Leather Smell Impact on Chinese Automotive Market - Certech

Copyright by TFL Group

Leather Smell Impact on Chinese Automotive Market

Date: 10.09.2021

Rodolfo Ampuero TFL Ledertechnik AG

Emissions & Odours from MaterialsConference 2021

Copyright by TFL Group2

Smell in China


Smell in China


Tannery


Leather Certifications


Automotive LeatherHEAT-YELLOWING


Automotive Leather Specifications

Acidity CompatibilityFold

ResistanceModulus Scratch

WaterVapor

Adhesion CrazingFriction

ResistanceMoisture Scuff Wear

Bending ElongationGrain

RetentionOdor Spue Weight

Blocking FadeGreaseContent

PenetrationStability

TearStrenght

Emissions

Chemical FlammabilityH2S

DiscolorationPerspiration

Tensile Strenght

Dimensional Stability

Cleanability Flex Heat Fastness Rubbing Thickness Formaldehyde

Cold Cracking

Fogging HumidityStitch

StrenghtWater

ResistanceLight

Fastness


PRODUCTION FLOW AND MATERIALS USE

HIDES & SKINS

1st Soak

Drain

2nd Soak

Drain

PROTEINPRECIPITATION

SOLIDSEVAPORATION

SALT- PRESERVATION- PICKLEUnhair + lime

Drain

1st Wash

Drain

2nd Wash

Drain

Flesh

SULFIDEOXIDATION

WATER

DETERGENTSMILD ALKALI

BACTERICIDESENZYMES

SODIUMHYDROSULFIDE/

SULFIDELIME

AUXILIARIES

+/- Lime split

SCREEN

RESIDUAL HAIR- FERTILISER- COMPOST- METHANE

Wash

Drain

Wash

Drain

Delime/Bate

Drain

AMMONIUM SALTSCARBON DIOXIDE

ENZYMESAUXILIARIES

(RECIRCULATE)

ADJUST

GREASEPOULTRY FEEDFERTILISERMETHANE

SPLITS(leather)

- DOG CHEWS- CASING- COLLAGEN- GELATIN

h

Materials in manufacture

Manufacturing stages

Water use in process

Waste-water treatment

Residual solids, new materials and uses

KEY:

(cont)

Production FlowThe basic production flow given is for a full chrome finished leatherFrom bovine hides for general footwear construction. With many different raw materials, tannages and end uses, considerable variations are possible.


PRODUCTION FLOW AND MATERIALS USE

Wash

Drain

Wash

Drain

Pickle

Chrome Tannage

Drain

Unload

Sammying

CHROMEPRECIPITATION

+REGENERATION

WATER

SALTFORMIC ACID

SULFURIC ACIDMASKING AGENTSPRETAN AGENTS

+/- Spliting

SCREEN

SOLIDS

Shaving

Trimmings

WashDrain

CHROME SULPHATEMASKING AGENTS

MILD ALKALIBACTERICIDES

(RECIRCULATE)

ADJUST

• NEW CHROMETANNINGAGENT

SPLITS(leather)

- HIDROLYSATE

- ANIMAL/FISHFEED

- FERTILISER- ADHESIVES

(cont)

• WATER RE-USE

SOAKS etc.

• LEATHER BOARD

NeutraliseRetanDye

DrainLubricate

DrainWashDrain

SCREEN

SCREENSCREENSCREEN

SOLIDS

SOLIDSSOLIDSSOLIDS

(RECIRCULATE)

(RECIRCULATE)

(RECIRCULATE)

(RECIRCULATE)

Water useThe examples of reuse of process water shown are all being applied but not necesa-rily in a single tannery. Similarity, there are many examples of recirculation screening process floats.Membrane technology is alsoBeing applied to improve re-use of residual process chemicals and water

SYNTANSMASKING AGENTS

MILD ALKALI

DYESTUFFS

SYNTANSAUXILIARIESVEG. TANS

RESINS, FILLERS

FATLIQUORSSOFTENING AGENTS


PRODUCTION FLOW AND MATERIALS USESamm/set

Vacuum dry+/- Toggle dry

+/- Tension free dry

Condition

Staking

+/- Vacuum dry+/- Toggle dry

Crust inspection

RESINSPENETRATORS

+/- Buff/Dedust

SCREEN SOLIDS

+/-Impregnation

+/- Vacuum dry

1st Coat FinishTunnel dry

RESINSPIGMENT

AUXILIARES

SLUDGES

CHROMECONTAINING

SOLIDS• GASIFICATION

• PYROLYSIS

• ENERGY• CHROME RECOVERY• INERT SLAGS• LAND FILLSpray Finish

Tunnel dry

Iron/Press

FINISHED LEATHER

RESIDUALFINISH AND

SPRAY

METAL FREE• COMPOST

• BIOGAS•DIRECT LAND INJECTION

+/- Rebuff/Dedust

2nd Coat FinishTunnel dry

Spray FinishTunnel dry

Inspect, MeasureDispatch

RESINSPIGMENT

AUXILIARES

RESINSPIGMENT

AUXILIARES

RESINSPIGMENT

AUXILIARES

h

Materials in manufacture

Manufacturing stages

Water use in process

Waste-water treatment

Residual solids, new materials and uses

KEY:

MIXINGEFFLUENT

CHEMICAL DOSING & SETTINGS

DEWATER

SOLIDS

BIOLOGICALTREATMENT

•TO SURFACE WATER• LAND IRRIGATION• RE-USE SOAKS etc.

Effluent and By-productsThere are many variations to the effluent treatment shown.Treatment methods for sludges and solid wastes continue to evolve and new uses for by-products are being developed.


What does smell mean?

Sense of Smell


Chemistry of Smell

Odorous compounds are typically volatile or semi volatile in nature and have a low molecular weight. The smaller the

weight the stronger the smell


Smell, like color, is a biological phenomenon.Approach what smells “good”, avoid what smells

“bad”

Biology of Smell


Each day, we breathe about 23.040 times and circulates approximately 12 m3 !


Smell is Cultural

Different cultures deal with smell and smelling differently


Smell is Social

Smell is social phenomenon and play a role in many roles of social classification


Smell evaluation


VW car interior smell description

amine smell chloric excremental gummy smell mocha (coffee) smell petrol station smell spice smell typical new car-smell

ammonia cinnamon eyes biting hay smell mould smell pizza smell spicy typical PVC smell

animal smell coconut smell fecal smell honey smell mushroom smell pungent strong urine smell

aromatic cold smoke fecal/urine intensive musty rancid, rank styrene smell urine/ammonia

asparagus smell curry smell fermented irritating nut like repulsive sulfur smell vanilla smell

ATA-smell damp (humid) musty fishy smell leather fecal nut like burnt rotten sweaty warm

bitter diesel smell foamy leather like oily-metallic rotten eggs sweetish washing fluid

burning, pungent disgusting, nasty forrest like like cellulose oily-metallic scraping throat tarry wooden smell

burnt dry-dusty fruity like puked old musty smoky textile smell yeast smell

caramel like dry-musty furry feeling tongue lips biting onion smell soapy toilet smell yogurt smell

cheese smell dull-chocking garlic smell licorice peppermint smell solvent smell tongue burning

chemical dunghill smell glue smell milky perfumed sour, acidulous train-oil smell

earthy grass smell mineral oil petrol smell spewed typical latex smell


How can smell of the car interior be measured?

19

VDA 270 is the name of the most common test method to determine the smell of the car interior, this method is widely spread and well accepted world wide

Used by: BMW, Daimler, VW, Audi (PV3900)

Some OEMs are using their own methods which are mainly variations of VDA270:VW, Audi: PV3900 ￫ 2h/50°C wet and dry (VDA 270). Rating smell intensity (1-6) Panel 3 people.

Conditioning 23°C

GM: GMV 3205￫ several sample specimen volumes, test as fast as possible w/o conditioning 24h/70°C wet and dry + 24h/105°C. Rating smell intensity and hedonic note (1-10). Panel 4 people

Toyota: TSM 0505G￫ Rating smell intensity, hedonic, odour effect and type of odour. 5L Bag or 4L Steal bottle, wet and dry with and without conditioning at 110°C/400h Test without storage (max. 2 weeks).

Ford: SAE J1315￫ Rating smell intensity (1-5), dry and wet, 1h/65°C, Glass bottle 250cm3

Bag method: PES 11082￫ 500L or 2000L bag depending which car component to test, (4m2 leather) 18h r.t. in bag. Panel 5-6 people, rating smell intensity and hedonic tone (1-10) and type of smell

Nissan: NES M0160￫ Conditioning 20°C/65%HR

Volvo: STD 1027, 2712￫


Difference VDA270 to other methods

20

Bag method

FordVDA 270 Toyota

GM


Amine

Ester

Aldehydes

Benzene

Alcohol

Naphthenic

Alkyl

Ketone

Pungent, fishy, garbage odour which cause strong discomfort

Ether-like odour which makes people feel, dizzy and nauseous

Pungent, odour

Acrolein, Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde, Styrene, Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, Ethylbenzene

Pungent taste and bad smell

Alcohol smell

Alkanes have a high odour threshold, almost no smell below C11

Odour similar to gasoline, some aromatic and sweet odours

Odour threshold order

High

Low

Compounds more irritating in car interiors

Source: J.D. Power 2020


Smelly volatiles in leather

22


Sensory comparison of leather

Source: ALCA (March 2013) M. Schröpfer, M. Czerny, H. Schulz, P. Schieberle. FILK

(E)-2-nonenale, 2-methoxyphenol, 4-methylphenol are responsible for the characteristic odors: cardboard-like,

phenolic-sweet or fecal-like horse stable.

(E)-2-nonenale, hexane, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, (E,Z)-2.6-nonadienale, (E,E)-2.4-decadienale, (Z)-4-heptenale,

(E,E)-2.4-nonadienale, g-nonalacton, octanale, 1-octen-3-on, nonanale, 2-phenyphenol

(E)-2-nonenale, (E,E)-2.4-decadienale, octanale, 1-octen-3-on, (Z)-4-heptenale, (E,Z)-2.6-nonadienale, nonanale,

(E,E)-2.4-nonadienale, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, g-nonalacton, benzothiazole

(E)-2-nonenale, (E,Z)-2.6-nonadienale, (E,E)-2.4-decadienale, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, are responsible for the more intense fatty, cardboard-like and ink-like phenolic odor in AM and SU

AEDA (Aroma-Extraction Dilution Analysis) / ADA (Aroma-Dilution Analysis) / SIDA (Stable Isotopes Dilution Analysis)


Volatiles vs. Smell


PATENTED Leather smell treatment

DON’T FOCUS ON THE ROOT CAUSE BUT IN THE SYMPTOMS !!!


Reference Books

1. The Emperor of Scent: A Story of Perfume / Chandler Burr

2. Aroma: The Cultural Story of Smell / Constance Classen

3. The Smell Culture Reader / Jim Drobnick

4. What the Nose Knows / Avery Gilbert

5. The Scent of Desire / Rachel Herz

6. Perfume: The Story of a Murderer / Patrick Süskind

7. The Secret of Scent: Adventures in Perfume and the Science of Smell / Luca Turin

8. Remembering Smell: A Memoir of Losing and Discovering the Primal Sense / Bonnie Blodgett

9. A Natural History of the Senses / Diane Ackerman

10. Scent and Chemistry: The Molecular World of Odors / G. Ohloff, W. Pickenhagen, P. Kraft

Leather Smell Impact on Chinese Automotive Market - Certech

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