MEASURING SUSTAINABILITY OF CITIES AND COMMUNITY WELLBEING THROUGH THE MALAYSIAN URBAN RURAL...

MEASURING SUSTAINABILITY CITIES

AND COMMUNITY WELLBEING THROUGH THE

MALAYSIAN URBAN RURAL NATIONAL

INDICATORS NETWORK (MURNInets)

DR. AZMIZAM ABDUL RASHID Federal Department of Town and Country Planning

Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government

JOHOR BAHRU | 9 – 10 FEBRUARY 2015

6TH HIGH LEVEL SEMINAR ON ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE CITIES

1

FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

MINISTRY OF URBAN WELLBEING, HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

1972

UN

Conference

on

Human

Environment

1980

UN sets up

the World

Commission

on

Environment

and

Development

Bruntland

Report on

definition and

principles of

sustainable

development

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

1987

Rio+5 - Rio

Summit :

World

commitment

on

sustainable

development

& LA 21

1992

Kyoto

Declaration

on Green

House

Emission

1997

Rio+10

Johannesbur

g Earth

Summit

2002.

2002

Bali

Roadmap

Towards

International

agreement

on Climate

Change

2007

COP 15 :

Copenhagen

Climate

Conference

2009

Rio+20 : Rio

de Janeiro,

Brazil : The

Future We

Want

2012

Malaysia

National

Environmental

Policy

Malaysia

(LOCAL

AGENDA

21)

PLANNING

DOCTRINE

- Holistic

developmen

t for land

use planning

2000

Town and

Country

Planning Act

(Act 172)

1976

National

Physical

Plan

2005

9th Malaysia

Plan: Thrust

4 - Improve

standards &

Sustainability

of quality of

life

National

Urbanization

Policy

2006

Establishment

of MURNInets

to measure

sustainability

levels of urban

areas

1998

10th

Malaysia

Plan

National

Green

Technology

Policy

2014

MURNInets

extended to

rural areas

and

Happiness

Index Study

2010

National

Physical

Plan 2

2

First Wave

1970-1980’s

Nature Protection and

Conservation

Pollution Control

Second Wave

1990-2005

Governmental Reform,

Supra Structure,

New Instruments, Agenda 21

Third Wave

2006 - Present

Low Carbon Growth,

Energy Switch,

Technology Localization

MALAYSIAN URBAN

SUSTAINABLE

REPORT

AND HAPPINESS

RANKING REPORT

MURNInets

Portal

UN World

Happiness

Report



1. MURNInets innovative system to determine the

sustainability level of an urban-rural area by using a

set of indicators.

2. It has embedded a culture along with the knowledge of

evaluating sustainability amongst urban-rural areas.

3. The knowledge generated has also help spawned other

means of measuring progress, which includes a

happiness indicators incorporated into it.

4. The program enables the tracking of the sustainability

status of an urban-rural areas whether it has

increased, reduced or static.

5. Analysis of scoring indicators can assist local

authorities to identify programs for enhancing their

sustainability urban-rural areas.

INTRODUCTION

3



CHRONOLOGY- MURNInets IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAMME

1998 MALAYSIAN

URBAN

INDICATORS

NETWORK

(MURNInet) DESIGN BY FDTCP

& CONSULTANT

11 sectors

56 indicators

2002 PILOT

PROJECT ON

6 CITIES (Kuantan,

Georgetown,

Johor Bahru,

Kuching, Batu

Pahat & Pasir

Mas)

11 sectors

56 indicators

2004 APPLIED TO 8

CAPITAL

CITIES; Kangar,

Alor Star, Ipoh,

Shah Alam,

Seremban, Melaka,

Kota Bharu &

Kuala Terengganu

11 sectors

38 indicators

2005 - 2006 ALL

CAPITAL CITIES

IN MALAYSIA --Kuching &

Kota Kinabalu

11 sectors

38 indicators

2007-2009 MURNInet Portal

LAUNCHED -

online data entry

11 sectors

38 indicators

2010 MURNINet

INDICATOR

MODIFICATION

WORKSHOP 11 sectors

40 indicators

2011 REVIEW AND

STRENGTHENING

OF MURNInet

11 sectors

40 indicators

2012 Malaysian Urban Rural National Indicators Network for Sustainable Development (MURNInets)

36 indicators

21 themes

6 dimensions

MURNInets

Portal Launched

4



FEATURES OF MURNInets PORTAL

http://murninet.townplan.gov.my/murninets/

More structured

interface design,

easier to access &

more user-friendly;

Applying open source

platform (php) that is

stable and there is

expertise;

The index generation

process is more

scientific and

‘analytic’;

'Mandatory fields' have

been introduced which

requires all local

authorities enter data

for all indicators before

the index can be

generated;

Entry information is

more flexible / easy to

maintain

Additional image

display map for

verification of data

sources.

5



SUMMARY LIST OF DIMENSIONS, THEMES AND INDICATORS

S1 S5 S4 S3 S2 Efficient and

Competitive

Economic

Development

Optimum Use of

Land and

Natural

Resources

Balanced Regional

Development

(Infrastructure and

Transportation)

Enhancement of Spatial,

Environmental and Social

Quality, Safety and

Physical Diversity

Effective Governance

Through Communication

and Provision of Public

and Infrastructure

Services and Facilities)

D1 Competitive

Economy D2

Sustainable

Environmental

Quality

D3 Sustainable

Communities D4

Optimum Use of

Land & Natural

Resources

D5 Efficient

Transportation

& Infrastructure

D6 Effective

Governance

Themes Themes

Themes

Theme

Themes

Themes

No No

No

No

No

No

Economic

Growth 1

Poverty 2

Private

Investment 1

Total 4

Environmental

Quality 2

Risk

Management 1

Environmental

management 2

Total

5

Residential 1

Recreation and

Community

Facilities

1

Quality of Life 5

Security 1

Demography 1

Total

9

Changes in

land use

1

Urban

development

3

Heritage

Preservation,

Agriculture &

Tourism

2

Total

6 Total

6 Total

6

Utility

Efficiency 2

Solid Waste

Management 2

Transportation 1

Sewerage

Management 1

Delivery

System 2

Strengthening

Institutions 2

Enforcement &

Monitoring 2

Indicators 36 – Themes 21- Dimensions 6 Source, Malaysia Urban Sustainable Report, JPBD 2014

6



MURNInets 36 INDICATORS

7

http://murninet.townplan.gov.my/murninets

7

1 Employment growth rate

2 Urban poverty rate

3 Poverty rate

4 Growth rate of private investment

5 Cleanliness level of the river

6 Environmental Air Quality Conditions

7 Percentage of Population Living in Flood Prone Area

8 Percentage of per capita solid waste generation

9 Total programs / environmental campaigns carried out in Local

Authority area

10 Percentage of quality affordable housing units

11 Percent residential coverage within 400 meters of community

facilities

12 The ratio of cases relating to public nuisance complaints per

10,000 population

13 The ratio of cases of water and vector borne diseases per 10,000

population

14 Percentage of ‘Grade A” food premises

15 Percentage of ‘Grade A’ public toilets

16 Happiness Index

17 The ratio of index crimes per 10,000 population

18 Dependency Ratio

19 The rate of change in land use from non-built-up to built-up

20 The urbanization rate

21 The ratio of public open space per 1,000

22 Unsold residential properties

23 Percentage change in the forest area

24 The number of tourism attractions and recreation center

25 The volume of domestic water consumption per capita.

26 Total electricity consumption (KW) per capita

27 Percentage of total waste recycled

28 Percentage of domestic solid waste collection on schedule

29 Number of integrated public transport terminals / stations

30 The percentage of homes with centralized sewerage services

31 Residents' satisfaction level on Local Authority services

32 Number of community programs implemented by PBT

33 Percentage of PBT revenue collection performance

34 Percentage of total maintenance expenditure compared to the

overall Local Authority spending

35 Percentage of approved planning applications that comply to

the development plan / local plan

36 Number of enforcement operations executed according to

schedule, by PBT



MURNInet 11 sectors 38 indicators (Malaysian Urban Indicators Network)

LOCAL AUTHORITIES PARTICIPATION

2007 2008 2009 2010 No of LA 146

Participated 47

Evaluate 41

Sustainable 5

Moderate 36

No of LA 146

Participated 67

Evaluate 48

Sustainable 6

Moderate 42

No of LA 147

Participated 101

Evaluate 87

Sustainable 22

Moderate 65

No of LA 149

Participated 105

Evaluate 100

Sustainable 25

Moderate 75

MURNInets 6 dimensions, 21 themes , 36 indicators (Malaysian Urban Rural National Indicators Network for Sustainable Development)

2011 2013 2014 No of LA 151

Participated 108

Evaluate 73

Sustainable 36

Moderate 37

No of LA 151

Participated 108

Evaluate 97

Sustainable 54

Moderate 43

8

2012 No of LA 151

Participated 108

Evaluate 45

Sustainable 27

Moderate 18

REVIEW AND

STRENGTHENING

OF MURNInet

Source, Malaysia Urban Sustainable Report,

JPBD 2014



9

2013 AND 2012 SUSTAINABLE CITIES INDEX

2013 54 local authorities achieved sustainable

- 53.70% urban (city & municipal)

- 46.30% rural (district)

2012 36 local authorities achieved sustainable

- 62.50% urban (city & municipal)

- 37.50% rural (district)

Source, Malaysia Urban Sustainable Report, JPBD 2014

9

Sustainability Index

> 80% - sustainable

50%-79% - moderate

< 50 – less sustainable

80



2013 AND 2012 SELECTED SUSTAINABLE CITIES INDEX

KTrg 2013 2012

% 91% 89%

Eco 0.63 0.88

Envi 1.00 1.00

Comm 0.93 0.73

Land 0.97 0.90

Infa 1.00 1.00

Gover 1.00 0.89 KK 2013 2012

% 69% 73%

Eco 0.63 0.71

Envi 0.88 1.00

Com 0.58 0.56

Land 0.75 0.62

Infa 0.81 0.81

Gover 0.72 0.67

JB 2013 2012

% 88% 83%

Eco 0.88 0.88

Envi 0.94 0.69

Com 0.74 0.79

Land 0.73 0.87

Infa 1.00 0.90

Gover 1.00 0.94

MEL 2013 2012

% 88% 80%

Eco 1.00 1.00

Envi 0.88 0.88

Comm 0.76 0.54

Land 0.73 0.73

Infa 0.90 0.71

Gover 1.00 0.94

KL 2013 2012

% 76% 74%

Eco 0.63 0.71

Envi 0.88 0.75

Comm 0.63 0.56

Land 0.83 0.95

Infa 0.86 0.90

Gover 0.83 0.83

PUTR 2013 2012

% 82% 86%

Eco 0.83 1.00

Envi 1.00 0.88

Comm 0.58 0.60

Land 0.97 0.97

Infa 0.62 0.76

Gover 0.94 1.00

AStar 2013 2012

% 77% 74%

Eco 0.71 0.75

Envi 0.88 0.75

Comm 0.58 0.82

Land 0.82 0.71

Infa 0.81 0.94

Gover 0.94 0.75


2012 - 61.67% dimensions are sustainable

- 38.33% dimensions are moderate sustainable

2013 - 71.67% dimensions are sustainable

- 28.33% dimensions are moderate sustainable

IPOH 2013 2012

% 81% 66%

Eco 0.58 0.58

Envi 0.81 0.75

Comm 0.90 0.66

Land 0.77 0.58

Infa 0.94 0.83

Gover 1.00 0.89

10



11

3 Sustainable 2 Moderately Sustainable 1 Less Sustainable

INDICATORS

PETALING

JAYA SHAH ALAM MELAKA PUTRAJAYA JOHOR BAHRU

KUALA

LUMPUR ALOR SETAR IPOH

KUALA

TERENGGANU

KOTA

KINABALU

2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012

EC

ON

OM

IC

1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 2

2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3

4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 2 1

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NTA

L

5 3 2 3 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 3 3 3

6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3

7 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

8 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 3

9 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

SU

STA

INA

BL

E C

OM

MU

NIT

IES

10 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1

11 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 3 1 1

12 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 2

13 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 2 1 1

14 3 3 3 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1

15 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3

16 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

17 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 1

18 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

2013 AND 2012 ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS SCORE : SELECTED CITIES



12

3 Sustainable 2 Moderately Sustainable 1 Less Sustainable

INDICATORS

PETALING

JAYA SHAH ALAM MELAKA PUTRAJAYA JOHOR BAHRU

KUALA

LUMPUR ALOR SETAR IPOH

KUALA

TERENGGANU

KOTA

KINABALU

2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012

LA

ND

US

E

19 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 3 2 3 1

20 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2

21 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 2 3 3 1 1

22 1 3 2 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 2 3

23 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2

24 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

INF

RA

ST

RU

CT

UR

E

25 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3

26 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

27 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1

28 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3

29 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3

30 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1

GO

VE

RN

AN

CE

31 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 1

32 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1

33 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3

34 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3

35 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1

36 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2013 AND 2012 ANALYSIS OF INDICATORS SCORE : SELECTED CITIES



MURNInets and HAPPINESS INDEX

1. In the 10th

Malaysia Plan, the

government has explicitly stated

the commitment to ensure high

quality of life in urban and rural

area.

2. FDTCP is the focal point for

MURNInets and Happiness Index.

3. Happiness Index study involves

primary data collection jointly

between local authorities and

residents.

4. 151 local authorities participate

with 44,500 questionnaires

distributed - CLUSTER SAMPLING

- the target population is spread

across a geography.

THRUST 4 :

Improving the

standard and

sustainability

of quality of

life – to create

a caring

society and

promote

community

wellbeing

10TH MALAYSIA PLAN

13



SCOPE OF HAPPINESS INDEX

ASPECTS QUESTIONS

Q1 STRESS LEVEL How do you rank your stress level ?

Q2 HEALTH Are you satisfied with your health ?

Q3 FAMILY LIFE How satisfied are you with your life partner or family ?

Q4 JOB SATISFACTION Are you happy with your job ?

Q5 INCOME Are you satisfied with your current monthly income ?

Q6 SPIRITUALITY Do you believe that spirituality can bring you joy and happiness in your life ?

Q7 NEIGHBOURHOOD Do you interact well with your neighbours ?

Q8 COMMUNITY Do you enjoy it when you get involved with community activities in your area ?

Q9 SAFETY Do you feel safe in your home ?

Q10 PUBLIC AMENITIES Are you satisfied with the facilities provided in your neighborhood ?

Q11 LOCAL AUTHORITY SERVICES Are you satisfied with services provided by local authorities in your area ?

Q12 POLITICAL REPRESENTATIVE Are you satisfied with the services of the political representative in your area ?

Q13 ENVIRONMENT Are you happy with the quality of your living environment ?


14



2012 2013 2014

PARTICIPATION

No of LA 72

City Council 9

Municipal 20

District 43

Sample 11,271

Happy 3

Moderate 69

RESULTS

PARTICIPATION

No of LA 94

City Council 10

Municipal 31

District 53

Sample 14,450

Happy 4

Moderate 90

RESULTS

PARTICIPATION

No of LA 104

City Council 10

Municipal 36

District 58

Sample 21,731

Happy 12

Moderate 92

RESULTS

HAPPINESS INDEX STUDY

LESS HAPPY MODERATE HAPPY

< 49% 50% - 79% > 80%

74.68% 74.80% 76.06% City Council 74.23%

Municipal 73.81%

District 75.17%

City Council 74.38%

Municipal 74.40%

District 75.63%

City Council 75.85%

Municipal 76.09%

District 76.09%

15




HAPPINESS INDEX STUDY

2012 2013

2014

74.68% 74.80%

76.06%

72 LAs 94 LAs

104 LAs

16



BAROMETER ANALYSIS OF HAPPINESS INDEX

1. Average Happiness Index for Malaysia is

76.06% (2014) compare to 74.80 % (2013).

2. Based on our findings, people who live in

rural areas are much happier with their lives

compared to those who live in urban

areas/cities.

3. Happiness index can be used as a tool to

formulate related policies to improve the

social wellbeing of communities. Source, Malaysia Urban Sustainable Report, JPBD 2014

17



MURNInets

DIMENSIONS THEMES INDICATORS

6 21 36

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

DIMENSIONS THEMES INDICATORS

4 10 16

MALAYSIA URBAN

SUSTAINABILITY REPORT

LEVEL OF HYGIENE AND

URBAN HEALTH REPORT

LOCAL

AUTHORITIES


LOCAL

AUTHORITIES

MURNInets - ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

18



MURNInets – ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INDICATORS SCORES

3

Sustainable

2

Moderate

1

Less

1 Cleanliness Level of The River 16 32 60

2 Environmental Air Quality Conditions 16 24 68

3 Percentage of Population Living in Flood Prone Area 9 10 89

4 Percentage of Per Capita Solid Waste Generation 19 27 62

5 Total Programs / Environmental Campaigns Carried Out in Local Authority Area 12 15 81

6 Percent Residential Coverage Within 400 Meters of Community Facilities 38 19 51

7 The Ratio of Cases of Water and Vector Borne Diseases per 10,000 Population 58 39 11

8 Percentage of Grade A Food Premises 65 29 14

9 Percentage of Grade A (five star) Public Toilets 80 14 14

10 The Ratio of Public Open Space per 1,000 Population 36 23 49

11 Percentage Change in the Forest Area 19 65 24

12 The Number of Tourism Attractions and Recreation Centers 7 22 79

13 Percentage of Total Waste Recycled 58 20 30

14 Percentage of Domestic Solid Waste Collection on Schedule 12 14 82

15 Number of Integrated Public Transport Terminals / Stations 30 47 31

16 The Percentage of Homes with Centralized Sewerage Services 56 16 36

19



Ph

ysic

al

Pla

nn

ing

an

d U

rban

Desig

n

FRAMEWORK OF THE PILOT PROJECT HEALTHY CITIES

HE

ALT

HY

A

ND

A

CT

IV

E L

IV

IN

G L

IF

ES

TY

LE

:

KU

AL

A T

ER

EN

GG

AN

U A

ND

K

LU

AN

G

So

cia

l an

d

Co

mm

un

ity

Pro

gra

mm

e

Healt

hty

Lif

esty

le

Pro

gra

mm

e

20



CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE (COE)

Place

Making

for urban wellbeing and happiness

OBJECTIVE

1. Social Coherence

2. Happiness

3. Health

4. Community Empowerment

5. Place making

RESEARCH – CAPACITY BUILDING –

PROMOTION & KNOWLEDGE SHARING

FUNCTION

21



1. The role of local authorities is seen as crucial in planning for

sustainability using a bottom up mechanism from support of the

local communities to ensure that strategic local planning,

development regulation and governance coherent with the

sustainability objectives.

2. Sustainability performance of local authorities can be monitored and

served as a guideline for urban managers towards sustainable cities.

3. MURNInets is monitoring mechanism to identify sustainability gaps

in local authorities and to assist in improving identified areas

concern.

4. Happiness is pre-requisite in Sustainable Development / Urban

Sustainability and Sustainable Communities.

5. Happiness index as a framework for decision-making and policy

development and provides guidance to local authorities interested in

improving the level of wellbeing people.

CONCLUSION

22



THANK YOU

(www.townplan.gov.my)



MEASURING SUSTAINABILITY OF CITIES AND COMMUNITY WELLBEING THROUGH THE MALAYSIAN URBAN RURAL...

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