Muhammad Asad

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Muhammad Asad محمداسد

Born 2 July 1900

Lemberg, Austria-Hungary

Died 20 February 1992 (aged 91)

Granada, Spain

Nationality Austrian

[1]

Pakistani[2]

Alma mater University of Vienna (dropped out in

1920)

Notable work The Message of Quran, Road to

Mecca

Religion Islam (previously Judaism)

Region Middle East, Pakistan

Main interests Islamic Studies, Islamic Democracy,

Muslim world

Notable ideas Islamic State

[3]

Independent Reasoning[4]

Influences[show]

Influenced[show]

Muhammad Asad (pronounced [ˈmoʊ hämæd ˈæsæd] ( listen), Urdu: محمد اسد , born

Leopold Weiss; 2 July 1900 – 20 February 1992)[16]

was a Jewish-born Austro-Hungarian

journalist, traveler, writer, linguist, thinker, political theorist, diplomat and Islamic scholar.[4]

Asad was one of the most influential European Muslims of the 20th century.[17][dubious – discuss]

By the age of thirteen, young Weiss had acquired a passing fluency in Hebrew and Aramaic,

other than his native languages German and Polish.[18][19]

By his mid-twenties, he could read

and write in English, French, Persian and Arabic.[20][21][22][23]

In Palestine, Weiss engaged in

arguments with Zionist leaders like Chaim Weizmann, voicing his criticism of the Zionist

Movement.[19]

After traveling across the Arab World as a journalist, he converted to Islam

and chose for himself the Muslim name "Muhammad Asad"—Asad being the Arabic

rendition of his root name Leo (Lion).[24]

During his stay in Saudi Arabia, he spent time with Bedouins and enjoyed close company of

Ibn Saud—the founder of modern Saudi Arabia.[7][8]

He also carried out a secret mission for

Ibn Saud to trace the sources of funding for the Ikhwan Revolt. Due to these activities, he

was dubbed in a Haaretz article as "Leopold of Arabia"—hinting similarity of his activities to

those of Lawrence of Arabia.[19]

On his visit to India, Asad became friends with Muslim poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal

who persuaded him to abandon his eastward travels and "help elucidate the intellectual

premises of the future Islamic State".[25][26]

He also spent five years in internment by the

British Government at the outbreak of World War II.[2]

On 14 August 1947, Asad got

Pakistani citizenship and later served at several bureaucratic and diplomatic positions

including the Director of Department of Islamic Reconstruction, Deputy Secretary (Middle

East Division) in the Foreign Ministry of Pakistan and Pakistan's Envoy to the United

Nations.[7][8][25]

In the West, Asad rose to prominence as a writer with his best-selling autobiography, The

Road to Mecca.[26][27][28]

Later, after seventeen years of scholarly research, he published his

magnum opus: The Message of the Qur'an—an English translation and commentary of the

Quran.[29]

The book, along with the translations of Pickthall and Yusuf Ali, is regarded as one

of the most influential translations of the modern era.[4][30][29]

An ardent proponent of Ijtihad

and rationality in interpreting religious texts, he dedicates his works:

لقوم يتفكرون

to People who Think.[29][31]

In 2008, the entrance square to the UN Office in Vienna was named Muhammad Asad Platz

in commemoration of his work as a "religious bridge-builder".[32]

Asad has been described by

his biographers as "Europe's gift to Islam" and "A Mediator between Islam and the

West".[33][34]

“ Islam should be

presented without

any fanaticism.

Without any stress

on our having the

only possible way ”

and the others are

lost. Moderation

in all forms is a

basic demand of

Islam.

— Muhammad Asad [27]

Contents

1 Personal life

o 1.1 Background

o 1.2 Years in wilderness (1920–1922)

o 1.3 Later years and death

o 1.4 Family

2 Stay in Middle East (1922–1926)

o 2.1 Foreign correspondent for Frankfurter Zeitung

3 Conversion to Islam (1926)

4 Years in Arabia (1927–1931)

o 4.1 Ibn Saud's confidant and Bolshevik allegations

o 4.2 Ikhwan Rebellion

5 Years In British India and Pakistan (1932–1952)

o 5.1 Adoption of Iqbal's idea

o 5.2 Internment as enemy alien (1939–1945)

o 5.3 Role in Pakistan Movement

o 5.4 Career as a diplomat

o 5.5 Marriage controversy and resignation

6 Honors and recognition

o 6.1 Muhammad Asad Platz

o 6.2 Honorary postage stamp

7 Bibliography

o 7.1 Portrayals

o 7.2 Literary works

8 See also

9 References

10 Sources

11 External links

Personal life

The Berliner Gedenktafel (Berlin Memorial Plaque) for Muhammad Asad.

Background

Leopold Weiss born on 2 July 1900 to a Jewish family in Lemberg, Galicia, then part of the

Austro-Hungarian Empire (which is currently the city of Lviv, Ukraine). Weiss was a

descendant of a long line of Jewish rabbis; however, his father, Akiva Weiss, broke from

tradition and became a lawyer. Leopold received a religious education and was proficient in

Hebrew from an early age, as well as familiar with Aramaic. He studied the Jewish Bible or

Tanakh, the text and commentaries of the Talmud, the Mishna and Gemara, also delving into

the intricacies of Biblical exegesis and the Targum.

At the age of fourteen he made an escape from school and joined the Austrian army under a

false name. After a week or so, his father traced him with the help of the police, and he was

ignominiously escorted back to Vienna[35]

Years in wilderness (1920–1922)

After abandoning university in Vienna, Weiss drifted aimlessly around 1920s Germany,

working briefly for the expressionist film director, Fritz Lang (F.W. Murnau, according to

The Road to Mecca). By his own account, after selling a jointly written film script, he

splurged the windfall on a wild party at an expensive Berlin restaurant, in the spirit of the

times. While working as a telephone operator for an American news agency in Berlin, Weiss

obtained a coveted interview with Russian author Maxim Gorky's wife, his first published

piece of journalism, after simply ringing up her hotel room.[2]

Later years and death

Towards the end of his life, Asad moved to Spain and lived there with his third wife, Pola

Hamida Asad, an American national of Polish Catholic descent who had also converted to

Islam, until his death on 20 February 1992 at the age of 91. He was buried in the Muslim

cemetery of Granada in the former Moorish province of Andalusia, Spain.

Family

Asad had a son, Talal Asad, from his second Saudi Arabian wife, Munira. Talal Asad is now

an anthropologist specializing in religious studies and postcolonialism. Asad also had a step-

son named Heinrich (converted name Ahmad) with his first wife Else (converted name

Aziza).[36]

Stay in Middle East (1922–1926)

External images

Muhammad Asad Photo Album

Muhammad Asad in traditional Arabic dress.

(See also: Other photos from album covering

important events of his life).

In 1922 Weiss moved to the British Mandate of Palestine, staying in Jerusalem at the house

of his maternal uncle Dorian Feigenbaum at his invitation. Feigenbaum was a psychoanalyst,

and a disciple of Freud and later founded the Psychoanalytic Quarterly. It was from this base

that Leopold Weiss would first explore the realities of Islam. But his exploration would be

prefaced by another revelation, of the perceived immoralities of Zionism.[8]

Foreign correspondent for Frankfurter Zeitung

He picked up work as a stringer for the German newspaper Frankfurter Zeitung, one of the

most prestigious newspapers of Germany and Europe, selling articles on a freelance basis.

His pieces were noteworthy for their understanding of Arab fears and grievances against the

Zionist project. He published a small book on the subject in 1924, and this so inspired the

confidence of the Frankfurter Zeitung that it commissioned him to travel more widely still, to

collect information for a full-scale book. Weiss made the trip, which lasted two years.

Conversion to Islam (1926)

Weiss's assignments led him to an ever-deepening engagement with and understanding of

Islam, which, after much thought and deliberation, led to his religious conversion in 1926 in

Berlin and adopting an Arabic name, Muhammad Asad.

Asad spoke of Islam thus:

"Islam appears to me like a perfect work of architecture. All its parts are harmoniously

conceived to complement and support each other; nothing is superfluous and nothing lacking;

and the result is a structure of absolute balance and solid composure."[2]

Magazine Saudi Aramco World in a 2002 essay described his journey to conversion in these

words: "Two roads diverged in Berlin in the 1920's: a well-worn one to the West, the other,

rarely traveled, to the East. Leopold Weiss, a gifted young writer, traveler and linguist with a

thorough knowledge of the Bible and the Talmud and with deep roots in European culture,

took the road eastward to Makkah."[2]

Years in Arabia (1927–1931)

After his conversion to Islam, Asad moved to Saudi Arabia making a journey by camel across

the Arabian Desert, from Tayma to Mecca.[37]

He stayed there for nearly six years during

which he made five pilgrimages.[38]

Alongside, he started writing essays for Swiss newspaper

Neue Zürcher Zeitung, and continued to do so till 1934.[39]

Ibn Saud's confidant and Bolshevik allegations

After the sudden death of his wife Elsa, Asad stayed on in the holy city where, in a chance

encounter in the Grand Mosque's library, he met Prince Faysal. On Faysal's invitation, Asad

met King Abdulaziz (founder of modern Saudi Arabia); the meeting led to almost daily

audiences with the King, who quickly came to appreciate Asad's knowledge, keen mind and

spiritual depth.[2]

Ibn Saud allowed Asad to visit the Najd region (in the King's company),

which was forbidden to foreigners at that time.[1]

In late 1928, an Iraqi named Abdallah Damluji, who had been an adviser to Ibn Saud,

submitted a report to the British on "Bolshevik and Soviet penetration" of the Hijaz. In this

report, after highlighting Asad's activities in Arabia, Damluji alleged Asad of having

connections with Bolsheviks: "What is the real mission which makes him endure the greatest

discomforts and the worst conditions of life? On what basis rests the close intimacy between

him and Shaykh Yusuf Yasin (secretary to the King and editor of the official newspaper

Umm al-Qura)? Is there some connection between von Weiss and the Bolshevik consulate in

Jidda?" [8]

Ikhwan Rebellion

According to Asad, he did finally become a secret agent of sorts. Ibn Saud sent him on a

secret mission to Kuwait in 1929, to trace the sources of financial and military assistance

being provided to Faysal al-Dawish – an Ikhwan leader-turned-rebel against Ibn Saud’s

rule.[8]

Asad, after traveling day and night through the desert without lighting fire, reached

Kuwait to collect first-hand evidence. He concluded that the British were providing arms and

money to Ad-Dawish to weaken Ibn Saud for the purpose of securing a 'land route to India' –

a railroad from Haifa to Basra ultimately connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian

subcontinent.[40]

[41]

Years In British India and Pakistan (1932–1952)

Muhammad Asad (seated right) and his wife Pola Hamida Asad (seated left) at the residence

of Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan in Jauharabad, Pakistan. Circa 1957

Adoption of Iqbal's idea

Asad left Arabia and came to British India in 1932 where he met South Asia's premier

Muslim poet, philosopher and thinker, Muhammad Iqbal, who had proposed the idea of an

independent Muslim state in India, which later became Pakistan. Iqbal persuaded Asad to

stay on in British India and help the Muslims of India establish their separate Muslim state.

Iqbal introduced Asad to Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan, a philanthropist and agriculturalist, who,

on the advice of Muhammad Iqbal, established the Dar-ul-Islam Trust Institutes in Pathankot,

India and Jauharabad, Pakistan. Asad stayed on in British India and worked with both

Muhammad Iqbal and Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan.[42]

Internment as enemy alien (1939–1945)

When the Second World War broke out in 1939, Asad's parents were arrested and,

subsequently, murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust. Asad himself was arrested in

Lahore in 1939, a day after the war broke out, by the British as an enemy alien. This was

despite the fact that Asad had refused German nationality after the annexation of Austria in

1938 and had insisted on retaining his Austrian citizenship. Asad spent three years

incarcerated in a prison, while his family consisting of his wife, Munira, and son, Talal, after

being released from detention earlier, lived under the protection of Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan

at the latter's vast 1,000-acre (4.0 km2) estate in Jamalpur, 5 km west of Pathankot. Asad was

finally released and reunited with his family in Jamalpur when the Second World War ended

in 1945.[42]

Role in Pakistan Movement

Asad supported the idea of a separate Muslim state in India and after the independence of

Pakistan on 14 August 1947, in recognition for his support for Pakistan, Asad was conferred

full citizenship by Pakistan and appointed the Director of the Department of Islamic

Reconstruction by the Government of Pakistan,[43]

where he made recommendations on the

drafting of Pakistan's first Constitution.[2]

In 1949, Asad joined Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign

Affairs as head of the Middle East Division and made efforts to strengthen Pakistan's ties

with the Muslim states of the Middle East. In 1952, Asad was appointed as Pakistan's

Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Nations in New York – a position that he relinquished

in 1952 to write his autobiography (up to the age of 32), The Road to Mecca.[2][44]

Asad loved Pakistan, his conception of Pakistan, even when it turned its back on him, and he

never felt resentment at the treatment he had received from it. He remained a citizen– the first

citizen of Pakistan– until the end, although he had been strongly tempted to accept the

generous, spontaneous gestures of many heads of Islamic States to have their citizenship and

passport, which would have made his life so much easier.

Career as a diplomat

Asad contributed so much to Pakistan’s early political and cultural life but was unfortunately

shunted from the corridors of power. He served this country as the head of the Directorate of

Islamic Reconstruction, Joint Secretary of the Middle East Division in Foreign Office,

Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Nations and organizer of the International Islamic

Colloquium. If one delve into the archival material of these government departments, the role

played by Asad for his beloved Pakistan can be dealt with in detail.

Marriage controversy and resignation

By chance, at a reception Asad met Pola, an American of Polish origin who was destined to

become his third wife (d. 2007). She was a young, beautiful and intelligent woman. He fell in

love with her and when he came to know that she had already embraced Islam he decided to

marry her, despite the difference of age and temperament. But under the rules of the Foreign

Office, he was bound to get prior permission to marry a non-Pakistani national.[2]

He applied

through the proper channels but the Governor-General rejected his application. So, he

submitted his resignation from the Foreign Service, divorced his Arabian wife (Munira, d.

1978) and in the inspiring company of his new wife, he sat down and wrote his extraordinary

book entitled The Road to Mecca.

During his stay in Switzerland, Asad received a letter from the President of Pakistan, General

Ayub Khan, who was a great admirer of his book named The Principles of State and

Government in Islam (1961). In a subsequent exchange of letters, he proposed to Asad to

come to Pakistan and have the membership of a seven-man group of Muslim scholars – who

both supposedly knew the world and were experts on Islam – to advise him with regard to

everyday matters as well as the drawing up of a new Islamic constitution for the country.[25]

At that time, Asad was immersed in his cherished work on the Qur'an, and so he regretfully

declined.

After many years, Asad was again invited by another President of Pakistan, General Zia ul-

Haq, in 1983 and that was his last visit to this country. When he arrived at Islamabad, which

he had not yet seen, he was received at the plane with great honour and escorted to the

Presidency. During his sojourn in Islamabad, there was a series of meetings with members of

the Ansari Commission in order to prepare a kind of programme for the President for the

future. Asad agreed with some, and as usual disagreed with others, which he found

retrograde.[2]

On one point he was firm and insistent that Muslim women should have exactly

the same rights in the political sphere as had men, to the extent of becoming Prime Minister.

Asad also spared some time to meet with his surviving friends in Lahore and Islamabad and

at the request of the President made several radio and television appearances, as always

spontaneous. On his return, he was besieged by letters from literally hundreds of admirers in

Pakistan, offering him land, a house, everything but he refused politely, as his concept of

Pakistan was beyond all these worldly trivialities.

Honors and recognition

Muhammad Asad Square in Donaustadt, Vienna

Muhammad Asad Platz

In April 2008, a space in front of the UNO City in the 22nd District of Vienna was named

Muhammad Asad Platz in honor of Muhammad Asad.[45]

The step was taken as part of a two-

day program on the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue focusing on Islam and its

relationship with Europe.[46]

The program commemorated the life and work of Asad,

described as a great Austrian visionary, who earned international recognition by building

bridges between the religions.[47]

The honoree's son Talal Asad, the President of the Islamic

Community of Austria Anas Schakfeh and Vienna's cultural adviser Andreas Mailath-

Pokorny were present at the unveiling of the square. Mailath-Pokorny, while talking to the

media said:

"There is probably no more appropriate place to honor Muhammad Asad than that in front of

the UN-City. Muhammad Asad was a citizen of the world, who was at home, and left his

mark, everywhere in the world, especially in the Orient."[32]

Honorary postage stamp

On 23 March 2013, Pakistan Post issued a stamp with denomination of Rs. 15 under the

"Men of Letters" Series in honor of Allamah Muhammad Asad.[48]

Bibliography

Portrayals

In documentaries:

A Road to Mecca - The Journey of Muhammad Asad [27][49]

In books:

1. Hasan, Pipip Ahmad Rifai (1998). The Political Thought of Muhammad Asad.

Concordia University.

2. Windhager, Günther (2002). Leopold Weiss alias Muhammad Asad : Von Galizien

nach Arabien 1900 – 1927. ISBN 9783205993933.

3. Butler-Bowdon, Tom (2005). 50 spiritual classics : Timeless Wisdom from 50 Great

Books on Inner Discovery, Enlightenment and Purpose. London: Nicholas Brealey.

ISBN 1857883497.

4. Halilović, Safvet (2006). Islam i Zapad u perspektivi Asadovog mišljenja (in

Bosnian). ISBN 9789958922923.

5. Chaghatai, M. Ikram (2006). Muhammad Asad : Europe's gift to Islam.

ISBN 9789693518528.

6. Andrabi, Abroo Aman (2007). Muhammad Asad : His Contribution to Islamic

Learning. ISBN 9788178985893.

7. Wolfe, Michael (2007). One Thousand Roads to Mecca: Ten Centuries of Travelers

Writing about the Muslim Pilgrimage. New York: Grove Press.

ISBN 9780802135995.

8. Sherif, M. A. (2009). Why An Islamic State: The Life Projects of Two Great European

Muslims. ISBN 9789675062391.

9. Hoenger, Tobias (2010). Muhammad Asad: A Mediator Between the Islamic and the

Western World. ISBN 9783640782192.

In journal entries:

Elma Ruth, Harder (1998). "Muhammad Asad and 'The Road To Mecca': Text of

Muhammad Asad's Interview with Karl Günter Simon". Islamic Studies 37 (4).

ISSN 0578-8072.

Nawwab, Ismail Ibrahim (2000). "A Matter of Love: Muhammad Asad and Islam".

Islamic Studies 39 (2): 155–231. ISSN 0578-8072.

Hofmann, Murad (2000). "Muhammad Asad: Europ's Gift to Islam". Islamic Studies

39 (2): 233–247. ISSN 0578-8072.

Literary works

The Road to Mecca, which covers his life from 1900–1932, is not the only autobiography

written by Asad. He wrote another memoir tentatively titled Home-Coming Of The Heart—

covering the rest of his life (1932–1992).[50]

Due to his deteriorating health, Asad couldn't

complete this book, and could only record his experiences up to his resignation from the

United Nations Envoyship. That's why, the book consists of two parts: the first part (covering

1932–1952) is written by Asad himself, while the second part (covering 1952–1992) is

written by his wife Pola Hamida (d. 2007). Although the book hasn't been officially

published, a Pakistani writer Ikram Chaghatai has published its Urdu translation under the

title Muhammad Asad: Banda-e-Sehrai.[26][50]

Another book titled Meditations, which was intended to clarify ambiguities rising from his

translation The Message of The Qur'an, stands unpublished as of 2013.[50][51]

Furthermore, the

short book published under the title The Spirit of Islam, is not a separate book but a

republication of the first chapter of his book Islam at the Crossroads.[52]

Books:

1. The Unromantic Orient (1924)

2. Islam at the Crossroads (1934)

3. The Road to Mecca (1954)

4. The Principles of State and Government in Islam (1961)

5. The Message of The Qur'an (1980)

6. Sahih Al-Bukhari: The Early Years of Islam (1981)

7. This Law of Ours and Other Essays (1987)

8. Home-Coming Of The Heart (1933–1992) (Officially Unpublished)

9. Meditations (Unpublished)

Journals:

Arafat: A Monthly Critique of Muslim Thought (1946–47)

Video interviews:

Muhammad Asad and Dr. Hathout on Ijtihad

Muhammad Asad – God Man Relationship

Other publications:

These works survived, and were later published by him as part of This Law of Ours and

Other Essays.

Title

Original

Publication

Date

Description

Jerusalem in 1923: The

Impressions of a Young

European

1923 Later published in Islamic Studies, Islamabad in

2001. Translated by Elma Ruth Harder.[53][54]

The Concept of Religion in

the West and in Islam 1934

Later published in The Islamic Literature , Lahore in

1967.[55]

The Spirit of the West 1934 Later published in The Islamic Literature, Lahore in

1956.

Towards a Resurrection of

Thought 1937 Published in Islamic Culture, Hyderabad, Deccan.

[56]

Aims and Objectives of the

Department of Islamic

Reconstruction

1947 Published his thoughts as the Director of the

Department of Islamic Reconstruction.[57]

Calling All Musliam 1947 A collection of seven Radio Broadcasts delivered at

the request of Government of Pakistan.[58]

Islamic Constitution

Making 1948

Essay published under the auspices of the

Government of Punjab in March, 1948. It was later

expanded to the book The Principles of State and

Government in Islam.[26]

The Encounter of Islam

and The West 1959 Talk delivered on Radio Beromunster in Switzerland.

Islam and the Spirit of

Our Times 1960 Talk delivered on Radio Beromunster in Switzerland.

Answers of Islam 1960s Answers to questionnaire posed by German

publisher Gerhard Szczesny in the 1960s.

Islam and Politics 1963 Pamphlet series by Islamic Centre.[2][59]

Can the Qur’an be

Translated? 1964 Islamic Centre.

[2]

Jerusalem: The Open City 1970s Talk sent for delivery at a conference of Muslim

Students Association, United States in the late 1970s.

My Pilgrimage to Islam 1974 Published in Majalla al-Azhar.[2]

The Meaning and

Significance of the Hijrah 1979 Published in London in November 1979.

The Message of the

Qur'an 1980

Address delivered at a Conference of the Islamic

Council in London.

A Vision to Jerusalem 1982 Published in Ahlan Wasahlan, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Jerusalem: A City for all

People 1982

Later published in Arabia: The Islamic World

Review in 1985.[60]

A Tribe That Kept Its

Name 1985 Published in Arabia magazine.

[56]

The City of the Prophet 1991 Published in Muslim Africa.

See also

Islam portal

Epistemology portal

Social and political philosophy portal

Middle East portal

Pakistan portal

Timeline of Muhammad Asad's life

List of converts to Islam

Contemporary Islamic philosophy

Islamic revival

This Law of Ours and Other Essays

The Principles of State and Government in Islam

Pakistan Movement

References

1.

"Muhammad Asad: A Jewish Lawrence of Arabia".

"Islamic Encyclopedia".

Mirage, p. 10.

"Muhammad Asad's Journey into Islam".

"Salaam.co.uk's biography of Asad".

"Remembering Muhammad Asad, the West’s gift to Islam".

"Renaissance.com.pk – From Leopold Weiss to Muhammad Asad".

"Martin Kramer's research on Asad".

"Muhammad Asad Between Religion and Politics".

"Arabic Article".

"Huffington Post article".

"Tariq Ramadan's tribute to Muhammad Asad".

Khan, Imran (2011). Pakistan: A Personal History. p. 53.

"Maryam Jameelah – Islamic Encyclopedia".

"Express Tribune on Maryam Jameelah".

Windhager, Günther (2002). Leopold Weiss alias Muhammad Asad: Von Galizien nach

Arabien 1900–1927 (in German). ISBN 9783205993933. p. 203

"Leopold Weiss alias Muhammad Asad: Von Galizien nach Arabien 1900–1927".

Harder, Elma Ruth (1998). "MUHAMMAD ASAD AND "THE ROAD TO MECCA":

Text of Muhammad Asad's Interview with Karl Günter Simon". Islamic Studies: p. 536.

"Leopold of Arabia".

Road, p. 49.

Road, p. 54.

Banda-e-Sehrai, p. 123.

Road, p. 105.

"The unusual journey of Muhammad Asad".

"The First Citizen Of Pakistan".

"Criterion Quarterly".

"Al Jazeera".

Hofmann, p. 237.

"Hasan Zillur Rehman's Piece".

Hofmann, p. 242.

"Asad IRF Event".

"Austrian Times".

Hoenger, p. 1.

Ikram Chaghatai, p. 1.

Road, p. 56.

The Truth Society – Muhammed Asad

"Lure of Mecca".

"Journey of a lifetime".

Banda-e-Sehrai, p. 265.

"Umar Mukhtar – The Lion of the Desert".

Road, p. 228.

Azam, K.M., (A Righteous Life: Founder of Dar ul Islam Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan),

Lahore: Nashriyat, 2010 (583 pp., Urdu) [ISBN 978-969-8983-58-1]

"Documentary: A Road To Mecca".

"The True Call".

"UN Vienna.Org".

"Young Muslim digest on Vienna Square".

"Dawn Story on Muhammad Asad Platz".

"Pakistan Post".

"Mischief Films site".

Banda-e-Sehrai, p. 19.

"IN MEMORIAM: Muhammad Asad – An Intellectual Giant".

Hofmann, p. 238.

"Jay Editore pdf list".

Harder, Elma Ruth (2001). "Jerusalem in 1923: The Impressions of A Young European".

Islamic Studies: 697–720.

"Rupee News article".

Hasan, p. 8.

"Al-Ilm Trust".

"Scribd Calling All Muslims".

"World Catalog".

60. "World Catalog".

Sources

Asad, Muhammad (2004). The Unromantic Orient. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust.

ISBN 9789839154610.

Asad, Muhammad (2000). The principles of state and government in Islam. ([New ed.] ed.).

Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 9789839154092.

Asad, Muhammad (2000). This Law of Ours and Other Essays (1. malaysian ed., 2. repr. ed.).

Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 9789839154108.

Asad, Muhammad (1999). Islam at the Crossroads. Kuala Lumpur: Other Press.

ISBN 9789839541045.

Asad, Muhammad (1980). The Road to Mecca (4th rev. ed. ed.). Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae.

ISBN 9781887752374.

Sherif, M. A. (2009). Why An Islamic State: The Life Projects of Two Great European

Muslims. ISBN 9789675062391.

Chaghatai, M. Ikram (2006). Muhammad Asad : Europe's gift to Islam.

ISBN 9789693518528.

Andrabi, Abroo Aman (2007). Muhammad Asad : His Contribution to Islamic Learning.

ISBN 9788178985893.

Hoenger, Tobias (2010). Muhammad Asad: A Mediator Between the Islamic and the Western

World. ISBN 9783640782192.

Windhager, Günther (2002). Leopold Weiss alias Muhammad Asad : Von Galizien nach

Arabien 1900 – 1927. ISBN 9783205993933.

Hasan, Pipip Ahmad Rifai (1998). The Political Thought of Muhammad Asad. Concordia

University.

Halilović, Safvet (2006). Islam i Zapad u perspektivi Asadovog mišljenja (in Bosnian).

ISBN 9789958922923.

Fatah, Tarek (2008). Chasing a Mirage: The Tragic Illusion of an Islamic State.

ISBN 9780470841167.

Butler-Bowdon, Tom (2005). 50 spiritual classics : Timeless Wisdom from 50 Great Books on

Inner Discovery, Enlightenment and Purpose. London: Nicholas Brealey.

ISBN 1857883497.

Wolfe, Michael (2007). One Thousand Roads to Mecca: Ten Centuries of Travelers Writing

about the Muslim Pilgrimage. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 9780802135995.

Asad, Muḥammad (2009). Muḥammad Asad Banda-e-Sehrai (in Urdu). Lahore: The Truth

Society. ISBN 9789699363009.

Harder, Elma Ruth (1998). "Muhammad Asad and 'The Road To Mecca': Text of Muhammad

Asad's Interview with Karl Günter Simon". Islamic Studies 37 (4). ISSN 0578-8072.

Nawwab, Ismail Ibrahim (2000). "A Matter of Love: Muhammad Asad and Islam". Islamic

Studies 39 (2): 155–231. ISSN 0578-8072.

Hofmann, Murad (2000). "Muhammad Asad: Europ's Gift to Islam". Islamic Studies 39 (2):

233–247. ISSN 0578-8072.

External links

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Muhammad Asad

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Quotations from Wikiquote

English biography articles

By Ikram Chaghatai

Profile on Islamic Encyclopedia

Mushtaq Parker piece in The Independent

Impact International piece

Martin Kramer's piece

By the editor of IQRA Magazine

By the editor of Saudi Aramco World

Non-English articles

Spanish: Muhammad Asad-Leopold Weiss

Russian: БЕДУИН ИЗ ГАЛИЦИИ

Polish: Leopolda Weissa droga do islamu

Urdu: "Mufaad Parast Club" by Javed Chaudary

Indonesian: Mengapa Kami Memilih Islam

Arabic: اليهـــود: ماذا يقول عنهم محمد أسد )اليهودى السابق(؟

Book links

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Videos

Documentary: A Road To Mecca

MBC report on Vienna Square naming

Tariq Ramadan on Asad

Murad Hofmann on Asad

Risalah Reformis Tafsir Muhammad Asad

Seminars

International Symposium on Muhammad Asad

Tribute to Muhammad Asad

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