Need of device:

The various methods come with inherent advantages anddisadvantages. To overcome them is our objective.

Catching Techniques being presently used

The technique used depends on the dog, the situation and theexpertise available.

The following methods are acceptable for catching street dogs:

By Hand

Sack and Loop Method

Use of Dog-catching hoops with nets (Butterfly Nets)

Use of the Balinese pole-net

By Hand Technique

A skilled dog catcher can call or offer food to a friendly dogand gently hold the dog by the

scruff (loose skin on the back of the neck) of the neck with onehand, as close to the head as

possible and with the other arm under the belly or around therump, the dog should be lifted and

placed gently into the van.

Advantages

It is the most humane method of catching a dog This is probably the least stressful method for dogs.

Disadvantages

o Hand catching may result in bite wounds to the dog catchers ifused on fearful or aggressive

dogs.

o Mastery of this technique requires that the dog catcher beexperienced, even tempered,

courageous and strong.

Caution: The practice of including ear flaps in the scruff holdis very painful and can cause

severe injury to the dog and should never be done.

Sack and loop method Technique

In this technique, a specially designed gunny bag that has a ropeat one end, which works like a draw string is used. The sack isthrown over the dog and the rope is pulled at one end, thussealing the gunny bag and trapping the dog inside the bag. Thesack is then lifted into the van and the rope loosened, releasingthe dog into the van.

Advantages The unique aspect of the Bali net is that the pole of the net

can then be removed and placed through the netting, this actsas a lock to secure the dog, and serves as a handle to carrythe dog safely to the waiting transportation vehicle.

Provided the transportation time from point of capture to thedog shelter is not too long (approx.1 hour), the dog cansafely remain within the net during transport.

Through this method, it is easier to sedate or vaccinate veryaggressive dogs that are difficult to approach with a pole orlong reach syringe, as many dogs can be caught and vaccinatedthrough the netting.

Dogs weighing upto 20 kg can be caught by this method.

It is safest to catch rabid dogs by the Balinese pole-net andthe butterfly type nets.

Disadvantageso The net method may not be suitable for all situations or all

catchers, but could be regarded as an additional tool toenable maximum capture of dogs in the programme.

o The Balinese pole net may not be available in many parts ofIndia and will need to be designed or specially ordered

o If the quality of the netting used for the net is not verygood, then the net may break while catching the dog and dogcatching may not be possible by using this technique.

o case the sack may need to be darned or replaced by a new sack.o The sack catching method requires training and considerable

patience and it’s difficult to catch running dogs using thismethod.

o Dogs may struggle a lot when placed inside the sack.

Use of Dog-catching hoops with nets (Butterfly type Nets)Technique

Large, deep, 2 ply polyproplene nets of about 5 feet in depth and3 feet in diameter, secured to circular metal (preferably made ofa light alloy) rims, attached to long handles are used to ‘scoopup’ the dogs. The dog is then caught inside the net by twistingthe mouth of the net. Once the dog is securely placed inside thenet, the pole can be used to carry the dog in the net. Some AWOsthat use this method of catching the dogs leave the dogsrestrained in the net until arrival at theFacility.Advantages Once practiced correctly, the chances of the dog being injured

while being caught by thismethod is minimal. It is a safe and effective method for catching dogs since in

this method, the safety of both,

the dog and the dog catcher is taken care of. This method is particularly useful for catching dogs moving in

large, open spaces.

Disadvantageso A large number of butterfly nets will be needed as the numbers

of nets used should beproportional to the number of dogs that are to be caught.o The nets may require frequent repairs.o Fair amount of training is required for this method.

BALINESE NETThe Balinese net is essentially a very robust pole net and wasoriginally designed, in1998, by Mr. Nana Prayoga, a veterinary technician, who works forthe Balinese animalwelfare society ‘Yudisthira Street Dog Foundation’. Originallyintended for the small mediumsized (around 15 kg) dogs found in Bali, it has become morepopular after a group ofBalinese catchers went to Sri Lanka shortly after the Tsunami toassist with disaster relief.Balinese nets have been successfully introduced into India,especially in Ahmedabad and Jodhpur, where this technique ofcatching dogs has become quite popular.

Method: Catching is carried out by placing the ring, or hoop,over the dog that then, usually,moves into the bottom of the net. The net is then continuallytwisted until the dog is totallyrestrained.Advantages

The chances of injury to the dog by this method is muchlesser.

It is not so distressing for onlookers to watch dogs beingcaught in this way.

Disadvantages

o Sacks can get dusty and dirty and will need to be washedperiodically to make sure that no infections are transmittedfrom one dog to another. Besides, the sacks can get worn outeasily and tears may form at the edges, in which

A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based motion detectors.

Operating principlesAll objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of radiation. Usually this radiation is invisible to the human eye because it radiates at infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose.

The term passive in this instance refers to the fact that PIR devices do not generate or radiate any energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting the energy given off byother objects.[1] It is important to note that PIR sensors don't detect or measure "heat" per se; instead they detect the Infraredradiation emitted from an object which is different from but often associated/correlated with the object's temperature (e.g., a detector of X-rays or gamma rays would not be considered a heatdetector, though high temperatures may cause the emission of X orgamma radiation).[2]

PIR motion-based detector

A PIR motion detector used to control an outdoor, automatic light.

A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of people, animals, or other objects. They are commonly used in burglar alarms and automatically-activated lighting systems. They are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive infrared detector".

Operation

What is definitely detected is the broken field for a “normal” temperature. The sensor detects the change in the infrared radiation and triggers an alarm if the gradient of the change is higher than a predefined value. The field does not have to be broken by an object with a different temperature in order to register change, as highly sensitive sensors will activate from the movement alone.[3]

PIRs come in many configurations for a wide variety of applications. The most common models have numerous Fresnel lensesor mirror segments, an effective range of about ten metres (thirty feet), and a field of view less than 180 degrees. Models with wider fields of view, including 360 degrees, are available—typically designed to mount on a ceiling. Some larger PIRs are made with single segment mirrors and can sense changes in infrared energy over one hundred feet away from the PIR. There are also PIRs designed with reversible orientation mirrors which allow either broad coverage (110° wide) or very narrow "curtain"

coverage, or with individually selectable segments to "shape" thecoverage.

Differential detection

Pairs of sensor elements may be wired as opposite inputs to a differential amplifier. In such a configuration, the PIR measurements cancel each other so that the average temperature ofthe field of view is removed from the electrical signal; an increase of IR energy across the entire sensor is self-cancellingand will not trigger the device. This allows the device to resistfalse indications of change in the event of being exposed to brief flashes of light or field-wide illumination. (Continuous high energy exposure may still be able to saturate the sensor materials and render the sensor unable to register further information.) At the same time, this differential arrangement minimizes common-mode interference, allowing the device to resisttriggering due to nearby electric fields. However, a differentialpair of sensors cannot measure temperature in this configuration,and therefore is only useful for motion detection.

How Infrared motion detector components work

  Infrared Radiation_____________

Infrared radiation exists in the electromagnetic spectrum at awavelength that is longer than visible light. It cannot be seen but it can be detected. Objects that generate heat also generate infrared radiation and those objects include animals and the human body whose radiation is strongest at a wavelength of 9.4um. Infrared in this range will not pass through many types of material that pass visible light such asordinary window glass and plastic. However it will pass through, with some attenuation, material that is opaque to

visible light such as germanium and silicon. An unprocessed silicon wafer makes a good IR window in a weatherproof enclosure for outdoor use. It also provides additional filtering for light in the visible range. 9.4um infrared will also pass through polyethylene which is usually used to make Fresnel lenses to focus the infarared onto  sensor elements.

 Pyroelectric Sensors_____________

The pyroelectric sensor is made of a crystalline material thatgenerates a surface electric charge when exposed to heat in the form of infrared radiation. When the amount of radiation striking the crystal changes, the amount of charge also changes and can then be measured with a sensitive FET device built into the sensor. The sensor elements are sensitive to radiation over a wide range so a filter window is added to theTO5 package to limit detectable radiation to the 8 to 14mm range which is most sensitive to human body radiation.

Typically, the FET source terminal pin 2 connects through a pulldown resistor of about 100 K to ground and feeds into a two stage amplifier having signal conditioning circuits. The amplifier is typically bandwidth limited to below 10Hz to reject high frequency noise and is followed by a window comparator that responds to both the positive and negative transitions of the sensor output signal. A well filtered powersource of from 3 to 15 volts should be connected to the FET drain terminal pin 1.

The PIR325 sensor has two sensing elements connected in a

voltage bucking configuration. This arrangement cancels signals caused by vibration, temperature changes and sunlight.A body passing in front of the sensor will activate first one and then the other element whereas other sources will affect both elements simultaneously and be cancelled. The radiation source must pass across the sensor in a horizontal direction when sensor pins 1 and 2 are on a horizontal plane so that theelements are sequentially exposed to the IR source. A focusingdevice is usually used in front of the sensor

The figure below shows the PIR325 electrical specifications and layout in its TO5 package. Note the wide viewing angle

without an external lens.

This is a typical application circuit that drives a relay. R10and C6 adjust the amount of time that RY1 remains energized after motion is detected. Download PDF drawing.

  Fresnel Lens_____________

A Fresnel lens (pronounced Frennel) is a Plano Convex lens that has been collapsed on itself to form a flat lens that retains its optical characteristics but is much smaller in thickness and therefore has less absorption losses.

Our FL65 Fresnel lens is made of an infrared transmitting material that has an IR transmission range of 8 to 14um which is most sensitive to human body radiation. It is designed to

have its grooves facing the IR sensing element so that a smooth surface is presented to the subject side of the lens which is usually the outside of an enclosure that houses the sensor.

The lens element is round with a diameter of 1 inch and has a flange that is 1.5 inches square. This flange is used for mounting the lens in a suitable frame or enclosure. Mounting can best and most easily be done with strips of Scotch tape. Silicone rubber can also be used if it overlaps the edges to form a captive mount.

The FL65 has a focal length of 0.65 inches from the lens to the sensing element. It has been determined by experiment to have a field of view of approximately 10 degrees when used with a PIR325 Pyroelectric sensor.

This relatively inexpensive and easy to use Pyroelectric Sensor and Fresnel Lens can be used in a variety of science projects, robots and other useful devices.

How Infrared motion detector components work

  Infrared Radiation_____________

Infrared radiation exists in the electromagnetic spectrum at awavelength that is longer than visible light. It cannot be seen but it can be detected. Objects that generate heat also generate infrared radiation and those objects include animals and the human body whose radiation is strongest at a wavelength of 9.4um. Infrared in this range will not pass through many types of material that pass visible light such asordinary window glass and plastic. However it will pass through, with some attenuation, material that is opaque to visible light such as germanium and silicon. An unprocessed silicon wafer makes a good IR window in a weatherproof enclosure for outdoor use. It also provides additional filtering for light in the visible range. 9.4um infrared will also pass through polyethylene which is usually used to make Fresnel lenses to focus the infarared onto  sensor elements. Pyroelectric Sensors_____________The pyroelectric sensor is made of a crystalline material thatgenerates a surface electric charge when exposed to heat in the form of infrared radiation. When the amount of radiation striking the crystal changes, the amount of charge also changes and can then be measured with a sensitive FET device built into the sensor. The sensor elements are sensitive to radiation over a wide range so a filter window is added to theTO5 package to limit detectable radiation to the 8 to 14mm range which is most sensitive to human body radiation.Typically, the FET source terminal pin 2 connects through a pulldown resistor of about 100 K to ground and feeds into a two stage amplifier having signal conditioning circuits. The amplifier is typically bandwidth limited to below 10Hz to reject high frequency noise and is followed by a window comparator that responds to both the positive and negative transitions of the sensor output signal. A well filtered powersource of from 3 to 15 volts should be connected to the FET drain terminal pin 1.

The PIR325 sensor has two sensing elements connected in a voltage bucking configuration. This arrangement cancels signals caused by vibration, temperature changes and sunlight.A body passing in front of the sensor will activate first one and then the other element whereas other sources will affect both elements simultaneously and be cancelled. The radiation source must pass across the sensor in a horizontal direction when sensor pins 1 and 2 are on a horizontal plane so that theelements are sequentially exposed to the IR source. A focusingdevice is usually used in front of the sensor

The figure below shows the PIR325 electrical specifications and layout in its TO5 package. Note the wide viewing angle without an external lens.

This is a typical application circuit that drives a relay. R10and C6 adjust the amount of time that RY1 remains energized after motion is detected. Download PDF drawing.

  Fresnel Lens_____________A Fresnel lens (pronounced Frennel) is a Plano Convex lens that has been collapsed on itself to form a flat lens that retains its optical characteristics but is much smaller in thickness and therefore has less absorption losses.

Our FL65 Fresnel lens is made of an infrared transmitting material that has an IR transmission range of 8 to 14um which is most sensitive to human body radiation. It is designed to have its grooves facing the IR sensing element so that a smooth surface is presented to the subject side of the lens which is usually the outside of an enclosure that houses the sensor.The lens element is round with a diameter of 1 inch and has a

flange that is 1.5 inches square. This flange is used for mounting the lens in a suitable frame or enclosure. Mounting can best and most easily be done with strips of Scotch tape. Silicone rubber can also be used if it overlaps the edges to form a captive mount.The FL65 has a focal length of 0.65 inches from the lens to the sensing element. It has been determined by experiment to have a field of view of approximately 10 degrees when used with a PIR325 Pyroelectric sensor.

This relatively inexpensive and easy to use Pyroelectric Sensor and Fresnel Lens can be used in a variety of science projects, robots and other useful devices.

How Infrared motion detector components work

  Infrared Radiation_____________

Infrared radiation exists in the electromagnetic spectrum at awavelength that is longer than visible light. It cannot be seen but it can be detected. Objects that generate heat also generate infrared radiation and those objects include animals and the human body whose radiation is strongest at a wavelength of 9.4um. Infrared in this range will not pass through many types of material that pass visible light such asordinary window glass and plastic. However it will pass through, with some attenuation, material that is opaque to visible light such as germanium and silicon. An unprocessed silicon wafer makes a good IR window in a weatherproof enclosure for outdoor use. It also provides additional filtering for light in the visible range. 9.4um infrared will also pass through polyethylene which is usually used to make Fresnel lenses to focus the infarared onto  sensor elements.

 Pyroelectric Sensors_____________

The pyroelectric sensor is made of a crystalline material that

generates a surface electric charge when exposed to heat in the form of infrared radiation. When the amount of radiation striking the crystal changes, the amount of charge also changes and can then be measured with a sensitive FET device built into the sensor. The sensor elements are sensitive to radiation over a wide range so a filter window is added to theTO5 package to limit detectable radiation to the 8 to 14mm range which is most sensitive to human body radiation.

Typically, the FET source terminal pin 2 connects through a pulldown resistor of about 100 K to ground and feeds into a two stage amplifier having signal conditioning circuits. The amplifier is typically bandwidth limited to below 10Hz to reject high frequency noise and is followed by a window comparator that responds to both the positive and negative transitions of the sensor output signal. A well filtered powersource of from 3 to 15 volts should be connected to the FET drain terminal pin 1.

The PIR325 sensor has two sensing elements connected in a voltage bucking configuration. This arrangement cancels signals caused by vibration, temperature changes and sunlight.A body passing in front of the sensor will activate first one and then the other element whereas other sources will affect both elements simultaneously and be cancelled. The radiation source must pass across the sensor in a horizontal direction when sensor pins 1 and 2 are on a horizontal plane so that theelements are sequentially exposed to the IR source. A focusingdevice is usually used in front of the sensor

The figure below shows the PIR325 electrical specifications and layout in its TO5 package. Note the wide viewing angle without an external lens.

This is a typical application circuit that drives a relay. R10and C6 adjust the amount of time that RY1 remains energized after motion is detected. Download PDF drawing.

  Fresnel Lens_____________

A Fresnel lens (pronounced Frennel) is a Plano Convex lens that has been collapsed on itself to form a flat lens that retains its optical characteristics but is much smaller in thickness and therefore has less absorption losses.

Our FL65 Fresnel lens is made of an infrared transmitting material that has an IR transmission range of 8 to 14um which is most sensitive to human body radiation. It is designed to

have its grooves facing the IR sensing element so that a smooth surface is presented to the subject side of the lens which is usually the outside of an enclosure that houses the sensor.

The lens element is round with a diameter of 1 inch and has a flange that is 1.5 inches square. This flange is used for mounting the lens in a suitable frame or enclosure. Mounting can best and most easily be done with strips of Scotch tape. Silicone rubber can also be used if it overlaps the edges to form a captive mount.

The FL65 has a focal length of 0.65 inches from the lens to the sensing element. It has been determined by experiment to have a field of view of approximately 10 degrees when used with a PIR325 Pyroelectric sensor.

This relatively inexpensive and easy to use Pyroelectric Sensor and Fresnel Lens can be used in a variety of science projects, robots and other useful devices.

Stepper MotorA stepper motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical pulses intodiscrete mechanical movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor rotates in

discrete step increments when electrical command pulses are applied to it in theproper sequence. The motors rotation has several direct relationships to these appliedinput pulses. The sequence of the applied pulses is directly related to the direction ofmotor shafts rotation. The speed of the motor shafts rotation is directly related tothe frequency of the input pulses and the length of rotation is directly related to thenumber of input pulses applied.

Stepper Motor Advantagesand DisadvantagesAdvantages1. The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.2. The motor has full torque at standstill (if the windings are energized)3. Precise positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper motorshave an accuracy of3 – 5% of a step and this error is non cumulative from one step to the next.4. Excellent response to starting/ stopping/reversing.5. Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore the life of the motor issimply dependant on the life of the bearing.6. The motors response to digital input pulses provides open-loopcontrol, making the motor simpler and less costly to control.7. It is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous rotation with aload that is directly coupled to the shaft.8. A wide range of rotational speeds can be realized as the speed isproportional to the frequency of theinput pulses.

Disadvantages1. Resonances can occur if not properly controlled.2. Not easy to operate at extremely high speeds.

Open Loop OperationOne of the most significant advantages of a stepper motor is its ability to beaccurately controlled in an open loop system. Open loop control means nofeedback information about position is needed. This type of controleliminates the need for expensive sensing and feedback devices such asoptical encoders. Your position is known simply by keeping track of the input step pulses.

When to Use a StepperMotorA stepper motor can be a good choice whenever controlled movement isrequired. They can be used to advantage in applications where you need to

control rotation angle, speed, position and synchronism. Because of the inherentadvantages listed previously, stepper motors have found their place in many different applications. Someof these include printers, plotters, highend office equipment, hard diskdrives, medical equipment, fax machines, automotive and many more.

acrylic glassPMMA is a strong and lightweight material. It has a density of 1.17–1.20 g/cm3,[1][14] which is less than half that of glass.[1] It also has good impact strength, higher than both glass and polystyrene; however, PMMA's impact strength is still significantly lower than polycarbonate and some engineered polymers. PMMA ignites at 460 °C (860 °F) and burns, forming carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide and low-molecular-weight compounds, including formaldehyde.[15]

PMMA transmits up to 92% of visible light (3 mm thickness), and gives a reflection of about 4% from each of its surfaces on account of its refractive index (1.4914 at 587.6 nm).[3] It filters ultraviolet (UV) light at wavelengths below about 300 nm (similar to ordinary window glass). Some manufacturers[16] add coatings or additives to PMMA to improve absorption in the 300–400 nm range. PMMA passes infrared light of up to 2800 nm and blocks IR of longer wavelengths up to 25000 nm. Colored PMMA varieties allow specific IR wavelengths to pass while blocking visible light (for remote control or heat sensor applications, for example).

PMMA swells and dissolves in many organic solvents; it also has poor resistance to many other chemicals on account of its easily hydrolyzed ester groups. Nevertheless, its environmental stability is superior to most other plastics such as polystyrene and polyethylene, and PMMA is therefore often the material of choice for outdoor applications.[17]

PMMA has a maximum water absorption ratio of 0.3–0.4% by weight.[14] Tensile strength decreases with increased water absorption.[18]

Its coefficient of thermal expansion is relatively high at (5–10)×10−5 K−1.[19]

CAGE SPECIFICATION: