UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANIFILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA

ODDELEK ZA ANGLISTIKO IN AMERIKANISTIKOODDELEK ZA KLASIČNO FILOLOGIJO

SIBIL GRUNTAR VILFAN

Latin Phraseological Units in English andSlovenian:

A Study Based on Erasmus’ Adagiorum chiliades

Latinske frazeološke enote v angleščini inslovenščini:

Raziskava na podlagi Erazmovih Adagiorumchiliades

Diplomsko delo

Mentorja:izr. prof. dr. Marjeta Vrbincdoc. dr. David Movrin

Študijski program:angleški jezik in književnostlatinski jezik in književnost

LJUBLJANA 2014

Perfacile est, aiunt, proverbia scribere cuivis; haud nego, sed durum est scribere Chiliadas.Qui mihi non credit, faciat licet ipse periclum mox fuerit studiis aequior ille meis.

(Erasmus)

To write out proverbs is easy they say, and it’s true. But to write them in thousands? — a grind!If you don’t believe me, try it yourself — Of my efforts you’ll soon grow more kind.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 8 ABSTRACT 11IZVLEČEK 12POVZETEK 13

2 PHRASEOLOGICAL THEORY 22 2.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 222.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHRASEOLOGY 232.3 PHRASEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY 242.4 IDENTIFICATION AND CATEGORIZATION

OF FIXED EXPRESSIONS 382.5 PHRASEOLOGICAL APPROACHES 392.6 CLASSIFICATION OF FIXED EXPRESSIONS 482.7 PHRASEOLOGY AND LEXICOGRAPHY 502.8 IDIOMATICITY AND IDIOMS 522.9 TOWARDS DEFINING AN IDIOM 542.10 CHARACTERISTICS OF IDIOMS 612.11 GRADING OF IDIOMATICITY 642.12 ORIGINS OF IDIOMS 69

3 ERASMUS’ ADAGIORUM CHILIADES AS A SOURCE OF LATIN PROVERBS AND IDIOMS IN ENGLISH 70

3.1 THE CLASSICAL AND MEDIEVAL TRADITIONS OF COLLECTING PROVERBS AND IDIOMS 72

3.2 ERASMUS’ SCHOOLING MODEL AND ITS CONNECTION TO ADAGES 80

3.3 THE POPULARITY OF ADAGES, THEIR RECEPTION AND INFLUENCE IN ENGLAND 85

4 ERASMUS’ COLLECTION 93

4.1 THE ORIGIN OF THE COLLECTION 934.2 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 944.3 THE FIRST TWO EDITIONS AND SOURCES 98

5 ERASMUS’ DEFINITION OF THE TERM ADAGIUM , ITS USE AND IMPLICATION FOR PHRASEOLOGY 107

5.1 DEFINITION OF PAROEMIA 1075.2 ERASMUS’ METHOD 1155.3 GREEK AND LATIN WORDS FOR A PROVERB,

IDIOM 1195.4 A COMPARISON OF THE TERMINOLOGY USED BY

ANCIENTS, ERASMUS AND MODERN PHRASEOLOGY121

6. METHODOLOGY 124

7. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS 125

8. RESULTS 167 8.1 LATIN PROVERBS 1678.2 LATIN IDIOMS 1718.3 LATIN SIMILES 1758.4 LATIN SAYINGS 1768.5 LATIN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH MORE

THAN ONE ENGLISH AND/OR SLOVENIAN EQUIVALENTS 177

8.6 THE ORIGIN OF LATIN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS183

8.7 THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IF KNOWN 188

8.8 THE ORIGIN OF SLOVENIAN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IF KNOWN 189

8.9 PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH SIMILAR MEANING 191

8.10 PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS FOUND BOTH IN LATIN AND ENGLISH OR/AND SLOVENIAN 192

9. DISCUSSION 194

10. TRANSLATION 204

11. CONCLUSION 281

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY 284

1 INTRODUCTION

The following study of Latin phraseological units in English and Slovenian is based on Erasmus’ work Adagiorum chiliades. It aims to represent Erasmus’ work as a possible and important source of Latin phraseological units,to address the theme of Latin phraseology from a modern phraseological point of view, to introduce a comparative study of Latin, Englishand Slovenian phraseological units and to offera first translation of Erasmus’ work into Slovenian.

Adagiorum chiliades are unsurpassed regarding the size of the collection. They encompass 4151 entries ranging from proverb, idioms, similes and sayings. So far, Erasmus’ work has been discussed mostly as an important piece of Renaissance scholarly work, as a source for thestudy of Erasmus’ character both as a writer and as a human while the content of longer essays offered a revealing insight into Erasmus’ time. Nevertheless, Adagiorum chiliades are also of significant value for anyone studying Latin phraseology or the history of phraseological units, expecially in English, because Erasmus’ work exercised an enormous influence over generations and generations of European scholars who went through the Latin school, consequently also affecting the

adoption of Latin phraseological units into other European languages. This thesis thus explores Erasmus’ work mostly as one of the largest collections of Latin phraseological units.

Comparative phraseology is a relatively common approach in phraseological studies of modern languages. What is new in this study is that itapplies phraseological methodology to a ‘dead language’. Practical implications of phraseological studies usually concern lexicography and teaching methodology, which seems to be important in the case of living languages. However, I would like to suggest that the results of a phraseological study of a‘dead language’ might be important for increasing the awareness of various phraseological units in Latin among classical philologists and the way these are translated in one’s mother tongue. I have so far noticed that one of the greatest dictionary authoritiesin Latin, Lewis and Short’s A Latin Dictionary, doesnot pay special attention to different types ofphraseological units, although it does occasionally note a proverb.1 However, despite its age, this dictionary does represent an important influence on students, researchers

1 The first edition of Lewis and Short’s A Latin Dictionary was printed in 1879 so it is understandable that the dictionary was not based on modern phraseological theories.

and translators of Latin and it can help to raise phraseological awareness only to a limited extent.

Moreover, the results of this and further studies in the field of Latin phraseology couldhave practical implication for other researchers of comparative phraseology who seekto determine which of the phraseological units in a particular modern language might directly or indirectly come from classical languages.

Since Erasmus’ collection is far too extensive to be regarded as the database for the needs ofthis study, a selection of 122 Latin phraseological units was made. The database thus compiled is based mostly on those phraseological units which appear in English. The database was then analysed contrastively and etymologically. The contrastive analysis was carried out with the help of adequate reference sources, including dictionaries and corpora.

Research questions addressed in this thesis might be divided into two categories. The firstgroup of research questions refer to Erasmus’ collection: Which types of phraseological unitsdid Erasmus include in his collection? What is the meaning of the words paroemia, adagium and proverbium as used and defined in Erasmus’ work? The second group of research questions are

linked to the contrastive and etymological analysis: Which of the Latin phraseological units presented in this study have phraseological equivalents in English and Slovenian? What is the nature of these phraseological equivalents in terms of lexicalization and the metaphor on which they are based? What is the origin of Latin phraseological units? What is the origin of English and Slovenian phraseological equivalents? What are the results of the contrastive and etymological analyses? Are theysimilar to or different from the results of other comparable studies?

The thesis consists of three parts: the theoretical part,2 the practical part and the translation of an excerpt from Erasmus’ collection. It begins with an overview of phraseological theory presenting the development of phraseology, the phraseological terminology, identification and categorization of fixed expressions, phraseological approaches, classification of fixed expressions, phraseology in relation to lexicography, idiomaticity and idioms, towards defining an idiom, characteristics of idioms, grading of idiomaticity and origins of idioms. Secondly, Adagiorum chiliades are described as a

2 The theoretical part of the thesis was written during the Erasmus exchange at Universität Wien between September and December 2012.

source of Latin proverbs and idioms in English,the collection itself is presented and in the end Erasmus’ definition of the term adagium, its use and the implication for phraseology arepresented. The practical part consists of methodology, contrastive analysis, results and discussion, followed by a translation of an exceprt from Erasmus’ collection based on some of the Latin phraseological units presented in the contrastive analysis.

ABSTRACT

The following study of Latin phraseological units in English and Slovenian is based on Erasmus’ work Adagiorum chiliades. It aims to represent Erasmus’ work as a possible and important source of Latin phraseological units,to address the theme of Latin phraseology from a modern phraseological point of view, to introduce a comparative study of Latin, Englishand Slovenian phraseological units and offer the first translation of Erasmus’ Adagiorum chiliades into Slovenian.

The thesis consists of three parts: the theoretical part, the practical part and the translation of an excerpt from Erasmus’ collection. Firstly, the theoretical part consists of an overview of phraseological theory and Erasmus’ work Adagiorum chiliades is presented as an important source of Latin proverbs and idioms in English. Secondly, the practical part consists of methodology, contrastive analysis, results and discussion. For the purpose of the contrastive analysis, a selection of 122 Latin phraseological units wasmade on the basis of Erasmus’ collection. The database thus compiled is based mostly on thosephraseological units which appear in English and Slovenian. The database was then analysed contrastively and etymologically. The

contrastive analysis was carried out with the help of adequate reference sources, including dictionaries and corpora. Thirdly, follows a translation of an excerpt from Erasmus’ collection based on some of the Latin phraseological units presented in the contrastive analysis.

IZVLEČEK

Pričujoča raziskava latinskih frazeoloških enotv angleščini in slovenščini temelji na Erazmovem delu Adagiorum chiliades (Tisoči pregovorov).Cilji raziskave so predstaviti Erazmovo delo kot pomemben in možen vir za latinske pregovorein frazeme v angleščini, obravnavati latinsko frazeologijo z vidika moderne frazeologije, uvesti primerjalno študijo latinskih, angleškihin slovenskih frazeoloških enot ter ponuditi prvi prevod obravnavanega Erazmovega dela v slovenščino.

Diplomsko delo je sestavljeno iz treh delov: teoretičnega dela, praktičnega dela in prevoda izbora iz Erazmovega dela. Teoretični del je sestavljen iz teoretičnega uvoda v frazeologijoin predstavitve Erazmovega dela kot pomembnega vira za latinske pregovore in frazeme v angleščini. Praktični del je sestavljen iz metodologije, kontrastivne analize, rezultatov in razprave. Za potrebe kontrastivne analize jebil narejen izbor 122 latinskih frazeoloških enot iz Erazmovega dela. Podatkovna baza, ki jebila sestavljena na ta način, sestoji v veliki meri iz tistih latinskih frazeoloških enot, ki se pojavljajo v angleščini in slovenščini. Sledila je analiza s kontrastivnega in etimološkega vidika. Kontrastivna analiza je podprta z uporabo referenčnih virov, in sicer

slovarjev in korpusov. Na koncu sledi še prevodizbora iz Erazmovega dela, ki je bil osnovan napodlagi tistih latinskih frazeoloških enot, ki so bile zajete v podatkovni bazi.

/…/

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c) Corpora

Fida PLUS Reference Corpus of the Slovenian Language

SketchEngine, Latin ISE PHI Latin Corpus