National and Global Issues in the Language Education Policy of Kazakhstan: Stagnating Attempts to...

ICCEES IX World Congress in Makuhari, JapanAugust 3 ~ 8, 2015

Roundtable

“Educational Reforms in Post-Soviet Central Asian Countries: Nation-building and Global Challenges”

(August 9, 2015, 16:30 ~18:00)

National and Global Issues in the Language Education Policy of Kazakhstan: Stagnating Attempts

to Educate Multilingual Kazakhstanis

Kuanysh Tastanbekova

University of Tsukuba

[email protected]

Contents

�National and global issues in language education policy

of Kazakhstan

� Language situation in Kazakhstan: ethnic composition

and language proficiency

� Language legislation

�Major language education policies

�Statistical data about language education

�Realities of multilingual education

�Why attempts to educate multilingual Kazakhstanis are

stagnating?

National and global issues in language education policy of Kazakhstan

�Consolidation of nation (formation of “Kazakhstanis”) through knowledge of state language – replacement of Russian as language of inter-ethnic communication by Kazakh - obligation for all non-Kazakhs to acquire Kazakh language

�Rising competitiveness of Kazakhstan in international society and global market (join most developed 50 (30) countries) – fostering multilingualism (in fact Kazakh-English-Russian trilingualism)

Ethnic composition of population

Population 2009

(National Census)

2015

(Annual statistics)

Total 16,009,597 (100%) 17,416,173 (100%)

Kazakhs 10,096,763 (63.1%) 11,497,349 (66%)

Russians 3,793,764 (23.7%) 3,666,981 (21%)

Uzbeks 456,997 (2.9%) 534,968 (3%)

Ukrainians 333,031 (2.1%) 295,436 (1.6%)

Uighurs 224,713 (1.4%) 251,525 (1.4%)

Tatars 204,229 (1.3%) 202,977 (1.1%)

Germans 178,409 (1.1%) 181,958 (1%)

Tajiks 36,277 (0.2%) 43,366 (0.2%)

Other ethnic groups

(117)

758,453 (4.2) 744,013 (4.7%)

Source: Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on Statistics www.stat.gov.kz

Language Proficiency by Ethnic GroupsLanguage Proficiency (“Can understand oral speech”)

(from National Census 2009)

Language

Ethnicity

Mother Tongue

(nominative)

Kazakh Russian English

Kazakhs 98.9% 99.3% 92.0% 17.5%

Russians 98.8% 25.3% 98.4% 12.6%

Uzbeks 95.4% 95.5% 92.9% 10.7%

Ukrainians 15.8% 21.5% 98.9% 8%

Uighurs 85% 93.7% 95.8% 15.7%

Tatars 51% 72.6% 98.4% 14.2%

Germans 17% 24.7% 99% 9.1%

Tajiks 92.4% 89.4% 85.2% 6.8%

Total 74% 94.4% 15.4


Sociolinguistic situation: linguistic map

Ethnologue. Languages of the World https://www.ethnologue.com/map/KZ

Language Legislation� Constitutions (1993, 1995), Law on Languages (1997)

-> Kazakh is a state language, Russian is officially used in state organizations; the right to receive education in mother tongue is guaranteed for those who live

� Law on Education (1992, 1999, 2007)

-> Kazakh and Russian languages are compulsory, provision of conditions for access to education in mother tongue

� Conception of Language Policy Development (1996)

-> Priority of the development of state language

� State program of developing and functioning of languages for period 2001-2010 (2001) and 2011-2020 (2011)

-> Priority of the development of state language

� Cultural project “Trinity of languages” (2007)

-> Educating the new generation with fluent command of Kazakh, Russian and English languages

Major language education policies in general secondary education

� Increasing the number of Kazakh schools and decreasing the number of

Russian schools by turning them into “mixed schools” (merging them with Kazakh and other minority language (Uzbek, Uighur, Tajik) schools.

� Setting the Kazakh and Russian as languages of National Unified Test

(unified form of final assessment of secondary education level and university entrance examination)

� Hours of “Kazakh language and literature” for Russian and minority

language schools has been increased.

� Hours of “Russian language and literature” has been increased in minority language schools

� English has been introduced from the first grade of primary education (one hour a week)

Shift in number of schools by language of instruction

(1975-2014)SchoolSchoolSchoolSchool YearYearYearYear TotalTotalTotalTotal KazakhKazakhKazakhKazakh

SchoolsSchoolsSchoolsSchools

RussianRussianRussianRussian


Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek Uzbek


Uighur Uighur Uighur Uighur


Tajik Tajik Tajik Tajik


MixedMixedMixedMixed


1975197519751975----1976197619761976 8,5338,5338,5338,533 2,4862,4862,4862,486 4,6044,6044,6044,604 139139139139 54545454 8888 1,2421,2421,2421,242

1985198519851985----1986198619861986 7,6847,6847,6847,684 2,4572,4572,4572,457 4,0514,0514,0514,051 73737373 11111111 3333 1,0891,0891,0891,089

1995199519951995----1996199619961996 8,7328,7328,7328,732 3,4623,4623,4623,462 2,5562,5562,5562,556 73737373 14141414 2222 2,4622,4622,4622,462

2005200520052005----2006200620062006 8,1578,1578,1578,157 3,7233,7233,7233,723 2,1002,1002,1002,100 75757575 15151515 3333 2,1252,1252,1252,125

2014201420142014----2015201520152015 7,2227,2227,2227,222 3,7943,7943,7943,794 1,2911,2911,2911,291 20202020 13131313 4444 2,1002,1002,1002,100

1975197519751975----2014201420142014 ----1,3111,3111,3111,311 +1,308+1,308+1,308+1,308 ----3,3133,3133,3133,313 ----119119119119 ----41414141 ----4444 +1,181+1,181+1,181+1,181

Source: Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on Statistics www.stat.gov.kzStatistical data on Education from State archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Shift in number of students by language of instruction

0000

500,000500,000500,000500,000

1,000,0001,000,0001,000,0001,000,000

1,500,0001,500,0001,500,0001,500,000

2,000,0002,000,0002,000,0002,000,000

2,500,0002,500,0002,500,0002,500,000

3,000,0003,000,0003,000,0003,000,000

3,500,0003,500,0003,500,0003,500,000

4,000,0004,000,0004,000,0004,000,000

1969-19701969-19701969-19701969-1970 1981-19821981-19821981-19821981-1982 1991-19921991-19921991-19921991-1992 2001-20022001-20022001-20022001-2002 2011-20122011-20122011-20122011-2012

KazakhKazakhKazakhKazakh

RussianRussianRussianRussian

UzbekUzbekUzbekUzbek

UighurUighurUighurUighur

TajikTajikTajikTajik

TotalTotalTotalTotal

Source: Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on Statistics www.stat.gov.kzStatistical data on Education from State archive

Minority languages taught at school(number of schools, 2014-2015 school year)

Minority language as

language of

instruction


compulsory subject


elective subject

Uzbek(135)

Uighur(62)

Tajik(12)

Uzbek（53）

Uighur (23)

Turkish (5)

Kurdish (2)

Azeri(1)

Chechen(1)

Polish(13)

Turkish(10)

Dungan(3)

Kurdish（3）

Uighur（2）

Korean（1）

German（1）


Changes in language education workload: SCSE 2002

State Compulsory Standard of Education 2002

Language of

InstructionSubject Name

Basic Secondary Education

Primary Education Lower Secondary Education

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

Kazakh

Kaz.Lang.&Literature 7 8 8 8 6 5 5 4 4

Russ.Lang. &Literature 0 0 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

Foreign Language 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2

Hours per week 7 8 10 10 11 10 10 9 9

Russian




Hours per week 9 10 10 10 12 11 11 10 10

Minority Languages

(Uzbek, Uighur, Tajik)

Mother tongue &

Literature7 8 8 8 6 5 5 4 4




Hours per week 9 10 12 12 12 11 11 10 10


Language of





Kazakh


Russ.Lang.&Literature 0 0 2 2 3 3 3 3 3


Hours per week 7 8 10 10 11 10 10 9 9

Russian




Hours per week 10 11 12 12 14 13 13 12 12

Minority Languages


Mother tongue &

Literature7 8 8 8 6 5 5 4 4




Hours per week 10 11 14 14 14 13 13 12 12



Language of





Kazakh

Kaz.Lang.& Literature 7 8 8 8 6 5 5 5 4



Hours per week 8 9 11 11 11 10 10 9 9

Russian




Hours per week 10 11 13 13 12 12 12 12 11

Minority Languages


Mother tongue

&Literature7 8 8 8 5 4 5 5 4




Hours per week 10 11 14 14 14 12 14 14 12


Realities of multilingual education

(2014-2015 school year)

Trilingual education implemented in:

� 104 experimental schools (mostly schools for gifted children, gymnasiums and lycees in urban areas)

� 13 Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (special schools for gifted children)

� 77% of all schools are rural; 58% of rural schools are “ungraded schools”

� Deficit of teachers – 900 (math 301, Russian language 131, English 27, all in rural schools)

� In 25% of all schools (33% of rural schools) foreign language is not taught

� 57,155 students do not have textbooks (33,486 students at Kazakh schools, 12,781 students at Russian schools, 10,236 students at Uzbek schools, 1,252 students at Tajik schools)

VS

Why attempts to educate multilingual Kazakshtanis are

stagnating?

�Gap between policy declarations and their

implementations. Obvious elitist focus of multilingual education.

�Gap between urban and rural schools

�Lack of (multilingual) teachers (due to low social status

of teaching profession)

�Lack of effective methodology and teacher training

Why attempts to educate multilingual Kazakshtanisare stagnating?

�Limited social equity of multilingual education policy

“Language policy should focus its impact on the

disempowerment of socioeconomic groups within language

groups” (Hossain, T., Pratt, C.B., 2008)

Kazakhstan’s language policy is focused on attaining

procedural justice (fairness of systems or procedures, e.g.

neutrality, absence of prejudice, presence of ethics) rather than

distributive justice (that “underpins fairness and equity in the

distribution of benefits and burdens of consistent with social

position of social groups in a nation; seeks to respond proactively

to structural inequalities that have potential to lead to group

marginalization and alienation”) .

References� Государственный общеобязательный стандарт образования. Среднее образование. Образование средее общее. Основные

положения ГОСО PK 2.003-2002, ГОСО РК 2.3.4.01-2010, ГОСО-2012 №1080

� Государственная программа функционирования и развития языков на 2001-2010 годы, Астана, Утверждена Указом Президента Республики Казахстан №550 от 7 февраля 2001 года.

� Государственная программа функционирования и развития языков на 2011-2010 годы, Астана, Утверждена Указом Президента Республики Казахстан №110 от 29 июня 20011 года.

� Закон Республики Казахстан от 18 января 1992 года №1153-XII «Об образовании»

� Закон Республики Казахстан от 7 июня 1999 года №389-1 «Об образовании»

� Закон Республики Казахстан от 27 июля 2007 года № 319-III «Об образовании»

� Конституция Республики Казахстан. Принята постановлением Верховного Совета Республики Казахстан от 28 января 1993 года.

� Конституция Республики Казахстан. Принята на республиканском референдуме 30 августа 1995 года.

� Конецпция развития языковой политики Республики Казахстан. Утверждена распоряжением Президента Республики Казахстан

№3186 от 4 ноября 1996 г.

� Послание Президента РК Н.А. Назарбаева народу Казахстана «Новый Казахстан в Новом Мире»,Астана, 28 февраля 2007 года.

� Министерство образования и науки Республики Казахстан, Карагандинский Государственный Университет им. акад.Е.А.Букетова, 2008, Концепция развития полиязычного образования в Республике Казахстан. Караганда.

� Статистические отчеты о распределении школ и учащихся по языкам обучения （на начало 1969-1970, 1980-1981, 1982-1983, 1984-1985, 1993-1994, 1994-1995, 1995-1996 учебных годов）, Центральный Госрархив РК, ф.1692, оп.2пр, оп.2; ф.2255, оп.1

� Статистические отчеты о распределении школ и учащихся по языкам обучения (на начало 1998-1999, 1999-2000, 2000-2001, 2001-2002, 2002-2003, 2003-2004, 2004-2005, 2005-2006, 2006-2007, 2007-2008, 2008-2009, 2009-2010, 2010-2011, 2011-2012, 2012-2013, 2013-2014, 2014-2015 учебных годов), по материалам Комитета по статистике Республики Казахстан www.stat.gov.kz

� Hossain, T., Pratt C.B., (2008), Language rights: a framework for ensuring social equity in planning and implementing national-education policies, New Horizons of Education, Vol.56 No.3, pp.63-74

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