Living with drought - Emwis

R October/November 2006 Vol.21 Issue 5www.wwinternational.com

Living with droughtRecycling saves scarce water supply for drinking

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October/November 2006 / www.wwinternational.com / 1

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ContentsCover story on page 46October/November 2006 Vol.21 Issue 5 US$25.00

3 Viewpoint

5 News: Americas

7 News: Asia Pacific

9 News: Europe/Middle East

50 Technologies & Products

37

42

34

Regional Focus: North America/Caribbean10 Dri-Prime pump improves waterline installations

in Antigua: The Godwin HL Series pump helpedinstall a power cable and waterline in the West Indies in the Caribbean.

11 Dredge automatically excavates pond sediment atpower plant: The LWT Pit Hog removes main pond sediment while maintaining power production levels.

12 Largest ultrafiltration plant in North America under construction: The Lakeview water treatment plant addresses multiple challenges for the region’s drinking water supply.

Editorial Focus: Desalination15 Seawater desalination gains momentum in

California: More than 20 seawater desalination plants will supply up to ten percent of the state’s total water demand.

19 Seawater reverse osmosis solution achieves optimum energy efficiency: Low-energy SWRO plants integrated into hybrid facilities to optimize energy balance of power-water production.

23 Palm Jumeirah seawater desalination plants underway: ACWa Services is building two desalination plants to supply water for residents and visitors to hotels and facilities on Dubai’s prestigious man-made island.

Features:25 Portable compressor hastens urgent Thai

well-drilling program: Atlas Copco compressor helps Thai drilling contractor drill wells in drought-stricken province.

27 Overcoming water scarcity in Israel: SaulArlosoroff reports on Israel’s effective strategy to enhance long-term, socio-economic growth despite limited water supplies.

31 Paving the way for rapid growth in UV market: Jon McClean of Hanovia Ltd claims regulatory

acceptance of UV technology signals a major shift in acceptance in mainstream market.

34 Second-generation UV disinfection solves fouling problems: Malcolm Snowball of GB Environmental comments on the impact of second-generation designs of ultraviolet technology.

37 Ion exchange technology removes nitrates from drinking water: The PuriTech system improves liquid-resin contact efficiency while reducing plant operating costs and capital expenditure.

41 Britain’s best kept secret…except in Germany: The UK Rainwater Harvesting Association claims the UK has a great deal to learn from the German experience.

42 Flowserve’s dual strategy hits branding bull’s-eye: The acquisition of a portfolio of businesses around the world demanded creative management of a complex branding scenario.

45 Selecting rubber parts for water applications: Purchasers should look beyond the products tocompanies that engineer custom-molded rubber solutions.

46 Sydney water plant reduces potable water use by 99%: The North Head Recycled Water Plant modular design will enable Sydney Water Corporation to increase capacity to 9 ML/d.

News Highlights

5 Green building reuses 3.5-M liters annually: GEWater & Process Technologies presented its ecomagination Leadership Award to Earth Rangers for its water recycling system.

7 GL&V acquires Copa Water subsidiaries: TheCanadian company’s newest acquisition provides the exclusive licence to market the Kubota membrane in UK and Ireland.

9 Veolia Water signs partnership in Russia: TheFrench water company begins working with two Russian companies to develop water and wastewater projects.



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One advantage of working with electronicand print media is the privilege of nothaving to wait two months to respond in

only one media to reader enquiries. Just last weekone well-informed reader’s quick response to my useof the phrase “direct use of recycled wastewater” inmy introduction to the October WWI E-newsletter(October 12, 2006) was enlightening. The E-newsletter is sent monthly to WWI subscribers.

To explain the context, the article briefly reportedanswers to a question posed to four corporate andindustry leaders during a roundtable discussion moder-ated by WWI that was conducted as part of theAquatech Amsterdam 2006 Opening Session onSeptember 25. Panelists included: ITT Fluid TechnologyPresident Hank Driessel; Vice President of GE Water &Process Technologies Jeff Connelly; International WaterAssociation President Paul Reiter; and Siemens WaterTechnologies’ Chief Executive Officer Roger Radke.

One question I asked focused on the feasibility of recy-cling wastewater on a large scale for direct use asdrinking water. Radke explained that it is technically pos-sible to produce clean drinking water from sewage water,although public acceptance remains a challenge. The restof the panel agreed. Advances made in the treatment ofdrinking water and wastewater now ensure the removalof harmful chemical and microbial contaminants.

Only one percent of water treated by public watersystems is used for drinking and cooking, accordingto the UK Rainwater Harvesting Association, approx-imately 70 percent is used for irrigation, and the restis used to meet the growing demand for industrialprocess water. Recycled wastewater applications inagriculture and industry, therefore, could help to con-serve drinking water by replacing drinking water orwater taken from drinking water sources.

Connelly emphasized that increasing the use of recy-cled wastewater for irrigation and industry worldwidewould reduce the overall demand on available watersupplies. The focus of major water technology compa-nies reflect this trend; many industries in water-scarceregions are opting to recycle wastewater in order to pro-duce their own reliable, clean industrial process water.

Bruce Durham, the technical secretary of theEUREAU Water Recycling and Reuse Working Group(www.eureau.org) responded:

“Interesting article, but why is there no discussionabout indirect potable reuse? Direct reuse for potableis a viable option, but only if there is no choice. Directpotable reuse is not necessary as it is safer, easier andmore efficient to indirectly reuse treated used waterthrough our rivers, catchment reservoirs, and aquifers.So why do we keep writing articles referring to directpotable reuse? Direct reuse for irrigation or industry is

of course a well established practice. The world's pop-ulation in river basins relies on treated used water indi-rectly (with a level of freshwater dilution depending onthe time of the year) to supply the freshwater sourcethat is then treated to potable standards.

“Most people live downstream of someone else. Theused water treatment plants or water reclamation plantsare there to produce fresh water and recharge the waterresource so that it is available for the environment and forlicensed abstraction. The UWWTD (EC UrbanWastewater Treatment Directive) is not just there to treat awaste product for disposal while protecting the environ-ment; it’s there to produce an essential freshwater resourceas described in the UE Water Framework Directive.

“The big problem here is that everyone understandsthe natural water cycle, but not the real water cycle as itdoes not include people. Very few (people) know wheretheir potable water comes from or where their usedwater goes. If there was a better understanding of theanthropogenic water cycle, there would be less confu-sion and a greater appreciation of the benefits of usedwater treatment and on how much we depend on care-fully managed and regulated indirect potable reuse.”

An excellent point. Most people turn on the tap andnever consider the substances that had to be removedfrom their drinking water source before clean, potablewater flows from their faucet. If consumers realizedthe ways in which human activities affect the source oftheir drinking water, would they still dispose of theirunused pharmaceuticals and paint thinners down thedomestic sink? Or be complacent about toxic dis-charges to surface water and overuse of agriculturalfertilizers? Remain critical of increases in taxes orwater prices needed to upgrade outdated water andwastewater treatment plants?

Residents living in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA,drink treated water from the Mississippi River thatwinds its way slowly from Montana through Louisianafor 6,240 kilometers until it discharges into the Gulf ofMexico. Its watershed drains parts of 31 states andtwo Canadian provinces. Along the way, hundreds ofcommunities, small and large, depend on the river forraw water and disposal of treated sewage, waste-water, and stormwater. Municipalities take raw waterfrom the river, treat it to US Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) drinking water quality standards, andthen ultimately discharge treated effluent back into theriver. This is very similar to other major rivers such asthe Rhine or the Thames.

In Louisiana, between Baton Rouge and New Orleans,industries release half of industrial discharges to surfacewater in the USA, according to the Mississippi RiverBasin Alliance. When does this used water become freshwater again? Readers are welcome to respond…

Pamela Wolfe, Managing Editor

viewpoint

Clear understanding of mankind’s effect on the water cycle would bring about greater appreci-ation of the benefits of used water treatment and the extent of our dependence on carefully man-aged and regulated indirect potable reuse.

Reconsidering fresh water

If there was a better

understanding of the

anthropogenic water

cycle, there would be

less confusion and a

greater appreciation of

the benefits of used

water treatment and on

how much we depend

on carefully managed

and regulated indirect

potable reuse.

Bruce Durham, EUREAU Water Recyclingand Reuse Working Group



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Advanced membrane technologyfrom GE Water & ProcessTechnologies is facilitating the reuseof more than 3.5-million liters ofwater annually at the LEED-certifiedEarth Rangers Center in Ontario,Canada,.

An onsite, advanced membrane

bioreactor system enables the center to

collect grey and black water from sinks

and toilets, treat up to 9,850 liters daily

to near-drinking-water quality, and

reuse the treated effluent as flush water

and for irrigating the building’s green

roof and landscape features.

Lorraine Bolsinger, GE’s vice presi-

dent of ecomagination, joined GE

Water & Process Technologies to pres-

The world market for water andwastewater treatment chemicalsin the power sector will increasefrom US$ 3.4 billion in 2006 to $4billion in 2010, according toMcIlvaine Company’s report Water& Wastewater Treatment Chemicals:World Markets.

Other industries will account for

$19 billion, raising the total market

Green building reuses3.5M liters annually

ent the facility with a 2006 global eco-

magination Leadership Award, which

recognized Earth Rangers’ leading

example of how advanced wastewater

treatment technology can reduce

demand on potable water supplies

and preserve environmental health.

Robert Schad, founder and majority

shareholder of Husky Injection

Molding Systems, established Earth

Rangers in 1999 to offer educational

programs that inspire children to strive

for a better future and a healthier envi-

ronment. In addition to water recy-

cling, the Earth Rangers Centre is a

showcase of sustainable technologies

such as geothermal heating and cool-

ing, energy-efficient lighting, and solar

power that make it one of the most

energy-efficient buildings in Canada.

Steve Watzeck, president of Zenon

Membrane Solutions, co-presented the

award with Ms. Bolsinger. He

explained the ways in which GE’s eco-

magination product offerings for water

and wastewater treatment are making

a difference in public health protection

and environmental preservation.

Ecomagination is GE's commitment to

imagine and build innovative tech-

nologies that help customers address

their environmental and financial

needs. It is both a business strategy to

drive growth at GE and a promise to

contribute positively to the environ-

ment in the process.

Power industry to spend $4B forwater treatment chemicals

Conveyance project to protect Lake Mead

to $23 billion in 2010. This growth

is due primarily to the switch from

gas to coal as the new fuel for new

plants. Coal-fired plants are large

purchasers of treatment chemicals,

whereas gas turbine plants are only

modest users.

In Asia, there will be rapid growth

in the sale of treatment chemicals.

Millions of Chinese are migrating

from rural areas to cities, resulting in

a boom in the construction of water

and wastewater plants. Treatment

chemical purchases for wastewater

plants are expected to increase from

$1 billion in 2006 to $1.6 billion in

2010. For more information on the

report, visit http://www.mcil-

vainecompany.com.

The Systems Conveyance andOperations Program (SCOP)pipeline and tunnel project oncecompleted will convey effluentfrom Clean Water Coalition (CWC)member agencies’ wastewatertreatment plants to a new dis-charge location in Lake Mead.,Nevada.

Removing the effluent from the

Las Vegas Wash and redirecting the

discharge location from Las Vegas

Bay to a location near Boulder Island

will protect the quality of the water

in Lake Mead. Black & Veatch is

serving as the lead design engineer

for SCOP under an engineering serv-

ices contract awarded by the CWC.

The need for a new discharge

location is driven by increasingly

stringent water quality regulations,

increasing effluent flows, protection

of a drinking water source, protec-

tion of the Las Vegas Wash and

Bay—especially at low lake levels

caused by the drought—and contin-

ued reliance on Colorado River sys-

tem return-flow credits earned by

returning water to the river.

Black & Veatch has responsibility

for the 30 percent design of the

entire SCOP system including the

7.5-mile tunnel through River

Mountain. Black & Veatch will also

prepare the geotechnical program

required for detailed design, con-

duct the subsurface investigation

program, determine the right-of-

way requirements, and perform the

project survey. The B&V team will

review the final designs of all project

elements and provide design sup-

port during construction.

The SCOP project is an important

aspect of southern Nevada’s water

resources management strategy. The

CWC and the Southern Nevada

Water Authority are coordinating the

placement of a new potable water

intake and the effluent discharge

location to provide the best water

quality while ensuring capacity for

the future.

“The system under design will give

the CWC maximum flexibility for

managing treated effluent,” said

Don Froehlich, B&V project director.

“Completion of the SCOP project

will enhance the water quality of

Lake Mead for Valley residents, visitors

and millions of downstream water

users despite increased effluent

flows and decreased lake levels.”

Dominican Republic: The Mata LargaWater Treatment Plant, located in SanFrancisco de Macoris in the northeast regionof the country, was inaugurated by thePresident of the Dominican Republic, H. E.Leonel Férnandez. The UK company BiwaterPlc designed and constructed the scheme.

Biwater began working on the turnkeycontract in 2003. The projects include aone-cumec water treatment plant, threepumping stations, two storage reser-voirs, 30 km of raw water pipeline, and40 km of treated water distributionpipeline. The new plant provides potablewater to more than 300,000 people toWorld Health Organization (WHO) stan-dards using conventional treatmentprocesses together with chemical andchlorine dosing.

USA: Blue Water Technologies acquiredApplied Process Technology Inc., a compa-ny that sells filtration equipment for themunicipal and industrial water treatmentmarket under the brand name Centra-flo™. These filters have an issued patentand Title 22 approval in California desig-nating equipment approval for wastewaterreuse. Most US states with water reclama-tion programs honor this Title-22 approval.Applied Process Technology has more than220 filter installations in the US andCanada. The Centra-flo filter is a key com-ponent in Blue Water’s Blue PRO™advanced phosphorus removal process.Applied Process Technology is based inConroe, Texas. Bue Water Technologies isbased in Hayden, Idaho.

USA: American Water of Voorhees, NewJersey, was awarded a three-year contractto operate and manage water and waste-water treatment plants in Fort Bragg, NorthCarolina. Under the contract, AmericanWater’s Military Services Group will be sub-contractor to Harnett County, NorthCarolina. Following a 90-day transition peri-od, the company will be responsible for theinterim operations and maintenance of FortBragg’s 10.6-mgd water treatment plantand eight-mgd wastewater treatment plant.American Water is the largest water servicesprovider in North America.

USA: On October 5 Aqua Americaannounced that it completed four water sys-tem acquisitions and purchased anotherwastewater services business. The latestacquisitions, with a combined purchaseprices of nearly US$ 600,000, add to previ-ously announced transactions for the thirdquarter, resulting in a total of five utilityacquisitions and three in the wastewaterservices and disposal business for the quar-ter. The company completed a total of 18acquisitions in the first nine months of 2006.

The company is expected to close itsproposed acquisition of New York WaterService Corporation before the end of2006. The $51 million transaction, which ispending approval by the New York PublicService Commission, will expand AquaAmerica’s overall customer base by morethan five percent and transform New Yorkinto the company’s seventh largest stateoperation. Aqua America is the largestU.S.-based publicly traded water andwastewater utility holding company, serv-ing more than 2.5 million.

AMERICASworldwidenews

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Papers presented at the secondSouth Asian Conference onSanitation 2006 by top sector offi-cials and ministers revealed currentaccess to sanitation in the region,and attendees reaffirmed their com-mitment and political will to achievethe agreed upon targets of basicsanitation stated in the MillenniumDevelopment Goals and DhakaDeclaration. The event was held onSeptember 20-12, 2006 inIslamabad, Pakistan.

India ranked the lowest at 38 per-

cent of the population with access to

sanitation facilities. Nepal followed

The Asian Development Bankapproved a loan worth US$ 24 mil-lion to improve urban infrastructurefacilities and basic urban services inThimphu and Phuentsholing,Bhutan’s two largest cities, and inDagana, a regional center. Urbansettlement is a new phenomenon inBhutan, but the quickening pact ofurbanization in the last 15 to 20years is putting pressure on cities.

Thimphu and Phuentsholing face urban

migration sprawl, resulting from limited

job opportunities in rural areas. One result

India, Nepal rank low insanitation coverage

closely at 39 percent, 42 in Pakistan,

59.53 in Bangladesh, 76 in Sri Lanka,

and 83 percent of the population in

Myanmar.

In Afghanistan, some 82 percent of

the rural and 67 percent of the urban

population do not have access to safe

drinking water. More than 90 percent of

the rural population and almost 70 per-

cent of urban dwellers do not have

access to safe sanitation. An estimated

overall sanitation coverage of 28 per-

cent of urban households and 8 percent

of rural households is very low. More

than 75 percent of schools do not have

safe drinking water sources, and 80 per-

cent have no access to latrines.

In Nepal, access in 1980 to latrines

was only two percent, but access

increased to 39 percent in 2004.

Access to latrines is expected to reach

60 percent of the projected population

in 2016 if the present trend of latrine

construction continues.

The next SACOSAN conferences will

be held in India (2008), Sri Lanka

(2010), and in Nepal (2012). For

more information on presented

papers, visit the Pakistan Ministry of

Environment website:

http://www.environment.gov.pk/

sacosan-2005/.

ADB approves Bhutan infrastructure loan

GL&V acquires Copa Water subsidiaries

is that the expansion of urban infrastruc-

ture is not keeping up with demand, for

instance in the area of water coverage.

Meanwhile Dagana faces water shortages

at times during the year, and lack of

water treatment facilities and intermittent

flows pose a public health risk.

In Thimphu, the project will develop

a new water supply system, upgrade a

wastewater treatment plant, and

improve solid waste management infra-

structure. Local urban infrastructure,

such as secondary roads, tertiary water

distribution pipes, drainage, and sewer-

age, will also be provided in four new

areas in the southern part of the city.

Dagana, located near the two proj-

ect cities, is one of 20 regional centers

that is yet unassisted by external aid.

Under the project, water supply

sources will be augmented, and the

treatment and distribution system in

addition to sanitation will be

improved. About 55,000 people will

directly benefit from improved urban

infrastructure, while some 19,000 in

poor areas will benefit from improved

water supply and sanitation.

The Canadian-based GroupeLaperriere & Verreault Inc. (GL&V)announced on October 16 that itacquired Copa Ltd (UK) and CopaWater Pty Ltd (Australia) from theholding company CDSTechnologies Limited for US$ 21million.

This acquisition provides GL&V

with additional and complementary

products and technologies for the

stormwater and municipal waste-

water markets, including the exclu-

sive license to market the Kubota

membrane (MBR) in the municipal,

commercial, and industrial waste-

water treatment segments in the UK

and Republic of Ireland.

This is the fifth acquisition complet-

ed by the GL&V water treatment

group Eimco Water Technologies

within the past 18 months, and the

second since the beginning of fiscal

2007 when Eimco acquired

Enviroquip Inc. on June 30, 2006.

The Copa acquisition will provide

Eimco with additional revenues of

approximately US$ 60 million annu-

ally. Copa Australia operates a sales

and engineering office, whereas

Copa UK operates a similar office

along with an assembly plant. COPA

Water also has licensees strategically

located around the world.

As part of the Enviroquip acquisi-

tion earlier this year, GL&V acquired

the exclusive license to market the

Kubota membrane in the US munici-

pal wastewater market, which gave

GL&V exclusive rights to this technol-

ogy in the whole of North America.

The company has held the exclusive

license in Canada since 2004. The

company also holds a non-exclusive

license with the Japanese multina-

tional for the municipal market in

India. More municipalities are

increasingly demanding the sub-

merged membrane wastewater treat-

ment process, which is experiencing

faster growth than the water treat-

ment industry as a whole. Visit the

website: www.glv.com for more

information.

Regional: Former Japanese Prime MinisterYoshiro Mori launched the Asia PacificWater Forum (APWF), a regional networkat the Asian Development Bank’s WaterFinancing Program Conference that tookplace in late September 2006. The forumwill identify and adopt new approaches totackling the most pressing water-relatedchallenges facing Asia and the Pacific.

The APWF will contribute to sustainablewater management and achievement ofMillennium Development Goals (MDGs) inAsia and the Pacific. Mr. Mori said one ofthe most important roles of APWF will beto organize the Asia-Pacific Water Summit,in cooperation with the Japanese govern-ment, where leaders from government, pri-vate sector, and civil society from theregion can share a common understandingof water issues and reaffirm their determi-nation to address these issues. ADB hasbeen designated as the lead organizationfor the Forum's Priority Theme of waterfinancing, which aims to increase invest-ments for water infrastructure and humanresource development.

Australia: China: Pionetics, a developer ofdrinking water treatment products, estab-lished a joint venture with Elantec, aBeijing-based manufacturer and distributorof consumer and industrial water treat-ment equipment in order to make itspatented LINX drinking water treatmenttechnology commercially available. Elantecwill market the product to consumersthroughout China under its eLINX brandname.

eLINX wastes one-tenth the water of tra-ditional reverse osmosis systems, requiresno chemicals, works well under conditionsof low water pressure, and is well suited forthe Chinese market where clean water is arare and expensive commodity. Elantecprojects that it will sell up to 40,000 eLINXunits the first year and well over 100,000in the next. With about 20 percent of themarket, Elantec, is the leading manufactur-er and distributor of point of use watertreatment systems in China, selling itsproducts through more than 8,000 dealersthroughout the country.

China: Atlantium, pioneers of hydro-opticdisinfection (HOD) opened an office inShanghai, to be managed by George Gu,formerly with Ecolab Chemicals andShanghai Suntory Beverage. Atlantiumplans to market its HOD technology, whichaddressed China’s growing demand forenvironmentally friendly technologies andadvanced water disinfection systems.

The HOD system's revolutionary designplaces proprietary medium-pressure, high-intensity light sources outside the waterand behind a thick quartz window. Thecore of the reactor is a large quartz tubethat acts as both a clear water channel,which enables unimpeded water flow, andan effective light trap.

China: The Fifth Water & MembraneExhibition China (Shanghai) 2007: Water& Membranes will be held on April 3-5 inShanghai Mart. The exhibition is organizedby the China Branch of the InternationalDesalination Association and theInternational Foundation for the Protectionof Drinking Water.

ASIAworldwidenews

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Petrochemical Industries Co of Safat,Kuwait, awarded a contract toEimco Water Technologies Limited, adivision of Groupe LaPerriere &Verreault Inc. (GLV) for the supplyof filtration and intake systemsthrough a new closed circuit seawa-ter system.

This order is part of a major proj-

ect to increase seawater cooling

capacity in the Shuaiba Industrial

Area to supply the cooling water

needs of two new petrochemical

projects: the Olefins-2 Kuwait

Project, a joint project between PIC

and The Dow Chemical Company;

and the Aromatics Project of the

Kuwait Paraxylene Production

Company, a majority-owned sub-

Veolia Water, the water division ofVeolia Environment signed a part-nership with the Russian companiesEvraziysky and Eurasian WaterPartnership (EWP), a managementcompany, for the development ofwater and wastewater projects inRussia.

Veolia will acquire an interest in EWP,

which will amount to 50 percent at

Eimco awarded Kuwait intake-filtration contract

sidiary of PIC.

Eimco will provide one Brackett

Green Seawater Make-Up Filter and

two Brackett Green Seawater

cooling/lubrication filters to be

installed in the Closed Loop Pipeline to

filter debris from the system before

cooling liquid is introduced to the user

plants. For the intake part of the work-

scope, Eimco will install stop gates and

screens in the sea water intake and

intake bays of the cooling water

pumping station to prevent debris

from entering the pumps and prevent

maintenance problems further down

the line. The delivery is scheduled for

the first quarter of 2007.

In addition, on September 14 Eimco

announced that it was awarded an

US$ 18 million contract to provide

water screening systems included in

Phase II of a major seawater intake

infrastructure project in the industrial

city of Ras Laffan, Qatar. Under the

terms of the contract, GL&V will deliv-

er, between June 2007 and June 2008,

a complete water screening solution

comprising several pieces of equip-

ment, based on the Brackett Green

technology for high-volume water

intakes.

On completion of the project, the

screening facility will treat more than

200 tons of seawater per second to

supply process water to a power sta-

tion, oil refinery, seawater desalination

plant, and several other industrial facil-

ities in Ras Laffan.

Veolia Water signs partnershipagreement in Russia

Aquaterra 2007 focus on water, coastal engineering

term, and will assure water and waste-

water services in the town of Rostov

via the company Voda Rostova. Veolia

Water’s expertise in managing water

and wastewater service contracts, set-

ting up projects that entail internation-

al financial organizations, together

with the Russian companies’ experi-

ence in the Russian water market,

based on their presence in the towns

of Rostov sur-le-Don and Ornsk, makes

this partnership potentially advanta-

geous to all parties.

Veolia proposed the development of

a competence center for the Russian

water sector with EWP. Present in the

country for ten years, Veolia Water

operates in St. Petersburg where it is a

service provider to the company

Vodokanal Saint-Petersburg.

The organizer of the biannualAquatech, Amsterdam Rai, islaunching a new internationalforum -- Aquaterra 2007 – thatcovers a new focus for conferencesand exhibitions brought about bychallenges from the effect of cli-mate change on water and coastaldevelopment.

Climate change is causing a huge

impact on societies. Catastrophes are

highly publicized, but many climate

change effects are long term and

receive very little publicity. Coastal

erosion, due to increased wave size

and more frequent storms, will have

far-reaching effects on societies given

that 80 percent of the world’s popula-

tion lives within thirty miles of the

coast. Inland flooding, caused by

increasingly intense and frequent

storms, has become a regular occur-

rence with disastrous effects.

Aquaterra 2007, to be held on

February 7 through 9, will bring

together specialists from governments,

organizations, knowledge institutions,

and companies from all over the world

to discuss practical solutions for sus-

tainable project to combat threats

from climate change. An extensive

conference program will cover topics

including water and coastal engineer-

ing, eco-hydraulics, ground engineer-

ing, monitoring systems, and finance

and insurance.

The program covers the following

themes:

• Rivers: Pressures on deltas and

responses in deltaic riverine regions:

• Cities: Urban dilemmas, new con-

cepts and technologies;

• Coasts: Cities in deltas and exploit-

ing opportunities on coasts

More than half of the exhibition

space at Aquaterra 2007 has already

been sold. Companies from around

the world have reserved stands,

including dredging, construction, and

development firms, architects, consult-

ants, and equipment suppliers.

According to manager Xander de

Bruine, the early bookings are remark-

able considering this is the first edition

of Aquaterra.

For more information, visit

www.aquaterraforum.nl.

Ireland: The UK company Balmoral Tankslaunched a new, independent company inDublin, Balmoral tanks Ireland Ltd. (BTIL),after operating in the Irish market for manyyears. The company has specialized insewage treatment plants, fuel oil storageproducts, GRP and steel-sectional water tankssince the early 1990s. For more information,visit the website: www.balmoraltanks.com.

Russia: The US company FluidComponents International (FCI) of SanMarcos, California, received full certifica-tion from the Russian Federation toimports its precision mass flow meters andmass flow/level/temperature switches intothe country. FCI’s manufacturing and cali-bration facilities have been inspected andapproved for GOST R applications (GOSTRussian Certification of Conformity). Theyhave been found to be fully in compliancewith Russian standards, resulting in theGOST R approval for the MT Series, GFSeries and the ST98 Series thermal massflow meters.

From the Gosgortekhnadzor Russia, alsocalled RTN (formerly GGTN R), FCI’s flowmeters and flow switches have beenapproved for use in hazardous areas. Withthe their no-moving parts design, FCI’s flowinstruments have a global reputation forprecision performance with high reliabilityand safety in hazardous industries, includingoil/gas, chemical, electric power,pulp/paper, steel, waste water and manyothers, according to FCI. Both the GOST Rand the RTN approvals are required forimporting flow instruments and their use inhazardous areas of the Russian Federation.These approvals are also well recognizedand accepted in other countries in the sameregion, such as Republic of Kazahstan,Ukraine Republic and Republic of Tartarstan.

UK: Balfour Beatty Utilities completedworks to rehabilitate the BradfordIntermediate Ring Main (BIRM), theregion’s largest-ever trunk mains rehabili-tation scheme. The 126-km BIRM circlesthe city of Bradford following the outerRing Road and other key routes in thecity, with its source from Chellow HeightsWater Treatment Works, supplying some133,000 domestic properties. The pipes,some of which are Victorian in origin, areup to 40-mm-thick, and accumulatedwith iron, aluminum, and manganeseafter years of use. High levels of stickyblack manganese coatings were also pres-ent on the inside of the pipes, whichafter disturbance had generated a highnumber of reportable discoloration inci-dents and complaints.

During construction, which commencedin 2002, the team designed and imple-mented several innovations and new waysof working including the development anduse of the largest lining rig in Europe,which was able to line up to 200m of pipeat one time, significantly reducing thenumber of excavations needed and conse-quent disruption to traffic.

Works on the BIRM were completed inAugust 2006. The team won a number ofawards throughout the four-year construc-tion period, including Yorkshire Water’sWater Business Unit “Gold Award forInnovation,” and the Pipeline IndustriesGuild 2004 Innovation award.

EUROPE/MIDDLE EASTworldwidenews

Field Notes



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10 / www.wwinternational.com / October/November 2006

Marine contractors specializing in applications,such as jetting on dredge heads and hoppers,and installing sub sea waterlines and powerand communication cables require pumpsthat can push a reasonable amount of water at

extreme discharge pressures. According to Project Manager Tim Paquette for Durocher

Marine Division: “In underwater cable installation especially,you can never have too much volume or pressure. Enginespeed can be adjusted to changing sub bottom conditions, but itis a great feeling knowing that when burial conditions becomedifficult, the Godwin HL160M pump will always get the jobdone.” Durocher Marine Division, part of the Kokosing

Construction Company, isbased in Cheboygan,Michigan, USA.

Paquette and his DurocherMarine Division crew put theHL160M to the test in a

power cable and waterline installation in the West Indies onthe Caribbean island of Antigua last July 2005. In threemonths, Durocher buried 13,000 feet of 15KV power cable andfour-inch waterline using an eductor (cable burial sled)powered by two Godwin HL160M pumps. The 15KV powercable was 3.1 inches in diameter and weighed 6.5 pounds perfoot, while the water line measured 5.3 inches in diameter andweighed four pounds per foot. These two materials werebundled together with a ballast cable weighing an additional2.9 pounds per foot. All three materials were pulled from theirreels by a lineal cable machine and banded together at the endof the barge just before being submersed. The cables were laidusing 1.5-inch wire rope for ballast and roughly 5,300 feet ofthe cable/waterline bundle, which was covered with protectivemats to prevent damage from boat anchors and possible

danger of flotation should the bundle ever separate. The bargemoved on anchors along a pre-determined lay route, stoppingevery 1,000 feet so that divers could ensure proper placementof the installation.

With the bundles placed securely in position, the route wasretraced for burial by the eductor. Using a combination ofwater and air, the eductor created a trench in which the cablebundles could be buried. Divers observed as the HL160Mpumps worked to move 3,600 gpm at 206 psi, allowing theeductor to cut a 24-inch wide trench approximately 24 to 72inches deep, depending on bottom conditions.

Antigua posed several environmental challenges, includingdifficult bottom conditions. The eductor encountered surfacesvarying from coral rock and soft limestone to sand, posing achallenge for burial. In addition, the availability of equipment,tools, and supplies was limited due to the remote location.These challenges were met head-on by the HL160M pumps.

The Godwin HL160M Dri-Prime pump overshadows itsmulti-stage competitors because it does not need to bemanually primed and was designed to be moreportable/flexible for users. The secret behind its performanceis its 20-inch diameter impeller. Where multi-stage pumps usemultiple, smaller impellers, the HL160M pump’s 20-in.impeller is capable of generating greater pressure at greaterdepths—a perfect fit for marine construction.

Author’s NoteStephanie E. Morgan is a technical writer for Godwin Pumps of America,Inc., based in Bridgeport, New Jersey, USA. Bill Wenger is a project origi-nator and overall manager for Durocher Marine Division, based inCheboygan, Michigan, USA. For more information, email [email protected]

regionalfocusNorth America/Caribbean

Godwin HL Series High Head Dri-Prime® pump’s 20-inch impeller generatesgreater pressure at greater depth, which accounts for the successful installation

of a power cable and waterline in Antigua.

Dri-Prime pump improves waterline installation in Antigua

Stephanie Morgan, Bill Wenger

The eductor sled jets the cable out.

The HL160M pump significantlystepped up the performance ofour cable sled.

Tim Paquette,Durocher MarineDivision

Closeup of the eductor sled and cable

Photo by Durocher

Photo by Durocher



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The global renewable energy company Enel LatinAmerica needed to remove accumulating sedimentin its power generation water supply at itsGreenfield El Canada Power Plant in westernGuatemala at Zunil. So the company asked the US

company Liquid Waste Technology, LLC to design a LWT PitHog™ dredge equipped to automatically excavate the mainpond’s sediment from the Santa Maria River.

The LWT dredge was specifically engineered to excavate themain pond’s sediment from the Santa Maria River while main-taining optimum production levels. This project is Enel’ssecond in Guatemala and is expected to contribute 178,000Mwh to the national electricity system each year. Enel LatinAmerica develops and operates renewable energy powerplants in Central America.

LWT and company representative Felix Montes of FemcoS.A. in Guatemala worked closely with the Enel Latin Americaengineering team to design, manufacture, and install an auto-mated dredging operation. Enel’s engineering team of GeneralManager Ing. Juan Carlos and Plant Manager FlorencioGramajo visited the LWT plant in order to specify the correctcontrols, capabilities, and specifications to remove thesediment material effectively and at minimum cost.

Gramajo said after the initial installation: “We have been ableto keep the pond’s sediment at the same level with the LWTdredge; even when the rainy season is at the highest.” MichaelYoung, LWT’s service manager reported: "While the inflowfrom the river and the amount of material already presentmade the job difficult, the operators were operating the dredgeefficiently within a couple of days." Officials of Enel LatinAmerica were surprised at the high density of the pumpedmaterial. The discharge was much thicker than they hadexpected, according to LWT Service Technician Fred Hoffman.

Operators can control all dredge functions remotely from on-shore or on-board the dredge. An Allen Bradley Panel View600 Operator Interface at both locations coordinates variousfunctions and controls. A LWT radio system provides the linkfrom dredge to shore.

Liquid Waste Technology is the world leader in designingremote controlled dredging systems. Its remote controlledsystems can be operated via multiple methods, including hand-held radio remote control transmitters and fixed shore-mountedcontrol panels. The LWT Pit Hog dredge removes sediments

from reservoirs, settling lagoons, and wastewater treatmentponds. The Pit Hog excavates and transports these settled solidsas slurry through a piping system to a pre-determined location.

Low-voltage electronic controls on the dredge make possibletotally automated and remote operations. LWT programs aprogrammable logic controller (PLC) to provide control overthe dredge’s automated functions and control loops, mini-mizing labor and maximizing production of solids at the setflow rate. This system is ideally suited for providing materialto both dewatering and continuous process systems. Thecompany supplies components and provides customized oper-ational features to meet specific operational needs of projects.

Heavy-duty steel pontoons provide the necessary flotation tosupport on-board machinery and equipment in the water body.Principal features include the auger (excavator) head,submersible slurry pump, boom, boom hoist, traverse winch,electrical controls, and hydraulic system.

The functions of the auger head and the submersible slurrypump are essential for effective solids removal. The boom hoistpositions the auger and submersible slurry pump vertically inthe sediment while the traversing winch propels the machineforward and backward along a wire rope cable anchored at bothends (on both sides of the lagoon.) This design provides a cost-effective means of hydraulically dredging sediments.

The system uses a LWT-designed rail-type lateral movesystem for positioning and anchoring the winch traverse wirerope. Generally, the system is comprised of two parallel railslocated on opposite ends of the pond with the traverse cablestretched between them. The traverse cable is threadedthrough the treble sheave winch and cable guides on thedredge, which propels the dredge forward and backward.After the floating discharge hose and/or pipe are connectedto the dredge, it is ready to operate.

Author’s NoteJohn Krahling is a sales engineer of Liquid Waste Technology, LLC,based in Somerset, Wisconsin, USA. LWT designs and manufacturessludge handling equipment, including auger dredges, lagoon pumpers,and submersible chopper pumps. For more information, visit:www.lwtpithog.com.


Liquid Waste Technology’s Pit Hog dredge removes sediment at the Enel LatinAmerica power plant water supply in Zunil, Guatemala.

Dredge automatically excavates pond

sediment at power plant

John Krahling

Dredge being set-up at the Greenfield El Canada Power Plant in western Guatemala at Zunil

Photo by LWT

Dredge control panel programmed on-site using an Allen Bradley Panel View 600Operator Interface

Photo by LWT



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The Canadian Region of Peel, currently serving overone million consumers in Greater Toronto, Ontario,is constructing a 363-million-liter-per-day (ML/d))expansion of the Lakeview Water Treatment Plant.The plant is set to commence operation in the

summer of 2007 and will supply high quality drinking water tomore than 600,000 consumers in the region and a neighboringmunicipality through a long-term water supply agreement.

The Lakeview expansion project is a key component of theRegion’s Master Servicing Plan for Water and Wastewater,which includes the expansion and upgrade of treatmentcapacity in multiple plants and the construction of additionalwater distribution pipelines, pump stations and storage reser-voirs. The plan is intended to proactively address multiple chal-lenges regarding the region’s drinking water supply, including:more stringent water quality regulations; consumer demand forimproved tap water aesthetic quality (i.e, taste, odor and color);and increased production due to rapid growth. As a first step inthe Plan, the Region revisited the treatment objectives in all of itsfacilities. The result was a commitment to enhance treatmentobjectives to not only meet but to in many cases, exceed therequirements of the Ontario Safe Drinking Water Act.

CH2M Hill Canada worked with the Region and all stake-holders to engineer a large-scale, large-capacity treatmentfacility that addresses multiple objectives that will provide ahigh level of regulatory, public and governmental acceptance.

Highest quality finished water. The treatment process will provideyear-round aesthetically-pleasing drinking water that surpassescurrent regulatory requirements and addresses future waterquality concerns, including pathogen removal (Cryptosporidiumand Giardia), removal of taste- and odor-causing compounds,disinfection-by-products, and emerging trace contaminants (e.g.,endocrine disruptors, personal care products).

Reliability. Processes are in place to optimally leverage plantstaff and maximize automated plant control through acomprehensive water quality monitoring system intercon-nected with the plant PLC and SCADA system. Multipletreatment barriers are in place to address each of the waterquality objectives set forth by the Region.

Environmental impact and sustainability. A primary goal of the

Region was to select treatment processes that minimized bothenergy and chemical use, which resulted in a facility havingreduced noise, chemical deliveries, truck traffic and waste(residuals) production. The plant was designed using advancedthree-dimensional software which maximized the preservation ofgreen spaces around the plant by reducing the overall plant foot-print, allowing the continued use of Region property at the sitefor public recreational purposes during and after construction.

Cost-effectiveness. An environmental assessment and subse-quent six-month pilot study were conducted in 2003 and 2004to first select and test the optimum treatment alternative inorder to maximize the above objectives while minimizingcapital and operating costs. The facility will set cost bench-marks for both membrane equipment and construction costs.

Flexibility. The treatment expansion will be integrated intothe existing conventional Lakeview water treatment plantwhile maintaining the latter in operation. The originalexpansion capacity was increased from 262 ML/d to 363 ML/dto support the future plant upgrades in line with the masterplan without compromising the Region’s ability to provide ahigh quality water of adequate capacity to its consumers.

Water supply for the plant expansion is from the northernshore of Lake Ontario, characterized as moderately hard andgenerally low in turbidity, organics and disinfection-by-products precursors. The source water challenges are derivedfrom the heavy use of the lake as a waterway and a recre-ational area, the proximity of the Lakeview power generationfacility and wastewater treatment plants, and seasonal eventsof elevated turbidity and taste- and odor-causing compounds.The integrated treatment process combines membrane ultrafil-tration with other advanced treatment processes, includingozonation and biological carbon filtration, in a synergisticmanner that not only adresses the above source water chal-lenges, but provides the highest quality finished water in acost-effective and environmentally sustainable manner.

Simultaneous projects at this site include regulator-mandatedupgrades in the existing conventional plant (560 ML/d), theconstruction of a new 25 ML/d finished water reservoir, theconstruction of a new 760 ML/d high lift pumping station feedingtwo separate pressure zones, and the addition of low lift pumpingcapacity (560 ML/d) to replace and expand existing capacity.

When completed, the Lakeview water treatment plant will be thelargest drinking water plant in North America using ultrafiltrationmembrane technology. An additional plant expansion is planned aswell as retrofit of the existing conventional plant, which will resultin an ultimate projected finished water capacity of at least 1,150ML/d treated with ozone, biological filtration and membranes.

CH2M Hill Canada is providing engineering services andconstruction management for the initial and subsequentexpansion. Design, construction and startup will becompleted in less than 36 months.

Authors’ NoteAndrew Farr is the manager of Capital Works for the Region of Peel. KenMains is chief engineer for CH2M Hill Canada. Jesus Garcia-Aleman is amembrane project engineer for CH2M Hill Canada.


The expansion and upgrade of the Lakeview water treatment plant addressesmultiple challenges for the region’s drinking water supply – regulations, consumer

demands for improved tap water aesthetic quality, and increased production.

Largest ultrafiltration plant in North America under construction

Andrew Farr, Ken Mains, Jesus Garcia-Aleman

The Lakeview water treatment plant will be the largest drinking water plant in NorthAmerica using ultrafiltration membrane technology.

Image provided byCH2M Hill Canada



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[email protected] • www.glv.com COMPANYA

Eimco Water Technologies brings together seven of the best brand namesin municipal and industrial water and waste water treatment, and over100 years of experience, it is clear that we can find a solution for you.

SCREENING GRIT REMOVAL SEDIMENTATION DIGESTION MBR BIOLOGICAL AERATION FILTRATION FLOTATIONn Enquiry No. 5 n



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www.jwce.com • [email protected] Enquiry No. 6 n



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Our Screenings Washer Monster takes a big bite out of landfill invoices. TheSWM grinds, washes, screens, compacts and dewaters screenings to remove soft organics and water. The cleaner, drier discharge will save time and money.

Read this success story and post your own at: www.jwce.com/believe

Problem: Landfill RegulationsSolution: Screenings Washer Monster®





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Nikolay Voutchkov

Over the last several years,harvesting fresh water from thePacific Ocean has been riding arising tide of interest in the USstate of California as many

coastal municipalities and utilities are chal-lenged with population growth pressures,dwindling water supplies, and escalatingwater production costs. By year 2030, state’spopulation is projected to increase from 36.5 to48 million, which in turn would requireapproximately four million m3/day of newfresh water supplies. In recognition thatrelying only on traditional water supplysources, conservation and reuse may not besustainable in the long term, the CaliforniaDepartment of Water Resources (DWR) hascharted a new course for exploration ofseawater and brackish water desalination as analternative water supply source for the state.

In November 2002, California voters passedlegislation (Proposition 50), which authorizedthe DWR to administer a US$ 50 milliondesalination grant program aimed to assistwater utilities statewide in the implemen-tation of brackish water and seawater desali-nation projects. The first round of thisprogram was carried out in 2005 by awardingUS$ 24.75 million to 24 different desalinationprojects. The second round of the DWRprogram awarded another US$ 21.5 million ofgrants to 23 projects in June 2006. The grandfunding was allocated to feasibility studies;applied research, development and pilottesting activities; and to the implementationof demonstration and full-scale desalinationprojects. The funded projects are planned tobe completed by 2009 and are expected toyield practical solutions to key environ-mental, energy and cost challenges facingdesalination today.

With the comprehensive Proposition 50desalination grant program and the incorpo-ration of desalination into the newestCalifornia Water Plan, the state has formallyrecognized and encouraged the use of desali-nation as a viable water supply alternative.The California desalination initiative isexpected to yield more than 20 new projectsstatewide, which would supply up to ten

percent of the total water demand along thecoast by year 2020 and would produceapproximately two million m3 of newdrinking water by 2030. Specific ongoingseawater desalination initiatives throughoutthe state are discussed below.

Seawater desalination in SouthernCalifornia Currently, Southern California imports 50% ofits water from two main sources – theSacramento Bay – San Joaquin River Delta,traditionally known as the “Bay-Delta” andthe Colorado River. In order to address theuncertainties associated with the long-termuse of imported water from the Bay Delta andColorado River, a number of SouthernCalifornia water utilities have charted plansfor a long-term diversification of their watersupply portfolios with seawater desalination.By year 2020 all Southern California coastalutilities are planning to supply 10 to 20% oftheir drinking water from the ocean.Currently, there are a number of largeseawater desalination projects in variousstages of development. The capacity, intaketype, target completion date and projectedcost of desalinated water for these projects aresummarized in Table 1.

At present, the two largest and mostadvanced seawater desalination projects inSouthern California are the 200,000-m3/day

plants planned to be located in the City ofCarlsbad and Huntington Beach, respectively.Both projects are collocated with large coastalpower plants using seawater for once-through cooling. The desalination projects aredeveloped as public-private partnershipsbetween Poseidon Resources and local util-ities and municipalities. The environmentalimpact assessments and local land usepermits for the two projects have beencompleted, reviewed and approved in thefirst half of 2006. Both projects have beenfound viable and environmentally safe. Thepermitting process for the two projects isexpected to be completed by the end of 2006and project construction is planned to beginin 2007. The projects are targeted to be inoperation by the end of 2009 and to supplysix to ten percent of the drinking water inOrange County and San Diego County,which are the two largest counties inSouthern California.

All projects listed in Table 1, with exceptionof the Huntington Beach and Carlsbad desali-nation facilities, are at the stage of initial feasi-bility assessment. The City of Long BeachWater Department, the Los AngelesDepartment or Water and Power, the WestBasin Municipal Water District, and theMunicipal District of Orange County areplanning to embark on pilot or demonstrationscale studies by the end of 2006.

Desalination

Seawater desalination gains momentum in California

Many Californian coastal communitiesare planning to make seawater desali-nation a permanent part of their waterportfolio within the next decade. By2020, more than 20 seawater desali-nation plants will supply up to ten percentof California’s total water demand.

� Figure 1. Location of seawater desalination projects in Southern California, USA

>>

Image by Poseidon



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Seawater desalination activities inNorthern California The need for supplemental drought-reliefwater supplies, groundwater basin over-drafts and associated seawater intrusion, andthe measurable ecological impacts of some ofthe current water supply practices are themain driving forces for the renewed interestin seawater desalination in NorthernCalifornia. Most of the proposed projects arelocated in the San Francisco Bay Area and inMonterrey County.

Currently, a partnership of San FranciscoBay Area water districts (Contra Costa WaterDistrict, Easy Bay Municipal Water District(EBMUD), Santa Clara Valley Water Districtand the San Francisco Municipal UtilityDistrict) are studying the feasibility of severalseawater desalination plant locations – one inSan Rafael in partnership with the MarinMunicipal Water District (MMWD), one inOakland, and one at the Mirant Power Plantin Pittsburg, Contra Costa County. A fourthlocation is also considered – a site near OceanBeach on the Pacific Ocean. If construction ofseawater desalination plants is found viable,this initiative may yield one to three seawaterdesalination plants with a total productioncapacity of 76,000 m3/day to 303,000 m3/daywithin the next five years. The San FranciscoBay seawater desalination feasibility studyshould be completed by the end of 2006.

At present, EBMUD is developing anotherseawater desalination facility to be located at theC&H Sugar food processing plant in Crockett.This facility would use up to 11,300 m3/day ofcooling water from the food processing plant toproduce 5,700 m3/day of desalinated waterwhich will be applied for industrial uses. The

desalinated water would replace the drinkingwater currently received by the refinery fromEBMUD. The concentrate from the desalinationplant will be discharged through the existingwastewater outfall of the C&H Sugar plant.

Marin Municipal Water District is alsodeveloping a large seawater desalinationproject in the San Francisco Bay area. Thisproject is targeted to produce between 38,000m3/day and 57,000 m3/day of desalinatedwater and to provide reliable, drought-proofalternative to the construction of a newpipeline for supplemental water supply fromthe already over-allocated Russian River.Marin Municipal Water District has recentlycompleted a 12-month desalination pilot testand is well under way with the preparation ofenvironmental impact assessment for thisproject. Draft environmental impact report isexpected to be circulated for public review bythe end of 2006.

Monterrey County, which is located south ofthe San Francisco Bay Area, is currently thegrounds for the development of several newseawater desalination projects. Two largecompeting projects are proposed in the City ofMoss Landing. The first project is a regionalseawater desalination facility planned to bedelivered under a public-private partnershipbetween Pajaro-Sunny Mesa CommunityServices District and Poseidon Resources. Theregional desalination plant would be locatedat a former National Refractories industrialplant site, which is adjacent to the MossLanding Power Generation Station. Thisdesalination project would use the existingNational Refractories open intake and oceanoutfall. Alternatively, the project developersare considering to supply warm cooling

seawater to the desalination plant from theMoss Landing Power Generation Station,when available, in order to reduceimpingement and entrainment of marineorganisms, and to minimize the amount ofpower used for reverse osmosis separation.

Most of the potable and irrigation waterused in Monterey County comes from a coastalaquifer, which has been steadily increasing insalinity due to over-pumping. The mainpurpose of the regional seawater desalinationproject proposed by the Poseidon/Pajaro-Sunny Mesa team is to replace the use ofgroundwater from the coastal aquifer withdesalinated seawater and thereby to minimizefurther seawater intrusion.

The California American Company (Cal-Am) is developing a smaller, 45,000 m3/dayproject at the Moss Lending PowerGeneration Station site and proposes to usethe power station’s cooling water dischargeas an intake and discharge of the desali-nation plant. The main purpose of thisproject is to offset the environmentallydamaging diversion of large volumes offresh water from Carmel River, whichcurrently is used as a main source of watersupply to the Cal-Am’s customers in thesouthern part of the county. Although thisproject is developed in a parallel track withthe Pajaro-Sunny Mesa/Poseidon desali-nation project, most likely only one of thetwo projects will be built. The regionaldesalination project proposed by Pajaro-Sunny Mesa/Poseidon is designed to accom-modate Cal-Am’s water demand.

Besides the several large projects describedabove, there are a large number of othersmaller projects under development inNorthern California. Most of these projects arein early phases of feasibility and environ-mental studies, and are not expected to yieldfull-scale desalination plants before 2010.

ConclusionMany Californian coastal communities areplanning to make seawater desalination apermanent part of their water portfolio withinthe next five to ten years. More than 20seawater desalination plants supplying up toten percent of California’s total water demandare projected to be built by 2020. Althoughexisting fresh water sources, conservation, andreuse would continue to play a central role inthe state’s long-term water supply strategy,seawater desalination has a unique appeal tomany coastal communities because it allowsaccess a reliable and drought-proof source ofdrinking water that can be developed andcontrolled locally.

Author’s NoteNikolay Voutchkov is the senior vice president of tech-nical services for Poseidon Resources Corporation,based in Stamford, Connecticut, USA. For more infor-mation, contact the author by email:[email protected]

Desalination

Desalination Plant/ Capacity Intake Type Target Projected Cost of Developer (m3/day) Completion Date Water (US$/m3)

Huntington Beach/ 200,000 Co-Located with 2009 0.70 – 0.75Poseidon Resources AES Power Plant

Carlsbad/ 200,000 Co-Located with 2009 0.70 – 0.75Poseidon Resources Encina Power Plant

Playa del Rey/ 45,000 Co-Located with 2015 0.85 – 1.0Los Angeles Scattergood Department of Water Power Plantand Power

El Segundo/ 76,000 Co-Located with 2012 0.80 – 0.90West Basin & Central El Segundo Basin Municipal Power PlantWater District

San Onofre/ 95,000 Co-Located with 2015 0.90 – 1.1San Diego County San Onofre Water Authority & Nuclear Power Municipal Water District Plantof Orange County

Dana Point/ 100,000 Slant Beach Wells 2013 0.85 – 0.95Municipal District of Orange County

Long Beach/ 34,000 Slant Beach Wells 2012 0.75 – 0.95Long Beach Water Department

� Table 1 – Seawater Desalination Projects in Southern California



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Laurent Guey

The Group Suez companies – SuezEnergy International, TractebelEngineering, and Degrémont – areworking together to reduce energyconsumption of seawater desali-

nation plants since energy accounts for thelargest expenditures associated with fresh-water production through desalination.Specifically, they are promoting a hybriddesign that uses a seawater reverse osmosisand distillation unit to create an associationthat allows flexibility, which is needed toimprove energy efficiency.

Desalination is now considered one of themain solutions for water scarcity. MostMiddle Eastern nations face seriousshortages of freshwater, a strategic resourceessential for national development. Contraryto the lack of freshwater resources in theregion, an unlimited source of ocean watercan be desalinated for use in any waterapplication, including drinking, agriculture,and industry.

Thermal evaporation and membrane sepa-ration are two well-proven processes thathave been widely used to remove (separate)salts from seawater. Thermal evaporation,distillation of seawater, is still the desali-nation technology most preferred in theMiddle East region due to low-cost fuel andhigh-energy demand per habitant. Thermalevaporation technologies include multi-stageflash (MSF) and multi-effect distillation(MED). Most desalination plants are coupledwith power plants that generate steam usedto evaporate water in the distillation process.Membrane separation includes reverseosmosis (RO).

Energy recoveryThermal-powered water production plants canbe designed with advanced energy recoverytechnology to increase the system’s overallpower (fuel) efficiency. In the Middle Easternregion, the significant parameter used toqualify the efficiency between the capacity ofpower and water production in dual-purposepower and desalination plants is the Power toWater Ratio. It is calculated as follows:

P/W = Net output P at plant boundary1

Net output W at plant boundary2

Heat Rate = Gross energy supplied by fuel or gasNet output P at plant boundary1

The example refers to a power plant asso-ciated with distillation water production (MSFor MED); it does not consider RO.

Since the primary energy used to producedistillated water in low pressure steam isextracted in the steam path of a steam turbine,it is logical to assume when less steam isextracted, less fuel or gas will be used toproduce electricity. In other words, the betterthe Heat Rate3 of the power plant , the higherthe P/W, and the lower the Heat Rate. The bestHeat Rate is achieved when there is zero waterproduction, which is not the purpose.

Practically, the P/W Ratio is selected tooptimize investment and fuel consumption. Theoptimum should vary depending on the cost offuel and investment for each case. In the Gulfregion, both parameters are stable and somehave attempted to define a rough optimum foreach type of thermal power plant configuration.

Reducing the system’s overall power (fuel)efficiency of thermal-powered seawater desali-nation plant can be achieved by implementingHeat Recovery Steam Gas (HRSGs) tech-nology or HRSGs combined with steamturbines (Combined Cycle). Such technologiesimproves P/W ratio. Most powered-powerplants in Abu Dhabi were designed with backpressure turbines to achieve the typical P/Win the tabulation of 18 MW/MiGD.

The power to water relationship forTaweelah A1, designed by TractebelEngineering in the United Arab Emirates

Desalination

Seawater reverse osmosis solution achieves optimum energy efficiencyLow-energy seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plants are being integrated into hybrid plants to optimize the energy balance ofpower-water production facilities. Laurent Guey reports on Group Suez companies’ work on developing new approaches todecrease energy consumption and make SWRO desalination plants even more competitive.

� Reverse osmosis room at Fujairah, UAE

>>

Table 1. The power to water relationship for Taweelah A1, designed byTractebel Engineering. Adding power only (A110P) increases the P/W to 18.8and improves the heat rate by about seven percent.

Taweelah A1 A110 P+W A110 PP Existing MW 1342 1342 1342P Extension MW 382 240P Total MW 1342 1742 1582W Existing MiGD 84 84 84W Extension MiGD - 24.5 0W Total MiGD 84 108.5 84P/W MW/MiGD 16.0 15.9 18.8Weighted KJ/kWH 13350 13400 12325Average HR (Heat Rate)



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(UAE), is explained in Table 1. Adding poweronly (A110P) increases the P/W to 18.8 andimproves the heat rate by about seven percent.

In the Fujairah, UAE plant, designed andbuilt by the Korean company Doosan, theimprovement was more significant since itrepresents about 12 percent because the initialP/W was as low as 9.1, which implied theintensive use of duct firing to produce steam.The addition of two gas turbines with HRSGsincreased the P/W to 12.7 (Table 2).

One should avoid generalizing. In the A1Taweelah extension scheme with power only,similar to Fujairah, additional steam isproduced in HRSGs, but no steam turbine isadded. Hence there is a point where addingmore power and steam will not further improvethe Heat Rate. Because of the reference dispatchdefined in percentages of the maximum outputsand not in absolute values, enough steam willbe produced by the HRSGs to feed the desali-nation units. Excess steam cannot be passedthrough a steam turbine.

SWRO solution At this point, a new approach can furtherincrease the energy efficiency of the plant – ahybrid plant that couples a seawater reverseosmosis unit with a distillation unit. This asso-ciation facilitates flexibility, which improvesenergy efficiency.

To explain further, the power demand (orelectricity demand) should always cover orexceed the water demand, expressed as steamenergy extracted from the power plant tosupply the thermal evaporation technology, tokeep the heat rate at its optimum value. Wateris produced through the distillation unit whenpower demand exceeds water demand. The ROplant is activated only when power demandremains below water demand to prevent thepower plant from functioning only to producewater. This hybrid design saves energy.

The combination of both desalinationprocesses, thermal evaporation (MSF or MED)and membrane separation (reverse osmosis),provides high flexibility and allows operatorsto choose between power productivity andcost. This hybrid plant can run at its optimumenergy use. Fujairah was the first hybrid plantto combine MSF and RO membrane in order to

lower the heat rate. Degremont designed anderected the 37.5-MiGD RO plant of Fujairah toproduce water at low cost whatever the powerdemand is.

Such a solution could not be justified 20 yearsago when energy consumption of SWRO desali-nation plant reached eight kWh/m3, but SWROtechnology has improved over the past 20 years.From 1980 to 2000, the energy consumption ofSWRO plants decreased by 100 percent, fromeight kWh/m3 in 1980 to approximately fourkWh/m3 in 2000. RO membrane suppliers haveinvested great effort into developing low-energyseawater elements with higher salt rejection rates,and they continue to work hard. Remarkably, anew energy recovery approach entered theSWRO market and has made a significant impacton the energy consumption and design ofmembrane desalination systems.

Two different energy recovery approachesare available in the market:• Technologies that convert the hydraulicenergy found in brine into rotational energy.This rotational mechanical energy must betransferred into another pumping device thatpressurizes feedwater (Pelton Wheel system,Turbocharger pumps).• Technologies that use the principle ofpositive displacement to transfer the energycontained in brine directly into feed water(Inc’s Pressure Exchanger PX, DWEER system,Kinetic’s system).

Degrémont has used the Pelton Wheelsystem in large desalination plantsconstructed in the last 10 years: Curaçao(Caribbean), Carboneras (Spain), Fujairah

(UAE), Minera Escondida (Chile), Bahia dePalma (Spain) and Cartagena (Spain).

The PX Pressure Exchanger, developed byEnergy Recovery Inc (ERI), uses a rotatingceramic multi-vessel concept. The incomingraw seawater is pressurized by direct contactwith the reject brine of seawater membrane.The system’s overall efficiency reaches as highas 95 percent. ERI’s technology typically yields15 percent to 17 percent higher energyrecovery saving than the Pelton Wheelsystems. Such a saving could achieve 0.5 to0.65 kW/m3 of treated water.

Degrémont will install this technology inthe 140,000-m3/day desalination plant ofthe City of Perth (Australia). The plant is

designed with 12 ERI work exchanger units,with a capacity of 16,200 m3/day each. Onework exchanger unit is made from 15 singleelements of 50 m3/day each. The energyconsumption of the first pass RO train with itsdedicated ERI work exchanger is expected tobe lower than 2.30 kWh/m3. This is the firstlarge plant designed with this ERI technology.

At the nominal capacity and with 42 percentconversion, the plant will have a remarkablylow total energy consumption value of fourkWh/m3 (excluding treated water pumps andincluding raw water pumps).

In terms of energy, the SWRO plant could becost-effectively operated at variable flowbecause of the high efficiency of pressureexchanger without regard to the flow variationof the input (reject brine). For three years, theEnergy Recovery Work Exchanger has beenavailable to the large SWRO market; the firstplants are operating. Technical operators andengineers need to focus on the engineering ofthese technologies in order to optimize opera-tions at variable flow in large SWRO plants.

Given their low energy consumption,seawater reverse osmosis plants are beingintegrated in hybrid plants to optimize theenergy balance of power-water productioncomplex. Degrémont is working with itspartners (membranes, energy recoverysystems, etc.) to decrease energyconsumption in order to make its seawaterreverse osmosis desalination plants evenmore competitive.

Author’s NoteLaurent Guey is the membrane marketing manager forDegrémont, Suez Group, based in Rueil-Malmaison,France. For more information, visit the website:www.degremont.com.

Footnotes:1 Design attached.capacity (energy/electricity deliv-ered by Power Plant) after deduction of the auxiliariesfor the desalination plant until the storage tank. Theauxiliary necessary for pumping the potable waterinto the network are included in the net P output.2 Water produced (or delivered) by thermal process(MSF or MED) fed by thermal energy of power plantat plant boundary3 Heat Rate : fuel/gas consumption to produce 1kWh electricity output at plant boundary

Desalination

Table 2. The addition of two gas turbines with HRSGs increased the P/W to12.7 at the Fujairah, UAE desalination plant.

Fujairah FJRA Before FJRA After P Existing MW 570 570P Extension MW 225P Total MW 570 795W Existing MiGD 62.5 62.5W Extension MiGD - 0W Total MiGD 62.5 62.5P/W MW/MiGD 9.1 12.7Weighted Average HR KJ/kWH 14720 12912

NB : MiGD = 4500 m3/day



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ACWa Emirates LLC, a subsidiaryof the UK-based ACWaServices, completed the detaileddesign for a US$ 90-millionorder to build two identical

Seawater Desalination Plants on the crownof the prestigious “Palm Jumeirah” – thepalm-shaped development created off thecoast of Dubai (UAE). Palm Water, the utilitycompany for the development, awarded thecontract to ACWa.

The two new desalination plants, scheduledfor completion in 2007, will produce 32,000cubic meters per day of high quality drinkingwater for the residents of luxury villas andapartments and visitors to the hotels andleisure facilities currently being constructedon what is often referred to as “The EighthWonder of the World.” The island is the firstof three to be established in the area toincrease Dubai’s shoreline by 120 km andcreate a large number of residential, leisure,and entertainment areas.

The ACWa desalination plants will includescreening, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis(RO), second stage RO polishing, disinfectionand remineralization processes, designed toturn raw, saline seawater into high qualitywater supplies for residential consumptionand a variety of island service facilities.

The optimal process design, delivered by

ACWa, was required to overcome a number ofchallenges. In the early years of operation,Palm Jumeirah will still have substantialconstruction activities and raw water drawnfrom the sea will probably vary in quality. TheACWa design uses specially selected waterquality monitors in the intake structure toprovide early warning of changes in rawwater quality and allow necessary operationaladjustments to the treatment process.

Reverse osmosis membranes are at theheart of the desalination treatment processand their reliability and working life isdependent on the effective pretreatment ofthe raw water. This will be achieved by theuse of ultrafiltration membranes - a break-through on plants of this size that offersclear benefits over more conventional tech-nologies. Twelve trains of ultrafiltration willbe provided, including around 10 percentpotential redundancy.

The UF system will protect the ROmembranes and ensure that seawater charac-teristics are suitably adjusted for ROtreatment. The design capacity will beachieved with duty UF units only and willinclude down-time (non-production in time)

for periodic, automatic cleaning and integritytesting. The units are arranged in such a waythat total production is maintained withoutthe need for a standby ultrafiltration unit.

Giving special consideration to risingenergy costs, the plant will includeequipment to recover energy from the rejectbrine stream. The Energy Recovery Systemwill transfer energy at high efficiency fromRO plant brine to the low-pressure ultrafil-tration filtrate feed pumps.

ACWa has designed and installed RO plantsfor water companies and private enterprisesthroughout the UK and the Middle East,particularly in arid regions where potablewater is in extremely short supply. This ambi-tious project is expected to provide sustainedeconomic expansion for Dubai and help theemirate enhance its position as a premiertourist destination. ACWa set up its Dubaioffice in July 2004 and has increased staff tomore than 20 staff members based in theUnited Arab Emirates.

Author’s NotePeter G. Ripley is the managing director of ACWaServices, based in Skipton, UK.

� Palm Jumeirah, Dubai, UAE

Photo by ACTION International Services LLC, theGodwin Pumps distributor for the Middle East

Peter RipleyDesalination

Palm Jumeirahseawater desalination plants underway

ACWa Emirates, the Dubai-based EPC contractor,ordered Norit X-Flow’s Seaguard membranes forpretreatment of the two seawater reverse osmosisdesalination plants to be built to supply water forThe Palm Jumeirah project in Dubai. The membraneswill purify 184,000 cubic meters of raw seawatereach day, which results in 64,000 cubic meters per

day of clean drinking water after RO treatment.The Seaguard was first launched in January 2006as the first dedicated membrane for ultrafiltrationpretreatment for seawater reverse osmosis. Recentsuccesses achieved by Norit show a breakthroughof dual membrane treatment for large-scale seawa-ter desalination. Visit the website: www.norit.com.

Seaguard membranes selected for SWRO pretreatment

ACWa Services to build US$ 90-milliondesalination plants on the man-madePalm Jumeirah island in Dubai, UnitedArab Emirates.



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n Enquiry No.12 n

3072

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Sam Waes

Thailand’s Chachoengsaoprovince, located on thekingdom’s Eastern Seaboard,has embarked upon theconstruction of a large

number of water wells to help alleviatethe drought that constantly threatensthis key industrial and agriculturalregion. An Atlas Copco mobilecompressor is a vital part of theequipment being used by the contractorto ensure that the wells are boredpromptly within a tight schedule.

The wells are being drilled atstrategic locations throughout theprovince and then connected to farm,domestic or industrial and commercialinstallations either through directly laidabove-ground polyvinyl chloride (PVC)piping, or via an existing distributionnetwork. Water is stored in elevatedtanks above the wells to ensure evenpressure for distribution throughoutthe largely flat terrain.

The main contractor for the ProvincialWaterworks Authority project is NiamPadit Construction, which organized amobile team under the subcontractorNoppree Deep Well Water Co. to travelto the sites surveyed by the province’sengineers and to bore the wells.

Noppree uses its own drill rigworking in conjunction with an Atlas CopcoXAHS 365 oil injected rotary screwcompressor, delivered by Atlas Copco(Thailand) Ltd.

Chachoengsao province lies in the riverplain of the Bang Pa Kong River, with mostof the land being rich alluvial deposits ofsand and mud, and rocks of granite andlimestone. The trailer-mounted hydraulicdrill is equipped with a tungsten bit and isdigging vertical boreholes working atbetween 40 and 70 rpm, grinding the graniteand limestone it encounters and with thecompressed air blowing the fragments andspoil up to the surface. As the ground isessentially soft and the rocky obstructionsgenerally small in scale, there is no need fora down-the-hole hammer or a pounder, sothe drill team is able to progress quickly.

Atlas Copco’s portable air Product ManagerChanwit Choon, said that the compressor isworking at a pressure of 12 bar and deliv-ering a maximum capacity of 21 m3 /min. ADeutz diesel engine powers the machine.

Noppree manufactured the drill rig to theirown design, which is flexible enough in use toemploy a range of drills for different sizedwell diameters, most usually six inches, eightinches, 10 inches and 12 inches, depending onthe potential water flow and the size of thecommunity to be served.

Choon explained that the Atlas Copcomachine fits into this broad range of holediameters because it functions in all ofNoppree’s well types and there is no need toconsider using another compressor, even forthe largest diameters. “The well drilling teamis traveling throughout the province andworking very quickly to dig the wells, as thewater shortages throughout this region havebecome acute,” he said.

Choon commented: “The water table lies ataround 200 m. Moving onto the site the teamdrills down to the water, using thecompressor to speed the drilling process. Onaverage it takes just two days to dig the well.The prefabricated water tower is thenerected and a pump placed in the well to

suck up the water. As the well progresses itis lined with PVC, and PVC pipes are usedto connect the well to nearby villages oragricultural installations. The team thenmoves on to the next site.”

Atlas Copco (Thailand) Ltd., located on theWellgrow Industrial State in Chachoengsaoprovince, one of the Eastern region’s largestindustrial estates, is Thailand’s premiersupplier of air supply systems for mobile andstatic installations.

Author’s NoteSam Waes is the divisional communications managerof the Portable Air Division. The Portable Air divisionwithin Atlas Copco’s Compressor Technique businessarea develops, manufactures and markets portableoil-injected and oil-free air compressors and gener-ators for prime or standby power worldwide underseveral brands to the construction and general indus-tries. The divisional headquarters and mainproduction center are located in Antwerp, Belgium.Atlas Copco is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden.Visit the website: http://www.atlascopco.com.

Water Supply

Portable compressor hastens urgent Thai well-drilling programThai drilling subcontractor Noppree Deep Well Water Co. works with the Atlas Copco oil-injected rotary screw compressor to borewells in a drought-stricken Thai province.

� A pump is used to extract water from the drilled well into a prefabricated water tower to alleviate acute water shortages inThailand’s Chachoengsao province.

Photo by Atlas Copco



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Eng. Saul Arlosoroff

The semi-arid country of Israel,populated by 650,000 residents,consumed 300 cubic meters (m3) perperson for all uses in 1948. Thegross domestic profit (GDP) was

then US$ 300 per capita. By 2005 Israel’spopulation reached seven million, GDPincreased to $18,000 per capita, yet waterconsumption for all sectors remains atapproximately 300 m3 of fresh water percapita despite the giant leap in income andpopulation.

Israel experienced economic growth andprosperity despite its limited water supply byimplementing water demand management(WDM), a potential and powerful strategy forwater-scarce regions. The governmentlaunched an intensive national campaign forwater conservation and improved water useefficiencies; initiated comprehensive waste-water treatment and reuse, began tradingtreated effluents with freshwater allocationsfor farms; and continues to import grains inorder to save large quantities of water. Israelbalances its agricultural production forconsumption goods depending on the devel-opment of fresh natural water resources.Government policy favors exports of agricul-tural products that require less water, andimports of products that require more water.

All of these actions comprise thegovernment’s national water resourcesmanagement and its water demandmanagement strategy.

National Water Resources ManagementThe Israeli government implemented theNational Water Resources Developmentprogram and its related Water DemandManagement Program (MDMP). Their manyinstruments and components are explainedbelow.

Supply strategy. Nationwide, thegovernment developed surface and groundwater resources and constructed regionalprojects that connect all resources into anetwork. A national carrier was alsoconstructed to transfer water from the rela-tively abundant north to the water-scarcecenter and south. The National Water Carrier(NWC) intersects all regional projects, whichcompletes the National Water System. Thisinvestment enables the authorities to maintaina balanced national pumping policy andmonitor hydro geological conditions contin-ually throughout the country.

The desalination of brackish and seawaterhas become the primary way to increase watersupply and improve water quality, becausenatural fresh water supplies and the reuse ofwastewater cannot meet all of the growingdemands for water.

Demand management strategyThe Israeli government incorporated severalinstruments into the water demandmanagement strategy in order to achieve itsnational water demand objectives.

Legal. The National Water Law passed bythe Knesset (Parliament) in 1959 declared allwater resources to be public domain. It estab-lished a water commission to regulate,monitor, and manage the country’s waterresources. In 2006 the government passed anamendment to the law forming the WaterAuthority as the more powerful new regulatoron all water and wastewater affairs. Acomprehensive water metering law waspassed, which led to the completion of a totalwater metering system. Progressive blockrates were set for every farmer, domesticconsumer, industry, and commercialconsumer. Prices are updated automaticallywith a cost-of-living formula, incentives forremote consumers are being minimized, andthe Knesset approved and implemented waterabstraction fees in 2000. Abstraction feesrepresent the scarcity value of water; it is aunique economic instrument that has hardlyever been used.

The reuse of sewage effluents is an inte-

grated part of the demand managementstrategy. Regulations are in effect to increasethe quality of sewage treatment plants andeffluents, in order to maximize its reusepotential, minimize health and environmentalrisks, and enhance the trading potential forexchanging freshwater allocations, mainly forirrigation purposes. Since the 1990s irrigationallocation policy has concentrated on reducingfreshwater use, replacing it with treatedwastewater effluents. The city pays totalsewerage costs, while the water sector paysfor the extra treatment and for the conveyanceto irrigation sites.

By 2005 Israel reached a 65 percent reuselevel; 50 percent of the total irrigation sectorallocation now uses treated sewage effluents.

Water conservation/improved efficiency of wateruse. Continued policies concentrate on mixedtools including: (a) allocations, norms andprogressive block rates for each sector; and (b)research, development and implementation ofagronomic techniques, including the large-scale implementation of drip irrigation tech-niques, automated irrigation, and changingcropping patterns based on the product valueper unit of water and other factors. Inaddition, the government promotes the devel-opment and installation of technicallyadvanced, water-efficient water fittings andsystems in the urban, domestic, and industrialsectors.

Water allocation in agriculture and industry.Irrigation water allocations are based onnorms developed by the agricultural

Water Supply

Overcoming water scarcity in Israel

Saul Arlosoroff of Mekorot reports on Israel’s comprehensive strategy and policies to enhance its socio-economic growth despitewater scarcity challenges. This article follows the author’s overview on water demand management strategy published in theAugust/September issue of WWI (Vol 21, Issue 4).

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Safety and reliability ...

... a winning combination!

n Enquiry No. 14 n



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http://www.qmags.com/clickthrough.asp?url=www.festo.com/processautomation&id=11479&adid=P28A1

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research institutions together with the farmingcommunity. Allocations reflect the potentialeconomic gains by introducing new irrigationtechnologies, changes in cropping pattern,(e.g. the changes from crops where theproduct value per unit of water is relativelylow, such as grains, for example). Years ofresearch have generated appropriate normsbased on modern irrigation technology,including drip irrigation and automation,which are the bases for allocating water to thefarming community.

The industrial sector adopted a similarpolicy that used surveys to determine ways toreduce water usage per unit of product andreduce pollution caused by each industry.Survey results helped to implement policies,set priorities, schedule engineering work, andestablish special funding instruments andsanctions. The nationwide program wascarried out industry by industry to establish anorm allocation system based on waterquantity per unit of production.

Urban water conservation. Water conser-vation programs use total water meteringand progressive pricing; special funds forreplacing older pipes; equipment retro-fitting campaigns; and electronic moni-toring of the network componentsregulating flows, pressures, and the identifi-cation of major losses. For example, thefocus of retrofitting campaigns is ondouble-volume toilet flushing. Basins wereredesigned and manufactured according toenforced legal standards. Flow and pressureregulators for taps and showers were intro-duced. Parks and gardens began using dripirrigation to conserve water. All of theseactions carried out over the past 25 yearshave decreased water use dramatically.Urban water consumption in Israel hashardly changed on a per capita basisdespite an increase of 300 percent in theGDP during the last approximately 40years. Comprehensive and total retrofitting

has yet to be completed.Virtual water policy. Israeli authorities made

the difficult decision in the 1960s to import themajority of its grain products instead ofgrowing it within the country. Officialsrealized then that the country’s scarce watersupplies could not meet this demand. Intoday’s figures, the volume of imported grainrepresents the “Virtual Import” of almostthree billion cubic meters of water annually --almost twice the total availability of waterresources in Israel.

Water markets (internal and possibleexternal). Government and legislative

authorities recently approved a change inthe water code that enables holders of waterallocations to sell their permanent ortemporary allocations. The transaction canbe conveyed via the national water carrier,thus opening the sector for market-likeoperations. The water commissioner officehad been trading freshwater with treatedsewage effluents for irrigation use for manyyears. This market approach could promotepeaceful exchanges of water betweenMiddle Eastern countries.

Water desalination. Recent dry spells andincreasing water demand that cannot be metby natural recharges have led to thegovernment’s decision to initiate and accel-erate the construction of reverse osmosisseawater desalination plants. In 2005-2006, thetotal fresh water available in the countryincreased by ten percent through desalinationprojects, increasing water supplies by 100million cubic meters/year.

Intensive research and development broughtabout significant cost reductions in ROseawater desalination. In 2001-2001 interna-tional tenders submitted to Mekorot, theNational Water Corporation of Israel for theAshkelon desalination project, quoted desali-nation prices as low as US$ 0.52 per cubicmeter, given plant design improvements.Rising energy costs, however, pushed theprice up to US$ 0.55 per cubic meter of watersince the agreement was signed. In September2006 a second bid was closed for a desali-nation plant at Hedera at US$ 0.52 per cubicmeter of water.

The new policy calls for nationwidebrackish water desalination, and the treatmentand reuse of all wastewater in Israel usingtertiary and secondary treatment. These newsources will be given to farmers in exchangefor their freshwater allocations.

ConclusionIsrael’s National Water Development Program,incorporating the water demand managementstrategy, will allow the country to continueindefinitely its socio-economic growth despitepopulation growth, improvements in livingstandards, and limited water supplies. Thispolicy and investments in developing moreefficient use of water and wastewaterresources will eventually open the door forpotential solutions to water conflicts betweenIsrael and its neighbors.

Undoubtedly, the Middle East region will faceserious water scarcity crises unless governmentleaders gather the necessary political courage toadopt and implement comprehensive waterdemand management strategies.

Author’s NoteSaul Arlosoroff is the director of the board andchairman of the finance committee for Mekorot-- TheNational Water Corporation of Israel. For more infor-mation, contact the author by email:[email protected].

Gaza

TLV

Haifa

Red Sea

Egypt

Eilat

Beer Sheva

Jerus alem

Jordan

Syria

Lebanon

Saudi Arabia

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Israel

Dead Sea

� Map of the National Water System of Israel

Water Supply

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year

The Agricultural Sector - ISRAEL(Graph represents economic value of irrigated agricultural production per unit of water in physical terms of fixed prices)

Source: Israel Statistical Abstract, Central Bureau of Statistics in Israel

� Real agricultural production per unit of water



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Making seawater drinkable

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Aqualyng applies Filtralite for des-alination pre-treatment at Agadir,Morocco

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n Enquiry No. 36 n



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Jon McClean

The ultraviolet disinfection industryhas experienced tremendousgrowth over the last 20 years.Industry players have invested inthe development of new UV tech-

nologies over this period to meet marketdemand for an effective, low cost, and envi-ronmentally friendly disinfection tech-nology. The acceptance of UV disinfection atwater plants treating in excess of one billiongallons daily is proof that UV is no longer anemerging technology, but rather an acceptedone that is used routinely by engineers tosafeguard human health.

Virtually all of the leading innovative, entre-preneurial UV companies have been acquiredby major, multi-product, financially matureindustrial groups such as Danaher, Halma,Siemens, ITT and Suez. This trend has inducedmarket stability and, whilst this will ensurehighly professional product offerings anddelivery, it also means that many of thesenewly acquired companies must either becomeor remain profitable to justify the investment.The regulatory acceptance of UV for treatingdrinking water, particularly in the USA, andregulatory standards for validating new UVreactor designs all signal a major shift in theacceptance of the technology into the main-stream. The UV industry has experienceddouble digit sales growth over the last 20 years,and combined annual sales of UV products willsoon be in excess of US$ 500 million.

The formation of the InternationalUltraviolet Association (IUVA) in 1999provides a forum for information dissemi-nation and self-regulation, and the imminentUS Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)UV Disinfection Guidance Manual that willassist engineers and owners in the design,operation and maintenance of UV systems

will further standardize the use of UV.The use of computational fluid dynamics

modeling has vastly improved manufacturers'ability to predict with confidence the level oftreatment required for unique waters usingtheir proprietary equipment. System sizing isno longer a black art. The selected manufac-turer can work with the design engineer toaccurately predict treatment levels undervarying conditions of water quality and flow.All UV equipment manufacturers will soonuse this tool to optimize the dose delivery oftheir reactors and minimize energy costs. Asmanufacturers develop and improve opti-mized reactors, they will then validate thedesigns using US EPA or European validationprotocols. These optimized reactors will berolled out over the next several years.

Conventional UV lamp technology will alsoimprove. Medium pressure lamps will continueto see gains in energy efficiency, lamp life andpower density, with quartz coating techniquesextending lamp life to more than 12,000 hours.This approach will remain favored for compact,small footprint installations, particularlyretrofit, or where automated wiping isrequired. Low pressure, high output lamps willalso have increasing power, perhapsapproaching one kW, which will decrease the

footprint and maintenance requirements forsystems using this technology. Lamp disposalwill emerge as a significant issue for lowpressure UV installations, which use manythousands of low pressure lamps.

New UV light sources such as light emittingdiodes (LEDs) claim to be a technology of thefuture. The advantages of LEDs are theirability to concentrate virtually all of the elec-trical power into a very narrow bandwidth of260 nm to 262 nm, their vastly superior powerefficiencies, a very long lamp life (reported tobe greater than 100,000 hours) and, because oftheir point-source nature, they are notrestricted to conventional cylindrical designs.Likely drawbacks of this promising tech-nology will be in the power supply drives forthe lamps, which remain largely in theconcept phase. Other lamp types, such asexcimer lamps show some advantages, suchas being mercury-free and having no warm-up time, but are currently limited by lowpower efficiency and high ballast costs. Theexcimers are often also more toxic than theelements they propose to replace.

Another interesting technology involves theuse of microwaves to energize a UV lampwithout the use of electrodes. Developers claimto have produced power outputs of up to

Ultraviolet Disinfection

Paving the way for rapid

growth in UV marketRegulatory acceptance of ultraviolet tech-nology for treating drinking water signalsa major shift in the acceptance of UV intothe mainstream market. Jon McClean,managing director of Hanovia Ltd., fore-casts dramatic growth in annual UVproducts to surpass US$ 500 million.

� An in-line UV lamp installed on site.

>>

Photo by Hanovia

The use of computational fluid dynamics modelinghas vastly improved manufacturers' ability to pre-dict with confidence the level of treatment requiredfor unique waters using their proprietary equipment.

Jon McClean, Hanovia Ltd.



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n Enquiry No. 37 n

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1,000 watts with similar UV outputs to lowpressure lamps, which would dramaticallyimprove the footprint and maintenance of lowpressure lamp-based systems. The absence ofelectrodes also greatly increases the lamp life.This development could well see microwavepower supply emerge as the consumable, withthe lamp remaining in situ for four to fiveyears. The long-term effects of usingmicrowaves on sleeve wipers remain unknown.

UV sensor technology has also greatlyimproved over the last decade, with stable,reliable and germicidally accurate sensorsnow available and a well regulated calibrationprotocol now in place. In addition, manufac-turers have improved the proprietary controlsystems for taking information from thesensors, flow meters, and other monitoringdevices and using this information to optimizethe performance of their equipment. They canalso interface with the operator at a plant’scontrol center.

The D10 values of more and more microor-ganisms is now known, with the list growingall the time. The D10 value for a microor-ganism is the UV dose necessary to cause a99% reduction in colony forming units. Therelationship between UV dose and kill rate islogarithmic. For example, if a 99.99% kill rateof a particular microorganism is desired, thenecessary dose is determined by multiplyingthe D10 value by four.

Most notably, research has confirmed the verylow doses required to disinfect Cryptosporidiumand Giardia, while also finding several virusesthat have an unusually high D10. As new appli-cations for UV are found, new microbes will beadded to existing D10 tables.

A major concern to the UV industry is theissue of reactivation – the apparent ability ofsome microorganisms to repair the damage doneto their DNA by UV, reactivating their ability toinfect. DNA repair can occur in a closed (dark)system, but is more likely in open systems underdirect sunlight (photoreactivation). The doselevel and lamp type seem to affect the degree ofreactivation, with low pressure (single wave-length) UV lamps appearing to be more suscep-tible to photoreactivation than medium pressure(multi-wavelength) lamps. A much largerresearch effort into the area of photoreactivationis required and will most likely be forthcomingover the next five years.

A significant amount of research has alsotargeted the question of UV disinfection by-products, specifically the most common waterconstituents such as chlorine, bromide, nitrate,ozone, natural organic matter (NOM), andiron. At normal UV disinfection doses nosignificant disinfection by-products have beenshown to form. Research continues with moreexotic water constituents.

New marketsBy far the greatest potential market for UVdisinfection is drinking water. UV is nowaccepted as an Available Technology to deac-

tivate Cryptosporidium and Giardia in surfacewater and other vulnerable sources. From1997 to the present, growth in this market hasbeen generally slow due to several factors,including the uncertainty of sensitivity ofCryptosporidium and Giardia to UV; the lackof a regulatory framework for UV disin-fection; the lack of a guidance manual; thelack of case histories and engineeringknowledge in the application of UV indrinking water plants; the general conser-vatism of the water industry; and, finally, theuncertainty of the outcome of several courtcases considering a royalty on the use of UVfor Cryptosporidium and Giardia destruction.All of these issues have now either beenresolved or resolutions are imminent, pavingthe way for rapid growth in this market.

Another UV application with muchpotential is wastewater reuse for irrigationand grey water applications. Reuse is alreadycommon in the US southwest and other areasof acute fresh water shortages, such as Florida,Mexico, the Middle East and North Africa. UVsystems for this market are validated to muchhigher doses than drinking water systemsaccording to protocols established by theNational Water Research Institute (NWRI).Drinking water type product validation, withthe accompanying rigor, will emerge as thedominant method of assessing suitability forthese critical applications. The ability toprevent photo repair will also emerge as key.

Another new market for UV is disinfectingwater for aquifer storage and recovery. Thisinvolves pumping highly treated wastewaterinto aquifers to recharge drinking watersupplies. California, Texas and Florida arethree states considering this approach.

Finally, UV for advanced oxidation involvesthe use of UV, either by itself or in combi-

nation with the hydroxyl radical, to breakdown contaminants in water. This technologyhas already been successfully used forgroundwater remediation, industrial waste-water treatment and drinking watertreatment. Most notably, several largeadvanced oxidation projects have involved theuse of advanced oxidation for N-nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA), Methyl tertiary-butylether (MTBE), pesticides, taste and odorcompounds, and chlorinated solvents.

SummaryThe UV industry has matured considerablyover the last decade and is now highly regu-lated and dominated by major watercompanies. Conventional UV technologieshave been field tested and now have consid-erable track records in a wide range of applica-tions. Uncertainties surrounding regulations,royalties, technology and engineering havedecreased and acceptance of UV is expected togrow rapidly over the next 20 years.

Conventional UV designs have been greatlyaided by computational fluid dynamics,which will be used as a routine sizing tool forfuture designs. Incremental improvements inconventional lamps, sensors and controls willalso continue over the next decade. New tech-nologies such as LED lamps and microwavelamps hold promise of further improvementsin electrical efficiency, footprint and cost.

The stage is now set for dramatic growth inthe drinking water market, especially if newtechnologies can bring increased efficienciesand lower costs. Other applications, such aswastewater reuse and aquifer storage andrecovery are smaller, and will grow at slowerrates, but are still attractive applications forUV. The use of UV for advanced oxidation isstill in its infancy and is highly dependent onenergy costs. These markets will growdramatically if newer, more energy efficienttechnologies are available.

Author’s NoteJon McClean is the managing director of Hanovia Ltd.,part of the Water Technology division of Halma Group,and is located in Slough, UK.

� Conventional UV technologies have been field tested and now have considerable track records in a wide rangeof applications.


Medium pressure lamps will continue to see gains inenergy efficiency, lamp life and power density, withquartz coating techniques extending lamp life tomore than 12,000 hours.

Jon McClean, Hanovia Ltd.

Photo by Hanovia



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An abundance of scientific dataproves the effectiveness of thegermicidal waveband ofUltraviolet (UV) “C” in thefight against numerous water-

borne pathogens; however UV disinfectioncontinues to be met with skepticism. This isdue in part to lack of customer knowledge ofthe technology, but mostly because of theshortcomings of earlier equipment fromnumerous manufacturers.

The latest equipment from UK-basedcompany GB Environmental has been specifi-cally designed to address the problem,providing reassurance that UV disinfection is asimple and elegant way of disinfecting water.

Aptly named SafeGuard, GB Environ-mental’s second-generation UV water disin-fection chambers provide a robust and reliableform of chemical-free disinfection. Itsconsistent kill performance and minimalmanual intervention required makes this UVdisinfection technology reliable, low mainte-nance, and cost effective.

The majority of skepticism has been borneout of a combination of incorrect sizing andlack of sufficient means to keep UV lamps freefrom fouling. Inevitably, as water passesthrough any UV disinfection chamber,

proteins, oils, fats, general debris, minerals andother calcination products in the water leavedeposits on the quartz forming a homogenousfilm. It is paramount that a cleaning mech-anism is in place to remove this film. The filmwill absorb most of the UVC radiation and willrender the disinfector useless. The wholeobjective of a UV disinfector is to get thedestructive wavelengths to the microorganismand kill it. If the destructive wavelengths areprevented from doing this the microorganismpasses through the disinfector unharmed.Systems with inadequate cleaning mechanismsare severely compromised since UV only killsmicroorganisms by disrupting their DNAupon direct illumination.

Manufacturers of UV disinfectionequipment tend to use a simple sleeve thatwill automatically slide along each quartztube at timed intervals. Analysis by GBEnvironmental found that such cleaningmechanisms tend to work on loosely held

particulate, but are ineffective on the softerconstituents of the film, namely the oils, fatsand proteins, which they spread across alarger surface area of the quartz tube. This hasa shielding effect, reducing the ability of UVrays to pass through the quartz and into thewater. The analysis found that proteins act asthe “glue” which gathers and binds otherparticles that tend to rapidly build up the film.

To counteract this, all the SafeGuard UVwater disinfectors have a patented planetary,fully automated cleaning system incorpo-rating revolutionary Tioxispring™ cleaningtechnology. Its unique catalytic oxidationprocess uses cleaning heads that revolvearound the lamps and react with foulingmaterials to keep the tubes clean without theaddition of chemicals, even in hard waterareas. The photograph (A) shows a sleeve thathas just been removed after 12 months ofcontinuous service in a notoriously hard waterarea. The tube is spotless except for its extrem-ities at the ends of the cleaning head travel.

The Tioxispring™ cleaning mechanismcontains four fluorocarbon segments, whichare sprung loaded around each quartz sleeve,providing a scraping and raking action acrossthe surface of the sleeve, while being drivenboth radially and axially along it.

As each part of the quartz tube passesthrough the cleaning mechanism, the twoTioixsprings produce a unique catalyticprocess that cleanses the tube of anyremaining fouling. Since the springs arecatalytic oxidizers, which function as anaggressive chemical free cleaner, any debrisattaching itself to the surface of the quartz isbroken down by the oxidation process.

The radiation intensity from a UV lamp fallsoff proportionally to the square of the distancefrom the lamp, therefore it is important thatall microorganisms are exposed as close to thelamps as possible to get maximum disin-fection effect. To achieve this, it requires thewater flow through the reaction chamber to behighly turbulent at low-pressure drop.

The geometrical profile of GB Environmental’scleaning mechanism acts as a static mixerproducing highly turbulent flow with a low-pressure drop. The combination of increased

Malcolm SnowballUltraviolet Disinfection

Second generation

UV disinfection solves fouling problemsMalcolm Snowball of GB Environmental published the first definitive paper on thegermicidal kill mechanism in 1988 and was one of the three scientists who originallydiscovered that ultraviolet (UV) light at certain wavelengths killed Cryptosporidium. Hiscomments on the impact of second-generation designs…

� GB Environmental’s second-generation UV water disin-fection chambers, SafeGuard are installed at the leisurecenter Aldershot Pools Complex in the UK.

� SafeGuard cleaning mechanism

Photo by GBEnvironmental

Photo by GB Environmental

The majority of skepticism has been borne out of acombination of incorrect sizing and lack of sufficientmeans to keep UV lamps free from fouling.

Malcolm Snowball, GB Environmental



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turbulence and low-pressure drop continuouslydraws the microorganisms closer to the lamps ina controlled manner. This ensures the microor-ganisms are vigorously rotated, allowing for theUVC wavelengths a multitude of attack anglesto destroy their DNA.

The cleaning process should be fully auto-matic initiated from the radiation detectorwhen the radiation falls below a preset limitor from a timer that initiates the cleaning cycleevery set period of time. If care is taken insizing and applying the UV disinfector to theapplication correctly, it will provide a highlyconsistent biological kill performance withminimum maintenance and service.

Unfortunately, UV disinfection units have beensized incorrectly. Where this has been the casethere is little that can be done to make the UVdisinfection work, apart from changing it to thecorrect size, which is both costly and disruptive.Best practice procedures must be followed inorder to size units appropriately – it is imper-ative that maximum water flow rate, degree oftransmissivity at 254 nm through the liquid, andthe number and type of microorganisms to bedisinfected, are all taken into account.

In much the same way as you would notexpect to buy a new car that has not beencrash tested, UV disinfection equipment mustbe sized according to the worst case scenario.Each Safeguard UV disinfector is sized for thedose delivered using Averaging Point SourceSummation Technique for delivered radiationintensity. This is a complex mathematicalcalculation, calculated at the worst point in thereaction chamber under maximum water flowconditions with lamps at the end of their life.GB Environmental makes the calculation withone lamp out with an additional safety marginadded to the sizing calculation, which rein-forces the safety of the chosen UV technology.

Three critical components of this calculationare explained. First, lamp power at the germi-cidal wavelengths (220nm to 280nm) isdependent upon the lamp type and how thelamp drive (ballast) operates the lamp.Second, it is important that transmissivity (ameasure of the water’s ability to transmit UVlight at the germicidal wavelengths) ismeasured appropriately, since certain contam-inants in water can prevent UV light fromeffectively transmitting through the water,reducing the UV dose that reaches microor-ganisms. Transmissivity tests need to beconducted long enough in order to get theright reading and must be conducted in theworse possible conditions. Thirdly, thechamber must be sized according to the peakliquid flow in the chamber, since this governsthe retention time component of the doseformula, which is worked out using thegeneral formula below:

Dose D = I x t = mj/cm2

“I” is the intensity at the worst position inthe chamber and “t” is the retention time of

the liquid passing through the chamber.Obtaining the right information and calcu-

lating the correct size of UV chamber requiredis clearly a prerequisite for the installation ofany UV germicidal barrier technology.However, there has been much debateregarding the type of UV lamps used.

A wide variety of lamps are used in UVdisinfection, although broadly speaking themost commonly used lamps tend to fall intothree categories; low pressure mercurydischarge lamps, amalgam lamps, and mediumpressure mercury discharge lamps. All threeeffectively act to kill pathogenic waterbornemicroorganisms, although some are bettersuited to treat different types of water flow.

The majority of GB Environmental’s second-generation UV lamps are amalgam due totheir high efficiency, low running costs, lowskin temperature, and longer life thanmedium-pressure alternatives. The amalgam

lamp provides an economical way of disin-fecting water with high reliability. Their cooloperation also ensures that they tend not to beprone to rapid fouling, which often resultswhen the quartz sleeve encasing the lamprises in temperature.

However, just as no one sized chamber fitsall, the same is true for the type of UV lampsrequired to adequately disinfect water. If forexample the choice is between Amalgamlamps and Medium Pressure lamps for a bodyof water to be treated in a large drinkingwater treatment plant (in excess of180ML/day), medium pressure mercurydischarge lamps would be the most suitable,since their high UV germicidal output overthe entire germicidal range 220nm – 280nmprovides the smallest footprint per cubicmeter of treated water, albeit at a substantiallyhigher running cost.

An area that is neglected when it comes toreactor design is that of radiation monitoring.The ideal detector would be microorganismsize placed near to the chamber wall at thefarthest position from the lamps. It wouldhave a detection surface which was unaffectedby the highly energetic UV radiation and below cost. Unfortunately the device has not yetbeen invented so we have to work with whatwe have available, i.e. photo diodes or vacuumphoto tubes. These devices have two-dimen-sional measuring surfaces and are trying tomeasure a three-dimensional radiation;therefore they need some mathematicaltreatment to make sense, i.e. averaging pointsource summation. If the readings are to berelied upon, then the detector window must bekept clean (just like the lamp sleeves need tobe kept clean) and must have an automaticcleaning mechanism. The detector window onthe GB Environmental unit is cleaned everytime the lamp sleeves are cleaned.

Author’s NoteMalcolm Snowball is the technical director of GBEnvironmental, based in Chelmsford, Essex, UK. For moreinformation, contact: www.gb-environmental.co.uk


� (A) A sleeve that has just been removed after 12 months of continuous service in a notoriously hard water area isspotless except for its extremities at the ends of the cleaning head travel.

� Malcolm Snowball of GB Environmental

Photo by GB Environmental

The combination of increased turbulence and low-pressure drop continuously draws themicroorganisms closer to the lamps in a controlledmanner. This ensures the microorganisms are vigorously rotated, allowing for the UVC wavelengths a multitude of attack angles todestroy their DNA.

Malcolm Snowball, GB Environmental



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Filip Rochette

Nitrate contamination of drinkingwater is a growing problemworldwide. Associated withcertain health problems anddamaging to aquatic habitats,

nitrates must be removed from water to meetstrict regulations in place to protect peopleand the environment.

In developing Ionex, PuriTech decided tobuild on and dramatically improve existingsystems, particularly those based on thecontinuous countercurrent process, andextend the range of applications in which thetechnology can be used.

Standard, existing technologies includefixed-bed, and both continuous andcontinuous countercurrent ion exchangesystems. Based on a batch-style operation,fixed-bed units are used in around 90 percentof ion exchange projects, but their performanceis relatively weak compared with continuouscountercurrent systems. Furthermore, theywaste two to four percent of the treated fluid-flow in water treatment applications.

Continuous ion exchange, which makes useof an array of automated valves for each resincell, offers an improved approach and someadvantages, but relies on a lot of piping andcomplex controls. Two major companies havedeveloped continuous, countercurrent ionexchange units that use a turntable, or

carousel, to rotate the resin cells around acentral valve. This also requires complexcontrollers, and the use of flexible hosesbetween the valve and resin chambers.

Based on innovative valve design, Ionex

effectively reverses a commonly usedapproach to distributing fluids to ion-exchange cells. Ionex uses a single, multi-portdistribution valve (see top photo), creating aprocess system for continuous, countercurrention exchange. The patented valve distributesdifferent flow streams to several resin cellsand determines whether the resin is in anadsorption, a regeneration, or a rinsing cycle.

The technology is markedly different fromother continuous, countercurrent ion exchangesystems that are available in the market place.Instead of using a turntable to move the cellsaround a central valve manifold, the processdisc within the Ionex valve rotates around acentral axis and distributes the different flowstreams to the cells containing ion exchangeresin or other adsorption materials. Each cellis subjected to an entire sorption cycle duringa full rotation.

Adsorptive and ion exchange separationgenerally comprises a two-phase mass-transfer– an adsorption cycle and a desorption cycle – separated by washing or rinsing of the solidphase between these mass transfer steps. Theuse of shorter and smaller resin beds allow formaximum resin usage.

The mass-transfer zone in a standard ionexchange plant is typically a small

Water Treatment

Ion exchange technology removes nitrates from drinking waterThe Belgian separations technology company PuriTech designed an ion exchange system that improves liquid–resin contact effi-ciency while reducing plant operating costs and capital expenditure. Targeted at a broad range of industries, one area where thesystem is now showing its strength is in the removal of nitrates from drinking water. Filip Rochette of PuriTech explains…

� Ionex uses a single, multi-port distribution valve , creating a process system for continuous, countercurrent ionexchange.

>>

Photo by PuriTech

� The PuriTech system was recently used in a municipal water supply project in East Anglia, UK.

Photo by PuriTech



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section of the actual operating bed length.This small production section, where masstransfer takes place, passes as a transfer zonethroughout the bed from a saturated resin toan unsaturated resin.

To avoid frequent bed regeneration, thecontent of a vessel is saturated before regener-ation takes place. Each regeneration follows abatch sequence. Countercurrent contacting ona continuous basis does not suffer these limi-tations, because it is not a batch process.

Application meets guaranteesThe PuriTech system, recently used in a

municipal water supply project in East Anglia,UK, met its performance guarantees. Ananalysis of plant operating data for a period ofsix months shows that power consumption,waste production, and chemical usage wereall considered to be extremely low, compared

with conventional methods of nitratetreatment.

The system uses nitrate-selective resin toadsorb nitrates present in the raw water.Traditionally, resin would be packed into alarge fixed bed and raw water allowed to flowthrough for a certain length of time(depending on nitrate levels) before the bedhas to be taken off-line for regeneration.

The system is a true counter current ionexchange system in which part of the ionexchange resin is continuously removed andregenerated, and then returned to the treatmentsystem. This approach eliminates long periodsof down time for regeneration while main-taining consistent effluent characteristics.

PuriTech's design offers other advantages.Rigid pipes can be used between the valveand ion exchange vessels (see top photo),

and sealing is greatly simplified, whichmeans only O-rings and gaskets arerequired. In addition, a simple control unitcan be employed because the system doesnot use a carousel.

Compact systems based on the technologycan be built. The ion exchange cells can bepositioned in any desired pattern, providingmaximum installation flexibility. Ionex canbe retrofitted to an existing ion exchangesystem, regardless of where the ion exchangecells are placed.

The system is also designed to be adaptableand versatile. A number of user functions canbe carried out simultaneously undercontinuous operating conditions. Easy accessto the valve, the system's only moving part,and the ion exchange vessels, simplifies main-tenance procedures.

Growing marketsPlants based on Ionex technology are set todisplace some fixed-bed units, and even othercountercurrent systems, which are now in usebecause they are more cost-effective andrequire a smaller investment. Further marketopportunities for the system include replacing“old generation” multi-port valves.

Ionex is targeted at a diverse range of indus-tries that are able to use ion exchangers. Thetechnology can soften water, deionize it andeven be used in desalination. It can be appliedin industrial sectors; for example, the recoveryof heavy metals from waste streams.

The growing developmental accent on cleanwater is also creating enormous opportunitiesfor the water treatment business worldwide,particularly in regions such as Asia andAfrica. The order flow for ion exchangesystems and resins has been growing steadilyand long-term growth prospects appear to bebright. Other areas in which Ionex may beapplied include the electroplating, foodprocessing, pharmaceutical and biotechnology,and petrochemical and chemical industries.

ConclusionsThe ion exchange technology Ionex removesnitrates from drinking water. An ingeniousmechanical device that not only improvesliquid–resin contact efficiency, it also helpsreduce plant operating costs and capitalexpenditure. It is broadly applicable in a rangeof industrial settings, either as a retrofittedunit or bespoke system.

Applications for ion exchange have manyforms, and these will undoubtedly increase asawareness of the technology continues togrow. In addition, as an ever-increasingvariety of polymers and other materials aredeveloped, the potential for producing new,useful ion exchange resins will also expand.

Author’s NoteFilip Rochette is the engineering manager of PuriTech,based in Dessel, Belgium. For more information, visitthe website: www.puritech.be.

� Rigid pipes can be used between the valve and ion exchange vessels.

A number of treatment processes can be used forthe full–scale removal of nitrates from water, includ-ing reverse osmosis, biological denitrification, elec-trodialysis reversal and ion-exchange.

Recent developments and refinements in resintechnologies make ion exchange one of the bestforms of drinking water treatment available today,and an effective and efficient means of dealingwith nitrates. Ionex builds on this strength byoffering companies and municipalities a treatmentsystem based on liquid adsorption separationtechnology.

Nitrate pollution is of concern because it canmake water unfit for drinking without additionalpretreatment and also damage aquatic environ-ments. Under certain circumstances, nitrates andphosphates can enrich water and cause accelerat-ed growth of algae and higher forms of plant life.Called eutrophication, this produces an undesir-able disturbance, affecting the balance of organ-isms and the quality of fresh, marine or coastalwater. This is of particular concern for nature con-servation areas, and can affect fish, water andleisure industries.

Nitrates also cause health problems if discoveredin drinking water in amounts greater than the limits

set by regulatory authorities. The best known anddocumented human health risk associated withhigh levels of these chemicals is methemoglobene-mia, also known as “blue-baby syndrome,” whichcan affect infants.

Agricultural sources of nitrates are by far themost common. Fertilizer run-off, farm animalwastes and septic tank discharge all percolatethrough the soil into groundwater aquifers, and ulti-mately into water supplies. Other sources of con-tamination are industrial in origin, and includechemical manufacturing operations and cutting oilsthat contain nitrates. Sources also occur naturallyand include atmospheric precipitation (as ammo-nia), local mineral deposits, such as potassiumnitrate (saltpeter), and nitrogen-fixing bacteria indecomposing plant matter. However, the overallcontribution made by natural sources is small com-pared with that from human activities.

In Europe the maximum allowable nitrate concen-tration in drinking water is 50 mg/l (EC NitrateDirective 1991), while the US EnvironmentalProtection Agency limits the allowable nitrate levelin drinking water to 10 mg/l measured as nitro-gen, or 45 mg/l measured as nitrates.

Why remove nitrates?

Photo by PuriTech

Water Treatment



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n Enquiry No. 18 n

Global strength ............... local support

AUMA - the world leader in electricvalve automation for the waterand wastewater industry.

AUMA Riester GmbH & Co. KG

n Enquiry No. 31 n



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® ® ™

InfoWorks is the world’s only comprehensive and fullyintegrated hydraulic modelling platform that embraces thewhole water cycle from supply and distribution, wastewater andstormwater management through to river managementmodelling.

For modellers serious about modelling, there simply is no betterenvironment in which to build hydraulic models and undertake networkanalysis and simulations.

• Essential for identifying and justifying cost effective infrastructure improvements

• Decision support for operational control, including real time control of your wastewater and stormwater network

• Urban flooding and pollution prediction• Water quality and sediment transport modelling throughout

the network

• Direct integration with GIS, customer information and SCADA data allows simple creation of all mains models withhundreds of thousands of elements

• Versatile solver with hydraulic, water quality,sedimentation,fire flow, leakage, transients, security, and otheranalyses included in the standard product

• Design pipe replacement strategies using the direct integration with asset management database and automated criticality assessment

• Undertake leakage assessment using minimum night flow or ILI methodologies combined with pressure management strategies for leakage reduction

w w w. w a l l i n g f o rd s o f t w a re . c o m Wallingford Software Wallingford Software Ltd, Howbery Park,Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BA United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 (0)1491 824777 Email: [email protected] and FloodWorks are registered trademarks of Wallingford Software Limited

smarter solutions for the water industry

W a l l i n g f o r d S o f t w a r e

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Lutz Johnen

Three unusually dry winters,followed by a long hot summer,have served to remind everyone ofthe fragility of UK water supplies,particularly in the south of

England where the water available per capitais less than can be found in manyMediterranean and Middle East countries.

The inevitable outcome has been the selectivebut widespread imposition of hosepipe bansallied to a positive blitz of media coverage.This media attention is usually aimed criticallyat the perceived excessive profits of the utilitycompanies concerned, and their inability tomeet water leakage targets.

Why then are similar pressures not beingfelt in countries such as Germany, where theconstraints on water supplies are muchgreater than in the UK? The answer, verysimply, lies in Britain’s best-kept secret, rain-water harvesting, long since discovered inGermany to be at least part of the answer tothat country’s water supply problems.

Although scarcely mentioned throughoutthe current water-shortages debate, theharvesting of rainwater, for subsequenthousehold and commercial use, was oncewidespread throughout the UK. The practice,however, all but ceased with the introductionof clean, inexpensive tap water supplied viathe mains.

Modern rainwater harvesting is no differentin principle to the systems still installed onmany 19th-century houses throughout the UK.Rain falling on the roof is channelled to astorage tank from where it can be pumped fornon-potable use (typically toilet-flushing,clothes-washing and outside taps) as andwhen required. Modern technology simplyintroduces easy-to-install storage tanks, high-quality filters to ensure water-quality andautomatic controls/pumping, to ensure thatfrom the user’s perspective the water supplied

is no different than using mains-water.The water available through rainwater

harvesting, almost exactly matches householdrequirements for non-potable water; a typical4-bed house, for example, has the potential tosupply around 60,000 liters per year in eventhe driest parts of the UK – broadly matchingthe non-potable demand. This in turndisplaces the mains water that wouldotherwise be used, in the process makingcommensurate savings on metered water costsand saving the energy that would otherwisebe wasted bringing water destined for toilet-flushing up to drinking-water standard. So itis good for global warming too!

The same principles and techniques appliedto public/commercial buildings that combinelarge roof areas with a high-demand for non-potable water can produce even more spec-tacular savings, compared to domesticdwellings. The storage tanks for such applica-tions can also support the overall stormwatermanagement of developments by attenuatingheavy rainfalls, thus helping to reduce down-stream flood risks.

Rainwater harvesting is best designed-into new-build structures, due to the need toinstall separate potable and non-potablewater supplies. It is probably for this reasonthat the current UK debate has centred onother water-saving measures that can havean immediate impact. Even in the short-term, however, rainwater harvesting canplay a useful role by supplying water forgarden/grounds irrigation, free of theconstraints of hose-pipe bans, and withoutany need to alter the pipework withinexisting structures.

In the medium-term, as new buildings aredeveloped, serious national policy consider-ation must be given to following the Germanexample where the rainwater harvestingmarket is 300 times that of the UK. At thislevel, rainwater harvesting plays an importantstrategic role in the overall German approachto water management – a position broughtabout by a combination of supply issues,water pricing, and building regulations.

Given a mature market of this size, rain-water harvesting is a mainstream consider-ation in all new buildings – taken into accountby designers and specifiers in exactly the sameway as any other utility. The market is alsowell served in terms of choices, suppliers,

installers, and service-providers.What the UK market currently lacks in size,

it aims to make up for in quality. Leading UK-based component and system suppliers havealready come together in the UK RainwaterHarvesting Association (www.ukrha.org) tomake consumer access to this highly-effective,environment-friendly technology straight-forward. Members also work to a code ofpractice designed to reassure end users.

With Parliament due to review nationalwater management policy later this year, rain-water harvesting still scarcely rates a mentioneven in the preparatory report of the House ofLords Science & Technology Committee. Ifnationally we continue in the same vein, wewill all be denied the benefits of a majorauxiliary water supply that has long beenenjoyed by our continental cousins.

So now, the secret is out! Modern rainwaterharvesting is a reliable and cost-effectivesupplement to existing national watersupplies with which, incidentally, it in no wayinterferes. It makes possible new develop-ments where water supplies are already oper-ating close to their limit, in the processbringing secondary environmental benefits byavoiding the wasted purification of waterdestined for non-potable purposes.

The UK has a great deal to learn from theGerman experience; let us all hope that nationalpolicy-makers and influencers take the oppor-tunity to learn. The future integrity of our watersupplies partially depends upon it!

Author’s NoteLutz Johnen is a founder member of the UK RainwaterHarvesting Association and Managing Director ofAquality Trading & Consulting Ltd., based in London.

Alternative Water Supply

Britain’s best kept secret …

except in GermanyThe rainwater harvesting market in Germany is 300 times that of the UK, contends LutzJohnen, a founding member of the UK Rainwater Harvesting Association. This alter-native water supply plays an important strategic role in the overall German approachto water management.

� Rainwater harvesting system schematic

…rainwater harvesting plays an important strate-gic role in the overall German approach to watermanagement – a position brought about by a com-bination of supply issues, water pricing, and build-ing regulations.

Lutz Johnen, Aquality Trading & Consulting Ltd.

Provided by UKRHA



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Start with more than 50 heritagebrands. Add a long line ofhighly engineered products withlife cycles of up to 50 years.

Now, picture hundreds of offices, thousandsof employees, and sales channels in more than50 countries. For final measure, throw it allunder the umbrella of a newly formedcompany that combines vast business expe-rience and expertise with industry-leadingbrand names dating back as far as the 1800s.How do you manage that complex matrix,respect its heritage and, at the same time,compete in a fast-moving global marketplace?

This branding scenario was the marketingchallenge for Dallas-based Flowserve Corp., aFortune 1000 company and leading providerof valves, pumps, seals and steam solutions.Flowserve’s customers include the world’sinfrastructure business and process industriesincluding the oil and gas, power, water andchemical markets.

According to industrial analyst CraigResnick, a director of research at the ARCAdvisory Group, brand awareness andbrand longevity are key in the industrialmarketplace. For companies like Flowserve,whose products have decades-long lifecycles, maintaining the value in a brand orproduct name is essential for gaining repeatsales and more lucrative asset-managementcontracts, and for retaining the loyalty oflongtime customers. If a customer iscomfortable ordering your legacy brand,why rock the boat? If it’s easy for apurchasing manager to spec your productby the name he knows on an RFP — a namehe associates with reliability, proven qualityand trusted support — why change now?These questions loomed large for Flowserve.

Battle for market shareMoving quickly to a single global brand raisedconcerns for Flowserve management. Marketstudies seemed to lend credence to the

concept of leaving successful heritagebrands alone. A 2002 survey, “BrandStrategy in the Industrial Market,”from Frank Lynn & Associates, foundthat in 14 of 18 industrial manufac-turing categories the top brandcommanded more than 50 percentmarket share.

“We’ve found that many corpora-tions have gone to a dual brandingstrategy with a strong corporate brandand sub-brands to hold on to thosesub-brand values,” says Bob Segal,principal, Frank Lynn & Associates.“The corporate brand is used for largeaudiences like investors and largeclients, and the sub-brands are used formore refined audiences, like specificmarket customers.

After extensive market research andcustomer surveys, a clearer pictureemerged — a dual branding strategywas needed that would both meetFlowserve’s global growth objectivesand exploit the value of its flagshipbrands. An analysis of the vastmajority of Flowserve’s legacy brandsshowed that customers placed valueon heritage company names associatedwith products they purchased. For

example, Gestra was synonymous with steamsolutions. Borg Warner equaled fail-safesealing solutions. Durco meant reliability inpumps. Limitorque stood for the highestquality in valve automation, Edward forpremium gate globe and check valves.

The Flowserve management team decidedon a dual branding strategy that enablesFlowserve to cost-effectively market theparent brand to gain penetration into matureand emerging markets. According to JohnJacko, Flowserve’s vice president and chiefmarketing officer, “A lot of industrial groupshave taken profitable product branding andmade it overly complex by brandingproducts on a whim. We have focused ourmarketing efforts and resources on devel-oping a credible, consistent, well-designedand well-supported Flowserve parent brandthat mirrors our customers’ needs to simplifytheir supplier base, increase their efficienciesand lower their costs.

“We believe we are hitting the industrialbranding bull’s-eye by streamlining ourofferings. We understood that to beeffective, we needed to distinguish

David AbelsBranding Strategy

Flowserve’s dual strategy hits branding bull’s-eyeOver several decades, Flowserve had acquired a portfolio of dominant fluid motionand control businesses around the world. And these businesses carried with themindustrial brands with solid market share in a wide variety of vertical industries andregional sectors. How did Flowserve manage this complex branding scenario?

� Flowserve employee

We believe we are hitting the industrial brandingbull’s-eye by streamlining our offerings. We under-stood that to be effective, we needed to distinguishFlowserve as a ‘branded house’ rather than a‘house of brands.’

John Jacko, Flowserve

� Gestra AG in Bremen, Germany, became Flowserve Gestra.

Photo by Flowserve



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Flowserve as a ‘branded house’rather than a ‘house of brands’.”

To get employees engaged inbuilding a Flowserve brand, Flowservedevised a new mission, vision, brandpromise, and tag line — messagingand addressing them throughout theirintranet, internal company publica-tions, and other media.

A simultaneous external brandingeffort was undertaken to streamline andcoordinate marketing efforts throughthe company’s network of advertisingagencies around the world. Jacko andthe integrated marketing communica-tions team kicked off a global branding

initiative with the development of a strong,easy-to-implement graphic identity programthat was launched in Italy in 2004.

Flowserve’s primary goal is to be the mostrecognized and preferred supplier of fluidmotion and control products and services in the

world. Successfully integrating more than 50heritage brands — and their inherent brandequities — has become key to reaching thatgoal. The branding strategy has enabled thecompany to rapidly position itself to its internaland external audiences, meet global demandsand streamline new market penetration effortswith a portfolio of products and services underthe global Flowserve umbrella.

Author’s NoteDavid Abels is the senior account executive ofKoroberi, Inc, based in Chapel Hill, North Carolina,USA. For more information, contact the author byemail: [email protected].

Branding Strategy

� John Jacko, vice president and chief marketing officer,Flowserve Corp.

Enquiry No.38

Flowserve’s dual branding strategy of GestraAG, a 100-years-old number one brand inGermany, succeeds after a transition of two andone-half years.

Tradition, loyalty and craftsmanship are importantfacets of the relationship that many European employ-ees have with their employers. These strong ties buildsignificant value into some of the oldest and most wellknown brands in the continent’s industrial sector.

Flowserve acquired one of these brands in 2002when it bought the companies of the Flow Controldivision of a UK holding company, Invensys plc.Included in the acquisition was Germany’s GestraAG, a 100-year-old internationally known leaderin steam management systems. Gestra was a domi-nant number-one brand in Germany, and a closenumber two throughout Europe.

At first some Gestra management and employ-ees were cautious of the merger. The companyhad avoided a total rebranding when Invensyshad acquired it, and there was concern that withthe Flowserve acquisition might come globaliza-tion of a company with a strong pan-Europeanidentity. What’s more, the purchase by a largeAmerican company accentuated the need tobridge communication techniques, corporate cul-tures and business customs.

Initially, Flowserve management wanted the 400-employee Gestra to transition immediately to aFlowserve company, Lutz Oelsner, president ofFlowserve Gestra, said “We didn’t question thecorporate decision to migrate Gestra to aFlowserve brand, but we thought our customersand employees would need more time.”

Oelsner’s opinion was borne out by the market.Early feedback had some customers turning awaysalesmen, saying that they did not know what

Flowserve was, had never dealt with the companybefore, and would not deal with them now.

Gestra representatives and Flowserve managementagreed to a two-and-a-half-year transition that wouldgive Gestra the time it wanted. Gestra would employFlowserve’s dual branding strategy to brand Gestra asa Flowserve sub-brand, renaming the companyFlowserve Gestra. One of the first actions by Gestrawas to call an all-employee meeting at which Oelsnerlaid out the timetable and identity milestones for therebranding process. “That communication coming fromthe top was very, very important,” said John Jacko,Flowserve vice president and chief marketing officer.

A series of communications was launched includ-ing a letter to 5,600 Gestra customers. The letterspelled out the benefits of becoming a client ofFlowserve, and underscored how the great qualityand service that made Gestra a leading brandwould be preserved. Gestra marketing manage-ment also used regular customer symposiums to getcustomers acquainted with the transition.

During the transition, Flowserve Gestra changedits logo, website, packaging, tradeshow materialsand product identification. “For our distributorsand customers, the packaging change was a dra-matic indicator that the brand had reallychanged,” said Andreas Lubisch, Flowserve Gestramarketing director. “All of a sudden, where therewere blue Gestra boxes before, the warehouseswere lined with solid red. Not only did it affect ourdistributors, it sent a positive visual message to ourmanufacturing team.”

Now, Flowserve Gestra employees are clearlyleading advocates of the adoption of the corpo-rate branding. Cultural, language and globaliza-tion concerns have been replaced with loyalty toeverything Flowserve.

Caution turns to advocacy

A lot of industrial groups have taken profitableproduct branding and made it overly complex bybranding products on a whim.”

John Jacko, Flowserve



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Dave Pentland

Depending on the particularsegment of the water andhydronics industry -- theproduction of potable drinkingwater systems or the treatment

of wastewater -- a number of differentessential variables should be consideredwhen selecting rubber components forequipment. These rubber components caninclude everything from manhole connectorboots and pipe seals, to diffuser membranesand well and expansion tank diaphragms.

In the potable water industry, a principledriving factor that affects rubber part selectionis the need to keep water safe and clean. Andin the wastewater treatment arena, key consid-erations include: will the rubber stand up overtime to a range of caustic materials and harshconditions? This article will discuss the mostimportant variables in each end of thewater/hydronics industry spectrum, settingsome basic guidelines that will help you selectthe right rubber parts for your application.

Potable water is not what it used to be, andthat is good. Stringent standards in placetoday are designed to ensure drinking water ispurer, cleaner and safer than it has ever beenbefore. This means that all parts and materialsthat come into contact with this water mustmeet high environmental standards, includingstandards set by organizations including NSFInternational and Underwriters Laboratory inthe United States, Water Regulations AdvisoryScheme (WRAS) in England, Attestation deConformité Sanitaire (ACS) in France, andother governing bodies throughout the world.

NSF Standard 61 is centrally important topart procurement for the hydronics industry,

as it is the testing protocol that measures andlimits the amount of lead and other contami-nants that a device may contribute to drinkingwater. Part of the Safe Drinking Water Act,NSF 61 applies to anything that suppliesdrinking water, including kitchen faucets, barfaucets, water coolers, ice cube maker, and ofcourse, municipal drinking water equipment.

The effect of many standards, such as NSF61, in terms of rubber part procurement is thatit is essential for companies to work with arubber manufacturer that is constantly testing,adjusting and refining its processes and mate-rials to meet the latest specifications. Custommolded rubber solutions, as opposed to off-the-shelf rubber products, can meet specificrequirements of current environmental stan-dards. The company Jefferson Rubber Works,Inc. (JRW), engineers its rubber parts toaddress industry changes. The companycontinually adjusts its cure systems, tweakformulations, make changes to moldingprocesses, and works to virtually eliminateany residual material in drinking water.

For example, sparked by France’s ACS’snew tighter odor/taste restrictions, JRWrecently initiated a new series of intense testsin which its rubber materials spend dayssoaking in water. These new tests greatlyexaggerate any potential real-world condi-tions, but in testing the water after thoroughsoaking, the tests virtually eliminate anyconcerns customers may have about JRWproducts effect on the taste or smell of theirdrinking water.

As with drinking water applications, a rubbermanufacturer’s ability to be flexible andcustom-tailor compounds is an essential ingre-dient in that part provider’s make-up. Onecompound definitely does not fit all, whenyou’re dealing with a potential wide range ofcorrosive chemicals and climatic conditions.

For starters, different materials are better forcertain applications: Neoprene is well-suitedfor an oil environment; silicone can stand upto extreme heat and cold; and EPDM is theright starting point for a typical water and

sunshine environment. But in many cases, that is just stage one of

the selection process. Often an applicationcalls for a custom engineered and moldedsolution. In some cases, engineers should beinvolved from the initiation of a project. Forexample, a JRW aeration equipment customerneeded a newly formulated wastewaterdiaphragm, as their existing diaphragms wereshrinking over time. After conducting anextensive analysis, JRW engineers determinedthat an excessive amount of chlorine contentin the water was attacking the rubbercompound and creating the gradualdistortion. The engineers reformulated theplasticizer, reducing its quantity while main-taining the material’s plasticity.

Not every rubber part supplier has engi-neers at the ready, or even the equipment toquickly and cost-effectively manufacture arange of custom solutions. When consideringa solution provider for hydronics applications,look beyond the products. Does the companyuse injection molding equipment thatproduces small and large parts? Does itoperate machines from 100 tons to 800 tons?Can it produce these parts at a high volume toprovide the greatest efficiency, repeatability,and value? Also, is the company working withthe most advance rubber technologies, asopposed to outdated compression and transfermolding methods? And does the companyhave a team of experienced engineers on staffto research, test, design and formulateadvanced rubber technologies?

Finally, rubber parts should last. Look for acompany that conducts rapid cycle testing tosimulate real-world use over the life of aproduct or system. Look beneath the surfaceand examine the manufacturer’s ability toengineer, design and mold a solution that meetsthe specific unique needs of an application.

Author’s NoteDave Pentland is the president of Jefferson RubberWorks, Inc., and is based in Worcester, Massachusetts,USA. Website: www.jeffersonrubber.com

Material Selection

Selecting rubber parts for

water applicationsLook beyond the products, says JeffersonRubber Works, to companies thatengineer custom-molded rubber solutions,and constantly tests, adjusts and refines itsprocesses and materials to meet the latestspecifications.

� Sealing boots

� Dave Pentland, president of Jefferson Rubber Works, Inc.

Photo byJefferson Rubber



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The North Head Sewage TreatmentPlant discharges approximately 330million liters per day (ML/d) ofprimary treated effluent via a deepocean outfall. Located in Sydney,

New South Wales, Australia, the plant is thesecond-largest sewage treatment plantowned and operated by Sydney WaterCorporation.

In 2003, continued drought and mandatorywater restrictions led the company to explorealternatives to using potable water as processwater. After an open tendering process, CHJYFreshwater was awarded a contract to build atwo ML/d high-quality recycled water plant.Water from the plant could be used forcooling, spray water, seal water, washdownwater, polyelectrolyte batching, and odorscrubber makeup water. CHJY is a jointventure between CH2M Hill Australia PtyLtd. and John Young (Kelvinhaugh) Pty Ltd.

In constructing the new recycled waterplant, Sydney Water and CHJY had toconsider many environmental factors. Forinstance, the plant, which is surrounded bya national park near Manly Beach, could notaffect the local community or tourism. Italso had to fit on a small parcel of land andnot threaten the habitat of endangered floraand fauna.

Plant construction was largely completed insix months. Dry and wet commissioning ofequipment and instruments culminated withthe seed sludge commissioning in earlyAugust 2005 – just nine months after theproject began. After stabilizing biomass in thebioreactor and ensuring that the requiredeffluent quality requirements were being met,the plant passed a three-day acceptance test at

the end of September. The recycled water wasthen diverted to an existing storage tank foruse at the North Head Sewage TreatmentPlant. The plant then entered a strict 150-dayperformance process proving period thatconcluded on January 30, 2006, by the end ofwhich the facility had met all design andoutput parameters. Assets were handed overto Sydney Water at this time.

MBR solution After analyzing various technologies thatcould meet the plant’s performance criteria,CHJY selected a membrane bioreactor (MBR)system from South Windsor-based SiemensWater Technologies. Small footprint, high-quality effluent, low chemical usage, lowsludge volume and price all factored intoCHJY’s decision. The MBR system consists oftwo trains of Memcor® membranes andcontains a total of 320 modules.

In the MBR system, wastewater is screenedbefore entering the biological treatment tank.Aeration within this aerobic reactor zoneprovides oxygen for the biological respi-ration and maintains solids in suspension. Toretain the active biomass in the process, theMBR relies on submerged membranes as abarrier rather than clarifiers, eliminatingsludge settleability as an issue. This allows

the biological process to operate at longsludge ages (typically 10 to 100 days) andincreased mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS) concentrations (typically 8,000 to11,000 mg/L).

High MLSS concentrations and long solidsretention time promote numerous processbenefits including stable operation, completenitrification, and reduced biosolidsproduction. High MLSS concentrations alsoreduce biological volume requirements (andassociated footprint) to only 20% to 30% ofconventional biological processes. Further, themembranes provide extremely space-efficientsolids separation and do not require a clarifierin the system.

The submerged membranes are located in aseparated membrane tank and consist of poly-meric hollow fibers. These hollow fibers arebound together into modules using a uniquedual-potting system. By applying a lowvacuum to the inside of the hollow fibers, thefully oxidized and nitrified water is filteredthrough the membranes. Meanwhile, mixedliquor and air are pumped continuouslyacross each membrane module fiber bundle.The resulting two-phase cross-flow constantlyscours the membrane surface, preventingsolids buildup and membrane fouling.

A hypochlorite semi-automated clean-in-place (CIP) operation removes organics fromthe MBR’s membranes in four to six hours; afull dual CIP (hypo/citric) removesorganics/inorganics from the membranes in12 hours. This allows plant operators toperform cleanings during low demandperiods. The Siemens separated membraneprocess design allows the membranes to betotally isolated from the biological processand protects sensitive biology from chem-icals such as chlorine or acid. Cleaning

Ian Gabriel, Loke Wong, Roger PhelpsMembrane Technology

Sydney water plant reduces potable water use by almost 99 percentThe North Head Recycled Water Plant’s modular design will enable Sydney Water Corporation to increase current capacity fromtwo million liters per day (ML/d) to an ultimate capacity of nine ML/d by constructing additional bioreactors within the limitedavailable footprint. The plant has saved up to 1.5 ML/d or 550 ML/y of drinking water since its 2005 commissioning.

� The unobtrusive MBR technology blends into its surroundings.

>>

Parameter Specified Limit Measured Value at Plant

Ammonia-N (mg/L) <= 1 (Mean) 0.1

pH 6.5- 8.5 (90th%ile) 7.4

Iron (mg/L) < 0.5 (Mean) 0.1

Thermotolerant Coliforms < 10 cfu/100 ml (median) <1

Turbidity (NTU) 2 (24 hr mean 100th%ile) and, <0.1 (mean)< 5 max instantaneous 0.4 (max instantaneous)

Total Cl2 (mg/L) 1 mg/L Cl2 residual after 30 min 1.9

Alkalinity (mg/L) > 40 (Mean) 75.6

BOD5 (mg/L) No limit specified – monitoring 2.5requirement only (median)

Photo courtesy of CH2M Hill

The Siemens separated membrane process designallows the membranes to be totally isolated fromthe biological process and protects sensitive biologyfrom chemicals such as chlorine or acid.

Loke Wong, Siemens Water Technologies

� Table 1. Performance compared with quality specifications for proving period (Full 150-day data set)



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n Enquiry No. 24 n



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http://www.qmags.com/clickthrough.asp?url=www.keeklamp.com&id=11479&adid=P47A1

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takes place without having to lift or removethe membrane module, disconnect pipesand fittings, or use high-pressure hoses thatmay damage the membranes. Designedprimarily as a hands-off process, the simpleand efficient semi-automatic CIP operationis safe and convenient for operators. At theNorth Head plant, CIP is done once everythree months.

In addition, a fully automated maintenanceclean with low concentrations of hypochloriteis carried out once a week to maintain oper-ation of the membranes.

Overall process flow The MBR system is integral to SydneyWater’s overall biological train. Here,screened settled sewage is first pumped intothe anoxic zone. Mixed liquor return fromthe membrane operating system also entersthe anoxic zone after passing through a smallde-aeration zone.

The combined screened settled sewage andmixed liquor return flows are then mixedunder anoxic conditions. Appropriate residencetime is allowed for partial denitrification of themixed liquor return to take place. Mixed liquorflow from the anoxic zone then passes throughto the first and second aerobic zones, allowingnitrification to occur. After an appropriate resi-dence time, the mixed liquor is pumped fromthe end of the second aerobic zone into themembrane operating system where it iscombined with the module aeration flow.

Filtrate pumps draw clear filtrate throughthe membranes by applying a suction. Theremainder of the mixed liquor that ispumped to the membrane operating systemthen overflows a weir and returns to theanoxic zone.

Sydney Water incorporated equipmentredundancy into the MBR system, such asblowers, pumps and other critical pieces ofequipment. The dual membrane trainsprovide the flexibility to take one train out formaintenance while keeping the other train inoperation.

1.5 ML/d savedAlthough the North Head Recycled WaterPlant’s current capacity is two ML/d, it has amodular design that allows for an ultimatecapacity of nine ML/d by constructing addi-tional bioreactors within the limited availablefootprint. Since its 2005 commissioning, the

plant has saved up to 1.5 ML/d or 550 ML/yof drinking water.

Recycled water may eventually be pipedoutside the sewage treatment plant bound-aries for other uses. Sydney Water is currentlyworking with Manly Council to furtherexamine and confirm the viability ofsupplying recycled water for various irri-gation water users in the Manly area.

During the proving period, the plantshowed overall compliance with the specifiedeffluent quality criteria, especially forammonia, thermotolerant coliforms andturbidity, which proved better than the spec-ified requirements (Table 1). Gavin Landers,senior production officer at the North Headfacility, reported that the MBR systemcontinues to work well with similar results tothose in Table 1. Filtrate quality has anaverage online turbidity of 0.02 NTU and,after 12 months of service, operating pressuresindicate that membrane fouling is minimal.

Landers also estimated that since the plant’scommissioning, the whole plant, excludingthe feed pump station, uses approximately 660kWh/ML treated. The plant is most efficientin terms of “energy consumption per ML”when operating at its full capacity (twoML/d). The amount of air required formembrane agitation at the membrane oper-ating system unit is fixed, while that for thebiological process depends on plant loading.

Sydney Water has 30 other sewagetreatment plants that serve the Sydney,Illawarra and Blue Mountain regions. Acrossgreater Sydney, 14 large-scale schemes recyclearound 15 billion liters of wastewater a yearfor home use, irrigation, agriculture andindustry, including Sydney Water's ownsewage treatment plant operations. By 2015,recycling will increase to 70 billion liters ayear - more than a quadruple increase.

Authors’ NoteIan Gabriel, BSc (Hons) – Industrial Chemistry andMEngSc – Water and Wastewater Treatment, is a plantmanager with the Sydney Water Corporation inSydney, New South Wales, Australia. He can bereached at [email protected] Wong, MIEAust, CPEng, is a project manager, andRoger Phelps, a senior development engineer, forSiemens Water Technologies. Both are located in SouthWindsor, NSW. Loke can be reached [email protected] and Roger can be contactedat [email protected].

Membrane Technology

� The North Head plant is fully covered and odor-con-trolled, except for the membrane tank. In this photo, theodor covers were removed from the bioreactor duringcommissioning.


� Aerial image of the North Head sewage treatment plant


Although the North Head Recycled Water Plant’scurrent capacity is two ML/d, it has a modulardesign that allows for an ultimate capacity of nineML/d by constructing additional bioreactors withinthe limited available footprint. Since its 2005 com-missioning, the plant has saved up to 1.5 ML/d or550 ML/y of drinking water.

Ian Gabriel, Sydney Water Corporation

Recycled water may eventually be piped outside thesewage treatment plant boundaries for other uses.Sydney Water is currently working with ManlyCouncil to further examine and confirm the viabilityof supplying recycled water for various irrigationwater users in the Manly area.

Roger Phelps, Siemens Water Technologies



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n Enquiry No. 15 n

Dry Solids Processing Made Better by DesignP.O. Box 9, Prices Switch Road, Vernon, NJ 07462

Lime Feeding Systems...Rugged, Durable, and Highly AccurateMetalfab Lime Feeding Systems combine a rugged, durable Bin Activator with a secondary baffle that vibrates at a separate amplitude to guarantee continuous flow of lime, and MetaTech™ Feeder with only 2 moving parts and unique agitator/conditioner screws that completely fillthe lime feed screw for accuracies of ±1 to 1-1/2%.

Bin Activators are available in 2´–16´ Dia. and MetaTechVolumetric Feeders are available in 1˝– 6˝ screw sizes with a choice of carbon steel, 304 SS, or 316 SS and a variety of coatings. Systems inclusive of all ancillary equipment can be configured to meet your exactwater/wastewater application requirements.

For more information call Toll Free: 1-800-764-2999,FAX: 973-764-0272, e-mail: [email protected] or visit our web site at www.metalfabinc.com.

26 - 29 sep-tember 2006

Managing Risks and Creating Opportunities

AMSTERDAM

World Forum on Delta & Coastal Development

Supported by: Organised by:

www.aquaterraforum.com



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The Master Inox, the first model inthe new pump series Inox, wasdesigned for use in applicationswhere conventional pumps aredestroyed quickly due to the extremepH values in the fluids.

The Inox series comprises threedrainage and three sludge pumps instainless steel (SS). The newpumps originate from Grindex’s redProline pumps with casted aluminumreplaced by casted SS. The SS pumps arefor use in corrosive applications with pH val-ues from two to ten, including mines,

process industries, and leach water.The Proline pump, made of aluminum,

is designed for work in fluids with pHvalues from five to eight. The nextpump model in the Inox series to belaunched is Major Inox, which is slightlysmaller but with the same ability topump corrosive fluids in demandingapplications.

Grindex ABHaninge, Sweden

Enquiry No.101

Stainless steel submersibledrainage pump performs inextreme environments


Technologies & Products

The addition of the HARTProtocol to the V2 SystemFlow Meter’s transmitterhas simplified the task ofintegrating flow measure-ment communications withcontrol systems and otherprocess equipment. Thedevelopment has increased the V2 Systems’ applications flexibil-ity, making the technology useful for water wells, pump stations,raw water influent, reclaimed water, and finished water effluent.

The V2 System Flow Meter is used in line sizes from four to18 inches, wherever irregular or crowded piping and equipmentconditions make other flow technologies impractical or unwork-able due to the complex, costly construction needed to meetlonger straight-run piping requirements. Pre-packaged andready to install, the V2 System Flow Meter features a built-inthree-way valve that isolates the transmitter from the processfluid flow for maintenance without shutting down the pipeline.It arrives from the factory wet-flow calibrated. The V2 Systemmeasures flow over a wide flow range from 40 to 7,500 gal-lons per minute, depending on the line size.

The V2 System’s cone conditions fluid flow to provide a sta-ble flow profile that increases accuracy. Its design features acentrally-located cone inside a tube. The cone interacts withthe fluid flow and reshapes the velocity profile to create alower pressure region immediately downstream.

The cone’s central position in the line optimizes the velocityof the liquid flow at the point of measurement. The result is ahighly stable flow profile for measurement with accuracy to±1% and ±0.1% repeatability over a wide flow range of 10:1.All of this is possible with a minimal straight pipe run of 0 tothree diameters upstream and 0 to 1 diameter downstreamfrom the flow meter.

McCrometerHemet, California, USA

Enquiry No.102

Flowmeter with HARTProtocol simplifiescommunication

Enquiry No.28

Pionetics awarded sixth patentfor LINX system in BrazilPionetics®, a developer of drinking water treat-ment products, was awarded a patent in Brazilfor its electrically regenerated ion exchange(LINX™) system for cleansing water. The com-pany holds six patents internationally, includ-ing ones in the United States, China,Germany, France and Korea, and has patentspending in several other countries.

Pionetics’ patents cover its water cleansingdevice and the process by which contaminantsare removed in the LINX Drinking WaterSystem. The system’s electrically powered ionexchange cartridge removes impurities, includ-ing perchlorate, nitrites, nitrates, arsenic IIIand V, potassium and 90 percent of total dis-solved solids. Unlike traditional reverse osmo-sis (RO) technology, the LINX high efficiencyprocess produces higher water flow rate,

wastes one-tenth the water, and works wellunder conditions of low water pressure.

The system allows consumers to adjust thetaste of their water. The Dial-A-Taste™ featureenables users to selectively retain minerals intheir treated water to vary the taste to theirliking by simply turning a dial.

By conserving water and improving its taste,the LINX Drinking Water System is applicablein countries where water is scarce or contami-nated, or in markets in which consumersdesire controlled mineral content in theirwater for health benefits.

PioneticsSan Carlos, California, USA

Enquiry No.100

UV...pure and simpleThe Crossflow design is optimised fordrinking and waste water disinfectionusing the latest RED* based design

tools. With performance validated according to US EPAprotocols, the innovative Crossflow offers an optimalcombination of small footprint, low power consumptionand safe water disinfection.*Reduction Equivalent Dosewww.hanovia.com [email protected]

Crossflow



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Technologies & Products

UV system to disinfect municipalwastewater in Chinese cities

Prosonic Flow 91W performs well despiteinternal pipe pressure because of its non-invasive clamp-on installation. Theflowmeter works with process tempera-tures of 20 to 130 degrees Centigrade,and has a measuring range of 0…15m/s.

The flowmeter is designed for hot andcold water applications and use with awide variety of materials in water service pipe systems, fromPVC to stainless steel. It benefits from a wide pipe diameterrange of DN50…4000, making it cost-effective. Conventionalflowmeters increase in cost as pipe diameter increases, butthe Prosonic Flow 91W remains the same price despite diame-ter - making it an optimum solution for pipes from DN200!

The compact design of the transmitter, along with the inclu-sive tooling package, supports use from planning and installa-tion to commissioning and maintenance. The comprehensivetooling package includes: applicator sizing software, allowingusers to check the application whilst also providing perform-ance data; fieldCare plant asset management tool (based onFDT technology) for configuration and diagnostic data; andfieldcheck test and simulation tool.

Endress + Hauser LtdManchester, UK

Enquiry No.104

Ultrasonic flowmeterprovides non-invasiveflow measurement

for use in November this year, to treat efflu-ents of the cities of Jiu Xian Qiao (Beijing) andFeng Ting (Jiangsu), according to Henk Giller,director of LIT Europe, b.v.

LIT EuropeValkenswaard, The Netherlands

Enquiry No.103

LIT Technology will supply ultraviolet (UV) treatment equipmentto disinfect tertiary wastewater at a wastewater treatment plantin the city of Suzhou, situated in the Chinese province ofJiangsu. The Netherlands-based company will also supervisethe installation of the system.

Suzhou is by Chinese standards a small town with twomillion residents. With 2,500 years of history and pictur-esque canals and waterways, this ancient city also harbor'smany international computer and computer peripheralscompanies, manufacturing laptops, LCD monitors, harddisks, and other components. Suzhou is one of the fastestgrowing agglomerates in China. City officials selected LITUK equipment as part of its plans to reconstruct andextend its municipal wastewater treatment facilities. Thedecision was made in response to new directives to safe-guard the health of residents and the environment, and toincrease capacity to handle increasing wastewater generat-ed by the city’s rapidly growing population

Two LIT UV plants, each with capacities to treat more than130,000 m3/day, recently commenced operations. The UV dis-infection systems consist of horizontally mounted channel mod-ules with high-intensity UV amalgam lamps (350 W), equippedwith mechanical cleaning of the quartz sleeves. Water qualitymonitoring variable output power controls are incorporated tosave energy. LIT stainless steel automatic level control sys-tems serve to maintain the water level in the channels. Thenew UV disinfection additions will ease the microbial burden onthe environment

Similar open-channel UV disinfection systems will be ready

Enquiry No.29



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http://www.qmags.com/clickthrough.asp?url=http://usffab.com&id=11479&adid=P51A1

Request for expressions

of interest regarding

innovativesewage

treatmentand resource

recoverytechnology

for Victoria, BC CANADA

The Capital Regional District located in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada is seeking expressions of interest (REI) regarding innovative sewage treatment and resource recovery technologies and strategies that may be suitable for effectively and sustainably treating and processing sewage generated by a predominantly residential community of about 300,000 (initially) to 400,000 people.

Submissions will be accepted until January 31, 2007. For further information please visit our website at www.crd.bc.ca

n Enquiry No. 46 n

Leopold Company, Inc. ........................OBC

Lit Europe bv.........................................47

M a x i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0

Metalfab Inc.........................................49

Ondeo Industrial Solutions.....................44

Phoenix Process Equipment Co...........52

Praher Valves GmbH............................39

Ragazzini SRL......................................24

Siemens AG I & S GC MC......IBC

Shimadzu DTL GmbH ......................18

USF Fabrication.....................................51

Vanton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Wall ingford..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

Weir Materials Ltd......................................49

X-Flow B.V................................................IFC

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3031 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4041 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 5051 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 6061 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 7071 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 8081 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 9091 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

All questions must be answered to process this request.

1 What is the nature of your organisation? (Check ONE only)

02 Water and Wastewater Systems and/or Plants

04 Water Only Systems and/or Plants

06 Wastewater Only Systems and/or Plants

25 Consulting Firms (incl. Engineering, Contracting & Environmental)

17 Industrial Water/Wastewater Facilities or Water Wholesalers

29 Government Agencies/Development Banks/Releif Agencies

33 Educational Institutions

37 Research or Analytical Laboratories

41 Manufacturers or Distributors of Equip. & Supplies (incl. Reps)

53 Others allied to the field (please specify)

___________________________________________

2 What is your JOB TITLE? (Check ONE only)

01 Executive/Administrative Management/Governmental Management

03 Engineering & Operations Management

05 Engineering & Design Staff

07 Scientific & Research

09 Operations

11 Purchasing/Marketing/Sales

13 Other (please specify)

___________________________________________

3 Are you involved in the specification or purchasing of materials/services for your company/department 01 Yes 02 No

Signature___________________________________________________________Date ______________________

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Title

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Address

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WWIRS1106

BELT PRESS DEWATERING SYSTEMS

PHOENIX Process Equipment Co.www.dewater.com (502) 499-6198

• 0.8 – 3.0 METER BELT WIDTHS• HEAVY-DUTY CONSTRUCTION• PACKAGED SKID SYSTEMS• FREE LAB TESTING• FACTORY START-UP SERVICE

ACWa Services Ltd........................24

Ametek US Gauge .......................36

Analytical Technology Inc ..............2

Arkema..........................................22

Auma Riester GMbH...................39

B i W a t e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Blue-White Industries................43

CRD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

D a n fo s s A / S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4.Degremont,Group Suez...................6

DHI Water & Environmen................32

Eimco Water Technologies..............13

Festo AG & Co KG..........................28

Georg Fischer Rohrleitungssys.....36

Godwin Pumps of America Inc.....8

Hanovia Ltd.................................50

Hydranautics............................16

IDE Technologies Ltd....................26

JWC............................................14

KeeKlamp.......................................47



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• More than one billion people on earth do not have

a safe supply of water.

• Waterborne diseases account for 80 percent of

illnesses in developing countries.

• The water needed to grow a year’s supply of food

for one family could fill an Olympic swimming pool.

Who is... taking care of the world’s water®?

E10001-WTGE-Z2-V1-7600



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• More than one billion people on earth do not have

a safe supply of water.

• Waterborne diseases account for 80 percent of

illnesses in developing countries.

• The water needed to grow a year’s supply of food

for one family could fill an Olympic swimming pool.

Who is... taking care of the world’s water®?

E10001-WTGE-Z2-V1-7600

www.siemens.com/water

A E R AT O R P R O D U C T S

D A V C O

D A V I S P R O C E S S

D E W AT E R I N G S Y S T E M S

E L E C T R O C ATA LY T I C

E N V I R E X

G E N E R A L F I LT E R

I O N P U R E

J E T T E C H

M E M C O R

M I C R O F L O C

M O N O S E P

P E R M U T I T

R J E N V I R O N M E N TA L

S E R N A G I O T T O

S T R A N C O

U S F I LT E R

W A L L A C E & T I E R N A N

Z I M P R O

We are.

Your community’s water. Precious...the basis for life, health,the future. Siemens knows, and is committed to ensuringit’s compliant, economical, and sustainable, withoutcompromising environmental responsibility. Now hometo some of the world’s most respected water technologies,Siemens offers you the industry’s broadest range ofsolutions. With more choices. More innovation. And world-class service and support where and when you need it.

Siemens. Taking care of the world’s water. And yours.

Putting the power ofwater to work for you

Water Technologies

E10001-WTGE-Z2-V1-7600

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The F.B. Leopold Company Inc. • 227 South Division Street, Zelienople, PA 16063-1313 • Phone: 724-452-6300 • Fax: 724-452-1377 • e-mail: [email protected]

www.FBLeopold.com ©2006 The F.B. Leopold Company Inc.

Providing Innovative Solutions inWater and Wastewater Treatment Systems

80 Years of Experience,Thousands of Installations Worldwide

The small clarification footprint of the Clari-DAF system coupled with the construction cost savings of a FilterWORX Flat Bottom Flume™ filter configurationmake this a "must" for membrane desalination pretreatment.

Learn more about Leopold desalination pretreatmentand the many ways it can benefit your membrane system. Visit www.FBLeopold.com. Or call us at 724-452-6300.

Pretreatment is the first step in controlling membranefouling by algae, organics, and polymer, or pluggingdue to high SDI.

Leopold® pretreatment systems include:

• Cutting-edge Leopold® FilterWORX™ filter systemrapid gravity media filters

• Our Clari-DAF™ MP (Membrane Pretreatment)system

• FilterWORX™ filter system/Clari-DAF MP systemcombination package

Besides process improvement,Leopold pretreatment systems can be a real lifesaver when it comes to capital and construction costs, too.

n Enquiry No. 45 n



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Living with drought - Emwis

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