftf,

df}lns ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, /fli6«o kl/ro, /fd|f k/Dk/f ;+/lIft

ul/g'k5{ . wd{, efiff / ;+:s[ltdf lglxt lje]bx¿ lgd"{n ul/g'k5{ .

*= g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_;Fusf] åGå ;dfwfg u/L /fli6«o ;xdlt;lxt

k|ultzLn ;'wf/sf sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgf

ul/g'k5{ .

(= :yfgLo ;+oGqsf] k|zf;sLo ;+u7g k'g;{+/rgf u/L ljs]Gb|Ls/0f;lxt

:jfoQtfsf] clwsf/ lbOg'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ hftLo–eflifs ljz]iftf

/ ljljwtfnfO{ Vofn ul/g'k5{ . ;|f]t / clwsf/ lbO{ ltgnfO{

:yfgLo ;/sf/L c+usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g'k5{ . :yfgLo ;+oGqdf

klg k|ultzLn ¿kdf dlxnf ;xeflutf a9fO{ dlxnf k|ltlglwTj

## k|ltzt k'¥ofOg'k5{ .

!)= ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts / ef}uf]lns oyfy{ k|ltljlDat x'g] u/L

clxn]sf] /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf k'gM Jojl:yt agfOg'k5{ .

!!= ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] k|ultzLn nIo;lxt dlxnf

pDd]bjf/Lsf] Joj:yf k|To]s /fhgLlts bnnfO{ ug{ nufOg'k5{ .

!@= dlxnfnfO{ klg ;DklQsf] ;dfg clwsf/ lbnfpg] . dlxnflj?4sf

;a} lje]b cGTo u/L 3/]n' lx+;f tyf dfgj a]rlavg ug]{nfO{ s8f

;hfosf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

198

!#= 5'jf5'tnfO{ cIfDo / 3[l0ft ck/fw dflgg'k5{ . o:tf ck/fw;Fu s;}sf] ;+nUgtf b]lvP /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs tyf k|ltlglwTj :t/sf kbaf6 x6fOg'k5{ .

!$= ;a} /fli6«otfsf efiff, wd{ / ;+:s[lt ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if gLlt u7g ul/g'k5{ . To:tf gLlt ;a} dflg;nfO{ s'g} lje]blagfsf cj;/ k|bfg ug{ cjnDag ul/g'k5{ .

!%= t/fO{sf dflg;nfO{ ul/g] lje]b cGTo x'g'k5{ . t/fO{ If]qsf] b|'Qt/ ljsf;sf nflu k"j{–klZrd /]ndfu{ / ;'?ª dfu{ lgdf{0fsf nflu pRr k|fyldstf lbOg'k5{ .

!^= ;dfg'kflts ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffcg';f/ b'u{d If]q ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd to ul/g'k5{ .

!&= ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfsf] klxrfg ul/g'k5{ . ltgnfO{ ;zQm agfpg of]hgf;lxtsf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul/g'k5{ .

!*= a]/f]huf/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd agfO{ To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ . ljb]zL d'n'sdf g]kfnLn] ug]{ /f]huf/L Jojl:yt kfl/g'k5{ .

!(= kl5 k/]sf ju{, ;d'bfo / If]qsf] klxrfg u/L ltgsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd th'{df ul/g'k5{ .

@)= blnt, kfvf kfl/Psf, cgfy, czQm tyf hftLo ¿kdf lgd'vfsf] lzIff, ;Lk tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd to ul/g'k5{ .

@!= :jR5 tyf k|efjsf/L k|zf;sLo ;+oGq ljsf; ul/g'k5{ . /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 6f9f /fvL lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ k|hftflGqs agfOg'k5{ .

@@= ;lhnf] / kx'Frof]Uo Gofosf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . åGå ;dfwfgsf nflu j}slNks ;+oGqsf] klg ljsf; ul/g'k5{ .

@#= ljz]ifu/L, t/fO{df x'g] u/]sf] gful/stf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg /fli6«o ;xdltsf] dfkb08 cfwf/ jif{ -y|];xf]N8 Oo/_sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ul/g'k5{ .



199

@$= ;a} lsl;dsf ;fdGtL zf]if0fsf] cGTo x'g'k5{ . qmflGtsf/L

e"ld;'wf/sf] sfo{qmd nfu" u/L e"ldxLg, sd}of, ;'s'Daf;LnfO{ e"ld

ljt/0f ul/g'k5{ . s[lif ljsf;df pRr k|fydlstf;fy cNksfnLg,

dWosfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ljsf; gLlt tyf sfo{qmd cjnDag

ul/g'k5{ .

@%= e|i6frf/sf] k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f ul/g'k5{ . s'g} klg e|i6frf/LnfO{

;'/Iff lbOg' x'Fb}g . e|i6frf/lj?4sf] ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL ;+oGqnfO{

;lqmo / alnof] agfOg'k5{ .

@^= /fhgLlts bnsf lqmofsnfk / ltgsf] ljQLo kIf kf/bzL{

agfOg'k5{ .

@&= clxn]sf] b08xLgtfsf] cj:yf ;dfKt kfl/g'k5{ / sfg'gL zf;gsf]

k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g'k5{ .

@*= :ki6 vfsf;lxt cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog

ul/g'k5{ . /fi6«lxtsf] kIfdf ljb]zL nufgL leq\ofpg'k5{ . d'n'ssf]

kl/l:yltcg';f/ cfly{s gLlt cjnDag ul/g'k5{ . lghL tyf

;xsf/L If]qnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg'k5{ .

@(= d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu k|fyldtfsf ljifo tf]lsg'k5{ .

s[lif, hnljB't\ / dfgj ;|f]th:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;sf

nflu To;}cg';f/ k|fyldstf lbOg'k5{ . ;/sf/sf] ;fdfGo vr{

lgoGq0f u/L ljsf; vr{ a9fOg'k5{ .

#)= kfvf kfl/Psf, lt/:s[t / lgd'vf hgtfsf nflu ljz]if ;'/Iff

of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/g'k5{ .

#!= Jofj;flos, k|fljlws / cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ljz]if hf]8

lbOg'k5{ . ;fdfGo hgtfsf] kx'Frdf nuL lzIffnfO{ /fli6«o cle?lr

/ cfjZostfsf] ljifo agfOg'k5{ . lg/If/tf ;dfKt kfg{ ljz]if

/fli6«o cleofg ;'? ul/g'k5{ .

200

#@= cfdhgtfsf] :jf:Yo ;'ljwfdf kx'Fr u/fOg'k5{ . o;} p2]Zosf nflu ;fd'bflos :jf:Yosf] of]hgf nfu" ul/g'k5{ .

##= xTof, lx+;f / c/fhstf a9\bf / åGåtfsf eTsfOPsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] k'glg{df{0f / lj:yflkt ePsfsf] k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmd NofOg'k5{ .

#$= /fli6«o cle?lr klg k"/f ug]{ k~rzLn / u'6–lg/k]Iftfsf] cfwf/df ljb]z gLlt lnOg'k5{ .

#%= ef/t;Fu ;g\ !(%) / cGo ;dodf ePsf ;a} c;dfg ;lGw–;Demf}tfsf] k'gM ;dLIff, ;+zf]wg cyjf vf/]hL ul/g'k5{ . cfk;L cle?lr tyf ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df gofF ;lGw–;Demf}tfx¿ to ul/g'k5{ .

g]skf -Pdfn]_sf] of] /fd|f] k|of; lyof] . oBlk, o;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;a} bnsf] ;xdlt h?/L lyof] . hf/L åGå ;dfwfg ug{] of] lgs} ;+s'lrt cjwf/0ff klg lyof] lsgls of] Pp6fdfq /fhgLlts bnsf] Ph]G8f lyof] . o;df /fli6«o ;xdlt lyPg . k|ToIf r'lgPsf k|ltlglwdfkm{t ;+ljwfg agfpg] d"n ljifonfO{ o;n] ;Daf]wg klg uy]{g . To;}n] vf;u/L of] ;Demf}tfsf/L clen]v lyof] .

/fli6«o ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] k|:tfj

dflys} sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t /xL g]skf -Pdfn]_n] csf]{ k|:tfj k]; u¥of] . …/fli6«o ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] k|:tfjÚ gfd lbOPsf] ;f] k|:tfj ;z:q åGå

;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zo;lxt @)^) k'; @^ ut] NofOPsf] lyof] . Pdfn]sf]

gf}a'Fb] /f]8Dofksf] ¿kdf Tof] rlr{t lyof] . tL a'Fbf o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

!= clxn]sf] dgf]gLt ;/sf/ e+u ul/g'k5{ . To;kl5 lj3l6t ;+;b\df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;a} bnsf] ;xdlt / l;kmfl/;df k|wfgdGqL r'g]/ ;j{bnLo ;/sf/ u7g ul/g'k5{ . o;kl5 k|ltlglw;ef Jojl:yt kfg]{ sfddf cu|;/ x'g'k5{ .



201

@= ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL b'j}n] o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ff u/L jftf{sf] jftfj/0f agfpg'k5{ . b'j} kIfn] cfrf/;+lxtf / dfgjclwsf/sf ;Demf}tfx¿sf] ;Ddfgsf ;fy} o'4lj/fdsf] cfrf/;+lxtf sfof{Gjogdf k"0f{ k|lta4tf hgfpg'k5{ .

#= d'n'ssf] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;j{bnLo ;/sf/df ;fd]n ;a} bnn] cu|udgsf] Kofs]h ljsf; ug{'k5{ . ;f] Kofs]hsf] cfwf/df ;j{bnLo ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbL;Fu jftf{ ug'{k5{ .

$= cu|udgsf ;femf sfo{qmdn] blnt, dlxnf, hftLo ;d"x tyf t/fO{ e]udf kfvf kfl/Psf hgtfsf ;jfn ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . a]/f]huf/ tyf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg ePsfsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ul/g'k5{ . o;n] /fli6«o :jfwLgtf, hgtfsf nflu nf]stGq, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ;'zf;g, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f, b08xLgtfsf] cGTo;lxt /fHo tyf ;dfhsf] lj:t[t nf]stfGqLs/0fsf l;4fGtsf cfwf/ tof/ kfg'{k5{ .

%= dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;Demf}tf ePkl5 ;j{bnLo ;/sf/n] uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng ug'{k5{ . lj3l6t k|ltlglw;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ bn, g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / /fhgLlts bn;Fusf] ;xdltsf] cfwf/df af]nfOPsf cGon] ;f] uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngdf efu lng'kg]{5 . ;Dd]ngn]

cu|udgsf gLlt tyf ljlwx¿ to ug{'kg]{5 . of] /fli6«o ;xdltsf] cfwf/ x'g'kg]{5 .

^= uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngdf ;xdlt ePsf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+ljwfgdf x'g] ;jfnaf/] ;xdlt x'g'k5{ . ;xdltsf] k|f¿k gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] jf oyfjt\ ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg ug]{ eGg] x'g]5 .

;xdlt h];'s} eP klg, k|ltlglw;efdf tfhf hgfb]z k|fKt ug{

lgjf{rg u/fO{ ;f] k|lqmof cl3 a9\g]5 . ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug{] ;xdltcg';f/} dfcf]jfbLnufot ;Da4 cGo kf6L{;lxtsf] cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g ul/g'k5{ .

&= k|ltlglw;efsf] r'gfjsf] lgodg ug{ /fi6«;+3nfO{ 8fSg'k5{ . s'g} 8/ qf;lagf hgtfn] lgjf{rgdf efu lng] u/L lgikIf lgjf{rg

202

;'lglZrt ug{ of] k|lqmof ckgfOg'k5{ . /fi6«;+3sf] :yflkt l;4fGt, d"No / dfGotfsf cfwf/df lgjf{rg ;'/Iff k|0ffnL ckgfOg]5 .

*= uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngdf ePsf ;xdltcg';f/ lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ jf gofFsf] vfsf sf]g]{5g\ . gofF ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf agfpg'kg]{ eP k|lqmof ;xh agfpg clxn]sf] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ul/g'k5{ . To;}cg';f/ gofF ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf agfpg Pp6f ;+j}wflgs ;ldlt agfpg'k5{ . ;f]xL ;ldltn] k|ltlglw;ef;fd' lglZrt ;dodf ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf k]; ug'{kg]{5 . ;f] d:of}bf ;+;b\sf b'O{ltxfO ;b:osf] ax'dtn] :jLs[t ug'{k5{ . of] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& e+u ul/g'k5{ .

(= gofF ;+ljwfgcg';f/ ul7t ;/sf/n] dfcf]jfbL n8fsfsf ;jfn ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . To;}u/L ;/sf/n] lj:yflktsf nflu k'gaf{; / eTsfOPsf ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f ;+/rgf ug'{k5{ .

g]skf Pdfn]sf k|of; oy]i6 geP klg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]ZonlIft lyP . ;f] k|:tfjnfO{ s;/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ eGg] Pp6f k|ZgrflxF xfjL lyof] . u/fO / egfOaLr leGgtf /x]sf] bn eg]/ g]skf -Pdfn]_ Tolta]nf klg ;a};fd' lrlgPsf] lyof] . p;nfO{ ;QflnK;fsf] cf/f]k klg lyof] . ;f] kf6L{sf dxf;lrjn] dfcf]jfbL g]tf;Fu jftf{sf] k|of; -l;nu9L, nvgp /

lbNnLdf_ klg yfn]sf lyP . kl/0ffd h];'s} eP klg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ jftf{df

;l/s u/fpg] pRr k|z+;fTds sfd lyof] Tof] .

%=$=@ g]kfnL sf+u|];

k|hftflGqs sfn -@)$& b]lv @)%( ;fn;Dd_sf] &% k|ltzt ;do

g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] zf;gdf cwLg lyof] . k"j{k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf sf+u|];n] s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ ;/sf/sf] pRr:t/Lo ;ldltnfO{

;z:q ljb|f]xsf] sf/0f cWoog ug{ v6fPsf] lyof] . vl6Psf] ;ldltn] cfˆgf] ;/sf/nfO{ o'4lj/fd u/L zflGt jftf{ ;'? ug{ ;'emfPsf] klg lyof] . kl5 sf+u|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o g/xl/ cfrfo{n] /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] vfsf



203

;lxtsf] k|:tfj u/] . t/, pgsf] bnn] To;nfO{ :jLsf/]g . JolQmut:t/df g/xl/ cfrfo{sf sfo{4, sf+u|];sf y'k|} g]tfn] k|:tfj u/]sf cjwf/0ff, /f]8Dofk / s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf lgoldt a}7sdf dfcf]jfbLaf/] ul/Psf 5nkmnafx]s s'g} klg cf}krfl/s clen]v 5}g . cg';Gwfgsf qmddf g]kfnL åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt–k|lqmofaf/] sf+u|];sf cf}krfl/s clen]v k|fKt ug{ n]vsn] p;sf jl/i7 g]tf;fd' y'k|}k6s cg'/f]w ubf{ klg s]xL ge]6]sfn] oxfF To;af/] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsPg .

%=$=# /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{

@)$^ ;fnsf] rlr{t hgcfGbf]ngn] kfvf nufPsf] lgb{nLo /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf ;a} g]tf ldnL /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L5 u7g u/]sf lyP . To;}n] ltgsf] bz{g, l;4fGt / /0fgLltdf k~rfotsf] lj/f;t -lnu];L_ ;jf/ lyof] . dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x / To;sf] ;dfwfgaf/] kf6L{:t/df s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt a}7s tyf 5nkmn ePsf] ;~rf/dfWoddf ;'lgGyf] . t/, To;af/] ;fj{hlgs:t/df s'g} sfuhft km]nf k/]g . ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfg]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] xfk'/]df ePsf] zflGt jftf{sf a]nf dfcf]jfbL;fd' ul/Psf] /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] k|:tfj k]; u/]sf] lyof], h;n] klxnf]k6s ;/sf/L cjwf/0ff lnlvt ¿kdf NofPsf] lyof] . r/d zlQm;+3if{sf sf/0f of] kf6L{ km'6]/

;"o{axfb'/ yfkfsf] g]t[Tjdf /fli6«o hgzlQm kf6L{ u7g eof] . /fk|kf / /fhfh:tf k"j{k~rx¿sf] kf6L{sf] zflGt–k|lqmofdf e"ldsf ;xof]uLdfq lyof] lsgls of] d"nk|jfxdf lyPg . sf+u|];–Pdfn]sf] zlQm;+3if{sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k

4 cfrfo{n] /fHo k'g;+{/rgf, /fhf, g]kfnL sf+u|]; / ;dfj]lztf;DaGwL rf/ k':ts n]v]sf 5g\ . ljut tLg sfo{sfn nuftf/ kf6L{ ;efklt eO/x]sf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf;Fu kf6L{ dxflwj]zgdf k|lt:kwf{ ubf{ sf+u|];sf dtbftfnfO{ l/emfpg pgn] ljz]iftM tL k':ts n]v]sf x'g\ . lgjf{rgdf cfkm" xf/] klg pgsf] ljrf/ dxflwj]zgn] :jLsf/]sf] lyof] .

5 @)^! kmfu'gdf cf}krfl/s ¿kd} /fk|kf 6'lqmP klg To;sf ax';+Vos ;dy{sn] g]tf ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfnfO{ k5\ofpFy] . yfkfn] /fli6«o hgzlQm kf6L{ -/fhkf_sf] gfddf ljleGg ;b:onfO{ k'g:yf{lkt u/fPsf lyP . oL b'j} bnsf dfGotf, lqmofsnfk / l;4fGt Pp6} lyP lsgls /fhkfsf ;a} ;b:o /fk|kfsf klg ;b:o lyP . To;}n] oL b'O{ bnaLr lglZrt km/s e]6\g lgs} sl7g 5 . To;}n] 5'§f5'§} ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5}g .

204

k6s–k6s ;Qfsf] g]Q[Tj ug]{ cj;/ kfP klg of] kf6L{ cfkm}+df lg0ff{os lyPg t/ klg o;sf jftf{sf/x¿ eg] lgs} tof/Lsf ;fy zflGt jftf{df uPsf] b]lvof] .

%=$=$ ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{

cjwf/0ffTds a'emfO / /fhgLlts :t/df of] bn lgs} :ki6 lyof] . cGo ;a} /fhgLlts bn cfˆgf /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkdf lgliqmo /xFbf dfcf]jfbL cTofrf/lj?4 of] bnn] d'n'se/ cleofg rnfPsf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbL åGå ;dfwfgsf] cjwf/0ff klg o;n] k|:tfj u/]sf] lyof] . dfcf]jfbL g]tf;Fu nfdf] ;do;Dd Pp6} ljrf/af6 xf]nf, of] bnsf] ;+ljwfg;ef;lxtsf w]/} Ph]G8f dfcf]jfbL;Fu d]n vfGy] . of] bnsf] :jR5 5lj / :ki6tf p;nfO{ zlQm / ;Qfsf] k|fKt gePsf sf/0f cfPsf] x'g ;S5 . g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGå cGTo / zflGt :yfkgfdf of] bnsf] e"ldsf pkof]uL lyof] .

%=$=% g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_

g]kfnL sf+u|];af6 cnlUuPsf] of] bn tLg jif{sf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] gofF bn lyof] . zflGt lgdf{0f / åGå ¿kfGt/0fdf of] bnsf] e"ldsf ;xof]uL b]lvPsf] lyPg . z]/axfb'/ b]pjf cfkm" ;Qfdf x'Fbf cfkm}+n] klxn] g]t[Tj lnPsf] cfof]un] u/]sf] l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog gu/]sfn] klg gful/sx¿ b]pjfk|lt

cfzfjfbL lyPgg\ . ;+s6sfn nfb\g], cft+ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds

lqmofsnfk lgoGq0f P]g nfu" ug]{, dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cft+ssf/L 3f]if0ff u/L ltgsf] 6fpsfsf] df]n tf]Sg], cfGtl/s åGådf ;]gf kl/rfng u/L ;}Go cfsf/ / ah]6 j[l4 ug]{, xltof/ k|;f/ a9fpg]h:tf sfo{x¿ pg}sf]

zf;gdf ePsfn] klg of] kf6L{sf] zflGtk|ltsf] k|lta4tfdf hgtf ;z+lst

ePsf] x'g ;SYof] . k|ltufdL zlQm / b/af/nfO{ v';L agfpg] :jfy{n] pgn] oL sfo{ u/]sf lyP . zflGt lgdf{0fdf of] bnn] u/]sf] Psdfq sfo{ zflGt ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf lyof] . t/, o;df pgsf] bnnfO{ dfq h; lbg' cGofo x'G5 lsgls rf/ bnsf] u7aGwg ;/sf/sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;af6

zflGt ;lrjfno :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .



205

;+;b\ e+u ug]{, :yfgLo lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwsf] ;do a9fpg], c;f]h !* / df3 !( sf 36gf 36fpg] cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{h:tf k|ltufdL lqmofsnfk u/fpg]df of] bnnfO{ ckh; hfG5 . ;z:q åGåsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg u/fpg of] bnsf s]xL g]tf ;+slNkt b]lvP klg ;du| kf6L{df k|efj /fVg pgLx¿ ;Ifd lyPgg\ . kl5 cfP/ of] bn cfˆgf] ;+:yfkg bn g]kfnL sf+u|];;Fu PsLs[t eof] .

%=$=^ g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{

g]kfnsf] t/fO{ e]udf s]lGb|t g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ If]qLo bn xf] . If]qLotfs]lGb|t /fhgLlts kf6f]df pm;Fu y'k|} ljjfbf:kb / låcyL{ ;jfn 5g\ . oBlk, of] bn ;'?af6} åGå ;dfwfgsf] Pp6f s'/fdf :ki6 lyof], ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg . åGåsf] cfofd kl/jt{g ug{ o;sf] plt ;fx|f] k|efj g/x] klg dfcf]jfbL ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]df of] bn ax;df pq]sf] b]lvGYof] . /fhfjfbLsf] k|e'Tjdf /x]sf] of] bnleqsf] Pp6f v08n] ;b\efjgf kf6L{ km'6fof] .

%=$=& g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfn]_

of] bn g]skf -Pdfn]_af6 5'l§Psf] lyof] . g]kfnL /fhgLltdf o;sf] k|efj

vf;} lyPg . rln/x]sf] åGå s;/L ;dfwfg ug]{ eGg]af/] of] bn klg t'nfgfTds ¿kdf :ki6 lyof] . åGå ;dfwfg ug{ p;n] /fHo k'g;{+/rgf, /fli6«o ;xdlt, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjh:tf y'k|} ljrf/

/ clen]v lgsfn]sf] lyof], h'g dfcf]jfbLsf] k|:tfj;Fu y'k|} cfwf/df

d]n vfGYof] . t/, /fhgLlts k|efj gx'gfn] o:tf cjwf/0ff tyf /f]8Dofk k|efjsf/L ePgg\ .

%=$=* cGo bnsf] k|of;

cGo ;fgf bnaf6 klg ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu k|of; ePsf lyP . t/, pgLx¿sf] cfsf/ / k|efjsf sf/0f p7fOPsf d'2f /fli6«o ax;sf] ljifo

206

x'g kfPsf lyPgg\ . g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{, g]kfn ;dtf kf6L{h:tf s]xL bn yf]/} dfqfdf eP klg åGå ;dfwfgsf nflu cfjfh p7fO/x]sf lyP .

%=$=( kfFr bnLo u7aGwgsf Ph]G8f

tTsfnLg /fhfn] @)%( c;f]h !* sf] zfxL sbddfkm{t sfo{sf/L zlQm cfˆgf] xftdf lnPkl5 kfFr ;+;bLo bn -g]skf Pdfn], g]kfnL sf+u|];, /fli6«o hgdf]rf{, g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{ / g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{_ To;lj?4 lj/f]w ug{ ;8sdf cf]ln{P . lj/f]wsf] ;dodf pgLx¿ d'n'ssf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ !* a'Fb] Ph]G8f;lxt cfP, h;nfO{ …cu|udgsf nflu ;'wf/ of]hgfÚ gfd lbOPsf] lyof] . lj3l6t k|ltlglw;efsf] ljz]if a}7sn] tL !* a'Fbf kf; u/]sf] lyof] . bnx¿sf cg';f/ tL a'Fbfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 dfq d'n'ssf] ult/f]w cGTo x'g ;SYof] .t/ /fhfn] dgf]gog u/]sf] b]pjf ;/sf/df Pdfn] uPkl5 eg] of] u7aGwg sdhf]/ ePsf] lyof] .

/fhgLlts lgsf;sf nflu kfFr bnLo u7aGwgsf !* a'Fb] Ph]G8f

!= hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / sfo{sf/L clwsf/ :ki6 / k|efjsf/L kfl/g'k5{ . ;+j}wflgs tyf /fhgLlts ;jfn;lxtsf /fli6«o dxTTjsf ljifoaf/] lg0f{o ug{ hgdt ;+u|xsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf

ul/g'k5{ .

@= /fhfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] bfo/fdf NofO{ /fhtGqnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfOg'k5{ .

@=! cfˆgf] rfxgfcg';f/ sfg'g agfpg kfpg] /fhfsf] clwsf/

cGTo ul/g'k5{ .

@=@ /fhb/af/sf ;a} k|zf;sLo tyf Joj:yfksLo sfo{

/fhb/af/ dGqfnosf] cwLgdf NofOg'k5{ .

@=# s'g} klg ;jfndf /fhfn] cfˆgf] ljj]s k|of]u ug{ kfpg]

;+j}wflgs clwsf/ s6f}tL ul/g'k5{ .

@=$ /fhfn] lgoldt ¿kdf cfˆgf] ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ Pp6f

;+oGq agfOg'k5{ .



207

@=% /fhf, /fgL / o'j/fhnfO{ dfq /fhsLo pkflw lbOg'k5{ . jl/otfqmddf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ rf}yf] :yfgdf /flvg'k5{ .

@=^ zfxL ;ldltsf] Joj:yf vf/]h ul/g'k5{ .

#= zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ /fli6«o bHof{gL lbOg'k5{ / k|hftflGqs d"No / dfGotfsf] cfwf/df kl/rflnt ul/g'k5{ . ;fy} ltgnfO{ b]z / hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL klg agfOg'k5{ . hglgjf{lrt ;+;b\sf] cwLgdf ;]gfnfO{ /fVg] Joj:yf ;'? ul/g'k5{ .

$= JolQmut /fi6«ufg vf/]h u/L /fli6«otf, ul/dfo'Qm ufg /flvg'k5{, h;n] /fli6«o Pstf / b]zelQmsf] efjgf phfu/ ug{ ;sf];\ .

%= hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf k"0f{ ¿k]0f :yfkgf ug{ ;+;b\ alnof] x'g'k5{ . k|wfgdGqLn] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lgjf{rg tf]lsPs} ldltdf x'g g;s] klg ;+;b\sf] k'g:yf{kgf / o;sf] qmldstfsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ . :jR5 / lgikIf 9+udf lgjf{rg u/fO{ ;+;b\df dlxnf, blnt / kfvf kfl/Psf cGonfO{ ;fd]n u/fpg] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ;'? ul/g'k5{ . /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{ ;f+u7lgs ¿kdf Jojl:yt / cfly{s ¿kdf kf/bzL{ agfOg'k5{ . ;+j}wflgs lgo'lQmsf nflu ;+;bLo ;'gfjfOsf] ;'?cft ul/g'k5{ .

^= ;xdltsf] cfwf/df dfcf]jfbL ;d:of /fhgLlts ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ / ;kmntd\ ;+jfbdfkm{t bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu

cu|udgsf Ph]G8f lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ .

&= åGåk|efljtsf kl/jf/nfO{ ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 /fxt / k'gaf{;sf

sfo{qmd;lxt Ifltk"lt{ lbOg'k5{ .

*= /fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtfsf] of]hgf / b]z / hgtfsf]

cle?lrcg';f/ j}b]lzs ;DaGw :yflkt ul/g'k5{ .

(= s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ;d:of ;'Nemfpg cfjZostfcg';f/ zf;g k4ltdf

;'wf/ Nofpg'k5{ . :yfgLo zf;g c+unfO{ ;|f]t / zlQmn] k"0f{ agfpg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

208

!)= gful/stfsf] ;d:ofdf d'n's km;]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L t/fO{ e]usf y'k|} hgtf gful/stfljxLg 5g\ . of] ;d:of cfwf/ jif{ -y|];xf]N8 Oo/_sf] cfwf/cg';f/ ;+j}wflgs tyf cGo k|lqmofdfkm{t /fli6«o ;xdltcg';f/ xn ul/g'k5{ .

!!= dlxnflj?4sf ;a}vfn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / sfg'g;DaGwL lje]bx¿ lgd"{n ul/g'k5{ . dlxnfsf nflu ;dfg xs :yfkgf ug{ ljz]if sfg'g tyf of]hgfx¿ to ul/g'k5{ . ;+;b\;lxt :yfgLo ;+oGqdf dlxnf ;xeflutf a9fP/ ## k|ltzt k'¥ofpg'k5{ .

!@= s'g} klg wd{nfO{ /fHon] ljz]if Wofg lbg' x'Fb}g . wd{, efiff / ;+:s[ltdf /x]sf] lje]bsf/L cEof; cGTo x'g'k5{ . ;a} lsl;dsf hft, hflt, wd{, efiff / ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ . ljz]if sfg'g, sfo{qmd tyf cfly{s gLltdfkm{t pk]lIft / zf]liftx¿sf] ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts :t/ psf:g'k5{ . /, ltgnfO{ klg ;dfg kx'Fr lbnfpg'k5{ . o;sf nflu, ;dfhdf ;a}eGbf pk]lIft v08n] ljz]if Jojxf/ kfpg'k5{ .

!#= blnt tyf pk]lIft ;d'bfosf] :t/f]Gglt ug{ ljz]if Joj:yfsf] ;"qkft x'g'k5{ . 5'jf5't cEof;nfO{ ck/fwsf] bhf{ lbOg'k5{ .

To:tf] ck/fw ug]{nfO{ bl08t ug{ ljz]if sfg'g NofOg'k5{ .

!$= hftkft, ;d'bfo, e"uf]n, efiff, ;+:s[lt / wd{df cfwfl/t lje]bsf

;a} :j¿ksf] cGTo ul/g'k5{ .

!%= s0ff{nL;lxtsf ;'b"/ e]udf ljsf; sfo{qmd tLj| agfpg ljz]if gLlt tyf sfo{qmd to ul/g'k5{ .

!^= ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfsf] :t/f]Gglt ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd rfn" ul/g'k5{ . a]/f]huf/L / e"ldxLgsf ;d:of cGTo ug{ klg 7f]; sbd rflng'k5{ . o;}u/L sd}of, cf}Bf]lus >lds tyf cfly{s

¿kdf df/df k/]sf cGosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts cj:yf psf:g klg ljz]if sfo{qmd to ul/g'k5{ .



209

!&= k|zf;sLo Joj:yfnfO{ r':t, kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfOg'k5{ . ;'zf;g ;'lglZrt ug{ k|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLlts k|efj / x:tIf]kaf6 6f9} /fvL k|hftflGqs tyf Jofj;flos agfOg'k5{ .

!*= e|i6frf/sf] k|efjsf/L lgoGq0f x'g'k5{ . o;af6 s;}nfO{ pGd'lQm lbOg' x'Fb}g . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f P]g tyf ;+oGqnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L / ;lqmo agfpg'k5{ .

/fhfn] cfkm"x¿;Fu ;Qf ;fem]bf/L unf{g\ ls eGg] ck]Iffcg';f/ oL Ph]G8f tof/ ul/Psf lyP . oBlk, logn] ;d:ofsf] r'/f]nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] lyPgg\ . h:t}M Ph]G8fsf] gjf}+ a'Fbfn] tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/df zf;g k4ltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] lyof], h'g /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ug{ ;Ifd x'Fb}gYof] . To:t} /fhfsf] sfo{z}nL Jojl:yt ug]{ tx;Dd dfq of] Ph]G8f ;Lldt lyPg .

%=$=!) /fhgLlts bn / df3 !( kl5sf ;/sf/aLrsf] ;DaGw

/fhgLlts bnsf pRr g]tfnfO{ kqmg], ltgsf] cl:tTjsf] uDeL/ cjd"Nog ug]{ / d'n'ssf] ;+s6 lgDTofpg] sf/ssf] ¿kdf ltg}nfO{ bf]if nufpg]h:tf sfdn] df3 !( kl5sf ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bnaLr ltQmtf a9\of] . bnsf

sfo{stf{ tyf lhNnf:t/sf g]tf klg y'lgP . pgLx¿sf kf6L{ sfof{nodfly ;'/Iff kmf}hsf] lgu/fgL /Xof] . pgLx¿sf lqmofsnfk lgoGq0f ug{ y'k|} cWofb]z hf/L ul/P . lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yf ;dy{g ug{ s§/kGyL

v]df / u}//fhgLlts Oltxf; af]s]sf dflg;x¿ If]qLo / c~rn k|zf;s

5flgP . ltg} k|zf;sn] /fhgLlts bnsf] lqmofsnfkdfly c+s'z nufpFy] . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]u u7g u/L bnsf g]tfdfly lgzfgf nufOof], z]/axfb'/ b]pjf / k|sfzdfg l;+xh:tf pRr g]tfx¿ h]ndf k7fOP .

cGttf]uTjf /fhf / dfcf]jfbLaLr ;]t' ag]sf /fhgLlts bnx¿ PsfPs /fhflj?4 hfOnfUg yfn] . tLdWo] s]xLn] u0ftflGqs /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf hfg] lg0f{o klg u/] . o;k|sf/ bn / /fhfaLrsf] ;DaGw km]l/ aGg g;Sg] u/L lalu|of] . klxn] Ps–csf{sf] v]bf] vGg] ;ft bn df3 !( sf] sbdkl5

210

cfk;df ldn] . zfxL sbdn] Ro"t kf/]sf] k|hftflGqs Joj:yf k'g:yf{lkt ug{ tL bnn] ;femf Ph]G8f lgdf{0f u/] . lj3l6t k|ltlglw;ef k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ pgLx¿sf] Ph]G8f lyof] .

%=%= ;z:q åGå /fhgLlts ;+s6 / ;~rf/dfWod

;~rf/dfWod eGgfn] kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, jN8{jfO8 j]a, :yfgLo:t/df lgld{t l;g]df, ;+uLt / rn b[Zo -lel8of]_nfO{ hgfpF5 .6

s'g} klg /fi6«sf nflu ;~rf/ eGg] s'/f dlitis g} xf], hxfF 1fg / ;"rgf lgdf{0f / k|;fl/t x'G5g\ . /fi6« / hgtfsf] lxtdf To;sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;y{, :jtGq ;~rf/ g} k|hftGq / sfg'gL zf;gsf] Bf]ts xf] . ;"rgfsf] xs b|'t ultdf ljZjJofkL dfgjclwsf/sf] ;jfn alg/x]sf] 5, hxfF ;"rgf k|;f/0f ug]{ k|d'v e"ldsf ;~rf/dfWodn] g} lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\ . s'g} klg pQ/bfoL /fi6«sf] sfo{sf] cfwf/ :jtGq ;~rf/dfWodn] lgdf{0f u5{g\ .

@)%@ kmfu'gdf dfcf]jfbL ;z:q åGå ljb|f]x ;'? ePkl5 g]kfnL ;~rf/n] ce"tk"j{ cg'ej, sl7g r'gf}tL / cK7\of/f] cj:yf ef]Uof] . ;~rf/If]qn] klg åGåsf] cfofdnfO{ Jofks k|efj kf¥of] . ;'?af6} dfcf]jfbLn] cfˆgf] kIfdf ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ k|of]u u/] . oBlk, ;'?sf kfFr jif{df -lj=;+=@)%@–@)%&_ /fHosf ;~rf/dfWodsf] /0fgLlt / g]kfnL ;~rf/dfWod u|fdL0f If]qdf dfcf]jfbLn] ;'? u/]sf] ultljlw Tolt ulx/fOdf k'uL åGå ;dfwfgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] vfnsf] lyPg . dfcf]jfbLn] lx+;f / k|ltzf]wsf] ultljlw Jofks agfof] eg] /fHon] klg s7f]/ /0fgLlt lnFb} uof] . o;kl5 eg] ;~rf/dfWodn] cfˆgf] Wofgfs[i6 u/]/ ;z:q åGådf x'g] o'4, xTof, kfzljstf, cft+sh:tf gsf/fTds ultljlw a9L g} k|;fl/t u/] .

;+s6sfnLg cj:yf -@)%* d+l;/_cl3 åGåsf a]nf ;~rf/dfWodn]

cfˆgf] ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj a'emL ;f]xLcg'¿k ug]{ eGbf klg k|ToIf jf

6 ;~rf/leq ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfgsf] k/Dk/fut k4lt klg c6fpF5, h:t}M syfjfrs, gfrstf{, ;8s dgf]/~hgstf{, ;+uLt1, slj ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{x¿ x'g\, hf] g]kfnL kl/k|]Iodf ;"rgfbftfsf dxTTjk"0f{ c+z x'g\ .



211

ck|ToIf ¿kdf To;nfO{ a9fpg] sfd u¥of] . ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfkl5 aNn ;~rf/If]q åGåk|lt cem uDeL/ eof], åGå a9fpg] ls zflGtsf nflu sfd ug]{ eGg] ;jfndf . @)^) ;fpgdf ePsf] bf];|f] o'4lj/fdkl5 ;~rf/dfWod cem uDeL/ aGof] . y'k|} kqsf/nfO{ oftgf lbOof] . sltkonfO{ dfl/of] klg . /fHo / dfcf]jfbL b'j} kIfåf/f ;tfOP . @)^! j}zfv;Dddf zflGtnfO{ a9fjf lbg] sfddf ;~rf/dfWodsf] e"ldsf a9\of] . ;z:q åGåsf] ;'?cftkl5 y'k|} kqsf/ dfl/P, ;of}+ kqmfp k/], oftgf lbOP, ;tfOP / wDSofOP . o;afx]s, /fhfn] @)^! df3 !( df ;Qf cfˆgf] xftdf lnPkl5 t /fHosf tkm{af6 klg ;~rf/If]qn] lgs} cK7\of/f] ;+s6 ef]Uof] / To;lj?4 cfkm"nfO{ v/f] ptf/L /fhfsf] zf;glj?4 hgdt lgdf{0f ug]{ cu|0fL e"ldsf v]Nof] .

dfcf]jfbL åGå, ;+;bLo bnsf] c;kmntf / cfˆg} g]t[Tjdf d'n'sdf zf;g ug]{ /fhfsf] cjf:tljs nIon] g} g]kfndf /fhgLlts ;+s6 l;h{gf u/]sf] lyof] . o;}n] åGåsf] cfofd lgs} rfF8} kl/jlt{t eof] . /fhgLlts bnaLrsf] cTolws zlQm ;+3if{n] k|ltlglw;ef lj36g u/fPsf] lyof] . ;+;b\ l/Qmtfsf] df}sf 5f]k]/ /fhfn] hglgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqLnfO{ @)%( c;f]h !* df ckb:t u/L dgf]gLt ;/sf/dfkm{t b]zdf zf;g

rnfpg ;'? u/] . /fhgLlts kl/jt{gleq /fhfåf/f sfo{sf/L clwsf/ u|x0f, ax'bnLo ;/sf/Ro"t, /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf, gful/s ;dfh, kqsf/, dfgjclwsf/jfbL sfo{stf{ kqmfp, ;~rf/df ;]G;/l;k / ;+s6sfnLg

cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff -Dofb ;lsg'eGbf b'O{ lbgcl3, @)^@ j}zfv !& df

Dofb yk ul/Psf]_ / gful/s clwsf/ xgg\h:tf s'/f k5{g\ . zfxL zf;gsf] !) dlxgfkl5 klg /fhgLlts cj:yf emg\ g/fd|f] x'Fb} lyof] .

/fhfsf] ;Qf/f]x0flj?4 cd]l/sf, a]nfot / ef/tn] lbO{cfPsf] ;}Go

;xfotf aGb u/], s]xL bft[lgsfon] lbO{cfPsf] ljsf; ;xfotf klg aGb u/] -h:t}M 8]gdfs{n] gfd{:ofk kl/of]hgf aGb u¥of], l:j6\h/NofG8n] lzIff / /f]huf/;DaGwL kl/of]hgf aGb u¥of], gj]{n] klg d]nDrL vfg]kfgL

kl/of]hgfaf6 xft lemSof]_ . o;}u/L l:j6\h/NofG8, o'/f]k]nL o'lgog,

212

8]gdfs{h:tf y'k}| bft[lgsfon] g]kfnnfO{ lbO{cfPsf] ;xof]usf] cfsf/ klg v'DRofP . cGon] …kv{ / x]/Úsf] gLlt lnP . o;k|sf/ g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotf g/fd|/L u'dfof] .

hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL lgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] cefjdf ePsf] ulx/f] /fhgLlts l/Qmtf /fhfsf dgf]gLtx¿n] k"lt{ ug{ vf]h] . ltgsf] Wo]o bnLo /fhgLltnfO{ sdhf]/ jgfpg] / /fhfnfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg{' dfq lyof] . ;+;b\jfbL /fhgLlts bn;Fu af‰g] vfnsf] cjwf/0ff /fhfsf] lyof] . To;}n], df3 !( sf] ;Qf/f]x0fn] ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlt g/fd|/L vnaNofOlbof], cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw Wj:t kf¥of] / g]kfnsf] slnnf] k|hftGqsf] 3fF6L lgdf]7\of] . kl/0ffdtM /fhtGq cGTosf] cfwf/ /fhf cfkm}+n] tof/ u/] / ToxLsf/0f /fhtGqsf] cj;fg eof] .

zflGt k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ cj;/ /fhfn] u'dfP . ;Qf/f]x0f ubf{ zflGt k'g:yf{kgf g} 7"nf] Ph]G8f ePsf] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . zfxL zf;gkl5 klg o'4lj/fd, zflGt jftf{ / ;z:q åGåsf] Jojl:yt ;dfwfg ePsf] eP g]kfnL hgtfn] /fhfnfO{ lgs} k|z+;f ug]{ lyP lsgls hgtfsf] Psdfq rfxgf zflGt lyof] .7

zfxL zf;gkl5 ;~rf/dfWodn] y'k|} ;d:of ef]u] . /fhgLlts ;+s6 /

;z:q åGå x'Fbf dfgjclwsf/ xgg\ /f]Sg / åGå ;dfwfg ug{ :jtGq ;~rf/dfWodsf] e"ldsf dxTTjk"0f{ lyof] . åGåtfsf g]kfnL ;~rf/dfWodsf s]xL sdhf]/L eP klg ;dfh ¿kfGt/0fdf o;n] k|z:t of]ubfg lbPsf]

lyof] . ;/sf/df t'ifsf] dfgl;stf gePsf] eP, :jtGq ;~rf/;Fu pm

lsg 8/fpg'kYof]{ / <

o'4/t kIfn] ug]{ dfgjclwsf/sf 36gf p7fg ug{ lat]sf lbgdf

7 ;+;b\jfbL bnnfO{ aflx/} /fv]/ /fhf / dfcf]jfbLaLr s'g} ;Demf}tf ePsf] eP klg Tof] bL3{sfnLg x'Fb}gYof] . To;}n] of] sfo{ plrt x'Fb}gYof] . oBlk, tTsfnLg cj:yfdf ;+;b\jfbL bnnfO{ aflx/} /fvL /fhf / dfcf]jfbLaLr zflGt jftf{ eO{ zflGt k'g:yf{kgf eP klg cfdhgtfn] To; dfldnfdf dtna g/fVg ;S5g\ lsgls hgtfsf] clGtd rfxgf g} zflGt xf] .



213

;~rf/dfWodn] lgs} 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] . pNn+3gsf To:tf 36gfaf/] cGt/f{li6«o rf;f] k}bf ug{ klg ;kmn lyof] . pRr vfnsf] JolQmut ;'/Iff hf]lvd df]n]/} eP klg pRr åGåu|:t If]qaf6 ;+jfbbftfn] /fd|f] sfd u/]sf lyP .

åGå a9fpg] / zflGt k|j4{g ug]{ b'j} sfd ;~rf/dfWodn] ug{ ;S5 eGg] ljZjel/ ePsf ;z:q åGåsf] Oltxf; -cAb'NnfOe / afG;{ ;g\ @))!Ù cdf{]g / sfn{ ;g\ !((^Ù cdf]{g / lkmlnK;g ;g\ !((*Ù cdf]{g / c¿ ;g\ !((*Ù afG;{ ;g\ @))@Ù sfn{, P= / uf/f;' ;g\ @))@Ù u|fl;of–b'/g ;g\ @))$Ù x]lG8«S;g ;g\ !((*Ù n'l;df ;g\ @))@Ù Dofssf6{gL ;g\ !(((Ù k'Tgfd ;g\ !((#Ù ld> ;g\ @))@Ù / pk|]tL ;g\ @))$P_ n] klg k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf 5g\ .

åGå l/kf]l6{ªsf] :t/, u'0f / dfqfn] åGåsf] cfofddf 7"n} k|efj /fV5 . åGåfj:yfdf /fHon] cS;/ cfˆgf] kIfdf ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ k|of]u ug{ vf]H5 . b':dgsf] dgf]an lu/fpg jf ltgnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg To;f] ul/G5 . åGå l/kf]l6{ªdf x'g] Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of of] lyof] . jf:tljs tYo cg';Gwfg u/L ;To kQf nufpg / s;}sf] lglxt :jfy{ k"/f ug{af6 arL lgikIf e"ldsf v]Ng' lgs} sl7g lyof] . åGåsf a]nf oyfy{ s'/f] k|sfzdf Nofpg' hf]lvd x'G5 . ljz]ifu/L o'4/t kIfn] u/]sf] b'Jo{jxf/sf lqmofsnfk pb\3fl6t ubf{

hf]lvd df]Ng'kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 . To;sf/0f y'k|} ;+jfbbftf / kqsf/x¿

dfl/P . cfkm"n] u/]sf] ck/fw aflx/ cfpg] 8/n] o'4/t kIfx¿ cfˆgf] b':dg;Fu eGbf To:tf kqsf/;Fu a9L 8/fpF5g\ . cfkm"n] s'g} s;'/ gu/L h]g]ef ;lGwsf] ;Ddfg u/]sf] eP pgLx¿ kqsf/;Fu 8/fpg'kb}{gYof] . lgDg

cj:yf k"/f u/]dfq ;~rf/ / kqsfl/tfn] /fd|f] ug{ ;S5g\ M

-s_ x:tIf]k / k"jf{u|xaf6 d'lQm

åGåfj:yfdf ;~rf/dfWod ;kmn x'g ;Sg] Pp6f cj:yf eGg' åGå/t kIfåf/f kqsf/ -;Dkfbs, lgdf{tf, ;+jfbbftf cflb_dfly x:tIf]k gx'g' xf] . t/, klg åGåu|:t d'n'sdf kqsf/x¿ ;w}+ wDSofOG5g\ / ltgnfO{ cfˆgf]

214

ck/fw cg';Gwfg ug{af6 /f]s nufOG5 c+uf]nf, df]hflDas, Ujf6]dfnf / r]r\Gofdf klg g]kfnsf] h:t} cj:yf b]lvPsf] lyof] .

;TotYo kQf nufpg o'4/t kIfn] kqsf/nfO{ ;xof]u ub}{gg\ . åGå/t ;doe/ k|To]s lbgh;f] b}lgs kqklqsfn] dfcf]jfbL / ;'/Iff kmf}haf6 u|fdL0f e]udf sfd ug]{ kqsf/dfly wDsL cfPsf] va/ k|sflzt u/] . o'lg6f -c+uf]nfsf] k"0f{ :jtGqtfsf nflu /fli6«o o'lgog_n] xltof/ cfk"lt{ ubf{ kqsf/x¿n] uDeL/ hf]lvd df]n]/ l/kf]l6{ª u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(&^ df hflDaof x'Fb} åGåu|:t d'n'sdf pgLx¿ uO/xFbf o'lg6fn] xjfOdfu{af6 n}hfg vf]h]sf] xltof/ hflDaofn] n}hfg lbPg . o;}u/L gfOh]l/ofsf] åGåu|:t Onfsfdf n}hfFb} ul/Psf xltof/af/] kqsf/af6 yfxf kfP/ a]lggn] sAhf ul/lbof] .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] :jtGq ;~rf/dfWodsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf nfu" ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj klg xf] . oBlk, pQm ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ a]jf:tf u/L /fhfsf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ g/fd|/L lgoGq0f ug{ vf]Hof] . ;~rf/dfWod lgoGq0f ug{ vf]Hg] cWofb]z g} To;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] .

k|hftflGqs Joj:yfdf ;+~rf/dfWodsf] e"ldsf slt dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] ;jfndf tfGhflgofsf GofofwLz h]D; Pn Djfn';fGofn] eg]sf 5g\ M

k|hftflGqs Joj:yfdf ;/sf/L lqmofsnfk ldlxg 9+un] hfFlrg] ljifo x'g'k5{ . ljwfg;ef jf Gofokflnsfsf clwsf/Ln] dfq geP/ ;fj{hlgs ljrf/ / :jtGq ;~rf/n] klg To;nfO{ hfFRg'k5{ . ;~rf/dfWodsf k|d'v e"ldsf eg]sf ;/sf/sf uNtL sdhf]/L b]vfpg], hgtfnfO{ lzlIft agfpg], zflGtsf sfo{nfO{ rlr{t agfpg] / ;+jfb klg k|j4{g ug]{ x'g\ .8

cfkm"nfO{ k|hftflGqs ePsf] bfaL ug]{ h'g;'s} ;/sf/ ;~rf/dfWod;Fu

8/fpg' kb}{g . u}/x:tIf]ksf/L gLlt cjnDag u/L kIfkftL geOsg p;n] ;~rf/ k|j4{g ug'{k5{ .

8 x]g'{;\ clk|msg slGˆnS6 PG8 lb ldl8of -kf6{ jfg afO{ clacf]bg cf]gf8fOk / 8]le8 n8{_ .



215

-v_ åGåsf] cj:yfdf kqsf/sf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f

;Ifd, k|lt:kwL{ / 1fgjfg\ kqsf/n] dfq ;Tosf] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;S5g\ . ;z:q åGåsf a]nf ul/g] sfd ;fdfGo cj:yfsf] t'ngfdf a9L hf]lvdo'Qm x'G5, ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t e]6\g / To;sf] k'li6 ug{, cfTdljZjf; / kf/blz{tf sfod /fVg lgs} sl7g x'G5 . ;LPgPgsL jl/i7 o'4 kqsf/ lqml:6gf PDkmf]/sf cg';f/ åGåsf ;dfrf/ l/kf]l6{ª ubf{ 8/ / c;'/Iff hlxn];'s} hLjgsf c+u x'G5g\ . åGåsf ;jfn, ljifoj:t' / 5nkmn km/s x'G5g\ .

o;sf/0f, oL ;jfndf kqsf/ / ;+jfbbftfnfO{ plrt k|lzIf0f lbOg'k5{ . kqsf/x¿ klg dflg; g} x'g\, To;}n] pgLx¿;Fu klg efjgf, 8/ / lrGtf x'G5 . ;w}+el/ åGåu|:t e]udf a;]/ ;dfrf/ k|]if0f ubf{ tL ;dfrf/ o:tf dgf]j}1flgs efjn] k|efljt x'g ;S5g\ . plrt k|lzIf0f ;'/Iff ;fdu|L / Ifdtf lgdf{0fn] åGå kqsfl/tfsf] :t/, u'0fjQf / ;+Vofdf ;'wf/ NofpF5 .

unt l/kf]l6{ªn] ;z:q åGå emg\ a9fpF5 . ?jfG8fdf o:t} cj:yf b]lvPsf] lyof] . k|lzIf0fn] 1fg, ;+sNk / k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;Lk ljsf; u5{, h;n] åGå cj:yfsf] ;dfrf/ ;Dk]|]if0f / ljZn]if0fdf klg ;'wf/ NofpF5 . :yfgLo / /fli6«o :t/sf kqsf/sf nflu zflGt, d]nldnfk / k'gaf{;sf k|lzIf0fn] o:tf ;jfndf /fli6«o cleofg rnfpg ;xh t'Nofpg'sf ;fy}

gLlt lgdf{tf / cEof;stf{nfO{ k|efj klg kf5{ .

OlG:6Ro'6 ckm jf/ PG8 lk;, ;r{ km/ sdg u|fpG8 / clk|msg ;]G6/ km/ b sG;6«lS6e l/hf]No';g ckm l8:Ko'6\;\ -Psf]8{_ h:tf ;+:yfn]

åGåfj:yfdf ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f ug{ ;~rf/dfWodsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ d2t

uy]{ . o:t} åGåfj:yfdf sfd ul//x]sf kqsf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;+u7g klg lyP, h:t}M l/kf]6{;{ ;fG; kmlG6o;{, lb sld6L 6' k|f]6]S6 hg{ln:6, PDg]:6L OG6/g];gn, Xo'dg /fO6\; jfr cflb, h;n] kqsf/x¿sf] ;'/Iff / Ifdtf

ljsf;df s]xL e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ .

u|fdL0f e]usf ;~rf/dfWodn] åGåsf ;jfn k|;f/0f ug{ ;|f]tsf] g/fd|f] cefj ef]u]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf 7fpFsf ;+jfbbftfnfO{ rflxg] ;fdfg,

216

h:t}M 6]k /]s8{, Sofd/f, j8{ k|f];]l;ª / u|flkms l8hfOgdf cfjZos x'g] j:t'sf] cefj x'G5 . tL j:t'sf] pknAwtfn] ;dfrf/sf] :t/Lotf, ;+Vof / ;fdlostf klg a9fpF5g\ . o;sf/0f, u|fdL0f e]udf sfd ug]{ kqsf/sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu oL s'/f cfjZostfsf If]q x'g\ .

-u_ åGå l/kf]l6{ªsf g}ltstf

ljZjel/sf åGåsf Oltxf;n] b]vfPsf 5g\– åGåsf a]nf jf:tljs ;dfrf/, ljrf/, ljZn]if0f kfpg lgs} ufx|f] x'G5Ù ltg} tYon] åGåsf] cj:yf a'‰g / To;sf] cfofddf k|efj kfg{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ lgs} d2t u5{ .

;~rf/dfWodn] hgtf tyf k|d'v v]nf8Lsf] ljrf/ / cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jofks k|efj kf5{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf kqsf/sf] g}ltstfn] jf:tljstf, t6:ytf, cfTdljZjf;, kf/blz{tf, ;dfrf/sf] ;|f]t / åGåsf] k|s[lt -a9fjf jf ;dfwfg_df k|efj kf5{ .

?jfG8f, a'?G8L, nfOa]l/of, ;f]dflnof, ;'8fg, l;P/f lnof]g / s+uf]h:tf clk|msL åGåsf] cj:yf x]bf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] :jfyL{ ;d"xn] cfˆgf jl/kl/sf ;"rgfnfO{ tf]8d/f]8 u/]sf x'G5g\ . o;y{, o:tf] cj:yfdf lgikIf / k'li6

ePsf ;dfrf/ Nofpg' lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . g}ltstf ePsf kqsf/n] dfq tf]8d/f]8 gul/Psf ;dfrf/ Nofpg ;Ifd x'G5g\ .

clk|msL d'n'ssf] åGåu|:t e]udf …vfddf e]6L lbg] k|rngÚ JofKt 5,

h;cGtu{t y'k|} kqsf/ 3";vf]/ aGg] jf sfnf]wGbf jf df]ntf]nh:tf

cj}w cEof;df nfU5g\ . sfnf]wGbf, rl/q xTof, ;fgfltgf /fhgLlt, kmfObf x]g]{, lj1sf ljrf/ tf]8d/f]8 ug]{, uf]Kotf e+u ug]{h:tf ;d:of åGåu|:t d'n'ssf kqsf/df b]lvg] ;fdfGo ljz]iftf x'g\ . o:tf s'/faf6 g]kfn klg c5'tf] 5}g . ljZj;gLotf :yflkt ug{ g]kfnL ;~rf/If]qn]

ef]u]sf k|d'v r'gf}tL log} x'g\ .



217

-3_ ljZj;gLotf tyf t6:ytf

gful/s :jtGqtf /Iff ug{ ;~rf/dfWodn] ljZj;gLotf tyf t6:ytf cjnDag ug'{k5{ . ;~rf/dfWodn] ug]{ l/kf]l6{ªn] s'g} Pp6f bnnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug ;S5 eg] csf]{nfO{ a]kmfObf . o;af6 k|efljt kIfnfO{ x'g] 3f6fn] ;Defljt d'sflanf x'g ;Sg] vt/f pTkGg x'G5 . slxn]sfxLF kqsf/x¿n] lglZrt ;d"x;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{ ;S5g\, h;n] z+sf:kb cj:yf k}bf u5{ . Jofj;flos Pstf, ;fdflhs ljZj;gLotf / lgikIftf g} g]kfnL ;~rf/sf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .

%=^=$ ;~rf/dfWodsf bfloTj

cfdhgtfsf] cleJolQm :jtGqtf xgg\ x'Fbf / bdgsf/L zf;g x'Fbf / åGåfj:yfdf ;~rf/dfWodsf] e"ldsf 7"nf] /xg] u5{ . nfOa]l/of, l;P/f lncf]g, s]Gof gfOh]l/ofdf lx+;f tyf dfgjclwsf/ xgg\, oftgflj?4 nlaª ug{ ;~rf/dfWodn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP . dWo:ytfdf klg o;n] 7"nf] k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] . clk|msL d'n'ssf ;~rf/dfWodaf6 g]kfnL ;~rf/dfWodn] w]/} s'/f l;Sg klg ;S5g\ .

;g\ !(&) b]lv !(&@ ;Ddsf] ;'8fg åGådf ;~rf/dfWodn] jN8{ sfplG;n ckm rr]{h / cn clk|msg sfplG;n ckm rr]{h;Fu ldn]/

tYo vf]hlagsf] sfd u/]sf] lyof] . åGåsf k|d'v stf{ klxrfg ePkl5

;'8fg ;/sf/ / ;fpbg{ ;'8flgh lna/];g d'edG6n] jftf{ ;'? ug]{ cj:yf e]6] . kl5, ;g\ !((! df s]Gofsf] g];gn sfplG;n ckm rr]{hn] klg ;'8fgdf jftf{ u/fpg] jftfj/0f agfof] .

o;}u/L nfOa]l/ofdf zflGt lgdf{0fdf gful/s ;xeflutfdf ;~rf/dfWodn] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . of] lna/];g sfplG;n ckm rr]{h / g];gn d'l:nd sfplG;n ckm nfOa]l/ofsf] ;xsfo{df OG6/–km]y d]l8P;g

sld6Ln] g]t[Tj u/]sf] lyof] . zflGt k'g:yf{kgf ug{ / lx+;f lg?T;flxt kfg{ wfld{s ;+u7g;Fu ldn]/ ;~rf/dfWodn] s;/L sfd ug{ ;S5, Tof] s'/f g]kfnsf nflu 7"nf] kf7 x'G5 .

218

d"ne"t ¿kdf åGå ;dfwfg eGg' dfgl;stf, Jojxf/, ;f]rfO / åGå/t

kIfsf g]tfsf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfpg' xf] . o'4/t kIfsf] dfgl;stf /

Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug{ ;~rf/dfWodn] 7"nf] of]ubfg lbG5 . gofF 1fg tyf

;"rgf lbO{ åGå kl/k|]IonfO{ k'gM cfsf/ lbP/ tyf k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf]

k|aGw;fy ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfpg lgDg sfd tL

;~rf/dfWodn] ug{ ;S5g\ .

-s_ ;To phfu/ u/L ;dfhnfO{ ;"lrt u/fpg] sfd

kqsf/, ;+jfbbftf / ;~rf/df sfd ug]{ JolQmx¿ g} o'4;DaGwL ;"rgfsf

klxnf ;|f]t x'g\ eGg] åGåu|:t ljleGg d'n'sn] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ;fdfGotof

cGo dflg;sf] kx'Fr gePsf] dflgg] åGåfj:yfsf ;"rgfx¿ kqsf/n]

g} lbG5g\ . ltgn] åGåsf] ljZn]if0f u5{g\ / o;nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ljrf/

cfbfgk|bfg tyf ljsNk k|:t't ug]{ dfWod klg lbG5g\ . åGåfj:yfaf/]

;+jfbbftf / kqsf/n] cfdhgtfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbO/xG5g\, o'4/t kIf /

ltgsf g]tfsf] Jojxf/ ljZn]if0f u/L hgtfnfO{ ;"lrt u5{g\ .

kqsf/x¿n] åGå ;dfwfgsf] k|lqmofnfO{ klg dxTTjk"0f{ k|efj kfg{ ;S5g\

eGg] y'k|} åGåu|:t d'n'sdf b]lv;lsPsf] 5 . oyfy{ l/kf]l6{ª ug'{ afx]s

zflGt–k|lqmofdf kqsf/n] klg ;lqmo e"ldsf lgefPsf] cGo d'n'sdf

klg b]lvPsf] 5 . ltgn] åGå/t kIfsf] ljrf/ tyf ljsNkx¿ /fVg]

d~r k|bfg u/] . h:t}M ;do ;fKtflxs, g]kfn ;fKtflxs, lxdfn kflIfs, sflGtk'/ b}lgs, sf7dfG8" kf]:6 b}lgs, d"Nof+sg dfl;sh:tf kqklqsf /

cGo b}lgs tyf ;fKtflxs kqklqsf, OG6/g]6 / aLaL;L g]kfnL ;]jfh:tf

;~rf/dfWodaf6 dflg;n] dfcf]jfbL g]tf afa'/fd e§/fO{ / cGo s]xL

dfcf]jfbLglhssf ;|f]tjf6 dfcf]jfbLsf] wf/0ff yfxf kfpFy] . cGoyf

dfcf]jfbLaf/]sf oyfy{k/s ljrf/ / cjwf/0ff cfddflg;n] yfxf kfpg

;Sg] ;Defjgf /xFb}gYof] .



219

slxn]sfxLF kqsf/n] b'O{ kIfnfO{ 5nkmndf Nofpg ;kmn x'Gy] . h:t}M

l;P/f lncf]gsf] af]df cjl:yt :yfgLo /]l8of] :6];gn] åGå l/kf]l6{ªdfq

gu/]/ o'4/t kIfaLrsf ;f]rfO kl/jt{g u/fpg] p2]Zo;fy cfkm"nfO{

;'lgg] If]qjl/kl/ 5nkmnsf nflu d~r k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] -a':afO{ ;g\

!((^_ .9 csf{tkm{, ;~rf/dfWodn] åGåsf kl/36gfnfO{ gf6sLs/0f

u5{g\, ;g;gLk"0f{ ;dfrf/ jf pQ]hs jQmJo k|;f/0f u5{g\ . gsf/fTds

cfofdsf] l/kf]l6{ª t ;~rf/dfWoddf /f]lhPsf] /0fgLlt g} xf], g]kfnL

;~rf/dfWoddf :yfgLo:t/df ePsf zflGt :yfkgfsf k|of;, ;d'bfosf]

cfjfh, ;fwf/0f hgtfsf] wf/0ff cflb k|;f/0fn] k|of; k|fyldstf kfpFb}gg\ .

ltgn] dxTTjk"0f{ kl/36gfsf] pk]Iff u5{g\ . :yfgLo ;+u7gn] lx+;fTds åGå

s;/L /f]S5 eGg] ljZn]if0f sd ul/g] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .10 t/, ;';"lrt /

k|lzlIft ;~rf/sdL{n] jf:tljs tYo e]6\g / jftf{sf/ tyf of]hgfsf/sf

ljZn]if0f Nofpg w]/} sfd ug{ ;S5g\ . cfddflg;nfO{ åGå a'emfpg /

ltg}sf wf/0ffdfkm{t åGåsf] ;dfwfgdf ldl8ofn] k|efj kfg{ ;S5g\ .

g]kfnL ;~rf/dfWoddf åGåsf ;dodf åGå ;DjlGw ljljw cfofdsf]

ljZn]if0fsf] cefj lyof] . tL cfofd eg]sf åGådf zlQm ;DaGw, ljb|f]xsf]

;dfhzf:qLo JofVof, cfGtl/s /fhgLlt, ljb|f]xsf] ljQLo tyf ;}Go

cfofd, xltof/ Jofkf/ / To;;DaGwL ;ldlt, ;To tyf d]nldnfk,

lgMz:qLs/0f / u}/kl/rfng, cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt dflg;sf jf:tljs

;d:of, o'4 ck/fw;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o Joj:yf cflb x'g\ .

lj1, :jtGq ljZn]ifs tyf ;dLIfssf ;Nnfx lnP/ o:tf ;jfndf s]lGb|t eO{ ;~rf/dfWodn] Jofks ;xdlt ljsf; ug{ ;S5g\ t/ g]kfndf

eg] jf:tljstf cln leGg b]lvG5 . oxfF h;sf] kqsf/ jf ;Dkfbs;Fu

9 ;~rf/dfWodsf] e"ldsfaf/] lj:tf/df x]g'{xf];\ cGg] a;afO{ ;g\ !((^ …l/kf]6{ cg On]S;g se/]h js{;kÚ dfOldcf] km/ slG;lnP;g l/;f];]{h\ PG8 b l;P/f lncf]g P;f]l;P;g ckm hg{ln:6 ;g\ !((^ .

10 lj:t[t cWoogsf nflu …hg{lnhd PG8 slGˆnS6 l/hf]No';gÚ ldl8of l8e]nkdG6 $÷!((^ .

220

ljz]if ;DaGw 5, p;}nfO{ lj1sf] ¿kdf k|rf/ u/L :yflkt ug]{ k|rng 5 . lj1 x'gsf nflu ToxL ljifodf pRrlzIff xfl;n, uxg cWoog, cg';Gwfg / nfdf] ;do;Dd ;f]xL If]qdf sfo{/t x'g' k"j{;t{ x'g\ . t/, g]kfndf ldl8of /fhgLlts kf6L{n] ljz]if1 agfpg] k|rng 5 .

-Vf_ dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff

;z:q åGåsf] tTsfnLg c;/ dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf g} xf] . pNn+3gstf{n]

cfˆgf ck/fw n'sfpg] x'Fbf To:tf pNn+3gsf 36gfsf] cg'udg lgoldt

lgodg h?/L lyof] . :jtGq ;~rf/dfWodn]] dfq To:tf] cj:yfsf]

cg'udg u/L ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg ;S5 . dfgjclwsf/jfbL

;d'bfo / ;~rf/dfWodsf] ;xsfo{ cfdhgtfsf dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff ug{

k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 eGg] pRr åGåu|:t d'n'ssf cg'ejn] b]vfpF5g\ .

kqsf/ / dfgjclwsf/jfbL sfo{stf{nfO{ bIf agfpg] Pp6f pkfo kqsf/

k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd xf], h;n] dfgjclwsf/ /Iffsf ;jfn :yflkt u/fpg

;S5 .

-u_ åGå Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg

åGå ;fDo agfO{ ;dfwfgdf hfg / zflGt :yfkgf ug{ ;~rf/dfWod /

kqsf/n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ . kqsf/x¿n] rfx]sf]

v08df pgLx¿ ;z:q åGåsf ;Gbe{df k|of]ul;4 / ljZn]if0ffTds sfd

ug{ ;S5g\ . åGåaf6 k|efljt ;d'bfosf] cj:yf a'‰g], dfgjLo ;xfotf

k|bfg ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx¿n] åGå ;dfwfgsf k/Dk/fut tyf cGt/f{li6«o,

;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts k4lt a'‰g ;S5g\ . åGå ;dfwfg ug{

o'4/t kIfnfO{ ;sf/fTds bafa lbg] sfo{ klg pgLx¿n] lbg ;Sg] csf]{

7"nf] of]ubfg xf] .

;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/sf] cj}w Jofkf/ / lj:tf/df lgoldt lgu/fgL

/fVg], af?bL ;'?ªsf] k|efjaf/] ;r]tgf, s]xL If]qnfO{ …;}lgs lgif]lwt



221

If]qÚ jf …zflGt If]qÚ agfpg k}/jL ug]{, o'4/t kIfsf] lglxt cle?lr

pb\3fl6t ug]{h:tf s'/f kqsf/n] ug'{kg]{ kIf x'g\, h;n] åGå ;fDo kfg{

d2t k'¥ofpF5 .

;f/f+zdf, zflGt lgdf{0f / ;z:q åGå ;dfwfgdf ;~rf/dfWodn] lbg ;Sg] ;Defljt of]ubfg lgDg 5g\, oBlk, log} ;ayf]s eg] xf]Ogg\ M

zflGt;DaGwL ;~hfn tyf To:tf u7aGwgnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]

ljsNk tyf /f]8Dofk vf]Hg]

;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/ / af?bL ;'?ªsf k|efjaf/] ;r]tgf hfu[t ug]{

ljZjf; lgdf{0f, gful/s s"6gLlt / ;+jfb ;xhLs/0f u/fpg]

d]nldnfk tyf ;lxi0f'tf lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug]{

lgMz:qLs/0f tyf u}/kl/rfng, k'glg{df{0f, k'gaf{;, k'g;{dfof]hg / d]nldnfkdf of]ubfg lbg]

lx+;f cGTo ug]{ ;+oGqnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{

åGåaf6 k|efljt ;dfhdf zflGt ;+j]bgzLn ;r]tgf sfo{qmd rnfpg]

dfgjLo ;xfotfsf sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{

tYosf] cGj]if0f / l;+xfjnf]sg .

;xL ljz]if1 5gf]6 u/L plgx¿sf 1fg / ;Lksf] k|of]u u/fpg

;3fpg] .

%=&=% lgisif{

g]kfnsf] zflGt lgdf{0f / åGå ¿kfGt/0fdf zflGt;DaGwL ;a} stf{n] s]xL g

s]xL of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . oBlk, ltgsf] k|of;n] dfq åGåsf] ;dfwfg / zflGt :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g lsgls o;sf] k|d'v kfq eg]sf /fhgLlts zlQmx¿ / åGå/t kIf g} x'g\ .

222

;~rf/dfWod, gful/s ;dfh / wfld{s ;d"x;Fu dfgjclwsf/ /Iff, åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt lgdf{0fsf nflu k|r'/ an x'G5 eGg] ljZje/sf o'4sf] Oltxf;n] b]vfPsf] 5_ . uDeL/ ;z:q åGåsf a]nf dfgjclwsf/ /Iffsf nflu lgikIf ;~rf/dfWod, ;'b[9 ;+jfbbftf ;d"x / alnof] gful/s ;dy{g rflxG5 . t/, klg g]kfndf åGå ;dfwfg u/L zflGt k'g:yf{kgf ug{ oL If]qsf] e"ldsf ck]Iffs[t rflxF b]lvPsf] 5}g .

****


223

^=! kl/ro

;z:q åGåtfsf g]kfnn] ce"tk"j{ ;+s6 ef]Uof] . åGåsf] /fhgLlts ;dfwfg u/L nf]stGqnfO{ alnof] kfg{ nfluk/]sf k|d'v ;+j}wflgs zlQm, /fhf / /fhgLlts bnaLrsf] tgfj r/d r'nLdf k'Uof] . kl/0ffdtM /fhfn] nf]stflGqs l;4fGtnfO{ s'lNrP/ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] ckJofVof ub}{ ;}GozlQm cfˆgf] xftdf lnP . To;kl5 /fi6« ljeflht eof] . s'g} klg /fi6«sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts k|lqmof Jojl:yt kfg]{ ;}4flGts ¿kdf pRr dflgPsf] nf]stflGqs Joj:yf w/fzfoL eof] . ;fy} ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf nf]stflGqs ;+:yfx¿ kIf3ftn] ylnP . b]zdf cWofb]zdfkm{t zf;g rnfOof] .

cfk;L ;Ddfg, ;xcl:tTj / ;lxi0f'tf gi6 eP . :jtGq ;~rf/dfWodsf]

e"ldsf, jfs\:jtGqtf / zflGtk"0f{ ;zZq åGås} sf/0f cfGbf]ng ug{ kfpg] u/L @)$^ ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/dfly klg s}+rL nfUof] . åGå a9fpg] cf/f]k–k|Tof/f]k ug]{, csf]{ kIfnfO{ wDSofpg],

zlQm / ;|f]tsf] unt k|of]u ug]{ / cfTd/Iffsf cg}lts sbdx¿ a9] .

lgb{nLo /fhgLlts ;+:sf/ / l;4fGtaf6 lgb{]lzt km/s cjwf/0ff, ljrf/, zf;g k4lt / /fhgLlts nIo;fy df3 !( kl5sf] /fhfsf] tfgzfxL zlQmn] nf]stflGqs zlQmnfO{ 5]p nufO{ gofF sfo{ k4lt :yflkt u¥of] . kl/0ffdtM b]zsf] zlQm;DaGw ablnof] / ;z:q åGådf nl8/x]sf /fhgLlts

zlQmx¿ glhs eO{ /fhfsf] tfgfzfxLlj?4 n8\g k'u] .

nf]stflGqs g]t[Tjsf] c;kmntf / df3 !( kl5sf] b/afl/of zf;sx¿sf] …zflGtÚ / …nf]stGqÚk|ltsf] k"/} unt a'emfOsf sf/0f b]zsf] zlQm;DaGw

kl/R5]b

^

;z:q åGådf t];|f] kIfLo dWo:ytf

224

ablnof] / b]zdf ;+s6 r'lnof] . b/afl/of zlQmdf b]zdfly Psn zf;g ug]{ b'/fzodfq} lyof] . df3 !( sf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ gofF b/afl/of zlQmn] zflGteGbf nf]stGq km/s ePsf] dfGof] . To;n] ;+s6sfn nufP/, ;}Go d'7e]8 rsf{P/, /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf kqm]/ / ltgnfO{ gh/aGbdf /fv]/ tyf ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ lgoGq0f u/]/ zflGt k'g:yf{kgf ug{ rfXof] . b/afl/of zlStsf] ;f]rfOdf zflGtkl5 aNn nf]stGq cfpF5 eGg] lyof] . o;sf] pN6f], nf]stflGqs zlQmsf] ;f]rfOdf nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] cleGg c+u nf]stGq / zflGt x'g\, Pp6flagf csf]{ xfl;n ug}{ ;lsFb}g eGg] lyof] . of] zlQmn] ;~rf/dfWodsf] dxTj tyf jfs\:jtGqtf / zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ng ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf] e"ldsf a'em]sf] lyof] . ;z:q ljb|f]xnfO{ dfcf]jfbL;Fusf] jftf{nfO{ zfxL ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ¿kd} lt/:sf/ u¥of] . pN6f] p;n] xltof/ a'emfP/ dfkmL dfUg dfcf]jfbLnfO{ r]tfjgL lbof] .

@)$& df g]kfndf :yflkt nf]stGqn] /fd|f] ug{ ;S5 egL ax'bn jfbL zlQmx¿n] b]vfpg ;s]gg\ . oBlk, nf]stGqn] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ /fhgLlts clwsf/, :jtGqtf / v'nf ;dfhsf] cGt/lge{/tf b]vfpg] cj;/rflxF h'6fOlbPsf] lyof] . hgtf nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] lj:tfl/t ljZj;Fu ufFl;Psf lyP . jf:tjdf nf]stGq cfkm}+nfO{ ;'wfg]{ zf;g k4lt xf] . g/fd|f]

ug]{x¿nfO{ cfjflws ¿kdf x'g] r'gfjn] b08 lbG5 . ;a} s's[Tosf sf/0f

nf]stGq g} xf] eGg] /fhfjfbL / oyfl:yltjfbLx¿n] …k|hftGqsf] ljsNk k|hftGq g} xf]Ú eGg] bz{g cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]gg\ . oxL ljrf/ cfTd;ft u/L To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog u/]sf] eP cfwf ;+s6 To;} ;dfwfg x'g] 7fGg]

oyfl:yltjfbLx¿n] df3 !( kl5sf] /fhfsf] k|ToIf g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n]

dfcf]jfbL;Fusf ;a} jftf{ k"0f{ ¿kd} c:jLsf/ u¥of] . of] kl/R5]bn] g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL åGådf t];|f] kIfLo ;+nUgtfsf ;Defjgf / ;d:of klg s]nfPsf] 5 . jf:tljstfnfO{ gsf/]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg x'Fb}g, ljb|f]xLn]

xltof/ a'emfP/ cfTd;dk{0f ug{'kg]{ b/afl/ofx¿sf] egfO åGå ;dfwfg l9nf] u/fpg] /0fgLlt g} lyof] .



225

^=@ tTsfnLg rf/ bnLo u7aGwgsf zflGt k|of; M c:ki6tf tyf lj/f]wfefif

@)^) ebf} !) df o'4lj/fd e+u ePkl5 tTsfnLg ;/sf/ / ljb|f]xL

b'j}n] ;}lgsLs/0f tLj| agfP . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] tLj| cfnf]rgfsf

afah'b b'j} kIfn] lx+;fTds sf/afxL a9fP . ;+s6 ;DxfNg g;s]kl5

;Qf;Lg bn g]kfnL sf+u|];leq uDeL/ dte]b eP/ ;/sf/dfq 9n]g, kf6L{

g} ljeflht eof] . To;kl5 z]/axfb'/ b]pjf k|wfgdGqL r'lgP/ u7aGwg

;/sf/ lgdf{0f u/] . of] ;/sf/ rf/ k|d'v bnsf] cf8df ag]sf] lyof],

h;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;dy{g klg k|fKt lyof] . ;/sf/n] zflGt jftf{sf s]xL

k|of; klg u¥of] . p;n] zflGt ;lrjfnosf ;fy} pRr:t/Lo zflGt ;ldlt

klg agfof] t/ To;n] klg vf;} kl/0ffd Nofpg ;s]g .

zflGt–k|lqmof / jftf{ s;/L cufl8 a9fpg] eGg]df ;'?af6} ;/sf/ :ki6

lyPg . u7aGwgdf ;l/s bnn] klg zflGt jftf{ s;/L ;'? ug]{ eGg]df

;fj{hlgs ¿kd} tLj| dtleGgtf hfx]/ u/]sf lyP . o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ff

ug{ ;xofqL bnsf] lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ ljrf/ -h:t}M Pdfn]n] o'4lj/fd ug{

hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] eg] afFsL bnn] To;f] ug{ gx'g] ljrf/ /fv]sf lyP_

klg o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . zflGt :yfkgf ug{ u7aGwg ;/sf/x¿n]

k|fyldstfdf kf/]sf Ph]G8f km/s–km/s lyP . pgLx¿n] To:tf km/s–

km/s wf/0ff ;fj{hlgs ¿kd} /fv]sf lyP .

cy{ dGqfno ;Dxfn]sf] Pp6f pQ/bfoL bn Pdfn] cfkm}+n] u/]sf]

;fj{hlgs k|lta4tflj?4 ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] jflif{s ah]6df ;'/Iff vr{

a9fOlbof] . gful/s ;dfh, dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+u7g, /fhgLlts bnsf]

tLj| cfnf]rgf x'Fbfx'Fb} u7aGwg ;/sf/n] cft+ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds

ultljlw lgoGq0f tyf ;hfo cWofb]z hf/L u¥of] . tLg dfcf]jfbL

g]tflj?4 OG6/kf]ndfkm{t …/]8sg{/ gf]l6;Ú klg hf/L u¥of] .

226

o'4lj/fd ug'{kg]{ Pdfn]sf] cfu|x dfGg klg ;/sf/ tof/ lyPg . ;z:q

åGå;Fu h'Wg cfjZos kg]{ ;}Go ;fdu|Lsf nflu ;/sf/n] tLj| ¿kdf

s"6gLlts k|of; hf/L /fv]sf] lyof] . o:tf ;a} sfo{n] cljZjf; a9fpg'sf

;fy} zflGt jftf{sf] jftfj/0f klg sdhf]/ agfpFb} nu]sf] lyof] . Psflt/

;/sf/ / u7aGwg ;b:on] zflGt jftf{sf] ;'uf/6fO ul//x]sf lyP eg]

csf]{ kIfdf ltgsf] Jojxf/ / sfo{ -h:t}M cft+ssf/L tyf ljWj+zfTds

ultljlw lgoGq0f tyf ;hfo cWofb]z / o'4lj/fd gug]{ dfgl;stf_n]

zflGt jftf{sf] ;Defjgf emg} w/fzfoL agfpFb} lyof] .

zflGt ;ldltsf ;b:o -;/sf/df /x]sf u7aGwg bnsf k|ltlglw_nfO{ dGqL:t/Lo ;'ljwf lbg] ;/sf/L lg0f{on] ;~rf/dfWod, gful/s ;dfh / cfdhgtfaf6 uDeL/ cfnf]rgf v]Kof] . zflGt ;ldlt u7g ug]{ p2]Zo bnsf sfo{stf{nfO{ hflu/ lbg' lyof] eGg] ljrf/ JofKt eof] . a? o;n] dfcf]jfbLsf ;Defljt jftf{sf/lj?4sf] …/]8sg{/ 6\ofuÚ x6fpg] / jftf{sf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ o'4lj/fd ug]{ s'/f c:jLsf/ u/]sf] lyof] .

;+s6 lgjf/0f ug{ uDeL/ u[xsfo{ ug'{sf] ;f6f] /fHo sf]ifaf6 …;xfotfÚ -b;}+ af]g;_sf] ¿kdf bnsf sfo{stf{nfO{ k};f afF8\g} ;/sf/ Jo:t lyof] . kl/0ffdtM k|wfgdGqL /fxt sf]ifaf6 /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{stf{nfO{ …;xfotfÚsf] ¿kdf afF8]sf] k};faf/] b;}+sf] clGtdlt/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]

;/sf/;Fu :ki6Ls/0f dfu]sf] lyof] .1 o;k|sf/ zflGt jftf{ tyf åGå

;dfwfg ug]{ sfdk|lt b]pjf g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/ k"0f{ c;d~h; tyf lj/f]wfefifsf] l:yltdf lyof] .

;}Go andf ;/sf/sf] hf]8 / jftf{k|lt lat]sf ;/sf/sf sdhf]/ Ifdtf /

clwsf/sf sf/0f dfcf]jfbLn] ltgnfO{ ljZjf; u/]g . To;}n] pgLx¿ l;w} /fhf jf pgsf jf:tljs k|ltlglw;Fu s'/f ug{ rfx]sf] wf/0ff JoQm u/] . dfcf]jfbLn] zflGt jftf{ c:jLsf/ gu/]sf] eP klg xTof, lx+;f, ;fj{hlgs

;DklQ gi6 kfg]{ sfd hf/L /fv]sf] lyof] . ef/tsf] / dfcf]jfbLk|ltsf]

1 lb sf7dfG8' kf]:6, # gf]e]Da/ @))$



227

s8f /j}of2, gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn, cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo / cem, dfcf]jfbLsf] cfˆg} kf6L{leqsf] ;f+u7lgs / Joj:yfksLo hl6ntf -jftf{df hfg] ls ghfg] eGg] s'/fdf dfcf]jfbL g]tfaLrsf] tLj| dte]b, 7"nf] ;}Go ;+oGq rnfpg cfjZos k/]sf] oy]i6 ;|f]t–;fwgdf sdL, ef/tdf n'Sg ePsf] cK7\of/f]_ Tolta]nf xfjL lyof] .

df3 !( cl3 ;+j}wflgs zlQmaLr ePsf] zlQm ;+3if{ / tTsfnLg ;+s6 ;Daf]wg ug{] clgR5f jf cK7\of/f g} dgf]gLt ;/sf/sf sl7gfO lyP . of] cj:yf cem uDeL/ x'Fb} lyof] . ;/sf/sf lqmof / k|ltlqmof x]bf{ ;+j}wflgs zlQmsf] tTsfnLg hf]8–36fpn] ;+s6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;Snf eGg] ljZjf; ug{ lgs} sl7g lyof] . ltgn] cfkm}+nfO{ eg] ;w}+ ;+j}wflgs zlQm g} egL bfaL ul//x]sf lyP . oBlk, df3 !( kl5 of] cj:yfdf gf6sLo kl/jt{g cfof] / /fhf PlSnFb} uP / dfcf]jfbL / /fhgLlts bnx¿ glhlsg yfn] .

^=# ;+jfb g} ;xdltsf] cfwf/

nf]stGqdf ljZjf; /fVg] xf] eg] åGå;Fu 8/fpg' kb}{g lsgls åGånfO{ klg nf]stflGqs ¿kd} ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . nf]stflGqs ;dfhdf ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] cfwf/ g} åGå xf] egL ljVoft åGålj1 k|m]ª\slng 8Ø'S;

ts{ u5{g\ . /fhgLlts bnaLrsf] åGånfO{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf lnOP bnsf] ;+/rgf / g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{, Jofks /fhgLlts ;'wf/ ug{, gofF / GofozLn ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{, ax'bnLo nf]stGqnfO{ ;Ifd

agfO{ ljb|f]x ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsGYof] .

k'Tgfd -;g\ !((#_n] ;+jfb / /rgfTds ;+nUgtfsf] dxTTj / nf]stGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbG5g\ .

2 ef/tLo u'Ktr/, ;'/Iff lj1 / pRr k|x/L clws[tnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ef/tLo k|wfgdGqLn] @)^! sflQs @) df gofF lbNnLdf eg]sf lyP, æblIf0fkGyL cltjfbsf] ;fdgf ug'{ sfg'g tyf ;'Joj:yfsf] ;jfndfq} xf]Og, lx+;f lgoGq0f klg k|d'v ;jfn x'g'k5{ . g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL k|d'v zlQm eof] / p;n] ;Ldfkfl/sf blIf0fkGyL cltjfbL;Fu ;fF7ufF7 ug{ vf]lh/x]sf] 5 .Æ -lb sf7dfG8' kf]:6 ^ gf]e]Da/ @))$_ .

228

g]kfnsf] ev{/} k|fKt nf]stGqnfO{ ;an agfpg] xf] eg] ;a} /fhgLlts zlQmaLr /rgfTds ;+jfb ;'? ul/g'k5{ .

ljZjsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;df /fHonfO{ cfw'lgs, nf]stflGqs / ;dfj]zL /fi6«df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ljljw ljsNkx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf 5g\ . s]xL ljsNkx¿ andf cfwfl/t 5g\, h:t}M ank|of]u, lx+;fTds sfo{, o'4 jf afXo x:tIf]k . ;+jfb / Jojl:yt ;dfwfg eg] zflGtk"0f{ vfnsf 5g\ . ;xdtLo Joj:yfkgdf k'Ug] plrt pkfo ;+jfb g} xf] . b]zsf /fhgLlts stf{n] ltgs} zAbdf ;fdfGo k|lqmofdf /Qmkft cGTo ug{ rfx]sf x'g\ eg] To;sf] ljsNk ;+jfbdfkm{t x'g] ;xdtLo ;dfwfg g} xf] .

/rgfTds åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu auf]{km cg';Gwfg s]Gb| klg sdhf]/ /fi6«sf åGå ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ pkfo ;+jfb g} ePsf] dfG5 . To;}n] ;xdtLo ;dfwfgdf k'Ug] Pp6} pkfo ;+jfb xf] eGg] åGå/t kIfn] a'‰g' cfjZos 5 . lgoldt ;~rf/, JolQmut ;Dks{, /rgfTds ljdz{dfkm{t ;+jfbn] cfk;L ;xdlt lgDTofpF5 . o;n] ljBdfg dte]b tyf u'gf;f]dfly ljho k|fKt u5{ / ;femf cfwf/ vf]Hg d2t u5{ .

;+jfb k|lqmof lgDg r/0faf6 kf/ x'G5 M

!= ;Dks{ tyf k|ToIf -km]; 6' km];_ jftf{nfk

@= Pscsf{sf] dxTTj cg'e"lt ug]{ :jLsfg]{

#= cfk;L ;dembf/L

$= ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f

%= ljsNksf] vf]hL

^= Psfk;nfO{ kmfObf x'g] ljsNkdf ;fd"lxs sfd

&= jftf{k"j{sf tYo

*= ;xdtLo ;dfwfg

åGå uDeL/ ePsf] cj:yfdf of] k|lqmofdf t];|f] kIfLo ;xfotf -cGt/f{li6«o jf cfGtl/s_ cfjZos x'G5 . o;y{ cfk;L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{



229

pkfo ;+jfb g} xf] . åGåsf y'k|} cj:yfdf zflGt ¥ofnL, cfdkl/rfng, u}/afWosf/L s"6gLlt, sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg, uf]Ko a}7s / e|d0fh:tf /fhgLlts k|lqmof;Fu ;+jfb ;+of]lht ul/G5 -pk|]tL ;g\ @))$aL_ .

åGåsf] Pp6f /fhgLlts l;4fGtn] /fHo eGg' cl;ldt clwsf/;lxtsf hgtfsf] ;d"x xf] / cfˆg} cle?lr k|fKt ug{ ltgLx¿ ;dfg ;+/rgf;lxt cufl8 a9\5g\ eG5 . o;y{, cfˆg} clwsf/ k|lt/Iff ug{ tyf cle?lr k|fKt ug{ zlQmnfO{ j}w t'Nofpg vf]Hbf åGåfj:yf pTkGg x'G5 . zlQmnfO{ j}w t'NofpFbf åGå/t kIf /0fgLlts / ;+/rgfTds tf]8d/f]8df nfU5g\ . cfk;L ;xdltsf] ckJofVof u5{g\ . cfˆgf] zlQm tyf c¿sf] sdhf]/Lsf] cltzof]lQmk"0f{ aofg u5{g\ . jf, csf]{nfO{ Wj:t kfg{ cf/f]k nufpg] / cfqmd0f ug]{ klg u5{g\ . o:tf] cj:yf g]kfndf :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 .

;+jfbn] jftf{df ;+nUg g]tf jf cGosf] dgf]efj kl/jt{g u5{, Jojxf/sf] gofF / /rgfTds z}nL agfpF5, ;sf/fTds ;f]r ljsf; u/L Ifdtf lgdf{0f u5{ . cjwf/0ff, k4lt, k|:tfj, cEof;sf pkfo / ;|f]tsf ;jfndf ljljwtf NofpF5 . o;}u/L ljrf/ k'li6 ug]{ cj;/, ;Lldttf, afWotf, 8/efj k'li6 ug]{ pkfo ;/n / ;+oldt tl/sfn] ;'emfpF5 .

blIf0f clk|msL jftf{ k|lqmofdf Pkm8An"8L Snfs{n] h]ndf ePsf g]N;g

dG8]nf;Fu jftf{ ug]{ cys k|of; u/]sf lyP . dG8]nf;Fu pgn] w]/} k6s e]6] . jftf{ k|lqmof ;xh agfpg clk|msL Gof;gn sf+u|];sf g]tfn] /fv]sf] k|:tfj klg pgn] k"/f u/] . ;xdtLo ;dfwfgdf k'Ug] /fi6«klt 8L Snfs{sf]

o:tf] ;sf/fTds k|of; / g]N;g dG8]nfsf] bx|f] ;+sNkn] nf]stflGqs /

;d[4 blIf0f clk|msf lgdf{0f u¥of] . o;/L blIf0f clk|msL åGå ;dfwfgsf] k|:yfglaGb' jftf{ g} lyof] .

åGåsf d"n stf{x¿n] jf:tljs zflGt k|fKt ug]{ Pp6} pkfo jftf{ g}

xf] . oBlk, ;+jfb Pp6f qmda4 l;sfOsf] k|lqmof klg xf] . o;sf nflu ;xcl:tTj :jLsfg{ / ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ug{ åGå/t kIfnfO{ k"0f{ k|lta4tf / g}lts lhDd]jf/L cfjZos x'G5 . csf]{ kIfsf] cl:tTj gsf/] /rgfTds

230

;+jfb yfngL x'g} ;Sb}g . ;+jfb k|of;sf ;Lldttf klg x'G5g\ M Pp6f kIfn] csf]{nfO{ an k|of]u / lx+;fdfkm{t gsfg{ rfXof] eg] o; k|lqmofn] sfd ub}{g .

åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf] gful/s / ;}Go ;DaGwdf klg o'ufG8fsf] cg'ejn] jftf{ cjwf/0ffsf] ;kmn k|of]u b]vfpF5 . ;]gf -o'ufG8f lkk'N; l8km]G; kmf];{_ / gful/s ;dfhaLr ;xcl:tTj ljsf; ug{ ;g\ @))@ df ;dfj]zL jftf{ k|lqmof ;'? ePsf] lyof] . of] k|lqmofn] gful/sx¿af6 :ofaf;L kfof] / ;}lgsx¿ klg ;dfhsf] Ps c+u ePsf] tYo :yflkt u¥of] . kl/0fftM sDkfnfdf gful/s–;}Go ;DaGw sfof{no -l;len ldln6/L l/n];G; clkm;_ :yfkgf ug{ pgLx¿ ;xdt eP . o'ufG8fsf] ;xcl:tTj s]Gb|n] o;df pmhf{zLn e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] .3

cu{gfOh];g ckm lb cd]l/sg :6]6 -cf]PP;_n] klg åGå ¿kfGt/0f xfl;n ug{ jftf{ k|lqmofsf] ;kmn k|of]u, sfof{Gjog / lj:tf/ ug{'sf ;fy} ;+jfbdfkm{t zflGt k'g:yf{kgf ug{ alnof] vfn] ;/sf/–gful/s ;dfh u7aGwg agfPsf] lyof] .4 jftf{dfkm{t ;xdlt lgdf{0fdf Nofl6g cd]l/sL cg'ej / zflGt :yfkgf / åGå ;dfwfgdf cf]PP;sf] cg'ej -k]?, lgsf/fu'jf / Sof/]laog_n] klg ;+jfbn] ug{ ;Sg] sfd anfcfwfl/t z}nL -sf]Pl;{e ck|f]r_n] ug{ g;Sg] k'li6 u5{ . o"Pg8LkL Nofl6g cd]l/sL

ljefusf] /fhgLlts ;+jfb sfo{qmdn] klg zflGt :yfkgf / åGå lgjf/0fnfO{

;xhLs/0f u/]sf] lyof] . lgsf/fu'jfdf ;g\ !(() b]lv @))# ;Dd ul/Psf] zflGt lgdf{0f k|of; klg o:t} csf]{ pbfx/0f xf] .

cfTdljZjf; lgdf{0f ug{ tyf åGå Joj:yfkg / ¿kfGt/0f u/L g]kfnsf]

h:tf] /fli6«o /fhgLlts ;+s6 ;Daf]wg ug{ ;+jfb g} pQd nf]stflGqs l;4fGt ePsf] tYo y'k|} l;4fGt / pbfx/0fn] b]vfpF5g\ . nf]stflGqs

3 lj:t[t yfxf kfpg x]g'{xf];\M 8fonu l/kf]6{ ckm lb ;]G6/ km/ slGˆnS6 l/hf]No';g PG8 lb sf]PlSh:6]G; Olgl;ol6e, cS6'a/ ;g\ @))$ .

4 lj:t[t yfxf kfpg x]g'{xf];\, :k];n k|Uofd km/ lb k|df];g ckm 8fonu PG8 slGˆnS6 l/hf]No';g l/kf]6{, ;g\ @))$ .



231

cEof; alnof] agfpg / s'g} klg /fi6«n] ef]u]sf ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts ;d:of xn ug{ ;a} ;d"x / ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d]l6g] 7f]; ;dfj]zL k|lqmof h?/L x'g] s'/f Oltxf;n] k'li6 ul/;s]sf] 5 . åGå / ;+s6 Joj:yfkg ug{ ;sf/fTds ;f]r, ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f / ;xdlt lgdf{0f h?/L x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;+jfbn] ;a} yf]s lbnfpF5 .

^=$ t];|f] kIfLo dWo:ystf{sf] ¿kdf g]kfn M P]ltxfl;s cjwf/0ff

la|l6;–ef/t / rLg tyf rLg / /l;ofaLrsf] åGå ;dfwfgdf g]kfnn] dWo:ystf{sf] P]ltxfl;s e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] tYo 5 .5 g]kfn ;/sf/sf :yfoL k|ltlglw -Tolta]nf ;fdfGotof jlsnsf] ¿kdf lrlgPsf / clxn] /fhb"ta/fa/sf] x}l;ot /fVg]_ lhtaxfb'/ s];Ln] ;g\ !(!@–!$ df rLg / ltAataLrsf] åGådf dWo:ystf{sf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP . rLg / la|l6;–ef/taLr uDeL/ åGå lyof] . pgLx¿ cfkm}+n] To;nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;s]sf lyPgg\ . To;sf/0f s];Ln] dWo:ystf{sf] ¿kdf sfd u/L ltAataf6 lrlgofF ;]gf lkmtf{ u/fO{ ef/tdf /x]sf bnfO{ nfdfnfO{ k'g:yf{lkt u/fpg ;s]sf lyP . o;}u/L pgL la|l6;–ef/t / /l;ofaLr klg dWo:ystf{ ePsf lyP . af6f3f6f / k"jf{wf/ agfpg ?;Lx¿ ef/tLo

;Ldfglhs}sf] rLgdf cfPkl5 la|l6;–ef/tn] uDeL/ cfklQ k|s6 u¥of] . To;af6 uDeL/ åGå klg hlGdof] . s];Ln] oL b'O{ zlQmaLr dWo:ystf{ eO{ sfd u/]kl5 ?;Lx¿ lkmtf{ uPsf lyP . ef/tsf nflu la|6]gsf

tTsfnLg k|ltlglwn] klg s];Lsf] To:tf] Ifdtfsf] pRr k|z+;f u/]sf lyP .

^=% g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGådf t];|f] kIfLo dWo:ytf

t];|f] kIfLo dWo:ytfaf/] Pp6f :ki6 k|Zg 5– afXo ljsNkdf hfg'cl3 s] g]kfnn] ;a} cfGtl/s k|of; ul/;s]sf] lyof] < cfGtl/s ¿kdf ;xdltdf k'Ug /fhgLlts zlQm ;w}+ c;kmn ePsf x'gfn] åGå ;dfwfg ug{ g]kfnnfO{

afXo ;xof]u cfjZos k/]sf ts{x¿ kfOG5g\ .

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232

g]kfndf cy{k"0f{ jftf{sf nflu dfcf]jfbLn] afXo ;xhstf{ vf]lh/x]sf] o'4/t kIfsf b:tfj]h tyf ljrf/ ljZn]if0faf6 yfxf kfOGYof] . p;n] jftf{df t6:y cGt/f{li6«o zlQmsf] ;+nUgtf rfx]sf] eGg] /fi6«;+3sf] ;+nUgtfaf/] dfcf]jfbLsf] tTsfnLg /6fgaf6} klg yfxf kfOG5 . t/ klg Pp6f kIfrflxF s]df ljZjf; uy]{ eg] jftf{df /fi6«;+3sf] ;+nUgtf u/fpg vf]h]/ ltgn] cGt/f{li6«o klxrfg k|fKt ug{dfq vf]h]sf lyP . o;df ;Totf t lyof] g} t/ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf /fi6«;+3sf] ;+nUgtfn] ltgn] cGt/f{li6«o klxrfg kfP klg s'g} Iflt x'Fb}g lyof] lsgls pgLx¿ d"nk|jfxdf cfO;s]sf x'g ;Sy] . k|d'v s'/f ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] xf], dfcf]jfbLsf] klxrfgsf] xf]Og . o;afx]s, dfcf]jfbLn] cGt/f{li6«o klxrfg kfPkl5 cGt/f{li6«o Joj:yf dfGg / ;z:q åGånfO{ /fhgLlts ¿kdf ;dfwfg ug{ ltgLx¿ afWo x'g] klg lyP . g]kfnsf] ;/sf/ / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo;fd' t ltgn] zflGt jftf{sf] bf];|f] r/0fd} klxrfg kfO;s]sf lyP .

;xdtLo Joj:yfkgsf] stf{ sf] x'g ;Snf eGg] k|Zg oxfF dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . /fHon] rfx]sf] v08df ef/t, rLg, :SoflG8g]leog d'n's, l:j6\h/NofG8, /fi6«;+3, o'/f]k]nL o'lgog, cfO{;Lcf/;L, ;]G6/ km/ Xo'd]lg6]l/og 8fonu, sf6{/ ;]G6/, qmfOl;; Dofg]hd]G6 OlG:6Ro'6 ckm lkmgNofG8h:tf ;+:yf ;Defljt ;xhstf{sf ¿kdf pknAw x'g rfx]sf] b]lvGYof] . oBlk, s]xL k|Zgx¿ Tolta]nf ;zQm ¿kdf p7]sf lyP ltgLx¿dWo] s] o'4/t kIfn] t];|f] kIfLo stf{nfO{ :jLsfg{ ;xdt 5g\ t < o;sf df]8fln6L / :t/ s]–s] x'g\ < o;df PseGbf a9L ;+o'Qm ;+nUgtfsf] ;DefJotf 5 ls 5}g -ef/t / /fi6«;+3, /fi6«;+3 / o'/f]k]nL o'lgog jf o'/f]k]nL o'lgog / ef/t jf o:t} s]xL_ < stf{ x'g] ef/t / rLgsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;sf] ;Defjgf x'G5 ls x'Fb}g < åGå ;dfwfgdf /fi6«;+3;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug{ ef/t OR5's 5 ls 5}g < t];|f] kIfLo jftf{af/] 5nkmn x'Fbf oL k|Zg zzQm ¿kdf pkl:yt lyP . t/, kl5 /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 NofP/} 5f8] .

g]kfnnfO{ /fd|} p2]Zo;fy y'k|} låkIfLo /fi6«, cGt/;/sf/L / cGt/f{li6«o lgof]u tyf ;+:yfx¿n] ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . pgLx¿ ;+s6sf a]nf g]kfnnfO{ d2t ug{ rfxGy] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] g]kfn ljsf; d~rsf] a}7s -;g\



233

@))$ d] %–^_df klg g]kfnaf/] pgLx¿sf] :ki6 rf;f] b]lvPsf] lyof] . of] a}7sn] zflGt k'g:yf{kgf / nf]stflGqs ¿kdf lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ u7g ug]{af/] hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] . o;} kl/k|]Iodf ljZj Aof+s blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qsf pkfWoIf k|km'n k6]nn] eg]sf lyP, æul/aL Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt of]hgfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ xfdL k|lta4 5f}+ t/ g]kfndf zflGt–k|lqmof / nf]stflGqs k4lt :yflkt ePsf] eP of] d'n'sn] cem ;xof]u kfpg] lyof] .Æ6 of] cj:yfdf df3 !( kl5 t emg} ljs/fn l:ylt b]vfk¥of] .

åGåsf] k|sf/ x]l/sg cfGtl/s åGå ;'Nemfpg] afXo pkfodWo] tLg cGt/f{li6«o tl/sf lyP . klxnf] g/d pkfo– ;xof]u rflxPsf] /fi6«sf o'4/t kIf;Fu afXo stf{sf] /fhgLlts tyf s"6gLlts ;+nUgtf . bf];|f] pkfo– cGt/f{li6«o cbfnt tyf To;;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] pkof]u, h'g ;fdfGotof cfGtl/s åGådf dflgFb}g . t];|f] / cln s8f vfnsf] pkfo– /fi6«;+3Lo ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] :jLs[ltdf x'g] ;}Go zlQmåf/f ul/g] x:tIf]k jf zlQmzfnL /fi6«sf] hah{:tLk"0f{ x:tIf]k -pk|]tL ;g\ @))%aL_ . t/, g]kfnL kl/k|]Iodf afXo dWo:ytfsf] ax; klxnf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t lyof] . afXo jf cfGtl/s h:tf];'s} dWo:ytf eP klg o'4/t kIfn] cfˆgf /0fgLlt km]g{ vf]h]sf a]nf dWo:ytf k|efjsf/L g} x'G5 . lgDg cj:yfdf ltgn] dWo:ytf rfxG5g\ M

Psfk;nfO{ 7]; k'Ug] u/L ult/f]wdf k'Ug] cj:yf . lhTg g;lsg] cj:yf jf le8Gt ;Dej gePsf] b'j} kIfn] cg'ej ubf{ . csf]{ zAbdf /0fgLlts uTofj/f]w -:6«f6]lhs :6]nd]6_ ePsf] v08df .

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cTolws afXo bafa / ef}lts b/f/ pTkGg x'g ;Sg] hf]lvd cfPsf] v08df .

afXo dWo:ytfsf] cg'ej g]kfn;Fu 5 . xfd|f cfGtl/s åGådf ef/t k6s–k6s dWo:ystf{ ag]sf] 5 -h:t}M @))& sf] lbNnL ;Demf}tf,

6 lb sf7dfG8' kf]:6, z'qmaf/ & d] @))$ .

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^=^ dfcf]jfbLn] t];|f] kIfLo dWo:ytf lsg rfx]sf] lyof] <

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!= ;/sf/ / g]kfnL ;]gfk|lt ltgsf] cljZjf;, kfFr lsnf]ld6/df ;]gf ;Lldt x'g'kg]{ ;/sf/ jftf{ 6f]nLsf] ;xdltsf] ljjfb / bf]/Daf xTofsf08kl5 g]kfnL ;]gfk|lt p;sf] z+sf / j}w tyf t6:y cGt/f{li6«o zlQmaf6 ;'lglZrttfsf] rfxgf ;fob p;df lyof] .

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#= cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo / cfd hgtdfem cfkm" jftf{k|lt akmfbf/ /x]sf] b]vfpg klg x'g ;SYof] .

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235

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dxfdlxd,

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236

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o;afx]s xfd|f] bn / hgd'lQm ;]gfn] o'4lj/fd cjlwnfO{ lgofNbf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] o;sf] pNn+3g ub}{ bh{gf}+sf] xTof u¥of] . zflGt jftf{sf] t];|f] r/0ftfsf ;fpg

#@ df k"jL{g]kfnsf] /fd]5fksf] bf]/Dafdf !( hgf lgMz:q sfo{stf{ / cfdhgtfsf] g[z+; xTof u¥of] . k|ultzLn /fhgLlts lgsf;sf] dfWod gsf/L u}/nf]stflGqs

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;/sf/nufot zf;g/t /fhgLlts bnsf sfo{ tyf Jojxf/df ef/tLo

cle?lrsf] k|efj k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf b]lvG5 . t/, To;sf s]xL ckjfb klg lyP, h:t}M

!= ;g\ !(*( sf] Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg ;Demf}tf, /

@= ;g\ !(%) sf] lqkIfLo ;Demf}tf;DaGwL dgdf]xg clwsf/Lsf] g]t[Tjdf ag]sf] ;/sf/sf] kfnfdf g]skf -Pdfn]_sf] s8f c8fg .

;a}n] :jLsf/] klg g:jLsf/] klg– k|wfgdGqL, dGqL / cGo zlQmzfnL

kbdf clg ;/sf/ kl/jt{gdf ef/tLo k|efj a9\bf] lyof] . /fi6«;+3 jf cGo t6:y t];|f] kIfnfO{ dWo:ytfsf nflu k|of]u ug]{af/] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfgfsfgL / c:jLsf/ tTsfnLg k//fi6«dGqL e]ifaxfb'/ yfkfn] JoQm

238

u/]sf lyP . ;fj{hlgs ¿kd} pgn] 7"nf zlQmzfnL d'n'snfO{ Wofgdf g/fvL cfkm"x¿ /fi6«;+3 jf cGo t];|f] kIfLo dWo:ytfdf hfg g;Sg] pNn]v u/]sf lyP .

g]kfndf eO/x]sf ;z:q åGådf t];|f] kIf ;+nUg ePsf] ef/tn] b]Vg rfxFb}gYof] . a? ef/t cfkm"nfO{ If]qLo zlQm dfGb} blIf0f Pl;ofsf ;a} ;jfn cfkm}+n] ;'Nemfpg rfx]sf] lyof] . cfˆg} /fHosf y'k|} e"efudf dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xsf] a9\bf] lj:tf/ klg p;sf nflu 6fpsf]b'vfOsf] ljifo lyof] . g]kfnL dfcf]jfbLsf] ;kmntfaf6 ef/tLo dfcf]jfbL pT;flxt x'g ;Sy] . s]xL ljZn]ifssf cg';f/ ef/tn] cfkm";Fu ;w}+ e/ kg]{ …sdhf]/ g]kfnÚ rfxG5, tfls p;n] lgoGq0f ug{ ;sf];\ / g]kfnsf] hn;|f]tdf df]ntf]n klg ug{ ;sf];\ .

;z:q åGåsf] ax;df t'ngfTds ¿kdf rLg sd ;lqmo lyof] . oBlk, ;z:q åGå g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s ;d:of ePsfn] g]kfn cfkm+}n] ;'Nemfpg ;Sg] ljrf/ rLgn] af/Daf/ /fVg] uYof]{ . o;n] klg cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw :jLsfg]{af/] rLgsf] clgR5f b]vfpFYof] . g]kfnL /fhgLltdf ef/tLo / lrlgofF :jfy{sf lglxt sf/0fx¿ klg lyP . ltAatL ;jfnaf/] rLgn] lgs} rf;f] /fVYof] / ltAatL :jtGqtfaf/] oxfF s'g} klg ax; / 5nkmn gxf];\ eGg] rfxGYof] . o;sf/0f g]kfnL ;z:q åGåsf] cGt/f{li6«o dWo:ytfaf/]

lrlgofF ljZn]if0f ltAatL ;jfndf s]lGb|t lyof] .

g]kfnL åGåsf] cGt/f{li6«o dWo:ytfaf/] rLgsf] csf]{ kIf p;sf] ;'/Iff;Fu s]lGb|t lyof] . ljz]iftM låkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;'/Iff an zflGt :yfkgf

ld;g;lxt c;kmn /fi6«nfO{ d2t ug{ cfpg] cj:yfdf rLg lgs} ;ts{

b]lvGYof] . tL /fi6«sf] cfGtl/s gLlt afXo zlQmn] cfˆg} cle?lrcGtu{t lgdf{0f u5{g\ eGg] c;kmn elgPsf /fi6«sf k|df0fn] b]vfpF5g\ . rLgn] cGt/f{li6«o ;+nUgtfnfO{ ;dy{g gug'{sf] csf]{ ;Defljt sf/0f of] klg x'g ;SYof] . yk sf/0f, rLgn] sf7df8f}+df :yfoL / zlQmzfnL zf;s

rfxGYof] . t;y{ cGt/f{li6«o dWo:ystf{nfO{ ;+nUg u/fP/ p;n] /fhfsf]



239

:yfg sdhf]/ t'Nofpg rfxGgYof] -dWo:ytf k|lqmofdf /fhfn] cGo y'k|} zlQm / cj:yf;Fu ;xdlt ug'{kg]{ klg x'g ;SYof]_ .9

o'4 nDAofP/ Jofj;flos kmfObf xfl;n ug{ ;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/sf] Jofkf/df ;w}+h;f] cb[Zo zlQm ;fd]n x'Gy] . o'4 nDAofpg ;/sf/ jf lg0f{ostf{nfO{ k|efj kf/]/ xltof/ Jofkf/Laf6 sld;g lng' ltgsf] /0fgLlt lyof] . o:tf cb[Zo t/ k|efjzfnL zlQmn] ;/sf/sf k|d'v stf{aLr alnof] k|efj /fv]sf] dflgGYof] . cg'ejL ljz]if1 / :jtGq dWo:ystf{x¿ jftf{ k|lqmofdf ;+nUg eP To:tf zlQmsf] cle?lrnfO{ To;n] k|efj kfYof]{ . To;}n] ;/sf/L stf{n] t];|f] kIfLo dWo:ytf c:jLsf/ uy]{ .

^=* g]kfnL ;z:q åGådf t];|f] kIfLo dWo:ytfsf ;Defjgf / ;Lldttf

g]kfnsf] åGådf y'k|} afXo stf{x¿n] ;xof]u ug{ rfx]sf lyP . o'4/t kIf -dfcf]jfbL / ;/sf/_n] rfx]sf] v08df låkIfLo, u}/;/sf/L / cGt/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ g]kfnnfO{ ;xfotf ug{ cu|;/ lyP . jftf{ ;xh agfpg jftf{sf ^ r/0fdf ;lqmotfk"j{s nfu]sf ;xhstf{ kb\d/Tg t'nfw/n] eg]cg';f/ y'k|} d'n's / ;+u7gsf k|ltlglwn] pgnfO{ e]6]/ b'j} kIfn] rfx]sf] v08df cfkm"x¿ ;xof]u ug{ tof/ /x]sf] atfpg] uy]{ . dWo:ytf k|lqmofdf ;+nUg

x'g rfx]sf ;Defljt s]xL t];|f] kIf stf{x¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

^=*=! låkIfLo dWo:ystf{

rflxPsf] v08df gj]{, lkmgNofG8 / l:j6\h/NofG8n] g]kfnnfO{ d2t

ug{ ?lr /fv]sf lyP . lat]sf lbgsf pgLx¿sf k|ToIf / ck|ToIf cleJolQmaf6 o:tf] a'lemPsf] lyof] . ;fy} klxn] klg ltg}n] dxTjk"0f{

e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/;s]sf lyP . pgLx¿;Fu cg'ej / ;Defjgf klg

9 jftf{ k|lqmofdf cGt/f{li6«o dWo:ystf{ ;++nUg ePsf] eP pgLx¿n] ;fdfGotof cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf, cEof; / dfkb08 dfGy] . kl/0ffdtM /fhfsf] zlQmnfO{ cg's"n gx'g] s]xL cj:yf ;/sf/n] :jLsfg'{kg]{ x'g ;SYof] .

240

lyof] lsgls pgLx¿n] t'ngfTds ¿kdf cfˆgf] t6:ytf klg sfod /fv]sf lyP . b'j} kIfaf6 x'g] pgLx¿sf] :jLs[lt ;}4flGts ¿kdf klg pRr x'g'kYof]{ . g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljb|f]xLn] cfu|x u/]sf] v08df cl:6«of / 8]gdfs{ klg csf]{ ;Defjgf x'g ;Sy] . tL /fi6«;Fu åGådf sfd u/]sf] ljZjJofkL cg'ej klg lyof] . oBlk, ltgsf] /fhgLlts k|efj eg] ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf g]kfndf sdhf]/ lyof] .

b'j} kIfn] rfx]sf] v08df /0fgLlts ¿kdf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / ef/t klg b]lvg] u/L g} k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;lqmo x'g ;Sy] . dfcf]jfbL;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGwsf] gePsfn] cd]l/sL dWo:ytfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] :jLsfg]{ ;Defjgf Tolt w]/} lyPg .10 g]kfndf åGå rln/xFbf o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] cjwf/0ffk|lt cd]l/sfn] anfwfl/t -sf]Pl;{e_ gLlt lnGYof] . p;n] ;}lgs zlQmdfkm{t dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k/f:t ug{ rfx]sf] lyof] / ;}lgs ;xfotf lbP/ anfwfl/t ;}Go cjwf/0ffnfO{ cd]l/sfn] alnof] agfpFb} klg nu]sf] lyof] . cd]l/sfn] o:tf] gLlt lng'df s]xL sf/0f 5g\ M

!= j}rfl/s M p;n] sDo'lg:6 lj:tf/ ePsf] b]Vg rfxFb}g -ljz]iftM qmflGtsf/L sDo'lg:6_ .

@= cft+sjfb;Fu hf]l8Psf] 8/ M cft+ssf/L lqmofsnfkk|lt cd]l/sf cToGt} ;+j]bgzLn 5 . ;fy} cd]l/sL k|zf;gn] dfcf]jfbLnfO{

cn sfobf, ca' ;}ofkm / n]agfgsf] x]ha'Nnfx;dfg dfg]sf]

lyof] . g]kfnsf] u[xo'4n] o; d'n'snfO{ …c;kmn /fi6«Ú agfP/ cGt/f{li6«o cft+sjfbsf] ynf] agfpg] lgisif{ cd]l/sfsf] lyof] .

o;y{ p;n] cn sfobfnfO{ h:t} g]kfnL dfcf]jfbLnfO{ klg …

cft+sjfbL ;"rLÚdf /fv]sf] lyof] .

10 g]kfndf cd]l/sL ;+nUgtfnfO{ pNn]v ub}{ OG6/x]dl:kmol/s l/;f];{ ;]G6/ -cfO{cf/;L, www.irc-online.org / OlG:6Ro'6 km/ kln;L :6l8h\ -cfOlkP;, www.ips-dc.org_sf] ;+o'Qm kl/of]hgfdf k|sflzt km/]g kf]ln;L Og kmf]s; -PkmlkcfOPkm_n] pNn]v u5{, ærLg -ltAat_ / ef/t;Fu g]kfnsf] ;Ldf ufFl;Psf] 5 . b'j}n] ljz]iftM /fhfjfbL zlQmnfO{ ;dy{g u5{g\ t/ b'j} d'n's a9\bf] cd]l/sL ;+nUgtf;Fu c;Gt'i6 klg 5g\ .Æ(http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2004/0402nepal.

html) .



241

#= g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;}Go ;|f]t k|bfg u/]/ p;n] cfˆgf] k|efj klg km}nfpg rfx]sf] lyof] .

$= g]kfn, ef/t / rLgsf] aLrdf / kfls:tfgglhs} -hxfF cd]l/sfsf] 7"nf] /0fgLlts cle?lr 5_ 5 . To;}n] g]kfnk|lt cd]l/sfsf] ef}uf]lns–/0fgLlts cle?lr 5 .

^=*=@ cGt/;/sf/L dWo:ystf{

ljZjel/ åGå dWo:ytf, zflGt lgdf{0f / zflGt :yfkgfdf ;+nUgdWo] lgs} lqmofzLn ;+:yf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 xf] . g]kfndf /fi6«;+3sf] ;+nUgtfaf/] oxfF Jofks rrf{ x'g'sf ;fy} ljZjsf ljleGg e"efudf zflGt :yfkgfdf p;n] u/]sf] k|of;sf] pNn]Vo k|z+;f klg ePsf] lyof] . of] kl/k|]Iodf /fi6«;+3sf k"j{dxf;lrj sf]kmL cGgfgsf] egfO ;Demg' ;fGble{s x'G5, ædfgjLotfdf g/fd|f] c;/;lxt dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gf hf/L /x]sf] cj:yfdf ljZj 6f9f /xg ;Sb}g .Æ11 oBlk, jftf{ k|lqmofdf /fi6«;+3nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg b'j} kIfsf] ;xdlt h?/L lyof] . SofDaf]l8of, Dofgdf/, k"jL{l6df]/h:tf y'k|} d'n'sdf /fi6«;+3 ;+nUg eO;s]sf] lyof] . s'g} klg dWo:ytfdf /fi6«;+3sf] ;+nUgtf zflGt–k|lqmofk|lt :yflkt ;femf dfkb08,

l;4fGt / k|lta4tfdf cfwfl/t x'Gf] bfaL ub{Yof] . g]kfnsf] zflGt–k|lqmofdf klg /fi6«;+3sf] clek|fo log} l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 eGg] dflgGYof] .12

g]kfnn] afXo dWo:ytf rfx]sf] v08df /fi6«;+3 g} pQd pkfo x'g] dflgPsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] lau|Fbf] cj:yfk|lt /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrj lrlGtt eP/ w]/} k6s d2t ug]{ rfxgf JoQm u/]sf lyP . cGttM gful/s

;dfh, g]kfnL s"6gLlt1 tyf af}l4s ju{, k|d'v /fhgLlts bn -Pdfn],

sf+u|]; / cGo_;lxt dfcf]jfbL klg /fi6«;+3nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg]af/] ;xdt lyof] . /fi6«;+3 cfkm}+n] klg cj:yfsf] lgoldt d"Nof+sg / ;DefJotf

11 sf]kmL cGgfg "The Concept of Sovereignty" , The Economist 10 September 1999 k[=$( .12 lj:t[t yfxf kfpg x]g'{xf];\, pk|]tL, lji0f'/fh -lj=;+ @)^)_ lsg rflxG5 g]kfndf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]

;+nUgtf < g]kfn kflIfs, !–!% sflQs, c+s % .

242

cWoog ul//x]sf] lyof] . p;sf] /fhgLlts ljefuaf6 :ofd'Pn tfd|f6 / dxf;lrjsf jl/i7 ;Nnfxsf/ nSb/ a|flxdLsf] e|d0f /fi6«;+3sf] cle?lrsf] k|df0f lyof] .

g]kfnL åGåsf] csf]{ ;Defljt dWo:ystf{ o'/f]k]nL o'lgog klg lyof] . g]kfnn] rfx]sf] v08df p;n] d2t ug]{ k|:tfj klg u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnnfO{ d2t ug]{af/] o'/f]k]nL ;+;b\n] klg k|:tfj kf; u/]sf] lyof] . o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿ åGå ;dfwfg / åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0fdf ;+nUg lyP . ljZjsf ljleGg e"efuaf6 pgLx¿n] xfl;n u/]sf cg'ej / ljz]if1tf g]kfnsf nflu d2tsf/L x'g ;S5g\ eGg] dfGotf klg lyof] . o;y{ csf]{ pQd ljsNk o'/f]k]nL o'lgog klg x'g ;SYof] .

^=*=# cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L dWo:ystf{

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf -u};;_x¿n] åGåu|:t d'n'sdf jftf{sf] jftfj/0f agfpg jftf{k"j{sf lgdf{0fdf dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ -vGgf / s'Ps ;g\ @))#_ . cfO{;Lcf/;L, PDg]:6L OG6/g];gn, ;]G6/ km/ Xo'd]lg6]l/Pg 8fonu, sf6{/ ;]G6/ cflb u};;x¿;Fu cGt/f{li6«o tyf cfGtl/s åGå dWo:ytfsf] cg'ej / 1fg lyof] -lSnd]G6\; / jf8{ ;g\ !(($_ . ;z:q åGå ;dfwfgdf o'4/t kIfn] cg'/f]w u/]sf] v08df oL ;+:yfn] g]kfnnfO{

d2t ug{ ;Sy] .

8f]ldlgsg l/klAns, kfgfdf, lgsf/fu'jf, Olyof]lkofh:tf åGåu|:t d'n'sdf lgjf{rg u/fPsf] cg'ej sf6{/ ;]G6/;Fu lyof] . Olyof]lkofdf of] ;+:yfn]

;xh jftfj/0f agfPkl5 ;/sf/ / b'O{j6f qmflGtsf/L ;d"x -6fOul/of

/ Pl/l6«og_ zflGt jftf{df a:g ;xdt ePsf lyP . g]kfnL ;z:q åGådf sf6{/ ;]G6/sf] dWo:ytfn] ;fob cd]l/sfn] dfcf]jfbLk|lt ckgfPsf] d'7e]8sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ sd ug{ jf t6:y u/fpg ;SYof] .

jftf{df dfgjLotfsf ;jfndf sfd ug{ cfO{;Lcf/;L;Fu /fd|f] cg'ej 5 eg] PDg]:6L OG6/g];gnn] klg dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf To:t} sfd u/]sf] 5 -vGgf / s'Ps ;g\ @))#_ . kB/Tg t'nfw/sf cg';f/ ;]G6/ km/



243

Xo'd]lg6]l/og 8fonun] klg ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLn] rfx]sf] v08df jftf{ k|lqmofdf d2t ug]{ OR5f b]vfPsf] lyof] .

åGå ;dfwfgdf t];|f] kIfsf] ;+nUgtfdf kmfObf / a]kmfObf b'j} x'G5g\ . klxnf] s'/f– åGå;Fu h'Wg pgLx¿;Fu 7"nf] cg'ej x'G5 . bf];|f]– pgLx¿ ;lhnf] kx'Frdf x'G5g\ . t];|f]– s]xL u};;n] jftf{ k|lqmofdf ;xhLs/0fsf nflu d2t ug]{ ulx/f] rfx JoQm ul/;s]sf lyP . oBlk, ltgsf sdhf]/L o;k|sf/ 5g\ M bafa l;h{gf ug{ / ;xdlt ul/Psf Ph]G8f sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fgf] /fhgLlts k|efj, cGo låkIfLo d'n'ssf] t'ngfdf åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / k'gaf{;sf nflu ;|f]tsf] cefj .

^=( cGo d'n'sdf ePsf t];|f] kIfLo dWo:ytfsf s]xL cg'ej

cfGtl/s åGåsf] afXo dWo:ytfdf ljZjJofkL ¿kd} ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds cg'ej tyf ts{x¿ 5g\ . gs/fTds ts{cg';f/ cfGtl/s åGådf dWo:ytf ug{ lgs} hl6n x'G5 . afXo ;+nUgtfn] /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf pNn+3g u5{, ljb|f]xLsf] sfo{nfO{ j}wtf k|bfg u5{, åGåfj:yfaf/] afXostf{df 1fg / ;Lksf] cefjdfq geP/ dWo:ytf ug]{ j}w sfo{;"rL klg x'Fb}g .

afXo ;+nUgtfnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{x¿ d'Vou/L dfgjclwsf/ / dfgjLotfsf] w/ftndf c8]sf lyP lsgls dfgjclwsf/sf] ;jfn Pp6f /fi6«eGbf k/ uO{ ljZjJofkL eO;s]sf] 5 . o'4/t kIfsf] ;xdltcg';f/sf] afXo ;+nUgtfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;dy{g u5{ . To;nfO{ ;dy{gsf ;fy} j}w t'NofpFb} ;kmntfsf] ;Defjgf klg a9fOlbG5 . jftf{df afXo dWo:ystf{ ;+nUg eP klg of] k|lqmofn] /fli6«o lj1sf] ;+nUgtf ;'lglZrt u/fpg'kg]{ s'/fdf eg] of] ;d"xn] klg hf]8 lbG5 lsgls o;n] afXo ljz]if1df x'g] 1fg / :yfgLo cg'ejaLr ;]t'sf] sfd ug{ ;sf];\ .

åGådf sfd ubf{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] pkof]u ug]{ Pp6f /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf /Iff s"6gLlt k|of]u ul/G5 . oBlk, åGå /f]Sg of] pkfosf] kl/0ffd ;w}+ ;Gtf]ifhgs x'Fb}g -dWok"j{, blIf0f Pl;of / clk|msfsf] pbfx/0f lng ;lsG5_ -qm's/ ;g\ !((^_ . ;dsfnLg åGå ;dfwfgdf ;fdfGotof

244

b'O{ lsl;dsf cGt/f{li6«o ;+nUgtf b]lvPsf] 5M -c_ åGå/t kIfaLr dWo:ytfsf] ¿kdf, / -cf_ O/fs / ckmuflg:tfgdf h:tf] hah{:t x:tIf]k . tyflk b'j} lsl;dsf ;+nUgtf dfgjclwsf/ / dfgjLotfsf cfwf/df x'G5g\ eGg] bfjL . /Qmkft cGTo ug]{ cNksfnLg nIo / bL3{sfnLg ¿kd} åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ nIo /x]sf] bfaL ul/G5 .

åGåu|:t d'n'sdf x'g] ;}Gos]lGb|t tyf u}/;}lgs ;dfwfgd"ns cjwf/0ff g} afXo ;+nUgtfsf ;fdfGo :j¿k x'g\ . cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldfdf :yfgLo åGån] Jofks c;/ ug]{ a9L ;Defjgf /xG5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;+nUgtfaf6 k"0f{ ¿kdf aflx/ a:g vf]Hg' c;Dej x'G5 . rf;f]sf s'/f eg]sf ;+nUgtfsf] :t/ -jftf{ k|lqmofsf nflu jftfj/0f agfpg cfjZos ;Lldt vfnsf] jf jftf{df ;fd]n k|d'v stf{sf] ¿kdf lg0f{o nfb\g]_ / ;dofjlw -slxn] ;dy{g ug]{ slxn] gug]{÷cg ckm ;kf]6{_ jf nuftf/sf] ;+nUgtf_sf ;fy} To;kl5 cfpg] kl/0ffd g} x'g\ . g]kfndf cgldg leq\ofpFbf oxL dfGotfsf cfwf/df p;sf] e"ldsf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

xfn;Dd s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] zlQm /fi6«x¿sf] /0fgLlts :jfy{ / dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g g} cGt/f{li6«o ;+nUgtfsf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] dfgjLotf / g/;+xf/lj?4sf] ck/fw ljz]iftM :jLsfb}{gg\ . oBlk, s'g cGt/f{li6«ostf{ ;+nUg ePsf] 5, To; cfwf/df of] ;jfn e/ k5{ .

åGå/t kIfn] hah{:t afXo x:tIf]k grfx]sf] v08df ltgn] hgtfsf]

cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/ / nf]stflGqs dfGotfsf] ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ -q'ms/ ;g\ !((^_ .

afXo ;+nUgtfdf 6«Øfs !, 6«Øfs @ / 6«Øfs # cjwf/0ff x'G5g\ .

6«Øfs ! cjwf/0ff ;/sf/L cf}krfl/s / cln uf]Ko ;+nUgtf x'G5 eg] 6«Øfs @ df cw{;/sf/L k|of;x¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . To;}u/L 6«Øfs # sf] cjwf/0ffdf gful/sx¿sf] kxnnufotsf a9L cgf}krfl/s, cln

v'nf / u}/;/sf/L :t/sf a[xQ/ kxnx¿ x'G5g\ / zflGt–k|lqmofdf ;Da4 ;a}sf] ;f]Rg] z}nL kl/jt{g u/fpg] k|of;;fy ;a}nfO{ ;3fpg] p2]Zo



245

/fV5g\ -dfn] ;g\ !(($_ . o;sf/0f 6«Øfs @ / # n] ;xh u/fPsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf/L k|lqmofn] zlQm /fhgLltsf] ;f6f] ;zQmLs/0fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;sf] Ph]G8fdf /0fgLlts cle?lr / alxis/0fo'Qm tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds efjgfsf] ;f6f] dfgjsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf, ;xof]uL / ;dfj]zL k|lqmof ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .

;f]dflnofdf nfOkm PG8 lk; OlG;6Ro'6 ckm l:j8]gn] …a'?df k|;];Ú ;'? u/]sf] lyof], h;df :yfgLo g]tfnufot ljleGg If]qsf dflg;nfO{ zflGt–k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg] k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f]dflnofsf] åGå ;dfwfgdf o;sf] Jofks c;/ lyof] . nf]stflGqs ;+qmd0fsfnnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;f]dflnofdf oxL k|lqmof bf]xf]¥ofOPsf] lyof] .

hf6{Dofg / 6f}en -;g\ !((^_ n] ljleGg d'n'sdf cfGtl/s åGå dWo:ytf ug{ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfsf] pbfx/0f lbFb} ts{ u5{g\ ls zlQmzfnL /fi6«n] cfˆgf] k|efj lj:tf/ ug{ /IffTds jf cfqmfds cle?lrsf] sf/0f dWo:ytf rfxgf /fV5g\ . zlQmzfnL /fi6«x¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cfˆgf] ljb]z gLltsf] xltof/ k|of]u ug{ sd zlQmzfnL d'n's df dWo:ytf ug{ cft'/ /xG5g\ . oBlk, o:tf] ;+nUgtf zlQmzfnL /fi6«sf] :jfy{s]lGb|t x'g] x'Fbf t6:y / yf]/}dfq zlQms]lGb|t /fi6«sf] ;+nUgtf ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf kmfObfsf/L x'G5 .

cfGtl/s åGå dWo:ytfdf afXo ;+nUgtfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ljZjel/ kfFr lsl;dsf ;+nUgtf b]lvPsf 5g\ . tL o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

cGt/;/sf/L ;+u7g -h:t}M /fi6«;+3, o'/f]k]nL o'lgog, cfl;ofg, clk|msL o'lgog cflb_ .

zlQmzfnL /fi6«x¿, l5d]sL k|efjzfnL /fi6«x¿ -h:t}M ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / klxn]sf] ;f]leot ;+3 a]nfot, ef/t, rLg cflb_

dWo:ytfdf rrf{ sdfPsf t6:y d'n'sx¿ -gj]{, l:j6\h/NofG8,

lkmgNofG8 cflb_ .

246

l5d]sL /fi6«x¿ -h:t}M >Ln+sfdf ef/tsf] ;+nUgtf / y'k|} l5d]sL /fi6«df blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+nUgtf_ .

:jtGq u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ -h:t}M cfO{;Lcf/;L, ;]G6/ km/ Xo'd]lg6]l/og 8fonu_ .

oL kfFrdWo] åGådf dWo:ytfdf nfu]sf h'g;'s} ;+u7g eP klg ltgn] :yfgLo ;+u7gx¿;Fu glhs eO{ sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

cfˆgf] sfo{If]q, k|s[lt, cg'ej / ljZj;gLotfsf] sf/0f åGå dWo:ytfdf ljZjel/ lrlgPsf] ;+:yf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 xf] . P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf eGbf ljZjsf] åGå ;dfwfg u/L zflGt k'g:yf{kgf ug{ /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] eP klg o;n] ldl>t kl/0ffddfq xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . h:t}M ckmuflg:tfgdf /fi6«;+3sf] s"6gLlts sfof{no -u'8 clkm;_ :yfkgfn] ;f]leot zlQmnfO{ lkmtf{ k7fpg ;kmn t eof] t/ ckmufgL u'6–pku'6aLrsf] cfGtl/s åGå ;dfwfgdf ;kmn ePg .

dWo:ytf sfo{df /fi6«;+3 ;kmn ePsf] pbfx/0f gfldlaofdf k"j{pklgj]znfO{ :jtGq agfPsf] / SofDaf]l8ofdf r'gfj u/fpg' xf] . SofDaf]l8ofdf /fi6«;+3sf] dWo:ytfn] ;z:q åGå cGTo u/L d'n'snfO{ nf]stflGqs

af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg d2t u¥of] . ;g\ !((! cS6f]a/ @# sf] …k]l/; sGkm/]G; Og SofDaf]l8ofÚn] …k]l/; Ps8{Ú cyf{t …slDk|x]lG;e kf]lnl6sn ;]6nd]G6

ckm b sDaf]l8og slGˆNS6Úåf/f åGå ;dfwfgdf of]ubfg u¥of] . o;n]

rf/ bnnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf NofP/ sDaf]l8og ;'lk|d g];gn sfplG;nsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;3fof] . ;/sf/ lgdf{0f gx'Fbf;Dd ToxfFsf] k|zf;g cf+lzs ¿kdf /fi6«;+3sf] ;lqmotf / g]t[Tj rn]]sf] lyof] . To; ;xdltdf !( j6f /fi6«

/ SofDaf]l8ofnL ljleGg kIfx¿ af6 !@ ;b:on] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP .

o"Pg 6«flGh;gn cyl/6L ckm sDaf]l8of -o"Pg6LP;L_n] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fPsf] lyof] . lgikIf / :jtGq lgjf{rg u/fpg o"Pg6LP;Ln] ljb|f]xL u'6nfO{ lgMz:qLs/0f tyf lj3l6t klg u/fof] . /fi6«;+3 ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf ;a} kfFr :yfoL ;b:o;lxt k]l/; ;Dd]ngsf ;xefuLn] SofDaf]l8ofsf s'g}



247

klg u'6nfO{ ;z:q xltof/ cfk"lt{ gug]{ ;xdlt u/]sf lyP . o"Pg6LP;Ln] lgDg sfo{ ug]{ ePsf] lyof] M

!@) ;b:osf nflu lgikIf / :jtGq ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg

;+ljwfg;efn] tLg dlxgfleqdf ;+ljwfg agfpg]

z/0ffyL{sf] 3/ lkmtL{

SofDaf]l8ofsf] k'glg{df{0f / d]nldnfksf nflu cfly{s / ljQLo ;xof]usf sfo{qmd

zflGt :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf lgdf{0f

ljb]zL zlQm / ljb]zL ;}Go ;xfotfdf /f]s

;}Go zlQm &) k|ltztn] s6f}tL ug]{

SofDaf]l8ofnL hgtfsf] dfgjclwsf/ ;'/lIft u/fO{ zflGt / :yfloTjsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f .

o;k|sf/ /fi6«;+3n] SofDaf]l8ofnfO{ nf]stGqsf] af6f]df lxF8fP/ Ro"t u/fOPsf /fhs'df/ g/f]2d l;+xfg'snfO{ /fHosf] k|d'vsf ¿kdf k'g:yf{lkt ug{ ;3fPsf] lyof] .

;g\ !(&$ af6 sfl:d/ åGå ;'? ePkl5 /fi6«;+3n] b'O{ k6s;Dd o'4lj/fd u/fPsf] lyof] . t/, ef/t / kfls:tfgn] To;sf] pNn+3g u/] . ;f] ;z:q åGå cGTo ug{ /fi6«;+3n] ;dfwfgsf y'k|} k|of; klg k|:tfj u/]sf] lyof] . oBlk, o'4/t /fi6«sf] c8fgsf sf/0f zflGt–k|lqmof ;kmn x'g kfPg .

åGå ;dfwfgdf ;}Go ansf] k|of]u / s"6gLlts dfWodsf] k|of]u / pkof]u b'j} cfjZos x'g ;S5g\ . t/, cfGtl/s åGå / u[xo'4df ;}Go x:tIf]kn] ;Dk"0f{ ;d"x jf ju{nfO{ Ps–csf{lj?4 prfN5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf lx+;fTds åGå;Fu d'sflanf ug]{ tl/sf lgif]wsf/L -PS;SnØ'hg/L_ x'G5, h;n] /fhgLlts åGånfO{ ;}Go åGåtkm{ n}hfg ;S5 . o;y{ o:tf] åGå ;dfwfgdf ;}Go x:tIf]keGbf s"6gLlts k|of; a9L pko'Qm x'G5 . k|foMh;f] ;}Go x:tIf]kn] lx+;fnfO{ hf/L g} /fVg d2t k'¥ofpg] x'Fbf o;n] åGå ;dfwfgdf hl6ntf yKg ;S5 .

248

cfˆgf] bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlts p2]Zo;fy åGå dWo:ytfdf ;+nUg csf]{ stf{ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf xf] . dWok"jL{ b]zx¿df cd]l/sL ;lqmotf o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] . t/, dWok"j{df eg] åGå ;dfwfgdf eGbf cfˆg} cle?lrdf a9L hf]8 lbPsf] x'gfn] pm ;kmn ePg . zflGtk|lt cd]l/sL dfgl;stfaf/] c/aL d'ns ;w}+ z+sfn' /x] . cd]l/sf hxfFtxLF lg0ff{os tyf PskIfLo aGg vf]H5 . To;df p;sf s]xL k|ToIf cle?lr x'G5g\, h;n] dWo:ytfdf gs/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . åGå ;dfwfgdf cd]l/sfn] ank|of]usf] ljZjJofkL dfu{lrq :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ckmuflg:tfg / O/fs kl5Nnf] ;dosf HjnGt pbfx/0f x'g\ .

afXo dWo:ytf u/fpg' pko'Qm jf cg'ko'Qm x'g] s'/f d'n'ssf] ;|f]t rfxgfsf ;fy} kl/l:ylt / kl/k|]Iodf e/ k5{ . pQ/L cfo/NofG8sf] åGådf a]nfot PSn}n] jftf{ ug{ g;s]/ p;n] Sofg8f;Fu ;}Go ;xfotf tyf cd]l/sf / l:j8]g;Fu Jofj;flos d2t dfu]sf] lyof] . zlQm / ;|f]tsf ;jfndf a]nfotnfO{ afXo ;xof]usf] cfjZostf lyPg . tyflk pQ/L cfo/NofG8sf] 36gfn] åGå ;dfwfgdf zlQm / ;|f]tsf ;fy} afXo ;xof]usf] klg cfjZostf x'g] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .

sf]nlDaofdf zflGtsf nflu cd]l/sL k|of; nfdf] ;do lgik|efjLh:t} /Xof] . …sf]nlDaof km:6Ú gf/fcGtu{t cd]l/sfn] …nfu"kbfy{lj?4sf] sfo{qmdÚdf

hf]8 lbof] / sf]nlDaofnL ;}lgsdf nufgL u/L …cft+sjfblj?4sf] o'4Údf

hf]8 lbof] . oBlk, nfu"kbfy{lj?4sf] cd]l/sL sfo{qmd zflGt k|of;df ;xof]uL aGg ;s]g . h:t}M sf]lsg lgoGq0f ug]{, ToxfF w"Fjf nufP/ ls6f0f' dfg]{ cleofgn] ;fdflhs tgfj a9fpg'sf ;fy} ;/sf/k|lt hgtfsf]

ljZjf;df ;d]t cfFr k'¥ofof] / zflGt–k|lqmofdf gsf/fTds k|efj kf¥of] .

nfu"cf}ifwlj?4sf] sfo{qmddf sf]nlDaofnL ;]gfsf nflu a9\bf] cd]l/sL ;xof]u -;g\ !(*( / ;g\ @))# df sf]nlDaofn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;}Go

;xof]u ljZjsf] t];|f] 7"nf] ;}Go ;xof]u lyof]]_nfO{ sf]nlDaofnL hgtfn]

cd]l/sL ;}Go lgoGq0fsf] ¿kdf lnP . g];gn lna/];g cfdL{ -O{PnPg_



249

/ l/ef]No':g/L cfD8{ kmf];{ ckm sf]nlDaof -PkmPcf/;L_nfO{ cd]l/sfn] …nfu"cf}ifwsf u'l/NnfÚ -gfsf]{ u'l/Nnf_ gfds/0f u/]/ ltgnfO{ nfu"cf}ifw ljq]mtfsf] ¿kdf lrq0f ul/lbof] . dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cft+sjfbL ;+u7g dfg]/ g]kfnnfO{ klg cd]l/sfn] o:t} u/fPsf] lyof] . cd]l/sfsf] o:tf] k|ltlqmofn] jftf{ k|lqmofdf cK7\of/f] l:ylt k}bf ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . sf]nlDaofdf cd]l/sL /0fgLlt eg]sf]–

;}Go ;fdu|L, k|lzIf0f / u'Ktr/ k|ljlwdf ;xof]u a9fpg], ToxfFsf] ;}Go If]qdf k"0f{ k|efj hdfpg], ;}Go zlQmåf/f ljb|f]xLnfO{ x6fpg] g} xf] .

dfcf]jfbL åGådf cGt/f{li6«o dWo:ytfsf nflu ax; lgdf{0f ug{ sf]nlDaofnL zflGt–k|lqmofn] of]ubfg lbPsf] lyof] . zflGt s"6gLltdfkm{t åGåsf] /fhgLlts ;dfwfgsf] k|lta4tf;lxt cG8«]; kf:6«fgf s]xL jif{ klxn] zlQmdf cfPsf lyP . sf]nlDaofnL ;/sf/n] klg zflGtsf] cGt/f{li6«os/0f /f]h]/ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo;fd' ;xof]usf] ofrgf u/]sf lyof] . cfO{;Lcf/;Ln] klg dfgjLotfsf kIfdf dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] .

/fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrjn] sf]lnlDaofsf nflu ljz]if b't lgo'Qm u/] . ;/sf/ / PkmPcf/;LaLrsf] ;xdltdf …u|'K; ckm k|]mG8\; km/ lk; Og sf]nlDaofÚdf

@^ ldq/fi6«;lxt /fi6«;+3 / o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf ljz]if k|ltlglw klg ;dfj]z lyP . of] ;d"xn] !) /fi6« ;lDdlnt -Sofg8f, So'af, :k]g, k|mfG;, O6nL, d]lS;sf], gj]{, l:j8]g, e]g]h'Pnf / l:j6\h/NofG8_ ;xhstf{ cfof]u

-km]l;ln6]l6ª sld;g_ u7g u¥of] . zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfpg]

/ lgMz:qLs/0fsf] If]q lj:tf/ ug]{h:tf] k|d'v sfddf ;xhstf{ / dWo:ystf{sf] ¿kdf pleg' g} o;sf] p2]Zo lyof] . o;}u/L, O{PnPg / ;/sf/aLrsf] ;xdltkZrft\ csf]{ ;xhstf{sf] ;d"x -So'af, :k]g, gj]{,

k|mfG; / l:j6\h/NofG8 ;dfj]z ePsf]_ klg u7g eof] . of] ;d"x klg

/fi6«;+3nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ / zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;xh agfpg lg/Gt/ nfu]sf] lyof] .

250

PkmPcf/;L / O{PnPg;Fu /fi6«;+3n] jftf{ ug'{sf ;fy} dWo:ytf / ;xhLs/0fsf] cw{cf}krfl/s k|lqmofdf klg ;+nUg eof] . lndf 3f]if0ff13 dfkm{t PlG8og ;d'bfon] zflGt k'g:yf{kgf ug{ / lx+;f cGTo ug{ sf]nlDaofnfO{ ;3fof] . sf]nlDaofnL zflGt–k|lqmofn] hl6n åGåfj:yfdf cGt/f{li6«o stf{x¿sf] Jofks ;+nUgtfsf] cfjZostf hgfpF5 .

;z:q åGå, u[xo'4 / cGt//fHo o'4df åGå ;dfwfgsf nflu ljljw pkfox¿ Jf tl/sfsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . tL tl/sfx¿sf s]xL pbfx/0f o:tf 5g\ M hf]lvd d"Nof+sg k4lt -l/:s c;]:d]G6 d]y8_, k"j{;"rgf k4lt -cnL{ jflg{ª d]y8_, zflGt :yfkgf k4lt -lk; lslkª d]y8_, ax'sfo{d'vL ko{j]Ifs ld;gx¿ -dN6Lkmª\;gn cAhe{/ ld;G;_, -/fi6«;+3Lo ;}Go ko{j]Ifs ld;g -o'gfO6]8 g];G; ldln6/L cAhe{/ ld;g_, åGåsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, dgf]j}1flgs kIf klg ;dfj]z x'g'kg{] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t -tYolg?k0f tyf ko{j]If0f ld;g -ˆofS6 kmfOlG8ª PG8 cAh/e];g ld;g_ / /fi6«;+3Lo lgjf/s sfo{df k"j{;"rgf ljZn]if0f tyf gLlt of]hgf -cnL{ jflg{ª Pgflnl;; PG8 kf]ln;L Knflgª Og o'Pg lk|e]lG6e PS;g_ cflb x'g\ . tyflk, åGåsf] cj:yf, o'4/t kIfsf] rfxgf / cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] k|lta4tfdf oL ;a} k4ltsf]

k|efjsfl/tf lge{/ /xG5 .

^=!) t];|f] kIfLo dWo:ytfk|lt rf;f]

afXo ;+nUgtfdf t6:ytf tyf lgikIftfsf] k|Zg ;w}+ p7\5 . lsgls, afXo stf{x¿ cfˆgf] lglxt cle?lrs} sf/0f dWo:ytfdf ;+nUg x'g rfxG5g\ . of] tYo Tolta]nf cem ;To x'G5, hlta]nf zlQmzfnL l5d]sL

/fi6« dWo:ytfdf ;+nUg x'g rfxG5g\ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))%aL_ . o;}u/L afXo

dWo:ytf c;kmn eP Tof] emg} k|To'Tkfbs x'G5 . s"6gLlts x:tIf]k

13 ;g\ @))! df lndf 3f]if0ffn] PlG8og /fi6«df xltof/ a]rlavg cGTo ug{, /Iff vr{ sd ug{, hf;';L ;fe]mbf/L tyf cfk;L lqmofsnfk a9fpg], zflGt tyf :yfloTj sfod /fVg ;Ldf ;+oGqnfO{ a9fjf lbg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] .



251

/fhgLlts k|lqmof;Fu ufFl;Psf] v08df dfq afXo x:tIf]k k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 .

zLto'4sf a]nf, g]6f] / jf;f{ ;lGwsf d'n'sn] ;}Go x:tIf]k jf zlQm k|of]u ug]{ wDsLdfkm{t ljZjel/sf åGå dWo:ytf ug{ k|lt:kwf{ u/] . ce}m klg ljkGg cyjf ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s åGå ;dfwfgdf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] k|d'v /0fgLlt zlQm k|of]u ug]{ wDsL jf To;sf] jf:tljs k|of]u -ckmuflg:tfg, O/fsdf h:t}_ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/, lgisif{df, zlQm k|of]u jf To;sf] wDsLdfq} åGå ;dfwfg / zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu ;kmn x'g ;Sb}gg\ eGg] O/fs / ckmuflg:tfgsf b'j} pbfx/0fn] atfO;s]sf 5g\ .

tfgfzfx ;2fd x';]gnfO{ ;QfRo"t u/L xTof ul/;s]kl5 klg O/fsdf lx+;f / cl:y/tf cem} a9]sf] 5 . To:t} cj:yfaf6 ckmuflg:tfg klg u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . lk; :6l8h P;f]l;P;gsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs /f]lag qmØ'n] åGå ;dfwfgdf /fi6«;+3sf] k|efjsfl/tf / /fi6«;+3leq} cd]l/sfsf] e"ldsfaf/] uDeL/ k|Zg p7fPsf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ ;b:o /fi6«x¿ cfk;L o'4df ;+nUg x'g gx'g] s'/f g} ;b:otfsf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] eg] /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf;DaGwL afWotf s;}n] kfng u/]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n] ltgnfO{ x6fOg'kg]{ dfGotf qmØ'sf] 5, æ;a}eGbf klxn] cd]l/sfnfO{ lgsflng'k5{ / xfdL klg ToxfFaf6 x6\g'k5{ . /fi6«;+3n] h] ug'{kg]{ lyof], ToxL sfd k'gM

ug'{k5{ . cfwf/e"t ¿kd} /fi6«;+3 kl/jlt{t x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu xfdLn]

klg e"ldsf lgefpg'k5{ .14

afXo dWo:ytfn] åGå ;dfwfgdf cflz+s ;kmntf jf cf+lzs c;kmntf

k|fKt u/]sf w]/} cg'ej 5g\ . åGådf cfGtl/s zlQm / dWo:ytf ug]{

zlQmaLr tfnd]n gxF'bf To;n] c;kmntf x'g] a9L ;Defjgf /xG5 . s]xLsf] ts{cg';f/ ;dfwfg x'Fb} gx'g'eGbf ;dfwfgsf] s]xL dfqf g} pko'Qm x'G5 . t/, csf]{ kIfsf ljZn]ifsx¿ eG5g\ ls cf+lzs jf cGofok"0f{ ;dfwfgn] -h:t}M an k|of]u_ Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ g} cjd"Nog u5{g\ .

14 /f]lag qmØ'sf] ljrf/af/] lj:t[t yfxf kfpg lk; :68L P;f]l;P;gsf] u[xk[i7 x]g{'xf];\ .

252

au]{; / au]{; -;g\ !((^_n] eg] k"0f{ ;dfwfg x'g g;s] a? åGåsf] cGTo kv{g'k5{ eG5g\ .

jftf{ ug'{k"j{ åGå/t kIfn] ;w}+ jftf{af6 x'g] ;dfwfgsf] cg'dflgt ljsNk / pknlAw -Ol:6d]6]8 cN6/g]l6e 6' c g]uf]l;P6]8 ;]6ndG6M O6\gf_af/] ;f]R5g\ . o'4/t kIfn] jftf{ gu/L a9L nfe x'g] dx;'; -a]:6 cN6/g]l6e 6' c g]uf]l;P6]8 ;]6ndG6M af6\gf_ u/] eg] jftf{ g} ub}{gg\ . åGå/t kIfnfO{ cfkm"n] ug]{ jftf{sf] kl/0ffd cfˆgf] kIfdf a9L cfpF5 eGg] nfu]dfq jftf{ u5{g\ . jftf{df a:g'k"j{ ltgn] Go"gtd :jLsfo{ kl/0ffd klxrfg u5{g\ . h:t}M g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGåsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] Uof/]G6L g} qmdzM dfcf]jfbL / /fhfsf nflu Go"gtd :jLsfo{ ljifo lyP .

åGå ;dfwfg ug]{ cfjZostf 7flgFbf cyjf åGåf]Q/ zflGtlgdf{0f jf zflGt :yfkgfsf a]nf cGt/f{li6«o x:tIf]ksf] ;Defjgf klg 5 .

^=!)=! hf]lvd

klxn]sf v08df ul/Psf 5nkmncg';f/ cfGtl/s åGådf afXo dWo:ytfaf6 klg s]xL hf]lvd ;w}+ x'G5g\ ltdWo] s]xL oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ M

!= zlQmzfnL d'n'ssf] lglxt cle?lr . t6:y ;fgf d'n'ssf] t To:tf :jfy{ gxf]nfg\ t/ dWo:ytfsf a]nf cGo zlQmzfnL /fi6«n]

;fgf /fi6«sf sfddfly k|efj kfg{ ;S5g\ .

@= Psk6s jftf{ ug{ c;kmn eP eljiosf jftf{df ;xefuL x'g

ltgnfO{ ufx|f] x'G5 .

#= of] bL3{sfnLg ;+nUgtf / k|lta4tfsf] vfFrf] kg]{ nfdf] k|lqmof

xf] . k|ltkmn xfl;n ug'{cufj} cfGtl/s sf/0fn] -h:t}M of]hgf kl/jt{g, ;/sf/ kl/jt{g cflb_ dWo:ystf{n] cfˆgf] ;+nUgtf 5f8] To;n] jftf{sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|of;df xflg k'¥ofpF5 . ;fy}, o;nfO{ k'gM k|fKt ug{ klg 7"nf] d"No r'sfpg'k5{ .



253

$= /fi6«;+3sf] ;+nUgtf hl6n k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ ;+nUg x'g'k/] zlQmzfnL /fi6«n] cfkm"cg's"nsf] k|efjdfkm{t lg0f{o u/fpg];Defjgf ;w}+el/ /xG5 . cfˆgf] cle?lrdf c;/ kg]{ 5fF6 b]v] kl/ifb\sf :yfoL ;b:on] le6f] k|of]u ug{ klg ;S5g\ .

%= cfGtl/s vfnsf dxTjk"0f{ / ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;jfn aflx/ cfpg ;S5g\ . of] eljiosf nflu xflgsf/s klg x'g ;S5 .

^=!! /fi6«;+3M afXo dWo:ystf{dWo] pQd

g]kfnsf] !) jif{] ;z:q åGåsf] kl/k|]Iodf klxn]sf r/0fsf jftf{sf] c;kmntf, o'4/t kIfsf sdhf]/L / cGt/f{li6«o rf;f]n] afXo dWo:ystf{sf] cfjZostfaf/] ax; l;h{gf u/]sf] lyof] . ;'?sf lbgdf of] ax; af}l4s / gful/s ;dfhaLr ;Lldt lyof] . kl5 rfF8} /fhgLlts bn tyf bft[lgsfoaLr lj:t[t ;xdlt eof] . /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrj sf]kmL cGgfgn] g]kfnsf] lau|Fbf] ;'/Iff cj:yfdf af/Daf/ rf;f] lbPsf lyP . pgn] g]kfnsf ;jfndf sfd u/fpg ljz]if /fhgLlts b"t -:ofd'Pn tfd|f6_ klg lgo'Qm u/], h;n] nuftf/ g]kfnsf] e|d0f u/] . dfcf]jfbLn] a]gL cfqmd0f u/]kl5 dxf;lrj sf]kmL cGgfgn] g]kfnsf] lau|]sf] ;'/Iff cj:yfk|lt ulx/f] rf;f] JoQm ub}{ o'4/t kIfsf] rfxgfadf]lhd /fi6«;+3af6 d2t k|:tfj u/]sf lyP . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] of] k|:tfj t'?Gt} :jLsf/]sf] lyof] .

g]skf -Pdfn]_n] klg cf}krfl/s ¿kd} ;f] k|:tfj :jLsf¥of] eg] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf ;efklt lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf klg To;k|lt ;sf/fTds ePsf lyP . g]kfnL hgtfn] klg ;sf/fTds ¿kd} /fi6«;+3sf] ;f] k|:tfj :jLsf/]sf lyP . oBlk, ;/sf/n] eg] ;f] k|:tfj af/Daf/ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] lyof] . 7"nf l5d]sL rLg / ef/taf6 cfpg] bafasf sf/0f ;/sf/n] /fi6«;+3sf] k|:tfj :jLsfg{ ;s]sf] lyPg . ;ft bnLo u7aGwg klg g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGå / /fhgLlts ;+s6 ;dfwfgdf /fi6«;+3sf] dWo:ytfaf/] ;sf/fTds lyof] t/ klg l5d]sLsf ;/f]sf/ ;Daf]wg gu/L ;f]em} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 g]kfnsf] åGå ;dfwfgdf ;+nUg x'Fbf w]/} hf]lvd x'g ;Sg] ;/sf/ / kf6L{n] cg'dfg u/]sf x'g ;Sy] .

254

df3 !( n] l;h{gf u/]sf] g]kfnsf] cj:yfk|lt /fi6«;+3 emg} lrlGtt ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cj:yfsf] d"Nof+sg ug{ dxf;lrjn] cfˆgf jl/i7 /fhgLlts ;Nnfxsf/ nSb/ a|flxdLnfO{ g]kfn k7fPsf lyP . O/fs / ckmuflg:tfgsf åGådf /fi6«;+3af6 sfd u/]sf a|flxdL cltcg'ejL / pRr jftf{sf/ x'g\ . /fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfh, ;}Go clwsf/L, ;/sf/L clwsf/L / /fhf;Fu ulx/f] 5nkmn u/L åGå uDeL/ eP klg k|d'v /fhgLlts zlQmn] To;nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ rfx] Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsg] lgrf]8 pgsf] lyof] . /fi6«;+3sf] ;f]xL k|:tfj pgn] g]kfndf k'gM klg bf]xf]¥ofPsf lyP . g]kfnL åGådf /fi6«;+3sf] dWo:ytf h?/L gePsf] eGb} ;/sf/n] km]l/ klg :jLsf/]g .

;+s6 ;dfwfg ug{ g]kfnL /fhgLlt1x¿ cfkm}+ ;Ifd ePsf] eP xfdLnfO{ afXo dWo:ytfsf] s'g} h?/L x'Gy]g . oBlk, g]tfx¿ ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;kmn b]lvPgg\ . /fhf / /fhgLlts bn b'j} of] ;d:of ;dfwfgdf c;kmn 7xl/Psf lyP . To;sf/0f, g]kfnnfO{ afXo dWo:ytf h?/L lyof] . afXo dWo:ystf{sf] ;+nUgtfaf/] ax; hf/L /xFbf ef/tsf] lj/f]w ;w}+ k|d'v /Xof] . To;}n] o;af/] s'/f ug{ bn / ;/sf/n] ;w}+ cfgfsfgL u/] .

tTsfnLg k//fi6«dGqLn] klg /fi6«;+3sf] dWo:ytfnfO{ rLg / ef/tn]

g:jLsfg]{ s'/f Psk6s :ki6 atfPsf lyP t/ cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfof] . /fhfsf] k|ToIf zf;gkl5 eg] cd]l/sf / ef/t klg s]xL nrs b]lvP . t];|f] kIfLo dWo:ystf{ hf];'s} eP klg g]kfnL åGå ;dfwfgdf ef/tnfO{

ljZjf; lng' h?/L lyof] . df3 !( sf] zfxL sbdsf] ;jfndf ef/t /

a]nfoteGbf cd]l/sf s]xL g/d eP klg g]kfnsf] ;+s6af/] a]nfot, ef/t / cd]l/sfsf] ;femf ;f]rfO ag]sf] lyof] . /fi6«;+3nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg oL lqzlQmsf] ;femf a'emfO eg] g]kfnsf nflu 7"nf] kmfObfsf] ljifo lyof] .

g]kfnsf] åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt lgdf{0fdf /fi6«;+3nfO{ ;fd]n u/fpg'kg]{

sf/0f lgDg lyP M

!= Jofks cg'ej ePsf] /fi6«;+3 Pp6f :jtGq / t6:y ;+:yf lyof] -oBlk, O/fsdf cd]l/sL ;}Go x:tIf]k /f]Sg pm ;kmn geP klg



255

;a} zlQm/fi6«n] O/fs ;+s6 lgjf/0fdf /fi6«;+3sf] ;+nUgtfaf/] cfjZostf dx;'; u/]sf lyP_ .

@= g]kfn /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o /fi6« lyof] . To;}n] j}wflgs ¿kdf klg /fi6«;+3sf] rf;f] x'g ;SYof] . p;sf ;b:o /fi6«sf ;+s6 r'lnPdf ;f]af/] /fi6«;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;ef jf ;'/Iff kl/ifb\df 5nkmn x'g'kYof]{ . To;}n], g]kfnsf] cj:yf l9nf]rfF8f] g/fd|f] eP klg of] ;jfn ToxfF 5nkmn x'GYof] / To;}cg';f/ cfjZos pkfo lnP/ /fi6«;+3 oxfF cfpFYof], h'g zflGt :yfkgf an jf cGo x:tIf]k x'g ;SYof] . o;}n] of] cj:yf cfpg'cufj} /fi6«;+3nfO{ oxfF cfa4 u/fpg' a'l4dfgL x'GYof] .

#= r'gfj u/fpg] jf o;sf] cg'udg ug]{, ;}Go lgMz:qLs/0f / u}/kl/rfng, ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj jf xltof/ Joj:yfkg u/fpg]h:tf pkfo xfd|f] åGå ;dfwfgdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsGYof] . r'gfjsf a]nf xltof/ Joj:yfkg ug]{, r'gfj cg'ugd ug]{ cflb k|d'v ;jfn x'g\ . o;df xfdLnfO{ /fi6«;+3sf] cg'ej / cfa4tf rflxGYof] .

$= åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / k'gaf{;df vr{ x'g] 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] /sd

h'6fpg /fi6«;+3sf] ;+nUgtfn] ;lhnf] kfl/lbGYof] .

%= ef/t, cd]l/sf / cGo d'n's;Fu sfd ug{ klg /fi6«;+3sf]

;+nUgtfn] ;lhnf] kfl/lbGYof] .

cGTodf ef/tsf ;/f]sf/x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L g]kfnL lg0f{ostf{x¿n]

cGTodf /fi6«;+3nfO{ oxfF Nofpg ;kmn eP .

^=!@ lgisif{

g]kfnsf] ;+s6 lgjf/0f ug]{ cltpQd pkfo ;+jfb g} lyof] . nuft/ !) jif{;Dd o'4 u/]/ klg cGTodf jftf{af6} ;z:q åGå cGTo ePsf] lyof] . /, of] k|lqmofdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 k|ToIf ;+nUg ePsf] lyof] eg] w]/} afXo

256

zlQmx¿ Kf/f]If ¿kdf / ljleGg e"ldsfdf ;+nUg lyP . cfk;L ljZjf; tyf k|lta4tf;lxt d'n'sdf bL3{sfnLg nf]stflGqs zflGtk|ltsf] k|lta4tfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{kYof]{ . /fhgLlts zlQmx¿aLr x'g] ;+jfbn] g} cfk;L ;Ddfg, ljZjf; / nf]stflGqs ;dfwfgsf] af6f] vf]Ng ;S5g\ eGg] k'li6 g]kfnsf] åGå ;dfwfgdf k|of]u ePsf] ljlwn] u/]sf] 5 .

/fhgLlts ;d:ofsf] /fhgLlts ;dfwfg} rflxG5, h'g /rgfTds ;+nUgtf / k|lta4tf;Fu} ;'? x'G5 . o;af6 cleJolQm :jtGqtf, lxF88'nsf] :jtGqtf, dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg / ;~rf/dfWodsf] k|j4{gsf] ;'lglZrttf ;fy} /rgfTds ;+jfbnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf/0f …nf]stGqsf] /f]8DofkÚ, Gofok"0f{ zflGt :yfkgf / ;z:q åGåsf] ;d'lrt ;dfwfg lbg] cfwf/e"t pkfo k|fKt ug{ nuftf/ /rgfTds ;+jfb k|lqmofdf /fhgLlts zlQm ;fd]n x'g}k5{ . To;df aflx/L zlQmx¿n] ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5g\, h'g g]kfndf k/LIf0f eof] .

g]kfnsf] åGå ;dfwfgsf] dWo:ytf ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf cfjZos lyof] . dWo:ytfsf nflu sf] / lsg plrt lyP, To;sf] s'g df]8n / cjwf/0ff ckgfpg'kYof]{, cGo ax; s'g :t/ / slxn];Dd h?/L lyP eGg] h:tf s'/f cfk;L 5nkmnn] g} to x'g] xf], h'g kl5 eP klg . kl/k|]Io, OR5fzlQm, cg'ej / Jofjxfl/stfnfO{ Vofn u/L

g]kfnn] cGo ;xof]uLsf] k"0f{ ;fy;lxt dWo:ystf{ 5gf]6 ug'{kYof]{ / oL

cfwf/df c¿eGbf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 a9L pko'Qm kfq b]lvPsf] lyof] . t/, ha of] ;+:yf PsLs[t zflGt–;Demf}tfkZrft\ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf g]kfnnfO{ ;3fpg cfof], To;kl5 eg] o;n] g]kfnLsf] ck]Iffcg'¿k sfd ug{

;s]g . o;nfO{ PskIfLo ePsf], cfˆgf] clwsf/If]qeGbf aflx/ -h:t}M

dw];–t/fO{ åGå ;fdflhs cfly{s clwsf/df ;lqmotf cflb_ uP/ sfd ug{ vf]h]sf], ;fwf/0f;ef / ;'/Iff kl/ifb\df unt k|ltj]bg k]; u/]sf], hftLo d'2f p/fn]sf] h:tf cf/f]k nflu/x] . /, g]kfn ;/sf/n] g} klg o;sf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] v08g u¥of] / kl5 t l:ylt olt;Dd lalu|of] ls

o;n] Dofb yKg yfNbfyfNb} klg g]kfn ;/sf/n] Dofb gykL of] kms{g'k¥of] .



257

;dli6df eGbf, dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xh:tf] hl6n åGå ;lhn} ;dfwfg ug{ ;lhnf] lyPg . o;sf nflu ;a} kIfaf6 xf]:6]df x}+;] h?/L lyof] . jftf{sf] ;'? cfwf/ g} o'4/t kIfsf] ;xdlt g} lyof] . of] åGånfO{ /fhgLlts ¿kd} ;dfwfg ug{ o'4/t kIf tof/ gePsf] cj:yfdf afXo dWo:ytfdfkm{tsf] ;dfwfg ;kmn klg x'GgYof] . ;/sf/, /fhgLlts bn / åGå/t kIfsf] OR5fa]u/ hlt;'s} zlQmzfnL, ;Lko'Qm / cg'ejL afXo dWo:ystf{ eP klg To;df ;xdlt x'g ;Sb}gYof] . jftf{ bL3{sfnLg k|lqmof xf] / o;nfO{ ;kmn agfpg Jofks k|of; / plrt jftfj/0f cfjZos k5{ . To;}n], dWo:ytfn] ;DaGwx¿ kl/jt{g u/fpg d2t ub}{ åGå cGTo u/L zflGt / d]nldnfk :yfkgfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 eGg] ;a}n] a'‰g'k5{ .

****

259

&=! kl/ro

åGåf]Q/ cj:yfn] zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] cj:yfb]lv To; ;Demf}tfdf ePsf k|fjwfgsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog eO;s]sf] cj:yfaLrsf] cjlwnfO{ hgfpF5 . ;dfhnfO{ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf Nofpg] klxnf] r/0f xf] . To;}n] of] åGå / zflGtsf] aLrsf] hl6n ;+qmd0fsfn xf] . of] cj:yf ;+qmd0fsfndf ePsf pknlAwsf] ;+:yfut ug]{ ;do klg xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tf / To;kl5sf cGo ;Demf}tfdf cleJoQm ePsf k|fjwfgsf d"n dd{nfO{ ;d]6\g' g} ;+qmd0fsfnLg pknlAwx¿sf] ;+:yfut ug'{ xf] .

g]kfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf åGå / zflGtnfO{ oyf]lrt a'‰g]÷a'emfpg] ;jfndf g} ciki6tf b]lvG5 . zflGt eGgfn] ;xh cy{df s'g} JolQm cyjf ;dfhsf]

;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs, ef}lts / cfWoflTds ;DkGgtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ a'lemG5 . Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q o'4af6 d'lQm kfPsf] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df zflGt eg]sf] ;z:q åGåaf6 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kn] kLl8t dflg; tyf

;+:yfaLrsf] ;DaGw k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;fdflhs alxis/0f, ;LdfGts/0f,

j~rgf, s'zf;g, ;fdflhs c;+ult tyf hftLo tgfjh:tf åGåsf d"n sf/0fx¿sf] ;Daf]wg / ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs, dfgl;s, ef}lts tyf cfWoflTds sNof0f xf] . ;z:q åGå / o;sf k|efjx¿n] g]kfnL ;dfh l5GgleGg ePsf] 5 . hgtf lg/fz 5g\ / d'n's efjgfTds ¿kn] 6'lqmPsf]

5 . To;}n] g]kfndf zflGt / :yfloTj xfl;n ug{ ljutsf] gsf/fTds k|efj;Fu h'‰g] / cfznfUbf] eljio b]vfpg ;Sg] pko'Qm k|lqmof vfFrf] k5{ . o:tf] k|lqmofn] zflGt–;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt a'Fbfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf

kl/R5]b

&

åGåf]Q/ /fHo lgdf{0fsf ;jfn / r'gf}tL

260

dfWodn] kl/jt{gsf pknlAwnfO{ ;+:yfut u5{ . o;sf nflu cfjZos sfo{gLlt th'{df tyf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng g} åGåf]Q/ k'g;+{/rgfsf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . t/, o;sf nflu /fhgLlts lg0f{o k|lqmofsf k|d'v kfqx¿df kl/jt{gnfO{ hgck]Iffcg';f/ :jLsfg]{ / cltdxTTjfsf+Iffjfb / ;DefJo hf]lvdaf6 cfpg] cK7\of/f]sf] cfFsng ug]{ Ifdtfsf] vfFrf] 5, h'g :yfloTj (stability) / zflGtsf nflu Psfk;df cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ . :yfloTj eGgfn] j}dgZosf] cGTo ug'{, zflGtnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg' / /fhgLlts tgfjsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;femf k|of;nfO{ k|j4{g ug'{ eGg] a'lemG5 . cf]O{;L8L -;g\ @))*_sf] kl/efiffdf :yfloTj ;z:q åGåsf] cg'kl:ylt tyf zq'tfsf] cGTo ug{ / zflGtnfO{ d"t{¿k lbg stf{x¿n] ug]{ k|of;df s]lGb|t x'G5 .

ljutdf /fHon] cfwf/e"t lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] x'gfn] g]kfndf zflGt–;Demf}tfn] /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . of] kl/R5]bdf /fHolgdf{0fn] j}w, ;zQm, k|efjsf/L / k'g?Tyfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf;lxtsf] /fHo agfpg] kl/sNkgf, nIo / sfo{gLltnfO{ hgfpF5 . o;sf nflu ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL k|fjwfg, plrt gLlt, ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg / zf;sLo cEof;df cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g vfFrf] k5{ . o;/L /fHolgdf{0fsf nflu

sd{rf/LtGq, Gofokflnsf, sfo{kflnsf / /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] k'g;+{/rgfsf ;fy} /fHosf ljleGg ;+:yfx¿sf] l;h{gf Pj+ ;'b[9Ls/0f h?/L x'G5 . s]xL cfn]vn] /fHolgdf{0f -:6]6lalN8ª_ / /fi6«lgdf{0f -g];glalN8ª_nfO{ kof{o ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ -8lAaG; ;g\ @))&_ t/ of] kl/R5]bn] oL b'O{nfO{

leGg ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . /fi6«lgdf{0f ax'n hftLo, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s

/ /fhgLlts klxrfgaf6 ;femf /fli6«o klxrfg lgdf{0f ug{df s]lGb|t x'G5 . t/, of] kl/R5]bn] Tof]eGbf klg ljifoj:t', ;+/rgf tyf k|lqmofdf cfwfl/t /fHolgdf{0fdf a9L hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

xfdLn] cfwf/e"t ¿kdf a'‰g' kg]{ s] xf] eg] /fHolgdf{0f / zflGtlgdf{0fsf cfwf/e"t rl/qdf s]xL ;dfgtf eP klg ltgsf] cjwf/0ffdf dxTTjk"0f{ leGgtf 5g\ -cf]O{;L8L ;g\ @))(_ . lbuf] / Gofok"0f{ zflGt tyf :yfloTj



261

/ sfo{k/s nf]stGqsf nflu /fHolgdf{0f h?/L x'G5 . t;y{ /fhgLlts k|lqmof -/fHonfO{ j}wtf lbg_, cfly{s k|lqmof -k'g?Tyfg / j[l4 xfl;n ug{_ / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lth:tf tLg tTjx¿ /fHolgdf{0f k|lqmofsf d"n cfwf/ x'g\ .

Pg]skf dfcf]jfbL / /fHoaLr lj=;+= @)%@ b]lv @)^# ;Dd ePsf] ;z:q åGå cGTo ePkl5 g]kfn clxn] zflGtsf] ;+j]bgzLn rf}af6f]df 5 . o;dfly of] d'n'sn] km]l/ @)^# ;fndf dw]; ljb|f]x klg a]xf]¥of] . tTkZrft\ !)( eGbf a9L ;z:q ;d"x g]kfndf b]vfk/]/ s]xL ;dosf nflu logLx¿n] uDeL/ ;'/Iff r'gf}tL ylklbP . t/, la:tf/} oL ;d"x lgliqmo x'Fb} uP klg ;dfhdf ck/fwLs/0f / ck/fwsf] /fhgLlts ;+/If0f tyf ;fdflhs /fhgLtLs/0f eg] sfod} /Xof], h'g /fHo lgdf{0fsf] r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . /fhgLlts bnsf cw{;}lgs o'jf ;+u7g / ltgsf ultljlw, ck/fwsf] /fhgLlts/0f, /fhgLltsf] ck/fwLs/0f tyf ;dfhnfO{ p/fNg] Pj+ b08xLgtfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ sfdn] klg ;+s6nfO{ emg} dnhn ul//x]sf 5g\ . sfg'gL zf;g zlQmxLg hgtfdf dfq} nfu" ePsf] 5, /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf sfo{stf{df ePsf] 5}g . sd{rf/LtGq, Gofokflnsf, ;'/Iff / ;a} ;+j}wflgs c+ux¿df /fhgLtLs/0f ePsf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6« Aof+sdf @)^& ;fndf ueg{/ lgo'Qm ubf{ b'O{ d'Vo /fhgLlts bnaLr ePsf] lvrftfgL o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . bnx¿n] cfkm"cg's"n JolQmnfO{ lgo'Qm ug]{ k|rng x'Fbf lgjf{rg cfof]u / clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uh:tf s]xL ;+j}wflgs lgsfodf nfdf] ;do lgo'lQm k|lqmof g} lgliqmo eof] . efua08fn] :jtGq ;+:yfsf] dfGotf vl08t u¥of] . o:tf kbdf lgo'Qm x'g s'g} klg JolQmn] of]Uotf, ljifo;DaGwL cg'ej cyjf bIftfeGbf klg klxn] s'g} bnsf] ;DaGwg cyjf cg'df]bg kfPsf] x'g'k5{ . kl/0ffdtM /fHosf] k"/} ;+/rgf g} /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf k|efjzfnL g]tfsf] 5fofFdf k/]sf 5g\ . hlt g} bIf, pRr of]Uotf ePsf / cg'ejL JolQm eP klg s'g} bnsf] ;b:otf glnPsf cyjf kb kfpg bnnfO{ s]xL lbg] cle?lr gePsfx¿ lsgf/f nfu]sf 5g\ . To;}n] ltgLx¿ lg/fz eO{ /fHolgdf{0f k|lqmofaf6 qmdzM 6fl9Psf 5g\ . emg\ Oltxf;d} klxnf]k6s

262

;DkGg ;+ljwfg;efn] rf/ jif{;Dddf klg gofF ;+ljwfg n]Vg g;s]kl5 åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fdf emg\ ;s; ylkP klg k'glgjf{rg eO{ :yflkt bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;ef s]xL ;sf/fTds b]lvPsf] 5 .

xfd|f] b]z ;z:q tyf ;fdflhs åGåsf d"n sf/0fx¿ ;+/rgfut c;dfgtf, alxis/0f / hftLo, juL{o, n}+lus tyf ef}uf]lns lje]b;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . ;fy} zf;g ;DxfNg] ;De|fGt tyf sd{rf/LtGq, ul/aL / a]/f]huf/L, /fHo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] c;kmntf tyf /fhgLlts ¿kn] ljeflht /fhgLlts zlQmx¿ / pgLx¿sf] ljk/Lt cfbz{ klg o:tf] åGåsf sf/0f x'g\ .

g]kfnsf] ;z:q åGån] !# xhf/eGbf w]/} dflg;sf] Hofg lnP/ s/f]8f}+sf] wgdfn tyf k"jf{wf/ tx;gx;dfq} kf/]g, ;g\ @))^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{ ;3fO{ ;dfGtL, s]Gb|Ls[t / /fhtGqLo PsfTds Joj:yf kl/jt{g u/L gofF ¿kfGt/0fsf] af6f] klg v'nfof] . !) jif]{ ;z:q åGå / @)^@÷^# ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] /fhgLlts k|efjn] PstGqLo Joj:yfnfO{ 9nfof] . ;fy} o;n] g]kfnnfO{ cfw'lgs, ;fd]nL / ;+3Lo u0ftflGqs /fHo agfpg] cfzf klg lbof] . oBlk, /fHon] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xhLs/0f tyf cfˆgf] sfo{;Dkfbg /fd|/L ug{ ;s]dfq} of] ¿kfGt/0f ;Dej x'g ;S5 . o;sf nflu /fHoJoj:yfs} ;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{ cTofjZos 5 . olt 7"nf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g NofPsf k|ultzLn /fhgLlts zlQmx¿ of]

kl/jt{gsf kx/]bf/ x'g'kg]{ xf] t/ pgLx¿ cfkm}+n] ;'zf;g / sfg'gL /fHosf

cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ g} :jLsf/ ul//x]sf 5}gg\ . o;n] /fHonfO{ qmdzM sdhf]/ kfb}{ nu]sf] 5 .

/fHolgdf{0fsf k|of;x¿ /fHonfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . t/, /fhgLlts

zlQm b'¿kof]un] /fHolgdf{0f k|lqmof g} sdhf]/ ag]sf] 5 . o'4fj:yfdf Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] /0fgLlt g} /fHonfO{ lakmn t'Nofpg' lyof] tfls o:tf] cj:yfn] p;nfO{ ;z:q ljb|f]x lhTg d2t u/f];\ . kl5 @)^# d+l;/df zflGt–;Demf}tf eO{ ;z:q åGåsf] cf}krfl/s cGTo ePkl5

/fHo k'g;+{/rgf k|lqmofcGtu{t a[xt\ zflGt–;Demf}tf / cGo ;dembf/Ln]

/fHolgdf{0fsf cfwf/zLnf tof/ u/] . ltgdf /fHosf lgsfonfO{ k|efjsf/L,



263

bIf, lhDd]jf/, ;dfj]zL, kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfTds / hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg] cflb k|fjwfg lyP . t/, zflGt–;Demf}tfsf ljifoj:t' / dd{nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg'{sf] ;f6f] /fhgLlts bnx¿n] o;nfO{ cfˆgf] bn tyf JolQmut dxTTjfsf+Iffcg's"n JofVof u/] . cem dfcf]jfbLn] t /fHo lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ o'4sfnLg b[li6sf]0faf6} x]g]{ /0fgLlt NofO{ ;f]xLcg'¿k lqmofsnfk a9fof], h;nfO{ c¿ k|d'v /fhgLlts zlQmx¿n] hfgL–ghfgL ;xof]u k'¥ofP . o:tf] cj:yfn] /fHolgdf{0fnfO{ uxg a]jf:tf u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts sfo{stf{nfO{ cGof]ndf /fv]/ ;f] cGof]n Pj+ lj/f]wfefifsf] kmfObf n'6\g] sfd ePsf] 5 .

&=@ åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf] vfsf M ljifoj:t' / cj;/

of] v08n] /fHolgdf{0fsf nflu Pp6f cfwf/zLnf tof/ u/]sf] 5 .

lrq &=!M åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf cGt/;DalGwt kIfx¿

;|f]t M n]vsåf/f ¿kf+sg ul/Psf] .

264

zflGt tyf :yfloTj xfl;n ug{ / åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ljljw cjwf/0ffx¿aLr cGt/;DaGw / kl/k"/0f cfjZos x'G5 eGg] lrq &=! n] b]vfPsf] 5 . ltgnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ yk :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 M

lrq &=@ /fHok'g;+{/rgfsf tTjx¿ (Elements of state restructuring)

;|f]t M n]vsåf/f ¿kf+sg ul/Psf]

lrq &=@ n] ;'/Iff If]q k'g;+{/rgf÷;'wf/, sd{rf/LtGq k'g;+{/rgf, ;/sf/sf] :j¿ksf] lgwf{/0f -/fi6«ktLo cyjf k|wfgdGqLo, k4lt k|ToIf jf k/f]If

lgjf{lrt /fi6«k|d'v_, ;+3Lo txsf] lgwf{/0f -s]Gb|Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo_

/ tL PsfOsf] gfdf+sg tyf ;Ldf+sg, Gofokflnsfsf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf o;df :jfwLgtf / hjfkmb]lxtfaLrsf] ;Gt'ngh:tf /fHo k'g;+{/rgfsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ k|:6\ofPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] clxn]sf] /fHolgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofdf /fli6«o klxrfgsf] ;jfn cxd\ ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . of] ;jfnsf] ;xL lg¿k0flagf /fHo lgdf{0f k|lqmof k"/f



265

x'g sl7gfO 5 . klxrfgsf] ;jfn km]l/ clxn] ;fj{hlgs ax;df cfPsf] h:tf] Psf+sL klg 5}g . o;sf] If]q Jofks 5, h'g lrq g+ &=# df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . lrq &=# n] /fli6«o klxrfg lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos cfwf/e"t kIfaf/] rrf{ u/]sf] 5 .

lrq &=# /fli6«o klxrfg lgdf{0fsf cfwf/e"t tTjx¿


&=@=! cg's"n gLlt tyf pQ/bfoL ;+:yfx¿

g]kfnsf] åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0f / ljsf;sf nflu kl/sNkgf, nIo, p2]Zo,

/0fgLlt, sfof{Gjog k4lt tyf k|lqmof / cg'udg Pj+ d"Nof+sgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sg] cg's"n gLlt vfFrf] k5{ . ;fy}, ltgnfO{ ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg ug]{ plrt ;+oGq / o:tf ;+oGq / gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{

nlrnf, kf/bzL{, ultzLn / sfo{d'vL k|lqmof / k4lt ljsf; ug{'kg]{

x'G5 . /fHolgdf{0f tyf åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ lgofds Joj:yf Jofjxfl/s Pj+ lgaf{w x'g' h?/L x'G5 . o;nfO{ lrq &=$ n] cem} k|:6\ofPsf] 5 .

266

lrq &=$ åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf nflu ljljw gLlt / ltgLx¿sf] cGt/;DaGw


&=@=@ zf;sLo l;4fGt tyf cEof;

åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf nflu k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;, ljutsf] gsf/fTds

k|efj;Fu h'‰g] sfd -;Tolg¿k0f tyf k'gld{ng, a]kQf gful/ssf] vf]hL, kLl8tnfO{ Gofo tyf ;z:q åGån] hLljsf tx;gx; ePsf hgtfnfO{ Iflte/0f_, sfg'gL zf;gsf] sfof{Gjog, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf]

r':t ;]jf, ;'/Iff ;'zf;g / cfly{s kf/blz{tfh:tf ;'zf;gsf l;4fGtx¿

ckgfpg' h?/L x'G5, h;nfO{ lrq &=% df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .



267

lrq &=% åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fdf ;'zf;gsf cfjZos tTjx¿

;|f]tM n]vsåf/f ¿kf+sg ul/Psf] .

&=@=# sfg'gL zf;g / ljutsf] gsf/fTds k|efj;Fu h'‰g] sfd

:yfloTj, zflGt / nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f nflu kl/sNkgf, k|lta4tf / ;xL ;+:yfut Joj:yf h?/L k5{ . åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkg / zflGt k|flKtdf o; n]vsn] ljleGg %) eGbf a9L åGå/t b]zdf u/]sf] cg';Gwfgn] sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;Ddfg ;a}eGbf klxnf] cfjZostf /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . sfg'gL zf;gn] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, nf]stflGqs cEof; / ljsf;sf d'2fnfO{ k|efjsf/L x'g] ;'lglZrt u/fpF5 . ;+qmd0fsfndf sfg'gL zf;g a9L sdhf]/ x'G5 . o;nfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] k|d'v e"ldsf /fhgLlts zlQmx¿s} /xg] u/]sf] åGåf]Q/ /fHo lgdf{0fdf nfu]sf b]zx¿sf] cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

268

ljutsf] gsf/fTds k|efj;Fu h'‰g] sfd -l8lnª ljy lb kf:6_ d"ntM ;z:q åGåsf 3fp / lj/f;tx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfd xf] . o;n] ljutsf 36gf / ;f]af6 pTkGg kl/l:yltsf] c;n Joj:yfkg u5{ . lrq &=^ n] ljutsf] gsf/fTds k|efj;Fu h'‰g] sfd;DaGwL ljljw ljifonfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .

lrq &=^ ljutsf] gsf/fTds k|efj;Fu h'‰g cfjZos tTjx¿

8LPkmPO{÷l:j;lk;–;g\ @))^, hOg]6sf] dfGotfaf6 pTk|]l/t

åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf ;To / Gofosf k|lqmofnfO{ :yfgLo tx;Dd hf]8\g',

k'gld{ng tyf k'g;{dfof]hg ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f, kLl8tnfO{ Gofo

lbg', Iflte/0f, ;DklQ lkmtf{ / k'gaf{;sf] Joj:yf tyf sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] sfof{Gjog ug'{ zflGtk"0f{ eljiosf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]usf] :yfkgf tyf a]kQf gful/ssf] vf]hlag ug]{

cfof]u :yfkgf klg ljutsf] gsf/fTds k|efj;Fu h'‰g] sfds} csf]{



269

kf6f] xf] . oL k|fjwfgx¿ P]gd} Joj:yf u/L 5'§} cbfnt;d]t v8f u/]/ oL;DaGwL d'2f 6'+uf] nufpg] Joj:yf ul/Psfn] ;+;f/sf w]/} åGåk|efljt b]zsf ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk;Fu ;DalGwt cfof]u jf ;+/rgfx¿eGbf leGg / ljlzi6 5 . To;}n] zflGt–;Demf}tf ePsf] & jif{kl5 cfP klg of] P]gn] g]kfnf åGåkLl8tnfO{ /fxt lbg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .

lrq g+ &=& df b]vfOPsf ljleGg If]qx¿ sfg'gL zf;g sfod u/L ljutsf hl6ntf ;Daf]wg ug{ cGt/;DalGwt / k"/s 5g\ . @)&! j}zfvdf ;+;b\af6 ax'dtn] kf; ePsf] ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk / a]kQf 5fglag;DaGwL ljw]osn] åGåsf] ;dodf -;g\ !((^ km]a|'c/Lb]lv @))^ gf]e]Da/ @! ;Dd_ ePsf HofbtLlj?4 Gofo lbnfpg' k5{ . To;sf nflu b]zdf sfg'gL zf;g :yflkt ug{ ;du| Gofo k|0ffnLnfO{ dha't kfg{'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

lrq &=& sfg'gL zf;g / ljutsf] gsf/fTds k|efj;Fu h'‰g] sfdsf ljljw kIfx¿


270

&=@=$ åGåf]Q/ /fHo lgdf{0fsf nflu cg's"n gLlt, ;+:yf, lgofds cfwf/zLnf / ;|f]tfwf/

kl/sNkgf, nIo, p2]Zo tyf of]hgfnfO{ oyfy{ ¿k lbg lglZrt ;fwg k|lqmof / k|lta4tf cfjZos x'G5g\ . gLlt, ;+:yf, lgofds cfwf/zLnf / ;|f]tsf cfwf/ åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0f ug]{ To:tf ;fwg aGg ;S5g\ . t/, ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{rflx kfq g} xf] . of] k|lqmofdf kfqx¿ k|lta4 eP eg] åGåf]Q/ /fHo lgdf{0f ;xh x'G5 . blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;of}+ jif{ nfdf] /+ue]bdf cfwfl/t åGåkZrft\sf] /fHolgdf{0f k|lqmofdf kfqx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;kmn pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 .

lrq &=* åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf] ;kmntf lgwf{/0f ug]{ tTjx¿


&=@=% ;]jf Joj:yf tyf sd{rf/LtGq k'g;{+/rgf

r':t ;]jfsf] cefj, sfo{k|lqmofdf clws l9nf;':tL, k|zf;lgs emGem6 / sl7gfO /fhgLtLs/0f, e|i6frf/h:tf sf/0fn] g]kfndf ;/sf/ / ljz]ifu/L sd{rf/LtGqn] hgljZjf; u'dfPsf 5g\ . hgtfnfO{ k|efjsf/L, kf/bzL{ Pj+ bIf ;]jf lbg ;Sg] u/L sd{rf/LtGqsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug'{ åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf] d"n Wo]o xf] . /fHoJoj:yf / ;]jfk|bfos lgsfodf hgtfsf] ljZjf; k'gM hufpg' /fHolgdf{0f sfo{qmdsf] cljefHo kf6f] aGg'k5{ . o;sf nflu



271

ljz]if 1fg tyf ;Lk, k|lqmofut a'emfO / k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbg rflxG5 . gful/sx¿ ca kmf];|f cfZjf;g / qmflGtsf/L elgg] zAbb]lv jfSs eO;s]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ ca jrgnfO{ sd{df abn]sf] x]g{ rfxG5g\ . o;/L k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbg g} sd{rf/LtGqdfly cfdljZjf; / e/f];fsf] k'ge{/0f u/fpg] pkfo aGg ;S5 -pk|]tL ;g\ @))(_+ . hgljZjf; a9fpg] ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L pkfo eg]sf] hgtfnfO{ /fHon] lbg] ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg' g} xf], h;sf nflu /fHo ;+/rgfsf] ;]jf PsfOx¿ :yfgLo:t/;Dd k'Ug'kg]{ x'G5 . /fHosf] ;+3Lo :j¿kaf/] xfn eO/x]sf] ax; s]jn s]Gb|sf] zlQm, ;|f]t k|fGt -If]q_;Dd n}hfg] ;jfndf dfq s]lGb|t b]lvG5 . :yfgLo txnfO{ k"/} a]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 . s]jn k|fGtLo tx;Dddfq} ;+3Lo ;+/rgf kl/eflift x'g] / :yfgLo:t/nfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ xf] eg] g t ;+3Lotfsf] dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]sf] 7x5{, g t hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;Dks{ / ;DaGw /xg] :yfgLo /fHo ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] k|lqmof ;kmn jG5 .

lrq &=( sd{rf/LtGq k'g;{+/rgf tyf ;]jf ;'lglZrttfsf cfwf/x¿


272

&=@=^ cfly{s j[l4

åGå/t b]zsf] Oltxf;n] s] b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] zflGt, :yfloTj / nf]stGqsf] k|flKtsf nflu cy{tGqsf] k'g?Tyfg h?/L x'G5 . åGåf]Q/ cj:yfnfO{ :yfloTjtkm{ nDsfpg] of] alnof] cfwf/ xf] . o;sf nflu :yfgLo txdf /f]huf/L tyf cfly{s cj;/sf] l;h{gf, pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sf/vfgfx¿sf] :yfkgf tyf pTkfbgd"ns of]hgfdf nufgL ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng, kl/0ffdd'vL sfo{ tyf /0fgLlt, /f]huf/L l;h{gf, rf}tkmL{ tyf pRr cfly{s j[l4b/, s[lif tyf k"jf{wf/ -hnljB't\ of]hgf, ;8s tyf ljdfg:yn_, ;"rgf–k|ljlw, lj1fg tyf cfljisf/, ko{6g, ;xsf/Lh:tf If]qdf hf]8 / nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f åGåf]Q/ cy{tGq alnof] agfpg] pQd pkfo x'g ;S5g\ .

åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fn] ljsf;nfO{ cy{tGq;Fu hf]8\g] ;'lgZrttf k|bfg ug'{k5{ . åGåk|efljt If]qdf cfly{s ;xfotfsf sfo{qmd, cfly{s gLltdf ;'wf/, cfoft–lgof{t k|j4{g, ahf/ tyf /f]huf/L l;h{gf, lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgLh:tf cfwf/e"t ;]jfdf tLj| nufgL, lghL nufgLsf] k|j4{g, s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f, e"ld;'wf/ -e"ld PsqLs/0f, e"ldxLg tyf df]xLnfO{ e"ld cwLgTj, e"ld xbaGbL / e"–pkof]u juL{s/0f_, u|fdL0f pBdzLntf ljsf;, h}ljs ljljwtfx¿sf] Jofj;foLs/0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿ -hn,

hldg, h+un cflb_ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t;Fu u|fdL0f hgtfsf] kx'Fr / nfe

ljt/0f, ko{6g tyf ;DalGwt If]qsf] ljsf; / hnljB't\df ePsf] ckf/ ;Defjgfsf] pkof]u g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf d'Vo cfwf/ x'g\, h;nfO{ /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfn] cfTd;ft ug{'k5{ .

&=@=& ;'/Iff If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / ;'b[9Ls/0f

åGåf]Q/ :yfloTj / zflGtsf nflu of] Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ k|lqmof xf] . o;n] /fHosf ;'/Iff c+u tyf ;+:yfsf] k'g;+{/rgf ug]{dfq geO{ /fHosf] k|lt/f]wdf plqPsf ljb|f]xL zlQmsf] ;'/Iff ansf] Jofj:yfkg ug{ dfu{ k|z:t u5{ . o;sf d"ntM kfFr cGt/;DalGwt kIf 5g\M -s_ ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff



273

k'g:yf{kg, -v_ lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng / k'g;{dfof]hg, -u_ ;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/sf] lgoGq0f, -3_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff of]hgf÷gLlt th'{df, / -ª_ ;'/Iff If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f .

;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff k'g:yf{kg

åGåf]Q/ cjlwnfO{ 5f]6Øfpg, /fHodflysf] cfdljZjf; k'g:yf{lkt ug{ / k'glg{df0f tyf ljsf;sf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f agfpg ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o:t} ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo klg åGåf]Q/ cj:yfsf] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ lx:;f xf] . ljutsf 36gfnfO{ /fd|f];Fu g;N6fO{ k'gld{ng, ;fdflhs ;+ult / Gofosf] cg'ej u/fpg ;lsFb}g . dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL lgsfox¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, Goflos ;ldlt tyf cg'udg ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf, ;fd'bflos ;'/Iff tyf gful/s k|x/Lsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fh:tf k|of;n] dfq} oL s'/f ;Dej x'g ;S5g\ .

zflGt–;Demf}tfkl5 ;'/Iff Joj:yf sfod /fVg' o'4u|:t d'n'sx¿sf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ r'gf}tL aG5 . ljutdf vf;u/L ;g\ @))& b]lv @)!) ;Dd g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 -cfO{;LhL ;g\ @))&_ . Tolta]nf !)& eGbf a9L ;fgf xltof/wf/L ;d"xn] ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ emg} gfh's agfPsf lyP . ljsf;sf sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfnfO{ lzlyn

agfPsf lyP . xfn of] cj:yfdf qmlds ;'wf/ cfP klg /fhgLlts

bnx¿n] cfˆgf] :jfy{sf nflu ck/fwLx¿sf] kl/rfng, ;+/If0f /

k|j4{g ug]{ /0fgLlt aGb gu/];Dd of] r'gf}tL sfod} /xg]5 . ck/fwsf] /fhgLtLs/0f / /fhgLltsf] ck/fwLs/0f åGåk|efljt b]zx¿sf] ;femf rl/q eP klg g]kfndf eg] of]eGbf k/ uO{ o'jfsf] ;}lgsLs/0f / ;dfhsf]

pu|tfnfO{ :jLsfg]{ gofF k|j[lQ klg b]lvPsf] 5 .

u7aGwgdf ePsf bnaLr zlQm;+3if{, gfh's sfg'gL Joj:yf, ljleGg cle?lrsf ;d"xsf] lx+;fTds ultljlw / ljleGg ;dodf u7g ePsf

;/sf/x¿sf sdhf]/ sfo{;Dkfbgn] g]kfn sl7g ;+qmd0fdf k/]sf] 5 -pk|]tL ;g\ @))(_ . cfdx8\tfn, aGb -slxn]sfxLF clglZrtsfnLg_ /

274

cj/f]w d'n's}e/ lgoldt ag]sf 5g\ . ;jf/L jfxg hnfpg], ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL ;DklQ tx;gx; kfg]{ tyf ofq'x¿nfO{ ckdflgt;d]t t'Nofpg] o:tf ultljlw lx+;fTds aGb} uPsf lyP . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;g\ @))& sf] cu:6df dfq} ljleGg !( ;d"x1n] g]kfnel/ s'n %% aGb / cj/f]w cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP . ljleGg bnsf o'jf ;+u7gaLr em8k ;fdfGo eO;s]sf] 5 . o:tf 36gfn] cem c;'/Iff r'gf}tL lgDTofPsf lyP . zflGt–;Demf}tfkl5 klg /fhgLlts bnn] ljsf;nfO{ ;|f]t sAhfsf] dfWod agfPsf 5g\ . bnsf :yfgLo sfo{stf{n] :yfgLo ljQLo ;|f]tnfO{ cfkm"v';L / bnLo :jfy{df nufgL ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ . pRr hf]lvdsf If]qdf ljsf;;DaGwL sfd ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ ;'/Iff lbg klg ;/sf/ c;dy{ b]lvPsf] 5 .2 @)^$ ebf} !^ df sf7df8f}+df ePsf tLgcf]6f ad la:kmf]6g3, @)^$ ebf} #) sf] slknj:t' xTofsf08, ljj]s n'OF6]n, Voflt >]i7 / ldl8of pBdL hldd zfx xTofsf08 Pj+ ljleGg kqsf/ tyf Jofkf/Lx¿sf] ckx/0f / xTofsf 36gf d'n'ssf] Tolta]nfsf] ;'/Iff l:ylt v:s]sf] alnof pbfx/0f x'g\ . slknj:t'df ePsf] lx+;fTds em8kn] b'O{ bh{geGbf a9Lsf] Hofg lnof] / sltsf] yfxfkQ} nfu]g eg] tLg xhf/eGbf a9L lj:yflkt x'g afWo eP . of] k|j[lQ l5d]sL lhNnfdf klg ;¥of] / nueu ;fDk|bflos tyf

1 o;/L aGb cfof]hgf ug]{ ;d"xdf !_ pBf]u–Joj;foL, @_ Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_lgs6 ;+u7gx¿, hgtflGqs t/fO{ d'lQm df]rf{ -Hjfnf l;+x_, lnDa'jfg, r'/]–efj/ Pstf ;dfh, dw];L hgflwsf/ kmf]/d, dw];L qmflGtsf/L df]rf{, dw];L 6fOu/, åGåkLl8t ;d"x, :yfgLo ;d'bfo, u7aGwg ;ft bnsf e|ft[ ;+u7g, :jtGq ljBfyL{ ;d"x, oftfoft ;+u7g, blnt tyf hghflt ;+u7g, tfdfª :jfoQ If]q nf]stflGqs df]rf{, PsLs[t yf? /fli6«o d'lQm df]rf{ / cGo ;d"x lyP -x]g'{xf];\, ;g\ @))& cu:6sf] cf]rfsf] k|ltj]bg_ .

2 pbfx/0fsf nflu d'Vou/L t/fO{–dw]; If]qdf kxf8Ld"nsf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] xTof x'g] qmd a9]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))& sf] dfr{b]lv h'nfO{;Dd 5 dlxgfdf sDtLdf ;ft sd{rf/Lsf] xTof ePsf] lyof] . oLdWo] sf]a|f u|'kaf6 /fdj[If ofbj -uflj; ;lrj_, hgtflGqs t/fO{ d'lQm df]rf{ -uf]Ot_af6 jf;'b]j kf}8]n -k|lzIfs_, hgtflGqs t/fO{ d'lQm df]rf{ -Hjfnf l;+x_ ;d"xaf6 gj/fh lji6 -OlGhlgo/_, k"0f{l;+x k|wfg -cf]e/l;c/_, c?0fk|;fb h};jfn -clUglgoGqs_ / /fdxl/ kf]v/]n -uflj; ;lrj_sf] xTof ePsf] lyof] .

3 ;f] lbg $M$% ah]lt/ ;'Gwf/f, afnfh' / lqk'/]Zj/sf cltJo:t :yfgdf ad lj:kmf]6 x'Fbf b'O{ ljBfyL{ / Ps ;fdfGo dlxnfsf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] eg] b'O{ jif]{ lzz';lxt @^ hgfeGbf w]/} 3fOt] ePsf lyP . …lkkN; cfdL{Ú / …t/fO{ cfdL{Ú gfd lbOPsf ;d"xn] 36gfsf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf lyP .



275

wfld{s lx+;fh;/L km}lnof] . xTof, dlGb/ tyf luhf{3/df ePsf lj:kmf]6, ckx/0f, cfqmd0f, n'6kf6, rGbfc;'nL, x8\tfn / aGbn] c;'/Iff / qf; l;h{gf u/L ljsf;sf sfddf afwf lgDTofof] . xfn of] cj:yfdf s]xL ;'wf/ cfP klg of] cj:yf l:y/ eg] ePsf] 5}g . ha;Dd /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ck/fwL -JolQm / ;d"x_sf] ;+/If0f ul//xG5g\, Tolta]nf;Dd of] r'gf}tL sfod /xG5 .

lrq &=!) ;fdflhs c;'/Iff lgDTofpg] tTjx¿


s]xL jif{otf t/fO{ If]q t'ngfTds ¿kn] a9L c;'/lIft / lx+;fTds ag]sf]

5 . ljz]ifu/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbf klg To;n] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / ;+3Lo /fHo ;+/rgfsf] dfu k"/f gu/]sf] eGb} dw];s]lGb|t s]xL If]qLo kf6L{x¿n] lx+;fTds lj/f]w ;'? u/]kl5 o:tf] l:ylt cfof] . c;'/Iffn]

ubf{ g]kfn k|x/Ln] Tolta]nf t/fO{sf ljleGg lhNnfnfO{ …;+j]bgzLnÚ lhNnf

g} 3f]if0ff ug'{k¥of] . ;g\ @))( df u[x dGqfnon] …ljz]if ;'/Iff of]hgfÚ nfu" u¥of] . t/, k|rf/df lgs} ;kmn ag] klg s]xL /fhgLlts bnsf] c;xof]un] of] of]hgf sfg'gljxLgtf / lx+;fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ of] c;kmn g} /Xof] .

;'/Iff l:ylt g} /fd|f] gx'Fbf ljsf;sf cGo sfo{qmdnfO{ klg c;/ k5{ . To;dfly g]kfn–ef/taLrsf] v'nf l;dfgfn] cj}w xltof/ sf/f]af/LnfO{

276

;lhnf] k/]sf] 5 . o;n] ljleGg xltof/wf/L tyf ;fgf cfk/flws ;d"x df}nfPsf lyP . tLdWo] w]/}h;f]sf] /fhgLlts cfwf/, hg;dy{g / :ki6 ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf lyPgg\\, To;}n] tL ;a} ;d"x /fhgLlts zlQmcGtu{t kb}{g lyP t/ klg /fHon] tL ;d"xnfO{ ;f]xLcg'¿k sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpg] sfd k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ug{ ;s]g . o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f lyof]– dw];jfbL If]qLo bnx¿sf] c8fg . pgLx¿n] o:tf ;d"x l;h{gf, kl/rfng / cg'udg u/]sf sf/0f /fHo pgLx¿k|lt lg/Lx ag]sf] lyof] . kl5sf] nf]stflGqs ;/sf/sf] /fHo dfcf]jfbLsf] lx+;fTds ;z:q åGå, dw]; cfGbf]ng ;a}df lx+;f k|d'v /x]sf] / dfcf]jfbL ;z:q åGån] t g]kfndf lx+;f, ck/fw / c;'/IffnfO{ ;+:yfut g} ul/lbof] . Psflt/, lx+;fsf] /f]syfd gu/L åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0fsfn ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g eg] csf]{lt/ lx+;fsf] /f]syfdsf nflu /fhgLlts bnaf6} k|lta4tf cfpg' h?/L x'G5 . cfk/flws k|j[lQn] afnaflnsfsf] ckx/0f, xTof, 8s}tL, xltof/sf] cj}w cf];f/k;f/, dfgj cf];f/k;f/, nfu"cf}ifw b'Jo{;g / ank"j{s u/fOg] lj:yfkg a9]sf 5g\ -pk|]tL / g]kfnL ;g\ @))^_ . o:tf] k|j[lQ ljz]ifu/L zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ eO;s]kl5 a9]sf 5g\ . o:t}u/L zflGt–k|lqmofsf] cf/Desf s]xL jif{df /fhgLlts bnn] an k|of]usf nflu o'jf b:tfnfO{ p/fNg] sfdn]

klg c;'/Iff / lx+;f lgDTofO{ ljsf;df cj/f]w l;h{gf u/]sf lyP . of]ª sDo'lg:6 lnu -jfO{;LPn_, o'y kmf];{, dw]; /Iff aflxgLh:tf cw{;}lgs ;+u7gsf] l;h{gfn] of] k|lqmof cem hl6n ag]sf] lyof] . lnDa'jfg,

r'/]efj/ Pstf ;dfh, dw];L hgflwsf/ kmf]/d, dw];L qmflGtsf/L df]rf{,

tfdfª :jfoQ If]q nf]stflGqs df]rf{, ;+o'Qm yf? /fli6«o d'lQm df]rf{, If]qL ;dfhh:tf bn tyf ;d"xsf cw{;}Go o'jf b:tfn] o:t} hl6ntfnfO{ cem a9fPsf lyP, xfn of] cln dTy/ ePsf] 5 .

lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng / k'g;{dfof]hg

!) jif]{ ;z:q åGåsf] c;/n] g]kfnL ;dfh / dfg;k6ndf w]/} ;}Go k|efj k/]sf] 5 . ;of}+ ;z:q ;d"xsf ;fy} pd]/ gk'u]sf k"j{n8fs'sf] ljifonfO{ bL3{sfnLg tl/sfn] ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5}g . To;}n] lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng



277

/ k'g;{dfof]hg -l8:cfdf{dG6, l8dlanfOh];g PG8 l/OlG6u|];gM 8L8Lcf/_ ljZjJofkL l;4fGt / dfGotfcg';f/ ePsf 5}gg\ . t/, ljz]ifu/L o;sf] ck"0f{tf cyjf o;k|ltsf] c;dembf/Ln] g]kfnL /fhgLlts hut\df of] ljifo ljjflbt ag]sf] 5 . of] åGåf]Q/ :yfloTjsf nflu Pp6f r'gf}tL xf] .

;fgf tyf xn'sf xftxltof/sf] lgoGq0f

u[xo'4sf a]nf ;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/sf] cj}w pTkfbg, ljt/0f tyf k|of]u Jofks ¿kdf ePsf lyP . t/, zflGt–;Demf}tfkl5 klg ;fgf xltof/sf] laulauL Jofks /Xof] . /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ck/fwLsf] ;+/If0f ug{' g} ;fgf xltof/sf] Jofkstfsf] k|d'v sf/0f xf] . /fhgLlts bn / ;'/Iff lgsfosf] ;dGjodf of] ;jfnsf] k"0f{ ;Daf]wg ePg eg] of] åGåf]Q/ ;dodf c¿ r'gf}tL ylkg]5 -åGåf]Q/ g]kfndf ;fgf xltof/sf] laulauL;DaGwL lj:t[t rrf{sf nflu kl/R5]b !* x]g'{xf];\_ .

/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df

g]kfnnfO{ /fHo ;'/Iff, dfgjLo ;'/Iff / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffh:t tLg cGt/;DalGwt tTj ePsf] af]wuDo tyf k|ultzLn /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt cfjZos 5 . /fHo ;'/Iffn] d"ntM /fli6«o ;fj{ef}ldstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . ;}Go zlQmnfO{ o:tf] ;'/Iffsf] d'Vo cfwf/

dflgG5 . o;n] vf;u/L afXo ;'/Iff r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf u5{ . dfgj

tyf gful/s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ x'gfn] dfgjLo ;'/IffnfO{ o;sf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ kf6f] dflgG5 . o;n] hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{df hf]8 lbG5 / ;fdflhs tyf /fHo ;'/Iffsf] k"/ssf]

¿kdf sfd u5{ .

;fdflhs ;'/Iff /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . o;n] hgtfsf] ;'/Iff, dxTTjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/ -h:t}M b"/;~rf/ 6fj/, 7"nf hnljB't\ cfof]hgf,

Aof+s, cf}Bf]lus If]q, ljdfg:yn cflb_ / ;fj{hlgs sfdsfhdf dfgjLo cyjf k|fs[lts ljklQlj?4 ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbG5 . cft+sjfb, ;+ul7t

278

ck/fw -h:t}M sfnf]wgsf] sf/f]af/, r]nLa]6L a]rlavg / dfgjLo c+u tyf nfu"cf}ifwsf] cf];f/k;f/_, ;dfhdf x'g] cfk/flws 3';k}7, k|fs[lts ljklQ -e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], v8]/L_, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj -lxdgbL la:kmf]6, ;d'b|L ;txsf] j[l4, bL3{sfnLg v8]/L cflb_, dxfdf/L -a8{ˆn', PrcfO{eL÷P8\;, ;f;{ OToflb_ / wfld{s cltjfblj?4 gful/snfO{ ;'/Iff lbg' ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] d"n Wo]o xf] . hgtfnfO{ u}/k/Dk/fut ;'/Iff r'gf}tL -cgsGe]G;gn ;]So'/6L y|]6_ -h:t}M dfgjlgld{t tyf k|fs[lts ljklQ_af6 ;d]t ;'/lIft kfg'{ / clUg ;'/Iff, ;8s ;'/Iff / lgdf{0f–sfo{;DaGwL ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ;d]t klg /fli6«o ;'/Iffs} csf]{ kf6f] xf] .

gofF /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt th'{dfsf] qmddf x'gfn] g]kfnn] dfly rrf{ ul/Psf ;'/Iffsf tLg kf6fx¿nfO{ Vofn /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . ;'/Iffsf] ljifo clxn] uxg ¿kn] ljZjJofkLs[t ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ;+;f/sf] Pp6f s'gfdf x'g] c;'/Iffn] csf]{ s'gfsf] b]znfO{ klg c;/ kg{ ;S5 . ljz]ifu/L cft+sjfbL ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/ tyf ;"rgf–k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] o;nfO{ ;Dej agfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] gofF /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltn] o;nfO{ klg Wofg lbg'k5{ . o;n] cfpFbf] %) jif{sf] ;'/Iff ultzLntfnfO{ dWogh/ /fVb} tof/L ug'{ ckl/xfo{ 5 . clxn] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ljifodf leGg ljrf/ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . d"nwf/sf] /fhgLltn] cem} klg o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs

;+nUgtf gx'g] ljz'4 ;}Go dfldnfsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf] 5 . t/, ;f]

ljifodf cfk;L 5nkmn u/L ;do;'xfpFbf] sbd lng' ljj]sL sfd x'g]5 . To;n] :ki6 kl/sNkgf, /0fgLlts /fli6«o cle?lr, p2]Zo, sfo{ljlw / k|To]s ;'/Iff ;+/rgfsf] d"n lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f ug{ ;S5 . o;/L ;DefJo

tyf jf:tljs ;'/Iff hf]lvd, r'gf}tL / vt/fsf] cfFsng ug{ lj:t[t

cfwf/zLnf tof/ x'g ;S5 .

ef/t / rLgh:tf b'O{ eLdsfo d'n'saLr g]kfn e"–/fhgLlts ¿kn] g}

/0fgLlts :yfgdf 5 . oL b'O{ d'n's k|lt:kwf{Tds z}nLdf cfkm"x¿nfO{ ljZjzlQm agfpg] xf]8df 5g\ . o;dfly blIf0f Pl;of ljZjJofkL cft+sjfbs} d"n s]Gb|laGb' ag]sf] 5 eg] o;sf] d'Vo c;/ ef/tdf



279

k/]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd ljZjJofkL cft+sjfbL ;~hfnsf] k|ToIf l;sf/ gag] klg !*)) lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] v'nf l;dfgfsf sf/0f ef/tdf x'g] cft+sjfbL lqmofsnfksf] c;/ g]kfndf klg kg{ ;S5 . cf0fljs tyf ;fgf xltof/sf] 7"nf] e08f/0f ePsf] x'gfn] klg blIf0f Pl;ofnfO{ ljZjs} Ps pRr ;}lgsLs[t If]q dflgG5 . o;dfly ef/t / kfls:tfgsf] ;}Go k|lt:kwf{sf] xf]8n] pTkGg x'g] /fhgLlts tgfjn] klg g]kfnnfO{ uDeL/ ;'/Iff r'gf}tL lbPsf] 5 . blIf0f Pl;ofsf w]/} e"efux¿ ul/aL, c;dfgtf, cGofo / lje]bsf] s]Gb| g} x'g\ . To;}n] logLx¿ åGå / c:yfloTjsf pj{/e"ld ag]sf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/, pmhf{ ;+s6, hn;+s6 / vfB c;'/Iffn] klg of] If]qdf r'gf}tL yk]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf c:yfloTj lgDTofpg o:tf tTj klg lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . lognfO{ ;Daf]wg gu/L agfOg] /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt kmnbfoL x'g ;Sb}g .

gofF /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltn] kof{Kt sfg'gL cfwf/zLnf, pQ/bfoL ;+:yfut Joj:yf / cg's"n ;'/Iff /0fgLlt lbg ;Sg'k5{ . cfly{s tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw gLlt;Fu klg o;sf] alnof] ;DaGw x'g'k5{ . o;df ;}lgs, ;z:q k|x/L, gful/s k|x/L, cf}Bf]lus tyf ;Ldf ;'/Iff an, u'Ktr/ ;+oGq, lghL ;'/Iff ansf] k|fjwfg / clUg/Ifs, jg/Ifs cyjf lgs'~h lg/LIfsh:tf

leGgvfn] ;'/Iff ansf k|sf/x¿nfO{ :ki6 kfl/g'k5{ . csf]{ eg]sf] ltgsf] cfsf/ cyjf ;+Vof lgwf{/0f, ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg, /Iff /0fgLlt / ;'/Iff an tyf ;f]k|lt sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / Joj:yflksfsf] sfd, st{Jo

/ clwsf/ tf]Sg' klg xf] . oL ;a} tYonfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ lj:t[t /fli6«o ;'/Iff

gLltlagf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Jofj;foLs/0f cyjf dfcf]jfbL k"j{n8fs'sf] Joj:yfkg pknlAwd"ns x'g sl7g 5 . /fHon] lng] gofF ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / ;'/Iff gLltcg'¿k /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iff ;+/rgf g} k'glg{df{0f

ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] ;'/Iff;DaGwL h'g} klg lg0f{o ubf{ oL s'/fdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] casf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf cfwf/nfO{ ;d]6\g'k5{ . ;'/Iff lgsfosf] nf]stflGqs hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf /

280

uf]kgLotfaLrsf] pko'Qm ;Gt'ng, ;dfj]zL ;'/Iffk|bfos ;+oGq, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ tyf ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] ;Ddfg, ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿ -u[x, k//fi6«, /Iff tyf cGo_aLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo / lgu/fgL -;'/Iff ;+/rgf, ;/sf/, ;+;b\, Gofokflnsfn] cfGtl/s tyf cfd;~rf/, gful/s ;dfh / ;j{;fwf/0fn] afXo_h:tf Joj:yf klg /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltn] ;d]6\g' lxts/ x'g]5 .

xfd|f] gofF /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltn] ;'/Iff cg';Gwfg tyf ljZn]if0fsf nflu kof{Kt ;+:yfut cfwf/ l;h{gf ug'{ klg ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;leq hf]lvd d"Nof+sg, vt/fsf] ljZn]if0f / clu|d ;"rgf lbg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ . ;fy}, o;n] h}ljs–cf+tsjfb;Fu h'‰g ;"Id–h}ljs k|of]uzfnf -dfOqmf]afof]nhL Nofa/]6/L_ tyf dxfdf/L;Fu h'‰g hg:jf:Yo lgu/fgL Joj:yfh:tf ;'/Iff;DaGwL k|fljlws k"jf{wf/, ;fwg;DkGg u'Ktr/ k|0ffnL / lbOPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ cfjZos ;|f]tsf] klg Joj:yf ul/lbg'k5{ .

g]kfndf clxn] Pp6f ;j{:jLsfo{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt Nofpg /fhgLlts bn, lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/L ljefu, ;+;b\sf] /fHoJoj:yf ;ldlt, cg';Gwftf, gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jf, k|fl1s If]q / lhDd]jf/ ;'/Iff clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;+o'Qm ;xsfo{ h?/L 5 . o;n] dfq} /fHo tyf hgtfsf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;'/Iff ansf] nf]stflGqs lgoGq0f / ;+;bLo lgu/fgL, dfgjclwsf/d}qL,

bIf tyf k|efjsf/L ;'/Iff k|0ffnLh:tf ljZjJofkL ¿kn] :yflkt cjwf/0ff

;d]6\g] ;'/Iff gLlt th'{df ug{ ;S5 .

;'/Iff If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f

/fHosf k|x/L, ;]gf, cw{;}Go an, :yfgLo ;'/Iff PsfO, u'Ktr/ tyf sfg'gL ¿kn] kl/eflift ;'/Iff c+ux¿sf] ¿kfGt/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f b]zdf lbuf] zflGt / :yfloTjsf] cfwf/ xf] . /fHosf ;'/Iff ;+oGq ;Fu an k|of]u cyjf k|of]usf nflu cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ x'G5 . ;'/Iff c+ux¿sf] gful/s lgoGq0f / ;+;bLo lgu/fgL, pko'Qm ;+Vof lgwf{/0f, cfw'lgsLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f, sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;Ddfg / o'4b]lv



281

zflGt;Ddsf] ;+qmd0fsf] ;xhLs/0f åGåf]Q/ ;'/Iff If]qsf] d"ne"t dfGotf x'g\ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))^, cf]O{;L8L ;g\ @))$, 8LPkmcfO{8L ;g\ @))@_ . ;'/Iff If]qsf] cfw'lgsLs/0fn] ;'/Iff If]qdf gjLg kl/sNkgf / t6:ytfsf ;fy ¿kfGt/0fd'vL ;'wf/ / Jofj;flostfsf] p2]Zo /fV5 . o;sf nflu gful/s ;/sf/ tyf ;'/Iff clwsf/Ldf OdfGbf/ k|lta4tf Pj+ lgikIftf h?/L x'G5 .

åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0fnfO{ ;kmn agfpg klg lj:t[t ;'/Iff gLlt / ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] gofF vfsf cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu klg cl3Nnf] pkzLif{sdf rrf{ ul/Ph:t} /fHo ;'/Iff, dfgjLo ;'/Iff / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffh:tf tLg dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/nfO{ ;d]l6g'k5{ lsgeg] /fli6«o ;'/Iff eg]sf] ;Ldf, cGtl/If, ;"rgf / ;fOa/ ;'/Iffsf] ;+o'Qm :j¿k xf] . To;}n] g]kfnn] clxn];Ddsf] k/Dk/fut ;'/Iff Joj:yfeGbf klg k/ u}/k/Dk/fut ;'/Iff k|0ffnLdf k|j]z ug'{ cTofjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .

k|efjsf/L åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0f ug{ ;'/Iff If]qcGtu{t /Iff dGqfno, u[x dGqfno, ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L an, k|x/L tyf u'Ktr/ ljefusf] Jofj;foLs/0fnfO{ ;d]l6g'k5{ . o;sf nflu ;]gf ;dfof]hg, nf]stfGqLs/0f, ;'/Iff gLlt / k//fi6« gLltaLrsf] cGt/;DaGw, ;hfo Joj:yf tyf Gofokflnsfdf ;'wf/, ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffsf] k'gJof{Vof / lghL ;'/Iffk|bfossf] ;d]t k'g{ d"Nof+sg / cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] cfjZostf 5 .

;'/Iff If]qsf] a'emfOdf g]kfndf Jofks leGgtf / cfu|x–k"jf{u|xk"0f{ dfGotf xfjL 5 . s;}n] ;'/Iff If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0f ;]gfsf] ;+:yf 36fpg] xf] egL a'em]sf 5g\ . of] ¿kfGt/0fsf] ax; p7fpg]x¿ g]kfnL ;]gflj/f]wL x'g\ eGg] dfGotf /fV5g\ . csf{y/Ldf eg] ;'/Iff If]qsf] k'g;{+/rgf eg]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfˆgf] kf6L{÷ljrf/sf] k|efj If]qleq /xg] u/L lgoGq0f ug]{ a'emfO 5 . oyfy{df ;'/Iff If]qnfO{ ;d;fdlos agfpg] ;jfn cfw'lgsLs/0f, Jofj;foLs/0f, ¿kfGt/0f ;a} k5{g\ / /fHosf ;a} ;'/Iff ;+/rgf of] cjwf/0ffleq ;d]l6G5g\ .

/fHosf] ;'/Iff / lx+;f tyf hah{:tLh:tf ultljlwaf6 cfˆgf gful/snfO{

arfpg] cf}krfl/s clwsf/ kfPsf] ;+:yf ;'/Iff lgsfo xf] . åGå;DaGwL

282

cfn]vx¿df pNn]v ePcg';f/ ;'/Iff If]q ;'wf/ a]nfotdf k|j4{g ul/Psf] cjwf/0ff xf], h'g kl5 uP/ ljZjJofkL aGg k'Uof] . g]kfnsf] kl/jlt{t kl/k|]Iodf ;'/Iff lgsfosf] ablnFbf] st{Jo, e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ nf]stflGqs d"No tyf dfGotf / ;'zf;gsf] l;4fGtcg'¿k rnfpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

lrq &=!! ;'/Iff If]q ;'wf/sf tTjx¿


;'/Iff If]q k'g;{+/rgf eg]sf] of] If]qdf ePsf sdhf]/Lsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;'wf/, gjLg ljrf/ / gful/s ;/sf/ tyf ;'/Iff clwsf/L b'j}df k|lta4, lgikIftf tyf t6:ytf Nofpg' xf] . dfgjclwsf/ tyf ;}Go cEof;,



283

Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf k|fljlws bIftf ;a}vfn] cfjZos tflnd, ljsf;sf sfo{qmddf ;'/Iff ;jfnnfO{ hf]8\g] sfd, uf]kgLotf / kf/blz{tfaLr pko'Qm ;Gt'ng, ;dGjo tyf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] alnof] ;+oGq, ;}lgs / gful/saLrsf] ;DaGw, ;fj{hlgs r]tgf clej[l4, ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL cfwf/zLnfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, ;'/Iff If]qsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cfjlws d"Nof+sg / :jtGq lgu/fgL ;+oGq -h:t}M dfgjclwsf/ cfof]uh:tf ;fj{hlgs lxtsf lgsfo, dxfGofoflwjQmf, ljwfos tyf Goflos lgsfo cflb_ h:tf kIf ;'/Iff If]qsf] k'g;+{/rgfdf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ -afN8ljg ;g\ !((&, 8LPkmcfO{8L ;g\ @))#, Paf] ;g\ @))%_ .

;'/Iff If]qsf] k'g;+{/rgf ;'/Iffsf kIf;Fu dfq} geP/ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, cGt/f{li6«o / ljsf;sf ;jfn;Fu klg ;DalGwt x'G5 . ;'/Iff If]q ¿kfGt/0fn] :t/Lo nf]stflGqs l;4fGt / d"Nodf cfwfl/t gLlt, ljwfg, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ;+/rgf tyf lgu/fgLsf ljifonfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))#_ . zf:qLo ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffn] hgtf tyf /fi6«sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu /fHosf] sfg'gL Psflwsf/df dfq} hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] ljz]ifu/L afXo vt/faf6 /fHonfO{ arfpg] nIo /fv]sf] x'G5 . o;dfly, o:tf] cjwf/0ffn] ;}Go zlQmsf] k|of]u s]jn o'4sf] tof/L, ;f]af6 arfp cyjf ;f]sf] ;fdgf ug{df dfq} nufpF5 -jfN6 ;g\ !((!_ . ;}lgs, cw{;}lgs, k|x/L / u'Ktr/ ;a}nfO{ To;}sf nflu dfq} k|of]u ul/G5 . o:tf] /fHos]lGb|t k/Dk/fut ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff clxn] ;+sL0f{ eO;s]sf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/, hLljsf ;'/Iff, jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff tyf pmhf{ ;'/IffnfO{ ;du| ¿kdf x]g]{ cfw'lgs ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffnfO{ zf:qLo ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffn] plt Vofn /fVb}g . cfw'lgs ;'/Iff cjwf/0ffn] ;Ddflgt hLjg afFRg kfpg] hgtfsf] clwsf/;lxtsf] dfgjLo ;'/Iffdf hf]8 lbPsf] x'G5 -pk|]tL ;g\ @))^, afN8ljg ;g\ !((&_ . o;/L nf]stflGqs zf;g ;'/Iff If]q k'g;{+/rgfsf] dxTTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .

a[xt\ zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] efu $ sf] a'Fbf $=& n] g]kfnL ;]gfsf]

nf]stGqLs/0faf/] n]v]sf] 5 M

284

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg gofF ;}lgs P]gadf]lhd

dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug]{ . cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fhgLlts ;xdlt / cGtl/d

Joj:yflksfsf] ;DalGwt ;ldlt;d]tsf] ;'emfj lnP/ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] nf]stfGqLs/0fsf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ . o;cGtu{t g]kfnL ;]gfsf] pko'Qm ;+Vof, nf]stflGqs ;+/rgf, /fli6«o / ;dfj]zL rl/q lgdf{0f ub}{ nf]stGq / dfgjclwsf/sf] d"Noåf/f ;]gfnfO{ k|lzlIft ug]{nufotsf sfdx¿ ug]{ .

o;/L g} cGtl/d ;+ljwfg–@)^# sf] wf/f !$$ -# / $_n] o:t} k|fjwfg pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/ gofF /fhgLlts kl/k|]Ion] ljBdfg ;}Go ;+/rgfsf] ;'wf/af/] :ki6} Joj:yf tf]s]sf] 5 . t/, ;du| k'g;{+/rgfsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, /Iff gLlt, cfly{s gLlt, /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\h:tf] zlQmzfnL ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] :yfkgfnfO{ ldnfP/ ul/g] /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf] ljsf;, u'Ktr/ lgsfosf] ;'wf/, k|x/L tyf ;]gfdf cfw'lgsLs/0fh:tf kIfnfO{ Wofg lbg'k5{ . t/, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tf b'j}n] o:tf] k'g;+{/rgfsf] cfjZostf af]w ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;''/Iff If]qsf] s'g} Ps kIfsf] dfq} ;'wf/ ug]{ u/L x'g] k'g;{+/rgfsf] PSnf] k|of;n] ck]lIft kl/0ffd Nofpg ;Sb}g .

&=@=* ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u

åGå / ljsf;aLrsf] ;DaGw ljifd x'G5 eGg] ;+;f/e/s} åGåsf

Oltxf;n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ljsf;sf sfo{qmd ul/a tyf ;LdfGts[t hgtf;Dd gk'u]df c;dfgtf / cGofosf] cg'e"ltn] åGå emg} rsf{pF5 . 5 bzseGbf a9Lsf] ljsf; ;xfotf;DaGwL g]kfnL cg'ejn] klg oxL

tYo k|dfl0ft u5{ . g]kfnsf] ljsf; Oltxf; Pp6f c;kmntfsf] Oltxf;

ag]sf] 5 . o;n] ul/aL / alxis/0fnfO{ kof{Kt ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]g / wgL tyf ul/aaLrsf] b"/L emg} a9fof] . ;|f]tdfly ;De|fGtx¿sf] sAhf /lx/Xof] . o;/L tgfj uf}0f ¿kdf al9/xg'df ljb]zL ;xfotfdf x'g] ;t{x¿ klg d'Vo lhDd]jf/ lyP . o;n] ubf{ ljleGg ;/sf/n] ul/a tyf ljkGg



285

hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ -Jofjxfl/s cfjZostf / /0fgLlts cle?lr_ ;'wfg]{ bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmddf Wofg lbg kfPgg\ .

zflGt k'g:yf{kgf, nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, cfly{s j[l4 tyf åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf] vfsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ g]kfnnfO{ ljb]zL ;xfotf vfFrf] k5{ . oBlk, clxn]sf] cfjZostf eg]sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|of;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u / ;xhLs/0f ug'{ xf], ;t{df afFWg' xf]Og .

&=@=( k'glg{df{0f tyf ljsf;

åGåf]Q/ :yfloTj / zflGtsf nflu s'g} Psdfq} tTjn] k'Ub}g . o;sf nflu Ifltu|:t k"jf{wf/sf] k'glg{df{0f, ljsf;sf ljBdfg gLltsf] k'gJof{Vof / lgofds cfwf/zLnf tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg cfjZos k5{ . g]kfn ca ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf hfg] ePsf]n] klg ; f]xLcg'¿k gofF cfwf/ v8f ul/g'k5{ . åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;;DaGwL rrf{ o; k':tssf] kl/R5]b * df lj:t[t ¿kdf ul/Psf] 5 .

&=@=!) /fhgLlts bndf ;'wf/

g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bn /fHolgdf{0fsf k|d'v kfq geO{ /fHosf ;f/f ;+/rgf tyf k|lqmofnfO{ g} /fhgLtLs/0f u/]/ /fHonfO{ csd{0o agfpg] stf{ klg

x'g\ . ltgd} ;'wf/ geO{ /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf / gofF g]kfnL /fHosf] lgdf{0f

c;Dej / cy{xLg x'G5 . To;}n] åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fn] bn ;+u7gsf] nf]stfGqLs/0f k|lqmofnfO{ klg ;Fu} n}hfg'k5{ lsgeg] bn eg]sf ax'bnLo nf]stGqsf vDaf / eljiosf] g]t[Tj pTkfbg ug]{ d~r klg x'g\ .

286

lrq &=!@ /fhgLlts bn ;'wf/sf tTjx¿

;|f]tM n]vsåf/f ¿kf+sg ul/Psf] .

&=# åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf r'gf}tL

g]kfnn] hf/L /fhgLlts kl/jt{g / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] qmddf] lgs} lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ jftfj/0f a]xf]/]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs dfgl;stfdf sygL / s/gL -elgg] / ul/g]_aLr leGgtf b]lvG5 . åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / /fHolgdf{0fsf nflu of] Pp6f r'gf}tL xf] . clxn] dfgjLo Jojxf/sf] of] Pp6f cTo]Ho

kf6f] g} ag]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿ ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts jftfj/0f, cj;/ xft kfg]{ cle?lr cyjf clglR5t kl/l:yltaf6 efUg] rfxgf / lglxt :jfy{k"lt{ ug]{ dxTTjfsf+Iffn] pTkflbt cyjf k|efljt ePsf x'G5g\ . k|foMh;f] of]

JolQmut rl/qsf] ¿kdf b]vfk5{ . k|To]s ;dfhdf k|ltljlDat eP klg

JolQmcg';f/ o;sf] dfqf / uxgtf km/s x'G5 . JolQmsf] lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] c;/ p;sf] ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts x}l;otcg';f/ km/s k5{ . o;/L pRr cf]xf]bfdf a;]sf JolQmsf] å}wtf Pj+ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{

Jojxf/n] ;dfhsf] 7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ c;/ kf5{ . ltgsf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;dfh,

ldl8of, ljZn]ifs / ;dfnf]rsx¿n] klg glhs}af6 cWoog ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . JolQmsf] b}lgs hLjgdf lj/f]wfefif cleGg kf6f] ag]sf] 5 t/ klg lglZrt kl/l:yltcg';f/ ;f]sf] dfqf tyf uxgtf a9\b} hfG5 . vf;u/L



287

;dfh ;+qmd0fdf x'Fbf, /fHo sdhf]/ aGbf, cfly{s c:yfloTj pRr x'Fbf / ;fdflhs dfgl;stfnfO{ p/flnPsf] ;dodf o;sf] ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/]sf JolQmsf nflu g}ltstf, hjfkmb]lxtf, lhDd]jf/L / kf/blz{tf dxTTjk"0f{ rl/q x'g\ . ltgsf] g}lts d"NonfO{ JolQmn] ;Ddfg ug{ hfGg'k5{ . /fhgLlts kf6L{sf] nf]stfGqLs/0fn] of] k|lqmofdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

dfgjLo Jojxf/nfO{ ;Gt'lnt /fVg /fHon] s]xL sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . oBlk, o:tf] sfg'g ul/a tyf zlQmxLg hgtfdf dfq} nfu" ug]{ t/ zlQmzfnLdf gug]{ kl/kf6L tyf ePsf] sfg'g klg sfof{Gjog ug{ -d'2f km};nf ug{_ jiff}{+ nfUg] x'gfn] k|efjsfl/tfdf ;w}+ k|Zg p7\g] u/]sf] 5 . sfg'gL Joj:yf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/ JolQm tyf lgsfon] klg sygL / s/gLdf ;Gt'ng /fVg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n] h'g} klg k];f, pd]/, ju{, ln+u, ;fdflhs x}l;ot ePsf JolQmdf of] cleGg ;fdflhs rl/q ag]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k g]kfndf /fhgLlt, Jofkf/, k|fl1s ;+:yf, ;fdflhs ;]jf, s"6gLlts ;d'bfo, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;+;b\, Gofokflnsf, ;'/Iff / gful/s ;dfhdf ;d]t elgg] / ul/g] sfdaLr 7"nf] leGgtf b]lvG5 . of] rl/qaf6 d'Qm JolQm, If]q jf ;+:yf kfpg nueu d'l:snh:tf]

eO;s]sf] 5 .

hgtf;Fu u/]sf jfrf k"/f gug]{ x'gfn] g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bn

sfo{;Dkfbgsf b[li6n] lgs} c;kmn dflgG5g\ . ltgsf] sfo{z}nLdf x'g]

å}wtf o;sf] d"n sf/0f xf] . bnx¿n] hgljZjf; u'dfPs} sf/0fn] k"j{/fhfn] …s'Ú ug]{ df}sf kfPsf lyP . To;kl5 lj=;+= @)^# df lbNnLdf ePsf] !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/Ldfkm{t ltgn] cfkm"nfO{ ;Rofpg] k|lta4tf hfx]/

u/] . ;dembf/Lsf a'Fbf o:tf 5g\ M

ljutsf uNtL sdhf]/Lx¿sf] cfTd;dLIff / cfTdcfnf]rgf ub{} eljiodf uNtL–sdhf]/L x'g glbg g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_n] k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 -a'Fbf

^_ . ;ft /fhgLlts bnx¿n] ljutdf ;+;b\ / ;/sf/df 5Fbf ePsf uNtL–

sdhf]/Lk|lt cfTd;dLIff ub{} ca gbf]xf]¥ofpg] k|lta4tf JoQm ePsf] 5 -a'Fbf

288

&_ . egfO / u/fOdf ;a} If]qdf b]lvPsf] leGgtf g} /fHo lgdf{0fsf k|d'v

r'gf}tL x'g\ . rfx] /fhgLlts g]tf x'g\, rfx] dfgjclwsf/sdL{, Jofj;flos

JolQm, af}l4s hdft\ ;a}df egfO / u/fOdf 7"nf] leGgtf b]lvPsf] 5 .

…gful/s ;dfhÚ zAbfjnL g]kfndf w]/} rNtLdf 5 t/ o;sf] cj;/jfbL tyf ljjflbt sfo{;Dkfbgn] o;sf] cjwf/0ff g} wldlnPsf] 5 . k|foMh;f] lglZrt p2]Zo k"/f ug{ nfluk/]sf :jo+;]jL tyf u}/gfkmfd'vL ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ tyf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ a'emfpg o;sf] k|of]u ul/G5 -Sofkfl/gL / sf]n ;g\ @))*_ . t/, ltgsf ultljlwn] dfq} xf]Og, egfO / u/fOdf cfpg] leGgtfn] klg gful/s ;dfhsf] cjwf/0ff ljjflbt 5 . s]xL dflg;n] cfkm"nfO{ gful/ssf] k|ltlglw bfaL u5{g\ . pgLx¿n] /fhgLlts bn, bftf / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf rsf]{ cfnf]rgf u5{g\ . kl5 eg] log} cfnf]rgfnfO{ dfWod agfP/ pgLx¿n] /fhgLlts lgo'lQm, ef}lts kmfObf cyjf ljb]zL cg'bfg lnG5g\ . gful/s ;dfhsf g]tf x'g' kmfObf -kb, klxrfg, cGt/f{li6«o ;Dks{, k};f tyf ljz]ifflwsf/_ sdfpg] ;a}eGbf ;xh tl/sf xf] eGg] w]/}sf] dfGotf 5 . /fhgLlts bn tyf bft[lgsfonfO{ cfnf]rgf ug]{ gful/s ;dfhsf g]tf dflgPsf w]/}hgf s'g} g s'g} bn cyjf lgsfo;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw ufFl;Psf bftfx¿;Fu ljz]if ;DaGw ePsf dflg; 5g\ / cjf~5gLo kmfObf;d]t lnO/x]sf s'/f

a]nfa]nfdf ;'lgG5g\ . gful/s cu'jf dflgPsf w]/}n] t bftfx¿jf6 eQf, l8g/, cGt/f{li6«o e|d0f / k/fdz{bftf -ljZn]ifs, ;Nnfxsf/, ;|f]t JolQm cflb_sf ¿kdf k|ToIf cyjf k/f]If kmfObf g} p7fPsf 5g\ .

wfld{s g]tfx¿n] klg cfkm"x¿ t6:y, c/fhgLlts / hgsNof0fsf/L sfddf dfq} nfu]sf] atfpF5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;fdflhs ;+ult, cfk;L ;Ddfg tyf hgsNof0f cfkm"x¿sf] d"n Wo]o /x]sf] kmnfls/xG5g\ . o;sf]

pN6f] pgLx¿n] v'nf jf uf]Ko ¿kdf Pp6f /fhgLlts wf/nfO{ ;dy{g

/ csf]{sf] lj/f]w ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfodf klg o:t} lj/f]wfefif b]Vg ;lsG5 . pgLx¿ ;/sf/ tyf cGo ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf vf]H5g\ t/ cfkm"x¿ g} g kf/bzL{ x'G5g\, g t



289

;xfotf k|efjsfl/tf;DaGwL k]l/; 3f]if0ff -k]l/; l8SNo/];g ckm P8 Okm]lS6eg];_ cyjf cqmf sfo{of]hgf -cqmf Knfg ckm PS;g_ / a';fg k|lta4tfnfO{ ;Ddfg u5{g\ .

sygL / s/gLaLrsf oL a]d]n ;dfhsf] cfbz{, cjwf/0ff cyjf sfo{;Dkfbg tLg} kIfdf xfjL 5g\ . pgLx¿ rt'/ cyjf /0fgLlts k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . t/, g]kfnL ;dfhdf o:tf] a]d]nn] alnof];Fu h/f uf8]sf] x'gfn] g}ltstf, hjfkmb]lxtf, lhDd]jf/L / kf/blz{tfh:tf d"No / dfGotfx¿ sygLd} dfq ;Lldt ePsf 5g\ .

g]kfndf åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf nflu ;DefJo csf]{ hf]lvd eg]sf] Psflt/ hgtfsf] pRr cfsf+Iff xf] eg] csf]{lt/ hgcfsf+IfnfO{ k"/f ug{ g;Sg] u/L g]tfx¿n] lbg] u/]sf] jfrf xf] . åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf] /0fgLlt / sfo{k4ltdf dglrGt] jfrfnfO{ :yfg lbg' x'Fb}g . olb k"/f gePdf kl5 logn] g} 7"nf] ;d:of l;h{gf u5{g\ . g]kfn;Fu zflGt / :yfloTj :yfkgf ug]{ / hgcfsf+IffnfO{ k"/f ug]{ Ifdtf 5 . To;sf nflu pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] kf/bzL{ pkof]u x'g'k5{ / ;'zf;gsf l;4fGt tyf sfg'gL zf;gsf dfGotfx¿ :jLsfg'{k5{ . /fhgLlts x:tIf]k, sd{rf/LtGqsf] xfnLd'xfnL, e|i6frf/ / s'zf;g clxn] g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;a}eGbf hl6n ;d:of ag]sf 5g\ .

&=$ lgisif{

åGåf]Q/ pynk'ynsf] l:yltdf x'gfn] g]kfndf /fHolgdf{0f d'Vo rf;f] / 7"nf] r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 . o;n] /fhgLlts lg0f{o–k|lqmofaf6 aflx/ kfl/Psf

hgtfsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{, zflGt k|flKt, Gofo, hLljsf ;'/Iff

/ hgtfsf] cfly{s ;d[l4, sfg'gL Joj:yf sfof{Gjog, dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] clej[l4h:tf s'/fdf /fHosf] Ifdtf a9fpg'kg]{5 .

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fHolgdf{0f / /fHo k'g;+{/rgf w]/} cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ . /fHo k'g;+{/rgflagf /fHolgdf{0fsf] p2]Zo k"lt{ ug{ d'l:sn k5{ .

290

To;}n] cufl8sf v08df rrf{ ul/Psf /fHolgdf{0f tyf k'g;+{/rgf;DaGwL cfwf/x¿nfO{ uDeL/ eO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ /fhgLlts ;kmntfsf] k"j{;t{ xf] . To;sf nflu /fhgLlts bn, ;/sf/, sd{rf/LtGq, ;'/Iff, Gofokflnsf, gful/s ;dfh, cg';Gwftf, k|fl1s If]q / ;a} gful/ssf] ;xsfo{ vfFrf] 5 . s]Gb|Ls[t, alxisf/d'vL / lgik|efjL /fHonfO{ cfw'lgs, ;d[4 tyf ;dfj]zL /fi6« agfpg] of] Pp6f ck"j{ cj;/ klg xf] t/ /fhgLlts hut\, sd{rf/LtGq / ;'/Iff If]qsf] cfd"n ;'wf/ tyf cfly{s j[l4sf] ljj]sL ;dGjolagf g]kfndf ;d[l4 / /fli6«o :yfloTj ;Dej 5}g .

****


291

*=! kl/k|]Io

g]kfndf åGåf]Q/ ljsf;n] /fhgLlts ¿kdf :yfoL, cfly{s ¿kdf ;d[4 / ;fdflhs ¿kdf GofozLn ;+3Lo u0ftflGqs d'n's agfpg of]ubfg lbg'k5{ . clxn] ljsf;sf gofF of]hgf, /0fgLlt, sfof{Gjog z}nL / of]hgfa4 tl/sfsf] vfFrf] 5 . of] kl/R5]bsf] d'Vo p2]Zo åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf ljljw cfofd / k'glg{df{0faLr ;DaGw :yflkt ug'{ xf] . /fHolgdf{0fdf oL b'j} tTj cleGg 5g\ / logn] nf]stGqnfO{ alnof] kf/L bL3{sfnLg zflGt k|flKtdf ;xof]u u5{g\ eGg] ax; l;h{gf ug'{ klg of] kl/R5]bsf] p2]Zo xf] . åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf k|d'v ;jfn / tTj s]–s] x'g\ < /fHo lgdf{0fdf ljsf;n] s;/L of]ubfg lbg ;S5 < eGg]h:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/ of] kl/R5]bdf vf]Hg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

of] kl/R5]bsf] k|of]hgdf ljsf;n] ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs–cfly{s b'j}

kIfnfO{ hgfpF5 . k'glg{df{0fn] eg] åGåsfndf Iflt k'¥ofP ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbG5 . u[xo'4 / ;z:q ljb|f]xx¿n] ljz]iftM ljsf;sf

k"jf{wf/nfO{ nIo agfPsf x'G5g\ . ltgsf] ;+/rgf layf]Ng ;s] cfly{s

j[l4df cj/f]w k'¥ofO{, /fHonfO{ c;kmn agfO{ ljb|f]x ;kmn agfpg ;lsg] ljb|f]xLx¿sf] ;f]r / /0fgLlt x'G5 . To;}n] g]kfndf klg ljsf;sf sfo{qmdnfO{ layf]Ng] jf k"jf{wf/ Wj:t kfg]{ sfdnfO{ ljb|f]xL kIfn] cfˆgf] /0fgLlt g} agfP . t/, d'n'snfO{ o'4af6 kf/ u/fpg ljsf;s} r/0f

Nofpg'k5{ . k'glg{df{0f / ljsf; åGåf]Q/ cfly{s k'ge{/0f -kf]:6–slGˆnS6 Osglds l/se/L_sf] cfwf/:tDe xf] eg] zflGt / :yfloTjsf nflu k|:yfglaGb' -pk|]tL ;g\ @))(_ xf] .

kl/R5]b

*

åGåf]Q/ g]kfndf k'glg{df{0f/ ljsf;

292

lx+;fTds åGå / ljsf;sf] ;DaGw ;fdGotof ljk/LtfyL{ jf Ps–csf{nfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ lsl;dsf] x'G5 . ljsf;n] hgtfsf cfjZostf k"/f ug{ g;s] ;fdflhs tgfj / lx+;fTds åGåsf] ;Defjgf a9\5 . o;n] c;dfgtf / lje]b ;Daf]wg ug{ g;s] ToxL g} åGåsf] ;|f]t aG5 . o;n] g} c;dfgtf l;h{gf u¥of] eg] km]l/ ;fdflhs åGå cjZoDefjL x'G5 . o;}n] zflGt / åGå b'j}sf] ;|f]t ljsf; xf] . sdljsl;t d'n'sdf lx+;fTds åGåsf 36gf a9L x'g'k5fl8sf] Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ sf/0f ljsf;n] cfdhgtfnfO{ k|ltkmn lbg g;Sg' xf] .

cTolws ul/aL / c;dfgtf lglZrt ;d"xsf] jf:tljs jf slNkt zf]if0f -l/on c/ kl;{E8 ck|];G;_;Fu ufFl;Psf x'G5g\ eGg] pbfx/0f clk|msL åGån] b]vfPsf 5g\ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))(_ . To;}n] c;dfgtf / lje]bsf d"n sf/0fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ljsf;sf nIodf åGåsf] ;+j]bgzLntf a'‰g' h?/L x'G5 . clx+;fTds åGå ljsf; k|lqmofsf] dxTTjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] . o;n] ;fdflhs kl/jt{g u/fpg /rgfTds e"ldsf v]N5 . ;fy}, o;n] ljljwtf / lje]bsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;dfhnfO{ alnof] kf5{ . To;}n] ljsf;sf ultljlwn] clx+;fTds åGånfO{ bafpg]eGbf klg ltgaf6 /rgfTds ljrf/ pAhfpg ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . t/, lx+;fTds åGån] rflxF ljsf;df cToGt

gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 .

*=@ åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf] vfsf

åGåf]Q/ ljsf; ;+j]bgzLn, hl6n / ljlzi6 vfnsf] x'g] ckmuflg:tfg, s+uf], ;'8fg, ;f]dflnof cNh]l/of, cfOef]/Lsf]:6, l;l/ofn]jgh:tf o'4u|:t d'n'ssf ljsf;;DaGwL cg'ejn] b]vfpF5g\ . ljsf;n] lx+;fTds

åGåsf k|efj ;fDo kfg'{k5{ / åGåsf sf/0f ;Daf]wg ug{'k5{ t/ of] cfkm}+df

Pp6f z[+vnfa4 k|lqmof xf] . låkIfLo bft[lgsfo, Aof+s, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, /fi6«;+3Lo lgof]u tyf k/f]ksf/L ;+u7gh:tf ax'kIfLo lgof]un] o'4u|:t d'n'ssf] åGåf]Q/ ljsf;df ;xfotf lbG5g\ . pgLx¿sf

cle?lr, k|fyldstf, nIo, sfo{, k|lqmof tyf cjwf/0ffx¿ leGgfleGg}

åGåf]Q/ g]kfndf k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;


293

/ slxn]sfxLF lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ klg x'G5g\ . To;}n] s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ljsf;;DaGwL k|fyldstfdf oL clestf{x¿sf] ;dGjo, cg'udg / ;+ult x'g' dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 t/ Pp6f vt/f s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] åGå/t / åGåf]Q/ b]zx¿df oL ljsf; ;fem]bf/L j}b]lzs lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf] k|efj a9fpg ljsf; ;xfotfdf ljleGg ;t{ /fVg], ;xof]usf] gfddf cfˆg} b]zsf jf cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf / ;Nnfxfsf/ /fvL pgLx¿Dffkm{t cfˆgf] k|efj lkmFhfpg], ;xof]usf] gfddf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdfkm{t cfˆgf] :jfy{ k"/f u/fpg], ;+j]bgzLn If]qx¿– h:t}M ;'/Iff lgsfo, Gofofno cflbdf ;d]t k|efj hdfO{ oL ;+:yfnfO{ of t Wj:t kfg]{ of t cfˆgf] :jfy{df lxF8fpg] sfd u5{g\ .

åGåf]Q/ ljsf;n] ljsf;;DaGwL lgoldt sfo{qmdsf k/Dk/fut z}nLeGbf km/s gLlt ckgfpg'k5{ . jftfj/0fLo c;'/Iff, u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L ck/fw, ;fgf xltof/sf] cj}w k|of]u, ;fd'bflos c;'/Iffh:tf gjLg ;jfn;Fu h'‰g gofF sfo{z}nL vfFrf] k5{ . g]kfndf clxn] ePsf ljsf; of]hgf, ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg, gLlt–lgdf{tfsf dfgl;stf;d]t hgck]Iff;Fu d]n vfFb}gg\ . To;}n] clxn] b]vfk/]sf r'gf}tLsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ gjLg b[li6, sfo{gLlt / ;+/rgfut vfsf h?/L x'G5 . To;}n] åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf

cfd hgtfsf cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{ ljsf;sf] z}nLdf g} cfwf/e"t k'g;+{/rgf cfjZos 7flgPsf] xf] .

åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;nfO{ d]nldnfk -l/slG;lnP;g_, k'g:yf{kgf

-l/Xoflalnl6P;g_, k'g;{dfof]hg -l/OlG6u|];g_ / k'ge{/0f -l/se/L_;Fu hf]8\g'k5{ . o;f] ubf{ ljsf;n] åGåsf 3fpdf dnd nufpg ;S5 / ;dfhdf ;xrof{ a9fpg ;S5 . o;}u/L åGåf]Q/ ljsf;n] dfgj ;'/Iff

xfl;n ug{ klg of]ubfg lbg'k5{ .

/fi6«;+3sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg ;g\ !(($ n] dfgj ;'/IffnfO{ ef]s, /f]u / bdgh:tf bL3{ r'gf}tLaf6 5'6\sf/f / b}lgs hLjgz}nLdf cfOkg]{

cfsl:ds / kL8fbfoL cj:yfaf6 ;'/Iff egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 -o"Pg8LkL ;g\ !(($_ . g]kfndf ljsf;sf] k/Dk/fut ljrf/wf/fn] åGå / ;'/Iffsf

294

ljifonfO{ Vofn g/fvL s]jn ul/aL lgjf/0fdf dfq hf]8 lbGYof] -pk|]tL ;g\ @))^P_ . o:tf] l;nl;nf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] klxnf] jif{b]lv g} ;'? ePsf] lyof] . t/, ca o:tf] cjwf/0ffdf klg cfwf/e"t ¿kfGt/0fsf] vfFrf] 5 .

;'/Iff–dfgjclwsf/–zflGt tyf ljsf;nfO{ cfk;df hf]8\g' g} g]kfnsf] åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf] d"n p2]Zo x'g'k5{ . åGåf]Q/ ljsf;n] e|i6frf/ 36fpg'k5{, ;'zf;gnfO{ ;xh / k|efjsf/L agfpg' 5{ / jftfj/0fLo ¿kdf :jR5, ;fdflhs ¿kdf GofozLn tyf cfly{s ¿kdf ;d[4 ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu ljBdfg gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf lgofds cfwf/zLnf tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yfkgnfO{ k'gd{"Nof+sg ul/g'k5{ / To;}cg';f/ pgLx¿aLr ;dGjo ldnfpFb} hfg'k5{ .

lrq *=! ljsf;d'vL åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf cGt/;DalGwt kIfx¿

;|f]t M n]vsåf/f ¿kf+lst

lrq g+ *=! n] b]vfPcg';f/ /fli6«o ;'/Iff of]hgf, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw÷ljb]z gLlt, cfly{s gLlt / cGo gLlt;Fu åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf] of]hgf ufFl;g'k5{ . xfd|f]h:tf] d'n'sdf ljsf;sf] ;du| k|s[lt g} j}b]lzs ;xfotf;Fu ufFl;Psf]

x'gfn] o:tf] ;DaGwsf] 5'§} dxTTj 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt;Fu klg j}b]lzs



295

gLlt ufFl;g'k5{ lsgls s]xL u}/k/Dk/fut ;'/Iff ;jfnx¿ -vfB ;'/Iff, :jf:Yo ;'/Iff, jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff, hn tyf pmhf{ ;'/Iff_ ljsf;sf kIf;Fu hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . oL ljljw ljifo Ps–csf{;Fu kl/k"/s x'gfn] d'n'ssf] ;du| cfly{s gLlt;Fu klg ltgsf] tfnd]n cfjZos x'G5 . cfly{s gLltsf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ljsf;n] of]ubfg lbG5 / cfly{s gLltn] ljsf;sf] vfsf k|bfg u5{ . o;}u/L ljsf;sf] vfsfn] zflGt / dfgjclwsf/nfO{ klg ;d]6\g'k5{ / åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f tyf ljsf;;DaGwL s'g} klg ultljlwn] zflGt k|j4{g, hLljsf ;'/Iffsf ;fy} ;fdflhs–cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] ;Daf]wg klg ug'{k5{ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))(_ .

*=# åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;

klxnf] k6ssf] k|of;df gofF ;+ljwfg aGg g;s] klg bf];|f] k6s lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efn] eg] g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfsf] ;Daf]wg u/L gofF ;+ljwfg lbP/ gofF ;+/rgf agfpg] cfzf 5 . o:tf] ;+/rgfdf s]Gb|Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo:t/sf] lgwf{/0f;fy} ;+3Lo PsfOsf] ;+Vof, ;Ldf+sg / gfdf+sg cflbdf ;xdlt h'6fO{ ;+3Lo ;+/rgf;lxtsf] gofF ;+ljwfg cfpg'kg]{ w]/}sf] ck]Iff 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljsf;sf of]hgfn] lgDg cfwf/e"t l;4fGt cjnDag ug'{k5{ M

!= zflGt ;d[l4 / :yfloTjdf hf]8 M åGåsf d"n sf/0f ;Daf]wg ug]{, /fxt, k'g:yf{kgf, k'glg{df{0f, k'g;{dfof]hgdf hf]8 lbg]Ù lj:t[t

zflGt–;Demf}tfcg';f/ ljsf;;DaGwL Joj:yf, ;+qmd0fsfnLg

Gofo, dfgjclwsf/, / ;'/Iff If]q k'g;{+/rgf sfof{Gjog ug{ . o;n] :yfloTjnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

@= Ifdtf lgdf{0fdf hf]8 M k|fGt tyf :yfgLo:t/df k|fljlws tyf

Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{, cg';Gwfg tyf lzIffdf nufgL

ug]{ .

#= k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfdf hf]8 M ;fdflhs / cfly{s k"jf{wf/ k'glg{df{0f ug]{ .

296

$= d]nldnfkdf hf]8 M pk]lIft ;d"xnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{, gful/s lzIff, ldnfk / ljZjf; k|j4{g ug]{, åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ /fxt Kofs]h k|bfg ug]{, ljutsf lbgsf] d"Nof+sg u/L ljZjf; / d]nldnfknfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

%= dfgjclwsf/ / sfg'gL zf;gdf hf]8 M ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] Jofks 9fFrfcg';f/ n}+lus lje]b, pk]Iff, alxis/0f / hgtfsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s clwsf/ ;Daf]wg ug]{ . ;fy}, ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] ;'lglZrttfdfkm{t åGåkLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg] .

^= ;'zf;g k|j4{gdf hf]8 M ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg]{, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{, g]t[Tj ljsf; ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs vr{ tyf ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf -klAns PS;k]lG8r/ PG8 kmfOgflG;on csfpG6]lan6L_sf] cfTd;dLIff ug]{, ;]jfk|bfos Joj:yf -dfgj ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, pQ/bfoL Jojxf/ cflb_ ;'wf/L hgtfdf cfwf/e"t ;]jf;Fusf] kxF'r ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

&= cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;xof]usf] ;'u7g M bft[ lgsfon] nufgL u/]sf ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;xfotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf;DaGwL k]l/; 3f]if0ff -k]l/; l8SnØ/];g ckm P8 Okm]lS6eg];_ / cfqmf sfo{of]hgf

-cfqmf Knfg ckm PS;g_ / a';fg k|lta4tf sfof{Gjogsf]

;'lglZrttf ug]{, bft[lgsfo;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{, Jofkf/ ;dGjo tyf k|ToIf ljb]zL nufgLh:tf If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;df g]kfnsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;d]6\g] .

*= ljsf;sf of]hgf / ultljlwdf n}+lus d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ hf]8M ljsf;sf ;a} of]hgfdf n}+lus ljifonfO{ ;d]6\b} n}+lus

c;dfgtf;Fu h'‰g] .

ljz]ifu/L åGåu|:t d'n'sdf ljsf;;DaGwL ;/sf/L lgsfosf sfd lkmtnf / lgik|efjL x'G5g\ . To;}n], To:tf lgsfosf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . /fHosf] Ifdtf psf:gdf gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bn / lghL If]qsf]



297

;fd"lxs k|of; pkof]uL x'G5 / o;n] cGttf]uTjf /fHolgdf{0fdf of]ubfg lbg ;S5 . o'4u|:t cGo y'k|} d'n'seGbf g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ km/s klg 5 . oxfF /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ ;+oGq k"0f{ ljkmn ePsf xf]Ogg\, ltgsf] Ifdtf Go"g ePsf] xf] . /fhgLlts, ;+:yfut / sfg'gL jftfj/0f cg's"n agfO{ hgljZjf; k'gk|f{lKt, /fhgLlts x:tIf]kaf6 d'lQm / ;'zf;gsf l;4fGt k|j4{g ug{ ;s] oL ;a} r'gf}tLnfO{ lhTg ;Dej 5 . Ifltu|:t k"jf{wf/sf] k'glg{df{0f / gjLg k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf dfWodaf6 /f]huf/L ;'lglZrt u/L hgljZjf; xfl;n ug]{ k|efjsf/L pkfo xf] .

g]kfn clxn] åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf] ofqfdf x'gfn] ljsf;sf gLlt tyf /0fgLltdf k'glj{rf/ tyf k'gle{d'vLs/0f / ltgsf] k'gt{h'{df h?/L x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ljsf;;DaGwL gLltsf ;du| k|efjaf/] ul/Psf cWoogx¿ -kf08] ;g\ !(((Ù >]i7 ;g\ !((&Ù pk|]tL ;g\ @))$P / ;g\ @))$aL_n] ;d]t åGåsf] k|d'v sf/s dflgPsf] ul/aL / ;fdflhs alxis/0fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;Sg' of]hgfx¿sf] d"n sdhf]/L /x]sf] v'6\ofpF5g\ . o;/L ljsf;sf] k|zf;lgs kIf / /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yflt/ oL cWoogn] r'gf}tLsf cf}+nf 78\ofPsf 5g\ .

;fdfGotof, g]kfndf ljsf;sdL{ / ljz]ifu/L ljsf; lgof]ux¿n] cfpFbf jif{df ljs/fn r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{5 . 5 bzseGbf nfdf] g]kfnsf]

of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|lqmof zlQmzfnL /fhgLltsdL{sf lgjf{rg If]q /

kx'Frof]Uo Onfsfdf ;Lldt eof] . of] b'u{d a:tLdf k'Ug} ;s]g . o;vfnsf] ljsf; k|lqmofn] /fhgLltsdL{ / ljsf;] sd{rf/L tyf :yfgLo ;De|fGtsf /fhgLlts cle?lrdfq k"lt{ u¥of] .

298

aS; *=! lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tfdf ;dfj]z åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf ;jfn ljZjJofkL ¿kdf cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds

nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL, hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf tyf gful/s ;jf]{Rrtf, ;+j}wflgs ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, ljlwsf] zf;g, ;fdflhs Gofo tyf ;dfgtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, cfjlws lgjf{rg, gful/s ;dfhaf6 cg'udg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, hgtfnfO{ ;"rgfsf] clwsf/, /fhgLlts bnsf lqmofsnfkdf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf, hg;xeflutf, lgikIf, ;Ifd tyf :jR5 k|zf;gtGqsf cjwf/0ffx¿ k"0f{ kl/kfngf ug]{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ .

juL{o, hftLo, eflifs, n}+lus, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / If]qLo e]befjsf] cGTo ub}{ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, pTkLl8t, pk]lIft / cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo, lk5l8Psf If]qnufotsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrf cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL, nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ .

;fdGtjfbsf ;a} :j¿ksf] cGTo ug]{ cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] Go"gtd ;femf sfo{qmd cfk;L ;xdltn] to u/]/ nfu" ub}{ hfg] .

;fdGtL e":jfldTjsf] cGTo ub}{ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug]{ .

/fli6«o pBf]uwGbf / ;fwg;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{ .

lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / vfB ;'/Iffdf ;a} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ gLlt lng] .

;'s'Daf;L, sd}of, xlnof, x¿jf–r?jfnufot cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kn] kl5 k/]sf ju{nfO{ hUufnufot cfly{s–;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ gLlt lng] . ;/sf/L nfesf] kbdf /x]/ e|i6frf/ u/L cs't ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{x¿pk/ s8f sf/afxL u/L bl08t ug]{ gLlt lng] .

b]zsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f Pj+ Gofosf ;fy} b]znfO{ l56} ;d'Ggt / cfly{s ¿kn] ;d[4 agfpg ;femf ljsf; cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ug]{ .

>ldssf k];fut clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub}{ pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/, lgof{t k|j4{g

cflbdf nufgL j[l4 u/L /f]huf/L Pj+ cfocfh{gsf cj;/x¿sf] Jofks j[l4 ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{ .

;|f]t M zflGt–;Demf}tf, lj=;+= @)^#



299

cfly{s / ;fdflhs :yfloTj ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo tyf dfgj ;'/Iff g} lbuf] zflGt k|fKt ug]{ k"j{;t{ x'g\ . åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf ultljlwn] cNk, dWo / bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltdfkm{t lbuf] zflGt xfl;n ug{ dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5g\ . o:tf] ljsf; åGåf]Q/ lgdf{0f / zflGt lgdf{0faLr ;]t' aGg'k5{ .

*=#=! åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;sf r/0f

hgk]Iff kl/k"lt{, pknAw tyf pTkflbt ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{, ;fgf, 7"nf tyf dWodvfnsf kl/of]hgf ljsf; ug]{ / k|fljlws pGglt ug]{ ;jfndf åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf] of]ubfg ;"Id / k|lqmofut x'G5g\ . o;y{, åGåf]Q/ ljsf; lgDglnlvt tLg r/0faf6 kf/ x'g'k5{ M

s_ ;+s6sfnLg r/0f -Odh]{G;L km]h_

of] r/0fdf dfgjLo ;xfotf tyf tTsfnLg /fxt;DaGwL lqmofsnfk x'G5g\ . zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg åGåk|efljt lg/Lx hgtfnfO{ /fxt Kofs]h lbg] / cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ul/lbg] sfd dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

v_ ;+qmd0fsfnLg r/0f -6«flGh;g km]h_

zL3| kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{ o; cj:yfdf of]hgf tyf /0fgLlt kl/jt{g,

cfjZos ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg, lgofds k|fjwfg / kl/jt{gsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ dWod cjlwsf ultljlw ;~rfng ul/G5g\ . o:tf] r/0f ;fdfGotof Psb]lv tLg jif{sf] x'G5 . ljsf;sf nflu ;d]6\g'kg]{ ;+j}wflgs

sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ klg o;} cjlw;Fu tfnd]n ldnfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

u_ :yfoLs/0f r/0f -:6]lanfOh];g km]h_

of] cj:yf t'ngfTds ¿kdf nfdf] -#–!% jif{sf]_ x'G5 . 7"nf kl/of]hgf

lgdf{0f -hnljB't\, u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f, ;8s ;~hfn, k|zf]wg u[x tyf

ahf/ k"jf{wf/, lkpg] kfgL, l;FrfO, ;~rf/ cflb_ / Ifltu|:t k"jf{wf/sf] k'glg{df{0fdf of] r/0fn] hf]8 lbg'k5{ .

300

*=#=@ åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;sf k|fylds kIf

åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf ljsf;sf ultljlw ;~rfng ug]{ rf/ ljljw tl/sf 5g\ M

s_ k|fyldstfsf kl/of]hgf

bL3{sfnLg tyf cTofw'lgs k|ljlw / 7"nf nufgLn] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult a9fpF5g\ . 7"nf hnljB't\ kl/of]hgf, 7"nf–7"nf ko{6g sfo{qmd, ahf/d'vL cfw'lgs s[lif, 7"nf l;FrfO, ;8s ;~hfn tyf ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fh:tf sfo{ o:tf] ljsf;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . nufgLsf] :t/ / kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df lognfO{ k|fyldstf ! -k|fo/6L jfgM kL!_, k|fyldstf @ -k|fo/6L 6'M kL@_ / k|fyldstf # -k|fo/6L y|LM kL#_ u/L tLg efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

v_ hLljsf]kfh{gdf zL3| k|efj kfg]{ kl/of]hgf

o:tf kl/of]hgf cNksfnLg, Go"g nufgL ePsf / ;fdfGo k|ljlw k|of]u ul/Psf x'G5g\ . o:tf kl/of]hgfn] hgtfnfO{ tTsfn} k|ltkmn lbG5g\ . h:t}M sfdsf nflu vfBfGg -km'8 km/ js{_, sfdsf nflu gub -Sof; km/ js{_, t/sf/Lv]tL tyf afv|fkfng, ;fgfltgf lgdf{0f sfo{ / cyf]{kfh{gsf lqmofsnfkx¿ o;df k5{g\ .

u_ dfgjLo ;xfotf;DaGwL kl/of]hgf

o:tf kl/of]hgf tTsfn} nfu" ug{ ;lsg], yf]/} nufgLsf / l56} kl/0ffd

lbg] / dfgjLo ;xfotfdf s]lGb|t x'g] vfnsf x'G5g\ . åGåaf6 k|efljt

hgtfnfO{ dfgjLo ;xfotf k|bfg ug{ o:tf kl/of]hgfsf] sNkgf ePsf] xf] .

3_ ;fdflhs -k'gM_ lgdf{0fsf kl/of]hgf

logn] cfk;L ljZjf;, k/:k/ ;Ddfg, k'ge{/0f / d]nldnfk ljsf; ug{

hf]8 lbG5g\ . logLx¿ åGån] ;dfhdf kf/]sf] 3fp lgbfg ug]{ -;f];n lxlnª_tkm{ pGd'v x'G5g\ . ;fd"lxs ckgTjsf] efjgf tyf PsLs[t ;fd'bflos efj ljsf; u/fpg] s'/fdf logsf] hf]8 x'G5 .



301

*=#=# k"jf{wf/ ljsf;

zflGt / :yfloTj k|flKtdf 7"nf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . ;fgf, dWod / 7"nf hnljB't\ cfof]hgf, u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f, ;8s ;~hfn, s[lif k|zf]wg s]Gb| -b"whGo tyf df;'hGo kbfy{, vfBfGg, t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n, u}/sfi7 jgk}bfj/, hl8a'6L, lr:ofg s]Gb| cflb_ lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfng, ahf/Ls/0fsf k"jf{wf/, u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL tyf l;FrfO, b"/;~rf/ ;~hfn, /Hh'dfu{, /]ndfu{, :jR5 pmhf{af6 rNg] -lSng OghL{_ oftfoft Joj:yfh:tf k"jf{wf/ åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf :yfkgf ug'{kg]{ k|d'v s'/f x'g\ .

*=#=$ åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;sf nflu Ifdtf j[l4

åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf nflu cg's"n of]hgf, pQ/bfoL ;+u7g / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;+oGq h?/L x'G5 . o;afx]s ;]jfk|bfos lgsfosf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f, ;+:yfut ;'wf/, k|fljlws tyf Joj:yfksLo ;Lk k|j4{g, ;|f]t pTkfbg tyf To;sf] ;xeflutfd"ns tyf k|efjsf/L k|of]u, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] k|j4{g tyf ;|f]t afF8kmfF6df k|fyldstf lgdf{0f åGåf]Q/ ljsf;;DaGwL Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{sf k"j{;t{ x'g\ .

*=#=% k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgf

Ifltu|:t k"jf{wf/sf] k'glg{df{0f / gjLg k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f ;Fu;Fu} x'g'k5{ . tflnsf *=! n] b]vfPcg';f/ g]kfnsf] Ps bzs nfdf] åGån] b"/;~rf/

6fj/, k'n, ;8s, ljB't\ kl/of]hgf, ;/sf/L sfof{nonufot y'k|} k"jf{wf/

Wj:t kf/]sf] lyof] . ltgsf] k'glg{df{0f / k'g;+{/rgf ug'{ åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf] k|fyldstf x'g'k5{ eGg] dflys} 5nkmnn] k|:6 kf/]sf] 5 .

302

tflnsf *=! ;z:q åGåsfndf Wj:t ePsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/

qm= ;+=

!= :yfgLo ljsf; %(,^$,$^,))) !^,!&,@@,)))

@= hn;|f]t #,$@,&),#))) @(,&@,$#,)))

#= :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof $,!&,))) !#,)!,#),)))

$= jg tyf e";+/If0f #%,$$,^!,))) #&,&!,@#,)))

%= lzIff tyf v]ns'b @,)(,^),))) $,$(,*$,)))

^= s[lif tyf ;xsf/L @^,)&,%%,))) tYof+s cg'knAw

&= pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ !,*!,@#,))) !,%),^$,)))

*= jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw #@,)(,))) cg'=

(= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ &$,!%,%%,))) !$,%!,^^,)))

!)= ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og !#,$&,$&,))) @,^%,%),)))

!!= ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f @,%!,&$,))) !,(&,$^,)))

!@= e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf !,@!,*&,))) tYof+s cg'knAw

!#= /Iff @,$&,((,))) tYof+s cg'knAw

!$= cy{ $^,^^,))) @@,&),)))

!%= u[x @,$@,*^,$^,))) @,$@,*@,)#,)))

!^= dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f @,#),))) cg'=

!&= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt @,&$,*(,))) !^,%%,%%,)))

!*= lgjf{rg cfof]u @(,$^,))) tYof+s cg'knAw

!(= dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no @,)!,))) tYof+s cg'knAw

@)= nf]s;]jf cfof]u $&,*),))) tYof+s cg'knAw

@!= s'n %,)),$$,($,))) #,*!,#&,%^,)))

;|f]t M zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno ;g\ @))& sf] cfwf/df pk|]tL -;g\ @))(_

tflnsf *=! n] åGåsfndf Iflt ePsf] k"jf{wf/sf] ;DklQ / To;nfO{ k'glg{df{0f ug{ cfjZos /sdsf] cg'dflgt ljj/0f b]vfPsf] 5 . of]

Wj+zn] % ca{ ¿k}ofFa/fa/sf] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] lyof], h;sf] k'glg{df{0fdf # ca{ *! s/f]8 ¿k}ofF cfjZos kg]{ cg'dfg 5 .



303

*=#=^ åGåf]Q/ ljsf;df If]qut k|fyldstf

7"nf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / ;fdflhs tyf ;]jfbfoL If]q -h:t}M :jf:Yo, lzIff, lkpg] kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO / ;fd'bflos ;]jf_df ug'{kg]{ nufgLsf] ;Gt'lnt lx;fa cfFsng ug'{ åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf nflu r'gf}tL xf] . åGåf]Q/ ;dfhdf :t/Lo ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt g} zflGtsf] nfef+z lbg] pQd pkfo xf] . ;fdflhs / ;]jfbfoL If]qdf k|fyldstf lbFbf ;fdflhs ;DaGw, ;~hfn / k/Dk/fut rfnrngh:tf ;fdflhs k'FhL k'glg{df{0fdf klg plQs} hf]8 lbOg'k5{ .

*=#=& åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf] of]hgf

g]kfndf åGåf]Q/ ljsf;af/] of]hgf agfpFbf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k/Dk/fut, s]Gb|Ls[t / /fhgLltu|:t ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g ug}{k5{ . :yfgLo ljsf;sf sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfx¿sf] :yfgLo:t/d} of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ug'{k5{ . o;}u/L kl/of]hgf–rqm Joj:yfkg -k|f]h]S6 ;fOsn Dofg]hdG6_ ubf{ åGå;+j]bgzLn ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff ckgfOg'k5{ . t/, g]kfndf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ljsf; of]hgf Oltxf;d} ;a}eGbf ljjflbt ljifo ag]sf] 5 . oxfFsf of]hgfx¿ :yfgLo:t/df ag]kl5 If]qLo sfof{noåf/f kl/jt{g ul/Psf, If]qLo clwsf/Låf/f k|:tfljt ePkl5 ;DalGwt ljefuåf/f kl/jt{g ul/Psf / ljefuLo of]hgf klg ;DalGwt dGqfno / dGqLx¿n] kl/jt{g u/]sf k|z:t tYo 5g\ . t/, cGttM tL of]hgf cy{ dGqfnon] km]l/ cfkm"cg's"n kl/dfh{g u/L sfof{Gjog u/]sf] klg Oltxf; 5 . o;k|sf/ :yfgLo hgtfsf] dfucg';f/ xf]Og, cGttM ;/sf/ jf of]hgf cfof]usf clwsf/Lsf] cg's"ntfcg';f/ of]hgf / ah]6nfO{ c;fdlos / c;fGble{s tl/sfn] l5gf]kmfgf] ul/G5 . of] Joj:yf ljsf;sf nflu lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ 5, To;}n] o:tf] ;+:s[lt kl/jt{g x'g'k5{ .

åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf of]hgfn] lgDg sfd ug'{k5{ M

åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0fsf] cfwf/e"t tTjsf ¿kdf zflGtsf] nfef+z k|bfg ug]{ / ljsf; g} ;fdflhs zflGtsf] nfef+z ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

304

kf/bzL{ tyf hjfkmb]xL k|0ffnLsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg], ;fdflhs ;fd]nLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg] tyf pk]IffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{tkm{ s]lGb|t x'g] .

zL3|fltzL3| ;]jf k|bfg u/L hgtfnfO{ 7f]; nfe lbg], hgtfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4df hf]8, :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;Lksf] oy]i6 pkof]u, :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf pk]lIft ;d"x;Dd ;|f]t pknAwtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

kl/of]hgf th'{df tyf cg'udg -;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, ;fdflhs tyf ef}uf]lns n]vfk/LIf0f_df ;fj{hlgs ;xeflutf / ;dfj]lztf ;'lglZrt ug]{ . sfo{ut, ;+:yfut / gLltut aGwgnfO{ l5rf]n]/ pk]lIft tyf kl5 kfl/Psf ju{nfO{ ljsf;sf cj;/ lbg] .

;De|fGt ju{df s]lGb|t ljsf;sf ultljlwsf] sfo{z}nL kl/jt{g ug]{ . /fHo tyf ;fd'bflos Ifdtf clej[l4df ;'wf/ Nofpg] / pk]lIft hgtfn] klg ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn kfpg] u/L ltgsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f u/fpg] . cltljkGg, e"ldxLg / pk]lIft hgtfnfO{ nfe x'g ;s] åGåf]Q/ sl7gfOnfO{ klg Go"g ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] ;f]dfkm{t åGåf]Q/ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] k|of; yfNg] .

:ki6 ;+:yfut ;+oGq / sfo{ut Joj:yfkg;lxt ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg] / o;af6 ljkGgtf, c;dfgtf, cGofo / lje]bnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ .

åGåsf] hf]lvd d"Nof+sg -slGˆNS6 l/:s c;]:d]G6_1 nfO{ cg'udgsf] cleGg c+u agfpg] .

! åGåsf] hf]lvd d"Nof+sg Pp6f cjwf/0ff, k|lqmof, ;fwg / /0fgLlt klg xf] . of] Pp6f cjwf/0ff xf] lsgls o;n] åGåfj:yf / tT;DaGwL hf]lvd a'‰g ;3fpF5 . o;}u/L of] Pp6f k|lqmof xf] lsgls of] Ps} ;dodf x'g] kl/36gf xf]Og / åGåsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;do;Dd o;sf] cEof; hf/L /xG5 . åGåfj:yf ;w}+ kl/jt{gzLn x'g] ePsfn] To;sf] :t/, tLj|tf / z}nL klg kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . of] åGåsf] kl/df0f, tLj|tf / k|efj ljZn]if0f ug]{ dfgs klg xf] lsgls of] åGå d"Nof+sg ug]{ ljz]if ;fwg aG5 . åGåsf] hf]lvd d"Nof+sg Pp6f /0fgLlt klg xf] lsgls o;n] ljsf;;DaGwL ;Defljt hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug]{ / k'ge{/0fsf] plrt pkfo ;'emfpg] p2]Zo /fV5 . o;}df cfwfl/t /xL ljsf;sf ef}uf]lns If]qnfO{ cltpRr, pRr, dWod, lgDg / hf]lvdz"Go If]qsf] ¿kdf juL{s[t ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}u/L, o;}df cfwfl/t /xL hg;f+lVos If]qnfO{ klg clt ;+j]bgzLn, ;+j]bgzLn / ;fdfGo u/L klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 .



305

åGå;+j]bgzLn ljsf; of]hgf rqm Joj:yfkg

åGåf]Q/ kl/k|]Iodf ljsf;sf k|lqmof åGå;+j]bgzLn x'g}k5{ . åGå;+j]bgzLn ljsf;sf nflu cg's"n gLlt, pQ/bfoL ;+:yf / k|lta4 clestf{x¿sf] vfFrf] x'G5 . åGå;+j]bgzLn ljsf; kl/of]hgf tyf sfo{qmddf sd{rf/Lsf] ;sf/fTds dfgl;stf / ;+u7gfTds Jojxf/ klg rflxG5 . åGåf]Q/ ljsf; of]hgfn] oL ;a} cg's"ntfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg'k5{ .

åGå;+j]bgzLn ljsf; nrs, kf/bzL{ / k|efjsf/L k|lqmof xf] . lqmofzLntf o;sf] r'/f] xf] . o;n] åGåsf k|d'v sf/0f kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} lgoldt rqmLo :t/ -of]hgf, sfof{Gjog / d"Nof+sg_df zflGt–;Demf}tfdf ePsf ;a} k|fjwfg tyf ;jfn ;d]6\g] ;'lglZrt u5{ . ;fy} o;n] åGåsf d"n sf/0f ;Daf]wg ug]{ pkfo tyf ltgsf nflu cjwf/0ffTds cled'vLs/0f k|bfg ug]{, ;Defljt c;/ 36fpg] / kl/jlt{t /fhgLltcg';f/ ljsf;sf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ cj;/ klg lbG5 . o;/L åGåsf d"n sf/0f ;Daf]wg ug'{ g} åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt xf] .

ljsf; of]hgf rqmsf ;a} r/0fdf åGå;+j]bgzLn ljsf; cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;d]6\g' åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . kl/k|]Io, clestf{ / åGå -sG6]S:6, PS6/ PG8 slGˆnS6_sf sf/0faLrsf] kf/:kl/stf / cGt/;DaGw -lrq *=@ df b]vfOPcg';f/_ tyf kl/of]hgf rqmsf k|To]s r/0f -of]hgf, sfof{Gjog cg'udg / d"Nof+sg_df log} cGt/;DaGw ;dfj]z ug]{ kIf klg cToGt} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .

åGå;+j]bgzLn kl/of]hgf rqmdf hf]8

/fli6«o ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff agfpFbf, of]hgf th'{df ubf{, ltgsf] sfof{Gjog

k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ubf{ / sfdsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ubf{ åGåf]Q/

ljsf;sf] /0fgLltn] …åGå;+j]bgzLn kl/of]hgf ljsf; rqmÚsf] pkof]u ug'{k5{ . kl/k|]Io, clestf{ / åGå -sG6]S:6, PS6/ PG8 slGˆnS6_aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw / kf/:kl/stf ljZn]if0f ug]{ / kl/of]hgf rqmsf k|To]s r/0fdf tL ljZn]if0fsf kl/0ffd ;dfj]z ug]{ s'/f åGå;+j]bgzLn

kl/of]hgfsf clt dxTTjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ .

306

lrq *=@ kl/of]hgf rqmsf] åGå;+j]bgzLn ¿k/]vf

;|f]t M gfu]n -;g\ @))^_

cfjZostf d"Nof+sg ug]{ k/Dk/fut k|lqmof -lg8 c;]:dG6_ / åGå ljZn]if0f

-slGˆnS6 cgfnl;;_ b'j} k|of]u u/L x'g] kl/k|]Iosf] a'emfO, :yfgLo kl/k|]Io / k|:tfljt ultljlwaLrsf] ;DaGw ljZn]if0f / åGå Go"gLs/0fsf pkfosf] vf]hL åGå;+j]bgzLn of]hgf lgdf{0fdf ;dfj]z x'G5g\ .

åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf zflGt tyf åGådflysf] k|efj d"Nof+sg

åGå;+j]bgzLn kl/of]hgfsf] vfsf agfpFbf / sfof{Gjog ubf{ cr]n

zflGt tyf åGådflysf] k|efj d"Nof+sg -lk; PG8 slGˆNS6 ODKofS6 c;]:dG6M kL;LcfO{P_nfO{ k|efjsf/L c:q dflgG5 . o;n] ljsf;sf ultljlwsf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt a'‰g / :yfgLo kl/l:ylt tyf k|:tfljt



307

ultljlwaLr kf/:kl/stf yfxf kfpg d2t u5{ . of] d"Nof+sgn] zflGtsf nflu g} ljsf;sf ultljlw ;~rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrt u5{ / hfgfhfg a9fjf lbFb}g . o;n] åGåsf gsf/fTds c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{] pkfo klg ;'emfpF5 . kl/jlt{t /fhgLlt / ;'/Iff cj:yfdf gofF ;Defjgf lgdf{0f ug]{ cj;/ klg o;n] lbG5 -pk|]tL ;g\ @))^P, ;g\ @))^aL, ;g\ @))%_ .

o:tf] d"Nof+sg ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yfksLo tyf of]hgfsf/L ;+oGq xf] . o;n] åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt k|j4{g ug{ ljsf;sdL{, ;/sf/ / k|zf;sx¿nfO{ d2t u5{ . åGåsf] lj:t[t a'emfOdf cfwfl/t eO{ o;n] hf]lvddf /x]sf d'n'sdf åGå /f]syfd tyf zflGt lgdf{0fsf] /0fgLlts vfsf k|bfg u5{ . o;n] åGåsf d"n sf/0f kQf nufpg / zflGt lgdf{0fsf nflu ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿;Fu} :yfgLo Ifdtf tyf cj;/ k|j4{g ug{ d2t klg u5{ .

zflGt tyf åGådflysf] k|efj d"Nof+sgn] ljsf;sf ultljlwsf gsf/fTds kl/0ffdsf] cg'udg tyf ltgsf] Go"gLs/0f, c;n cEof;sf] ;dLIff, lgoldt sfo{df åGå ;dfwfg / zflGt lgdf{0fsf tTjx¿sf] ;dfof]hg / åGåsf ljleGg r/0f tyf k|sf/;Fu cg's"n x'g] cfrf/;+lxtf hf/L u/fpg d2t u5{ . o;}u/L o;n] t'ngfTds nfedf cfwfl/t /xL ljsf;sf dfWod

/ stf{aLr ;dGjo, ;'/Iff;DaGwL hf]lvdsf] ;Daf]wg, zflGtsf nflu :yfgLo Ifdtf clej[l4 / åGåsf] ;+/rgfut sf/0fsf] cGj]if0f cflbdf klg d2t u5{ . o;y{ 7"nf kl/of]hgfdf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg

ul/Ph:t} ;a} ljsf; of]hgf / /0fgLltdf zflGt tyf åGådflysf] k|efj

d"Nof+sgnfO{ sfg'gL ¿kd} clgjfo{ u/fpg'k5{ .

of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udgdf åGå;+j]bgzLn ljsf;sf

;fWo / ;fwgsf] k|of]u h?/L x'G5 . 7"nf ljsf; kl/of]hgfsf] vfsf /

ltgsf] sfof{Gjog, sfo{qmd tyf lgoldt kl/of]hgf cg'udg, jflif{s ;dLIff / cfjlws d"Nof+sg ubf{ åGå ljZn]if0f -slGˆNS6 cgfnl;;_, åGåsf] k|efj d"Nof+sg -slGˆNS6 ODKofS6 c;]:dG6_, zflGt tyf åGådflysf] k|efj d"Nof+sg -lk; PG8 slGˆNS6 ODKofS6 c;];d]G6_

308

/ åGåsf] hf]lvd d"Nof+sg -slGˆNS6 l/:s c;]:dG6_nfO{ sfg'gL Jofj:yfåf/f g} clgjfo{ agfOg'k5{ . ljsf; sfo{qmdn] …Iflt–gk'¥ofpmÚ -8' gf] xfd{_ -PG8;{g ;g\ !(((_ eGg] dfGotfeGbf dfly p7L …/fd|f]–u/Ú -8' u'8_ -pk|]tL ;g\ @))&_ eGg] l;4fGt klg cfTd;ft ug'{k5{ .

*=$ ljsf;sf] /fhgLlts cfj/0f

/fhgLlts k|lqmof / ljsf;sf ultljlwnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} n}hfg'df g} zflGt / :yfloTj k|flKtsf] k|lqmofsf] ;kmntf jf c;kmntf lge{/ /xG5 . ltgLx¿ Psfk;df kl/k"/s x'G5g\ . /fhgLlts :yfloTjsf nflu /fhgLlts bnx¿n] kf/bzL{, hgpQ/bfoL, lgikIf / gful/sk|lt lhDd]jf/L eO{ sfd ug'{k5{ . nf]stflGqs l;4fGt, d"No / dfGotf bn tyf ltgsf sfo{stf{n] cg';/0f u/]df Tof] g} plrt sfd aG5 .

hgtfn] s;nfO{ r'Gg rfxG5g\ egL hfFRg] Psdfq s;L cfjlws lgjf{rg g} xf] . nf]stGqnfO{ alnof] kfg]{ / /fhgLlts :yfloTj sfod /fVg] cfwf/e"t pkfo klg cfjlws tyf lgikIf lgjf{rg g} xf] . /fhgLlts k|lqmofn] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o;n] /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf cfd dflg;sf] ljZjf; hufpg ;S5 eg] åGå

lg/fs/0f eO;s]kl5 klg cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfoaf6 ;xfotf leq\ofpg ;lsG5 . ;xfotfsf] kl/df0f, cjlw / If]q lgwf{/0f ubf{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] dfgjclwsf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ lgs} hf]8 lbPsf] x'G5 .

/fhgLlts :yfloTj sfod /fVg, nf]stGqnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ / gofF k':tfsf

g]tfnfO{ cufl8 cfpg lbg bnx¿leqsf] cfGtl/s nf]stGq g} r'/f]

xf] . kf/bzL{ lgjf{rg, cleJolQm :jtGqtf, ;fd"lxs lg0f{o, sfo{ljefhg,

Ifdtfcg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L, ljsf;sf lglZrt If]qdf ljlzi6 ;ldlt u7g

-bnsf ;ldlt ;b:onfO{ hnljB't\ ljsf; / hn;|f]t jftf{, s[lif lj:tf/,

u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f cflb kIfsf ljz]if1sf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/fpg]_,

bnsf] ;dfj]zL ;+/rgf, ljljw ljrf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{h:tf s'/f bnleqsf]

cfGtl/s nf]stGqsf dxTTjk"0f{ kIf x'g\ .



309

bnx¿sf] cfGtl/s nf]stGqsf] cefj g]kfnL /fhgLltdf ePsf

;d:ofx¿sf] k|d'v ;|f]tdWo] Ps xf] . oxfF s'g}–s'g} bnx¿nfO{ t k|d'v

g]tfn] lghL sDkgL h;/L g} rnfPsf] kfOG5 . s]xL bndf b]lvPsf]

dflyNnfb]lv tNnf :t/df x'g] x}sdsf/L lg0f{o, cfkmGtk|lt k"jf{u|xL x'g]

;+:s[lt, zlQm / ;|f]tdfly lgoGq0f hdfpg] nIo, lglxt :jfy{sf nflu

PsflwkTo :yfkgf ck/fwLx¿sf] ;+/If0f rfs/Ljfh / rGbfbftfnfO{

dxTTjk"0f{ kbdf lgo'lQm, gLltut e|i6rf/sf] ;+/If0f ljb]zL zlQmdfly

k/lge{/h:tf s'/fn] d'n'ss} /fhgLltdf v/fa c;/ ul//x]sf] 5 .

åGåf]Q/ nf]stGqnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg]{ csf]{ kIf gLlt–lgdf{0fdf hg;xeflutf

xf] . o;}sf/0f ;'zf;gsf l;4fGtsf] cEof; åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf plQs}

dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . /fhgLlts :yfloTj tyf åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;

k/:k/ cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ . o;}n] ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg, sfg'gL vfsf

/ sfo{ut k|lqmofaLr tfbfTDo ldnfpg' cToGt} h?/L 5 . log} kIfn]

/fhgLlts :yfloTj tyf åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;aLr kl/k"/stf tyf

kf/:kl/stf ;'lglZrt u5{g\ . g]kfnsf] ljsf;f]Gd'v gLlt, /0fgLlt sfo{qmd

/ sfo{of]hgfdf zflGtsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L ljsf; lgdf{0f;Fu

;DjlGwt lgsfox¿ / dftxftsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ zflGt;+j]bgzLn ljsf;

cjwf/0ff cfTd;ft ug]{ u/L ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5, h'g xfn;Dd

Tolt jf:tf ul/Psf] 5}g .

*=% lgisif{

pko'Qm vfsf -zflGt;+j]bgzLn gLlt, /0fgLlt, ;+/rgf hgzlQm_ cg';f/ sfof{Gjog x'g ;s] åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f / ljsf;n] zflGt / :yfloTjsf nflu d"Nojfg\ aGg ;S5g\ . t/, åGå;+j]bgzLn / zflGt k|j4{s ljsf; cjwf/0ffnfO{ gLltut / ;+:yfut gu/L …h] h;/L rln/x]5, rNb} hfg]5Ú eGg] dfGotf /fVg] xf] eg] åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf ultljlw klg tgfj tyf cl:y/tfsf] ;|f]t aGg ;S5g\ . g]kfnL hgtf Ps bzssf] ;z:q åGå / lx+;fn] cem} kLl8t 5g\ . ;fy} g]tfx¿n] PSsfl; hufOlbPsf clt7"nf

310

ck]Iff / zflGt–;Demf}tfkl5 tL k"/f ug]{tkm{ bnx¿sf] a]jf:tfn] g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ ck]Iff / lg/fzfsf] rf}af6f]df pEofPsf] 5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] clxn]sf] ljsf; k|lqmofn] 7"nf ck]Iffx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{'kg]{5 . o;}u/L ljkGgtf 36fpg / åGåsf ;+/rgfut sf/0fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;fdflhs ljsf; / k"jf{wf/sf kl/of]hgf klg dxTTjk"0f{ 5g\ . To;sf nflu e"ldxLg, pk]lIft, cflbjf;L tyf kfvf kfl/Psf hgtfnfO{ åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf ultljlwn] ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ . ;dfj]zL dfGotfcg';f/ dlxnf, hghflt, blnt / ljkGg ju{nfO{ g} o:tf ultljlw sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]t[Tj lbOg'k5{ .

;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t hLljsfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{, ljkGg, pk]lIft / åGåk|efljt hgtfsf] pGglt ug{ tyf cfly{s j[l4 / ul/aL lgjf/0fdf s]lGb|t x'g u|fdL0f k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/x¿sf] k'g:yf{kgf, ;fdflhs k'FhL, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;]jf klg åGåf]Q/ k|fyldstfdf kg'{k5{ . u|fdL0f ;8sdfkm{t /f]huf/L tyf cfocfh{gsf ;|f]t, ;fd'bflos hncfk"lt{ tyf ;/;kmfO, ;fd'bflos ljsf;, ;fgf hn;|f]t cfof]hgfx¿ ;fdflhs alxis/0fdf k/]sf / pk]lIft ju{sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;zQmLs/0fn] :yfgLo zflGt lgdf{0f / :yfloTjdf of]ubfg lbg ;S5g\ .

åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf nflu ;dli6ut gLlt tyf lgofds vfsf, :ki6 ;+:yfut ;+oGq / sfo{ut Joj:yf cfjZos k5{ . o;n] alxis/0fdf k/]sfnfO{

;dfj]z ug{, ul/aL, c;dfgtf, cGofo / lje]b ;Daf]wg ug{, kl/of]hgf

If]qdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{, /fHoaf6 u'd]sf] ljZjf; k'gM k|fKt ug{ clg /fhgLlts zlQmaLr cfk;L ;xsfo{ / ;Ddfg ;'lglZrt ug{ ;S5 . t/, xfn;Dd of] ;jfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs k|ult gePsf] dfq xf]Og, lg/fz x'g]

cj:yf l;h{gf x'Fb}5, h'g åGå;+j]bgzLntfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 …hf]lvdo'QmÚ

x'G5 .

åGå;+j]bgzLn ljsf;n] nrstf, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfh:tf

o;sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug'{k5{ . ljsf;sf gjLg



311

of]hgf / sfo{gLltn] oL l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df ¿kfGt/0f ug'{k5{ . o;n] dfgjclwsf/, zflGt hLljsf]kfh{g / ;'/IffnfO{ hf]8\g] sfd ug'{k5{ t/ o:tf] sfof{Gjog cEof;df ljsf;sdL{x¿nfO{ ljz]if k|lzIf0f vfFrf] k5{ . ljsf;sf ultljlwdf x'g] jf:tljs / slNkt -l/on PG8 kl;{E8_ hf]lvd / åGå Go"gLs/0f ug{ ljsf; /0fgLltn] åGå;+j]bgzLn / zflGt gLlt /0fgLlt ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, k|lqmof / sfo{lgb]{lzsfsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . vf;u/L åGå;+j]bgzLn sfo{ lgb]{lzsfdf ;'/Iff lgb]{zg / k|lqmof k'l:tsf, ;+s6 Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, åGåsf] k|efj d"Nof+sg lgb]{lzsf cflb k5{g\ . åGå / åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf zflGt tyf åGådflysf] k|efj d"Nof+sg, åGåsf ;Defljt ;|f]t Go"gLs/0f, ljsf;sf sfddf :yfgLo dWo:ytfsf] k|j4{g cflb dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ -;LkLPg ;g\ !(((Ù lncf]gxf6{ ;g\ @)))Ù g]x]d / c¿ ;g\ @))!_ . To;}n] zflGt tyf åGådflysf] k|efj d"Nof+sg kl/of]hgf 5gf]6 k|lqmof -If]q, k|lqmof, cg'udg cflb_sf] cleGg c+u aGg'k5{ .

dfly plNnlvt sfdsf nflu hgk]Iff / /fHon] lbg ;Sg] ;]jfaLr tfbfTDo klg ldNg'k5{ . sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf plrt ;Lksf] cfwf/df Ifdtf clej[l4 / plrt gLlt /0fgLlt / sfo{Gjog ug'{ g} åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf ljsf;sf ultljlwnfO{ ;kmn kfg]{ cr's pkfo xf] . åGå tyf ;'/Iff hf]lvdsf] d"Nof+sg, åGåsf] cg'udg tyf hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f k|lzIf0f, åGån] kf/]sf] dfgl;s k|efj lgd"{n ug]{ k/fdz{ ;]jf, …/fd|f]–u/Ú eGg] clek|fosf l;4fGt, zflGt lgdf{0f / åGå/t stf{;Fusf] ;xsfo{ klg o;df plQs} dxTTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . zflGt k|j4{g ug{ åGå ;lsPkl5 ljsf;sf sfo{qmdnfO{ k'gle{d'vLs/0f ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . :yfgLo:t/df åGå Joj:yfkg Ifdtfsf] lgdf{0f klg csf]{ dxTTjk"0f{ sfd xf] . o;sf nflu åGå ;dfwfg ug{] :yfgLo ;+3;+:yfx¿sf] ;Lk / v'aLnfO{ xf};nf lbOg'k5{ . w/ftnLo oyfy{df cfwfl/t, sfof]{Gd'v, l;sfOs]lGb|t / ;xeflutfd"ns åGå Joj:yfkg k4lt2n] åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf] k|j4{gsf] cfwf/ tof/ ub{5 . åGåf]Q/ ljsf;

2 o;} n]vsåf/f k|ltkflbt åGåsf] cGt/lqmofTds Joj:yfkg -OG6/PlS6e slGˆnS6 Dofg]hdG6_ To:tf] k4ltsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] -pk|]tL ;g\ @))#_ .

312

/ k'glg{df{0fsf nflu åGåsf ;f+:s[lts / ;dfh–dgf]j}1flgs cfofdsf] ljZn]if0f dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . :yfgLo Ifdtfdfly cg';Gwfg tyf ljZn]if0f, åGå ;dfwfgsf] cflbd cEof; -OlG8h]g; k|flS6;]h ckm slGˆnS6 l/hf]No';g_ / zflGt lgdf{0f tyf d]nldnfkdf o;sf] e"ldsf, ;+:s[lt, wd{, cy{tGq / Oltxf;;Fusf] ;DaGw / åGå Joj:yfkg;DaGwL :yfgLo ¿kdf rlncfPsf gLlt–lgodsf] e"ldsf klg åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffdf cleGg c+u x'g'k5{ . cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs, wfld{s, z}lIfs, n}+lus, hftLo ljifo;DaGwL ;dfhzf:qLo cg';GwfgnfO{ cl3 a9fpFbf yk 1fg / tYox¿ cl3 cfpF5g\ . åGådf ;+nUg dflg;sf p2]Zo;Fu o:tf ljifosf] ;DaGw s]nfpFbf ;/sf/, bft[lgsfo / ;+3;+:yfnfO{ ljsf;sf pko'Qm ultljlwsf] vfsf sf]g{ d2t k'U5 .

åGå ¿kfGt/0f / zflGt lgdf{0fsf cg's"n z}nLsf] ljsf;n] ;dfhdf d]nldnfk k|j4{g, ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo k|j4{g dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff / åGå Joj:yfkg;DaGwL k|lzIf0fdf klg hf]8 lbg'k5{ . To;}n] g]kfndf efjL kl/of]hgfx¿n] lgDg sfd u/]df åGåf]Q/ ljsf; lgdf{0f k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5 M

!= ;+/rgfut c;dfgtf / åGåsf d"n sf/0fsf] ljZn]if0f / ;Daf]wg

@= ;d'bfodf ljZjf; tyf cfk;L ;b\efj k|j4{g

#= åGåsf k|lts"n c;/;Fu h'‰g] ;fd'bflos Ifdtfsf] ljsf;

$= zflGt / :yfloTj lgdf{0fsf nflu cj;/ l;h{gf

%= ;fdflhs alxis/0fdf k/]sf hgtfsf nflu ;'ne nfesf] k|Tofe"lt

/ lg0f{o–lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf pgLx¿sf] ;xflutf ;'lglZrttf

^= ul/a / wgLaLrsf] vf8n tyf lje]bsf] Go"gLs/0f

&= ljsf;sf ultljlwn] gofF åGå tyf tgfj l;h{gf ub}{gg\ eGg]

;'lglZrttf, /

*= o'4/t kIf jf ;De|fGt ju{n] ;|f]t sAhf u/]sf 5}gg\ jf ub}{gg\

eGg] ;'lglZrttf .



313

zflGt tyf åGåsf] k|efj d"Nof+sgnfO{ ljsf;sf sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfdf ;dfj]z u/] dfq oL a'Fbfdf b]vfOPsf s'/f ;Dej x'g ;S5g\ . of] sfddf ljsf; lgof]ux¿sf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os x'G5 . ;fy}, o;sf nflu ;DalGwt dGqfnoaLrdf ;dGjo x'g' h?/L 5, h;n] kl/of]hgfsf nIox¿ Ps csf]{ dGqfnoaLr vlK6g] cj:yf cfpg lbFb}g . xfnsf] ljsf; 9fFrfdf ;d:of k|i6} b]lvPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu— Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGå / ;g\ @))& sf] dw]; lx+;fdf hh{/ ePsf] b]zsf] /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf zflGt / :yfloTj x'g] ePsf]n] ;a} dGqfno / ljefun] zflGtnfO{ cfˆgf] cfwf/e"t sfo{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL ;f]xLcg';f/ sfof{Gjog ug{' kg]{ xf] t/ of] ePsf] b]lvFb}g .

clxn] g]kfn o'4b]lv zflGtsf] ;+qmd0fsf] hl6n bf]af6f]df 5 . zflGt–k|lqmofn] lj:t[t ;fdflhs–cfly{s / /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0fsf] af6f] vf]lnlbPsf] 5 . oBlk, cfly{s / /fhgLlts :yfloTj k'g:yf{kgfkl5 dfq o:tf] ¿kfGt/0f ;kmn x'G5 . åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf ljsf;sf åGå;+j]bgzLn ultljlw g} cfly{s :yfloTj xfl;n ug]{ pQd pkfo xf] . ljsf;sf ultljlwdf k|of]u ePsf sfof{Gjog z}nL / /0fgLltcg';f/ tgfj jf :yfloTj h'g}sf] klg ;|f]t x'g ;S5 . o;sf/0f ljsf;nfO{ åGå;+j]bgzLn agfpg' g} åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf cfly{s k'ge{/0f / :yfloTj xfl;n ug]{ pQd

cj;/ xf] . t/, b'ef{Uo åGå;+j]bgzLn ljsf; clxn] k|fyldstfd} 5g\ .

åGåf]Q/ r'gf}tLnfO{ lhTg ljsf;sf of]hgf, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] k'gle{d'vLs/0f / åGåk|efljt dflg; -k"j{n8fs';lxt_sf nflu ;dtfd"ns

/ bL3{sfnLg cj;/ l;h{gf ul/g'k5{ . o;n] ltgsf] hLljsfnfO{ ;'b[9

agfpF5 / ;fdflhs cj:yf ;fdfGo agfO{ sfg'gL zf;g :yflkt ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . dfgj ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf ;'wfg]{ / d]nldnfk tyf åGåf]Q/ :yfloTj xfl;n ug]{ o:tf] k'ge{/0fn] zflGt / ljsf;nfO{ klg 6]jf lbG5 .

åGåf]Q/ ljsf; of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogsf] d"Nof+sgdf nrstf, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf :yfkgf ug]{, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, cGt/f{li6«o

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / ;/sf/L ;+:yfaLr ;fd"lxs k|of;sf] yfngL ug]{,

314

bL3{sfnLg ljsf; nIo / åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ cfsl:ds sfo{qmdaLr ;dGjo :yfkgf ug]{, åGåf]Q/ ljsf;nfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff of]hgf, ljb]z gLlt cy{gLlt / /fli6«o ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf;Fu hf]8\g] sfd klg cfufdL lbgdf ug'{k5{ .

åGå;+j]bgzLn ljsf; of]hgfn] åGåf]Q/ cj:yfdf ljsf;nfO{ lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng / k'g;{dfof]hg;Fu hf]8\g'k5{ . ;'/Iff, sfg'gL zf;g / cy{tGq sdhf]/ x'Fbf, ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] cefj / ;fdflhs tgfj /xFbf klg åGåf]Q/ k'ge{/0fdf k|d'v hf]8 x'g'k5{ . åGå;+j]bgzLn ljsf; /0fgLltn] ljsf;sf ;a} sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} n}hfg'k5{ . o:tf kl/of]hgfdf k'ge{/0f / ljsf; sfo{qmd /fd|/L sfof{Gjog ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ /fi6«;+3;lxtsf låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo lgof]u tyf ;/sf/L lgsfoaLr klg k|efjsf/L ;dGjo cfjZos k5{ . /fHoleq / aflx/sf /fhgLltsdL{ tyf ljsf;sdL{sf] k"0f{ k|lta4tf / ;dGjo geO{ åGåf]Q/ ljsf; sfo{qmd ;kmn x'g ufx|f] x'G5 . o;}u/L /fhgLltsdL{, ljsf;sdL{ / hgtfaLr ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul/P åGå;+j]bgzLn ljsf;n] cu|ult lng ;S5 -pk|]tL ;g\ @))%_ .

;dli6df, /fHolgdf{0f Pp6f lgs} hl6n k|lqmof xf] . ljsf;;DaGwL

If]q t o;sf] Pp6f c+zdfq} xf] . To;}n] åGåf]Q/ ljsf;sf] of]hgf / /fHolgdf{0faLr ;'lgof]lht ;DaGw g} ufFl;g'k5{ . ;'b[9 cg'udg ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf, ;xdlt tyf ;dembf/Lsf] OdfGbf/Lk"0f{ kfngf, ljutsf sl7gfO;Fu

;Ifd ¿kdf h'‰g] sfd åGå;+j]bgzLn / zflGt k|j4{gfTds ljsf; gLlt

/ sfo{qmdn] g} åGåf]Q/ zflGt / :yfloTj ;Dej x'g ;S5 . o;}u/L ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf, lgikIf lgjf{rg, k"j{n8fs'x¿sf] lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] d2tn] ;'/Iff If]q ;'wf/

/ ljkGg tyf pk]lIft ju{nfO{ nfe k'Ug] kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug'{ åGåf]Q/

zflGt / :yfloTj k|flKtsf] d"n dfu{ xf] .

****


315

(=! kl/k|]Io

g]kfn clxn] hl6n, c:ki6, ljjflbt / s]xL jif{b]lv nlDaPsf] /fHolgdf{0f k|lqmofdf 5 . klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf lqmofsnfkaf6 g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0f w]/} ;s;df kg{ yfn]sf] lyof] . dlGqkl/ifb\n] tTsfnLg k|wfg;]gfkltnfO{ avf{:t ug]{ lg0f{o u/]kl5 cj:yf hl6n ePsf] lyof] . of] 36gfn] dfcf]jfbL / u}/dfcf]jfbL bnaLr ulx/f] cljZjf; l;h{gf u¥of] . cGt/bnLo ljjfb / zlQm;+3if{ rls{+bf gofF ;/sf/sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ lj:tf/df klg l9nfO eof] . cfˆg} sfo{z}nLsf] sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/sf] ktgkl5 ag]sf] Pdfn]sf g]tf dfwjs'df/ g]kfng]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/ c;kmn agfpg dfcf]jfbLn] ;s];Ddsf xts08f k|of]u u¥of] . kl/0ffdtM g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ 9fNg] / gofF ;/sf/ agfpg] sfddf bnx¿n] 8]9 jif{ latfP . cGttM afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] g]t[Tj / dw];jfbL bnx¿sf] ;xof]udf

ag]sf] ;/sf/n] klg ;+qmd0fsfnsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ g;sL pN6} ;+ljwfg;ef g} e+u u/L b]znfO{ yk hl6ntfdf ws]n] / aflxl/of] .

k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr cljZjf; afXo zlQmx¿sf] cltrnv]n / ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkgdf /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] lkmtnf] sfo{;Dkfbgn] cGttM uPsf s]xL jif{df zflGt–k|lqmofdf s]xL dxTTjk"0f{ pknlAw xfl;n

gePsf xf]Ogg\ . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf tbf?stf, ;'/Iff If]q ;'wf/, zflGtsf]

nfef+z ljt/0f, /fHo k'g;{+/rgf, cfly{s k'ge{/0f, b08xLgtfsf] cGTo, ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf / ;fgf xltof/sf] laulauLnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L o:tf pknlAwnfO{ ;+:yfut ul/g'kYof]{ .

kl/R5]b

(

åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fdf ;fgf xltof/sf] r'gf}tL

316

of] kl/R5]bsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ;fgf xltof/sf] xsdf /fi6«;+3Lo ;/sf/L lj1x¿sf] ;d"x -lb Kofgn ckm ueGd{G6 PS;k6{\;\_sf] kl/efiffnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . o;sf cg';f/ l/eNj/, ;]Nkm–nf]l8ª k]:tf]n, /fOkmn / sfaf{OG;, ;a–d]l;gug, P;N6 /fOkmn / nfO6 d]l;gugnfO{ ;fgf xltof/ dflgPsf] 5 -o"Pg ;g\ !((&_ . o;afx]s slxn]sfxLF xn'sf xltof/1 tyf la:kmf]6s kbfy{2nfO{ klg ;fgf xltof/;DaGwL ax;df ;fd]n ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

(=@ ;fgf xltof/sf] laulauL / ;DalGwt r'gf}tL

;fgf xltof/sf] laulauL åGåf]Q/ d'n'sx¿sf] ;femf ;d:of xf] . ;g\ @))# df ;2fd x';]gsf] ;Qf ktg ePkl5 O/fsdf ;}lgsx¿n] &)–*) nfv -nueu ;a}_ hlt xltof/ u'dfPsf lyP . o:tf xltof/nfO{ kl5 ckx/0f, xTof / lx+;fh:tf cfk/flws sfddf k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOof] -hLcfO{cfO{P; ;g\ @))&_ . g]kfndf klg ;fgf xltof/sf] cj}w sf/f]af/ / ;+Vof slt 5 eGg] olsg ug'{ d'l:sn 5 . tyflk, s]xL tYof+sn] ;z:q åGåtfsf g]kfn–ef/taLr !,*)) lsnf]ld6/sf] v'nf ;Ldfj/k/ gf} bh{geGbf a9L 3/]n' xltof/ lgdf{tf sDkgL /x]sf b]vfpF5g\ . zflGt–k|lqmofdf cfPkl5 ljb|f]xL Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_af6 yf]/}dfq xltof/ ;+sng x'g ;Sg'n] klg y'k|} cj}w ;fgf xltof/ cem} clen]vaf6 aflx/ /x]sf] / u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf

k|of]u eO/x]sf] cfFsng ug{ ;lsG5 . tTsfnLg ljb|f]xL;Fu n8\g ;/sf/n]

hgtfnfO{ afF8]sf xltof/, t/fO{ If]qdf Rofp;l/ b]vf k/]sf ;z:q ;d"x / lbgfg'lbg eO/xg] cfk/flws z[+vnfnfO{ s]nfpFbf g]kfndf ;fgf xltof/sf]

cj}w ;+Vof %) xhf/eGbf a9L ePsf] n]vssf] cg'dfg 5 .

1 logdf x]]eL d]l;gug, XofG8 x]N8, cG8/Aof/]n / dfpG6]8 lu|g]8 nGr/, kf]6]{an PlG6Po/qmfˆ6 ug, kf]6]{an PlG66\of+s ug / l/sf]ONn]; /fOkmn, PlG66\of+s ld;fOn / /s]6 l;:6dx¿sf kf]6]{an nGr/, PlG66\of+s Po/qmfˆ6 ld;fOn l;:6dx¿sf kf]6]{an nGr/ / Soflna/x¿sf df]6f{/ -!)) PdPdeGbf tnsf_ k5{g\ -o"Pg ;g\ !((&_ .

2 logdf :dn cfD;{ sfl6{«h -/fpG8\;_, xn'sf xltof/sf ;]N; / ld;fON;, PlG6k;{g]n / PlG66\of+s lu|g]8, af?bL ;'?ª, df]afOn sG6]g;{ ljb ld8N; / l;+un PS;g PlG6qmfˆ6 tyf PlG66\of+s l;:6dx¿sf ;]N; k5{g\ -lb Kofgn ckm ueGd{G6 PS;k6\{;\–P÷%@÷@(*_ .



317

(=@=! ;fgf xltof/sf] laulauL

g]kfndf ljz]ifu/L ;z:q åGå ;'? ePkl5 ;fgf xltof/sf] laulauL a9]sf] lyof] . o'4/t kIfåf/f klg ;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/sf] Jofks k|of]u ePsf] lyof] . gful/s tyf ufpF ;'/Iff ;ldltnfO{ ;'/Iffkmf}hn] xltof/ ljt/0f u/]kl5 To;n] xltof/ t:s/x¿nfO{ emg} xf}:ofPsf] lyof] . Psflt/ dfcf]jfbLn] hgtfsf xftdf xltof/ ydfPsf lyP . csf{lt/, ;/sf/L ;'/Iffkmf}hn] ufpF ;'/Iff ;ldlt :yfkgf u/]/ xltof/ afF8]sf] lyof] . of] l:yltnfO{ Wofg lbFb} PDg]:6L OG6/Gof;gnn] tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL3nfO{ cf}krfl/s kq;d]t n]v]sf] lyof] . kqdf ;/sf/n] …u|fdL0f :jo+;]jL ;'/Iff ;d"x / zflGt ;ldltÚ u7g u/]kl5 cfPsf] eofjx cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] lyof] . PDg]:6Ln] ;f] kqdf To:tf ;d"x lgdf{0f ug'{sf] p2]Zodfly g} k|Zg p7fPsf] lyof] . tL ;d"xx¿ /fd|f];Fu k|lzlIft gePsf, pgLx¿sf] cg'udgsf nflu s'g} ;+oGq :yfkgf gul/Psf] / pgLx¿sf sfdk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf;d]t ;'lglZrt gePsf] x'gfn] pgLx¿sf] t6:ytfdf ;d]t z+sf k}bf ePsf] lyof] . o:tf ;d"x u7g x'Fbf dfgjclwsf/ xgg\ x'g'sf ;fy} c/fhs l:ylt k}bf x'g ;SYof] . PDg]:6Ln] n]v]sf] lyof], æ===/fHon] cfˆgf gful/snfO{ ;w}+el/ n8fs' b:tfaf6 6f9f /fVg] pQ/bfloTj;DaGwL ;g\ !($( sf] h]g]ef ;lGwsf] dd{nfO{ o:tf ;d"x u7gn] k|efljt u5{ .Æ

;f] kqdf Ujf6]dfnfsf] pbfx/0f lbFb} ToxfF ;g\ !(*) df l;len l8km]G; Kof6«nsf] u7gn] Jofks dfgjclwsf/ xgg\ ePsf] b[i6fGt;d]t lbOPsf]

lyof] .

g]kfndf cj}w xltof/sf] k|of]un] ;+ul7t ck/fw, xTof, n'6kf6, ckx/0f / of}g lx+;f dlRrPsf y'k|} cWoog -cfO{;LhL ;g\ @))$Ù pk|]tL / g]kfnL

;g\ @))^Ù pk|]tL ;g\ @))(_n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ;lqmo åGå cGTo ePkl5

klg w]/} d'n'sdf xltof/ x:tfGt/0f -;xfotf tyf pkxf/:j¿k cfpg]

3 x]g'{xf];\, …g]kfnM l;lelnoG; ;S8 OG6' cguf]Oª slGˆNS6Ú PDg]:6L OG6/Gof;gnsf] k|]; lj1lKt, !# gf]e]Da/ @))# .

318

xltof/, Jofkfl/s laqmL, t];|f] kIfdfkm{t x''g] laqmL / cg'dltkq lnP/ ul/g] pTkfbg_ / xltof/ bnfnL -xltof/sf] sf/f]af/ ;xhLs/0f jf Joj:yfkg tyf ;f]sf nflu rflxg] 9'jfgL / ljQLo ;]jf_ hf/L 5g\ . o:tf sfo{n] dfgj ;'/Iffdf lg/Gt/ r'gf}tL ylk/x]sf 5g\ .

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;+3Lo u0ftflGqs g]kfnsf] klxnf] k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ePkl5 ;f] bnn] cfˆgf] cw{;}Go b:tf jfO{;LPn lj36g ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . ;+o'Qm u7aGwgsf] ;/sf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ljleGg bnaLr ;ft a'Fb] ;xdlt ePkl5 o:tf] lg0f{o cfPsf] lyof] . t/, oyfy{df of] lj36g ePg, a? lx++;fTds ultljlw sfod} /fVof]— k|wfg;]gfkltsf] avf{:tL;DaGwL k|s/0fdf /fi6«kltn] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{onfO{ pN6\ofOlbP;Fu} bfxfnn] /fhLgfdf lbPkl5 . /fi6«kltsf] sbdnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] gful/s ;jf]{Rrtfdflysf] k|xf/ egL JofVof u¥of] . /fi6«kltn] sbd lkmtf{ glnP;Dd ;8s / ;+;b\af6 lj/f]w ug]{ 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o;kl5 pln{Psf] dfcf]jfbLlgs6 jfO{;LPnsf ultljlw

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/fhgLlts ;+/If0f, b08xLgtf / ;'/Iff r'gf}tL

ck/fwL / cfk/flws ;d"xnfO{ /fhgLlts ;+/If0f, ltgsf] /fhgLlts kl/rfng / b08xLgtfsf] ;+:s[lt h'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iffdf

r'gf}tL ag]/ pleG5g\ . cfkm"dfly ePsf] ck/fw ;fj{hlgs ubf{ emg\

c;/ kg{ ;Sg] 8/ kLl8tnfO{ x'G5 . s'g}–s'g} :yfgdf eg] /fhgLltsdL{, Jofkf/L, sd{rf/L jf jl/i7 ;'/Iff clwsf/Ln] g} klg o:tf] ;+qmd0fsfnsf] cg'lrt kmfObf p7fPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ;+qmd0fsfnLg b08xLgtf emg}

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326

uDeL/ ;d:of ag]sf] 5 . ;+qmd0fsfnel/ y'k|} cfof]u tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{bnn] ljleGg ck/fwsf] 5fglag u/L bf]ifL 7x/ u/]sf] eP klg To:tf bf]ifLlj?4 sfg'gL sf/afxL ePsf] 5}g . o:tf] b08xLgtf /x'Gh]n ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] :t/ slxNo} ;'wf/ x'Fb}g . b08xLgtf lgoGq0f ug{ ck/fwLnfO{ /fhgLlts ;+/If0f lbg] ;+:s[lt cGTo ul/g'k5{ / sfg'gL zf;gsf] k"0f{ kfngf x'g'k5{ . ;a} gful/s / /fhgLltsdL{n] sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;Ddfg u/] ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff;DaGwL w]/} ;d:ofsf] lgbfg ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{, b08xLgtf / ck/fwnfO{ /fhgLlts ;+/If0f ug]{ k|j[lQ klg g]kfndf åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf] k|d'v ;d:of xf] .

;z:q ;d"xsf] lj:tf/

;z:q åGå cGTokl5 ;g\ @))^ b]lv @)!) ;Dd g]kfn xltof/wf/L ;d"xsf nflu pj{/e"ld ag]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @))( sf] ;/sf/L tYof+scg';f/ Tolta]nf g]kfnsf ljleGg e"efudf !)( cf]6f xltof/wf/L ;d"x ;lqmo cl:tTjdf lyP . ltg} ;d"xsf] lj:tf/ / lqmofsnfk ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iffsf] k|d'v afws aGof] . logLx¿sf] lj:tf/ x'g'sf k5fl8 y'k|} sf/0fx¿ lyP . sdhf]/ sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] kmfObf p7fpFb} tLdWo] s]xL t cfk/flws p2]Zoaf6} ;~rflnt lyP . s]xLnfO{ eg] d"nwf/sf /fhgLlts bn -/ g]tf_n] g} ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;xof]u u/]sf / cem s]xL t ;+/If0f / l;h{gf

g} u/]sf hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs ePsf lyP . o:tf] ;+/If0f / kl/rfngdfkm{t

bnx¿n] cfˆgf If]q / g]tfn] bnleq} alnof] ks8 agfpg rfxGy] . g]kfndf /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfsf af/]df ;fj{hlgs ePsf hfgsf/Lcg';f/ sltkon] t ck/fwL, ;z:q ;d"x tyf 8fFsfx¿ k|of]u u/]/} /fhgLlts

;kmntf xft kf/]sf] kfOG5 .

s]xL ;z:q ;d"x cfˆgf lj/f]wL dflg;;Fu abnf lng t s]xLn] ckx/0f / hah{:tLdfkm{t ;lhn} k};f sdfpg] p2]Zo /fvL o;df ;+nUg lyP . o:tf

ultljlwaf6 /ftf/ft ltgsf] hLjgz}nL kl/jt{g eof] . ;~rf/dfWodn] pgLx¿nfO{ /fli6«o JolQmTj agfOlbP . jftf{sf gfddf zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f



327

dGqfno / o;sf dGqLn] cfˆgf] sfd b]vfpg] p2]Zon] cfk/flws / /fhgLlts k[i7e"ld g5'§ØfO{ ;a} ;z:q ;d"x;Fu jftf{ u/]sfn] cfk/flws ;d"xn] klg dfGotf (legitimacy) kfP / c¿nfO{ ;z:q ;d"x agfpg clek|]l/t u¥of] . v'nf ;Ldf, /fhgLlts ;+/If0f, ef/tLo ;Ldfdfkm{t cfk/flws ;d"x;Fu ;fF7ufF7, lkmtnf] sfg'gL Joj:yf / b08xLgtfn] o:tf cfk/flws ;d"x u7g / lj:tf/df e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof] .

(=# ;fgf xltof/ lgoGq0f;Fu h'‰g] /0fgLlt -/]:kf]G; :6«Øf6]hL_

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lgu/fgL / lgoGq0f a9fpg ;+;b\n] v]Ng] e"ldsfsf] cfwf/df /fHolgdf{0f

k|lqmofsf] ;kmntf lge{/ /xG5 . ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf Joj:yflksf alnof] zlQm x'g] ePsf]n] xltof/ lgoGq0fdf ;d]t ;+;b\sf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os

x'G5 . t/, g]kfndf clxn] ;fgf xltof/;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yf ckof{Kt / lkmtnf] 5 . o;sf/0f eO/x]sf gLlt–lgodn] gofF b]vfk/]sf ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ Ifdtf b]vfPsf 5}gg\ .

;+;b\;Fu ljlwsf] zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ lgb]{zsLo e"ldsf x'G5 . o;n] ;fgf xltof/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL ;lGw–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug{ ;/sf/nfO{

328

lgb]{zg lbg ;S5 . p;n] o:tf] e"ldsf ;lqmo ¿kdf lgjf{x u/]df xltof/sf] cj}w k|of]u lgoGq0f ug{ nfluk/]sf k}/jLstf{ ;d"xnfO{ klg d2t k'U5 . ;fy}, o;/L cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePdf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] klg ;/sf/nfO{ of] sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 . ;fgf xltof/sf] cj}w wGbf lgoGq0f ug{ ;+;bLo lgu/fgL klg h?/L x'G5 . ;'/Iff ;jfn tyf xftxltof/sf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/nfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] of] d"n pkfo xf] . To;}n] o:tf] lgu/fgLn] ljZjJofkL klxrfg;d]t kfPsf] 5 -OofG;f ;g\ @))$_ .

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If]qdf o:t} xltof/ lgoGq0f ug{ kxn ug'{ cfjZos 5 . csf]{ tYo—

!*)) lsnf]ld6/eGbf a9L v'nf ;Ldf x'Fb} ef/taf6 g]kfndf y'k|} cj}w xftxltof/ lelqG5g\ . ptf xltof/ t:s/ / cj}w Jofkf/Lsf nflu g]kfn ;xh dfu{ klg ag]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;fgf xltof/sf] cj}w Jofkf/ lgoGq0f

ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / oxfFsf] ;+;b\n] ef/t;Fu låkIfLo ;Demf}tf ug'{ h?/L

5 .

;fgf xltof/ lgoGq0f ug]{ k|d'v bfloTj ;/sf/s} xf] . To;sf/0f

lgMz:qLs/0f, u}/kl/rfng / k'g;{dfof]hg -l8:cfdf{dG6, l8dlanfOh];g PG8 l/OlG6u|];gM l8l8cf/_sf] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/n] ljz]if gLlt Nofpg'k5{ . ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf lkmtnf] ePs} sf/0f g]kfndf



329

xftxltof/sf] cf];f/k;f/ tLj| eO/x]sf] xf] . ljutdf ;/sf/n] ;z:q cfk/flws ;d"x / /fhgLlts bz{gn] k|]l/t ;z:q ;d"xx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] v'6\ofpg ;s]g . tL ;a}nfO{ jftf{df a:gdfq} cfXjfg ul/of] . o:tf] z}nLn] b'lg{ot lnPsf ;d"xnfO{ klg j}wflgstf lbof] . ;fy} o:tf ;d"x u7g u/L ljljw ;''ljwf kfpg -;/sf/ / ;'/Iff c+uåf/f klxrfg, ;~rf/dfWoddf ultnf] :yfg_ y'k|} ;d"xnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ldNof] .

;fgf xltof/;DaGwL gLlt–lgod agfpFbf lj:t[t /fli6«o ;'/Iff of]hgf;Fu ldNg] u/L ljsf;, dfgjLo ;xfotf, kmf}hbf/L Gofo / ;x/L of]hgfh:tf kIfnfO{ klg Vofn ug'{k5{ -hLcfO{P;P; ;g\ @))&_ . o;n] ul/aLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{sf ;fy} ;fgf xltof/sf] b'?kof]uaf6 x'g] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / dfgjLo Iflt sd u5{ .

lkmtnf] ;'/Iff k|zf;g ;fgf xltof/sf] cj}w sf/f]af/ j[l4 u/fpg] sf/0fx¿dWo] Ps xf] . To;}n] ;/sf/n] ;zQm ;'/Iff Joj:yf lgodfjnLx¿ sfof{Gjog u/L ;'/Iffk|bfosx¿nfO{ ;Lk, ;+;fwg, 1fg / pks/0f;lxt ;'b[9 kfg'{k5{ . ;'/Iff ancGtu{t klxn] sfd ul//x]sf JolQmn] ;]jflgj[Q ePkl5 k|of]u ug]{ xltof/dfly klg ;/sf/n] ;"Id lgu/fgL /fVg'k5{ . pRr /fhgLlts zlQm ePsf JolQmx¿n] klg cj}w xltof/ /fVg] ;Defjgf -/ /fv]sf tYo klg_ x'gfn] To:tf xltof/x¿ tTsfn hkmt ul/g'k5{ .

o;/L sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / lg/Gt/ kfngfn] dfq xltof/sf] cj}w

pTkfbg, ljt/0f / b'?kof]u lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fgf xltof/sf] laulauL /f]Sg] csf]{ pkfo cg';Gwfg tyf ljZn]if0fdf

nufgL xf] . of] If]qdf g]kfnn] ;fob} s]xL u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] g]kfn ;/sf/n]

;fgf xltof/af/] :jtGq cg';Gwfg tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . ltgsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;, ;|f]tsf] pknAwtf tyf sfo{ut :jfoQtfdf klg ;/sf/sf] ldlxg Wofg hfg' h?/L 5 . o;;DaGwL z}lIfs sfo{qmd klg ;'? ul/g' cfjZos 5 .

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330

xltof/ Jofkf/ ;lGwsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cl3 a9fpg' a'l4dtfk"0f{ x'G5 . o;n] ;f] If]qaf6 g]kfndf x'g] ;fgf xltof/sf] sf/f]af/nfO{ /f]Sg pNn]Vo d2t k'¥ofpg ;S5 . x'g t of] sfd ;f]r]hlt ;xh 5}g t/ If]qLo ;'/Iff ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu of] Pp6f alnof] cfwf/zLnf xf] . ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ s'/f, g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] ;'/Iff ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ Vofn /fVb} låkIfLo ;Demf}tfsf ¿kdf ;fgf xltof/ lgoGq0f ug{ ef/t ;/sf/;Fu jftf{ ;'? ug'{k5{ . of] sfd åGåf]Q/ /fHolgdf{0fsf qmddf /0fgLlts ¿kd} cl3 a9fOP /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ 7"nf] 6]jf ldN5 .

b08xLgtf sd ug{ ;/sf/n] /f]d ljwfg -cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntM cfO{;L;L_df x:tfIf/ ug'{k5{ . ;fgf xltof/sf] cf];f/k;f/ x'g] sf/0f b08xLgtf xf] . ljz]ifu/L ;+qmd0fsfndf o:tf] b08xLgtfnfO{ nlDag lbg' x'Fb}g . o;nfO{ cGTo u/] cj}w xltof/ lgoGq0fdf 7"nf] 6]jf k'Ug ;S5 . cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntdf x:tfIf/ ul/P dfgjtflj?4sf] ck/fw / g/;+xf/df /fhgLlts bnsf] ;Defljt ;Da4tfnfO{ sd ug{ klg d2t ldN5 .

(=#=@ /fhgLlts bnsf] e"ldsf

bnLo ceLi6cg';f/ /fhgLlts bnx¿ ;fgf xltof/sf] cj}w sf/f]af/sf k|j4{s klg x'g ;S5g\ / lgoGqs klg . clxn] bnx¿n] cfˆgf lglxt

cle?lr k"/f ug{ cfk/flws ultljlw / afx'ansf] ;xf/f lnPsf eP klg

cGttM o:tf ultljlwn] ;fgf xltof/sf] sf/f]af/nfO{ klg psf:5g\ . t/, ck/fwLnfO{ ;+/If0f, /fhgLltsf] ck/fwLs/0f, ck/fwsf] /fhgLlts/0f, o'jfsf] ;}lgsLs/0f / ;dfhsf] pQ]hLs/0f (radicalization) / sfg'gsf] cjd"Nogh:tf s'/faf6 ltgn] cfkm"nfO{ 6f9f /fv] ltg} bnx¿ /fHolgdf{0f

k|lqmofsf ;f/ly aGg ;S5g\ . To;}n] /fHo / ;'/Iff ansf] clwsf/

If]qleq /x]sf sfddf cfˆgf :jfy{sf nflu x:tIf]k ug'{ /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] k|d'v sdhf]/L xf] .



331

xltof/sf] sf/f]af/ cToGt} nfebfoL dflgG5 . To;}n] cfˆgf lqmofsnfkdf ;dy{g kfpg Jofkf/Ln] /fhgLlts bnnfO{ cy{kf]if0f u5{g\ . o:tf s's[Toaf6 /fhgLlts bnn] cfkm"nfO{ 6f9} /fv]/ ;fgf xltof/ t:s/ lgoGq0f ug{] s8f pkfo cjnDag ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{k5{, h'g lgs} sl7g b]lvPsf] 5 .

o'jfx¿sf] ;}lgsLs/0f ul/g' klg ;'/Iffsf] 7"nf] r'gf}tL xf] . /fhgLlts bnn] clxn] hgtfnfO{ ;'/Iff lbg] ;jfndf cfˆgf leGg} ;f]rfO agfPsf 5g\ . ltgsf] ts{cg';f/ o'jf ;}Go b:tf u7g ug'{sf] p2]Zo hgtfnfO{ ;'/Iff lbg' xf] . o:tf] ;f]rnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L Tof] lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ ;'/Iff lgsfonfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg'k5{ . ;'/Iff l:ylt etfe'+u kf/L ;dfhnfO{ pu| agfpg] / o'jfnfO{ ;}lgsLs[t ug]{ sfd bnx¿n] k"/} /f]Sg}k5{ .

(=#=# ;'/Iffk|bfossf] e"ldsf

k|x/L eg]sf] :yfgLo ;'/Iffsf] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] . o;n] :yfgLo hgtf;Fu ;lqmo ;xsfo{ ug'{k5{ . clxn] g]kfndf k|x/L an g/fd|/L xtf]T;fxL ePsf] 5 . clt /fhgLtLs/0fn] o;sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf g/fd|f] c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . t:s/, ck/fwL, Jofkf/L / pBf]ukltsf lglxt cle?lr k"/f ug{ ljleGg

zlQm s]Gb|x¿n] tyf u[xdGqL / ;Da4 bnn] of] lgsfosf] Jofks b'?kof]u ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] k|x/Lsf] Jofj;foLs/0f ug]{, Ifdtf tyf cfsf/ a9fpg] / sfo{k4lt ;'wfg]{ sfd ;fgf xltof/ lgoGq0fsf

nflu klg cToGt} dxTTjk"0f{ 5 . o;leq x'g] /fhgLtLs/0f /f]s]/ o;nfO{

t6:y ;d;fdlos, cfw'lgs / Jofj;flos agfPdfq ;'wf/sf oL sfd ;Dej x'g ;S5g\ .

g]kfndf ;/sf/L u'Ktr/ lgsfon] klg /fd|/L sfd ul//x]sf] 5}g . u[x

dGqfnosf] u'Ktr/ ljefu klg u[xdGqLsf ;dy{sx¿sf] etL{s]Gb| dfq ePsf] 5 . u'Ktr/ eg]sf] ljz]if vfnsf] ;'/Iff ;+oGq xf] . ;fdfGo dflg;n] o;df sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t/, xfd|f] kl/k|]Iodf u[xdGqLn] cfkm"v';L etL{ u/]sf /fhgLlts sfo{stf{ jf ;fdfGo dflg;n] o:tf] ljz]if sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]

332

k|Zg} cfpFb}g . o;}sf/0f of] ;+Vof lgik|efjL b]lvPsf] 5 .

g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;}lgs u'Ktr/ ljefu -l8kf6{dG6 ckm ldln6/L OG6]lnh]G;M 8LPdcfO{_n] clxn];Dd c¿ ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] t'ngfdf s]xL ck]lIft sfo{;Dkfbg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/, vf;–vf; ;dodf of] klg k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]g . pbfx/0fsf nflu dfcf]jfbLn] ;z:q ljb|f]xsfndf a]gL cfqmd0f ubf{ of] lgsfosf] c;kmntf emlNsPsf] lyof] . o;}u/L @)%* h]7 !( sf] b/af/ xTofsf08n] klg g]kfnL u'Ktr/ lgsfosf] c;kmntf k'li6 u5{ . o;y{ o:tf u'Ktr/ lgsfodf ;'wf/ Nofpg' ;'/Iff Joj:yf / xltof/ cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f b'j}sf nflu k"j{;t{ xf] .

xltof/ lgoGq0fsf] ;jfndf ;z:q k|x/L an s]xL xb;Dd k|efjsf/L b]lvP klg ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ha;Dd /fhgLlts ¿kdf ck/fwL ;+/If0f sfod /xG5, ta;Dd ;'/Iff ;+oGqn] dfq xltof/ lgoGq0f ug{ sl7gfO kg]{ b]lvG5 .

(=#=$ gful/s ;dfh -;~rf/dfWod, dfgjclwsf/sdL{_sf] e"ldsf

;fgf xltof/ lgoGq0f ug{ gful/s ;dfh / To;df klg ljz]ifu/L ;~rf/dfWodsf] ljz]if e"ldsf /xG5 . xltof/sf] cj}w Jofkf/ lgoGq0f

ug{ ;r]tgf sfo{qmd dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . ;fgf xltof/sf] Jofkf/ / af?bL ;'?ªsf] a9\bf] lj:tf/ lx+;fTds åGåsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ d"n c8\rg ag]sf ljZjJofkL cg'ejn] b]vfPsf 5g\ . xltof/sf] pknAwtfn] åGåsf]

dfqfnfO{ a9fpg] x'Fbf zflGtk"0f{ ¿kfGt/0fdf o:tf] pknAwtf ;w}+ r'gf}tL

aG5 . g]kfndf clxn] of] ljifodf ;r]tgf hufpgsf nflu gful/s ;dfh la:tf/} nflu/x]sf] eP klg x:tIf]ksf/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g .

(=#=% cGo dxTTjk"0f{ sfd

zflGt–k|lqmof / /fHolgdf{0fsf] ultnfO{ b|"t agfpg /fhgLlts bnx¿ OR5's x'g] xf] eg] ltgn] ;fgf xltof/sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ lgDg



333

ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ M

k|x/L ansf] ;'b[9Ls/0f

lx+;fTds ck/fw / c;'/Iff /f]Sg] alnof] pkfo k|x/L ;+u7gsf] ;zQmLs/0f xf] . pks/0fn] ;';lHht -cfjZos k"jf{wf/ k|bfg u/]/_, ;+;fwgo'Qm -ef}lts ;'ljwf lbP/_, Jofj;flos -bIftf, k|lta4tf, ultzLntf, g}ltstf, 1fg, ;Lk / ;"rgfn] ;DkGg t'NofP/_, t6:y -u[x dGqfnosf clwsf/L, dGqL jf ;DalGwt bnsf] /f]hfOdf geP/ cfˆg} p2]Zodf cl8u /xg] agfP/_ / s'g} bnljz]ifeGbf hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfP/ k|x/LnfO{ alnof] kfg{ cTofjZos 5 .

g]kfnL ;'/Iff Joj:yfdf gjLg cfofd lbFb} clxn] y'k|} lghL ;'/Iffk|bfosx¿ b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿ clxn] ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf dxTTjk"0f{ c+z ag]sf 5g\ . o:tf lghL ;'/Iff–k|bfosx¿ clxn] JolQm tyf ;DklQsf] ;'/Iffdf ;+nUg 5g\ . t/, ltgsf] ;]jf xftxltof/;DaGwL pRr:t/sf] If]qdf geP/ lghL sDkgL, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / dxTTjk"0f{ JolQmx¿nfO{ ;fdfGo :t/sf] ;'/Iff lbg'df ;Lldt 5 . g]kfndf ltgLx¿ d"ntM c+u/Ifssf] ¿kdf ef}lts ;'/Iff lbg jf ;xof]uL, rf}lsbf/ / hf]lvd

d"Nof+sgstf{sf ¿kdf sfo{/t 5g\ . o;y{ g]kfndf /fli6«o ;'/Iff;Fu d]n vfg] / /fHosf] ;'/Iff k4ltnfO{ ;d]t d2t x'g] u/L lghL ;'/Iff–k|bfos sDkgLnfO{ ;d]6\g] :ki6 of]hgfsf] ;d]t cfjZostf 5 .

t6:ytf / hjfkmb]lxtf

;'/Iff lgsfo / sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ sfg'gL k|fjwfgcg';f/ cf–cfˆgf] dfGotfdf sfd ug{ glbOP c;'/Iff;Fu h'‰g / :yfoL nf]stGq xfl;n ug{

sl7gfO x'G5 . jt{dfg cj:yfsf] k|d'v r'gf}tL eg]sf] ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] t6:y

Joj:yfkg / ltgnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] sfd xf] . o;sf nflu ;'/Iffkmf}h cfkm}++ / /fhgLlts bn klg o;s} ;fydf ;lqmo x'g'k5{ . gful/s ;dfhn]

334

eg] o;df lg/Gt/ kx/]bf/ -jfr8u_sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

;fd'bflos ;'/Iff

;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff ;an agfpg :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k"0f{ ;xof]u / ;dGjo vfFrf] k5{ . o;sf nflu ;'/Iffkmf}h, :yfgLo /fhgLltsdL{, ;d'bfosf ;b:o, ;~rf/dfWod / af}l4s ju{af6 ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf cfpg' klg plQs} h?/L x'G5 . ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ ;"rgf, ck/fw, lx+;f / ;DalGwt r'gf}tL;Fu h'Wg ef}lts / g}lts ;dy{g rflxG5 .

;Ldf Joj:yfkg

;Ldf Joj:yfkg g]kfndf uDeL/ t/ cToGt} pk]lIft ljifo xf] . To;}n] gofF /fli6«o ;'/Iff of]hgfdf of] ljifonfO{ klg uDeL/tfk"j{s lnOg'k5{ . ;Ldf;DaGwL k|zf;lgs sfddf cfjZos kg]{ k|zf;gsf tf}/tl/sf, ;+;fwg / k|lqmofsf] ;dli6ut ¿knfO{ g} ;Ldf Joj:yfkg elgG5 . o;df ;Ldf kf/ ug{ nfu]sf JolQm tyf j:t'sf] lgu/fgL x'G5, cj}wdfly lgoGq0f x'G5 / j}wnfO{ sfg'gL k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;xh agfOG5 . ;Ldf Joj:yfkg cEof;df ;Ldf kx/]bf/, cWofudg ;]jfsf clwsf/L / ;Ldf z'Ns clwsf/L nfluk/]sf x'G5g\ . ck/fw, e|i6frf/, ;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/sf]

cj}w 9'jfgL / dfgj a]rlavg ;Ldf If]qdf x'g ;Sg] cj}w ultljlw x'g\ . lognfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ljz]if 1fg, ;Lk / k|lqmof rflxG5, h'g xfdLn] kof{Kt ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}+ .

(=#=& cg';Gwftfx¿sf] e"ldsf

cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0fn] ;fgf xltof/sf] cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f / ltg;Fu h'‰g] /0fgLlt ljsf; ug{ of]hgfsf/x¿nfO{ d2t u5{g\ . t/, g]kfndf

;fgf xltof/;DaGwL ;lqmo / u'0f:t/Lo cg';Gwfg lj/n} ePsf 5g\ .

To;}n] xfdLsxfF cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t of]hgf / /0fgLltsf] uDeL/ cefj 5 .

;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/sf ljifo;Fu h'‰g /fhgLlts / of]hgf:t/df



335

;'/Iff;DaGwL cjwf/0ffut a'emfO ljsf; ug'{ h?/L 5 . o;;DaGwL tYok/s of]hgf–lgdf{0f ug{ bIf cg';Gwfg k4lt tyf ljZn]if0f cfjZos k5{ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot, k|mfG;, blIf0f clk|msf, hd{gL / cGo y'k|} d'n'sn] cg';Gwfg / ljZn]if0fdf alnof] nufgL u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] oL /fi6«sf of]hgfx¿ tYok/s / ;kmn 5g\ . OofG;f /fi6«;+3, :jtGq cg';Gwfg ;+:yf / ljleGg ljZjljBfnosf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿n] u/]sf cWoogdf klg ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{ / ;z:q åGå Go"gLs/0f ug{ cg';Gwfgsf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L x'g] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf ;fgf xltof/;DaGwL k|fl1s vf]h / cWoog cem} lgs} sdhf]/ 5 . s]xL ljåfg / cg';Gwftfn] o;sf] ;'?cft t u/]sf 5g\ t/ ;'/Iff lgsfo / ;/sf/n] o;df s'g} rf;f] b]vfPsf 5}gg\ . ;'/Iff lgsfo Ot/sf JolQm cyjf ;+:yfaf6 x'g] o:tf cWoogn] cfkm"x¿sf] Jofj;flos …Psflwsf/Údf cltqmd0f ug]{ ltgsf] ?9 a'emfO 5 . ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs clVtof/ g} kfP/ sfd ul//x]sf] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ clxn];Dd k|efjsf/L 5}g, c¿ ;fgf xltof/af/] t o;n] vf; sfd u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . s]xL kqsf/÷klqsfx¿n] ;fgf xltof/;DaGwL n]v k|sflzt u/] klg oL ;du| ljifodfly ;}4flGts tyf cjwf/0ffut vfsf ljsf; ug{ kof{Kt x'Fb}gg\ . To;}n] ;fgf xltof/ tyf ;'/Iff;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ug{ ;/sf/n] ljåfgx¿ ;lDdlnt :jtGq ;+:yf u7gdf ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . ljZjljBfnosf ljifo;DalGwt ljefun] klg o;af/] tLj| cg';Gwfg ;'? u/fpg'k5{ .

(=$ lgisif{

;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff ;'wfg'{ cNksfnLg /0fgLltdfq xf] . t/, ;fgf xltof/

lgoGq0f ug{ bL3{sfnLg ;'/Iff of]hgf cfjZos x'G5 . To;}n], /fli6«o

;'/Iff of]hgf, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / cfly{s gLltleq of] ljifo ;dflxt x'g'k5{ . o;n] ;fgf xltof/sf] cj}w k|of]u lgoGq0fsf] cleofgnfO{ ;'b[9 kf5{ . o:tf xltof/sf] cj}w cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0flagf /fHolgdf{0fsf]

p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ c;Dejk|foM 5 .

/fHon] ;fgf xltof/ lgoGq0f ug{ / ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff ;'wfg{ g;s]

336

hah{:tL, ckx/0f, 8s}tL, n'6kf6, nfu"kbfy{ t:s/L, anfTsf/, dlxnf a]rlavg, b'n{e jGohGt'sf] cj}w l;sf/ / t:s/L -s:t'/L l;sf/, kz'k+IfLsf d"Nojfg 5fnf, af3sf] x8\8L, b'n{e h8La'6L t:s/L cflb_ h:tf ;+ul7t ck/fwsf z[+vnf rln/xG5g\ . bnx¿n] cfˆgf o'jf b:tfnfO{ afx'ans} cfwf/df kl/rfng ubf{ hgwgsf] /Iff ug]{ sfddf k|x/LnfO{ Jojwfg x'G5 . ;fgf xltof/ lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos cGo a[xt\ If]q eg]sf …;"rgf ;fem]bf/Lsf] If]qLo ;~hfnÚ -l/hgn g]6js{ ckm OGkmd]{;g z]ol/ª_ :yfkgf u/L u'Ktr/Lo ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg, ;f] If]qdf cfa4 d'n'ssf clwsf/LaLr ;dGjo :yfkgf / /fHo tyf gful/s ;dfhaLr alnof] ;xsfo{ :yflkt ug'{ dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o:tf uDeL/ ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/, /fhgLlts bn, ;'/IffsdL{, gful/s ;dfh, ;~rf/dfWod / l;+uf] ;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs pQ/bfloTj vfFrf] k5{ . ;fy}, ;fgf xltof/;DaGwL cWoog cg';Gwfgdf /fHon] nufgL ug]{ / pQk|]/s jftfj/0f agfpg] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' klg plQs} cfjZos 5 .

****


337

!)=! kl/ro

;g\ @))^ sf] gf]e]Da/b]lv ;g\ @)!$ ;Ddsf] åGåaf6 zflGttkm{sf] g]kfnsf]] ;+qmd0fsfn lgs} hl6n / ax'cfoflds 5 . hl6n ;+qmd0fsfnsf k|d'v sf/0fx¿df /fhgLlts zlQmsf] cb"/blz{tf, zlQm / ;Qfdfly ks8 / lgoGq0f ug]{ dxTTjfsf+Iff, ;'/IffIf]qsf] sdhf]/ e"ldsf, gful/s ;dfhsf] lgliqmotf, bftf /fi6« / ljb]zL zlQmx¿sf] :jfy{o'Qm v'nf ;+nUgtf÷x:tIf]k, /fHo;+oGqsf] k"0f{ /fhgLtLs/0f kf6L{ efua08fdf ;+j}wflgs lgsfo, /fli6«o gLlt–lgdf{0f / sfo{sf/L lgsfox¿df lgo'lQm / sfg'gL zf;gsf] a]jf:tf b]lvG5g\ . of] kl/R5]bdf oL sf/0fdWo] ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] Pp6f cleGg c+u åGåf]Q/ d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hgsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

d]nldnfk / k'g;{dfof]hg -l/slG;lno;g PG8 l/OlG6u|];g_1 cu|k+lQmd}

k5{g\ . To;}n] g]kfnsf] zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg] Pp6f k|d'v cfwf/ xf] . of] cjwf/0ffn] cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt åGåkLl8t / k"j{n8fs' n8fOFdf ;+nUg ;'/Iff clwsf/Laf/] ;/f]sf/ /fV5 . clVtof/sf]

b'¿kof]u tyf ck/fwaf6 kLl8tsf nflu Gofosf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt;DaGwL

/fi6«;+3Lo 3f]if0ff / dxf;ef 3f]if0ff -o'gfO6]8 g];G; l8SnØ/];g ckm a]l;s lk|lG;kN; ckm hl:6; km/ lelS6D; ckm qmfOD; PG8 cAo'h ckm kfj/ PG8 h]g/n P;]DAnL l/hf]No';g_ $)÷#$, @(–!!–!(*% sf

cg';f/ ef}lts / dfgl;s Joyf ;lxt JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs cf3ftdf

k/]sf, efjgfTds kL8fdf k/]sf, cfly{s Ifltdf k/]sf, /fli6«o kmf}hbf/L

1 of] kl/R5]bsf] ;Gbe{df d]nldnfk tyf ;dfof]hgn] ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts b'j} cy{ /fV5 .

kl/R5]b

!)

lbuf] zflGtsf nflu åGåf]Q/ ;dfhdf d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg

338

sfg'g pNn+3g geP klg cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL dfGotfaf6 x]bf{ cfwf/e"t clwsf/ u'dfPsfnfO{ kLl8t elgG5 .

g]kfnL kl/k|]Iodf d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgn] åGåk|efljt hgtf -lj:yflkt, k"j{n8fs' jf k"j{;'/Iff an, ef}lts jf dfgl;s ¿kdf 3fOt], afnaflnsf, dlxnf, j[4, j[4f, ckf+u cflb_nfO{ ;+s]t u5{ . ljleGg jif{ k|sflzt dfgjclwsf/ jif{ k':tscg';f/ ;z:q åGåsf] ;'?cftb]lv g} xTof ug]{, a]kQf agfpg], oftgf lbg], anfTsf/ ug]{, hah{:tL rGbf c;'Ng], cfqmd0f of kqmfpsf] wDsL lbg]h:tf dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf y'k|} z[+vnf rn]sf lyP . o:tf ck/fwaf6 kLl8tx¿ JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs, k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf / klxnf] jf bf];|f] k':tfsf h'g}vfn] x'g ;S5g\ .

åGåk|efljt dflg;sf ;d:of / kL8fsf] ;Daf]wg ug]{, ltgsf] cfTdljZjf; hufpg], ;fd'bflos Pstf a9fpg], Gofo k|flKtsf] af6f] vf]lhlbg] cflb k4lt d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgleq ;d]l6G5 . cfTdljZjf; hufpg], cfk;L ljZjf; k'g:yf{kgf u/fpg] / k"j{zq"x¿aLr ;dembf/L sfod u/fpg] k|lqmof jf:tjd} 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ljifo xf] . g]kfndf bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgf u/fpg oL kIfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' cTofjZos 5 .

blIf0f clk|msfsf k|d'v kfb/L Pd]l/6; 8]:dG8 6'6'n] Pp6f xft]k':tsdf e"ldsf n]Vb} d]nldnfksf] dd{df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . kL8fbfoL ljutsf]

ljZn]if0f ug]{, To;nfO{ /fd|f];Fu a'‰g] / Tof] kL8fnfO{ lht]/ To:tf] cj:yf

km]l/ kms{g]5}g / kms{g lbg' x'Fb}g eGg] ;'lglZrt u/fpg' g} åGåf]Q/ d]nldnfksf] k|d'v ;Gb]z xf] -An'dlkmN8 / c¿ ;g\ @))#_ . d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgn] åGåsfndf k|lts"n / zq"jt\ ;DaGw ePsf dflg;nfO{

cfk;L ;Ddfgsf] efj / ;xsfo{tkm{ cled'v u5{ . d]nldnfkn] kLl8t /

kL8saLrsf] ;DaGwdf dnd nufpF5 . of] bL3{sfnLg zflGt xfl;n ug{ ;xof]uL x'G5 . o;n] Gofo, IfdfzLntf, ;xsfo{ / ;xcl:tTjsf] z}nL ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} ljutdf zq"jt\ ;DaGw /x]sf ju{nfO{ Ps–csf{sf cfjZostf, eo / ck]IffnfO{ a'‰g] cj;/ lbG5 . To;}u/L k'g;{dfof]hg



339

k|lqmof k"j{n8fs', lj:yflkt / åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ ;d'bfodf la:tf/} / ;xh tl/sfn] :jLs[t u/fpg] cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ k|lqmof / kl/0ffd b'j} xf] .

o;} kl/k|]Iodf of] kl/R5]bn] ;fd'bflos lrGtgdf cfwfl/t k'g;{dfof]hg / d]nldnfksf ;jfn klxrfg ug]{ / o;sf nflu ;d'bfos]lGb|t vfsf ;'emfpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . ;fy}, o;n] d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu ;fd'bflos Ifdtf clej[l4sf pkfonfO{ klg s]nfpg] k|oTg u/]sf] 5 .

!)=@ cjwf/0ffTds cfwf/

lat]sf lbgsf lx+;fsf] lj/f;tnfO{ ;Daf]wg / lalu|Psf ;DaGwdf k'glg{df{0f u/fpg] k|lqmof g} d]nldnfk xf] -An'dlkmN8 / c¿ ;g\ @))#_ . !) jif]{ /Qmkftk"0f{ åGåaf6 l;lh{t zq"tfk"0f{ ;DaGwn] g]kfnL ;dfh vl08t / cfqmfGt 5 . To;}n] ljutsf ;DaGwsf] ljZn]if0f / ;Daf]wgsf] k|lqmofn] d]nldnfk a9fpg ;S5 . clxn]sf] P]ltxfl;s ;dodf g]kfnn] ;dfh / /fhgLlt k'gu{7g ug]{, sfg'gL zf;g :yfkgf ug]{ / ug]{ /fd|f] cj;/ kfPsf] 5 . åGåf]Q/ ;dfhsf] k|d'v hf]8 lx+;fdf nfu]sf dflg;x¿n] To:tf] sd{ bf]xf]¥ofpg]5}gg\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug]{df x'G5 -pk|]tL ;g\ @))^aL_ . of] a]nfdf

åGåf]Q/ r'gf}tL ;Daf]wg ug{ nf]stflGqs k|lqmof / ;+/rgfsf] :yfkgf ul/g'k5{ . ljz]ifu/L, lx+;f / cGofo dfem nf]stGqsf] cl:tTj /xFb}g . To;}n] nf]stflGqs k|lqmofnfO{ alnof] agfpg] pQd pkfo d]nldnfk g}

xf] .

k'g;{dfof]hg dgf]j}1flgs, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s cfofd;lxtsf]

Pp6f hl6n k|lqmof xf] . of] k|lqmofdf u}/kl/rflnt ;}lgs jf k"j{n8fs',

ltgsf kl/jf/ / åGåk|efljt dflg;n] cfˆg} jf gofF ;d'bfodf ;lqmo gful/s hLjgsf] ;'?cft ug{ yfN5g\ . zf:qLo cy{df k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof

340

lgMz:qLs[t2 tyf u}/kl/rflnt3 an / ltgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;fdflhs–cfly{s hLjgdf ;dfof]lht ug]{ k|lqmof xf] . k'g;{dfof]hg eGgfn] k"j{n8fs' / ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ ;d'bfodf ;xcl:tTjsf] efj ljsf; u/fpg] sfd klg xf] . k"j{n8fs' / åGåk|efljt dflg;n] cfˆgf] hLjgz}nLnufot ;fd'bflos ;DaGwsf] k'glg{df{0f u/L gful/s hLjgdf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;xefuL x'g'k5{ . k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof bL3{sfnLg / hl6n x'G5 .4 o;y{ of] n8fs' hLjgaf6 ;fdfGo hLjgtkm{sf] hl6n / bL3{sfnLg cfly{s, /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / dgf]j}1flgs ;+qmd0fdfq} geP/ åGåsf] 3fp la;]{/ ;fdfGo hLjgtkm{ hfg] k|lqmof klg xf] . o;}n] åGåf]Q/ d]nldnfksf] k|lqmof ;kmn x'g /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / dgf]j}1flgs k'g;{dfof]hg x'g'k5{ .

/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hg o:tf] k|lqmof xf], h;df u}/kl/rflnt ;}lgs n8fs', åGåk|efljt JolQm / ;d'bfonfO{ cf–cfˆgf ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;+/rgf tyf k|lqmofdf ;fd]n agfpFb} nluG5 . of] k|lqmofdf åGåk|efljt -cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt, k"j{n8fs' / cGo_ dflg; tyf ;d'bfosf] /fhgLlts ;xeflutfnfO{ ;dfhn] ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ;+oGqdf :jLsf5{ . o;/L ltgn] gjLg gful/s hLjgsf] ;'?cftdf cfˆgf] ;DaGwnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;S5g\ .

o;}u/L ;fdflhs k'g;{dfof]hg k"j{n8fs' / ltgsf ;xof]uL, cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt / åGåk|efljt dflg;nfO{ ;dfhn] :jLsfg]{ agfpg] k|lqmof

xf] . ljz]iftM ;fdflhs k'g;{dfof]hgsf] ;kmntf ;dfof]lht x'g] JolQmsf]

2 åGåf]Q/ zflGt–k|lqmofsf] ;dodf xltof/ ;+sng, lgoGq0f / gi6 ug]{ k|lqmof lgMz:qLs/0f xf] .3 ;'/Iff ;]jfaf6 ;}Go PsfOnfO{ 5'6sf/f lbg] k|lqmof / ;f]sf] kl/0ffd b'j} ePsf]n] u}/kl/rfng

/fhgLlts k|lqmof xf] . ;]jfaf6 u}/kl/rflnt x'g] JolQmsf] k|lta4tf cfpg' / d'lQm kfpg' b'j} /fhgLlts lg0f{odf e/ k5{g\ . klxn] o'4/t ;}lgs tyf n8fs'x¿nfO{ lzlj/df /fVg], xltof/ / pks/0f gi6 ug]{, ;}Go PsfO kl/Tofu ug]{, k"j{n8fs'sf abL{ km]/L gful/s abL{ k|bfg ug]{, kl/rokq, cf}ifwf]krf/, /fxt, k|lzIf0fnufot ;xfotf / cGo s'/f k|fKt ug'{ cflb klg u}/kl/rfng sfo{qmddf kg{ ;S5g\ .

4 x]g'{xf];\ /fi6«;+3Lo zflGt :yfkgf ld;gsf ;xfos dxf;lrj OSafn l/hf l8dlanfOH8 ;f]Nh;{ l:ksM l/OlG6u|];g PG8 l/slG;lno;g Og lgsf/fu'cf, Pn ;fNef8f]/ PG8 df]hflDas -dfgfu'cfM ;]Gqf] b] O:t'lbcf]; OG6/gfl;cf]gn];, k[= $_ gfds k':tsdf .



341

rfxgf / ;d'bfosf] dfgl;stfdf e/ k5{ . ;dfof]lht x'g] JolQmn] åGåsfndf lgjf{x u/]sf] ;sf/fTds cyjf gsf/fTds e"ldsfn] klg åGåf]Q/ sfndf p;sf] ;fdflhs :t/ lgwf{/0f u5{ .

cfly{s k'g;{dfof]hgn] pTkfbgzLn cyjf nfebfoL /f]huf/Ldfkm{t u}/kl/rflnt jf cjsfzk|fKt n8fs'÷;}lgs / åGåk|efljt dflg;n] cfly{s :jtGqtf k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpF5 . ;fy} ltgn] cfkm" / cfkm"df cfl>t dflg;sf] hLljsf ;'/Iff xfl;n ug]{ k|lqmof klg cfly{s k'g;{dfof]hg xf] . cfly{s k'g;{dfof]hgn] u}/kl/rflnt n8fs'nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ jf ahf/d'vL ;Lk k|bfg ug]{ kIf;Fu klg ;DaGw /fV5 .

dgf]j}1flgs k'g;{dfof]hg eGgfn] JolQmn] ef]lu/x]sf] åGåldl>t hLjgz}nLaf6 cfd dflg;sf] h:t} ;fwf/0f hLjgz}nLdf ;dfof]lht x'g] k|lqmof tof/ kfg'{ xf] . ;}Go hLjgz}nL jl/otfqmlds -dflysf] cfb]z kfngf ug'{kg]{ vfnsf] r]g ckm sdfG8 ePsf]_, cf}krfl/s, lgodn] ;~rflnt / oflGqs x'G5 . To;}n] ;z:q åGåtfsf dgf]j}1flgs tgfj tyf cf3ft em]n]sf / åGåkl5 ;dfof]hgdf hfg nfu]sfnfO{ dgf}j}1flgs ;xfotf tyf ;Nnfx cfjZos k5{ . dgf]j}1flgs k'g;{dfof]hgn] k"j{n8fs' jf k"j{;}lgs, åGåk|efljt dflg; / ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf] dgf]lj1fg tyf

ck]Iffdf hf]8 lbG5 .

d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu hfb"u/n] b]vfpg] hfb"h:tf] t'?Gt}

ul/g] ljlw / tl/sf 5}gg\ . o;df ;DalGwt ;a} kIfsf] ;xof]u /

k|lta4tf cfjZos x'G5 . of] :yfgLo kl/k|]Io, ;z:q åGådf ;fd]n bnx¿sf] k|lta4tf / zflGt–k|lqmofnfO{ ;xof]u ug{];d'bfosf] OR5fdf e/ k5{ . d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg aflx/af6 nflbg' x'Fb}g . o;sf nflu

jf:tljs :yfgLo k|of; g} h?/L x'G5 .

k|To]s ;d'bfo / ;dfhsf cf–cfˆg} d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf tl/sf x'G5g\ / geP klg To;nfO{ pgLx¿ cfkm}+ ljsf; klg ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] Ujf6]dfnf / blIf0f clk|msfsf] kf7n] l;sfpF5 -cflbTo / c¿

342

;g\ @))^Ù xfj]{ ;g\ @))$Ù 6'6' ;g\ !(((_ . To;}n] d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof :yfgLo kl/k|]Iodf lge{/ /xG5 . ljutsf lx+;fTds lj/f;t -efon]G6 lnu]l;h ckm lb kf:6_;Fu h'‰g ;fd"lxs :jfldTj -sn]lS6e cf]g/l;k_ ljsf; ug]{, jt{dfgdf ;a} ;d"x;Fu sfo{ut ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ / ;femf kl/sNkgf, ;fd"lxs k|of; / ;'Gb/ eljiosf nflu JolQmut tyf ;fd"lxs k|lta4tf lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{df o;sf] hf]8 x'G5 .

åGåu|:t ;dfhdf zflGtk"0f{ ;fdflhs Joj:yf sfod ug{ d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg Psfk;df cGof]Gofl>t x'G5g\ . 8]le8 An'dlkmN8, 6]/];f jfG;{, n's x';]h:tf ljZn]ifssf] ts{cg';f/ åGåsf] ;jfndf nf]stflGqs dWodfu{n] ;dfwfg lgsfN5 eg] d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgn] dflg;aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5 -An'dlkmN8 / c¿ ;g\ @))$_ . o;/L dflg;–dflg;aLr sfo{ut ;DaGw ljsf; u/L d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgn] zflGt :yfkgf u/L nf]stGqnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 .

s]xLn] d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgnfO{ åGåk|efljt dflg;sf ;d:ofnfO{ 5]p nufP/ ck/fwLnfO{ dfkmL lbg] lgof]lht k|of;sf] pkdf lbG5g\ . d]nldnfksf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ /fd|/L ga'em] jf To;nfO{ kl/0ffd -dfkmL

b]pm / la;{_sf] ¿kdf dfq k|of]u u/] o:tf] cj:yf cfpg klg ;S5 . t/, d]nldnfksf] dxTTjk"0f{ kIf g} Gofo / ;TonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] / ljutsf 3fpdf dnd nufpg] xf] . d]nldnfk :j]lR5s k|lqmof x'gfn] o;nfO{ s;}n]

nfb\g ;Sb}g . kLl8t cfkm}+n] ljutaf6 l;Sg ;S5 . o;n] p;nfO{

k'glg{ld{t ;DaGw / lj:tfl/t cfzf;lxt eljiodf afFRg] tl/sf l;sfpF5 . To;}n] of] k|lqmof d]nldnfk ;lxtsf] …dfkmL b]pm t/ gla;{Ú -kmlu{e a6 g6 kmu]{6_ -6'6' ;g\ !(((_ eGg] efjgfdf cfwfl/t eO{ JolQmdf cfpg]

uxg kl/jt{g xf] . t/, d]nldnfk eg]sf] b08xLgtfnfO{ k|>o lbg] ;fwg

eg] xf]Og . ;Tosf] lg¿k0f g} d]nldnfksf] cfwf/ ePsf]n] åGåkl5 ;To

lg¿k0fnfO{ d]nldnfksf] cfwf/ dflgG5 .



343

d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg ;kmn x'g ;xL k|lqmof / plrt stf{;lxt k|efjsf/L ;+oGq h?/L x'G5 . o;n] ljutnfO{ ;Daf]wg u5{ / eljiosf nflu ;femf kl/sNkgf ljsf; u5{ . d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgn] lx+;fsf] rqm tf]8\g'k5{, zflGtnfO{ alnof] agfP/ gofF nf]stflGqs ;+:yf tyf /fhgLlts k|lqmofnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{'k5{, ;fy} ljutsf ljifonfO{ gofF åGåsf] ;|f]t aGgaf6 /f]Sg'k5{ .

d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg qmlds / bL3{sfnLg k|lqmof xf] . xtf/df ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lqmofn] bL3{sfnLg zflGt xfl;n u/fpg ;Sb}g -6'6' ;g\ !(((_ . ;DaGwx¿ ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ :j]lR5s k|lqmof x'gfn] o;n] d'Vo stf{ -k|f]6fuf]lg:6_, kLl8t -lelS6d_ / ;fd'bflos ;b:o -sDo'lg6L d]Da;{_ sf] ljZjf;, dfgl;stf, cfsf+Iff / efjgfdf kl/jt{g vf]H5 . o:tf] kl/jt{g cfkm}+df sl7g / kL8fbfoL x'G5 -ufN6'ª ;g\ @)))Ù An'dlkmN8 / c¿ ;g\ @))#_ . ?9LjfbL tyf kIfkftL efjgf d]6\g klxn] zq"jt\ ;DaGw ePsf JolQm / ;d'bfonfO{ cfk;df ;+nUg u/fpg'k5{ . o;}sf/0f d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg Pp6f lj:t[t / ;dfj]zL k|lqmof xf] . o;sf k|d'v stf{x¿ kL8s, kLl8t / åGå/t kIf x'g\ . cGo k|d'v stf{ eg]sf ;d'bfo, ;/sf/,

;xfotfsf/L ;+u7g -u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, Goflos lgsfo, lghL sDkgL cyjf ;xfotf lgof]u_ x'g\ .

afnaflnsf, dlxnf, j[4j[4f, ckf+u, ljBfyL{, cfGtl/s ¿kdf

lj:yflkth:tf ljljw ;fdflhs ;d"xnfO{ ;z:q åGån] s;/L c;/ u5{

eGg] a'emfO d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgdf x'g'k5{ . h:t}M åGåsfndf dlxnfx¿ of}glx+;faf6 k|tfl8t x'G5g\ -;fd"lxs anfTsf/, afWosf/L ue{ tyf ljjfx, of}gsd{, zf/Ll/s zf]if0f cflb_ . o;n] pgLx¿k|lt ;fdflhs

sn+s / pk]Iff a9fpF5 .

of}gck/fwaf6 kLl8t dlxnfnfO{ Gofo lbg ck/fwL klxrfg u/L bl08t ug'{k5{ . k|To]s ;dfhdf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ljZj;gLo / ;Ddfghgs

;DaGw :yfkgf ug'{ dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . kLl8t kIfsf] klxrfg / ltgsf]

344

;zQmLs/0fsf ;fy} ck/fwL klxrfg klg d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] dxTTjk"0f{ tTj xf] .

d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] nIo xfl;n ug{ k|efjsf/L ;+oGq h?/L x'G5 . åGån] aNemfPsf] dgf]j}1flgs rf]6sf] lgbfg, Gofo Joj:yf, Ifltk"lt{ / ;Tolg¿k0f cfof]u u7g of] k|lqmofsf ;fdfGo cEof; x'g\ . of] k|lqmofnfO{ ;kmn agfpg oy]i6 ljQLo / bIf tyf lgikIf, ljifout /fd|f] 1fg / k"0f{ k|lta4tf;lxtsf] dfgj ;|f]t h?/L x'G5 . of] nfdf, lg/Gt/ / hl6n k|lqmof xf] . o;sf nflu w}o{, IfdfzLntf / ;+;fwg vfFrf] k5{g\ . of] ljZjf; k'glg{df{0f / eljiosf nflu ;'/Iff tyf cfTdljZjf;sf] efjgf;Fu} ;'? x'G5 . hgtfn] ljutsf] cft+s kms{g] ;Defjgf b]v] eg] c;'/lIft dx;'; u5{g\ / d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmofdf ljZjf; ub}{gg\ .

!)=# d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] lgb]{zsLo vfsf

!)=#=! /fhgLlts tyf sfg'gL vfsf

d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] d'Vo cfwf/zLnf lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tf g} xf] . of] ;Demf}tfdf tt\;DaGwL y'k|} k|fjwfg pNn]v 5g\ . tLdWo] a'Fbf %=@=$ n] åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ /fxt lbO{ cj:yf ;fdfGoLs/0f

u/fpg] p2]Zo;lxt k'g:yf{kgfsf] k|lqmof k"/f ug{ /fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf cfof]u u7gdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o;}u/L a'Fbf %=@=% sf] k|d'v k|fjwfg ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo cfof]u u7g

ug{' xf] . o;n] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gdf ;+nUg JolQm / åGåsf a]nf

ePsf dfgjtflj/f]wL ck/fwdfly cg';Gwfg ug]{ / åGåk|efljt ;dfhdf d]nldnfk k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 . a'Fbf %=@=* n] zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf bnx¿sf] /fhgLlts k|lta4tf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fV5 . o;n]

cfGtl/s ¿kdf lj:yflkt hgtfnfO{ s'g} /fhgLlts k"jf{u|xlagf 3/ kms{g lbg], åGåtfsf elTsPsf k"jf{wf/ k'glg{df{0f ug]{ / åGåk|efljt dflg;nfO{ ;dfhdf k'g:yf{kg / k'g;{dfof]hg u/fpg], h3Go ck/fwdf ;+nUgnfO{



345

sfg'gL sf/afxL ug]{ / ;fdfGo 36gfx¿df d]nldnfk / kLl8tsf] rfxgfdf Ifdfbfg;lxt zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zo /fV5 . zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] a'Fbf * n] ljjfb ;dfwfg / sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;n] n]v]sf] 5 M

b'j} kIfn] ljutdf eP u/]sf q'l6x¿ eljiodf gbf]xf]¥ofpg] / qmlds ¿kdf ;RofpFb} n}hfg] u/L j}olQms Pj+ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf pQ/bfoL x'g] ;xdlt k|s6 u5{g\ -*=!_Ù

/fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf cfof]un] zflGt cleofgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg cfjZostfcg';f/ ;+oGqx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg]5 . cfof]usf] u7g / sfo{ljlw cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] to u/]adf]lhd x'g]5 -*=@_Ù

b'j} kIf jt{dfg / eljiodf x'g ;Sg] ;a} lsl;dsf kf/:kl/s dte]b jf ;d:ofnfO{ cfk;L ;+jfb, ;dembf/L, ;xdlt tyf jftf{sf] dfWodaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ k|lta4 5g\ -*=#_Ù

of] ;Demf}tf, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyf ;ft bn Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr ePsf ;a} lg0f{o, ;xdlt / ;dembf/Lx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fli6«o zflGt tyf k'g:yf{kgf cfof]u, ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u, /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf;DaGwL pRr:t/Lo ;'emfj

cfof]unufot cfjZostfcg';f/ cGo ;+oGqx¿sf] u7g ug]{ / ltgsf]

sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] s'/fdf b'j} kIf k|lta4tf JoQm u5{g\ -*=$_ .

g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_aLr ePsf] / /fi6« ;+3n] cg'udg

;xof]u ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] ;]gf tyf xltof/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;dembf/Ldf

k"j{n8fs', cof]Uo n8fs' / ;DalGwt cGosf] k'g;{dfof]hgaf/] Joj:yf 5 . of] Joj:yfcGtu{t aF'bf !=! n] ;z:q åGådf ;fd]n !* jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] tTsfn p4f/ / ltgnfO{ plrt ;xfotfsf] cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] t/ b'ef{Uo Û of] ;jfn ;xL tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog eg]

ePg / cem} o;sf] c;/ b]vfO/x]sf] 5 .

346

o;}u/L a'Fbf $=!=# n] lzlj/df /x]sf dfcf]jfbL n8fs'sf] k|df0fLs/0f Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;df n]lvPsf] 5, ælzlj/ /x]sf :yfgdf ;a} dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f ul/g]5=== lzlj/df k|dfl0ft n8fs'x¿dfq dfkb08 k"/f u/L ;'/Iff andf x'g] ;Defljt ;dfof]hgdf hfg of]Uo 7xl/g]5g\ .Æ of] a'Fbfn] ;'/Iff andf ;dfof]hg x'g;Sg] dfkb08sf] klg JofVof u/]sf] 5 . zflGt–;Demf}tfsf] dd{cg';f/ ;dfof]hg k|lqmofsf] ;xhLs/0fsf nflu o;n] ljz]if ;ldltnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 . o;n] k|df0fLs/0fsf] of]Uotf / ;Defljt ;dfof]hgsf] ldlt klg tf]s]sf] 5 . @)$% h]7 !@ kl5 hlGdPsf k"j{dfcf]jfbL 5fkfdf/nfO{ :jtM d'lQm lbOg] Joj:yf o;df 5 . afFsLnfO{ /fxt Kofs]hsf] Joj:yf 5 . ;f]xL a'Fbfn] lzlj/df /x]sf dfcf]jfbL k"j{n8fs'sf] lgu/fgL, ;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgf u/fpg cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\n] ljz]if ;ldlt u7g ug]{af/] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL k|fjwfgcg'¿k $!^ hlt dfcf]jfbL n8fs' g]kfnL ;]gfdf ;dfof]hg eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] ^ hgf /fxt Kofs]h;lxtsf] k'g:yf{kgf / xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf cfly{s Kofs]h;lxt :j]lR5s cjsfzdf uO;s]sf 5g\ . t/, of] ;dfof]hg / :j]lR5s cjsfzsf] ;dfhdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjsf] 8/ eg] sfod} 5 .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg–@)^# sf] k|:tfjgfn] klg d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] dd{nfO{ s]xL a'Fbfdf ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;df n]lvPsf s]xL c+zx¿ o:tf 5g\ M

===æk|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgjclwsf/, aflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0f{

k|]; :jtGqtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf tyf sfg'gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnufot nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|lt k"0f{ k|lta4tf JoQm ub}{Æ, æg]kfnL hgtfsf]

cfˆgf] nflu cfkm}+ ;+ljwfg agfpg kfpg] / eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt

ub}{Æ, ænf]stGq, zflGt, ;d[l4, cu|ufdL cfly{s–;fdflhs kl/jt{g tyf b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, cv08tf, :jtGqtf / :jfledfgnfO{ s]Gb|df /fVb}Æ

-o"Pg8LkL ;g\ @))( k[= %$_ .



347

;+ljwfgsf] efu $ n] …/fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zsLo l;4fGt / gLltx¿Ú pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . of] d]nldnfk tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf] cfwf/e"t tTj klg xf] . cGo y'k|} k|f;l+us wf/fdWo] wf/f ## -/fHosf] bfloTj_, #$ -/fHosf] lgb]{zsLo l;4fGt_ / #% -/fHosf gLltx¿_ klg of] ;jfnsf nflu lgs} dxTTjk"0f{ 5g\ .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt :yfkgf u/L ;a}h;f] lhNnfdf lqmofzLn klg 5g\ eg] s]xL lhNnfdf d]nldnfksf] If]qdf /fd|f] sfd klg ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/, zflGt ;ldltsf] cfly{s :jfoQtf gePsf] / ah]6 lgsf;f;d]t lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodfkm{t x'g] / of] lgs} emGeml6nf] ePsf]n] ck]Iffcg'¿k sfd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . o:tf ;ldltn] lhNnf:t/df zflGt / d]nldnfk k|j4{gdf d2t g} ul//x]sf 5g\ . logn] :yfgLo JolQmsf] dte]b cGTo ug{, ;fd"lxs ;dfwfg vf]Hg / gofF eljio sf]g{ ;Fu} sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg], lhNnf:t/df zflGt–;Demf}tf sfof{Gjog ug{ klg dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5g\ . ;fy} dfgjclwsf/sf cGt/f{li6«o Joj:yfx¿ -h]g]efsf rf/ ;Demf}tf / cGo s"6gLlts b:tfj]h_, cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g / /fi6«;+3sf y'k|} ;Dd]ng -h:t}M ;a}vfn] hftLo lje]b cGTo ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng, afnclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng, dlxnflj?4sf ;a} lje]b cGTo ug]{ ;Dd]ng, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf

;f+:s[lts clwsf/sf ;Dd]ng cflb_, cGo s]xL sfg'gL ;+oGq / /fli6«o

sfg'gx¿ d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs÷/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf lgb]{zsLo vfsf x'g\ . t/, g]kfndf eg] ;To lg¿k0f / d]nldnfksf] ;jfn g} lgs} ljjflbt agfOPsf]n] oL lgb]{zs vfsfx¿ Klg k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf

5}gg\ .

!)=#=@ d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu :yfgLo kl/k|]Io / ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf

of] v08n] ;d'bfon] ef]u]sf ;d:of / d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgk|lt

ltgsf] rf;f]af/] aF'bfut rrf{ u/]sf] 5 .

348

s_ c;'/Iff / 8/ M åGåf]Q/ sfndf b]z}el/ cfk/flws lqmofsnfk eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf ck/fw ;fgf xltof/sf] k|of]u / ;+ul7t ;d"xsf] :j¿kdf rnfOG5g\ . n'6kf6, rf]/Lsf 36gf / ckx/0f, xTof, wDsL cflb 36gf eO{ g} /xG5g\ . clxn] g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff lgsfo klg o:tf ck/fw lgoGq0f u/L hgtfnfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;Ifd 5}g . ck/fwLn] cK7\of/f] ;'/Iff cj:yf / sdhf]/ ;+qmd0fnfO{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf b'¿kof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . v/fa ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;'/Iff / To;sf] 8/n] dflg;x¿ qf;bLdf afFr]sf 5g\ . ;d'bfodf c;'/Iff / 8/ sfod /x] d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg k|j4{g ug{ cK7\of/f] x'G5 . ;To phfu/ ug{ / åGån] kf/]sf] 3fpdf dnd nufpg cfTdljZjf; / cfk;L ljZjf; l;h{gf ug'{k5{ . oBlk, d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgnfO{ ;xh u/fpg cfk;L ;Ddfg lgdf{0f gu/L ;xeflutf / ;dGjodfq eP/ x'Fb}g . To;}n] d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] k"j{;t{sf ¿kdf :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf] c;'/Iff / qf;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{ .

v_ ;fgf xltof/ / af?bL ;'?ªsf] hf]lvd M ;z:q åGåtfsf ;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/x¿5 w]/} cf];f/k;f/ x'Gy] -pk|]tL ;g\ @))^P_ . ljut !* jif{df ef/taf6 g]kfntkm{ eO/x]sf] xftxltof/sf] cj}w Jofkf/ cem} hf/L

5 . t/fO{ If]qdf of] cj:yf cem Jofks ePsfn] uDeL/ ;'/Iff r'gf}tL k}bf ul//x]sf] 5 . af?bL ;'?ª / la:kmf]6s kbfy{ -ljz]ifu/L cfsl:ds ¿kd} agfpg ldNg] ODk|efOH8 PS:Knf]l;e l8efO;M cfO{O{8L_sf] k|of]u

klg ;z:q åGåtfsf Jofks lyof] . o'4sf a]nf 7fpF–7fpFdf 5fl8Psf

la:kmf]6s kbfy{n] clxn] afnaRrf / ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ b'Mv lbO/x]sf

5 lgMz:qLs/0f;DaGwL cg';Gwfgsf nflu /fi6«;+3Lo ;+:yf -lb o'gfO6]8 g];G; OlG:6Ro'6 km/ l8;fdf{dG6 l/;r{M o"PgcfO{8LcfO{cf/_sf] kl/efiffcg';f/ ;fgf tyf xn'sf xltof/nfO{ k/Dk/fut xltof/sf] ¿kdf JolQmn] jf xn'sf ;jf/L ;fwgn] klg af]Sg ;S5 . o:tf xltof/nfO{ Jofks ;';f/ ul//xg' kb}{g . ;fgf xltof/df k]:tf]n, /fOkmn, ;a–d]l;g ug, d]l;g ug / la:kmf]6s kbfy{ k5{g\ . xn'sf xltof/ -;fgf xltof/ klg_ df :dn–Soflna/ Sofgf]G;, lu|g]8, af?bL ;'?ª, df]6f{/, nfO6 PlG66\of+s j]kG;, PlG66\of+s dfOG;, ;f]Nh/–kmfo8{ Po/qmfˆ6 ld;fON; / PDo'lg;G; k5{g\ .



349

5g\ . 5fl8Psf To:tf ;fgf xltof/ / af?bL ;'?ª ;fd'bflos ;'/Iff / cfTdljZjf; lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf tuf/f] ag]sf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] g]kfnnfO{ af?bL ;'?ªd'Qm b]z 3f]if0ff u/] klg o'4sfndf 5f]8]sf adx¿ Kf8\lsP/ wg–hgsf] Iflt ul//x]sf 5g\ .

u_ ;fdflhs pk]Iff M åGåk|efljt hgtfn] ef]Ug'k/]sf] ;fdflhs pk]Iff / ;LdfGts/0f -ljz]ifu/L åGån] ubf{ klt a]kQf kfl/Psf Psn dlxnf, 3fOt] / åGåkLl8t_n] cem} klg ;dfhsf] ;sf/fTds b[li6 kfPsf 5}gg\ . Tof] a]nf y'k|} dlxnfn] o'4/t kIfsf ;}lgs÷n8fs';Fu hah{:tL of}g ;DaGw /fVg afWo eO{ clglR5t ue{ af]Sg'k/]sf] tYo aflx/ cfPsf] lyof] . To:tf ;}lgs÷n8fs'x¿ ;?jf ePkl5 ue{ af]s]sf dlxnf PSn} x'Gy] . klt km]nf gk/]sf To:tf dlxnfnfO{ ;dfh / kl/jf/n] g/fd|f] Jojxf/ b]vfpFYof] . cem tL dlxnfaf6 hlGdPsf ;GtfgnfO{ klg :jLsf/ ul/Fb}gYof] . Pj+ /Ltn] ltgsf] hLjg si6s/ ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] 7"nf] lx:;f cem} klg lkt[;QfTds, ;fdGtL, k/Dk/fut / ?9Lu|:t x'gfn] 3fOt], ljwjf, afa'lagfsf ;Gtfg / ltgsf cfdf ;fdflhs sn+s eO{ afFRg afWo 5g\ . d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg k|j4{g ug{ oL ljz]if ;d'bfonfO{ Gofo, Ifltk"lt{ / dgf]j}1flgs ¿kn] k'g:yf{kg ug'{ h?/L 5 .

3_ lg/fzf M åGåk|efljt dflg;x¿ dgf]j}1flgs sl7gfO, clgb|f / b'M:jKgaf6 lgs} kLl8t ePsf] oyfy{ n]vsn] åGåu|:t ljleGg :yfgsf dflg;;Fu u/]sf] s'/fsfgLsf qmddf yfxf kfPsf] lyof] . åGåaf6 k|ToIf

k|efljt dlxnfn] lg/fzf, clgR5f, ysfO, hLjgk|ltsf] df]xe+uh:tf

dfgl;s sl7gfO em]ln/x]sf b]lvGy] . olb dfgl;s cf3ft / To;af6 pAh]sf] ;d:ofnfO{ k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmofdf Vofn ul/Pg eg] To;n] g/fd|f] cj:yf l;h{gf u5{ . k"j{n8fs' jf k"j{;]gfdf cfTdljZjf; hfu[t geP

pgLx¿ PlSnG5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ltgdf sfg'glj/f]wL ljb|f]xLefj k'gM

df}nfpF5 . kl/0ffdtM d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgdf pN6f] cj:yf cfO{ ;fd~h:ok"0f{ ;dfhsf] ;Defjgf z"Godf emg{ ;S5 . d]nldnfk tyf

350

k'g;{dfof]hgnfO{ ;xh agfpg k|fljlws ;Lk, lg/Gt/ k|of; / ef}lts tyf cef}lts ;+;fwgdf ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ tTsfn} ;Daf]wg ug'{k5{, h'g cfkm}+df 7"nf] r'gf}tL xf] .

ª_ ;fdflhs k'FhLsf] Ifo M bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGån] ;fdflhs ;+:yf / hgtfaLrsf] ;DaGw g/fd|/L lauf¥of] . e]nf, ;fd"lxs sfo{, ;f+:s[lts sfo{, rf8kj{, :yfgLo ;fdflhs ;+:yfh:tf ultljlwsf] dfWodn] ag]sf] ;fdflhs ;fd~h:o tyf d]nldnfk ca km]l/ k'g:yf{kg ug{ nfdf] ;do nfU5 . d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs /fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu o:tf ;fdflhs k'FhLnfO{ km]l/ hufpg'k5{ . o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f o:tf] 5– æbf]nvf lhNnfsf] kfjtL uflj;df uf]/]6f] / af6f]sf] lgoldt ;/;kmfO, s'nf] tyf lkpg] kfgLsf ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, kz' r/gsf] cfnf]kfnf] Joj:yf, k|fs[lts ljklQ jf ;fdflhs ;d:ofdf k/]sf dflg;nfO{ ljQLo tyf ef}lts ;xof]u lbg] ul/GYof] . of] cj:yfn] ;fdflhs k'FhL k|z:t /x]sf] tYo b]vfpF5 . o:tf] k|rng ;fd'bflos ;b:osf] ;fd"lxs k|of;df x'Gy], To;}n] ;/fxgLo klg lyP . t/, ;z:q åGåsfndf c;'/Iff / cfk;L cljZjf; a9]kl5 o:tf ;fd"lxs sfddf ;d]t afwf cfP . ;d'bfox¿ cfk;df 5'l§g yfn] / ;fd"lxstfsf] efj x/fP/ uof] .Æ

r_ clglZrttf M lalu|Psf] /fhgLlts / ;'/Iff cj:yfn] hgtfnfO{ låljwfdf kf/]sf] 5 . dflg;x¿ lg/fz / cfqmfGt 5g\ . :yfgLo ;d'bfo;Fu 5nkmn x'Fbf /fhgLltdf clglZrttf / ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;'wf/df csd{0otf xfjL

/x]sf] eGb} dflg;x¿n] o; cg';Gwftf;Fu låljwf, l/; / lg/fzf kf]v]sf

lyP . /fhgLlts :yfloTjdf ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ xf]nf, ;+ljwfg;efn] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f unf{, ;'/Iff cj:yfdf ;'wf/ cfpnf / åGåk|efljt / To;af6 afFr]sfx¿nfO{ Gofo ldNnf eGg]df eg] pgLx¿nfO{ cfzf lyof] .

t/, bf];|f] k6ssf] ckf/ hg;xeflutfdf ;DkGg ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ g]skf

dfcf]jfbLn] ljjflbt agfpg', bnx¿n] b/afl/of z}nLdf dgk/L ug{' h:tf sfo{n] o;nfO{ emg\ lg/fzftkm{ ws]n]sf] 5 . åGå ;lsPkl5 hgtfdf



351

cfzfsf] ;~rf/ ug'{ lgs} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . :yfgLo hgtf lg/fz eP eg] d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg lgs} ufx|f] x'G5 .

5_ h'‰g] /0fgLlt M ;z:q åGåtfsf k|lts"n cj:yf;Fu h'‰g :yfgLo hgtfn] ljljw /0fgLlt to u/]sf lyP . ;a}eGbf k|of]udf cfPsf] /0fgLlt o'4/t s'g} klg kIfsf] pkl:yltnfO{ c:jLsf/ cyjf uf}0f ¿kn] dfq} :jLsf/ ug'{ -Kofl;e c;]K6]G;_ lyof] . cg';Gwfgdf pQ/bftfx¿n] atfPcg';f/ ;Defljt d'7e]8, tgfj jf hf]lvd lgDTofpg] ;jfnsf] ltgn] dtna ub}{gy] . To;sf] ;f6f] ;femf p2]Zosf nflu ;dGjo :yfkgfdf nfUy] . slxn]sfxLF ltgn] wfld{s jf ;fdflhs sfo{ klg uy]{, h;n] IfdfzLntf k|j4{g u/L :yfgLo ;dGjo :yflkt ug{ d2t uYof]{ . /fhgLlts cj:yfsf] cfkm}+n] d"Nof+sg u/L ;f]xLcg';f/ Jojxf/ ul/GYof] -h:t}M ufpFsf] cj:yf tgfjk"0f{ ePsf] dx;'; eP s]xL ;dosf nflu pgLx¿ cfkm}+ ufpF 5f8]/ lxF8\y]_ . cfˆgf glhssf Oi6ldq;Fu ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ tyf ;fyLefOsf] ;~hfnaf6 l:ylt cfFsng u/L ufpFsf] hf]lvd d"Nof+sg ug]{ ltgsf dxTTjk"0f{ tl/sf lyP . tL cg'ejnfO{ åGåf]Q/ zflGt lgdf{0fdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsPg .

h_ ;sf/fTds kl/0ffdsf] kvf{O M lg/fzf, låljwf, l/;, clgZro / c;'/Iffsf] efj eP klg :yfgLo hgtfn] kl/jt{g / ;sf/fTds ljsf;sf] af6f] x]l//x]sf lyP . o'jf g]t[Tj / gful/s ;dfhaf6 hgtfn] cem} cfzf

/fv]sf] b]lvG5 . åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkg, clxn] bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efaf6

hgcg'df]lbt ;+ljwfg Nofpg] Joj:yf ug]{ / g]kfnL hgtfsf] dg lhTg] sfddf g]t[Tjn] cfˆgf] c;kmntf k'li6 ul/;Sof] . /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf ;/sf/df hfg] jf hgtf åf/f s/ ltl/Psf] /sdaf6 ltgn] lng] nfe

g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|fyldstfsf] ;jfn xf]Og . sfg'gL /fHosf] :yfkgf, l:y/

ahf/ d"No, sfd u/L vfg kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, /fHoaf6 ;fdflhs ;]jf k|flKtdfq ltgsf nflu ;/f]sf/ xf] . t/, g]kfndf log} s'/fsf] uDeL/

352

cefj v8\lsof] . :yflkt /fhgLlts g]tfx¿ o:tf ;fj{hlgs ;jfn ;Daf]wg ug{ c;kmn eP . cfˆg} ufpFdf o'4 lsg eof], o'4sf sf/0f s] lyP, To;nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ s;/L ;lsG5 eGg]af/] hgtfn] ;f]Rg yfn] . ljj]sLs/0fsf] k|lqmofn] :yfgLo hgtf / åGåk|efljtnfO{ ljleGg ;+oGq to ug{ pT;flxt kf¥of] . o;n] ltgnfO{ åGåaf6 hf]lug l;sfof] . o:tf] k|lqmofdfkm{t pgLx¿ åGåf]Q/ sfndf cfly{s k'ge{/0f u/fpFb} ¿kfGtl/t x'g ;S5g\ . w]/} cy{df åGån] g]kfnnfO{ ;fd'bflos k|lqmof / cEof; k'gd"{Nof+sg ug]{ cj;/ lbPsf] 5 . of] pQd eljiok|ltsf] cfzf klg xf] .

!)=$ d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] /0fgLlt

of] /0fgLlt :yfgLo hgtfsf] cjwf/0ff, ljrf/ / cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t 5 . of] pkzLif{sdf ul/Psf] 5nkmndf n]vsn] u/]sf] /f]Nkf, ?s'd, alb{of, Onfd, emfkf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, sf:sL ndh'ªh:tf lhNnfsf] e|d0f -lkmN8 lelh6_nfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 . d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] /0fgLltn] :ki6 cjwf/0ff tyf k|efjsf/L k|lqmofdf hf]8 lbG5 . To;afx]s o;n] åGåk|efljt dflg;df k/]sf] dfgl;s c;/ lgsf] kfg{, Gofo lbg, ;To tyf P]ltxfl;s tYo phfu/ ug{ / ef}lts tyf dgf]j}1flgs Wj+zsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg hf]8 lbg'k5{ -An'dlkmN8 / c¿ ;g\ @))#Ù clk|msg /fO6\;

;g\ @)))_ .

d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu s'g} ljz]ifvfn] /0fgLlt 5}g . of] :yfgLo kl/k|]Iodf lge{/ x'G5 . d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts

k'g;{dfof]hg z[+vnfa4 k|lqmofd} x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g . oBlk, o;nfO{ ;kmn

agfpg lgDg kl/k"/s tyf cGt/;DalGwt ultljlw cfjZos k5{g\ M

!= clx+;fTds ;xcl:tTjdfkm{t qf;nfO{ k|lt:yflkt ug]{

@= cfk;L ljZjf;, cfTdljZjf; / cfk;L ;Ddfg k|j4{g ug]{

#= ;xefjgf / ;xfg'e"lt km}nfpg]

$= Gofo Joj:yf / Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ug]{



353

%= ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf ;dfof]hg / ;xefuL u/fpg] .

zflGt–;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]/dfq åGåf]Q/ d]nldnfk, k'g;{dfof]hg / k'glg{df{0f ;'lglZrt x'Fb}g eGg] ;'8fgsf] åGåf]Q/ cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 . To;}n] lbuf] cfly{s ;xfotf / bL3{sfnLg gLltx¿ o;sf nflu dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf] /0fgLltn] 3[0ff, cljZjf; / clgZronfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ;x/L–u|fdL0f -?/n–ca{g_ / s]Gb|–kl/lw -;]G6/–k]l/km]/L_aLrsf] ljifdtf sd ug'{k5{ . zflGt efF8\g vf]Hg]x¿af6 of] k|lqmofnfO{ hf]ufpg'k5{, ;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{k5{, clg ;|f]t tyf ;+;fwgsf] b'¿kof]u /f]Sg'k5{ . d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf sfo{ klxrfg ubf{ åGå–b[li6 -slGˆnS6 n]G;_ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . hgtfaLrsf] ;+jfbnfO{ k|j4{g u/L ljå]zsf/L cjwf/0ff klg sd ug'{k5{ . d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg hl6n / nfdf] k|lqmof xf] / o;sf nflu ;/sf/, ;dfh / :yfgLo hgtfsf] PsLs[t k|of; h?/L x'G5 eGg] y'k|} cWoogx¿ o'lgkm]d ;g\ @))$Ù l8kf6{d]G6 ckm km/]g ckm]o;{ PG8 OG6/Gof:gn 6«]8 Sofg8f ;g\ !((&Ù Aof/g ;g\ !((^Ù Ù kfNd/ ;g\ @))@Ù cflbTo / c¿ ;g\ @))^n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ :ki6 /0fgLlt, plrt ;+:yfut Joj:yfkg

/ /fhgLlts–;fdflhs k|lta4tf rflxG5 .

xfDa/ / s]NnL -;g\ @))$_ n] lgDg kfFr cGt/;DalGwt pkfo;lxtsf

d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof ;'emfPsf 5g\, h'g åGåf]Q/ g]kfnsf]

/0fgLltnfO{ klg pko'Qm x'G5g\ M

!= cGt/;DalGwt / lgikIf ;dfhsf] ;femf kl/sNkgf ljsf; ug]{

@= ljutnfO{ :jLsfg]{ / To;;Fu h'‰g]

#= ;sf/fTds ;DaGw ljsf; ug]{

$= ;+:s[lt tyf ;f]rfOdf pNn]Vo kl/jt{g Nofpg]

354

%= pNn]Vo ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts kl/jt{g sfod /fVg] .

lrq !)=! d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf ljljw kIfx¿

;|f]tM n]vs

!)=$=! cfTdljZjf;, cfk;L ljZjf; / cfk;L ;Ddfg

:yfgLo ;fdflhs k'FhL lgdf{0f ug{ / To;nfO{ tfhf /fVg d]nldnfk tyf

k'g;{dfof]hg k|j4{g cfjZos x'G5 . logn] cfk;L ljZjf; / zflGtk"0f{

;xcl:tTj lgdf{0f u5{g\ . Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGådf x|f; ePsf ;fdflhs k'FhL -;fdflhs ;DaGw, ;~hfn, ;femf d~r cflb_nfO{ of] qmddf k'gM tfhf agfOg'k5{ . åGåf]Q/ cjwf/0ffn] :yfgLo ;fdflhs ;DaGw

k'glg{df{0f ug{ / To;nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg]{ sfddf hf]8 lbg'k5{ . åGåk|efljt /



355

cGo k|d'v stf{nfO{ Pp6} d~rdf NofP/ ;Fu} sfd u/fO{ cfk;L ;Ddfg / ;xcl:tTjsf] ;f]r ljsf; u/L of] k|lqmof ;'? x'G5 . :yfgLo ;+u7gnfO{ k'gM pbo u/fpg], ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf / ;fd"lxs hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g u/fpg] cflb sfdn] lx+;f cGTo u/L ;'/Iff / ;femf klxrfg agfpg d2t u5{ .

!)=$=@ ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;+u7g / k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf

Psk6s dflg;x¿ ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf Jo:t ePkl5 gdL7f] ljut la;{G5g\ . o;sf] 7Ls ljk/Lt, dflg;x¿ PlSnP cyjf ef}lts tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf lgliqmo eP eg] pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] clk|o ljut ;DemG5g\

/ To;}cg';f/ Jofjxfl/s k|ltlqmof lbG5g\ . o;n] abnfefj jf lg/fzf / lgd'vf]kgtkm{ 8f]¥ofpF5 . To;}n] ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkdf åGåk|efljt / To;sf stf{nfO{ ltgsf] Ifdtf cg';f/sf] Joj:yf ug'{ clt h?/L 5 .

y'k|} ;fdflhs, wfld{s, sNof0fsf/L ;+u7g, d~r / ;+oGqx¿ k|To]s ;dfhdf x'G5g\ . oL ;+u7gdf åGåk|efljtnfO{ ;fd]n u/fpg' g} k'g;{dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgfsf] ;'?cft xf] . ;fdflhs sfo{df tL dflg;x¿ Jo:t x'g yfn]kl5 pgLx¿df la:tf/} cfTdljZjf; k}bf x'G5 . clg pgLx¿nfO{ yk

pQ/bfloTj k|bfg ug'{k5{ . cGttM ltgnfO{ /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf ;fd]n

u/fpFb} g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfdf Nofpg'k5{ . o;k|sf/ ;'?df ltgnfO{ ;fd]n u/fP/ la:tf/} lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug]{ af6f] g} ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hg xf] . :yfgLo :t/sf] ;'/Iff, ;/sf/k|lt hgljZjf;, Gofo /

hjfkmb]lxtf, cfly{s cj;/ / ;fdflhs lxtsf] ;'lglZrttfn] åGåf]Q/

;+qmd0f lgwf{/0f ug]{ ckmuflg:tfgdf lnG8/ -;g\ @))%_n] u/]sf] cWoog / o'ufG8fdf qm]Od/ / c¿ -;g\ @)))_n] u/]sf] cWoogn] b]vfpF5 .

!)=$=# ;Tolg¿k0f tyf dgf]j}1flgs rf]6 d]6\g] sfd

;To phfu/ eP kLl8tnfO{ /fxt dx;'; eO{ ;fdfGo hLjgofkgtkm{ kms{g

356

;lhnf] x'G5 . o;n] Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt x'g], JolQm tyf ;d'bfoaLr clx+;fTds ;DaGw :yflkt x'g] / k"j{zq"x¿nfO{ ;femf ;+:s[lt / kl/sNkgfdf ;d]l6P/ hLjgofkg ug{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5 -An'dlkmN8 / c¿ ;g\ @))#_ . ;Tolg¿k0f, Gofo Joj:yf, k'g:yf{kgf / ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf] Psfk;df ulx/f] ;DaGw 5 . åGåu|:t d'n'ssf] Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfksf nflu y'k|} cfof]u :yfkgf ePsf b]lvG5g\ . k'g;{dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgfnfO{ cfsf/ lbg logsf] of]ubfg pNn]Vo x'G5 . ck/fwLnfO{ p;sf] ck/fw sa'n u/fO{ ;Tolg¿k0fdfkm{t kLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbP/dfq o'4n] kf/]sf] 3fpdf dnd nufpg / ;DaGw k'g:yf{lkt u/fpg ;lsG5 . t/, cfh;Dd 7\ofSs} k|lqmofut 9fFrf / qmd ldNg] u/L pkof]u ug{ ldNg] vfnsf d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg;DaGwL ljZjJofkL dfkb08x¿ 5}gg\ . k|lqmofut ¿kdf of] :yfg–ljz]if, stf{–ljz]if / pb\ljsf;sf/L k|s[ltsf] -sG6]S:6 :k]l;lkms, PS6;{–:k]l;lkms PG8 OelNeª g]r8{_ x'G5 .

åGån] kf/]sf] dgf]j}1flgs rf]6 d]6\g] sfd -;f];n lxlnª_ Pp6f /0fgLlt, k|lqmof / ultljlw klg xf] . o;n] lx+;fTds åGå ef]u]sf dflg; tyf ;d'bfosf] dgf]j}1flgs :jf:Yo ;'wf5{ / ;fdflhs /fxt k|bfg u5{ . o;y{ åGådf k/]sf ;dfh k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ s'/f;Fu o;sf] dd{

ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . o;n] hgtfsf] b}lgsL ;fdfGo agfpF5 / ;DaGwgsf] efj

ljsl;t u/fpF5 . t/, ;d'bfo;Fu ufFl;Psf] eP klg of] sfd ljz]ifu/L JolQmd} s]lGb|t x'G5 .

;Tolg¿k0f ePkl5 :yfgLo kl/k|]Iodf cfwfl/t /xL ;hfo jf Ifdfbfgsf]

Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . Ifdfbfg klg dgf]j}1flgs rf]6 d]6\g] sfd -lxlnª_s} Pp6f c+z xf] . o;n] dgf]j}1flgs / efjgfTds /fxt lbG5 . lx+;fsf] :t/, tLj|tf, ;do, cf3ftsf] :t/, hgtfdf ePsf] ljefhg jf dte]b,

;fdflhs :yfloTj, ;d'bfosf] ljutsf] ;+:s[lt, gofF tyf ;+qmd0fsfnLg

;/sf/sf] k|lta4tf cflbdf of] lge{/ /xG5 . h:t}M lx+;f hlt a9L eof], dfgl;s rf]6 d]6\g] sfd plt cK7\of/f] x'G5 . cfkmGt dfl/Psf, oftgf–



357

kLl8t, zf]sdf k/]sf, c+ue+u u/fOPsf, cfqmd0fdf k/]sf, anfTs[t, 3fOt], ckxl/t, 3/jf/ljxLg, hah{:tL an k|of]u ul/Psf, nHhfaf]w u/fOPsf cflb dflg;sf] kl/jf/sf] 3fpdf dnd nufpg] sfd cK7\of/f] / ;do nfUg] vfnsf] x'G5 . dgf]j}1flgs rf]6 d]6\g] k|lqmofsf] lgb]{zsLo vfsfnfO{ An'dlkmN8 / c¿ -;g\ @))#_n] o;/L k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ M

dgf]j}1flgs rf]6 d]6\g] k|lqmofsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ;fdflhs Gofo

kl/k|]Iosf] ;xL a'emfO

:yfgLo ;+;fwg tyf Ifdtf k|of]u

åGåf]Q/ ¿kfGt/0fsf] Jofks z[+vnf;Fu of] k|lqmofnfO{ hf]8\g] sfd

JolQmsf nflu k/fdz{ tyf dgf]j}1flgs sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{

:yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ dgf]j}1flgs ;xfotf ;Lk;DaGwL k|lzIf0f lbg]

kLl8tx¿nfO{ :jfjnDaL ;d"x / cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+ul7t u/fpg]

ljutsf ;Demgfx¿nfO{ :df/s, ;+u|xfno, zLnfn]v cflb agfO{ kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ dgf]j}1flgs Pj+ k|tLsfTds /fxt pknAw u/fpg]

Iflte/0f ug]{ tyf Ifltk"lt{ lbg]

ljz]if ;f+:s[lts cg'i7fg / ;df/f]x cfof]hgf ug]{

Ifdfofrgf u/fpg] / dfkmL lbg] .

/fxt k|bfgsf] k|lqmofdf :yfgLo ;+oGq / ;fdflhs tyf efjgfTds kIfnfO{

;'b[9 agfpg] / To;sf] ;dy{g ug]{ sfd ug'{k5{ . t;y{ åGåf]Q/ sfndf

;/sf/sf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s / /fhgLlts /0fgLltsf] c+zsf] ¿kdf dgf]j}1flgs rf]6 d]6\g] sfd -lxlnª_nfO{ cl3 ;fg'{k5{ .

!)=$=$ klxrfg, ;Ddfg / ;xsfo{

358

åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ ;fdflhs d"nwf/df Nofpg] dxTTjk"0f{ dgf]j}1flgs zlQm klxrfg / ;Ddfg x'g\ . o;n] pgLx¿df cfTdljZjf; hufpg'sf ;fy} ;dfhdf 3'nldn x'g, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g / gdL7f] ljut la;{g d2t u5{ . d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hg k|j4{g ug]{ ;jf]{Qd pkfo hgtfnfO{ ljsf;sf ultljlw, ;fdflhs ;]jf / /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf k'g;{dfof]hg ug]{ g} xf] . hgtfnfO{ bfloTj lbFbf pgLx¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{, d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hg k|efjsf/L x'g] ljleGg cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPsf 5g\ .

åGåk|efljt hgtf / k"j{n8fs'sf] k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof ltgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / ;fdfGo hLjgsf] k|lqmofdf k'g;{dfof]hg ug]{ sfo{, Ifltk"lt{sf] dfWod, k|lzIf0f, cyf]{kfh{gsf cj;/ / klxrfg tyf ;Ddfgdf klg e/ kg]{ nfOa]l/of / kk'jf Go" lugLdf ul/Psf cWoog -o'lgk]md ;g\ @))$_n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ;f]xL cWoogn] kQf nufPcg';f/ k'?if ;xsdL{sf] t'ngfdf dlxnfnfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts ;dfof]hgdf rfF8} 3'nldn x'g d'l:sn x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf ;jfndf klg ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofOg'k5{ . ;fy} åGåk|efljt hgtf;Fusf] ;fdflhs ;xsfo{n] ;DalGwt ;dfh / tL JolQmaLr ldnfk u/fO{ ;Ddfg k|j4{g klg u5{ .

!)=$=% Gofo Joj:yf

ank"j{s lj:yfkgdf kfl/Psf, ckxl/t tyf aGbL agfOPsf, xTof ul/Psf, ;DklQ n'l6Psf, ef}lts oftgf lbOPsf, anfTs[t tyf of}g lx+;fdf k/]sf

/ c+ue+u kfl/PsfnfO{ rfF8f] Gofo lbOg'k5{ . Gofo d]nldnfksf] cleGg

c+u xf] . kLl8tn] Gofo kfPdfq zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTj, ljZjf;, ;dj]bgf / ;fdflhs d]n ;Dej x'G5 . o;n] ljutsf ck/fwLnfO{ klg bl08t u/fpF5 . :yfgLo kl/k|]Iodf cfwfl/t /xL d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg k|j4{g ug{ Gofosf lgDg :j¿k cfjZos x'G5g\ M



359

!= ck/fwLnfO{ cleof]u nufpg] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t b08d'vL Gofo -/]l6«Ao'l6e hl:6;_

@= kLl8t / ck/fwLaLr dWo:ytfdf cfwfl/t k'g:yf{kgfd'vL Gofo -/]:6f]/]l6e hl:6;_6

#= ck/fwLnfO{ kmf}hbf/L cbfntaflx/ ul/g] cg'zf;gsf sf/afxLdf cfwfl/t k|zf;lgs Gofo -P8\ldlg:6«]l6e hl:6;_7

$= ;Tolg¿k0f / uNtL sa'n u/fpg] sfo{df cfwfl/t P]ltxfl;s Gofo -lx:6l/sn hl:6;_, /

%= Ifltk"lt{ ljt/0fdf cfwfl/t Iflte/0fd'vL Gofo -sDk]G;]6/L hl:6;_ .

åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ Gofo Joj:yf ug]{ Pp6f cfwf/e"t pkfo ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofo xf] . o;n] ;dfh lx+;fTds åGå jf zf]if0faf6 zflGt, nf]stGq, sfg'gL zf;g, JolQmut / ;fd"lxs clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ lbzftkm{ cl3 a9\bf x'g] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g, lx+;f / ck/fwsf ultljlwdfly Goflos sf/afxL ;'lglZrt u/fpF5 . ;Tolg¿k0f, sf/jfxL, Iflte/0f cyjf d]nldnfk o;sf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ . o:tf] Gofon] åGåk|efljt /

of}glx+;f ef]u]sf dlxnfsf] bL3{sfnLg dgf]j}1flgs k'g:yf{kgf u/fpg d2t u5{ . åGåk|efljt dflg;lj?4 ;fj{hlgs / lghL :t/df lje]b;Fu h'‰g sfg'gL ;xfotf rflxG5 . o;/L sfg'gL ;xfotf cfjZos k/]sf JolQmnfO{

;/sf/n] ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg'k5{ .

!)=$=^ Iflte/0f / k'g:yf{kg

Iflte/0f o'4af6 zflGttkm{sf] ;+qmd0fdf d]nldnfk / k'g;{ofdf]hgsf nflu

6 o;cGtu{t ;d:ofaf/] 5nkmn ug]{, b'Jo{jxf/sf sf/0f lg¿k0f ug]{ / ;hfo Joj:yf ug]{ sfddf kLl8t / ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf] k"0f{ ;xeflutf /xG5 .

7 o;cGtu{t ck/fw u/]sf k|x/L, ;}lgs / o'4sf a]nf ck/fwL 7xl/Psf clwsf/L tyf cGonfO{ jt{dfg / eljiodf hflu/af6 cof]Uo u/fpg], ;fj{hlgs ;]jfaf6 jl~rt ug]{, zL3| cyjf afWosf/L cjsfz lbg], e|d0f k|ltaGw nufpg] cflb k5{g\ .

360

d"n tTj xf] . cGt/f{li6«o dfgjclwsf/ / dfgjLo sfg'g -h]g]ef ;lGw, cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntM /f]d ljwfg cflb_n] Iflte/0fnfO{ pNn]Vo ¿kdf cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . Ifltk"lt{, ;DklQ lkmtL{, k'gaf{;h:tf zAbx¿ åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0fdf k|of]u eO/xG5g\ -An'dlkmN8 / c¿ ;g\ @))$_ . ljz]ifu/L Ifltk"lt{n] ljutsf uNtLnfO{ ;Daf]wg u5{, dfgjclwsf/ k|lzIf0f lbP/ o:tf sfo{ gbf]xf]¥ofpg] k|Tofe"lt u/fpF5 / 7f]; /fxt k|bfg u5{ .

gful/s :jtGqtfsf clwsf/, o'4/t kIfåf/f sAhf ul/Psf ;DklQ lkmtf{ / åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ /f]huf/L lbP/ k'g:yf{kgf u/fpg] kIfnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ cj:yfsf] k'ga{xfnL -l/kf/];g_ ug]{ cEof; dfGg ;lsG5 . Ifltk"lt{ klg o;sf] csf]{ kIf xf] . o;n] ljutsf uNtL klxrfg u/L To;sf] Ifltk"lt{:j¿k åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ /sd k|bfg ug]{ sfd u5{ . u'd]sf cj;/sf] Ifltk"lt{ klg lbG5 . o;}u/L ef}lts / dfgl;s :jf:Yo k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ sfd k'gaf{; xf] . o;cGtu{t lrlsT;sLo tyf dgf]j}1flgs /]vb]v / sfg'gL tyf ;fdflhs ;]jf klg k5{g\ .

;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofodf åGåk|efljt dflg;x¿sf] ;Gt'li6n] lgDg s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 M

!= tYo k'li6 / ;Tolg¿k0f -h:t}M ckxl/t / a]kQfsf] vf]hL ug]{_

@= Ifdfbfg

#= kL8sdfly k|ltaGwx¿, /

$= kLl8tsf nflu :d[lt lbj;, >4f~hnL sfo{qmd cflb .

Ifltk"lt{ lbg -JolQmut, ;fd"lxs, ef}lts jf k|tLsfTds ¿ksf_ 7"nf ;|f]t

-sf]if, k|lzlIft / k|lta4 dfgj ;|f]t tyf sfg'gL tyf lgofds lgsfo_ cfjZos x'G5g\ . hgtfsf] :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ / dfgjclwsf/ /Iff ug]{ u'?Q/ lhDd]jf/L /fHosf] x'gfn] o:tf] Iflte/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L /fHo cfkm}+n] lng'k5{ .

åGåk|efljtnfO{ ;xfotf lbnfpg, ltgsf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{ / ltgnfO{



361

cfˆg} ;d'bfodf :yflkt u/fpg ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;]jfsf] zL3| k'g:yf{kgfdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ . df]hflDasnfO{ o:tf] åGåf]Q/ k'glg{df{0f, d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] gd'gf g} dflgG5 -8LpkmcfO{8L ;g\ @))%_ . ToxfF :jtGqtf xgg ePsf ;d"xnfO{ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s d"nwf/df NofOPsf] lyof] . o;n] ljv08gsf] ;f]r sd ug{ ;3fPsf] lyof] . /, oL ;a} ;/sf/, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] PsLs[t k|of;sf k|ltkmn lyP .

!)=$=& ;d'bfo k'glg{df{0f / Pstfsf k|tLssf] l;h{gf

;z:q åGåtfsf g]kfnL ;d'bfodf ulx/f] kmf6f] b]vfk/]sf] lyof] . lx+;fTds åGå ePkl5 cl3Nnf] cj:yfsf] ;fd'bflos rl/q -;dfg klxrfg, ;dGjo, ;fdflhs ;~hfn, JolQmut ;DaGw, ;Ddfg / ljZjf; cflb_df kl/jt{g x'G5 . g]kfnL ;d'bfon] d]nldnfk tyf ;dGjo k|j4{g ug{ / cfk;L lxt ;'rf? u/fpg hf]8 lbO/x]sf] 5 . o;y{, :yfgLo tyf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / /fhgLlts bnsf] hf]8 klg ;d'bfo lgdf{0fd} x'g'k5{ . åGåf]Q/ sfndf ;d'bfo lgdf{0fsf] s'/f lgs} dxTTjk"0f{ x'g] s'/f ljleGg åGåf]Q/ b]zx¿sf] cg'ejn] klg k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 .

d]nldnfksf] Pp6f cy{k"0f{ pkfo ljleGg k|tLs, Pstf d~r tyf

;dGjosf/L ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf xf] . o;n] ljeQm ;fdflhs ;b:ox¿nfO{ Pslqt kf5{, /fxt k|j4{g u5{ / ;fd"lxs sfo{df ;+nUg x'g ltgnfO{ k|]l/t u5{ . zflGtafl6sf, ;fd'bflos ;Dd]ng xn, åGåsf a]nf dfl/Psf

dflg;sf] ;flns lgdf{0f, pgLx¿sf] gfddf k'/:sf/ :yfkgf, af6f] cyjf

nf]sdfu{ jf ;fj{hlgs :ynsf] gfd /fVg]h:tf pkfo pko'Qm x'G5g\ . ;/sf/n] o:tf sfddf tbf?stf b]vfpg'k5{ . o;}u/L o'4af6 3fOt], ljsnf+u / bL3{ /f]uL ePsf dflg;nfO{ cf}ifwf]krf/, k/fdz{ / k'g:yf{kgfsf ;'ljwf tyf k|lzIf0f lbOg'k5{ . cg's"n jftfj/0f ldnfO{ pgLx¿nfO{

;dfhdf k'g:yf{lkt u/fpg' klg dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;}u/L d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgnfO{ /fli6«o /0fgLlt;lxt åGåf]Q/

362

ljsf; / ¿kfGt/0f;Fu ufF:g'k5{ . d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu 5'§ØfOPsf] ah]6 s]xL ;De|fGtx¿sf] xftdf dfq} kg{ ;Sg] vt/f klg x'G5 . To;}n] o;tkm{ klg ;/sf/ / ;DalGwt ;a} ;+:yf tyf hgtf ;r]t x'g'k5{ .

!=$=* ;+/rgf tyf ;+oGq k|j4{g

:yfgLo :t/df d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs–cfly{s k'g;{dfof]hg k|j4{g ug{ Jofjxfl/s pWj{ufdL z}nL -a6d–ck ck|f]r_ tyf plrt ;+/rgf h?/L x'G5 . åGåf]Q/ ¿kfGt/0f ;kmn x'g ;'/Iff g} k"j{;t{ xf] . o;}u/L /fHo ;+oGqx¿sf] lgdf{0f, :yfgLo zf;gsf] ljsf;, sfg'gL zf;g k'g:yf{kgf, k"jf{wf/ k'glg{df{0f, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;'wf/, :jf:Yo tyf lzIffdf ;'wf/ / jftfj/0f ;'/Iff klg h?/L 5 -h'Gg] / j]/sf]/]g ;g\ @))^_ . ;a–;xf/f If]qdf ePsf ;+qmd0fsfnLg cg'ejn] klg d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf ;+oGq / ;+/rgfdfkm{t ;z:q åGånfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ ljj]sL x'g] b]vfPsf 5g\ -sf]n]§f / c¿ ;g\ !((^ / Un]rDofg / c¿ ;g\ @))$_ .

;z:q åGåsf ck/fwLnfO{ bl08t u/fpFbf cg';Gwfg u/L ;s];Dd cfGtl/s ¿kd} bl08t ul/g'k5{ . åGå kLl8tnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg ck/fwLnfO{ b08 lbg] ;+oGq / /fli6«o cbfnt :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . cfGtl/s ;+oGqn] Gofo lbg g;s] jf OR5's gePsf] v08df ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo lbg] ldl>t ;+/rgf cfjZos kg{ ;S5 . cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntdfkm{t cGt/f{li6«o b08 cfjZos kg{ klg ;S5 . t/, of] k':ts n]Vbfsf] ldlt;Dd g]kfnn] cfO{;L;Lsf] /f]d ljwfgdf x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf] 5}g . ck/fwLnfO{ sf/afxL ug{ cyjf ;DalGwt /fi6« OR5's gePsf] v08df cbfntsf] ;lhnf]sf nflu 5fglag ;ldlt klg u7g ug{ ;lsG5 . g/;+xf/, dfgjtflj/f]wL ck/fw / o'4 ck/fwh:tf uDeL/ ck/fwlj?4 cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ 5 . ;dli6df d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ lgDg s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ M

;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cof]u ;fd'bflos Gofo k|0ffnL



363

ck/fwLnfO{ b08 lbg] ;+oGq /fli6«o cbfnt

d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;+oGqx¿sf nflu ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u, ;fd'bflos Gofo k|0ffnLh:tf ljifodf P]g / lgodfjnLx¿ .

!)=$=( Ifdtf clej[l4sf] cfjZostf / ;+oGq

d]nldnfk tyf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hg ug{ To:tf k|lqmofdf ;l/s ePsf dflg;sf] Ifdtf -1fg, ;Lk / dfgl;stf_ tyf o;df ;dflxt x'g åGåk|efljt JolQmx¿sf] OR5fzlQm h?/L x'G5 . To;}u/L kLl8tsf] cfTdljZjf; a9fpg' klg h?/L x'G5 . of] k|fljlws lzIff / ;Lksf] ;fy} :yfgLo 1fg kl/rfngdf e/ k5{ .

;z:q åGåaf6 nfvf}+ g]kfnL hgtf cflht eP . To;}n] k'g;{dfof]hgsf lqmofsnfkdf ;l/s u/fpg pgLx¿sf] cfTdljZjf;, Ifdtf / OR5fzlQm lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ . o;sf nflu Jojl:yt / lg/Gt/sf] k|of; h?/L x'G5 . o;}u/L plrt ;xhLs/0f / a'emfO klg plQs} h?/L x'g] csf]{ kIf xf] . o;sf nflu w]/} ;+Vofdf ;Lko'Qm ;xhstf{x¿sf] vfFrf] k5{ . cem,

k'g;{dfof]hgsf ;jfndf ;a} hgtf plQs} ;r]t x'g'k5{ . cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s lzIff Joj:yf tyf cgf}krfl/s k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf ;/sf/n] of] ljifonfO{ ;d]6\g'k5{ . ljsf; lgof]un] klg ltgsf] k|lzIf0f /

;xhLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf lognfO{ :yfg lbg'k5{ . /fhgLlts bnn] cfˆgf

sfo{stf{nfO{ lbg] cled'vLs/0f / k|lzIf0fsf sfo{qmddf / bnsf] /0fgLlt tyf 3f]if0ffkqdf klg ;dfof]hgsf d'2f c6\g'k5{ .

d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg ;kmn agfpg åGåf]Q/ ;dodf k|lzIf0f s]Gb|,

;fd'bflos ;|f]t / k/fdz{ s]Gb| :yfkgfsf] sfd ;/sf/sf] k|fyldstfdf kg'{k5{ . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ;a} dGqfno / ljefu tyf :yfgLo sfof{non] ;dfof]hgnfO{ ltgsf] sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ . u}/;/sf/L

364

;+:yf / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+3;+u7g klg ;dfof]hgsf sfo{qmddf ;lqmo x''g'k5{ . ;+qmd0fsfnnfO{ ;kmn agfpg Ifdtf lgdf{0f cToGt} dxTTjk"0f{ x'g] k"jL{l6df]/sf] åGåf]Q/ cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 -8LPkmcfO{8L ;g\ @))%_ . g]kfndf ;d'bfosf] cj:yfnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f ug{ åGån] pAhfPsf] ;+s6 lgjf/0f cToGt} dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 -8LPkmcfO{8L ;g\ @))%_ . Ps bzs nfdf] o:tf] ;+s6 clxn] lgjf/0f ug{ cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s b'j} ;+oGqnfO{ kl/rfng ug'{k5{ . To;}n] ;/sf/ cfkm}+n] oL ;+oGq kl/rflnt ug]{ /0fgLlt agfpg' ljj]sL x'g]5 .

!)=% cg'udg / ;dGjo

;kmn d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof k"0f{k|lta4tf, lgikIftf, k|efjsf/L cg'udg / ;dGjodf e/ k5{ . logsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;dfof]hg k|lqmof ;Dej 5}g . To;}n] of] k|lqmofdf ;fd]n ;a} lgof]u, lgsfo / JolQmn] d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgnfO{ cg'udg ug{ / ;dGjofTds agfpg dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; tyf ljQLo ;|f]t afF8kmfF6 ug'{k5{ . d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof rNbf k"j{n8fs'÷;}lgsdf klg nlIft ul/g] x'Fbf :yfgLo ;d'bfon] o;nfO{ …lx+;fTds sfo{nfO{ k'/:sf/Ú lbOPsf] eGg] ;f]Rg ;S5g\ . slxn]sfxLF /fxt k|lqmofdf :yfgLo ;d'bfo

alxis/0fdf kg]{ hf]lvd klg plQs} /xG5 . To;}n] s'g}–s'g} ;d'bfodf

o;k|lt c;Gt'li6 kf]lvg klg ;S5 . o:tf sfo{ x'g glbg ;/sf/n] cg'udg tyf ;dGjo ;+oGqdfkm{t ;'?af6} ;+jfb tyf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd rnfP/ /IffTds pkfo lng'k5{ . k|fks ;d'bfonfO{ ;'?d} ;f] sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo, k|lqmof, Kofs]h tyf ;Defljt k|efjaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ .

o;afx]s o:tf] k|lqmofdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;'emfj ;+sng ug'{ klg /fd|f]

x'G5 .

!)=^ lgisif{

g]kfndf ev{/} :yflkt nf]stflGqs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ / JolQm tyf ;d'bfoaLr ;dGjo k|j4{g ug{ d]nldnfk tyf /fHosf k'g;{dfof]hgn]



365

cxd\ e"ldsf v]N5g\ . To;}n] ca NofOg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / /fHolgdf{0f k|lqmofdf of] kIf klg rf;f]sf] ljifo aGg'k5{ . åGåf]Q/ ;+qmd0f hgtfsf] clwsf/ /Iff / pgLx¿sf] klxrfg;Fu ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . åGåsfndf ;'/Iff an tyf ljb|f]xLn] oL clwsf/ tyf JolQmut :jtGqtf xgg\ u/fPsf 5g\ eg] To;sf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ pQ/bfloTj /fHosf] x'G5 .

d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] Pp6} / lj:t[t df]8n pknAw 5}g . oBlk, åGåu|:t k]?, l;P/f lncf]g, ?jfG8f, k"jL{o'uf]:nfleof / blIf0f clk|msfaf6 g]kfnn] l;Sg ;Sg] w]/} s'/f 5g\ . d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg PSn} hfg] k|lqmof xf]Og . /fHolgdf{0fsf] k|d'v Ph]G8fdWo] Ps ePsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf] Jofks k|lqmof;Fu ufFl;g'k5{ .

d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg Pp6f hl6n k|lqmof xf] . o;sf nflu ljz]if ;Lk, cg'ej / 7"nf] dfqfdf ;|f]t tyf ;+;fwg cfjZos x'G5 . d]nldnfksf] k|lqmof d'n'sleqs} cfGtl/s / g]kfnL ;fdflhs Joj:yfd} lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g'k5{ . t/, cg'ejsf] cfbfgk|bfg, k|fljlws ;Lk, ljz]if1tf tyf ljQLo ;|f]t k|flKtdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u cfjZos klg x'g ;S5 . t/, cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;To tyf d]nldnfk cfof]udf ljQLo ;xof]u ubf{ ;t{ /fVg] k|j[lQ a9\bf] 5 . :yfgLo kl/k|]IonfO{ ga'emL o:tf] ;t{ /fVg]

k|j[lQ xflgsf/s x'G5 -An'dlkmN8 / c¿ ;g\ @))$_ . To;}n] ;t{ /fv]sf ;xof]u :jLsfbf{ d]nldnfksf] cfGtl/s kf6f] sdhf]/ x'G5 .

åGåsf k|d'v stf{n] k"0f{ ¿kdf kfng u/] d]nldnfk åGå ¿kfGt/0fsf]

k|efjsf/L dfWod x'g ;S5 eGg] pQ/L cfo/NofG8, ?jfG8f, Ujf6]dfnf, blIf0f clk|msf, df]hflDas / sDaf]l8ofsf] cg'ejn] b]vfO;s]sf] 5 .

o;n] bf]ifL / kLl8tnfO{ ;fdfGo hLjgofkg u/fpg ;xof]u ug'{sf ;fy} :yfgLo:t/df /fhgLlts ;+jfb / zlQm afF8kmfF6 u/fpg klg d2t u5{ .

;fdflhs–/fhgLlts k'g;{dfof]hgdf lgDg s'/f Vofn ug'{kg]{ x'G5 M

plrt ;+oGq klxrfg u/L o'jf tyf åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ Jofks ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts Joj:yfdf ;fd]n u/fpg tTsfnLg,

366

cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ;dfof]hgsf Kofs]h agfpg] .

;'/Iff / ;zQmLs/0f k|lqmofnfO{ ;an agfpg] ;fdflhs ;~hfn :yfkgf u/L åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs k'ge{/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

;fdflhs sfo{, /fhgLlts lqmofsnfk / cfly{s cj;/df åGåk|efljtnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg k|efjsf/L sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug]{ . o;n] k'g;{dfof]hgnfO{ ;xh u/fpg'sf ;fy} lx+;fdf kms{g] ;Defjgf klg sd u/fpF5 .

PsLs[t ;~hfn, a}7s, e]nf, ;fdflhs sfo{qmd ug]{, h;n] kL8f tyf cf3ft sd u/L dgf]j}1flgs rf]6 d]6\g tyf d]nldnfk k|j4{g ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ :yfgLo ;d'bfo k|ToIf ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ .

d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hgsf] Kofs]hn] o'jf, afnaflnsf / of}g tyf cGo lsl;dsf lx+;f ef]u]sf / ;d'bfo tyf kl/jf/af6 6fl9Psf dlxnfsf] cj:yfdf hf]8 lbg] .

åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ /fhgLlts k|lqmofdf ;fd]n u/fpg] k|lqmof

;'lglZrt ug]{ / o;sf nflu /fhgLlts sfo{bn u7g ug]{ .

åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ åGåf]Q/ kl/k|]Iodf zflGt / ljsf;sf]

s]Gb|laGb'df /fVg] u/L ;'b[9 /fhgLlts Ph]G8f lgdf{0f ug]{ / o:tf hgtfnfO{ /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs k|lqmofdf kl/rfng ug]{ .

åGåk|efljt hgtfsf nflu pko'Qm k|lzIf0f ;~rfng ug]{ h;n] ltgsf] cfTdljZjf; ljsf; u5{, cfly{s sl7gfOnfO{

cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf /fxt k|bfg u5{ / :yfoL hLljsf

klg ;'lglZrt u5{ .

ljsnf+u, 3fOt] / cGonfO{ ;xof]u ug{ sfo{qmd lgdf{0fdf d2t ug]{ .



367

d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs k'g;{dfof]hgsf nflu cfwf/e"t ;xof]usf] ljz]if Kofs]h agfpg ;xof]u ug]{ . kl/jf/af6 la5f]l8Psf afnaRrfsf] klxrfg u/L kl/jf/ jf cfkmGt;Fu d]n u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{, olb ge]l6P ltgsf nflu vfBfGg, a;f]af;, lzIff / :jf:Yo x]/rfxsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

åGåk|efljt hgtfnfO{ efjgfTds ¿kdf d2t ug]{, ltgsf hLljsf cfjZostf tyf u/LaL ;Daf]wg ug{ ljBfno, :jf:Yo ;]jf, /f]huf/Lh:tf kIfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] / pgLx¿nfO{ ;lqmo gful/s hLjg latfpg ;xof]u ug]{ .

åGåk|efljt ;d'bfodf d]nldnfk tyf k'g;{dfof]hg k|lqmof, åGåf]Q/ ;fdflhs ljsf; / /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0fsf] /0fgLltnfO{ ;Fu} n}hfg] .

åGåk|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ ;fdflhs sfo{qmd tyf /fHosf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL u/fpg] .

****

369

@)^# d+l;/df tTsfnLg ljb|f]xL g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / ;/sf/aLr lj:t[t zflGt–;Demf}tf ePkl5 g]kfn / g]kfnLdf v';Lsf] nx/ 5fPsf] lyof] . lx+;fTds åGådf Ps bzs;Dd km;]sf] d'n'sdf zflGt cfpg], nf]stflGqs k|lqmofn] :yfg kfpg], ljkGg hgtfsf hLljsfsf ;jfnx¿sf] ;Daf]wg x'g], hftLo, If]qLo, n}+lus, wfld{s, ;fdflhs lje]bx¿sf] ;Daf]wg x'g], ;an / lbuf] cy{tGqsf] ;'?cft x'g] cfzfsf ;fy zflGt–;Demf}tfn] of] lbzfdf dfu{bz{g lbg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] lyof] . lgs} hl6n / nfdf] ;do nfUg ;Sg] ;+j]bgzLn k|s[ltsf ;jfnx¿, h:t}M ;]gf ;dfof]hg / /fHo k'gM;+/rgf klg b'O{ jif{leq} ;DkGg u/L gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ dxTTjfsf+Iff tTsfnLg ;sf/fTds jftfj/0fsf] k|ltljDa lyof] . t/, ha–ha lbgx¿ laTb} hfg yfn], hl6ntf klg ylkg yfn] .

of] kl/R5]bdf g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfnsf] ;dLIff ub}{ ;f] cjlwdf b]lvPsf hl6ntf / eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] ;DefJo kl/0ffdx¿sf] af/]df 5f]6f] ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .

!!=! ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;dosf dxTTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿

g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg rl/q, hl6n, ax'cyL{ / hf]lvdk"0f{ eP klg o;} ;dodf g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ lg0f{o ePsf 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] ljj]rgf oxfF ul/G5 M

-s_ ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg / ;+ljwfg;ef M /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] c;kmntf / cltjfbLx¿sf] rfxgfsf sf/0f ;+ljwfg glbOsg} k6s–k6s Dofb ylkP/ b'O{ jif{af6 rf/ jif{ k'¥ofOPsf] ;+ljwfg;ef lj36g ePkl5 b]lvPsf]

kl/R5]b

!!

åGåf]Q/ g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLlts hl6ntf / r'gf}tL

370

hgtfsf] cfqmf]z / 3[0ffsf afah'b g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg / o;sf] sfo{sfn P]ltxfl;s xf] . ^) jif{eGbf a9L ;dob]lv g]kfnL hgtf cfkm}n] ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t ;+ljwfg n]Vg] dxTTjfsf+Iff k"/f t x'g kfPg t/ klg pgLx¿n] ;+ljwfg;efsf] cg'ej u/] . of] slt hl6n /x]5 eGg] dx;'; klg eof] . xhf/f}+ dflg; dfl/Psf] ;z:q åGåsf] gfos g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ lgjf{rgdf cfpg' / oxL bn lgjf{rgaf6 b]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] zlQmsf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g' ;+;f/nfO{ cgf}7f] / g]kfnsf nflu zflGt ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] dxTTjk"0f{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] lyof] . :yflkt /fhgLlts zlQm v:sg] / gofF zlQmsf] pbo x'g] qmdsf] cfwf/ lx+;fTds ultljlwo'Qm ljb|f]x xf] eGg] dfGotf Pg]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kf6L{ x'g' / If]qLo bnx¿n] @)^$ ;fndf t/fO{df u/]sf] ;+3if{ -h'g ;fDk|bflos b+ufdf kl/0ft eof]_ u/L To;}sf] cfwf/df cfkm"nfO{ /fi6«sf] tTsfnLg rf}yf] zlQm :yflkt ug{ ;Sg'n] klg k|dfl0ft u¥of] .

lgjf{rgnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] dfGotfcg'¿k …klxnf] x'g]n] lhTg]Ú / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTTjsf] k|fjwfgn] ;+ljwfg;efdf g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;Gt'lnt pkl:ylt /Xof] . ^)! hgfsf] ;efdf !(& dlxnf, TolQs} xf/fxf/Ldf hghflt, blnt / ;dfhsf w]/}h;f] ju{ / tKsfsf] k|ltlglwTj ;+ljwfg;efdf eof] . olt;DdsL …t];|f] ln+uLÚ / …leGg ¿kdf ;IfdÚ -l8km/]G6nL Pan_ ;d'bfosf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj lyof] . oL ;ef;bx¿n] klg ljleGg ;ldltsf] g]t[Tj u/] . ;dfj]zL /fHo lgdf{0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 of] k|ltlglwTj dxTTjk"0f{ lyof] . t/, oxL ;sf/fTds kIf sltko ;jfn / kl/l:yltdf ;+ljwfg;ef c;kmn xg'sf] Ps sf/s;Dd aGg k'Uof] .

;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj u/]sf ;ef;bx¿dWo] s]xLn] kbsf] ul/df lal;{O{ /ftf] kf;kf]6{ laqmL, j]Zofnoaf6 kqmfp, ljb]z hfg] >ldsdfly 7uL, xTof–lx+;fh:tf ultljlwdf ;+nUg eO{ kqmfp k/] / h]n ;hfo ef]u] eg] csf]{ 7"nf] ;d"x cfwf/e"t ju{af6 cfPsf], cg'ejsf] sdL, /fhgLlts g]tfsf] s[kfaf6 wflgPsf] cflb sf/0fn] ;+ljwfg;efleq k|efjsf/L sfd ug{ g;sL vfnL ef]6 xfNg] a]nf ;+Vof k"/f ug]{ e"ldsfdf dfq ;Lldt



371

/x] . csf]{ cln k|efjzfnL ;ef;bsf] ;d"x cfˆgf d'2f -hghfltn] hghfltsf, dlxnfn] dlxnfsf, blntn] blntsf cflb_sf] …ss;Ú -;d"x_ g} agfO{ To;df dfq ;Lldt eOlbFbf ;du| ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof s]xL 7"nf g]tfsf lhDdfdf kg{ uof] . cxd\ /fli6«o ;/f]sf/sf ;jfndf ;a} ;ef;b Ps eO{ lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df ;/f]sf/jfnf ;ef;bx¿ /fhgLlts g]t[Tj;Fu ;f}bfafhL u/L ljb|f]x ug]{, aGb–x8\tfndf plqg] u/L g]tf / ;ef;bsf] b'O{ lsQfdf pleg k'u] . o;/L /fli6«o ;/f]sf/sf ;jfn -/fli6«o cv08tf, ;fDk|bflos ;b\efj, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / /fi6«df pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt afF8kmfF6_df hghflt, blnt dlxnf ;ef;bx¿sf] a]jf:tfsf sf/0f ;+ljwfg;ef 7"nf g]tf / ;ef;bx¿ u/L b'O{ v]dfdf afFl8of] / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf 7"nf g]tfsf] Ps5q k|efj /xg k'Uof] .

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372

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf rflxF afwf g} k'¥ofof] . c8fgd'vL geO{ zflng ePsf]n] of] ;jfndf ;+ljwfg;efsf] g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf klg cfnf]Ro /Xof] / aflx/L zlQmn] oxL cj;/ e/k"/ k|of]u u¥of] .

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373

clthl6ntflt/ uO/x]sf] b]zsf] /fhgLlt ;xL af6f]df NofO{ lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwnfO{ ;Qf ;'Dk]/ Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;DkGg u¥of] . ;+ljwfg;efsf bf];|f] lgjf{rg g]kfns} Oltxf;df P]ltxfl;s aGg k'Uof] . ljb|f]xL g]skf–dfcf]jfbLsf] cj/f]wsf afah'b emG8} *)Ü hgtfn] dtdfq v;fn]gg\, klxnf cfkm"n] cTolws dt lbO{ lhtfP/ k7fPsf] Pg]skf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ t];|f] zlQmdf kf/]/ p;n] pS;fPsf] hftLo, If]qLo ;fDk|bflos cltjfbnfO{ ;d]t c:jLsf/ u/] . dfcf]jfbLn] cfˆgf] 3f]if0ffkqd} hftLo, If]qLo cltjfbsf] jsfnt u/]sf] lyof] . !@) eGbf a9L hft–hflt / ;osf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] eflifs ljljwtfaLr s]xL hftsf] gfddf /fHo afF8\g] cj}1flgs / cJofjxfl/s ljrf/sf lj?4 of] hgtfsf] km};nf lyof] . To;sf/0f ;g\ @)!# gf]e]Da/ !( sf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg kl/0ffd b]znfO{ ;fDk|bflos lx+;faf6 hf]ufpg, cltjfbsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug{ / b]zsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf] gofF vfsf k|bfg ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ ug]{ cj;/sf] ;'?cft klg lyof] .

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374

;+zf]wg u/L ;]gf k|x/L, sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;a}nfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] kxn eof] . o;/L ;+ljwfg;ef, ;/sf/, ;'/Iff k|zf;g ;a}df ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cf/De eO{ k|f¿k tof/ eof] . of] ;+qmd0fsfnsf] 7"nf] pknlAw xf] t/ nfdf] ;do nfUg] sfd -h:t}M ;]gf, k|x/L, k|zf;gsf] ;Dk"0f{ tnb]lv dfly;Ddsf] ;+/rgf Ps}rf]l6 ;dfj]zL x'g} ;Sb}g / o;sf nflu sDtLdf !)–!% jif{ nfU5_ klg clxn] g} ug'{kg{] gq aGb–x8\tfn, lx+;f, ljb|f]x ug{] …cJofjxfl/sÚ / cltdxTTjfsf+IfL :jfy{s]lGb|t JolQm / ;+:yfx¿sf] /0fgLltsf sf/0f ;+qmd0fsfndf hl6ntf ylkP . ;+;f/sf c¿ b]zx¿;Fu t'ngf u/]/ x]bf{ olt 5f]6f] ;dodf oqf] 7"nf] ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] pknlAwdf g]kfn klxnf] xf] . blIf0f Pl;of, clk|msf, o'/f]k, cd]l/sf s'g} b]zdf klg g]kfnsf] :t/ / ultsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f b]lvFb}g / ;dfj]zL ;jfndf dflyaf6 yflnPsf ;'wf/ a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5g\ eGg] ;}4flGts dfGotf g]kfndf ;kmn sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5 . t/, ;xL k|lqmof / ljlwaf6 kl/kSj tl/sfn] xfl;n gePsf / kl/l:ylthGo sf/0faf6 ePsf pknlAw nfdf] ;do l6Sg g;Sg] x'G5 . of] hf]lvd g]kfndf klg 5 .

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375

ug{] ;jfndf g]kfnsf /fhgLlts bnx¿ / /fhfn] ;xgzLn dWodfuL{ /0fgLlt lnPsfn] g} of] ;kmn ePsf] xf] . t/, cfkm"n] jfrf u/]cg'¿k ;+ljwfg;efn] sfd ug{ g;Sbf, /fhgLlts bnx¿sf cfGtl/s åGå / cGt/kf6L{ tgfj, cljZjf; clg g]kfnL /fhgLlt1x¿sf] zlQm / ;Qfdfly Psflwsf/k"0f{ lgoGq0f ug{] cltdxTTjfsf+Iff / /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] cNkb[li6sf sf/0f ;w}+el/ ;Qf;+3if{d} s]lGb|t eO{, /fHosf ;a} c+ux¿df /fhgLtLs/0f, cfly{s If]qdf anhˆtL / ;fdflhs If]qdf tgfj l;h{gf u/]sf sf/0f k"j{/fhfjfbL zlQmx¿ /fhtGq k'g:yf{kgf x'g'kg]{ / of]dfq …/fli6«o Pstfsf] k|tLsÚ x'g ;Sg] cGoyf b]z lav08g eP/ hfg] ts{ ub}{ /fhtGq Ao'F´fpg nfluk/]sf 5g\ . of] p2]Zodf pgLx¿ cf+lzs ¿kdf ;kmn klg x'Fb} uO/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] kl5Nnf] pbfx/0f @)^( h]7 !$ ut] ;+ljwfg;efsf] :jtM cGTo ePkl5 ePsf] bf];|f] lgjf{rgdf /fhfjfbL /fk|kf g]kfn rf}yf] zlQmsf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g' xf] . xfn g]kfndf /fhtGqsf] cGTo eP klg Tof] k|j[lQsf] cGTo ePsf] 5}g . clxn] Pp6f kIfn] /fHo /fh;L z}nLdf dgk/L u/L nf]stGqsf] lvNnL p8fO/x]sf 5g\, h'g u0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu 7"nf] r'gf}tL ag]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

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376

afah'b clxn] g]kfndf cfˆgf] clwsf/ :yfkgf ug{ c¿sf] clwsf/ ;dfKt ug{] / cfkm"n] eg]sf] s'/f k"/f u/fpg ljZjJofkL dfgjclwsf/sf l;4fGtljk/Lt ansf] k|of]u;Dd ug{]÷u/fpg], /fi6« / ;dfhk|ltsf] bfloTj lal;{O{ s]jn cu|flwsf/sf] dfq JofVof÷ckJofVof ug{], hft, efiff, wd{h:tf clt;+j]bgzLn ;fdflhs ;jfnx¿nfO{ lglxt :jfy{k"lt{sf nflu b'¿kof]u ug{]h:tf lqmofsnfkaf6 hgtfsf] ;zQmLs/0fsf] d'2f hgtfaf6 ckx/0f eO{ cltjfbLsf] :jfy{k"lt{sf] dfWod aGg nfu]sf]n] o;n] clwsf/ / bfloTjsf] ;Gt'lnt cEof;sf] dd{nfO{ Wj:t u/L ;dfhsf] lav08glt/ 8f]¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . ;+qmd0fsfn Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 of] cToGt hl6n b]lvG5 . of] k|lqmofdf dfcf]jfbLn] hfgL–ghfgL ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 t/ g]kfnL hgtfn] bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdfkm{t u/]sf] ljj]sk"0f{ km};nfn] eg] o:tf] cltjfbnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sfn] g]kfnsf k|d'v /fhgLlts zlQmx¿n] ;'ema'emk"0f{ ¿kdf /fHosf] ¿kfGt/0f cufl8 a9fP eg] of] cltjfbL wf/ cfkm}+ lgliqmo x'g]5 . t/, k|d'v /fhgLlts zlQmn] oyfl:yltjfbd} /dfO{ hgtfsf ¿kfGt/0fsf d'2f / hghLljsfsf ;jfnnfO{ a]jf:tf u/] eg] cltjfbL wf/ km]l/ ;lqmo / k|efjsf/L x'g]5 .

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7"nf] uNtLn] of] ;'Gb/ b]z hftLo–;fDk|bflos–If]qLo åGådf km:g ;S5 . To;}n] oL k|Zgx¿sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df /xL clxn]sf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg hl6ntfsf] ljj]rgf ul/g'k5{ .

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;+qmd0fsfnsf] d"n rl/q g} s] xf] eg] of] rnfodfg, v's'nf], c:ki6 / hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 . /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf] kl/k]|Iodf ;+qmd0fsfndf klxnf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf lgod–sfg'g, ljlw–k|ljlw, k|lqmof / ;+/rgfx¿n] k"0f{ sfd ug{ ;Sb}g -lsgls kl/l:ylt ablnPsf] x'G5 / ug{'kg{] sfdsf] k|s[lt / To;sf nflu cfjZos kg{] sfg'gL / ;+:yfut vfsfsf] cfjZos kb{5_ / gofF lgod–sfg'g, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, ljlw / k|lqmof k"0f{ ¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf x'Fb}gg\ . To;}n] of] cj:yfnfO{ c:ki6 cjlw -u|] lkl/o8_ elgG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf r'gf}tLx¿ w]/} x'G5g\ / :jfy{k"lt{sf nflu k|efjzfnL :jb]zL / ljb]zL kfqx¿ XjfQ} a9\g], ;'/IffsdL{ / sd{rf/LtGqsf] dgf]an sdhf]/ /xg], cfk/flws k|j[lQ b|'t eO{ km}ng] / sfg'gL /fHosf] pkxf; x'g] xF'bf ;+qmd0fsfnsf /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf] ;'emfjk"0f{, c7f]6d'vL b"/b[li6sf]0faf6 lgb{]lzt / hf]lvd lng] Ifdtf;lxt

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b]vfPsf 5g\, ToxfFsf] ;+qmd0fsfn 5f]6f] / ;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg

ePsf 5g\ . df]hflDassf g]tfx¿sf] ;'ema'em o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] . g]N;g dG8]nf / Pkm8An"8L Snfs{n] u/]sf] blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg

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5g\, b]zsf lgod–sfg'g sfof{Gjog gu/L sfg'gL zf;gsf] lvNnL p8fpF5g\, cy{tGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf Wofg lbFb}gg\, Gofo, ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs

k|zf;gnfO{ cfˆgf] /fhgLlts / JolQmut :jfy{sf sf/0f b'¿kof]u ub{5g\, tL b]zx¿df ;+qmd0fsfn hl6n ePsf 5g\ / slt b]z t km]l/ åGådf

378

kms]{sf klg 5g\ . o;sf] 68\sf/f] pbfx/0f xf]– 8]df]qm]l6s l/klAns ckm s+uf] . g]kfnn] klg ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkg ;xL tl/sfn] ug{ ;s]g eg] ef]nLsf lbgdf gofF åGåsf] pbo gx'g ;Snf eg]/ eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g .

g]kfnL /fhgLlts lg0f{ostf{x¿n] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿ /fhgLlts kl/kSjtf, b"/b[li6, If]qLo /fhgLlts zlQm ;Gt'ng, /fli6«o cv08tf, ;fdflhs ;b\efj / cfly{s ;'b[9Ls/0fsf b[li6sf]0fn] geO{ dgf]ut sf/0fn] gLlxt :jfy{n] bafjdf k/]/÷kfl/P/ -cfˆg} ;u+7gx¿nfO{ prfnL bafa l;h{gf u/L clg cfkm"n] ;f]xLcg'¿k lg0f{o ul/lbg]_ u/]sf sf/0f tL lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfpg g;s]sf dfq xf]Ogg\, cToGt ljjflbt klg 5g\ . slt t /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;fj{ef}ldstfsf b[li6sf]0fn] ;+j]bgzLn klg 5g\ . o:tf lg0f{ox¿df k|d'v /fhgLlts g]t[Tj lhDd]jf/ eP klg pgLx¿sf ;Nnfxsf/ / jl/kl/ a:g]x¿ klg cf+lzs ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . To;df klg ljb]zLsf] ;xof]u, k|efj / cfjZos k/] x:tIf]kaf6 eP klg cfkm" ;Qfdf hfg], ;Qfdf l6ls/xg jf ljkIfLnfO{ ;Qfaf6 x6fpg] g]tfx¿sf] /0fgLlts sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ljb]zL :jfy{ xfjL eO{ lg0f{ox¿ unt ePsf 5g\ .

!!=@=@ ljlw k|lqmofut sdhf]/L M

g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfn hl6n x'g'sf s]xL k|d'v sf/0fdWo] k|lqmofut sdhf]/L klg Ps xf] . zflGt–;Demf}tfkl5sf lg0f{ox¿df k|lqmofnfO{ d"ntM a]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;jfndf b'O{ cf]6f j}rfl/s wf/ 5g\ . Pp6f ljrf/n] eG5, ækl/0ffd k|d'v xf] / of] k|fKt ug{ k|lqmofdf cNdlng' x'Fb}g .Æ of] dfGotfn] ljlw / k|lqmofuteGbf kl/0ffds]lGb|t eO{ sfd u5{ . bf];|f] dfGotf 5, æ;xL k|lqmofn] ;xL kl/0ffddf k'¥ofpg d2t u5{, To;}n] k|lqmof klg kl/0ffdhlQs} dxTTjk"0f{ 5 .Æ of] dfGotfdf ljZjf; /fVg]x¿n] ljlw, k|lqmofdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . t/, of] cln emGeml6nf] / ;do nfUg] x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkgdf rfx] Tof] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] ;jfn xf];\, rfx] ;+ljwfg;efleq ;+ljwfg agfpg] k|lqmofdf, rfx] dfcf]jfbL



379

;]gfsf n8fs'x¿sf] ;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgfdf xf];\, rfx] ;+3Lotfsf] ;jfndf, k|lqmof vf;} cg';/0f u/]sf] kfOFb}g . n8fs' ;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgfsf] ;jfndf klg emG8} ^ jif{;Dd /fhgLlts bnn] of] d'2fnfO{ …;f}bfafhLÚ dfWodsf] ¿kdf k|ofu ul//x] . dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfnn] lrtjgsf] zlQmvf]/df /x]sf n8fs'x¿nfO{ klxnf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgeGbf s]xL ;do cufl8 eg]sf s'/fx¿ -h;sf] ;f/f+z lyof]– dfcf]jfbL n8fs'sf] ;+Vof a9fO{ cgldgnfO{ em'SofP/ !( xhf/ k|df0fLs/0f u/]sf] / ca of] ;+Vofaf6 clws dfqfdf g]kfnL ;]gfdf 3';fO{ ;]gf cfˆgf] cg's"n agfP/ ;Qf sAhf ug{] dfcf]jfbL /0fgLlt /x]sf] / ;f]xLcg'¿k sfd eO/x]sf]_ Od]h Rofgnaf6 k|;f/0f ePkl5 t kf6L{x¿ / gful/s ;dfh, ;~rf/ hut\ g} dfcf]jfbLk|lt z+sfn' x'g k'u] . t;y{M ;]gf ;dfof]hg tyf k'g:yf{kgf sfo{ ;xL tl/sfn] 6'+uf]df k'Ug ;s]g / cGTodf $!^ hlt n8fs' g]kfnL ;]gfdf ;dfj]z u/L bfxfnn] lrQ a'emfpg' k¥of] . clGtddf @)^* r}t @* ut] crfgs ePsf] …lzlj/sf, n8fs', xltof/ / ;DklQÚ tTsfn} g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ a'emfpg] lg0f{o ;xL k|lqmofaf6 geO{ dfcf]jfbLleq bfxfn–e§/fO{ ;d"x / j}B–afbn ;d"xaLr r'lnPsf] r/d tgfj / o;af6 pTkGg ePsf] ljifd\ kl/l:ylt -h;df j}B kIf n8fs' / bfxfn kIf n8fs'aLr em8k ePsf]_dfq geO{ 7"n} b'3{6gf x'g ;Sg] / dfcf]jfbL /fhgLlts g]t[Tj;d]t Tof] tgfjsf] l;sf/ x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsfn] bfxfn–e§/fO{ ;d"xn] tTsfn} Pdfn], sf+u|]; / dw];L df]rf{;Fu zLif{ a}7s u/L zLif{ g]tfx¿s} pkl:yltdf ljz]if ;ldltsf] tTsfn} a}7s a;L lzlj/, lzlj/sf ;DklQ, xftxltof/ / n8fs'nfO{ t'?Gt} ;]gfnfO{ ;'Dkg] lg0f{o ug{ afWo x'g'k¥of] . o;kl5 t'?Gt} k|wfgdGqLn] ;]gfklt tyf /Iff / u[xdGqL tyf cGo ;'/Iff lgsfox¿aLr 5nkmn u/L dfcf]jfbL n8fs' g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;'lDkg] kl/l:ylt pTkGg eof] . tTsfn} ;/sf/n] ;]gfnfO{ lnlvt lgb{]zg lbof] / o;sf] @–# 306fleq g]kfnL ;]gfn] n8fs'x¿sf] ;a} lzlj/x¿ ToxL /flt ( ah];Dd cfˆgf] dftxtdf lnof] . o;/L x]bf{ % jif{;Dd 6+'lug g;s]sf] d'2f %÷^ 306fleq 6'+luof] . of] ;jfndf klg dfly 5nkmn ul/Psf b'O{dWo] klxnf] dfGotfn] g} sfd u/]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL

380

To; lbg c¿ kf6L{x¿n] eg]sf] t/ cfzf gu/]sf tl/sfn] g} ;a}yf]s g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ a'emfof] . o;sf] ;§f oxL sfd klxnf g} k|lqmofut tl/sfn] ;]gfnfO{ a'emfPsf] eP ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb rf/–rf/ k6s yKg'kg{] klg lyPg / ;Dejt @ jif{leq} ;+ljwfg klg aGg ;SYof] . ;fy} g]kfnL ;]gfn] klg ;dfof]hgsf] tof/Lsf nflu ;do kfpg] lyof] / ;fob a9L g} ;+Vofdf dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x¿ ;]gfdf ;dfof]hg x'g ;Sy] . zlQmvf]/ lel8of] sf08 g} dfcf]jfbL n8fs' guGo dfqfdf g]kfnL ;]gfdf hfg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f lyof] . t/ ckmzf]r Û k|lqmof g]tfx¿sf] k|fyldstfdf slxNo} kb{}g / kl/0ffdtM ;+qmd0fsfn hl6n alg/x]sf] 5 .

!!=@=# g]t[Tj Ifdtf M

s'g} klg sfo{ ;Dkfbg, p2]Zo kl/k"lt{nfO{ k|efjsf/L / sd vlr{nf], ;j{ jf ax':jLsfo{, kf/bzL{ / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljifo, d'2f jf p2]Zox¿ hlt hl6n x'G5g\, g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf klg Tolt g} dxTTjk"0f{ xF'b} hfG5 . g]t[Tj g]tfx¿sf] Tof] u'0f xf], h;n] cg'ofoL / gful/sx¿sf] ljZjf; lhtL cu'jfO ub{5, pgLx¿dfly ljZjf; ub{5, lbzflglb{i6 ub{5, pgLx¿sf] k|lta4tf k|fKt ub{5, pgLx¿dfly ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 / pgLx¿nfO{ g} kl/rfng u/L p2]Zo xfl;n ub{5 . eL8sf] k5fl8 gnfuL eL8nfO{ ljrf/, b[li6sf]0f, k|efj / Jojxf/n] kl5 nufpg' g]t[Tjsf] u'0f xf] . /fhgLltsf] ;Gbe{df o;sf/0f g]tf hgtfsf] ;'v–b'Mvsf] ;fyL klg xf] . g]tfsf] ;kmntf / k|efjsfl/tf p;sf] ;~rf/ z}nL, cfgLafgL -cfrf/0f_, hLjgz}nL, b[li6sf]0f, egfO / u/fOaLrsf] tfbfDotf, kl/l:yltsf] j:t'k/s ljZn]if0f, ;+Zn]if0f / dfu{bz{g, dgf];fdflhs ;+j]bgzLntfn] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . oL ;}4flGts cfwf/ g]kfnsf /fhgLlts g]tfx¿n] k"/f u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . ToxL g} ;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yfkgsf] r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 .

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381

-8]df]q\mofl6s_ / ;j{;Ddtdf rNg] -sG;]G;'cn_ k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . xfd|f] b]zsf g]tfx¿sf] g]t[Tjz}nL d'VotM cw{:j]R5frf/L, cw{nf]stflGqs / cw{;'emfjL vfnsf] b]lvG5 . g]t[Tj cfkm"df cfTdljZjf;, ljZjf;of]Uo, hfgsf/L /fVg], ;Ifd, c¿sf] efj a'emL ;f]xLcg'¿k Jojxf/ ug{] kl/kSj ePsf] cj:yfdf ;+qmd0fsfn Joj:yfkg a9L ;lhnf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfn Joj:yfkgdf xfd|f g]t[Tjn] u/]sf cTolws lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gogdf cfpg ;s]gg\ lsgls tL lg0f{ox¿ oyfy{jfbL w/ftn, sfg'gL vfsf, ;do;Fusf] ;+of]hg / ;|f]t–;fwgsf] pknAwtfsf cfwf/df eGbf klg ls t bafasf] e/df ls t ljifonfO{ kG5fpg] lgotn] ls t hf]lvd / cj;/sf] ;xL cfFsnglagf g} ul/Psf lyP . To:t}, sltko lg0f{o sfof{Gjogdf g} uPgg\ eg] sltko lg0f{o t'?Gt} lkmtf{ g} lng'k¥of] -km]l/ klg bafas} e/df_ . o;n] ubf{ g]t[Tjk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; 36\b} uof] . Psk6s ljZjf; u'd]kl5 Tof] k'gM k|fKt ug{ Hofb} ufx|f] x'G5 . of] klg ;+qmd0fsfn Joj:yfkgdf hl6ntf yKg] sf/s ag]sf] 5 .

!!=@=$ hftLo ljjfbaf6 l;lh{t cltjfbL ;f]r / kl/0ffd M

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382

k|zf;gdf cfˆgf] ks8 dha't kfb}{ uof] . g]tfx¿ klg b/af/ l/emfP/ zlQmdf k'Ug] k~rz}nL g} ckgfpg yfn] . kmntM @)$& ;fnsf] kl/j{tgsf] k|ltkmn hgtfdf k'u]g / kl/0ffdtM ;z:q åGåsf] qf;fbL ef]Ug'k¥of] . oxL ;z:q åGådf sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf ;+:yfks k'iknfn >]i7n] ;'?b]lv g} lj/f]w u/]sf] hftLo cjwf/0ff dfcf]jfbLn] cfˆgf] k|efj a9fO{ /fHonfO{ k/f:t ug{] /0fgLltcg'¿k hfltjfbL /fhgLltnfO{ c+lusf/ u/L b]znfO{ hftLo /fHodf afF8L b]ze/ k|efj a9fP . of] kl/k]Iodf hghflt / cGo s]xL af}l4sx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ hftLo g]tfsf ¿kdf pEofP . uf]ljGb Gof}kfg]n] Ps k':tsdfkm{t NofPsf hftLo cjwf/0ff dfcf]jfbL k|efj lj:tf/ / hfltjfbL g]tfx¿sf] k}/jLsf] cfwf/ aGof] .

hfltjfbL lrGtg o;/L df}nfof] ls p;df af}l4s ax;nfO{ g} lgif]w ug{] u/L nf~5gf nufpg yflnof] . ;g !($) sf] bzsdf cd]l/sL hf;';L ;+:yfsf clwsf/L hf]gs]g]y Gofp;n] sDo'lg:6 k|efj gi6 ug{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] hft–hftaLr tgfj l;h{gf u/fO{ cfGtl/s åGå a9fpg] /0fgLlt pgL cfkm}+n] n]v]sf] k':tsdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ ;f]xL /0fgLlt pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] k|of]u u/] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3df hfltjfbsf lxdfotLx¿n] a8f] rnfvLk"0f{ tl/sfn] cfO{Pncf] !^( cle;lGwdf of] hftLo d'2f ;kmntfk"j{s 3';fPsf] / o;}sf] dfWodaf6 ;+;f/e/ cfˆgf zq"x¿ jf cfkm";Fu ljdlt /fVg] b]z / ;dfh Wj:t ug{] u/]sf] s'/f pgn] v'nf;f u/]sf lyP . ;f]xLcg'¿k k"j{;f]leot ;+3, k"jL{o'/f]k]nL b]zx¿ 6'lqmP . ptf, ltgLx¿n] cfˆgf] /0fgLlt ;kmn ePsf]df v';L JoQm u/] .1 g]kfnsf] hftLo cltjfbLsf] Ps ;|f]t klg cfO{Pncf] !^( sf] ckJofVof xf] . klxrfg eg]sf] hftLodfq xf] / g]kfndf hftLo klxrfglagfsf] ;+3Lotf x'g ;Sb}g, hftLo ;+3Lotfsf] lj/f]wL ;+3Lotflj/f]wL xf], hftLo ;+3Lotf lbOPg eg] /Qmkft x'G5÷u/fOG5, hghflt / cflbjf;Ldfq g]kfnsf / c¿ aflx/af6 cfPsf h:tf tYoxLg / Psf+sL cleJolQmx¿n] cfdhgdfg;df e|d 5¥of] . ;fy}, hftLo ;+3Lotf g]kfndf ;'xfpFb}g eGg] af}l4sx¿nfO{

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383

wDSofpg] ultljlwn] ubf{ hftLo cltjfb df}nfpg uO{ of] g} klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] cGTosf] ;|f]t aGof] . pu| hftLo d'2f p7fO{ hghflt / u}/hghfltaLr vf8n / tgfj a9fPs} sf/0f bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgdf Pg]skf dfcf]jfbL g/fd|/L k/flht eof] .

aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] kl5Nnf] bzskl5 -;g\ !(&) b]lv_ ePsf åGådf *) k|ltzthlt gful/s / @) k|ltzthlt åGå/t n8fs'x¿ dfl/P / o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f hgtfx¿nfO{ hflt / wd{sf gfddf n8fOof] . cem crDd s] 5 eg] ;g !(*% b]lv !((( ;Dd !)) eGbf a9L cfGtl/s hftLo ;b\efj vNaNofO{, Ps hft / csf{] hftaLr le8Gt u/fO{ zlQmzfnL /fi6«x¿n] xltof/ laqmL ug{] / tL b]zx¿df cfˆgf] k|efj sfod /fVg] /0fgLlt g} lyof] .

;+;f/df clxn] b'O{ wf/x¿ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf cufl8 al9/x]sf 5g\ . Pp6f, gofF lrGtgdf / ljrf/df cfwfl/t a[xQ/ wf/ 5, hf] cfˆgf] klxrfg hflt, wd{ / ;+:s[lt xf]Og, JolQmsf] ax'klxrfg / cfly{s ;d[l4nfO{ cfTd;ft u5{ . t/, ;g\ !($) sf] bzsdf cd]l/sL hf;';L ;+:yfn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] hftLo klxrfgsf gfddf hft–hfltaLr le8Gt u/]sf] /0fgLltaf6 k|ToIf / k/f]If k|efljt eO{ hftLo klxrfg b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ cfj/0fdf ljå]z km}nfpg] csf]{ ;fgf] t/ hAa/ ;d"x 5, h;n] r]lRgof, af]l:gof xh{uf]legf, ?jfG8f, ;'8fg, s]lgof, gfOh]l/of, Oyf]lkof÷Ol/l§ofh:tf b]zx¿df hftLo tgfj l;h{gf ul//x]sf] 5 . Pp6fsf] klxrfg :yflkt ug{ csf{sf] klxrfg d]6\g vf]Hg] hftLo dfGotf ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax';f+:s[lts / cNk;+Vos} cNk;+Vosx¿ /x]sf] g]kfnh:tf] b]zdf ;Dej 5}g . of] ljZjJofkL dfgjclwsf/sf] l;4fGt;Fu klg d]n vfFb}g / cem ;+ljwfg;ef lj36g x'g] ;dolt/ nfu]sf] If]qL–afx'glj/f]wL gf/fx¿n] -h'g oxfF pNn]v ug{;d]t pko'Qm 5}g_ g]kfndf hftLo åGåsf] ;'?cft x'g} nfu]sf] efg lbGyf] t/ Pg]skf dfcf]jfbLg]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg;ef cGTo / gofF lgjf{rg 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 of] hftLo ljWj+z sd x'Fb} uof] . t/, of] ;+j]bgzLntfn] km]l/ pu|tf p7fpg] ;Defjgf a9L g} b]lvG5 .

384

cltjfbLsf] csf{] kf6f] s] xf] eg] of] k|ltlqmofTds x'G5 . tLg jif{cl3;Dd cl:tTjdf g/x]sf If]qL ;dfh, a|fXd0f ;dfh cflb hghfltn] a|fXd0f If]qL aflx/af6 cfPsf x'g\, pgLx¿sf] cl:tTj :jLsfo{ 5}g eGg] cfzosf cleJolQm / Jojxf/sf sf/0f cl:tTjdf cfPsf x'g\ . c¿sf] clwsf/ xgg\ gx'g] u/L cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] dfu /fVg' ;j{yf ;xL x'G5 t/ ha csf{sf] cl:tTjdf wfjf af]lnG5, ta cl:tTj /Iffsf nflu csf{] kIf klg cfGbf]lnt x'G5 . oxL hl6n cj:yfnfO{ cj;/jfbL zlQmn] cfˆgf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ k|of]u ul/lbG5 / cGttM Tof] hftLo åGådf ¿kfGt/0f klg x'g ;S5 . k'iknfn, lgd{n nfdfnufot g]kfnL sDo'lg:6x¿ hftLo cjwf/0ffsf] ljkIfdf eP klg dfcf]jfbLn] eg] hftLo ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ cfˆgf] /fhgLtLs :jfy{sf nflu k|of]u u¥of], h;n] hftLo / ;fDk|bflos åGåsf] ;DefJo cfwf/ tof/ ul/lbof] . t/, g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;xgzLn rl/q, g]kfnsf] k"0f{ldl>t ;fdflhs agfj6, ax'eflifs, ax'hftLo ljljwtfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{] g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf sf/0f dfcf]jfbLn] /f]k]sf] hftLo ljå]zsf] aLp g]kfndf /fd|/L km:6fpg / a9\g ;s]g .

cflbjf;L–hghflt cu'jf / Psn hftLo /fHosf] jsfnt ug{] kf6L{ / p;sf g]tfx¿ / ;+u7gx¿ kxf8df …Psn hftLo /fHo g} rflxg]Ú t/ dw];df rflxF ef}uf]lns rl/qsf b'O{ u}/hftLo /fHodfq x'g'kg{] ts{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . Pp6} b]zdf kxf8df Pp6f / dw];df cs}{ rl/qsf] /fHo lgdf{0f ug{] of] ts{sf] ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s cfwf/ b]lvFb}g . To;}n] clxn] …Psn hftLo klxrfgsf] ;+3Lo /fHoÚsf] ax; lglxt /fhgLlts :jfy{, s]xL JolQmx¿sf] dgf]sf+Iff k"/f u/fpg] dfWodeGbf a9L s]xL b]lvFb}g .

;+3Lotf lgdf{0fsf b'O{ ljlw -;fgf–;fgf ;+3x¿ ldn]/ / ePsf] Pp6} /fHoaf6 k|fGtx¿ ljeflht u/]/_ eP klg ;+3Lotfsf] d"n dd{ eg]sf] :jtGq klxrfg ePsf PsfOx¿ ldnL Ps ;femf klxrfg agfpg] / o;leq Pstfleq ljljwtf / ;a}n] ;dfg clwsf/ ePsf] /fi6« g} xf], h;n] /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fli6«o cv08tfnfO{ dha't ub{5 -lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ pk|]tL / cGo @)!)_ . o:tf] ;+3Lotfn] ljs]lGb|t zf;g k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 zf]lift / ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] pTyfg / clwsf/



385

;'lglZrt ug{] dfGotf /fv]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] ;+3Lotfdf ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts eflifs ljlzi6tfnfO{ plrt :yfg lbOPsf] x'G5 .

s] g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns / hg;f+lVos agf]6 clxn] k|:tfj ul/Psf] Psn hftLo klxrfgjfnf k|b]z lgdf{0fsf nflu pko'Qm 5 t < sxLF klg Ps hfltsf] afx'Notf 5}g . t/, Psn hftLo afx'Notf sfod ug{ xfnsf lhNnfnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] s]xL lhNnf Psn hftLo afx'No ePsf b]lvg ;S5g\ / olb xfnsf uflj; txdf uP/ x]g{] xf] eg] y'k|} uflj; Psn hftLo afx'Notf ePsf b]lvg ;S5g\ . crDdsf] s'/f t s] 5 eg] g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] ax;nfO{ Psf+sL, hftLo / ;fF3'/f] agfpg cfkm"nfO{ ;+3Lotfsf] lxdfotL / hftLo k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf klxrfgsf] dl;xfsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ljutsf :yfgLo / s]Gb|Lo ;fdGtL kl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldsf, ljb]zL ljZjljBfnoaf6 pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf / g]kfnsf …PnfO6Úx¿ g} b]lvG5g\ .

g]kfndf Psn hftLo /fHosf] Psf]xf]/f] ax;k}/jL ug{]x¿nfO{ kSs} yfxf x'g'k5{– g]kfndf k'/ftgjfbL hftLo /fHo ;Dej 5}g lsgls p;df k|zf;lgs / ;|f]tsf] lgoGq0fdf hftLo cu|flwsf/ lbg'kg{] x'G5 / s]Gb| ;/sf/df hftLo k|ltlglwTj u/fOG5 . Pp6} k|b]zdf y'k|} hfltx¿ a:g] ePsfn] s;nfO{ cu|flwsf/ s]sf] cfwf/df lbg] eGg] ljjfb x'G5 lsgls cu|flwsf/ t Pp6f /fHoleq Pp6fnfO{ x'g] xf], ;a}nfO{ x'g] eP t cu|flwsf/ g} ePg . To;}n] Psn hftLo /fHosf kl/sNkgfsf/x¿n] sDtLdf klg Pp6f hftsf] gfdn] c¿sf] klxrfg 5f]Kg] k|oTg ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs / ax';f+:s[lts b]zdf Psn hftLo klxrfgdf ;+3Lo k|b]z agfpg] h'g nx8 5, of] g t jf:tljstf;Fu d]n vfG5, g t of] aGof] g} eg] klg l6Sg] vfnsf] x'G5 . a? o;n] hft–hftaLr åGåsf] aLp /f]kL b]znfO{ hftLo åGådf ws]Ng]5 . hg;+Vofsf] ultzLntf–cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO, cGt/hftLo ljjfx / o:tf kl/jf/af6 hGd]sf] hg;+Vof a:tLx¿sf] k'/fgf hflteGbf cnu klxrfg cflbsf sf/0f cfh /x]sf] hft–hfltsf] P]ltxfl;s ynf] ef]ln sfod /xFb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf Psn hftLo klxrfgsf] c8fg c;fGble{s 5 .

386

g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] ax; ubf{ alxis[t / ;LdfGts[t ju{ -rfx] Tof] hghfltaf6 xf];\, rfx] cGo ;d"xaf6_sf] pTyfg / ;dfg clwsf/sf nflu s]xL ;do;Dd ;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0fsf] k|fjwfg cfjZos kb{5 . t/, g]kfndf t dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+sdf ;a}eGbf dfly k/]sf hghflt ;d"xx¿n] o:tf sf]6f df xflnd'xfnL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf g]kfndf cToGt} 7"nf] cGofodf k/]sf] ;d"x eg]sf] blnt xf], h;sf] pTyfgsf nflu /fHon] ljz]if kxn ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

hftLo cfwf/df ;+3Lotf lgdf{0f eg]sf] ljut k~rfotsfnLg wªwªLaf6 k|efljt eO{ clxn]sf] ultzLntfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ g;sL cfPsf] /0fgLlt / o;af6 /fhgLlts kmfObf lng] dxTTjfsf+Iffsf] kl/0ffd g} xf] . hftLo ;+3Lotfn] hl6ntf Nofpg ;S5 eGg] hgtfx¿nfO{ …;+3Lotflj/f]wLÚ eGg] xs{t klg ls t o;} /0fgLltsf] Pp6f c+u xf] ls t eGg]x¿n] …hftLo ;+3Lotf / ;+3LotfaLrsf] leGgtfÚ v'6\ofpg g;s]sfn] xf] . ;+3Lotfsf] ;xL k|of]un] b]zsf pTkLl8t ju{, ln+u, hflt, If]qsf ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg ub{5 eg] Psn hftLo ;+3Lotfn] ;fDk|bflos / hftLo åGånfO{ dnhn ub{5 . hghflt JofVofsf/x¿n] h'g–h'g sf/0fx¿ b]vfO{ …afx'gjfbÚsf] cjwf/0ff NofPsf lyP, clxn] 7Ls To:t} rl/qsf] …hfltjfbÚ :yfkgf pgLx¿sf] p2]Zo b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df …hfltjfbÚn] u}/hghflt vf;u/L If]qL–afx'gnfO{ nlIft b'Zdgsf ¿kdf pEofpg] dfGotfsf] ljsf;nfO{ dnhn u/fPsf] 5 . /, To;sf/0f ;fDk|bflos tgfj / hftLo åGåsf] cfwf/ klg …hfltjfbÚsf] cfwf/e"t rl/q ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg t/n ;+qmd0fsfndf hftLo ;b\efj, ;xcl:tTjsf] :jLsf/, ;xsfo{sf] cfjZostf ePsf] cj:yfdf hftLo w'|jLs/0f, hftLo cltjfbL, c;lxi0f' / tgfj Nofpg] cleJolQm / Jojxf/x¿ clxn]sf lgs} vt/gfs r'gf}tL x'g\ .

!!=@=% aflx/L ;+nUgtf

ljZjJofkLs/0fn] NofPsf] kl/jt{gn] l;h{gf u/]sf] cGt/;DaGwtf / cGt/lge{/tfsf] kl/k]|Iodf s'g} klg b]z Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf cnu /xg



387

;Sb}g . aflx/L ;+nUgtfaf6 a9L g} xf]l;of/ b]zx¿, h:t}M So'af, af]lnleof, e]g]h'Pnf, O/fg, adf{ cflb -h'g b]zx¿ ljZjdf cnf]stflGqs eg]/ lrlgg] u/]sf 5g\_ klg ljZjJofkLs/0f / cGt/f{li6«o ;+nUgtfaf6 cnu /xg g;sL cln v's'nf] gLlt lng] jf j}slNks cGt/f{li6«o zlQm l;h{gf u/L ;xsfo{ ug{ yfn]af6 klg k'li6 x'G5– aflx/L ;+nUgtfljxLg cj:yf Jofjxfl/s 5}g . t/, s'g–s'g If]qdf s:tf–s:tf ljb]zL kfq / k|j[lQx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] eGg] to eg] k|To]s b]zx¿n] u/]sf x'G5g\ / ul/G5 klg .

ljZjsf åGå/t b]zx¿df aflx/L ;+nUgtf / o;sf] k5fl8sf rfvx¿ x]bf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] ;a}eGbf klxn] Tof] b]zsf] /fhgLlts / cfly{s cfwf/, kfq / k|j[lQnfO{ cfˆgf] :jfy{cg's"n k|of]u ug{] jftfj/0f agfpg] . of] p2]Zodf aflx/L zlQmx¿ vf;u/L zlQmzfnL / k|efjzfnL b]zx¿ tL b]zsf] /0fgLlts rfvcg'¿k sfd ug{] u}/;/sf/L / cw{u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, wfld{s k|efj km}nfpg] ;+:yfx¿, d'gfkmfd"ns vf;u/L xltof/ lgdf{0f ;fdu|L cfk"lt{ ug]{ sDkgL / p;sf :jb]zL–ljb]zL k|ltlglwx¿, ljz]if Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx¿, cGt/f{li6«o t:s/ ;+u7g–;~hfn / cfk/flws ;+u7gsf k|ltlglwx¿, ljZjljBfno / cg';Gwfg ;+:yfsf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿, ljsf; lgof]usf k/fdz{bftfx¿ / ljleGg ljz]if1sf gfddf åGå/t / åGåf]t/ b]zx¿df ;lqmo eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf kfqx¿ -;+:yf / JolQm_ ls t cfkm}+ ;lqmo /xG5g\ -vf;u/L s"6gLlts / ljsf; lgof]ux¿_, ls cGo aflx/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ uf]Ko ¿kdf jf cw{uf]Ko ¿kdf ;lqmo u/fO/x]sf x'G5g\ jf ToxL b]zsf zlQmzfnL JolQmx¿, kx'Frjfnfx¿, lj1–a'l4hLjL, gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jf kqsf/, jlsn, dfgjclwsf/sdL{, Jofkf/L, k|fWofks, cg';Gwfgstf{, zlQmzfnL JolQmx¿, h:t}M /fhgLlt1, ;]gf, k|x/L, Gofofno / k|zf;g If]qsf pRr clwsf/Lx¿sf gftf, cf;]kf;]x¿nfO{ k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ¿kdf k|of]u ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf o;/L k|of]u ul/Psf kfqx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ sxfF / s'g p2]Zodf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eGg] yfxf;Dd klg kfpFb}gg\ lsgls b]vfpg] sfo{qmd Pp6f / To;leqsf] p2]Zo k|of; cs{} x'g] ub{5 . oL ljb]zL kfqx¿n] ;DalGwt b]zsf sfg'g,

388

;'/Iff gLltx¿df b]lvPsf sdhf]/L s]nfO{ :yfgLo kfq k|of]u u5{g\ . tflnd, uf]i7L, ljb]z e|d0f, dxFuf /flqef]h, :jf:Yo pkrf/, dxFuf pkxf/, aRrfaRrLsf] aflx/L cWoog ldnfpg], ;+:yfx¿nfO{ cfly{s / ef}lts ;xof]u, cfˆgf b]zsf zlQmzfnL JolQmx¿;Fu ;Dks{ cflb dfWod k|of]u u5{g\ . cj:yf x]/L ljb]zL kfqx¿n] l;w} /fhgLlt, k|zf;lgs / ;'/Iff If]qsf] g]t[Tj ju{;Dd cfˆgf] kx'Fr sfod /fVg] k|oTgx¿ ;w}+ sfod /fV5g\ / clwsf+z ;dodf ;kmn klg x'G5g\ . zf;s ju{ s8f ePsf] cj:yfdf oL ljb]zL kfqx¿sf] k|efj sd ePsf] x'G5 . o;sf] kl5Nnf] pbfx/0f xf]– >Ln+sf, hxfF aflx/L zlQmx¿n] ;g\ @))^ eGbf cufl8 h;/L v'nf / x:tIf]ksf/L ultljlw ul//x]sf x'Gy], clxn] Tof] cj:yf k"0f{tM aGb ePsf] 5 . t/, g]kfndf eg] o;sf] 7Ls pN6f] ljb]zLx¿sf] kx'Fr / k|f]6f]snsf] ;d]t Vofn gu/L /fi6«klt, pk/fi6«klt, k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgGofofwLz, ;'/Iff lgsfosf k|d'vx¿, ;+j}wflgs c+usf k|d'vx¿nufot ;a} pRrkb:y clwsf/L;Fu ;xh ePs} sf/0f aflx/L zlQmsf] ;lqmotf / ;+nUgtf Jofks 5 . k//fi6« dGqfnon] a]nf–a]nfdf ljb]zL gful/sn] g]kfnL pRrkb:y clwsf/L e]6\bf k"/f ug{'kg]{ k|lqmof, e]6\g] cfrf/;+lxtf ;fj{hlgs u/] klg o;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ePsf] b]lvFb}g .

g]kfn clxn] ;+qmd0fsfndf /x]sf] / ;+qmd0fsfn ;kmn agfpg cfly{s ljsf; ug{'k5{, h;sf nflu /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf u/L ufpF–ufpF;Dd ljsf; k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . o;f] ug{ vfg]kfgL, l;FrfO, ;8s / vf;u/L ;fgf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfx¿ lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ;8s k"jf{wf/ / hnljB't\lagf b]zdf cfly{s ljsf; sl7g x'g] ePsfn] clxn] g]kfnsf] k|fyldstf ;fgf / demf}nf hnljB't\ of]hgf / ;8s lj:tf/df x'g'kg{] / aflx/L bftfx¿sf] ;xof]u o:t} ljsf;–lgdf{0f cfof]hgfdf k"0f{tM s]lGb|t x'g'kg{] xf] t/ o;sf] ;§f ljb]zL ;xof]u ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu eGb} cGoq 5l/Psf] / o;n] hgck]Iff a9fpg] sfd u/]sf]n] g]kfnsf] ;+qmd0fsfn Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5}g .

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545. Upreti, B. R., Topperwin, N. And Heiniger, M (2009), Peace Process and Federalism in Nepal: A Nepali Swiss Dialogue. Kathmandu: RCO SAS.

546. Upreti, B. R.and R. K. Nepali (2006) (eds.) Nepal at Barrel of Gun: Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons and their Impacts. Kathmandu: South Asia Small Arms Network-Nepal.

547. Upreti, B.R. (2002d), Conflict Analysis and Impact Assessment of Development Programmes and Projects. Participation: A Participatory Development Journal 4(4) Pp. 13-17.

548. Upreti, B.R. (2003c), Security Sector Reform: A Neglected Agenda. The Kathmandu Post, 9 May 2003.

549. Upreti, B.R. (2003d), Interactive Conflict Management: An Alternative Methodology to Address Social Conflict at Local level. International Journal of Development Issues, No. 2, Vol. 2, Pp.77-90.

550. Upreti, B.R. (2003e), Environmental Governance to Address Resource Scarcity and Conflict in Nepal. Paper presented on June 7th, 2003 at the Environmental Conflict Resolution: A Right Based Approach. Kathmandu: Environmental Law Committee of Nepal Bar Association.

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551. Upreti, B.R. (2004g), Understanding the Dynamics of Conflict in Nepal. A Background Paper prepared for the Human Development Report 2004 of UNDP Nepal.

552. Upreti, B.R. (2004h), Dynamics of Resource Governance, Resource Scarcity and Conflict in Nepal. Journal of Forest and Livelihoods. Vol. 4. No.1.

553. Upreti, B.R. (2006e), Nurturing Peace: Conflict Sensitive Approach to Development in Nepal. Kathmandu: Peace Secretariat, Government of Nepal.

554. Upreti, B.R. and Ghale, Y. (2002). Factors Leading to Agro-biodiversity Loss in Developing Countries: The Case of Nepal. Biodiversity and Conservation. 11 (9) Pp. 1607-1621.

555. Upreti, B.R., Sharma, S. R. and Basnet, J. (2008), Land Politics and Conflict in Nepal: Realities and potentials for social transformation. Kathmandu: Community Self Reliance Centre, NCCR North South and Human and Natural Resources Study Centre of Kathmandu University.

556. Upreti, Bhuwan Chandra. 2010. Nepal: Transition to Democratic Republican State (2008 Constituent Assembly Elections). New Delhi: Kalpaz.

557. Upreti, Bishnu Raj, and Rohit Kumar Nepali,eds. 2006.Nepal at Barrel of Gun: Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons and Their Impacts. Kathmandu: South Asia Small Arms.

558. Upreti, Bishnu Raj, KailashNathPyakuryal, and Sagar Raj Sharma,eds. 2008.Conflict Induced Displacement: An Emerging Phenomenon of Internal Migration in Nepal. Kathmandu: Heidl Press.

559. Upreti, Bishnu Raj. 2004a. The Price of Neglect: From Resource Conflict to Maoist Insurgency in the Himalayan Kingdom. Kathmandu: Bhrikuti Academic.

560. Upreti, BR and Nepali R, editors. 2006. Nepal at Barrel of Gun: Proliferation of

561. Upreti, BR, 2010b. Political change and challenges of Nepal: Reflection on armed conflict, peace process and state building. Volume I and II. Saarbrucken: Lambert Academic Publishing.

562. Upreti, T. and Bastola K. P. (1997), Transitional Justice and Human Rights. Kathmandu.

563. Ury W., J. Brett and S. Goldberg 1989. Getting Disputes Resolved. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

564. Ury, W. 1991. Getting Past "No": Negotiating with Difficult People. New York: Bantam Books.

565. Ury, W. 1999. Getting to Peace: Transforming Conflict at Home, at Work, and in the World, New York: Viking.


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Selected books (written and co-edited) by Bishnu Raj Upreti:

1. Upreti BR, Sharma SR, Paudel SB, editors. 2014. Food Security in Post Conflict Nepal: Challenges and Opportunities. Kathmandu: Kathmandu University and Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research (NCC).

2. Sharma SR, Upreti BR, Manandhar P, Sapkota M, editors. 2014. Contested Development in Nepal: Experiences and Reflections. Kathmandu: Kathmandu University and Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research.

3. Upreti BR, Upadhayaya PK, Sapkota T, editors. 2013. Tourism in Pokhara Issues, Trends and future prospect for peace and prosperity. Kathmandu: Pokhara Tourism council, NCCR North-South and Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research.

4. Upreti BR,Sharma SR, Upadhayaya, PK, Ghimire, S and Iff A. 2013. Making Business Count for Peace: Reflection from Tourism Sector in Nepal. Kathmandu: NCCR North-South, Kathmandu University and Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research.

5. Upreti BR, Bhattarai R, Wagle GS, editors. 2013. Human Security in Nepal: Concepts, Issues and Challenges. Kathmandu: Nepal Institute for Policy Studies (NIPS) and NCCR North-South.

6. Sharma SR, Upreti BR, Pyakuryal K, editors. 2012. Nepal 2030: A Vision for Peaceful and Prosperous Nation. Kathmandu: NCCR North-South.

7. Upreti BR, Paudel SB, Ghimire S. 2013. Ignored or Ill-represented? The Grievance of Terai-Madhes Conflict in Nepal. New Delhi: Adroit Publishers.

8. Sharma SR, Upreti BR, Pyakuryal K, editors. 2012. Nepal 2030: A Vision for Peaceful and Prosperous Nation. Kathmandu: NCCR North-South and Kathmandu University.

9. Upreti BR, Zimmermann AB, Debele B, Cisse G. 2012. Partnerships in Development-oriented Research: Lessons Learnt and Challenges Ahead. Kathmandu: NCCR North-South.

10. Pyakuryal KN, Upreti BR, editors. 2011. Land, Agriculture and Agrarian transformation. Kathmandu: Consortium for Land Research and Policy Dialogue.

11. Upreti BR, Sharma SR, Pyakuryal KN, Ghimire S. 2010. The Remake of a State: Post -conflict Challenges and State building in Nepal. Kathmandu: KU-HNRSC and RCO NCCR North-South.

12. Upreti BR, Muller-Boeker U, editors. 2010. Livelihood insecurity and social conflict in Nepal. Kathmandu: RCO NCCR North-South.

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13. Upreti BR. 2010. Political change and challenges of Nepal: Reflection on armed conflict, peace process and state building. Volume 1. Saarbrucken: Lambert Academic Publishing.

14. Upreti BR. 2010. Political change and challenges of Nepal: Reflection on armed conflict, peace process and state building. Volume 2. Saarbrucken: Lambert Academic Publishing.

15. Upreti BR. 2010. Management of Natural Resource Conflict in Nepal. Saarbrucken: Lambert Academic Publishing.

16. Upreti BR. 2009. Nepal from War to Peace: Legacies of the past and hopes for future. New Delhi: Adroit Publishers.

17. Upreti BR, Topperwin N, Heiniger M. editors. 2009. Peace Process and Federalism in Nepal: A Nepali Swiss Dialogue. Kathmandu: RCO SAS.

18. Upreti BR, Sharma SR, Basnet J, editors. 2008. Land Politics and Conflict in Nepal: Realities and Potentials for Agrarian Transformation. Kathmandu: Community Self Reliance Centre, Human and Natural Resources Studies Centre, Kathmandu University and South Asia Regional Coordination Office of NCCR North-South.

19. Bächler G, Acharya N, Dammann P, Rajbandhari R and Upreti BR. 2008. Nepal Building New Roads to Peace. Lalitpur: Jagadamba Press.

20. Pyakuryal KN, Upreti BR, Sharma SR, editors. 2008. Nepal: Transition to Transformation. Kathmandu: HNRSC, NCCR North-South.

21. Upreti BR, Nepali R, editors. 2006. Nepal at Barrel of Gun: Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons and their Impacts. Kathmandu: South Asia Small Arms Network-Nepal.

22. Aditya A, Upreti BR, Adhikari PK. 2006. Countries in Conflict and Processing of Peace: lessons for Nepal. Kathmandu: Friends for Peace.

23. Upreti BR. 2006. Armed Conflict and Peace Process in Nepal: The Maoist Insurgency, Past Negotiation and Opportunities for Conflict Transformation. New Delhi: Adroit Publishers.

24. Upreti BR. 2004. The Price of Neglect: From Resource Conflict to Maoist Insurgency in the Himalayan Kingdom. Kathmandu: Bhrikuti Academic Publications.

25. Upreti BR. 2005. Dwndwa Byasthapan (Conflict Management). Kathmandu: Bhrikuti Academic Publications.

26. Upreti BR. 2002. Management of Social and Natural Resource Conflict in Nepal: Reality and Alternative. New Delhi: Adroit Publishers.

27. Upreti BR. 2001. Conflict Management in Natural Resources: A Study of Land, Water and Forest Conflict in Nepal. Published PhD Dissertation. Wagenignen University.


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Nepal's peace process and state building

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