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Sónia Alves CITIES FOR PEOPLE

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STRUCTURE•Place making •The idea of mixed communities (to counteract residential segregation)

•Public space and urban regeneration: Lessons from Denmark

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PLACE MAKINGPlace-making has become a fashionable term in urban policy. There is a growing literature focused on the questions of: •How to ‘create’ and regenerate cities?•How to make places more attractive?

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PLACE MAKING• Why some built environments are considered better places to live? Is it related to its contents: of social and physical composition?

• The stock of attributes result of past and current flows of households and resources into and out the neighbourhood.

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PLACE MAKING: Social composition

• Demographic characteristics of the residents: age distribution, family composition, racial, ethnic, religious, etc.

• Class status characteristics of the residents: income, occupation and education composition.

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PLACE MAKING: place composition

• Structural characteristics of the buildings: type, scale, materials, design, state of repair, density, etc.

• Infrastructural/ Environmental characteristics: roads, sidewalks, air, water and noise pollution, topographical features, views, etc.

• Location: access to major destinations of employment, entertainment, shopping, etc., (influenced by distance and transport infrastructure).

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PLACE MAKING: other features

• Public service characteristics: the quality of public schools, public administration, parks and recreation, etc.,

• Political characteristics: the degree to which residents exert influence in local affairs

• Other characteristics: sense of identification with place, historical significance of buildings or district…

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3 key crucial actors make decisions that affect the

neighborhoods1. Private interests (ex. the real

estate market that channels money to produce profit;

2. Government: regulates land and property development; defines political priorities and areas of investment

3. Civil society

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We are, all of us, architects, of a sort

We individually and collectively make the city through our daily actions and our political, intellectual and economic engagements. And, in return, the city makes us (Harvey, 2003).The right to the city is not only the right of access to what already exists, but the right to remake the city by creating a qualitatively different kind of urban sociality.

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Place MakingShould not be based upon what property speculators and neoliberal state planners define, but upon the active right to make a different city, shaped according to the values of social justice.

Social mix policies аre policies that explicitly aim to affect the demographic, social or ethnic composition of residential districts in such way that cities become less segregated.

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what principles, aims, measures?

All residential areas were to be given a more varied housing stock, in terms of housing type, tenure, apartment size.

This should lead to a greater social mix

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More Copenhageners

1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 2025 2028 2031 2034 2037 2040400000

450000

500000

550000

600000

650000

700000

750000Persons

100.000 more copenhageners in 2025

45.000 new dwellings,20 % social housing

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• Produced b Non-profit Social Housing Organisations

• Subsidised by the City and the State

• Social housing is for everyone – no income limit

• Dwellings for family, youth and elderly

• Supervision by the local council

• Resident democracy

Social housing in Denmark

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Belgrade Waterfront: Essential Principles

• An extension of the city,

• A riverside promenade with appealing attractions

• Attractive public spaces for residents and visitors

• What type of residents/housing?

• A segregated enclave?

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The creation of Social Mix

We need to create mixed

income communities

which successfully integrate different

housing types, sizes and tenures.

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The potential benefits of mixed income developments

• Residents of all ages, ethnic groups, household sizes and social classes have the opportunity to interact and to develop ties;

• Local schools can attract pupils from a wide range of backgrounds;

• Can prevent or reduce the concentration of social housing or low-income households;

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Disadvantaged areas

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The coherent city

• Six disadvantaged areas

• Coherence to the development areas

• Developmentplans

• Partnership with local stakeholders

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Example of a project commissioned by

City of Copenhagen with architectural firms• Residents were asked to nominate

specific city objects (such as benches, trees, playgrounds, …) from their countries/regions of origin;

• The objects were selected and either produced locally; or bought and transported to the site;

• Мore than 100 different object from more than 50 different countries (such as from Palestine, Spain, Thailand, Jamaica, …)

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