MINIMUM MATERIAL - HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR ...

MINIMUM MATERIAL - HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR

ENGLISH

2021 – 2022

PREFACE

Everything is possible if God’s touch is there.

Dear Teachers of English,

On behalf of School Education Department, Madurai District, I am proud to present this MinimumModule for the students of Higher Secondary Second Year under priotorized syllabus. Our teamhas meticulously followed the question pattern provided by SCERT, Chennai. We earnestly hopethat this module will meet out the requirements of the students and they can overcome easilywithout any stress and strains. Motherly care has been taken by our team members to bring outthis module in an effective way. This module will do to score a minimum of 50% of marks and theaspirant students have to use this material as your second mentor. The students can go throughthis book under the guidance of their teachers so as bring out the best results for our Maduraidistrict. I solicit the valuable patronage of the teaching fraternity which will motivate our team toendeavor more in service of Education in our district. I hereby earnestly ask our teachers to bringthis module to the needy students and make our district the top in the public examination March2020. I hope the result of March 2020 will be a milestone for Madurai Revenue District.

I thank you.

Ever Yours,

Chief Educational Officer,

Madurai.

CHAIR PERSON

Mr. R. Swaminathan, M.Sc. B.Ed., M.Phil

Chief Educational Officer,

Madurai.

Coordinator

Mr. P.Kumaresan, M.Sc., M.Ed.

Convener & Headmaster,

Govt Hr Sec School,

Ammapatti, Madurai

Guidance & Supervision

Mr. I Sam Prasath Raja, M.A. M.Ed., M.Phil.

Headmaster,

Govt. Hr. Sec. School,

Kondayampatti,

Madurai.

Authors:

1. Mr. K. Ramesh, M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil.

PG Asst,

VHN HR.SEC.SCHOOL, MADURAI.

2. Mrs. R.Premalatha, M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil., M.Com.

PG Asst,

Thiru Vi.Ka. Corporation Hr Sec School,

Thatthenri, Madurai.

3. Mr. A. Sebastian, M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil.

PG Asst,

St. Mary’s Hr. Seco. School,

Madurai.

4. Mrs. R. Gogila, M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil.

PG Asst,

Govt. Hr. Sec. School,

S.Puliangulam,

Madurai.

PRIORITISED PORTIONS

UNIT 1

Prose Two Gentlemen of Verona

Supplementary Reading God sees the Truth But Waits

UNIT II

Poem Our Casuariana Tree

UNIT III

Prose In celebration of being alive

Poem All the World’s a Stage

UNIT IV

Poem Ulysses

Supplementary Reading The Midnight Visitor

UNIT V

Prose The Chair

Poem A father to His son

Supplementary Reading All summers in a Day

UNIT VI

Prose On the Rule of the Road

Since our Honourable Education Minister announces regarding public examinations in the monthof APRIL 2022, here is a short intro to the question pattern and the text page numbers to bereferred.

Q No DESCRIPTION / DETAILS MARKS CHOICE

Part – I (14x1=14)

1 – 3

4 – 6

Synonyms Page5,6,70,71,148,149,180

Antonyms Page 6,71,149

3 X 1 =3

3 X 1 =3

NOCHOICE

7-20 Topics for testing 7 X 2=14

NO

CHOICE

Compound Words (formationcombining two lexemes)

Page 118,150

Prefixes and suffixes (2) Page 7

Abbreviations and Acronyms 139

Clipped Words (2)

Definitions of Words 148

Phrasal Verbs (substitute withsingle words and vice versa)

118

(2)

Common Idioms 117

Confusables 6,72

Foreign Words and Phrases

Substitute words / phraseswith polite alternatives (Eg.Housewife – Homemaker)

150

Modal Verbs and Semi-modals Page 12 & 14, 216

Prepositions 3 to 46, 217

Question Tags Page 79 to 82, 219

Topics for testing - learnt inlower classes

Syllabification (finding numberof syllables)

American English and BritishEnglish

Page 181

Singular and Plural

Sentence Patterns

Blending words

Tenses

Linkers

Different functions of words

Page 150

Page 10 to 12

Page 46 to 48

Page 39,73

Part – II (7x2=14)

21–26 Poetry Appreciation / Figuresof Speech

Pages 20 to 22, 92,93,131,132,166

4 X 2 =8

4 out of 6

27-30 Do as Directed:

(Grammar topics to be testedunder Transformation andSynthesis)

3 X 2 =6

3 out of 4

Direct and Indirect Speech Page 14 to 16, 217

Active – Passive Voice Page 76 to 78, 218

Simple, Compound andComplex sentences

121 to 123, 219 & 220

Conditional Clauses

Degrees of comparison

124 & 125

157 to 159, 222

Part – III (7x3=21)

31–33 (i) Explain any two ofthe following withReference to theContext (Poetry)

Page 22, 92, 133,167

2 X 3 =6

2 out of 3

34–36 (ii) Answer any two of thefollowing questions briefly(Prose short answer questions)

, 70,71,149

2 X 3 =6

2 out of 3

37–40 Topics for testing 3 X 3 =9

3 out of 4

Dialogue Writing of minimumthree exchanges (completion /Fill in the blanks)

Page 73 to75

Verbal and Non – verbalRepresentation (tables, pie-charts, graphs, maps – askingquestions or analyticalinterpretation of data)

41,125,154,155

Describing a Process 119 ,188,189

Completion of Proverbs /

Match with meanings /

119

Semantic Fields 119

Notice Writing ---

Expansion of Headlines. ---

E-mail Writing ---

Spot the Errors / Fill in theblanks –

73 ,217 &218

Homophones, 6, 72

Link words, 46 ,216

Concord, 185 to 188

Framing questions, ---

Words with differentgrammatical functions,

39,73

Tenses, 10 ,215

Determiners 156

Prepositions 43 to 46,217

Rearrange the words andphrases to make meaningfulsentences.

220

Part – IV(7x5=35)

41–47

Paragraph Questions fromProse

Paragraph Questions fromPoetry

Paragraph Questions fromSupplementary Reader

1 X 5 =5

1 X 5 =5

1 X 5 =5

[Either/OrQuestions]

Topics for testing 4 X 5 =20

[Either/Or]

Note-making / Summarizing / 9, 125

Writing Biographical sketchfrom the given information /

---

Writing a report usinginformation given.

---

Prose Comprehension /

Poetry Comprehension 75,76,153,154

Letter-writing (personal/official/

job application with Bio-data) /

16 to 18

Paragraph writing on a generaltopic /

51, 161

Expansion of Proverbs / 119

Article Writing / 49 to 51

Construction of dialogues forthe given situation /

74

Developing hints into a story –unknown.

82

PART I - LEXICAL COMPETENCIESSYNONYMS

Questions 1 to 3இ�ப�த�ய��3வா��ைதக�proseப�த�ய��ெகா��க�ப��.அத��இைணயானெசா�கைள(synonyms)க��ப��க ேவ��.இ�ேகெகா��க�ப��ளவா��ைதகைளப��தாேலஉ�களா��மத��ெப�கைளஎளிதாகெபறலா�. மாணவ�க�இைதந��ரி��ெகா��ப��மா�அற��த�ப�க�றா�க�.

Prose 1 TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONAshrug - raise tunic - a sleeveless outer garmentslackened - reduced demeanour - appearance and behaviourartless - innocent, guileless (AUG 2021) deserted - uninhabited, unoccupiedemigrate - take up citizenship of anothercountry

vexation – annoyance, irritation

vestibule – lobby, entrance hall chatter – high pitched sounds

intrude - enter without permission rubble - debris, broken bricks, wastedevotion - dedication

PROSE 3 IN CELEBRATION OF BEING ALIVE

consideration – careful thought perforated – torn, damaged, puncturedcripples – deformities, disabilities sophisticated – (here) well advancedprevalent – common (AUG 2021) intrepid – bold and daringsolace – comfort or consolation disfigured – spoiled or marredfinale – climax or an exciting end amputated – cut off ,removedmalignant – very harmful ennobles – (figurative use) makes dignified, morally

nobleprofound – very great, deep tumour – diseased growth in some part of the body

thrash around (idiom) – to move about restlessly

PROSE 5 THE CHAIR

Portly – stocky Spluttered – cackled, make a series of short soundsImpudent – disrespectful Expounded – explained Languorously -

lethargicallyHordes - crowd, masses Exasperatedly - annoyingly Splendor – magnificenceParaphernalia – things, stuffs Bereavement – mourning,

griefGait - pace

Prose - 6 On the Rule of the Road

confusion – mess peril – risk, dangerchaos – confusion (MAR 2020) pedestrians - persons who walk on the streetsanarchy - lawlessness/ rebellion preserved – maintainedcurtailed – reduced tyranny – autocracyinsolence – rudeness interfere – hindercontract – commitment indifferent – unconcernedfancy – desire (AUG 2021) shandy – lemonaderidiculous – comical conventional – traditionalaccommodate - fit in with consideration – scrutiny

QUESTIONS 4 TO 6ANTONYMS

இ�ப�த�ய��3வா��ைதக�prose ப�த�ய��ெகா��க�ப��.அத��எத��பதெசா�கைள (antonyms) க��ப��க ேவ��.இ�ேகெகா��க�ப��ளவா��ைதகைளப��தாேலஉ�களா��மத��ெப�கைளஎளிதாகெபறலா�.மாணவ�க�இைதந��ரி��ெகா��ப��மா�அற��த�ப�க�றா�க�.

PROSE 1 TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERONA

Cautious X careless Disapprove X approve, allow Brisk X inactive, lazyEngaging X dismiss Humble X impolite Eager X uninterestedResistance X compliance Persuade X dissuade Scarce X plentifulNobility X dishonor Deserted X crowded (Mar

2020)Vexation X happy (AUG 2021)


Primitive X sophisticated, modern Prevalent X rare,uncommon (MAR 2020)

Fiction X fact

Fearful X intrepid Benign X malignant Confidence X diffidence (AUG2021)

Boredom X amusement Criticize X appreciate

PROSE 5 THE CHAIRamusingly x seriously suddenly x gradually arrived x departed carelessly x carefullybroader x narrower exactly x

approximatelyrejected x accepted Lengthened x

shortenedpractical x theoretical anticipation x

unexpected (AUG2021)

praised x blamed splendor x simplicity

banter x small talk light x heavy sturdy x weak perfectly ximperfectly

curved x straightened frequently x rarely better x worse backyard x front yardpersuaded x dissuaded beg x command inner x outer sadness x happinessreverently x irreverently guest x host elder x younger irritated x pleasedfortuitously x

unfortunatelyunmatched x comparable, inferior inauspicious x holy,

auspiciousgradually x suddenly appreciatively x cunningly,

criticizingreverence x disrespectful,

irreverence

PROSE 6 ON THE RULE OF THE ROADConfusion X orderly Peril X safety Liberty X constraintsChaos X calmness Anarchy x peace Preserved X releasedCurtailed X enlarged,increased

Tyranny x freedom Insolence X softness

Interface X encourage Ridiculous X logical Conventional X abnormal,unconventional, modernVital X trivial (MAR 2020)

QN Nos. 7 – 20இ�ப�த�ய�� Lexical Competenciesஅ��பைடய�� ேக�வ�க� ேக�க�ப��.அைன��வ�னா�க�� optionsெகா��க�ப��. மாணவ�க�இைதஇைடவ�டா�ப��எ�த� பா��தா�14மத��ெப�க�உ�த�.

ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS

TOEFL – Test of English as a Foreign Language (MAR 2020)1. IELTS – International English Language Testing System2. GST – Goods and Services Tax3. TNPSC - Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission4. STD - Subscribers’ Trunk Dialing5. ISD - International Subscribers’ Dialing6. MBA - Master of Business Administration

7. MHRD – Ministry of Human Resource Development8. GPS - Global Positioning System9. PTA – Parent Teacher Association10. NGO – Non Governmental Organisation11. ICU – Intensive Care Unit12. IIM – Indian Institute of Management13. MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging14. ECG - Electro Cardio Gram15. NCC – National Cadet Corps16. NSS - National Service Scheme17. LED - Light Emitting Diode18. CPU - Central Processing Unit19. CBSE – Central Board of Secondary Education20. GDP - Gross Domestic Product21. LCD - Liquid Crystal Display22. NRI - Non Resident Indian23. IIT – Indian Institute of Technology24. ITI - Industrial Training Institute25. NEET - National Eligibility Entrance Test26. USB – Universal Serial Bus27. UPSC – Union Public Service Commission28. UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply29. SSC - Staff Selcetion Commission30. RAM - Random Access Memory31. ROM - Read Only Memory32. NEP - New Educational Policy33. VAT - Value Added Tax34. HDTV – High Definition Television35. IAS - Indian Administrative Service36. EMIS – Educational Management Information System37. PAN - Permanent Account Number38. TIN – Trade Index Number39. IFS - Indian Foreign Service40. IPS – Indian Police Service

COMPOUND WORDS

COMBINATION OF COMPOUND WORDS

Identify the correct combination of the following compound words: (Text page 150)

Haircut = Noun + VerbHeadmaster = Noun + NounWaterfall = Noun + VerbSwimming pool = Gerund + NounDrawback = Verb + AdverbPublic speaking = Noun + GerundOutput = Adverb + VerbSoftware = Adjective + Noun

Show cause = Verb _ NounWorld famous = Noun + Adjective

TYPE 1

1. Noun + Noun - dream-world, bed-time, chess- board, shoe maker, moon light,sun-dial ,honey bee

2. Possessive noun+ noun - craftsman, sportsman, childsplay3. Noun+ Adjective – snow white, home sick, sky blue, lifelong, jet black4. Adverb+ noun - insight, out-patient, postscript, over coat, off spring5. Gerund+ Noun - looking-glass, washing machine , walking stick, drawing room,

visiting card6. Verb+ Noun - popcorn, crybaby, play ground, dare devil7. Noun+ Gerund - horse riding, story telling, time consuming8. Adjective+ Gerund - curious-looking, bad-looking, good-looking, easy – going9. Adjective+ Past participle - well planned, long forgotten, dreamy-eyed, long-awaited10. Verb+ Object / Noun - push-button, treadmill11. Adjective+ Verb - safeguard, whitewash12. Adverb+ verb - overthrow, upset, overtake, undertake13. Object+ Noun - telephone operator, science teacher14. Object+ Gerund - air-conditioning, sightseeing15. Adjective+ Noun - blackboard, blue print, sweet heart, short hand, noble manType 2

1. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “wind” (AUG 2021)a) fan b) man c) proof d) pulse

2. Choose the correct combination of the compound word overstep (AUG 2021)a) Noun + Verb b) Preposition + Adverb c) Adverb + Noun d) Adverb + VerbOTHER IMPORTANT1. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “toll”

a) Plaza b) late c) proof d) wheel2. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “spot”

a) less b) place c) proof d) wheel3, Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “sun”

a) heat b) rise c) raise d) rice

4, Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “grand”a)function b) late c) leave d) mother

5. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “half”a) Paise b) rupee c) hour d) second

6. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “home”a) going b) arriving c) departing d) coming

7. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “over”a) sizes b) straining c) quote d) shyness

8. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “court”a) yard b) sheep c) ful d) heart

9. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “gentle”a) palace b) ness c) folk d) wide

10. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “sing”a) song b) music c) dance d) loud

11. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “mantel”a) peace b) size c) piece d) fire

12. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “eye”a) iris b) lashes c) proof d) lead

13. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “water”a) point b) late c) proof d) wheel

14. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “bee”a) palace b) active c) hole d) hive

15. Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “door”a) place b) gate c) knob d) knock

AFFIXES – PREFIX OR SUFFIX

Prefixes: When the root words are prefixed, we get new words. This is known as prefixes.Eg : Root word “regular” when the prefix ‘ir’ is fixed before the word regular, we get a new

word ‘irregular”.Read the following words.

irregular immoral unhappy misfortune.Note: ir, im, un, mis …are prefixes.More prefixes: il, under, over, up, sub, ir, im, un.

PREFIX: A prefix is a letter or group of letters at the beginning of a word to form a new word.Look at prefix the word1. irregular regular – root word ir – prefix irregular – new word2. illegal legal – root word il – prefix illegal – new wordEg : unimportant, discomfort (un, dis are prefixes)SUFFIX: A suffix is a letter or group of letters at the end of a word to form a new word:Eg: happiness regularly appointmentNote: ness, ly, ment etc are suffixes.Read the list of words formed by adding suffixes:

Frequent frequentlySatisfy satisfactionWilling willingnessComfort comfortableResemble resemblanceNoble nobilityForm two derivatives from each of the following words by adding prefixes and suffixes:Word Prefix Suffixpatient impatient patientlyhonour dishonour honourablerespect disrespect respectfulmanage mismanage managementfertile infertile fertilitydifferent indifferent differentlyfriend befriend friendly, friendshipobey disobey obedient, obedience

EXAM PATTERN:

Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the underlined word: (MAR 2020)

1. It is rather an expensive compliment.

a) Non- b) un- c) in- d) dis-

2. Form a new word by adding a suitable prefix to the underlined word: (AUG 2021)

Fertile soil is essential for the growth of a plant.

a) in- b) im- c) dis- d) un-

3. Choose the suffix that can be added after the word ‘noble’

a) –able b) –ity c) –ful d) –ness

MODEL EXERCISES Text Pg 147

1. Attach a prefix to the word ‘visible’ from the list given below to complete the sentence.The artists are the ones who might be able to help us with our internal _________lives.

a. in __b. dis __ c. im d. __ il

2. Attach a prefix to the word ‘obey’ from the list given below to complete the sentence.Children should not _______________their elders.a. un __ b. __ mis c. dis ___ d. il __

3. Attach a prefix to the word ‘belief’ from the list given below to complete thesentence.She has _______________in his wordsa. un__ b. il __ c. in __ d. dis ___

4. Attach a prefix to the word ‘cycle’ from the list given below to complete the sentence.A _______________is usefula. tri __ b. bi ___ c. il __ d. de ___

5. Attach a prefix to the word ‘conscious’ from the list given below to complete the sentence.

She became _______________a. in ___ b. tri ___ c. un ____ d. il ___

6. Attach a prefix to the word ‘discipline’ from the list given below to complete the sentence.We should discourage _______________ among childrena. in __ b. un ___ c. dis __ d. il ___

7. Attach a prefix to the word ‘honour’ from the list given below to complete the sentence.We should not _______________ our eldersa. un ___ b. in ___ c. dis __ d. il __

8. Attach a prefix to the word ‘justice’ from the list given below to complete the sentence.Don’t create_______________to othersa. in ___ b. un __ c. il ___ d. dis ___

9. Attach a prefix to the word ‘fold’ from the list given below to complete the sentence.Please _______________ your books and listen to mea. in __ b. dis ___ c. il ___ d. un __

10. Attach a prefix to the word ‘tell’ from the list given below to complete the sentence.Astrologers can _______________ your future

a. un __ b. fore __ c. dis ___ d. il ___

11. Attach a prefix to the word ‘prove’ from the list given below to complete thesentence.You have to _______________ your involvement in the crime.a. dis __ b. in ___ c. un ___ d. il ___

12. Attach a prefix to the word ‘legal’ from the list given below to complete the sentence.He involves in _______________ activitiesa. un ___ b. ir ___ c. il ___ d. mis ___

13. Attach a prefix to the word ‘responsible’ from the list given below to complete thesentence.She is an _______________womana. ir __ b. in __ c. un __ d. dis __

14. Attach a suffix to the word ‘ferocious’ from the list given below to complete the sentence.The robbers attacked the inmates of the house _______________

a. ness b. ly c. al d. ic

15. Attach a suffix to the word ‘potential’ from the list given below to complete thesentence.You have the _______________of facing any problem

a. ly b. ment c. al d. ity

MEANING OF FOREIGN WORDS / PHRASESSl, No FOREIGN WORDS / PHRASES MEANING

1. Viva voce Oral / spoken examination

2. Sine die Without a date being fixed

3. resume A brief summary

4. rapport Good or close relationship

5. Bona fide Genuine, real

6. Bon voyage Good bye / wishing good luck

7. In toto Totally, completely

8. Liason Coordinator

9. Ex gratia Given as a gift

10. En masse All together

11. En route On the way

12. Ad hoc For a specific purpose

13. Faux pas Social blunder / mistake

14. En famillie As a family

15. Bon mot A witty / clever remark

EXERCISES:

Choose the meaning of the foreign word in the sentence1. Rani is seriously preparing for the 'viva-voce' Ans. b

a) aptitude test b) spoken examination

c) written examination d) fitness test

2 The so called elite schools charge hefty sums as fees. Ans. b

a) happiness b) highly reputed or famous

c) infamous d) delightful

3) The supreme court has ordered that status quo should be maintained with regard to the I M.S.

a) the situation as it is now b) stage of life Ans. a

c) position of objects d) reservation quota

4) Due to the strike of the workers, the factory has been closed sine die. Ans. d

a) doing injustice things b) dying

c) due to sickness d) postpone something without assignment of date

5) Though he gave an extempore speech, it was very effective excellent. Ans. c

a) performance b) temporary arrangementc) unprepared speech or speak without any prior preparation d)ordinary event

6) Krishnamoorthy alias_ Kicha is wanted by the police in connection with manycrimes. Ans. a

a) Also known as b) As soon as possible c) At the instant d) Of late

7) We have arranged a party to bid adieu to a friend who was going abroad. Ans. b

a) auction sale b) send off or say good bye

c) best wishes d) blessings

8. To avoid wastage we arranged for a buffet lunch.. Ans. c

a) highly royal b) browsing the net c)self serving d) hosting

9. The menu was displaced so that people could choose whatever they like. Ans. d

a) Confusion b) misplacing c) Amendments d) list of items

10. We selected that particular hotel because it's chef was famous for his cooking. Ans. d

a) chief manager b) bearer c) cashier d) chief cook or head cook

11. But some items turned to be sans taste. Ans. c

a) With b) Within c) Without d) withhold

12. During the war in Sri Lanka, people began to return to India enmasse Ans. b

a) Part of a group b) As a whole groupc) Considerable number of people d) Few people

13. They used catamarans to cross the seas. Ans. a

a) yacht or boat with twin hulls in parallel b) strip of cartoonsc) mortal people d) morally based

14. They entered India via Rameshwaram. Ans. b

a) Thorough b) through c)Crossing d) passing

15. The bona fide immigrants were given an asylum. Ans. c

a) reel b) original c)genuine d) fake

RIGHT DEFINITON OF WORDS / DEFINITION OF WORDS:phobiaஎ�றா�பய�எ��ெபா��. இ�ேகபலவ�த பய�கைளப��ய��ெகா��க�ப��க�ற� .cideஎ�றா�ெகா�வ�எ��ெபா��.mania எ�றா�ஒ�வைகஆைசைய�ற��ப�.ismஎ�ப�ஒ�ெகா�ைகைய�ற��பதா��.istஎ�ப�ஒ�ப��ைபஅ�ல�ஒ��ைறய�� ந��ண��வ�ைதெப�ற��பதா��.

Definition of the words / termlove of country and willingness to sacrifice for it - patriotisma brutal barbarous, savage act - barbarismthe doctrine that your country’s interests are superior -nationalismparticipating in sports as a hobby rather than for money - amateurismbelief that the best possible concepts should be pursued - idealisma serious examination and judgment of something - criticismhabitual failure to be present at work - absenteeism

a doctrine that advocates equal rights for women - feminismconcern for your own interests and welfare - ego centrismexceptional courage when facing danger - heroisminadequate oxygen - Asphyxia

List of Manias: (Mania means desire)Bibliomania – craze for booksPlutomania – craving for wealthTheomania – belief in GodPyromania – a desire to set things fire

List of –cide:Fratricide – killing of one’s siblingGenocide – killing of peopleHomicide – killing another personInfanticide – killing of new born female babiesMatricide – killing of motherPatricide - killing of fatherSuicide – killing self

List of phobias:Bibliophobia – fear of booksAnglophobia – fear of using EnglishAcrophobia – fear of heightAnthophobia – fear of flowerAnthrophobia - fear of peopleXenophobia – fear of strangers or foreignersArithmophobia – fear of numbersCarciniphobia – fear of cancerDemophobia – fear of cloudsMelophobia – fear of musicHydrophobia – fear of water

EXAMINATION PATTERN

One who represents the government of his country in a foreign country is a / an ………… (MAR 2020)

a) envoy b) martyr c) ambassador d) patriot

EXERCISES:

1. Choose the right definition for the given term “Pathologist” Ans: a

a) one who studies diseases b) one who studies insects

c) one who studies earthquake d) one who studies birds

2. Choose the right definition for the given term “ornithologist”. Ans: d



3. Choose the right definition for the given term “entomologist”. Ans: b



4. Choose the right definition for the given term “archaeologist”. Ans: a

a) one who studies artefacts and physical remains b) one who studies insects


5. Choose the right definition for the given term “sociologist”. Ans: c


c) one who studies functioning and human society d) one who studies earthquake

6. Choose the right definition for the given term “geologist”. Ans: c


c) one who studies the matter that constitutes the earth d) one who studies birds

7. Choose the right definition for the given term “linguist”. Ans: a

a) one who studies languages and their6 structure b) one who studies insects


8. Choose the right definition for the given term “seismologist”. Ans: c



9. Choose the right definition for the given term “herpetologist”. Ans: c


c) one who studies reptiles and amphibians d)one who studiesearthquake

10. Choose the right definition for the given term “meteorologist”. Ans: a

a) one who studies atmosphere and weather climates b) one who studies insects


11. Choose the right definition for the given term “Bibliophile”. Ans: b

a) one who loves to read The Bible b)one who loves books

c) one who likes books of philosophy d) one who is affected byPolio

12. Choose the right definition for the given term “Teetotaller”. Ans: c

a) one who desires to drink alcohol b) one who likes to eat

c) one who abstains from alcohol d) one who hates drinks

13. Choose the right definition for the given term “Optimist”. Ans: c

a) one who has negative thoughts b) one who looks darker side of life

c) one who looks brighter side of life d) one who is thoughtless

14. Choose the right definition for the given term “Globetrotter”. Ans: d

a) one who browses internet b) one who travels round the city

c) one who travels round the country d) one who travels round the world

15. Choose the right definition for the given term “Ambidexterous”. Ans: c

a) one who has the ability to use left hand

b) one who has the ability to use right hand

c) one who has the ability to use both left and right hands

d) one who has the inability to use both the hands

16. Choose the right definition for the given term “Misanthrope”. Ans: c

a) one who mingles with others b) one who behaves badly with others

c) one who tends to keep aloof d) one who behaves well with everyone

17. Choose the right definition for the given term “Polyglot”. Ans: a

a) one who knows multiple languages b) one who marries many women

c) one who marries many men d)one who knows polish language

18. Choose the right definition for the given term “Nonagenerian”. Ans: c

a) one who is above eighty years old b) one who is above seventy years old

c)one who is above sixty years old d) one who is above ninety years old

19. Choose the right definition for the given term “Thespian”. Ans: c

a) gifted orator b) gifted politician

c) gifted theatre artist / drama actor d) gifted teacher

20. Choose the right definition for the given term “sadist”. Ans: b

a) one who satisfies others b)one who derives pleasure in hurting others

c)one who is concerned on others d) one who is jealous of others

QUESTION TAGS:

A tag question is a short question form added at the end of a declarative or an imperativesentence. It is generally used to draw the attention of the listener to the sentence and to seekconfirmation.

Question tagஎ�ப�ஒ�ெச�த� வா�க�ய�ைதேயாஅ�ல�க�டைளஅ�ல�ேவ��ேகா�வா�க�ய�ைதேயாஉ�த��ப��வதா��. இத��வ�ைட

எ�த��க�verbஐக��ப��கெதரி�த��க ேவ��.உதாரணமாகisஎ�றverbெகா��க�ப��தா�isn'tஎ��எ�தேவ��.

Is – isn’t Was – wasn’t Am – aren’t Are – aren’t Were – weren’tCan – can’t Could – couldn’t Will – won’t Would – wouldn’t Shall – shan’tShould – shouldn’t Might – mightn’t Must - Mustn’tMain verbெகா��க�ப��தா�tenseஐக��ப��க ேவ��. presenttense�இ��தா�don't எ��verbஉட�sஅ�ல�esஎ�ற��தா�doesn'tஎ��எ�தேவ��.

Example:I play cricket, don’t I?Prem plays cricket, doesn’t he?Past tense�இ��தா� didn'tஎ��எ�தேவ��.

Example:Latha drew a picture, didn’t she?ேக�வ�ய��ெபய� ெகா��க�ப��தா��answer ;�pronoun தா�எ�த ேவ��.positive(ேந�மைறயான)வா�க�ய�க��negative question tagsஎ�தேவ��.Negative(எத��மைறயான)வா�க�ய�க��positive question tags எ�த ேவ��.seldom, never, hardly, no, scarcely, rarelyேபா�றவா��ைதக�வ�தா�positive questiontags எ�த ேவ��.Example:Magizhini passes the exam, doesn’t she? (positive statement)Raga seldom goes to movies, does she? (negative statement)Add suitable question tags to the following sentences: (Text Page 81)1. The children are very happy today, aren’t they?2. You have not returned my books yet, have you?3. We enjoyed the trip very much, didn’t we?4. Let’s clean the shelves this weekend, shall we?5. My mother rarely travels by bus, does she?6. Somebody must bell the cat, mustn’t they?7. Anita never comes late to office, does she?8. I am always the winner, aren’t I?9. Don’t commit this mistake again, do you?10. There is a pharmacy near that bus stand, isn’t there?11. Bacteria can never survive in extreme weather conditions, can it?12. I am not as smart as you are, am I?13. The boys broke the window pane last evening, didn’t they?14. Leaves wither during autumn, don’t they?15. You should add a little salt to the buttermilk, shouldn’t you?

Task – 2Correct the errors found in the question tag in each of the following.1. The evil doers cannot cross the path of truth, can’t they? Ans: Can they?2. The vegetables in the fridge are still fresh, aren’t it? Ans: aren’t they?3. The village head understood the intention of the politician, doesn’t he? Ans: didn’t he?4. I claim to be a person of faith and prayer, aren’t I? Ans: don’t I?

5. The employees are seldom allowed to meet their boss, aren’t they? Ans: are they?6. Let’s organize a trip to Goa, can we? Ans: shall we?7. The landlady will charge me for the damage, shan’t she? Ans: won’t she?8. Both the sisters have left for Canada, aren’t they? Ans: haven’t they?9. That’s definitely not the right thing to do in this situation, isn’t that? Ans: isn’t it?10. We needn’t apply for a bank loan, do we? Ans: need we?11. The Chief Guest spoke a few words, did he? Ans: didn’t he?12. The rhinoceros has a horn made of keratin, haven’t they? Ans: doesn’t it?

EXAMINATION PATTERN:

Choose the correct question tag for the following statement: (MAR 2020)

The story tries to relate history to science, ……………?

a) Is it b) isn’t it c) does it d) doesn’t it

Let’s go for a movie this weekend, ……………….? (AUG 2021)

a) Let we b) shouldn’t we c) won’t we d) shall we

EXERCISES :

Choose the correct question tag for the following statement :1) Let us start working,___________________?

a) will we b) must we c) shall we d) shan’t we

2) We need not come tomorrow ___________________?

a) should we b) need we c) needn’t we d) shall we

3) It has been raining heavily ___________________?

a) has it b) hasn’t it c) doesn’t it. D) have it

4) He never fails in his duty ___________________?

a) doesn’t he b) does he c) won’t he d) hasn’t he

5) Let’s go for a movie, ___________________?

a) shall we b) can we c) will we d) won’t we

6) Students should be allowed to use the library every day ___________________?

a) should they b) isn’t it c) shouldn’t they d) did they

7) Anybody can help me,___________________?

a) can they b) can’t they c) can’t he d) can he

8) Everybody will attend the meeting ___________________?

a) won’t they b) will they c) will he d) won’t he

9) He has few friends,___________________?

a) hasn’t he b) has he c) does he d) doesn’t he

10) I have a few friends,___________________?

a) have I b) haven’t I c) don’t I d) do I

11) There was a little water at the bottom of the pot, ___________________?

a) was there b) wasn’t there c) wasn’t it d) was it

12) Ravi seldom practises,___________________?

a) does Ravi b) does he c) doesn’t he d) doesn’t Ravi

13) It is raining now, ___________________?

a) isn’t it b) is it c) doesn’t it d) does it

14) I am a clever boy, ___________________?

a) amn’t I b) am I c) aren’t I d) ain’’t I

15) I am not busy ___________________?

a) aren’t I b) am I c) am not I d) ain’t I

PREPOSITIONS:Preposition: A preposition is a word used before a noun. It shows the relation.

Ex : at, in, an, by, for, into, of, up, off, out, fill, about, along .....

Kinds of preposition1. Simple prepositions: in , on, at, for, out, to ,till with, by, from, of , through ,up1. Lincoln was born in America.2. Bharathi was born at Ettayapuram3. There was a book on the table4. We should fight for our country5. She went out of the kitchen6. A new car was bought by my father7. We went to Chennai to attend a marriage8. Please remain in the exam hall till the bell rings9. Don’t write the exam with your ball point pen10. He returned from the USA yesterday11. Please go through your textbook12. He climbed up the hill

2. Compound prepositions : among, along, across, about, above, amidst, before, behind,below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside,without, within

Eg.: among There should be unity among the peoplealong They walked along the roadacross There is a bridge across the riverabout The President delivered about the duty of studentsabove We were flying above the cloudsamidst There was no unity amidst the bullocks

below The river is flowing below the bridge.between The function will be held between 9 a.m. and 10 a.m.beyond The ball fell beyond the boundary line

3. Phrase preposition:

in spite of in the event of in addition to on behalf of in the place ofbecause of according to at the top of in order to with reference toon account of as well as by the dint of so as to as a result ofin accordance with in course of in case of due to ahead ofEg.: in spite of In spite of his being poor he is helpful to others.on account of On account of heavy rain the match was cancelledbecause of Saina won gold medal because of her hard workdue to People suffer due to frequent power failureaccording to We can live in any part of our country according to our fundamental rightsat the top of There is a temple at the top of the hillin view of In view of national banth all educational institutions will remain closedahead of Shiam is ahead of all other students in his classin course of In course of time your son can pick up his studies.as well as Ram as well as his children attended the marriageon behalf of He welcomed the chief guest on behalf of the staffowing to Malar did not attend the meeting owing to her ill health

Recall your learning of basic prepositions and complete the sentences using the prepositionsgiven in brackets. (Text page 45)(over, under, on, between, among, into, with, since, in front of, near/beside)a) The boy jumped __into___ a narrow stream.b) Afsar will meet me _on____ Friday morning.c) The temple is __near / beside___ the bank.d) My friend will meet me __with___ his brother tomorrow.e) There is usually a garden ___in front of__ a bungalow.f) Yuvan has been studying well _since____ childhood.g) A trekker climbed __over___ a mountain meticulously.h) There was a skirmish __between___ my brother and sister. (AUG 2021)i) The laudable thoughts were apparent __among___ many scholars in a conference.j) It is easy to work __under___ the aegis of visionary leader.

Task 2Complete the following passages using the prepositions given in brackets.

(among, for, at, to, in, )i) When Lakshmi was (1) __in_ school, she practised music from Monday (2)_to__Friday. Sheinvolved herself (3) __at_ the school orchestra. She was responsible(4) _for__conducting manyprogrammes. She was very popular (5) _among__ herschoolmates, as she was kind, friendly andhelpful.

(after, with, on, before, of, in, for)ii) (1)Before__ the interview, Solomon was confident (2)_of__ getting the job. He knew that hewas qualified (3)_for__ the job. He was interested (4)_in_ discharging his duty perfectly. Theinterview panel was impressed (5)_with_ his attitude andskills. So (6)after__ the interview, he

was (7)_on_ cloud nine.

Prepositional PhrasesA prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition and a noun phrase.

Task 1Underline the prepositional phrases. The first two examples have been done for you.a) With reference to your advertisement in a local newspaper, I am applying for the post of asalesman. (AUG 2021)b) The assignment will be completed in a few weeks.c) Ravi was appreciated by his teachers.d) We feel sorry for our mistakes.e) The boy studied well in spite of many obstacles.f) Our nation is famous for its glorious culture.g) We are proud of our children.h) My brother will return home in the evening.

Task 2Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositional phrase given in brackets.(in favour of, in case of, according to, on the whole, on account of, on behalf of,in spite of, insteadof)

a) Instead of Kiran, Rajesh may attend a programme.b) Many tourists visited Ooty in spite of heavy rains.c) Expressing gratitude on behalf of others is common in a vote of thanks.d) On the whole, I had a happy childhood.e) Our teacher always acts in favour of her students.f) On account of his laziness, the boy remained passive for a long time.g) According to Gandhiji, ahimsa means infinite love.h) In case of rain, take an umbrella.

EXAMINATION PATTERN :

Fill in the blanks with suitable preposition: (MAR 2020)

The tea should be straight ……………..the pot.

a) Over b) on c) into d) in

Fill in the blank choosing the correct preposition : (AUG 2021)

There was a skirmish …………..my brother and sister.

a) With b) on c) between d) among

Fill in the blank choosing the correct prepositional phrase: (AUG 2021)

…………….your advertisement in a local newspaper I am applying for the post of salesman.

a) In reference to b) With reference to c) In the event of d) According to

CLIPPED WORDSClipped words are words that are formed by dropping one or more syllables from longer wordswithout changing the meaning. Clipping is forming new words by shortening long words. We

usually use them while speaking or in informal speech.Clipped word எ�ப�ஒ�வா��ைதைய��கமாக��வதா��.உதாரணமாகadvertisementஎ��நா��வத��ைல. ad எ��தா�பய�ப��க�ேறா�.இ�ேபா�பலவா��ைதக�ஆ�க�ல�த��இ��க��றன,அைவகைளநா�இ��பா��ேபா�.

e.g. aero plane – planeexamination – examdemarcate – mark

Clipped words are formed by clipping a partof a larger word while retaining the meaning oftheoriginal word.1. Front clipping: (hand) kerchief, (fountain)pen2. Back clipping: gym (nasium), lab (oratory),ad (vertisement)3. Front and back clipping: (re) fridge (rator)– fridge, (de) marc (ate) – mark

IMPORTANT CLIPPED WORDS:Gasoline – gas Perambulator – pram Signature – sign Store house – storeMicrophone – mike Laboratory – lab Refrigerator – fridge Advertisement – adAeroplane – plane Demonstration – demo Pantaloons – pants Taxicab – cabDiscotheque – disco Examination –exam Fanatic – fan Gymnasium – gymMotorbike – bike Tube light - tube Centum – cent Spectacles – specsHamburger – burger Bicycle – cycle Representative – rep Mathematics – MathsPop music – pop Influenza – flu Demarcate – mark Omnibus – bus

Note : In examination even unclipped forms can also be asked.


Choose the clipped form of “Perambulator” (MAR 2020)

a) Pram b) peram c) ramtor d) rambul

EXERCISES

Choose the clipped form of the wrds given below

1. “Demonstration” a) Demon b) Monster c) Demo d) Station

2. “chimpanzee” a) pan b) chimp c) zee d) chimpan

3. “photograph” a) graph b) foto c) photo d) photogra

4. “microphone” a) mike b) mic c) phone d) micro

5. “cafeteria” a) cafet b) teria c) café d) feteria

6. “gasoline” a) gas b) gasol c) line d) gaso

7. “helicopter” a) heli b) poter c) cop d) copter

8. “telephone” a) tele b) telly c) phone d) earphone

9. “university” a) varisity b) versity c) universe d) city

10. “memorandum” a) memo b) random c) randum d) memory

11. “influenza” a) influence b) fluenza c) enza d) flu

12. “hippopotamus” a) hippo b) poto c) potamus d) potato

13. “bridegroom” a) groom b) bride c) bridal d) bridge

14. “fanatic” a) fanat b) attic c) fan d) fana

15. “refrigerator” a) fridge b) referee c) generator d) gerator

16. “omnibus” a) omni b) bus c) mini bus d) ombus

17. “centum” a) century b) tum c) cent d) cenum

18. “doctor” a) doc b) tor c) door d) toer

19. “pantaloons” a) loons b) talons c) balloons d) pants

20. “zoological gardens” a) logical b) garden c) magical d) zoo

21. “paragraph” a) graph b) par c) paper d) para

22. “pianoforte” a) forte b) piano c) fort d) piforte

23. “polio myelities” a) myel b) myelities c) polo d) polio

24. “popular music” a) music b) pop c) popular d) ular

25. “loud speaker” a) loud b) speaker c) louder d) speak

BLENDED WORDS

Creation of a new word by combining two existing words is called blending. Blending is necessaryto express new ideas.IMPORTANT BLENDING WORDS:1. breakfast + lunch = brunch2. motorway + hotel = motel3. television + broadcast = telecast4. travel + catalogue = travelogue5. international + police = Interpol6. tele printer + exchange = telex7. electro + execute = electrocute8. binary + digit = bit9. news + cast = newscast10. motor + pedal cycle = moped11. helicopter + air port = heliport12. education + entertainment = edutainment13. technology + wizard = techno - wizard14. vegetable + hamburger = veg burger

15. information + commercial = informercial16. smack + mash = smash.17. lithe + slimy = slithy.18. camera + recorder = camcorder19. chuckle + snort = chortle.20. stain + blot + botch = splotch.21. documentary + drama = docudrama22. electronic .+mail = E- mail23. high + technology = hitech24. information + systems = infosys25. lecture + demonstration = lecdem26. internal + communication = intercom


Choose the correct combination for the blended word ‘Cyborg’ (AUG 2021)

a) Cybernetic + Organization b) cybernetic + organism c) cybernetic + organ d) cybernetic+ org

PHRASAL VERBSA phrasal verb is a phrase that’s made up of a verb and another word or two, usually a prepositionbut sometimes an adverb.

ஒ��வ�ைன�ெசா�ஒ�வ�ைன�ெசா�(Verb)ம��ஓ�உ�ப�ைட�ெசா�(Preposition)அ�ல�வ�ைனஉரி�ெசா�(adverb)ேச��உ�வா��.இ� ேவ�ேச��தா��அ�ஒ�ெசா�லாக க�த�ப��. அ�உ�வாககாரணமான ெசா�க�த��ெபா�ளி��மா�ப�டெபா�ைளத��.

They are made up of verb + adverb / prepositionE.g.: look after – take care of put on – wear

(look – verb, after - adverb / preposition)IMPORTANT PHRASAL VERBSTEXTUALsee off – to go to station or airport to say good bye to some onestop over – to stay at a place for a short period of time when travelling to another placeset off – start off / to begin a journeyget away - leave a bus or train etc.get off - to go away from home for a vacation.get on - arrive inside train, bus etc.get in - enter a bus, train place, hotelcheck in – arrive and register at airport or hotelcheck out – pay the bill when leaving a hotelturn on - to opentook over - took control of something / took lead

set off - start a journeyput off – postponecut off – removecome upon – meet by chanceput out – extinguishdraw up – planpass out – to become unconscious, badly injuredtake off – raise from the surfaceturn away – dismiss, rejectstand by – supportbank on – depend on, rely ondrop in - visitOTHER IMPORTANT PHRASAL VERBSPHRASAL VERBS MEANINGSGive in Accept / deceivedBreakdown Repair / stopCalled off CancelledKeep away AvoidGo through ReviseGet into InvolveMake up CompensatePut out ExtinguishedSet off StartedKeep up adjust Continue, maintain,Put up with ToleratePut off PostponedGave upStopped/abandoned/quit

Called on VisitedMelted away VanishedTurn down RejectedRely on DependPut on WearBreak out Start, spreadMake out / figure out UnderstandSent for CallRun down WeakFall in AskedLook into Examine, study,investigateCount on Rely, depend

EXAMINATION PATTERN:Replace the underlined word with a suitable phrasal verb: (MAR 2020)The fire was extinguished by the fire brigade.

a) Put off b) put on c) put out d) put inThe meeting was postponed as the chairman was on an official tour. (AUG 2021)a) Put off b) put forward c) put up with d) put outTEXTUAL EXERCISIES:

Give the meanings of the following phrasal verbs and frame sentences using them. (Text Page7)Cut off Chop, remove We must cut off bad and immoral friendship.Comeupon

to meet by chance I came upon my school mate while going to the mall.

Put out extinguish We must put out the fireDraw up to arrive in a place A taxi drew up outside the hotelPass out faint He passed out due to the hot sun.Take off leaving from the surface The plane took off at 7 PM.

Turn away refuse The manager turned away the advice given by Mani.Stand by always supportive and

loyalWe knew they would stand by us no matter what we’ddone.

Bank on depend on, rely on He banks on his aged parents since he is unemployed.Given below are the phrasal verbs with their meanings. Use the given phrasal verbs insentences of your own.

1. Turn on – to open – He turned on a new accountin state bank of India.

2. Took over – to lead – The new manager took overthe charge today.

3. Set off – start a journey / begin a journey – We setoff to Ooty at 7 a.m.

4. Put off – postpone – Don’t put off theprogramme.

b) Given below are some phrasal verbs which are frequently used in connection withtravelling. Guess the meaning and match.See off - to go to station or airport to say good bye to someoneStop over – to stay at a place for a short period of time when travelling toanother destinationSet off – start off / to begin a journeyGet in – arrive inside train, bus etcGet off - leave a bus, train etc.Get on – enter a bus, train, planeGet away – to go away from home for a vacationCheck in – arrive and register at airport or hotelCheck out – pay the bill when leaving a hotel

EXERCISESComplete the sentences choosing the appropriate phrasal verbs1. The terrorist tried to _________ the railway station.

a. blow in b. blow out c. blow up d. blow out

2. We want to _______ our uncle on the way.a. call on b. call in c. call out d. call over

3. The vehicle __________ on the way.a. broke in b. broke out c. broke up d. broke down

4. The students _________ the answer papers again before given to the examiner.a. went up b. went over c. went in d. went out

5. The police will _________the murder closely.a. look into b. look in c. look up d. look out

6. Sunder __________English teacher in Chennai.a. ran up b. ran in c. ran into d. ran over

7. We tried to ___________ money we spent on entertainments.a. cut down at b. cut down on c. cut down in d. cut down over

8. The old man __________ his consciousness after the accident.a. came in b. came out c. came up d. came around

9. She ___________ her duties very well.a. carried out b. carried with c. carried in d. carried up

10. She ________ her mother.a. took over b. took after c. took on d. took at

RELATIVE PRONOUNS:1. This is the boy who won the race.

(Noun) (Verb)2. Shakespeare who lived in the 16th Century is considered to be the greatest dramatist.3. The movie is about a leader who led the freedom struggle of his nation.4. My friend whose father works in Agra, has made a clay model of the Taj.

(Noun) (Noun)

5. Kumaraswamy whose house I live in, owns most of the mills in this town.6. Most of the friends whom she had invited came for her wedding.

(Noun) (Pronoun)7. Show me the book that / which you bought yesterday. (thing)8, The wrong deeds that we do are more often remembered than our good ones.9. This is the house where I was born. (Place)10. This is the school where I studied. (Place)EXAMINATION PATTERN:Fill in the blank with a suitable Relative Pronoun for the following sentence:Ram ……………house we live in, is an engineer.

a) Whom b) which c) who d) whose

Exercises :1. Show me the book which/that you bought yesterday.2. My friend, ___whose_ father works in Agra, has made a clay model of the Taj Mahal.3. I got the book __which was lost yesterday.4. This is the pen __which_ I bought yesterday.5. My brother _who is in XII Std, is a fan of Kohli.6. He is the person _who murdered her cruelly.7. Among the forty flats _which one attracts you?8. The Movie is about a leader who led the freedom struggle of his nation.9. This is the house where I was born10. Students who Speak English fluently will easily get jobs.11. Most of the friends whom she had invited came for her wedding.12. This is what I heard about him.

EUPHEMISM / POLITE ALTERNATIVESA euphemism is a polite expression used in place of words or phrases that might otherwise beconsidered harsh or unpleasant. These phrases are used regularly, and there are many examples

of euphemisms in everyday language.�யெசா�ைலமைற��ம�கள�ற�� – நா��காக

EXAMPLE blind – visually challenged

Examples of Euphemisms

Euphemisms have many different uses. They can help you avoid being overly blunt and remain ina tone of politeness. People will generally understand the euphemism meaning, even thoughyou're not "coming right out with it." With that in mind, let's take a look at a few differentcategories of euphemisms.

Death and Dying

Does anyone really deal with death well? It's such a delicate - and final - state that many of us liketo dance around the truth. Here are some delicate ways to discuss death and dying.

• Passed away instead of died

• Dearly departed instead of died

• Ethnic cleansing instead of genocide

• Negative patient outcome instead of died

• Collateral damage instead of accidental deaths

• Put to sleep instead of euthanize

• Pregnancy termination instead of abortion

• Bite the big one instead of die

• Bought the farm instead of died

• Wearing cement shoes instead of killed

• Bit the dust instead of died

• Croaked instead of died

• Kick the bucket instead of suicide

• Whacked instead of killed

• Retarded - mentally challenged

• Blind - Visually challenged

• Crippled - Differently abled

• Bald - follicular challenged

• Poor - economically marginalized

• Fat - gravitationally challenged, Overweight, full figured

• Lazy - motivationally deficient

• beggar - panhandler, homeless person

• coffin - casket

• old age - golden age, golden years

• criminal (adj) - illegal

• confinement - detention

• lawyer - attorney

• sick - indisposed, ill, under the weather

• toilet - WC, men's room, restroom, bathroom, washroom, lavatory

EXAMINATON PATTERN :

Replace the underlined word with the polite form of expression : (AUG 2021)

I saw a disabled man.

a) Gifted b) handicapped c) dyslexic d) physically challenged

Replace the underlined word with the polite form : (AUG 2021)

Raghav submitted his resignation last week and is unemployed right now. (AUG 2021)

a) Unpaid b) retired c) on probation d) between jobs

EXERCISES

Substitute the underlined words or phrases with polite alternatives:1. The lavatory is in the ground floor. Ans. b

a) Toilet b) rest room c) urinal d) bathroom

2. My mother is a housewife. Ans. aa) Home maker b) house keeper c) home keeper d) house maker

3. The undertaker was called to carry out the preparations for the funeral. Ans. ca) Mortician / funeral director b) burierc) cremator d) ex humour

4. Accidental deaths are on high nowadays. Ans. aa) Collateral damage b) lives taken c) passed away d) collapsed life

5. Radhika is pregnant now. Ans. ba) Carrying a child b) in the family way c) heavy with a child d) prenatal

6. Bryson vomited in the flight. Ans. ca) Watered out b) spat out c) blow chunks d) blow biscuits

7. Raj went to jail to see his friend. Ans. aa) Prison b) gaol c) correctional facility d) detention

8. Don’t condemn them as dull students. They may be slow learners. Ans. ba) Late bloomers b) poor fellows c) stupid fellows d) low standard

9. This dress is for that fat woman. Ans. da) Heavy sized b) full sized c) thick sized d) full figured

10. This school is for blind. Ans. ca) Unsighted b) sightless c) visually challenged d) eyesight failure

HOMOPHONESEach of two or more words having the same pronunciation but different meanings, originsor spelling are known as Homophones.Eg. Do you know the answer? No, I don’t.

The above words in bold are homophones.HOMONYMS:Each of two or more words having the same spelling and pronunciation but different meaningsand origins are Homonyms.Eg. I booked a berth in Pandiyan Express.

This is my book.The above words in bold are homonyms.

HETERONYMS:Each of two or more words which are spelled identically but have different sounds and meaningsare Heteronyms.Eg. I tear the letter.

Tears rolled down her cheeks.The above words in bold are heteronyms.

Frame illustrative sentences to distinguish the meaning of the words in the following clusters:(Text page 72)1. Career – profession - Robert Frost started his career as a teacher.

Carrier – at the rear side of a vehicle or bicycle – The cycle has a broadcarrier to keep heavy luggage.

Courier – private postal system – I got the parcel from Prema by courier.2. Patients – people who are ill - There are a lot of patients waiting at the clinic.

Patience – tolerance – Gowri has much patience.Patents – copy rights – He got patents for his invention.

3. Accident – unexpected happening – Jai met with an accident two yearsagpago.

Incident – expected happening – I never forget this incident.Incidence –frequency - Eric’s family has a high incidence of death due to their

genetic coding.4. Scraping – drag or pull – The boat scraped against the edge of the dock.

Scrapping - throwing away – The scrapping of mandatory grants hasencouraged considerable concern that further cuts are on the way.

Scrubbing – rubbing – My mother was scrubbing the dust from the vessel.5. Accept – agree – I accept with your point.

Except – excluding – Every one accept it except Raga.Expect – anticipate – People expect that the new government will eradicate povery.

6. Lesson – a moral - In day to day life we learn a lesson.Lessen – reduce – This pill lessens your pain.Lesion – wound or injury - The acute bed-sore is, in some cases, a true trophic lesion

occurred.7. Severe – great - I have got severe injury in a road accident.

Sever – put an end to - The notice itself may be sufficient tosever the joint tenancySewer – a large pipe to– The sewer was broken off.carry wastage water

8. Raise – increase – The employees demanded for a raise in salary.Rise – emerge – The sun rises in the east.Rice – a staple food – Rice was grown abundantly in Tanjore once.for Tamilians

9. Quiet – calm – Keep quiet in the class.Quite – exactly – You are quite correct.Quit – give up – Don’t quit anything for anybody.

10. Final – last, end, – This is the final warning for you.ultimateFinale – the last part – The grand finale was held at Kamaraj Auditorium.of a piece of music

Feline – belonging or – Macivity is feline.relating to the cat family

EXAMINATION PATTERN : (MAR 2020)The bugle is ……………in our school ………….(band / banned) Ans: banned, bandComplete the following with the appropriate words from the options given: (Text page 148)1. My mother brought an expensive watch as a birthday ................a) Present b) percent c) presence d) precise2. Everybody accepted the fact that overeating could easily ..............to obesity.a) Led b) leed c) lead d) leading3. In the middle ages, people were trained to become a ............at a young age.a) Night b) knight c) mite d) might4. Akshitha’s brother plays the bugle in his school .................a) Bond b) blond c) band d) brand5. The weather is fine and the air is filled with the ..................of lemons.a) Sent b) scent c) cent d) mend6. What a splendid .................the emperor Alexander’s might have been!a) Rein b) rain c) rainy d) reign7. Humans have foot, animals have .............a) Pass b) pause c) phase d) paws8. They know how to .................their mobile phones online.a) Cell b) sale c) sell d) sold9. The teacher is so happy that all the students are ..............today.a) Percent b) precent c) present d) presence10. The cars were .................in the traffic jam.a) Stationary b) stationery c) probationary d) static11. It is not easy for him to tie ..................in his shoe laces.

a) Night b) knight c) knot d) not

PLURAL FORMSPlurals of different form

singular Plural Singular plural singular pluralGoose Geese Focus foci terminus termini

Genie genii, genies Axis axes memorandum memoranda

alumna(masculine)

mni mnae mnus (feminine) alo aloes (or) buffalos

Stratum ta arium aria e of furniture es of furniture

Crisis es um a ium ia

Singular Plural Singular plural singular pluralinformation information Species species deer deerFurniture Furniture Corps corps sheep sheepSwine Swine

Note 2 : Most compound nouns form their plural with an addition of “ s “

Singular Plural singular pluraldining room dining rooms spoonful spoonsfulgrown up Grownups cupful cupsful

Note 3 : In some Compound Nouns, the plural is formed by adding “ s “ to thefirst part of the Compound Word.

gular ral gular ral– in – law s – in – law ther – in –law thers–in – law

ghter– in – law ghters–in–law her –in – law hers–in – lawther – in –law thers– in –law ernor general ernors generaler – in – law ers – in – law ner – up ners –up

Note 4 : In some Compound Nouns, the plural is formed by adding “ s “ to boththe elements

man servant - men servants woman student - women students

Note 5 : Some nouns are always plural. They have no singular form.

cattle, spectacles, scissors, premises, trousers, pant

Note 6 :Some nouns form the plural by a vowel change

Singular Plural Singular plural singular pluralMan Men Woman women goose geeseMouse Mice Tooth teeth louse lice

Foot feet

Note 7 : Nouns that end in – man but are not compounds form the plural regularlyby

adding “ s “Singular Plural plural singular pluralNorman Normans Human humans German GermansNote 8 : Nouns that end in – “o “ proceeded by a vowel, form the plural by adding –“s “ to

the singular.

ular al ular al ular alo os o os o os

oo oos o os vo vosNote 9 : Takes “ es”Singular Plural Singular pluralHero Heroes Potato potatoes tomato tomatoesNote 10: Nouns from foreign language:Singular Plural singular plural singular pluralIndex indices / indexes basis bases phylum phylaFormula formulae, formulas bacteriu

mbacteria radius radii

Criterion criteria / criterions focus foci,focuses

datum data

Appendix appendices/appendixes

monsieur messieurs analysis analyses

Cherub cherubim/ cherubsAdding “es” to singulars ending in ‘s, ‘ss’, ‘sh’, ch, x, z

Singular Plural singular plural singular pluralBus Buses Ass asses bush bushesBunch Bunches Box boxes fish fishesNote : In some case ‘fish’ is used both in singular and pluralAdding ‘s’ to singular ending in ‘y’

after a vowel.Singular Plural singular plural singular pluralDay Days donkey donkeys monkey monkeysToy Toys Ray rays boy boysKey Keys Storey storeysTips : singular is um a us oo ix

plural es a ae i ee icesChanging the ‘ y ’ of singular nouns ending in ‘ y ’ after a consonant in to “ies:Singular Plural singular plural singular plural

Baby Babies Body bodies fairy fairiesKnife Knives Army armies dictionary dictionariesFamily Families Cry cries butterfly butterfliesDuty Duties Story stories try tries


Choose the correct singular form of “Bacteria” (MAR 2020)

a) Bacterian b) Bacteri c) Bacteriae d) Bacterium

EXERCISES:

1. What is the plural form of‘ son-in-law’?

a. son-in-laws b. sons-in-law c. sons-in-laws d. sons-ins-laws

2. What is the plural form of ‘species’?

a. specie b. specy c. species d. spicy

3.What is the plural form of ‘piece of furniture’?

a. pieces of furniture b. pieces of furnitures c. piece of furnitures d. piece of furniture

4. What is the plural form of ‘crisis’?

a. crisise b. crisista c. crises d. crisies

5. What is the plural form of‘ goose’?

a. geese b. gooses c. geeses d. gasse

6. What is the plural form of ‘focus’?

a. focuses b. focus’ c. foci d. focal

7. What is the plural form of ‘medium’?

a. mediums b. media c. mediae d. mediumae

8. What is the plural form of fungus?

a. fungi b. fungae c. funguss d. fungusesses

9. What is the plural form of “criterion’?

a. criterions b. criteriae c. criteria d. criteriones

10. What is the plural form of ‘stratum’?

a. stratas b. stratii c. strata d. stratums

11. What is the plural form o f memorandum’

a. memorundam b. memoranda c. memorandums d. memos

12. What is the plural form of ‘Index’?

a. Indices b. indexes c. Both a and b d. Neither a nor b

13. What is the plural form of thief ?

a. thiefs b. thiefes c. thieves d. thiefses

14. What is the plural form of alumnus’?

a. alumna b. alumni c. alum d. alumnae

15. What is the plural form of ‘man servant’ ?

a. man servants b. men servant c. men servants d. mans servants

IDIOMS:Idioms எ�ப�மர�ெதாடரா��. இத��ெமாழிய�� fluency ேதைவ. இத��

ேநரிைடயானஅ��த�க�ைடயா�.உதாரணமாக a change of heart எ�றா�இதய�ைதமா��வ�எ�றெபா��க�ைடயா�. மன�மா�வ�எ�றமைற�கமானஅ��த�ைத�ற��பதா��.

Idioms are an integral part of the language.

Idioms is nothing but the special use of language.

They do not give the literal meaning of the individual words used in the idiom.

Idiom is a special usage in a language.

They do not give the direct meaning but have a special meaning.

If a person uses idioms in his speech, his respect will be elevated in the society.

Students are asked to use the given idiom is their own sentence.

MEANING FOR THE IDIOMS

Ex: A change of heart

Direct meaning - Heart transplant

Idiomatic meaning - change one’s feelings

Textual Exercises : (Page 108)

1. Choose the meaning of the idiom “save one’s skin”

a) Treat the skin b) save one from difficulty c) betray one when wrong doing d) beat heavily

2. Choose the meaning of the idiom “make both ends meet”

a) Meeting a friend b) meeting an unknown person c) meeting officially d) manage one’sexpense within income

4. Choose the meaning of the idiom “ a bolt out of a clear sky”

a) Expected news b) sudden and unexpected event or news c) unhappy news d) likely to rain

5. Choose the meaning of the idiom “ go to grave”

b) To enter the world b) to arrive the world c) to exit the world d) to stay in the world

6. Choose the meaning of the idiom “ have the whip hand”

a) To be influential b) to be the most powerful c) power of the powerless d) highly strong

7. Choose the meaning of the idiom “ under a cloud”

a) Viewed hopefully b) viewed desperately c) viewed with suspicion and distrust d) viewedwithout any suspicion

8. Choose the meaning of the idiom “ wait for the dust to settle” (Text Page 117)

a) Clear the trashes b) clean the environment c) wait for a situation to clear d) gathering thegarbage

9. Choose the meaning of the idiom “ get / have all your ducks in a row”

a) Dis organised b) well organised c) half prepared d) well begun

10. Choose the meaning of the idiom “ fetch and carry”

a) Help someone b) do little jobs c) carry things for someone d) care for others

11. Choose the meaning of the idiom “ do the math”

a) Think carefully b) think carelessly c) not at all thinking d) thinking too deeply

12. Choose the meaning of the idiom “ round the corner”

a) Very far b) very near c) quite away d) in the corner of the street

13. Choose the meaning of the idiom “icing on the cake”

a) Added to make better b) cake on the ice c) ice on the cake d) added to be tastier

14. Choose the meaning of the idiom “ break the ice”

a) To make people tensed b) to make people relaxed c) to make people tired c) to make oneunderstood well


Choose the suitable meaning for the idiom found in the following sentence : (MAR 2020)

1. Eleventh hour preparation will not help the students:: (MAR 2020)

a) Till 11 p.m. b) at the last moment c) much in advance d) late at night

MODAL AUXILLARIES

Can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might and must are modals.

��எ�றெபா��த�தா� can எ�தேவ��.

I can speak French.

அ�மத� ேகா�வத�� canஅ�ல�may எ�த ேவ��.

Can I use your mobile phone?

May I come in?

பணிவாக ேவ��வத�� could எ�த ேவ��.

Could you direct me to the nearby ATM?

ந�க�வத�கானவா�� (probability)இ��தா�may எ��க.

It may rain this evening.

கடைமைய�ற��வா��ைதக�� should எ��க.

We should respect our elders.

க�டயமாகஒ�ெசய�ெச�யேவ��எ��ெபா��இ��தா�must எ��க

We must attend the class.

like, rather, mind ேபா�றவா��ைதக�வ�தா� would எ��க.

I would like to have a cup of coffee.

The terrorist would rather die than to surrender.

Would you mind closing the door?

SEMI / QUASI / MARGINAL MODALS:

ச��வய�பழ�க�ைத�ற��க used to பய�ப��க. (clue words : when, during)

I used to hear a lot of stories from my grandmother when I was young.

My father used to play foot ball during his college days.

க�டாய�,கடைமகைள�ற��க ought to எ��க

We ought to obey our elders.

�ணி�ச�எ��ெபா��த��வா�க�ய�க�� dare பய�ப��க.

ேதைவஎ��ெபா��த��வா�க�ய�க�� need பய�ப��க

I need your help.

TEXTUAL EXERCISES : (Page 7)

Fill in the blanks with modal auxiliaries.

a) The candidates can/ could / will /should/must answer five out of ten questions.

b) How dare you open my bag?

c) Tajudeen will finish this work by Monday.

d) Need I go to school today?

e) I wish you will tell me the truth

f) Poonam could not catch the bus yesterday.

g) People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.

h) You need not go to the market as I have brought vegetables.

i) Need you have taken all this trouble?

j) You must be joking.

k) I tried to climb up the tree, but could not.

l) Hima Das ran so fast that she would win the medal.

m) You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.

n) I would like to have a cup of coffee.

o) My grandfather used to visit this temple when he was young.

Task 2

Complete the following sentences with modals using the clues given.

a) You should help the needy. (moral obligation)

b) If I were you, I would not behave like that. (conditional Sentence)

c) I should never tell a lie. (determination)

d) My uncle might have reached by now. (possibility)

e) The patient is critical. He must be taken to the hospital.(compulsion)

f) I used to play hockey when I was a student. (past habit)

g) You should not attend my class. (order)

h) He may come today. (remote possibility)

i) You should follow the traffic rules. (regulation)

j) He will play the match. (willingness)

k) You need not waste time on it. (necessity)

l) Had the doctor come in time, he could / would have saved the patient.(probability


My sister ………….dance so well, when she was in school. (Use a semi modal verb) (MAR 2020)

Ans : used to

British English & American English

The difference in spelling between the British English and the American English.

sh English American English British English American English

1. Lift Elevator 29. Cot crib

2. Holidays Vacation 30. rise (in salary) raise

3. film Movie 31. cutting clipping

4. autumn Fall 32. witness box witness stand

5. post Mail 33. goods train freight train

6. flat Apartment 34. interval intermission

7. purse Wallet 35. jug pitcher

8. taxi Cab 36. mobile phone cell phone

9. tap Faucet 37. petrol gas, gasoline

10. sweets Candies 38. tin can

11. fellow Guy 39. pavement side walk

12. anti clock wise counter clock wise 40. aerial antenna

13. torch flash light 41. cup board closet

14. boot Trunk 42. shop assistant sales clerk

15. blind window shade 43. single (ticket) one way

16. chips French fries 44. fire brigade fire department

17. zed Zee 45. dust bin garbage can,

18. biscuit Cookie 46. bonnet hood

19. railway rail road 47. wash basin sink

20. aero plane air plane 48. wind screen wind shield

21. ground floor first floor 49. coach bus

22. long jump broad jump 50. crisps chips

23. lorry Truck 51. underground subway

24. rose Blush 52. nappy diaper

25. luggage Baggage 53. beggar panhandler

26. lawyer Attorney 54. hand bag purse

27. pram baby carriage 55. surname last name

28. mince chopped beef 56. pudding dessert

57. maize Corn 73. diversion detour

58. rubber Eraser 74. curtain drape

59. motor way high way 75. corpse cadaver

60. jam Jelly 76. café diner

61. number plate license plate 77. leader editorial

62. queue Line 78. engine driver engineer

63. caravan motor home 79. pitch field

64. fly over over pass 80. dynamo generator

65. trousers Pants 81. care taker janitor

66. car park parking lot 82. junction exist

67. full stop Period 83. show fair

68. foot ball Soccer 84. headlight head lamp


Choose the correct American English word for ‘queue’ (MAR 2020)

a) straight b) level c) line d) order

SENTENCE PATTERN

A Sentence is a group of words with complete sense.

There are 5 Patterns for a sentence. They are

1. Subject (s)

2. Verb (v)

3. Object (o)

4. Complement (c)

5. Adjunct (A)

1. Subject (s) :

Doer of the action is subject. It may be a noun or a pronoun or it may both. It

answers the question ‘who’

Ex : I am a teacher (Pronoun)

Sheethal is a singer (Noun)

My father is a doctor (Both)

2. Verb (V) :

It is an action word,

Ex : I bought a house. bought - verb

3. Object (O) :

It is followed by Main verbs. It can be transformed to passive voice.

Ex : I bought a house. a house - Object

In some sentences, there are two objects

The word which answers the questions ‘what’ is called Direct Object (DO)

The word which answers the questions ‘whom’ is called Indirect Object (IO)

69. chemist Pharmacist 85. pig hog

70. hire Rent 86. tall boy high boy

71. waist coat Vest 87. goal keeper goal tender

72. postal code zip code 88. limited incorporated

Ex : My father gave me a pen me - IO pen - DO

Here two questions may be risen.

1. Whom did your father give a pen ?

Ans : Me --> Hence it is Indirect Object (IO)

2. What did your father give ?

Ans :a pen --> Hence it is Direct Object (DO)

4. Complement (C) :

It is followed by ‘Be’ verbs. (is, am, are, can, wern) and main verbs such as become,

got, grow, seem, appear, look. It is the characteristic feature of a person and

profession.

Eg : I am a teacher You are a student

He grew tired She became a teacher

My shoes got wet

5. Adjunct (A) :

Phrases are known as Adjuncts

Eg : On seeing a snake, I ran away

Adjuncts end with - ly

Eg : The problem will be solved gradually

She walked slowly

It answers the question when, where, why and how .

Eg : He came yesterday(when)

She arrived Delhi(where)

I took leave because of illenss (why)

I go to school on foot (How)


Identify the Sentence Pattern of the following sentence: (MAR 2020)

The birds are flying gracefully in the sky.

a) SVOA b) SVAA c) SVOC s) SVCA

SYLLABIFICATION

A syllable is a unit of pronunciation. A syllable contains either a vowel sound alone or a

vowel sound and one consonant sound.

Separate the syllables of any one of the following words.

Eg: clinic - cli / nic (two syllables)

hospital - hos / pi / tal (three syllables)

preparation - pre / pa / ra / tion (four syllables)

hospitality - hos/ pi / ta / li / ty (five syllables)

1. single syllable words or mono syllabic words : but, yet, that, time

2. two syllable words or disyllabic words : nature; attack; cli -nic.

3. three syllable words or tri syllabic words : de- tec - tive; en – gage- ment.

4. Four syllable / Tetra sllable words : enter - tain -ment; de- di –ca - ted.

5. Five syllable / Penta sllable words : in- ter- nation- al; com - mu -ni -ca -tion

6. Six syllable and more than - Poly syllabic words : ex –ist- en - ti -a –tion

EXAMINATION POINT:

Choose the disyllabic word : (MAR 2020)

a) Benefit b) again c) weight d) strength

QNS No. 21 to 26 POEM APPRECIATION QUESTIONS

POEM 2 OUR CASUARIANA TREE

Read the lines given below and answer the questions that follow.

a) A creeper climbs, in whose embraces bound

No other tree could live.

i) Which tree is referred to in the above lines?

The Casuriana tree is referred to in the above lines.

ii) How does the tree survive the tight hold of the creeper?

The grip of the creeper on the tree is so strong that any other tree than the Casuarina would nothave survived its grip. It shows that the Casuarina tree is very strong and powerful.

iii) Why does Toru Dutt use the expression ‘a creeper climbs’?

Toru Dutt uses the expression ‘ a creeper climbs’ to compare with a python.

b) The giant wears the scarf, and flowers are hung

In crimson clusters all the bough among!

i) Who is the giant here?

The casuariana tree is the giant here.

ii) Why is the scarf colourful?

The scarf is colourful because bright red flowers bloom on the branches of the tree casuariana.

c) “ Fear, trembling Hope, and Death, the skeleton,

And Time the shadow”, and though weak the verse

That would thy beauty fain, oh, fain rehearse,

May Love defend tree from oblivion’s curse.

i) What does the poet mean by the expression ‘May love defend thee from oblivion’s curse?’

The poet means that her love for Casuarina tree that will protect it from being forgotten.

ii) What does the expression ‘fain’ convey?

The expression ‘fain’ conveys gladness.

iii) What does the poet convey through the expression ‘Fear, trembling hope’?

Under the distressing branches of those trees, fear, hope and death had lingered.

POEM 3 ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE

Read the given lines and answer the questions that follow.

a) “Then a whining school by with his satchel

And shining morning face creeping like snail

Unwilling to go to school”.

i. Which stage of life is being referred to here by the poet? Page 93

The second stage, the school boy is being referred to here by the poet.

ii. What are the characteristics of the stage?

In this stage the boy goes to school with his bag.

iii. How does the boy go to school?

The boy goes to school with his bag unwillingly. He moves towards the school as slowly as a snail.

iv. Which figure of speech has been employed in the second line?

Simile is employed in the second line.

b) ................... “Then a soldier

Full of strange oaths, and bearded like a pard,

Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel

Seeking the bubble reputation

Even in the cannon’s mouth”................

i. What is the soldier ready to do?

The soldier is ready to quarrel. Here ‘quarrel’ means argument.

ii. Explain ‘bubble reputation’.

‘Bubble reputation’ refers to glory that is short lived like a bubble.

iii. What are the distinguishing features of this stage?

In this stage the soldier is full of promises. He has a beard like a leopard. He tries to gain honour

and he is quick to take up any argument. Even at the risk of his life he tries to achieve reputation

which is as short lived as bubble.

c) “And then the justice

In fair round belly with good capon lin’d

With eyes sever and beard of formal cut

Full of wise saws and modern instances”;

i. Whom does justice refer to?

Justice refers to man in his fifth stage.

ii. Describe his appearance.

He has a fair belly and he has become fat from eating chicken. He has a serious look and a formal

beard.

iii. How does he behave with the people around him?

He behaves with the people around him as a learned man.

iv. What does he do to show his wisdom?

To show his wisdom he quotes many proverbs and modern instances.

POEM 4 ULYSSES

Read the sets of lines from the poem and answer the questions that follow.

a) “… I mete and dole

Unequal laws unto a savage race,

That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me”.

i. What does Ulysses do?

Ulysses meets people and talks to them about the laws.

ii. Did he enjoy what he was doing? Give reasons.

He did not enjoy what he was doing. His main goal was to travel for adventure. He called his

people a savage race.

b) “Yet all experience is an arch wherethro’

Gleams that untravell’d world, whose margin fades

For ever and for ever when I move”.

i. What is experience compared to?

Experience is compared to an arch through which one can see the unknown world.

ii. How do the lines convey that the experience is endless?

When we see through the arch, the end fades away and immediately a new sight emerges. So

the experience is endless.

c) “Little remains: but every hour is saved

From that eternal silence, something more,

A bringer of new things; and vile it were”

i. How is every hour important to Ulysses?

Ulysses wants to utilise whatever time is left with him. So every hour is important to him.

ii. What does the term ‘Little remains’ convey?

The term ‘Little remains’ conveys that only little time is left with Ulysses because he is already old.

d) “This is my son, mine own Telemachus,

To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle

Well-loved of me”,

i. Who does Ulysses entrust his kingdom to, in his absence?

In his absence, Ulysses entrusts his kingdom to his son Telemachus.

ii. Bring out the significance of the ‘sceptre’.

Sceptre is the decorated staff carried by kings. It is a symbol of kingly power.

e) “That ever with a frolic welcome took

The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed”

i. What do ‘thunder’ and ‘sunshine’ refer to?

‘Thunder’ and ‘sunshine’ refer to the easy and difficult situations they meet when they travel.

ii. What do we infer about the attitude of the sailors?

Sailors are ready to accept any situation on the way. They have positive attitude.

f) “Death closes all: but something ere the end,

Some work of noble note, may yet be done,

Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods”.

i. The above lines convey the undying spirit of Ulysses. Explain.

Ulysses has a strong and determined mind to travel. He will not be frightened of any difficult

situation on the way.

ii. Pick out the words in alliteration in the above lines.

noble – note.

g) “…………………for my purpose holds

To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths

Of all the western stars, until I die”.

i. What was Ulysses’ purpose in life?

Ulysses’ purpose in life was to travel to unknown lands.

ii. How long would his venture last?

His venture would last till his death.

h. “One equal temper of heroic hearts,

Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will

To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield”.

i. Though made weak by time and fate, the hearts are heroic. Explain.

Ulysses and the sailors may be weak due to the age and their fate but they all have a very strong

will.

ii. Pick out the words in alliteration in the above lines.

heroic – hearts; weak – will; strive – seek.

POEM 5 A FATHER TO HIS SON

Read the lines given below and answer the questions that follow.

a) ”Life is hard; be steel; be a rock.”

i) How should one face life?

One should face life like a rock and steel.

ii) Identify the figure of speech in the above line .

Metaphor

b) ”Life is a soft loam; be gentle; go easy.”

And this too might serve him

i) Why does the poet suggest to take life easy?

There are certain occasions one needs to treat life like wet clay very gently. Hence the poetsuggests to take life easy.


Metaphor

c) Tell him solitude is creative if he is strong

and the final decisions are made in silent rooms.

i) Can being in solitude help a strong human being ? How?

Yes, solitude can help a strong human being through creativity.


Personification

d) Tell him time as a stuff can be wasted.

Tell him to be a fool every so often

i) Why does the poet suggest that time can be wasted?

Time can be wasted as a leisure for a person.


Simile

e) Tell him to be a fool every so often

and to have no shame over having been a fool

i) Is it a shame to be a fool at times?

No, It is not a shame to be a fool at times.

ii) What does one learn from every folly?

One learns not to do the mistakes again from every folly.

f) -------free imaginations

Bringing changes into a world resenting change.

i) How does free imagination help the world ?

Free imagination helps to bring changes in the world.


Transferred epithet

g) Pick out the alliterated words from the poem and write.

And this might stand him for the storms

Stand - Storms

Q No. 27 to 30

Report the dialogue.

Points to remember:

1. Statement - Add ‘that’ – a conjunction used in statements.

2. Question - ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ – add ‘whether’ or ‘If’

‘Wh’ word – add the same ‘wh’ word.

3. Command/Request (positive) - Add ‘to’ before the imperative sentence.

(Negative) - Remove ‘don’t and add ‘not to’.

4. Exclamations - Add ‘that’. Remove exclamation mark (!) and add full stop.

Reporting verbs:-

1. Statement - told / replied.

2. Question - asked, enquired.

3. Commands - advised, ordered.

4. Request - Requested.

5. Exclamations - Exclaimed happily / sadly.

Example :

TYPE 1

Tourist :- How can I reach Mahabalipuram?

Tourist guide :- You can drive along the east coast road. The road is smooth and freefrom the traffic and in about 90 minutes, you will reach Mahabalipuram.

Tourist : Oh! That’s fine. Thank you.

Ans :- The tourist asked the tourist guide how he could reach Mahabalipuram. The touristguide replied that he could drive along the east coast road. He added that the road was smoothand free from traffic and in about 90 minutes he would reach Mahabalipuram. The tourist thankedthe guide.

Read the following dialogue and complete the report in the space

provided.

a) Priya : Where are you going?

Vijay : I am going to the railway station.

Priya : Why are you going there?

Vijay : I want to receive my uncle who is coming from Bangalore

Priya asked Vijay (a) where he was going .Vijay replied(b) that he was going to the railway station.

Priya further inquire(c) the reason for going to the railway station

(or) why he was going there. Vijay stated that (d) he wanted to receive his uncle who is comingfrom Banglaore.

b) Teacher : Why are you late?

Divya : I missed the bus.

Teacher : You should have reached the bus stop on time.

Divya : My grandmother is ill. So, I had to take her to the doctor.

Teacher : I am sorry. What ails her?

Divya : She has high fever.

The teacher asked Divya why she was late

Divya replied that (a) she had missed the bus .The teacher told her that (b) she should havereached the bus stop on time . Divya said that her grandmother was ill so she had to take her tothe doctor. The teacher felt sorry

and further asked her (c) what ailed her . Divya explained that she (d) had high fever.

Task 3

Rewrite the following passage in indirect speech. (B. Pg 16)

Pradeep got out of bed with much excitement. “It is going to be a lovely sunny day,” he remarkedto his sister Varshini.

Ans: Pradeep got out of bed with much excitement and remarked to his sister Varshini that it wasgoing to be a lovely sunny day.

“ Just let me sleep a bit longer, Pradeep,” Varshini begged, “and since you are feeling soenthusiastic, ” she suggested, “Why don’t you go and help mother in cooking?”\

Ans: Varshini begged her brother Praddep to let her sleep a bit longer and she suggested him whyhe didn’t go and help mother in cooking since he was feeling so enthusiastic.

“ Sure, I will”, said Pradeep. “Can I help you, mum?”, he said to his mother.

Ans: Pradeep assured her sister and asked his mother if he could help her.

“ Yes, of course. There are idlis and vadas on the dining table. Have your breakfast.”

Ans: Pradeep’s mother told that there were idlis and vadas on the dining table

and asked him to have his breakfast.

“ Thank you, mum; I’ll surely help you by eating them.”

Ans: Pradeep thanked his mother and said that he’d surely help her by eating

them.

Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

TYPE 2

a) The pilot said to the passengers, “The plane will land in Delhi at 9 p.m.”

The pilot informed the passengers that the plane would land in Delhi at 9 p.m.

b) The Principal said, “Young students must think about the ways to control the use

of plastic band in the school campus.”

The Principal advised that young students had to think about the ways to control the use ofplastic band in the school campus.

c) Gowtham said to me, “I was very ill last week, but I am better now.”

Gowtham told me that he had been very ill the previous week but he was better then.

d) Priya said, “I want to give my sister a present.”

Priya said that she wanted to give her sister a present.

e) Madhu said to me, “I am so happy you have completed your project.”

Madhu told me that she was so happy I had completed my project.

f) The manager said, “I will speak to you on Friday.”

The manager said that he would speak to me/him/her on Friday.

g) Mani said to his coach, “I shall improve, if you guide me.

Mani told his coach that he would improve if he guided me.

h) My mother said to me, “You can go swimming tomorrow.”

My mother told me that I could go swimming the next day.

i) Sandeep said to John, “Would you like to watch a movie with me?”

Sandeep asked John if he would like to watch a movie with him.

j) Geetha asked Angel, “Will you help me to pack my bag?”

Geetha asked Angel if she would help her to pack her bag.

k) The librarian said to the students, “You are not allowed to scribble anything on

the library books

The librarian warned the students that we were not allowed to scribble anything on the librarybooks.

k) The motorist said to me, “Can you direct me to the post office?”

The motorist asked me if I could direct him to the post office.

l) Umar said to his mother, “Could you make me a cup of coffee?”

Umar asked his mother if she could make him a cup of coffee.

The little boy said to me, “Alas! My dog is dead.”

The little boy exclaimed sadly that her dog was dead.

m) Grandmother said to her grandson, “May God bless you.”

Grandmother wished her grandson that God might bless him.

VOICE

Padma wrote a letter – Active Voice

A letter was written by Padma – Passive Voice

Note : 1) Only Transitive verb can be used in passive voice.

2) Intransitive verb cannot be changed into passive voice

ெச�வ�ைன SVO எ�ற pattern�இ��. அைத passive voice�மா��ெபா�� Objectஐ��னா�ெகாண��அத��ஏ�ற be verbஐஎ�த�அத�ட� V 3அதாவ� Past Participleஐேச��ப��ன� subjectஐஎ�தேவ��.continuous tenses�� being�� perfect tenses �� been��modal auxiliaries�� beஉ�ேச��க ேவ��.

Transitive verb : A verb that takes object is called transitive verb.

E.g. : She bought a pen bought – transitive verb.

A pen was bought by her – Passive voice

Intransitive verb : She walks along the road. (No object)

So, this sentence cannot be changed into passive voice.

Ex: Water is collected in the tank. (passive voice)

Someone or The motor collects water in the tank. (Active Voice)

Steps to convert Active Voice to Passive Voice:

• Identify the pattern SVO

• Change the object of Active Voice to the Subject of Passive voice

• Identify the tense and write suitable “Be” verbs

• Write the past participle of the given main verb

• Add the agent “by”

• Change the subject of Active voice to the object of Passive voice.

ெச�வ�ைனய��இ��ெசய�பா��வ�ைனயாகமா��வத��ேதைவயானவழி�ைறக�:

ெச�வ�ைனய��இ��ெசய�பா��வ�ைனயாகமா��வத��ேதைவயானவழி�ைறக�:

ெச�வ�ைனய�� Objectஐக�டற��அைதெசய�பா��வ�ைனய�� subjectஆகமா��க.

active voice�உ�ள tenseஐக�டற��அத��ஏ�றா� ேபா� "Be " verbஐஎ��க.

Main verbஇ� 3rd formஅதாவ� Past Participleஐஎ��க.

"By " ேச��க.

ப�� active voiceஇ� subjectஐகணடற��அைத passive voiceஇ� objectஆகமா��க.ெச�வ�ைனய�� Objectஐக�டற��அைதெசய�பா��வ�ைனய��subjectஆகமா��க.

ACTIVE VOICE�உ�ள tenseஐக�டற��அத��ஏ�றா� ேபா� "Be " verbஐஎ��க.

Main verbஇ� 3rd formஅதாவ� Past Participleஐஎ��க.

"By " ேச��க.

ப�� active voiceஇ� subjectஐகணடற��அைத passive voiceஇ� objectஆகமா��க.

Easy Table for conversion:

Simple present Tense and Simple Past Tense:

Object of Active Voice + is/am/are/was/were + V3 (Past Participle of the given Main Verb) + by +Subject of Active Voice

Ex: 1. Rama celebrates her birthday today. (Active Voice)

Rama’s birthday is celebrated by her today. (Passive Voice)

1.Sheela bought a pen yesterday from the Stationery store. (Active Voice)

A Pen was bought by Sheela yesterday from the stationery store. (Passive Voice)

Present Continuous and Past Continuous Tense:

Object of AV + is/am/are/was/were + being + V3 (Past Participle of the given main verb) + by +subject of AV

Ex: Prema is reading a novel now. (AV)

A novel is being read by Prema now. (PV)

Keerthi was selling flowers once in the market. (AV)

Flowers were being sold by Keerthi once in the market. (PV)

Present Perfect Tense and Past Perfect Tense:

Object of AV + have/ has / had + been + V3 (Past Participle of the given main verb) + by +subject of AV

Ex: Prema has read a novel. (AV)

A novel has been read by Prema. (PV)

Keerthi had sold flowers in the market. (AV)

Flowers had been sold by Keerthi in the market. (PV)

Simple Future

Object of AV + will/ shall + be + V3 (Past Participle of the given main verb) + by + Subject of AV

Ex: I shall help you.

You will be helped by me.

Future Perfect:

Object of AV + will/shall +have + been + by + sub of AV

Ex: Ram will have completed the assignment.

The Assignment will have been completed by Ram.

Modal Auxiliaries:

Object of AV + Given Modal Verb+ be + V3 (Past Participle of the given main verb) + by + subjectof AV

Ex: Prem can carry even the heavy luggage. (AV)

Even the heavy luggage can be carried by Prem. (PV)

Imperative Sentence:

Let + Object of AV + be + V3

Ex: Give me some water.

Let some water be given to me.

If it is a request (please) add “You are requested”

Ex: Please help me.

You are requested to help me.

Interrogative Sentences:

i. Who breaks the glass?

By whom is the glass broken?

ii. Who painted the door?

By whom was the door painted?

iii. Which colour do you like?

Which colour is liked by you?

iv. What do you choose for your birthday celebration?

What is chosen by you for your birthday celebration?

TEXTUAL EXCERSISES

Task 1 (Book Page 77)

Change the following sentences into Passive Voice.

a. The Governor inaugurated the exhibition at ten o’ clock.

The exhibition was inaugurated by the Governor at ten o’clock.

b. The crowd expected their leader to arrive early in the morning.

The crowd’s leader was expected to be arrived early in the morning by the crowd.

c. Who taught her Computer Science?

By whom was she taught Computer Science?

d. They unanimously named Ravi the captain of team.

Ravi was unanimously named the captain of team by them.

e. The President gave the commander an award.

The commander was given an award by the President. (OR)

An award was given to the commander by the President.

f. Do not tell a lie.

Let not a lie be told.

g. Please open the door.

You are requested to open the door.

h. It is time to stop the work.

It is time to the work to be stopped.

i. They say he is a spy.

It is said by them that he is a spy.

j. One should keep one’s promise.

Promises should be kept by one.

k. People burn a great deal of wood in winter.

A great deal of wood is burnt by people in winter.

l. Where had you kept the book?

Where the book had been kept by you?

m. When did you feel the tremors?

When were the tremors felt by you?

n. How did you do the experiment?

How was the experiment done by you?

o. Whose car did someone park in front of your gate?

Whose car was parked in front of your gate?

Task 2 (Book. Page 78)

Change the following sentences into Active Voice.

a) The smuggler has been nabbed by the police.

The police have nabbed the smuggler.

b) By whom were you interviewed?

Who interviewed you?

c) Why were you scolded by your parents?

Why did your parents scold you?

d) Not a word was spoken by the convict in self–defence.

The convict did not speak any word in self – defence.

e) Good news is expected shortly.

We expect good news shortly.

f) The mail has just been received.

I have just received the mail.

g) Sundari has been taken to hospital by her husband.

Sundari’s husband has taken her to hospital.

h) Our television is being repaired now.

The mechanic is repairing our television now.

i) Sweets have not been distributed to children by the organisers.

The organizers have not distributed sweets to children.

j) Prizes were being given by the chief guest.

The chief guest was giving prizes.

k) Nobody has been seen in the library this week.

I have not seen anybody in the library this week.

l) Nobody would have known the truth if you had not disclosed it.

The truth would not have been known to anybody if it had not been disclosed by you.

m) You are advised to help the poor and needy.

Help the poor and needy.

n) You are requested to make a cup of tea for the guest.

Please make a cup of tea for the guest.

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

Conditional clauses are also known as If clauses, There are three types of conditional clauses.

Type 1. Probable Condition :

If clause Main clause

Simple present tense (v1) will / can + verb 1

Eg : If you prepare well, you will score high marks in the exam

Prepare - Simple present tense

Will Score - will + v1

Type 2. Improbable Condition / Imaginary Condition :


Simple past tense (v1) would / could+ verb 1

Eg : If I were a bird, I would fly

were - Simple present tense

would fly - would + v1

Type 3. Impossible Condition :


Past Perfect tense (v1) would have / could have + verb 3

Eg : If I had gone by auto, I would have reached the spot on time.

had gone - Past Perfect tense

reached - v3

If I had enough money, I would buy a BMW car

Type 4 . Zero conditional clause


Simple present tense (v1) simple present tense

This type is used to refer scientific truth and universal facts.

Eg : If you heat ice, it melts.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Type Tense Form In If Clause Tense Form In Main Clause

Type I OpenCondition

If you heat ice - present tense(for universal truth)If you work hard - present tense

It melts - present tense. (for universaltruth)you will succeed - future tense.

Type II Imaginarycondition

If you studied well - past tense you would pass - conditional past(past future) form : would + Presenttense

Type III Unfulfilledcondition

If he had practiced well - pastperfect tense (had + pastparticiple)

he would have won the match -conditional perfect tense (would have+ P.P) could have + p.p

Task 1 (Text Page 124)

Read the following sentences and fill in the blanks.

a. If I …were……..(be) a spider, I …would weave….. (weave) webs.

b. If Raj …were……(be) a sculptor, he …would make…… (make) beautiful idols.

c. If Mary had an umbrella, she…would lend……. (lend) it to me.

d. Rex would have played with me, if he…had had…..(has) time.

e. If I were you, I …would accept…(accept) this offer.

f. We …will select… (select) story books for kids, if we allot time for storytelling.

g. The Education Minister …will visit… (visit) our school tomorrow, if he goes by this way.

h. You will be rewarded by the wise, if you …stand….(stand) for truth.

i. If my mother …knows…(know) of my poor performance in the exam, she will not

allow me to watch a movie.

j. If I had won the lottery, I …would have donated… (donate) relief materials for the flood victims.


Rewrite the following sentences using ‘If ’ without changing the meaning.

e.g. Unless you go for a walk regularly, you cannot reduce your weight. (Use ‘If ’)

If you do not go for a walk regularly, you cannot reduce your weight.

a) Sindhu would not have won the world championship, unless she had had single minded

devotion.

If Sindhu had had single minded devotion she would have won the world championship.

b) You will not reach your goal, unless you chase your dream.

If you do not chase your dream you will not reach your goal.

c) Unless we plant more trees, we cannot save our planet.

If you do not plant more trees we cannot save our planet.

d) The rescue team would not have saved the victims unless they had received the call in time.

If the rescue team had not received the call in time they would not have saved the victims.

e) The palace cannot be kept clean, unless we appoint more people.

If the palace has to be kept clean we will appoint more people. (OR)

If we do not appoint more people, the palace cannot be kept clean.

f) The portraits would not have been so natural unless the artist had given his best.

If the artist had given his best the portraits would have been so natural

g) The manager would not have selected Nithiksha unless she exhibited good accounting skill.

If Nithiksha had not exhibited good accounting skill she would not have been selected by themanager.

h) The policeman would not have arrested the man unless he had violated the rules.

If the man had not violated the rules the policeman would not have arrested him.

i) Mr . Kunaal would not sponsor my higher education unless I studied well.

If I did not study well Mr. Kunal would not sponsor higher education.

j) Kavin will not stop flying kites unless he understands the risk involved in it.

If Kavin understands the risk involved in flying kites he will stop it.

k) Tanya would not know the answer unless she referred to the answer key.

If Tanya did not refer the answer key she would not know the answer.

l) My village cannot achieve 100 % literacy rate, unless the elders of the village cooperatewith the education department.

If the elders of the village do not cooperate with the education department, my village cannotachieve 100% literacy rate.

TYPE 2

INVERSION OF CONTIONAL CLAUSES (Begin with Had/ should / Were)

In this type conditional clause sentence will be given. Students have to inverse the givensentence.

Example :

1. If you should need my help, just call me.(Begin with should)

Should you need my help, just call me.

2. If it were not the expenses involved, I would go by air.

Were it for the expenses involved, I would go by air.

3. If I had known you were ill, I would have met you. (Begin with “Had”)

Had I known you were ill, I would have met you.

TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES

(SIMPLE, COMPOUND & COMPLEX)

Simple sentence :

A single sentences consists of only one main clause with or without a phrase.

Ex : I got back the money. They gave him a warm welcome.

Compound sentence :

A Compound sentence consists at least two main clauses and more than one but nosubordinating clauses. These main clauses are linked with coordinating conjunctions like but, and,or, otherwise, and so, and immediately.

Ex : I got the money back but my friends lost their money.

They gave him a warm welcome and they listened to him with regard.

The following table will help you to transform the sentences:

Complex Compound Simple

1 Though / Although/ Eventhough

but / yet / still inspite of + v + ing

2 If And Despite of + v + ingincase of + v + ing

3 unless (If . . not) or / otherwise incase of + not + v + ing4 after (sub + perfect + Tense ) and then after + v + ing / Having +pp5 As / Since / Because and so v + ing6 When And on + v + ing7 As soon as and immediately on + v + ing8 Before and before that before + v + ing9 Till / until and till then till + v + ing

10 That - of / to11 so .... that .... not very .... and so too ..... to


Pick out the finite verbs in the following sentences:

a) You can solve this problem in different ways. Ans: solve

b) The professor has been working on the last chapter of the book since March.

Ans: work

c) Despite being a celebrity, Ravi mingles easily with everyone. Ans: mingles

d) You must speak clearly to make yourself understood. Ans: speak

e) The chairman being away, the clerk is unable to approve the proposal.

Ans: is

g) Getting down from the car, the Chief Guest walked towards the dais amidst

applause.

Ans: walked

g) The old man struggled to walk without support. Ans: struggled

h) In case of emergency, please contact this number. Ans: contact

i) The sun having set, the temperature fell rapidly. Ans: fell

j) But for your help, I could not have completed the assignment. Ans: complete

Task 2

Read the following passage and identify the simple sentences.

Sunflowers turn according to the position of the sun. In other words, they ‘ chase the

light’. Have you ever wondered what happens on cloudy, rainy days when the sun is

completely covered by clouds? If you think the sunflower withers or turns its head

towards the ground you are completely mistaken. Do you know what happens? Sunflowers turn toeach other to share their energy. Learning from Nature, we too should support and

empower each other.

Simple sentences:

Sunflowers turn according to the position of the sun

In other words, they ‘ chase the light’

Sunflowers turn to each other to share their energy.

Learning from Nature, we too should support and empower each other.

b) Complex sentence

Let us recall the differences between a phrase and a clause and learn to identify Main and

Subordinate clauses.

Phrase

i. A phrase is a group of words without a finite verb in it.

ii. It does not give complete sense.

Examples : my new watch, a barking dog, the wise, the brave etc.

Clause

i. A clause is a group of words with a finite verb in it.

ii. It may or may not make complete sense.

Examples : my watch that is new, a dog that is barking, people who are wise, those

who are brave

Look at the following sentence:

I have lost the watch that you gave me.

I have lost the watch - Main clause (the clause stands on its own)

that you gave me - Subordinate clause (the clause depends on the Main clause for its

meaning to be completed)

that - clause marker

The above sentence is an example of a complex sentence.

A complex sentence has one Main clause

and one or more Subordinate clauses.

Task 1 (B. Page 123)

Look at the following complex sentences. Circle the Main clauses and

Underline the Subordinate clauses.

a) Nobody knows when the power supply will resume.

b) Please tell me what the time is.

c) The man who directed the film was my schoolmate.

d) I believe that all men are basically good.

e) No one knows when he will return.

Task 2

Pick out the complex sentences in the following passage.

A man saw a lion in the bush, as he was walking through the forest. He did not know what

to do. He was helpless. He was too scared to turn around and run. He just knelt down as if

he were getting ready to pray. He closed his eyes, thinking that the lion would pounce on

him anytime. Out of the corner of his eye, he saw the lion on its knees too. Shocked, he

asked the lion what it was doing. The lion replied that he was praying before he started his

meal.

Complex sentences:

A man saw a lion in the bush, as he was walking through the forest.

He did not know what to do.

He just knelt down as if he were getting ready to pray.

He closed his eyes, thinking that the lion would pounce on him anytime.

Shocked, he asked the lion what it was doing.

The lion replied that he was praying before he started his meal.

c) Compound sentence

Look at the following sentence:

Honesty promotes character, and dishonesty destroys it.

Honesty promotes character - Main clauseI

dishonesty destroys it - Main clause II

and - conjunction

Two Main clauses connected by a conjunction form a compound sentence.

Task 1 (Page 123)

Identify the two Main clauses and conjunction in each of the following sentences.

a) It started raining suddenly and people ran for shelter.

It started raining suddenly _ Main Clause I

People ran for shelter - Main Clause II

And - conjunction

b) Understand the concept well, otherwise you cannot solve the problem.

Understand the concept well _ Main clause I

You cannot solve the problem – Main clause Ii

Otherwise – conjunction

c) Fifty candidates appeared for the interview, but only five were selected.

Fifty candidates appeared for the interview – Main Clause I

Only five were selected – Main clause II

But - conjunction

d) Ramesh did not know Spanish, so he wanted a translator.

Ramesh did not know Spanish – Main Clause I

He wanted a translator – Main Clause II

So - conjunction

e) He is a good actor, still he is not popular.

He is a good actor – Main clause I

He is not popular – Main clause II

Still - conjunction

Task 2

Pick out the compound sentences in the following passage.

The food we eat has to be digested and then thrown out of the body. The air

we breathe in, has to be thrown out, to help us survive. But we hold negative emotions like

insecurity, anger and jealousy within ourselves for years. If these negative emotions are

not eliminated, the mind grows corrupt and diseased. Let us do away with hatred and lead

a healthy life filled with peace and joy.

Compound Sentences :

The food we eat has to be digested and then thrown out of the body

Let us do away with hatred and lead a healthy life filled with peace and joy.

Task 3 Page 124

Complete the sentences choosing the right endings.

We were thoroughly disappointed to find out his address

Hardly had he stepped out we could not go further

They wanted since our team did not get a prize

Since we had run out of petrol was his reckless driving

The cause of his injury when it began to rain

Ans: we were thoroughly disappointed since our team did not get a prize.

Hardly had he stepped out when it began to rain.

They wanted to find out his address.

Since we had run out of petrol we could not go further.

The cause of his injury was his reckless driving.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Type -1

No other profession is as noble as teaching.

Teaching is nobler than any other profession.

Teaching is the noblest of all professions. / Teaching is the noblest profession.

Type – 2

Very few professions are as noble as teaching.

Teaching is nobler than many other most other professions.

Teaching is one of the noblest professions.

Type – 3

Apples are costlier than mangoes in the summer season.

Mangoes are not so costly as apples in the summer season.

Type – 4

Apples are not more expensive than mangoes during winter.

Mangoes are as expensive as apples during winter.

Type – 5

We have not watched such a thrilling movie as this.

This movie is more thrilling than any other movie, we have ever watched.

This is the most thrilling movie, we have ever watched.

Type – 6

My brother can climb a tree as fast as a monkey.

A monkey cannot climb a tree faster than my brother.


Transform each of the following sentences using the comparative degree without changing the

meaning.

1. Very few Indian languages are as ancient as Tamil.

Tamil is more ancient than most other languages.

2. Hurricanes are as dangerous as tornadoes.

Tornadoes are more dangerous than Hurricanes.

3. This is the most challenging task I have ever undertaken.

This task is more challenging than any other tasks I have ever undertaken.

4. E-mail is the fastest means of communication.

E – mail is faster than any other means of communication.

5. Compulsive gambling is the worst habit a man can develop.

Compulsive gambling is worse than any other habit a man can develop.

Task 2

Rewrite each of the following sentences using the superlative degree retaining the meaning.

1. Shakespeare is greater than many other dramatists of the world.

Shakespeare is one of the greatest dramatists of the world.

2. Some people think that nothing is as important as money in life.

Some people think that money is the most important

in life.

3. The peacock is more colourful than any other bird found in India.

Peacock is the most colourful bird found in India.

4. Very few people in this town are as generous as Mr. Mohan.

Mr. Mohan is one of the most generous people in this town.

5. No other planet in our solar system is as cold as Neptune.

Neptune is the coldest planet in our solar system.

6. I cannot do anything better for you than this.

This is the best thing I can do for you.

Task 3

Replace the comparative adjectives in the following sentences with their positive forms.

1. Rural life is certainly more peaceful than urban life.

Urban life is not certainly so peaceful as Rural life.

2. The pen is mightier than the sword.

The sword is not so mighty as the pen.

3. Train journey is more comfortable than bus journey.

Bus journey is not so comfortable as train journey.

4. My mother can speak more sweetly than anyone else.

No other person can speak so sweet as my mother.

5. Gold is not more useful than iron.

Iron is as useful as Gold.

Q NOS 31 TO 33

POEM ERC

COMMON ERC

Poem – 2 OUR CASUARINA TREE

Context :

The given lines are from the poem “Our Casuarina Tree” written by Toru Dutt an Indian

poetess.

Explanation: The poetess remembers a Casuariana tree under which she and her siblings used to

play happily during her childhood days. But her brother and sister were not there. Hence she

laments.

Comment: Finally the tree remains as a symbol of happiness, innocence and affection in her mind.

POEM - 3 ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE

Context:

The above lines are from the poem “All the world’s a stage” written by

“William Shakespeare”

Explanation: Shakespeare compares the world to a stage. Men and women are merely actors.

The poet divides the life of human being into seven stages They are

1. Infant 2. School boy 3. Lover 4. Soldier 5.Justice 6. Old age

7. Second Childishness.

Comment:

A sad and pessimistic nature of human life is depicted by the poet.

Poem – 4 ULYSSES

Context :

The given lines are taken from the poem” Ulysses” written by “Alfred Tennyson”

Explanation:

This poem is a dramatic monologue. Tennyson has depicted Ulysses as a hero Ulysses

was a great Greek warrior and the king of Ithaca. He had become a part and parcel of all

new lands, new people and new climates,

Comment :

The king Ulysses was determined to strive.

POEM – 5 A FATHER TO HIS SON

Context:

These are the lines taken from the poem of “Carl August sand burg” entitled as “ A father

to his son”

EXPLANATION:

This poem is the form of an advice of a father to his son to have courage and strength. The

son should be steel as the wife is hard like a rock. He also warns him that there is nothing

wrong in earning money.

COMMENT:

The poet says finally if his son really follows his advice, he will be alone.

QN No. 34 to 36 PROSE Q & A

Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each based on your understanding ofthe story.

a) Who did the narrator meet at the outskirts of Verona?

The narrator met the two boys named Nicola and Jacopo at the outskirts of Verona.

b) Why did the driver not approve of the narrator buying fruits from the boys?

The driver did not approve of the narrator buying fruits from the boys for two reasons.

First they were selling wild strawberries. Second they looked very dirty and shabby.

c) The boys did not spend much on clothes and food. Why?

The boys did not spend much on clothes and food because they had to pay a heavy sum to

the treatment for their sister.

d) Were the boys saving money to go the States? How do you know?

No, the boys were not saving money to go to the states. I know from the statement of

Nicola that he would love to go but they had other plans.

e) Why did the author avoid going to Lucia’s room?

The author avoided going to Lucia’s room because he did not want to intrude the privacy of theboys. Moreover the boys were not willing to disclose the secrets with the author.

f) What was Lucia suffering from?

Lucia was suffering from Tuberculosis.

g) What made the boys join the resistance movement against the Germans?

The father of the boys was a well known singer but had been killed in the war. Their househad been destroyed in a bomb explosion. For months they had barely kept themselves alive in asort of shelter built amidst the rubble. They grew to hate the Germans. This made the boys jointhe resistance movement against the Germans.

h) What made the boys work so hard?

Their sister was suffering from TB. They had to look after her and the cost of the treatment is sohigh. This made the boys work so hard.

i) Why didn’t the boys disclose their problem to the author?

The boys didn’t disclose their problem to the author because they find the author as a stranger.Since they have seen much dark days, they have lost faith in the people. That’s why, they don’twant to create more troubles in sharing their personal matters with outsiders. They may alsothink that there may be a lion in a sheep’s clothing.

2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences each.

a) Describe the appearance of Nicola and Jacopo.

Nicola and Jacopo were two brothers of 13 and 12 respectively. They wore shabby clothes.Nicola wore a worn out jersey and cut – off khaki pants. Jacopo wore a shortened army tunic.They had their brown skins, tangled hair and dark earnest eyes.

b) What were the various jobs undertaken by the little boys?

The little boys shined shoes under the hot sun. They sold fruits, hawked newspapers andconducted tourists round the town. They also ran errands.

c) How did the narrator help the boys on Sunday?

The narrator helped the boys on Sunday by taking them to Poleta in his car driving himself.

d) Who took the author to the cubicle?

The nurse took the author to the cubicle.

e) Describe the girl with whom the boys were talking to in the cubicle.

The girl was about twenty two who propped up on pillows, wearing a pretty lace jacket.

Her eyes were soft and tender. She resembled both Nicola and Jacopo.

f) Recount the untold sufferings undergone by the siblings after they were rendered homeless.

For months they had barely kept themselves alive in a sort of shelter built amidst the rubble.They grew to hate Germans. When the resistance movement started they joined it. When the warwas over and there was peace they came back to their beloved sister. She had had spinetuberculosis.

g) The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to keep the secret to himself. Why?Substantiate the statement with reference to the story.

The narrator did not utter a word and preferred to keep the secret to himself because the boysdid not disclose about their sister to the author. They considered him a stranger.


a. What thoughts troubled Dr. Christian Barnard as he neared the end of his career as a heartsurgeon?

As Dr. Christian Barnard neared the end of his career as a heart surgeon, his thoughts have turnedto the consideration of why people should suffer.

b. What were Dr. Barnard’s feelings when he was hospitalized after an accident?

Dr. Christian Barnard could not make out why he and his wife had to suffer a lot when he washospitalized after an accident.

c. When and where did the accident occur?

The accident had happened a few years ago. When he was crossing a street with his wife after alovely meal together and immediately, a car hit him and knocked him into his wife. She wasthrown into the other lane and struck by a car coming from the opposite direction.

d. How did the hospitalization of Dr. Barnard and his wife affect their routine?

Dr. Barnard could not do the scheduled surgery. He and his wife could not look after their youngbaby.

e. How was Dr. Barnard’s attitude to suffering different from that of his father?

Dr. Barnard got anger at his suffering whereas his father would take it as God’s test on a person.He thought that such an incident would improve a person to become better.

f. How was the unattended trolley put to use?

Two little boys, one blind and another crippled pushed the unattended trolley for fun. They drove ithappily.

g. What roles did the duo take up?

The two boys took the roles of a driver and a mechanic. The blind boy was the mechanic and theboy with one arm was the driver.

h. Why did the choice of roles prove to be easy for them?

The mechanic was totally blind and the driver had only one arm. Hence the choice of roles waseasy.

i. Who encouraged them and how?

The other patients encouraged them by laughing and appreciating the two boys.

j. What does Dr. Barnard compare this entertainment to?

Dr. Barnard compares the entertainment to the Grand Prix of Indianapolis 500 car race.

k. What happened in the grand finale?

In the grand finale the silverware and plates were scattered and the nurse was angry with the boyswho were responsible for that.

l. How does Dr. Barnard know the boy who played the trolley’s driver?

The trolley driver had a hole in his heart and it was closed by Dr. Barnard. The boy came back tothe hospital with a malignant tumour of the bone. A few days before the trolley incident, hisshoulder and arm were amputated.

m. What was the profound lesson that Dr. Barnard learnt from the boys?

Dr. Barnard learned from the boys that the business of living is joy in the real sense of the word,not just something for pleasure, amusement and recreation. The business of living is thecelebration of being alive

2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences.

a. Detail the statistics Dr. Barnard has provided in his speech.

To prove that suffering is prevalent in this world Dr. Barnard gives the following statistics. Out of125 million children born this year, 12 million are unlikely to reach the age of one and another sixmillion will die before the age of five.

b. What happened when the doctor couple were crossing the street?

While the doctor couple were crossing the street after a lovely meal together, a car hit him andknocked him into his wife. She was thrown into the other lane and struck by a car coming fromthe opposite direction.

c. What injuries did they sustain in the accident?

He had eleven broken ribs and a perforated lung. His wife had a badly fractured shoulder.

d. Dr. Barnard couldn’t find any nobility in suffering. Why?

As a doctor Dr. Barnard saw every day the patients’ suffering as they were moving about in sweatsoaked

bed. He could not find any nobility in the crying of a lonely child in a ward at night.

e. Why does Dr. Barnard find suffering of children heartbreaking?

Dr. Barnard has always found the suffering of children particularly heartbreaking because of theirtotal trust in doctors and nurses. They believe they will be helped by them. If they are not curedthey accept their fate. They do not make any complaint.

g. Why does Dr. Barnard describe the blind boy as a ‘walking horror’?

Because of the boy’s mother’s mistake, the boy became blind. He was a walking horror becausehe was walking with a disfigured face and long flap of skin hanging from the side of his neck tohis body.

h. What were the problems the trolley driver suffered from?

The trolley driver had a hole in his heart and it was closed by Dr. Barnard. The boy came back tothe hospital with a malignant tumour of the bone. A few days before the trolley incident, hisshoulder and arm were amputated.

PROSE 5 THE CHAIR

1. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each based on your understandingof the story.

a) What was put on the family agenda?The narrator’s family had no chair. The members of the family felt very bad about notpossessing a chair. So buying a chair was put on the family agenda.

b) Who visited the family?A family friend had paid a visit. He was a sub – judge.

c) Describe the stool that the narrator’s family had.The stool has three legs. It measured a mere three-fourth foot. It was used mainly to churncurd by the narrator’s grandmother.

d) What was Pedanna’s suggestion to their father?Pedanna suggested that they could buy a chair from the town.

e) What was offered to Mammanar by their mother?A silver tumbler of butter milk seasoned with asafoetidia was offered to Mammanar by theirmother.

f) Why were the chairs compared to Rama – Lakshmana?Two chairs were made by a carpenter in the village. They looked similar or alike. Hence they

were compared to Rama – Lakshmana.g) When did the children shy away from the chair?

One day Sugnathi came from the neighbouring street and put her baby brother on the chair.After this incident, the children shy away from the chair.

h) How did Maamanaar handle the chair at home?Maamanaar didn’t allow anybody to sit on the chair. As soon as he got up every morning, hewould wipe the chair. If he wanted to shift the chair he himself carried it and put it downcarefully as if placing down gently a mud pot brimming with water.

2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences each:a) What happened to the visitor when he sat on the stool?

One day sub - judge cum family friend visited the house of the narrator. He was made to siton a stool because there was no other furniture. If one didn’t place the weight exactly abovethe legs, it would topple over. Just as the members of the narrator’s family were about tocaution the sub-judge he fell down with a thud and rolled over.

b) Why did the family find it difficult to make a chair?The practical difficulty in getting a chair made was that there wasn’t a single chair in thevillageto show as a model. Besides, there wasn’t a single carpenter either who knew how tomake one.

c) What was grandmother’s suggestion of wood? Why?Grandmother suggested that the chair should be made of teak wood because it would belight to lift and carry around and would be sturdy at the same time.

d) How was the chair made and how did the villagers react to it?The chair was made in black wood with a mirror like gleam, with perfectly shaped front legsand curved back legs, yawning languorously to match the recline of the chair-flashed beforeeyes. The villagers arrived in hordes to see the chair as soon as the news of the arrival ofchair. A few people stroked the chair. An old man lifted the chair and found heavy andsturdy.

e) When did the children get over the fear of sitting on the chair?One day Sugnathi came from the neighbouring street and put her baby brother on the chair.

After this incident, the children got over the fear of sitting on the chair.f) Why did Maamanaar hand over the chair to the villagers to retain it?

Often the chair had gone to the houses where death occurred. Maamanaar could not avoid it.Moreover he did not want to use the chair after placing the corpse on it. So he handed overthe chair to the villagers to retain it.

PROSE 6 ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD

Textual Questions :-

1. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences each.

a) Why did the lady think she was entitled to walk down the middle of the road?

The lady thought that they got liberty. She could walk wherever she liked. It might be even in themiddle of the road.

b) What would be the consequence of the old lady’s action?

It did not occur to the old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of theroad. Then the end of such liberty would be a universal confusion.

c) What does the ‘rule of the road” mean?

The “Rule of the Road” means that in order to preserve all the liberties, the liberties of everyonemust be curtailed.

d) Why should individual liberty be curtailed?

The individual liberty should be curtailed. If everyone gets into everybody else’s way, it willbecome a social lawlessness.

e) How would a reasonable person react when his action affect other person’s liberty?

A reasonable person would understand that if the traffic police doesn’t intervene with the liberty ofindividuals at signal points, there will be a huge traffic jam and none will be able to drive on theroad.

f) Define Liberty as perceived by the author.

Liberty is not a personal affair only, but also a social contract.

g) According to the author, what are we more conscious of?

We are much more conscious of the imperfections of others than our own.

h) What is the foundation of social conduct?

A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.

i) How can we sweeten our life’s journey?

We can sweeten our life’s journey with the little habits of common place of interactionsaccommodating the personal interests of common men.

j) What does the traffic policeman symbolize?

The traffic policeman symbolizes liberty but at the same time he does not symbolize tyranny.

2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences each.

a. What is ‘liberty’ according to the old lady?

According to the Russian old lady, liberty is the right to walk in the middle of the road. She isliberty- drunk. She wasn’t aware that if the pedestrian chooses to walk down the middle of theroad, then the end of such liberty would be a universal chaos.

b. How would ‘liberty’ cause universal chaos?

When liberty is used without accommodating others’ interests, it will result in universal chaos.

c. Why is there a danger of the world getting ‘liberty drunk’?

There is a danger of the world getting liberty – drunk these days because individual liberty isbecoming a social lawlessness, as everyone gets into everyone’s way.

d. ‘Curtailment of private liberty is done to establish social order’ – Do you agree?

Yes, it is right to say that curtailment of private liberty to done to establish social order. The rightsand feelings of others should be considered and our private liberties can be brought in socialorder.

Q Nos. 37 to 40

DIALOGUE WRITING

We must have creative skill in writing a dialogue, using ‘wh’ questions and ‘yes or no’

type questions.

1. 11. Why are you late? 2. Whom do you want to meet?

3. 33. How many teachers are working in your school? 4. Have you done your homework?

5. 55. Where did your brother go yesterday? 6. Can you drive a bus?

7. 77. Do you want a cup of coffee? 8. Where is your father?

WRITING A DIALOGUE

1.Write a dialogue between brothers/sisters discussing the job they would like to take up

when they are older. ( minimum of three exchanges)

Brother : Hi Rama what is your plan after school?

Sister : I wish to join Home science

Brother: A very good decision sis. All the best.

Sister: Thank you Bro.

2. Write a dialogue between a bank manager and a student who wants to open a bank

account. ( minimum of three exchanges)

Student: Excuse me sir, I want to open an SB Account.

Manager: Here is the form and fill in and give it to the clerk at counter No.6

Student: Thank you sir.

3. Write a dialogue between a doctor and a patient who visits the

doctor complaining of a headache and fever. ( minimum of three exchanges)

Doctor: What is your ailment?

Patient: I have been suffering from stomach ache doctor

Doctor: It must be food poisoning. Take these pills for three days.

Patient: Thank you doctor.

4. Write a dialogue between a mother and her daughter, discussing the daughter’s first

day in her new school. ( minimum of three exchanges)

Mother: How is your first day experience in your new school?

Daughter: It is very interesting Mom. I have got many new friends.

Mother: Good. Concentrate in your studies.

Daughter: Sure Mom

5. Write a dialogue between the Headmaster and an old student who has come to get a

testimonial from the Headmaster. ( minimum of three exchanges)

Headmaster: what do you want?

Old student: I want my testimonials.

Headmaster: Give me a letter and come after two days.

Old student: Thank you sir.

6. Write a dialogue between a mother and a doctor on the need for vaccination against

Dengue fever. ( minimum of three exchanges)

Doctor: Tell me what your problem is.

Mother: Nowadays Dengue fever spreads all over the locality. To prevent this please

vaccinate my son.

Doctor: Oh sure. I appreciate your awareness.

Mother: Thank you doctor.

7. Write a dialogue for the situation given below:

Sumathi has won the first prize at an elocution competition. She excitedly informs, her mother ofthis, describing the number of contestants, the manner in which she spoke and how she hadovercome her nervousness. ( Minimum of three exchanges)

Sumathi: Mom I got the first prize in elocution.

Mother: Really? Wow! You are so nervous know

Sumathi: I have overcome that problem due to my confidence.

Mother: That’s good.

7. Write a dialogue between a conductor and a passenger. ( minimum of three exchanges)

Conductor: Where do you want to go?

Passenger: I want to go to Trichy.

Conductor: Give me Rs. 85/-

Passenger: Here it is sir.

8. Harish wants to spend his summer holidays usefully. He informs his father about

his interest in computer courses. They discussed about what summer course he has

to take up, and which in stitution he has to join in. ( minimum of three exchanges)

Harish: Dad I want to do computer course during my summer vacation.

Father: That’s a wonderful idea. How much do you want?

Harish: I want Rs. 500/-

Father : Here it is. All the best.

TYPE II EXTENDING THE CONVERSATION

1. Extend the conversation with two more exchanges:

Employer : How old are you ?

Candidate : I am 25 Years old.

Employer : What is your qualification?

Candidate : I am a Post-graduate in Physics.

Employer : When can you join duty if you are appointed ?

Candidate : I can you join duty, if I am appointed.

2. Extend the conversation with two more exchanges:

Bookseller : Hello Sir! May I help you, Sir?

Customer : Sir, would you allow me to exchange this book with anotherbook ?

Bookseller : Is there any defect in the book?

Customer : A few pages are missing in this book

Bookseller : Do you have the bill?

Customer : Here is the bill. Please exchange the book.

STUDYING NON – VERBAL PRESENTATIONS

TEXTUAL EXERCISES:

Non-verbal Representations( Page 41)

Presenting information using tables, graphs and charts is a common practice in scientific

and technical writing. This is because through graphs and charts, scientific data can be

presented in a clear and precise manner. Bar charts, graphs, tree diagrams,

organizational charts, flow charts and pie charts are the frequently used pictorial or non-verbal

representations. The table is the simplest and the most common direct graphic

form used for presenting information.

TEXTBOOK EXAMPLES

Look at the following non-verbal representation. Based on your understanding and inference, writea paragraph on career trends in the next decade.

This bar graph is about the fastest growing occupations. Wind and solar energy technicians have100% guarantee of job. Chefs and food analysts have least percent of guarantee of getting job.Personal care and home health Aides stands second in the list of getting jobs. In future trendingfor teaching jobs is decreasing.

Interpreting non–verbal presentation (Page 125)

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISESLet us together scale the summit. Here is a drawing of the Everest showing the way tothe summit,and the position of the camps with their heights. Trace the trekking trailto reach the summit withthe given details and write an interesting paragraph in about100 words.

The Summit of Mount EverestFifty-three years ago, there were only two main ways

to get to the south base camp of Mt. Everest in Nepal:Trek from Kathmandu, a four-to-five-week trek. Or, take aday-long bus ride over rough roads to Jiri and hike for fiveto eight days to Namche and then on toward Mt. Everest.

Then, in 1964, everything changed. That’s when theHimalayan Trust, created by Sir Edmund Hillary, built amountainside airport and a dirt runway in Lukla to helpthe Sherpa people get their goods to market moreeasily. The unintended result of Hillary’s effort was thatthe airport, considered by many experts to be the most

dangerous in the world, also gave travelers a shorter route to Mt. Everest.Today an estimated25,000 people a year take the 35-minute flight from Kathmandu to Lukla to begin their trek. But afew hardy, adventurous souls still do the trek the old fashioned way. They begin walking in Jiri.

Their feet never leave the ground.b) Read the following information given in the table belowand answer the questions.(Page153)A RAJADHANI EXPRESS TIMETABLEShortest Route between Chennai andHazrat Nizamuddin8Halts & 324 itermediate stations in betweenStationChennai Central 06.05 1 75Vijayawada 11.55

1 76Warangal 14.40 1 77Balharshah 18.00 1 78Nagpur 20.45 1 74Bhopal 02.10 2 89Jhansi 05.31 2 99Gwalior 06.32 2 85Agra Cantt 07.57 2 76HazratNizamudin 10.25 2 –

a) The number of stations betweenChennai Central and HazratNizamudinis…………….i) five ii) ten iii) eight iv) eleven

b) The train is expected to reach ……… around 8.45 PMi) Warangal ii) Vijayawada iii) Bhopal iv) Nagpur

c) Between ……………………………. the train runs at it’s maximum speed.i) Bhopal and Gwalior ii) Bhopal and Jhansiiii) Bhopal and Hazarat Nizamudin iv) Bhopal and Agra

d) Almost ………… the train reaches Vijayawada.i) the day after ii) around early morningiii) late night iv) around noon

e) People prefer the Rajadhani expressto travel from Chennai to reach thecapital because……………..

i) it reaches the destination on the same day.ii) The charge is reasonable.iii)the train halts at Ten stations.iv) it is the shortest route from Chennai to New Delhi.

f) The destination of Rajadhani expressis……………i) Hazarat Nizamudin. ii) New Delhi junction. iii) Old Delhi. iv) Rajkot.

Observe the following pictures and write a paragraph in about 150 words about each one ofthem.( Page 160

There are three elements associated with a cyclone,which cause destruction.

Cyclones are associated with high-pressure gradientsand consequent strong winds. These, in turn, generate storm surges. A storm surge is an abnormal rise of sealevel near the coast caused by a severe tropical cyclone;as a result, sea water inundates low lying areas ofcoastal regions drowning human beings and live- stock,eroding beaches and embankments, destroying

vegetation and reducing soil fertility.Very strong winds may damage installations, dwellings, communication systems, trees., etc.resulting in loss of life and property.

Heavy and prolonged rains due to cyclones may cause river floods and submergence of low lyingareas by rain causing loss of life and property. Floods and coastal inundation due to storm surgespollute drinking water sources causing outbreak of epidemics.

It may be mentioned that all the three factors mentioned above occur simultaneously and,therefore, relief operations for distress mitigation become difficult. So it is imperative thatadvance action is taken for relief measures before the commencement of adverse weatherconditions due to cyclones.The most destructive element associated with an intense cyclone is storm surge. Past historyindicates that loss of life is significant when surge magnitude is 3 metres or more andcatastrophic when 5 metres and above.

Giving instructions ( Page 119)

We receive instructions in several places in various contexts. Giving instructions involves

language abilities such as brevity , clarity and appropriacy.

Th Imperative is normally used to deliver the instructions.

Listen to a teacher giving instructions at the Assembly Hall, on the eve of the annual

examinations.

1. Do not be late to the venue. Reachschool at least 40 minutes before

The examination commences.

2. 2. Remember to take your Admit card and ID card.

3. 3.Carry a pouch with pen, pencil and other stationery items you require.

4. 4. Use a blue or a black pen.

5. 5. Do not carry any paper or book or any unauthorized material into the examination hall.

6. 6. Follow the instructions given in theexamination hall.

7. 7. Your presentation should be neat and the handwriting legible.

8. 8. Five minutes before the close of the examination, there will be a bell. Then check

carefully and tie up your answer sheets together.

9. 9. Stop writing when the invigilator tells you to.

10. 10. Leave the exam hall, only after handing over your answer sheet to the invigilator.

Describing a process ( Page 187)TEXTBOOK EXAMPLESStudy the sample paragraph describing the process of cleaning a flask.

Take a pinch of non-abrasive washing powder or washing soda and put it inside the flask.You could even use a mild cleaning liquid. In that case, pour a few drops of the cleaning liquid intothe flask. Next, take a mug of hot water. Pour it into the flask, close it and shake well. Then cleanthe inner surface of the flaskwith a gentle brush. Also clean the cap of the flask. Rinse well threeor four times. Then allow the flask to dry. If there is an unpleasantodour, a pinch of sugar can beput intothe flask and the flask could be cleanedproperly with hot water.

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISESInstalling a computer ( Page 188)The description of installing a computer in your study room is given in the form of jumbledsentences. Rearrange the sentences in the right order and form a coherent paragraph.1. Once you connect the CPU, connect the keyboard and mouse.2. Before turning on the power, check that all parts are connected to the CPU.3. First open the box and take out thecomputer parts.4. Plug both the computer and the monitor with a power cord.5. Set the computer on a table or flat surface.6. Finally turn on the power.Task 3: ( Page 188)Attempt a description of the followingprocesses, in about 100 words each, eitherusing theimperative or the passive.

1. Preparing your favourite dish.My favourite meal is macaroni and cheese.The ingredients are as follows:1. Box of Elbo Macroni or your favouritepasta;2. about 3 1/2 cups of finely grated, cheddar

cheese;3. 3 eggs;

4. 1 stick of butter;5. 2 cups of evaporated milk;6. black pepper to taste; salt to taste;

7. 1/2 cup chopped green peppers; 1/2 cup of chopped onions; 1 chopped bird pepper or apiece of your favourite pepper to taste and paprika.

What you want to do is, in a pot half full of boiling water (with salt to taste) pour a box ofElbomacroni. Let the marconi/pasta cook until soft, being careful to stir occasionally so it doesn'tstick. Remove from heat and let drain. Pour the pasta into a bowl. Mix in 3 cups of the gratedcheese, and all the other ingrediants except the paprika. In a large, square baking pan (at least 2″to 2 1/2 inches deep that is able to hold all of the mixture), pour the mixture. Sprinkle the last 1/2cup of cheese evenly over the mixture. Then, sprinkle the top of the whole mixture with somepaprika. Put in a hot oven and bake at 350° f for 1 hour. Remove from the oven. While warm, cut insquares 2″ x 3″ or as desired. Serve while warm.Eat with your favourite baked (bar-ba-que) meat. Do enjoy.2. Organising a birthday party in your house1. Set the number of guests.2. Determine how much you can spend.3. Decide on the theme,4. Keep the party short5. Line up entertainment or facility

6. Send invitations.7. Plan plenty of short games8. Have extra treats.9. Check ahead for food allergies10. Fix your budget and spend according to it.

3. Sending a letter by courier service1. Prepare the letter.2. Keep it inside the wrapper.3. Paste it and staple it.4. Write the receiver’saddresswith contact

number.

5. Write the sender’s address too.6. Go to courier office and weigh the cover.7. Pay the necessary charges.8. Get the receipt.

4. Obtaining a demand draft from a bank1. Go to the bank.2. Fill in the relevant form.3. Hand it over to the clerk concerned.4. Enquire about the handling charges i.e.DD

commission.5. Pay the necessary fee.6. Get the Demand Draft in a short while.

The student will have to write a paragraph with the description of a process. The following aresome of the important descriptions. Go through them and prepare paragraphs on the topicssuggested by your teacher.

1. How will you wash test- tubes and conical flasks in the laboratory? Describe the process briefly.A little quantity of washing soda is put inside the test tubes and conical flasks. Some lukewarmwater is added. The inside of the test- tubes and conical flasks are brushed carefully using abrush. Then they are washed with running water. Finally they are rinsed with water and keptinverted in the test tube stands and allowed to dry.

2. Give a recipe of your favourite dish. Describe the process briefly.Heat a frying pan with one or two spoons of ghee. Add a cup of rava and heat till it becomesslightly brown. Keep it aside. Chop two green chillies and two small size onions. Heat the pan withoil and add a few mustard seeds. Now add the chopped chillies and onions and boil with sufficientwater and salt to taste. Add the rava and go on stirring it, till cooked well. Put a few curry leavesfor extra flavour.

3. Describe the process of obtaining a Demand Draft from a bank. Describe the processbriefly.Go to the bank and pick a DD form. Fill the form carefully, which requires the name of the personto whom it has to be sent, the amount and the name of the bank and place. Write the name of theperson who makes the remittance. Hand over the application together with either a cheque orcash including the DD commission. Then the clerk would issue the Demand Draft.

4. How will you bind a book? Describe the process briefly.

First of all, the pages are carefully arranged page wise. Any folding found in the pages is removed.The pages are then arranged into convenient sections. All the sections are then stitched. Thesides of the book are cut neatly. The book is covered with a suitable brown paper. The paper ispasted carefully. Two card board sheets are cut. They must be slightly bigger than the size of thebook. They must be pasted on the front side and the backside of the book. A calico cloth shouldbe pasted on the closed side of the book to hold the cardboards. Over this decorative paper mustbe pasted. The book should be allowed to dry up.

COMPLETING THE PROVERB:

PROVERBS MEANINGS1. One flower makes no garland - A single person cannot be powerful.

2. Waste not want not - Do not waste, be frugal.

3. Pen is mightier than the sword - Words can be more powerful than thewars.

4. Toerr in human - No one is perfect.

5. Haste makes waste - Hurry makes worry.

6. United we stand, divided we fall - Union is strength.

7. Work is worship - Be conscious of your duty.

8. Truth alone triumphs - Always speak the truth.

9. Blood is thicker than water - Your relatives are moreinterested in you.

10. Covet all, lose all - Do not be over ambitious.

11. All that glitters is not gold - Do not be misguided by appearances.

12. As you sow as you reap - Accept the result of your actions.

13. Look before you leap - Think well before taking any action.

14. Make hay while the sun shines - Make use of every opportunity.

15. Too many cooks spoil the broth - A work should not be entrusted to manypeople.

16. Birds of the same feather flock together - Like minded persons always help one another

17. Better late than never - Even if delayed attend the meeting.

18. No pain, no gain - One cannot succeed withouthard work.

19. Seeing is believing - Do not believe in rumours.

20. Strike while the iron is hot - Make use of every opportunity.

21. Honesty is the best policy - Always speak the truth.

22. Empty vessels make much noise - People who talk more will achievenothing.

23. Many a drop makes an ocean - Small saving makes one rich.

24. Manners makes a man - You should learn good manners.

25. Even Homer nods - Even perfect people fail some time.

26. Reading makes a perfect man - Try to read as much as possible.

27. Borrowed garments never fit well - Don’t imitate others.

28. Rome was not built in a day - Nothing can be achieved at once.

29. Brevity is the soul of wit - Be short while speaking andwriting.

30. Where there is a will, there is a way - Strong will power is needed toachieve anything.

31. Health is wealth - Take care of your health.

32. No man is an island - Prepare to live in groups.

33. Face is the index of the mind - Appearances are often deceptive.

EAMINATION POINT:

1. One ________________makes no garland2. Waste not ________________ not3. Pen is mightier than the _____________(want, sword, flower) Ans: flower, want, sword

PRACTICE POINT:

4. To err is ________________5. ________________ makes waste6. United we stand, _____________ we fall.(haste, divided, human)

7. ________________ is worship8. Truth alone ________________9. Blood is thicker than________________(water, triumphs. Work)

10. Covet all, ________________ all11. All that glitters is not ________________12. As you sow so you ________________(lose, reap, lose)

13. ________________before you leap14. Make _______________while the sun shines15. Too many ________________ spoil the broth(cooks, look, hay)

16. Birds of the same feather_________ together17. Better late than ________________18. No ________________, no gain(pain, flock, never)

19. ________________ is believing20. Strike while the iron is ________________21. Honesty is the best ________________(policy, seeing, hot)

22. Make hay while the sun ________________23. Many a ________________ makes an ocean24. ________________ maketh a man(manners, shines, drop)

25. Even ________________ sometimes nods26. Look before you ________________27. Empty ________________ make much noise(vessels, leap, homer)

28. Birds of the same ___________flock together29. Reading makes a ______________ man30. ________________ garments never fit well.(perfect, borrowed, feather)

31. ________________ was not built in a day32. Brevity is the soul of ____________33. Where there is a ___________there is a way.(will, rome. Wit)

34. Health is ________________35. Haste makes_________makes many things.36. Waste not ________________ not(want, money, wealth)

EXPANSION OF NEWS HEADLINES

One must cultivate the habit of reading Standard English newspaper in order to develop our skillin English.

Imp. Note: There should not be any full stop at the end of any headline.

A Model from “The Hindu” paper

The Hindu Wednesday, October 3, 2012

Head lines : Shastri rembembered in Tashkent

Expansion : New Delhi: The former prime minister. Lal Bahadur Shashtri wasremembered on his birth anniversary on Tuesday in Tashkent where he

Bre breathed his last on January 11, 1966, after signing the Tashkent Accord with Pakistan.

NE NEWSPAPER HEADLINESEXPANSION��answerஎ��ேபா�இட�ெபய�மாத�ம��ேதத�

ஆக�யைவகைளஎ��க.

ேக�வ�ய��abbreviationsம��acronymsஇ��தா�அத�வ�ரிவா�க�ைதஎ�தேவ��.

ேக�வ�ய��toஇ��தா�answerஐ future tense�எ�தேவ��.

Ex Example: PM to visit UK next month

New Delhi Nov 13 - Prime Minister will visit United Kingdom in the first week of

next month.

Exp Expand the following News Headlines :

1. a. QUESTION : Anu Kreethi selected the new Miss India

ANSWER : Anu Keerthi was selected as the New Miss India.

b. QN : New Syllabus and textbooks for Std 1,6,9 and 11 students.

ANS : Tamilnadu school education department introduced newsyllabus and textbooks for std 1,6,9,11 students.

c. QN : 12 Injured as Buses Collide.

ANS : About 12 persons were injured as the buses collide near TrichyCentral Bus Stand

E-mail

A Sample E-mail

To : dhonissabcmail.com .

Cc : [email protected], [email protected]

Subject : Invitation - Annual Sports Day

Dear Sir,

We are happy and honoured that you have agreed to be the Chief Guest on our

34thAnnual Sports Day on 5th January, 2018·. Our students are very thrilled about this

and eagerly look forward to seeing you on that great day. We expect your esteemed

presence by 5 p.m. at the stadium. Please find attached a copy of our invite.

Regards Principal, ABC GHSS.

ERROR SPOTTING

SAMPLE EXERCISE WITH EXPLANATIONS:

1. Ram is inferior than Sam.

(inferior, superior, senior, junior, prior are always followed by ‘to’)

2. John is an university professor.

(article ‘a’ is used before university, universal, useful, European, unique)

3. Ravi is a M.A. ,

(‘an’ is used before MLA, MP, M A,B A,M Sc, B Sc, M Com, honest , hour)

4. Raj is one of the best boy in the class.

(One of the + noun is plural – one of the best boys )

5 The quality of mangoes are good.

(the actual subject is ‘the quality’ – so the verb should be ‘is ’)

6. The minister with his assistants were present.

(the actual subject is ‘the minister’ – so the verb should be ‘ was ’ )

7. He gave me a ten rupees note.

(it is the denomination or amount which singular. It is only ten rupee note –

plural he gave me five ten rupees note )

8. Five thousand rupees are a big sum.

( again the amount is always singular – ‘is’ a big sum)

9. Politics are a good subject.

(It is the name of a subject. It is not actually plural. Maths, Economics, etc.

The verb is must be used.

10. He cut the mango by knife.

(The doer is denoted by the preposition ‘by’. The object with which it is done is

denoted by ‘with’. The hunter shot the bird with a pistol)

11. Though he came late but he was allowed.

(‘Though’ ‘but’ & ‘yet’ cannot occur in the same sentence. Similarly AS,SINCE,&

SO, IF, UNLESS OR ELSE AND OR cannot occur in the same sentence)

12. If you had seen me, I would help you.

( if + had + PP is followed by would + have + PP. The correct answer is would

have helped you.

M13Furniture, sheep, cattle, advice don’t have s forms.

Emo Memory tips:

If + present verb ……… : will + verb

If + past verb / were : would + verb

If + had + PP ……….. : would have + PP

Working hard and he passed.

( in In a simple sentence the conjunction ‘and’ cannot be used.)

Spo Spot the errors in the following sentences and rewrite them correctly . ( Page 81)

1. My grandfather is well-known in the village for his nobel deeds.

Ans : My grandfather is well-known in the village for his noble deeds.

2. I had my evening meals in a restaurant near my office.

Ans: I had my evening meal in a restaurant near my office.

3. The Boss had full confidence on his Manager for successful completion of the project.

Ans: The boss had full confidence in his manager for successful completion ofthe project.

4. After the complicated surgery, the patient hoped of complete recovery.

Ans: After the complicated surgery, the patient hopes of complete recovery.

4. The new health care scheme announced by the Government will bring relief to the childrensuffering with acute tuberculosis.

Ans: The new health care scheme announced by the Government will bring reliefto the children suffering from acute tuberculosis.

6. In spite of his poverty and setbacks, he was able to launch his dream carrier.

Ans: In spite of his poverty and setbacks, he was able to launch his dream career.

TASK 2 ( Page 81)

Correct the error found in the question tag in each of the following.

1. The evil doers cannot cross the path of truth, can’t they? Ans : can they?

2. The vegetables in the fridge are still fresh, aren’t it? Ans: aren’t they?

3. The village head understood the intention of the politician, doesn’t he? Ans : didn’t he?

4. I claim to be a person of faith and prayer, aren’t I? Ans: don’t I?

5. The employees are seldom allowed to meet their boss, aren’t they? Ans: are they?

6. Let’s organize a trip to Goa, can we? Ans : shall we?

7. The landlady will charge me for the damage, shan’t she? Ans: won’t she?

8. Both the sisters have left for Canada, aren’t they? Ans : haven’t they?

9. That’s definitely not the right thing to do in this situation, isn’t that? Ans : is it?

10. We needn’t apply for a bank loan, do we? Ans : need we?

11. The Chief Guest spoke a few words, did he? Ans : didn’t he?

12. The rhinoceros has a horn made of keratin, haven’t they? Ans : doesn’t it?

Task 2 ( Page 187)

II. Identify the errors in each of the following sentences and rewrite them Correctly.

1. Either Shyam or Ram have to pay the fine.

Ans: Either Shyam or Ram has to pay the fine.

2. Abdul as well as Karim deserve praise.

Ans: Abdul as well as Karim deserves praise.

3. Ten thousand rupees a month are an insufficient income.

Ans: Ten thousand rupees a month is an insufficient income.

4. Many a student were awarded at the function.

Ans: Many a student was awarded at the function.

5. Neither Veena nor her sisters has been informed of the accident.

Ans: Neither Veena nor her sisters have been informed of the accident.

6. Mithra as well as her daughters enjoy singing.

Ans: Mithra as well as her daughters enjoy singing.

7. You, who is my friend, should help me.

Ans: You, who are my friend, should help me.

8. My scissors is missing.

Ans: My scissors are missing.

9. A variety of pleasing objects charm the eye.

Ans: A variety of pleasing objects charms the eye.

10. Sixty miles are a long distance.

Ans: Sixty miles is a long distance.

LINKERS / CONJUNCTIONS / CONNECTORS

The common linkers are though, although, even though, as, since, because, after,

as soon as, when, unless, if, whatever, whoever, however,~ whenever, wherever, that,

why, how, where, what, In spite of, dspite, in case of, due to, on account of, owing to,

because of, but, yet, still, instead of, etc.

Ex : Though I reached in time. I was not permitted.

As he is weak he cannot lift the box.

Task 1

Choose the appropriate linker from within the brackets and complete the sentences.

b) I could not complete my paper in the examination ___because______

(because, but) I wasslow in answering the questions.

b) It started raining, ___so______ (yet, so) we could not play.

c) ___As______ (As, If ) I got up early, I managed to reach school on time.

d) __Though_______ (Though/Whereas) he committed a mistake, he apologised

___and______ (and/since ) promised that he would not repeat it.

Combine the sentences and rewrite them using the words given in the brackets.

a) The well was deep. Therefore, the fox could not get out of the well. (because)

Ans: The fox could not get out of the wall because it was deep.

b) The work was over. We went home.(when)

Ans: When the work was over, we went home.

c) A library is a public place. We see a number of books kept there for reading.(where)

Ans: A library is a public place where we see a number of books kept for reading.

d) The culprit was caught. Immediately, he was taken to the police station. (as soon as)

Ans: As soon as the culprit was caught, he was taken to the station.

e)The boys were stealing mangoes from a grove. At that time, the owner of the grove

came in.(while)

Ans: While the boys were stealing mangoes from a grove, the owner of the grove

came in.

h) Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health. Moreover, they lead to

kidney problems. (and)

Ans: Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health and they lead to kidney

problems.

g) Adit has been promoted. Ranjan has been promoted. (as well as)

Ans: Adit as well as Ranjan has been promoted.

h) Caesar was declared emperor. The conspirators killed him. (After)

Ans: After Caesar was declared emperor, the conspirators killed him.

Task 3

Fill in the blanks with appropriate correlative conjunctions.

a) She is _____not__ an understanding person __but_____ everybody likes to be

with her.

b) Suraj owns __not only_____ a typewriter ____but also ___ a computer.

c) Vani is ___not only____ a good singer __but also_____ a good dancer.

d) Amit did not know __whether_____ his father met his class teacher __or_____

not .

e) I would ___rather____ starve _than______ beg.

CONCORD ( SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT) (TEXT PG 80)

Concord (subject verb agreement) is the comprehensive of a verb with its subject in person andnumber. The basic rule states that a singular subject has a singular verb whereas a plural subjecthas plural verb.

concordஎ�ப�subject��verb��ஒ��ேபாகேவ��, அதாவ�subjectsingularயாகஇ��தா�verb��singularயாகஇ��கேவ��. subjectpluralயாகஇ��தா�verb��pluralயாகதா�இ��கேவ��.�ேழெகா��க�ப��உ�ளவ�த��ைறகைளந��ப��ரி��ெகா�டா�இ�எளி�.

POINTS TO REMEMBER:

1. A verb agrees with its subject in number and person.

Eg: The bird flies.

The birds fly.

She is writing.

They are writing.

I am a boy.

You are a girl.

Subjectஒ�ைமய��இ��தா�verb��ஒ�ைமய��தா�இ��கேவ��.

Subject plural�இ��தா�verb��plural�தா�இ��கேவ��.

உதாரணமாகthe birdஒ�ைமய��உ�ளதா�verb fliesஎ�றஒ�ைமய��

உ�ள�. அேதேபாலsheஎ�ப�ஒ�ைம. எனேவisஎ�றஒ�ைமverb form

�தா�உ�ள�.

2. Often, by what is called the ‘Error of Proximity’, the verb is made to agree in number

3. with a noun near it instead of with its proper subject. This should be avoided

4. is shown in the following examples.

Ex: The quality of the mangoes was not good.

Here the actual subject is the quality but not mangoes. Hence the verb should be insingular since the subject ‘quality’ is singular.

ச�லவா�க�ய�களி� .subject plural ேபாலேதா�ற�னா��actual subject singularஆகதா�இ��. இ��the quality எ�ப�தா�subjectஆ��.

Man mangoesஅ�ல.எனேவஇ��verb was எ�றsingular�தா�உ�ள�.

5. Two or more singular subjects joined by ‘and’ usually take a verb in the plural as

shown in the following example.

Ex: Gold and silver are precious metals.

இர��அ�ல�அத��ேம�ப�டsingular nounக�andஎ�றவா��ைதயா�இைண�க�ப�� ெபா��verb plural�

இ��கேவ��. எ��கா�டாகgoldம��silverஎ�றஇ�noun

க�andஎ�றவா��ைதயா�இைண�கப�டதா�areஎ�றplural

வா��ைதபய�ப��தப�ட�.

More Examples:

Ram and Shyam work hard.

Raga, Radhika and Ramesh are good friends.

Fire and water do not agree.

Note: But at the same time if two nouns suggest only one idea, one unit or refer to the

same person or thing, the verb must be singular.

Ex: The novelist and dramatist is dead.

�ற��: அேதசமய�த��இ�nounக�ஒேரக��ைதேயாஅ�ல�ஒேர

நபைரேயாஅ�ல�ஒேரெபா�ைளேயா�ற��தா�அ��verb plural

ஆக�தா�பய�ப�தேவ��.உதரணமாகஇ��novelistம��dramatistஒேரநபைர�ற��பதனா�isஎ�றsingular verb

பய�ப��த�ப��ள�.

6. Words joined by a singular subject by ‘with’ or ‘ as well as’ do not affect the number

7. of the verb. Hence it takes singular verb.

Ex: The Principal, with the lecturers, attend the meeting.

Prema as well as Rama likes mangoes.

'with 'ம�� 'as well as ' ேபா�றவா��ைதகளா�இ� noun க�

இைண�க�ப��ெபாழ� அைவக� singularஆக�தா�க�தேவ��. இ��Principal தன�l ecturers உட�meetingஐattendப��க�றா�எ�றஅ��த�த��பய�ப��தப�டதா�

attends எ�ற singular verb உபேயாகப��தப��ள�,

More Examples:

The Mayor, with his councilors, is to be present.

Petrol as well as diesel, has fallen in price.

8. When two or more subjects in the singular are joined by ‘or’, ‘nor’, ‘either…….or’,‘neither……..nor’ the verb would be invariably singular.

Ex: Either Radhika or Raga is present.

இ�அ�ல�அத��ேம�ப�ட subjects ‘or’, ‘nor’, ‘either…….or’, ‘neither……..nor’ஆக�ய வா��ைதகளா�இைண�கப��ெபா�� verb singularஆக�தா�பய�ப��படேவ��.

More Examples:

Neither Leela nor Mani is thirteen today.

Jack or Jill is to do the work.

Either the dog or the cat has been here.

2. But if one of the subjects is in the plural, the verb must be in the plural. The plural

form of the verb governs the plural subject.

Neither the chairman nor the directors are present.

The farmer or his servants were always working.

ஆனா�ெகா��க�ப��ளsubject களி�ஒ��plural �இ��தா�

verb plural form � இ��கேவ��.

3. When the subjects joined by ‘or’or ‘ nor’ are of different persons, the verb agrees

with the subject nearest to it.

Ex: Either he or I am to blame.

'or 'ம�� 'nor ' எ�றவா��ைதகளா�ெவேவ�subjects களா�

இைண�க�ப��ெபா�� verbஅத��னா�உ�ளsubjectஇத�த�ைமையெபா��தா�அைம��.இ�தவா�க�ய�த��i இர�டாவ�subject ஆகவ��ளதா�am எ�ற verb பய�ப��த�ப��ள�.

4. Either, neither, each, every, everyone and many must be followed by a verb in the singular.

Ex: Either of the two boys has done this.

Either, neither, each, every, everyone and many ஆக�யவா��ைதக�வ�தா�singular verb தா�எ�தேவ��.

5. A collective noun (committee, assembly, congress, jury) may take a singular or a plural etc.if the collection of thought of a whole, the verb is singular. If the individual or members ofthe group are thought of separately, the verb is plural.

Ex: The committee has decided this.

The committee were divided in their opinion.

ஆக�ய��ெபய�ெசா�க�வ�தா�verb singularஆகேவாஅ�ல�

pluralஆகேவாஇ��கலா�. உதாரணமாகஇ�ேகெகா��க�ப��ள

வா�க�ய�த��committee எ�ற��ெபய��ெசா� ஒ��ைமயாக

இ��ப�ச�த��singular verb��ெவ�ேவ�க��களி�இ��ப�ச�த��plural verb��பய�ப��தப��ள�.

6. Some nouns which are plural in form but singular in meanings take a singular verb.

Ex: Mathematics is a difficult subject.

No news is good news.

The wages of sin is death.

ச�லெபய�ெசா�க�ப�ைமவ�வ�த��இ��தா��அ��த�த��

ஒ�ைமயாகஇ��. அ�வைக ெபய��ெசா�க��ப�ற�singular

verbவ��.

7. When a plural noun is the name of one thing it takes a singular verb.

Ex: ‘The Arabian Nights’ is an interesting novel.

The United States of America has a big army.

“Gulliver’s Travels” was written by Jonathan Swift.

வ�வ�த�� pluralஆகேதா�ற�னா��ெபா�ளி� singularஆக

இ�� noun க�� singular verb எ�தேவ��.உதாரணமாக

Arabian Nights எ�றவா��ைத pluralவ�வ�த��இ��தா��அ�ஓ��ைல�ற��பதனா�அ�� singular verb

பய�ப��தப��ள�.

Always plural

After people, police, cattle, a number of , a group of

When subject has two nouns joined by ‘and’

Few, many, several, both, all, some

Scissors, tweezers, trousers, shorts, jeans, glasses

Always singular

After one of, a kind of, a type of

Units of measurement and mathematical expressions

When the subject has two singular nouns joined by ‘or’

Nouns connected with each of, each one, either of, neither of, someone, something,anybody, anything, no one, nothing, everybody, everything

Names of subjects such as mathematics, politics, civics, economics, physics, statistics,etc

TEXTUAL EXERCISES:

Task 1

I Choose the correct option and complete the sentences.

1. Manoj __was______(was, were) present along with his parents.

2. Each of these boys ___has____ (has, have)passed.

3. Neither Lekha nor Leela __has____ (has,have) been selected.

4. Every man, woman and child ___was____(was, were) happy.

5. One of the machines ___is____ (is, are)defective.

6. A number of books ___is______ (is, are)missing.

7. Seker or his brothers ___have_____ (has,have) done it.

8. To make a promise and then not tokeep it __is______ (is, are) dishonesty.

9. One or the other of those men _has______(has, have) lodged a complaint.

10. Each leaf and each flower __was_____(was, were) stripped off the tree.

DIFERENT GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONALS ( PARTS OF SPEECH)

A word can act as a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc. They are called parts of speech.

There are 8 parts of speech. They are

1.noun 2. pronoun 3. adjective 4.verb 5. adverb 6.preposition 7. conjunction

8.interjection

ஒ�வா��ைதெவ�ேவ�வ�வ�களி�பய�ப��தப�க�ற�.அைவக�ஆ�க�ல�த��parts of speechஎன�ப��. அைவக�

1. N Noun ெபய��ெசா�

2. P Pronoun ப�ரத�ெபய��ெசா�

3. A Adjective ெபய�உரி�ெசா�

4. V Verb வ�ைன�ெசா�

5. A Adverb வ�ைனஉரி�ெசா�

6. P Preposition உ�ப�ைட�ெசா�

7. C Conjunction இைண��ெசா�

8. In Interjection வ�ய��ெசா�

இைவகளி� Interjection ஐதவ�ர ம�ற எ�த parts of speech ��ேக�க�ப��.

1. Noun : A noun is the name of a person, place or thing. It is a namingword.

Ex. Caesar , Milk, Raman

2. Pronoun : A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

Ex. I, We, You, He, She, It, They

3. Adjective : It adds something to the meaning of a noun.

Ex. Mark Antony is an actor.

4. Verb : It is an action word. it says something about a subject.

Ex. am, is, are, was, were, walk, talk, has, have, had, give, gave

5. Adverb : Adverb is a word that adds something to the meaning of a verb.

Ex. He fought bravely. He walks slowly.

6. Preposition : A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show

its relation to some other word in the sentences.

Ex. Milam glacier is on the edge of Tibet. They cried for food.

7. Conjunction : A conjunction is a connective word.

Ex. He was both a writer and an creator. Please give me coffeeor tea..

8. Interjection : An interjection is a word put into a sentence to show some sudden

feelings or emotion like joy, surprise, sorrow, fear, anger etc.

Ex : Alas ! He is dead.

Oh ! what a lovely sunset.

Examples :

1. Disguise (N) - Portia went to the court in disguise.

(V) - Portia disguised herself as a male lawyer.

2. Date (N) - Dates are good for health.

(V) - He dates the letter as 1st December

3. Bank (V) - We bank with State Bank of India.

(N) There is a bank in our town.

4. Bark (N) - The barks of certain trees are used as medicines.

(V) - The dog barks at the strangers.

5. File (V) - He files the letter.

(N) - He took the file to his house.

WORD ORDER

It is best to teach word order when introducing new structures. For example, when teaching thesimple past tense of make, it is important to emphasize “Mary made a cake.” as opposed to “Marya made cake.” The second sentence of course is incorrect. Breaking structures into sections willhelp your students immensely. For this example, teach them Subject + Verb + Object or SVO tohelp them remember.

Rearrange the shuffled words of the sentence:

Model Exercises:

1. a. them/ being/ is/ a house /constructed/ by .

A house is being constructed by them.

b. the door/ not/ slammed/ be/ let.

Let the door not be slammed.

2. a. one / finish / work /early/ can / go / and / a/ for / walk / one’s

One can finish one’s work early and go for a walk.

b. music / lives / our / in / place / important / has / in

Music has an important place in our lives.

3. a. I love / because / the / I / can / down / dress / and / weekend / he /myself

I love the weekend because I can be myself and dress down.

b) good books / in / home / every / and / up / the / lamp / magazines / and /light /of / knowledge.

Good books and magazines light up the lamp of knowledge in every home.

4. a. eating / cool / is / to / off / cream / ice / way /good

Eating ice cream is a good way to cool off.

b. vibin / next year / for / a / holiday / to / come / hopes / back /to/

Disneyland/ the Vibin hopes to come back to the Disney land for a holiday next year.

5. a. The / gave / baby /mother / her / apple / red / a

The mother gave her baby a red apple.

b. too / the /spoil / broth / cooks / many

Too many cooks spoil the broth.

QN NO 41 TO 47

PROSE PARAGRAPH:

Prose 1 Two GENTLEMEN OF VERONA

PARAGRAPH FOR LATE BLOOMERS:

Topic : Two Gentlemen of Verona

Authour : A.J. Cronin

Genre : Narration

Theme : Hard work and self sacrifice

The story describes the matured behavior of Nicola and Jacopo.

The brothers sold wild strawberries to the narrator.

They did various jobs.

They were helpful to the narrator.

The narrator took the boys to the hospital by his car.

Their sister Lucia was suffering from TB of spine.

The boys worked hard for the treatment of their sister.

Their devotion and hard work is laudable.

PROSE 3


Title : In Celebration of Being Alive Author : Dr. Christiaan BarnardGenre : Narration Theme : Light Vs Gloomy

This is an extract from Dr. Barnard’s speech

Dr. Barnard’s concern over the sufferings of people is reflected in his essay.

Sad thoughts stem from an accident when his wife and he were knocked down by aspeeding car.

The doctor and his wife are bedridden.

He has to take care of the patients .

His wife has to take care of the baby.

God tests people to make them ennoble.

Dr. Bernard described the incident which he had witnessed in a children’s hospital at CapeTown.

The two children took over a breakfast trolley that was left unattended in a ward.

They pushed it all over the way.

One boy was blind and the other one was without arms.

The blind boy was driver and the boy without arms was the mechanic.

Both the boys enjoyed the game.

This incident made him realize that he was looking at suffering from the wrong end.

Dr. Barnard realized the true meaning of his father’s words.

Hence don’t cry over what you have lost but be happy with what you leave.

PROSE 5 THE CHAIR

PARAGRAPH FOR LATE BLOOMERS:Topic : The Chair Author : Ki. Raja NarayananGenre : Humorous short story Theme : Significance of the chairLiterature : Tamil Literature

There was no chair in the narrator’s house.

They wanted to buy one.

They decided to manufacture with the help of a carpenter of a neighbouring village.

Mammanaar also got a chair.

After a few days the chair had gone for the purpose of keeping dead bodies.

This lasted for many days.

Thanks to the trick of Pedanna, Mamanaar’s chair was sent to keep the corpses.

Finally Mamanaar gave up the chair permanently to keep the corpses.

Thus the humorous story came to an end.

PROSE 6 ON THE RULE OF THE ROAD


Topic : On the Rule of RoadAuthour : A.G. GardinerGenre : EssayTheme : Individual Liberty Vs Social Liberty

In “On the Rule of the Road,” Gardiner emphasizes the necessity of certain constraints onindividual liberty if society is to function in a truly civilized manner.

Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a social contract. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social

conduct. The liberties of all may be preserved. The liberties of everybody must be curtailed. Freedom, in other words, cannot exist in a vacuum. It must conform to some degree to a set of principles It exists to ensure that one’s liberties do not infringe on other’s. We enjoy the freedom to speak our mind. Freedom of speech runs afoul of the public good.

Q No. 42 POEM PARAGRAPHS

POEM 2 OUR CASUARIANA TREEPARAGRAPH FOR LATE BLOOMERS:

Name of the poem : Our Casuariana Tree

Name of the Poetess : Toru Dutt

Literature : Indian writing in English

Genre : Reminiscence

Theme: Recollecting the memories of the childhood

The poetess describes a Casuariana tree.

The tree has a huge creeper.

The tree is compared to huge python.

The poetess recollects her memories of childhood.

She thought of her dead siblings.

The tree is immortalized by the poetess.

She expects love to protect the tree forever.

POEM 3 ALL THE WORLD’S A STAGE

PARAGRAPH FOR LATE BLOOMERS

Name of the poem : All the World’s a stage

Name of the poet : William Shakespeare

Genre : Monologue

Theme : Various stages of human life

The world is a stage.

Men and women are players.

Seven stages of life is described here.

Infant – vomits on the nurse

School boy – unwillingness with satchel

Lover – Hot and woeful

Soldier – jealous in honour and gets anger suddenly

Judge – full of wisdom

Old age – breatheless due to age

Second childishness – without teeth, without vision and without everything.

POEM 4 ULYSSES


Name of the poem : Ulysees

Name of the poet : Alfred Lord Tennyson

Theme : Unquenchable thirst for travel and exploration

In this poem we see an aged Ulysses.

He struggled against the effects of time, mortality and old age.

In contrast to the dashing hero who led armies in the Trojan war.

Ulysses hates his responsibilities to his subjects and family.

Ulysses vows to set forth on new adventures.

His determination to continue living life is admirable.

Thus we can deduce that the king of Ithaca wants his listeners to defy their owninevitable mortality and continue living life to the fullest.

POEM 5 A FATHER TO HIS SON


Name of the poem : A Father to his son

Name of the poet : Carl August Sandburg

Theme : Advice

According to the father free imaginations bring changes to the world. He advises his son not to hesitate to admit his shortcomings. The son should avoid lies to protect himself against people. Loneliness helps to be creative. The final decisions are taken in silent rooms. He advises his son to be different from others and he must be unique. This is the ideal time for him to be on his own Work hard to achieve success like great men.

Q No. 43 SUPPLEMENTARY PARAGRAPHS

1. GOD SEES THE TRUTH BUT WAITS

PARAGRAPH FOR LATE BLOOMERSTopic : God sees the Truth, But Waits

Author : Leo Tolstoy

Literature : Russian Literature

Genre : Parable

Theme : Forgiveness

Ivan Dimitritch Aksionov lives at Vladimir in Russia.

One day he starts to fair.

But his wife forbids him from going to the fair since she had bad dreams.

But he ignores her and set off.

On the way he met another merchant and they stayed in an inn together.

They have some tea and then they retire to bed.

The next morning Ivan started early.

Within a few minutes, he is arrested by the police for murdering the merchant.

He is imprisoned in Siberia.

After many years there come a few criminals.

One among them is Makar Semiyonach.

He confesses that he has killed the merchant.

Before the process of release finishes, Ivan died in prison.

SUPPLEMENTARY 4 THE MIDNIGHT VISITOR


Title The Midnight VisitorAuthor Robert ArthurTheme Intelligence outsmarts deception

Max, was a criminal.

He had hatched an evil plan to take the confidential report concerning a new missile from Ausable.

Ausable was a secret agent.

Seeing that the criminal had been determined getting the report, Ausable was shocked.

But his presence of mind was more powerful than the shock.

He pretended to be unaffected by this.

He cooked up a story that balcony that never existed.

His presence of mind made him get rid of the criminal Max.

SUPPLEMENTARY 5 ALL SUMMER IN A DAYPARAGRAPH FOR LATE BLOOMERS

Topic : All summer in a dayAuthour : Ray BradburyGenre : Sci -Fi

The theme of the story is life on Venus.

In Venus it had been raining continuously for seven years.

The children saw the sun seven years ago.

Margot described the sun which made the other children irritate.

So they locked her.

After some time the sun came out.

The children enjoyed the warmth of the sun.

Suddenly they remembered that Margot was locked.

They unlocked her.

Q No. 43 NOTE MAKING OR SUMMARIZING

A summary is a condensed version of a long passage. It incorporates all

the important points and. excludes details which are worth noting. The following

points, should be remembered while writing a summary.

Do’s :

a. Read the passage two or three times and understand the contents explainedtherein.

b. Underline the key words and phrases.

c. Find out the divisions of the passage.

d. Make notes of the passage by jotting down the major division, main points and

sub-points.

e) Develop the notes into a summary.

f) The ideas should be arranged systematically and in a logical manner.

g) The summary written first should be in the form of a rough draft.

h) Read the rough draft carefully and make necessary changes. Unwanted

points should be left out. Any point worth noting should be inserted.

i) Go through the rough draft and prepare a fair draft.

j) In the fair draft your language should be clear and precise.

k) Avoid taking the phrases and idiomatic expressions from the text.

I) Rephrase the material in a comprehensive manner.

Don’ts :

a. Don’t comment on the passage.

b. Don’t add new information, avoid criticizing the text.

c. Don’t give examples or illustrations of your own to prove the points.

Write the summary or Note making of the following passage :

The use of tobacco can also seriously impair the user’s health. It can lead to

cancer, heart attack, strokes and chronic lung disease. Babies born to mothers who

smoke are often smaller and less healthy than babies born to mothers who do not

smoke. Bronchitis and pneumonia are serious illnesses common in babies born to

parents who smoke, but less common in babies born to parents who do not smoke.

Babies whose parents smoke also have a greater risk of suffering from chronic lung

disease after they become adults.

We know that alcoholic beverages actually poison the body. Drinking alcohol

causes changes in mood and results in lack of judgment and restraint slurred

speech staggering and clumsiness. Larger amount of alcohol can produce drowsiness,

stupor and even death. People who become addicted to alcoholic beverages are called

alcoholics. They drink so much of alcohol that it damages their health completely.

They suffer from diseases such as cancer and ulcers more frequently than people who

do not use alcohol.

Rough draft

Smokers will be affected by cancer, heart attack, strokes and chronic lung disease.

Mothers who smoke give birth to smaller and less healthy babies than the babies

of mother who do not smoke. The babies born to parents who smoke will suffer

from Bronchitis and pneumonia. They have the risk of suffering from chronic lung

disease in their adult hood. The drinker has the change of mood, ill health lack

of judgement, slurred speech, staggering and clumsiness. The alcoholics will suffer

from drowsiness and stupor and even meet their death. They will suffer from

cancer and ulcers and their health will be damaged completely.

Fair Draft

SUFFERINGS OF SMOKERS AND ALCOHOLICS

Smokers will suffer from cancer, heart attack, strokes and chronic lung

disease. Mothers who smoke give birth to smaller and less healthy babies than the

babies whose mothers don’t smoke. The babies born to parents who smoke will have the

risk of suffering from Bronchitis and pneumonia. They will be affected by chronic

lung disease in their adulthood. The drunkers have the change of mood, ill health,

lack of judgment slurred speech, staggering and clumsiness. The Alcoholics will suffer

from drowsiness and stupor and even meet their death. They will be affected by cancer

and ulcers and their health will be damaged completely.

GENERAL COMPREHENSION

1. A) Read the passage given below and answers the questions that follow:

Discipline is the most essential virtue in children. It is a complex quality. It shapes the

mind of a citizen to religious, social and economic patterns. At a young age, we do not

realize the value of discipline, Children merely long for unlimited freedom, without

understanding the meaning of discipline. An athlete disciplines himself and keeps

himself fit. He refrains from smoking, observes good food habits and keeps good health.

Punctuality becomes the enjoyment of athletics. Discipline increases the human energy

and implies control, resistance and adjustment. Our energy is saved and made vital for a good

output.

Questions:

i. The word ‘complex’ means: Ans. difficult

a) satisfactory b) difficult c) compulsory d) observable

ii. State whether the following statement is True or False.

Discipline is the most essential virtue in adults. False

iii. Which word in the passage mean “important”? Vital

iv. Mention some ways in which an athlete maintains discipline.

An athlete refrains from smoking, observes good food habits and keeps good health.

v. How can an athlete discipline himself?

An athlete can discipline himself by refraining from smoking, observing good food habits,

RESPONDING TO THE ADVERTISEMENT

This question is to develop the art of letter writing in the students especially to write applicationfor jobs. The following key points must be followed while answering this question.

1. Place and Date on the right - hand top corner. While writing the date,month

should be mentioned.

Ex : 5th Nov. is correct 5.11. is wrong.

2. To address - you can take it from the ‘advertisement’ itself.

3. a. Saluation - Sir

b. Sub and ref

4. Body of the letter

5. BIO. - DATA (or) Resume (or) curriculum vitae

6. Subscription - Thank you

Yours faithfully

7. Address on the envelope - Write the ‘To’address.

1. Respond to the following advertisement considering yourself filling the conditionsspecified (Write XXX for your name and YYY for your Address:

From

XXX

YYY

To

Box No 69958,

C/o “The Hindu”,

Chennai – 600 002.

Sir,

Sub: Appointment – Computer Operator regarding.

Ref: Your ad in the Hindu dt. 20th Sep 2022.

I would like to apply for the post of computer operator in your reputed company

advertised in the Hindu on 20th September 2008. I herewith enclose my bio-data.

BIO DATA

Name : XXX

Address : YYY

Age and date of birth : 25 years, 20.6.1995

Father’s Name : M.Kandasamy

Educational Qualification : B. C. A. , I Class

Languages known : Tamil, English and Hindi

Marital Status : Unmarried

Previous Experience: 3 years as computer operator in Kumar Computers, Salem.

Salary expected : As per your norms.

If I am appointed in your company, I assure you, Sir, that I will discharge my duties to theentire satisfaction of my superiors.

I thank you,

Yours faithfully,

XXX.

Place: XXXX

Date: 6.04.2020

Address on the Envelope

To

The Advertiser,

Box No 69958,

C/o The Hindu,

Chennai – 600 002.

BIO GRAPHICAL SKETCH

How to write a good Biography

A biography is meant to analyze a person’s life and interpret it as well. A good biographer will tryto join the dots and explain certain actions and events that a certain figure was involved in. Thiswill help in clearly bringing out the significance of a person’s life through their accomplishmentsor remarkable deeds. Biographies are usually written in a chronological order. Some biographerscould also draft them in a themed order that is early life, educational background, a person’sachievements or accomplishments. But some especially the short ones will focus on one area in aperson’s life.

Given below is a profile of Kiran Bedi, the super cop of India. Write a short bio—sketch of KiranBedi taking the help of the clues given below

Aged: Around 65 years, robust physique. Pleasing and dynamic personality

Family: Second of four daughters, born into an extraordinary family with visionary parents

Education: Bachelors Degree in English from Amritsar (1968). Masters in Political Science.

LLB from Delhi University and a PhD degree from IIT Delhi (1993)

Hobbies: Great tennis player, noted author, social worker

Profession: The first woman officer in the elite Indian Police Service (1972),: The Inspector

General of Asia's biggest Jail — the Tihar Jail in 1993. Introduced many classes and programmesfor the inmates including those on basic education, meditation, yoga besides functions like KaviSammelans, dramas and games

Recognition: Drug Prevention and Control (1991), Ramon Magsaysay Award (1994), BharatGaurav Award (1999) and many other prestigious awards. The first Indian to be appointed to theprestigious post of United Nations Civilian Police Adviser. Set up India vision Foundation to workin the field of Prison reforms crime prevention, rural development sports promotion, etc

Ans. Dr Kiran Bedi is a powerful cop, with robust physique, pleasing and dynamic personality.Born into an extraordinary family with visionary parents 65-year-old Kiran Bedi is the second offour daughters. She has got a Masters in Political Science, LLB from Delhi University and a PhDdegree from IIT Delhi. She was also a great tennis player. She is also a noted author. Kiran Bedibecame the first woman officer in the elite Indian Police Service and the most memorablemoment of her career came when she served as the Inspector General of Asia's biggest-Jail -theTihar Jail in 1993. She introduced many classes and programmes for the inmates of the Jail onthe basis of education, meditation, Yoga, dramas and games. Kiran Bedi has won many awards -the Presidents Gallantry Award (1979). Asia Region Award for DrugPrevention and Control (1991),Ramon Magsaysay Award (1994), Bharat Gaurav Award (1999) and shewas the first Indian to beappointed to the prestigious post of United Nations Civilian Police Advisor.Kiran Bedi has alsobeen very active in community service and she set up India Vision Foundation.

GENERAL PARAGRAPH

MY AMBITION IN MY LIFE

Introduction:

Everyone should have an aim in his life. A life without an aim is a running a car

without brake. We cannot achieve anything if we don’t have any aim. My ambition in

life is to become a doctor. My aim is not to earn money but to help the poor people.

There are many poor people suffering without getting proper medical treatment due to

their poverty.

To work in villages:

Unlike many Doctors, I want to work in villages. In many villages, there are no healthcentres.

The village people have to go to cities for Medical treatment.

Clinic in a village:

I want to set up a clinic in a village. I shall treat the poor people without gettingmoney.

But any how I want money to run my clinic. So I collect fees from the rich people. I treat the

Village people kindly and affectionately.

Aware of AIDS:

Many villagers are not aware of AIDS. I shall explain to them how AIDS spreadamong the

people. I will warn them to be careful against this dreadful disease.

Conclusion:

The village people are not aware of health and hygiene. I will insist the village

people to keep their surroundings neat and tidy. I shall take care of the health of poor

children. I shall marry a lady doctor. Both of us will work with a missionary work. I know that

doctors are messengers of God. I shall try to be a dedicated doctor

SCIENCE IS A GOOD SERVANT BUT A BAD MASTER

Introduction:

Science is a good servant if it is handled in a right manner, but a bad master if it

is handled wrongly. Science provides us a lot of advantages in the fields of kitchen

wares, transports, lighting, communication, running factories, medicine, agriculture etc.

The electric and electronic appliances such as Radios, Televisions, Fans, Electric

Lights, Electric Trains, Mixie, Grinder, Electric Ovens etc. , are of great use to us.

The field of medicine:

Life saving medicines has been invented in the field of medicine. The costly

hospital equipments like X-ray, scanning and surgical instruments are the gift of science

and technology. In the field of agriculture. We use modern equipments like tractor,

harvesting machines, pesticides and manure. We can grow more corn using the above

scientific equipments. The green revolution is the result of Science. The computer helps

us in different fields. These electric and electronic appliances make our life happier and

more comfortable. Thus Science is a good servant.

Conclusion:

Science is a bad master if we use it wrongly. When Science is used for

destructive purpose, it is a bad master. Scientists manufacture dangerous atom bombs

and neutron bombs. Nagasaki and Hiroshima were destroyed by bombs. Recently in

Coimbatore many persons were killed in bomb blasts. Thus it is a bad master.

Article Writing

An article is a piece of writing penned for a large group of readers, usually ended forpublication in newspapers or magazines. Therefore, the objective of writing an article should beto attract the attention of the readers and to retain their interest as well. The author of an articleshould be well informed about the subject and should have a wide knowledge of the same. He /She should be creative and should possess good vocabulary. She should develop the skill toorganize and present ideas in a coherent and logical manner.

EXPANSION OF PROVERBS

NOTHING IS IMPOSSIBLE

Everyday people hear amazing stories of success. They hear about people achieving goals thatare nearly impossible. I believe that nothing is impossible if you outwit your mind to it. Thedictionary defines the word impossible as, incapable of occurring or being done. Throughouthistory the word impossible has become more and more irrelevant because of the achievement ofmany goals. Living in a world where technology is continuously growing, the word “impossible” isbeing used less and less. From the discovery and use of electricity to people travelling throughspace, technology has completely challenged the view that these things were impossible. Theword impossible has been associated with athletics. One of these subjects includes athletics.Most athletes are very hard workers, which allow them to accomplish goals that others wouldconsider impossible. There are many great stories that involve athletics, such as peopleovercoming outstanding obstacles or people going against what everyone says and achievinggreat feats. One such story would be about Michael Jordan and how he was cut from his highschool basketball team his sophomore year in high school. After being cut, he returned to try outagain and accomplished what people had thought was impossible by making the team andcontinuing his career into college and eventually to the NBA. Just as Jordan believed that nothingwas impossible, I feel it is a very important factor that can greatly help me achieve many goalsthat other people would consider impossible. Whether it is in athletics, technology, or anythingelse in our world today many goals are being accomplished that for many years people have

considered impossible.

DEVELOPING THE HINTS

Task 1

Expand the following outlines into complete stories and supply a suitable title for each.

Here is an example.

Outline:

A wealthy old lady – suddenly loses eyesight – calls an eye specialist – doctor demandsexorbitant fees – lady agrees to pay if cured – doctor starts treatment – steals antique decorativepieces –one by one – treatment ends - lady’s vision restored – doctor demands fees – ladyrefuses to pay – doctor knocks the doors of court – seeks justice – judge enquires

lady – lady explains – not completely cured – cannot see antique items – kept in showcase –judge understands – gives verdict – lady’s favour – arrests doctor for cheating.

Story

The Invisible Antiques

In a grand old-fashioned mansion overlooking a hill, lived a wealthy dear old lady named MargaretJ. Smith. She inherited a huge fortune from her late husband John Maxwell Smith. Being a verysmart and shrewd woman, she ably managed her estate all alone. As she grew older and older,she became frail. Subsequently, her eyesight also started failing. One day, when she woke up fromher bed, she realised that she had lost her sight.

The old lady immediately sent word to an eye-specialist in the country to treat her. The doctorthough skilful in his profession was a greedy and crafty person by nature. He visited MargaretSmith the very same day and examined her. He told her that he could cure her but it would costher a huge sum. He named an exorbitant fee for the treatment. The old lady was taken aback bythe amount demanded by the doctor. However, she agreed to pay on condition that her eyesightwas completely restored after the treatment. The doctor agreed and went ahead with histreatment. During his visits to the lady’s mansion for treatment, the greedy doctor eyed hercollection of antique decorative pieces displayed in a showcase. Knowing that those antiquepieces would fetch a good price in the market, the doctor started stealing those items, one by one,during every visit. Eventually, the treatment worked and the old lady’s vision was totally restored.Now, as per the agreement, the doctor demanded his fees. But, the old lady said that she was notsatisfied with the treatment given and firmly refused to pay. The doctor threatened her to drag herto the court. The old lady said, “You can go ahead and do whatever you want.” The angry doctorfiled a case against old Margaret and sought justice from the court. The old lady was summonedfor examination. The judge enquired the reason as to why she refused to pay the agreed fees tothe doctor. The old lady replied, ”As per the agreement made, I must be completely cured of myproblem. Unfortunately, my vision has been only partially restored after the treatment.” As a proofof her statement, she said that she was not able to see the antique items kept in her showcase.The learned judge understood the meaning of the lady’s statement and its implication. The judgeconcluded the case and read out his verdict. The verdict went thus: “After a thorough examinationof the case and connected issues, this court pronounces that Margaret, the defendant, is absolvedof her obligation to pay her doctor. This court also pronounces that the doctor has committed theoffence of theft and as such he should undergo a rigorous imprisonment for six months.” Theshocked doctor hung his head down in shame. The old lady felt greatly relieved and marched out

of the court triumphantly.

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

Exercise

1. Big cotton merchant – owned a factory – many employees – one day a heap of cottonstolen – no clue – merchant’s secretary assured to find out - asked him to host dinner - invite allworkers – merchant agreed – middle of feast – secretary suddenly shouted – cotton sticking tohair of thieves – the guilty dusted their heads – tried to clear – caught in the trap – punished.

Once there lived a big merchant. He sold cotton. He owned a factory. There were manyemployees working. One day a heap of cotton was stolen. The owner tried to find out the cultprit.But there was no clue. The merchant’s secretary assured that he would find out the criminal.

He gave an idea to the owner. He asked the owner to arrange for a feast. He asked him to inviteal the workers. The merchant too agreed. In the middle of the feast the secretary suddenlyshouted that the cotton was sticking to the hair of thieves. Immediately the guilty dusted theirheads. They tried to clear the cotton. They were caught in the clever trap made by the secretary.They were severely punished by the owner of the cotton factory.

2. Mr. X, a rich businessman – runs a company - always very busy with office work – one day hisson – 10 years old – approaches dad and asks – how much he earns in one hour – father getsfurious – boy persuades – father says Rs. 500 – immediately son asks for Rs. 300 – father shouts– wasting money on toys - son leaves to his room crying – father feels bad – thinks might needsome stationery – enters boy’s room and gives money – boy becomes happy – takes somecrumpled notes – under his pillow – counts everything together – total Rs.500 – gives it to dad –wants to buy – one hour of his time – father realizes his mistake –feels sorry and guilty – hugsson – closes all office files - takes him on a picnic – decides to spend more time with near anddear ones.

Answer:

Once there lived Mr. X. He was a rich business man. He ran a company. He was always verybusy with office work. One day his son, a 10 year old boy approached him. He asked how muchhe earned in one hour. Father got furious. But the persuades. Father said that he earned Rs. 500a hour. Immediately he asked for Rs.300. Father souted on hearing this. He scolded him forwasting money on toys. Son left to his room crying. Father felt very bad. He thought that his sonmight need some stationery. So he entered the boy’s room and gave money. The boy becamehappy. He took some crumpled notes and hid under his pillow. He counted everything together.The money was amounted to a total of Rs.500/-. He gave it to his father. He wanted to buysomething. In one hour of his time he gave Rs.500/- to his father. Father realized his mistakes.He felt sorry and guilty. He atonce hugged his son. He closed all office files. He took him on apicnic. He decided to spend more time with near and dear ones.

Moral : Spend your valuable time with your family.

POEM COMPREHENSION

1. Read the following poems and answer questions that follow:IWoodman, that tree!Touch not a single bough

In youth, it sheltered me,And I’ll protect it now.

‘T was my forefather’s handThat placed it near his cot;There, woodman, let it stand,Thy axe shall harm it not!When but an idle boyI sought its grateful shade;In all their gushing joyHere, too, my sisters played.My mother kissed me here,My father pressed my hand

Forgive this foolish tear,But let that oak stand!My heartstrings round thee clingClose as thy bark, old friend!Here shall the wild birds sing,And still, thy branches bend.Old tree! The storm still brave!And woodman leave the spot;While I have a hand to save,Thy axe shall harm it not

1. Why does the poet want the woodman to spare the tree?The poet wants the woodman to spare the tree because it gave shelter when he was

young.2. Who planted the tree?

The poet’s grandmother planted the tree.3. How will the poet guard the tree?

The poet will guard the tree by keeping the axe on the bedside.4. Where did the poet spend a lot of his time?

The poet spent a lot of his time under thetree.5. What is the meaning of ‘bough’?

It means branches.

MINIMUM MATERIAL - HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR ...

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