Medical-Biological Problems of Physical Training and Sports

№07/2015

ISSN 2308-7269

PEDAGOGICSPSYCHOLOGY

1 818917 220157 70

та медико-біологічні проблеми фізичного виховання і спорту

ПЕДАГОГІКА ПСИХОЛОГІЯ

Key title: Pedagogika, psihologia ta mediko-biologicniproblemi fizicnogo vihovanna i sportuAbbreviated key title: Pedagog. psihol. med.-biol. probl. fiz. vihov. sportuISSN 1818-9172 (Russian ed. Print), ISSN 1818-9210 (Russian ed. online).

Key title: Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sportsAbbreviated key title: Pedagog. psychol. med.-biol. probl. phys. train. sportsISSN 2308-7269 (English ed. online)Founders: Kharkov National Pedagogical University.

Editor-in-chief: Iermakov S.S., Kharkov, Ukraine.

Scientific consultant:Zaporozhanov V.A., Olsztyn, Poland.

Editorial college:

Abdelkrim Bensbaa, Abu Dhabi, UAE.Antala Branislav, Bratislava, Slovakia.Boraczynski Tomasz, Olsztyn, Poland.Boychenko S.D., Minsk, Byelorussia.Boychuk U.D., Kharkov, Ukraine.Cieślicka Mirosława, Bydgoszcz, Poland.Corona Felice, Salerno, Italy.Dmitriev S.V., Lower Novgorod, Russia.Fathloun Mourad, Kef, Tunisia.Görner Karol, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia.Giovanis Vassilios, Athens, Greece.Jagello Wladislaw, Gdans’k, Poland.Jorge Alberto Ramirez Torrealba, Maracay, Venezuela.Khudolii O.M., Kharkov, Ukraine.Ionova O.M., Dornach, Switzerland.Kozina Z.L., Radom, Poland.Kondakov V.L., Belgorod, Russia.Korobeynikov G.V., Kiev, Ukraine. Leikin M.G., Portland, USA.Malinauskas Romualdas, Kaunas, Lithuania.Maciejewska-Karlowska Agnieszka, Szczecin, Poland.Nosko N.A., Chernigov, Ukraine. Prusik Katarzyna, Gdans’k, Poland.Prusik Krzysztof, Gdans’k, Poland.Sawczuk Marek, Szczecin, Poland.Sobyanin F.I., Belgorod, Russia.Tkachuk V.G., Kiev, Ukraine.Yan Wan Jun, Shijiazhuang, China.

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© KNPU, 2015; © S.S.Iermakov, 2015

2015

07PEDAGOGICS, PSYCHOLOGY,MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMSOF PHYSICAL TRAINING AND SPORTS

2015

07CONTENTS

Galamandjuk L. L. Effectiveness of experimental system in children’s mastering of main manual motor skills ............3Doroshenko E.Y. Application of stretching techniques in physical rehabilitation of football players

with traumas of upper and lower limbs ..................................................................................................................... 11Kozina Zh.L., Al-Ravashdeh Abdel Baset, Kramskoy S.I., Ilnickaya A.S. Methodic of skills’ formation of light

athletics motor actions with the help of inter-disciplinary communications and informational technologies, worked out for senior form pupils ..............................................................................................................................17

Makuts T.B., Vysochina N.L. Factorial analysis of psychological and technical-tactic fitness of tennis players at stage of specialized basic training ...........................................................................................................25

Mulyk K.V., Mulyk V.V. Motivation of schoolchildren and students for health related tourism ......................................33Proskurov E.M. Dynamic of changes in health of 10-11 years old gymnasium boys under influence

of comprehensive education’s load...........................................................................................................................39Sybil M.G., Pervachuk R.V., Chuiev A.U. Directed influence on anaerobic energy supply systems

of qualified free style wrestlers .................................................................................................................................48Furman Y.M., Salnikova S.V. Improvement of aerobic energy supply processes in 37-49 yrs old women

by means of complex aqua-fitness trainings’ and methodic of endogenous - hypoxic breathing’s application ........59Khudolii O.M., Ivashchenko O.V., Chernenko S.O. Simulation of junior shcoolchildren’s training to acrobatic

exercises and vaults .................................................................................................................................................64Baljinder Singh Bal. Effects of short term practice of bhastrika pranayama on metabolic fitness (METF)

nd bone integrity (BI) ...............................................................................................................................................72Nowak Agata. Possibility of 4-years-old children psychomotor development diagnosis with the shortened

MOT 4-6. Analysis of psychomotor parameters of shortened MOT 4-6 ....................................................................79Wasiluk Agnieszka, Saczuk Jerzy. Fat-free mass index and fat mass index of inhabitants

of the city of Biala Podlaska ......................................................................................................................................85About the journal ............................................................................................................................................................92Contents .........................................................................................................................................................................93Submission of manuscripts.............................................................................................................................................94

3

EFFECTIVENESS OF EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM IN CHILDREN’S MASTERING OF MAIN MANUAL MOTOR SKILLS Galamandjuk L. L.

Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University Abstract. Purpose: determine effectiveness of simulated system of pre-school age children motor functioning’s preventive development for mastering of main movements for manual skills. Material: in the research five years’ children (control group n=150 and experimental group n=120) participated. Results: it was determined that transition from uncomfortable to comfortable for a child conditions of exercises’ fulfillment facilitates quicker formation of required motor program. It is connected with the fact that, independent on orientation of manual motor asymmetry progressing of semi-spheres’ interaction takes place. This interaction is an important condition of increasing of child functioning’s effectiveness in different aspects. Achievement of such result was also facilitated by physical exercises, which children practiced at home. Functioning of physical culture instructor and kindergarten teachers was also important: they formed parents’ conscious position concerning importance of such trainings; recommended effective means and methods. Conclusions: application of the offered system ensures much better result than traditional approach to this problem. It is one of keys to prevention of negative tendencies in development of pre-school age children. Key words: motor, stereotype, asymmetry, children, pre-school age children.

Introduction1 In pre-school period motion is the main function of a child [2; 4]. At present, physical culture trainings do not

facilitate achievement of required physical condition by children; development of other important qualities and functions before starting learning at school [10]. In this connection, children’s social and psychological adaptation to new conditions of life activity is inadequate [7; 16]. As a result – worsening of health [14; 20], functional potentials [5; 15; 21], strong tiredness from mental functioning even in working week [6].

On the other hand, theory and practice of physical culture have accumulated social values, usage of which facilitates positive changes of individual’s internal and external characteristics, development of his (her) bents, formation of world vision, motives, interests [13]. But, considering the above said, we can conclude that such values are not sufficiently effective. One of reasons is inadequate scientific-methodic provisioning of physical culture lessons as pedagogically organized process. Thus, there has appeared a contradiction between accumulated social-historic experience in sphere of physical culture and its actual realization in practice of pre-school children’s training. It proves the need in solution of the mentioned problem.

Purpose, tasks of the work, material and methods The purpose of the research is to determine effectiveness of simulated system of pre-school age children motor

functioning’s preventive development for mastering of main movements for manual skills. The tasks of the research implied the following: determination of manual motor asymmetry (MMA) and output indicators of motor stereotype; conducting of one-year experiment; determination of motor stereotype in movements for manual skills final indicators in the tested groups.

We used the following methods of research: general scientific (generalizing of information from scientific sources); pedagogic (experiment) and testing, which stipulated assessment of mastered movements); oral questioning, hand dynamometry and methodic of M.M. Bezrukhih [3] for determination of children’s MMA; mathematical statistic methods.

In experiment five years’ old children took part: 60 girls and 60 boys [20 with ambidexterity (ADA), 20 with left asymmetry (LMA) and 20 with right asymmetry (RMA) – in experimental group (EG)]; 75 girls and 75 boys [25 with every variant of MMA] – control group (CG). In all EG we realized the worked out methodic system; in CG – only traditional approach to pre-school program of physical culture. Pedagogic testing was at the end of academic year. Concerning characteristics of experimental factor, this information was delivered in previous works [17–19]. Assessment was conducted in the following way: “0” points – absence of formed motor stereotype; “1” point – understanding of movement is present; “2” – motor skill is formed; maximal mark – “3” points motor skill has been formed completely. Mean value of sample was interpreted in the following way: points from 0 to 1,4 – formation of motor stereotype at level of idea; 1.5 - 2.4 – at level of habit; 2.5 – 3 – at level of skill. Participation of children in the offered experiments was verified by parents’ permissions.

© Galamandjuk L. L., 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0701

4

Results of the research Before experiment motor stereotype in EG and CG was assessed as “0”. It was conditioned by the fact that in

previous years of life children did not train movements, chosen for assessment. At the end of academic year results were quite different.

G i r l s. In EG girls with ADA fulfilled all movements (except “throw object to moving target”) at level of skill (points within 2.5–3). The mentioned as exception movement was fulfilled at level of habit. In CVG skill did not form in any movement, but habit – practically in all movements. Exception was “throw of ball upward and catching of it 10 times”: fulfillment was at the lowest level - 1.4±0.14 points.

The determined advantage of EG over CG was also proved by comparing of received points (see table 1). In EG the highest mark was received by girls for “catching of ball from different initial positions”; in CG “throw ball from one hand to other with different temp” (accordingly 2.8±0.13 and 2.2±0.15 points). In EG the lowest mark was for “throw of object to moving target” (2.4±0.22), other received the lowest mark for “throw of ball upward and catching of it 10 times” (1.4±0.14).

Table 1 Level of manual motor skills of girls with different MMA orientation during all experiment (points)

Description of movement Group АDA

t

RMA

t

LMA

t x m x m x m

Throw of ball upward and catching of it

10 times minimum

EG 2.5 0.15 5.36

***

2.5 0.14 4.81

***

2.8 0.17 1.98

CG 1.4 0.14 1.7 0.09 2.4 0.11

Ball throws in ring at height of 2.2 meters

from the floor

EG 2.5 0.14 2.27

*

2.5 0.18 3.41

**

2.6 0.19 4.45

*** CG 2.0 0.17 1.7 0.15 1.6 0.12

Throw of ball from one hand to other

with different temp

EG 2.7 0.11 2.69

*

2.5 0.14 2.97

**

2.7 0.13 3.14

** CG 2.2 0.15 1.8 0.19 2.1 0.14

Moving forward striking of ball on the

floor and catch it

EG 2.6 0.12 3.8

**

2.5 0.14 5.42

***

2.6 0.17 3.09

** CG 1.9 0.14 1.5 0.12 1.9 0.15

Catching of ball from different initial

positions

EG 2.8 0.13 3.91

**

2.5 0.11 6.99

***

2.5 0.23 4.5

*** CG 1.9 0.19 1.2 0.15 1.1 0.21

Throw of ball to horizontal target with

two arms alternatively

EG 2.5 0.11 2.06

*

2.5 0.21 2.77

*

2.6 0.24 3.14

** CG 2.1 0.16 1.8 0.14 1.6 0.21

Throw of ball to vertical target with two

arms alternatively

EG 2.5 0.14 2.27

*

2.5 0.11 2.53

*

2.9 0.14 1.12

CG 2.0 0.17 1.9 0.21 2.7 0.11

Throw of objects to moving target EG 2.4 0.22 2.02

2.4 0.18 3.74

**

2.3 0.11 8.44

** CG 1.8 0.2 1.5 0.16 1.1 0.09

Notes: Hereinafter all EG n=20 each, all CG –– n=25 each; confidence of difference between two mean values is at level «*» –– р<0.05, «**» –– р<0.01, «***» –р<0.001

The results of girls with RMA were as follows: in EG most of movements were fulfilled at level of skill; in CG – at level of habit. The first fulfilled “throw of objects to moving target’ at level of habit, the latter – “catching of ball from

5

different initial positions” at the lowest level (with mark only 1.2±0.15 points). At the same time in EG all marks were much higher (р at level from <0.05 to <0.001). In EG most of movements were assessed with highest marks, while in CG – only “throw of ball to vertical target with two arms alternatively”.

The results of girls with LMA were as follows: in EG most of movements were fulfilled at level of skill; in CG – at level of habit; the marks of the first were much better than the latter. Only fulfillment of “throw of ball to vertical target with two arms alternatively” did not differ: the girls of both groups achieved the highest level of this motor stereotype.

B o y s. At the end of academic year in EG boys with ADA had most of movements at level of skill. Only “throw of objects to moving target” was fulfilled at level of habit (see table 2). Ion CG no movements were fulfilled at skill’s level – as a rule they were fulfilled at level of habit. For movements “throw of ball upward and catching of it 10 times minimum” and “catching of ball from different initial positions “ CG boys received 1.2±0.16 and 1.3±0.18 points accordingly. Such marks witness the lowest level of motor stereotype’s formation.

Boys with RMA demonstrated the following changes of tested indicators: in EG most of movements were fulfilled at level of skill; “throw of objects to moving target”, “moving forward striking of ball on the floor and catch I” were assessed at level of habit. In CG skills were not formed for any movements – only habit. Exception were “moving forward striking of ball on the floor and catch it” and “throw of ball upward and catching of it 10 times minimum”. Boys fulfilled these movements at lowest level and their marks were accordingly: 1±0.1, 1.2±0.16 and 1.4±0.12 points. Thus, in EG all marks were higher than in CG. The highest mark in EG was given to “ball throws in ring at height of 2.2 meters from the floor” and in CG – “throw of ball to horizontal target with two arms alternatively”.

Table 2 Level of manual motor skills of boys with different MMA orientation during all experiment (points)

Description of movement Group АDA

t

RMA

t

LMA

t x m x m x m

Throw of ball upward and catching of it 10

times minimum

EG 2.5 0.19 5.23

***

2.5 0.21 4.55

***

2.5 0.27 3.94

** CG 1.2 0.16 1.4 0.12 1.2 0.19

Ball throws in ring at height of 2.2 meters from

the floor

EG 2.5 0.12 6.14

***

2.8 0.11 6.05

***

2.9 0.07 5.18

*** CG 1.5 0.11 1.9 0.1 1.9 0.18

Throw of ball from one hand to other with

different temp

EG 2.5 0.17 2.96

*

2.5 0.15 3.41

**

2.7 0.21 2.89

* CG 1.7 0.21 1.7 0.18 1.8 0.23

Moving forward striking of ball on the floor

and catch it

EG 2.5 0.19 3.88

**

2.4 0.12 6.0

***

2.8 0.19 3.72

** CG 1.7 0.08 1.2 0.16 1.9 0.15

Catching of ball from different initial positions EG 2.4 0.12 5.08

***

2.7 0.13 5.69

***

3.0 0 6.67

*** CG 1.3 0.18 1.8 0.09 2.2 0.12

Throw of ball to horizontal target with two arms

alternatively

EG 2.5 0.13 6.1

***

2.5 0.11 4.22

***

2.7 0.21 2.89

* CG 1.5 0.1 1.9 0.09 1.8 0.23

Throw of ball to vertical target with two arms

alternatively

EG 2.6 0,14 4.88

***

2.5 0.12 4.45

***

2.8 0.17 4.21

*** CG 1.7 0.12 1.5 0.19 1.9 0.13

Throw of objects to moving target EG 2.4 0.19 3.44

**

2.3 0.23 5.18

***

2.4 0.26 1.5

CG 1.5 0.18 1.0 0.1 1.9 0.21

6

Boys with LMA showed analogous results, but with the following peculiarities: in EG only in “throw of objects

to moving target” habit was formed; other movements were fulfilled at level of the highest stereotype. In CG most of movements were fulfilled at level of habit. The lowest mark was given to “throw of ball upward and catching of it 10 times minimum”. In total it conditioned significant difference in points: except “throw of objects to moving target”, the marks for all other movements were higher in EG than in CG.

Discussion The received results were conditioned by a number of reasons. In the most general form EG better indicators were

owing to application of the worked out methodic system. Specifying reasons, we can say that in EG we used symmetric approach to training of main movements. In CG children trained movements in convenient for them conditions, videlicet, by main arm, leg or in convenient direction. Not similar effect was conditioned by specificities of motor stereotype’s formation. In case of movement’s training first by main arm and then by weaker arm, child involves already formed motor program in this process. Such “adjustment” slows down formation of habit and skill as far as it takes place in inconvenient for the child conditions. In other variant of sequence transition from inconvenient to habitual (convenient) for the child conditions facilitates quicker formation of required motor program [1]. It is connected with the fact that independent of MMA orientation progressing of interaction between semi-spheres takes place. Such interaction is an important pre-condition for increasing of effectiveness of child’s functioning in all aspects [8; 11; 12]. Achievement of such results was also facilitated by physical exercises’ practicing at home. Role of physical culture instructors and kindergarten teachers was also rather important: they forms parents’ conscious position about importance of such trainings; recommended effective means and methods, realized by parents at home physical trainings of their children [9].

Conclusions: Application of the offered system of motor functioning’s preventive development during 6th year of children’s life

ensures better results in formation of manual motor skills, than traditional approach to this problem. For example, from all 8 tested movements, in experimental group of girls with ADA, RMA and LMA 7 movements were fulfilled at skill level. In control group only LMA girls demonstrated skill in one movement, in 5 movements they showed habit level and in 2 – only idea of movement. In boys’ groups results were analogous to the results of girls’ groups.

Further researches shall be directed to determination of effectiveness of the worked out system in formation of skills in movements, not connected with manual functioning, to adaptation of children with different MMA orientation to learning functioning in school.

Acknowledgement This work has been fulfilled in compliance with combined plan of scientific-research works for 2010-2014 by

topics “Pedagogic diagnostics in system of physical education in comprehensive educational establishment” (state registration number 0112U002160) and “Theoretical-methodic principles of application of information, pedagogic and medical-biological technologies for formation of healthy life-style” (state registration number 0113U002003).

Conflict of interests The author declares that there is no conflict of interests.

7

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APPLICATION OF STRETCHING TECHNIQUES IN PHYSICAL REHABILITATION OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS WITH TRAUMAS OF UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS

Doroshenko E.Y. Zaporozhia National University

Abstract. Purpose: to study and experimentally test effectiveness of application of stretching as auxiliary not specific component of complex rehabilitation of football players with traumas of limbs. Material: experiment covered 186 sportsmen of 14-17 years old age. Quantitative indicators of limbs’ traumas and damages were registered in competition and training processes during yearly macro-cycle by results of processing of official competitions’ records and by medical records of football players. Results: application of stretching techniques in training process and in football players’ physical rehabilitation permitted to reduce quantitative indicators of traumas of upper and lower limbs from 18 (season 2012-2013) to 7 cases (season 2013-2014). Indicators of football players trauma’s relapses reduced by 7.93 %. In structure of upper and lower limbs’ traumas of younger age groups indicators of lower limbs’ traumas prevail. In older age groups traumas of upper limbs prevail. Conclusions: application of stretching techniques in football players’ training process permitted to certain extent to optimize indicators of lower limbs’ traumas. Key words: football, players, stretching, rehabilitation, traumas, limbs, prophylaxis.

Introduction1 Competition functioning in modern football is characterized by significant physical loads and rapid changes of

situations in match. It significantly increases risk of traumas. By opinion of many researchers football is one of the most risk hazard kinds of sports (O. Nikanorov, 2013) [5]. In opinion of European specialists up to 60% of all sport traumas and injures, which require clinical treatment, are connected with training and competition functioning in football (S. Liugaylo, D. Scherbina, 2013) [8]. So, finding of effective means of motor functions’ rehabilitation, increasing of neuro-muscular system’s functional potential. Prophylaxis of traumas and their relapses is still a scientific problem.

In special literature, devoted to these problems, there are numerous mentioning of physical rehabilitation with limbs’ damages of football players. Modern approaches to physical rehabilitation after injuring of knee joint’s capsular ligaments were regarded in work by M. Parish, O. Nikanorov, 2011 [10]. The authors analyze the most characteristic reasons of muscular-skeletal apparatus’s traumas in football. They showed modern approaches to physical rehabilitation of knee joint’s capsular ligaments after operative treatment with arthroscopy method. They stressed that wide application of arthroscopy requires working out of physical rehabilitation complex programs. These programs shall reduce post operational complications and facilitate football player’s stage-by-stage adaptation to training loads.

Application of plyometric trainings is a promising direction in football players’ physical rehabilitation after traumas of knee joint’s capsular ligaments, as it is noted by M. Cader, M. Parish, A. Nikanotov, 2012 [3]. But when using exercises of such type it is necessary to observe some requirements in order to avoid traumas’ relapses. It concerns the following factors: 1) before practicing plyometric exercises football player shall fulfill special warm-up and stretching exercises; 2) these exercises shall be fulfilled with weight of own body; 3) load shall be increased gradually with correlation of work and rest in proportion 1:5; 4) joint of damaged capsular ligaments shall be rigidly fixed during fulfillment of exercise.

Usage of intended special means and rational sequence of their application in complex physical rehabilitation of football players’ injured limbs is also effective. In dissertation of Chan K, 1997 [14] attention is accentuated on problems, which the author considers to be the most important: working out of system of complex, stage-by-stage rehabilitation of football players’ special workability after traumas of lower limbs’ joints; working out of rehabilitation training methodic for football players with after-effects of lower limbs’ traumas; analysis and generalization of results of football players’ with lower limbs’ traumas at different stages of rehabilitation; formation of medical-pedagogic control system in process of physical rehabilitation of football players with lower limbs’ traumas.

In researches of Kh. Mohd, M. Parish specialists’ attention is accentuated on peculiarities of construction of physical rehabilitation program for sportsmen (on example of team sport games) who have injures of medial meniscus of knee joint. The worked out program differs from standard one by complex approach to sportsmen’s with injures of medial meniscus of knee joint rehabilitation. The author’s program contains list of means and methods, which influenced on condition of damaged lower limb’s muscles, rehabilitation of psycho-somatic health, general and special workability. For the first time physical exercises for recreation of special motor skills of speed-power orientation, combined in plyometric training, were used.

The worked out physical rehabilitation program for football players has the following peculiarities: 1) early beginning of rehabilitation measures; 2) complex character of the used rehabilitation means and methods; 3) special periods and phases of physical rehabilitation; 4) system of long-term planning, including rehabilitation prognosis and terms of recreation; 5) system of dozing, operative control and correction of physical load; 6) experts’ assessment of clinical-functional condition of sportsman and his ability to restore normal training process; Besides, under influence of physical rehabilitation programs football players demonstrated changes of myotonometry indicators [9].

© Doroshenko E.Y., 2015

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Generalized theoretical and methodic approaches to sportsmen’s rehabilitation are elucidated by authors [4, 7, 11, 12, 13]. These works contain modern views on physical rehabilitation process, brief characteristic of diseases and traumas; from clinical-physiological positions demand in physical rehabilitation usage in recreational treatment is shown. Also indications and counter-indications, terms, sequence and specificities of application of therapeutic physical culture, therapeutic massage and so on, are described. These researches permit for specialists in this field to work out intended complexes of physical rehabilitation measures and effectively apply them for sportsmen and sportswomen of different qualification.

In the present research stretching techniques have been regarded as auxiliary, non specific component of complex physical rehabilitation of football players with limbs’ traumas. We also analyzed their effectiveness, variants of application in trainings process and in process of complex physical rehabilitation.

Purpose, tasks of the work, material and methods The purpose of the work is to study and experimentally test effectiveness of application of stretching as auxiliary

not specific component of complex rehabilitation of football players with traumas of limbs. The object of the research is physical rehabilitation of football players with traumas of limbs. The subject of the research is stretching techniques in complex rehabilitation of football players with traumas of

limbs. Material, methods and organization of the research: 1) analysis and generalization of literature data; 2) analysis

of advanced pedagogic experience; 3) pedagogic observations; 4) analysis of competitions’ official records; 5) analysis of football players’ medical records; 6) pedagogic experiment; 7) methods of mathematical statistic.

The contingent of the tested included football players of children-junior sport school of football club (FC) “Metallurg” (Zaporozhye) – 186 sportsmen: – season 2012/2013: U-14 – 21; U-15 – 22; U-16 – 25; U-17 – 25;

–season 2013/2014: U-14 – 22; U-15 – 22; U-16 – 24; U-17 – 25. In season 2013/2014 complexes of stretching exercises, recommended by specialists [1, 19, 20], were introduced in training process and competition practice (children-junior sport school (CJSS) of FC “Metallurg” (Zaporozhye). Besides, these exercises were used by sportsmen, who passed course of physical rehabilitation after traumas of limbs.

Stretching exercises re used for consequent tension of certain muscular groups, their stretching and relaxation. It permits to increase joints’ mobility by 5 – 12 % and preserve it during football match (about 90 minutes).Besides, stretching techniques positively influence on elasticity of muscles, permit to increase to some extent football players’ workability [2, 15]. In specialists’ opinion [16, 17, 18], systemic application of stretching techniques in football players’ training is based on the following principles:

- stretching exercises are substantial addition to known forms of conditional training. They permit to prevent from tiredness, resulted from physical loads of speed-power orientation, which are characteristic for training and competition functioning in football;

- elasticity of muscles and ligaments is an important pre-condition for reliable development of football players’ specific motor skills.

Results of the research In our research stretching exercises were used in training process and physical rehabilitation of CJSS FC

“Metallurg” (Zaporozhye) football players, who had injured upper or lower limbs, under control of football club’s medical staff. Results of the research (see table 1) permit to state that application of stretching exercises positively influences on quantitative indicators of traumas. The highest influence was registered in group U-14: in season 2012-2013 there were 7 trauma cases were registered; in season 2013-2014 – 1 case. In other groups this influence was less expressive: U-15 – 2 cases of traumas in season 2012-2013 and 1 case in season 2013-2014; U-16 – 4 cases in season 2012-2013 and 2 cases in season 2013-2014; U-17 – 5 cases of traumas in season 2012-2013 and 3 cases in season 2013-2014.

Table 1 Quantitative and qualitative indicators of upper and lower limbs’ traumas of CJSS FC “Metallurg” (Zaporozhye)

football players in seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014in performances in children-junior football league of Ukraine, n=18

Age

category

Quantitative and qualitative indicators of upper and lower limbs’ traumas

Season 2012/2013 Season 2013/2014

n1 % n1 %

U-14 7 ≈ 38.89 1 ≈ 14.29

U-15 2 ≈ 11.11 1 ≈ 14.29

U-16 4 ≈ 22.22 2 ≈ 28.57

U-17 5 ≈ 27.78 3 ≈ 42.85

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Age

category

Quantitative and qualitative indicators of upper and lower limbs’ traumas

Season 2012/2013 Season 2013/2014

n1 % n1 %

Total 18 100 7 100

Notes: n –quantity of matches, n1 – quantity of limbs’ traumas In analysis of research’s results important role is played by indicators of correlation of upper and lower limbs’

traumas of different age groups’ football players, which are given in table 2. Table 2

Indicators of correlation of upper and lower limbs’ traumas of CJSS FC “Metallurg” (Zaporozhye) football players in seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 in performances in children-junior football league of Ukraine, , n=18 Age

category

Indicators of correlation of upper and lower limbs’ traumas

Season 2012/2013 Season 2013/2014

n1 % n1 %

U-14 3/4 ≈ 42.86/57,14 1/0 100/0

U-15 2/0 100/0 1/0 100/0

U-16 3/1 75/25 1/1 50/50

U-17 3/2 60/40 1/2 ≈ 33.33/66.67

Notes: n –quantity of matches, n1 – quantity of limbs’ traumas Analysis of table 2 data shows that in season 2012-2013 there was certain trend: in older age groups correlation

of upper and lower limbs’ traumas was higher; in younger groups (U-14) – indicators of lower limbs’ traumas were higher. After application of stretching exercises in training process in season 2013-2014, indicators of traumas in all age groups decreased (see tables 1 and 2). Besides, application of stretching permitted to avoid relapses of traumas in 7.93% of football players in season 2013-2014.

Discussion At the beginning of the research we hoped to receive the data, which would prove effectiveness of stretching

techniques’ application in training process and in complex physical rehabilitation of football players. This assumption was based on fundamental researches in field of sport traumatology (P.A. F.Kh. Renstrem, 2003 [11]; V.M. Levenets, [4]) and physical rehabilitation (V.M. Mukhin, 2005 [7]). Besides, positive influence of stretching techniques in football players’ training was frequently noted by domestic (K.L. Vikhrov, A.V. Dulibskiy, 2005) and foreign specialists (K.T. Chan, 1997).

We think that the formulated purpose of the research has been achieved not completely: the obtained data permit only to state the presence of trend to reduction of indicators of football players’ traumas of limbs under influence of stretching techniques. Besides it is recommended to rationally use stretching as auxiliary non specific component of football players’ physical rehabilitation. Its positive effect is based on stimulation of recreational processes in damaged muscular groups and improvement of organism’s general condition. It is proved by the data of Kh. Mohd, M. Parish, 2012 [6] and O. Nikanorov, 2013 [8].

The above presented material permits to regard stretching techniques as auxiliary non specific component of complex physical rehabilitation of football players with traumas of upper and lower limbs and in training process. The received indicators should be regarded exactly as auxiliary factors, which facilitate improvement of health and creation of general positive background for application of physical rehabilitation’s special techniques. Generalization, concerning direct influence of stretching techniques on physical rehabilitation of football players with injured limbs, requires deeper researches.

Conclusions: The above given material permits to formulate the following: 1. Stretching techniques can be used in training process and in rehabilitation of football players with traumas of

limbs as auxiliary, non specific component of rehabilitation process, which recreational processes and improve organism’s general condition.

2. Application of stretching techniques in training process and in physical rehabilitation of football players

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permitted to reduce quantitative indicators of upper and lower limbs’ traumas from 18 (season 2012-2013) to 7 cases (season 2013-2014), indicators of traumas’ relapses of football players of CJSS FC “Metallurg” (Zaporozhye) reduced by 7.93 %.

3. In structure of upper and lower limbs’ traumas of CJSS FC “Metallurg” (Zaporozhye) in younger age groups (U-14) lower limbs’ traumas prevail, in older age groups – upper limbs’ traumas. Application of stretching techniques in football players’ training permitted, to certain extent, to optimize these indicators.

The prospects of further researches in this direction are based on researches of effectiveness of football players’ physical rehabilitation with complex application of traditional and non traditional methods; on determination of their rational correlation in physical rehabilitation process and its optimization for reliable recreation and avoiding of relapses.

Acknowledgement The researched has been fulfilled in compliance with plans of scientific-research works of physical education

department and department of Olympic and professional sports of physical education faculty, Zaporozhye national university. The research agrees with topics of “Combined plan of scientific research works in sphere of physical culture and sports for 2011-2015’ by topic 4.4. “Perfection of organizational and methodic principles of programming of physical rehabilitation processes in cases of dysfunctional disorders in different systems of human organism”, state registration № 0111U0001737.

Conflict of interests The author declares that there is no conflict of any interests.

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methodic instruction], Kiev, Combi LTD; 2005 (in Russian) 2 Gulbani RSh, Gonchar SN. Fizicheskaia reabilitaciia pri utomlenii sportsmenov-futbolistov [Physical

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4 Levenec' VM. Sportivna travmatologiia [Sport traumatology], Kiev, Olympic Literature; 2008 (in Ukrainian) 5 Liugajlo S, Shcherbina D. Metodicheskie rekomendacii po kompleksnomu ispol'zovaniiu fizicheskikh

uprazhnenij v programme reabilitacii sportsmenov-futbolistov posle artroskopicheskikh vmeshatel'stv na kolennom sustave [Methodic recommendations on complex application of physical exercises in rehabilitation program of football players after arthroscopic invasions in knee joint]. Molodizhnij naukovij visnik 2013;11:53-56. (in Russian)

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peredn'oi khrestopodibnoi zv’iazki kolinnogo sugloba [Methodic aspects of game kinds sportsmen’s physical rehabilitation with traumas of frontal cruciate ligament of knee joint]. Molodizhnij naukovij visnik 2013;11:56-61. (in Ukrainian)

9 Parish M. Izmenenie pokazatelej miotonometrii pod vliianiem programmy fizicheskoj reabilitacii u futbolistov s povrezhdeniem perednej krestoobraznoj sviazki [Change of myotonometry indicators under influence of physical rehabilitation program in football players with traumas of frontal cruciate ligament of knee joint]. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 2012;11:72-75. (in Russian)

10 Parish M, Nikanorov A. Sovremennye aspekty fizicheskoj reabilitacii futbolistov posle povrezhdenij kapsul'no-sviazochnogo apparata kolennogo sustava [Modern aspects of football players’ rehabilitation after traumas of capsular-ligament of knee joint]. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 2011;11:91-94. (in Russian)

11 Renstrem PAFKh. Sportivnye travmy [Sport traumas], Kiev, Olympic Literature; 2003 (in Russian) 12 Kotel'nikov GP, Mirovanov SP. Travmatologiia [Traumatology], Moscow, GEOTAR Media; 2008 (in Russian) 13 Levchenko V, Vakaliuk I, Sarabaj D, Bondarenko V, Dosin D. Fizichna reabilitaciia pri patologii oporno-

rukhovogo aparatu [Physical rehabilitation with pathology of muscular skeletal apparatus], Ivano-Frankivsk, Plai; 2008 (in Ukrainian)

14 Chan KT. Trenirovochnye zaniatiia reabilitacionnoj napravlennosti u futbolistov posle travm sustavov nizhnikh konechnostej. Cand. Diss. [Football players’ trainings of rehabilitation orientation after lower limbs’ traumas. Cand. Diss.], Moscow; 1997 (in Russian)

15 Cherkasov AA. Pedagogicheskie tekhnologii reabilitacii futbolistov posle artroskopicheskoj autoplastiki

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krestoobraznykh sviazok. Cand. Diss. [Pedagogic technologies of football players’ rehabilitation after arthroscopic autoplastic of cruciate ligaments], Moscow; 2002 (in Russian)

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specializacii [Manifestation of motor skills of junior football players of different game specialization]. Slobozhans'kij naukovo-sportivnij visnik 2010;3:74-76. (in Russian)

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METHODIC OF SKILLS’ FORMATION OF LIGHT ATHLETICS MOTOR ACTIONS WITH THE HELP OF INTER-DISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES, WORKED

OUT FOR SENIOR FORM PUPILS Kozina Zh.L.1, Al-Ravashdeh Abdel Baset2, Kramskoy S.I. 3, Ilnickaya A.S. 1

1H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University 2Taras Shevchenko National University of Luhansk

3Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov

Abstract. Purpose: to work out and substantiate technologies of motor and intellectual aspects’ integral influence on development of basic light athletics movements’ technique. Material: in the research 2 groups of schoolchildren participated: control group (n = 34) and experimental group (n = 33). Results: it was determined that main direction of motor skills’ development in light athletics trainings is a holistic approach. Such approach implies mastering of principal movements of light athletics on the base of analogies with rational and economical movements in Nature and on the base of laws of mechanics. Conclusions: it is recommended to consider in trainings the fact that improvement of motor skills’ mastering facilitates strengthening of demand in motor functioning. This demand is a condition of organism functioning’s improvement.

Key words: knowledge, skills, light athletics, schoolchildren, methodic.

Introduction1 Development of motor skills and knowledge is of great importance for formation of the so-called human “motor

intellect” [1; 3; 18; 23]. “Motor intellect” [1; 2; 3; 4; 5] is naturally connected with general level of intellectual, emotional and mental condition of a person [9; 11; 12; 19; 29; 30]. Special significance is acquired by development of motor skills in senior school age, when qualitative reconstruction of organism’s functioning is the most active [22; 24; 25; 26; 27; 28].

D.N. Pukhov (2011) [17], Hribovska Iryna, Danylevych Myroslava, Ivanochko Victoria, Shchur Lydia (2015) [28] point that schoolchildren of this age, as a rule, loose interest to compulsory classes on physical culture at schools. One of the most difficult trainings for schoolchildren is light athletics [6; 14; 20]. However, just light athletics’ movements are the most principle for a human being. These movements facilitated survival of human being as species in the process of evolution [16; 18]. At present, light athletics’ skills are basic for many kinds of sports as well as for the most of movements in every day life.

That is why, working out of methodic, devoted to increase of interest to trainings and activation of intellectual component of light athletic movements’ mastering is an urgent and important task As it is pointed by David Hortigüela-Alcalá1, Ángel Pérez-Pueyo, José Moncada-Jiménez (2015) [24], its importance is actualized by modern educational tasks. They reduce to receiving of required scope of knowledge by senior pupils. After leaving school this scope of knowledge will permit to use means of physical culture independently and consciously during all life [13; 21].

Analysis of scientific-methodic literature shows that at present there rather many works, devoted to training of movements’ techniques [7; 8; 10; 16; 26]. Training of motor actions is regarded as complex dynamic system, effectiveness of control over which depends on how its components and interconnections were studied. In this respect important role is played by theory of actions’ construction by D.D. Donskoy [7] and theory of multi-level models of movements’ structural organization [5; 18], which permitted to expand knowledge about system of motor actions, their composition and content. In researches by Yu.V. Verkhoshanskiy [6] there are determined bio-mechanical laws of qualitative perfection of actions’ composition and system-formation factors of optimizing of kinematic and dynamic structure. V.K. Balsevich [3] substantiated necessity in pedagogic influences’ coincidence with stages of accelerated development of motor functions’ elements. The worked out by I.P. Ratov [18] theoretical conception of “artificial controlling environment”, envisaging formation of motor actions without visible reconstruction of their rhythm-speed basis with the help of special simulators is of great importance.

Thus, theoretical principles witness that for qualitative formation of motor skills it is necessary to realize conscious aspect of movements. For this purpose it is necessary to work out proper methods.

Purpose, tasks of the work, material and methods The purpose of the work is to work out and substantiate technologies of motor and intellectual aspects’ integral

influence on development of basic light athletics movements’ technique with application of interdisciplinary communications and informational technologies.

The methods of the research: theoretical analysis and generalization of special literature, pedagogic testing, pedagogic experiment, methods of mathematical statistic.

For determination of influence of motor skills’ development methodic on senior pupils at curriculum physical culture lessons and at circle trainings in light athletics, in period from September 2013 to May 2014 we conducted forming pedagogic experiment. Control (n = 34) and experimental (n = 33) groups consisted of senior pupils (boys) of Mu’tah, Al-Karak, Jordan secondary school.

© Kozina Zh.L., Al-Ravashdeh Abdel Baset,

Kramskoy S.I., Ilnickaya A.S., 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0703

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Results of the research Coming from conceptual principles [8; 11; 16; 18; 20] and analysis of modern tendencies of education’s

development we worked out methodic of motor skills’ training for senior pupils at lessons of light athletics with the help of interdisciplinary communication, informational and interactive technologies. In this methodic main direction of motor skills’ development at light athletics’ trainings is a holistic approach. This approach implies mastering of light athletics’ basic movements on the base of analogies with rational and economical movements, existing in the Nature, and on the base of mechanics’ laws. It conditions application of knowledge of physics, biology, physiology, bio-mechanic for receiving more complete knowledge about correct technique of light athletics’ techniques. Besides, application of informational technologies permits to maximally increase effectiveness of training process in connection with influence on higher sectors of central nervous system [4; 11; 12]. Exactly such approach is the most accessible for training of senior pupils to motor functioning, as far as in senior school age cognitive and associative forms of training are more expressed. That is why application of means in activation of mind is one of the most effective ways to increase of training’s quality.

These principles are successfully realized in methodic of motor skills’ development, offered by us for training of senior pupils at light athletics lessons with the help of interdisciplinary communications and informational technologies. This approach meant that with pupils’ mastering of run, jumps, throws’ techniques we proposed multiple repetitions of actions as methodic principles and explained physiological and bio-mechanical basis of movements (run, jumps, throws). It implied application of analogies from biology and physics. This information was given orally and in the form of printed recommendations, methodic literature, video-aids and so on.

Let us regard application of interdisciplinary communications and informational technologies in training of light athletics’ elements on example of run (jumps) and throws. As the basis of interdisciplinary communications we chose approach, offered by N. Romanov [20]. This approach is recommended by the author for mastering of the so-called “postural method of run”, which implies rising of run technique’s effectiveness owing to mastering of necessary main body postures, ability to contract and relax required muscular groups. For realization of this idea the author address to analogies from the Nature, laws of physics, moving of wheel on inclined surface and etc.

For training of throwing technique we took as the basis methodic of initial training of throws’ technique in game kinds of sports, offered by Zh.L. Kozina [13]. In this methodic, with the help of analogies from the Nature demand in addition of forces for turn-by-turn switching-on of all muscles is explained. Switching on of muscles with ball throwing starts from legs and finishes by movement of hand. In our opinion creation of holistic movement’s image as well as profound understanding of movements’ rational technique’s physical principles are rather effective approaches. However, they are not used in school physical education. Moreover, different subjects of school program are delivered without considering their intercommunication. As a result person receives not systemic, fragmented knowledge. This knowledge is useless in practice and quickly forgotten after leaving school. In school program physical education is a “counter-balance” to theoretical disciplines, which does not envisage cognitive functioning. However, application of cognitive and associative forms of teaching in any kind of activity (including physical education) facilitates creation a holistic idea about action. It increases effectiveness of motor skills’ mastering and effectiveness of mastering of other subjects’ knowledge. Here we render description of our methodic of motor actions’ training of senior pupils with application of interdisciplinary communications on example of run (with “Postural method of run”) taken as the basis (N.Romanov [20]) and training of throwing technique (with training of throwing technique in game kinds of sports offered by Zh.L. Kozina , 2003, 2013) [13]) taken as the basis. Romanov’s methodic [20] is oriented on adult people and was not used in training of school age children. It is logical to assume that adapted to schoolchildren’s perception Romanov’s methodic will show its effectiveness in training of movements.

Example of run technique’s training (with “Postural method of run” by N. Romanov [20], taken as the basis)

The trained run element: ability to rationally and economically change points of support in running. Interdisciplinary communications: biology (run of animals), physical (principle of efficiency in usage of wheel). Quotes of known philosophers, poets, writers on the studied topic: Albert Einstein wrote that “Everything shall

be done in as simple manner as it is possible, but not simpler”. Leonardo da Vinci wrote that “Simplicity is extreme form of refinement” [cited by 20].

Explanation of rational change of points of support in process of run with accent on interdisciplinary communications and application of visual aids: wheel is one of the most perfect inventions. In spite on evident simplicity, wheel is a complex mechanism, three properties of which have substantial significance for run of man. First: wheel is mechanically effective, as far as it ensures horizontal forward movement with minimal vertical oscillations. Secondly: for the period of wheel’s full rotation distance between point of support and body (its center of gravity) does not change as well as their inter-location. The third key property is that point of support constantly changes independent on speed of wheel’s rotation. More over, speed of body’s movement is in direct proportion to speed of change of points of support.

To have vivid image of these mechanical properties it is necessary to simplify our analogy: let us imagine a person, going on bike. In this analogy “body” is frame with saddle and biker, sitting on it. In the bottom part of this “body” there is perfect moving circumference – wheel. In any moment of wheel’s rotation only one its point is in contact with earth. It is a point of support to which weight of all body is applied.

Significance of “wheel principle” is very simple indeed: to move with efficiency of wheel we shall minimize vertical oscillations of body, land on support, which directly under body and keep high temp of steps.

19

Application of methodic of motor skills’ training with the help of interdisciplinary communications and informational technologies during one academic year resulted in confident increase of pedagogic tests on motor fitness in light athletics in experimental group, which was trained by offered by us methodic.

Confident changes cover results of fulfillment of most of tests, reflecting main light athletics’ skills. Table 1

Indicators of light athletics’ motor skills, demonstrated by pupils of control (n=34) and experimental (n=33) groups before and after experiment (boys) групп

Indicators of

testing Testing period Group x S

р

BE-AE

р

CG-EG,

BE

р

CG-EG,

AE

1 2 3 4 5 9 11 13

Long jump from the

spot, cm

BE EG

160.3 5.79 0.001

0.55 0.00 AE 175.7 4.87

BE CG

162.2 4.67 0.35

AE 164.3 5.01

Long jump from

run, cm)

BE EG

315.4 10.24 0.02

0.97 0.02 AE 335.8 9.32

BE CG

317.2 9.72 0.43

AE 321.4 10.11

Run3×10 m (s)

BE EG

9.51 0.51 0.00

0.83 0.00 AE 9.12 0.49

BE CG

9.53 0.50 0.45

AE 9.50 0.52

Run30 m (s)

BE EG

5.93 0.09 0.04

0.25 0.00 AE 5.71 0.07

BE CG

5.91 0.08 0.57

AE 5.90 0.09

Run 60 m (s)

BE EG

11.21 0.21 0.05

0.47 0.02 AE 10.78 0.18

BE CG

11.19 0.19 0.57

AE 11.20 0.23

Run1000 m (min) BE

EG 7.30 0.76

0.02 0.39 0.03 AE 6.89 0.87

20

Indicators of

testing Testing period Group x S

р

BE-AE

р

CG-EG,

BE

р

CG-EG,

AE

1 2 3 4 5 9 11 13

BE CG

7.25 0.85 0.61

AE 7.23 0.94

Ball throw (m)

BE EG

19.82 2.14 0.04

0.55 0.02 AE 23.15 2.09

BE CG

19.95 2.13 0.35

AE 20.01 2.17

Notes: CG – control group; EG – experimental group; BE – before experiment; AE – after experiment.

In experimental group confident changes of motor fitness indicators were registered in tests, reflecting jumping skills (see table 1), short distance run and long distance run (see table 1). In control groups these changes are not confident (see table 1). The received results convincingly show purposefulness and validity of motor skills training methodic application with usage of interdisciplinary communications and informational technologies at lessons of light athletics of senior pupils.

Effectiveness of the worked out methodic is also confirmed by the fact that in experimental groups level of motor fitness increased (registered by experts’ assessments).

Discussion Analysis of the received results from the point of their collation with literature data showed the following. As a result of the conducted research we obtained three groups of results by degree of their scientific novelty. The first group confirms the data of other authors; the second group supplements and expands the results of other authors; the third group of results contains data received for the first time. Let us regard every group of results in respect to their scientific novelty. Our work is devoted to development of senior school age children’s motor skills.

In this aspect the conducted research confirms the data of L.P. Matveyev [15]; N.А. Nosko [16]; S.S. Iermakov [8]. In these works it is shown that development of motor skills facilitates formation of healthy life style. Its realization is most effective by means of application of different means of physical education and sport training, hygienic factors and is of the first priority in modern conditions. In the kit of health related means motor functioning is the determining one.

Children’s motor functioning is conditioned by a lot of social, biological and natural factors: life regime, health condition, coordination and its connection with vegetative systems, climatic conditions. In this respect our work confirms the data of the authors, who dealt with research of motor functioning and schoolchildren’s motor fitness [24]. A number of authors [2; 3] point that active motor functioning is of special importance for growing organism. It is a factor, facilitating development and educating of a child in general. Practice of physical education, researches, conducted in this direction, witness about substantial influence of movements on development and condition of children’s health as well as on their workability.

From this point of view our work confirms the data of L.P. Matveyev [15]; N.А. Nosko [16] about determining role of physical education in formation of schoolchildren’s motor skills.

Our research supplements the data of N.A. Romanov [20], Zh.L. Kozina [11; 13] about effectiveness of analogies’ with Nature application for explanation of correct technique of main light athletics movements’ fulfillment (run, jumps, throws.

The received data can be explained by the fact that increasing of motor fitness facilitates increase of demand in movements. Realization of this demand is a necessary condition of increasing of organism functioning’s level.

Conclusions: 1. We have worked out methodic of motor skills training of senior forms’ pupils at light athletics lessons, based

on application of interdisciplinary communications of natural and humanitarian sciences and informational technologies. These technologies contain animation illustrations for opening of main aspects of light athletic movements’ techniques.

2. We also have determined positive influence of methodic of motor skills training of senior forms’ pupils at light athletics lessons, based on application of interdisciplinary communications of natural and humanitarian sciences and informational technologies on senior pupils’ motor fitness in field of light athletics.

21

The prospect of further researches imply perfection of methodic of methodic of motor skills formation in senior forms’ pupils at light athletics lessons, with the help of integral influence of interdisciplinary communications and informational technologies.

Acknowledgement: The research has been conducted in compliance with: “Combined plan of scientific-research work in sphere of physical culture and sports for 2011-2015” by

topic 2.4 “Theoretical-methodic principles of individualization in physical education and sports” (state registration number 0112U002001);

Scientific-research work, governmentally financed by Ministry of education and science of Ukraine for 2013-2014 “theoretical-methodic principles of application of informational, pedagogic and medical-biological technologies for formation of healthy life style” (state registration number 0113U002003)

Scientific-research work, governmentally financed by Ministry of education and science of Ukraine for 015-2016 “Theoretical-methodic principles of application of means of informational, pedagogic, medical-biological orientation for motor and mental development and formation of healthy life style”.

Conflict of interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

22

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25

FACTORIAL ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL-TACTIC FITNESS OF TENNIS PLAYERS AT STAGE OF SPECIALIZED BASIC TRAINING

Vysochina N.L., Makuts T.B. National University of Physical Education and Sport of Ukraine

Lvov State University of Physical Culture

Abstract. Purpose: determination of structure of psychological and technical-tactic tennis players’ fitness by method of main components. Material: in the researches 24 tennis players of 14-15 years old age participated. For determination of personalities’ psychological components of junior tennis players the following methodic were used: Dembo- Rubinstein’s (self assessment), Burdon-Anfimov’s (attention), test by G. Izenko (type of temper), T.Elers’s (motivation), Sbilberger-Khanin’s (level of anxiety). Results: we have determined the structure of psychological and technical-tactic fitness of tennis players at stage of specialized basic training. For psychological fitness it was determined five factors, for technical-tactic fitness – three. High level of inter-factor interconnections was observed only if structure of technical-tactic fitness. Between five factors of psychological fitness we did not find any significant links. Conclusions: the determined peculiarities of factorial structure of tennis players’ fitness can be used for planning of psychological training programs and in the training process of junior tennis players. Key words: competitions, psychology, technique, tactic, physical, factorial, loads.

Introduction1 High sport results are impossible without consideration of individual-typological features of sportsmen’s nervous

functioning, which makes psychological and psycho-physiological basis of behavioral and cognitive processes and their vegetative provisioning [1-5, 6, 9, 39]. Psychological features of tennis players’ functioning are conditioned by objective peculiarities of competition struggle on the court and are characterized by quickness of sudden game situations, strict time limit for their perception and taking decision in conditions of multiple choice and responsibility for effectiveness of game technique’s fulfillment [2, 4-6, 10-15, 17-19, 21-29, 40]. Competition functioning in tennis goes in extreme conditions and not stationary environment, which is formed by own actions of a sportsman and his (her) adversary. In comparison with other kinds of sports tennis is characterized by very high emotional and intellectual tension. It puts forward high requirements to sportsmen’s physical and psychic qualities [1, 16, 20, 30-38]. Recent time specialists in different kinds of sports have been widely using method of factorial analysis, which permits to determine complex of dominating components. It conditions sport result, determines character of interconnections between indicators; it also permits to determine contribution of specific factors in total result [7, 8, 11, 12].

Determination of factorial structure of fitness at different stages of many years perfection in tennis is rather urgent. But these questions are not paid sufficient attention to in special literature. Determination of factorial structure of psychological and technical-tactic fitness at stage of specialized basic training is extremely important task. Just if this sportsmen’s age future foundation of further sport achievements is embedded; tennis players’ training becomes still more specific [5-7]. Determination of leading components of junior tennis players’ fitness will permit to significantly increase effectiveness of their training and competition functioning.

Purpose, tasks of the work, material; and methods The purpose of the work: determination of structure of psychological and technical-tactic tennis players’ fitness

by method of main components. The tasks of the research were determination of leading factors in structure of psychological and technical-tactic

fitness of junior tennis players. Besides we determined inter-factorial interconnections of the studied components of sportsmen’s fitness.

The methods of the work: analysis and generalization of data of special scientific methodic literature, questioning, method of experts’ assessment, pedagogic observation, pedagogic testing, Psycho-diagnostic methods, methods of mathematical statistic, analysis of Internet data.

Results of the research For determination of the most significant factors of junior sportsmen’s psychological and technical-tactic fitness

we used method of main components. Advantage of this method was that it was possible to use only the most informative main components and exclude other in the process of analysis. It permitted to significantly make simplify interpretation of the received data.

© Makuts T.B., Vysochina N.L., 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.07014

26

According to algorithm of method of main components confidence of researches’ results is valid only id percent of a sample of interconnected elements is not less than 60% from general dispersion. During analysis of factorial structure of junior tennis players’ psychological fitness this indicators was 80.6%; in structure of physical and technical-tactic fitness it was– 79. 5%.

Procedure of factorial analysis permitted to form system of factorial loads and determine five factors of psychological fitness, own values of which exceeded one (see fig.1).

Fig.1 Factorial structure of psychological fitness of 14-15 years’ old tennis players: General factor (contribution of which in general dispersion is 29.6%) includes indicators, which characterized

level of sportsmen’s attention (accuracy of work, r= 0.960, coefficient of mental workability, r= 0.961, effectiveness of work, r= 0.749). The second factor consisted of indicators, which reflected level of sportsmen’s self assessment (contribution in general dispersion was 17. 7%).

The third factor (13.9%) combined indicators of situational and personal anxiety (r= 0.875 and r= 0.873 accordingly). In the forth factor (11.6%) load higher than threshold had variables, which reflected motivational-will sphere of tennis players (motivation for avoiding failures r= - 0.717, bent to risk r= 0.948). The fifth factor characterized short term memory of tennis players (r= 0.755).

In fig. 2 we present factors of tennis players’ psychological fitness in comparison with threshold value, which equals to one. For example, value of general factor (attention) was– 5.96, factor “self assessment”- 3.54, factor “anxiety and thinking” – 2.79. The forth factor “motivation-will” was– 2.32. and the fifth factor “short-term memory” – 1.57.

11,6%

13,9%

17,7%

29,6%

7,8%

перший фактор (якість уваги) другий фактор (самооцінка гравців)третій фактор (рівень тривожності та мислення) четвертий фактор (мотиваціоно-вольові якості)п'ятий фактор (якість короткострокової па'мяті)

First factor (attention) Third factor (level of anxiety and thinking) Fifth factor (short-term memory)

second factor (self-assessment) forth factor (motivation-will qualities)

27

Fig.2 Values of factors in structure of tennis players’ psychological fitness at stage of specialized basic

training

At the same time conducted by us correlation analysis did not show statistically significant inter-factorial interconnections in structure of psychological fitness (see table 1). The highest level was observed between first (attention) and third (anxiety and thinking) r=0.336, between forth (motivation and will) and fifth (short term memory) factors r=0.437. However, these interconnections were not confident.

Table 1 Internal correlation connections of factors of tennis players’ psychological fitness at stage of specialized basic training

Factor 1 2 3 4 5

1 1. 000

2 0. 198 1. 000

3 0. 336 0. 244 1. 000

4 0. 195 0. 351 0. 032 1. 000

5 0. 032 -0. 004 0. 021 0. 437 1. 000

Analysis of factorial matrix of structure of physical and technical tactic fitness permitted to find out three factors

with own values more than one (see fig. 3).

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

5,0

6,0

7,0

перший фактор

(якість уваги)

другий фактор

(самооцінка

гравців)

третій фактор

(рівень

тривожності та

мислення)

четвертий фактор

(мотиваціоно-

вольові якості)

п'ятий фактор

(якість

короткострокової

па'мяті)

Val

ues o

f fac

tors

First factor second factor third factor forth factor fifth factor (attention) (self assessment (anxiety and (motivation (short term

of players) thinking) and will) memory)

28

Fig. 3 Factorial structure of general physical and technical tactic fitness of 14-15 years’ old tennis players: The first and the most significant factor (65.0%) included variables, which characterized level of special

technical-tactic fitness (fulfillment of shortened blows, tests “smash” and “vier”) as well as indicators of competition functioning, which reflected effectiveness of game in fulfillment of blows from rebound (coefficient of stability, coefficient of effectiveness, complex indicators of efficiency). The second factor (7.5%) combined variables, which characterized quality of game during receiving of services (coefficient of stability, r= 0.753, coefficient of effectiveness, r= 0.896, complex indicators of efficiency, r= 0.830). Third factor included indicators of general physical fitness of sportsmen, which determined their quickness and speed-power potentials. Own values of each of the three factors of physical and technical-tactic fitness are given in fig. 4.

Fig.4. Values of factors in structure of general physical and technical tactic fitness of tennis players at stage of specialized basic training

65,0 %

7,5 %

7,0 %

перший фактор (спеціальна підготовленість та ефективнісь гри)другий фактор (якість гри на прийомі подач)третій фактор (швидкісно-силові можливості)

First factor (special fitness and effectiveness of game Second factor (quality of game in receiving of service) Third factor (speed power potentials)

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

перший фактор (спеціальна

підготовленість та

ефективнісь гри)

другий фактор (якість гри на

прийомі подач)

третій фактор (швидкісно-

силові можливості)

Val

ues o

f fac

tors

first factor second factor third factor (special fitness and (quality of game at (speed power potentials)

effectiveness of game) receiving of services)

29

For example, the most significant first (general) factor has own value – 12.35. Two other factors have approximately equal own values: “quality of game at receiving of services”- 1.44; and factor “speed power potentials” – 1.34. In contrast to psychological fitness, factors of general and special technical-tactic fitness have high (statistically significant) correlation (see table 2).

For example, correlation between first and second factors was r= 0.704; between first and third factors – 0.813; between second and third - r= 0. 606. It witnesses about high level of factors’ influence on each other. The received data permitted to determine leading components in structure of tennis players’ fitness as well as to know the character of their internal connections.

Table 2 Internal correlation connections of factors of tennis players’ general physical and technical-tactic fitness at stage of

specialized basic training

Factor 1 2 3

1 1. 000

2 0. 704 1. 000

3 0. 813 0. 606 1. 000

Discussion The obtained results prove results of other authors (A.V. Alexeyev, 2005; S.P. Belits- Geyman, 1989; A.A.

Bodalev, 1999; T.V. Diubina, 2009; T.S. Ivanova, 1999; Yuan Zhaohui; Weihai Qiong, 2011; Zhang Hailong, Lv Huimin, Cui Lei, 2011; Jagiello Marina, Jagiello Wladyslaw, 2014; Borisova O. V., 2011, 2012) about influence and importance of individual psychological characteristics of tennis players for effectiveness of training and competition functioning.

For the first time we received factorial structure of tennis players’ psychological and technical-tactic fitness at stage of specialized basic training as well as determined inter-factorial correlations. Consideration of leading components of psychological and technical-tactic fitness in practice can be an important factor of increasing of training and competition functioning’s quality.

Conclusions: 1) The conducted factorial analysis permitted to determine structure of psychological and technical-tactic fitness of

tennis players at stage of specialized basic training. For example analysis of psychological fitness resulted in determination of five factors; analysis of technical-tactic fitness showed three factors with own values more than one. The first (general) factor of psychological fitness characterized attention (contribution in general dispersion 29.6 %), the second – level of players’ self assessment (17.7 %), the third – level of anxiety and operative thinking (13.9%), the forth – tennis players’ motivational-will qualities (11.6%) and fifth quality of short-term memory (7.8%). The first factor of technical tactic fitness combined practically all significant variables and its contribution in general dispersion was 65 %, with own value – 12.35.

2) High level of inter-factorial correlations was observed only in structure of technical-tactic fitness. Correlation between first and second factor was r= 0.704, between first and third – 0.813, between second and third - r= 0, 606, that witnesses about high level of factorial inter influence. Between fife factors of psychological fitness there was not found any significant correlations. The highest correlations were observed between first (attention) and third factors (anxiety and thinking) r=0, 336; as well as between forth (motivation and will) and fifth (short-term memory) factors r=0.437, but they were not statistically confident.

The prospects of further researches are connected with determination of factorial structure of elite tennis players’ fitness.

Acknowledgement The research has been fulfilled in compliance with “Combined plan of SRW in sphere of physical culture and

sports for 2011-2015” of Ministry of Ukraine of family, sports and youth by topic 2.4 “Theoretical-methodic principles and individualization of training process in game kinds of sports”.

Conflict of interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

30

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in tennis]. Moscow; 1989. (in Russian) 3. Bodalev AA, Stolin VV. Psikhodiagnostika [Psycho-diagnostic], Sankt Petersburg: Speech; 1999. (in Russian) 4. Godik MA, Skorodumova AP. Kompleksnyj kontrol' v sportivnykh igrakh [Complex control in sports], Moscow:

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[Measurements in sport-pedagogic practice], Moscow: Physical Culture and Sport; 2006. (in Russian) 6. Denisova LV, Khmel'nickaia LV, Kharchenko LA. Izmereniia i metody matematicheskoj statistiki v fizicheskom

vospitanii i sporte [measurements and methods of mathematic statistic in physical education and sports], Kiev: Olympic Literature; 2008. (in Russian)

7. Diubina TV, Zav'ialov AI. Metodika ocenivaniia urovnia podgotovlennosti iunykh tennisistov [Methodic of assessment of junior tennis players’ fitness]. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 2009;5:80-83. (in Russian)

8. Iermakov SS. Komp'iuternye programmy v sportivnykh igrakh [Computer programs in sport games], Kharkov: KhKhPI; 1996. (in Russian)

9. Iberla K. Faktornyj analiz [Factorial analysis]. Moscow: Statistics; 1980. (in Russian) 10. Ibraimova MV, Kozak AM, Polishchuk LV. Specifika sorevnovatel'noj deiatel'nosti tennisistov vysokoj

kvalifikacii [Specifics of competition functioning of elite tennis players]. Slobozhans'kij naukovo-sportivnij visnik 2011;4:63-66. (in Russian)

11. Ivanova TS. Testirovanie podgotovlennosti iunykh tennisistov [Testing of junior tennis players’ fitness], Matchbol Tennis 1999;5:32-36. (in Russian)

12. Klichko V. Formirovanie struktury special'nykh sposobnostej bokserov vysshej kvalifikacii [Formation of structure of elite boxers’ special skills]. Nauka v olimpijskom sporte 2000;1:11-16. (in Russian)

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of Sports Sciences 2010;28(7):723–32. 24. Ferrauti A, Kinner V, Fernandez-Fernandez J. The Hit & Turn Tennis Test: An acoustically controlled endurance

test for tennis players. Journal of Sports Sciences 2011;29(5):485–94. 25. Ghazal Mohamadi, Masoome Shojaee, Afkham Daneshfar, Zahra Nili Ahmadabad. Impact of shift in focus of

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26. Jagiello Marina, Jagiello Wladyslaw. Final preparations to the girls’ tennis Europe Junior Masters. Physical Education of Students 2014;5:59-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2014.0511

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MOTIVATION OF SCHOOLCHILDREN AND STUDENTS FOR HEALTH RELATED TOURISM Mulyk K.V., Mulyk V.V.

Kharkov State Academy of Physical Culture

Abstract. Purpose: determination of schoolchildren’s and students’ motivation for different kinds of health related tourism. Material: In the research 50 pupils of 5-9 forms and 50 first and forth year students participated. They were offered to attentively read 15 motives and assess their significance by 10-points scale. Results: questioning permitted to study schoolchildren’s and students’ motivation for tourism. It was found that with age priority of motivation for health related tourism changes. For example, motives of health as well as social ones are to larger extent intrinsic to students. At the same time emotional motives (enjoyment with trainings) are important for schoolchildren. Conclusions: the highest motivation was found in wish to develop physical qualities (1217 points), pleasant spending of time (1135 points) and enjoying with trainings (1240 points). Key words: motives, schoolchildren, students, tourism, wish, questionnaire.

Introduction1 Recent years, against the background of intensification of learning process in higher educational establishments

(HEE) there has being existed a tendency to reduction of students’ motor functioning. Situation becomes more acute because of growing popularity of attractive kinds of non-physical functioning in students’ environment.

At present tourism becomes more important in society and realizes important social functions: recreation of society’s psycho-physiological resources; facilitating human workability and rational leisure; ensuring of population’s occupation and increasing of its income; orientation on support and recreation of regions [1, 6].

Tourism is the most multifaceted form of human active leisure, pledge of person’s harmonious development (V.D. Dekhtiar, 2002; Yu. N. Fedotov, І.Е. Vostokov, 2003; V.І. Ganapolskiy, 2004; S.V. Dmytruk, 2007; О.V. Andreyeva, О.L. Blagiy, 2011; Christine Y-H., Shu S.M-C., 2006; Dale C., Hassanien A., 2008; Hawkins D.E., 2006; Peters M., Pikkemaat B., 2006; Ruhanen L., McLennan C-L., 2012; Williams G., McKercher B., 2001).

Since long ago tourism has become an everyday demand and integral part of human life. Sooner or later person feels demand in travelling. For choosing of direction and kind of travel key moment is motivation [2].

Motives are dreams, wishes or thoughts, which initiate certain sequence of actions, representing behavior. Motive of travel is a reason, with the absence of which such travel would not have taken place. Commitment is distinctive feature of motives. For the action to be purposeful a person shall understand what he (she) wants, what he (she) lacks of [3].

For determination of students’ motivation in tourism and recreation sphere and for finding of its formation ways it is necessary to determine those urges, which guide youth in actions, wishes in learning and cognitive activity. Motivation sphere always consists of a number of urges: ideals and values, demands, motives, targets, interests and so on. These urges play different roles in general picture of motivation; at different stages of age growth they become more or less important [7].

In our time students’ low motivation is connected with certain factors, which, in different correlations, can characterize living conditions of youth, environment, family education [4, 8, 10]. Physical motivation is very important for students. Physical motivation is subdivided into rest, treatment and sports. As far as among answers rest is on the first place then, main reason of travels is recreation of physical condition. Psychological motivation is not less important. Main psychological motivation of travel is wish to see something new, step back from everyday routine, demand in changing of environment.

Strive for communication is distinctive feature of youth. Many people seek demanded social contacts during travel. In this group visits to friends, relatives are of great importance. Thus, interpersonal motivation also becomes of special importance. Students’ tastes can be different and depend on a number of factors.

There are certain discrepancies in structure of external and internal factors, which influence on motivation for systemic trainings of tourism as mean of students’ self perfection. Relatively equal are such external factors as parents’ and teachers’ advices, attendance of lectures, competitions, advices of friends, TV programs and mass media.. Internal factors, which influence on motivation’s intensity are knowledge, convictions, which and seeking of reasons, preventing from realization of purpose. Objective reasons, which are obstacles for realization of purpose, are absence of groups, combined by interests, and ability to pay trainings; internal reason, which reflects instability of motives and interests, is deficit of time [2, 3, 13-17, 21].

Motives for tourism’s practicing are different and depend on personality, but the most often they are: personal perfection, health improvement, cognition of environment and oneself, communication in small groups. Results of tourism’s practicing are the following: physical and mental progressing of a person; aesthetic and moral-will education; cognition of history and modernity, culture and traditions of native population; careful attitude to nature and respect of national traditions; development and expansion of knowledge, skills in overcoming of natural obstacles and so on.

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Purpose, tasks of the research, material and methods The purpose of the research is determination of schoolchildren’s and students’ motivation for practicing of

different kinds of health related tourism. The tasks of the research: 1. On the base of questioning analyze priorities of schoolchildren’s and students’ motives for health related

tourism’s practicing. 2. Determine changes in preferences of different kinds of tourism’s practicing in the period of study at HEE. In the research 50 pupils of 5-9 forms, who are trained at Chuguyev district center of tourism and regional

geography, Kharkivska region, and 50 students of Kharkiv HEEs, who attend circles of health related tourism. All they were offered to read 15 motives and assess their significance by 10-points’ scale (10 – it is most important for me; 1 – it is alien for me). It permitted to study motivation of tourism’s practicing.

Results of the research We conducted questioning of schoolchildren, 1st and 4th year students and analyzed their motivation for different

kinds of tourism. Motives of schoolchildren, 1st and 4th year students were determined at the end of academic year. Questioning of health motives for health related tourism witnesses that average schoolchildren have the lowest motives in the mentioned indicators. (See fig. 1).

Fig.1. Results of schoolchildren’s and 1st and 4th year students’ questioning of health motives for practicing of

health related tourism: 1 – improvement of health; 2 – preservation of health; 3 – prophylaxis of morbidity; 4 – training of physical qualities; 5 – good self-feeling after lectures (classes).

Among first year students the most important motivations are: “improvement of health” (422 points), “training

of physical qualities” (460 points) and “good self-feeling after lectures” (292 points). Prevailing motivation of 4th year students – preservation of health (450 points) – witnesses about conscious attitude to practicing of different kinds of sport tourism.

Besides, we found out that the highest motivation in all groups was “training of physical qualities” – 1217 points. The weakest motivation was “prophylaxis of morbidity” (686 points), as far as in this age such problem is not significant.

Questioning of social motives for health related tourism’s practicing resulted in all groups in rather high indicators, except attendance of classes accompanying friends or by advices of parents or teachers (see fig. 2). Pleasant self feeling after active (practicing tourism) leisure gained 1135 points (schoolchildren – 325 points; 1st year students – 380 and 4th year students – 430 points).

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Fig.2. Results of schoolchildren’s and 1st and 4th year students’ questioning of social motives for practicing of health related tourism: 1 –pleasant spending of leisure; 2 –diversification of leisure; 3 –obtaining of new useful knowledge and skills; 4 –accompanying of friends or by advice of parents or teachers; 5 – participation in hiking, excursions and field

trainings.

Diversification of leisure spending was marked by all questioned groups (1109 points). In the marked motives we could see gradual increase of points, depending on increasing of age and the highest points belonged to graduates from HEEs. In other motives one can note increase of points in 1st year students. For example, obtaining of new useful knowledge and skills was assessed by the highest points by 1st year students (386 points). The same situation is with motive “participation in hiking, excursions and field trainings” (schoolchildren – 308 points; 1st year students – 356; 4th year students– 312). It is conditioned by graduated thoughts about future employment.

The least total quantity of points - 565 – was determined in motivation “accompanying of friends”. To larger extent it concerns 1st year students (250 points). Among schoolchildren the weakest motivation is “by advice of parents and teachers” (206 points). Indicators of emotional motives for practicing of sport tourism are rather different (see fig.3).

Feeling pleasure from practicing of tourism, communicating with friends, visiting different famous sights, obtaining of skills useful for independent life are intrinsic to all groups (schoolchildren -450 points; 1st year students– 420; 4th year students – 370). But this motive is the highest among schoolchildren. The motive, connected with influence of sport tourism on schoolchildren and students – “good self feeling during and after trainings” was noted by all groups (schoolchildren – 380 points; 1st year students– 385; 4th year students– 370). It witnesses about effectiveness of their attending trainings.

Fig.3. Results of schoolchildren’s and 1st and 4th year students’ questioning of emotional motives for

practicing of health related tourism: 1 –enjoying of trainings; 2 –good self-feeling during and after trainings; 3 –increase of self estimation and self confidence; 4 –wish to cultivate courage and resoluteness; 5 – wish to have good body constitution

and trained muscles.

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With time passing, trainings in groups of sport tourism facilitated increasing of self estimation and self confidence (schoolchildren – 320 points; 4th year students - 380). Wish to cultivate courage and resoluteness is to larger extent intrinsic to schoolchildren (315 points). At the same time, this motive becomes weaker in the future (first year students – 292 and 4th year students 250 points).

Wish to have good body constitution with trained muscles increases with age (schoolchildren - 250 points, 1st year students – 270 points, 4 year students – 250 points). It witnesses about higher students’ interest in appearance.

Discussion Sport tourism is commonly accessible mean of active leisure and health improvement of population. Tourism is

practiced in natural environment and requires intensive functioning that facilitates reduction of physical inactivity’s negative after-effects.

Purpose of travels is also different: somebody goes to have rest near water, somebody wants to practice sports, other interest in excursions and museums or just amusement. Such behavior cannot be understood without understanding of sources and motives [2].

Analysis of scientific literature proved that researches in sphere of sport and health related tourism were mainly episodic. Recent years scientists have conducted researches connected with content and methodic of sport tourism’s training [7, 11], safety measures during hiking [1], principles of development of sport, health related tourism [4, 18, 20, 22] and influence of tourist and regional geographic functioning on schoolchildren’s organism and physical condition [5, 8, 12]. However motivation for practicing of tourism by schoolchildren and students was not paid attention to and it forced us to make analysis in this direction.

The conducted research proved results of other authors [ ] which not that it is necessary to consider schoolchildren’s and students’ motivation for sport and health related tourism. Besides, we expanded the data of domestic [2, 3, 5, 9, 10, 14, 17] and foreign authors [11, 15, 18-20, 22] about strengthening of schoolchildren’s and students’ health. Alongside with it, our research showed that it is necessary to consider motivations of priority for sport- health related tourism’s practicing according to age of youth. стосовно напрямків підвищення рівня найбільше значущих показників здоров’я школярів та студентів.

Conclusions: 1 Questioning of motives for sport-health related tourism’s practicing permitted to find out that the most important

are: for schoolchildren – feeling pleasure from trainings (450 points); for 1st year students – training of physical qualities (460 points); for 4th year students – preservation of health– підтримання здоров’я (450 points).

2 With age priority of motivations for sport-health related tourism’s training changes. For examples motives of health as well as social motives are to larger extent intrinsic to students. At the same time, emotional motives (feeling pleasure from trainings) are important for schoolchildren). The weakest motive was “prophylaxis of morbidity” (schoolchildren – 186 points; 1st year students – 230 points)

and attendance of trainings to accompany friends or by advice of parents or teachers (200 points). The prospects of further researches imply determination of schoolchildren’s and students’ motives for practicing

of different kinds of sport-health related tourism. Acknowledgement The research has been fulfilled as per plan of scientific-research work of department of winter sports, bicycle

sport and tourism of Kharkiv state academy of physical culture (Ministry of education and science of Ukraine) for 2014-2017 by topic “Principles of sport tourism in recreational functioning of different age strata of Ukrainian population” (state registration number 0114U000366).

Conflict of interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

References: 1 Abramov VV. Sportivnij turizm [Sport tourism], Kharkov, KhNAMG; 2011 (in Ukrainian) 2 Grin'ova TI. Motivi ta zacikavlenist' ditej do zaniat' riznimi vidami sportivnogo turizmu [Motives and interest

of children in practicing of different kinds of sport tourism]. Slobozhans'kij naukovo-sportivnij visnik 2013; 5(38): 82-85. (in Ukrainian)

3 Durkin PK. Nauchno-metodicheskie osnovy formirovaniia u shkol'nikov interesa k fizicheskoj kul'ture. Cand. Diss. [Scientific-methodic principles of formation of schoolchildren’s interest to physical culture. Cand. Diss.]. Arkhangelsk; 1995 (in Russian)

4 Diakhter VD. Osnovi ozdorovcho-sportivnogo turizmu [Principles of sport-health related tourism]. Kiev: Scientific World; 2003 (in Ukrainian)

5 Makhov II. Programmno-metodicheskoe obespechenie zaniatij po turistskomu mnogobor'iu s det'mi 12–15 let. Cand. Diss. [Program-methodic provisioning of trainings of tourists’ all round with 12-15 years’ old children. Cand. Diss.]. Belgorod; 2007 (in Russian)

6 Nikishin LF, Kostrub AA. Turizm i zdorov'e [Tourism and health]. Kiev, Health; 1991 (in Russian) 7 Fedotov IuN, Vostokov I. Sportivno-ozdorovitel'nyj turizm [Sport-health related tourism]. Moscow, Soviet

sport; 2002 (in Russian) 8 Pristupa IeN., Danova OM., Linec' MM. Fizichna rekreaciia [Physical recreation]. Lviv: LSUPC; 2010 (in

Ukrainian)

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9 Iachniuk MIu. Motivaciia students'koi molodi do zaniat' turistichnoiu diial'nistiu [Motivation of students for practicing of tourism]. Slobozhans'kij naukovo-sportivnij visnik 2012; 5(2): 143–145 (in Ukrainian)

10 Baikina NG, Pyptyuk PF. Method of correction of motive sphere for deaf schoolboys during an orientation on employments on health tourism. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 2012; 7: 15 - 24.

11 Christine Y-H, Shu SM-C. A Study of Occupational Stressors Perceived by Hospitality and Tourism Teachers in Taiwan’s Vocational Schools. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism. 2006;6(3):47–67.

12 Dale C, Hassanien A. Podcasting in Tourism Education. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism. 2008;7(3):43–60.

13 Denisenko IA. The peculiarities of functional state changes of cardiovascular system of girls at the age 18-19 years in the process of practicing sport and health tourism. Physical Education of Students 2013; 5: 32-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.781289

14 Dudorova LJ. Conceptual approaches to vocational and tourism training of teachers in higher education institutions. Physical Education of Students 2013; 4: 19-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.681643

15 Fatemeh Eloon Kashkuli, Mehrdad Moharramzadeh, Sohrab Ghalehgir. The role of advertisement factors in development of sport tourism industry of Fars province. Physical Education of Students 2014; 3: 61-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.978671

16 Grinyova TI, Mulik EV. The dynamics of indicators of physical qualities of boys aged 10-13 years under the influence of different types of tourism activities. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 2013; 10: 16-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.775317

17 Grynova TI, Taran LN. Assessment of the preparedness level of 10-12 aged boys under the influence of taking up sports tourism. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 2012; 1: 49 – 52.

18 Hawkins DE. Transferring Tourism Knowledge. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism. 2006;7(1-2):13–27.

19 Peters M, Pikkemaat B. Innovation in Tourism. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism. 2006;6(3-4):1–6.

20 Ruhanen L, McLennan C-L. The Learning Experiences and Preferences of Tourism Postgraduate Students. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism. 2012;12(2):146–64.

21 Toporkov AN. The preparation of tourists to the ski sports tours in a limited time in order to prevent injuries and accidents. Physical Education of Students 2014; 4: 42-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.979433

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DYNAMIC OF CHANGES IN HEALTH OF 10-11 YEARS OLD GYMNASIUM BOYS UNDER INFLUENCE OF COMPREHENSIVE EDUCATION’S LOAD

Proskurov E.M. Kharkiv gymnasium 14

Abstract. Purpose: determination of somatic health, physical condition, physical and mental workability changes of pupils under influence of comprehensive education loads at the end of first academic semester. Material: in the research 140 pupils of 10-11 years old age, related to main health group, participated. Results: we found that the reason of children’ health’s worsening appears at the account of increasing of intellectual pressure. This pressure can not be overcome by means of physical education, oriented on recreation and perfection of pupils’ organisms. Absence of gradual relaxation of mental loads (periods of recreation and test after different intellectual tensions) results in sharpening of overtiredness at the end of first academic semester. This overtiredness negatively influences on pupils’ general health. Conclusions: responses of children’s organisms to irritators of comprehensive education’s pressure are accompanied by worsening of a number of functional indicators, which have no age distinctions. Key words: loads, somatic health, physical, mental, workability.

Introduction1 By many questionings of gymnasium pupils, devoted to their attitude to learning and to expanded learning load,

it was found that main strive of pupils is: wish to keep pace with comprehensive educational load; sometimes to be ahead in their progress (even at the cost of own health). That is, new Ukrainian youth explains and stresses the fact they have no time for healthy life style in conditions of such mental struggle in educational establishment of “new type”. Judging by such information comprehensive education load can be regarded as a regulating factor on pupil’s life functioning, which substantially influences on his (her) organism. That is why study of this factor’s influence on different indicators of adolescents’ health seems to be rather urgent. Domestic researchers underline that expended level of requirements to learning process causes negative changes in morphological functional state and health of children [3; 5; 12]. There is an opinion that physical education does not ensure health protection of school children. Portion of pupils with high level of adaptation potential is within 3%. Portion of pupils from group of risk (progressing of diseases) is 52.2% [9; 11]. That is why it is necessary to consider somatic types of school children, when correcting their health in the process of physical education [11]. Some researchers point that by mean statistic values of some indicators great majority of school children lags behind from passport age for one year and more [8]. Over-tension of two components (psychological and motor) can result in organism systems’ failures and be dangerous for health [4; 10; 13]. It witnesses that there is demand in active application of health related technologies in educational process of comprehensive schools [4]. Other group of authors found that independent on organization of physical education in comprehensive educational establishments, response of junior school children to adaptation to academic load after summer rest is manifested in the form of over-tension of life support systems and weakening of organism’s adaptation – reserve potential [2]. This fact proves results of [7], saying that there is close positive connection between physical workability and mental efficiency (r = 0.9; p<0.01). Thus, it can be assumed that in combination with intellectual pressing physical education creates very powerful for a school child comprehensive education’s load at the beginning of academic year. The existing program of physical education envisages by order: “In period from 01.09 to 01.10 of every academic year testing of normative shall not be conducted and trainings shall be of recreation, health related character in order to provide pupils’ adaptation to loads” [6]. Opinions of foreign researchers also are different. There is significant amount of works, which try to prove that physical education makes no harm at all to being in learning progress and can positively influence on pupils’ brains [19; 21; 14]. Rather great quantity of scientists stress on demand in application of personality’s means in connection of constant information pressing on brains of pupils and teachers [15; 16; 24]. There are some research centers, which work out, make prognosis and implement different methods. These methods facilitate minimization of mental overtiredness in mastering and processing of academic information [22; 28; 20]. One more category of medical scientists affirms that great portion of children’s population practice immobile life style nowadays [27; 23; 18]. Thus, general picture of literature sources is rather different and contains a lot that is in common and a lot of contradictory.

© Proskurov E.M., 2015

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Purpose, tasks of the work, material and methods The purpose of the work is determination of somatic health, physical condition, physical and mental workability

changes of 10-11 years old pupils under influence of comprehensive education loads at the end of first academic semester. In our research 140 pupils of 10-11 years old age, related to main health group, participated. The research was conducted at the beginning and at the end of first academic semester.

Assessment of somatic health was conducted by methodic of G.L. Apanasenko. Physical condition was assessed by table of T.Yu. Krutsevych, G.L. Apanasenko. Assessment of maximal oxygen consumption (MOC) was stated by methodic of Kiev SRI of medical problems in physical culture. Physical workability was determined by PWC170 indicator with the help of step-test. Mental workability was registered by corrector test of Burdon- Anfimov. In sociological questioning specialists-psychologists of educational establishment participated. Processing of the received data was conducted with methods of mathematical statistic.

Results of the research In spite of health related, recreational orientation of physical culture classes, at the beginning of academic year

1.5% from every fifth form and 3% from every sixth form refused to fulfill physical exercises by their own desire. From other half of September the quantity of such pupils increased by 4% in sixth forms and by 2% in fifth forms. At the beginning of October first wave of respiratory diseases began, which was accompanied by increasing of quantity of pupils, who were released from physical culture classes. In fifth forms it was 20% and in sixth - 33%. Up to the middle of October quantity of pupils, complaining on bad feeling, headache, dizziness, increased. Sometimes, such complains were in written form as notes from parents, informing that child feels bad, has bad sleep or is over-tired. In such cases child attends all lessons except physical culture ones. It is necessary to note that just in this period first portion of physical tests shall be passed. School competitions start because it is necessary to form school teams for district competitions. As per order this period is considered as the period of final adaptation of school children to physical exercises.

It was found that at the end of the first academic semester the studied indicators are much better than the same at the beginning of academic year. Confident difference is p<0.05. It should be noted that there are no confident distinctions between indicators of 10 and 11 years old boys. The exception is indicator of mental efficiency, which in 11 years old boys worsened up to 2134.07±41.91; 1511.21±63.11 (p<0.001). It witnesses that in sixth form learning load is higher than in fifth one. This factor influences on condition of central nervous system, on quantity of mistakes in mental work. By other indicators, children of this age respond equally to comprehensive education load. For example, functional indicators of health (Ruffiet’s and Robinson’s indices, physical workability, maximal oxygen consumption) substantially worsened in comparison with indicators, registered at the beginning of academic year (in 10 years old boys: 35.32±1.22; 31.26±1.23; 11 years age: 36.58±1.2; 32.59±1.04 with p<0.05). Total assessment of somatic health at the beginning of academic year was 6 points in fifth form and 7.87 – in sixth form. At the end of first academic semester it reduced to 3.37 in fifth form and to 5.11 in sixth form (see table 1). These substantial changes appeared at the account of changes in HBR. It is witnessed by the data of confidence difference between beginning of academic year and end of first academic semester (10 years’ age: 84.87±0.96; 88.6±1.03; 11 years age: 83.29±0.69; 88.66±1.75 with p<0.05) (see table 2). Indicators of BP remained unchanged. It is explained by the fact that from the beginning of academic year children started to active mental functioning. It is known that every day pupils attend from five to seven lessons as per their time table. In week this load is from 32 to 34 hours, from which quantity of physical culture lessons in fifth and sixth forms is 2,5 academic hours per week (first week- three lessons, second- two lessons). From first of September to first of October physical load was not active and had adaptation character, while mental load gradually increased.

Increasing of mental tension is also witnessed by indicator of mental accuracy at the end of first academic semester: for 10 years age: 0.96±0.01; 0.88±0.01; 11 years age: 0.95±0.01; 0.86±0.01 with p<0.00) (see table 1). After finishing of adaptation for physical exercises period, training for passing of sport tests and formation of teams started. But mental loads did not reduced, but became still higher. It immediately caused worsening of pupils’ functional indicators. Again adaptation functioning started, ensured by significant tension of neuro humoral mechanisms [1]. It is necessary to underline that during summer rest pupils accumulated significant reserve of workability. They actively fulfilled physical exercises of different intensity in children’s health related establishments with complete absence of mental loads. Thus, combination of active physical and mental loads reduces somatic health’s level as well as school children’s physical condition. It is witnessed also by other indicators. Power index, index of explosive power and index of quickness have confident distinctions, comparing with initial values (p<0.05). Mean assessment of physical condition at the beginning of academic year in fifth forms was 19.96 and in sixth – 16.56. At the end of the first academic semester these points reduced: in fifth forms up to 12.77 and in sixth forms – to 13. 97 (see table 2). Results were received with permanently equal anthropological indicators and biological age. Their confident distinction from initial values was р>0.05 (see tables 1, 2).

41

Table 1. Indicators of somatic health, mental and physical workability and maximal oxygen consumption (MOC) at the

beginning of academic year and at the end of first semester Indicator Term 10 years age n = 70 11 years age n = 70

Х ± m t Р Х ± m t Р

Ruffiet’s index

(connv.un.)

1 6.71±0.34 2.54 <0.05 5.18±0.49 2.24 <0.05

2 7.93±0.41 6.93±0.61

Vital index (conv.un.)

1 50.47±0.72 0.09 > 0.05 47.32±0.75 0.14 > 0.05

2 50.56±0.7 47.46±0.68

Power index, (kg.)

1 50.6±1.23 2.55 <0.05 52.79±1.26 2.09 <0.05

2 46.26±1.18 48.99±1.31

Robinson’s index

(conv.un.)

1 95.54±1.37 2.83 <0.05 96.21±1.59 2.81 <0.05

2 101.61±1.65 103.77±2.17

Body length, (cm)

1 145.27±0.6 0 > 0.05 157.17±0.67 0 > 0.05

2 145.27±0.6 157.17±0.67

Body weight (kg)

1 43.9±0.97 0.14 > 0.05 47.73±0.78 0.28 > 0.05

2 43.66±1.62 47.43±0.72

Mental efficiency 1 2202.29±51.37 2.48 <0.05 2134.07±41.91 8.22 <0.001

2 2019.63±52.73 1511.21±63.11

Mental accuracy 1 0.96±0.01 5.66 <0.001 0.95±0.01 6.36 <0.001

2 0.88±0.01 0.86±0.01

Physical workability

PWC170

1 540.94±25.37 2.42 <0.05 588.86±16.95 2.51 <0.05

2 476.21±8.6 536.54±12.18

Maximal oxygen

consumption (MOC)

1 35.32±1.22 2.34 <0.05 36.58±1.2 2.51 <0.05

2 31.26±1.23 32.59±1.04

Total of points 1 6 7.87

2 3.37 5,11

Notes: 1 –at the beginning of academic year; 2 –at the end of semester.

42

Table 2. Indicators of physical condition at the beginning of academic year and at the end of first semester.

Indicator Term 10 years age n = 70 11 years age n = 70

Х ± m t Р Х ± m t Р

VCL, (ml) 1 2174.95±2.41 0.63 > 0.05 2211.83±4.83 1.7 >

0.05 2 2172.41±3.25 2227.36±7.74

Biological age (conv.

un.)

1 100.04±1.33 0.13 >

0.05

99.99±0.94 0.38 >

0.05 2 100.29±1.29 100.5±0.94

Volume of heart

(cm3)

1 109.8±0.92 0.25 >

0.05

110.04±0.78 0.28 >

0.05 2 109.49±0.86 109.74±0.72

CC, (сm) 1 64.21±0.42 0.27 >

0.05

66.24±0.49 0.41 >

0.05 2 64.37±0.42 66.53±0.52

HBR (b.p.m.) 1 84.87±0.96 2.65 <

0.05

83.29±0.69 2.85 <

0.05 2 88.6±1.03 88.66±1.75

BP syst. (mm. merc.

col)

1 112.96±1 0.69 >

0.05

117.76±1.52 1.18 >

0.05 2 114.0±1.12 115.26±1.48

BP diast. (mm. merc.

col)

1 69.63±1.33 1.75 >

0.05

71.77±1,17 1.28 <

0.05 2 72.81±1.24 73.93±1.22

Index of explosive

power (conv. un.)

1 1.01±0.01 2.83 <

0.05

1.07±0.01 2.68 <

0.05 2 0.97±0.01 1.01±0.02

Index of quickness

(conv. un.)

1 3.95±0.05 2.3 <

0.05

3.98±0.06 2.36 <

0.05 2 3.77±0.06 3.78±0.06

Forward bending

from sitting position,

cm

1 3.94±0.56 1.56 >

0.05

3.8±0.41 1.76 >

0.05 2 2.83±0.44 2.86±0.34

Total of points 1 19.96 16.56

2 12.77 13.97

Notes: VCL – vital capacity of lungs, CC – chest circumference, HBR – heart beats rate, BP syst. – systolic blood pressure, BP diast. – diastolic blood pressure.

43

Discussion Results of the conducted researches are proved by data of other scientists. For example O.M. Leschak studied

school children of 8-10 years old age [7]. He registered positive changes in somatic health, physical and mental workability after summer rest in health related camp in climate of Carpathian hills [7]. In our research, at the beginning of academic year we obtained approximately the same values of the mentioned above indicators. The only difference was that we studied children of Eastern region: boys of 10-=11 years old age – pupils of Kharkov gymnasium №14. These children had summer rest in health related camps near Kharkov. Thus, we have proved the data of other authors [4; 7-11] that children good health before academic year depends on correctly organized summer rest, providing the presence of physical education means.

The received by us data are of certain novelty. We received data about duration of health level’s preservation. With it, we considered conditions of modern comprehensive education’s pressing on pupils’ health, which exists in schools of new type. We determined that for 1.5 months from the beginning of academic year a number of vitally important functional indicators sharply worsen (p<0.05). At the end of first semester, after active intellectual pressing on pupils indicators (mental workability, efficiency and accuracy) became confidently different from initial: in 10 years old pupils (p<0.05; p<0.001) and in 11 years old pupils - (p<0.001). Indicator of physical workability was significantly different in 10 and 11 years old pupils with (p<0.05). So, a picture appears that physical education can not resist to mental pressing and all its measures are not effective. Actually it proves the conclusions of authors that physical education either does not fulfill its duties or it is not properly organized [2; 7]. In our opinion the reason of it is intellectual pressing, which significantly has been strengthened recent years. Example of it is report about over-loading in primary school, considering international and national experience [17]. This report determined the most favorable factors for overloading of curriculum in Ireland. Besides, in the report it is underlined that the problem of overloading of curriculum influences both on children (who feel it especially) and on teachers. Overloading of curriculum stipulates certain instability or discordance between ability to accept or activate the curriculum. The curriculum itself is perceived as overload. Besides, one more kind of intellectual pressing is informational overtiredness. Linn Akin offers a number of methodic measures for struggle with this phenomenon [25]. The author marks out: affective component – overloading, which includes mental confusion, stress and frustration; physical symptoms – headache, tiredness and depression [25]. Thus, the mentioned problems exist and will exist owing to increase of mental pressing. As per sociological questioning 75% of gymnasium pupils answered that they work mentally from 12 to 14 hour every day and even more. Every day significant percentage of day time child forces him (her) self to fulfill tasks, which he 9she) does not like. By conclusions [26; 29] it results in reduction of workability. It should be noted that the treat of intellectual pressing is mentioned in works [3; 10; 13]. But till now nobody has outlined this problem as a separate question. As well as has not regarded it as main problem of children health’s worsening.

Conclusions: 1. Dynamic of changes of somatic health, physical condition, physical and mental workability under influence

of comprehensive education’s pressing for the period of first semester is characterized by gradual reduction, comparing with the beginning of academic year. It is accompanied by worsening of a number of functional indicators, which can equally respond to physical and mental irritators. But great majority of disciplines of new type comprehensive educational establishments are of mental character and it strengthens mental irritator.

2.Age changes of children’s organism occur as per a number of anthropological indicators: body weight, height, chest circumference, vital capacity of lungs, vital index. The confidently differ between years of life (p<0.001) with advantage of 11 year old pupils. They can con weaken intellectual pressing and substantially help to measures of recreation.

3. It was found that indicators of physical and mental workability respond equally to pupils’ health. At the end of first semester their indicators worsen both in 10 and 11 years old pupils, comparing with initial values. By age distinctions confidence is p<0.001 with 10 years old pupils prevailing. It shows that intellectual pressing significantly strengthens in comprehensive education’s load.

4. Thus, we determined that the reason of children health’s worsening results from increase of intellectual pressing. This pressing can not be overcome by means of physical education, oriented on recreation of pupils’ organism. Absence of gradual relaxation, after mental loads (periods of recreation and rest after different intellectual tensions), results in sharpening of overtiredness at the end of first semester. This overtiredness negatively influences on school children’s health without considering their age.

Further researches are planned for determination of special methodic, which would facilitate pupils health improvement.

44

Acknowledgment The work has been fulfilled as per combined plan of SRW in sphere of physical culture and sports for 2011-2015

by topic 3.7. “Theoretical-methodological principles of construction of system of mass control and assessment of different population strata development and physical fitness “ (state registration number 0IIU000192).

Conflict of interests The author declares that there is no conflict of interests.

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48

DIRECTED INFLUENCE ON ANAEROBIC ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF QUALIFIED FREE STYLE WRESTLERS

Sybil M.G., Pervachuk R.V. Lvov State University of Physical Culture

Abstract. Purpose: to experimentally prove effectiveness of directed influence on anaerobic energy supply systems of free style wrestlers, considering individual characteristics of their bio energetic. Material: in this article the data of laboratory bicycle stress test «Vita maxima» and results of special control testing have been presented. 40 sportsmen participated in the experiment. Results: individual characteristics of dominating type of anaerobic energy supply have been determined. Statistically confident difference between development of lactate and a-lactate anaerobic energetic components were found. By the data of bio-chemical indicators’ changes the authors observed increase of adenosine triphosphate (glycolytic or creatine-phosphate) in some, weaker developed mechanisms of anaerobic re-synthesis. Ways of influence on anaerobic energy supply systems, considering individual characteristics of dominating of different components (lactate or a-lactate) have been found. Conclusions: it is recommended to take in consideration individual dominating type of energy supply. Key words: anaerobic, energy supply, wrestlers, lactate, a-lactate.

Introduction1 Perfection of most important sport features of wrestlers (strength, quickness, flexibility and different kinds of

endurance) is in fundamental dependence on bio-chemical, physiological and morphological characteristics of a sportsman as well as on their technical and tactic fitness [1, 4, 5, 15-17, 20]. It is well known that development of these qualities is in direct proportion with level of bio-energetic mechanisms of an individual: quickness of creatine-phosphate-kinase response, scope and intensity of glycolysis and concordance of biological oxidation (together with re-synthesis of adenosine triphosphate) [2, 6].

Leading role in free style wrestlers’ physical condition is played by anaerobic potentials of organism against the background of well developed aerobic qualities [10, 13, 14, 18]. So we can conclude that for improvement of wrestlers’ special sport workability it is necessary to perfect, first of all, those energy supply mechanisms, on which increment of sport results depend. At the same time, the problem of physical loads’ regulation, depending on individual’s functional fitness and specificities of his energy supply mechanisms, is still insufficiently experimentally substantiated.

In scientific sources there are elucidated questions about percentage correlation of aerobic and anaerobic components of energy supply [3, 8, 19]. However, in all analyzed by us literature, there were not found results of directed influence on certain components of anaerobic energy metabolism, the part of which is expressed weaker in manifestation of free style wrestlers’ special workability.

Purpose, tasks of the work, material and methods The purpose of our work was to experimentally prove effectiveness of directed influence on anaerobic energy

supply systems of free style wrestlers, considering individual characteristics of their bio energetic. The tasks:

1. Indentify qualified free style wrestlers by individual characteristics of anaerobic energy supply within experimental groups. 2. Test effectiveness of authors’ methodic on directed influence on development of a-lactate or lactate components during all experiment. 3. Prove effectiveness of experiment on individual influence on anaerobic energy supply components with the help of bicycle stress test «Vita maxima» and specialized control tests.

The methods and organization of the researches: the researches were conducted on the base of Lvov state university of physical culture. In experiment 40 frees style wrestlers participated: 11 masters of sports, 14 – candidate masters of sports, 15 1st grade sportsmen. The sportsmen were divided into main group (MG) and comparative group (CG) by method of random sampling and they were homogenous. It is proved by the absence of statistically confident difference between mean values of background indicators of special control tests and results of bicycle stress test “Vita maxima” [11], which imitates special load of wrestlers by duration, intensity and scope of energy consumption. In the course of experiment we fulfilled pedagogic and bio-chemical monitoring over increment of special sportsmanship and energy supply systems’ condition. Pedagogic tests contained key exercises, which determine successful action of free style wrestlers at competitions [7]. All anaerobic exercises were identified in the base of questioning of specialists and experts in this kind of sports, as a-lactate and lactate [9]. As bio-chemical markers of anaerobic metabolism we used creatinine (a-lactate criterion), lactic acid (lactate criterion), urea (as aerobic criteria), criterion of stress-response. Excretion of bio-chemical indicators was determined with the help of express-tests “Lachema” firm (Czech Republic) [12].

© Sybil M.G., Pervachuk R.V., Chuiev A.U., 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0707

49

Results of the research According to increment of bio-chemical values in response to dozed loading participants of the experiment were

sub-divided in separate cluster groups – “a-lactate”, “lactate” and “mixed”. Then, by belonging to these groups sportsmen of main group received task to train by the authors’ program, which considered individual dominating characteristics of bio-energetic in the course of realization of wrestlers’ special muscular efforts. In particular “a-lactate” wrestlers had expanded volume of “glycolytic” loads while “lactate” wrestlers – “creatine-phosphate”. Wrestlers, who belonged to “mixed” group, were trained alternatively under lactate or a-lactate loads during experiment. The members of comparative group trained by traditional methodic according to normative documentation [7].

Analysis of creatine indicators of main group’s sportsmen in conditions of control specialized tests’ influence and bicycle stress test Vita maxima before and after experiment points that in “a-lactate” cluster difference by this bio-chemical parameter is not statistically proved (see fig.1).

At the same time, these sportsmen manifest statistically confident difference between data of lactic acid before and after experiment. With it, increment is 6.7 %. It witnesses presence of expansion boundaries of endurance glycolytic component and is a result of directed influence on lactate type of energy supply, connected with wrestlers’ special muscular efforts (see fig.2).

а b Fig.1. Indicators of bio-chemical monitoring by excretion of creatinine before and after experiment in a-lactate cluster (of main and comparative groups): a) by bicycle stress test «Vita maxima»; b) by results of control special tests. (р ≥

0.05). CG – comparative group, MG – main group.

а b

Fig.2. Indicators of bio-chemical monitoring by excretion of lactic acid before and after experiment in a-lactate cluster (of main and comparative groups): a) by bicycle stress test «Vita maxima»; b) by results of control special tests. (*** -р

≥ 0.001). CG – comparative group, MG – main group.

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

creatinine

before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

creatinine

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

lactic acid

before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

lactic acid

50

Urea (as universal criterion of tiredness) is usually used in bio-chemical monitoring for control over tension of aerobic component of endurance and determination of stress-response. In fig.3 we show results of urea excretion before and after experiment. One can see that there is no statistically confident difference between them (р ≥ 0.05). Thus, we can make conclusion: in main group directed influence on main a-lactate energy supply mechanisms has been achieved. It permits to avoid stress-response. It is shown by level of urea, which is within normal values.

а b

Fig.3. Indicators of bio-chemical monitoring by excretion of urea before and after experiment in a-lactate cluster (of

main and comparative groups): a) by bicycle stress test «Vita maxima»; b) by results of control special tests. (р ≥ 0.05). CG – comparative group, MG – main group.

Such difference in urea excretion (at level of static error) was also in “lactate” cluster representatives (see fig. 4).

а b

Fig.4. Indicators of bio-chemical monitoring by excretion of urea before and after experiment in lactate cluster (of main and comparative groups): a) by bicycle stress test «Vita maxima»; b) by results of control special tests. (р ≥ 0.05). CG

– comparative group, MG – main group.

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

before, after, before, after CG; CG; MG; MG

urea

before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

urea

before, after, before, after CG; CG; MG; MG

urea

before, after, before, after CG; CG; MG; MG

urea

51

Comparative characteristic between indicators of lactic acid before and after experiment in “lactate” cluster is not statistically confident (both in response to test “Vita maxima”, and to special control tests) (see fig.5).

а b

Fig.5. Indicators of bio-chemical monitoring by excretion of lactic acid before and after experiment in lactate cluster (of main and comparative groups): a) by bicycle stress test «Vita maxima»; b) by results of control special tests. (р ≥

0.05). CG – comparative group, MG – main group.

With it we observed substantial expansion of borders of adaptation of creatine-phosphate-kinase energy supply mechanisms, which is expressed in increment of creatinine within 6-7 %. It is a result of directed influence on a-lactate component of endurance (see fig.6).

а b

Fig.6 . Indicators of bio-chemical monitoring by excretion of creatinine before and after experiment in lactate cluster

(of main and comparative groups): a) by bicycle stress test «Vita maxima»; b) by results of control special tests. (*** -р ≥ 0.001). CG – comparative group, MG – main group.

Analysis of creatinine and lactic acid excretion indicators (see figs. 7 and *) in mixed main group points at

moderate changes between data taken before and after experiment. They vary approximately equally and are 2-3 % (also they are statistically confident, р ≤ 0.01). That is why we can speak about certain positive trend of directed influence on both links of anaerobic metabolism.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

до, ГП після, ГП до, ГО після, ГО

молочна кислота

мм

ол

ь/д

об

у

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

до, ГП після, ГП до, ГО після, ГО

молочна кислота

мм

ол

ь/д

об

у

***

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

до, ГП після, ГП до, ГО після, ГО

креатинін

мкм

ол

ь/д

об

у ***

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

до, ГП після, ГП до, ГО після, ГО

креатинін

мкм

ол

ь/д

об

у

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

lactic acid

before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

lactic acid

before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

creatinine

before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

creatinine

52

а b

Fig.7. Indicators of bio-chemical monitoring by excretion of creatinine before and after experiment in mixed cluster (of main and comparative groups): a) by bicycle stress test «Vita maxima»; b) by results of control special tests. (** -р≤

0.01). CG – comparative group, MG – main group.

а b

Fig.8. Indicators of bio-chemical monitoring by excretion of lactic acid before and after experiment in mixed cluster (of

main and comparative groups): a) by bicycle stress test «Vita maxima»; b) by results of control special tests. (** -р≤ 0.05). CG – comparative group, MG – main group.

Urea indicators are similar (see fig. 9). Moderate character of bio-chemical parameters’ changes as well as similarity of their quantitative characteristics

is explained by the set task, according to which in the course of experiment this category of participants endured directed influence on both anaerobic energy supply mechanisms alternatively.

**

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

до, ГП після, ГП до, ГО після, ГО

креатинін

мкм

ол

ь/д

об

у

**

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

до, ГП після, ГП до, ГО після, ГО

креатинін

мкм

ол

ь/д

об

у

*

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

до, ГП після, ГП до, ГО після, ГО

молочна кислота

мм

ол

ь/д

об

у

*

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

до, ГП після, ГП до, ГО після, ГО

молочна кислота

мм

ол

ь/д

об

у

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

creatinine

before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

creatinine

before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

lactic acid before, CG; after CG; before MG; after MG

lactic acid

53

а b

Fig.9. Indicators of bio-chemical monitoring by excretion of urea before and after experiment in mixed cluster (of main and comparative groups): a) by bicycle stress test «Vita maxima»; b) by results of control special tests. (р ≥ 0.05). CG

– comparative group, MG – main group.

In comparative group we did not find statistically confident difference by all bio-chemical parameters under influence of such loads in the course of experiment.

Results of control testing, which was conducted before and after experiment, are given in the form of the following below diagrams. In fig.10 we present results of control testing in “lactate” cluster. As we can see improvement of indicators is noticed in exercises for a-lactate component of energy supply. They are exercises 1-7. At the same time, by results of exercises 8 and 9 (for lactate component of energy supply) we did not notice confident difference before and after experiment. In comparative group there was no confident improvement after control exercises.

In “a-lactate” cluster results of exercises 8 and 9 before and after experiment confidently differ that witnesses about activation of lactate energy supply, resulted from application of the authors’ training methodic. Fulfillment of “a-lactate” oriented exercises did not show confident improvement of results. In some cases in both groups there were confident changes of indicators (see fig.11).

а

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

до, ГП після, ГП

до, ГО після, ГО

сечовина

мм

ол

ь/д

об

у

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

до, ГП після, ГП до, ГО після, ГО

сечовина

мм

ол

ь/д

об

у

*** ***

*** ******

***

***

0

5

10

15

20

25

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

вправа 1 вправа 2 вправа 3 вправа 4 вправа 5 вправа 6 вправа 7

час,

сm

c/m

ol p

.day

mc/

mo

l p.d

ay

before, after, before, after CG; CG; MG; MG

urea before, after, before, after CG; CG; MG; MG

urea

a, ti

me,

sec.

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

exercise 1; exercise 2; exercise 3; exercise 4; exercise 5; exercise 6; exercise 7

54

b

Fig.10. Indicators of control testing before and after experiment in main group (MG) and comparative group (CG), cluster “lactate”: a) a-lactate orientation; b) “lactate” orientation. (р ≤0.001). CG – comparative group; MG – main

group.

а

b

Fig.11. Indicators of control testing before and after experiment in main group (MG) and comparative group (CG), cluster “a-lactate”: a) a-lactate orientation; b) “lactate” orientation. (р ≤0.001). CG – comparative group; MG – main

group.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

до

, ГО

вправа 8 вправа 9

кое

фіц

ієн

т, у

.о.

*** *** ***

* *

0

5

10

15

20

25

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

вправа 1 вправа 2 вправа 3 вправа 4 вправа 5 вправа 6 вправа 7

час,

с

***

****

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

до

, ГО

вправа 8 вправа 9

кое

фіц

ієн

т, у

.о.

b. c

oeffi

cien

t, co

nv.u

n.

befo

re C

G,

af

ter C

G;

befo

re M

G,

afte

r MG

exercise 8; exercise 9

befo

re C

G,

af

ter C

G;

befo

re M

G,

afte

r MG

a, ti

me,

sec.

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

exercise 1; exercise 2; exercise 3; exercise 4; exercise 5; exercise 6; exercise 7

befo

re C

G,

af

ter C

G;

befo

re M

G,

afte

r MG

exercise 8; exercise 9

befo

re C

G,

af

ter C

G;

befo

re M

G,

afte

r MG

b. c

oeffi

cien

t, co

nv.u

n.

55

Concerning mixed cluster, representatives of both CG and MG groups did not demonstrate statistically confident changes in control tests before and after experiment. However, in main group we observed some insignificant improvements within 2-3 %, that, in general, witnesses about effectiveness of the methodic and trend to improvement of sportsmen’s special workability (see fig.12).

а

b

Fig.12. Indicators of control testing before and after experiment in main group (MG) and comparative group (CG), mixed cluster: a) a-lactate orientation; b) “lactate” orientation. (р ≤0.001). CG – comparative group; MG – main

group.

Discussion The original postulate of our research was assumption that anaerobic energy supply mechanisms are the leading

ones in sport progress of wrestlers. It agrees with data of A.D. Dadayan (1996), V. Sazonov, (2014), G.S. Tumanian (1986), Gierczuk D. (2012). Also views of advanced specialists on wrestlers’ training, considering some components of this mechanism, are important: a-lactate and lactate (V.Ye. Kalnitskaya, 1989; N.I. Volkov, 2000; V.V. Shiyan, 1979). But the absence of experimentally proved information about application of individualization principle became a motive for our research. First of all we conducted personal identification of sportsmen in order to divide them into “lactate”, “a-lactate” and “mixed” clusters. Besides, every representative of main group received personal tasks on expansion of scope and intensity of training of weak component in the course of experiment. As it is known, except genetically determined proportion between white (quickly contracted) and red (slowly contracted) muscular fibers there is a part of intermediate ones, which can be oriented on directed load. Thus, our hypothesis was experimentally substantiated. It resulted in increasing of effectiveness of that bio-energetic link, to which experimental factor was directed. In particular, a-lactate and lactate mechanisms expanded adaptation potentials. It reflected in strengthening of excretion. In the first case it was excretion of creatinine and in the second – lactic acid.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

вправа 1 вправа 2 вправа 3 вправа 4 вправа 5 вправа 6 вправа 7

час,

с

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

піс

ля,

ГО

до

, ГП

піс

ля,

ГП

до

, ГО

до

, ГО

вправа 8 вправа 9

кое

фіц

ієн

т, у

.о.

a, ti

me,

sec.

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

befo

re C

G,

afte

r CG

; be

fore

MG

, af

ter M

G

exercise 1; exercise 2; exercise 3; exercise 4; exercise 5; exercise 6; exercise 7

befo

re C

G,

af

ter C

G;

befo

re M

G,

afte

r MG

exercise 8; exercise 9

b. c

oeffi

cien

t, co

nv.u

n.

befo

re C

G,

af

ter C

G;

befo

re M

G,

afte

r MG

56

Besides, we registered improvement of experiment participants’ responses to special testing and indicators of bicycle stress test. Main group sportsmen also improved efficiency of competition functioning and sportsmanship to better extent than comparative group sportsmen

Conclusions: 1. We have determined individual characteristics of dominating type of anaerobic energy supply in group of 40 qualified free style wrestlers. Besides, we divided them into “lactate”, “a-lactate” and “mixed” clusters. 2. The authors also have determined statistically confident difference in development of lactate anaerobic energetic component (“a-lactate” group – increase by 6-7% - by lactic acid excretion) and a-lactate anaerobic energetic component (“lactate” group – increase by 5-7% - be excretion of creatinine) resulted from usage of the authors’ training methodic, which considered individual dominating energy supply type. 3. The authors also have determined statistically confident improvement of results of “a-lactate” oriented exercises in lactate cluster (by 5%), and “lactate” oriented exercises in a-lactate cluster (by 7.3%). In mixed cluster we observed trend to improvement of both types of exercises – “a-lactate” (up to 3%) and “lactate” (up to 3.2%) orientation.

Acknowledgement The present researches were conducted in compliance with topics of SRW for 2011-2015 “Simulation and

prognostication of integral training of qualified sportsmen and sportswomen in power kinds of sports”, code of topic 2.9 – department of athletics of LSUPC and “Bio-chemical monitoring of functional state of power kinds of sports’ sportsmen”, code of topic 1.3.13 – department of bio-chemistry and hygiene.

Conflict of interests Authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

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IMPROVEMENT OF AEROBIC ENERGY SUPPLY PROCESSES IN 37-49 YRS OLD WOMEN BY MEANS OF COMPLEX AQUA-FITNESS TRAININGS’ AND METHODIC OF ENDOGENOUS - HYPOXIC

BREATHING’S APPLICATION Furman Y.M., Salnikova S.V.

Vinnitsa State Pedagogical University Vinnitsa institute of trade and economy

Abstract. Purpose: substantiation of purposefulness of complex aqua-fitness training and methodic of endogenous-hypoxic breathing’s application for improvement of women’s functional fitness. Material: in the research 13 women of control group and 12 women of experimental one, who had never trained aqua-fitness earlier, participated. (Their age was 37-49 years old). Results: during 24 weeks, at different stages of the research (after 8, 16 and 24 weeks from the beginning of trainings by the worked out program) we determined indicators of power (maximal oxygen consumption) and capacity (threshold of anaerobic metabolism), which characterize aerobic processes of energy supply. Conclusions: it was proved that complex application of aqua-fitness trainings in combination with methodic of endogenous-hypoxic breathing is effective. It is witnessed by acceleration of increment of absolute and relative indicators of workability, maximal oxygen consumption and threshold of anaerobic metabolism. Key words: aqua-fitness, endogenous-hypoxic breathing, maximal oxygen consumption, threshold of anaerobic metabolism, energy supply, aerobic.

Introduction1 Every age period of a person is characterized by specific re-construction of organism [1, 2, 9]. In particular, after

30 years’ age in women’s organism there happen substantial morphological functional changes, which manifest themselves as reduction of physical workability, functional and physical fitness, physical condition [6, 8, 9]. Under such circumstances there appears a demand in protection of women’s physical health, in ability to manifest full-fledged reproductive function, providing life span increasing and creative and social functioning optimizing. That is why for women after 30 yrs old age it is purposeful to use means of physical education oriented on improvement of functional and physical fitness. It is facilitated by stimulation of aerobic energy supply processes, increasing of energy intensity of physical work, reduction of gravitation influence on body and hardening of organism [2, 5].

There is information about effective and economically profitable way of increasing of functional and physical fitness’s level: implementation of innovative physical training technologies in everyday life. The determining components, in this case, are different means [5, 7, 10]. Aqua-fitness can be regarded as one of such health related means. It is characterized by wide spectrum of targeted orientation: health-related- therapeutic, recreational, conditional, teaching and, even, sport-oriented [1, 2, 5, 8, 10]. It permits to use aqua-fitness in work with different groups of population for improvement of their physical condition [1, 5, 8, 10, 11].

Recent time in practice of physical education of different age persons there have been being applied auxiliary means, which strengthen effectiveness of physical education: massage, physical-therapeutic methods, special eating adds and etc. For improvement of cardio-respiratory system’s functions, perfection of motor skills as well as for therapeutic effect special techniques are introduced in physical education, sports and rehabilitation. Such techniques create hypoxia condition in organism, increase effectiveness of physical exercises [4, 7, 12, 14-17]. Regarding the above mentioned, we combined aqua-fitness program with methodic of endogenous-hypoxic breathing (EHB) with the help of Endogenic -01” device (G.I. Khodorkovskiy et al. , 2004) [13]. As on to day, there is a series of works, devoted to application of special additional means for increasing of physical exercises’ effectiveness for different population strata [4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 18-21]. Alongside with it, in these works there is no scientific information about possibility of application of normobaric hypercapnic hypoxia in combination with aqua-fitness trainings. Experience of previous researchers permits to stipulate that complex application of EHB and aqua-fitness training among women of 37-49 years old age will facilitate their functional and physical fitness.

Purpose, tasks of the work, material and methods The purpose of the work is Мета роботи – is to substantiate purposefulness of complex aqua-fitness training

and methodic of endogenous-hypoxic breathing’s application on the base of dynamic of indicators of aerobic energy supply power and capacity in women’s (37-49 yrs. old age) organism.

For achievement of the set purpose we solved the following tasks: analysis of literature, devoted to aqua-fitness’s and methodic of endogenous – hypoxic breathing’s influence on organism of persons of different age and sex. We studied complex influence of aqua-fitness trainings and methodic of creation of normobaric hypercapnic hypoxia condition on indicators of aerobic energy supply and physical workability.

Methodic and organization of the research: pedagogic observation; pedagogic experiment; pedagogic testing of organism’s functional fitness by indicators of aerobic energy supply systems; methods of mathematical statistic. The used methods of research permitted to determine influence of the offered program on aqua-fitness on indicators of aerobic energy supply systems.

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For registration of physical workability of the tested persons we used bicycle stress test PWC170 with bicycle stress device «ВЭ-02». By its results we determined maximal oxygen consumption VO2 max (V.L. Karpman et al. [3, 6, 11]. Control over heart beats rate we conducted with the help of heart beats monitor "SIGMA SPORT PS 4" and pulse-tacho-graph BEURER PM70.

For characterizing of efficiency of aerobic energy supply systems we used test for determination of threshold of anaerobic metabolism (TAM) which was offered by group of scientists under guidance of Conconi (1982) [11].

For analyzing of influence of complex aqua-fitness and endogenous-hypoxic breathing influence on indicators of aerobic energy supply systems we conducted statistic processing of the received data by t- criterion of Student [3]. Difference was regarded as confident at level of significance of p<0.05.

Results of the research Results of study of efficiency of women organism’s energy supply systems permit to affirm that aqua-fitness

trainings in combination with creation in organism condition of normobaric hypercapnic hypoxia cause positive changes in power (PWC170, VO2max) and capacity (TAM) of aerobic energy supply processes.

Mean values of these indicators before trainings in control (CG) and experimental (EG) groups did not confidently differ (see table 1). During 8 weeks of trainings there did not appear any confident changes (р>0. 05).

Table 1 Influence of aqua-fitness trainings with application of normobaric hypercapnic hypoxia and without it on aerobic

efficiency of women’s organism of 37-49 years old age (CG – n=13, ЕG – n=12)

Gro

ups Indicators

Mean value, x ± S

Before trainings After 8 weeks After 16 weeks After 24 weeks

CG PWC170,

kgm∙min-1

541.76±22.99 594.27±25.56 622.48±24.48* 629.17±24.23*

EG 549.78±38.65 627.84±26.05 667.91±28.48* 707.99±45.73*

CG PWC170,

kgm..min-1∙kg-1

6.87±0.48 7.69±0.44 8.22±0.56 8.52±0.56*

EG 6.99±0.45 8.18±0.42 9.06±0.48* 9.71±0.58*

CG VO2 max,

ml∙min-1

2160.98±39.08 2250.26±43.45 2298.21±41.61* 2309.60±41.20*

EG 2174.62±65.70 2307.33±44.29 2375.44±48.41* 2443.59±77.74*

CG VO2 max,

ml∙min-1∙kg-1

27.52±1.59 29.26±1.53 30.41±1.60 31.32±1.76

EG 27.91±1.31 30.36±1.25 32.44±1.10* 33.67±1.56*

CG TAM, W

122.31±2.59 128.46±3.46 131.54±4.32 146.15±3.46*

EG 121.67±4.62 130.00±3.70 144.17±2.77* ∆ 150.83±3.70*

CG TAM, W∙kg-1

1.56±0.10 1.68±0.10 1.75±0.10 1.99±0.13*

EG 1.55±0.07 1.71±0.08 1.97±0.10* 2.07±0.08*

CG Body mass, kg

81.74±3.30 79.70±2.80 77.01±2.67 76.20±2.83

EG 80.02±3.75 77.72±2.82 74.69±2.85 74.01±2.83

Notes: confident difference of values in respect to the value, registered before beginning of finalizing experiment: * – р<0.05. Confident difference in respect to indicators of control group: ∆ – р<0.05; CG – control group; EG- experimental group.

Difference in effect of trainings became noticeable after 16 weeks from the beginning of finalizing test (see table 1). For the mentioned period in CG women only mean values of absolute physical workability increased (by 14.90%) and maximal oxygen consumption – (by 6.35%). In experimental group both absolute and relative values of these indicators confidently increased. Absolute and relative values PWC170 increased by 21.49% (p<0.05) and 29.61% (p<0.05), VO2max – by 9.24% (p<0.05) and 16.23% (p<0.05) (see table 1). Complex application of aqua-fitness and EHB facilitated confident increasing of mean values of absolute and relative indicators of anaerobic metabolism threshold – by 18.49% and 27.10% (see table 1).

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It should be noted that at this stage of the experiment we registered confident difference between mean values of absolute indicators of anaerobic metabolism threshold in control and experimental groups (see table 1).

By the end of 24-weeks’ training cycle we found that complex application of aqua-fitness trainings and methodic of endogenous-hypoxic breathing facilitated further increasing of indicators of aerobic energy supply of 37-49 years old women’s organism. In experimental group mean values of workability absolute indicators, maximal oxygen consumption and threshold of anaerobic metabolism increased confidently by 28.78%, 12.37%, and 23.97%, comparing with initial data. Relative indicators increased by 38.91%, 20.64%, and 33.55% (see table 1). In CG aqua-fitness trainings facilitated confident increase of mean values of absolute and relative indicators of physical workability – by 16.13% and 24.02%. Absolute indicator of maximal oxygen consumption increased by 6.88% (see table 1); absolute value of TAM –19.49% (p<0.05) while relative – by 27.56% (p<0.05) (see table 1). Absolute indicator of maximal oxygen consumption in this group increased by 6.88% (p<0.05). Relative value remained unchanged, comparing with initial data (p>0.05) (see table 1).

It should be noted that 24 weeks’ cycle of aqua-fitness trainings in combination with methodic of endogenous hypoxic breathing and without it facilitated improvement of organism’s aerobic efficiency in 37-49 years old women (judging by criteria of Ya.P. Piarnat from “good” to “excellent”).

Discussion The obtained results of control group prove the data of previous researchers [5, 7, 10], concerning effectiveness

of aqua-fitness’s application for improvement of women’s functional fitness. For the first time, we used methodic of endogenous hypoxic breathing in combination with aqua-fitness trainings of 37-49 years old women. Results of experimental group witnessed purposefulness of complex application of endogenous hypoxic breathing and aqua-fitness trainings for acceleration of increasing of aerobic energy supply systems’ indicators.

Conclusions: Results of the conducted researches witnessed that health related aqua-fitness trainings facilitate confident

increase of physical workability indicators, maximal oxygen consumption and threshold of anaerobic metabolism. In its turn it witnesses about improvement of 37-49 years old women’s functional fitness. Complex application of aqua-fitness and endogenous hypoxic breathing facilitates acceleration of the above described changes in power and capacity of aerobic energy supply processes. It proves purposefulness of their application in health related trainings of 37-49 years old women.

Further researches shall be oriented on studying of influence of complex aqua-fitness and EHB application on physical condition of 30-49 years old women.

Acknowledgement Results of this scientific work are the fragment of planned scientific-research topic of department of physical

education’s medical-biological principles and physical rehabilitation of Vinnitsa state pedagogic university, named after Mykhaylo Kotsiubinskiy and rae in compliance with plan of scientific-research works of Ministry of education and science of Ukraine in sphere of physical culture and sports for 2013-2016 as per topic 9027 "Optimization of improvement of pupils’ and students’ physical and functional fitness by physical loads of different orientation” (registration number 0113U007491).

Conflict of interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests. інтересів.

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SIMULATION OF JUNIOR SHCOOLCHILDREN’S TRAINING TO ACROBATIC EXERCISES AND VAULTS

Khudolii O.M.1, Ivashchenko O.V. 1, Chernenko S.O. 2 1H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University

2Donbass State Machine-building Academy

Abstract. Purpose: to determine peculiarities of formation of junior schoolchildren’s motor skills. Material: 172 pupils participated in the research. In every parallel of forms there were 48 pupils. Factorial experiment of 23 type was conducted. Results: it was determined that effectiveness of schoolchildren’s training (1st – 2nd forms – to forward roll; 3rd – 4th forms to vault) is influenced positively on be the following: increasing of attempts up to 12 times, quantity of repetitions in one attempt – up to 3 times, interval of rest shall be within 60—180 sec. In training process Attention is accentuated on quantity of attempts. For each form specific methodic peculiarities of exercise’s fulfillment were formulated. Conclusions: factorial experiment of 23 type permitted to study multi-factorial structure of training process of 1st-4th forms’ schoolchildren and specify optimal correlations of quantity of attempts, quantity of repetitions in one attempt and rest interval. Key words: training, motor skills, schoolchildren, junior forms, acrobatic, vault.

Introduction1

One of problems, which if faced by school physical education, is optimization of schoolchildren’s training process [1, 7, 25-27]. Works by O.V. Ivashchenko [5, 6], D.T. Miroshnichenko [9], О. М. Khydoliy [13, 16], О. М. Khudolii, S.S. Iermakov [15] are devoted to optimization of schoolchildren’s training to physical exercises.

In our previous works we determined that level of motor fitness of junior school age children is influenced by correlation of learning processes and development of motor skills (О. М. Khudolii, О. V. Ivashchenko, S.O. Chernenko [18, 19]). We found out that effectiveness of learning process is increased if method of algorithmic orders is used (О. М. Khudolii [13], О. V. Ivashchenko [5]) and proper alternation of exercises’ fulfillment and rest is considered (О. М. Khudolii [9], О. V. Ivashchenko [6], V. І. Miroshnichenko [8]). One of methods of studying peculiarities of children’s and adolescents motor skills’ formation is simulation, conception of which was delivered in works by S.S. Iermakov [2, 3, 4], О. М. Khudolii, O.V. Ibaschenko [17, 20, 21], О. М. Khudolii, S.S. Iermakov [15].

Thus, studying of formation of junior schoolchildren’s motor skills is rather urgent. Purpose, tasks of the work, material and methods The purpose of the work is to determine peculiarities of formation of junior schoolchildren’s motor skills. The methods and organization of the research: in our work we used generalization and analysis of scientific and

methodic literature data, general-scientific methods of theoretical character such as: analogy, analysis, synthesis, abstraction, induction as well as general-scientific methods of empirical character: observation, testing experiment.

In process of preparation of our researches we used conceptual approaches to planning of experiment in studying of training process’s effectiveness and models’ working out, which were substantiated in works by O.M. Khudolii, T.V.Karpunets [11], О.М. Khudolii, O.V. Ivashchenko [12, 21, 23]. In dissertations of О.М. Khudolii [14], О.V. Ivashchenko [6], V.І. Miroshnichenko [8] it was determined that control of learning-training process will be more effective, if modes of training are determined on the base of regression models, received as a result of complete factorial experiment (CFE) of type CFE 2к.

In the research we used plans of factorial experiment of CFE 2к type (see table 1). We researched motor modes of forward roll training by 1st-2nd forms’ schoolchildren, jumps over width of gymnastic horse of 3rd form schoolchildren and jump with bent legs over gymnastic goat of 4th form pupils. The purpose of CFE was to optimize training modes and, on basing on analysis of regression equations, determine peculiarities of motor skills’ formation of 1st-4th form’s pupils.

Table 1 Matrix of 23 factorial experiment in studying of influence of different modes of exercises’ repetitions on level of their

fitness Experimental groups Factors

х1

quantity of attempts (times)

х2

quantity of repetitions in one attempt (times

х3

rest interval (sec.)

1 6 1 60

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Experimental groups Factors

х1

quantity of attempts (times)

х2

quantity of repetitions in one attempt (times

х3

rest interval (sec.)

2 12 1 60

3 6 3 60

4 12 3 60

5 6 1 180

6 12 1 180

7 6 3 180

8 12 3 180

Ion pedagogic experiment we studied influence of quantity of attempts (х1), quantity of repetitions in one attempt

(х2) and rest intervals (х3) on fitness of 1st-4th form pupils’ in gymnastic exercises. In training of gymnastic exercises, at every training session we assessed fitness level with alternative method (“fulfilled”, “not fulfilled”), calculated probability of exercises’ fulfillment (p = n/m, where n — quantity of successfully fulfilled attempts, m — total quantity of attempts).

In training of junior school age children we used method of algorithmic orders. Transition to next exercise was realized after three successful attempts. 1st-4th form pupils were trained to forward roll, jump over gymnastic gout with bent legs and with pushed legs [5, 22].

Training of forward roll was conducted in 1st and 2nd forms. Technique of fulfillment: forward roll – move body ahead with full rotation and successive touching of floor with shoulders and back. Forward roll is fulfilled from position: squat with hands resting on floor; hands shall be placed at 30-40 cm distance from tiptoes; resting on hands, unbend legs. Strongly bending backbone and dropping head on chest fall down ahead, bending arms. Slowing fall, softly touch floor with neck and blades, tuck quickly and roll forward.

Training tasks: 1. From position sitting on floor roll back in tuck and turn in initial position. 2. From squat position with hands on floor roll back in tuck and turn in initial position. 3. From standing position with hands on floor, legs are expanded, make forward roll in sitting position

with expanded legs. 4. From standing position with hands on floor make forward roll in sitting position in tuck. 5. From standing position with hands on floor make forward roll in sitting position with hands on floor. 6. From squat position with hands on floor roll forward. 7. Make forward roll from main stance. 8. Three forward rolls at convenient temp. Vault over width of gymnastic horse (3rd form), training tasks: 1. From lying position with hands on floor go in standing position with hands on floor, legs are widely

expanded and quickly straighten body. 2. From 2—3 step run jump in squat position with hands on floor and expand legs. 3. From 2—3 step run jump in standing position with hands on hours with handle, expanded legs – on

horse, torso is bent; dismount. 4. From squat on horse (gout) jump down with legs expanded over one more horse or gout standing in

front.. 5. Jump from the spot with expanded legs over width of horse with handle. 6. Jump from the spot with expanded legs over length of gout. 7. With expanded legs jump over length of gout and make bridge at 1 meter distance from apparatus.

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8. The same but jump over width of horse. Vault over width of gout with bent legs (4th form), training tasks: 1. From lying position with hands on floor, simultaneously pushing up with two arms and two legs take

squat position with arms stretched forward. 2. From squat position with hands on floor jump not loosing hands’ contact with floor. 3. From, 3 meters’ run jump into squat on gout with hands, touching the gout; dismount with bent legs. 4. From squat position with hands on bench, jump with bent legs over gymnastic bench. 5. From 3-5 meters’ run jump over width of gout with bent legs. 6. From 5-7 meters’ run jump over width of gout with bent legs, as far as possible from the apparatus. 7. From full run jump over width of gout with bent legs. 8. From full run jump over width of gout with bent legs and make bridge at distance of 1 m from the

apparatus. In every parallel of forms 48 pupils participated in the research; in total -172 pupils. Results of the research Results of factorial experiment are given in table 2.

Table 2 Regressive dependence of fitness in gymnastic exercises on quantity of attempts (х1), quantity of repetitions in one

attempt (х2) and rest intervals (х3) of 1-4 form pupils Description of exercises Regression equation for coded variables

1

1. From position sitting on floor roll back in tuck and turn in initial

position. Y = 0.863 + 0.025 х2

2. From squat position with hands on floor roll back in tuck and turn

in initial position.

Y = 0.755 + 0.035 х1 + 0.02 х2

3. From standing position with hands on floor, legs are expanded,

make forward roll in sitting position with expanded legs.

Y = 0.815 + 0.023 х1 – 0.023 х1х3

4. From standing position with hands on floor make forward roll in

sitting position in tuck.

Y = 0.83 + 0.028 х1 + 0.063 х2

5. From standing position with hands on floor make forward roll in

squat position with hands on floor.

Y =0.73 + 0.028 х1– 0.028 х1х2х3

2

1. From sitting in tuck position roll backward and turn in initial

position

Y = 0.858 + 0.033 х2

2. From squat position with hands on floor roll backward in tuck and

return in initial position

Y = 0,741 + 0.049 х1– 0.029 х1х3

3. From standing position with legs expanded make forward roll in

sitting position with legs expanded.

Y = 0.829 + 0.021 х1 +0.044 х2

4. From standing position with hands on floor and legs expanded Y = 0.819 + 0.026 х1 +0.054 х2

67

Description of exercises Regression equation for coded variables

make forward roll in sitting position in tuck

5. From standing position with hands on floor and legs expanded

make forward roll in squat with hands on floor.

Y = 0.745 + 0.045 х1– 0.03 х2х3

3

1. From lying position with hands on floor, by pushing up with legs

take standing position with hands on floor and legs expanded and

quickly straighten the body p

Y = 0.789 + 0.034 х1+0.024 х2х3

2. From 2—3 step run jump in squat position with hands on floor and

legs expanded Y = 0.685 + 0.028 х1– 0.02 х1х3

3. From 2—3 step run jump in standing position with hands on floor;

torso is and legs are expanded on horse with handle and dismount

arching torso

Y = 0.714 + 0.039 х1 – 0.044 х2х3

4. In squat on horse jump with expanded legs over horse or gout,

standing in front Y = 0.699 + 0.044 х1 + 0.034 х1х2

5. Jump from the spot with expanded legs over horse with handles

4

1. From lying position with hands on floor, simultaneously pushing

up with two arms and two legs take squat position with arms

stretched forward.

Y = 0.828 + 0.025 х1 + 0.055 х2

2. From squat position with hands on floor jump not loosing hands’

contact with floor.

Y = 0.821 + 0.041 х1

3. From 3 meters’ run jump into squat on gout with hands, touching

the gout; dismount with bent legs.

Y = 0.699 + 0.054 х1 + 0.021 х1х3

4. From squat position with hands on bench, jump with bent legs over

gymnastic bench.

Y = 0.716 + 0.059 х1 – 0.026 х2х3

5. From 5-7 meters’ run jump over width of gout with bent legs Y = 0.72 + 0.033 х2

Level of mastering of forward roll by first form pupils is influenced by the following:

68

The first task “from position sitting on floor roll back in tuck and turn in initial position" is positively influenced by quantity of repetitions in one attempt (х2) (see table 1).

The second task “from squat position with hands on floor roll back in tuck and turn in initial position" is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1) and quantity of repetitions in one attempt (х2).

The third task “from standing position with legs expanded make forward roll in sitting position with legs expanded" is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1) and negatively - interaction of quantity of repetitions and rest interval (х1х3).

The forth task “from standing position with hands on floor and legs expanded make forward roll in sitting position in tuck" is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1) and quantity of repetitions in one attempt (х2).

The fifth tasks “from standing position with hands on floor make forward roll in squat position with hands on floor" is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1) and negatively – interaction of all factors (х1х2х3).

Thus, effectiveness of first form pupils’ training to “forward roll” is positively influenced by increase of quantity of attempts up to 12 times, quantity of repetitions in one attempt up to 3 times and rest interval within 60-180 seconds. In training process attention shall be paid to quantity of attempts.

Level of mastering of forward roll by second form pupils is influenced by the following: The first task “from sitting in tuck position roll backward and turn in initial position" is positively influenced by

quantity of repetitions in one attempt (х2). The second task “from squat position with hands on floor roll backward in tuck and return in initial position" is

positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1) and negatively - interaction of quantity of attempts and rest intervals (х1х3).

The third task “from standing position with legs expanded make forward roll in sitting position with legs expanded" is positively Influenced by quantity of attempts (х1) and quantity of repetitions in one attempts (х2).

The forth task “from standing position with hands on floor and legs expanded make forward roll in sitting position in tuck" is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1) and quantity of repetitions in one attempt (х2).

The fifth tasks “from standing position with hands on floor and legs expanded make forward roll in squat with hands on floor" Is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1) and negatively – interaction of repetitions in one attempt and rest intervals (х2х3). Thus, effectiveness of second form pupils’ training to “forward roll” is positively influenced by increase of quantity of attempts up to 12 times, quantity of repetitions in one attempt up to 1- 3 times and rest interval within 60-180 seconds. In training process attention shall be paid to quantity of attempts. Level of mastering of vault “over width of horse, legs expanded” by third form pupils is influenced by the following:

The first task “from lying position with hands on floor, by pushing up with legs take standing position with hands on floor and legs expanded and quickly straighten the body" is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1), interaction of quantity of repetitions in one attempt and rest interval (х2, х3).

The second task “from 2—3 step run jump in squat position with hands on floor and legs expanded" is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1), and negatively – interaction of quantity of attempts and rest intervals (х1, х3).

The third task “from 2—3 step run jump in standing position with hands on floor; torso is and legs are expanded on horse with handle and dismount arching torso" is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1), and negatively – interaction of quantity of repetitions in one attempts and rest intervals (х2, х3).

The forth task “in squat on horse jump with expanded legs over horse or gout, standing in front" is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1), and interaction of quantity of attempts and quantity of repetitions in one attempt (х1, х2). Thus, effectiveness of third form pupils’ training to vault “over width of horse, legs expanded” is positively influenced by increase of quantity of attempts up to 12 times, quantity of repetitions in one attempt up to 3 times and rest interval within 60-180 seconds. In training process attention shall be paid to quantity of attempts.

Level of mastering of vault “over width of gout with bent legs” by forth form pupils is influenced by the following:

The first task “from lying position with hands on floor, simultaneously pushing up with two arms and two legs take squat position with arms stretched forward" is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1) and quantity of repetitions in one attempt (х2).

The second task “from squat position with hands on floor jump not loosing hands’ contact with floor" is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1).

The third task “from 3 meters’ run jump into squat on gout with hands, touching the gout; dismount with bent legs" Is positively influenced by quantity of attempts (х1), by interaction of quantity of attempts and rest interval (х1х3).

The forth task “from squat position with hands on bench, jump with bent legs over gymnastic bench" is positively

69

influenced by quantity of attempts (х1), and negatively – by interaction of quantity of repetitions in one attempt and rest interval (х2х3).

The fifth tasks “from 5-7 meters’ run jump over width of gout with bent legs" is positively influenced by quantity of repetitions in one attempt (х2). Thus, effectiveness of forth form pupils’ training to vault “over width of gout with bent legs” is positively influenced by increase of quantity of attempts up to 12 times, quantity of repetitions in one attempt up to 3 times and rest interval within 60-180 seconds. In training process attention shall be paid to quantity of attempts and quantity of repetitions in one attempt.

Discussion Results of the research permitted to supplement the data about planning of experiment in researching of training

process’s effectiveness and working out of training models (O.M. Khudolii, T.V. Karpunets [11], О.М. Khudolii, O.V. Ivashchenko [12, 21, 23]). We proved the fact that control of training process is the most effective, if training modes are determined on the base of regression models, received as a result of complete factorial experiment of CFE 2к type (О.М. Khudolii [14], О.V. Ivashchenko [6], V.І. Miroshnichenko [8]).

The novelty of our work is the data about modes of 1st-4th form pupils’ gymnastic exercises training. Conclusions: Experiment of 23 type permitted to study multi-factorial structure of training process’s modes, applied to 1st-4th

form pupils; to specify optimal correlations of quantity of attempts, quantity of repetitions in one attempt and rest interval in period of training of acrobatic exercises and gymnastic vaults at physical culture lessons.

Effectiveness of first form pupils’ training to “forward roll” is positively influenced by increase of quantity of attempts up to 12 times, quantity of repetitions in one attempt up to 3 times and rest interval within 60-180 seconds. In training process attention shall be paid to quantity of attempts.

Effectiveness of second form pupils’ training to “forward roll” is positively influenced by increase of quantity of attempts up to 12 times, quantity of repetitions in one attempt up to 1-3 times and rest interval within 60-180 seconds. In training process attention shall be paid to quantity of attempts.

Effectiveness of third form pupils’ training to vault “over width of horse, legs expanded” is positively influenced by increase of quantity of attempts up to 12 times, quantity of repetitions in one attempt up to 3 times and rest interval within 60-180 seconds. In training process attention shall be paid to quantity of attempts.

Effectiveness of forth form pupils’ training to vault “over width of gout with bent legs” is positively influenced by increase of quantity of attempts up to 12 times, quantity of repetitions in one attempt up to 3 times and rest interval within 60-180 seconds. In training process attention shall be paid to quantity of attempts and quantity of repetitions in one attempt.

The prospects of further researches imply determination of training modes’ influence on dynamic of indicators of junior school age children’s motor indicators.

Acknowledgement The research was fulfilled in compliance with plan of scientific-research works of Ministry education and science,

youth and sports of Ukraine by topic 13.04 “Simulation of training process and development of children’s and adolescents’ motor skills” (2013—2014 ) (state registration number 0113U002102).

Conflict of interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

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mechanical systems in organization of sportsman’s effective functioning]. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 2001;17:40–47. (in Russian)

3 Iermakov SS. Modeli rabochikh poz sportsmena kak faktor effektivnosti vypolneniia dvigatel'nykh dejstvij [Models of working postures as factor of effectiveness of motor actions’ fulfillment]. Fizicheskoe vospitanie studentov tvorcheskikh special'nostej 2001;4:16–22. (in Russian)

4 Iermakov SS. Biomekhanichni modeli udarnikh rukhiv u sportivnikh igrakh u konteksti vdoskonalennia tekhnichnoi pidgotovki sportsmeniv [Bio-mechanical models of strike movements in context of perfection of sportsmen technical fitness]. Teoriia ta praktika fizichnogo vikhovannia 2010;4:11–18. (in Ukrainian)

5 Ivashchenko OV. Metodika navchannia gimnastichnim vpravam shkil'noi programi [Methodic of gymnastic exercises’ training in school program]. Teoriia ta praktika fizichnogo vikhovannia 2001;1:26—31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2001.1.7 (in Ukrainian)

6 Ivashchenko O. V. Normativnye pokazateli trenirovochnykh nagruzok na nachal'nom etape podgotovki iunykh gimnastok 6—8 let. Cand. Diss. [Normative indicators of training loads at initial stage of junior, 6-8 yrs., girl-gymnasts], Moscow; 1988. (in Russian)

7 Круцевич ТЮ, Безверхня ГВ. Rekreaciia u fizichnij kul'turi riznikh grup naselennia [Recreation in physical education of different population groups], Kiev: Olympic Literature; 2010. (in Ukrainian)

8 Miroshnichenko VI. Metodika formirovaniia dvigatel'nykh navykov u detej mladshego shkol'nogo vozrasta. Cand. Diss. [Methodic of motor skills’ formation in junior school age children. Cand. Diss.], Moscow; 1988. (in

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Russian) 9 Miroshnichenko DT. Metodika navchannia akrobatichnim vpravam uchniv molodshikh klasiv [Methodic of

junior form pupils’ training to acrobatic exercises]. Teoriia ta metodika fizichnogo vikhovannia 2007;12:29—31. (in Ukrainian)

10 Khudolij OM. Navantazhennia u sportivnomu trenuvanni iunikh gimnastiv [Loads in sport training of junior gymnasts]. Teoriia ta metodika fizichnogo vikhovannia 2001;3:13-19. (in Ukrainian)

11 Khudolii OM, Karpunec' TV. Planuvannia eksperimentu v doslidzhenni procesu pidgotovki iunikh gimnastiv [Planning of experiment in study of junior gymnasts’ training]. Teoriia ta metodika fizichnogo vikhovannia 2002;4:2—8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2002.4.73 (in Ukrainian)

12 Khudolii OM, Ivashchenko OV. Konceptual'ni pidkhodi do rozrobki programi naukovikh doslidzhen' u fizichnomu vikhovanni [Conceptual approaches to working out of program of scientific researches in physical education]. Teoriia ta metodika fizichnogo vikhovannia 2004;4:2—5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2004.4.140 (in Ukrainian)

13 Khudolii OM. Tekhnologiia navchannia gimnastichnim vpravam. Dopovid' 1 [Technology of gymnastic exercises’ training. Report 1]. Teoriia ta metodika fizichnogo vikhovannia 2009;8:19—34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2009.9.562 (in Ukrainian)

14 Khudolii OM. Teoretiko-metodichni zasadi sistemi pidgotovki iunikh gimnastiv 7—13 rokiv. Dokt. Diss. [Theoretical-methodic principles of system of junior, 7-13 yrs. age, gymnasts’ training Dokt. Diss.], Kiev; 2011. (in Ukrainian)

15 Khudolii OM, Iermakov SS. Zakonomirnosti procesu navchannia iunikh gimnastiv [Training process of junior gymnasts]. Teoriia ta metodika fizichnogo vikhovannia 2011;5:3—18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2011.5.707 (in Ukrainian)

16 Khudolii ON. Zakonomernosti formirovaniia dvigatel'nykh navykov u iunykh gimnastov [Regularities of motor skills’ formation in junior gymnasts]. Nauka v olimpijskom sporte 2012;1:36—46 (in Russian)

17 Khudolii OM, Ivashchenko OV. Konceptual'ni pidkhodi do modeliuvannia procesu navchannia i rozvitku rukhovikh zdibnostej u ditej i pidlitkiv [Conceptual approaches to simulation of training process and development of children’s and adolescents’ motor skills]. Teoriia ta metodika fizichnogo vikhovannia 2013;2:3—16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2013.2.1012(in Ukrainian)

18 Khudolii OM, Ivashchenko OV, Chernenko SO. Chinniki, shcho vplivaiut' na efektivnist' navchannia fizichnim vpravam khlopchikiv molodshikh klasiv [Factors, influencing on effectiveness of physical exercises’ training of junior form boys]. Teoriia ta metodika fizichnogo vikhovannia 2013;1:21—26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2013.1.1006(in Ukrainian)

19 Khudolii OM, Ivashchenko OV, Chernenko SO. Chinniki, shcho vplivaiut' na efektivnist' navchannia fizichnim vpravam divchatok molodshikh klasiv [Factors, influencing on effectiveness of physical exercises’ training of junior form girls]. Teoriia ta metodika fizichnogo vikhovannia 2013;2:43—47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2013.2.1016(in Ukrainian)

20 Khudolii OM, Ivashchenko OV. Informacijne zabezpechennia procesu navchannia i rozvitku rukhovikh zdibnostej ditej i pidlitkiv (na prikladi sportivnoi gimnastiki) [Informational provisioning of training process and development of children’s and adolescents, motor skills (on example of calisthenics)]. Teoriia ta metodika fizichnogo vikhovannia 2013;4:3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2013.4.1031(in Ukrainian)

21 Khudolii OM, Ivashchenko OV. Modeliuvannia procesu navchannia ta rozvitku rukhovikh zdibnostej u ditej i pidlitkiv [Simulation of training process and development of children’s and adolescents’ motor skills], Kharkov: OVS, 2014. (in Ukrainian)

22 Khudolii OM, Ivashchenko OV. Teoriia ta metodika vikladannia gimnastiki [Theory and methodic of gymnastic’s training], Kharkov: OVS, 2014. (in Ukrainian)

23 Khudolii OM, Ivashchenko OV. Osnovi naukovo-doslidnoi roboti u fizichnomu vikhovanni i sporti [Principles of scientific research work in physical education and sports], Kharkov: OVS, 2014. (in Ukrainian)

24 Adashevskiy VM, Iermakov SS, Firsova IuIu. Physical mathematical modelling of difficult elements of acrobatic rock-and-roll. Physical Education of Students 2013;3:3-10. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.662463

25 Ivashchenko OV, Khudolii OM, Iermakova TS, Pilewska Wiesława, Muszkieta Radosław, Stankiewicz Błazej. Simulation as method of classification of 7-9th form boy pupils’ motor fitness. Journal of Physical Education and Sport (JPES) 2015;15(1):142-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2015.01023

26 Ivashchenko OV, Iermakova TS, Cieślicka M, Zukowska H. Discriminant analysis in classification of motor fitness of 9-11 forms’ juniors. Journal of Physical Education and Sport (JPES) 2015;15(2):238 – 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2015.02037

27 Khudolii OM, Iermakov SS, Prusik K. Classification of motor fitness of 7-9 years old boys. Journal of Physical Education and Sport (JPES) 2015;15(2): 245 - 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2015.02038

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EFFECTS OF SHORT TERM PRACTICE OF BHASTRIKA PRANAYAMA ON METABOLIC FITNESS (METF) AND BONE INTEGRITY (BI)

Baljinder Singh Bal Department of Physical Education, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India

Abstract. Purpose: The present study was conducted with the objective to determine the short term practice of bhastrika pranayama on Metabolic Fitness and Bone Integrity. Material: 30 university level females between the age group of 21-26 years were selected. The subjects were randomly matched and assigned into two groups: Group-A: Experimental (n1=15); Group-B: Control (n2=15). The subjects from Group-A: Experimental were provided to a 4-weeks bhastrika pranayama. Statistical Analysis: Student t test for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pre-test and the post-test. Results & Conclusions: Based on the analysis of the results obtained, we conclude that the significant differences were found in Metabolic Fitness (i.e., Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) and blood pressure of University Level Girls. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Blood Lipid, Blood Sugar and Bone Integrity of University Level Girls. Keywords: Bhastrika Pranayama, Metabolic, Fitness, Bone Integrity.

Introduction1 Yoga breathing is considered an intermediary between the mind and body. Yoga breathing owes their great

potentials to prana. Regular practice of yoga breathing gives maximum benefits through complete and comprehensive utilization of the prana system [8]. The physiological and psychological benefits of yoga have been demonstrated in several studies [1, 2, 3, 4]. Numerous researches clearly reveal that regular practice of yoga leads to enhancement in physical and physiological functions and human sports performance. Some reports show the benefits in both peripheral nerve function [5] as well as central neuronal processes [6, 7]. According to literature one can reveal that the very meaning of yoga is to achieve a balance within the internal and external environment, in this manner looking for to accomplish physical, spiritual and mental well-being. This is made possible through the practice of "Pranayama" or breathing exercises, "Asana" or specific postures, and Meditation [9]. It is a notion that regular practicing of yoga over a period of time guides to a decrease in muscular relaxation, physical and respiratory rate, along with calming of the mind, and decreased state of arousal [10, 11]. Growing number of evidences have claimed that yoga practices increases longevity, [12] has therapeutic [13] and rehabilitative effects. The beneficial effects of six weeks practice of different pranayamas are well reported and have sound scientific basis [14]. Yoga, which is a way of life, is characterized by balance, health, harmony, and bliss. [15]. By practicing yoga, a person is supposed to reach a state of mental equanimity, where responses to favorable or unfavorable external events are well under the individual’s control, and responses are moderate in intensity [16]. The science of yoga is a powerful stream of knowledge, which enables the practitioners to achieve radiant physical health, serene mind, continues spiritual uplift, and creates the ability for harmonious social living [17]. Pranayam, the fourth step of ashtang yoga is an important component of yoga training [18]. The very meaning of yoga is to achieve a balance within the internal and external environment, thereby seeking to attain mental, spiritual and physical well-being. This is made possible through the practice of "Pranayama" or breathing exercises, "Asana" or specific postures, and Meditation [19]. It is thought that practicing yoga over a period of time leads to a decrease in respiratory rate, muscular relaxation along with calming of the mind, which might be interpreted at least partly as a decreased state of arousal [20-21]. But various studies show that respiratory parameters improve after yoga & pranayama. A significant increase in the vital capacity, tidal volume increase in expiratory and inspiratory pressures and breath’s holding time [22]. Pranayama has immense therapeutic potential in a wide range of psychosomatic disorders, but there is currently lack of an adequate meta-analysis in relation to Bhastrika Pranayama to assess its efficacy with respect to Metabolic Fitness (MetF) and Bone Integrity (BI) and as a result the present study was conducted to find out therapeutic effects of Bhastrika Pranayama on Metabolic Fitness (MetF) and Bone Integrity (BI). Material and Methods Subjects

Thirty, university level women between the age group of 21-26 years were selected. The subjects were randomly matched and assigned into two groups: Group-A: Experimental (n1=15); Group-B: Control (n2=15).

Table 1. Distribution and Demographics of Subjects.

Sample Size (N=30)

Variables Total (N=30)

Experimental group (n1=15)

Control group (n2=15)

Age 21.733±2.049 21.4±1.992 22.066±2.120 Body Height 5.39±1.748 5.346±1.407 5.433±1.988 Body Mass 54.226±3.240 53.186±2.405 55.266±3.695

© Baljinder Singh Bal, 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0710

73

Methodology This study is designed as a retrospective cross-sectional study. The subjects from Group-A: Experimental were

provided to a 4-week training of Bhastrika Pranayama. This lasted 4 weeks and consisted of daily sessions. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was used as a measure of fitness of cardiopulmonary system and was

assessed by a running test at maximal pace on a treadmill. Maximal oxygen uptake was scaled relative to body weight (mL . min-1.kg-2/3).

Blood samples (10 ml) for the determination of lipid profiles were obtained. All of biochemical tests have been done with serum samples.

Blood pressure was assessed by Sphygmomanometer. The blood sugar levels were measured by Digital Glucometer (ACCU-CHEK, Sr no-GN20606850 manufactured

by Roche Diagnostics India Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai). Bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine (L2-L4) was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

with the help of a Hologic QDR 1500W (Bedford, MA, USA).

Fig.1. Study Design.

Table 2 Experimental Treatment.

4-Weeks

Bhastrika Pranayama Training Weeks Schedule Time Duration

Ist Week

Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minute 20 Minute

Practice of Bhastrika Pranayama (9 Rounds X 1 Set)

10 Minute

Relaxation Posture 5 Minute 2nd Week

Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minute

25 Minute Practice of Bhastrika Pranayama (9 Rounds X 2 Set)

15 Minute

Relaxation Posture 5 Minute 3rd Week

Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minute

30 Minute Practice of Bhastrika Pranayama (9 Rounds X 3 Set)

20 Minute

Relaxation Posture 5 Minute 4rd Week

Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minute

35 Minute Practice of Bhastrika Pranayama (9 Rounds X 4 Set)

25 Minute

Relaxation Posture 5 Minute

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Fig. 2. Subjects Performing Bhastrika Pranayama.

Statistical Analyses Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. Student t test for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the

pre-test and the post-test. Results

Table 3 Mean values (±SD) and Paired Sample t-test of Metabolic Fitness (MetF) (i.e., Maximal Oxygen Consumption

(VO2max), Blood Lipid, Blood Pressure and Blood Sugar) in Experimental and Control group (n=15 each) before (Pre) and after (Post) 4-weeks Bhastrika Pranayama Training Programme (Experimental group only).

Parameters Group Pre-Test Post-Test t-value p-value

Maximal Oxygen Consumption

(VO2max)

Experimental 33.24±2.38 34.48±1.63 5.145* 0.0001

Control 22.66±0.40 22.48±0.29 1.5730 0.1380

Blood

Lipid

Cholesterol Experimental 159.26±10.74 159.33±10.77 1.375 0.190

Control 154.25±12.25 154.44±12.07 0.9242 0.3710

Triglycerides Experimental 146.56±1.90 146.76±1.71 1.462 0.165

Control 135.82±8.72 135.83±8.69 1.450 0.168

Systolic Blood

Pressure

Experimental 117.13±1.60 118.60±1.24 6.204* 0.0001

Control 125.93±3.45 126.40±2.23 0.5191 0.6118

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Parameters Group Pre-Test Post-Test t-value p-value

Blood

Pressure

Diastolic Blood

Pressure

Experimental 75.47±2.00 78.13±2.13 6.324* 0.0001

Control 83.33±2.55 84.13±1.88 1.1687 0.2620

Blood

Sugar

Fasting Blood Sugar Experimental 95.07±2.79 96.53±3.11 1.3291 0.2051

Control 85.47±3.07 86.40±3.62 0.8750 0.3963

Post Prandial Blood

Sugar

Experimental 124.20±3.17 125.67±2.66 1.0822 0.2975

Control 133.53±4.29 135.00±3.00 0.9644 0.3512

Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) The results of Metabolic Fitness (MetF) in group (Experimental) and group (Control) are shown in Table-3. The Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group were 33.24±2.38 & 34.48±1.63 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 22.66±0.40 & 22.48±0.29. The t-value in case of experimental group was 5.145*and for control group it was 1.5730.

Significant between-group differences were noted in Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) in the experimental group before (Pre) and after (Post) subjected to 4-week Bhastrika Pranayama Training Programme since, the calculated value of (t=5.145*) is greater than tabulated value of t.05 (14)=2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. However, no significant changes over that 4- week period were noted in the control group. Cholesterol The Mean and Standard Deviation values (±SD) of Cholesterol of pre-test and post-test of experimental group were 159.26±10.74 and 159.33±10.77 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Cholesterol of pre-test and post-test of control group were 154.25±12.25 and 154.44±12.07. The t-value in case of experimental group was 1.375 and for control group it was 0.9242.

Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Cholesterol in the experimental group before (Pre) and after (Post) subjected to 4-week Bhastrika Pranayama Training Programme since, the calculated value of (t=1.375) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (14) = 2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. However, no significant changes over that 4- week period were noted in the control group. Triglycerides The mean and standard deviation values of Triglycerides of pre and post-test of experimental group were 146.56±1.90 and 146.76±1.71 respectively. However, the mean and standard deviation values of Triglycerides of pre and post-test of control group were 135.82±8.72 and 135.83±8.69. The t-value in case of experimental group was 1.462 and for control group it was 1.450. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Triglycerides in the experimental group before (Pre) and after (Post) subjected to 4-week Bhastrika Pranayama Training Programme since, the calculated value of (t=1.462) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (14)=2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. However, no significant changes over that 4- week period were noted in the control group. Systolic Blood Pressure The Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Systolic Blood Pressure of pre-test and post-test of experimental group were 117.13±1.60 & 118.60±1.24 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Systolic Blood Pressure of pre-test and post-test of control group were 125.93±3.45 & 126.40±2.23. The t-value in case of experimental group was 6.204* and for control group it was 0.5191. Significant between-group differences were noted in Systolic Blood Pressure in the experimental group before (Pre) and after (Post) subjected to 4-week Bhastrika Pranayama Training Programme since, the calculated value of (t=6.204*) is greater than tabulated value of t.05 (14)=2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. However, no significant changes over that 4- week period were noted in the control group. Diastolic Blood Pressure The Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Diastolic Blood Pressure of pre-test and post-test of experimental group were 75.47±2.00 & 78.13±2.13 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Diastolic Blood Pressure of pre-test and post-test of control group were 83.33±2.55 & 84.13±1.88. The t-value in case of experimental group was 6.324* and for control group it was 1.1687. Significant between-group differences were noted in Diastolic Blood Pressure in the experimental group before (Pre) and after (Post) subjected to 4-week Bhastrika Pranayama Training Programme since, the calculated value of (t=6.324*) is greater than tabulated value of t .05 (14)=2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. However, no significant changes over that 4-week period were noted in the control group.

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Fasting Blood Sugar The Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Fasting Blood Sugar of pre-test and post-test of experimental group were 95.07±2.79 & 96.53±3.11 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Fasting Blood Sugar of pre-test and post-test of control group were 85.47±3.07 & 86.40±3.62. The t-value in case of experimental group was 1.3291 and for control group it was 0.8750. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Fasting Blood Sugar in the experimental group before (Pre) and after (Post) subjected to 4-week Bhastrika Pranayama Training Programme since, the calculated value of (t=1.3291) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (14)=2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. However, no significant changes over that 4- week period were noted in the control group. Post Prandial Blood Sugar The Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Post Prandial Blood Sugar of pre-test and post-test of experimental group were 124.20±3.17 & 125.67±2.66 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Post Prandial Blood Sugar of pre-test and post-test of control group were 133.53±4.29 & 135.00±3.00. The t-value in case of experimental group was 1.0822 and for control group it was 0.9644. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Post Prandial Blood Sugar in the experimental group before (Pre) and after (Post) subjected to 4-week Bhastrika Pranayama Training Programme since, the calculated value of (t=1.0822) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (14)=2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. However, no significant changes over that 4- week period were noted in the control group.

Fig. 3. Mean values of Metabolic Fitness (MetF) (i.e., Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max), Blood Lipid and Blood Sugar) in Experimental and Control group (n=15 each) before (Pre) and after (Post) 4-weeks Bhastrika Pranayama

Training Programme (Experimental group only).

Table 4. Mean values (±SD) and Paired Sample t-test of Bone Integrity in Experimental and Control group (n=15 each) before

(Pre) and after (Post) 4-weeks Bhastrika Pranayama Training Programme (Experimental group only). Parameters Group Pre-Test Post-Test t-value p-value

Bone Integrity Experimental 1.13±0.028 1.146±0.023 1.464 0.165

Control 1.15±0.027 1.14±0.026 0.159 0.876

Bone Integrity

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The Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Bone Integrity of pre-test and post-test of experimental group were 1.13±0.028 & 1.146±0.023 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation (±SD) values of Bone Integrity of pre-test and post-test of control group were 1.15±0.027 29 & 1.14±0.026. The t-value in case of experimental group was 1.464 and for control group it was 0.159. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Bone Integrity in the experimental group before (Pre) and after (Post) subjected to 4-week Bhastrika Pranayama Training Programme since, the calculated value of (t=1.464) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (14)=2.1448 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance. However, no significant changes over that 4- week period were noted in the control group.

Fig. 4. Mean values of Bone Integrity in Experimental and Control group (n=15 each) before (Pre) and after (Post) 4-

weeks Bhastrika Pranayama Training Programme (Experimental group only). Conclusions: Based on the analysis of the results obtained, we conclude that the significant differences were found in Metabolic Fitness (MetF) (i.e., Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) and blood pressure of University Level Girls. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Blood Lipid, Blood Sugar and Bone Integrity of University Level Girls.

References: 1. Madanmohan Thombre DP, & Bharathi B. Effect of yoga training on reaction time, respiratory endurance and

muscle strength. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1992;36:229-233. 2. Udupa KN, & Singh RH. The scientific basis of yoga. JAMA 1972;220:1365-1370. 3. Dostalek C. Yoga: A returning constituent of medical sciences. Yoga Mimamsa 1985;24:21–34. 4. Selvamurthy W, Nayar HS, Joseph NT, & Joseph S. Physiological effects of yogic practice. Nimhans Journal

1983;1:71-80. 5. Malhotra V, Singh S, Tandon OP, Madhu SV, Prasad A, & Sharma SB. Effect of yoga asanas on nerve conduction

in type 2 diabetes. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002;46:298-306. 6. Malathi A, & Parulkar VG. Effect of Yogasanas on the visual and auditory reaction time. Indian J Physiol

Pharmacol. 1989;33:110-112. 7. Telles S, Joseph C, Venkatesh S, & Desiraju T. Alterations of auditory middle latency evoked potentials during

yogic consciously regulated breathing and alternative states of the mind. Int J Psychophysiol. 1993;14:189–198. 8. Nancy. The Art of Breathing, Bantam Books Publishers; New York; 1986. 9. Taimni LK. The Science of Yoga. Madras. The Theosophical Publishing House; 1961. 10. Maharishi MY. The science of being and art of living. In: Rev.ed. Los Angeles, International SRM Publications;

1969. 11. Nagendra HR, & Nagarathna R. New perspectives in stress management. Bangalore Vivekananda Kendra

Prakashana; 1977. 12. Bharshankar JR, Bharshanker RN, Deshpande VN, Kaore SB, & Gosavi GB. Effect of Yoga on Cardiovascular

System in Subjects above 40 Years. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003;47(2):202-06.

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13. Khanam AA, Sachdev V, Guleria R, & Deepak KK. Study of Pulmonary and Autonomic Functions of Asthma Patients After Yoga Training. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1996;40(4):318-24.

14. Joshi LN, Joshi VD, & Gokhale LV. Effect of Short Term Pranayama on Breathing Rate and Ventilatory Functions of Lungs. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 1992;36(2):105-8.

15. Patel Sanjay. Surya Namaskar-Teach You the Sun Salute. Srishti Publishers: New Delhi; 2004. 16. Nagendra HR, & Nagarathna R. New Perspectives in Stress Management. Bangalore Vivekananda Kendra

Prakashana; 1977. 17. Telles S, Reddy SK, Nagendra HR. Oxygen Consumption and Respiration Following Two Yoga Relaxation

Techniques. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2000;25:221–7. 18. Kumar Kundan. Yogacharya. ‘Achieve Inner Well-Being Through Practice of Yoga’. The Times of India

2005;14:100-108. 19. Madanmohan T, Bharathi B, Nambinarayanan TK, Thalur S, Krishnamurthy N, & Chandrabose A. Effect of Yoga

Training on Reaction Time, Respiratory Endurance and Muscle Strength. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 1992;36:229-233.

20. Taimni LK. The Science of Yoga. Madras, The Theosophical Publishing House; 1961. 21. Maharishi MY. The Science of Being and Art of Living. In: Rev.ed. Los Angeles, International SRM Publications;

1969. 22. Gopal KS, Bhatnagar OP, Subramanian N, & Nishith SD. Effect of Yogasans and Pranayama on Blood Pressure,

Pulse Rate and Some Respiratory Functions. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 1973;17(3):273-276.

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POSSIBILITY OF 4-YEARS-OLD CHILDREN PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT DIAGNOSIS WITH THE SHORTENED MOT 4-6. ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOMOTOR PARAMETERS OF SHORTENED

MOT 4-6 Nowak Agata

University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Poland Abstract. Purpose: in this article a modification of the MOT 4-6 will be presented in order to make this test a screening tool. Material: The proper study was conducted in stages. The first one is the evaluation of discriminative power and a difficulty level coefficient of particular tasks, further stages include the evaluation of reliability and validity, also normalization and standardization of the analyzed test. Results. The received results validate the reasonableness of eliminating 5 tasks. All of them are characterized by the lowest discriminative power out of all test samples. The values of psychometric coefficients of the newly created tool allow for evaluating it as reliable (r = .99), internally consistent (Cronbach’s alpha 0.77) and valid (r = 0.93). Conclusions. The analyzed MOT 4-6 modification is a valuable screening test, application of which may be helpful on assessing of possible abnormalities in child’s psychomotor development. Key words: psychomotor, diagnosis, test, validity, reliability

Introduction1 The early diagnosis of psychomotor developmental abnormalities of little children is difficult because of the

symptoms heterogeneity and it requires a specific research approach (Jongmans et al. 2003). The majority of early symptoms of psychomotor dysfunctions correlate with motor disorders, which manifest

themselves in everyday functioning (Gilberg, 1989). Among the most frequent symptoms of motor developmental disorders we can distinguish: coordination disorders,

motor planning difficulties, motor clumsiness, incorrect balance (APA, 2000, Viholainen et al. 2002, Jongmans et al. 2003, Prado, et al. 2009, Cools, 2009,).

Taking in consideration such symptoms’ specification of the described disorders, their diagnosis should be of a psychomotor character and function as an observation of child’s natural behavior in simple, everyday motor functioning.

MOT 4-6 seems to be a very attractive tool of the described set. This device is designed for children of 4-6 yrs. age diagnosis and through the selection of test samples it allows overall assessment of child’s development (Kambas , et al. 2012, Beulertz, et al. 2013, Ludwig, et al. 2010). In addition, diagnostic interaction’s specificity permits conducting a detailed observation of cognitive and emotional development of examined child.

A weak aspect of the test is that it has too many items and the fact that each motor skill is evaluated within several samples diversified according to difficulty level. As a consequence, there are tasks in the test having little diagnostic power and results, which do not determine reliably the outcome gained by a child.

In this article an attempt to shorten MOT 4-6 is made as well as application of screening character to it. The easiest tasks shall be excluded from the test; their function is described by the authors as primary motivation of children. Also, the tasks for consecutive diagnose of particular skills shall be eliminated. Such a procedure is intended to form a screening tool out of this test, especially desirable in diagnosing a level of little child’s psychomotor development.

In the research chosen parameters of a newly created tool will be evaluated for the youngest age group. Methods Tools MOT 4-6 is a reliable (Cronbach’s alpha=.85), valid (r =.78) and objective diagnostic tool. The test consists of 18

motor samples which allow assessing of child’s functioning in terms of fine and gross motor skills and particular motor abilities (Zimmer, Kambas, 1987). Condition abilities are diagnosed throughout 5 motor tasks and coordination abilities throughout the remaining 13 samples. The tasks differ among themselves by diagnostic power; the easiest exercises shall be at first place. A precise analysis of coordination abilities entitles to treat this tool as a psychomotor test (Cools 2010, Kambas et al. 2012, Wydra 2008). Examination time with use of this tool is about 20-25 minutes; equipment for this diagnosis is widely accessible (balls, gymnastic sticks, tennis balls, hula hoops) and the examination may be conducted by a regular teacher who works with children on daily basis. The test results determine child’s development level which is defined on a 5-point Likert scale.

Procedures The proper study was conducted in stages. The first phase is the evaluation of discriminative power and a difficulty

level coefficient in order to define the easiest tasks which are to be eliminated from the test. The next stage is analyzing the chosen psychomotor parameters of the newly created tool.

Reliability of the modified MOT 4-6 version is determined by the test-retest method. Interval between the first and the second examination lasted 14 days. Correlation coefficient of both studies and internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) were calculated. In order to confirm concurrence of both measurements, the analysis of statistical significance concerning the differences between the means of both measurements was also carried out.

© Nowak Agata, 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0711

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Validity of the modified MOT 4-6 is determined by correlation of children’s results taken from the analyzed MOT 4-6 modification and the original MOT 4-6 version.

Next phase included setting up of test norms for the analyzed tool. The values of means derived from children’s examination and the standard deviation were calculated in order to normalize the results of the study. On the basis of these data calculations were made of what was the deviation of each raw score, obtained by the modified MOT 4-6 from the mean of points’ sum in each age group.

Participants Children involved in the study formed a group that met requirements of age; every child was over 4 years old. The

examination was conducted in nursery schools from Lower Silesia, attended by healthy children, who had never been diagnosed and no developmental disorders had been found previously.

Results Group of 450 children from Lower Silesia’s nursery schools took part in the research. They were 221 boys and

231 girls. All children were 4 years old (mean age = 4.46). Because of the results analysis specificity, manifested by the children, group was divided into two age categories: younger children (n=211) who were 4-4.5 years old as on the time of the study (mean age – 4.15), and older children (n=241) who were 4.6-4.11 years old (mean age – 4.72). (see table 1.)

Table 1. Children’s age classification with division of psychomotor development level.

1st age group 2nd age group

Boys Girls Boys Girls Total

Number Age (SD)

Number Age (SD)

Number Age (SD)

Number Age (SD)

Number Age (SD)

Motorically impaired

3 50 (1.00)

1 50 (0.00)

4 55 (1.41)

0 0.0 8 52.5 (2.87)

At risk 14 50.14 (1.4)

13 50.46 (1.12)

11 56.09 (1.70

3 56.66 (3.05)

41 52.31 (3.21)

Normal 66 50.51 (1.85)

74 50.21 (1.68)

59 56.33 (2.05)

70 56.55 (2.05)

269 53.28 (3.59)

Good 16 50.06 (1.73)

20 49.55 (1.7)

36 57.02 (2.00)

37 56.91 (2.15)

109 54.59 (3.91)

Very good 2 48 .00 (0.0)

2 48.05 (0.7)

10 58.02 (1.81)

11 57.54 (2.29)

25 56.32 (4.05)

Justification for eliminating five tasks from the MOT 4-6 discriminative power evaluation of MOT 4-6 tasks and

the test samples difficulty level coefficient. Tasks number 2, 11 and 16 are marked with the lowest difficulty level coefficient (task 2: p=.97, task 11: p=.86, task 16: p=.91). In the group of the excluded tasks there is also task number 4, which was evaluated as the task with moderate discriminative power and moderate item difficulty level (p =0.56). (See table 2.)

Table 2.

Values interpretation of task difficulty level indicators.

Range of p indicator value

Task difficulty

assessment

Tasks for 1 point Tasks for 2 points

No. of a task Total number of tasks

Percentage No. of a task Total number

of tasks

Percentage

0,00-0,19 Very difficult 0 0 0 9,5 2 15%

0,20 - 0,49 Difficult 9,12,13 3 23% 3,6,7,10,1213 6 48%

0,5 - 0,69 Moderately difficult

5,6,7,8,10,14 6 48% 8,14 2 15%

0,70 - 0,89 Easy 3,15,17,18 5 39% 15,17,18 3 23%

0,90 - 1,00 Very easy 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Reliability of modified MOT 4-6 The calculated value of the correlation coefficient of the results from both measurements is high and it equals

r =0.99 with p<.001. Also, alpha coefficient for the modification equals 0.77 and it did not changed significantly, when the subsequent

tasks were being eliminated. (See table 3.) Table 3.

Item–total correlation coefficients.

Item

Item means

(SD)

(SD)

Corrected item-total

correlation

Alpha, if item is deleted

3:Placing dots on a sheet 0.99 0.70 0.34 0.71

5: Sideward jump 0.74 0.59 0.45 0.70

6: Catching a stick 0.76 0.64 0.47 0.70

7: Carrying balls from box to box

0.88 0.67 0.42 0.70

8: Reverse balance 1.04 0.77 0.26 0.71

9: Throwing at a target

0.38 0.57 0.33 0.71

10: Collecting matches

0.76 0.77 0.30 0.71

12: Jumping in a hoop on 1 foot, standing on 1 leg

0.64 0.77 0.46 0.69

13: Catching a tennis ball 0.63 0.74 0.42 0.70

14: Jumping Jacks 0.98 0.75 0.48 0.69

15: Jumping over a line 1.19 0.77 0.53 0.69

17: Standing up and holding a ball on the head

1.50 0.64 0.33 0.70

18: Jump and turn in a hoop 1.10 0.84 0.55 0.68

Validity of modified MOT 4-6 In order to assess validity of modified MOT 4-6 with the original version, a correlation coefficient r was defined,

where r=.73 with p<.000. Additionally, the Mann–Whitney U test did not reveal any statistically significant differences between the results

of the children examined with the original MOT 4-6 and the modified version of this tool for p=.000, and post-hoc analyses (with the LSD test) revealed such differences in the results from the particular categories of the psychomotor development level assessment, with p<.000.

Sex and age of the examined participants occurred to be significant determiners for the child results in shortened MOT 4-6 (sex: F (1.452)=3.42, p<.000). Mean result of the examined population is 11.64 (SD 4.5); for boys it equals 11.53 (SD 4.64) and for girls it is 11.75 (SD 4.36).

Normalization of modified MOT 4-6 Normalization of the constructed tool was conducted in compliance with the difference of the degree of

psychomotor development characterized for two age brackets concerning 4-year-old children. The raw scores that reflected the sum of points scored by children in the study were recalculated into the results presented with the T-score. Five point Likert scale was used to interpret the results. The borders of particular categories were determined in compliance with mean value and standard deviation of the derived results. Particular class counts indicate the normal distribution. While conducting analysis of the differences between the means from two age groups, legitimacy to age categories division was also given: F (1.452)=5.574, p<.000.

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Table 5. Category structure of results assessment in the modified MOT 4-6 examination – the younger group. Set of figures.

Results assessment category Raw values ranges of particular classes Number Percentage

Very good 18-22 6 3%

Good 14-18 36 17%

Normal 6-14 126 60%

At risk 2-6 38 18%

Motor impaired 0-2 5 2%

Table 6. Category structure of results assessment in the modified MOT 4-6 examination – the older group. Set of figures.

Results assessment category Raw values ranges of particular classes

Number Percentage

Very good 20-24 6 2%

Good 16-20 40 16%

Normal 8-16 158 66%

At risk 4-8 30 12%

Motor impaired 0-4 7 3%

Discussion The gained results of the conducted study confirmed validity of the offered changes in the test and, as a

consequence, allowed for elaborating screening version of this test Five tasks were excluded from MOT 4-6. All of the items from this group had difficulty level coefficient spanning

from 0.97 to 0.87, which describes tasks as too easy, with little discriminative power and undesired in a screening type of the test. Such a tool must include tasks with moderate and high discriminative power, thus with moderate or low difficulty level coefficient (Brzeziński J., 2007, Lord, 1952).

Eliminating five tasks from the MOT 4-6 yielded a new tool consisting of 13 items. This test underwent a validation procedure in order to define the values of selected psychomotor parameters and the final resolution of the issue concerning the tool usefulness in young children diagnosis.

Firstly, test reliability was determined. The internal consistency coefficient is high (Cronbach’s alpha=0.77), thus the test homogeneity is confirmed. Each task of the newly created test strongly correlated with its result, at level of 0.69 to 0.7, which also affirmed the fact that these tasks were homogenous and they related to the diagnosed aspect. Additionally, the value of this coefficient indicates that each of 13 samples influences significantly on results, obtained by children (Brzeziński, 2007).

Reliability coefficient of the test was high as well. It was assessed by the test-retest method, where r=0.99, thus the tool shall be considered as stable over time with children aged 4.

It can be said that such research results confirm usefulness of the newly created tool in 4-year-old children psychomotor diagnosis.

Statistic analyses also revealed that age is a significant determinant for psychomotor development level of the examined people. The results from both age groups differed in terms of statistical significance. Older children gained higher results in comparison with the younger group. Determining narrow age categories (every 5 months) made it possible to evaluate precisely young child development providing for even subtle changes in their skills and psychomotor possibilities. These results are in accordance with the theories indicating high dynamism of young child development and the fact that even the difference of several months is greatly determining the child’s level (Krombholtz, 2005, Malina, 2004).

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Another significant determinant of the child’s results that emerged was sex. Girls gain higher results than boys in case of statistical significance. It is a kind of regularity that was also observed by other researchers (Rivard et al., 2012, Tseng et al., 2010).

Therefore, due to such results the modified tool may be assessed as reliable and valid as well. Validity of the newly created tool is high (r=0.73) and it allows evaluation of this modification as an optimal test for assessing of psychomotor development of 4-year-old children. The test tasks grade children according to their psychomotor development level as children with the lower or dysfunctional psychomotor development level gained statistically significant lower results in the test when compared to the results of children with normal or accelerated development. Additionally, children who occurred in the modified version to be dysfunctional or developmentally challenged obtained the same outcome in the MOT 4-6 examination.

Weakness of this research is lack of a control group. The difficulty to form such a group emerged because at the age of 4 developmental disorders are hardly ever or even never diagnosed, although it is possible very often which was confirmed in the studies (Blucker et al. 2014, Zwahlen et al., 2006; Glascoe; Foster, Wolraich, 1997).

These difficulties largely limited possibilities to define final validity of a newly created tool. However, the results of the specialized diagnoses gained by the children with the lowest scores in the modified test confirm the high value of this parameter. In additional diagnoses 5 children took part and the results of 4 of them supported reasonableness for conducting a precise development observation with therapeutic and compensatory compliance.

Conclusions After a validation scrutiny shortened MOT 4-6 version may be approved as useful in screening diagnosis of 4-

year-old children psychomotor development. Elimination of 5 tasks shortened the time of the study from 25 minutes to 10-15 minutes and also enhanced

screening character of shortened MOT 4-6. On the other hand, this elimination did not reduce psychomotor parameters’ values of modified MOT 4-6, which are high and comparable to those, obtained via original MOT 4-6. Further research with a control group will allow for deciding definitively about usefulness of the test in a specific psychomotor disorders diagnosis.

Conflict of Interests The author declares no potential conflicts of interest in respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of

this article. References:

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20 Blucker RT, Jacksn D, Gillaspy JA. Pediatric behavioral health screening in primary care: a preliminary analysis of the pediatric symptom checklist-17 with functional impairment items. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2014;53(5):449-455.

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FAT-FREE MASS INDEX AND FAT MASS INDEX OF INHABITANTS OF THE CITY OF BIALA PODLASKA

Wasiluk Agnieszka, Saczuk Jerzy Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biala Podlaska, Poland

Abstract. Introduction: A steady and considerable increase in the incidence of overweight and obesity is observed in the majority of developed countries. It affects every age group, regardless of sex and race. One of the causes of this negative trend, which has already reached an epidemic scale, is negative changes in lifestyle. We spend increasingly more time in front of a TV or a computer screen at the expense of other activities requiring energy expenditure. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze changes in body components of adult inhabitants of Biala Podlaska and determine the reference values for FFMI and FMI. Materials and method: The examined 668 women and 674 men (20 years old and older) inhabitants of Biala Podlaska. Values of somatic traits were evaluated on the basis of anthropometric measurements. Tissue composition was evaluated with the bioelectrical impedance method. Results: The reference values of FMI (25th-75th centile) in women ranged from 7.15 kg/m2 to 12.93 kg/m2, whereas in men from 4.94 kg/m2 to 9.43 kg/m2. In women the reference values FFMI ranged from 15.29 kg/m2 to17.28 kg/m2 and were similar in all calendar age groups. The reference values for all men ranged between 18.76 kg/m2 and 22.01 kg/m2 and were the lowest in the oldest category of age. Conclusions: The data presented in the following study might be useful for physicians and nutritionists as control values. Keywords: body composition, fat-free mass index, fat mass index, norm references, BMI.

Introduction1 A steady and considerable increase in the incidence of overweight and obesity is observed in the majority of

developed countries. It affects every age group, regardless of sex and race [12,29]. One of the causes of this negative trend, which has already reached an epidemic scale, is negative changes in lifestyle. We spend increasingly more time in front of a TV or a computer screen at the expense of other activities requiring energy expenditure [9]. The spread of obesity is also attributable to the contemporary diet which is rich in fats and carbohydrates but deficient in vegetables, fruit and fiber [1,4]. According to the WHO, the number of obese adults has tripled over the span of the last two decades [10]. The percentage of obese individuals is higher in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean countries than in Western or Northern European countries [3].

The majority of epidemiological surveys rely on BMI (body mass index) values to evaluate the level of excessive body mass. The major drawback of this method is that it does not account for the composition of body tissues. Hence, an above-average body mass may result from high fat mass (FM) as well as muscle hypertrophy. It may also be caused by sarcopenia, a deficiency of fat-free mass (FFM), with a concomitant increase in the content of fatty tissue [18]. Therefore, the proportions between fat-free mass and fat mass expressed by the BMI can vary significantly [17]. These values can also fluctuate depending on sex, age and place of residence [11,13,21]. For this reason, evaluations of overweight and obesity based solely on BMI values may not give a full picture of a person's health. The relationship between FFM and FM can be objectively evaluated based on the fat-free mass index (FFMI) and the fat mass index (FMI) proposed by van Itallia et al. [26]. In assessments performed with the use of the above indices, the influence of height on body tissue composition is eliminated, and changes in BMI values related to age, decreasing height or regressing FFM are taken into account, even if no increase is observed in FM. Hence, the aim of this study was to analyze changes in body fat composition of adult inhabitants of Biala Podlaska and to determine the reference values for FFMI and FMI.

Materials and methods The research material comprised the results of a survey involving adult respondents (20 and older) residing in

Biala Podlaska. The samples were selected based on the administrative division of the city, including 17 housing estates. A total of 1342 respondents, including 668 women and 674 men, participated in the survey. Individuals diagnosed with carbohydrate metabolism disorders, arterial hypertension, cancer and long-term users of medications that could affect body mass were excluded from the experiment. All respondents participated in the study voluntarily.

The values of somatic traits were evaluated by anthropometric measurements (height and body mass) using Martin’s technique [20]. Height was measured with an anthropometer with the accuracy of 0.1 cm. Body mass was measured with TP-150 WTL B electronic scales to the nearest 0.l kg. The obtained results were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI), defined as the ratio of body mass to the square of the height (kg/m2). According to the classification of the World Health Organization (WHO), BMI values below 18.50 kg/m2 suggest that the person is underweight and values in the range of 18.50 to 24.99 kg/m2 are indicative of optimal body mass. BMI values equal to or higher than 25 kg/m2 imply that the person is overweight, whereas BMI of 30.00 kg/m2 and higher suggests obesity [29]. Tissue composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance using an Akern BIA body composition analyzer. This device applies a high-frequency but low-voltage (12 V) alternating current to the body to produce a homogenous electric field with low voltage and high frequency [8]. The analyzer supported determinations of passive resistance, including its two components: resistance and reactance. Body composition was evaluated in the BODYSTAT 1.3 application based on the

© Wasiluk Agnieszka, Saczuk Jerzy, 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.0712

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following input data: age, sex, height, body mass, resistance and reactance. The above data was analyzed by the program to produce information about fat mass and fat-free mass in the body. The fat-free mass index (FFMI), defined as the ratio of fat-free body mass to the square of the height (kg/m2 ), and the fat mass index (FMI), the ratio of fat mass to the square of the height (kg/m2 ), were calculated.

The research was conducted in line with the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki, and it was approved by the Ethical Commission of the Senate of the University of Physical Education in Warsaw. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. The following descriptive statistics were used to characterize the variables: sample size (n), arithmetic mean ( x~ ) and standard deviation (SD). Differences in the values of the analyzed traits between age groups classified according to the calendar year were calculated by ANOVA and the LSD test.

Results The surveyed respondents are characterized in Tables 1 and 2, subject to age and sex. Percentile ranks for FMI

and FFMI are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Significant differences in height were observed between the examined groups. The youngest women were 6.70 cm taller than members of the oldest group, whereas in men, the corresponding difference was 6.79 cm. A reverse trend was reported for body mass. The value of this somatic trait in women older than 60 was 10.54 kg higher in comparison with women from the 20-39 age group. Among men, members of the 40-59 age group were by 4.40 kg heavier than younger subjects. A tendency to lower body mass was observed in respondents older than 60. Changes in body mass-height proportions were reflected in BMI values. In women, significant differences in the discussed index were observed between age groups classified according to the calendar year. The BMI of women from the 60+ group was 6.15 kg/m2 higher in comparison with that of the youngest group (20-39 year-olds). In men, the difference in the BMI scores between the corresponding age groups reached 3.40 kg/m2, and it was statistically significant.

Table 1. Anthropometric and body composition characteristic by gender and age bracket

Women

All

(n 668)

20-39 years

(n 140)

40-59 years

(n 348)

60 years old and older

(n 180)

x SD x SD x SD x SD

Height [cm] 162.17 6.60 166.00 5.67 162.10 6.48 159.30 5.99

Weight [kg] 69.03 13.13 62.36 13.23 69.62 12.58 72.90 12.02

FM [kg] 26.26 11.21 19.71 10.82 26.83 11.06 30.10 9.36

FM [%] 36.39 9.47 30.05 8.99 36.79 9.44 40.45 7.00

FFM [kg] 42.79 3.93 42.59 3.97 42.86 3.67 42.79 4.35

FFM [%] 63.61 9.36 69.95 8.99 63.21 9.28 59.55 6.90

BMI [kg/m²] 26.63 5.05 22.63 4.50 26.50 4.65 28.74 4.50

FMI [kg/m²] 10.04 4.31 7.14 3.88 10.23 4.20 11.87 3.62

FFMI [kg/m²] 16.21 1.48 15.49 0.96 16.27 1.54 16.87 1.40

Men

All

(n 674)

20-39 years

(n 214)

40-59 years

(292)

60 years old and older

(n 168)

x SD x SD x SD x SD

Height [cm] 176.22 7.15 179.67 7.60 175.61 6.39 172.88 5.84

Weight [kg] 85.70 15.06 83.25 14.09 87.65 15.81 85.43 14.50

FM [kg] 22.28 10.42 17.25 6.97 21.52 8.90 30.03 11.99

FM [%] 25.16 8.46 20.10 5.05 23.69 6.02 34.17 8.68

FFM [kg] 63.42 9.08 65.78 8.26 66.26 7.57 55.45 7.79

FFM [%] 74.84 8.44 79.90 5.03 76.31 5.85 65.83 8.71

BMI [kg/m²] 27.60 4.39 25.79 3.71 28.43 4.53 28.60 4.28

FMI [kg/m²] 7.19 3.35 5.32 2.06 6.94 2.76 10.00 3.74

FFMI [kg/m²] 20.41 2.43 20.47 1.98 21.49 2.01 18.60 2.51

FM (fat mass). FFM (fat-free mass). BMI (body mass index). FMI (fat mass index). FFMI (fat-free mass index)

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Table 2 ANOVA comparisons between age groups

Women

F p I-II I-III II-III

Height [cm] 45.706 0.000* * * *

Weight [kg] 28.324 0.000* * * *

FM [kg] 38.754 0.000* * * *

FM [%] 55.878 0.000* * * *

FFM [kg] 0.232 0.792 - - -

FFM [%] 57.096 0.000* * * *

BMI [kg/m²] 71.084 0.000* * * *

FMI [kg/m²] 55.816 0.000* * * *

FFMI [kg/m²] 40.427 0.000* * * *

Men

F p I-II I-III II-III

Height [cm] 50.463 0.000* * - -

Weight [kg] 5.332 0.005* * * *

FM [kg] 91.025 0.000* * * *

FM [%] 230.428 0.000* * * *

FFM [kg] 114.672 0.000* * * *

FFM [%] 237.872 0.000* * * *

BMI [kg/m²] 28.183 0.000* * * *

FMI [kg/m²] 127.899 0.000* * * *

FFMI [kg/m²] 98.378 0.000* * * *

*statistically significant differences at the level of p≤0.05

Table 3 Percentiles for fat mass (FMI), fat-free mass (FFMI), fat mass as percentage of body weight (FM%) women

FMI

age bracket n 5 th 10 th 25 th 50 th 75 th 90 th 95 th

all 667 1.93 4.52 7.15 10.04 12.93 15.56 18.14

20-39 years 140 1.15 2.17 4.54 7.14 9.74 12.11 14.43

40-59 years 348 2.34 4.86 7.42 10.23 13.04 15.61 18.12

60 years old and older 180 5.05 5.05 9.44 11.87 14.30 16.51 18.68

FFMI

age bracket n 5 th 10 th 25 th 50 th 75 th 90 th 95 th

all 667 13.50 14.39 15.29 16.21 17.28 18.19 19.08

20-39 years 140 13.63 14.21 14.79 15.49 16.08 16.67 17.24

40-59 years 348 13.43 14.36 15.30 16.27 17.37 18.31 19.23

60 years old and older 180 14.22 14.22 15.92 16.87 17.80 18.65 19.50

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Table 4 Percentiles for fat mass (FMI), fat-free mass (FFMI), fat mass as percentage of body weight (FM%) men

FMI age bracket n 5 th 10 th 25 th 50 th 75 th 90 th 95 th

all 671 0.89 2.90 4.94 7.19 9.43 11.47 13.48

20-39 years 213 1.44 2.68 3.94 5.32 6.70 7.95 9.19

40-59 years 291 1.75 3.41 5.09 6.94 8.79 10.47 12.13

60 years old and older 167 2.97 2.97 7.49 10.00 12.50 14.78 17.03

FFMI age bracket n 5 th 10 th 25 th 50 th 75 th 90 th 95 th

all 671 15.83 17.28 18.76 20.41 22.01 23.49 24.95

20-39 years 213 16.63 17.82 19.02 20.47 21.67 22.87 24.06

40-59 years 291 17.69 18.89 20.12 21.49 22.82 24.05 25.25

60 years old and older 167 13.84 13.84 16.88 18.60 20.24 21.77 23.28

The analysis of body tissue composition revealed considerable differences between the sexes as regards the fatty tissue content of the examined age groups, both in terms of absolute values and percentage content, which reached 10.39 kg and 10.40% in women and 12.78 kg and 14.07% in men, respectively. The observed variations in fatty tissue content were also confirmed by FMI values. In subjects older than 60, those differences reached 4.73 kg/m2 in women and 4.68 kg/m2 in men in comparison with the youngest respondents. The reference values of FMI (25th-75th centile) ranged from 7.15 kg/m2 to 12.93 kg/m2 for women and from 4.94 kg/m2 to 9.43 kg/m2 for men, and they were observed to increase with age. The variations in FFM percentages in total body mass were consistent with changes in fatty tissue content. An analysis of changes in the absolute value of FFM revealed a difference of only 0.20 kg in women, whereas in men, the difference reached 10.33 kg, and it was statistically significant. Based on FFMI values, the difference in fat-free body mass was determined at 1.38 kg in women. The reference values of the analyzed index ranged from 15.29 kg/m2 to 17.28 kg/m2, and they were similar across all age groups. In men, FFMI values decreased by 1.87 kg/m2. The reference values for all men (25th-75th centile) ranged between 18.76 kg/m2 and 22.01 kg/m2, and the lowest values were reported in the group of oldest respondents.

Discussion The dimensions and proportions of the human body change with age. Increased spinal curvature, the flattening of

intervertebral discs and greater bending force on lower limbs’ joints lead to reduction in height of seniors, in comparison with the value of this somatic trait of adolescents. A person's height is determined by genetic factors in approximately 70% [19)] and the level to which phenotypic traits are manifested is largely influenced by the external environment. The height of the contemporary man continues to increase across various populations, and the rate of intergenerational changes in height is determined by socioeconomic status and standard of living [2,14,28]. This trend is clearly visible in eastern Poland, and the observed changes are greater than in other regions of the country [24], which could suggest that differences in height between the youngest and the oldest respondents are less attributable to ageing, but are more likely to be caused by intergenerational variability in the analyzed region. At the same time, body mass increases with age, that results in higher BMI values. The average BMI for the entire examined population, both men and women, is indicative of overweight. It is worth noting that BMI values higher than 25 kg/m2 were observed in the group of women older than 40, whereas in men, reference values were exceeded in all age groups. When BMI values are compared with the reference values for fatty tissue content in Caucasians, as proposed by Heo et al. [7], the percentage of fatty tissue in all female age groups exceeded the reference limit. In men, the above correlation was noted only in the 60+ group. This suggests that high BMI values can be largely attributed to a high contribution of fat-free mass in body composition. A higher content of fatty tissue, in terms of both absolute values and body mass percentages, an increase in body mass and BMI values with a concomitant decrease in FFM indicate that the increase in body mass results mainly from fatty tissue deposition. This dependency was confirmed by FMI values which were found to increase with age. FMI and BMI values calculated for the inhabitants of Biala Podlaska were higher than those reported for the European population [5,25], which indicates that women and men surveyed in this study were characterized by higher adiposity than their European peers. The variations in the extent of the reported changes and the age at which they occurred could be attributed to the use of different methods (BIA, DEXA, hydrodensiometry) in evaluations of body composition as well as ethnic differences.

Evaluations of changes in the composition of bodily tissues which are based only on percentages or absolute values of fat mass and fat-free body mass are increasingly often regarded as ambiguous and inaccurate. The proportions between FM and FFM change with age, even if body mass remains constant. The use of FMI and FFMI eliminates the influence of age and height loss on tissue components. Although the absolute value of fat-free body mass was found to decrease in the oldest group of female respondents, FFMI levels increased significantly in successive age groups. In males, the changes in FFM values were also confirmed by the direction of changes in FFMI. The lowest fat-free mass values were

89

noted in the 60+ group. Our results are consistent with the findings of Schultz et al. [25]. Physiologically appropriate proportions between fat-free body mass and height are maintained by the human body at every age to prevent multiple organ failure. The discussed mechanism was less clearly manifested in men than in women. The above could result from greater loss of fat-free body mass relative to height. According to Forbs [6], an increase in body mass by 2.30 kg per decade counteracts the loss of FFM during the ageing process. Kyle et al. [16] demonstrated that the same effect can be achieved by a 1.40 kg increase in body mass per decade. In the examined population of men, the average difference in body mass amounted to 2.18 kg, and it contributed to adverse changes in fat-free body mass. In the female population, changes in body mass were estimated at 10.54 kg, which undoubtedly counteracted the loss of FFM.

Unlike BMI, FMI and FFMI are highly sensitive to minor changes in body composition, which makes those indexes very useful in evaluations of nutritional status. To date, both indexes were used in assessments of small populations requiring regular medical supervision [22,27]. Further work is needed to develop reference values based on large populations of healthy subjects. BMI is the sum of FMI and FFMI, therefore an increase or a decrease in BMI could be accounted for by a rise or a drop in one or both indices. It is generally assumed that an increase in FFMI is accompanied by a drop in FMI values. For this reason, the two indices should be evaluated jointly to determine whether drop or increase in body mass results from changes in one or both tissue components. The reference range between the 25th and 75th centile for FFMI of 15.29-17.29 kg/m2 in women and 18.76-20.01 kg/m2 in men may be regarded as clinically normal. Similar reference values were given by Schultz et al. [25], Coin et al. [5] and Kim et al. [15]. Values below the 25 th centile are indicative of disease, malnutrition or considerable loss of fat-free body mass, which could be both: physiological (sarcopenia) or pathological (emaciation). In FMI, the normal reference range was determined at 7.15 to 12.93 kg/m2 for women and 4.94 to 9.43 kg/m2 for men. Values above the 75th centile point to excessive accumulation of fatty tissue. According to Pichard et al. [23], low FFMI accompanied by high values of FMI necessitate hospital treatment. In practice, FMI supports the identification of subjects with a high BMI, individuals without excessive fatty tissue and subjects who are characterized by an optimal BMI as well as high adiposity. The BMI of a person with the height of 1.70 m and weight of 85.00 kg is 29.41 kg/m2, which, according to WHO standards, falls into the overweight category on the verge of obesity. This would be true if that person’s FMI were above the reference limit without a concomitant increase in the value of FFMI. When nutritional status is evaluated solely based on BMI, short people are more likely to be classified as obese or overweight than tall individuals. The application of normalized values supports a comparison between subjects characterized by different height. In healthy and physically active people with an optimal BMI, the values of FFMI and FMI fall into the same category. In subjects who have a medical condition and are not physically active, FFMI and FMI reference values are often exceeded even at normal BMI levels [16].

Conclusions The results of our study provide reference limits for physicians and nutritionists evaluating age-related changes in

the bodily tissue composition of subjects residing in Biała Podlaska. The reported values should not be universally applied to all inhabitants of our country because environmental factors exert diverse effects on residents of different regions and lead to variations in tissue composition.

Conflict interests The authors declare they have no conflict interests.

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