Kaluga 2009 - Chadic Newsletter Online

Institute of Oriental Studies Russsian Academy of Sciences

Olga Stolbova

Chadic Lexical Database Issue III

sibilants and sibilant affricates

s, z, z, c, , č, Š, ѕ

Moscow -Kaluga 2009

«Наша полиграфия»

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Introduction This issue continues the publication of Chadic Lexical Database. It

includes words with initial sibilants and sibilant a ricat es. Sibilant

area is the most complicated fragment of the Chadic phonological

system from the comparative point of view. The number of phonemes

(s, , z, c, c , ‰, ‰, ʒ, have the phoneme status in different languages)

in addition to various positional changes (typical of almost all the

languages) provoke serious problem in reconstructing the Proto-Chadic

system.

The present issue includes lexical material of some more languages (as

compared to issue II): West Chadic Kofyar, Mushere, Bade, Duwai,

Central Chadic Zina, as well as additional data on Maghawul (Sura),

Warji, Miya, Makari, Kuseri, Afade. I am most grateful to all the

colleagues who allowed the free access to their dictionaries, grammars,

sociolinguistic surveys, articles, word-lists and other data. My special

thanks to D.Lhr and H.Tourneux.

External parallels in this issue were restricted to Semitic data. Of

special interest was to nd o ut i f t here e xi st s a one-to-one

correspondence between Chadic *c- and Semitic *s-.

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Conventional signs. In what follows we use the system of notation introduced by A.Dolgopolsky [Dolgopolsky 1973]. This system allows to render uniformly all the phonemes under consideration, using one set of signs (s, z for sibilants, c, ӡ - for `hissing' affricates) and two diacritics - (to render palatalized character) and a dot below - - to render emphatic character.

alveolar palatal Sibilants voiceless

voiced s z

« ј

Affricates voiceless voiced emphatic

c ӡ

č ¾ Š

The reconstructed Proto-Chadic system includes two sibilants ( s and z) and five affricates ( c - - č - Š - ¾ ).

Proto-Chadic *s-. It can not be excluded that a palatal sibilant («) should also be reconstrucred for Proto -Chadic (as it has been suggested in [Newman 1977]. On the other hand, there are a lot of contradicting arguments: a) the most typical environment for « - positionn before a front vowel or before -w-; b) - quite often reflect Chadic lateral fricative (in Makari it appears only as such); c) in a number of languages there is only one sibilant (s- in dangla and mubi groups, in Tangale, Tumak; «- in Kirfi). There is no supporting evidence outside Chadic - Proto-Semitic and Egyptian have only one sibilant. Thus, Chadic *« (if at all existed) most probably resulted from a split of Chadic *s- under some condition. To answer this question a serious research of Chadic vocalism is needed. Of special interest should be vowel assimilation, hindering the original vocalism. Before it is done, we prefere to reconstruct one voiceless sibilant for Proto-Chadic. Chadic *s- > s- in almost all the languages, but yields h- in Bele, Buduma,Tumak, Ndam. Tangale and Dera reflect su- as wu-, si- as yi-. Proto-Chadic *z-.

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Chadic *z- > z- in almost all the languages. Palatalization (z-> ј-) is typical of most of the languages (before a front vowel or before -w-), but, strangely enough, Chadic *ј (as an independent phoneme) was never under discussion. In Hausa *zi - > ¾-, in Tangale, Bachama, lele and sokoro groups *z- > s-. Devoicing is typical of the sura group, in this very case *z- > z- seems to be an exception or to reflect z- < *nz-, *HVz-. Bele, Buduma, Tumak, Ndam reflect *z- as h-. Followed by -o-, Chadic *z- regularly yields ¾- in dangla languages (it seems to be the only case of position dependant variant in this group). In Bolewa z- and ѕ- are becoming free variants.

Proto-Chadic *c-. Almost all the languages do not distinguish between reflexes of Chadic *s - and *c-. Exceptions are as follows: warji and some of kotoko languages reflect *c- as c-, Hausa - as -.

Proto-Chadic *, *č and Š. The most difficult task - is to distinguish between reflexes of these phonemes. Only a few warji languages preserve the full set. All other languages are lacking Š1. Hausa reflect emphatic affricates as , Chadic *č- as č-. Sura, ngizim, ron, kera, lele, languages reflect *- as s-, both palatal affricates - as č. Similar reflexes show Karekare, other bolewa languages have a single reflex for the whole set. Tangale, Ndam, Tumak reflect *- as s-. Languages of bura2, higi, bata and mandara groups mostly reflect *- as c-, *č- and *Š- as č-. Kotoko languages reflect both emphatic affricates as ṣ (Logone, Makari, Kuseri) or (Afade). Musgu dialects reflect the whole set as s, but Mbala reflects palatal affricates as č. Languages of dangla and mubi groups raflect *- as s-, *č- as č-, and show ejective voiced affricate (rendered by ḍy3) as the reflex of Chadic *Š. Mokilko all the set as s-. The most complicated is the situation in the matakam group. After the idea of Palatalization Prosody was generally accepted, one can find the following commentry to the list of phonemes: `les consonnes centrales se re alisant apico-alve olaires au contact des voyelles non-anterieures (dans les mots non-palatalises) et palato-alveolaires au contact des voyelles ante rieures (dans les mots palatalise s)'. Accordingly, not the real word, but a sort of reconstructed form can be found in a dictionary (*tse, instead of če). In addition, in different dictionaries 1 In Makari Š reflects only Chadic fricative lateral emphatic łʔ, but never - Chadic palatal empatic affricate. 2 Bura often reflects Chadic *Š as c- (especially - before -i-). 3 In his earlier publications H.Jungraithmayr used ʔ¾ instead.

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one and the same `basic' element may be renderd with different symbols (c or ts ). In addition to provoking misunderstanding, such a method hinders the fact that there exist cases violatiing the rule. At least, they can be found in any dictionary rendering real words. It is also clear, that this distribution is not stable and the palatal variant tends to overpower in the matakam group. For example, in Cuvok only č can be found in contact position, while in Mofu č- ousted c- in general. Note, that in other CChadic languages, the contrary tendency can be traced ( note eliminating of palatal affricates in kotoko). The theory of Prosodies is adequate to the contemtorary situation in matakam languages, but is of no use in comparative studies. In what follows two variants of words with anlaut affricates for Podoko, Mada, Ouldem, Zulgo, Mbuko, Zime Batna will be given - the real word and the variant from the dictionary in brackets, namely: Ouldem čef [tsef], caf [tsaf], Mbuko čiw [ciw], car [car], etc.

Proto-Chadic *¾ West and East Chadic languages show a single reflex, namely ¾. In central Chadic *¾- is regularly preserved before front vowels, in other environments ¾- is being ousted by ӡ-. The distribution is similar to that of c- and č-. Vowel assimilation may account for violation of reflexes. For example, cases like Bana ¾ǝwǝ (with irregular ¾- before -ǝ-) may result from vowel assimilation < *¾iwǝ. Method of reconstructing. Diversity of reflexes (also due to the position), on the one hand, and rather short word-lists, on the other, provoke serious problems in reconstructing of voiceless affricates *, *č, *Љ. The following method has been applied to cope with them. For each phoneme the following two parameters have been determined: a) languages showing unambiguous reflex (independent of environments); b) the set of reflexes needed for a reconstruction. For example, combination of reflexes: sura/or dangla s-, kotoko *ṣ point to Chadic *, while Hausa/or sura/ or dangla č identify Chadic *č, the same set in combination with matakam c- point to Chadic *č- before a back vowel, Hausa in combination with sura/Ngizim č point to Chadic *. Strangely enough, the crucial evidence was provided by languages with the shortest set of phonemes under consideration. It turned out that they yield the most regular and independent reflexes. Languages of the ECh dangla group (Dangla, Migama, Bidiya) reflect *- as s (and the have no š-), *č- as č-, *Љ- as ʔǯ (a voiced ejective affricate, rendered in what follows as ḍy-). However, there is a serious problem with dangla languages also. Contrary to CChadic, in dangla languages reflexes of Chadic lateral

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and palatal affricates merged (Chadic *š- > dangla č-, Chadic *šʔ- > dangla ʔǯ/ḍy-, i.e - the same reflexes as Chadic *č and *Љ). Thus, one should be careful not to analyze dangla lexicon already included into the previous issue of the Database (`Lateal fricatives’). The most regular and decisive reflexes are given below. * *č * Hausa č Karekare, Sura, Angas, Ngizim s, « č č Siri ṣ, č Bura c č č-, but ci- Gude c č č-, but cǝ- Afade Makari ṣ s ṣ E 5 s č ḍy In such a difficult situation, the importance of reliable parallels in Semitic languages can hardly be overestimated. Of special value are: Arabic parallels to roots with emphatics *- and *Љ- (ṣ and ẓ, correspondingly) and Hebrew or/and Sabaic s (`sameh’ [ ס]/ s2) for reconstructing Chadic *c- (the latter can be distinguished from Chadic *s- by c- in warji languages4 and in Afade and by - in Hausa only). Proto-Semitic counterpart to Chadic *c- (rendered usually by *s-) is also the weakest element of the Semitic sibilant system. It yields specific reflexes in Hebrew (s-, `samex’, ס ), Sabaic (s2 ), Akkadian, Ug s. Reflexes of Semitic *- and *s- merged in Arabic and Ethiosemitic. Chadic -Semitic comparison could contribute to HS reconstruction as well as to solve internal Chadic problems (i.e. distinguish between Chadic *c - and *s-). The list of Semitic roots with initial *s- in the present research included: a) the full list of Sabaic words with initial s2, collected by H.Ohotin [Ohotin 2003]; b) Hebrew words with initial s- (as presented in [KB]). There seems to be a one-to-one correspondence between Chadic *c- and Semitic s-. All the above said only concerns primary sibilant affricates. However, it has already been proved that in Central Chadic (and not only in this branch) secondary sibilant affricates exist (and not only as a result of palatalization of velars and dentals before

4 note frequent palatalization (ci > či ) in warji languages.

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front vowels, but in clusters and in other positions). Until velars and dentals are under consideration, poorly attested roots (especially - CChadic ones), are rather dubious. The primary origin of a Chadic affricate can be proved by a reliable Semitic parallel. More safe are widely spread etymologies, given that the *T/*K > c/č shift was rather chaotic in Chadic. The number of etymologies will be reduced after all the reflexes of medial consonants are under consideration as well as all typical Chadic semantic shifts and pol isemantic tendencies (the letter will help to eliminate some of etymologies and unite some others). The present list may include also some not identified loans and roots with secondary sibilant affricates. They all as well as entries attested in one branch or poorly attested should be excluded from the final list of Proto -Chadic etymologies. Conventional signs In non-sibilant area the same conventional signs, as in Issues I, II will be used, namely: a) glottalization and injective character is marked by a dot under the character: b , d, k, , dy; b) velar fricatives x (voiceless), ɣ (voiced), laryngeal h; glottal stop - ʔ, velar nasal - џ, semivowels -w, y. Long vowels are rendered by a double sign [aa]. Open vowels ɛ and ɔ. Semitic, Egyptian and Cushitic pharyngeals are rendered by ʕ (voiced, ع ), and h (voiceless, ح), pharyngeals - by ḫ (fricative, خ) and ʁ (voiced, غ). The traditional Chadic tonal marking is used: a - high, a - low, a - middle, a^ - falling. But: we preserved the personal transcription of the authors, the one given in the publications. Thus, for example, the low tone in Barreteau's data is unmarked ("Le ton moyen est non marque " [BaMd 18]), etc. Arrangement of the data A single entry of the Database includes words, semantically identical or very close to each other and, from the point of view of phonology, deriving from one and the same consonantal proto-type. The latter is listed in the first place with an asterisk (all the reconstructed forms are preliminary and serve, in the greater par t, to arranging the data). Vowels in asterisked forms are marked by the V-sign. Entries attested in a single branch (West, Central or East) or in a single group are also included. Hopefully, at least

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some of them will be supported by additional data in order to make the corpus as reliable as possible. It was intended to make the membership within an entry as undoubted as possible. All kind of derivatives and related words are cited within sub -items (a, b, etc.) or under Deriv., Cf. or Note (the latter marks a less reliable relation). Semantically identical items may be cross-referenced, in the view of their possible genetic relation .

The structure of the individual articles The lexical material is organized along the following lines: an asterisked rec onstructed form5, then its suggested meaning. The lexical data are arranged according to the branches, and within the branches --according to groups. Names of individual languages are written with capital initials, while the names of the respective groups - with small ones. The semantics of an individual gloss may be omitted only if it coincides with the common one. The sources are quoted in square brackets, variants of language-names - in round brackets. After a double slash Semitic parallels are given. The reconstructed nouns have the shape CV(V), CV(V)CV or CVC(V)CV. Polysyllabic verbs have the shape CV(V)C- or CV(V)C(V)C-, monosyllabic - CV(V) (note that the C-shape does not allow us to mark the vowel length of monosyllabic verbs). In case individual languages mostly show CV or C1VC1V (reduplicated) forms, the CV-structure has been reconstructed for Proto-Chadic. In case individual languages show CV, CV’V, CVw(V) or CVy(V)-structures, we preferred to reconstruct a disyllabic verb with a "weak" consonant (`alef`/ w/ y ) in the C2 position. Firstly, it reduced the number of CV and CVV verbs. Secondly, Semitic parallels to Chadic CVʔ/w/y-verbs usually have CVHVw/y or CVw/yVH structure, thus Chadic CVʔ/w/y-shape for a preliminary reconstruction seems to be reasonable and adequate to the data. Almost all C1VC2(V)C3-verbs are mostly derived from the corresponding C1VC2- ones, sometimes - from C2VC3- ones. Only a few C1VC2C2- verbs has been reconstructed. C1VC2(VC3)-verbs with C1=n, C2= T, K, S quite often lose the first vowel (i.e.: *nVT/G/S(VC)- > nT(VC)- / nK(VC)-/ nS(VC)- ) and became mono- or disyllabic.

Sequence of the units 5 May be preceeded by information of the local character of the item (W = attested in the West branch; C 5 =: attested in the mandar group only, cf. classification).

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Local units follow more widely spread ones. Monosyllabic and reduplicated items (C1V, C1VC1V, C1VV) precede polysyllabic ones. Consonantal shape being equal, verbs precede nouns. Phonological remarks. No attempts to reconstruct vowels (on any level) has been made, in reconstructed forms they are marked by the V-sign. Reconstruction of consonants in the C2-position is preliminary. All the peculiarities of reflexes will be clear not before the whole data basis will be collected (the same is true for vowels). Only after that it will be possible to establish really regular phonetic correspondences between Chadic languages. For the time being the previous experience in Chadic phonological reconstruction has been taken into consideration (see [Newman], [Sol], [SkNB], [SchV], [CLR], [Tr], [Shry], [RGr], [TAS], [St]). For reflexes of sibilant affricates in medial position see [StS]. Correspondences of labials, dentals and velars are more evident, complicated and irregular cases are supplied with a commentary. Specific reflexes due to morphological elements is also being commented.

Sources on default

Bade - Tarb Bana - GLBn Bidiya - JgB Birgit - JgBr Bokkos - JgR Bud - LkB Bura - Ann Cuvok - NdC Dangla(E) - Ebb Dangla (W) - Fd Dafo Butura - JgR Duwai - SchD

Fyer - JgR Gisiga - LkG Glavda - Rp Gude Hs Hausa - Bargery Kajakse Alio Kera - Eb Kulere - JgR Lele - WP Mada - BaMd Mafa - - BaMaf Malgwa -Lr

Masmaje - Alio Mawa - RbM Mbara TrMba Mbuko GNT Merey - GMr Migama JgM Mofu - BaMof Mokilko JgMk Mulwi - TrMlw Munjuk - TrMnj Muyang - SmM Ngz - SchN

Ouldem -KOu Pero - FrP Podoko - JL Sakun - DS Sha - JgR Tangale -JgT Toram - Alio Tumak - CpT Zime Batna - Sa Zime Daria - Cpr Zulgo - ZlL

From this issue on, the abovementioned dictionaries will not be quoted in the text.

List of languages (according to the following classifications: [P.Newman 1977], [D.Barreteau 1984], [H.Jungraithmayr-D.Ibriszimow 1994=CLR], [R.Blench 2003],

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[R.Gravina 2005]).

West Chadic. The position of the Ron gr. seems problematic. In spite of [CLR and R.Blench] Ron is placed on the outskirts of WChadic (probably they were the first who split from the branch). 1. Hausa, Gwandara; 2. sura-angas: Angas, Sura, Mupun, Mushere, Chip, Kofyar, Goemay (Ankwe), Montol, Gerka (Yiwom); 3. bole: Karekare, Gera, Geruma, Kirfi (Giiwo), Galambu, Bolewa, Ngamo, Maha, Bele, Pero, Tangale, Dera; 4. warji (North Bauchi): Diri, Pa'a, Warji, Kariya (Vinahə), Mburku, Miya, Jimbin, Siri, Cagu; 5. South Bauchi: Geji, Zul, Buli, Langas, Polchu, Zeem, Lushi, Wangdai, Dott (Zodi), Zakshi, Guus , Zaar, Tala, Guruntum, Boghom, Kir, Mangas, Jimi; 6.bade gr.: Bade, Ngizim, Duwai; 7. ron: Bokkos, Daffo-Butura, Sha, Kulere, Fyer. Central Chadic. Lexical similariry within the matakam (Newman, CLR) or Big Mafa group (D.Barreteau, R.Blench) is absolutely evident. Thus, our C 5 includes: Foothills, Maroua, Matakam, and Hurza gr. of R.Gravina. The split of CCh in: Gongola -Higi, Hill and Riverian (CLR) seems adequate to the data, but the position of Laamang gr. (it is treated as a part of the mandara gr., in [R.Blench] and [St]). The problem of the masa gr.: CChadic or a separate branch of the family - still needs a discussion. For the time beeing masa data is given inside the CChadic. Sukur and Gidar - in the view of poor lexical basis - are included into bigger groups under (a.), mostly to minimize the number of groups. 1. tera gr.: Tera, Pidlimdi, Ga'anda, Gabin, Boga; 2. bura: Bura, Cibak (Cibbuk), Ngwahyi, Kilba, Margi, West Margi, Wamdiu, Hildi; 3. higi : Bana, Fali Kiriya, Higi Nkafa, Higi Hye, Higi Baza; 4. bata : Bacama, Bata, Gude, Gudu, Jimijimən, Njanyi (=Nzangi), Tsuvan, Sharwa, Fali of Muchella, Fali of Bagira, Fali of Jilbu; 5. wandala: Wandala (Mandara), Malgwa, Glavda, Podoko, Gəvoko, Guduf, Gava, Cinene, Dghwed e; 5a. Lamang, Hide, Vemgo, Hitkalanci; 6. daba: Daba, Musgoy; 7. mafa: Mbuko, Ouldeme, Muyang, Mada, Məlokwo, Zəlgwa (Zulgo), Merey, Gisiga, Mofu, Cuvok, Mafa, Mefele;

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7a. (?) Sukun; 8. yedina: Buduma(Yedina), Kousseri, Logone (Lagwan, Kotoko), Afadə, Gulfey, Makari, Maltam, Zina; 9. Musgum (Munjuk), (Vulum), Mbara; 9a.(?) Gidar (Kada); 10. masa: Masa, Zumaya; Musey (Kraft), Banana (Lukas, Kraft), Zime Dariya, Peve, Zime Batna, Hed e. East Chadic. 1.kera: Modgel (Luk) = Kwang (Jg), dial. Mobu, Ngam (Lns), Kera; 2. lele: Lele, Kabalai, Nanchere, Dormo, Gabri, Tobanga = Gabri Nord ; 3.somray: Somray (Sibine), Tumak, Ndam; 4. sokoro: Sokoro, Saba, Ubi, Mawa; 5 dangla : East Dangaleat, West Dangaleat, Migama, Mabire, Bidiya ; 6. mokilko: Mokilko; 7.mubi: Mubi, Birgit, Jegu, Zirenkel, Toram, Masmaje, Kajaksa.

List of abbreviations Afd - Afade, Akk - Akkadian, Alg - Alagwa, Arab - Arabic, Bcm - Bachama, Bgh - Boghom, Bnn - Banana, Bud - Buduma, Bur - Burunge, C - Central, Ch - Chadic, Cush - Cushitic, DB - Daffo-Butura, Dng - Dangla, Dghw - Dghwede, E - East, Eg - Egyptian, FB - Fali Bwagira, FG - Fali Gili, FJ - Fali Jilvu, FK - Fali Kirya, FM - Fali Mucella, Glm - Galambu, Goem - Goemay (Ankwe), Gor - Gorowa, Grk - Gerka, Grnt - Guruntum, Hbr - Hebrew, HB - Higi Baza, HF - Higi Futu, HG - Higi Ghye, HN - Higi Nkafa, Hs - Hausa, HS - Hamito-Semitic, Hitk - Hitkalanci, Jmb - Jimbin, Irq -Iraqw, Kap - Kapsiki, Kfr - Kofyar, Krkr - Karekare, Kus - Kuseri, Kwn - Kwang, Lmn - Lamang, Log - Logone, Mgh - Maghawul (Sura), Mak - Makari, Mhr - Mehri, Mnj - Munjuk, Mok- Mokilko, Msh - Mushere, Mwl - Mwulyen, Nanc - Nanchere, Ngz - Ngizim, Ould - Ouldem, Pol - Polchi, S - South, Sab - Sabaic, Sem - Semitic, Sok - Sokoro, Smr - Somray, Tng - Tangale, Tum - Tumak, W - West, Wnd - Wandala, WM - West Margi, ZB - Zime Batna, ZD - Zime Daria, Zir - Zirenkel. References

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16

KB - Khler, Ludwig and Walter Baumgartner. Wrterbuch zum hebrischen alten Testament. Brill. Leiden. 1958.

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Meek - Meek, C.K. Tribal Studies in Northrn Nigeria. London. 1931.

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MK - Militarev, Alexandr and Leonid Kogan. Semitic Etymological Dictionary. Vol 1. Anatomy of Man and Animals. Mnster. 2000.

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Vocabulary. Tokyo. 1972. MS - Skinner, Margaret. Aspects of Pa'anchi Grammar. Ph.D. dissertation. Ann

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1:57-58. 1965. NmT --- A wordlist of Tera. Journal of West African Languages 2 (1): 57-58. 1964. Oh - Ohotin, Nikolay. ‛Gluxiye sibil'anty v drevnix yuzhno-araviyskix yazykax

//Voiceless sibilants in anchient South Arabian languages', PhD, Moscow Humanitarian University, Moscow, 1999.

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18

RbM - Roberts, Jim. Lexique Mawa.// www.sil.org/africa/cameroun. – Cameroun: SIL, 1994.

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African Linguistics, 26(1): 39-59. 1977. SkH ---Hausa Comparative Dictionary. Rdiger Kppe Verlag. K£ln, 1996. SkNB --- North Bauchi Chadic Languages: common roots. Afroasiatic Linguistics 4: 1-

49. 1977. Sm - Shimizu, K. The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages. A survey report.

AM, Special issue, 2. 1978. SM - Skinner, Margaret. Aspects of Pa'anchi Grammar. Ph.D. dissertation. Ann Arbor,

1979. SmM - Smith, T. Muyang Provisional Lexicon. // www.sil.org/africa/cameroun. Cameroun: SIL, 2003. Sol - Solken, Heinz. Seetzens Affadeh, Akademie Verlag. Berlin, 1967. Steiner - Steiner, R.C. The Case for Fricative-Laterals in Proto-Semitic. New Haven,

1977. St - Stolbova Olga. Studies in Chadic Comparative Phonology. "Diafragma".

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A.mengozzi ed., Afro-Asiatic studies, Francoangeli, Milano, 2005, pp. 29-43. Stl --- Unpub. typescript. Materials for a Kirfi-English dictionary. M., 2000. StLD --- Chadic Lexical Database. Issue I-II. Moscow-Kaluga `Poligrafiya'. 2005,

19

2007. StP --- forthcoming, Pluraliry in Chadic. Some active and frozen models. in:

E.Rottmaler, ed. Topics in Chadic Linguistics V, 2009. StS --- Secondary laterals in Chadic, in: H.Tourneux, ed. Topics in Chadic Linguistics

III, 2007, pp. 93-101. Tarb - Tarbutu, MM. Bade-English-Hausa Dictionary (Gashua dialect). Ed. by

R.G.Schuh. Yobe Languages Research Project. 2004. TAS - Takacs, Ga bor. Comparative Historical Dictionary of the Angas-Sura

Languages. Dietrich Reimer Verlag. Berlin. 2004. Tr - Tourneux, Henry, Unpublished data on Logone, Afade, Kuseri, Makari, Maltam.

Paris, 2009. TrC --- Le systeme consonantique dans les langues dites kotoko. Paper presented on

the Biennial International Colloquium on Chadic Languages, Leipzig. 2001. TrB --- La pluralite verbale en Buduma. Paper presented on the Biennial International

Colloquium on Chadic Languagies. Leipzig. 2001. TrBl - Seignobos, Christian, Tourneux, Henry. Note sur les Baldamu et leur langue.

AM, 17. 1984. TrMba --- Tourneux, Henry, Christian Seignobos, and Francine Lafarge. Les Mbara et

leur langue. SELAF. Paris. 1986. TrMlw --- Le Mulwi. Racines verbales et derives. SELAF. Paris. 1978. TrMnj --- and Hamat Patan. 1991. Lexique pratique du Munjuk des rizie res: dialecte de

Pouss. (Et udes Tchadiques monographies). Paris. 1980. TrPl --- La formation du plureil en kotoko. Paper presented on the 2nd World Congress

of African Linguistics. Leipzig. 1997. VbNg - Ibrizsimow, Dymitr. The verb in Ngamo. To appear in Papers of the Biennial

International Colloquium on Chadic Languiges. Prague. 2003. VM - Les Verbes monoradicaux dans les langues Tchadiques. LACITO. Paris.1990. WP - Welbeque, Christophe and Pierre Palayer. Lexique Le le-Francais. Centre

d'e tudes linguistiques. Sahr- Tchad. 1982. ZlL - Haller B., Lawarum A., Douatai D., Pourtshom H., Baitoua J -P, Magdeme G. and

Jacob Amadou. Zulgo Lexicon. SIL. 1986. AAS - Afro-Asiatic Studies in Memoriam W.Vycichl, G.Takacs, ed. Brill , 2004.

Introduction 5

List of Languages 13

References 15

Chadic lexical Database 33

*s-.......................................33.....

*z-......................................103......

*c-......................................143.......

*ˆ-......................................158........

*č-......................................182.........

*Љ-......................................207..........

*ǯ-......................................217..........

33

*S

1. *sV(V) `run': W 2 Mpn su `run, escape' [FrM], Ang su [Fl], Mnt, Goem su,

Grk tu (Ch *s- > Gerka t-, see [Stolbova 1996: 92]), run' [Fp], Mgh su , pl. swa

`laufen, fliehen, to run' [JgS], Kofyar su `run', Mush u `to run' [TAS:333],

Goem suu [Hff], shu° [Hlw]; 3 Tng wu (*su > wu) `running', Dera we `move

suddenly, run away quickly' [NmK]; C 6 Daba si `run' [Lnhr].

a.*sVsV/*sVw- `to hurry': W 2 Mpn sə-su ìn a hurry' [FrM]; 4 Paa saasaa,

aaaa haste' [MS]; C 9 Mnj siwi depasser, to leave behind'// Eg sysy (Sarc)

`hurry, hasten' [EG 646]. [OS 2225].

b. *sV(w)- `to come,to enter': W 3 Tng siyɛ `return'; 5 Dott ee ènter' [CrD];

C 2 Bura si `to come'; 4 Jimjimen e, Cuvan in, Sharva i `come' [BrJ], Gude

i come' [CLR]; 5 Glv s- `to go (out),to come (out, up), to enter, to leave', Pod

sa `come', Mlg sa, sawa `come, bring' (`come with'), Gvoko, Dghw, Gava,

Chnn, Gdf sawe `come' [HmG]; 5a Hdi sawi `come' [BrH], Htkl s- ` come',

sawi! `come!' [LkH]; 7 Mofu -s(awa) `venir, revenir'; 8 Bud hu `kommen',

Log sa- ènter' [LkL], Kus só `sortir, entrer' [Tr]; 9 Mulwi s (sʷ) `come'.

2. *sV `to turn': W 5 Zaar su `turn' [CrZ]; C 2 MrC a `turn'; 4 Bana sə

`remuer, tourner, to move, to turn'; E 5 Mig sawiyo `se tourner, to turn o.s.'.

3. *sV(sV) `to divide; portion': W 1 Hs aai `portion, share; half'; 3 Ngm siss-

`share, distribute' [VbN]; 6 Bade siyu `half'; C 4 Gude sii `divide into parts'.

4. *sV€/w- `to flow, to rain' C 5 Pod səwəwa idf. `verser, to pour'; 7 Mofu say

say `s'arroser d'eau sans se frotter'; 8 Log s�-wun `flow' [AlL], Bud ha, he `to

rain, sich ergiessen (Regen)'; 10 ZD e `plevoir, to rain', ZB se, Masa si `to

rain' [CC]; E 5 cf. Bid siisaw `couler (catarrhe, morve)'.

a. *sVʔ- `to wash': W 7 Bok sa `wash' (tr., intr.); C 10 ZB soʔo `wash o.s.'.

5. *sVʔ- > *sVsV `to rise, to get up': W 4 Wrj ii `to get up' [BlS]; 5 Saya ii

`climb' [Cs N 641]; C 8 Log sa, saa `steigen, to rise, ascend' [LkL], Kus soʔo

`se lever, to rise' [Tr].

6. *sVV, *sVsV `to begin, to found': W 2 Mgh ɛɛ `beginnen, zuerst tun'

34

[JgS], Mpn siЊ [e] [FrM], Kfy e, Msh iyeh begin; foundation' [TAS: 351];

C 1 Tera sasə, asə `begin'; 10 ZD su èspece, origine, origin'.

a. W *sVy- `to be new, small': 3 Bol [GAB], Ngm [NEH] ai idf. `new'; 4

Paa siyen (+m.), siyei ( -m.) `small'.

b. *sV `to give birth, to grow': W 5 Guus sii `give birth' [Cr]; C 4 Gude sii

`multiply, reproduce in abundance (plants, animals)';10 ZB si `grandir;

pousser'. Cf. W 7 DB sah, ma-sah `keimen, germinate'.

7. *sVʔ- `to blow (up fire), to breathe, to vinnow; wind': W 5 Zaar aa `blow up

fire, blow (nose)', səə `to breathe' [CrZ], Saya sə, Buli səsə `to breathe' [Cs N

728]; 7 Bok se `wind'; C 5 Malgwa se `riechen, to smell'; 8 Bud hay `Wind',

Mak swe `blow (of wind)' [AlM], Kus «і° `wind' [Tr], Aff si:, Ngala shiiy, Glf

hīi `luft and wind' [Sold N 26];10 ZB saʔa `vanner, souffler, to vinnow, to

blow', ZD saʔ `souffler (vent), vanner' (also ènfler, gonfler'); E 3 Tumak

hiyaw `sifflement; whistle'.// Cf.Akk «ēḫu `wind', Arab saḥāḥ- àir' [BK

1057], Eg swḥ (XXII) `wind' [OS 2169].

a. *sVʔVw/y- `to dry up': W 2 Ang we `to wither' [TAS:327]; 3 Krkr, Bol

saa-, Ngm sa-, Krf syee-, Glm sy-, Gera seê- `to dry' [SchV]; C 2 Bura uwi

`dry up'; 3 FK yu `to dry up (river, well)' [BN]; 5a Hdi suʔay `to dry up'

[BrH]; 7 Ould -suway `tarir, secher, to dry', Zlg se `se tarir, e^tre a sec', siwe

`se dessecher'; 7 Mafa - (< *sw-) `tarir, to dry up'; 8 Mak si `dry up,

evaporate' [AlM]; 10 Masa so `secher, to dry' [CC].

Cf. C *cVɣʷ- `to dry up, be dry'. Note that both roots are attested in FK.

Cf. W 1 Hs saaee (Kats) `dried leaves of magarya'.

8. *sVʔ/w- `to experience, to suffer': W 6 Ngz sau èxperience, undergo'; C 3

Bana səʔwa `subir, supporter, to experience'; E 6 Mok sewiye `souffrir; to

suffer, to experience'.

C *sVw/y- `sorrow': 2 Bura sosowa `sorrow'; 7 Mada sasiyya `triste, peine,

afflige (decourage), sad, upset'; 10 ZD so° `triste, sad'.

9. *sVʔ- `to carry, bring': W cf. 2 Mgh a `to pick, carry heavy load' [BlM]

(contamination with to catch, to pick'); C 7 Gis s to bring'; 10 ZD iʔ porter,

transporter une charge, to cartry a load'; E 2 Tob so `porter, to carry'; 5 Bid

35

suuy `porter un bebe sur la hanche', Mig ʔisso `carry a child' [CLR], WDng

sose `porter qqch de lourd, au loin'.

10. *sVʔ-, *sVsV `to eat soft food, to swallow': W 2 Goem sǝ èat soft food'

[Hlw], Grk tua `to eat', be-ssua-na (< *be-sVsVuana) `food' [Fp], sɔɔ, sЂ

(<*ssV<*sVsV, note that geminated *s does not yield t in Grk) èat' [CLR],

Ang sɛ, sǝsɛ èat' [JgA], Mgh sɛ [JgS], Mnt sɛ, Chip sə [JgC], Kfy sə, Msh so,

Tal sɛ [TAS 335]; 3 Tng saa èat (porridge, fruit)'; 4 Diri aʔa `swallow'

[SkNB]; C 10ZB saʔa `swallow, e^tre rassasie' (contamination with 128a `to

swell') ZD saʔ àvaler, to swallow'; E 3 Smr sya `swallow' [JgS]; 6 Mok

(t)asse `se rassasier, to satiate (with food)', cf. siʔe àvaler' (if not < *side).

Note W 5 Bogh ay, Grnt au, Jimi uu `mush' [Cs].

11. *sVЂ/w/y- `to like, to want': W 1 Hs soó (< (sVw) `want, like`; 2 Goem «a

`desire smth' [Hlw]; 4 Wrj su `like' [BlS]; 5 Zaar suu `like, want, love' [CrZ],

Dott sweyti (VN< swey) `desire' n.[CrD], Bgh sa, saa, Saya suu`disire'[Cs]; C

7 Zlg sas `vouloir, to want', Merey sa `to want'; 10 ZB siʔi àimer, love '.

12. *sVʔ/w- `to rest, calm down': W 1 Hs saawaa `respite, mitiigation', sayau à

feeling of relief', sayaayaa `take a rest'; C 10 ZD saʔ `durer, rester', ZB soʔo

`se reposer, to rest'; E 6 Mok (t)asse `(se) calmer, to calm down'.

Cf. C 7 *sVw- `lazy, tired: Muy wi `laziness', Mada swe `paresse, fatigue;

lazy, tired'.

13. *sVy- `to dig out': W 2 Goem sha `to dig smth wide (e.g., a trench)' [Hlw]; E

6 Mok siye `creuser (un puits), to dig out (a well)'.

a. *sVwVy- (< *sVhʷ- ?) `hole': W 3 Dera wuyo (*su- > wu- is regular)

`hole'; 5 Dott uu `hole, cave, tomb, valley' [CrD], Guus uu `hole' [CrG],

Geji uu gulki `well' [Cs N 176]; 7 DB swey `hole, well', Bok swey `hole'.

b. *sVw- `water-hole, well' (`big hole'): W Dott uua (redupl. of `hole')

`well' [Cs N 176]; C 5 Pod səwa `puits; well', Mlg suwa `Wadi, Brunnen,

Wasserloch, vadi, well, water-hole'; 7 Muy suwa `well, water-hole', Gis suwa

`well'; E 6 Mok ʔosso (old pl. < *sVw), pl. ʔozayi `puits, well'.

14. *sVy- to say, to call, to shout': W 2 Kfy see sing', Msh see call a dog' [TAS

36

318]; 5 Bogh ei `speak' [Cs N 703]; 7 Fyer se `speech'; C 2 Hildi uwa

[Kr] ànswer'; E 3 Somray soy `cry, say, tell' [Jg], sway `cry' [JgSib], Ndam

say `say' [Jg]; 5 Bid soy `to cry, to say', soya à cry'; 7 Jegu say- `sagen,

sprechen', sayi `speech'.// cf. Eg swhy [XVIII) `shout' in [OS N 2284].

a. *sVw- `to laugh': W 1 Hs eewa à loud, jeering laugh of women;

whistling'; Cf. E 2 Lele aswi rire'. (Alternatively, Lele may originate from Ch

*љ'VH-, cf. CLD II, N 323).

15. *sVw- `to lose, to spoil' (> and thus `to have nothing'): W 1 Hs sooe (<

*sVw-sV) `fall out (hair), become worn out', sooiyaa `heads of millet (from

which the grain have been stripped/ denuded by rats/ not fertilized)'; C 2 Bura

a `to lose, to be lost', siwa, suwa, swa `spoil, be spoiled', Mrg su `to spoil'

[HfM: 118]; 4 Gude saawa `spoil, ruin'.

a.*sV `no, nothing': W 2 cf. Goem sa°(yo°) part. prohibitive, negative

imperative [Hlw]; 3 Bol [GAB] sa `not' gen. neg. marker; С 3 Bana iyu

`rien, nothing', FK swau `nothing' [BN]; 8 Log sa, saa `nicht, no' [LkL].

Cf. W 7 Bok a àblehnen, nicht tun wollen, refuse (to do), avoid'.

16. *sVw/y- to squeeze (out), to press': W 4 Miya asə-səyo squeeze' [SkNB]; C

10 ZB se `serrer'; E 1 Ndam sow `squeeze out pus' [Lns], Mobu səwe

èssorer (ligne), to dry & to squeeze (clothes)' [Lns]; 5 Mig si-saw `damer, to

knead, to ram'//Sem Akk seʔu^ `squeeze' [CAD 2243].

17. *sVw/y- `to fill': W 7 Sha si-sya^y `to fill', DB sya^y 'fill', Kul swey, syay; C

3 FK iwu `to fill in' [BN].

18. *sVsV `region; earth': W 1 Hs saae `region, district'; 7 Fyer waa èarth'.

a.*(sV)sVw- `sand(y hill)':W 5 Bogh ey `sand'[Sm]; C `sand': 2 Mrg iəa

[CLR]; 3 Hya əwa [BHya]; 7a Skn awawa; 8 Aff se [Sol N 36]; E 5 Bid

saawiye `colline separee de la montagne', Mig si^wwe `petite colline, dune'.

Cf. *sVw- 'farm, field': W 5 Bogh swooy, soi [Cs]; E 1 Mobu kəsəw (if <

*kə-səw) [CLR].

19. *sVsV `dregs': W 3 Krkr iiyaa `dregs left after liquid has been extracted'

[GK]; C 7 Ould sasay `depo^t de farine au fond d'une calebasse'; E 2 Lele sa

37

`residu de preparation de biere'; 5 Mig suusu `morceau de detritus, ordures,

poubelle, dregs', WDng suusa `depo^t d'ordure, tas de fumier', EDng [CJ] susu

òrdures, dregs'; 7 Toram suusi òrdures'.Cf. E 2 Nch siiya `bad' [CH].

20. *sV€- > *sVy- `tooth': W 4 Diri iya [SkNB]; C 9 Msg sesye [Mo] `tooth'; 9a

Gdr sae-ko [Mo]; 10 ZD eʔ `dent', ZB seʔe `dent', Masa siya [Mo]. Any

relation to Ch *sVn- `tooth'? Note that in all these languages -n- is preserved

in the second position.

21. *sV(w)- `meat': W 6 Bade saasi `meat'; C 7 Gis ʔie `Fleisch' (a Berber loan,

cf. *isa-n (pl.) `meat') [LkG]; 9 Msg soo `Fleisch, meat' ([LkM:75: ``wohl

dem Kotoko entnommen, possibly, a Kotoko loan''); E 1 Kera ku-su-ki (coll.);

4 Barein su [Luk]; 5 Bid su-udo [CLR], Mig s-du (<*su-d-) `meat'; 6 Mok

sey ànimal, meat'; 7 Jegu suu-t `Fleisch, meat', Mabire su-t [HJM]. Note that

ECh dangla and mubi languages reflect Chadic *љ as ‰ . Thus, Mig s-du, etc.

can not originate < Ch *љVw- `meat' [CLD II N 27b]. // Cf. Eg sw.t (Pyr) èin

K£rperteil des Rindes (vom Bein?) als Speise' [EG 60].

Cf. W 3 Gera aa `goat' [SchB], Grm sasa, Kubi sassa, Gera ‰a‰a [CLR]

`she-goat'; 7 Kul aa `gazelle'. Less probably < *(ʔV)s- <*ʔVkw- `goat'.

22. *sVy- `game, to play': W 2 Goem sha `game dara' [Hlw]; C 5 Mlg oya

`Spiel, a game', 7 Muy ewiya `game, play'; E 4 Saba seye `to play'.

Note W 6 Duw sawa `selebration of installing a traditional leader'.

23. *sVw- `hut, village': W 6 Ngz səsau (> ssau, sau) `hut, room', Bade səsau

`hut'; 7 Bok mawa (if < *ma-swa) `town'; DB swey (B) `Speicher, granary';

C 4 Gude siiwa (< sii+wa) `compound where people are in mourning', əsii àt

home'; 8 Mak sawe `village wall', sio `shelter' [AlM]; 10 ZD so `village'.

24. *sVw- `kind of stick (used in household)': W 1 Hs sawai à spindle used in

spinning'; C 4 Gude iwa `stirring stick'; 8 Mak saw `walking stick, cane'

[AlM], Afd sa^w `stick' [Tr], Ngala so, Log sao `stick' [Sol N 488].

25. *sVw- `maggot': W 1 Hs su°usuwa° à maggot which attacks calabashes'; C 8

Mak su `maggot in rotten meat' [AlM].

38

a. *sVw- `kind of biting insect': W 3 Bol iiwo `small insect, leaves its head

after biting' [GAB]; E 6 Mok sowwowo `kind of termite'.

26. *sV `back, buttocks': C 10 ZD su `le derriere, buttock'; E 2 Kbl kasa¹ (<

ka-sa, with a body-parts marker) `back' [CLR].

a. *sV(w/y)- `bottom' > `genitals': W 4 Wrj sawai ànus' [BlS]; 5 Dott so y

`vagina' [CrD]; 6 Ngz i `base of thing, bottom; genital organs (m. or f.)',

Duw i `base, bottom, genitals', Bade si `bottom, base, anus, vulva'; C 7 Gis

sa, se Ùnterseite, lower side'; 9 Mbara so-ḍo°y `vulva', Mnj so-k `vagin'.

27. *sVw/y- `kind of bird': C 2 Bura uwa `kind of bird'; 4 Bch sowa-to `bird'

[SkNB]; E 5 WDng siwi΄iya `Coliou huppe' (a bird with long tail, red beak).

a. *sVw/ʔ- `cock, fowl': W 4 Wrj, Kar iw- `cock' [SkNB]; C 10 Log iia

`fowl, bird' [AlL]; E 6 Mok ʔosso, pl. ʔuzagi `poule, fowl', cf. ʔuzu, pl.

ʔuzagi `poulet, coq, volaille'. It is clear, that ʔosso `poule' has no pl. of its

own. In our opinion, ʔosso is a frozen pl. per se (the supposed sing. is of sVw-

shape). Similar frozen plurals can be found, at least, in WCh Kirfi, see [StP].

28. *sVsVw- `star': W 4 Wrj uuw-ai, Dera auwa, Siri susuwi, Jmb sasuwa,

Kar uu, Miya auwaau, Mbu auwi, Cagu dilaa isuwi [SkNB], Paa

euwa [MS], Wrj uuwai [BlS]; 6 Duw ii^ ; E 4 Sok sesi (assim < *tV-sV,

see below, or redupl. pl. form without the pref.?) [AF in Luk]; 7 Zir sisiye,

Mubi sisiwi [CJ], Mubi siisuwa [Luk], Kaj sisiiwi pl.

a.E *tVsV (< *tV-sV?) `star': 2 Lele te°-se [WP], Gbr ti-se [Luk] `srtar', Kbl

tə-sa, Nch ti-sə `sun, star' [HKb]; 3 Smr di-su [Luk] (regular voicing of *t-); 4

Sok či-zoo (< *ti-sVw), Barein ti-si `srtar' [Luk]. Note variants in Sokoro.

29. *sVw- `thing': C 2 Mrg su, pl. səʔyar `thing' [HfM:58], Bura su; 3 Bana sə

`thing' (pl.); 4 Gude sə- `thing' (occurs only in compounds or with suff.: sə-na

`this thing', sə-kii `the thing', etc. [Hs:265]); 8 Mak sawa sawa idf. `same

thing'. Ch is neither related to, nor borrowed from Arab ayʔ- `thing'.

a.*sVw one, times (by counting)': W 1 Hs sau `times': sau uku `three times'; 2

Ang ii [Fl] with adverbial numerals: ii baap `twice', Goem sha° `times'

(accord. to [Hlw], a Hausa loan); 5 Grnt a òne' [Jag]; E 6 Mok soo òne,

39

suff. of singularity' [JgMk].

Cf. C 4 Bana saʔa `chance' and E 1 Kera sawəwa à moment'.

Most probably, `thing' and òne' originate from one and the same PCh root.

b. *sVw- `to be alike, equal': W 3 Bol suw- `nlich sein, gleich, passen, be

similar' [LkB], suwaa `be similar, alike' [GAB]; E 5 Mig sawa èqual'.

30. *sVy/w-, *sVsV `stalk, straw (used for plaiting)': W 1 Hs siyaaye, sayaaye

`peeled stalks of Indian hemp'; 6 Ngz səsuwa `stalk of millet, sorghum, etc.';

E 5 WDng siya `gramineé sp. (de la taille d'un homme; pour des palissades,

nattes), high plant for fences, mats'; 6 Mok sussu `straw for plaiting baskets,

mats', ʔassa (pl. < *sa ) `haystack'.

Cf. E 1 Kera taasu f. `Hirsestengel; millet stalk' (if < *ta-su, with fem. pref.).

31. *sVVy/w- (*sVʔVy/w- ?) `stone (for adorment, for cleaning teeth)': W 3 Krkr

saaya `beads, gemstone' [GK], 6 Ngz saaya `stone for adorment'; E 5 Bid

seewo `piere blanche servant a° nettoyer les dents, white stone used to clean

teeth'.

32. *n-sVy/w- `bee, honey': W 2 Ang ii `bee' [JgA], Mgh nii `bee, honey'

[JgS], Mpn nsii `honey, bee' [FrM], Goem ni `honey' [Fp]; E 4 Ubi soyo

`bee' [Alio], Mawa sway `miel', soyi àbeille; miel'.

33. *sVw/y- `remedy': W 7 Fyer i `medicine' [JgR]; C 8 Mak sie pl. `pieces of

bark, traditional remedy' [AlM]; E 4 Mawa səw `remede'.

34. C *sVʔ-, *sVsV `snake': C 3 FK ii `snake in general' [BN], Higi Moda ii,

Fali K ii `snake' [Meek], Bana ii `snake' gen. name, pl. ee^r; 5 Dghw ie

`snake' [Kr]; 7a Skn iI `snake' ; 10 ZB saʔa `kind of snake'. Cf. 8 Mak swe

`hiss, siffler (snake)' [AlM].

35. C *sVsV `shadow, soul, spirit': 5 Pod �e òmbre, shadow'; 7 Zlg sisiye

òmbre', Ould sisiyo èsprit, a^me'; 8 Mak sio `shadow' [AlM], Kus «ǝye ,

Afg sǝyo òmbre' [Tr]; 9 Mba sise `soul, shadow; a^me', Msg ɛɛɛ [LkM],

Mnj seze à^me, esprit, ombre'.

36. *sV(y)- `brown (of horses)': W 7 Bok sisa `brown (of horses)'; E 5 Dng,

40

Mig saaya `biere de mil sp., de couleur chocolat' //Note possible semantic

development: horse' > brown horse' > brown (horses, etc.)'. In this case Sem

word for `horse' may be related: Akk ssu^ (ssʔu) `horse', Ug sw, ssw

`caballo', Hbr ss `horse' [KB 746].

37. *sVw/y- `round (object)': W 2 Ang e-ttau `chain' [Or], Goem sayap (<

*say-ap, pl. in -p ?) `chain' [TAS 317]; 3 Tng sai ìvory armlet'; 5 Mng u

`circle, ring' [Cs], Kir suwe, Mangas uye, Tala, Juu u `round' [Sm]; C 4

Gude iiwa `type of small brass ring'.

38. *sV `be, become cold, cold': W 3 Bol sai idf. `coldness', saayu `become

cold, chilled' [GAB]; 7 Bok se `cold (wind)' [JgR], C 4 Gude iiwu `cold';

10 ZB soʔo è^tre froid'; E 6 Mok (t)asse `(se) refroidir'.

39. *sVb- `to go (back, out), to make smb. go away': W 4 Diri səbu- `go' [CLR],

səbu `go out' [SkNB]; C 2 Bura iva `come to the compound; 4 Gude səba

`drive away'; 5a. Hdi sabi `to exit' [BrH]; 6 Daba səba `(pour)suivre' [Lnhr];

E 3 Smr saba `promenade' [JgSib]. //Cf. Arab sbsb `to walk slowly' [OS

2153]. Ch *sVb- is hardly related to Akkadian pp `to walk', as in [AA N 327

*si/aṗ- `to walk, to travel'].

a.*sVmb- `to come in': W 4 Wrj səmbə [BlS]; C 3 FK səmbə [BN].

Cf. W 3 Tng simbɛ `to meet'.

40. *sVb- `to be, to work in group' > `group': C 7 Zlg səba `common work',

Mofu -sab- `(se) regrouper en grand nombre, to gather in a numerous group'

(cf. ma-səbsaba `grasshopper').

Deriv. : C 7 Mada sbatat `(animaux) en groupe, en troupe'.

a. *sVb- `to sew together': W 1 Hs sabiya à second row of stiching when

making a seam; a kind of sewing (stiches are visible)'; C 8 Log sba-wun `sew'

[ASlL], sba `nhen' [LkL], Kus sa°ḅǝ° `coudre' [Tr].

41. W *sVb- `to clear land for farming': W 1 Hs sassaabee (< *sab-sab-) `clear

land to make farm'; 6 Bade saviyu `clear land for farming', Ngz zabiyu

(regressive voicing) `clear land for farming' (an old Hausa loan?).

41

42. *sVb- `to pierce a hole, to insert': W 3 Bol [GAB] sobu `drill, pierce hole', cf.

Tng yɛbi `put smth pointed into the ground, infix'; C 5 Pod �be `put in smth

pointed'.// For possible cognate cf. Arab sbb `cut, pierce' [BK 1038], Cush

Bilin sab, Hamir sab, etc. `pierce, stab' in [AA N 338 *sVb- `cut, pierce'].

Deriv.in -k-: W 3 Ngm (G) sab-ko^ [VN saba] `poke with smth sharp' [NEH];

C 7 Ould -səbaka ènfiler, to thread a needle'. Cf. Hausa sooka (possibly <

*sVbka) `to plunge weapon into'.

a. *sVb- `spear': C 10 ZD sab `sagai, lance', ZB saba `sagaie', Bnn saba

[Luk], Heḍe sāḅā, Masa sāppā, Marba `spear' (for similar coreespondence of

labials see *sVb- `to suck', according to [Shy] < *sap); E 2 Lele suwo, su bo

`lance gen', Gbr soo (< *sVb-) `spear' [Luk]; 5 Bid suba `petite lance'.

Cf. possible noun deriv. `needle': C 6 Daba səbən `grosse aiguille' [Lnhr]; 7

Mofu səmbar `needle (for repairing calebasses, piercing holes)'; E 5 Bid

sabardaak (compound) àiguille servant a° coudre les nattes'.

Note C 4 Kumbi (Gudu dial) sablissə ìron' [Meek]. A Berber loan, cf. Berb

*sVbul- `long knife, dagger, long needle' in [AA N 342]. Cf. *‰Vb- `sharp

weapon, tool, to pierce'.

43. *sVb- `to hide, to sow': W 3 Pero ‰ebo `plant (yams)'; C 5 Wnd əbə, ibə

[Mirt], Glv ib- `hide', əbaəbaan(a) `hidden', Malgwa ibe `verstecken,

verbergen; to hide'; 7 Ould -səb `hide', məsabay (tr.) `semer; to sow'.

Deriv. in -k- : W 1 Hs ibka, uuka `sow, bury'.

Cf. E 3 Smr səmbadə `hide' [CLR].

Noun deriv.: C 4 Gude mə-abə-abinə `charm (makes a thief invisible)'.

44. *sVb- rotary movement, to whirl (water in a funnel)': W 3 Ngm omba^ mix

liquids together' [NEH]; C 8 Mak sababa `funnel; entonnoir' [AlM].

Verbal deriv. in -r-: E 4 Mawa sibiri `filer cotton, to spin cotton'; 5 WDng

sibire ènfoncer en tournant'; 6 Mok sibira `filer, melanger la bouillie, to spin,

to mix'. .

Noun deriv. Mok sibir-ko, pl. si^mbirkiyagi `fouet en bois servant a tourner les

sauces, stirring stick for sauces'.

Verbal deriv. in -n-: W 6 Bade sabənu `to churn milk (by twizzle-stick or by

42

shaking)', Duw zaabəno (regressive voicing) `churn milk'.

45. *sVḅ- `to smear, to touch, to tap': W 1 Hs sabe (saba) `rub in'; C 1 Tera

səba `touch'; 7 Mada seb seb `frapper (en laissant) sans force', Mafa sab-

'crepir, smear'; 10 ZD subo `passer la main sur la totalite de qqch, pour

enlever ce qui s'y trouver, to wipe with hand'.

Note C 7 Mofu -sabal- make even', -səbhw- taper pour assouplir, to tap'; E

7 Kaj saabat èssuyer, wipe off; wipe'.

46. *sVb- > *sVsVb- `to suck': 3 Bana ibə, iəbə `suck'; 4 Gude ibə `suck

(candy, food, not to nurse)'; 6 Daba seb [Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko susœb, Ould -səbay,

Mafa sosub-, Moloko soboy, Zlg sasuba `sucer dans la bouche', Gis so/ub,

Mofu -sasəb-, Cuv mɛ-bɛy, Balda susubi [TrB]; 9 Mulwi sisibi, Mnj sisibi

`sucer'; 10 ZB sobo, ZD sob, Masa, Marba sop [Shy]; E 1 Kera soḅe

`saugen, to suck'. Cf. W 3 Tng su mbɛ `to suck' (pl.?).

47. *sVb- `fat' n.: W 4 Diri subu `fat' (v., adj.) [SkNB]; C 5 Pod suba `peau

grasse sous le cou et le ventre d'une vache, fat cow-skin'.

Verbal deriv.: C 4 Gude səbərə `become fat and husky'.

Cf. W 4 *sVv- (< *sib-) òil': Wrj ivə-na, Kar ivə, Miya u [SkNB].

48. *sVb- `hair': C 7 Mbuko sibœk `cheveux, poil, plumes'; E 2 Kbl ke-sebo

[Luk], kЌ-sbrЌ [CH], Nan ka-zbere (voicing in contact) [Luk]. pl. in -r- ?//

Arab sab–b- `crin de la queue, boucle de cheveux' [BK 1037]. For Arabic -

Kabalai see [OS 2211].

Cf. C 7a Skn umbut `hair'. Frozen plural < *sVb- (cf. Mokilko: subilo, pl.

sumbilagi `pintade', etc. in [StP]).

49. *sVb- chaff' (attested in deriv.): C 5 Pod səbəta `tourteau de mil (ce qui reste

apre°s la preparation de biere), mil-cake'; E 6 Mok sombiy-so, pl. sombayi

`balle (mil), chaff'. The noun sombiy-so (with a sing. suff -so) is a frozen pl. of

a noun of the *sVb-structure.

a. *sVb- `to remove shell': W 1 Hs saabe àbrade; pound soaked seeds to

remove outer shell'.

Deriv.in -l/r-: W 1 Hs saabulee `remove skin from beans'; 2 Mgh əbəl `Haut

43

des Kokoyams, corc' [JgS]; 3 Tng siblɛ `husk corn with fingers'; E 5 Bid

seber `depouiller (volaille), to pluck (fowl)'.

Cf. also W 7 Bok subet `huten; to skin'.

50. *sVb-n- `person, relative': W 4 Siri subuni `person' [SkNB]; C 6 Daba

səban `parente, clan, la race, relative, clan'.

a. W *sVmbVr- `guest, stranger': 4 Paa sambur-‰iki, pl. samburi (+anim,+

n.suff) `stranger' [MS]; 5 Saya səmbər [Cs], Guus sumbur `guest' [CrG].

51. *sVb- `clothes': W 1 cf. Hs uuw/yi à patterned trade-cloth' (accord. to

P.Newman [NmKl], - (not s-) before long -uu- points to lenition of the medial

labial: *sib- > ib- > iw- > uu-); 3 Bol [GAB] suba `shirt, gown, clothes',

suba clothes' [LkB], Ngm suba (G), subo (Y) [NEH]; C 4 Bch subwe^-to [Sk].

Deriv.: C 7 Mada sbet `(qui recouvre) entrierement (tissu)'.

52. *sVb- `granary': C 8 Mak sebe `granary' [AlM]; E 5 Bid siyeebe `grenier de

forme oblongue'.

53. *sV(m)b- (CCh with a -k suff.) `broom made of stiff grass': C 7 Cuv sambak

`balay, broom', Mafa sambak `broom of pailles'; 7a Skn səbək `grass (a stiff

kind used for brooms), broom' [DSk]; E 4 Mawa se^mbo `balai'.

Note that medial -mb- may point to frozen pl.

54. *sVbVr- `kind of shrub': W 1 Hs saabara `the name of a shrub'; C 2 Bura

sabira à kind of shrub'. // Cf. AA 340 *sabar- `kind of tree, shrub'.

55. *sVbVn/r- `kind of fowl, wild guinea-fowl': W 1 Hs aabiri à bird'; 4 Cagu

sabun [SkNB] `guinea fowl' C 7 Ould seberek `poule, pintade d'un an, fowl';

E 3 Smr sibir `wild guinea-fowl' [Luk], ibəri [Jg], 4 Sok soir (< *sVwir <

*sVbVr-) [CLR] `guinea fowl'; 6 Mok su bilo, pl. sumbilagi 'pintade' (-l- <

*-n-), alternatively <. *zVbVn- `guinea-fowl' (irreg. s- < *z-).

56. C *sVb- `rock-hyrax': 3 FK səbə `rock-hyrax' [BN], Bana kЌ´-səbə `daman';

4 Gude əniba `hyrax'; 5 Hdi kə-subi `daman'; 7a Skn suba `hyrax' .

57. C *sVb- `bone marrow', *sVsVb- `core, pith of a stalk': 8 Mak soba `bone

44

marrow' [AlM]; 7 Mbuko susob `coeur de tige de mil, pith of a millet stalk',

Ould səsəb `moelle d'une tige', Muy səsəbət `pith of a millet stalk'.

58. E *sVb- (not the same as Ch *ˆVf-) `rope, rope-trap': 4 Mawa səb `rope'

[HJ]; 5 WDng sɛbɛ `piege a corde (pintade, lapins)'; 6 Mok sibe `rope'. If not

< Arab sibb- `cord' [BK1038], Akk «ibbu `belt' [OS 2228].

59. *sVb- `long and thin': W 1 Hs sabaasaba `being long and slender (fingers,

girls, leeks)'; C10 ZB sesebe `maigre, thin';

Deriv.*sVb(Vhw)- `to lose flesh, to diminish': W 1 Hs sabe `lose flesh'; 3

Tng saabɛ `become thin'; C 7 Mofu -səbhw- `desenfler, diminuer, go down

(swelling), diminish'; E 4 Mawa se^ba `mai^grir'.

60. *sVb- àngry': W 4 Wrj ib-, Diri ubu àngry' [SkNB], Wrj ib [BlS].// AA

N 336 *sVb `to curse, to slander'.

*sVbVb- `to wrangle, to curse': W 1 Hs sababii `wrangling; violent dispute';

C 8 Mak sobobu `curse' n., `cause curse'.

a. *sVb- to cheat a person, to do wrong': W 1 Hs saabaa `do person a wrong';

C 7 Moloko sabatay `to trick, tempt' [Imperative]

61. *sVb- `be much, exceed': C 7 Ould -saba èxagere', Muy asabay `become

too much', Mada essebe è^tre trop, excessive', Moloko sabay èxceed'.

Verbal deriv.: W 3 Bol [GAB] sibiru èxpand, e.g. rice when cooking'; C 8

Zina sǝ°vǝ°r ènfler, to swell' [Tr].

62. *sVf- `to calm down': W 6 Ngz səfu `coax, appease' [SchN]; C 7 Mafa

efeʔe `calm, tranquille, pose'.

Deriv.: C 7 Mada sfek `tranquille, en paix'.

a. C *sVf- `to last, to rest': 7 Ould -savo `durer, rester longtemps'; 7a Skn

mə-səvay [safa] à sleep', səvay `to sleep' ; 10 Mnj sifi `(se) reposer a l'ombre,

passer du temp, to rest', Msg safaua `schlafen, to sleep' [LkM].

Noun deriv.: C 7 Mofu -səfn- `re^ver; dream'.

b. *ma-sVf- laziness': W 5 Zaar «a:p [CrZ]; 5 Pod ma-səfa paresse; laziness';

7 Muy ma-sŽfa `lazy', Mofu ma-səfaya `flanerie, amusement, paresse'.

45

63. *sV(€V)f- `become weak, worn out' (attested mostly in deriv.): W 3 Bol

appu `lose strength; fade, become pale' [GAB]; C 5 Pod səfaha `wear out;

haleter, fatiguer'; 5a Hdi suʔufaku `to be unconscious' [BrH]; 10 Msg safidda,

safeda (a loan?) `krank, be ill' [LkM].

a. C *sVf- `to rot, to smell bad': 5 Mlg ma-səfe `faul (sein), rotten', 8 Mak

s�s�fu `bad (of smell)' [AlM]; 9 Mba saapu `rotten, pourri'.

64. *sVf- `to catch, snare': W 1 Hs sahuu < *safuu) `snare for guinea-fowls'; 6

Duw sə-sfo `to catch many'. Cf. W 2 Goem s'hoep `to take a thing quickly'

[TAS 332]. Cf. *‰Vp- `catch (and take out)', both roots are attested in Hausa.

//For Hausa - Berber (Shenwa a-saf `snare') see [AA N 343] *saf `snare'.

65. *sVf- `to breathe': C 5 Pod efe `to breathe', 7 Ould -saf `respirer; gonfler',

Muy a^suf , Mada assafa, Zlg sife `respirer', Gis suf àir-bath', Cuv mɛ-fɛnɛy

`respirer', Mafa saf- `breathe, whistle'; 8 Aff sif-ti Ì breathe' [Sol N 664].

Cf. C 2 Bura ififfa `just a little' (nearly dead, barely breathing)' idf.

Deriv. in -r-: E 7 Mubi sofara `siffler' [HJ].

Deriv. in -n-/-m-: C 7 Mofu -səf-n- `to breathe'; 9 Msg sumfa (metath.)

àtmen, to breathe' [LkM], Mnj siŸfi `to breathe', sǝŸfa `breath' (metath.).

Note deriv. in -k-: C 7 Zlg sefik sefik `se gonfler, devenir enfle'.

Noun deriv. : *(mV)-sVf- `breath, life, spirit': C 5 Mlg ifa `Leben, Atem;

life, breath', Glv ifəg(a) `life', Pod ifa `life', ko sifa `life', 7 Ould sifa `la

vie, principle de vie, sante, point vital', mə-safiyo èsprit' , Muy mə-suf

`breath', sifa `life', Mada ma-ssafa `souffle', Zlg, Gis siifa 'life', 7a Skn saf

`life, breath of life'// Cf. Sem *nVpV `to breathe',*nap(i)- 'soul; vitality, life;

person, personality; self'. Metath. in Chadic, *nfs > (n)sf > sVf. Note semantic

affinity between Chadic and Semitic. Semitic [73].

66. *sVf- kind of tree, tree': W 1 Hs aafoo (< *sVf-n/m) tree kukkuki'; 3 Ngm

oho, Gera afa `wood' [SchV], Krf oppina `tree' [Stl] (a frozen pl. from

*sVp-, formed along the regular model: C1VC2V > C1C2C2VnV); C 2 Bura

afa `tree whose leaves are used as taboo marks to protect property'; 3 FK afa

`bush, false shea tree' [BN]; 4 Gude afa `type of tree'; 7 Mafa eved (<

*sVf-ḍ-, with a suff. of singularity) kind of tree'. Note initial - before -a- in all

46

the languages.

For FK afa `bush' [BN] see C 7 Mbuko saf `brousse' .

Cf.W 3 *sVHºVb- wood': Dera oobi, oowi tree, wood' [NmK], Bol oowi

[SchV]. .

Note that W 2 Grk «ip (note «- < *s- before -i-), Mnt, Goem ip `tree, wood'

[Fp], Goem «ǝ°p `wood, dead or cut tree' [Hlw], Ang ip `wood' [Kr], Chip «ip

`wood' [Kr] may originate from *s/c/Vb/p/f-.

67. *sVf- `seed shell, chaff': W 1 cf. Hs eґefe° `rice (having much husk), husk of

rice'; C 3 Bana fə `dechets de la preparation du vin, dregs'; 4 Gude aafi-nə

(pl.?) `guinea-corn (seed consists of mere shell with nothing inside)'; 5 Pod

safa `balle, cosse, chaff'; 7 Ould sif `residu de la bie°re', sasaf `residus

vegetaux, menue paille', Muy eif `remains', Mada essef `residu de la biere

de mil', Mofu (a)sef `tourteau de mil (apres preparation de biere)'.

Deriv. in -t-: W 6 Bade safàt `skin that is white from dryness; pieces of millet

chaff between the teeth'; C 7 Zlg suput (irreg. medial consonant) `rebut de la

bie°re de mil, garbage'.

Verbal deriv.:7 Mofu -səsfət-, sasəf-t- to skin (fish), desquamer, peler (peau)'.

68. *sVf- `sun-shade, fence (made from straw)': W 1 Hs ib-‰i, pl. ifittaa,

iffattaa `any thatching gras'; C 2 Bura siva `corn-stalk sun-shade'; 3 cf. Bana

səfə `herbes seches, jaune' n.f., no pl.; 7 Gis səfa `mat, roof-mat', sivi

`Strohmatte als Gehftzaun, hay-mat used as a fence'.

69. C *sVf- `to become cold (and hard)': 7 Mbuko səfe `refroidir', Muy eifey

`lose heat (of an object)', 7 Mofu -səf- `refroidir, (se) secher', Cuv mɛ-fɛy

`refroidir, durcir, to become cold, hard'. Note - < *s- in contact position.

Note 7 Mafa if- `mu^rir, durcir (graine d'arachide), to ripen, become hard'.

70. *sVp- `to teach': W 3 Tng wu·pɛ `to command', Pero ‰uppo `teach', ‰upu

`show'; C 8 Log sipu-wun `teach', spu `lesen' [LkL].

71. *sVp- `remove foam': W 6 Ngz səpu `remove scum, foam from a liquid'; E

5 Bid sep `remove foam'. Cf. *cVf- `sweep'.

a. *sVp- `foam': C 2 Bura sampur `foam on whirling water'; E 5 WDng

47

sɔppiya `foam'.

Deriv.: E 5 WDng sappay ` passoire en fer; colander (to remove foam)'. Note

medial -mp-/-pp- . Different forms of pl.?

72. *sVp- `to blow, to winnow': C 1 Gaa ip-ən‰i, Gbn sip-en‰i, Boka ip-ada

[Kr] `to blow'; 5 Malgwa sapa `worfeln, to winnow'. // Sem Jibbali saʕaґf `to

winnow' (in [AA 321 *sVp- `grain, seeds requiring much sieving)'].

Deriv.: W 6 Duw səfto (< *sVpt-) `to sift using a sifter or a faifai'; C 9 Mba

sipar `blow (with belows)'.// Sem *np- `to blow, to breathe, to winnow':

Arab nsf 'nettoyer, vanner le grain; renverser de fond en comble un edifice'

[BK 1250], Akk napu `to blow away, winnow' OB on, [Sem 1066]. In our

opinion, Ch *sVp- is not related to Ch *sVf `to breathe, to blow'.

73. *sVp- `to pull' > *sVpp- `to tear off': C 9 Mulwi sipi `trai^ner qqch sur le sol,

to drag along', Mnj sipi `tirer sur (qqch), trai^ner'; E 5 Mig seppo `cueillir des

feuilles'.

Deriv. in -t-: W 1 Hs saafa‰ee (< saafat-) `withdraw'; 3 Ngm ap-t- `take out

with the roots' [VbN], `extract, pull out' [NEH];

Deriv.: W 6 Ngz səp-ku `hitch child up on back'; C 7 Zlg sapara `trai^ner

apres soi', Cuv mɛ-pɛnɛy (note < *s in contact position) `tirer; pull'.

74. *sVp- `to follow, to hunt': W 3 Pero ‰epo `trace' v., Tng sɔpɛ `to follow'; C

7 Mbuko səpe `suivre pour la chasse', Gis spe, sup `folgen, suchen, search',

Mofu -səp- `chercher'; 8 Zina sa°pǝ° `chasser, to hunt', sa°pa° `chasse' [Tr].

75. *sVp- `to roast, to cook': W 4 Paa sapu `roast', Jmb sav- [SkNB]; 5 Dott səp

`cook' [Cs 689]; C 10 ZD sup `bouillir, to boil'.

76. *sV[p]- `to pound ( to remove bran)': W 3 Dera uupa `2nd pounding of

corn'; C 5 Pod sapa `enlever la glume en pilant, remove bran by pounding'.

Deriv. in -ḍ-: W 3 Krkr saafadu (irreg -f-) `pound to remove bran' [GK]; 6

Ngz sap-du `do first pounding of grain to remove bran'.

Note W 6 Ngz imped `grain with bran removed [SchN], 3 Krkr impedu

`grain with bran removed' [GK]. A loan (from Ngizim to Karekare?).

48

77. *sV[p]Vr- `to come from afar' : W 6 Ngz sa°afǝr `to bring water from afar'; C

3 Bana səvri venir de loin, venir dehors, come from outside'.//Akk «pr to send

(a message, messenger)', Mehri, Soqotri sfr `to travel', Eg spr (Pyr) `to come,

to arrive' [cf. AA N 325 *sVpVr `to send, to be sent (far away)'].

78. *sVp- `tail': C 8 Aff m-safa:kwe [Sol N 264]; E 1 Ndam sap [CLR].

Noun deriv: `tale, mane, moustache': C 6 Daba sapil `tail' [Lnhr]; E 5 WDng

saapirna `moustaches' (pl.); 7 Msm safiifite `criniere, mane'.

Verbal deriv.: W 3 Krkr sipdu `comb'; 6 Ngz səp-du `comb out hair in

preparation for plaiting'.

For a possible (but not evident, cf. semantic difference) cognate see W 1 Hs

ceefe to comb (beard), undo a coiffure, sewing', ma-ceefi a comb'. Including

Hausa in the present root, we should reconstruct Chadic *c/cVp-.

Alternatively, Hausa (but not Daba, Ngz, Dng, Msm) may be related to Semitic

*dfdf `plait hair' (with HS lateral emphatic in anlaut).

79. W *sVp- spear grass': W cf. 1 Hs saafaa leeks, spring onions'; 3 Bol [GAB]

suwo (-w- , *-p-) `spear grass'; 4 Jmb supa, Miya ipur, Kar ipi, Cagu upe

`spear grass'.

80. *sVd- `to wipe, to clean': W1 Hs suda `finish up remains of food in a vessel

by wiping round with a finger'; 3 Ngm sad- `clean, wipe' [VbNg], Tng yide

(yi- < *si-) `to remove liquid from the surface', Pero ‰iddo `clean', Bol

iddaa-, Gera sad-, Dera wude `sweep' [SchV]; 6 Bade sədu, Dulai səndo

`wash' [SchV]; 5 Mngs sude `sweep' [Cs], Guus saad `sweep' [CrG], Saya

saat `wipe' [Cs], Zaar saat v.t. `clean' (-t# < *-ḍ#, for the same correlation cf.

*sVḍ- `stick'); C 3 Bana sadi èssuyer'; 5 Pod sada `brush off'; 7 Muy edida

`cleared, swept' mod.; C 10 ZB sat `caresser, enduire, oindre', ZD sat

ènduire' (-t# < *-ḍ#); E 3 Tum hЊd èssuyer'; 5 WDng suude (if not <

*suu-ḍ-) `wipe'. Of the same origin as *sVd- `to skin'?

81. *sVd- `to skin, to undress': W 3 Tng wudɛ (su- > wu- regularly) to undress';

C 4 Gude sədə `take off clothes; remove hair from hide'; 5 Pod səda `put on,

take off (clothes)', Gis səd `to wrench apart, to strip off, to separate'; 7 Ould

49

səduk idf. ènlever la peau', Mafa sud- to skin; undress', Mofu -səd- `muer,

enlever (peau, ecaille), to skin, to peel, to shed hair' (contam. with 81 a).

a. *sVd- `to shed hair': C 7 Cuv mɛ-ədɛy `muer, to shed hair', Mafa id-

`tomber (pour des poils), to fall (of hair)'.

Verbal deriv.: C 7 Ould -side ènlever, depouiller, to take off, to skin'.

b. C *sVd- `skin': 9 Mba sad `skin'.

Noun deriv.: C *sVdVb- `garment': 5 Pod sədava `habit', 7 Gis sədav(a)

`cloth, garment', Mada səddava `ve^tement ample pouvant servir de linceul,

cloth used as shroud'. Note -b- as a suff. used to specify human beings'.

82. *sVd- `to leave alone': C 6 Daba asəd ìgnorer' [Lnhr]; 8 Mak sadii

èxcluded one'; E 6 Mok sedde àbandonner'.

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs sudi à woman who has no husband'.

83. *sVd- `to jump': W 3 Tng sodok `hopping' [JgT]; 5 Bogh sida `to jump' [Cs

664].

Deriv.: E 5 Mig sadi‰o sautiller, sauter', Big sodo‰ `sursauter, to hop'.

84. *sVd(Vh)- > *sVḍ- `to swallow': W 3 Bol [GAB] sidok-sidok idf.

`swallowing', C 4 Gude sədəh `swallowing (of non-liquid)'; E 5 Bid sid

`manger goulu^ment', sidaawo `glouton', WDng side, E side `schlμcken,

swallow'; 6 Mok siʔe (< *siḍe); 7 Brg sidi àvaler, to swallow', Kaj seeʔat

(inacc.), siiʔidde (ac.) àvaler'. //Arab sʔd `boire' [BK1035].

Verbal deriv.: W 4 Wrj sidin drink all' [BlS]; C 7 Mbuko sədak avaler', Mafa

sədək àvaler'.

85. *sVd- `to wash' (tr.): W 6 Bade sədu `wash clothes'; E 4 Mawa se^da `laver

(qqch)'. Note E 5 Bid sedeny `tomber goutte a° goutte, to drip'; 6 Mok saade

`couler, cast; flow'.

Deriv.: W 5 Zaar «iḍЌґk idf.`wetness' [CrZ]// Arab sdw è^tre humide' > `dew'

[BK 1073].

86. *sVd- `to die': W 1 Hs iide `die, come to an end'; C 7 Ould sidak idf. `die

completely', Mada ssat `comme mort, like a dead' [BaMd] (-t# <*-d#).

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87. *sVd- `to know, see': C 9 Mba sidi `to see, voir, know', Mulwi sidi `savoir,

connai^tre, eclairer; to know, make clear', Msg ede `verstehen, understand',

sɛda, zɛda, zɛda `sehen, verstehen, wissen, see, knoow' [LkM], Mnj sid i

`connai^tre, voir, know, see' [CLR]; E 5 W Dng sude `croyance, belief, faith'.

88. *sVd- `go down': W 1 Hs iidaa `alight; arive at', iide `put down, help a

person down with a load'; 3 Ngm (Y) siida^ `dive under water', sida^ `swim,

dive' (G) [NEH]; E 7 Brg sida `deep'.

89. W 3 *sVḍ- (W 3 *s- < Ch *s-, c-, -, *c^- ) `to feed, to bring up': Dera wuḍe

`to tend animals', Tng wudɛ to breed animal', Bol sudd fttern, aufziehen, to

feed, bring up' [LkB], suddu `raise, feed' [GAB] // cf. Akk ṣuddu `to provide

with food' [CAD 228]. Note that Akkadian parallel points to Chadic *Vd->

sVḍ-, with shift of emphatization.

90. C *sVd- `to slide, to be smooth' > *sVḍ-k `smooth': 7 Ould -səday `glisser,

echapper, depasser', Muy eidɛk `smooth' (cf. sat idf. `slippery' in 117

*sVwVt- `to glide':), Mada osdo `glisser', so ddokw `(tomber) en glissant',

Mafa sadadək `glissant'; 7a Skn edak `shiny, smooth' .

91. E 5 *sVḍ- (s- < Ch *s-, c-, -) `to harvest guinea corn': WDng side `harvest

by knife, recolter en coupant au couteau', EDng sede `cut guinea corn, Hirse

schneiden', Mig seddo `recolter, moissonner, to harvest, to mow', Bid seed `to

harvest'.// Arab ḥṣd `recolter', ḥṣād `sickle' [BK]. Arabic cognate (pointing to

Ch *-) was suggested by A.Belova.

92. *sVd/d- `stick': W 1 Hs sadii `stick (from which loads hang; used to secure

the knot)'; C 7 Mada œssœd `branchette, baguette (pour fouetter)'.

Note words for different kinds of stiks: W 5 *sVḍ- `stirring stick': Guus idə

[CrG], 5 Dott et, Zaar «it [CrDZ]. Devoicing at the very end

Deriv. in -k-: C 7 *sVḍ-k- `pole for tieing animals': Mbuko sədek, Mada

estek (devoicing in contact position).

93. *sVd/d- rope, thread, tendon; to plait a rope': C 9 Kus saḍǝ fil, thread' [Tr];

10 ZD ide `tendon', ZB sidiu `tresser une corde' (verbal deriv.); E 3 Smr sadi

51

`rope' [Luk] // Arab ʕsd `tordre avec force une corde, to twist a rope' [BK 250].

Note :*sVwd- (< *suw-ḍ-?) `to plait a rope, to tie': C 7 Mofu -suwd- ènrouler,

attacher rapidement', Mafa uwd- `lier (des pattes)'; C 10 E 5 Bid suud

`tresser une corde', WDng soode `rouler une corde entre deux mains'.

94. *sVd/d- `reed': W 1 Hs ada `the reed iwa or d'iwa'; 3 Tng sadar `kind of

reed'; C 7 Muy sə-sad `kind of grass (for secco, strings)'; E 5 Bid sadi `jonc

pour nattes dures, reed for hard mats'.

95. *sVḍ- òffshoot, offspring': W 3 Tng sadak (deriv.) `little shoot on stalk

bearing grain, spike'; C 7a Skn ada `baby, newborn'; 10 ZD səda `bien

pousser, bien donner (pour une plante), bien donner ne', ZB səda `bien

pousser'// Arab sdh `have many children [BK 1069].

a. *sVd/d- `clan': C 7a Skn səd `clan'; E 5 Bid sude `parente, relation,

kinship'. Noun deriv.: W 3 Tng sidam òffshoot, offspring, type, race,

descendant'.

96. *sVd/d- `seed': W 3 Ngm ida^ `seed' [NEH]; 6 Bade sada-k, Ngz zadak

(deriv.< *sVd-, regressive voicing) `seed' [SchN], Duw səda-k `seed', ida

`seeds left after grain heads have been removed from storage'; C 7a Skn səd

`seed' . Most probably, the same as *sVḍ- òffshoot, offspring'. Note that -k

suff. marks sing. (derived from pl.) in Duwai.

a.*sVwVḍ- `to sow': W 3 Tng swadi `scatter, spread, sow'; C 7 Mnj suwdi

`semer a la volee, to sow with hand'.

97. *sVd/d- àrrow': W 4 Diri ida àrrow' [SkBN]; C 7 Ould suda àrrow'.

98. *sVd-/*sVHVd- `medicine': W 3 Bol [GAB] sedi `medicine' ; C 5 Pod suda

`poison'; 7 Merey sidem `medicine'. Note W 3 Krf oɣodi `medicine' [Stl] (if

not < o‘o `witchcraft').

99. *swVd- èxcrement': C 4 Gude ida `contents of intestine'; 5a Hdi swid

[BrH] `remaining herb in an animal's stomach'; 8 cf. Mak sadidi `very bad

odour'; 10 ZD sod [CC], ZB sudo èxcrement' [CLR]; Peve sod `dirt' [Sn],

Masa suday (pl.?) `les excrements' [CLR], Musey s¡t-na° [Shy] èxcrement';

52

E 1 Kera soḍi `Drekigkeit; dirt'. Cf. C 10 Bnn sɔtɔ `dirt' in N 124 *sVt-.

100. *sVwVd- `dark, black': C 9 Mba siwid-siwid `dusk, twilight'// Arab swd (a)

IV stem `be black'. Not necessarily related to *swVḍ- `faeces'.

Noun deriiv. in -k-: *sVdVk shadow': W 1 Hs sidik emph. blackness', idf.; C

5 Glv idəkw(a) `shade, shadow, ghost, spirit', Mnd idukwɛ [Luk] `Schatten,

shadow', Mlg ədəkʷa `Schatten, Geist, shadow, spirit'; 7 Gis mu-sədok

`Schatten (Mensch, Baum), shadow (of a person, tree)'.

101. C *sV-sVd- `core, pith of a stalk': 5 Pod ede-de `partie superieure de la

tige', sə-səda moelle a l'interieur de la tige de mil'; 7 Mofu sa-sad moelle de

la tige de mil, core of a stalk'; Mafa so-sod- `moelle de la tige de mil'.

102. C *sVd/ḍ- `leg': 3 Bana səda `pied, jambe, patte'; 4 Holma idɛ-n, Gudu

et-sə `leg' (voicing in contact), Kolma (Gudu d.) idə , Fali M sidin, Nzn

idɛ, Cheke sida foot', Gude sida, Nzn idɛ leg', Bata sikka ido foot' [all in

Meek]; Gude səda (inher. poss., body part) `foot, leg' [Hs], Jimijimen sdən,

Gude sida, Cuvan sʔdɛ , Sharva ide `leg, foot' [BrJ]// Akk asidu `heel (of a

human being)' [CAD 330].

103. *sid- `six': W 1 Hs ida°; 4 Cagu i‰ə (assim.) [SkNB]; 6 Ngz zədu, Bade

əzdu (regressive voicing of s-); E 1 Kwang (Modgel) sid [Luk]; 6 cf. Mok

zoot (?< sood) `six'// Sem*idt_/ ⁓ *i `six' > Geez səds, Akk eet `six',

editu `sixth' [LsGz], [Sem 3245].

104. *sVd- `many, multiply': C 9 Mnj sisidi `multiplication, multiplier'; E 2 Lele

side `beaucoup '. Any relation to *sid- `six'?.

a.*sVd- big': W 1 Hs suduu-sudu pl. huge (swelling on the body)'; C 5 Pod

sadada `gros', 7 Ould sadada `dur, gros morceau, hard, big piece'.

105. *sVt- to untie': W 2 Ang sət to untie' [Brq]; 5 Dott it untie, unload' [CrD];

E 7 Brg sawti `se detacher, to untie (intr.)'.

106. *sVt- `to walk, to go, to come out': W 2 Ang seet `go' [Fl], siit pii `pass by'

[JgA], Mpn sЊet `go away' [FrM]; 5 Bogh sat `walk, travel' [Cs 688]; C 3 FK

saatə `to come out' [BN]; 8 Log stə `vorbei-, hinausgehen, go out', sto

53

`herbeikommen, to come to' [LukL]// Arab sth `suivre qqn' [BK 1052], sṭw

`marcher d'un pas large' [BK 1089]. [OS N 2264].

Cf. W 3 Ngm ot (G) idf. `running' [NEH].

107. *sVt- `to make a mistake': W 3 Bol sott- `verfehlen, to miss (in shooting)' (if

not the the same as `to shoot’ in *čVt- `to shoot’, cf.) [LkB]; C 5 Pod sutə idf

. `rater, to misfire'; E 1 Kera siiti ìrrefhren, to mislead'.

108. *sVt- `to fall, to throw': W 3 Bol sutu `let lose, let fall, drop, fall, slip off', (a

plurac. verb) ottu, sottu `throw (overhead)' [GAB]; C 7 Mada asta `tomber

(sujet plureil)'; E 5 Bid sot è^tre projete (par vent), tomber avant maturite, to

be thrown by wind, to fall unriped'.//Arab stʕ `jeter par terre' [BK 1310].

Internal Chadic data do not distinguish between *s- and *-.

109. *sVt- `to pull (off, out), to slough skin': W 2 Ang siit `pull up, take out, off;

ausziehen, extrahieren' [Fl, Jg]; 3 Bol siite `sloughing of skin (by snake,

lizard)' [GAB]; E 5 Mig seeto `degaigner, unsheath, enlever (chaussures),

take off'// Arab sht àrracher avec la racine' [BK 1057].

Deriv. in m-: C 7 Mofu -mə-st- `couper en tirant, detacher un morceau, to tear

off a piece by pulling'.

110. *sVt- `to cut off, to slaughter': W 1 Hs ittaa `cut'; 3 Krf et- `cut off,

slaughter by cutting throat' [Stl]; 6 cf. Bade siidu (voicing in medial position)

`slaughter by cutting throat'; C 7 Mafa et- `cut branches (with knife, sickle),

raboter, tailler'; E 5 Bid seet `tailler, to cut (off)'; 6 Mok sitte `dechirer,

fendre, tear off, split'// Arab shṭ ègorger, tuer d'une seul coup, to slaughter'

[BK 1059], Hbr «ḥṭ `slaughter'. [OS 2237].

a. *sVt- `to be, to make sharp': W 3 Bol sott- `spitzen , sharpen' [LkB], ottu,

sottu (pluract. Verb) `sharpen to a point' [GAV]; 6 Duw saato `to sharpen to a

point'; C 5 (deriv.) Pod sətakə ìnsert deeply' idf.

111. *sVt- `to stand, to be vertical (stone, etc.)': W 2 Mpn sat `single standing

vertical cult stone' [FrM] (any relation to C 7 Mafa səta-d, Mofu tɛ-d < *st-d-

òne'?), Msh sat `mount stone' [TAS 317]; C 7 Mada stek `droit, vertical'.

Cf. W 6 Ngz saatu `lift, raise' (if not < suktu `lift, raise').

54

112. *sVt- to rub, to sweep': W 3 Pero ‰oato sweep'; E 1 Kera sete abwischen,

to clean , to sweep'. Cf. *sVd- `to wipe, to clean'. Note that both roots are

attested in W 3 Pero.

Deriv.: E 5 Bid sottok `se curer les dents; to brush teeth'.

Cf. W 6 Ngz kə-atuwa `scabies'.

113. *sVt- `spread, scatter': C 7 Mafa sut- `verser des grains (dans un grenier,

sac)'; E 5 Mig settito èparpiler, disperser'.

Cf. W 3 Bol siitaa `waste; loose; spend money' [GAB].

114. C *sVt- `to dry up': 2 Bura sata `to dry up'; 7 Muy asutay `to dry in the

wind'; 9 Mnj siyti `secher'. Cf. 7a *sVw/y/ʔ- `to dry up'.

Deriv.: 5 Pod satara `become dry'.

115. C *sVt- `to drink': 2 Bura sata `to drink'; 7 Muy su t idf. `to (drink) quickly

and completely'.

Cf. 7 Mafa sawat- `to be thirsty'. If not < *sV `to drink', may be related to Sem

*«ty `drink': Akk «atu^, Ug, Hbr, Aram «ty, Geez satya [OS 2205].

116. *s(w)Vt- `to comb hair': W 1 Hs aataa `comb out partly'; 2 Msh wat kaa

`comb hair' (kaa `head'), Goem swa°t [TAS 326], shwa°t [Hlw]; C 5 Pod sata

`to comb'; 7 Ould -sete `peigner', Muy eetey `to comb'. Any relation to

*sVwVt- `to glide'?

Noun deriv.: W 2 Goem tǝ-saat à comb' [Hlw].

117. *sVwVt- `to glide': W 2 Mgh wɛɛt `gleiten, to glide, rutschen, to slide'

[JgS]; C 4 Gude oota `sliding down an inclined surface'; 7 Muy sat idf.

`slipery'; E 5 EDng sɛɛtɛ `rutschen, to glide'.

118. *sV(wV)t- `to teach, to learn, to understand': W 3 Ngm uuta^ (GY) `learn,

teach' [NEH]; C 3 FK itə ùnderstand', itəswə `knowledge' [BN].

Deriv. in-r/l-: W 9 Mulwi sit-ri `montrer, enseigner', Mba sitar `teach, show',

Mnj sitiri àpprendre, learn'; E 5 EDng satiliye àngeben, to inform'.

119. *sVwVt- `to hit, to beat': W 2 Goem swat `with one stroke' idf. [TAS 327];

5 Zaar suut `to stroke' [CrZ]; C 5 Vame e´t- `stroke' [KV] ; 6 Daba sat `taper

55

pour ramollir, tap,slap' [Lnhr].//Arabsṭʕ frapper,battre des mains' [BK 1088].

120. *sVt- `sister' : W 5 Buli isda `sister' [Cs N 14]; E 3 Smr sidən (voicing in

medial position) `ma soeur' [JgSib] (hardly a loan from Arab sayyid-at- `dame,

madame' [BK1162]); 5 Mig sut- `sister', sut-tu `my sister'; 7 Brg sotu `ma

soeur', Mabire suti sister' [JHM]. For a reliable cognate cf. sura-angas *sVrVp

`women' (pl.) (< Ch *sVt- (sg.) with a -p pl. suff ) in [StP:6f].

121. *sV[t]- `root, bottom': C 7a Skn itə `under'; 10 ZB site `racine de la

langue'; E 4 Mawa sedu `racine' (voicing in medial position); 6 Mok sotto´,

pl. sondayi (irreg. correlation between sg. and pl.: for pl. in -nd- one should

expect [sVd] as a singular)// Cf. Sem *(ʔi-)Vt- `posterior, buttocks' [MK].

122. *sVwVt-/ *sVʔʷVt- `traditional food': W 1 Hs soota `food given to a

stranger on his arrival'; 8 Mak sota welcoming meat' (if not a Hausa loan). Cf.

C 3 FK swaʔitayi `tradition' [BN].

123. *sV[t]- cold': C 9 Msg ma-ade cold' [LkM], 10 ZB setete tres froid'; E 3

Tumak had `cold' [CLR].

124. *sVt- `dirt(y)'; W 3 Tng siti `dirty'; C 10 Banana soto, Banana Musey

sotiya `dirt' [Kr] (alternatively, may be related to *swVd- `faeces', see

above); E 4 Sok ita `dirty' [Luk].

Note possible deriv. C 6 Daba se°teeh `dechet de biere, beer dregs' [Lnhr].

125. C *sVt- `to be flat': 7 Muy sətit `flat, large, without limits', Mada satat

`plat, uni, horizontal'; 9 Mbu satata `plat (rocher)'. A loan? // Cf. Arab sṭh

`aplatir, renverser, to make flat' [BK 1087].

126. *sV[h]- to plunge into, to pierce, to cut ': W 2 Mushere saah plunge weapon

into, pierce' [TAS 314]; 3 Krkr iyu `pierce, bore a hole' [GK]; C 7 Moloko

sah `cut, carve, prune', Mofu -səh- /həs couper competement les broussailles

pour cultiver, cut bush before cultivating'.

Note possible deriv.: C 9 Msg uuɛʕ, uee, iyee Wurfeisen, throwing knife'

[LkM], Gidar soho [Mo] `knife'.

127. *sV[h]- throw (down), get down': W 5 Grn uwi `descend, fall down' [Jag],

56

Zaar ii get down' [CrZ], Dott i `get down' [CrD]; C 7 Muy səh jumping or

throwing' idf.; 8 Buduma hai, hei `descend'; E 5 W Dng siw idf. de `jeter'.

128. *sVH- to fish': W 2 Goem su fishing' (Hellwig, apud TAS 322, but can not

be found in [Hlw]); 6 Ngz iyu `to fish' [SchN], Duw uwi `fishing'; E 6

Mok sawwe `to fish with a net'// cf. PBantu *swe `to fish' [SkNB]. Note Chad

*‰Vw/y- `fishing'.

Noun deriv.: W 6 Bade ma-suuy-an `fisher-man' [R.Lukas]

a. *sVw- `fishing-net': W 3 Tng saa `net for hunting and fishing'; C 8 Log ua

`fishing line' [AlL].

b. *sVwVy- `kind of fish': W 1 Hs saawaayaa `the name of a fish'; 3 Bol aaa

`kind of fish' [GAB]; 6 Ngz iyu `fish', Bade suuyu `fish'; C 10 Masa soy

`kind of fish' [CC], ZB ʔəsao ànguille, eel'; E 5 WDng siwiya `kind of fish'.

Cf. C Mnj siyi `frire (du poisson), to fry fish'.

129. *sVHʷ- `to exceed, to multiply': W 1 Hs aaya `to exceed`; 3 Ngm sauw-

ìncrease' [VbN], (G) sawwa^ `to increase, do more of' [NEH], Bol saww-

àdd, help'[LkB], sawwu ìncrease, help' [GAB]; C 3FK səɣə `multiply' [BN].

a. C *sV(wV)h- `to swell, swelling': 7 Muy ih-ih swelling', Mafa suwah

ènflure du sein d'une femme qui allaite'; ZB saʔa ènfler, gonfler, to swell'; E

4 Mawa sooyo `gonfler, to swell'.

130. *sV(Hw)- > sw- `to drink': W 1 Hs aa; 2 Ang wee [Fl, Jg], Mgh waa [JgS],

Mupun ʷa [FrM], Grk ta, Chip uu [JgC], Msh «wa, Tal suwa [CLR], Kfy

suwaa, Goem suwaa, swa, swa [TAS: 339]; 3 Bol s(a) [LkB], Krkr s- [LkK];

Ngm sa-, Bele hee-, Krf ee-, Glm -, Gera seê-, Grm ee- [SchV], Glm -

[SchB]; 4 Paa sa [MS], Wrj, Siri, Kar sa, Miya sa-, Jmb si, sa, Cagu aa, Diri

‰aa [SkNB]; 5 Bogh aa, Mng siye, ee, Saya s^ya, Grn sai, Jimi he, Tala hyau,

hyaa [Cs], Grn sai; 6 Ngz saw, Duw sawo, Bade sau; 7 DB ah ; C 1 Tera za

(regular voicing); 2 Bura sa, MrC sa; 3 Bana sa, FK sa [BN], Hya, Pskye sa

[BHya]; 4 Jimjimen si, Gude siiny, Cuvan saʔ, Sharwa sa [BrJ], Gude sa; 5

Mlg a, Pod sa; 5a Lmn, Hdi, VemgoM sa [HmG], Hdi say [BrH]; 6 Daba sa

[Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko sa, Ould -si, Muy ei, Mada ese, Zlg sa, Merey sa, Gis e,

(Mj) si, Mofu -s- , Cuv masay, Mafa sa; 7a Skn sə; 8 Mak se [AlM]; Log

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sa- [LkL], Bud hi , Zina sǝ°y, Kus se, Afd se° [Tr]; 9 Mnj si (sa), Mulwi si,

Msg sa [LkM]; 10 ZB se ; E 1 Mobu se, Ngam se: [Lns]; 2 Nch, Kbl-sЌ `drink'

[CH], Lele si `boire, fumer', sa `boire'; 3 Tum he; 4 Mawa se^-Ÿ, Saba seye ; 5

EDng se, CWDng sɛ [CJ], WDng sɛɛ; 7 Jegu s-, Zir ar-si, Mubi si [CJ]. Note

W 5*ɫyV ( < *sHy-) Geji ɫa,Tule ɫe, Wangd ɫe, Zaar ɫeya, Tala hya, Jimi hiye

[CLR]. For Ch data see [CLR], [Sol 701]// Cf. Arab hsw [-u-] `to drink

(birds)'. Cf. Bol sa°ʔʔaa `drink repeatedly' [GAB].

a.C *sVh- `thirst': 5 Pod əha `donner soif', səhəha àssoiffe` idf.; 9 Mulwi

say `thirst'.

In W 3 Bolewa, 4 Paa, 5a Hdi , 7 Mofu, 7a Skn, 9 Munjuk, 10 ZB, E 2 Lele, 4

Mawa also `to smoke'. Note E 4 Sokoro sii `rauchen, to smoke' [Luk]; 3

Tum haw <*saw `to smoke'; 7 Mabire sio `smoke' [HJM].

a. *swV water': W 5 Dott a`water' [Cr]; C 3 Fali so water'[Luk]; 8 cf. Log sa

`beer' [AlL], saa èin berauchendes drink aus Durra, Merissa' [LkL].

b.*sVh- `to pour': W 7 DB uh `pour in'; C Ould suh idf. àction de verser',

Muy suh idf. `pouring, to pour'.

Deriv.: C 7 Mafa səhat- `pour (liquid) from the jug'.

131. C *sVhw- to grind ; a mortar': 8 Log sahe mahlen, to grind' [LkL]; 10 (noun

deriv.) ZD suʔ `mortier, a mortar'.

132. C 7 *sVh- `to smear, to make glatt': Muy səhat-səhat idf. ànointing', Mada

asah è^tre glissant, lisse', Zlg suh `s'arbiter' make even', sa-sah `lisser,

applanir', Mafa sah- `clean a plate with a finger', Mofu -səh- /həs ènduire,

frotter avec les mains, -sa-səhw- `frotter (un peau)'// Arab m-sh èssuyer en

passant la main, toucher, palper, frotter' [BK 1103].

Deriv.: Zlg sahak `se deplacer en glissant ou roulant sur une surface lisse',

Mada shat `bruit d'une chose qui glisse'.

133. C *sVhʷ-/*swVh- `to escape': 4 Gude səhu `sneaking away quietly'; 7 Zlg

sweye°h `se disperser, se mettre en fuite', Mofu -səhw- `save o-s., escape; (se)

sauver, fuir', Mafa oehw- `quick movement, deplacement rapide'.

134. *sV(HV)m- `to cough, cough': W 2 Mgh səgəm `cough' [JgS], Ang sum

58

[Or], Grk te-tum [Fp], Mpn səhǝm [FrM], Mnt suum, Goem surrum [Fp],

sm [Srl, Hlw], sm [Hff], Msh ikim [TAS 337]; 3 Bol ʔi sim `husten, to

cough' [LkB], sim, im`coughing' [GAB], Krf ʔi imi`to cough' [Stl], Pero

‰i^m 'cough' [SchV].

a.*sVm- (as a part of a compound) `chest, breast': W 3 Krf boɣo sumu, Gera

buu-simi [SchV] chest' (boɣo a hole'); C 4 Bata man-ume, um-e breast';

9a Gdr simia `breast' [CLR].

135. *sVHʷVr- `to roast, to fry': W 1 Hs sooyaa `roast, fry'; 2 Mgh suɣur `to fry

food' [BlM], Ang suur `to fry' [Fl], Mpn sur [FrM]; 3 Krkr suru-, Ngm sur-,

Krf uru-wo, Glm sər-, Gera su^r-, Dera wuri [SchV]; Bol surr- `roast' [LkB],

Pero ‰uuro 'fry', Bele huru- [SchB]; 5 Mngs k. sure, Jimi usarke `fry' [Cs]; 7

Kul suwər `burn' [CLR]; C1 Tera zurr (regular voicing) , Boka sura-ḍa [Kr];

3 Kap sur-ke [Kr] `roast'; 4 Gude sərə `roast over open fire; fry'; 7 Mafa

sawar- `griller'; 7a Skn sura `to fry' ; E 6 Mok soriye `griller'// Arab sʕr

àllumer et attiser le feu' [BK 1091]. [OS N 2270].

a. C *sVr- `to boil': 2 Bura sor sor `boiling water' idf.; 7 Mofu -sər- `faire cuir

(oeuf, lait)'; 10 ZD sar `bouillir'.

Noun deriv. àsh': W 5 Tala sirvi [Cs] (< *sVrVp ?); C 7 Mbuko si-ser.

136. *sVhʷ- `calabash, water pot': W 3 Bol saawa `wide-mouthed pot for

carrying water' [GAB]; C 3 Fali seheo `Krbis, calabash' [Luk1]; 7 Ould

suwa `calebasse'; 8 Log ah� `pot for water'; E 7 Kaj suwa `calebasse', Mubi

suwa `big calabash' [CLR].

137. *sVh- ègg': W 3 Ngm aayo n. fem. `locust eggs' [NEH]; 4 Cagu sohoyi

ègg' [SkNB]; C 5 Mlg suuya ègg';10 ZB seʔe ègg'//Eg swh-t (Pyr) ègg'.

138. *sVhVt- (or *sVh-t-) `spleen, liver': C 7 Cuv səhat `rate, `spleen'; E 5 Mig

saate, pl. sattatti, Bid saate `liver'; 7 Kaj saati `foie, liver'.

139. *sVH- `war; to fight': W 3 Dera aa (< *aha) `war' [NmK]; 5 Jimi soosoo

`fight' [Cs]; 7 Bok siyo `Kontrovrtse, Auseinandersetzung, Streit, struggle'; C

5a Hdi suʔaay `to resist'; E 3 Smr saya `war' [Luk].

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140. *sVH- ùrine': W 3 Tang sisi (redupl.) [JgT]; 7 Bok aa coll. Ùrine, Blase,

urine bladder', a^r `to urine'; C 7 Mafa suwhaʔa `gou^t ou odeur de rumen,

d'urine; smell or taste of urine'// Cf. Cush Dahalo saahaw- ùrinate', Omotic

Ometo *eʔ- ùrinate'.

141. *sVHʷ- > *sV(sV) `hair': W 7 Fyer so, DB swe coll., Bok syah, pl. sisyah

[JgR]; C 2 Klb ii [Meek], Mrg ʔiiʔ [CLR], Bura «i«i `hair, feathers'; 3 Bana

sə-ti ùne cheveu, un poil, un plume'8 un plume' 4 Bch ewɔne `hair', Holma

ewo-n, Zumu (Bata d.) «owo, Malabu ewe, Nzangi ɛʕwɛ [Meek]; 10 ZD sa

`poil'// Shush Iraqw seʔeemi sg. f., seʔeengw m. < *seʔe- `hair' [MQK].

a. Of special interest are words for `hair' in the sura gr.: Mgh wɔɔp `hair'

[JgS], Mupun iwep, wep [FrM siwep], Kfy swəp, səwəp, Msh yoop

`feather, hair' [Jg], Montol «uiep [Fp], suwɛɛp kaa `hair of the head' [JgC],

Mushere «yoop, Goem swop `pubic hair' [TAS 327]. Such a structure (with a

long rounded vowel in the middle) is absolutely untypical of sura langauges.

But an Arab loan (cf. aʕaf-at- `meche de cheveux, tupet, cheveux'

[BK1240]), the proto-form was rather *sVw- sg., *sVw-Vp, pl. (for -p pl. in

the sura gr. see [StP:147]). The supporting evidence is provided by a

compound in Gerka without the auslaut -p: twɔ-tək (< *swV-sVk, t- < *s- is

regular) `hair (of) body'9. Of the same origin is also W 3 Bol owɔ [Meek],

sowv (< *sow-p-) [CLR], owwo [SchV] `hair'. In our opinion, sura-bolewa

may reflect pl. of the present Chadic root, namely *sVHʷ-.

b. Cf. C 5a *sVw-di ⁓ *sV-widi `hair': 5a Lmn siidi, Htkl siidi `Haar'

[LkH], Hdi səwidi `hair' [BrH]. Semantic of the suffix is vague. Note that

*sV-widi may originate < *sV-wudi, cf. C 5 *wud- `person'.

c.*sV(H)- `to cut hair, to shave' (verbal deriv.?): W 1 Hs sausayaa `cut the hair

with scissors', sausaya `shear sheep'; 7 Bok soh `shave'; C 2 Bura i `to

shave'; 3 FK n-sə `shave; harvest smth. underground' [BN]; 7 Mafa -

`raser', Ould -say `couper en morceaux, coiffer'.

8 Note -ti as a suff. of dimin., attested in some more Bana nouns, for example: ӡǝ°vǝ-ti° `stalk',

kwǝ°li-ti° `chicken, poussin', mǝz-ti° òrphan'. 9 For Proto-sura origin of the both parts of the compound see [TAS 327, 333].

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d. *sVɣʷ- (*sV- + -‘- pl. ?) `tail': W 3 Dera yiwa (si- > yi-) [NmK]; 4 Paa

suwa [MS], Siri suwi, Jmb sawa, Miya sau, Mbu sawa, sawaza, Kar soo, Cagu

awe [SkNB]; C 2 Mrg u [CLR]; 3 Hya əɣə , Pskye əɣə [BHya].Cf. C 2

Bura uwi `necklace of woven horse hair'.

142. W *sVH-, *sVHVw- > siyaw-, saaw- foot': W 1 Hs saawuu, sau foot(print),

sole' (often in Gen san ); 2 Ang ii foot, leg from knee down' [Fl, Jg, Or], Mgh

ii `foot, leg' [JgS], Mpn sii, n-sii `leg' [FrM], Mnt i `foot' [Fp], Chip ii

`foot' [JgC], Goem ie [Fp] `foot', ʃe `foot, leg` [Hlw]; 3 Krkr siyo `Fuss,

Fussspur' [LkK], sioʕ [Meek], Tng yo; Pero ‰oo `leg, foot'; Dera yoo `foot,

leg', Grm iya [SchB], Krf o, Gera siyi [SchV], 6 Bok sa^y , Kul siyaw `leg,

foot' [JgR].

143. *sVh- `far': W 4 Paa iu far'; C 7 Ould si-siha `loin, a perte de vue' idf.'

10 ZD e `loin, far'.

144. *sVh- `thin, long': W 2 Goem shμǝ° `make smth long' [Hlw]; C 7 Mafa

sohw-sohwwaʔa, oehweʔe `fin et allonge, filirorme, thin and stretched'; 8

Log soahee `schmal, eng' [LkL], Zina swa°ha ètroit' [Tr].

Verbal deriv.: C 5a Hdi səhay `to become skinny; maigrir'; 7 Mofu -sasəhw-

`(s') allonger'.

145. *sVhʷVt/d- `quickly, to hurry': W 5 Zaar swa:t `quickly'; C 2 Bura sat

`quickly, unnoticed'; 7 Ould səhat idf. `quickly'; E 1 Mobu swade `se

depecher, to hurry'. Derived from C *sVhʷ-/*swVh- `to escape' ?

146. *sVxʷ- `bitter': C 7 Cuv susaw àcide'; 8 Log sxa-ne `be bitter' [AlL], sxa

`bitter werden' [LkL]; E 2 (noun deriv.) Lele ta-suwa àcidite'.

147. *sVx- `to be silent, patient': W 3 Krf oʔ- `to be silent' [Stl]; C 3 Bana saxə

`lentement, patience'; 4 Gude səʔwa `be patient; mourn patiently'; 8 Mak sa

interj. `quiet!' [AlM].

148. *sVɣ- `to dig': W 4 Siri saɣa, Mbu səɣə `dig' (cf. səɣar 'hole') [SkNB] //

Arab sḥḥ `piocher, creuser le sol' [BK 1064], cf. Ug «ḥ, Hbr «ḥā `pit' [KB

955]. Cf. *cV[ɣʷ]- `to hoe, to cultivate', *cVh- `to dig, to sow into holes'.

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Deriv.: W 3 Smr sugdə `dig' [CLR].

Noun deriv. (with a suff. denoting tools) *sVg-m-/ *sVɣ-m- `hoe, digging

pole': W 1 Hs su°ngumi `long-handled hoe'; 6 Bade sugum `long- handled

hoe'; C 6 Daba songom `la barre pour creuser le trou' (? < Hausa).

149. C 5 *sVɣVl- `sand': Glv səɣəla, Chn səɣəla, Mnd ili, Nak s�ɣle [Kr].

a. *sVl- `sand, dune': W 4 Cagu siliye `fine sand' [Sk-CLR], C 5 Pod səsəla

`sable', Mlg iliye `grober Sand, Kies, grainy sand, gravel'; E Tor il `dune'.

150. *sVg- `to smear (with oil)': W 5 Jimi səgʔi `wipe' [Cs]; E 6 Mok ʔassige/a

`se frotter, masser avec de l'huile'// Arab sgg ènduire' [BK 1051].

151. *sVg- `to swinge, to move': W 1 cf. Hs sagai 'bending down (head of

millet)'; E 4 Mawa sugu `bouger, to move'; 5 WDng sewge `se balancer'

//Arab sʁsʁ II `remuer, branler (dent)' [BK 1095] .

Deriv.: W 6 Bade su^gdu `swinging'.

152. *sVg- `to show, to indicate': W 5 Dott ak (-k# < *-g#) `show, argue' [CrD];

E 4 Ubi isge `montrer, exhibit; indicate, show' [HJ]// cf. Arab sgʕ `se proposer

qqch' [BK 1054].

Deriv.: W 3 Tng wuglɛ `to show, teach'.

153. E *sVg- `to listen, to hear': 1 Kera əski (devoicing in contact), Mobu sege,

Ngam segi èntendre, ecouter; repondre' [Lns]; 7 Mubi ige, egew (regress.

voicing) [CLR] `hear', Tor ʔiag `dresser les oreilles; to pick up one-s ears'.

154. E *sVHVg- `to scratch (with nails, teeth)': 5 WDng sooge `ra^cler le fil avec

les doigts, effeuiller un rameau en tirant d'un coup tout les feuilles' //Arab shg

ègratigner jusqu'a enlever la peau; tear with claws' [BK 1058].

Deriv. in -d-: 6 Mok siggida `dechirer avec les dents (viande dur), to tear hard

meat with teeth'.

155. *sVg-(n)- `knife': W 3 Krf onge, Glm ‰onga [SchV] ( metath. < *sVg-n-?)

`knife'; 6 Bade sa^gi, Duw sa^gi `razor, small knife'; C 1 Hinna sug-di 'knife'

[Meek]; 4 Malabu (Bata) suga, Bch suga-to, pl.suge, Kumbi (Gudu dial.)

saa-cə, `knife' [Meek]; 8 Log saagii `Messer, knife' [LkL].

62

156. *sVg- à hole': W 1 Hs sagi `hole in the town wall for the exit of water'; E 5

WDng sisugur idf. `large hole'.

157. *sVg- ùncultivated, dry land': W 1 Hs saagaagii ùncultivated land, farm'; 3

Ngm agagi^ (G) `dry, desolated bush area' [NEH]; C 7 Muy iga ùnfertile

land', Mada esge `terre poussiereuse'.

158. *sVg- `lower leg': W 4 Miya agu-hu `foot, leg' [SkNB]; C 2 Mrg iןa `leg',

be-iןa (note b-pref.) `foot' [Meek]; 5 Glv ig(a) `leg, foot', Ngw igo, Dghw

səgə leg' [CLR], sigɛ, Gdf sigə, Gava siga, Chkd, Chnn iga [HmG], Pod �ge

`leg, foot' [JL], iןa `leg' [Luk]; 8 Log «ī´gō `Kn£chel, ankle' [Sol N 307]; E 7

Brg saago `lower leg, Unterschenkel' [JgBr]. Cf. *sVk- ùpper leg, bone’. a.*sVg-r/l/n- ùpper leg, lower leg' (possibly two different roots): W 6 Ngz

seger [Kl], zəgər `leg' [SchN], Bade ЌzgЌl `leg, foot' (regressive voicing); 5

Tule agla `leg' [Sm]; C 8 Kus sa°gºan `jambe', Afd skal (sk- < *sg-) `partie

inferieure de la jambe, lower leg' [Tr]; E 1 Kwan saagar-di `leg' [CLR]; 4

Mawa sugul `cuisse, thigh', Sok su gul-d-um `sein Oberschenkel, your upper

leg' [Luk], sugul- `thigh' [CLR]; 7 Jegu sogor-to, pl. sogor-te `Huf, hoof'.

Cf. W 1 Hs sangalii `shin-bone'; C 8 Zina sa°nga°lǝ°y `partie inferieure de la

jambe, lower leg' [Tr].

Verbal deriv.: W 6 Bade sagvu (< *sagbu) `kick forward with foot'.

159. *sVg- hut': W 1 Hs aago `canteen booth'; 3 Krf soɣo house' [Stl], oko

'compound, household' (frozen pl.?) [SchB], Deno sogo hut' [CLR]; C 5 Mlg

ago Verkaufsstelle, Laden, booth' (< Hausa?), cf. 8 Mak sag� village' [AlM].

160. *sVg- `(wild, bush) hoofed animal': W 3 Kirfi agga `hoofed animal', aggi

fooli `wild animal', pl. aggogi [Stl], Krkr a^gga `wild animal; bush meat'

[GK] (both - frozen pl < *sVg-); C 3 Bana kwamti (devoicing in contact)

`wild animals' pl.; 5 Gdf d�k-siga, Chkd d�k-iga ànimal' [HmG].Cf. W 4 Wrj

sangalay `wild animal' [BlS].

161. C *sVgw/‘

w- `fire-wood': C 3 Bana əɣu `bois'; 4 Jimjimen igun, Gude

ʔoigin `firewood' [BN], 7 Mafa oegwe `fire wood'.

Cf. some more tree-names of similar shape: W 3 Tng sagdɔ `kind of palm';

63

C 3 FK 7 Gis sugom `Schibutterbaum';

E 6 Mok sugibe, pl. su^Ÿgibagi `kind of acacia';

C 3 FK əgənə `kind of tree' [BN]. 7a Skn sagwan `tree Pilostigma'.

162. *sVg/k- `fear, anger': C 5 Pod ege `fear, angst' (-g- < -k-/-g-).

Verbal deriv.: W 6 Ngz saak-tu (-kt- < *-gt- is possible) `be afraid; go into a

rage', Bade sa°k-tu `be cowardly'. Cf. E 5 Bid sogol `se facher'.

163. *sVgVr/l- `hump': C 8 Mak sugure `hump (of a cow)' [AlM]; E 5 Mig

sugu^l-gulu, Bid sugul-gilo, WDng su°gu°l-gu°lu°u°lu° `bosse pre°s du cou'.

164. *sVg- `big, many': W 1 Hs ige èxceed', igi-igi ìn large numbers (piles,

collection)'; C 5 Pod səga `grow, increase'; 5a Hdi səgay [BrH]; 7 Muy

asagay `to increase', Mada sagag èn foule, en grand nombre (troupeau)'.

Deriv.: *sVgVr- `to multiply, to swell, to be long': C 7 Mafa səgər `swell

(grains in water)', Ould -səgur `s'augmenter, multiplier; suffir, e^tre suffisant'.

165. *sVg- `be dishonest, avarice': W 1 Hs sagi à cheat; dishonest person'; 3

Tng sego àvarice, hostility'; E 2 (deriv.) Lele sag-le `mensonge'.

166. *sVg- `dirt(y)': C 3 FK igwa `clumsy, dirty' [BN]; C 8 Mak sagam `dead

thing floating in current' [AlM]; E 2 Lele suge `saletes, garbage', sugi

`pousser des poils en abondante, etre plein de saletes'.

167. *sVk- `to close': 1 Hs saakayaa `partially close a doorway'. Cf. *cV(wV)k-

`to plug, to close'. Note that both roots are attested in Hs.

Deriv.: E 5 EDng sɔkumɛ `zumachen, to close'.

Deriv. in -t- (verb) : W 2 Mgh aɣat `close' [JgS], Mpn ot [sioot] `close'

[FrM], Msh akat `close, lock' [TAS 340]; (noun) W 1 Hs sakata `cross

beam'; 3 Bol sakata `metal door-lock' [BOLDU].

168. *sVk- `to help': C 3 Bana skə `prendre soin, faire doucement, take care'; 8

Log sk�-wun `to advise'; E 5 WDng sakuwe `porter secours, bring help'.

169. *sVk- `to sit, to live, to dwell, to last': W 4 Paa iki `sit, dwell, live' (more

often used than siki) [MS]; 5 (noun derive.) Guus su koo-i `life' [CrG], Dott

suk `sit, dwell', sukəə `rest', suk-dər (caus) `sit down' [CrD], suɣ 'live' [Cs

64

667], Bogh soɣa, Mngs m. sək, k. sigine `rest' [Cs], Geji uuki, uukti, Zul

uku `rest' [Cs 673], Pol ik `live, sit' [Cs 667, 679], Wngd suk [Sm-CLR]; C

2 Mrg sku° `wait for' [HfM:118]; 5 Mlg «ǝkwa àusruhen, to calm down'; 7

Mofu -səkw- `wait', Mafa sak `durer', sak va `rest'; 10 ZD suk `rester,

s'asseoir', Masa suk `to sit down, to rest' [CC]; ZB suk `s'asseoir, rester'.

Deriv. in m-: C 7 Mofu -mə-sk- `se reposer'; E 5 Bid mu-sak `s'habituer, to

accustom'.

Deriv in -n: W 5 Pol soɣən `rest, be patient' [Cs 673, 723]; 4 Jmb ikə

(metath.) `to sit' [SkNB]// Arab skn `be quiet, rest' [BK 1115], Hbr «kn `stay,

dwell'. [OS 2240]. Note that according to A.Belova (personal communication)

Arabic skn is derived < kwn `to be, to exist'.

Cf. W 6 Ngz səkookuyu `pass time, spend a long time, chat, pass the time of

day'; C 8 Mak saka `time' [AlM].

Note W 1 Hs saka `place, put; arrange, fix up'// Akk «akānu `to place smth for

a particular purpose, to set out, arrange' [CAD 116].

170. *sVk `to shave': W 1 Hs aska `to shave, razor'; 2 Ang sak [Fl], Mgh sak

[JgS]; 3 Ngm sako^ (G), sakko (Y) `shave, cut hair' [NEH], sak- [VNg]; 5

Bogh uɣə, Jimi usakəi shave' [Cs N 748]; 6 Ngz səku , Bade səku shave',

əsku (< Hs); 7 Sha uk `rasieren, to shave'; E 7 Brg siiki `raser'.

a. C 8 *sVk- `trowing knife’: Mak skºa° [Tr], Afd sk-pa^ [Tr].// Arab sikkin-

`knife' [BK 1116 ].

b. C *sVk- `spear, to throw a spear': 1 Gaa «uk-ta, Gbn suk-te `spear' [Kr]; 6

Daba sku `lancer' [Mo] // Eg sk (MK) `spear' [EG 315, OS N 2286].

171. *sVkw- `to scrape, to brush': C 4 Gude saku `scrape calabash with side of

finger when eating'; 7 Muy səka°-t `brushing'; E 5 Mig saako `racler, scrape',

WDng suk idf. de korge `racler'//Arab swk `frotter, currer (dents); rub, clean

(teeth)' [BK 1168] or Ef sk (Pyr) àbfegen, abwischen' [EG 310]..

a. *sVk- `to comb’: W 5 Zaar sak `to comb' [CrZ]. Alternatively may be

related to *sVk- `hair’.

Deriv. in -t-: C 6 Daba sakwat èssuyer' [Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko sakat `nettoyer'; 8

Afd skǝdǝ `peigner, to comb' [Tr].

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Deriv.in -ḍy-: E 5 Mig ʔoskidyo `frotter; rub', Bid sookody `se curer les dents;

clean teeth', WDng sokidye `frotter pour nettoyer qqch terni'.

172. *sVk- `to spoil (child, food)': W 3 Bol sakaa `spoil a child' [GAB]; C 8 Log

ski-wun `spoil (food)' [AlL].

Noun deriv.: *mV-sVkw- `spoiled child' (a loan?): C 3 FK ma-sagwa (regular

voicing of *-kw-) `bastard' [BN]; 7 Mada ma-sokwa `ba^tard'.

173. *sVk- `to steal': C 4 Gude sakə `steal when no one is looking'; 8 Log skay

[CLR] `steal'//Arab m-sk `mettre la main sur, to take, catch by hand'

[BK1105].

Deriv.: à theft; be greedy': W 1 Hs sakau‰ii `theft (petty)'; 3 Ngm [NEH]

ik-le^ (G) `miserliness'; 6 Bade sak-tu `be greedy'

174. *sVk(Vh)- `to increase, to multiply': W 1 Hs saakaaka ìn large numbers;

large in size'; C 7 Ould -sakw `croi^tre, grandir, to grow', sakka n. èn plus',

Muy asək ìncrease', Mada sakak èn foule, en bandes', assak ènfler,

gonfler, augmenter' (intr.), Moloko sak `multiply', Zlg-sək- `(s')augmenter,

grow', sakw `big (person)', səkah `s'augmenter, s'aggraver', Cuv mɛ-ɛkɛy

àugmenter en volume'; 7a Skn ik `be more then enough to' .

Verbal deriv.: W 6 Ngz səkunu ìncrease'; C 7 Ould -seke àdopter,

eduquer, elever, faire grandir'.

175. *sVkw- `to buy, to borrow, to pay': W 3 Tng sakɛ `borrow, lend, hire'; C 5

Glv sa/u/əgw `to buy', Pod səkwa `buy'.

Deriv in -m: C 6 Daba səkəm àcheter' [Lnhr]; 7 Ould -səkum `buy', Muy

asəkum `buy, pay', Mada oskwom àcheter', Moloko səkom `buy, sell, pay',

Zlg səkəm `buy'.

Deriv in -l: C 8 Zina sǝ°ka°l `to pay' [Tr]; 9 Mulwi sikili `faire du commerce',

Mnj sikili `commercer', sakala n. A loan?

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs saaka `reward, compense'; C 4 Gude ikwa `payment,

one's share'; 7a. Skn sokono Ànleihe, a loan' [Luk].

a. *sVk- `gift, dot': W 3 Krkr sakana (pl. in -n-) `gifts (chicken) to a

mother-in-law' [GK], Bol ekeke `small money given by bride's family'

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[GAB]; C 7 Mada sokolokw `dot'.

Verbal deriv.: W 3 Ngm [NEH] ok-to (Y) `bring sp. food to a woman who has

given birth'; C 7 Muy askad `to cut ( tuwo) and throw to the ground to the

ancestors, to sacrifice'.

176. *sVk- `to thresh, to press firmly': W 1 Hs sussukaa (<*suk-suka) `to thresh':

C 9 Mnj suki `tasser'; E 6 Mok sokke `tasser, press firmly'.

Deriv. in -d-: W 3 Krf uɣu-du `threshing' [Stl]; C 9 Muy eeke-dey `to level,

flatten'; note 7 Mofu -mə-skwad- `grind for the second time'.

Noun deriv.: C 7 Ould sakanda `fleau long pour battre les haricots, a long

flail'.

177. *sVk- `to hoe, to farm': W 2 Mgh sak `to hoe (with a big hoe)' [JgS], Ang

saḳ `to hoe' [JgA], Mpn sak `plow, till, form' [FrM], Mgh sak, pl. səlak [Jg]

`hacken (mit grosser Hacke; to hoe (with a big hoe)', Msh sak `to cultivate'

[TAS 315]// Akk akku `to harrow' [CAD 433], Eg skȵ (Pyr) `pflgen (mit

dem Pflug, mit der Hacke), to plough' [EG 315]. Cf. [OS 2177].

Noun deriv.`a hoe': W 1 Hs sakwa-mii `a long-handled hoe used at sowing

time' (with a suff. of instrumens), 3 Ngm sakatoono (Y) hoe (for harvesting)'

[NEH]. A compound.

a. *sVk- `to dig': W 2 Mpn sak `dig' (contamin. with `plow, till, form',

alternatively may originate from *cVḳ- `to dig'); 4 Wrj sikyi `to dig smth off'

[BlS]. Cf. *cVḳ- `to dig'// Arab sakk- `puits' [BK 1111].

Note that W 3 Tng suke `to till hard ground' rather originates from *c^Vḳ-

(Tng -k- < *-ḳ-, -g- < *-k-, *-g-).

178. *sVk- `to mix, to stir, to shake': W 3 Goem ḳam-sak `kind of broom to stir

the beer' (ḳam 'stick'), obviously: `stick (to) stir' [TAS 315]; 3 Tng saagɛ `to

mix, to blend'; 5 Dott (deriv.) sukət `mix' [CrD]; C 4 Gude ikuiku (redupl.)

`bounce a baby to quiet'. E 6 Mok sawke `melanger, mix'.

Deriv. in -ḍy-: E 5 `to shake': WDng sɛkidyɛ `secouer un recipient, shake a

vessel', sɛkɛ‰ idf., Bid segedy `secouer la sonnaille ou le hochet'.

Note W 2 Kfy agal `to stir' [TAS 314], Goem sɔɔl `to mix a cooking meal

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with a stick' [TAS314], shɔɔl `squeeze or pulverize smth (while cooking),

forge', shɔɔl «at 'she mixed the porridge' [Hlw]. Possibly, < *sk-l, deriv.

a. C *sVk- `stirring stick, tooth stick': 3 FK iku `stick (to stir porridge)' [BN],

2 Bura aku 'stirring stick', 8 Log ma-skama `tooth stick' [AlL].

Note C 2 Bura sikwam `stake for tying a horse', 7 Mbuko su kol `pilon, baton',

Merey sakwal `stick' // Arab sakk- `clou' [BK 1111].

Words for `stick, pole' may be not related to `to mix, to stir'.

179. *sV(wV)k- `to go, to come': W 1 cf. Hausa suka° `galloping'; 3 Ngm isko^

(G), isko (Y) `is going, is coming' (defective verb: Complet. and Progres.

only); C 3 Bana səkə `venir', skwa `venir en vas', FK skə `to arrive' [BN]; 7

Mafa ik `come'; E 7 Kaj saka `venir', Msm suugu `venir, arriver', Mubi

suwak `come' [CLR]// Arab skʕ `se diriger vers' [BK 1114].

180. *sVk- `to talk, to speak, to call': W 2 Ang ok `to speak' [Or]; 5 Bogh so k

`conversation' [Cs N454]; C 3 FK səkə `to call s.o. from the east', ska `from

the north' [BN]; 10 ZB sik `dire'; E 5 EDng sakkiye `convoquer, call to'.

Deriv. `to whisper': C 7 Moloko sokoy `whisper', Mafa so-sukw- `chuchoter,

murmurer'; E 1 Kera we-ske `flustern; to wisper'.

Cf. C 3 Bana kwət(i) `saluer, greet'.

181. *sVk- `to roast, to fry': W 3 Bol sekku `fry in oil' [GAB], sekk- [LkB]

`roast'; 5 Dott sək `cook' [CrD]; E 3 Tum hug `cuire dans de huile'.

Noun deriv.: C 7 Mofu me-sekw, me-se-sekw `charcoal'.

182. *sVk- `to glide': C 7 Mbuko saak `tomber en glissant par terre'.

Deriv.: C 7 Ould səkasəkad `glissant; lisse', sikede vt. `lisser, rendre lisse',

Muy sakadi `slippery', Mada sked sked `lisse, plat, uni'; 8 Mak ma-skadio

`slide, slip; glissade' [AlM]; E 5 Bid sookody `rendre lisse une corde'.

Cf. E 6 Mok sookile `glisser'// Arab sql `polir' [BK 1109].

183. *sVk- `to pull, to stretch': W 5 Zaar sak [CrZ] `thin out plants by removing

unwanted ones'; 3 Pskye nsikə `pull' [BHya]; 8 Mak sku `stretch' [AlM].

184. *sVk- `to pour in, to soak': W 2 Goem sǝk `to soak in water (grain, cloth)'

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[Hlw], Ang ək `nass werden, become wet' [JgA]; 4 Miya, Diri, Jmb sЌka

`pour in'; C 3 Bana kə `verser', Pskye ikekə, Hya nda-igɛ `pour' [BHya].

Deriv.: W 1 Hs akaf `damp; wet; sloppy (food), green (wood)'.

185. *sVkVR- `to dance': C 5 Mlg əkəla, Wnd əkəla, ikla `to dance' [CLR],

Glv akal-, Dghw khila [CLR], 5a Hdi səkalay to dance' [BrH]; 9a Gdr iskəla

[Mo]; E 2 Kbl, Nanc -səkra `to dance' [HKb].

186. W *sVk- `to praise': W 3 Pero ‰oko `to exalt', Tng sugɛ `to praise' // Arab

n-sk è^tre pieux, be respectful' [BK 1251].

Deriv.: W 6 Ngz sak-sak-tu `to honour, give honour to'.

187. *sVk- `dog, hyena, jackal': W 3 Dera ikə-nana `dog, crying nanna, hyena'

[NmK]; C 3 Bana sakata `jackal'; 4 Bch sakke [Meek], sakey [Sk], Ngw

iskhəde (compound?) [CLR] `dog'; 8 Afd ske^ `hyena' [Tr]; E 4 Sok oske

`Hyena' [Luk]; E 5 WDng sɛkɛluwɛ `caracal (lynx rouge)' (comp.). Cf. W 4

Diri akisakwa (if < aki-sakwa), Miya gidan-zakwai (voicing in medial

position) `hyena' [SkNB]

Verbal deriv. `to sic on (a dog)': W 6 Ngz a-ku, ə-ku, Bade sək-tu.

188. *sVk- `bird of prey': W 3 Krkr saakiti `vulture' [GK], E 7 Brg siki `falcon'

m.// for a possible cognate cf. Arab sahuuq- àigle' [BK 1157].

189. *sVk- `cord, rope': W 5 Pod saka `corde, rope'; 7 Ould asakw `corde', Muy

asək `string, tree from whose bark it is made', Mada assak `fibres vegetales

pour fabriquer des cordes, des filets', Zlg asak `corde, fibre de bois'; 9 cf.

Mnj suwak `ceinture'.

Verbal deriv.: W 7 DB sakal àufwickeln (Schnur); wind up (a rope)'.

190. *sVk- ùpper leg, bone': W 3 Ngm eke `foot, leg' [NEH], ɛkɛ `leg' [Meek]

Bol eke [GAB]; 5 Bgh bu-skii (note b-pref.) [Sm]; C 4 Gude ikə sida `foot'

[Meek];7 Ould sek `foot, leg', Muy asak `leg, foot', Mada sek `jambe, pied,

patte', Zlg sik `jambe, pied', Cuv ɛk`pied', Mafa sak `leg, foot', Mukt ik

[CLR]; 8 Log mə-skə [Mo] `leg', cf. Mak sku `hip; waist' (in case Ch is related

to Sem, sk- < *ˆk-); 10 Masa sok [Mo], sɔk-a [CLR] `bone'; E 4 Sok

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saka-d-um `dein Schienbein' [Luk]// Arab saq- `jambe, tibia' [BK 1167].

Deriv. in -r-: W 7 DB sakur `Bein, leg', 7 Sha səkaʕu (if ʕ < *-r-) `leg, foot'.

Verabal deriv.: E 5 WDng saake `donner un coup de pied' < `pied'.

191. *sVk- èvening, west': W 5 Geji kə-suk-ti èvening' [Cs N373], Jimi

maa-suku-to [Cs]; C 6 Daba su kuh `le soir'; 7 Mbuko suko `soir', sə-suko

àpres midi'; 9 Mba sukoy `West' //Arab shkk (attested only in III stem) è^tre

tres sombre (nuit), to be too dark (night)' [BK 1061].

192. *sVk- `(part of a) hut': W 2 Ang sek 'verandah' [TAS 318]; 3 Tng sike

`house or place where one's grandmother (mother's side) was born'.

Deriv. in -r-: C 7a Skn sukuruk `man's room (old, outside town)'; E 5 Bid

suk-sukurre `grenier', 4 Ubi saakure `chambre en bois'.

Cf. *‰Vkʷ- `barn, shelter, house', note that both roots are attested in Bidiya.

Deriv. in m-: C 7 Mofu ma-sakwa ìnternal wall'.

193. *sVk- `morning, tomorrow': W 3 Pero ‰eger `morning', Krf aɣɣai (Ch

*-k- > Kirfi -‘-) `morning' [Stl]; E 5 Bid sak-sake f. àube', Mig sossoko

`matin', sokko^ adj. `demain, tomorrow', sokonta `lendemain, day after'; 7

Jegu saka^n `morgen , tomorrow', sogo^t `ber-morgen'.

Verbal deriv.: E 5 `to get up, quit early': Bid sak `se reveiller tres to^t le matin',

WDng sake `quitter to^t de matin, partir de bonne heure'.

a. *sVk- `to start, to begin': C 9 Mnj sok `starter'; E 6 Mok sawke `start

quickly doing smth'.

Deriv.: W 3 Tng sugde `to start'; 6 Ngz səkur `begining'.

194. *sVk- kind of (palm) tree' (or names of different trees): W 3 Krkr sakwabi

`gum tree' [GA], Bol sakaayi `nettle tree' [GAB]; 5 Guus ukoor `raffia

palm' [CrG]; C 2 Bura ika the black plum tree'; 6 Daba sikid la figue'; 7a

Skn iku `tree' [Meek]// cf. Arab saqiww- `palmier' [BK 1111].

195. *sVk(Vk)- `fowl disease': W 1 Hs sukuku à quickly fatal fowl disease'; E

5 WDng sakiyaw idf. `maladie'; 6 Mok sakkiya `maladie des volailles'. Cf. W

6 Ngz saak-tu `recover'. A deriv.?

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196. *(sV)sVk- `snake': W 5 Bogh (b) ə-suk, (j) gi-zuk, Mngs iski [Cs], Buli

iək `snake' [Cs N279]; C 7 Mafa oe-oekw `snake' (gen. name), Ould

āskwākw `vipe°re de Gabon'; 10 ZB su-suk `tenia sp., kind of snake'. Cf. C 7

Ould asə-sukw `chenille, caterpillar'.

197. *sVk- `thing, one': W 2 Ang ik `Sache, Angelegenheit, thing' [JgA], Mgh

ik `Sache, thing' [JgS]; C 5 Hdi səkwi `la chose, thing' [BrH].

C *sVk-t- òne, a unit': 2 Bura sok-ti à unit; whole, entire'.

Cf. C 7 Mafa sak `nombre de fois; how many times'.

198. *sVkwVr- > *sVrVkʷ- ìn-law': W 1 Hs surukii (metath.); 3 Bol suuru, pl.

sugure ìn-law' [GAB], suuru, Ngm sorko^ [NEH] `father-in-law', sorkiti^

`mother-in-law', Dera wuuruk `male-in-law', Tng wurgo, Bele huuri ìn-law'

[SchB], Krkr sakwar [GK]; 6 Ngz saurak (< *sakwr-ak), Bade soolak; C 1 Tera

sərvəki ìn-law'; 4 Bata serwa [Mo], Gude sərəhwa `parent, child-in-law'; 5

Mlg owole (-w- < *-kw-) ìn law'; 6 Daba sukul `father-in-law' [Lnhr]; 7

Mafa sukwar ìn-law'; 9 Msg sula, pl. sulakai ìn-law' [LkM], Mnj suwul

`father-, mother- in-law’.

Cf. W 2 *sVHVr- ìn-law': Ang səər [JgA], Mgh səgər [JgS], Mpn səər

[FrM], Kofyar sǝɣǝr, Goem su^r, suur, sur [ TAS 336]. If not < *sVkVr-, must

be an Arabic loan, cf. Arab sihr- `brother in-law' [BK 1380].

Deriv.: C 7 Ould sukulu-kw `to work for father-in-law to pay part of the debt

for the wife', Muy su kʷulu-kʷ (n.) `work for one's father- in-law'.

a. *sVk- `younger brother, sister': W 1 Hs saako `younger brother, sister.'; C 3

FK mə-sakən `younger brother, sister', n-suku `brother- in-law' [BN]; 7 Gis

sukom `brother' [CLR].

b. C *sVk- `clan, origin, ancestor': 7 Mofu səkway `clan of the father'; Gis

sukoy `Wurzel, Ursprung, origin', sukwi (Mj) `family'; 9 Kus skºe° àlliees

(parente), relatives)' [Tr].

199. *sVkʷ- horse': C 8 Log bə-skwan [LkB], mə-skpə [CLR]; E 7 Brg sauka,

pl. saukay `cheval';

Verbal deriv. W 1 Hs sukwaanaa `to gallop a horse'; 6 Ngz sakəmu `to mount

a horse, a camel; to ride an animal'.

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Cf. W 3 Bol seekaro `horse the colour of patas monkey' [GAB].

200. *sVkʷ- `hair' (rather < *sVw-, cf. *sVHʷ- `hair', with a body-parts marker,

like in *zV `body'): W 3 Glm səgu, Gera aa [SchV], Glm suu [Gow],Tng

wook, Dera wakai [NK], Krkr saku [CLR], saku `hair, feather' [GK], Krf

ukka (old pl.?), Bele hoko `hair' [SchB], Pero ‰o k `hair'.

Deriv.: W 7 Kul uku^l `hair'; C 7 Mada skab `longes (poils, cheveux)'

201. *sVkw- `spirit, soul, witchcraft':W 1 Hausa iska `spirit'; 3 Krkr sookoo [GK]

`sorcery', Krf oɣɣo `witchcraft', ka oɣɣo `tabou' [Stl], Ngm ak-aka èvil

spirit' [NEH], Tng wɔgɔ èvil spirit, witchkraft'; 5 Bogh swak `witchcraft' [Cs

470]; C 3 FK swaku `shadow, soul' [BN]; 5a Hdi səkwa ʒiʒi àncestor spirit'

(ʒiʒi `grand-father') [BrH]; 10 Masa suk `l'esprit' [CC].

Noun deriv. in -t-: W 3 Krf oɣot-tu, pl. okkotii `wizard' (-tu is a marker of

NAg) [Stl]; 2 Ang soot `witchcraft' [Fl], Mpn soot `witch(craft), evil spirit'

[FrM], Kfy sogot, Msh soko `witch', Goem s/soot `witchcraft' [TAS 337].

Deriv.: C 7 Mbuko səkar ìdole', Muy səkəl `spirit of a clan, family'.

Cf. W 3 Krkr usakuu 'spirit with power over the harvest' (according to [GK] - a

Hausa loan).

a. *sVk- `wind': W 1 Hs iska `wind' (contam. with `spirit', probably one and

the same rooth with a semantic shift); 5 Jimi usukum `wind' [Cs]; C 4 Gude

sakaʔ `blowing back and forth in the wind' idf.

202. C *sVk- `cooking pot':3 Bana aka `pot (for souce)', FK aka `pot' [BN]; 5

Glv aaka pot (for miya), earthen vessel (for soup)', Pod sakama grand canari

pour la bie°re'; 7 Mbuko siked `big calabash', Mada me-sek `pot'; 8 Log skua

[AlL], Mak sko `cooking pot' [AlM], Kus sko° `marmite, poterie', Afd sk-po

`marmite en terre' [Tr], Ngala s³ku, Bud ho´gu, Shoe sko `pot' [Sol N 419].

Cf. 5 Mlg sakkan (old plural?) `Kessel, vessel for water'.

Note possible deriv.: C 7 Mafa sokwan `citrouille sp.', 7a Skn sokono

`Krbis' [Luk].

203. E *sVk- `bird':1 Kera kaskɔ coll. (if < *ka-sk-) `bird'; 6 Mok sakkiya `kind

of bird'// Arab ʔasqaʕ- `petit oiseau du genre des passereaux' [BK 1108].

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204. *sVk- `quick': W 3 Ngm soku (G) `speed, quickness' [NEH]; C 7 Mada

skwa `donc, deja, tout se suite'; 8 Mak sagisa `(be) fast' [AlM]; E 5 WDng

usuk `brusquemant, immediatement'.

a. *sVk- èasy': W 5 Buli səkwai èasy' [Cs 520]; E 5 WDng sɔɔk idf.

àisement, easy'.

205. *sVk- `be clever': W 3 Pero ‰ika 'cleverness'; 5 Dott sak `be wise' [Cr],

saaɣti, Pol sak, Geji boɫkən (ɫk- < *sk-) ìntelligent person' [Cs N 31]; C 4

Gude səkura `cleverness'.

206. *sVk- `line, straight': W 3 Mgh saak `Linie, a line' [JgS]; C 8 Mak sak

`straight ahead' [AlM]; 10 ZB siked `droit'; E 5 WDng sak sak `straight' idf.

// Arab sikk-at- `rue' [BK 1112].

Cf. W 3 Bol ma-saki àrrow-like stripes in calabash decoration' [IbBl].

207. *sVkVk- `dry (of plants)': W 2 Kfy ak `to dry and be lost (beans)' [TAS

340]; C 7 Muy egkʷ idf. `dry', Mbuko sokok idf. `dry (trees, leaves)'; E

5 WDng sikiyaw idf. (used with bagiye `secher').

Deriv.: C 7 Muy səkwal mod `dying (plant)'.

208. *sVkʷ-sVkʷ- `cold': W 6 Bade sak-saka `cold', Duw sak-sak `coldness'; C

7 Mofu -sa/ekw sa/ekw `wrinkled (of coldness), cf. Muy eikʷЊy `to wither'.

209. *sVḳ- `to give water to smb': W 3 Tng soke `give water to a child'// Arab

sqw àbreuver qqn de qqch, donner a boire' [BK 1109], Akk «aqu^ `give a

drink', Ug «qy `drink'. [OS 2220].

a.*sVḳ- `swallow': W 5 Jimi suka `swallow' [Cs]; C 5 Pod ikəka ikəka

`swallow (food)'; 7 Ould sək sək sək idf. àvaler'; 8 Afd s™e°, Kus s™e

`swallow' [Tr] // Cf. Arab sqg èngloutir' [BK 1160].

Deriv.in -n-: W 4 Paa s�ḳən `swallow' [MS], Wrj suḳun-, Siri səḳənu, Jmb

əkən-, Miya səkən-, Kar sukun, Cagu səḳən [SkNB, Wrj suḳun- `to

swallow', sakwaana `swallowing' [BlS];

Deriv. in -d-: C 7 Cuv mɛ-əkɛ-dɛy `swallow'.

210. *sVḳ- to fill, full': W 1 Hs aaḳe fill (but calabash)'; 5 Mngs ikekke full'

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[Cs]; C 2 Bura ikta `to fill (hole, ditch)'.

211. *sVḳ- `to winnow':W1 Hs eeka `to winnow, to pour into vessel (esp. from

a height)', iḳa `winnowing'; 3 Tng sek `winnow'; C 5a Hdi səskay `to sieve

by shaking; tamiser' [BrH]; 7 Mbuko sə-sak `winnow', Muy asak `to sieve',

Moloko sakay `sift', Mofu -sasək- 'winnow'.

Deriv. in -d- : C 9 Mnj sikidi, Mulwi sikidi `tamiser'.

212. *sVḳ- `to weave': W 1 Hs saaka `weave'; 2 Ang sak [Fl], saḳ [JgA], Kfy sak

[TAS 315]; 5 Buli sag-ən [Cs 174], Burma sake [Kr], Mng sake [Cs] weave';

C 6 Daba səka commencer a° tresser' [Lnhr]; 10 ZB sak commencer a° tresser

(natte)' // for a cognate see Cush Agaw *sVḳ- `to plait, weave': Bilin saḳw-,

Xamir saḳ-, etc. [OS 2178].

Cf. C 9 Msg ma-saka `Baumwolle; cotton' [LkM].

213. *sVḳ- `to cut (trees, branches), to carpenter': W 1 Hs sassaḳaa (< *saḳ-saḳa)

`carpenter'; 2 Ang sak cut down (trees to clear land for a farm)' [Fl], Goem sa°k

'cut, split lengthwise' [Hlw]; 5 Guus sassaka carve wood' (< Hs) [CrG]; 6 Ngz

sa-sku `scrape or cut off in small pieces, e.g. skin of mango; carve wood in this

way to make a hoe handle'; C 7 Ould -saka `tailler'; E 5 WDng sike `terrasser,

abattre (arbre), to cut down a tree'. // Eg sḳḳ (NK) `cut'. [OS 2180].

Verbal deriv.: W 6 Bade saak-saak-tu `cut off branches'.

a.*sVk- `knife': W 2 Mnt ik [Fp, Jg] `knife, dagger', Ank ik `knife' [Fp], 3

Tng ti-zuk `chizel'.

214. *sVḳ- > *sV-sVḳ-/*sVwVḳ-: `to drive away, to push': W 1 Hs sa°a-su°ḳa°

`drive away'; E 1 Kera so°ke stossen, to push'// Arab swq `pousser devant soi'

[BK N1167], [OS 2288].

215. *sV(HV)ḳw- `to breathe, breath': W 1 Hs eeḳaa `inhale, sniff, smell at'; 5

Bogh soɣəmu, Mng sik, Saya səə, Tala t. suɣi, z. səɣi `breathe', cf. Jimi

səkwaate [Cs], Dott suɣut, Geji uuk-ti , Pol səɣən-tə to breathe' [Cs N 728];

4 Paa sakwaa `to breathe, to pant'; E 5 Bid suu‰ (regress. assim.< *suuk?)

`aspirer, inhalter, to breathe'.

Deriv.: E 5 WDng siikime `respirer', Bid siikam `sangloter; to sob', Mig

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seekino `sanglotter'; 6 Mok siikime `sangloter; sob'.

Noun deriv. in -t-: W 1 Hs eeḳatay `panting'.

a. *sV[™™]-/*sV[™]V[™]- `hiccups, to hiccup':W 2 Mpn sə-sək `hiccups'

[FrM], Kfy doe-soek, Msh i-ik, Goem toe-sʔhek, tə-sek `hiccough' [TAS

332]; 5 Jimi akakəl, Geji aakadumi `choke' [Cs 729]; E 5 Mig sikko

`hoquet, hiccup'.

Deriv.: E *sVkVl- `to whistle': 5 WDng sogile (voicing in medial position)

`siffler', 6 Mok sookile `siffler, hiss; whistle'.

216. *sVḳw- `nest': W 1 Hs eeḳa ` nest'; 3 Krkr sako, sakwau [GK]; 6 Ngz saka

`nest; sheath', Bade saka^ nest, sheath'; C 10 Masa ossokw nid d'oiseau' (any

relation to ECh *sVk- `bird'?) [CC].

Cf. C 4 Gude asǝkə ìn, inside of'.

a. *sVḳʷ- à hiding place; to hide o.s.': W 1 Hs saako àny hiding place'; 2

Ang sok [Fl], sɔk [Brq], Mgh sɔk `verstecken, verbergen; to hide o.s.' [JgS],

Mpn sok [FrM] `hide', Goem sok [Fp], sok [Hlw] `to hide' (alternatively, may

originate from Ch *ɫaḳʷ- `to hide' [CLD II, N 328]. Note that c and ḳ are not

compatible in one word in Hs, thus Ch *ɫaḳʷ- > Hs sVḳʷ- or cVk-.

217. *sVḳʷVn- `honey': W `honey': 3 Krkr ʔieeni [LkK], Bol sooni, Krf

aɣani, Pero ‰igini, Glm suun,Gera sinya (*-kw- >-w-) [SchV]; 4 Wrj

suḳʷan-ai, Siri sukʷuni, Jmb, Mbu suḳʷana, Miya abi sukʷam, Cagu ‰ooḳane

(if ‰o- < *so-); E 4 Skr so one (-kw- > -w-) `bee', sonen `honey'. Cf. W 1 Hs

sankaa (if -nk- < *-nḳ-) `honeycomb'. Loss of emphatic in a cluster?

218. W 4 *sVnḳ- `tongue': Paa sinḳi [MS], Wrj iḳə-na, Kar inakə, Miya

inaki, Cagu iḳ-an, Siri sənaḳi, Mbu inaḳo, Jmb sənakə-la [SkNb].

219. *sVl- `to cut (in pieces), to carve': W 3 Gera allə-mi `cut (slit)' [SchB],

Bol sal- `strike with a sword' [LkB]; sallu `hack (off), slash (with sword,

machete, etc.), cut off, pare; dodge, get out of the way' [GAB]; C 8 Mak sal he

`carve; tailler' [AlM]; E 4 Mawa se^la `tailler avec un couteau; eplucher'; 6

Mok seele `depecer (animal), hacher, cut in pieces' //For Gera and Arab slʕ

`fendre' [BK 1124] see [OS 2181].

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Cf. cutting instruments of the *sVl-shape: W 4 Paa ila àxe' [MS]; 5 Saya

albi àdze' [Cs]; 6 Duw salaliya `blade of any tool (without a handle)'; E 4

Sok salu `Dolch, big knife' [Luk], Barein saalu `knife' [Luk].

Cf. W 6 Bade saal-ba `tribal scars' (scars of a person ?).

a. E 1 Mobu esele, Ngam esile `raser (faire la barbe)' [Lns] //Arab shl `peler,

depouiller; raser, balayer' [BK 1061].

220. *sVl- `to shoot, to throw a spear': W 1 Hs illa `shoot, throw'; E 4 Sok sile

sua `throw a spear'.

Note numerous words for `spear' and àrrow'.

C 7 Zlg suwal `lance', E 5 WDng sal-tiine `spear with long iron blade',

sul-dyu `spear', Bid sul-aayi `smal pointed spear'.

C 7 Balda sala àrrow' [TrB], Mafa sulom àrrow'.

Deriv. in -b-: W 1 Hs sul-bu à kind of arrow'; 8 Mak s�l-bo `hairpin' [AlM].

a. *sVl- `war': W 2 Goem al `war'[Fp], C 7 Muy ilik `war'.

Cf. C 8 Mak s�laa `weapon of war' (an Arabic loan?). Cf. Arab slh `s'armer' >

silaḥ- àrmes, sabre'.

221. *sVl- `to go out': W 5 Mngs m. sul, k.s�le `go out' [Cs], C 5 Dghw sawile

`go out' [CLR]; E 5 WDng sallile `go out'.

a. C *sVwVl- `to wander': 5 Mlg uwula `Reise, travel', Pod ule `voyage'; 7

Ould siwla `promenade, voyage', Mada asasala `se promener sans but', Mafa

sawal- `se promener'.

Cf. 6 Daba sulom `vadrouiller, wander'.

222. *sVl- `(to set) a trap': W 3 Tng sallɛ `set a trap'; C Mak me-sele `string trap

for birds'; E 4 Mawa sulup `trappe, trap'// Arab sll > silla `filet' [BK 1116].

223. *sV(wV)l- `to cry, to shout': C 7 Muy eleh `make shrill', salalay `cry of

joy'; 9 Mba siwel `crier, shout'; E 2 Drm sile `schreien; to cry, to shout'

[Luk]. Cf. E 1 Kera sewle `jammern, to wail'.

224. *sVl- `to be silent, quiet, to calm down': C 3 FK alala `quiet, calm' [BN]; 7

Muy ilek `silently'; 8 Mak s�lag� `quietly' [AlM]; 10 ZD sul `lentement, sans

bruit'; E 4 Mawa suulu `garder le silence', Sok sole `be silent'; 5 WDng

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sale to calm down'///Arab slw - se consoler de qqch' > consolation, rela^che,

tranquille' [BK 1132].

Deriv.: W 6 Bade səlootu `make piece'. An Arabic loan?

225. *sVl- `to wash (tr., intr.): W 4 Wrj il- `wash body' [Sk-CLR]; C 10 ZB sal,

ZD sal `laver les graines, to wash corn'.

Deriv.: C 7 Mofu -səl-b- `wash o-self quickly, become wet'.

226. *sVl- `to respect': C 2 Bura sili `glory, respect'; 7a Skn səlliy `respect', E

cf. 5 Mig siilo `ga^ter un enfant, indulge, pet a child' //Cf. Arab wsl >

`parente, affinite, credit, influence' [BK 1537].

227. *sVl- `to strike, to whip': C 8 Bud hal (< *sal ) `schlagen, to strike'; E 5 Bid

saal `gifler; to whip'.

Redupl. *sV-sVl- `to touch, to tap': W 3 Bol saa-silu `touching lightly on the

top of smth' [GAB]; C 7 Ould -sasawalay `ta^ter, palper, to touch'.

228. *sVl- `to make a hole': W 2 Mpn sul `pierce, make a hole', Chip səl `stuck,

pierce, durchbohren, erstecken' [JgC], Kfy sul `make a hole' [TAS 323].

Noun deriv.: C *sVl-k/h- à deep hole': 7 Mafa sulhwa'a `deep (hole)'; 8 Mak

salka `toilet hole' [AlM].

Cf. C 7 Mbuko sololo `profound'; 8 Mak sululu `deep' [AlM].

229. *sV(w/y)Vl- `to ask (for)': W Tng seli `beg, ask for'; C 8 Mak swal

`question' [AlM]; E 7 Jegu eel- `wollen, verlangn, fragen' // Arab swl

`demander', suwl-at- `question' [BK1169], s€l àsk, demand' [BK 1036].

Cf. C 7 Mada slek `dispute'.

230. *sVwVl- `to disturb': W 2 Ang wal `to annoy, trouble' [Fp]; C 7 Zlg swalwa

`destruction, malveillante'.

Verbal deriv.: W 6 Ngz sal-tu `be concerned, worried',

Cf. C 9 Mulwi sil-ki `deranger qqn chez lui, to cause disorder'.

a. W *sVwVl- `to be stubburn': 2 Ang suul `be stubburn' [Jg], Goem suul

`firm, resistant' [Hlw]; 3 Tng swaali ìmpudence'.

b. *sVl- `to abuse, to asperse': 1 Hs sillaa àbuse', sulbaa àbuse'; 3 Bol ol-

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`verleumden; asperse' [LkB]; E 6 Mok suule `reprimer, brimer, mock at'.

Deriv.: W 3 Tng sal-dɛ ìnsult, despise'.

c. *sVl- `be jealious, envious, have bad character': W 3 Bol iila 'miserliness;

avarice' [GAB]; C 3 FK səl-kə `be envious, jealous' [BN]; 5 Mlg iliya

Èifersucht, jealous'; 7 Ould silik `jalousie, querelle', Mada ssolo, mososolo

`jalousie, bad character', Mofu səlagw `jealious, envy', Cuv əlɛk

`jalousie'; 9 Mnj sile `jalousie', me-sile `jaloux'.

231. *sV(wV)l- `to burn, to fry': C 2 Bura sula; Mrg səl `fry' [Hff]; 3 Bana s(ə)li

`frire (dans un recipient avec ou sans un peu d'huile)', FK səl `fry' [BN]; 5

Dghw sula [CLR], Mlg səla `braten, fry', Pod sula `grill, roast fry'; 5a Hdi

sulay `fry, roast' [BrH]; 6 Kola sa^l `fry' [CLR], Daba sal `griller' [Lnhr]; 7

Muy asawalay `fry', Mada oslo `faire, frire, ro^tir, roast', Moloko səloy `cook

on fire', Zlg sawla `griller', Gis sol `roast', Mofu -səl- `(faire) griller dans un

recipient; fondre (le fer)', Cuv mɛ-ilɛy `frire, griller', Mafa sul- `griller (dans

un recipient)'; 8 Zina sǝ°wl `to fry' [Tr], Mak silya ho `fry' [AlM]; 9 Mulwi

sisili `roast, fry', Mba sisal `frire', Mnj sisili `frire (de la viande)'.

Noun deriv.: C 8 Mak m-sali `mobile fireplace' [AlM]; 10 ZB sile `flamme';

E 2 Kbl ku-ələ (< *ku-sələ), Nch ku-sələrə braise' n. ( pl. in -r- ?) [HKb]. Cf.

C 7 Mafa n-oeloem `braises refroides'.

a. *sVl- `to boil, to cook': W 1 Hs silaalee `cook food by steaming', sulaalaa

`warm up, heat up'; C 7 Ould səlāy `cuire'; 8 Mak swal `boil (food)'.

Cf. W 2 Kfy aal `lukewarm' [TAS 341].

232. *sV(wV)l- `to dance, to whirl': W 2 Goem swal `to dance' [CLR]; 6 Bade

suwaali `playing, dancing'; C 2 Bura ula `to whirl'; E 5 WDng sewle `faire

tourner un liquid'.

Note possible deriv.: C 9 Mulwi sil-ni `melanger'.

233. *s(w)Vl- `to scrape (marrow, fat)': W 3 Dera wali `scrape (marrow from a

bone)'; E 5 Dng sale `decaper, degarnir de la chair' (bones, tronc), to clean

from flesh (bones)'.

Note possible deriv.: C 7 Mofu -səlm- ègrener, extraire'.

a. *sVl- `to be smooth': W 1 Hs sulai `smoothness'; 3 Bol sulsul `smooth' idf.

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[IbB]; 5 Bogh (b) iluənuə, (j.) ilaa, Tala silə, ilə, Jimi su-sulwi

`smooth' [Cs], Jimi su-sul `softness' [Cs N 481], Dott iilə-ti , Geji selən-ti

`smoothness' [Cs 486]; E 6 Mok sul- do `lisse, smooth' // cf. Arab shl- `be flat

(surface); plaine' [BK 1157].

Note possible deriv. `baldness': W 3 Krkr sileedi 'baldness' [GK]; 6 Bade

saalai; 8 Mak salaha `baldness' [AlM]; E 5 WDng sulany `sans cheveux'.

234. *sVsVl-/*sVwVl- to laugh': W 7 DB sisal to laugh'; C 7 Zlg sawla rire'//

Arab sʕl è^tre vif, gai' [BK1093].

235. W *sVl- `to hear': 3 Maha soli [NmM] `hear', sol `feel' [MW]; 7 Sha sala^y ,

Kul sel, syel [CLR].

236. *sVl- `tongue' (if not a metath. < *lVs-): C 10 ZB sili `langue', ZD illi

[CLR], Masa si [Mo], sinna (assim. < *sil-na ?) [CLR] `tongue'; E 4 Sok

solan-d-, selindu, sɛlɛny (< *sVlVn-d-) [CLR], Ubi silinyo `tongue'.

237. *sVl- èxcrement, to render excrements, to stink': C 9 Mba salay

èxcrement'; E 4 Mawa saala `puer, sentir, to stink' [JR]; 7 Jegu ilw-

`Notdurf verrichten, to render excrements' [JgJ] // Arab slh `rendre les

excre°ments' [BK 1120] .

Any relation to *swVl- `to fall' (derivative?): W 2 Msh es-wul 'dysentery'

(es `faeces') [TAS 328]; E 5 WDng so^lle `to fall (several obj.)'.

238. *sVl- `pith, core' W 3 Bol ille, sille `pith of cornstalk' [GAB];

Compounds: E 5 WDng sol-kumo `coeur d'une tige de doum'; 6 Mok sul-bo

`moelle; bone marrow'.

Note W 3 Tng sul-dum `heart'.

239. *sVl- `hawk, kite': W 3 Tng sɛlɛ `hawk, black kite', Ngm uuli `black kite'

(G) [NEH]; C 4 Gude alawa° `type of bird, bigger than vulture'; 6 Daba salak

`kind of hawk; big bird in general'[Lnhr]; 8 Mak selo `bird' [AlM], Log

ma-s�lankai èagle' [AlL]; E 5 Bid seleelu(wa°) `small white hawk', Mig

seleluwa `hawk'.

Note W 2 *sVlVk- `kind of bird': Ang n-sulk `black bird' [Brq], Goem swalak

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`bird (black)' [TAS 323];

240. *sVl- `leg, tibia': W 6 cf. Bade sila^k `bone'; C 2 Bura sil 'foot'; 3 FK səla

`leg' [BN]; 5a Hdi səla `leg' [BrH]; 7 Ould sə-səl-gu `devant de la jambe,

tibia', Zlg sisilikw `tibia', Cuv sasalay `jambe', Mofu salay `jambe', sasalay

`tibia', Mafa eelay `jambe (entre genou et cheville), tibia'; 8 Mak salio

`shin; tibia' [AlM]; E 7 Mubi silalo `Schienbein, tibia' [Luk].

Verbal deriv.: W 1 Hs allakee `to throw legs over'; C 7 Mol səl-day `to cross

ankles'.

241. *sVl- thread, rope': W 1 Hs siilii 'strand, thread'; C 8 Mak m-suli rope used

to tie goats', s�l-gi `wire, fil' [AlM]; 9 Mba sile `rope'.

Cf. C 7 Mafa ele `manner of tieing with a rope, carcan, chain'.

a. *sVl- `to plait, to weave': W 3 Dera wole `to weave' [NmK]; C 7 Mada sala

`grand sekko'; 9 Mulwi silbi `tresser des sekkos'; E 6 Mok sel-ke `herbe

utilisee pour trsser les seccos' // Arab shl VII ` tresser un cordon' [BK 1061].

242. *sVl- `magic power': W 1 Hs saloo `part of the practice of fortune-tellers,

wizards'; 3 Tng yilɛ magic power'; C 8 Mak s�l-gi charm (fetish)'; E 1 Kera

sal `Zaubermittel der Schwarzen Kunst, medicamentde la magic noir'.

Cf. E 5 WDng sawle `disparaitre mysteriuesement, to disappear mystically'.

243. *sVlVm- `kind of hardwood tree': W 3 Dera ele `kind of hardwood tree'

(-Ÿ# < -m-) [NmK] ; E 5 Bid solmo, pl. solo àrbre sp.', Mig solmo àrbre.

sp., au bois tres dur', WDng solmo id.

Cf. also: C 8 Mak salfu kind of tree' [AlM]; E 6 Mok se^lwe kind of tree in the

mountains'.

244. *sV(wV)l- `disease, pain': W Mgh wal `Krankheit, illness' [JgS], Mpn wal

(siwal) àche, pain, sickness' [FrM], Kfy swal `pain, difficulty', Msh wal

`painful, sickness' [TAS 325].

Deriv. in -k- `sickness, disease': C 2 Bura il-ku, Mrg il-gu [HfM:58].

245. *sVwVl-`morning, beginning':W 1 Hs soolii `first beginning of anything

(of fortune)'; 4 Jmb suwal [SkNB] 'morning', C 5a Hdi silwa èast' [BrH].

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Deriv.: C 7 Mafa n-elikeʔe `the first'.

Cf. : W 6 Bade salau `preceed, arrive before'. A verbal deriv?

246. *sVwVl- `kind of vessel': C 6 Daba siwili `la marmite' [Lnhr]; E 6 Mok

soole `vessel for chicken'.

a. *sVl- à clay pot': C 6 Daba səla la jarre' [Lnhr]; 7 Mafa ele `petite poterie

fait par un esclave apre°s sa liberation'; 8 Mak sali `pottery' [AlM]; E 6 Mok

seelo `bassine, cuvette en terre cuite'.

Cf. C 7 Gis silakwa èarthen pot (for food)'.

247. *sVl- `kind of stick': C 8 Mbuko silk `stirring stick', Ould sisili `ba^ton

pour tourner la boule, la sauce', Mafa solay `gourdin, big stick'.

a. *sVlVv- `digging stick': 5 Pod sələva `ba^ton du jujubier avec lequel le

tombeau est creuse'; 7 Ould silvi `pic droit pour creuser une tombe', Muy ilik

`stick for digging grave', Cuv səlɛv `plantoir en bois, planting stick', Mafa

sulov `plantoir' .

b. C 7 à ladder ': Ouls sasal èchelle, joug, pilori, ladder, pole', Mada assal

èchelle, perche fourchue servant d'echelle', Mofu sasal `ladder, echelle'.

248. *sVl- `to be white': W 1 Hs illoowa à wholly white hen'; 2 Goem alak

`white blemish on an eyeball' [ TAS 352]; C 2 Bura alaku 'very white'// Arab

syl > `tache blanche' [BK 1177].

249. *sVl- `red (things, animal)': W 1 Hs aali `kind of red cloth used for

waistbands by warriors'; 3 Dera al `red'; 5 Tala silisi, silim 'red' [Cs], Bgh

aal `blood' [Cs]; C 7 Mofu salaway `red sorgho'.

250. *sVwVl- `tall, long, eng': W 1 Hs sooloolo `tall and thin', ala `tall, thin

person', saala `thin slice of raw meat', saalaalaa `tall, thin person, horse'; 2

Mgh wal `long' [JgS], Mpn wal `long' [FrM]; C 5 Pod elele èng'; E 4

Mawa se^leat ètroit'.// Arab syl IV stem àllonger' [BK 1177].

Deriv.: C 7 Mafa sulhwa'a àllonge vers l'arriere (tete)'; E 5 WDng sula

àllonge, oblong'.

Cf. a. *sVl- `road, row, straight': W 1 Hs saala `row'; 7 Bok ʔasel `road'; C

7 Mada sleh `direct, tout droit, straight', 8 Glf sulu `Weg; road' [Luk]; E 4

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Mawa sal `droit'// Cf. Arab masal- `long piece of land' [BK 1107].

251. *sVm- `to descend': W 2 Ang aam `come down, descend' [Fl], im [JgA],

Mgh am `go down, disembark' [BlM], Mpn am `descend' [FrM], Kfy sam,

Goem sham ùnload or take smth down' [Hlw]; C 9 Msg asmai ùnten, down'

[LkM]. Any relation to *sVm- `to sleep, to lie down'?

Deriv.: W 3 Dera im-de `to swoop (bird)'.

a. C 9 *sVmVn- `to sit down': Msg samana [LkM], Mulwi simni `to sit

down', Mnj simni `montrer a cheval, s'asseoir, sit down'. // Cf. Eg smn

(XVIII) `remain still' [OS 2189]. If not a Causative in s-.

252. *sVm- `(to make) a rope': W 3 Pero ‰amu `make a rope': E 1 Kera saama

`corde'; 6 Mok saame `chapeau tresse, plaited cap'.

253. *sVm- `to scratch (body)': W 2 Mush sam-sak `scratch (body)' (hardly

related to Goem sam `to grind' as in [TAS 316]); 3 Bol sam- èinreiben; rub'

[LkB]; E 2 Lele sam demanger, gratter, scrape'; 4 Skr sosumsosum scratch'

[Luk]; 5 EDng susume `jucken', WDng sosime, Mig susumo `demanger; to

itch'.

a. *sVm- `sweep, brush': W 4 Miya sa may `trash, sweeping' [Sch]; 5 Bogh

swam `sweep' [Cs]; 6 Duw sam-‰uwo (VN sam-ta) `brush slightly, touch with

palms' (contam. with *sVmsVm `beat slightely, touch').

b. *sVm-(t/d)- `broom': W 6 Duw səm-tok; C 2 Bura im-tu `broom grass;

broom'; 3 FK imə [BN], Bana əm ; 5 Pod sama-ta; 4 Gude in-ta `broom'

(-nt- < *-mt-); 10 ZD sam-da ; E 5 Mig saame `balai'.

Verbal deriv. in -d-: C *sVm-d- `to make smooth': 3 Bana səmadi `caresser';

4 Gude səmbədə `smooth surface of pot with wet cloth before firing'; 5 Pod

səməta `passer la main pour essuyer'; 7 Ould -simedeŸ, simete `caresser',

Mofu -səmd- `make smooth (hair, pot)', Mafa səmbəd- `caresser'.

Deriv. in -n-/-l-: W 1 Hs sumulmulee `to render thing smooth'; E 5 EDng

saminye `polieren', Bid simal `clean grinding stone (collect flour by a piece

of tuwo)'.

254. *sVm- `to buy, to exchange, to make debts': W 7 Bok um `Lohn, debt'; W

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5 Zaar iim èxchange' [CrZ]; C 5 Vame sЌm- `buy' [KV]; 7 Mafa sum-

`buy'; 9 Mnj simi `cou^ter; to cost'; 10 ZB sam èchanger', ZD sam `change,

exchange'// Arab sawm- `prix (d'une marchandise)' [BK 1169]. Accord. to

Fedry, ECh 5 WDng su°umiye° `vendre' is an Arabic loan.

Deriv.: C 7 Mofu -səmk- `to buy'.

Note W 3 Krkr simu `pay back, take revenge' [GK].

255. *sVm- to cultivate': C 10 ZD su m piocher'; E 1 Kera sumi Rillen ziehen,

to harrow'.

a. *sVm- `field': W 1 Hausa eeme `cleared (ground) for sowing'; 5 Buli

aəm, Dott im `field` [CrD], iəm `farm' [Cs N 135]; 4 Miya im `fields

(farm)' [Sk-CLR].

Deriv.: W 1 Hs eemaa `clearing a piece of ground of grouth (for sowing)'; 5

Dott eema `clear, till field before farming' (< Hs?) [CrD].

256. *sVm- `to hiss, to whisper': C 7 Muy a^sum `to hiss'; E 5 EDng sem- sume

`murmeln', Bid see-se°m, Mig sem-simo `wisper'.// Cf. Eg smy (n) `tell' and

Sem *«mw/y `call, give name' [OS 2244], cf. `name'.

257. *sVm- `to faint, to be, to become weak, weak': W 1 Hs suumaa `faint,

wither (crops)'; 2 Ang aam `die out (fire)' [Fl]; C 7 Mbuko seməme èpuise'

adj. èxhausted'; E 2 Kbl sema `weak; schwach' [Luk]// Arab saʔam- `mort'

[BK 1037], shm è^tre maigre, pa^le' [BK1158].

Deriv. in -d-: W 6 Ngz saamadu `to wither, (faner) shrivel up'.

a. *sVm- `to calm down, to slow down': 2 Bura sama `slowly'; 3 FK səmanə

`reconcile' [BN]; 7a Skn samn `slowly' ; E 5 Bid saamo tranquille,

pacifique'.

Cf. C 7 Mada samallak `comme mort, immobile, like a dead'.

258. *sVm- `to eat, to chew; food': W 2 Ang sm `to chew' [Fl], səm èat, chew'

[JgA], Mgh sum eat' [JgS], Mpn səm to chew' [FrM], Goem sem , sem to eat

grain' [TAS 338]; C 2 Bura sim (gen. term) eat', su-sima food'; 8 Bud hmi,

himi, hmi `food', ham èat', Mak s�m èat' [AlM], Afd sǝ^m [Tr]; 9 Msg

sama essen (Brei, etc.), eat' [LkM], Mnj simi repas, nourriture, food', Mulwi

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simi `manger'; E 5 cf. WDng saame àller chercher sa nourriture, to search for

food'.

Deriv. in -™- `to eat much': W 1 Hs saamuḳee èat up a large amount of food';

E 2 Tob sumoge `ba^frer; fressen'.

a. *sVm- to taste': C 9 Msg asmo (noun deriv.) Geschmack, taste' [LkM]; E

4 Mawa esem-e `gou^ter, essayer, to taste'.

b. *sVm- kind of grain food': W 5 Dott im mush of guinea-corn flour; food'

[Cr], Tala im, Mngs m. im, k. ipm [Cs], Buli im, Pol iim, Zul imi mush'

[Cs N200]; E 5 WDng simiya `pate de boule froid frottee contre la meule pour

recuperer les restes de pa^te', cf. suumu `pa^te blanche avec petit mil pile'.

259. *sVm- `to gather; all, completely': W 1 Hs imi ìn great quantity, of huge

size', sum `completely'; 2 Mnt sum `together' [Fp]; C 5a Htkl səma àlle,

all' [LkH]; E 7 Brg soomi `ramasser '.

Noun deriv.: C 5 Pod samənawa `reunion'.

260. *sVmVh- `to run (away)': C 4 Gude səmuhə-səmuhwa idf. `sneaking away

quietly' (if not < Arab); E 1 Mobu səme, Ngam seme 'courir' [Lns]// Arab smh

`courir', sʕm `marcher avec une grande vitesse', samam- `veloce, rapide' [BK

1144, 1093, 1133].

Deriv. in -d- : C 7 Mofu -səm-d- èscape, run away, save o-s', Gis smo-d (A)

`weglaufen, run away'.

261. W *sV(wV)m- to begin': W 1 Hs sooma begin'; 3 Bol soom- begin' [LkB],

Krkr somu `begin' [GK]. A Hausa loan?

262. *sVm- `to sleep': W 2 Ang seem [Fl] `to sleep', Mgh saam [JgS], Mpn sam

[FrM] `sleep, lie down', Mnt sam `sleep' [Fp], Goem shaam `sleep, settle, sink

to bottom' [Hlw]; 3 Bele hoom `sleep' [SchB], Ngm som (Y) `sleeping, day,

sleep', monsoom (G) `sleeping, day' [NEH]; E cf. 1 Mobu so:me, Ndam so:me

`bailer (de sommeil), to yawn (while sleeping)' [Lns].

263. W *sVm- `to hit, to shoot': W 1 Hs saamaa `hit (in aiming at)'; 4 Paa s�maa

`shoot' [MS]. Of the same origin as *sVm- `to hunt'?

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264. *sVm- `to hunt, to herd': C 8 Mak sam `hunt' (n.) [AlM]; Mlt, Afd sam

`chasser' [Tr5]; E 5 EDng saame `weiden; hirten'//Arab swm `s'en aller a sa

guise au pa^turage (cattle)' [BK 1169].

265. E 5 *sVm- `to copulate': Mig simaw, EDng sambe (old pl.) `geschlechtlich

verkehren; to contact (sexually)', WDng sambe `copuler (hommes, animaux)',

sambo `prostitute!' (apellation)// Arab smw `couvrir (femelle)' [BK 1145].

266. *sVm- `ear': C1 Tera im; 2 Bura łim, Mrg łimi, Klb ximi [Kr]; 3 HN ɫimɛ

[Kr], Bana łǝmǝ; 4 Gude lemi-na, Gudu ɫim [CLR]; 5 Pod łǝma, Dghw łimɛ,

Gvo łuo (< *łumo), Gdf łime, Cnn łim(i)ya [HmG], Wnd ɫima, xima, Glv

hyimia [CLR]; 5a Lmn łimuŋ, Hide łǝmǝŋ [HmG]; 6 Daba i°m– [Lnhr] ; 7

Muy łimi , Cuv ǝ°ma°y, Ould, Mbuko łǝmay, Mofu ɫumay, Gis ɫim-ed, Mada

łme; 7a Skn łǝma [CLR]; 9a Gdr ɫum; 8 Bud humo, Zina, Kus sǝ°m, Mak «ǝmu°

[Tr]; 9 Msg ן^ime [CLR], Mba ɫumo; E 1 Kera ko-so (-Ÿ# < -m-), Mobu

sem-di~ [CLR]; 3 Tum him, Ndam ha^m, Smr sumi [CLR]; 2 Nan sem-ang

[Luk: 90], Lele suma [Grg], Gbr suma-in [Luk], Kaba sami [CLR], Drm

suma-nu [Luk]; 7 Mubi sumami [CLR]. For Ch data see [CLR I 53 *łm],

Biu-Mandara *ɫVm [RGr]. For secondary lateral in CCh see [StS].// [OS

2245]. a.. C 8 *sVm- `to hear': C 8 Bud hamay `vernehmen, hren, to hear',

Zina sǝ°mǝ°y [Tr] //Sem *«mʕ `to hear': Hbr, Ug «mʕ, Arab smʕ [KB, BK

1139]. Cf. W 3 Bol sooma [GAB] `deaf person', Ngm sooma (G) `deaf'

[NEH].

267. *sVm- `beer': W 6 Ngz səma^ `beer'; C 10 Bnn, Kln suma, Lame zum `beer'

[Luk:131, 139], ZB sum `beer, alcagol'.

268. *kV-sVm- `rat': 2 Mgh kwu-zum, Chip k�-z�m [Kr], Kfy kə-zum, Goem

ke-sem, ge-sem [Hlw] `rat' [TAS 185] (note regular voicing in inlaut); 3 Krkr

‰a-əm (assim. < *kVsVm), Bol ko-sum, Dera kom, Gera ka-səmi `rat'

[SchV]; 4 Kar ku-sam, Mbu ku-ən[SkNB] `rat', Paa ku-san-‰iki [MS], Miya

ku-sam `mouse'; 7 Bok ku-si^m, DB ku-sum `rat'; 5 Bogh ku-sam [Sm]; C 8

Log uןsemi (< uksemi < ku-semi), pl. usemien `rat' [LukL], Aff [mu-sum]

`Maus' [Sol N 255]; 9 Msg ku-sum [Mo]. The lack of initial k- in Log pl.

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prooves that is really a prefix. // Akk (u)ummu Gartenschlfer, cane rat' OB

[AHw1443]. Common origin of Akk and Arab m- pl. `rat' (as postulated in

[MK N 214]) is not evident at all. Alternatively, Akk may be of common origin

with Ch, (while Arabic m- may reflex HS root with initial lateral fricative).

a. *sVhVm- `kind of mouse': W 3 Krf suma-senti `musk shrew' (sen- `to

smell') [SchB]; 7 Mofu sehwem `shrew-mouse'; C 9 Msg ima-imet [LkM]

`Fledermaus'; E 3 Smr swama [JSib] `rat palmiste', Tum soom [CLR].

Note unexpected s- in Tumak. May it be a Somray loan or a specific

reflex of *s- in roots with medial -h- (*sVhVm > sVhVm, not hVhVm)?

269. *sVm- `name': W 1 Hs suunaa (sum-na?), pl. suunaayee; 2 Grk attum [Fp],

Ang sЌm [JgA], Mgh, Mnt sum [JgC, JgS], Mpn sЌm [FrM], Kfy sum, Msh

«um, Goem sЌm, ṣem [TAS 338], sǝm [Hlw]; 3 Krkr səm [LkK], Krf imi,

Tng sumɔ, Pero ‰ombo ; 4 Paa s�m, pl. s�naani (also sun, pl. sunaani < Hs)

[MS], Diri, Mbu in, Jmb suu, Cagu s�m-an [SkNB]; 5 Zaar sə^m, pl. səm-də

[CrZ], Tala səm, Buli sim [CLR]; 7 Fyer ku-sum, DB sum, Kul ʔasim; C 1

Tera əm [NmT]; 2 Mrg ɫəm, Klb ɫim [CLR]; 3 Bana łǝn (-n# < -m-); 4 Gude

lima; 7 Gis ɫim-ed, Muy łimi, Ould, Mbuko łǝmay, Mada łme; 9a Gdr ɫum

[CLR]; 8 Bud hɛmu, homu, Log ɫəmi [CLR], Zina, Kus sǝ°m, Mak «ǝmu° [Tr];

9 Mba ɫim; 10 ZB sem, sam, ZD em, Masa sem [CC]; E 1 Kera sa´m, Kwan

ka-səm [CLR]; 3 Tum him, Smr sumi [CLR]; 4 Sok sin-ta (< *sim-ta) [Luk],

Saba sin-dir [DMT]; 5 WDng si^ (-Ÿ# < *-m-), E, C, WDng si [CJ], Mig seme

(pl.) [CLR]; 6 Mok suma [CLR]; 7 Zir same, Mubi sami [CJ], Brg ʔoso°m. For

more Chadic data see CLR, *s3m `name'.// Sem *(ʔi-)im- `name' [Sem 602],

Arab smw `nommer, appeler' [BK 1145], [OS N 2304]. One of Common

Hamito-Semitic roots, attested already in D.Cohen's Dictionary. In the view of

initial s-/- all over the phylum, WCh 2 Goem s- is hundert percent secondary,

as well as lateral in CCh (for the latter see [StS]).

a.*sVm- `person': W 4 Wrj sən-na, Kar sum, Miya su^m, Diri suu `person'

[CLR]; 7 Bok som pl.; C 10 Masa sum pl. `les hommes, les gens' [CC].

270. *sVm- `skin': W 2 Grk, Mnt gob-shim (gob `man', Grk i- < *si- is regular)

[Fp], Grk sǝ°m (< *«im) `skin' [JgC], Goem um `animal and human skin' [Fp],

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Ang im [Fl], Mgh im [JgS], Mpn sim [FrM], Goem im [Hlw]; C 1 Tera

kə-zəm [NmT] `skin'; E 2 Kbl səm [CLR], 3 Smr sumo `skin; Haut' [Luk].

Noun deriv. in -n- : W 1 Hs saminya a form of dermatitis'; E 2 Lele sam-nya

`maladie de la peau' (< Hs ?).

Verbal deriv.: W 3 Krf ume `cover a drum with skin' [Stl], Bol sume

`leather work, upholstery' [GAB].

Deriv.: C *kV-sVm- `body': 6 Daba ki-sim [Lnhr], Mus k-səm [Mo].

b. C *sVm- `chaff': E 2 Lele ka-suma `balle des cereales'; 5 Bid soo-suma (<

*som-suma) `balle de petit mil; chaff', Mig su-suma `salete de grain' .

271. *sVm- `calebase, water pot': W 3 Bol tosum (? *to-sum) `small calabash

used s a cup' [BOLDU]; E 1 Modgel (Kwang) soma `water pot; Wassertopf'

[Luk]; 4 Mawa suma `calebasse'.

Note W 1 Hs imiryaa `raft of 2 gourds joint by a plank'.

272. *sV(ЂV)m- `hair (on head)': W 1 Hs suumaa `the growth of hair on the head

from its first appearance after the head has been shaved until it is long and

termed gizo'; 3 Ngm som `hair, feathers' [NEH]; C 3 HB sim-thifi (ɫifi) `hair'

[Luk], Hya ini, Pskye in‰i (< *sim-ti) `hair (on head)' [BHya], FK in-‰i

[BN], Kap, HB, HN «i°n-ti `hair' [Kr]; 4 Gude in-ki-nə (reg. poss.) `(my)

hair' (cf. Gude " «i«i-nǝ (inher. Poss.), stem «i `body', «i«i-n-ki `my body'"

[Hs:270]); Jimijimən im-kin, Gude in-kina `hair (on head)' [BrJ], FM

«i°m-ki, FB «im-kin `hair' [Kr]; 7a Skn umbut [DSk], imbut [Meek] `hair

of the head'. Note higi-bata forms with a poss. pronoun -ti/-ki. // Eg smȵ (Pyr)

`hair' [OS N 2280].

Note possible deriv.: E 1 Kera simigi `dicht (Fell), thick wool'.

Cf. W 3 Tng sayu^m `beard' (rather < *say-um, with a body-part pref.).

273. *sVm- `kind of hut': W 3 Dera am `entrance hut' [NmK]; 7 DB, Kul sam

`hut, room'; 5 cf. Wang samda [CLR]; C 8 Mak same `entrance hut' [AlM]; E

5 WDng sɔɔmɔ `grenier en palisade de paille'.

274. *sVm- `hay': W1 cf. Hs eme 'reed'; C 6 Daba sam `big hay for big mats'

[Lnhr]; E 2 Lele ka-suma fourrage, foin'; 5 Bid sooma herbe sp.; 6 cf. Mok

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seemi, pl. sembami `foin, hay' (if not < *s^Vm-, cf. CLD II, N222).

Cf. a deriv.: *sVm-d to thatch, (thatching) grass': W 3 Dera imde to thatch'

[NmK]; C 10 ZB samda `kind of grass'; E3 Smr semde `grass' [Luk].

275. *sV(y)m- `louse': W 2 Mgh n-siyam `louse', Mpn nyam `body-louse'

[FrM], Msh iyam, Goem niam, nəm [TAS 328]; C 7 Mafa n-so-som

`bed-bug'; 10 Bnn su-suma `Floh' [Luk:135]; E 5 Mig simiine f. `pou de

pubis'. Note affix n and redupl. Likely, were used to mark pl.

276. *sVm- `to give': W 1 Hs saama (with Dat.) `to give'; E 1 Kera seme

`vererben (Eigenschaft), to give by inheritence (qualities)'.

a. *sVm- `to get, to obtain': W 1 Hs samu òbtain', samu `wealth, possession';

C 7 Zlg səma àcquerir de nouveau le me^me chose, to get once more the same

thing'.

277. *sVm- `stone': W 5 Dott səm `stone' [CrD], Jimi səmən [Cs 404], cf. Dott

sumubari `mountain', səəmfoon `grinding stone' [Cs N 387, 147]; C 4 Bana

əma `brique'; 5 Pod �ma `stone wall around the house'// Arab sahm-

`grosse pierre' [BK 1158].

278. *sVm- `seed, corn' : C 8 Bud himi, simi `Korn, Getreide', imo [N], hyimo

[Cy] `seed' [CLR], Mak s�ms�m `sesame seed' [AlM]; 9 Mnj seyem

`semence', Mba siyom, suyom `seed'.

Cf. E *bVsVm- (*bV-sVm- ?) `seed': 7 Mogum (Jegu) bu-sum `seed' [HJ]; 5

E, C, W Dng bu-sam `seed' [CJ]. Cf. *sVn- > E *bu-sVn `seed'.

a. *sVm- `to grind corn': W 1 Hs sansa°amaa ( <*sam-sama) `lightly beat a

washed garment; thresh corn'; 2 Goem sa°m `to grind' [Hlw], Mgh som `to

thresh corn' [BlM]; 6 Duw səsəmo thresh grain from chaff in a mortar'; C 10

Masa hidi sumda `grinding stone', hidida `stone' [CLR].

Cf. W 2 *sVm-`smith': Mnt soom `blacksmith' [Fp], Goem sum `smithing'

[TAS 322].*sVm`seed, corn' and *sVm `to grind' may be of different origin.

279. C *sVm- `poison (against insects)': 5 Mlg sum `poison', Pod suma

ìnsecticide contre les termites'; 7 Muy sum liquide insecticide'; 8 Aff səm(m)

`poison' (accord. to [Sol N 613], an Arabic loan); 9 Mba sam `venin; venom',

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Mnj sam `produit contre les termites, antidote for termites, poison') // Arab

smm `faire avaler du poison', summ- `poison' [BK 1133], Akk «ammu,

Soqotri sam, Mehri sem `poison'. For Semitic - Mbara see [OS 2185].

280. *sVm- `fence, dam': W 1 (deriv.) Hs im-gee, in-gee `fence'; 6 Bade səmu

`to apply thorns to make fence stronger'; C 8 Mak s�mo `fish dam' [AlM].

Note possible deriv.: E 5 Bid simany `se boucher'.

281. *sVmVm-`which(craft)': W 1 Hs sa΄mmu àny charm'; 3 Bol sammu (< Hs)

`witchcraft' [GAB]; 5 Dott soom `sightseer, medicine man' [CrD]; C 6 Daba

sami `kind of gri-gri' [Lnhr].

Deriv.: W 1 Ha samma‰ee `to practice magic'.

a. *sVm- `wind, spirit': W 1 Hs samami `spirit (assumes the form of a snake)';

5 Bogh b. swom, swam, j. som, Mngs m. soom, k. som `wind, spirit'.

Contamination with *sVm- `cold’ > `wind’.

282. *sVmw-/*sVwVm- `swelling of the scrotum':W 3 Bol suume `swellling of

the scrotum' [GAB], 5 Zaar som `scrotal elephantiasis'; C 4 Gude səmwa

`type of sickness (swelling of testicles)'.

283. W *sVmVn- ànts, termites': 1 Hs samniyaa `small termites in the winged

state'; 3 Krkr saaminto `sugar ants' [GK], Bol saamulto `sugar ants' [GAB]

(< Hausa < Arab?); E 2 Lele sama-sama `flea' // Arab sumsum- `red ants'

[BK 1138]. For Arabic - Lele cf. [OS 2187].

284. *sVm- `cold (season)': W 3 Ngm samsam (Y) `cold' [NEH]; 5 Bogh soom

`cold' [Cs]; C 8 Log ima Èrntezeit, kalte Jahreszeit' [LkL], ima `cold

weather' [AlL], Kus «іmo `cold season' [Tr]; 9 Mba simi `harvest time'.

Cf. E 6 Mok sommide `saison d'abondance (from October to Januar)'.

Deriv. in -d-: W 5 Zaar emdi `hail, ice' [Cr]; C `wind, cold': 8 Mak s�mad�

`cold weather' [AlM], Log səmadə, se/umade `wind, cold(ness)' [LkL], smadi

àir (breathed)' [AlL], Afd sǝmaḍe `cold season' [Tr]; 9 Mba sumday `cold,

wind', Msg immed `khl' [LkM], Mnj simer `le froid, vent, cold weather,

wind'; 10 ZB simbed `froid'.

a. C *sVm- `wind': 7 Mbuko sǝmal `vent sec, dry wind'; 10 Masa simed,

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simeb `wind' [CC], Bana smeena `wind' [Luk] // Arab smm `souffler qqch a

qqn' [BK 1133]. Note contamination with `spirit, wind'.

285. *sVm- `be evil, envy': C 7 Cuv ɛm-ɛmɛ `mechancete'; 8 Mak s�m

`become annoyed' [AlM]; 9 Mulwi siimi, Mnj siymi ènvier, to envy'; E 2

Kbl suma `mauvais' [HmK]; 3 Smr somana èvil, angry' [Luk]; 7 Jegu saame

`Schande, disgracefulnes, disrepute'.// Arab sʔm èprouver de degou^t pour

qqch; e^tre las de qqch' [BK1037].

286. *sVʔVm- `to be foolish, stubburn': W 3 Bol seme `fool' [GAB], Ngm seme

`fool', semete 'foolish-ness' [NEH], Krf oʔomu `madness of head' [Stl]; C 7

Mofu səmsama, səmseme `te^tu, stubburn'.

Deriv.: W 1 Hs samniyaa à person who is mentally deficient'.

287. C *sVm-sVm `yellow': 1 Boka «ummaa°, Hildi mi-«i«ime `yellow' [Kr]; 4

Gude «i«ima-«i«ima `yellow' [Kr]; 7 Zlg sisim sisim `yellow' // Akk saamu

(OA) `red (fire, blood, vine, dawn, beer, oil, urine, gold)' [StI, N 1].

*sVm-sVm- `kind of tree with yellow fruit or bark':W 3 Ngm ooome (G),

ooomei (Y) [NEH], Bol amam, emem [GAB] `tree Sclerocarya birrea,

yields yellow fruit'; C 7 Mafa eem `kind of tree, bark used as a medicine

against malaria (jaunisse)', Mofu sesem `tree with yellow wood' (cf. 4 Gude

iima `kind of tree').

288. *sVn-/*sVw/yVn-`to dream, to sleep' v., n.: W 3 Bol sun- `spend the night',

sunna `dream' n. [LkB]; Pero ‰o n `sleep', ‰una `dream'; Dera uwan `dream',

Tng wune `to spend the night', Ngm suna^ (G), sun-da (Y) `dream' [NEH],

sun-, Krf an-ko, Glm san-, Gera si^n, Dera ani `sleep, spend the night', Krf

sunna à dream' [SchV]; 4 Wrj, Mbu sən-, Kar sənasan, Paa assinnu, Siri

sunni, swəni, sunsuni `to sleep' [SkNB], Miya səna `spend the night, sleep'

[Sch]; 5 Grn, Tala (t) suuni [Cs] `dream'; 6 Ngz saunu `to dream' Duw, Bade

suwan à dream'; 7 Kul ʔaswan `dream' VN, Bok sunat `to dream', DB sunan

`trumen, to dream'; C 1 Tera ʒine `dream'; 2 Bura suni à dream'; 4 FK in

`dream, vision' [BN]; 4 Gude sənii `to dream'; 5 Mlg ine `Traum, dream'; 5a

Hdi suni `dream' [BrH]; 7 Zlg suna `songe, re^ve', Gis musan `Traum,

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trumen, ti dream' [LkG], Cuv mɛ-hʷɔnɛy `re^ve'; 6 Daba sini `re^ver, re^ve'

[Lnhr], 8 Mak n-san `sleep' [AlM], Zina sǝ°n `se coucher, dormir' [Tr]; 9 Mba

sa `to dream', kal-sa `dream';10 ZD en `sommeil', Bana sene `sleep'

[Luk], Masa sen [CC], Bnn siyena [Kr]; E Mobu so:nde, Ngam so:nde `re^ver',

Kera soone `to dream'; 2 Lele son, Kbl suwən [CLR] `to dream'; 3 Smr sən

`to dream' [CLR], Tum hanəm`re^ve'; 4 Sok sonisoni `Traum, dream' [Luk]; 5

EDng sɔɔnɛ `trumen, to dream'; 6 Mok suniye `re^ve, a dream'; 7 Brg sooni

`to sleep'; Mubi sunɔ to dream' [Luk], Jegu suun- trumen'. Cf *(w)sn, *swn

[CLR I 154] //Sem *wn `to sleep', *«Vn- sleep, dream' > Arab wsn `e^tre

endormi; re^ve', [BK 1544], Hbr «n-t `sleep' n., etc. [OS 2226]. Forms like C 9

Munjuk wese `sommeil' [TrMnj] are rather Arabic loans (cf. wasan id).

a. *sVn- `to lie down, to sit, to dwell; down': W 3 Krf en- `lay down' [Stl],

Glm san-aala `lie down, spend the night' [SchB], Gera si^n-mi `lie down'

[SchB]; 5 Bogh b. soono, j. soon `lie down' [Cs], Guus sən `sit down, dwell'

[CrG]; 6 Ngz sənu `lay (down flat), spread out', Bade sənu `lay down, out,

spread out'; C 10 ZD sunyaʔ `bas'.

Note W 3 Tng siinɛ `to rest'; C 7 Mafa sən va `se reposer'.

289. *sVn- `to smell, smell': W 1 Hs sansanaa `to smell'; 3 Bol sunkunu `smell,

sniff' (? < Hs) [GAB], 4 Paa sasun `to smell' [MS ], Miya aən `to smell,

sniff' [Sch]; 5 Jimi isənkəi, Pol du-sui, Dott isin, Geji wuusənti, Buli

du-sənən `bad smell, stench' [Cs N 473], Buli du-sənən, Geji wusəni `to

smell' [Cs N749]; E 3 Tum hunən `sentir'; 5 cf. EDng suuniye `kssen, to

kiss'// Eg sn (pyr) `smell', snsn (MK) `breathe, smell'. [EG 153, OS 2199,

2251]

Cf. W 2 Goem sang `to inhale' [TAS 316].

290. *sV(w/y)Vn- `to know, be clever, wisdom' > E *ʔVsVn- `teach, learn': W

1Hs sani (without obj.); 2 Mgh sɛɛn `wisdom' [JgS], Mpn seen `clever' [FrM],

Kfy soon `clever', Msh soon `wise', wan `to think' [TAS 325, 332]; 3 Dera

en `sense' [NmK], en- `to know' [CLR], Tng sɛn `wisdom, sense, clever'; 4

Wrj, Kar, Jmb, Miya, Cagu sən, Mbu sin, Siri səniwi [SkNB], Paa s�nee

`know' [MS]; 5 Buli ina^w [Sm] `see'; 6 cf. Ngz saanu `mention'; 7 Bok

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ai `wissen, erkennen', DB iat `clever', sun `know', Sha, Kul syen `know';

C 1 Tera zəni `know' [NmT]; 2 Bura sin-da `know'; 3 Bana səna `savoir,

connai^tre'; 4 Gude sənava be familier, accustomed, used to'; Cuvan snanən,

Sharwa snan [BrJ]; 5 Glv sər (-r<*-n-) `to know'; 5a Lmn sina [CLR], Hdi

snanta [BrH]; 6 Daba sən `know' [Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko sa `know', Ould -sər,

Muy asər `got to know', Gis san `wissen, kennen, versuchen', Cuv mɛ-nɛy

`know', Mafa sən- `reconnaitre, decouvrir', sən da `teach', Mofu -sər-

`know' (Note *-n- >-r- in C 7 and in Glv); 8 Log sən [LLog], Bud hin, Mak s�n

`know' [AlM], Kus sǝn, Afd sǝŋ [Tr]; 9a Gidr sən `know' [CLR]; E 1 Mobu

asəne, Ngam asine `connai^tre, apprendre' [Lns], Kwan asine `learn'; 2 Nch

sən [HKb], Lele sen `know (s.o.)' [Grg]; 3 Tum han, Ndam həna `know'

[CLR], Smr osen `learn' [Luk]; 5 Bid ʔisan `know', ʔoson `teach' [CLR]; 6

Mok suune `know, understand'; 7 Jegu ʔusun `learn', Kaj sun `penser'// Eg

swn (l) `know'. For more Chadic data see [CLR 216], [OS 2198].

Deriv.: W 6 Bade sənootu `recognize, know from sight'.

291. *sVn(Vh)- `to skin': W 3 Tng wunɛ `to flay, to skin, turn inside out', Pero

‰unu `skin'; E 2 Lele osini èplucher, to shell'; 5 EDng sɔɔnyɛ `die Haut

abziehen; to skin'.

Deriv.: W 1 Hs sun-da `to skin; to flay'.

292. *sVn-, *sVgVn- (pl.?) `to stir up': W 2 Ang siin `toss up (grains), stir a pot

of food' [Fp], Mpn səhən `to shake' [FrM], Goem suû^n `shake smth gently'

[Hlw]; C 2 Bura ona `stir up', ogana `stir up' (pl. objects).

293. *sVn- `threshing floor': C 8 Mak sanye ` aire de battage' [AlM].

Deriv.: in -ḍ- *sVn-d- `to press, to beat':1 Hs san-da 'rub, beat cloth, floor'; 3

Tng son-de 'squeeze, milk, press, wring', Dera yon-de to squeeze'.

294. *sVn- > *kV-sVn- (> BM *ksVn- >ɫVn-) `work': W 4 Jimi isəntən `work'

[Cs]; 6 Bade sanaa òccupation, craft, trade'; C 1 Tera ɫǝna°; 2 Bura, Chib

ki-ɫі°r (-r < *-n-); 3 Kap ɫ�nɛ [Kr]; 4 Gude ɫǝ°na ; 8 Mak s�naa òccupation,

trade' [AlM]; 10 ZB s–n, ZD in travail'; E 3 Tum kǝ°-hǝn; 4 Sok ussan [Nm].

Cf. Biu-Mandara *ɫǝn [GrCl], for secondary lateral see [StS].

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295. *sVn- `brother': W 3 cf. Bol sun-sina `child of a slave' [GAB]; 4 Cagu ə^n

èlder brother' [SkNB]; 5 Bogh ina, Grn yaain `brother' [Cs]; E 1 Kera

seenǝ `brother', Kwan seni, Mobu se:ni [CLR]; 3 Smr ʌn `my brother' [CLR],

syʌ^n `my brother' [JgS], sen-du AF `brother' [Luk]; 4 Sok in-tu èlder

brother' [Luk], Ubi sino `brother'; 5 WDngsio `frere', Bid sin-te `brother',

pl. se°ney `brother, sister'; 7 Brg sin-ti `my brother', Mubi sin [CLR], Mabire

sin `brother' [JHM], Jegi in(e) `my brother', Zir sini, Mubi si [CJ], cf. Mubi

si [Luk] ùnckle'// Eg sn 'brother' (Pyr), [OS 2192].

a. *sVn- `clan, persons': W 2 Mpn son `relatives, clan' [FrM]; C 6 Daba

sesin `race, la genre' (also `seed', cf.); 10 ZB suno (pl. of surwa) `person'

[CLR], BM sana `Mensch', Kulung sana `Mann' [Luk].

296. *sVn- `tooth' : W 5 Jimi sən [Cs], Pol in [Cs], Geji i [CLR], Grnt, Tala

in, Tule ina [CLR]; C 2 Mrg hyir, Klb hyur (hy- < *ł y-) [CLR]; 3 HNk

łinɛ, Kap łənɛ [Kr], Bana łini; 4 Gudu łin [CLR]; 5 Pod łira [JP], Glv, Cnn łrda

(<łVn-da, with a suff. of singularity), Gdf łiḍe (< *łVn-ḍe), Gava łiŋa ; 5 a Lmn

ł�d�, Hdi ł�ʔi, Vemgo ł�ʔin, Gvo ł�r, Dghw łirɛ (-r < *-n-) [HmG]; 5a Hide

łliʔiŋ [BrH]; 7 Gis łeŋ, Balda łina, Cuv ɛḍŋ, Mbuko łan, Mada ałar; 8 Log ł�ni

[AlL], Bud henai, Zina sǝ°yǝ°n, Kus sǝ°r, Mak «an [Tr]; 9 Mba si `tooth',

Mnj sisiyen, Msg ɛiɛ pl. ɛɛaad [LkM]; 10 Bnn łini [Kr]; E 1 Kera

kə-sə (coll.); 3 Smr san-de [CLR] Tum hiin , Ndam ha^n [CLR]; 2 Lele

ka-singa [CLR], kan-(< *ksan-) [WP], Gbr k-song [Luk:88], Kbl ka-sən-da

[CLR], Drm ga-sene [Luk]; 4 Mawa sin, Sok sən, son-d- [CLR], Saba sene

[DMT], Ubi siina [Alio]; 5 WDng saao, Mig sa^:nu, Bid seeŸo; 6 Mok

sinta, pl. si°na; 7 Mubi siau [CLR] , Zer sio [CJ], Jegu sao, Mabire sin

[JHM] // Sem *inn- 'tooth' [MK N 249, OS N 2250]. For more Chadic data

see [CLR I 170*s3n]. For secondary lateral in CCh see [StS].

297. *sVn-/*sVwVn- òil': W 1 cf. Hs anana adv. èmph. large quantity of

butter in tuwo, fat on meat'; 4 Diri sinama, Jimi sin òil' [SkNb]; E *sVwVn-

(possibly < *sVHʷVn-): 1 Kera son òil, fat', Kwang suwane òil' [Jg]; 2

Lelee son-go òil', Kbl suwən-gə òil, fat' [Cp]; 3 Smr sooane `liquid butter'

[Luk], Ndam swan òil' [JgD], Tum hɔɔn `graisse, huile' 4 Saba sun òil, fat'

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[DMT], Skr sune `fett', sunne `liquid butter' [Luk], Ubi suune `huile'; 5 Mig

sewen òil', Bid sewe°Ÿ òil', WDng sɛwɛ `fat', EDng seweny `huile'[CJ]; 7

Brg sewen pl. `huile', Mab sɛwɛ òil' [HJM], Zir siwini `huile' [CJ], Mubi

siwin `fat' [LkM]//Arab sʕn > `graisse' [BK 1094].

Deriv.*sVn-g- òil': W 5 Wand suga [Sm] òil'; E 2 Kaba su~gə `huile'

[HKb], suwəngə òil, fat' [Cp] Lele songo `huile, miel [CLR]].

Note that W 4 Diri inama òil' [SkNB] may be related (as a metath.) to Sem.

*am(-an)- `fat, oil'. Cf. [OS 2247].

298. *sVn- `field': W 2 Mgh sen 'Hirsefeld' [JgS]; 4 Wrj usina, sənana [Sk,

CLR], Cagu inan, Kar sə^n, si^n, Siri inawi, Mbi ina,Diri səna [SkNB], Paa

s�na `farm'[MS]; C 8 Mak sara (if -r- < *-n-) à farm'; 10 Masa sine [Mo],

senena [CLR], ZB sine `champ', BM asine-na `farm' [Luk].

a.*sVn- `sand, earth': C 8 Log sen [LLog] `sand', Kus sen , Adf se°ŋ, Mak

sero (-r- < *-n-) `sand, dust' [Tr]; E 1 Kwang gi-siny`sand' [CLR]; 2 Lele

ku-sinyo `terre' [WP]; 3 Smr sinya èarth', gaw-sini `sand' [CLR], Tum,

Ndam həny èarth'; 4 Sok sine [Luk], Saba sinye [DMT], Mawa sinѕa `sand';

7 Brg sanyo, Kaj sunnyo `sable' [Alio], Mabire sin [HJM], Mogum (Jegu)

seny [HJ], Jegu eny [JgJ], Zir sinyi èarth', Mubi sinyu `sand' [CJ].

Verbal deriv.: W 3 Bol sanaanu `cover with earth, clay'.

Note *(kV)-sVng- èarth': W 7 DB igyil 'earth'; E 1 Kera sega ; 2 Kaba

kə-səga `terre' [HKb]; 3 Smr siga `Boden' [Luk].

299. *sVn- `sprout, seed': W 3 Tng siini `sprout, germ'; C 6 Daba sesin [Lnhr],

Kola sisi^n `seed' [CLR]; E 4 Saba bi-sinya `seed' [SR]; 5 Mig bu-sini `seed'.

Cf.*sVm-`corn, seed'.

Note some cereal names of the S-n shape: W 2 Goem song `millet' [Kr]; E 1

Kera seee `Negerhirse, petit mil'; E 5 WDng sina `sorgho' .

300. *sVn- `tongue': W 4 *sVn-ḳ-/-ḍ-: Wrj i^ḳə-na, Diri indu , Cagu si^ḳan,

Kar inakə, Miya inaki, Siri ənaḳi, Mbu inaḳo, Jmb sənaḳəla [SkNB], Paa

sinḳi `tongue'[MS]; C 9 Mnj se `mot, parole'; 10 Masa sin `la langue; le

mensonge' [CC], Bnn sin-da [Luk], Bana senan `Zunge' [Luk]; E 4 Saba sonʔ

[DMT]// Note Eg sn.w (gr), snk (XVIII) `tongue' in [OS 2248, 2252].

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301. *sVn- `grass': W 2 Goem en 'sesame' [TAS 343]; 3 Ngm san-ta (G)

'grass, weeds' [NEH]; C 3 FK swən grass' [BN]; cf. E 2 Lele sanyla kind of

grass (Fragrostis tremula)'; 5 Bid sinyaamo `herbe sp.'.

302. *sVn- kind of ant': C 5a Hdi sisina lion ant' [BrH]; E 5 WDng sinypo m.

`petite fourmi', sisinyo f. `tre°s petite fourmi', Mig sisinyaaka f. `soldat

(noire)', Bid sinsinyaako `termite'; 7 Mubi miseni Àmeise, ant' [LkM].

Cf. W 2 *ang- `kind of ant' [TAS 350].

303. *sVn- `hut, village': C 7 Mafa inek 'native village'; 8 Mak sanhe `habitat'

[AlM]; 10 Bana sina, Kln asena `Haus' [Luk], ZD səna `grenier'// Arab suʕn-

`pavillon' [BK 1094].

Cf. W 1 Hs sansanii `war camp'.

304. *sVn- `light, halo, day': W 1 Hs sansanii `halo round moon/ sun'; 2 Goem

shaan `to clear or brighten smth' [Hlw]; 4 Wrj əsaana, Paa ain, Siri su, Diri

yisa, Jmb isan, Miya suno, Kar isan, Mbu di-san `day, Cagu asoosen

`morning' [SkNB]; 6 Ngz sanu `become light, become enlightened'; C 9 Mnj

saana àllumette, a match'//Arab snw `briller (feu, eclairs)' [BK 1154]. Cf.

W 3 Tng sa, saza `bright, clear'; Gera saasangira `star' [SchB].

305. *sVn- `cold': W 1 Hs sanyaayaa 'cool', sanyii `cold, dampfness'; 3 Bol

son-du `cool off'; 5 Grn sani `cold, cool off' [Jag]; 4 Paa s�n-di `dry cold'

[MS], Miya in-də `cold weather' [Sch]; 5 Guus in-də `hail' .

a. *sVn- `storm, clouds': W 2 Chip ko-wən `storm' [Kr]; 3 Tng sɛnɛ `rainy

season'; C 8 Mak sunḳur `wispy clouds' [AlM].// Cf. Arab snw `àrroser la sol

(se dit d'un nuage qui verse la pluie)' [BK 1154].

306. *sVn- `spirit': W 2 Mgh ɔn `Geist, Gespenst' [JgS], Mpn on èvil spirit,

spirit of a dead person (to haunt family)' [FrM]; 3 Tng sɛɛnɛ `to worship

(idol)' // Arab snh `se presenter, s'offrir a l'esprit de qqn' [BK 1149].

According to A.Belowa (personal communication), Duw, Bade sanam `fetish,

idol' and Mak sanam `witchcraft, idole' < Arab ṣanam- ìdole' [BK 1378]..

Cf. possible deriv.: C 2 Bura anggur `soul, spirit; life principle; shadow'; 5a

Htkl sunoku `Schatten, shadow'.

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307. *sVn- `penis': W 4 Wrj sana-na, Paa, Kar san, Miya am (unexpected -m,

probably < *san-m, with a body-part suff.) [SkNB], Wrj sana-na `penis', saana

`male private parts' [BlS]; 5 Grn sa^ `penis' [Jag]; 7 DB ma-sin Penisfutteral,

penis sheath'; C 4 Gude usanə `private parts of the body'.

308. *sVn- `dregs': W 2 Goem s'han `dregs, sediment' [TAS 331]; C 7a Skn san

`dregs'.

309. C *sVn- `beer': 7 Mafa ene 'k of beer'.

*sVng- `strong beer': W 2 Grk mu-tong `beer' [Fp], Goem sunga `very strong

beer' [TAS 324]; C 4 Gude sangara ùnstrained beer'.

310. *sVn- `to be disobedient': C 4 Gude səna `be spoiled, be disobedient (child)'

[Hs]; E 5 Bid sono ìmpolitessse, disobedience'. May be of the common

origin with the next root.

Deriv.: W *sVnK- `to annoy, to disturb': 2 Goem swa^ng ìrritate, excite', Msh

song ànnoy, awake smb.' [TAS 326]; 3 Bol sunku `to bore, to tire' [GAB].

311. *sVwVn- èvil, to envy, to be evil': W 1 Hs uuna (if not < *sVkn-) 'set a

dog on to a person, animal; urge to fight'; C 5 Pod suna ènvie'; 9 Mnj suwna

ènvie'; 12 ZB səna ènvier'; E 2 Tob əsinywa `mechancete', əsiny è^tre

mauvais, mechant', Lele sinya àvare, mechant'.

Note possible deriv.: C 7 Muy inɛkʷ à curse (afflicts a boy)'.

312. *sVn- `hard': W 3 Tng sinɔ `stickness (as rubber), tough(ness)'; C 7 Ould

sasa `dur, colle', Mofu sa/ew `tout raide, rigid; steep; stiff'.

Deriv.: W 1 Hs san-daree `become rigid (corpse, limb)'.

313. *sVn- `slippery, smooth': W 1 Hs san-san-caa `slippery'; 2 Goem san `be

slipery, slip' [Hlw]; 5 Grnt inuwe `smooth' [Cs]; C 4 Gude a-inə `make

smooth or level', inaʔi `smooth, slick'.

Verbal deriv.: E 5 EDng sɔyninɛ `rutschen, to glide, to crawl'.

314. *sVng- `to rot': 3 Bol saguy-`verderben; to rot'; 5 Geji swaa `pus' [Cs N

82] // Arab snḫ `rancir (huile)' [BK 1149].

315. *sVng- `kind of net': W 1 Ha sangee `mosquito-net'; 2 Mgh ang `general

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name for all kinds of nets' [BlM], Ang a `(fishing) net' [Fl]; C 2 Bura ong

`kind of fishing net'; 9 Mnj seke `mosquito-net'; E 1 Kera sege `Mosquito-

netz'.

316. *sVng- 'far': W 2 Ang so [Brq], Mnt sung-sung `far', Goem s� `far' [Kr];

5 Bogh b. ənəɣə, j. aa, Mngs (m) yaane, (k) an `far' [Cs]; C 10 Lame

ang `weit' [Luk 139], ZB se `loin'.

317. *sVr- to grind, to thresh': 4 Wrj sara-vuna threshing' [BlS]; C 3 HB sesira

`thresh' BN]; 9 Msg sir, sara [Mo] `pound in a mortar', Mulwi siri ècraser,

mourdre, Mba ser ècraser,' Mnj siri ècraser'; E 6 Mok sara `battage de mil,

moisson, harvest', sire `battre de mil, strike with a stick, thresh'.// For C 9 and

Eg sȵy `grind' see [OS 2222].

Deriv. in -p-: W 1 Hs surfa `pound moistened grain to remove bran'; C 8 Log

sirpu, sərbə [CLR] `pound in a mortar'; 9 Mnj sirpi `decortiquer (riz, mil)'; E

2 Tob surobe `piler, to pound'.

318. *sVr- `to pour': W 4 Miya sar `pour into' [Sch]; 5 Dott war `drip, leak'

[CrD]; C 2 Bura iri `pour out liquid on a flat surface so that it runs'; 7 Mafa

so-sur- `vider (liquid, recipient), Mofu -sa-sər- `(faire) couler de faon

continue'; 10 ZD Œr `to pour liquid in a small vessel'.

Deriv. W 5 WDng sɛr-dyɛ `puiser en petite quantite'.

Deriv. in -p# (< *-b-): W 3 Tng sirip `sprinkling of water'; C 7 Muy səraf idf.

`pouring' //Artab srb `couler (eau)' [BK 1076].

a. W 4 *sVr- `river': Siri ərəgi `stream', Jegu sirya `river' [SkNB], cf. Miya

sər-təhə `lake' [Sch] // Eg srḥ (gr) `rivulet'. [OS N 2260].

Verbal deriv.: E 5 Mig sor-to `couler (riviere)'.

319. *sVr- `to say, to speak': W 3 Tng sɛɛrɛ `speak, tell', Pero ‰eero `tell a story',

‰eeri à talk'; C 4 Gude usəra `say'; 9 Mba sur-ku àsk'; E 3 Tum hur àsk';

6 Mok seere `quemander'.

Deriv. in -m-: W 5 Dott erəm `tongue, language', erəm `to speak' [CrD],

Zul irimi `speak' [Cs N707].

320. W 2 *sVr- `to paint, to smear': Mgh sir `to paint a place or make it clumsy'

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[BlM], Mpn sər `to paint' [FrM], Goem ser àdhere, stick', fasten, apply oil'

[TAS 318] // Arab shr ènduire, oindre' [BK 1379]. Note that s- in the

sura-angas languages may originate from Ch *s/*c/*.

a. *sVr-/*sVw/yVr- `sweep, wipe, rub': W 2 Mgh wɔɔr `scrape out of a

vessel, reiben, Brei aus Gefass kratzen' [JgS], Msh yor, yoor `lick out the

dish' [TAS 328]; 5 Zul sari `wipe, rub' [Cs N 846], Dott sar 'sweep, wipe'

[CrD]; C FK sar `clean, wipe' [BN]; E1 Ngam saare, Mobu sa:re èssuyer'

[Lns]; 3 Ndam sura sweep' [Jg] // Arab ḥ-sr oter, enlever; balayer' [BK 425].

Arabic - originates from HS lateral fricative).

Deriv.: C 7 Mafa sur-b- `passer la main sur, frotter, smear by hand, rub'.

Noun deriv. *sVr-(K)- `broom': W 3 Glm surgu (-rg- < *-rk-) [SchB]; 5 Dott

sə-saari [CrD], Tala sur `broom' [Cr]; Buli suur, Geji suuli, Zul suure, Saya

swarəɣa [Cs 114]; C 7 Mbuko sərok; 9 Mnj suruk .

321. *sVr- to cut, to chop':W 1 Hs saara fall (tree), chop (wood), slash, hack (p.

or thing)', saar~aa à blow with a sword, axe, chopping wood, bones'; 4 Cagu

saasar-, saaru `cut' [Sk], C 4 Bch oworo `cut, chop' [Sk]; 9 cf. Msg saraʕ n

ar-ku `Ttowierung, Einschnitt deines Gesichts, face tatoo' [LkM].

Noun deriv. *sVwVr- `knife': W 3 Dera waari `knife'; 5 Grnt suuri 'knife'

[Cs]; E 5 Mig sawre `throwing knife'.

a. W 4 *sVrVN- `knife': Wrj sirn-ai, Siri sərni, Jmb sərna, Kar sirən, Mbu

sərə, Miya sərəm `knife' . Most probably, derived < *sVr-, but cf. Arab srm

II `couper en morceaux' [BK 1084].

322. *sV(wV)r- `to sing, to dance': W 3 Bol sūri° `singing for alms' [GAB], Gera

sori `song' [SchB], swarri `to dance' [Gow], Pero ‰or `dance' [FrP]; 5 Jmb

sar `dance' n. [SkNB]; 5 Wngd la sər [CLR], Dott sər, Guus sər `dance, song'

[CrG, CrD], Pol sər 'song' [Cs 457]; 6 Ngz suwaari `dancing' [SchN]; E 1

Ngam (dial. of Kwang) sire `chanter' [Lns]. // Ug, Hbr, Aram «yr `to sing'.

For Kwang - Semitic see [OS 2258].

a. *sVr- `to play, to enjoy o-s.': W 3 Glm sori, Galambu sur `playing' [SchB];

C 10 ZD sur `jouer'; E 2 Kbl , Nch -suur `jouer' [HKb], Lele su ra `s'amuser'.

//Arab srr (u) `rejouir, rendre gai' [BK 1074].

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323. *sVr- `to go': W 2 Mgh sɔr `go, gehen' [JgS]; E 5 EDng siiriye `gehen, to

go', Mig sirro `partir'//Arab syr `marcher, aller', sayr- `route, voyage' [BK

1174]. [OS 2203].

a. E *sVVr- to follow': 5 WDng suure s'approcher de'; 7 Msm saari guide'.

A loan ? Cf. Arab srh (caus. < *rḥ ) `laisser (le troupeau) aller liberment,

conduire' [BK 1078].

Note W 3 Bol surut idf. `moving quickly' [GAB], but 6 Bade sarta `taking a

stroll'.

b. *sVr- `to escape, to quit': W 1 Hs siraaree, suraare 'escape, slip away'; 3

Krf eriyo èscape'; E 5 Mig siraw èsquiver; dodge, abwehren'; 7 Brg seeri

quitter, abandon'.

Cf. W 1 Hs sarfaa `stalk; wheedle; spy out'; C 8 Mak sara 'crawl' [AlM].

324. *sVr- `to till the field': 5 Dott sar `clear, till the field before farming' [CrD].

(contam. with 319a. *sVr-/*sVw/yVr- `sweep, wipe, rub' cf.).

Deriv. in -k-: E 5 WDng su°r-ke° `cultiver sans soin, cultivate without care'.

a.*sVr(Vb)- à hoe': W 4 Diri ura `hoe'; C 5 Pod sarəva `pioche'// cf. Arab

srb II `creuser dans la terre' [BK 1076 ].

325. *sVr- `to miscourage, to abort': W 3 Bol suraa [GAB]. Any relation to C 7

Mafa sur- `maigrir, se vider de ses forces (sous l'effet d'une maladie dont on

attribue la cause a° une mavaise conduit sexuelle pendant l'adolescence)',

Mofu -sasər- `maigrir sans en connai^tre la cause' ?

Deriv. in -ḅ- (marker of a human being?): `to miscourage': 6 Daba səlab

[Lnhr]; 9 Mulwi surbi , Mnj surbi àvorter'.

Note possible deriv: E 5 WDng sɔ^r‰ɛ `nai^tre avant term, to bear premturely'.

326. *sVr- `to shave': W 1 Hs saariyaa `shaving the front of the head'; C 6 Daba

sər `raser, coiffre'.

Deriv.in -d-: E 5 Mig sur-do `raser', EDng sor-de `rasieren, to shave'.

Deriv. in -b-: E 2 Lele sorbi `raser; arracher (feuilles)' (note contamination

with *V(wV)r- `to pluck leaves'.

327. *sVr- `to tear (off) ': W 1 Hs sassaree (< *sar-saree) `do the last weeding

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before harvesting'; E 4 Mawa sɛrɛ `dechirer'.

Deriv. in -t-/-ḍ- `to tear (by pulling)': C 7 Zlg surat àrracher, o^tter en

depouillant', Mafa sərd- àrracher un fil (epine)'; E 5 WDng sɛ^rtɛ àrracher

les pois de terre', Bid sorod `cueillir des legumes, pluck vegetables'.

328. *sVr- `slide, slippery': C 7 Muy səsoruh à slide, sliding', irɛh-irɛh

'slippery', Mada srooh èn glissant, sliding', Moloko soroy `slide'.

Deriv. in -d/t- `to (make) glide': W 6 Bade sərtu `move, roll down slope'; C 7

Mada osroto `faire glisser en bas', soromod-mod `glissant, slippery'; E 5 Mig

sordido `glisser'. Cf. *sVn- `slippery, smooth'.

329. *sVr- `to hang, to attach': C 3 Bana s(ə)rə àccrocher, hang, attach'; E 3 Tum

hərəw àccrocher, suspendre'.

Deriv.: W 1 Hs sar-be `(catch with) lasso, hang oneself'.

330. *sVr- `to insult': C 2 Bura sara ìnsult'; E (deriv.)1 Kera sar-te ìnsulter,

verletzen'; 5 EDng sar-piye `verfluchen, to curse'.

331. *sVr- `to cover, to wrap': C 3 FK ar `cover' [BN]; E 2 Lele saar `roll up'; 5

WDng suriye ènvelopper, ficeler, wrap', EDng suuriye èinhllen, wrap'.

Deriv. in -t-: C 7 Mofu -sər-t- `cover (crop, hangar), cover o-self', 7 Muy

sərət idf. `covering'.

Deriv. in -P-: C 7 Mafa irpeʔe ènroule autour, enveloppant' (`wrapped

completely'); E 2 Lele sirbi `tordre sur la cuisse, dans les mains'.

Note possible deriv. `to twist, to wind': E 5 EDng sirmidye `winden', Bid

sirmady `tordre'.

332. *sVr- 'to glean': W 2 Goem sr `to clean the place by collecting waste'

[Hlw]; E 6 Mok seere `glaner les arachides, pois de terre; to glean'.

Deriv. in -t/d-: W 3 Bol siraata 'gleaning (peanuts, corn heads), left after

harvest' [GAB]; E 5 EDng sardume `stoppeln; to glean'.

a.*sVr(h)- `to gather': C 7 Mada srah `(se mettre ensemble) quelquesuns'; 9

Mnj sar-ti `rendes-vous'; E 5 WDng siriye `convenir, ressembler'.

333. *sVr- `dirt, excrements': C 8 Mak sero 'dirt' [AlM]; E 5 Bid sir `souiller

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(crasse), to stain (dirt)'; 6 Mok siiri [JgMkk] `excrements'.//Eg sr `Schmutz'.

Deriv.: C 4 Gude irada 'person with dirty habits'.

Deriv.: *sVr-k- `black': Mofu sərek sərek, sərakw sərakw, Zlg sirikw sirikw.

Cf. CCh *łVr- 'black` [CLD II N275]. Secondary lateral? Note that Kera

ki-sir-ki `black' may originate from *sir-/*łir-.

334. *sVr- `stick': W 5 Saya irə 'stick' [Cs]; C 5a Hdi sarak 'stick' [BrH]; E 4

Mawa sɛrɛ `ba^ton' [Rb]; 5 Bid serseeru stick used to make fie by rubbing'

("frotteur").

Cf. W 2 Goem sɔɔr 'forked stick (for storing calabashes)' [Hlw]; 3 Krkr sardu

`3-pronged pole for a fetish' [GK]

Cf. W1 Hs sarbai `swizzle-stick'; C 7 Muy sarva `digging stick'.

335. *sVr- kind of grass': W 3 Glm sirya [SchB]; C 5 Pod �era kind of grass';

E 5 Bid sira `herbe sp.'.

W 5 Dott saar `sesame Sesamum indicum'; E 5 WDng sarwiya `a weed

sp.'; 6 Mok soriyo `herbe sp., kind of gras'.

Dera wari 'grass, fodder' (if not <*Sbr); C 7a Skn swaram `kind of grass'.

336. W *sVr- `hand(s)': 2 Mpn saar 'arm, hand' [FrM], Sura sar [JgS], Ang sar

[Fl], Chip sar [JgC], Mnt sai [CLR] (for Grk taa , Goem sa see Ch *ˆV

`hand'); 3 Bol sara `hand', saa-no 'my hand' [LkB], tafi-sara 'hand' [Bn],

Krkr, Ngm, Maha sara 'hand' [SchV], Pero ‰ira 'arm, hand', Tng yaara

(irreg. reflex of *s- before -a-. Orig. *sira > yira > yaara with internal -a- pl.)

`hand, arm, paw', Dera arǝ°k [CLR], Krf ara `hand(s)' [Stl]; 7 Fyer «aaraŋ

`hands'. The only trace of the root outside WCh-A is C 8 Mak suri `handful of

smth' [AlM].

Cf. W 3 Pero ‰uuro `right hand side'. For a possible cognate cf. several Arabic

parallels, namely: Arab ʕsr (i, u) `venir du co^te gauche', (a) `faire qqch avec la

main gauche', or Arab yasr- `main gauche, co^te gauche' [BK 251, 1627].

337. *sVr- `cotton, thread': C 8 Mak sare `cotton, thread' [AlM]; E 3 Smr sire

`cotton, Baumwolle' [Luk], Tum həər `cotton'.// Cf. Berber Ahaggar a-sar

`kind of thread or tissue'.

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Deriv.: W 3 Pero ‰aaro òbtain fiber from plants'; C 2 Bura arar `ravel out

(as cloth)'.

a. *sV(wV)r- to plait (cotton)': C 7 Mofu -sa-sər- `filer (le cotton), to spin'; E

1 Mobu sa:re `filer', Ngam suware `filer' [Lns].

Cf. W 3 Tng sɛr-gɛt `spindle'.

Noun deriv. `cache-sexe': E 1 Kera ke-ser-de `trad. cache-sexe fem.'; 5

WDng sɔɔra àncien cache-sexe fem., fait de tresses de cotton'.

338. *sVr(Vr)- `bamboo-flute': W 1 Hs sa°reewa° `kind of flute made from corn

stalk or from bamboo'; C 3 Bana ery `kind of flute'; 6 Daba serere `flu^te'

[Lnhr]; E 5 WDng suraare `petite flu^te en bambou'; 6 Mok siraro `flu^te'.

Cf. W 7 Kul syer `to blow (an instrument)'.

339. *sVr- `snake': C 10 ZD sur `kind of snake'; E 3 Tum hirə `snake' gen.n.

Cf. C 7 Mafa nur-dede `couleuvre' (gen.)'; 2 Bura irim èarth- worm'.

340. *sVr- `road': C 7a Skr su ra lmena `Furt' [Luk] (lmena 'river'); E 5 Mig

suurane `road'//Arab siraṭ- `chemin' [BK 1081], sirar- `ligne' [BK 1074].

a. *sVrV `narrow': W 1 Hs saraa-sara idf. `long and slender' 3 Tng sursur

`narrow' [JgT]; C 5 Mlg arre `dnn, eng, schmal, thin'; 7 Muy erra mod.

`narrow'; 8 Mak sarsar `thin' [AlM], Aff sa´rsa´r `mince' [Tr] (accord. to [LkB],

Bud sersere is a Kanuri loan; E 6 Mok seeret `narrow (small hole)'.

b. *sVr- `straight': C 7 Muy sara `thin and straight', Ould serra `long and

straight', Mada sarra `direct, tout droit', Zlg ser, Mafa suraʔa `droit'.

341. *sVwVr- `kite': W 1 Hs irwa `black kite'; 3 Bol saawura `kite'; 5 Pol suura

`kite'; C 1 Gaa iw�r-ta~ , Gbn uwur-te~, Hwn u~wle [Kr] `kite'.

342. *sVwVr- `kind of spear': C 7 Mbuko suwer 'lance'; E 5 WDng soora lance

sp.'//Arab sarw-at- àrrow'[BK1085]. An Arabic loan?

343. *sV(wV)r- `rectangular hut': W 1 Hs sooroo `rectangular clay house, upper

storey'; 2 Goem sur rectangular' [Hlw]; C 2 Mrg soro [HfM] hut', Bura soro

ùpper room, tower; large house'. A Hausa loan?

344. *sVrVp- `rib (of an animal)': C (secondary lateral) 3 FK ɫurpu, FG iɫ ɫurpwu,

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Kap ɫurupwe; 5 Mnd ɫurpe [Kr], Pod ɫərəpa `co^tes de vache', Mlg ɫərpe

`Rippen, ribs' 9 Mba sirap; E 1 Kwn sirapu [Jg], Kera sərbə (voicing in

contact); 4 Sok serfi-d-um `(your) ribs' [Luk]; 5 WDng sa^rpe; 6 Mok sirpa

`rib'; 7 Jegu irafo `Brustseite (?) eines mnnlichen Tieren, rib (?) of a male

animal', Brg siraafi `co^te', Kaj sarfi [Alio]// Eg spr (Pyr) `rib'. Eg parallel

points to a metath. in Ch. For secondary lateral ( ɫ ) in CCh see [StS].

345. *sVrt- `time, momemt': W 3 Bol sarti `time, period' [GAB], Krkr sartu

`(appointed) time' [GK], C 1 Tera sarti `time' [NmT]; 3 FK sarte `time'

[BN]; 5 Pod sarəta 'temps, saison', 7 Mada sarta `moment'. A loan?

346. W *sVr `body-parasit (louse, bedbug, louse)': 2 Mpn ndə-sur `bedbug' (for

ndV-pl. cf. [StP]) [FrM], Goem n-ʃɔɔr `bug' [Hlw]; 5 Dott sər `flea' [CrD],

Saya səər [Cs], Guus səsər `louse' [CrG], Buli sasar `flea', Jimi surudu

'flea' [Cs]; 3 Gera suruudu `flea' [SchB].

347. C *sVr- `leg': 1 Tera sara [Nm], Gabin saar-ta `leg' [Meek]; 3 HN sirra, HK

silla, Bpel sil leg' [Meek]; 4 Gude iraa leg from knee to ankle' (inher. poss.,

body-part); 5 Wnd sra, sira [CLR], Mlg səra `leg, foot', Ngw sɔrɔkh `knee'

[CLR]; 5a Lmn səra [Luk], Htkl səra `Bein, leg' [LkH]; 7 Gis sar `leg, foot'.

Note C 7 Mada ma-sar-fagai `scolopendre, millepattes'.

348. *sVr- `deep': W 5 Guus surgə `be deep'; C 2 Bura siri; 7 Zlg sirrib `deep'.

349. *sVr- `quiet, silent': W 2 Hs iru `silence'; 6 Bade səriyuwwa idf. `quiet,

silent'; C 2 Bura siri `quiet, silent'// Arab syr `laisser (tranquille)' [BK 1174].

Note C 7 Mada serreh `sans bruit, sans rien dire, sans dispute'.

350. *sVrVh- `to envy, be jealous': C 4 Gude sərəhə `be jealous'; 6 Daba sərəh

`s'enorgueillir, e^tre jaloux, envy, be proud'; 7 Ould -sar `avoir envy de qqch';

E 3 Tum heri `e^tre avide, accaparer'.

Noun deriv.: C 7 Mafa sərak `jealousy’; 7a Skn sərək `jealousy' .

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*Z

351. *zV- `to pierce, stick into': 7 Mofu -z- `mordre, piquer' (contamination with

*¾V `to bite'); 8 Log za `(an)stecken, to stuck (in)' [LkL]; 10 ZD e èntrer,

penetrer'.

a. *zV- `sharp object': W 5 Guus zaw `spear' [CrG]; C 10 Lame ze ` horn'

[Luk].

b. *zV- push': W 5 Grn i push'; C4 Jumjumen dzi (i) push' [BrJ]; 8 Zina

zǝ°y `frapper (1 fois), to strike (once)' [Tr].

c. C 7 *zVwVt (< *zVw-t-) `spear': Mafa zot , Mofu zuwet, Gis iwet.

352. *zV `to do, to make': W 3 Ngm (GY) za `cause (s.o. to do)' [NEH]; 4 Jmb

zaa `make, do' [SkNB]; C 4 Gude a `do again'; 10 Msg za [Mo], Mulwi zi

`faire, `fabriquer'; E 1 cf. Kera i `do, make'.

Noun deriv.: C 7a Skn zozowa `work party' .

353. *zV `(to) measure': W 3 Bol za `measure of length (from elbow to the tip of

the middle finger)' [IbBl], za^ èl' (from elbow to finger-tip) [GAB], C 2 Bura

ʒa (? < *nza) ùnit of measure (from elbow to finger-tip); to measure'; 8 Mak

za `hand measure' [AlM], (cf. Kanuri za^).

354. *zV `to call, to cry, to weep', *zVw- à call': W 3 Gera zawa, Glm zawa

`call, summons' [SchB]; Krkr zawa `Schreien, Weinen, a cry' [LkK], zawaa

`to cry, weep' [GK]; E 4 Barein za `call, rufen' [Luk].

a.*zV- tell (news, fortune)': W 5 Grn zei `tell fortune' [Cs]; E 6 Mok zo zze pl.

`conter, raconter, tell news'.

355. C *zVw/y- `to eat': C 5 Mlg za èat, food', Gdf, Gava, Chkd zuwa, Chnn

zʷa [HmG] èat' ; Glv z- èat', Gdf zua, Ngw zawe, Dgh uza, wza èat soft

things' [CLR]; 5a Lmn, Hdi, VemgoM za eat' [HmG], Htk z- eat' [LkH], Hdi

zay `to eat' [BrH], Lmn z- [CLR] èat soft things'.

a. *n-zV `to eat hard food' (intensive stem?): C 1 Tera ni [NmT]; 10 ZB nʒu

(*nz- > nӡ-) `croquer, grincer des dents', ZD nzu `manger du dur'.

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Cf. C 5a Hdi zeɣʷi `right (side)' (? orig. `right hand') [BrH].

356. *zVw- `to mix, to turn': 3 Bol zuw- ùmrhren (Flssigkeit), to mix (liquid)'

(if not < *zub-); 4 Paa za `mix' [MS]; 5 Jimi zuwi `turn' [Cs]; C 5 Pod za `to

turn'; 7 Ould -zuway `se tordre, to coil'.

357. *zVw- `come, walk': W 1 Hs zoo `come' (VN zuwa); 4 Wrj, Kar zau, Paa,

Siri za, Jmb, Miya za-, Mbu zaa- ènter' [SkNB], Wrj za `to go before' [BlS],

Diri aawa `journey' [SkNB]; C 4 Gude zaawa `go around smth'; 5 Pod e `to

move'; 8 Log zuwa spazieren, umhergehen, to walk' [LkL]; 9a Gdr za come'

[ZG 472]; 12 ZB ze° èntrer' [Sa]; E 5 Mig ʔizaw `to accompany'. Cf.

*¾V(w/y-)- `to run, to come'. [OS 2598].

358. *zVʔ- `put (down), send' (=`put away'): W 3 Krkr z(aa) `legen, senden'

[LkK], za `put away, put down, give a name, send a person' [GK], Bol z(a)-

`niederstellen' [LkBl], zaa `put down, put away, send' [GAB], Ngm (GY) za

`put down, put away', (Y) za `send' [NEH], C 5 Gvoko a `send' [HmG]; 7a

Skn nzowa `to send' .

a. *zV- `put (on)': W 3 Glm zw-aala, Gera za^w-mi `put (on)' [SchB]; 4 Paa,

Siri, Diri za, Paa, Diri, Siri za, Miya za-, Wrj a, Mbu zi, za, Kar zə, Cagu soo,

sə `put on (clothes), put' [SkNB], Paa zei `put (in, on)' [MS], Wrj a `put on

cloth' [BlS].

359. *zVʔ- `to exist, to last': W 3 Krkr zu(u) `sich befinden, sein' [LkK]; C 7

Mafa za , e èxister'; 10 ZB zaʔa `rester (longtemps), durer, to last long'.

Moloko ne [ nʒe /Cy] `sit, stay, live'; 7a Skn nza `to sit' [Mo].

a. *nʒV `sit, stay': W 7 Kul nza `sit (down)'; C 2 Bura nzi sit, remain', Chb

nzayi [CLR]; 4 Bch nza `sit' [CLR], 7 Mada enze `rester, durer; laisser',

Moloko ne [ nʒe /Cy] `sit, stay, live'; 7a Skn nza `to sit' [Mo].

b.*zV `bottom': C 10 Lame zu Àrsch, bottom' [Luk1], cf. ZB zu `bas

ventre'; E 6 Mok zoy-zoy `bas' .

Cf. *Vy/ʔ- `to sit, stay in place'> *nV `to sit'. Note that for `to sit' - *nʒV

and *nV - originate from different roots: *zVʔ- `to exist', and *Vy/ʔ- `to

sit, stay in place', correspondingly. It is clear, that contamination between

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reflexes of *nʒV `to sit' and *nV `sit, dwell' was inevitable.

360. C *zV `to disappear, to lose': 3 FK za `lose' [BN], Bana za `se perdre'; 4

Gude za `become lost, disappear, lose; die, forget'; 5 Glv zə `to forfeit, to

lose', Pod za `disappear, lose, destroy'; 7 Mafa za `se perdre, oublier', Gis

zəze, əe (redupl.) `verloren gehen, disappear', Cuv ma-zay `perdre'.

a. *zVw- `to faint': W Bol zawaa [GAB]; C 2 Bura uuwa `dim, faint'

361. C *zVʔ- `to carry, to take': 5 Dghw za [CLR]) `carry'; 5 Muy azay `take,

carry'; 8 `to take': Log zi [LkL], Aff si:, Ngala zia, Sao sii, Glf si, Bud hi [Sol

N 676], Kus zi° `take (one th.)' [Tr]; 10 ZB ziʔi , Masa zii `porter' [CC].

362. *zV (usually attested with a body parts markert -k/-t-) `body': 1 Hs i-kii

(¾i- < *zi-); 2 Ang e-uk [Fl] , Mgh i-k [CLR: 34] Mpn i-k [JgM], Chip i-k

[Kr N 58], Mnt n-i-t [JgC], Goem sǝ-k [Hlw], s�-k [Kr N 58], Grk tə-k [JgC];

3 Bol iwo, Krkr zu(u), Dera yi-k [SchV], Tng i-k, Pero ‰i-g, Maha zo-ko,

Bele hi-ko, Krf, Glm i, Gera zuwi [SchB], Ngz k ro^ (G), zugo roi (Y)

`trunk of tree, log' (ro `tree'); 5 Grn zu [Jag]; 4 cf. Siri zəri `body' [SkNB]; 7

Kul zi-gy, Sha zə-k; C 4 Bch su-to [Sk], Nzn sə-‰i [Mo]; 5 Vame ek [KV];

7 Mbuko ze-k ; 8 Log ze-zi [Mo], Mak si° [Tr]; 9 Msg su [Mo]; 9a Gdr zu

[Mo], zə [FG 475]; E 1 Kwan si°– [CLR]; 2 Kbl ko-sa [CLR]; 3 Smr si [Jg],

Ndam hə-g [JgD], Tum hi°g kǝ°u; 4 Mawa si-t; 5 WDng zi `body, person',

Mig zii [JMig], Bid zii-te; 7 Brg zi, Mubi i-‰ [Jg]. Cf. [CLR II 152 *zk

`body'].// Eg d_.t (Pyr) `body'. For Ch-Eg see [OS 2597].

Note unexpected ӡ- instead of z- in the bura gr.: C 2 Mrg uʒu [SkNB], wu-ʒu

[Kr], Kilba, Chb ʒa [Kr], Bura ʒa `body'. Probably < *nz-.

Note *zVʔ- `to exist, to last'

a.*zV `skin': W 2 Goem zau `leather' [TAS 423] (but cf .`leather string'); 3

Krkr zu, Grm i `skin' [CLR]; 5 Grnt zau [CLR]; C 8 Log zai, zaa `Haut des

Menschen, human skin' [LukL]; E 5 Bid (Tounkoul) zi-te `peau'; 7 Mubi i-t

[CLR], Jegu zii-to, pl. zii-te.

Verbal deriv.: *zV- `to skin': W 4 Miya zəz- `to skin' [SkNB]; C 10 Masa zi

`to skin, depouiller' [CC], ZB ze `to bark, arracher l'ecorce'.

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363. *zVʔ/w- `child’: W 4 Paa a, pl. vəra^ child' [CLR], ee `small-small'

idf. [MS]; C 2 Mrg za°-mu° `brother' (son (of) mother) [HfM:53]; 3 Bana a

`daughter', HB јa-màla, HN јa-màle, Kap јa-màkwa `girl', FG јà `girl,

daughter’ [Kr]; 7 Gis za, pl. zəray child', Ould zuway bebe sans nom'; 10 ZB

ʒa (note irregular ӡ < *nz- < 368b ?) `petite fille, girl'.

Cf. C 9 Mulwi ziyi , Mnj ziyi be pregnant' and 10 Masa ze `oeuf'. Bearing in

mind that Chadic monosyllabic nouns eagerly accept all sort of affixes, there is

no doubt that what follows present different manifestations of the same root or

compounds with *zV as an integral part.

a. C *zV-ŋ `child': 5a Hdi zwa `child' [BrH]; 7 Gis zu `son', za ʔaw

`young goat', Ould ze°zeŋ ‛bebe'.

b. C 4 *n-zVy- `boy, child': Gudu n¾i `son`, nzu `boy’, Bch nzey `boy, son’, Mwl nzo `boy’, Cin inzi `boy’, nzəy `son’, Bch nјi°y-to `girl’ [Kr], n-ze `child'

[Meek], Nzn inze `child' [Meek].

c. C *zV-ɣʷ/gʷ- `boy’: 3 Bana z(ə)ɣʷə, pl. ndrai `child' FK, HB zigu, HF,

HNk zigwi, FG zo°ɣwu `boy’ [Kr]; 4 FMch zigu `son, daugter, boy, girl’, FJ

uzku, FB ziguni `boy, girl’ [Kr]; 5 Glv iiɣa `grandchild'; 5a Hdi ziɣi `a

nephew'.

d. C *b-zV-r- (possibly < *bVzVn-) child': 2 Bura bzir child, small one, son',

Mrg bzǝr `child, son' [HfM:54]; 5 Dghw v-ʒire, Gdf z�re, Gava zəra, Chin, Glv

zra `child' [HmG]; cf. 5a Hdi vəziʔuwa `newborn baby' and 7 Mofu bǝzey.

For the *-n- >-r shift in bura and matakam groups (see [Nm], [Stolbova 1966]).

Alternatively, -r- may reflect pl. suffix, cf. Gis za, pl. zəray `child'. Contrary to

[CLR I 36], we limit considerably the frames of the *bzn/r-root.

e. C *ʔu-zV > *ʔu-zV-n- > *ʔuzV-r- `child’: 4 Cuvan wunʒɛ, Sharva ʔwunʒe

(metath.)`child' [Bry], Gude u°uzə΄nə `child’ (reg. poss., kin term) [Hs]; 5

Gvoko uzar [HmG]; 5a Lmn uzaŸ, Vemgo uzan [HmG] `child', Hitk uuza°

`child, boy’, pl. uuzina° [LkH], Lmn uuza, uzan `child' [CLR]. Alternatively

glavda-lamang may originate from *mu-zV-n.

The only possible cognate to so widely spread West-Central Chadic root is

Egyptian zȵ (OK) [EG 408] `son', but if and only if Egyptian ȵ originates

from Hamito-Semitic *€.

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364. *zi /*zVw/y- (< *zVw-h-) à fly': W 2 Ang i à fly, a bee', Mgh, Mpn n-ii

`bee' [JgS, FrM], Kfy, Msh ii `fly', Goem ni `fly, bee, honey' [TAS 345]; C

5 Dott zii à fly' [CrD], Bogh saay [CLR]; C 3 FK iwo-nʒuahu `bee' [FK],

HN uwi, Kap u fly' [Meek]; 5 Pod ewe chasse-mouche'; 7 Ould; zuway

à fly', Muy ewi à fly', Mada zwe `mouche (nom. gen.)'; 8 Log zuu, pl.

zuwen, zaawe `Fliege' [LkL], Bud aiyu.

Cf. C 3 HNk unzɛ, HKam umzɔho `bee' [Meek]. Probably < *um-zVh-

(`honey-fly' < *zVh- `fly').

Cf. C 5a Htk ziidi à fly' [LkH], Lmn ziidi [Lk], zidə-k; 4 Bch јide [Meek],

¾iḍe [Sk-CLR]. All < *zi-ḍ- (presumably, -ḍ- is a suff. of singularity).

a.*zVw-/*zVzV- `winged termite': W 3 Bol zuuzuu `winged termites'

[GAB]; C 7 Mafa oee `termit sp', Mada ezew `termitiere'; 10 ZB zuwa, ZD

zuwa° `termite aile, comestible'.

b. *zVw- `to jump, locust': W 3 Ngm (G) ziiwa^ `jump up, leap up'

(alternatively may be related to ECh *zVV `to fly'); 5 Zaar za°y `locust' [CrZ];

C 7 Zlg zawa sauterelle'. // Sem *zz- kind of insect (locust, bug)' [MK 265].

Cf. E 5 WDng zezewa `chenille sp., kind of caterpillar'.

Note E *zVw/y- `to fly': 2 Kbl, Nch bə-səy `voler (oiseau) [HKb], Tob say

(reg. s- < *z-) `se lever, enfler; voler' [Cp]; 4 Ubi zeeyin (zeey-in) `to fly (of

birds)', [Alio], zei-ga `voler' [HJ]; 5 EDng na-zewe, MigB zeewa [HJ], E,

CDng zewe, `voler (oiseau)' [CJ].

365. *zV- `war': W 5 Grn u [Jag], eo [Cs]; C 10 ZB zi ZD i `guerre'.

a.*zVʔ- `bow': W 4 Wrj zaʔai, Kar, Jmb zaʔa, Miya zaʔi, Mbu i-di

[SkNB], Paa zaa [MS] `bow', aa `rainbow'; C 5 Mlg uwe `musical bow'

366. *zV- à present': W 2 Mnt zu `free of charge' [FrM]; C 10 ZB zu `cadeau,

present'.

Deriv.: C 8 Mak n-zayo `contribution'.

Cf. W 3 *zVw- `to sell, to buy': Gera zoô-mi, Grm aw-ala `buy, sell' [SchB],

Tng wayi `sell'.

367. *zVw/y- `guinea corn': W 4 Wrj zuu-na, Miya, Kar zu, Mbu uu, Cagu zu-n

`guinea corn, sorghum' [SkNB]; E 7 cf. Ould zazay `grains flowing from a

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torn suck'. //Eg zw.t (Pyr) `wheat' [EG 426]. For Ch-Eg see [EDE I 181].

a. W 3 *zVw/y- `kind of grain food': Bol zayya `coarse tuwo' [GAB], Ngm

(G) zuwe^ `gruel' [NEH].

368. *zVw- `small hut': W 1 Hs zauzau èntrance hut (made of mats)'; C 9 Kus

ze° `compound' [Tr]; 10 Lame zo `house' (so Dari `village') [Luk], Masa zi

[Mo], zii (ziita determinant specifique) `la case' [CC], ZB za àbri, case,

ecurie, cuisine, hut, kitchen'.

a. *zVy/w- `wall': W 2 Ang zee, wee (¾w- < *zw-) `wall between huts' [Fl],

Mpn zey `wall of the compound' [FrM]; C 9 Msg zao `Gehege, fence' [LkM].

369. *zVw/y- `(blast) of wind': W 3 Ngz zuwak `cold wind, evil spirit' (pl.

zuwawin); E 6 Mig ziziyo `tempe^te de vent precedant la plui'.

370. *zVy- èxcrement': W 3 Ngm (Y) n-ze èxcrement'; C 7 Ould zay, Muy

azay èxcrement', Mada za èxcrement, crotte, selles; dechet', Zlg za

èxcrement', Mofu zay èxcrement, selles, crotte, bouse', Gis zay, Cuv zay

èxcrement', Mafa zay èxcrement, crotte; dechet, residu'. Cf. W 5 Dott zii

`black' [CrD].

a. C *zV- `to stink': 5a Hdi ziʔay `to smell' [BrH]; 7 Ould zi `sentir, odeur,

pourrir', Muy ei `to rot, to stink' (CAUS i `cause to rot'), iu `to

smell', Moloko ze `smell, stink', Zlg ɛ `sentir', Mofu -z- `sentir, pourrir';

10 ZD i~ `sentir, odeur'. Cf. [CLR II 61 matakam *zay].

371. *zVw- > *zVzV `kind of mouse': W 3 Bol zuwe `musk shrew' [GAB],

Maha zuwwa, Glm zoozi `rat, mouse' [SchB]; C 9 Mnj zozo `roussette des

ro^niers; palm-bat'; E 7 Brg zawyo `bat'; 5 Bid zawyo `bat,chauve-souris'

372. *zVw/y- `kind of hair': W1Hs zaazaa `pubic hair'; C 2 Bura iu `long

haired'; 5 Pod ewe `poil autour de la queue'; 7 Mbuko zo°y `chevellure'; 8

Kus ze°we´ [Tr], Bud nui `tail' [LkB].

373. *zVw- (pouring) water, rain': W 4 Cagu zaawe water, rain' [SkNB]; 5 Geji

zee ,Tule a [Sm] `water', Zaar јa° [CrZ], Guus ʒa (< *zwa) `water' [CrG]; C

2 Bura oa idf. `water came running out'; 6 Daba za `to rain' [Lnhr]; 10 ZD

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e [ӡЊ] `cours d'eau', ZB ze àffluent, riviere'; E 6 Mok zozze `tomber gout a

gout, to drop'.// Cushitic Agaw Bilin zuwaa, Xamir zoowa, etc. `rain' [OS

2614].

Cf. W 7 Kul nzonz `waschen; to wash'; E 4 Saba soʔe `to wash'.

Note possible derivatives: C 7 Zlg maa-zaw ìnondation, fleuve rapide', aziw

`water monitor'.

C *zVɣ- (pl.?): C 3 FK zəɣ, zəgə `pour' [BN]; 5 Glv zaɣa `river, stream'.

374. *zVʔVw- `rope': W 2 Goem zaw `string (made of leather)' [Hlw]; 3 Ngm

(G) zaawa^, (Y) zaawa [NEH], Bol zaawa, Krf aawa [SchV]; 4 Wrj au-na,

Kar au, Miya yau [SkNB]; 6 Ngz zawa [SkNB]; C 1 Tera zo [NmT]; 3 Bana

zəʔwə FK zəu [BN]; 4 Gude zəʔwa [Hs], Jimjimen zuʔun, Gude zuʔa, Cuvon

ʔazɛʔwe, Sharva ziʔye [BN]; 5a Lmn zuwii, Hdi zuʔi [HmG], [BrH]; 5

Vemgo ʒui, Gvoko za-da, Dghw zaʔa, Gdf zawe, Chkd, Gava, Chnn zawa, Glv

zowa [HmG], Mnd zawa [Luk], Mlg zawa `Seil, cable, rope', Glv zawa

`thong, strap, bond, rope (worn round the head)'; 7 Muy eew-ɛd `rope' (<

*zew-, with a -d- suff.), Mada azawa `ligament, cordon, corde', Gis ew-ed

`Bindfaden, Strick', Mofu zew-ed `corde en fibre vegetale ma^chee, ficelle',

Cuv ɛwɛy `fibre (d'ecorce), Mafa zaya fibre, ew-ed `fibre en ecorce'; 10

Masa zew `la corde', ZB zeo `corde (ombilical), artere, veine'; E 3 Tum ha ,

Ndam ha [Jg] `rope'. [OS 2612].

Verbal deriv.: W 3 Bol nzaa `tie together' [GAB]; C 7 Cuv mɛ-ɛwɛy

àttacher'.

a. *zV(yV)w- `plaited object (net, roof)': C 7 Zlg zəzaw `filet de chasse',

Mada zewe `collet, collar; noeud coulant'; 10 ZD iw `filet (pe^che), fishing

net', ZB ziu `toile d'araignee', za `toite tresse, plaited roof'.

375. *zV- `(to be, become) many, big': W 4 Wrj za ènough' [BlS]; C 4 Gude zii

`many'; 7 Mada zaza many', Mofu zaw zaw `grandir rapidement, to grow

quickly', ° zawwa `(venir) en foule, a flot'.

Note C 5 Pod za èight'.

Cf. C *zV- `to exceed: 5 Pod ewe àdvance'; 7 Zlg za `depasser, e^tre

superier'.

110

376. *zVw/y- `hot, to burn': W 3 Glm zaya `warm weather' [SchB]; C FK zau

`hot' [BN]; 5 Gdf azuu `burn' [CLR]; 8 Kus ze `cuire', Log ze `kochen, to

cook' [LkL], Bud haw, ho `sieden, kochen'; E 5 cf. WDng zewe `bruer,

pi^quer; burn, bite' (se dit seulement pour la chenille, told mostly about a

caterpillar)'.

Verbal deriv. : W 1 Hs za°uzau-ta° `become hot (sun), become severe (pain)'.

Note E 4 Sok zЎo `Feuerholz, charcoal' [Luk].

377. *zVb- `to follow, to search': W 4 Diri ibu `follow' [SkNB], C 2 Mrg zǝ°ḅu°

`to follow' [HfM:118]; 7 Mofu -zəb- `search, follow, chercher; suivre (les

conseils de qqn), se suivre a la queue -leu-leu'; 8 Log zbi `follow' [LkL], Zina

zǝ°bǝ°y `suivre' [Tr]; 9 Mnj zibi `suivre a la queue leu-leu'; 9a Gdr -zb- `follow'

[FG 477]; E 5 Mig obbo (¾o- < < *zo-/*o ) `suivre', Bid ob `suivre', pl.

`poursuivre'.// Arab zʔb `s'eloigner rapidement, faire marcher devant soi' [BK

965]. Cf. in a different way in AA 366 *ӡVb II.

Deriv.: C 2 Bura zuba-ta `to send'.

Verbal noun: W 1 Hs zabarii `seeking, looking for a person or thing'.

Noun deriv.: C 8 Log zevelo `Weg, road' [LkL]. Note C 7 Mofu -zambal-

`suivre qqn lorsqu'on a rien, follow smbd'.

378. *zVb- `to insert': W 3 Krkr zab `hineinlegen, hineinstecken, hineintun, to

insert'[LkK], Bol zow- `hineintun; eintreten lassen, put, go inside' [LkB]; C 5

Pod zəva `enfiler'.

Deriv. in n-: W 3 Bol n-zob- `to string, to lace' [IbBl], n-zobu `string beads,

put in line' [GAB].

Cf. W 2 Mpn op (-p# < *-b-) `to push, dip' > `have sexual intercourse'.

379. *zVb- `to pour': W 1 Hs zuba `pour in or out'; E 5 WDng zozbe `to pour' //

Arab zwb `flow', ʔzb [i] `flow', zbb `full (wineskin)' [OS 2631]. Cf. Hausa

-Arab in AA 368 *ӡVb IV. Cf. *¾Vb- `to pour, to flow', note that both roots

have reliable parallels in Semitic languages.

Deriv.: C 7 Mada n-zebeɫ n-zebeɫ `humide (sol), boueux'.

Note C 7 Cuv zazav `bave, spittle', Mafa zozob- `bave'.

a. C *zVb- `pond': 4 Gude zuuva, zuuba, zuuova `pond surrounded by

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trees'; 7 Ould n-zaba-n-zaba `flaque d'eau, marais, puddle'.

Cf. W *zVw/bVb- `to put into, mix with water': 2 Goem zɔɔp `to mix with

water' [TAS 441]; 6 Ngz zəbabiyu `wash cleaned millet before pounding'.

380. *zVb- `meet, join (in pairs)': W 3 cf. Bol ga zobbe `together' [Bn]; 6 Ngz

zəbu contact, meet up with', Duw əzvuwo join, meet', Bade əzvu join, come

together'; C 7 Mulwi zibi `reunir par paires; s'accouplier (chiens)', Mofu -

zəv- `joindre, relier, articuler'.

Deriv. in n-: W 4 Wrj n-zəb- `gather, join, meet' [SkNB].

Deriv.: C 9 Mulwi zivini `s'accoupler (bovins, caprins, ovins)'.

Deriv. `pair': W 4 Diri azəbabu `twin' [SkNB]; C 7 Mofu zəbak `second

months of the year, douxieme mois de l'annee (cycle trad.)', Mada oboɫ faire

deux choses en me^me temps, make two things at the same time'.

Note W 6 Ngz zəbau `to marry'.

381. *zVb- `to boil': W 6 Ngz zəbaayu `start boiling'; C 10 ZB zup (-p# < *-P-)

`bouillir (non liquide)'.

a. *zVbb- `to boil' (intens.) : W 1 Hs zababbaka `boil furiously'; E 6 Mok

zobbe `verser le mil dans une marmite pour la faire cuir'.

Cf. C 9 Mulwi zi°bi°yi `griller (arachides dans leur coque)'.

382. *zVb- `to dance': W 4 Miya zabu, Siri zəba, Mbu zabuzabu `dance' [SkNB],

5 Grnt sebi-ddi [CLR]; E 7 Jegu zob `kind of dance, Tanzenart (bei Todesfall,

mit Speeren, etc.)' [JgJ]. [CLR II 46 *zb].

383. *zVḅ- `(to sit, slip) down': W 3 Bol zubaa `slip down' [GAB], Ngm (G)

zuba^ `slip out, slip down' [NEH], Krf ow-, pl. obb- (*zo-> o-) `put

down' [Stl]; E 6 Mok zabbe `sauter (jump down), descendre'.

Deriv. *n-ʒVb- `to fall down, bottom': W 3 Krkr n-zab- `niederfallen; fall

down' [LkK], n-zaḅu `fall from standing position', n-zibii `bottom' [GK],

n-zəbi `Gesss; lower back', cf. 4 Paa n-ibaka (irreg. ni- < *nzi-) [MS]

`buttocks'.

Deriv. in -t-: W 3 Krkr nzaḅ-tu `throw down, knock over, fall (a tree)' [GK];

6 Bade əzbə/a-tu `turn over'.

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a. *zVb- `to sleep': W 6 Bade zaabanu `doze off, fall into a light sleep'; C 5

Nzn zavə [Mo]; 7a Skr səvaî [CLR] `sleep'.

384. *zVḅ- `to lift, carry': C 7 Mbuko zəba `prendre, porter, take, carry', Gis

zob àufheben, nehmen, lift, take', zub (Mj) `nehmen, take', Mafa zub-

`soulever, porter, lift, carry'// Arab zby [-i-] `carry (load)', Eg zby (pyr)

`bring' [OS 2638].

Deriv.: E 6 Mok za^mbil()e èntasser, carry a heavy load' (pl. < *zbl?)

385. *zVb/b- `close, cover': W 4 Wrj zabə, Diri zabaa, Miya zəbw-, Mbu ab-,

Cagu zəb- (Jmb duba) `cover, close' [SkNB]; 5 Grn zəbi `close, cover' [Jag],

E 5 Mig zubbo `couvrir, cover' [JgM]. Cf. *¾Vḅ- `to wrap, to cover'.

a. *zVb- `(store)hut': W 1 Hs zaabur `storeroom'; C 7 Cuv ɛmbɛk `hangar

pour recoltes, sechoir a mil'; 10 ZD zəba case, room'; E 5 Mig zuba hangar'

. // Cf. Arab zuby-at- `cachette, hutte ou° le chasseur se met en embuscade' [BK

972].

386. *zVmb- `to deceive, to cheat': W 3 Bol zamba `swindling' [GAB]; 4 Paa

zamba `deceive'; C 2 Bura zamba `to cheat'.

387. *zVb- `stick': W 3 Dera ambak `stick' (< yamba-k < *zamba-k) [NmK]; C 5

Zlg zəva `stick'.

Deriv.: *zVb(-l/r)- `stick (used in household)': W 1 Hs zabarii `stick or

anything used to get a bucket out of the well into which it has fallen; the act of

getting a bucket out'; 3 Maha zaure (< *zabre) `stick' [SM]; 4 Kar abal,

Cagu aabulan `stick'; C 7 Mbuko zambal `stick', Muy imbel `threshing

stick', Zlg zambal `fleau a battre, flail'; 9 Msg ibirui `Zweig, Ast, branch'

[LkM].

388. *zVb- `belly, navel: W 6 Ngz zabəu `belly' [CLR-M], cf. Bade sabawu,

Duw zaabau `navel' (< *s/z-). Cf. C 7 Mafa eveʔe àplati (ventre), flat

(stomach)'.

Cf. E 5 EDng zoḅke àuf dem Bauch liegen, to lie on the stomach'.

Deriv. *zVmb- `navel': C 3 FK imbur `navel' [BN]; 4 Jimjimen ʒimbudən,

Cuvan zumbude, Sharva zumbude' [BrJ]; C 4 Bch zumbude [Sk]; 5 Wnd

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əmba [Mo], Mlg amba, Gava zimba, Chkd imba, Chnn amba `navel'

[HmG], Gvoko zimbo, Dghw imbe [HGG], Pod �mba, 5a Hdi zimbid [BrH];

7 Ould zimbel, Mafa јembe.

Cf. C 7 Muy me-imeim `navel'.

389. *zVb- `fly, bee': W 6 Ngz ɛboa `bee' [Meek], mii abuwa'bee', abuwa

`honey' [SchN], Bade səvuwa (regr. devoicing, cf. `guinea fowl') `bee'; C 3

Bana ib(i) `mouche'; embe `ruche' (note pl. in -mb-); 3 FK ibi `fly' [Kr];

4 cf. Bata ebi `fly' n. [CLR: 149].// cf. Geez zənb `fly' [LGz. 640].

390. *zVb- `sacrifice': C 5 Pod g�‰�ka �be `hut for sacrificies', g�‰�ka'hut'; 7

Muy eibi `give dowry for a woman, give by stages'; E 5 Bid ziib `make a

sacrifice before eating the new corn' //Akk OB zbu `food-offering' [CAD].

Note that Akkadian is hardly related to Sem *d_bh `to slaughter, sacrifice'.

391. *zVb- `ram': W 4 Wrj iba-na, Siri zəbəna, Kar ibən `ram` [SkNB]; C 3

FK iva `ram' [BN].

Cf. C 7 Ould n-zəba `jeune brebis'.

392. *zVb- `farm': W 4 Wrj zabu `farm', zabai `private farm' [BlS]; C 7 Muy

zəbər `fertile field'.

393. *zVbVn/r- `guinea fowl': W 1 Hs zaaboo (<*zbn); 4 Paa avuna, Diri

azavuna, Siri zuhun‰i, Wrj zabriy-ai, Kar zabur, Miya zaburaku, Jmb aabur

[SkNB], Paa aavunaa fowl' [MS]; 5 Jimi zoobun [Cs], zubben [CLR]; 6 Ngz

zaabanu, Bade sa^vanyi; C 3 Bana zəvəni° ; 5 Mlg ebre, Glv abəra; 5a Hdi

zəvnək [BrH], Htk zəvəna-aka [LkH]; 7 Ould zavar, Muy ʒavar, Mada zavar,

Cuv zapa, Mafa zapan (irreg. -p- < *-b-) `guinea fowl, Pintade commune'; 6

Daba zavən [Lnhr]; E 2 Lele simli (< *sibli < *zbl); 3 Ndam həbə

[CLR], Tum hibəl 4 Ubi sobila, Mawa səbəl, sobila (note regular devoicing

of *z- in E-South Chadic); 5 WDng zopulo (devoicing of Ch *-b- may be

influenced by -l-) [Fd], Bid zobilo, Mig zobilo ; 7 Jegu zobolo, pl. zobol, Brg

zobolo. Cf. Mubi nyebelo (accord. to [CLR] < *nzebelo) // [CLR I 84 A

*zbl], [Nm *zbn].

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394. *zVbVr- `worm': W 3 Bol nzawar, nawar (< nzabar) èarthworm', Pero

ibori èarthworm'; 5 Zaar јi°bЌ°r `generic name for maggots, worms,

caterpillars' [CrZ], Guus ʒibər (irreg. ӡ-, possibly, < *nz-) `worm' [CrG],

Dott «aḅǝ^r `worm' [CrD], Saya ibər [Cs], Mng (m) embir, (k) amb�r, Grn

auri (< zabri) `worm' [Jag], Tala imbər [Cs]; C 3 Bana embre-de° `ver de

terre'; 7 Mada zver `chenille urticante du mil, a gluttonous caterpillar'. (Forms

with medial -mb- may reflect plural); E 2 cf. Lele su°bo° `larve, ver, worm'.

Cf. W 3 Krkr nziifir èarthworm' [GK], Ngm (G,Y) nzifir. Irregular medial

-f-. Less probably, *zVbVr may originate < *zVfVr- (by regres. assim. of

medial -f- with z-). On the other hand, note irregular s- (instead of *z-) in W 5.

Dissimilation of two voiced consonants?

395. *n-zVb- `to knot': W 4 Wrj, Mbu n-zub-. Cf. C 6 Daba zəmbəl `big rope'.

a. *zV(w)b- à plaited object': W 1 Hs zuúbaá `basket'; C 7 Muyang zəva

fishing net'; Mbuko zuvo 'fish-basket'.

b. *zVb- `kind of cloth': W 1 Hs zaaboo `the cloth saḳi', zaabakoo à poor

quality coton material', zabuun `kind of gown (with long sleeves)'; C 2 Bura

ebi `cloth', Chb zabi, Ngw abi, Mrg ɛbi `loin-cloth' [Kr].

396. C *zVḅ-t/k- `(bean) leaves': 5 Pod zəbata `feuille de haricot'; 7 Mbuko

zəḅat `feuilles d'haricot', Zlg zəbat `leaves (pl.) of haricot', Mofu zəbak

`feuille de haricot (fraiche)', Mafa zəbak leaves of beans'; 10 ZD zəbat

`feuilles de haricot (pour sauce)', ZB zəbat `feuilles sp.'.; E 5 WDng ѕ¥¥b¥

(ѕo- < *zo-) `feuilles d'arachides'.

397. C *zVvVh- kind of bat': C 5a Hdi zəvahw a large bat' [BrH]; 7 Mada zvoh

`gros chauve-souris sp.'.

a. *n-ʒVb-/*zVmb- `kind of rat': W 7 Bok nzuf (-f#< *-b#) `Rattenart, kind

of rat'; C 7 Mada ozombo `kind of rat'.

Note W 4 Kar zabahən, Cagu zabakan `ground squirrel' [SkNB].

398. *zVb- `big, heavy, old' : C 7 Mafa zəviy `too big', Muy ib-ib `heavy'; E

5 EDng za°bЊ àlt werden, become old'; Jegu zob òld man', Mabire zoban

òld'.

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a. C *zVbVr- > zVbVl- `long, tall, big': 5 Pod zəbəla àllonger'; 7 Mbuko

zəbor `long', Ould zəbal `grand en taille, tall', Muy zəbal `long', Zlg zubel

`long', Cuv za°mbla `long, thin'; 7a.Skn zəbur `tall' [DSk], zəbir [Meek]; 9

MsgM zabla `big' [Lk:143].

Cf. W 5 Zaar zumbit idf . `very tall'.

399. *zVb- `darkness, evening': W 3 Krkr zombayi `late afternoon' [GK], Ngm

ibe (Y) èvening' [NEH]; 7 Ould zəbbā `le soir'.

C7 *zVb- `to become dark': Mada ozbo ènfumer, noircir, soulever de la

poussiere', (noun deriv.) Mafa me-eb `shadow, ombrette'.

Deriv.: W 5 Zaar јipti (-pt- < *-bt-) `shadow, soul', Dott «ip-ti (< «ipti < јibti)

`shadow' [CrD]; C 6 Daba zi-zabəl `shadow, ombre'.

400. *zVf- `to soak, to dip': W 2 Ang op `to soak' [TAS 429], Mpn op `to dip'

(contamination with *zVb- `to insert') [FrM] Goem zwǝ°p `to dip smth into

water' [Hlw]; 3 Ngm zop- `to dip' [VbN]; C 5 Pod zufa `noyer; drawn'.

401. *zVf- `to jump': C 8 Kus zǝ°f `sauter' [Tr], caus. 7 Muy eeftey `lift up'.

Cf. C 7 *n-ʒVf- (rather < *n-ǯVf-) : 5a Htkl ʒəf- (ʒ- < *nz-) `soar up' [LkH];

7 (deriv.) Mafa n-ʒav- `soulever, relever'.

402. *zVf- anger, hate': W 1 Hs zaafii heat, anger, pain'; C Mada zeva haine,

inimitie', Muy eeveri `wish evil'.// For Hs - Hbr, Aram zЃp `be furious' see

AA 373 *ӡЃf `rage'.

403. C *zVf- `goat': 3 HF ifa, Kap ufa [Kr]; 6 Kola zuvu [Sb-CLR]; 8 Log

zəv-gi [Mo], zi/ov-gii [LkL] `he-goat'; 7a Skn ifa `goat' .// Cf. Akk zipu

`sheep' [OS 2620].

404. *zVp(Vn)- to sit, to squat, to put': W 5 Zaar zup-m squat' [CrZ]; E 5 EDng

opine `niederhocken, to squat', WDng opine `to squat (esp. - for eating),

s'accroupir, notamment pour manger', Mig oppo `s'accroupir, squat'( o- <

zo-); 6 Mok zaape `mettre, poser'.

405. W 4 *zVṗ- `tears': Wrj zəṗi-na, Miya aəpi, Kar zipi, Mbu zəbi, Jmb

aəmbi, Cagu ibn `tear (lacrima)' [SkNB].

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406. *zVd- `to do smth., to make efforts': C 7 Mada azad `faire, s'occuper de,

make, be occupied with'; E 5 Mig ziddo s'efforcer; make efforts'.

Noun deriv. C *n-zVḍ- `power, strength': 5 Mlg n-zəda `strength, Mut,

Strke; hrten', Glv n-zəd(a) `power, might, strength, authority', Pod n-ʒəda

è^tre fort, force', n-ʒada òbliger, forcer'; 7 Ould n-zəda `force', Mada n-zda

`force, violence', n-zad àvec force, brutalement', Zlg n-ʒəda `force'. Note

nӡ- < *nz- in Podoko and in Zulgo.

407. *zVd- to pour out': W 3 Bol nzud- àusfliessen; lecken, to pour out, to lick'

[LkB]; C 7a Skn zada-va `pour out' .

Cf. W 7 Bok n-zet `spcken, to spit'.

a. C *zVd- `to pour out (grains)': Pod zədədəda idf. `verser (grains)', Gis zad

`to throw, to spend, to scatter', Mulwi zuzudi `fuir par un trou (sac, grenier), to

pour out through a hole (from a sack, granary)'.

408. *zVd- cut, slaughter': W 6 Ngz zi°idі to slaughter animal by cutting throat',

Duw zədo `slaughter'; C 7 Mada n-zed n-zed `(couper, dechirer) en petits

morceaux, to cut, tear (in small pieces)', Cuv idey `cut, carve'.

Note C 4 Gude muidə `cut into very small pieces' (rather < *mV-d-).

409. *n-zVd- `to compress, to push' (or two different roots): C 5a Hdi n-zəday

`to compress, serrer' [BrH]; 7 Cuv mɛ-dɛy, mɛ-ɛdɛy `pousser', Zlg nʒide

`pousser hors de soi', Mbuko nide (n¾i- < *nzi-) pousser pour na^tre un enfant,

exert trying to deliver'; 9 Mba zu°t `push'; 10 Masa zut (< *zud-) `pousser'

[CC]; E 5 Bid ziid `serrer', Mig ziddo `serrer'. Cf. *¾V(wV)ḍ- `to pinch'.

Deriv. in -k-: W 3 Ngm (G) n-zaʔako^, nzad-ko^ `squeeze up'.

410. C *zVḍ- `take off' > *n-zVd- `to tear': 2 Mrg zǝ°ḍu `take off' [HfM:124] ; 5

Pod n-ʒəda àrracher qqch qui e^tre colle ou attache; remove smth fixed or

stuck'; 7 Ould -n-zad àrracher, deraciner, tear, uproot', Zlg n-ʒada `second

weeding', Cuv mɛ-n-dɛy (*zC- > C-) àrracher (arachides)'.

Cf. W 6 Sha zyet `zerreissen; to tear up' (if -t# < -d-).

411. *zV(wV)d- `to be old, used, weak': C 5a Hdi zaday `to loose' [BrH]; 10 ZD

n-zot è^tre use' ; E 3 Tum haad ètre faible, be weak'; 6 Mok zodide

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`maladroit, faible'; 7 Brg zo odi òld'; Kaj zaadi ùse, worn'.

Cf. E 5 Bid zood `pourrir, to rot', EDng zo°o°ḍЊ `faulen, to rot'.

412. C *zVd- `long': 5 Pod zada-məma idf. `plus long, grand, too long, big'; 7

Mada zdar, zdah `long, allonge, de grand taille, long, tall'.

C *zVd- `(to have) long neck': Mafa zadawaʔa àu long cou'; 8 (a noun

derive. ?) Log m-zede-kə `Giraffe' [LkL].

413. *zVt- `to add, to make complete': W 2 Msh zut `plenty, sufficient' [TAS

428]; 3 Bol zootu, ootu àdd to a container and fill completely' [GAB]; 4 Paa

zuutu `completely' [MS]; C 7 Muy zat `full'; E 4 Mawa zidi (-d- < *-t-)

àjouter, to add'.// Arab zʔt `remplir' [BK 966].

414. *zVt- `to beat (a person)': W 5 Zaar n-ʒwaat n-ʒwaat (ʒʷ - < zʷ-) idf.

`lashing with cane' [CrZ]; 7 DB zut `beat (person); schlagen, Ohrpfeigen'; E 5

Bid zaat `fustiger, rosser; to whip';

a. *zV[ṭ]- `pound': W 6 Ngz zaatə `pound' [SchN]; Bade (deriv.) zəd-ku

`pound in mortar'.

Note W 5 Dott nzǝt [Kr], nӡat [CrD `to squeeze'.

415. *zVkʷ/ɣʷ- `to fall': C 5a Hdi n-zeɣʷay `to fall' [BrH].

Deriv. in -t- `to make fall': W 3 Dera yukure, yukot (< *zuk-t) `to fall'

[NmK]; C 7 Mofu -zakwat- `faire tomber', Ould -zəgwara `faire tomber'.

Cf. 7 Mofu -zazak- `to throw (stone), throw, chasser avec projectile (animal,

personne)'.

416. *zVk/ɣ- `to clean': W 3 Bol zak- putzen, to clean' [LkBl]; C 7 Zlg nʒəɣ

nʒək (< *nzəɣ/k) idf. `pure, clean'

417. *zVɣʷ- `to hide': W 2 Mgh zok `to hide' [BlM]; C 7 Mafa zohw-zohhwaʔa

èn cachette, secretly'.// Arab zġzġ `cacher' [BK 994].

418. *zV[ɣ]- to glide': W 3 Ngm zag- to glide' [VbNg]; C 7 Mada azah glisser',

zzoh èn pente raide, glissante', Ould -zah `glisser'.

419. C *zVɣ/k- `to forget': 3 FK zaɣə `forget' [BN]; 7a Skn zəka `to forget'

[BrH].

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420. *zVɣ- `ceremony, fiest': W 4 Wrj eɣa-mar `wedding festival' [BlS]; C 7a

Skn ʒəɣiy `tradition, ceremony' .

421. *zVɣ- sand, sandy spoil': W 1 Hs igawa (i- < *zi-) a sandy waste' (waste

land); C 5 `sand' : Gdf zaɣa-zaɣa , Dghw ige [CLR], ʒiɣe [HmG], Guduf

zaɣa-zaɣe, Gava, Chkd zaɣə-zaɣə [HmG].

422. *zVhw- `dig (out)': W 5 Guus zuu `dig (a well), dig up (yam)' [CrG]; C 4

Gude ʒəhu `dig hole to get building mud'; 7 Mofu -zəh- ènterrer cadavre,

semer arrachide, to burry, plant arachides'; 8 Kus zo° `dig' [Tr]; 10 ZB ʒoʔo

(ʒo- < zo-) [dzoò] `creuser, dig'.

Noun deriv.: C 5 Pod n-ʒaha `kind of hoe'. Note nӡ- < *nz-.

Cf. C 10 ZB zeo `rigole, a ditch'.

423. *zV(hʷ)- to pound, to thresh': W 4 Wrj zawai threshing of grain' [BlS]; C 4

Bch suwe `mortar', suwo `pound in a mortar' [Sk]; 5 Pod zaha `to grind well';

9 Mulwi zuwi `repiler (le mil), to pound (grain)'; Masa zu, su [Mo], zuu `la

mortier, a mortar' [Cpr]; 10 ZB zuʔu `mortar, mortier, piler, a mortar, pound'.

424. *zVhy/w- `long': W 3 Krkr n-zai `long, weit, tall, deep' [GK]; C 4 Gude

zəwu `long'; 7 Muy iya `long', Mada n-zah `long et etroit (passage, bande),

long and eng (passage, cloth)', Ould za°h-za°hha° àllonge et grand (feuille,

mamelle)', cf. Mada zzah `profond, deep'// Arab zhʔ è^tre grand, haut,

prosperer' [BK 1023].

Cf. C 5 Pod zəhəhə idf. `big'.

425. *zVhʷVr- `to become dark; shadow': C 7 Ould -zawaray `s'obscurcir, to

become dark', Muy hʷeri `shade, shadow', Mofu -zawal - `tomber (nuit),

obscurcir, become dark, fall (night)'.

b. *zVr(Vr)- `dark': C 5 Pod zərəra `crepuscule, twilight' , Bura urura `to

blur, obscure'; E 6 Mok zeere `noircir, turn black'.

Verbal deriv.: C 7 Mofu -zər-m- `couvrir la terre (nuit), faire de l'obscurite,

become dark, night'.

426. *zVHVr- (probably, < *HVzVr-) `greedy': W 1 Hs zaarii, zwarii `greed'; 2

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Ang uur `jealousy, envy, malice', uur [Jg], Mpn zuur `jealousy', Goem ir

[ TAS 441], Mgh zuɣur [BlM]; C 7 Muy eirey `be jealous of'.

427. *zVg- `to go': W 5 Geji zigga [CLR] `go'; C 8 Log zəge `follow' [LkL]; 5

EDng oge (< *zoge) `folgen, follow'.

a.*zVgVr- `to follow, to chase': C 7 Mada azgal `suivre', Gis əhal

`verfolgen, to pursue' (-l- < *-r-); E 2 Lele segre `chasse individuelle'.

b.*zVg- `to run, to be quick': W 1 Hs zagii à runner in front of a horseman';

C 5 Mlg agade `laufen, rennen; to run'; 10 Bana zag-zag `schnell' [Luk].// Cf.

Arab zgg `courir (se dit particulie°ment de l'autruche ma

e), run (espec. - about male oustrich)' [BK 973]

428. *zVg- to blow up fire': W 1 Hs zuga blow up fire'; E 5 Bid zeeg to shine, to

flame; flamber', ze°ge°ewa `flame', Mig zeego àllumer, make fire'.

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs zugaa-zugii à pair of bellows'; 3 Bol zuga `bellows'

[GAB]; 5 Dott ʒuga `blow the bellows of the smithery' (< Hs ?).

a. *zVg- `hearth': W 2 Mpn zuk òpen hearth where men only are allowed to

sit' [FrM], Mgh zuk `fireplace (for elders)' (< *zVg-) [BlM]; E 6 (deriv.) Mok

zigile `fire place of three stones'.

429. *zVg- `hollow out, dig': W 3 Ngm (G) zuga^ `hollow out, scrape out interior'

[NEH]; C 7 Mbuko zugoy `pointe pour creuser, a point for digging'. Cf. *¾Vg-

`to hoe, to dig'.

Deriv. in -d- `to dig with...: C 9 Mulwi zugudi `creuser, dig', Mnj zugudi

`creuser (a° la pioche)'.

a. *zVgVm- `to plant; a planting hoe': W 3 Krkr ziigim `long-handled planting

hoe' [GK]; 6 Bade zəgəm `sowing, planting', Ngz zǝg°ǝm°u `plant, sow (any

crop)'.

430. *zVg- `to put, to place': C 9 Mnj zigi `contre-(poser), Mulwi zigi `poser

contre, appuyer (qch) contre, to lean to', za°k `fardeau, load'(-k#<*-g#); E 5

WDng zuge `put a load on the ground', EDng zuge `legen, to put (down)'.

a.*zVg- `to descend': W 4 Cagu zugu [SkNB] `squat'; C 9 Mnj zigi `(se)

pencher, incline'; E 3 Tum hig `descendre, descend'; 6 Mok zoge-zogeny

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`(en) bas, down, (on the) bottom'; 7 Brg ziigi `descendre; go down', Jegu

zuk/g- `herabsteigen, go down'.

b.*zVg- `to settle': C 7 Ould -n-zege `stay inside, live, dwell'; E 5 Bid zaag `se

poser sur un arbre (oiseau), atterir, to sit on a tree (bird), to moor'.

Cf. *zVg- `to last, to wait': W 6 Ngz za°agu `to wait'; C 7 Mofu -zazəg-

`veiller, durer, garder longtemps, to last'.

431. *zVgº- ` squeeze': C 5 Pod zəgwa `to squeeze a hand'; E 5 Bid zigzig idf.

evoquant le fait de serrer fortement'.

432. W *zVg- `to rub': 3 Krkr zagaa `rub (wood)' [GK]; 6 Ngz za°-zgu `rub to

relieve an itch', Duw zazgo `rub, scratch (animal)'.

Noun deriv.: 3 Bol zogina, ogina `cat's whiskers used as a potherb'[GAB].

433. C *zVg- `to tie, to sew': C 5 Mlg n-zugwa ànbinden, to tie'; 9 Mulwi ziigi

`coudre, sew', Mnj ziygi `coudre, remailler (un filet)', Msg ziga `sew' [Mo].

Deriv. C *zVgVm- `kind of band for a horse': 5 Pod zagwama `muselie°re de

cheval, horse-muzzle'; 7 Mada zogoma `bricole du cheval, breasband', Mnj

azogom `corde, courroie, belt' ( if not the same as `snake', cf. N 438).

434. *zVg-m/l- `worm, snake': C 4 Paa zəgun `worm' [MS]; C 7 Mnj azogom

`serpent'; E 5 WDng zuugile `snake' [CJ].

435. *zVg/k- `lion': W 1 Hs zaaki `lion'; 4 Paa zaagi `lion' ; C 5 Daba n-agaw

`lion'; E 3 Tum hag `lion' (-g < *-K-).

b. C *zVx/g- leopard': W 3 Krkr zəgau, zigan [CLR]; 4 Cagu zəgən [SkNB];

C 8 Log zəן-ti `Leopard', [LkL], zəgti [Mo], Kus zǝ°hti°, Mak sǝ°t-tǝ° (assim.)

`panthe°re' [Tr]; 4 Gude zəgə-dana `rare or mythical leopard-like animal'.

Note that Proto-Chadic *zVHVk- may account for all the reflexes (as well as

for the long vowel in Hausa).

436. W *zVg(Vm)- à present': 1 Hs zuguu (?< *zugum) à present'; 2 Ang zum

[Fl], Mgh zugum, zuɣum [JgS], Mpn zuum [FrM]. A loan from Hs?

437. C *zVg- `tree' > *zVɣʷ- `forest': 4 Gude zəga `type of tree or its fruit'; 5

Pod zəga `kind of tree'; 7 Muy azəga `tree', Mada azga `Vitex cuncata (tree)',

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Gis iged `kind of tree'.

Cf. 3 Bana eɣwə `forest'.

438. *zVg- `big, tall': C 4 Gude zəgam `very big (of gown)'; 7 Mada zogokw

`big and high'; E 6 Mok zagire `tall' . Cf.*¾Vg- `long, high'.

a. *zVg- àdd, many': W 4 cf. Diri zəgib `ten', azugu `twenty'; C 7 Mbuko

zəga àjouter', Mofu zaga-ba `foule, a crowd'. (note ba- suff. in a noun

denoting living-beings).

Note a compound: C 5 Mlg zagwa-tare `Tausendfssler, milli-ped'.

439. *zVk- `rest, stay in place' (a var. of *zVg-, probably, pl.): C 5 Glv zuk `to

slumber, sleep'; 7 Gis zak `dauern, (aus)bleiben (langer Zeit), to last long',

Mbuko zəzek `reposer, rest'; 8 Zina za°kwǝ° `passer la journeé' [Tr].

Deiv.: W 6 Duw zak-to `to rest'; E 6 Mok zookime `wait'.

Note W 3 Ngm n-zok idf . `tightly lodged or stuck' (and thus, `staying in

place'. Alternatively, may originate from *zVḳ- `to pierce' - `stuck (after

shoving into)' [NEH].

440. *zVk- `to come, to return': W 1 Hs zaka, zakuwa `come' (only in the Past);

C 8 Log zga (voicing in contact) `zurkkehren, return' [LkL].

441. *zVk- `to move': W 3 Mpn zək `move a bit, toss' [Fr], Goem zwak `push

with the hands' [TAS428]; 3 Krkr n-zuku `move a little, budge' [GK], Tng

yugɛ `to move, to shift'.// Arab zhh `to push' [BK 980].

Deriv. in -t-/-ḍ: `to move aside': W 1 Hs zaaku-daa `move aside'; 3 Krkr

nzuk-tu `move aside or away slightly' [GK], 4 Kar zəkətə `push' [SkNB].

a. *zVk `shake': W 2 Ang ək `to shake' [JgA], Mgh zik `shake' [BlM], cf.

Goem zǝk `draw o.s. back, shrug' [Hlw]; 3 Bol zakaa `shake (down)' [GAB];

C 7 Mada azzak `balancer, to balance'.

Deriv. . in -t-/-ḍ- : W 1 Hs zaakudaa `stir, shake (contents of calabash, etc.)'; 3

Tng yagdɛ `shake'; 5 Zaar iɣət (< zikt) `shake' [CrZ]; C 3 FK zakukurta

`swing' [BN]; 4 Gude zəkutə `nod head when sleeping'; E 6 Mok zekide

`secouer, remuer, shake, move'.

442. *zVk- `thresh, pound': W 4 Miya zəkə `thresh (on ground or in mortar)'

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[Sch]; C 8 Zina za´kǝ´ `frapper, tuer' (plurac. verb) [Tr]; 10 ZB ʒoko (ʒo- <

*zo-) [dzoko] `piler a petits coups, pound'. // Arab zhk `broyer entre deux

pierres, crash between two stones' [BK 1022].

Noun deriv.: W 2 Ang ga-zak `roughly ground flour' [Fl]. Note Msh kə-zaak

`dregs' [TAS 421].

443. *zVkʷ- `kind of snake': W 2 Ang ka-ək `kind of viper' [JgA], Mgh zik

[BlM]; C 7 Mofu zezekw `snake' (gen.), Cuv ɛkʷ `snake'; 10 cf. ZD

nzok-dadi `ver de terre'.

Cf. C 5 Mnd zɛhɛ `Schlange' [Luk] snake'. Irregular reflex of -kʷ-.

444. *zVkʷ- `basket': C 5 Mlg zokwa `Korb'; E 5 Mig zooko `basket'.

445. *zVkVr- `cock': W 1 Hs za°kara `cock'> Gera zekira yiibi `rooster' [SchB];

C Msg m-zekr `Huhn' [Luk:143] (note m- pref. as a fem. marker).

446. C *zVk-(R) `spirit, shadow': 6 Daba zuko `fetiche, esprit'; 7 Mofu zəgəle,

zəkəle èsprit mauvais, sacrifice, evil spirit'; 7a Skn ik, mə-ik `shadow,

spirit' .

Compound.: 6 Daba zəka-bəl `shadow of unanimate objects' [Lnhr].

447. W *zVk- `pile, many': 2 Mgh zuk `heap' [BlM], Ang zuk `rubbish heap'; 4

Miya əkə `much, many' [SchM].

Noun deriv.: 1 Hs zukumii batch, collection, company'.

Verbal deriv.: C 7 Ould zikete èntasser, to pile', zəkat `faire un tas de terre,

reunir' idf.

448. C *zVk-(zVk-) `cloud(ly)': 2 Bura zikzik'cloudly'; 5 VemgoM zək `cloud'

[HmG], Pod zakwaya `nuage qui couvre le ciel; cloud'; 7 Mada azak azak

`gris-cendre, grey'

449. *zVḳ- `to smell, stink': C 7 Mafa ik- `to have strong smell', Cuv mɛ-ɛkɛy

`sentir (odeur)'; E 5 WDng idf. zik zik `sentir mauvais'.

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs zuḳuuluu a stingy person'.

Note E 5 WDng zɛkidɛ è^tre degou^te, be disgusting'.

450. *zVḳ- to hollow out, hole': Ang zuk rat hole (filled by a rat with earth)' [Fl];

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3 Bol zuk- stochern, to pick one's teeth, saubern (Pfeife), clean a pipe' [LkBl],

zukaa `prod, poke into, hollow out smth cylindrical' [GAB], Ngm zaaka^ (G)

`hollow out, scrape out interior' [NEH].

Noun deriv.: W1 Hs zuḳooli tool for hollowing mortars'.

Deriv. in n- `to pierce': W 4 Wrj n-zaḳʷ- `stab, pierce' [SkNB].

Deriv in -t-: W 6 Duw zək-to `pierce, be pierced', Ngz zu°k-tu `pierce' (in the

view of numerous parallels in other Chadic languages, Ngizim is hardly <

Kanuri suk-‰in `pierce').

Deriv. in -m-: W 4 Mbu zuḳum-, Cagu zugum- `stab, pierce' [SkNB]; 6 Ngz

za°gǝ°mu `hurl a spear, hit with a thrown spear'. Note voicing in medial

position of a CVCVCV-word.

Noun deriv: C 7 Cuv kʷ `lance, spear'.

a. Cf. C *z/Vk- `thorn': 7a Skn ik `thorn' ; 10 Masa zikil `l'epine' [CC].

451. *(n)zVḳ- `pull, stretch': W 3 Krkr n-zaku `pull, draw out, extract' [GK],

Ngm (G) n-zako^ `draw out, extract' [NEH]; 5 Mng (m) zik, (k) zəgə `pull'

[Cs]; C 6 Daba zak `tendre la main' [Lnhr].

Deriv.: C 7 Mofu -zakwat- àllonger (les le°vres), to draw lips'.

a. W *zVḳVḳ- `long': 1 Hs zeeḳeeḳee `too long'; 2 Msh zek-zek `tall and

thin' [TAS 423]; 5 Zaar zuɣuɣu idf . `tall' (< zukuku) [CrZ].

452. W 4 *zVḳʷ- àwaken': Wrj zəḳʷ-, Kar zəkw-, Miya zəka-, Paa zuu, Siri

zəhu, Diri uwu, Jmb zəgə, Cagu ugu àwaken' [SkNB].

453. *zVḳ- `cotton (rope, tree): W 4 Paa ziiki `rope', zəḳi, Siri ba-zooḳi

`silk-cotton tree' [SkNB]; C 5 Pod zaka `cotton rope (a ligne)', zakata `rope'.

a. C 7 *zVkʷ- `cache-sex': Muy ma-zgʷay (voicing in contact) `girl's

cache-sex', Mafa mo-zokw- `centure, cache-sex en fibre rouge'.

454. W 4 *zVḳ- `stone': Wrj zəkəyi wi dərai `grinding stone', zəkəy-ai, Paa

z�g�ya, Miya, Mbu, Kar zəḳi `stone' [SkNB], Wrj ziḳi-yai `stone' [BlS].

455. *zVḳ- `sweat, pleasant (taste)': W 1 Hs zazzaaḳaa (< *za™-za™aa) `sweet,

pleasant', zaaḳaḳaa `give a pleasant flavour to', zaaḳii `pleasant flavour'; 4

*zVk-um: Wrj zukuma-na, Kar zukum, Diri zəkuma `sweat' [SkNB], Paa

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ukwa `pleasant tasting' (irregular warji -k- < *-ḳ-) [MS].

a. *zVḳ- `pleasant, nice': W 2 Ang zuk-zuk `please' [TAS 427]; C Muy

eekw `sympathies'.

456. *zVl- `to pour (away)': W 3 Krkr zal- `pour away' [LkK]; 4 Wrj zal- `pour'

[BlS]. Cf. *zVr- `to drip'.

Deriv. in n- `to pour in (accurately)' : W 3 Ngm n-zal- `pour in' [VbN], Krkr

n-zalu `pour in thin stream, through narrow opening' [GK], Bol n-zol-

`eingiessen, pour in' [LkBl].

Deriv.:W 3 Ngm (G) n-zal-ko^ `pour through narrow opening'.

a. Cf. *zVl-m/n `tears': W 5 Zaar јe°lЌ°m `tears', Guus ʒaləm (< *јalǝVm <

*јilam) `tears' [CrZ,G]; E 5 Bid zilaanya `larme'.

457. *zVl- `to float `: W 1 Hs zallo `bobbing a corc on water'; C 7 Mafa

ʒol-ʒololaʔa (ʒo- < *zo-) `floating (leaves in a badly cooked souce)'.

458. *zVl- `to go down': C 7 Cuv zala `bas'; E 5 Bid zi°il `descendre'.

Deriv. : C 4 Gude n-ʒələkə (nʒ- < *nz-) `alight, land (bird, insect)'.

459. *zVl- `to boil': C 10 Masa zal `faire cuir, make boil' [CC]; E 5 Mig olo

(o- < zo-) `bouillie legere, boil slightely',

Noun deriv.: E 5 Bid zilanya `chaleur, heat'.

Note possible deriv.: W 1 Hs zulluu (< *zullum?) `decoction of baobab fruit'.

460. *zV(wV)l- `to pull': W 7 Bok zul `pull, ziehen'; C 5 Pod zala `to drag'; 7

Mofu zawal zawal (zewel) `trai^ner (corde, placenta), drag, pull'

461. *zVwVl-/*zVlVl- to look at': W 3 Bol zulla glare at' [GAB]; C 2 Bura ol

`stare with oval eye', oli `to glance at'; 7 Mafa zawal- faire une ronde de

surveillance, to patrol'.

462. *zV(ʔV)l- `man, husband': W 2 cf. Grk al `slave' [Fp]; C 3 Bana zal

`homme, mari', FK zəl, pl. ilyi `man' [BN], HK zal; 5 Dghw zala [CLR],

Glv iila [Rp] `man', VemgoM, Gvoko zʔal, Dghw zaləɣaya [HmG]

`husband', Mnd ile, pl. zala-ha `man' [Luk], Mlg iile `Mann, Ehemann,

mnnlich' , Chkd ila, Chnn zila, Gava il-məɣa `man' [HmG]; Gdf zilʌ

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`man' [CLR]; 5a Lmn zaal [Meek], Hdi zʔal `husband'; 6 Daba zelen, zoloh

`son, ton mari' [Lnhr]; 7 Muy zal `man, husband, male', Mofu zel `mari,

male', Mada zal `homme, mari', Zlg zal `husband', Gis el, il `Mann', zil

Èhegatte, bridegroom'; 9a Gdr zil [Mo]. In [CLR I 114] the reconstruction is

*zr (without any commentary), probably - in the view of the word for `person'

in WCh 5 Zaar.

Deriv.: C 7 Cuv mɛ-ɛlɛy `nom'.

Deriv. *zVla- `young man': W 2 Mgh zəla `young man' [JgS], Mpn zla

[FrM]. Cf. C 6 Kola zelЏŋ `man' [CLR].

a. Cf. *sVwVl- `(young) man': W 2 Ang wal `son', Goem la-swal `young

unmarried man' [TAS 325]; C 2 Chb sal, Mrg əsal `man' [Meek], Bura sal à

male', pl., MrC sal `man, husband'; 9 Mnj suwul `gendre, daughter's

husband'. Unexplainable initial s- in CCh (influenced by -l- ? Cf. `guinea

fowl'). For sura-angas s- < *z- is regular, but sw- < *zw- is strange. May it be

a plural form (cf. Bura) ? Marking plurality by devoicing of initial consonants

in Chadic verbs was already under discussion.

b. C *zVl- ` to name, to call': 5 Pod zəla `chat', VemgoM zalu `say' [HmG]; 7

Gis zəl, zal `rufen, nennen'; Ould -zalay àppeler'; Zlg zal(-ar) àppeler, inviter

a° venir', Mofu -zǝl `(s') appeler', Mada azala àppeler, nommer', Mere zal

àppeler'. According to D.Barreteau, derived < `man'.

463. *zVl- `lion': C 3 Bana ¼il ; 7 Zulgo azil, Mbuko ziyel, Mafa mariy-ele

`lion'. Any relation to `man'?

464. *zVl- `rectum': W 2 Ang n-zɔl `Mastdarm, rectum' [JgA]; C 2 Bura zulum

`the rectum'; 7 Mafa n-zazal `rectum des animaux'.

a.*zVl- `hole': W 4 Diri zəlaagwa [SkNB]; C 10 Masa zul [Mo], sulla [Jg],

zul `le trou' [CC]; E 5 WDng olo (o- < *zo-) òuverture sur une palissade

de paille defaite'.

Deriv. `ravin, be deep': W 3 Pero oli `deep'; C *zVl-ŋ : 2 Bura zulang

`deep'; 7 Muy ile `deep, hollow', Mofu zele precipice, ravin'.

Cf. C 7 ¾Vl- à deep ditch, abyss': Mada i¾el `fosse profond, ravin,

precipice, ravin' > ¾VlVŋ `ditch, deep': Mofu alala `profond, deep', Ould

126

ʒalo fosse, ditch'. A semantic and phonetic variant of *zul- hole'. Note that

both roots are attested in Mofu.

465. *zVl- `leather' C 7a Skn zal `fringe, leather' . The same root as *zVn- `to

skin'?

Verbal deriv. in n-: `to skin': W 4 Wrj, Mbu, Kar n-zəl- [SkNB].

466. *zVl- light(ning), brilliant': W 4 Paa n-elo lightning'; Ould zlay flamme,

lumiere'; E 6 Mok ziile `name of a brilliant stone falling down from the sky'.

Verbal deriv in n-: W 7 DB n-zilyu `blitzen; twinkle; to lighten'

467. *n-zVl- `kind of ant': W 2 Msh n-zele `kind of ant', Kfy mǝ°-zǝleŋ [TAS

424]; 5 Guus ʒilee ((ӡ- < *nz-) `black ant' [CrG]; C 5 Pod zəli zəli `flying

termite'; 7 Mada zlav `sorte de fourmi', cf. Ould zàlàŋ `termitie°re'.

468. *zVl- `row, line, road': W 2 Ang zal `ridge of a field' [Fl]; C 8 Log zalan

`Weg, Seite, road' [LkL], Mak zale `row, line, rang', 5 Pod zalawa `ligne',

zəzala `to rang'.

Note C 7 Muy ilib ìn a line'.

469. *zV(wV)l- `belt, rope': W 2 Ang wal (< *zwal) `string bag' [Fp], Msh zaal,

zaal `traditional woven belt' [TAS 421], Mgh zaal `traditional belt' [BlM],

Goem zaal `ribbon' [Hlw]; 4 Wrj zalau `thread' [BlS]; 6 Bade zəl-zəla `long

tethering rope'; C 5 Pod zawalaya `rope on the neck'; 7 Zlg zele `collier'.

Note E 7 Brg zali `suspendre, to hang'.

a. *zVl- `kind of cloth': W 2 Mgh ziyal, zal `woven cloth' [BlM], Mpn zaal

`burial cloth' [FrM]; E 7 Mab zilma `clothes'.

470. zV(w)Vl-k- èagle': C 3 Bana zəlikə èagle', FK zələkə èagle' [BN]; 5

Mlg zəla èagle'; 6 Daba zələk `faucon, falcon' [Lnhr]; 7 Ould zəlo

àigle', Mada ezlem àigle ravisseur, eagle', Mafa ʒola (ʒo- < *zo-) Àigle

ravisseur'; E 5 Bid zawaale faucon' (according to [JgB: 125], related to: zawa°l

`chaser, to hunt'. Cf. 5 Pod zəla `kind of bird'.

471. *zVl-k- `pole, stick': W 3 Krkr ziilaa stick' [LkB], Bol zaala `forked pole

on which roof of shelter rests' [GAB], Tng walla `walking stick'; 7 Bok zul

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`Fechtstock, stick'; 6 Bade zəla^k `pole'; C 2 Bura zwal `cane, stick; stalk' (if

not < *zbl); 4 Gude zala `club, heavy stick'; 7 C Mbuko zəlov `plantoir,

planting stick', Mofu zala `manche de harpe'.

472. *zVl- `pointed': W 1 Hs zuluulu à straight-headed spear'; 2 Goem zu°ul

`become pointed or protruding' [Hlw]; C 7 Mafa zulhwa'a `pointu, allonge,

pointed', zulumaʔa `long and pointed', Mada zle `pointu (nez)', Muy ile

`pointed'. Cf. *Vll- àrrow'.

Cf. noun deriv. *zVlb- `sharp point': C 2 Bura alba `kind of arrow', elba

`narrow arrow head with 2 or 3 barbs'; 7 Mada zlev `piquant, pointu, aigu'.

Deriv. in -n- ( from a deriv. in -m/n-) `sharp hook': W 3 Bol n-zilim, n-ilim

`fish hook'; C 10 ZB n-ʒəla (*nz- > ZB nӡ-) èperon'.

473. *zVm- `to eat, to feed, food': W 4 Wrj imw- èat ( hard th.)' [CLR], C 1

Tera zəmi, VN zəm-nda [NmT]; 3 FK zəm `feed' [BN], HNk zimɛ [Meek],

Bana zəmə manger', 4 Bch zumo [Sk], Gude zəmə eat', zəma food', Bata

zəmo [Mo], sum, Gudu zu^m [CLR]; 6 Daba zəm [CLR] èat soft things'; 7

Mada azam `manger, Moloko zom èat', Zlg zəm `manger', Gis zom, zum,

zm èat', Mofu -zəm- manger', Mafa zam- `spit out; chew'; 8 Log zem, zəm

èssen' [LkL], zimi [Mo], səm [By-CLR] èat soft food', zəmi `Speise' [LkL],

Bud ham; 9a Gdr zəm [Mo]. // Arab ʔzm `mordre de moute la bouche, de

toutes les dents` [BK I 30], zʔm àvaler avec avidite, to swallow greedily' [BK

967]. Cf. [CLR I 56 *zm].

Deriv. : C 3 Bana zəman‰i àlimenter, to feed'.

a. C *zVm- `fourrage, grass': W 6 Bade zəm `grass'; 6 Daba zəm `l'herbe a

fourrage' [Lnhr]; 7 Mofu ( )zəmay 'gras for animals in rainy season'; 9 Msg

iim `Kraut , Grass' [LkM].

Cf. E 6 Mok zaami, pl. za^mbi `sauce'.

b. C *zVm- `right' (= `right (hand)' ?): 1 Tera zəma right', 7 Cuv zam `droit',

Mofu zəmay; 8 Log zəmi `rechts' [LkL]; 9 Mba muzam `right'.

474. *zVm- `to sow': W 4 Diri zimu, Paa ziima `sow' [CLR]; C 10 ZB zum `dig'

[CLR], Masa zum `cultiver, labourer, semer' [CC].

Cf. W 2 Goem zam `farm, feld' [Fp].

128

475. *zVm- `to ask': W 4 (deriv.) Wrj za-zumakai `to beg'; C 1 Tera zəmi [Kr]

àsk'; 8 Log zaama `fragen, to ask' [LkL].// Arab zЃm `parler' [BK 992].

Note C 7 Ould zəmma idf. `low voice'.

476. *zVm- `to rob, to cheat a person': W 1 Hs zaamaa `defraud person of his

proper share'; C 4 Gude zəmə `cheat, neglect to pay debts'; 8 Log zum `to

rob' [LLog], Bud ham [LBud] `to rob' // Akk zummu^ `lack, miss, be

deprived of'. For Akk - Logone see [OS 2632].

a. Cf. *zVmb- `to cheat': W 1 Hs zambaa `harm, tricking, deceiving'; C 5

Pod zamba `to cheat'.

Note C 2 Bura si-zima `to catch a person by a trick' [Ann].

Verb. deriv. in t- : W 6 Duw zəm-to `snatch, wrest away, swoop down', Ngz

za°am-tu `jerk out, snatch up (as a hawk catching a chicken)', Bade zam-tu

`swoop down, snatch up' (contam. With *zV(wV)m `(to sit, to push) down'.

477. *zVm- `to inherit, to earn, to possess': W 1 Hs zumaami `list of one's

possessions'; C 3 Bana əmə `salary'; 4 Gude zəmə èxtract payment from

someone; inherit'; 7 Mofu -zəm- `heriter, inherit'//Arab wzm `payer'.

478. *zVm- to keep on doing, sitting': W 1 Hs zamaa be, become, happen, keep

on doing, sitting, settling room'; C 4 Gude amu `sitting on smth to press

down'; 10 Masa zam àttendre, wait' [CC].

Verbal deriv. in -d- `to finish': C 7 Mbuko zəmed, Muy eimidey.

Deriv.: W 1 Hs zauna, zamna 'sit down, settle, be a long time'// Eg zmn (Pyr)

`sich aufhalten, sich verweilen, to stop, stay, dwell' [EG 453]. For Hausa - Eg

see [OS 2608].

479. *zV(wV)m- `(to sit, to push) down': W 2 Mgh zum `stoop, bend down'

[BlS]; 3 Bol zuum- [LkBl], uum- [BOLDU] `sich niederhocken, squat',

uumu [GAB], Ngm oom- ( < *zoom-) [VbN] `to squat';C 7 Ould zam ɣar

`se pencher, to incline' (ɣar `head').

Cf. C 5 Pod zambara `to push down'.

480. *zVm- `to shave, to scrape': W 3 Bol zumaa `shave' [GAB], zum- `to

shave' [LkBl]; C 7 Ould -zǝ°m `demanger; to itch'.

129

481. *zVm- ènter': W 4 Wrj zama ènter' [SkNB].

Deriv.: *zVm- `to follow, continue going': W 6 Duw zəmawo `go, pass

through'; C 7 Zulgo za-zam `suivre, follow'.

Noun deriv.: C 8 Log zummun `Furt, ford' [LkL].

482. W *zVm- `to pull (out, along)': 1 Hs zaame° `draw out'; 3 Bol n-zamma

`drag' (pl.?)

Verbal deriv. in -t-: 6 Ngz zəm-tu `strip off, away', Bade zəm-tu `draw water

with bucket, pull rope tight'.

Note *zVm- `to move, to slide': 1 Hs zaame `to slope the side of railway

cutting'; 3 Bol n-zamaa `budge, move aside'.

483. W *zVm- `to wish': W 1 (deriv.) Hs zumuudii èxcessively keen, eager'; 2

Goem zum `wish, love' [Fp], zǝm `love, desire or agree' [Hlw].

Note *zVn-d- (if < *zVmd-) `to want + DO': W 3 Dera indai `desire for,

love for'; C 5 Pod �nda `desir de viande, avidite, hunger for meat'; Guduf,

Gava zinda, Chkd ʒinda, Chnn zinda-ɫʷa `hunger (meat)' [HmG].

484. *zVm- (possibly, *zV-m < *zV body', with a suff. of body-parts) skin': C 1

Tera kə-zəm `skin' [NmT]; 2 Bura zam-zamia `leather water bag'; E 4 Karbo

zama `Fell', zamin `Haut' [Luk]; 5 WDng zaama; 7 Brg zama [JgBr] `skin',

Mab zam [JHM] `skin'.// [CLR II 182 A *zm `skin, body'].

485. *zVm- `blood; vein': W 7 `blood', coll.: Sha zom, pl. zomo^m, Kul zom; C 6

Daba zəmi `vein', zemi pay `root' [Lnhr]; E 4 Saba sam `blood' [DMT]. //

Geez zam `blood' [LGz 638], Aram Mand zma, Syr zum, Omot Dime z/ʒumu

`blood taken from an ox', Hamer zumʔu . For Semitic-Omotic cf. [MK], for

Ron-Semitic see [EDE I 183].

Deriv.: W 4 Paa ziimaa `red earth (rubbed on body)' and C 7 Mafa imel

ùmbical cord'.

Note W 2 Mgh zem òil from a plant' [BlM].

486. *zVm- `to ferment; a kind of alcoholic drink': W 3 Krkr iimu `smell sour,

smell fermented', n-јiimu, n-iimu `ferment, become sour', n-iimo

`sourness, acidity' [GK]; 6 Ngz јo°m `sour', јo°omu `to ferment' (hardly <

130

Kanuri com `sour'); C 7 Mafa zom `biere de mil'; 9 Muy zu m `vine'.

Cf. C 2 Bura zaman `poison'.

487. W *zVm- `chicken, bird': 4 Mbu, Jmb zama `chicken', Jmb zami, Miya emi

[SkNB], wuɫi emi, Siri zən-tsi (< zVm-tsV) [CLR] `bird', Paa zimii pl.

`birds' [MS]; 5 Grn zum `guinea fowl' [Jag]. Cf. [CLR I 33 *zama].

488. W 2 *zVm- `sickle': Ang im `Sichel', Chip ɛm, Goem iem [TAS 431].

a. C *zVm- `sharp, to sharpen': 4 Gude nʒamənʒam (nʒ < *nz-) idf. `sharp';

7 Mafa zum- àiguiser, sharpen', Mofu -zəm- , Zlg zəm ` e^tre tranchant',

Ould azəm `sharp', Cuv aumɛ `tranchant', 7a Skn zəm `sharp (as a knife)' .

Cf. W 6 Bade ziyam `cuspid, canine tooth'.

489. *zVm- `kind of antelope, bush animal': W 2 Ang n-zum Àntelope' [JgA]; 4

Wrj zama-ruwana `big bush animal' [BlS], Diri azuma-gwara, Jmb

ima-kwan, Kar zuma-kwar `hartebeest' [SkNB]; C 7 Ould zeme°lmel òryx

algazel'.

Cf. C 2 Bura zima-zima à boar', zuma zuma `wild boar'.

C 7 *ʔVzVm- `ram': Mofu ezem, zem, zemzeme `belier', Balda ʔeem, ʔaem

`belier, ram' [TrB]; Aff sm, Shoe zam `Schlafbock' [Sol 256].

490. *zVm- `kind of clothing': C 10 ZD im `ve^tement ancien qu'utilisait les

ance^tres, ancien clothes', ZB zim; E (deriv.) 5 Bid zim-la `ve^tement, tissu,

clothes, cloth', WDng ziminna `pagne des femmes, women cloth'.

491. *zVm- `friend': W 1 Hs zumu `man's friend of the same age', cf. zuuniyaa

(< zumniya?) à woman's female friend of the same age'; 3 Bol zo°omu

`friendship' [GAB]; C 7 Gis ʒam, ʒom A `friend', om M [LkG], ʒamado

`my enemy'. // cf. Arab zamam- `proche, voisin' [BK 1008].

a. C *zVm- brother, sister': 3 Bana zəməmə `brother, one mother, one father',

aməmə `sister, coisin'; 5a Hdi cf. zumali òlder child' [BrH]; 7 Gis (zum)

`sister', zum vo `sister'.

b. W *zVm- `likeness': 1 Hs zam èxactly like...'; 4 Wrj zama-kasi `like

him/her,likeness' [BlS].

131

492. *zVm- `fight, war': W 1 Hs zaamani `war; enmity', zan-zoomaa (< *zam-

zooma) `night attack at war time'; E 7 Mab zama `fight, lutte' [JHM].// Arab

zuwām- `violent' > `combat' [BK 967]

493. *zVm- `branch, rod': W 2 Goem zam à rod, a slender stick' [Hlw]; C 5 Pod

zəma `tiges pour couvrir le toit, branches for thatching'; 7 Mada nzama

àrbuste qui sert pour la vannerie; bush used for plaiting baskets' // Chadic is

related to: Eg zmȵ.w pl. `branches of a tree' [MK], East Cushitic *zm- `twig,

branch'. For Eg-Cush cf. [Dolg 1983:140]

494. *zVm- `snake': W 2 Mnt zɛm `Schlange' [FrM], Goem zwam `viper' [Hlw],

Ang zemen `worm' gen. [Fp], Mpn n-zəme mar àngleworm' [Fp]; C 2 Bura

zama-kiya `hairy caterpillar'; 5a Hdi zəm `long poisonouss snake' [BrH]; 7

Zlg ʒam℥am (if ӡ- < *nz-) `kind of snake'.

495. *zVm- `guinea corn': W 3 Bol nzeemo ùnripe guinea corn heads'; C 4 Bch

zumwe `guinea corn, sorghum' [SkNB]; 7 Gis zəmay `yellow millet'.

496. *zVm- `darkness, black': W 2 Mpn zam idf. `black jet ' [FrM]; C 2 Bura im

`darkness, gloom', imbaru `black storm clouds'; 7 Mada zma-k zma-k

`sombre, dark'; 9 Msg zemai Òsten, east' [LkM];10 Masa zim `l'obscurite,

l'ombre, darkness, shade'; E 5 Bid zemzem `faire de l'ombre', zimzimo

òmbre causee de nuage, obscurite', Mig ziimo òmbre, shade'.

Deriv. E *zVmVl- : 6 Mok zimolo `sombre, obscure, dark'.// Eg zmȵw

(XVIII) `darkness' [OS 2624]. Note that Eg ȵ may originate from l, r, y, ʔ.

E 5 WDng zilim `black', Mig zilmo `became dark, gloomy', Bid zalam

`couleur tirant sur le brun, colour close to brown' (if metath. < *zVmVl-).

497. *zVm- `bee, honey': W 1 Hs zuma° `bee, honey'; 5 Dott zom `bee' [CrD],

Grn zuwun (< *zumun) `bee, honey' [Jag], Jimi zumnu [Cs]; C 7 Gis zaamam

`bee'. If not < *zu-mam- , cf. *zV à fly', mam/am `honey'.

498. W *zVm- `beans': 4 Wrj ʒamana Siri ʒami, Paa ɛma [CLR], Wrj zamana,

Siri zami, Kar, Mbu ʒa^m, Jmb amay [SkNB]; 5 Bogh aam [Sm], Wang sam,

Zaar zam [CLR], Guus zaam [CrG].

132

499. *zVm- `lion': C 9 Msg zenim (metath. < *zVm-n) [Luk]; 10 Masa zimi

[Mo]; E 1 Kwang (Mogdel) zem-ki [Luk], semki, semgi [CLR dial.

Mobu]. Cf. C 7 Muktele јі°m-dǝ°lі`leopard' [CLR]. Cf. [CLR I 112].

500. W 3 *n-zVm- `griffon': Bol n-zimoki `griffon' [GAB], Krkr n-zimo

`Ruppell's griffon'[GK], Ngm (G ) nzimo, (Y) n-ziimo [NEH].

501. *zVmVr- ùrine/tears' (pl. in -r- ?) C 10 Masa zumur ùrine' E 6 Mok

zumi/ur-so (note -s- as a suf. of singularity) `larme, a tear', pl. zumari.

502. *zVm- `be good, beautiful, in good health': W 1 Hs zaama `good luck'; 2

Ang zum `prosperity, good health' [Fl], Mpn zu-zum `recover from pain'; 5

Guus zəm `good, appropriate' [CrG]; C 5 Pod zamə zama `divertissant,

amusant'; 10 Msg ziiem `schn, beautiful' [LkM].

503. *zVm- `greedy, evil': W 3 Krkr n-ziimaa `miserliness, stinginess' [GK],

Ngm (G) n-ziima `gluttony' [NEH]; C 9 Mulwi zum-di è^tre malin, ruse, evil',

Mnj zim-di è^tre malin'.

504. *zVm- `be warm': W 6 Bade zəmma `warm', Duw zəm `warmth'; C 7 Mlg

zəm-zəme `warm', E 5 WDng zɔm `tiede, warm'; 7 Ubi zumzum `tiede,

lukewarm' [Alio].

505. *zVm- `big (number)': W 1 Hs zimma `size, quantity, number'; 2 Mgh zam

`sehr, viel, very, many' [JgS], Mpn zam [FrM] very much'; C 7 Mofu za-zam

`grand, long'.

W *zVm- `milliped' (`big number of legs'): 2 Mgh zimen `milliped' [BlS]; 3

Krkr n-zumaayaa [GK], Ngm (G) n-zaanzamaya `centipede' [NEH].

506. *zVn- `to gather, to crowd': W 5 Zaar zuun `to crowd round smb.' [CrZ]; E 6

Mok zo^zo (-ŋ# < *-n-) `numerous, abandant'.

Deriv.: C 9 Mulwi zinngi `ressembler'.

Note W 1 Hs iniinaa ìn large quantity' (*zi- > ¾i-).

507. *zVn- `to do, to serve': C 3 Bana ən `refaire'; 9 Mnj zini `(rendre) service'.

Noun deriv.: W 4 *ba-zini `maiden': Wrj ba-ziniy-ai, Mar, Miya ba-zəni

133

[SkNB]. Note b- pref., denoting people/animals.

508. *zVn- `to sit, stay (for some time)': C 8 Log zen `sitzen, bleiben'; E 6 Mok

ʔozzine `passer, rester une annee, quelque part'.// Arab znʔ `rester a°° une

endroit' [BK 1015].

Note W 5 Grn a^n `year' [Jag].

509. *zVn- to bend': E 3 cf. Tum in ìncliner'; 5 Mig zono `baisser la te^te, to

bow head'; 6 Mok zonyinye `bend, descend'.// Ara zЃn pencher vers qqn' [BK

993].

Deriv.: *zVn-g- `to bend (with effor)': C 7 Cuv mɛ-ɛgɛy `courber', Mafa

zang- `renverser, pencher un recipient'.

Cf. C 7 Mafa ingid- `pencher, incliner (objet lourd)'.

Note W 3 Krkr zawanu `rainbow' [GK] and 2 Goem zwa°an `fishing hook'

[Hlw].

510. *zVn- `to look attentively': W 1 Hs zoonai (< *zwn, or < *zCn) a `stedfast

look'; C 7 Mbuko aza `regarder attentivement pour pieger qqn, look

attentively'.

Verb. deriv. *zVn-k- `to spy':W 3 Krkr zi-k- èrsphen, to spy' [LkK], Bol

zig- `gucken, sphen'[LkB], z/ѕіngā èspy, see, catch sight of,peer'[GAB].

511. *zVn- `row; arrange in a row': W 1 Hs eenee (¾e- < *ze-) `raw of reaped

corn'; in file'; 2 Goem za°an put smth in a line' [Hlw]; 3 Ngm zan-da (G) row

of harvested cornstalks' [NEH]; C Mulwi zizini `ranger, arranger, reparer',

Mnj zizini àrranger, ranger, mettre en ordre'.

a. *zVn- `to stretch, to straighten' (< Arab?): W1 Hs zaana° `stretch'; 2 Mgh

zan `stretch (legs, arms)' [JgS], zan `to straighten' [BlM], C 10 Log zun ala

`stretch' [AlL].

Deriv. W 1 Hs za°nda°n `great length', zandamii `very tall or long'.

Deriv. C 5 Pod zəzaa `trai^ner', zəzaaha zəzaa è^tre long'.

Note C 2 Bura ang `vertebra'.

512. *zV(wV)n- `pour' > *n-ʒVn- `soak, be wet': W 2 Goem uan (ʒ- < zw-)

`pour' [Fp]; 3 Bol n-zono Ùntertauschen, im Wasser versinken, to soak'

134

[LkBl], n-zonu `dive, submerge', n-zuna `dampness of wall', nzunaa `be wet',

n-zaanu dump a liquid, pour down' [GB], Tng yee to soak'; 4 Diri zan- pour

away' [SkNB], E 5 Bid zenyzeny ruisseler, suinter, to ooze'. // Cf. Akk zanānu

`rain' [OS 2609].

513. W *zVn- to go': W 2 Mgh zonzon to walk aimlessly' [BlS]; 4 Wrj zanei go

away!' pl.; 5 Mng (m) za, (k) nzaəy `go',Tala (z) za `go' [Cs].

Deriv.: *zVn-g- `to run': 1 Hs zan-gayaa `run hard'.

514. W *zVn- `to tell': W 2 Kfy zene `story'[TAS 424]; 6 Bade zənu

`say,tell'.Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs zan‰ee, pl. zantuka `conversation'

515. W *zVn- `to skin': 1 Hs zaanaa `sloughing of a snake' > `snake's skin'; 2

Bol zino `skin'; 4 Siri z�nu `to skin' [SkNB].// [OS 2625].

Note 2 Goem zwaan `take off' [TAS 429].

516. *zVn- `granary': W 7 Sha ʔazen `Getreidespeicher im oberen Teil einer

Hutte, granary'; C 9 Mnj zo `grenier en vannerie'; 10 ZB zəna `granary'.

Note W 1 Hs zun-tu `house'.

517. *zVn- `(woman's) body-cloth': W 1 Hs zane `woman's body-cloth'; 3 Krkr

zanai `clothes' [GK]; 5 Guus zani `loin-cloth, woman's body-cloth' [CrG]; 6

Bade zanai `gown, wrapper', Duw zənay; C 5 Mlg zane `man's clothes'; 7

Mbuko zana `clothes', Muy azana `cloth'; 8 Log zanne `shawl, Umschlagtuch'

[LkL], zane `cloth worn by women' [AlL].

518. *zVn- àdultery': W 1 Hs zinaa‰e-zinaa‰ee `repeated acts of adultery'; C 2

Bura zani à prostitute'; 8 Mak nzino àdultery' [AlM]. //Arab zny

`commmetre l'adulte°r' [BK 1018].

Note C 3 FK yan-kəla `veneral disease' [BN]

519. *zVn- `(gourd) laddle': W 3 Krkr eeni (irregular reflex, a loan?) `laddle'

[GK]; 6 Bade zeeni `gourd laddle', Duw zaanai; C 2 Bura eni `kind of gourd',

an-tu kind of gourd'; 5 Wnd ani Lffel, spoon' [Luk], Pod ene louche, big

spoon'; 7 Ould zene `calebasse a° manche long'.

520. *zVn- `to surpass, chief': W 2 Goem zwan `to surpass s.o. a bit' [Hlw]; C 2

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Bura zanuwa àddress of respect to a superior'; 5 Pod zanə-wa `patron'. Cf. W

1 Hs zan-ḳe `protrude, be out of line; exceed, be superior'.

521. *zVn- `sprouts': W 7 Bok n-zaan `frischer weicher Sprssling, sprout'; 7a

Skn zən `sprouted millet'

a. *zVn- `to grow': C 4 Gude zəa `begin growing'; 7 Mbuko zənak

èlargir'.

Note W 3 Krkr zangilan `growing up, maturity' (compound).

522. *zVn- `kind of worm': W 3 `guinea worm': Bol zaana [GAB], Ngm zaana

(G), zaana (Y), Krkr nzaana [GK]; C 3 FK aan èarthworm' [BN]; 4 Gude

zazəna `worm'; E 3 Tum wə-hanyəm `chenille'.

a.*zVn- `python': W 7 Sha ne `Python'; C 6 Daba zəzən `python' [Lnhr].

b. C 10 *zVn- `kind of lizard': ZD in `lezard aquatique et comestible', ZB

ʔizin `lezard sp', Masa zin `varan' [CC].

523. a. *zVn- `bee': W 3 Krkr zinzin `mud-dauber wasp' [GK]; E 5 Mig

zeenzenga `gue^pe maҫonne', Bid ʔezeeze `gue^pe, wasp'; 6 Mok za^zaa

`gue^pe maҫonne'.

Cf. C 4 Gude moo-inyinə `kind of biting insect', mo zia, Nzn mwa zia

[Meek] `bee'.

524. W *zVn- `smallpox': W 1 Hs zaanee à stripe, marking, pattern; drawing;

small-pox (marks)' (? zana `draw, ornament' < Arab); `smallpox': 2 Mpn

(u)wa (< *zwan < *zuzan-) [FrM]; 3 Bol zanzana [GAB], Ngm (G) zan-

zana, (Y) zazana [NEH]; 4 Wrj zanzanai [BlS]. All < Hs ?

Cf. W 2 Ang zang òrnament' [Fl].

525. W 3 *n-zVn- `west, yesterday, afternoon': Pero ‰ono yesterday' [FrP], Krkr

nzano [GK], nzanau, Bol zono, Ngm nzono, Gera noni, Dera wono [SchV],

Bol zoni `west; afternoon' [GAB], Ngm (G) zoni `late afternoon, west'; (G)

nzono, (Y) nzono `yesterday' [NEH].

C *zVn-zVn-/mV-zVn- `dark, shadow': 7 Mbuko zənzen adj. `noir', Ould

zizizi adj. `tres sombre, sale, tenebreux, very dark, dirty', Muy i i

`dark', Mada zeze òbscur, sombre, dark', Zlg zizi òbscur, sombre', Cuv

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mɛ-ɛ òmbre, shadow'.

W and Chadic most probably originate from one and the same Chadic root.

526. *zVn- `bad smell, to smell': W 3 Tng yine `to smell'(or <*sVn id.); 4 Wrj

zong `bad smell' [BlS]; 5 Saya o `smell' [Cs], Guus zo-tə `to smell',

zo-tə `smell' [CrG]; C 3 Bana zən `sentire, puer, odeur' n.; 4 Gude zənə

`smell smth; have an odour'.

Note W 4 Paa euna-ka `musk-shrew' [MS].

527. *zVn- `true, certain': W 2 Ang zin `true' [Fl], Mpn zeen `truth' [FrM],

Goem sen, Kfy sen sen (regular devoicing) `truth' [TAS 424], Mgh zeen-zeen

`truth' [BlM]; C 9 Mnj zəna `nom d'honneur'; 10 ZB nʒe (*nz- > ZB nӡ-)

`honne^te, certain, confiance, honest, sertain'. A loan?

528. *zVng- `to push': W 2 Goem zwa° `stuff or pack smth (into a tight-fitting

opening or container)' [Hlw].// Arab znЃ `pousser, repousser' [BK 1016].

Deriv.: W 6 Duway zungudo `push'; C 7 Mafa zǝngǝd (caus.) `to push'.

529. W *zVn(g)- `hyena': W 3 Krkr zan-ai `hyena' [GK], Ngm (Y) zenge, (G)

zonge `hyena' [NEH], Bol zonge `hyena' [GAB].

C *zV- `kind of feline': 5a Hdi zia`leopard'; 10 Masa ziii `panthe°re' [CC].

530. C *zVngʷ- `donkey': C 5a Htk zua [LkH]; 5 Pod əwa àss'; 7 Mbuko

zungo, Ould aziwa, Muy azogʷo , Mada ozogwo, Gis zugo, Mofu

zəwaw, Cuv zɔgʷɔ; 7 Skn zungwa (Wolff zugwa) `donkey' .

531. *zVn-k- `tuft of hair': 1 Hs zan-koo `tuft of hair'; 2 Ang zung `tuft of hair'

[Fl], Kfy, Goem zu `tuft of hair' [TAS 427]; 3 Krkr zan-koo `crest' [GK].

Cf. 4 Wrj zaniyei èyebrows' [BlS].

532. *zVr- > *n-zVr- `to drip': W 3 Ngm (G) zara^ `leak' [NEH], Krkr n-zaraa

`drip, leak out (air, water)' [GK]; 5 Zaar zor `drain off by filtering through a

basket' [CrZ]; 6 Bade zarzara idf. ìn trickles'.

Deriv. in -t-: W 3 Krkr n-zaraatu `pour in drops' [GK]; 6 Bade zarzar-tu `leak,

drizzle out'; C 7 Mafa zər-t- `lasser couler la sauce en filet'.

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs ma-zuraarii `natural channel'; 3 Glm zarku [SchB]

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`watercourse'; 4 Cagu zardən`river, watering place' [SkNB]; 6 Bade zərkə^k

`small to medium watercourse'; E 5 Bid zuro `courant'; 7 Ubi zurre `courant

d'eau, current; fluent; stream' [Alio].

a. *zVrVk- `valley, ditch': W 3 Bol zirki `through-shaped valley, shallow

relief depression' [GB], zirki, irki `valley; borrow pit' [IbBl], Krkr zərgə

(voicing in contact) `valley' [LkK]; C 2 Bura zirku `small stream; ditch'; E 5

WDng zurkika `rigole, fosse'.

Cf. *zVl- `to pour in, out', *Vr- `stream'.

533. *zVr- to slice, to make tribal marks': W 3 Bol zura slice' [GB]; 5 Zaar zЌ°ri

vi° `tribal marks on cheeks' [CrZ].

a, *zVr- `to cut branches': E 5 Bid zaar `couper des branches, emonder'.

Noun deriv.: W 5 Guus zar-to à saw' [CrG].

b. W *zVr- `spurs': 2 Mgh zire, n-zire ìron horse-anklet (to increase speed)'

[BlM], n-zərɛ `Sporn' [JgS]; 3 Krkr zirinka `spurs' [GK], 6 Bok zara^

`spores'.//Arab zirr- `pointe de l'epee' [BK 983].

Cf. *¾Vr- `to cut in stripes'.

534. *zVr- `to wander, to walk (to and fro)': W 1 Hs zaryaa `going to and fro

quickly'; E 5 WDng oore (¾o- < *zo-) àller a l'aventure (eg. periode de

famine)'; 6 Mok zo^rwe `vagabonder'// Arab zrḥ `changer la place, quitter un

lieu et venir dans un autre' [BK 984].

Deriv. in -n-/-l-: W 5 Bade zərnu `set out on a journey'; C 9 Mnj zurli àller et

venir sans cesse', Mulwi zurli changer d'avis souvent, ne pas tenir en place, to

change place of living permanently'.

Note C 7 Ould nzaro àrrive'; 7a Skn zar `follow, find' .

Deriv. in -k-: E 5 */zVr-k-: Mig orkiyo (¾o- < *zo-) `suivre, follow', WDng

orke `run after smb, try to catch, join'.

535. *zVr- `to stretch, to pull': W 1 Hs zaaraa `draw out, pull'; 6 Ngz za°ru´ `pull';

C 6 Daba zər `pull up, stretch'; 7 Mofu -zazar- `(s') allonger, etirer, to stretch'.

Deriv. in n- : W 3 Krkr n-zaru `drag, pull with a rope (e.g., a goat)'[GK].

Deriv. in -ḍ-: C 7 Mofu -zər-d- `s'etirer, s'allonger, to stretch'.

a.*zVr- `to tear': W 3 Pero aaro `tear (calabash, cloth)'; C 10 ZB n-ʒor (*nz-

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> nʒ-) `dechirer, to tear in pieces'.// Arab zrr àrracher le poil en tirant poil par

poil' [BK 982].

Deriv.: C 7 Mofu -zər-t- `casser en tirant (cord, habit), dechirer, to tear, tear

by pulling (rope, cloth)'.

Deriv.: E 5 Mig zir-po àrracher une branche (a la main), tear off a branch (by

hand)'

536. *zV(wV)r- `to look, to examine': C 5 Mlg ara `sehen,beobachten, see,

watch', Glv ɛr `to look'; 7 Mbuko zərzor èxaminer', Mol zəroy `notice,

inspect', Gis zəzar ànstarren, ansehen, look at'.

Deriv. *zVr-d- `scrutinize': C 7 Mbuko zəred `scruter; scrutinize', Mol zərday

`watch intently', Mafa zərd- `regarder'.

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs mu-zuurai (if < *zVwVr) `staring about'.

Note *ir- (? < *zir-) `to watch': C 5 Pod �ra `look at, watch, visit'; 7 Cuv

mɛ-nɛrɛy `regarder'.

537. *zV(wV)r- `to hang (down)': W 5 Zaar za°ra°џ idf. `dangling', zЌ°ri° zЌ°ri°

`hanging down idf. [CrZ];. E 5 Bid zer `pendre, retrograder, abaisser,

regresser'; 6 Mok zoore `pendre; hang'.

Deriv. E 5 Bid zirad `pendre, etrangler'.

538. *zVr- `to burn, to boil': C 10 ZB zar `bouillir (liquide)'; E 2 Lele si°r `mettre

la feu' ; 5 WDng zɛɛrɛ ìncendier, mettre le feu', EDng zewire `flammen, to

flame'; 7 Zir ar-zera `burn' [HJ].

Cf. C 7 Zlg n-ʒart idf. `smth. completely burnt up'.

Noun deriv.: W 3 Krkr ziiwuri `steamed meat or vegetables' [GK].

Note E 6 Mok ʔozoro `branchet (pour griller), branches for roasting'.

539. *zVr- `to call': W 4 Miya, Mbu zar-, Jmb za^r- `to call' [Sk-CLR]; E 5 Mig

ooro (o- < zo-) `to call; appeler' [JgM] .

Cf. W 4 Wrj zərgwai `crying' [BlS].

540. *zVr- `to tremble': C 9 Mulwi ziriyi `trembler', Mnj ziriyi `trembler'.

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs ma-zarii `trembling of the body'.

Deriv.: C 4 Gude zərəkə `throb with pain'

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541. *zVr- `to break' (attested in deriv.): W 4 Wrj n-zar- `break' [Sk-CLR]. //Arab

zrḥ `fracasser la te^te ou un membre' [BK 984].

Deriv.:W 6 Bade zər-tu `pound corn for the second time'; C 9 Mulwi zur-vi

`repiler du mil (for the second time), pound grain (for the second time', Mnj

zirvi `piler (le mil) pour o^ter le son, to peel by pounding'.

542. *zVr- ` to sprout': C 7 Mbuko zaray `pousser par terre (haricots)', Zlg zara

`faire de pousses, long sprouts'.

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs zarbaa `sprig of dates'.

543. *zVr- `to throw, to lance': C 6 Daba zer 'verser, jeter a co^te', E 5 WDng

zɛɛrɛ `lancer, jeter (stick, stone)', CDng zɛrɛʔ, WDng zeere `lancer' [CJ].

544. W *zVr- `to laugh': W 2 Ang ur, war [Or, Fl], Mgh war [JgS], Chip war

[JgC], Mnt owe (< *sVrw), Goem swarr [Fp], shwar [Hlw]; 3 Bol zuru

`laugh at', zur- [LkB], Krf ʔi nura `to laugh' [Stl], nura `laughing' [SchB],

Glm zəra `laugh' n. [SchB], Tng wure, Krkr ziraw v. [CLR], ziro n. [GK],

Ngm zur- [VbN] `to laugh', (G) zu ro, (Y) zuro `laughter' [NEH], Pero ‰u ro

`laughter', ‰uuro `laugh'. Cf. [CLR I 108 D *ziraw].

545. *zVr- `person' > `name': W 4 Siri zəri `body' (if not < Ch *zV `body')

[SkNB]; 5 Zaar zaar `human beeing [Crz], Guus zaar ` human being' [Cr]; C 5a

Lmn z�ra, Htk zəra, zəri `name' [LkH]; 5 VemgoM zər, zəru `name' [HmG],

Mlg iire `Name, name', Mnd јіra [Mo]; 7a Skn zər, iri `woman, wife' . Cf.

*zVʔVl- `man', note that both roots are attested in C 5a.

Noun deriv.: C 8 Log zar-ma `Stalknecht, Pferdjunge, a servant' [LkL].

a. *zVr- `brother, sister': W 4 Diri zər `younger brother', zərən `elder'

[Sk-CLR]; C 3 Bana z(ə)ra `nom du deuxie°me ne'; 5 Glv zəraa-ba `brother';

10 ZB nʒur (*nz- > ZB nӡ-) `frere, brother', nʒar `sister', ZD nzar `soeur,

cousine', nzur `frere, cousin' [Cpr].

b. *zur- `descendant': W 6 Bade zuuriya `descendants'; C 8 Mak zur

`descendant' [AlL].

546. *zVr- `thread', *zVwVr- `rope': W 1 Hs zaree `thread', zaari°yaa `a trauser

-string'; 3 Grm uura [SchB], Krkr zoori, Ngm zoori, Gera zura, Dera woori

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[SchV], Bol zoori `rope' [BOLDU]; Ngm (Y) zare `thread' [NEH]; 5 Guus

zare à thread' [CrG]; 7 Kul zar `rope, string'; C 8 Mafa zar-zarraʔa `like a

thread, filiform'. // Eg zȵ [*zr] `cattle-hobble', zȵr.w `Feseln, Bande' and Hbr

ʔzr ùmgμrten, to girdle'. External parallels were suggested in [EDE I 178-9],

Deriv. or an Arab loan: W 3 Ngm (G) zaarara `tethering an animal with a

long rope to allow it to graze' [NEH]// Arab zwr, zhr àttacher une be^te avec la

corde, to tie an animal with a rope' [BK 1025].

Deriv. in -d-: E 5 WDng zer-de àttacher fortement, ligoter, to tie tightly'. Cf.

E 1 Kera zo°o°re°, Kwang seere´ [Jg] `to sow'.

Noun deriv. *(n)ʒVr- à net, fish trap': W 6 Bade zirya `large fish trap'; C 5

Mada n-zarawa `filet a grandes mailles'; 7 Zlg nʒarawa (nӡV-<*nzV-) `filet;

sac'; 8 Makari zari à net' [AlM]; 10 ZB zəra `piege trappe'.

547. *zVr- a horse (of specific colour)': W 1 Hs ziiru a strawberry-roan horse';

5 Zaar uur, Zakshi gu-zirr `horse' [CLR], Guus ʒuur (ӡiwur < јiwur; or <

ӡiru < јiru < Hs) `horse'; E 5 WDng zɛɛrɛ `white horse'.

548. *zVr- `hole (in a human's body)': W 4 Paa n-ir ànus'; C 2 10 Lame zira,

Masa zula `hole' [Kr], ZD zəra `trou', ZB zəra `narine, orbite, trou, vagin,

hole, anus'.// Arab zirr- `cavite de l'os, creux dans le bois' [BK 983].

549. *zVr- `big tree': W 2 Ang zar `name of a large tree' [Fl]; 3 Krkr zari-zari

kind of tree' [GK]; C 10 Log zaara `Sykomore'.

550. *zVr-(b)- `(fodder) grass': W 3 `fodder grass Gigitaria debilis': Bol nzaura (<

n-zabra, metath ?) [GAB]; Krkr zariya [GK], Ngm (G) eeriya [NEH]; 7

Bok mu-zaar `saftiges Grass nahe am Wasser'; C 5 Mlg zar-va `Sesam'; 7

Ould zara-va `gras'.

a. C *zVr- `pile of stalks': 7 Mofu zalak `gerbe de mil', Cuv ma-zalak `tas de

tiges'; 9 Mnj zaraw `botte de cereales avec des epis; fascicle of cereals with

ear'.

551. *zwVr- `thigh': W 2 Ang waar, dwaar `thigh' [Fl], waar `Schenkel' [JgS];

C 7 Mbuko zar `taille, hanche', Muy ʒarakay (irreg. ʒ < *z-) `hip'.

141

552. *zVr- à hoe': W 6 Bade zəl-ka^ (-lk- < *-rk-) `hoe (short handle, curved

blade)', Duw zər-ka `hoe'; C 2 Bura zora `kind of hoe; second hoeing'.

553. *zVr- `respect, honour': 5 Pod �rəwa `honte, respect', Glv iruw(a) `glory',

7 Muy irwi `shame, respect, benefit', Mada zerwe `reputation, honneur,

honte, timidite, reputation, honour, shame'.

Note W 4 Wrj zəɣər `to praise' [BlS].

Deriv.: *zVr-k- `to care, to help' : W 6 Duw zər-ko `care for sick person'; E 5

Bid or-koy ( o- < zo-) `secourir, help, pre^ter main forte'.

Note C 3 Bana əxwur `compassion, pity, mercy' (metath.?).

554. *zVr- `slope': C 4 Gude ir ìnclined, slope'; E 6 Mok zire `pic, pente

abrupte'.

Verbal deriv.: E 5 Bid zoror `descendre une pente, go down along a slope'.

Note E 6 Mok zor-ke `staircase'.

555. *zVr- `bad smell, taste': W 1 Hs zaarii òdour of urine' (cf. zaryaa à k. of

skink'); C 8 Mafa zurkwaʔa `bad smell of a fresh fish', Mada zrek zrek `fade,

mauvais (au gout)'; E 5 WDng zirit zirit `salty, disgusting'.

556. *n-zVr- `star': W 2 Grk dar-kir (d- < *z- is regular) [Fp], Mpn zar,

[FrM],Sura zar [JgS], Ang zaar [Or], Chip zər [Kr], Mnt zai (-r - > -y- regul.)

[Fp], Ank sum-ar (devoicing in contact) [Fp] sem-shaar [Hlw] (sem `sky); 7

DB n-oret (nzo- > nѕo-); C 2 Bura ʒarʒar (ӡ- < *nz-?) 'the morning star'//For

a cognate cf. Arab zhr `to shine (moon)'. Berb *ziri 'moon' [Sem-Ham 3264]

557. *(n)zVr- `worm': C 7 Mafa n-zərnavay `ver de terre sp.', Mada on-zor `vers

intestinaux'; 7a Skn mu-nzər-dedum èarthworm'; E 5 Bid zar-da `tenia'.

Cf. C 10 ZB zur `kind of snake'.

558. W *zVwVr- `hut': Bol zuura `living quaters within a compound (for son,

brother)'; 5 Guus zawre èntrance hut';

C *zVr- `roof': 3 FK zər `make a thatch roof'; 4 Gude zərazəra `mat awning

or shed'.

559. W *(n)zVr- `bee, wasp': 1 Hs zanzaroo (<*zar-zaro) `maison-wasp'; 2 Mpn

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zar `bee-fly' [FrM]; 3 Ngm (G) n-zarei `hornet'.

560. *zVr-k- `crow': W 3 Krkr nzaraku [LkK] (also naraku [GK]); 4 Miya

arakə, Kar zarazar, Cagu aaren [SkNB]; 2 Bura zilaku (-l-<*-r-) `crow'; 5

Mlg zalaake crow'; 9 Mnj zeleke corbeau-peu', Mba naalaka pied crow',

Msg elleke `Rabe' [LkM].

561. *zVr-(b)- `heron': W 1 Hs zar-be; E 5 Bid orooya `heron', WDng ¾oribaya

èsp. de heron'; 7 Tor oore `heron garde-boeuf' (o- < zo).

562. C *zVrVw- òstrich': 5 Mlg irwe , Glv iruwa; 7 Muy irwe, Mada zer-ve,

Zlg zirwe.

563. *zVr- to be narrow': W 1 Hs 1 ziiriirii narrowness', 3 Krkr zeereeree tall and thin'

(< Hs?) [GK]; C 4 Gude zar `long an thin' adj. idf.; 7 Mafa cf. n-ʒaraʒa, n-ere

ʒe èlance, mince, thin'; E 7 Brg zir-kanta `mince, thin' (compound).

a. *zVr- `to lose weight, to reduce': W 6 Duw zərawo `reduce; Bade zəlu

`reduce, decrease'; E 5 Mig ziraw `maigrir, lose flesh', EDng zɛ°r-zi°r

`verkleinern, to reduce'.

Deriv.: in -k-/-g- : C 5 Pod zərəka `lose weight, maigrir', 7 Mada azlak

`maigrir'; E 5 Bid zereg `maigrir, lose flesh', EDng zi°rgЊ `be thin'.

Deriv in -b-: C 7 Mofu -nər-b-`maigrir'; 8 Log zer-ba `lose flesh'[AlL].Note

that W 2 Msh zerere `very narrow, tiny' is not a Compound (as suggested in

[TAS 424]), but rather a loan.

564. *zVr- `many': W 5 Zaar zu°rzu°r `numerous' [CrZ]; C 2 Bura zurzur `very

many (of people)' idf.; 4 Gude zərəʔi `many' idf.

Deriv.: C 8 Mak z�r-ka àddition, supplement'.

565. *zVr- `good, beautiful': W 2 Angas zar `good, appreciated' [Fl]; 6 Bade

zariyau `beautiful, nice'; C 5 Pod eriya `beauty', Mlg zariya `beautiful'.

Note C 8 Mak zarzar `good smell' and E 1 Kera ѕo°ro¹y `youth, beauty'.

143

*C

566. *cV `to catch (and hold in hand), to take (one thing)': W 2 cf. Mgh a `to

pick, carry heavy load' (contam. with *sVʔ- `to carry, bring') [BlM]; C FK sə

`to catch smth (as grasshopper), to hold in hand' [BlN]; 5 cf. Mlg a `erhalten,

become, get'; 8 Mak si° , Afd ci^ `take (one thing)' [Tr], Log si `catch' [LkL] ,

Gul si `take' [Luk: 150]. Cf. *Vw- `to catch, to pick'. Note that both roots are

attested in Karekare. Cf. C 8 Log sxɔ `nehmen', cf. s�xa-wun, i-wun `snatch',

s�xel kil, el kil `to fish' [AlL].

560. *cV `to pull': W 4 Paa ca `close door; pull' [MS]; C 8 Kus «і, Afd ci [tsi]

`tirer' [Tr], Mak si `pull, tirer'. Cf. Afd coʔo° `tirer,arracher, to tear' [Tr].

561. *cVV `cut (wood)': W 2 Goem sɛ `to split' [TAS 314]; 3 Tng sɛɛ `cut wood

with hoe or big knife, chop, slay with sword, hew, fell'; 4 Siri cii `cut, chop'

[SkNB]; C 7 Muy asay `cut', Zlg sas (redupl.) `to cut, divide with a sharp

instrument', Balda sii `couper, cut' [TrB]; 9 Mnj siwi `couper en petits

morceaux, cut in small pieces'; 10 Masa sii `couper' [CC]. Cf. *Vʔ `to chop'.

562. *cV(y)- `to give': W 4 Wrj ‰a-, Kar ‰iy-, Miya ca-, Mbu ci-, cey-, Jmb i-,

a- `give' [CLR-Sk]; C 9 Mnj si `donner', Msg sa(a), za [LkM], Mulwi si

`donner'.// cf. Sem *wsʕ: Sab ws3ʕ `decree, ordain//to grant, give', Arab wsʕ

`permettre qqch a qqn, to allow smth to smb', Yem `to allow' [Oh 404].

Cf. W 2 Ang ii `wages, hire' [Fl], 7 Kul siyaw `Lohn, salary' ( < *s/*c/*ˆ).

563. *cV(w)- `to cook, to boil': W 5 Guus sii `prepare tuwo'; C 8 Afd ce^ `cuire (a°

l'eau), boil (in water)' [Tr], Mak se `cook' [AlM], Bud haw, ho `sieden,

kochen'.

a. *cVw- `to warm, warm': W 4 Miya cuwcuw `warm' [Sch]; C 9 Mulwi siwi

`chauffer, e^tre en colere', Mnj siwi° `chauffer, to warm'.

564. *cVw/ʔ- `to weep, to cry': C 2 Bura suwa `to yell'; 8 Mlt səway, Afd cəway,

Mak, Glf səway, Kus, Log səway, Mazera, Zina ‰əway `pleurer; cry, weep'

[Tr 5], Afd utsue, Sao sue [Sol N 661], Bud iičoei, ‰oy (note special reflex of

medial *-c- before -o-:*-co- > -čo-) `weinen, heulen'; 10 ZB siʔi `se lamenter,

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pleurer, sanglotter, to complain, to weep'; E 3 Smr soʔə, Tum həw [CLR]

`weep'; 5 WDng sɔɔyɛ `se mettre a pleurer et crier, to burst out crying,

weeping'.// Sem *sʔsʔ: Akk sa^ʔu `cry (of pain)' and Hbr sʔsʔ `shout to stir

sheep/goats; cry `sa-sa'.

565. *cV `blood': C 8 Mlt si, Afd ci [Tr 5], Kus s-ki° [Tr], Log x-sii [Luk], Mak

s-ki [Tr], Bud či (note specific reflex in roots with second velar spirant: (*x-ci >

x-či > či, but not x-hi); Ngala ‰esi [Sol N 328]; E 4 Mawa se-t (cf. sit `body' <

si-t) [Rob], Ubi se-de [Alio].

a. W 4 *cV(cV) `red': Siri cucu, Diri cawa, Jmb iyu [SkNB].

566. *cVwVʔ- `morning': W Miya cuwai, Mbu cuwi, Kar cəwai, Wrj ceyəwi

`morning' [SkNB], W 4 Paa caa, cii `to get light, to dawn' [MS]; C 8 Mak sisu

`dawn' [AlM]; E 6 Mok sooʔe `matin, morning'.

a. *sVw- tomorrow': W 4 Paa suu tomorrow' [MS]; 5 Grn so o tomorrow';

C 7a Skn aə `next year' [DS]; 10 ZD iw `demain', ZB siu `tomorrow'.

567. *cVb- `to talk, to speak': W 2 Mpn ap `talk, discussion, noise, voice', ap

`to talk' [FrM]; 3 Tng saba `word, speech'//Eg sbh (Pyr) `to cry, schrien' [EG

IV 90]. Deriv. C 7 Mafa caval parole, mensonge, discussion, word, speech'.

568. *cVb- `to make clean': W 1 Hs âb/f cab/f `spotless cleanness' (devoicing at

the very and and in contact with -t-); C 4 Bch subwa [SkNB] `to wash'.

Deriv.: W 1 Hs âbta, âfta° `cleanness', âbta‰ee `to clean'.

569. *cVbVʔ- `to drink, to suck': W 3 Tng saabɛ (< *saʔabe) `scoop water with

hands to drink'; C 8 Zina čǝ°yḅǝ° (‰- does not reflct Ch *s-) to suck' [Tr].// Hbr,

Aram (Jud) sbʔ `drink largely' [KB 646]. In AA N 354 and in [OS 403]

Semitic *sbʔ is mistakenly compared to Chadic *sVḅ- `to suck', cf.

Deriv.: C 5 Pod �b�tə idf. `to drink all'; E 5 Mig sibiro `preparer la boisson'.

570. *cVbVr- `stick, pole': W 1 Hs âbaraa `wooden stakes (for a mat-screen)'; 3

Bol sebli (-bl- < -*br-) `forked pole' [GAB], Krkr sibili [GB], Ngm sepli (G)

`forked pole supporting roof' [NEH] (devoicing in contact with -l-, cf. Dangla

zopulo < ECh *zVbVl- `guinea fowl)// Akk sibir- `shepherd's staff, scepter'

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[CAD 231], Eg sbr (Med) `twig, branch'. For Eg-Hausa see [OS 371].

571. *cVbVr- `be tall': W 1 Hs âbree `tall (grass)'; C 2 Bura sabil `long'; 7 Gis

subor (A), səbor (M) `long', Balda saabur `tall' [TrB].

Note E 5 Mig sibir; 7 Brg sibi^r `girafe'.

572. *cVf- `to wipe, to sweep, to brush off': W 4 Siri cəfu, Diri səfa, Kar ‰əfə

`sweep' [SkNB]; 6 Bade əsfu `sweep, rake (farm), səsfu `to wipe (dust off

thing), Ngz sa-spu brush off (dusty table, dirt on clothes)' (most probably, -sp-

< *-sf-, alternatively, may originate from *sVp- `remove foam, sweep', cf.); E

Mok sippe èssuyer, balayer, to wipe, to sweep' // Sem *sff/*sfy: Hbr spy

`wegnehmen; sweep away', Gz sff `purify, refine' [KB 664]. Cf. AA *cap.

Noun deriv.: W 3 Bol [GAB] asapi head of sorghum without grain, used as a

scraper for washing pots', Tng sasap `broom, brush'.

Deriv. in -t-/-ḍ-: W 1 Hs caґafa-‰ee (< caafa-ta) `take off the top layers of

washed corn'; E 5 Mig sapido `nettoyer (une surface dur)'.

573. *[c]Vf- `to drip, to drizzle, to flow': C 6 Daba sif `degoutter, trickle, drip';

7 Muy ifā idf. `flowing (down)', sufa `flowing continually' mod., Mofu

-sə-sf-, -sa-səf- `bruiner, tomber en fines gouttelettes, to drizzle'//Hbr sapih

òutpouring' [KB 664]. In the present case internal Ch data do not distinguish

between Ch *s- and *c-, but Hebrew s- points to Sem *s- (corresponding to

Ch *c-). In this and similar cases Ch *c- will be reconstructed.

Noun deriv. (redupl.): W 3 Tng sip-zip `light rain'; C 2 Bura ipa-ipa idf.

`describes a light sprinkling of rain' (irregular -p- in Bura); 4 Gude afəafa

adj. n. `drizzle', maaafa `light rain, drizzle' [Hs];. Mbuko səfsəf `peu de

plui', Cf. W 3 Tng sipɛ `to urinate', Pero ‰appo irem ùrinate'.

574. W *s/cVP- àxe, hatchet, adze': 2 Ang sa/ep àxe (head) ' [Fl], sap àdze'

[JgA], səp àxe' [Hff], Mnt sep àxe, hatchet', Goem sap `hatchet', ʔs/hap

[Fp], shap àxe' [Hlw]; 3 Tng sabak (saba-k) 'axe'; 5 Guus ab-də àdze'

(voicing in medial position) [CrG]. // Cf. Berb Air, Ullemetden zafa-t `to plane,

to whittle', Eg sfsf to split with a knife', Arab sayf- sword' in [AA 357] *caf-

`cutting or splitting tool'. Berber z- points to Sem-Ham africate.

146

575. W 4 *ti-caf-ha middle': Wrj cawi, Kar ca-cawha (< *ta-cawha), Miya acafu,

Diri acava, Paa ci-cuhu, Siri cu-cuhu, Cagu de-‰uufa, Mbu ti-vihi [SkNB].

576. C *[c]Vf- `wind': 3 FK safə `wind, air' [BN], Hya səvi, Pskye səfi [BHya];

HB sefi `wind' [Luk:114], Bana saf(ə) `wind'; 5 Gvo safa `wind' [HGG]; 5a

Lmn səfaka, VemgoM safak `wind' [HmG], Lmn safaka `cold (wind)'

[Lk-CLR], Htkl safaka `wind' [LkH].//Sem *swf/*sfy: Hbr so/ufa

`storm-wind' [KB 652], Arab sƒfiyƒʔ- `wind with dust' [BK 1194]. Cf.

comments to N 573.

Noun deriv.: C 8 à fan': Log sfaki [AlL], Kus sǝ°va°kǝ° [Tr].

Verbal deriv.: W 6 Bade səf-tu `blow with mouth, blow by wind'.

577. C *cVf- `many, to be full of': 5 Pod safə idf. `nombreux (e^tres vivants)'; 7

Muy, efr-efr mod. `many, much', Mafa ‰ef- `plein de (pour des objets

comptables), be full of (countable objects)' < *cef-//Sem *wsf: Sab ws3f

ìncrease, enlarge, add members' [Oh 421], Kat ws3f ìncrease, enlarge' Hbr

yasap `to add, continue to do', Aram ysp, Phoen ysp `to add', Hbr mi-spar

`number' [KB 418, 543]. Note that Sabaic s3 points to Sem *s (not to *).

a.*[c]Vf- àbondance, harvest time': 7 Mada soffo àbondant, accesible a tous

(recolte)', Gis ife 'Reifzeit', sifi (Mj) 'Erntezeit, harvest time', Cuv masfa

`periode d'abondance, premices'; E 3 Tum sub (b < *P) `to harvest'.// Sem

*ʔsp 'to harvesr, to gather' Akk espu, Ug ʔasp 'gather, collect' , (Palest) ʔasap

'harvest' (v.) [Sem 1555].

578. W *sVyVp-/*sVpp- < Ch *[c]Vp- `to distribute, to divide': 2 Mpn səp

`share, distribute, divide' [FrM], Kfy ap `divide, share', Msh «iyap `to share'

[TAS 342]; 3 Bol sipp- `verteilen, distribute' [LkL], Krkr sipu `divide,

distribute' [GB] //Sem *nsf: Sab n-s3f `destroy, scatter like dust// overthrow'

[Oh 391], Arab n-sf `briser en petits morceaux et disperser' [BK 1250]. Note

that Sem may present an intensive stem: *cVp- `distribute' > *n-cVp- `scatter'.

Altenatively, Ch `to distribute' is related to `to destroy' (see below)

147

579. W 2 *sVp- < Ch *cVp/f-10

`to destroy, to collapse': Kofyar ip `destroy,

break down', Mush ip `collapse, push down' [TAS 348], Ang ip `demolish,

collapse; crumble' [Fl] // Sem *swf: Hbr swf `destroy, go to an end' [KB 652].

580. W 2 *swVp- < Ch *[c]VHʷVp- `to be ashamed, shame': Mgh wɔɔp

`Scham, shame' [JgS], Kfy swop `to be ashamed' [TAS 328]//cf. Sem *sʕf:

Hbr sʕp, Arab sʕf `vulgar' [KB 662]. Note long rounded vowel in Mgh,

corresponding to medial (labialized?) pharyngeal in Semitic.

581. W 2 *suHup `to bathe'< Ch *[c]VHVp- (probably, an old pl. in -p from

*sVK-, cf. *cVwVk- `to wash'): Ang suup [Fl], Sura suγup [JgS], Mpn swup

[FrM], Kfy sugup, Msh «ukup [TAS 338], Goem sup, pl. swap `to bathe'

[Hlw]//Cf. Hbr shp (qal) `wash away (rain)' [KB 654].

582. *cVd- `to tear off': W 3 Tng sɛdɛ `tear off, pluck'; C 7 Cuv mɛ-ɛdɛy

`decoudre, to unpick (tear off two pieces of cloth)', Mafa cuyad- àrracher

(bras, branche), dechirer (habit), tear off (branch), tear (clothes)'; E 6 Mok side

`dechirer, fendre, tear off'.

a. W *cVd- `to stretch': 2 Goem sa°at `stretch out smth'; 4 Miya cadə èxtend,

stretch' [Sch].

583. *cVwVḍ- (possibly < *cVHʷVd-) `to turn, to wag': C 3 FK yudə `to turn

instantly' [BN]; 4 Gude awudə `wag tail; swing a sling'; 7 Mafa cod-

`retourner, to turn'; E 3 cf. Smr sidə `bouger, to stir, to move' [JgSib].

584. *cVd- `be full, swollen': W 3 Tng sududu `full up' idf.; E 2 Kaba, Nch -sadə

ènfler, to swell' [HKb], Lele sadi 'gonfler, se facher' (contamination with

èvil', cf.); 3 Smr sodə `be full' [CLR].

Noun deriv.: C 7 Mafa cədaka'a `gros ventre, big belly'.

585. *[c]Vd- èvil': C 5a Hdi sidi `mean' [BrH]; 7 Mbuko sədk `mechancete';

E 2 Lele sadi `gonfler, se facher'; 6 Mok suddiwe `devenir acide, mechant'.

586. *[c]Vd- `to close, to dam': C 5 Mnd sada `barrier'; 9 (noun deriv.) Msg sedak

10 Note that in auslaut sura-angas languages reflect all the Ch labials as –p.

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`Schloss, door-lock' [LkM]. // Sem *sdd: Sab s3dd `dam' [Oh 369], Arab sdd

`fermer, boucher', Jib ed stop, block, close', Hbr sad block, stake' [KB 743].

See commens to N 573.

587. *[c]Vt- ` to pour': W 2 Goem saat `to spill' [TAS 317]; 3 Tng sitɛ `pour

water into smbd's hands', Bol ato `drops of rain blown by wind' (< Arab?)

[GAB]; 5 Zul oti `pour, spill' [Cs 805]; C 4 Gude it `pouring out

completely' idf.// Sem *stw/ʔ: Hbr stw, Akk atu `be watered', Arab tʔ `rainy

season' [KB 668]. See commens to N 573

588. C *cVHʷ- `field, land': 1 Hwn ‰əxwɛ-ra `ground' [Kr]; 8 Log sxe à farm,

fields' [LkL], sxee [AlL], sge [Mouchet] (Log sx- < *sH, but *sk- > Logone

sk-), Mak sko `fields' [AlM], Bud ‰ui (< *cVH-, cf. N 566) [CLR], Afd cǝwo

`field' [Tr], tsūwo, Ngala ugu `field' [Sol N 114] // Eg sḫ.t `field' (Pyr), Akk

saḫḫu `meadow' Arab saḫḫ- `good land' [BK 1757], [Sem 1138], [OS N 385].

a. W 4 *cVɣ- `to herd': Wrj čiɣЌ, Siri cagu [SkNB].

589. *cV(wV)g- `to pour': W 1 Hs ûuga `pour out'; 5 Buli yusugu `pour' [Cs

805]; C 8 Mak sage ìrrigation' [AlM]; E 2 Lele sogu `douche (endroit),

shower'. Cf. Lele so gle verser', sogli `verser un masse, renverser duche' <

Arab sgl `verser , rependre (eau)', IV `remplir d'eau' [BK 1055].

590. *cVg- `to pull, to pluck': W 1 Hs î°igaa `pluck, pull out or off'; 5 Tala su°ugi

`pull' [Cs]; E 2 Tob soge `pull'// Sem *n-s’ : Hbr nsʕ `pull out' [KB620],

Jibbali ns’ `pull out (hair)' [John].

591. *cVg- `peg, sharp point': W 1 Hs cuga `peg or nail'; C 7 Mafa caga `petite

fourche utilisee pour manier des epines, a small fork used to take out thorns'; 8

Mak sagi àrrowhead used to puncture abscesses' [AlM]; E 2 Lele siigi

`morceau de bois pointu, a sharp piece of wood'; 5 WDng sigo `poincon,

aiguille pour defaire les nattes des cheveaux, graver calebasses, awl, needle'.

592. *cVgVr- òstrich' C 8 Afd cǝ^gǝli, Kus skole [Tr], Mak sǝgǝlǝ° [AlM], Log

skelee [LkL]; E 6 Mok si°gi°r-te.

593. *cVg- `small': W 1 Hs îigiigii ànything very small'; C 8 Mak sugu `very

149

(small)'. Note C 7 Mbuko sugob `desenfler, to reduce (a swelling)'.

594. *cVgVr- `long, tall': C 8 Afd cǝ´gǝ^l `long, tall' [Tr], sigil `hoch', Ngala

segele `long' [Sol N 625]; E 5 WDng sogile è^tre trop grand'; 7 Kaj sigar `long

high (person)', Msm seegiri `long', Zer sageda , Mubi sagar `haute taille,

high (person)' [HJ], Mubi sagge_r `hoch' [LkM], Zir sageda `haute taille' [CJ].

595. *cV(wV)k- `to plug, to close an opening': W 1 Hs cuuke `purse lips, draw

together'; C 6 Daba suk `damer, boucher, to ram, plug'; 7 Mofu -sa-səkw-

`boucher un trou'// Sem *skk: Sab s3wk èncompass, encircle (with a wall)'

[Oh 397], Akk sakaku `to be clogged, stopped up', Hbr skk (pi) `cover, roof

over', (qal)`block, stop the approach' [KB 657]. For Sem-Mofu see [OS 407].

596. *cVk- `to gnaw (and crunch)': W 1 Hs îika, ûuka `crunch (while eating)',

caakii `noise made with the mouth'; C 9 Mulwi su-suki `ronger, grignoter,

picorer, to gnaw, to browse, to peck'; E 5 (deriv.) WDng sokume `mordiller,

bite slightly, nibble'// Arab hsk `manger de l'orge (bestiaux)' [BK 426].

597. *cVwVk- `to wash' (tr., intr.): W 2 Goem suk, pl. swap (< *suHVp <

*sukVp) `to bathe' [Hlw], Ang sook `wash o.-s.' [Or]; 3 Tng suke `wash

clothes'; C 7 Mafa cuwak `rincer un recipient'; 5 E Dng so°°o°ki°ye° èinen

Behӓlter im Wasser spμllen, to rinse a vessel'// Arab n-sk `laver' [BK 1251].

Verbal deriv.: C 7 Mafa cokwaḍ- `rincer (les habits), to rinse (clothes)'.

598. W *cVkʷ- `to descend, to kneel': W 4 Wrj cakwa `kneel, squat' [BlS]; 3 Tng

sakɛ `descend, go down'; 5 Dott wak `to kneel down, squat' [CrD], Guus su

(assim. < *suk#) `get, kneel down' [CrD]; C 7 Mafa cukw- (+ ged 'head')

`descendre'//Arab sksk II stem `s'abaisser, to sink, go down' [BK 1114].

599. *cVk- small portion, unit': C 8 Mak saka unit of measure' [AlM]// cf. Sab

n-s3k `food rations// expenditure' [SD BL Oh 357].

Verbal deriv.: W 1 Hs âakaraa `take & give person a small portion;

contribution', C 7 Mafa cakaɫ- `take a small amount of different products'.

600. *cVk- `twin, equal': W 5 Dott sukii `like this' [CrD]; C 7 Mafa cakalay

`jumeaux; twins'; 10 ZB sak `to bear twins' // Arab w-sq III è^tre egal, be

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equal' [BK 1536].

601. *cVkʷ- `company (of people)': W 1 Hs cuukii à set, company'; 3 Bol

oki àll' [Kr], Tng saga à casual get-together'; C 2 Bura sakwakwa `many

man with loads' idf.

602. *cV(yV)kʷ-n/r- `chicken': W 1 Hs caakoo (< cVkVn-?) `chicken'; 7 Bok

ikoor `chicken' (pl.); C 2 Bura aka `baby chicken'; 7 Mbuko siyk

`poussin, chicken', Cuv səyɔkʷ `poule, hen' (if not < *siy-k-), Mafa wa°-ca^k

`chicken'; 7a Skn akw `chiks' [DS]; 10 ZB sekne `francolin', ZD ekne

`poulet'. Cf. *čVkw- `fowl', note that both roots are attested in C 10 ZD.

603. W *cVkʷ- `cooked grain': 4 Wrj cikwii-na `cooked corn' [BlS]; 3 Krf aɣai

`coocked grain' [Stl].

Note C 7 Mafa cokwafay `mil qui n'a pas bien mu^ri, not quite ripe millet'.

604. W *cVk- `male' (in compounds): W 4 Siri də^n-cəki `man', zâa-cəki `bull',

to-cək `fly', maraa-cəki `sorcerer', Miya vakə-caku, Paa vaka-‰aka òribi'; 6

Ngz mə-sək `husband', gəm-sək `male, hero', Bade gə°m-sə°k `man, male'.

605. W 4 *ciyakʷ- (possibly < *ciy-kʷ-) ridge' (any relation to C *cVHʷ- field'

?) : Wrj ciyakwai [BlS], Miya ciyaku [Sch].

606. *cVḳ(Vr)- `to cut, slaughter': W 4 Paa cikər [MS], Siri cəḳəru [SkNB]

`cut, slaughter'; E 7 Brg sikki `couper'//cf. Eg hsḳ (Pyr) `cut off'.

607. *[c]VwVl- `to dig': W 2 Msh (u)wul `dig, excavate' [TAS 323], Mgh sul,

pl. sulwa `graben, to dig' [JgS] // Sab s3lʕ `quarry (stone), dig//lay

fouindation (of a building)' [SD Bl Oh 378]. See commentary to N 577.

Noun deriv.: W 6 Bade səla `well'.

608. *cVl- `money': W 4 Paa calliya `money' [MS]; C 5 Pod səla àrgent'; 7

Mbuko suloy `piece de monnaie', Ould səlay, Cuv səlay `money'; E 1 Kera

soloy `Geld'. A loan? Cf. Sem *sll: Hbr slh, Arab slʔ `to pay' [KB 658], Sab

s3lʔ `make over, hand over (smth)//pay > dedicate', Min òffrir, dedicate', Kat

`to offer as a gift' [Oh 377].

151

609. *cVl- `female genitals': W 1 Hs ceele `female pudenda (only in abuse)'; 5

Pol sol [Cs N 98] `vulva'; C 7 Muy salam (-m is a body-part suff.) `female

genitals'. [OS 393].

610. *[c]Vl- `grain': W 3 Ngm ala (G,Y) `kind of g corn' [NEH]; C 10 ZB səla,

ZD ile `graine'//Sem *sVl-t-: Hbr solt , Akk siltu `flour', salatu

`zermalmen', Arab sult- `barley without husks' [BK 660].

611. *cVm- to take, to snatch': W 1 Hs aamaa take, pick out'; 4 Wrj cəm-, Kar

cəm, Diri suma `to snatch' [SkNB]; 7 Kul sum `fangen, halten; to catch', Sha

um `to catch; fangen', umay `halten, to hold'; C 2 cf. Bura si-zima (partial

redupl., voicing in medial position) `to catch a person by a trick'.

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs cumunya `trap (for buffalo, etc.), snare for guinea-fowls'.

a. *cVm-cVm- `to palper, to touch': W 6 Duw sam-sam-‰uwo `grope', Bade

sam-sam-tu `to grope around with hands (in fish-trap)'; C 8 Log s�m-ti-wun

`palper, ta^ter', s�mun ale `touch' [AlL].

Cf. E 2 Lele sam sam `doucement, sans se presser'

612. *cVm- `to soak, to be wet': W 1 Hs camoocamo `become wet through',

cima, cuma `make ink, soak in water, steep herbs'; 3 Krkr iimaa `moisture,

dampfness' [GK]; C 3 FK am `to soak' [BlN].

613. *cVmw-/*cVwVm- `to like, to love, to symphasize, to pity with': W 4 Jmb

sam-, Miya, Kar cam-, Mbu camw-, Cagu coom `like, desire, love' [SkNB]; 5

Zaar iim `desire' [CrZ]; C 2 Bura sama `I am sorry'; 4 Gude saməma `sorry

to hear that'; 8 Mak sam `to love' [AlM]; E 6 (pl.) Mok so^mmagi coll. `pitie,

compassion, pity, mercy'.//Eg sm (MR) `to care, make smth good' [EG 120],

Arab ʕsm (i) `desirer, convoiter' [BK 256]. Cf. *ЉVm- `to love, to wish'.

Note E 5 Bid semmedy `tenir a° qqch, exiger, to value smth, demand'.

614. *[c]Vm- `to help, to protect': W 5 Saya som [Cs], Guus som `help' [CrG],

Pol səm-tire `help' [Cs N 898], Zaar som `help s.o. with a work' [CrZ]; C 7

Mada assama `proteger, garder (action propre a Dieu)'. // cf. Hbr smk `support,

sustain, help' [KB 662]. Any relation to the previous root?

Deriv. in -ḍ-, -t-: W 5 Dott sam-ti `offer' [Cs N 703]; C 7 Ould -simedeŸ, var.

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simete èncourager, to encourage'.

615. *[c]Vm- `to coat with cement, to wipe': C 3 Ngm sama^ 'wipe (off)' [NEH],

Bol samaa 'coat with cement, mud, coax' [GAB]; 6 Duw səmawo `wipe'; E 3

Tum haam 'caresser'; 5 Mig simmo 'essuyer'. //Sem *smm: Hbr smm hif

`cover with paste, perfume one's face, colour' [KB 661].

Note *sVm- `mud for plastering': W 3 Bol seme 'cement, mud used for

plastering' [GAB]; C 7 Mbu siman, Ould sima `cement, beton, mortier'; 8

Mak s�man 'cement' [AlM]; E 5 WDng siimo ciment, beton'. A mere

coincidence or a loan?.

616. W *cVm- `to swear': 4 Wrj, Kar cəm-, Miya cum-, Jmb əm- [SkNB], Miya

cəma swear' [Sch], Paa ‰uma swear' [MS]; E 4 Sok samesame swear [Luk]//

Akk samnu òath' [CAD 120].

Noun deriv.: 3 Krkr ‰amtu òath, swearing' [LkK]. Note unexpected ‰- in Paa

and in Karekare. A variant?

617. *cV(yV)m- `leg, 'foot': W 4 Wrj sma-kai (sma- < *cma- ?) [Gowers] `foot',

Miya cəmay `foot' [Sch], Paa ‰�mun `foot, leg' [MS], Siri cuma, Diri aəma,

Kar cumakə, Mbu cəma `leg' [SkNB]; 5 Jimi asəm, Zul asme `footprint,

track' [Cs 282], Jimi asəm foot' [Cs]; C 10 Lame syam foot' [Luk], ZB sem

`pied', ZD em, Masa sem [CC], Bnn siyema [Kr], LPeve em [Kr], cf. also

[Sry: 51]. // Eg smʕ (pyr) `leg (of falcon)'.

Cf. E 6 Mok simile, pl. simbali `perone, perone'.

618. *cVm- àrrow, sharp point': W 1 Hs cema, caima (< *cVyVm- <

*cVHVm-?) `small long-pointed arrow'; 3 Bol omom 'pointed' [GAB]; C 7

Ould səma `poincon, trocart, awl', Muy səmə `needle', Mada sma

`poincon (pour vannerie), needle for basket-plaiting', Zlg simir àrrow;

pousse (d'une plante), jet'. // Arab sahm- `fleche, arrow' [BK 1158].

a. W *cVm-(t)- `to sharpen': 2 Ang sam [Fl], Msh saam [TAS 315], Goem

sa°m [Hlw]; 3 (deriv.) Bol som-tu [GAB]//Arab h-sm `couper, retrancher' >

`sabre, tranchant' [BK 427].

619. *cVmV(r)- `tamarind tree': W 1 Hs caamiyaa `the tamarind tree'; C 7 Ould

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sǝmar `tamarinier'.

620. *cVn- `to send': W 4 Paa ‰�na `send' [MS], Wrj ‰ən-, Mbu ‰in-, Cagu ‰�n-,

Jmb ən-, Siri cənu (palatalization of *c- before -i-. Less probably, W 4 is

related to *čVn- `to drive away', cf.) [SkNB]; 5 Dott in `send' [CrD], Geji

in-ti [Cs N819]; C 9 Kus sǝn ènvoyer (qqn)' [Tr]; 10 Peve sin [Sn], ZB sin

`drive away', ZD in ènvoyer', Masa sun ènvoyer un message, send a

message' [CC]. Note secondary lateral in CChadic (but masa gr.) languages:

*ɫVn- `to send': 2 Bura ɫanta, (preferably hyenta) `to send, to cause to go'; 6

Daba ən [Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko ɫan, Ould -ɫər, Muyang ɫər, Mada aɫal, Zulgo ɫər,

Gis ɫan `send a person', Merey ɫer `to send', ma-ɫe `messenger', Mofu ɫər-

ènvoyer qqn, charger d'une comission', Cuv mɛ-ərɛy ènvoyer', 8 Log ɫən,

ɫen 'senden, to send' [LkL]; 9 Mlw ɫini 'envoyer', Mnj ɫini ènvoyer'.//Cf.

Eg sḥnw (Sp) `drive away (enemies)' [EG 219]. Note that medial laryngeal in

Proto-Ch (*cVHVn) my account for secondary latral in Biu-Mandara.

621. *[c]Vn- `to forbid, to deny': W 2 Goem shǝn `be prohibited or forbidden to

smb (because it is taboo or holy)' [Hlw]; 3 Tng siine `to denay, to dispute'; C 6

Daba sen `pas avoir, manquer' [Lnhr]//Sem *snn: Hbr səni `refuse', Sab s3nn

`be not permitted, be illegal' (with neg.) [Oh 389]. See commentary to N 573.

Cf. a noun deriv. `taboo': C 10 ZB sa `tabou', ZD sa àvoir ses regles'.

a. *[c]Vn- `to stop': W 2 Goem sen nuôe `stop breathing (a sick person)' [TAS

38]; E 1 Kera sene àufhren, schweigen, to stop, be silent'.

622. *[c]VnVh- `to scratch': C 7 Mada asnah `gratter, ronger, peler, to scratch, to

peel'; 5 EDng sɔɔnyɛ `ritzen, scratch, notch', Bid sooson `demanger; to itch'.

//Sem *snḥ: Hbr snh (nif) `be scraped away', (pi.) `scrape clean', Arab snh

`scrape away' [KB 654]. See commentary to N 573.

623. *cVn- `pointed weapon': W 1 Hs ciinaanaa `pointed weapons'; 5 Bogh

inuɣa, ia `sharp' [Cs]; C 9 Mba siinay `sagaie', siina ìron'; 10 Bana sina

Èisen, iron' [Luk]. Any relation to *[c]VnVh- `to scratch'?

Deriv.: *cVn-k/h/t- `sharp stick, iron': W 1 Hs cin-kee `wooden pin, skewer,

goad'; 3 Bol in-i (<*sin-ki) `stirring stick' [GAB]; W 4 Wrj cingg-sîng à

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pointed thing (arrow, nail)' [BlS]; C 5 Pod en�ta `piquet de bois, peg'; 7 Ould

sinehe `pointe, clou, point, peg'.

Cf. W 6 Bade samu `stab with knife or spear' and E 7 Kaj saaa, Msm saaa

(if not < *saa-ŋ) `pointu, sharp'.

624. W 4 *cVn- `sweat': Paa cina [MS], Siri cuni [SkNB].

Cf. W *SVn- `warm': 2 Goem sh s'hen `warm' [TAS 332]; 3 Pero ‰eno `to

warm' intr., 7 Sha sa^n `warm (oneself);. C 8 cf. Bud hin `to scorch'

625. *cVr- `to see, to know': 5 Glv sər `to see' (note contamin. with sər < *sVn-

`to know') [Rp]; 7 Mada asal (< asar) `know smbd/smth'; 10 cf. Msm sar [Kr]

`remember', Masa sar [CC] `regarder, chercher'; E 7 Jegu ser- `sehen'.//cf. Eg

sȵȵ (a) `know', Akk asru 'remind', Hbr ysr, Ug wsr 'teach, instruct' [OS 387].

Deriv.: E 5 Bid sorol `regarder furtivement, to cast a glance', suram

`regarder vaguement'.

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs cir-faa `plan, method, any means to getting a living'.

626. *cVr- `to pierce (meat for roasting); roasting spit': W 1 Hs ciire `spit meat

on skewers, pierce'; E 5 Bidiya siiri 'roasting spit', Mig ʔisira `small roasting

spit', WDng siiro `broche', siire ènfiler a la broche, to spit, skewer'.

Cf. W 1 Hs ciiree `skewered meat'.

b. *cVwVr- `kind of spear': C 7 Mbuko suwer `lance'; E 5 WDng soora

`lance sp.' // Arab sarw-at- àrrow' [BK 1085].

627. *cVr- `to undress, to strip': W 1 Hs îraara `naked', îrai-taa `to strip, to

bare'; C 4 Bana s(ə)rə `deshabiller, to undress'; 6 Daba sər `take off clothes'

[Lnhr]; E 5 Mig sooro `deshabiller', sor-nyo `s'ecorcher, to bark', Bid soor

`deshabiller, ecorcher, se faner, to undress, to peel', WDng sore `deve^tir,

take off clothes'.// Cf. Arab n-sr ò^ter, ecorcher; dechirer et ouvrir' [BK

1248], or Sab ms3r `to remove (inscription, monument)//removal' [Oh 354],

Min ms3r, ms1r ènlever une inscription, un monument'.

Deriv. in - b-: `to skin, to tear meat': C 6 Daba sərəb `se depouiller, to skin'

[Lnhr]; 7 Mofu -sərb- `desosser, detacher de chair, take out bones, tear off fat'.

628. *cVr- `to pull, to stretch': C 10 ZD sar `tendre, stretch'; E 3 Tum hur `tirer';

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5 EDng sore ausziehen, pull out'.// Sem *m-sr: Arab msr tirer', Hbr msr (Nip)

`to be picked out' [KB 608].

Deriv.: W 4 Miya cər-tə `pick (peanuts from vines), pull off' [Sch].

Note W 6 Ngz sərmu `sit with legs stretched out in front of one'.

629. *cVr- `to tie': C 7 Mafa cacar- `lier des pailles avec une corde, to tie straw

with cord (in plaiting basket, sekko)', Mofu sar sar `tied tightly'; E 2 Kbl, Nch

-sar lier, attacher, to tie to, to attach' [HKb], Lele sāar to tie' [Grg]; 3 Tum hir

`nouer, tie together'//Sem *ʔsr : Sab ʔs3r `take captive, be bound by obligation

//bind, take prisoner', Akk eseru `shut in, enclose', Hbr ʔsr `to bind', Bibl

ʔsur `Fessel, Gefngnis', Arab ʔsr `lier', Gz ʔasara `tie, faire qqn prisonner'

[Oh 327]. Cf. W 2 Msh saar `bundle (of millet)' [TAS 319].

a. *cVr-[k]- `rope': W Bol asir-ka (note -k- as a suff. of deverbial nouns) `rope

through the nose of a cow' [GAB]; 4 Siri ciira, Mbu cara-ku rope' [SkNB]; 5

Mangas sirigiy `rope' [Cs 694] (-g- < *-k-); E 3 Smr ire `thread' [Jg]; 7 Kaj

saaro `corde', Mubi seeri [CJ], seerii `Strick, strick' [Luk].

Note W 6 Duw sar-uwo (VN sarda) `attach a loop or noose'.

630. *cVr- `to clean nose': W 3 Bol siru `inhale through the nose' [GAB]; C 6

Daba seri `rhume, morve, crachat, sniffles, spittle' [Lnhr]; E 2 Lele sir `se

moucher' (Lele rather belongs to this root, than to Ch *ɫVr-, CLD II N 257); 5

Mig seero, Bid siir, W Dng siire `se moucher, to blow one's nose', EDng siire

`sich die Nase putzen, clean one's nose'.

a.*(cV)-cVw/yVr `slime': W 2 Mgh iwɔɔr `dicher Schleim, slime' [JgS],

Msh iiyor `running nose' [TAS 328];

631. *cVwVr- `to filter': W 4 Wrj cor `to filter' [BlS]; C 10 ZB sor `filtrer', ZD

sor `filtrer'; E 5 Bid soor `humecter la bouche'.

Deriv.: C 7 Mafa cəraɫ- `verser en libation en peu de bie°re de mil ou de l'eau

farineuse par terre', curf- `suinter (plaie, pus), to bleed'.

632. *cVr- `two': W 3 Ngm ili-n [Migeod]; 4 Paa ‰iru `two', ‰ir-ḳwun (alt.

cir-ḳwun) 'seven' [MS], Miya ci^r, Siri bə-‰a^r, Mbu cər, Jmb ir `two', Siri

bə-cur-kunu, Wrj ma-sər, Jmb man-sir, Miya maa-s�r, Mbu man-cər, Kar

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maa-cir `seven' [SkNB]; 6 Ngz irin, Bade sərən, Duw iri `two'; C 4 Sharwa

sooruʔ `two' [BrJ]; 5 Pod səra `two'; 6 Daba ‰esere-d `seven', səray `two'

[Lnhr]; 7 Ouls səsəla seven', Mada sla two', Zlg sula two', Mofu maa-sala

`nine', Mafa cara-d- `two'; 9 Mnj sulu `two', Msg solu, ‰ilo, ‰lo, coloo, xillu

[LkM]; E 3 Smr sir `two' [Luk], Tum hɛɛ `two'; 5 EDng sɛro, CWDng sɛr

`two' [CJ], MigB seera `two' [HJ]; 6 Mok sire `two'; 7 Mogum (Jegu) sɛ

[HJ], Zir seri, Mubi sir `two', Zir bɛ-siri, Mubi be-sir, EDng pɛɛ-sira `seven'

[CJ].

Cf. C 2 Mrg səda, Chb sdɛ, Bura suda `two' [Kr]; 8 Log ן-sda [LkL] `two';

10 ZD edaʔ, sedaʔa seven', E 4 Barein siidi two' [Luk-CLR]. All < *cVr-d-

(cf. Daba and Mafa). On -ḍ- as a marker of numerals see [Stolbova 1996: 137].

633. *cVr- `chief': W 1 Hausa caaraa `chief'; 4 Wrj caara `king, chief, ruler'

[SkNB, BlS], C 4 Gude ənara `chief's son'// Eg sr (Pyr) `high official,

elder', [OS.386].

Deriv. in m-: C 4 Gude masara òld man'; 6 Daba musur òld' [Lmhr].

a. *cVr- àdult': W 3 Bol siiri ìmportant, adult' [GAB]; E 3 Tumak səri

àdult'.

W 7 DB saram, pl. sarama `chief', saramat `rule; lordship'; ma-saram

`prinz'. Cf. Bura wa«ir `the chief's 'rake off'.

634. *(cV)cVr- `star': W 7 Kul sisri `star', pl. sisiyar [JgR]; C 3 HB sesira [Luk];

E 3 Tum hēru´. According to [Tr ], Zina ‰- (cf. *cVrVk- ) points to Ch *c-.

a. *cVrVk- `star': 2 Bura sasilka [Ann]; MrC ailga; 3 Bana sasərkwə; 8

Mak s�lg� [AlM], Kus salake [Luk], sǝ°lkǝ° [Tr], Bud hilogo, silogo, Log səlkə

[Luk], Ngala silge, Glf yalge, Shoe tselge, Zina tsharagi [Sol 187] ètoils',

‰a°ra°kwǝ°y `star' [Tr]. Kanuri silogo `star' is a Ch loan.

b. *c/cVr-`white': W 3 Ngm sorol, sol idf. `whiteness' [NEH]; 5 Pol ar

leyim `cloud-white fleecy' (leyim `cloud') [Cs N 362], Buli erə `lightness'

[Cs N482].

635. *car- `fence' > *cVcVr- `to fence': W 1 Hs cari àny walled/fenced

place'; 7 Sha saar, sar `to fence, einzunen'; C 7 Mafa ca-car- `to fence with

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thorns'. // Hbr sahar `round enclosure', Akk saʔru `ring' [KB 650].

Cf. W 4 Miya cərdiy `space between two huts filled by a wall' [Sch].

636. E 5 *sVr- (< Ch *cVr-) `(be) poor': Bid saar `become poor', WDng saaro

`souffrance, pauverte'//Sab ʔ-hs3r `?poorer class/ social class of indigents(?)'

[Oh 341].

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*C 637. *cVʔ(Vw/y)- `to burn, to make fire': W 2 Kofyar sa `to burn' [TAS:314]; 4

Kar sii-, Miya siy- `burn' [Sk-CLR], Miya ciy [Sch]; C 3 FK cwa `to roast'

[BlN], Bana cə°ʔwə àllumer, apporter le feu (avec tiges)'; 10 ZD cu, ZB cu

[tsu] `griller sur les braises', Masa cay `faire frire' [CC]; E 1 Kera saawe

`rsten, verbrennen (Erde); to roast, to burn'.

Noun deriv.: C 7 Ould me-čečew [me-tsetsew] ètincelle, spark'.

638. *cVw/ʔ- `to weave, to plait': W 2 Ang wee `weave' [Fl]; 3 Bol saʔʔ-

`weave' [LkB], Ngm saʔ- [SchV]; C 2 Bura ca `weave'; 3 Bana ca `tisser,

tresser'; 5 Glv c (red. ca-cə) `to plait, to measure'; 7 Mofu -č- `to plait (mat,

net), to weave', Cuv ma-cay `coudre un panier'; tisser'; 8 Log [AlL] s�-wun

he `twist, tordre', Mak ṣwa go `twist, tordre' [AlM]; 10 ZB čeo [tseo]

`tressage'.

Noun deriv. in n-/m-: C 3 FK n-cua à sieve' [BN] ; 4 Gude mə-cəʔwa

`woven strainer (only for beer)'.

Cf. W 2 Ang wa `cotton' [Fl], Mgh uu `cotton' [JgS], Mpn siwu [u] `cotton,

thread' [FrM].

639. *cVʔ- `to chop (into pieces)': W 2 Mgh saa àb-, be-, schneiden, fllen, cut

(off), fall (trees)' (pl.of chan) [JgS], Mpn saa `chop' [FrM]; C 4 Gude cwaʔ

idf. `chopping'; 8 Mak ṣa he `cut', ṣa ho `cut open' [AlM], Log sa-wun `chop

into pieces, fendre, couper en morceaux' [AlL], Kus ṣǝ°ya° `fendre', Afd a°

`fendre' [Tr]. Cf. *cV `to cut (wood) .

Deriv in n- (intensive): C 8 Mak n-ṣa `chop into pieces, fendre' [AlM].

Noun deriv.: C 3 *ˆVʔ/y- àxe': Bana cəʔi `hache', FK cay àxe' [BN].

a. C *cVx- `to chop, to cut in pieces': 3 Bana cəxə `se fendre'; 4 Gude cahu

`fashion from wood by carving or chopping; 7 Mafa cuwah- `depecer, mettre

en pieces (viande)'// Arab swh `fendre' [BK 1383].

b. *cVw/y- `be sharp (of weapon)': W 2 Mgh sɛ `scharf (Messer), sharp

(knife)' [JgS]; C 7 Muy cucu 'sharpening iron, file'; 8 Mak ṣiw `(be) sharp'

[AlM]; E 5 WDng, Mig saaya `special kind of spear; 6 Mok saaye 'pointed

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spear'// SCush Alagwa cahi , Bur cahiya `arrow-head' [Ehret]

c. C 7 *cVw/y- `to trim, cut (cereals)': C 3 FK cəcəw (redupl.) `to trim'; 7 Cuv

ma-cay `couper (mil)'.

640. *cVʔVw- `to demand, to beg': C 3 Bana ‰əʔwə [the only case of ‰- before

-ə- in Bana. A mistake?] `prier, demander qqch'; 7 Mbuko cəče [cǝce]

`demand', Ould caway [tsaway] `mendier, demander un suppliant'; 9 Mnj

siywi `quemander, supplier, beg'; E 7 Brg siyi `quemander, beg'.

641. *cVw- `to dance, to jump': W 2 Goem s`he^ `fetish dance' [TAS 331]; 5 Zaar

caw `jumping up and down (e.g. monkey)' [CrZ]; C 3 FK cwə `dance',

cawcaw `describes s.o. who is active (in dancing, running)'[BN], Bana cə `to

dance'.

642. *cVw/y- `to melt': W 3 Ngm suwa^ (G) `melt (of ice); pass away' (euph. for

'to die') [NEH], Krkr suwaa `dissolve, melt' [GK]; 6 Ngz i-iyu `melt'; C 7

Ould caЇ-ca΄y [tsatsay] `fondre'.

643. *cVw- `to repair': C 5 Mlg caca `Kalebassen reparieren', Pod caca [tsatsa]

`to repair'; E 5 Bid suway `to repair', WDng siye `reparer, arranger', EDng

siye `reparieren, repair'.

Note C 7 Cuv ma-cay `coudre une panier, to sew a basket' (? = `to repair').

644. C *cV `to tear': 4 Gude ca `tear', cf. cəərə `tear, strip off'; 8 Log s�ye ya

`(be) torn' [AlL], Mak ṣa yo `tear, dechirer', ṣe `(be) torn' [AlM].

Deriv. in n-: C 8 Mak n-ṣ�-n-ṣe `(be) torn' (PLUR) [AlM].

645. C *cVʔ- `to feel': 4 Bana cəʔwə `ressenntir, feel'; 7 Muy e‰i 'hear, feel,

understand'.

646. *ˆV `hand': W cf. 2 Grk ta [JgC], Goem sa `hand or lower arm; handle'

[Hlw]. (Note that complete loss of -r is not typical of Gerka and Gomai. Thus,

WCh *sara (< Ch *s/c/ˆara) `hand(s)' may reflect old pl. in -rV, cf.); C 2 Bura

ci `hand, arm', Mrg ciʔ, Klb ‰i, Kpel ci [CLR] `hand' (less probably, derived

from *ti `to eat', because there are no traces of this verb in C 2); E 1 *sV (<

*s/c/cV) `hand': Modgel (Kwang) ko-zu-m `hand ("my hand.") [Luk], Kwang

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ko-si [CLR], Kera ka-si (coll.) `hand, arm'. Note C 8 Mak m-ṣi `liane' [AlM].

Verbal deriv. *cVʔ- to touch slightely with hand, to take (in hands), to hand':

W 3 Bol sosuwa, sowo `to touch slightely with hand'; C 5 Pod ca [tsa] `to

take, to give a portion', 10 ZB coʔ`prendre qqch de pa^teux, to take smth

sticky'; E 2 Tob sawe `froler, to touch'; 5 Mig susiyo `lisser avec la main, to

smear with hand'.Cf. C 5 Pod cəha [tsǝha] `take a piece'.

647. *cVw- `kind of bush': W 1 Hs âa, ˆwa `the name of a shrub ; C 2 Bura cuca

à shrub'.

648. *cVy/w- `bitter': W 4 Diri saya `bitter'; C 8 Mak ṣa ṣa `(be) bitter' [AlM],

Afd a-a àmer' [Tr]; 7 cf. Muy ‰e‰wek àcid ' (if < *‰e‰w-k < *cecw-k).

649. *cVcV `pig': W 2 Grk usso [Fp]; 8 Log ts'es'e [LkL], sese [AlL] `pig', Bud

ai (< *VsVsV, in the view of Logone word for `pig', Kanuri ai is a Chadic

loan) Èrdschwein, kind of pig'; 9 Msg ae (if < ae- ) `Schwein, pig' [LkM].

a. *cVhʷ- `porcupine': C 5 Mlg ‰i‰iha, Wnd ‰i‰uןa [Luk] if not < *kikuxa;

7 Zlg ‰ehe [tsehe] ; E 2 Lele suwo.

650. C *cV à fence, to fence': 3 Bana ca `clo^ture, jardin', FK n-ca `fence' [BN];

4 Gude ca fence off/in', canə `fence (of thorns, sticks)'; 5 Glv c (red. ca-cə,

cə-cə) `to enclose, to inclose, to surround, to encircle; to vorbid, to hinder'.

651. C 8 *cV `wind': Mlt si Afd i `tornade' [Tr 5], Mak m-ṣi [AlM], Kus si

[Luk]. Cf. Mak m-si `craziness'.

652. C *cV àlone, only': 7 Mbuko ca [ca] `seulement, only'; 8 Mak sa `(be)

alone, seul, solitaire' [AlM].

b. C *cVh/Ђ- `small piece, a little': 2 Bura n-caha à little, small'; 7 Mafa caЂ,

‰eЂ ùn petit morceau'; 8 Kus ṣa°y `petit' [Tr] sai [Luk]; 10 ZD caʔ ùn peu'

(cf. ca `pauvrete, poverty'), ZB caʔa [tsaʔa] `peu plus'; E 7 Kaj sayya

`mince' [Alio]; cf. 5 WDng siisi `petite piece de monnaie, a small amount of

money'.

653. *cV(w/y)- èarly': W 3 Bol saayu `get an early start'; C 8 Log sa èarly'

[AlL].

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654. *cVb- `to split (wood)': W 5 Jimi subee `split, divide' [Cs]; C 4 Jimjimen

cabi `split (wood)' [BrJ]. Cf. *čVb- `to cut (off), to slash'.

Deriv.: C 2 Bura cabila `cut up, butcher an animal'.

a. W 5 *sVbVr- < *cVbVr- `knife': Buli səbər, Pol sərəp, Saya səbər, Zul

suburi [Cs N 150], Saya səbər [Cs], Guus subuur, Dott sərəp `knife' [CrG,

CrD]; Zaar sЌḅЌr [CrZ]; E 1 cf. Modgel (Kwang) suar (< *subar) [Luk] //Akk

sibru `pointed garden tool'.

655. *cVb- `to pile' > *ˆVbVk/t /r à pile': W 1 Hs ciba° `pile', ‰ibe (Kats) ìn

large quantity' < *îbe; 5 Zaar cəbər `rubbish heap' [CrZ]; 7 DB ma-sabut

`Haufe, pile'; C 4 Gude cəbuk `collected into a pile'; 7 Ould cəḅakw

[tsǝḅakw] `colline; tas', Zlg caba [tsaḅa] `to pile'.

656. *cVb- `to ram, to thresh, to castrate (by pounding)': C 2 Bura cabwa `to tread

out'; 5 Mlg cəba `dreschen, stampfen, to thresh, to ram '; 7 Mafa cub-

`cha^rtrer un animal domestique, castrate a domestic animal'. Cf. *čVb- `to

break (bones)'. Note that both roots are attested in C 7 Mafa.

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs caaba `threshed grain', caaba‰ee (rare) `to thresh grain'.

657. *cVb(VH)- `cover (a roof), close': W Siri səbu `cover, close' [SkNB]; 5

Buli səbi `close' [Cs 786]; C 7 Muy acab `place roofing sticks on a house',

Ould cəb [tsǝḅ] `poser les bois de la charpente, cover a roof'.

658. *c/‰Vb- `to sew, to tie': C 3 Bana cəbə `rattacher une corde (ou autre chose),

to tie once more', FK n-cəbə `to patch' [BN]. Cf. *sVb- `to sew' (both roots

are attested in Hs).

Deriv.: W 1 Hs caaba‰ee `sew together'.

659. C *cVb- `to eat': 4 Gude cəbə èat (hard food)'; 5 Pod caba [tsaḅa] èat

(soup or porridge)'; 7 Mafa co-cub- `prendre dans la main les restes de boule

de mil colle de la marmite, take by hand the rest of food, that has stuck to the

vessel'.

660. C *cVb- `to build (with mud)': 2 Bura cambwa `build a mud-house' (if not

< *ca 'weave'); 5a Hdi cubay [tsuḅay] `to add a layer to the wall'; 7 Zlg caba

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[tsaḅa] èlever, construir, eriger, to build'.

C 4 *saḅw- (< *ˆVbw-) `mud': Bch soḅwɛy, Mwl soḅo [Kr].

661. *cVb- kind of insect': W 3 Krf obbine small insects' (pl.<*sVb- <*cVb-);

C 10 ZB caba [tsaba] `kind of insect'; E 6 Mok soobaaya `kind of ant (on

trees)'.

a. Cf. C 7 *mV-‰eb- < *me-ceb- `louse': Mofu mee‰eb, me‰ee‰eb `puce'; Gis

me‰e‰eb `(Krper-)Laus, body-louse'//Arab sʔb `fourmiller de lentes (te^te);

be full of nits (head)' [BK 1301].

b. W 4 *cVb- `caterpillar': Diri sara, Cagu saburan [SkNB].

662. *cab(Vr)- `kind of grass': W 1 Hs âuree, âbree `tall grass'; C 2 Bura cabwa

`kind of grass'; 4 Gude caba `type of grass'; 7 Mbuko cəcabay [cəcabay]

`brindille, stalk'.

663. *cVbV-n- `rat': W 2 Mgh nsəbɛ°n `kind of stinking rat' [JgS], Mpn nsǝ°bǝ°n

`shrew' [FrM], Goem «o°o°n `stinking shrew mouse, a type of rat' [Hlw]; C 7

Ould čiblo [tsiḅlo] (-bl- < *-bn-) `kind of rat'.

664. W 4 *Vmb- `to pull': Kar amb- `pull' [SkNB], Wrj camb- `to pull out'

[BlS]// Akk ṣumbu `wagon, dray' [CAD 245].

665. *cVf- `to suck': W 3 Krf upp- Gera ‰ufu-mi [SchB], Glm sub- [SchB]; C

8 Mak safu [AlM], Mlt səfə, Afd əfə `sucer' [Tr5], Log s�fu-wun [AlL].

666. *cVf- `to pierce, to deflorate': W 3 cf. Krkr sampu `stab, pierce, lance (boil,

etc.)' [GK]; 5 Mng sap `stab, pierce' [Cs]; C 2 Mrf ca°vu° `to pierce, to-inject'

[HfM:141]; 7 Muy caf idf. `piercing', Ould čef [tsef] `deflorer une fille', čef

[tsef] `percer rapidement une boi^te' idf. // Arab sff `mettre a la broche les

morceaux de viande pour les ro^tir ' [BK 1343].

Verbal deriv. in n-: C 2 Bura n-civi `to bore, pierce, insert, inject'.

Noun deriv. `sharp': W 1 Hs îifa à finely pointed pen'.

667. *cVf/p- `to bathe, to wash, to be pure': W 3 Ngm sap `to wash (parts of the

body)' [VbN]; 5 Guus cap cleanness' [CrG], Zaar cap wash o.s.' [CrZ]; 7 DB

sapa `heilig sein, holy; rein sein'; C 5 Glv cuf- 'to wash, to bathe, to baptize',

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cuufəg(a) `bath, the washing, baptism' [Rp] // Akk sapu^ `smooth, white (of

body)', Arab sfw/y `be clean (water), clear (sky)'. For DB and Arab cf. AA N

359 *Vp- `to be clean' (the rest of Ch data in AA N 359 is not related).

Deriv. in -k-: W 3 Ngm ap-ko `wash lower legs, forearms, face' [NEH]. Cf. C

5 Pod cǝfakə [tsǝfakǝ] idf. èmporte par l'eau, carried away by water'.

668. *cV(wV)f- `to take care, to be loyal': C 5 Mlg cuufa `hten, bewachen; to

guard'; Glv cuf- `to follow (laws), to keep (laws)', Pod cufa [tsufa] `pay

hommage to; respecter, garder avec soin, to respect'; 7a Skn cuf `take care of'

[DSk]; 9 cf. Mnj sifi `courtiser (une fille)', Mulwi sifi àller courtiser (une

fille)'; E 6 Mok soope `sympathiser, avoir pitie de qqn.'.

Deriv.: C 7 Ould čiwfe [tsiwfen] `proteger, executer les rites, respecter'.

669. *cVf- `to be ahead': C 10 ZD cof àvant, premier'; E 5 Mig saapo `pousser;

avancer'.

670. W 4 *cVf- 'to dry up': W 4 Paa c�faa `dry up'; Wrj cəfə, Siri ‰əfu, Mbu, Kar

cəfa-, Miya suf-, Cagu sufu, Diri ‰əfu [SkNB], Wrj cəfə `dry up' [BlS].

671. C *cVf- `to fight, to kill': 2 Bura cafa `to do smth which is likely to get you

into trouble'; 3 FK ncəʔvə `to persevere, to struggle, to strive for' [BN]; 4

Gude cəvu `start fight between two other people'; 5 Glv cəf `to put to death',

Wnd iifa `kill' [CLR]; 10 Bana ‰ifana `kill' [Luk]

672. *cVf- `rope, to plait a rope': C 5 Pod cafa [tsafa] `plait, tresser (rope, hair)';

7 Mafa caf- `plait a rope'; E 4 Ubi sepa cord' [Alio], Saba sipi `rope' [SR]; 5

WDng siipi `liane, attache vegetale (corde en cotton, liane d'ecorces), kind of

(vegetal) rope', EDng sipi, Mig (Baro) sippu `rope' [HJ], Mig sippu `corde',

sipiyo `tordre'; 7 Zir sapiyo `rope' [CJ]./

Deriv. in -d-: C 4 Gude cavədə `(en)tangle, twist two ropes together; wind up

rope'; 5 Pod ‰�v�de [c�v�ḍe] ènrouler, tordre'; 7 Ould -ca°fa°ḍa°y [cafaḍay]

ènrouler autour de, to twist around smth'. //cf. Arab sfd `lier' [BK 1345].

673. *cVf- `hot, to heat': C 4 Gude cəfə maʔinə `to heat water'; 9 Msg safoo

`heiss' [LkM]. //Arab syf `passer la saison d'ete'> `chaud' [BK 1391].

164

Noun deriv.: C 2 Chb ‰ifa `sweat' [HfC]; 3 FB mə-cuf-xən, FM xa-‰ifa

'sweat' [Kr]; 4 Gude ma-cəfəkii `be hot (water)', ma-cəfəha `perspiration,

humid heat'.

674. C *cVf- `light (weight)': C 5 Mlg cafcafe `leicht', Pod cəcafa [tsǝtafa]

`sàlleger', cafə cafə `leger, peu solide; light; 7 Mbuko cəf [cǝf] idf. à

demarche legere, to have light step', Ould čefčef [tseftsef] `leger'.

675. *cVp- `to pile, to join': C 3 Bana capə `se reunir, to gather (intr.)', FK cəpə

describes putting different objects in one place [BN]; 7 Muy acəpay `join,

gather to join', Mbuko cə-cop [cəcop] `s'attacher, to attach', Ould cəp-cəp

[tsǝptsǝp] idf. `double', Mofu -‰əp- èntasser, empiler, bourrer', ‰əpa 'tout',

-‰a-‰əp- 'empiler, mettre les uns sur les autres', Mafa cop-copopa'a `put on

the top of'; 10 ZB cap [tsap] `beaucoup, many'. Cf. *čVp- `to collect taxes'.

Deriv. in -t-: *cVp-t- a pile; to gather': W 5 Dott sup-ti `rubbish heap' [CrD];

7 Ngz sap-to `pile of grass, cornstalks, etc.', Bade əsp-ət `pile of millet-heads

ready for threshing'; C 2 Bura cap-ta `gather together inanimate things'.

676. *cV(wV)p- `to cover (oneself)': W Mpn sup, pl. wap `to cover oneself'

[FrM], Msh up act of covering o.s.'s body with blanket, wrapper' [TAS 324];

C 4 Gude cəp `closed, covered completely' idf.; 7 Muy cap-capap mod.

`covered', Moloko capay `to drape'; E 5 WDng soo°pe `couvrir, entourer'.

//Akk ṣuppu `μber-, abdecken; to wrap', Ug ṣpy `μberziehen' [AHw 1112].

Redupl. C 2 Bura cip-cipu `piled in good order; well covered'.Cf. `to pile'.

677. *cVp- `to touch, to slap': W 3 Ngm sap- `touch' [VbNg]; C 7 Ould capapa

[tsapapa] idf . `toucher, to touch'; E 5 EDng sɛɛpɛ èin Kind schlagen, to slap

a child'//Arab sfʕ `taper legerement, to slap' [BK 1347]

Deriv.: C 5 Pod capara [tsapara] `to slap; gifler'.

678. C *m-cVp- `kind of (poisonous) snake': 2 Bura n-capa à snake'; 3 Bana

capə `vipere', FK məcapə `viper' [BN]; 4 Gude mə-capa `kind of snake

(blue and yellow, poisonous)'; 5 Pod ma-capa [ma-tsapa] `kind of snake'// Hbr

sepaʕ `snake'.

165

679. *CVp- 'to jump': C 5 Glv cəv `to jump'; 7 Muy acapay 'jump from one

place to another', Mofu -‰əv- sauter'; 8 Log safə (<*s/cVf-)`to jump' [CLR].

Deriv.: W 6 Duw səp-ko `joggle, dangle, bounce a child'.

680. C *cVp- `to demand': 7 Mafa cəpa `reclamer avec insistance un du^, to insist

on paying the debt'; 10 ZB cap [tsap] `demander'.

Deriv. in -d- : C 7 Gis cfod (cf- < *cp- in contact position) `bitten, fragen',

cfəd, ‰fod, Mofu ‰əfd- `demand', -‰a‰əfd- `demander en insistant'.

681. *cV(wV)d- `to hunt': C 4 Gude cədə `lie in wait for pray, wait in hiding'; E

3 Smr ‰ʷada `poursuivre' (čw- < *ˆw-, probably < Arab) [JgSib] // Sem *swd

/*ṣyd- `hunt (v.), take, catch', Arab syd `chasser' [BK 1389]. [StH N VIII.1).

a. *cVd- to pick, catch': C 4 Gude cadə bunch together and pick up, pick up

a handful of'; E 6 Mok seeda `saisir, tenir, marry'.

Deriv.: C 7 Zlg cədak [tsǝḍak] `catch (by hand)'.

682. *cVd- ` to castrate': C 7 Muy acad, Moloko caday `to castrate'.

Deriv. in -kº- `to pound, to press': C 4 Gude cədə-ku `pound (food, grain) in

mortar or on grinding stone'; 7 Mofu -čačəd-kw `e^tre serre, to be pressed'

(also `se replier, s'accroupir, s'assesoir sur ses talons').

Deriv.: W 3 Bol muidu `cause to be wrinkled by pressing' [GAB].

683. *Vd- > cVd- `to squat, to sit down': E 1 Mobu sade `s'asseoir', Ngam sadi

`s'asseoir; habiter' [Lns].

Deriv. in -kº-: C 7 Muy e‰idkwey `to crouch', Moloko cədokay `crouch,

squat', Cuv mɛ‰ɛ‰dɛkʷy `s'accroupir', Mofu -‰a‰ədkw, (metath.) -‰ə‰kud-

`se replier, s'accroupir, s'assesoir sur ses talons, se tenir sans bouger, to squat,

to stay in one position' (contam. with *cVḍ- `to press, squeeze, to castrate'); 9

Mlw suduki `s'accroupir'.

Cf. also C 7 Mbuko cəcodof [cəcodof], Prdgm. čečfok [cecfok]

`s'accroupir, to squat', Mada œčœ°čœ°ḍœ°hœa , œ‰hœḍwa (metath.)

`s'accroupir'.

684. *cVd- `to clean, to sweep': W 2 Ang wat `a cleansing ceremony' [Fl], Mpn

seet to clean' [FrM]; 7 Muy e‰edey to look after, clean up (person)', Moloko

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caday `to smooth'; 7a Skn cad `to sweep'.

685. *cVd- ` to swallow': C 5 Pod cəḍəhə [tsǝḍǝhǝ] idf. àvaler, to swallow'; 7

Mafa cad- `boire dans le creux de la main'; E 5 Mig saddo `gouter, taste'//

Arab msd `teter, sucer, manger en su‡ant' [BK 1115]. Cf. *sVd(Vh)- `to

swallow'. Note that ECh *sVḍ- may alternatively originate from *Vd- .

686. *cVwVd- 'take out, extract': W 2 Ang wat èxtract, pluck up' [Fl], Mgh

wat (pl. of a) `herausziehen, to pull out' [JgS], Mpn wat [siwat] `bring out;

take out honey combs from the beehive' [FrM], Msh wat `to transplant', (pl.)

`remove' [TAS 326], Goem shwat `clean smth by pulling out loose strands

from a bungle' [Hlw]; C 7 Muy cod `taking out' idf.

687. C *cVd- `to shine, be light, clear': 7 Muy acaday `to shine', Moloko caday

`to clear', wacaday `to shine'.

Noun deriv.: 4 Gude cədəkə èarly morning'; 5a Htkl sdoko `morgen;

tomorrow' [LkH].

688. *cVd- `land': C 2 Bura cidi `country, province, area'; E 6 Mok siido `terre,

village, sol'// Arab saʕid- `terre, sol, route' [BK 1337-8].

Deriv.: W 1 Hs âdarii 'piece of farm land which is very hard to work'.

689. *cVd- `small amount': W 1 Hs âadaa `paucity'; C 7 Mbuko cədew

[cədew] petit', cf. ‰ecədew [cecǝḍew] `very small'; E 5 Dng sood `peu, un

peu', Bid soot ùn peu, peu' (if not < *SVw-d).

690. *cV(wV)d- quickly, at once': C 7 Zlg ‰edide [tseḍiḍe] very quickly', Mafa

cadadawa'a `raise at once, easily'; E 6 Mok soodo `rapide; leger'.

Note 7 Muy ‰eḍeḍ idf. `running'.

691. W *cVd- `flea': 1 Hs caada `fleas'; 4 Jmb sando `flea' [SkNB].

692. *ˆwVt- `to squeeze': W 5 Grnt waatii, Jimi eti [Cs], Zaar cat `squeeze,

wring out' [CrZ]; C 9 Mlw suti [sʷ t ] `presser (du tabac)'// Arab mst

`squeeze out pus' [BK 1114]. Cf. *‰Vw/yVt- id. Note root variants in Arab and

in Ch.

167

693. Cf. C 10 *cVt- `to pierce through': ZD cut `(trans)percer, trouer, perforer',

ZB cut [tsut] `(tranc)percer, debousquer, deboucher sur'// note Arab m-st

`cohabiter' [BK 1114].

694. *cVt- `kind of (thatching) grass': W 2 Ang it 'forest; grass' [Or]; it `grass

for thatching' [Hff], Mgh it `gras' [JgS], Mpn si°t `grass' [FrM], Kfy it

`roofing grass, thatching grass', Goem sǝt `generic term for bush or grass'

[Hlw] set `grass for thatching' [Hff], set `grass' [Jg]; Msh it `grass' [TAS

336]; C 10 ZB čit [tsit] `kind of grass'.

695. *cV[ɣʷ]- `to hoe, to cultivate': W 1 Hs âagee `first light hoeing'; 2 Bura

cuwha `to farm, hoe, cultivate'; 3 cf. Bana cxwə `debroussailler un champ, to

clean a field from bush'; 4 Gude cahə `hoe or cultivate between sprouted

plants; shave part of head leaving beard'.

Deriv.: C 5 Pod cəhwada [tsǝhwaḍa] `to make furrows'.

696. *c/čVɣ- to learn': W 2 Goem ʃe° [Hlw], Kofyar e teach, learn' [TAS 351]; 3

cf. Tng sowe (< *cVHʷ-) `to initiate, copy, learn'; C 1 Tera P ziya, Gaa ‰əʔi,

Gbn i‰əʔi , Bok eki, Hwo cəha `learn' [Kr]; 5a Htkl caɣ- `lehren, to teach'

[LkH]; 7 Muy acahay `to learn', Zlg cah [tsah] è^tre sage, attentif', (deriv.)

me-če°he [metsehe] intelligence'// SCush Iraqw in-cah- < *cah- learn, know'.

Note C 7: Mada acacah [acacah] àpprendre, etudier'.

697. *cVɣ- > *cVy-/*cVɣ- `to ask': W 4 Wrj, Kar, Miya siy-, Siri sa, Cagu suw-

àsk' [SkNB], Miya caciya àsk repetatedly' [Sch], Wrj cəɣai àsking,

questioning' [BlS]; C 7 Moloko cahay àsk'.// Sem *ṣw/yḥ `shout, call' [OS

427 for Sem-WCh].

Derived from *cVʔVw/y- `to demand, to beg'?

698. *cVH- `to shine, to be clear': C 3 FK cəhu `clear' [BN]; 7 Mafa caya'a,

‰eye'e `brilliant, shining'// Arab shw è^tre clair, sobre' [BK 1315], Hbr ṣḥḥ

`be white', Geez ṣḥw `be clear' [OS 418].

Note C 5a Hdi cuɣ-bura [tsuɣbura] `dawn' (a compound) [BrH].

699. C *cVɣʷ- `to dry up, be dry': 3 FK caɣʷa idf. `discribes dryness of leaves

168

and other vegetation' [BN]; 10 ZD coʔ è^tre sec', ZB coʔo [tsoʔo] è^tre sec',

ca~ʔa~ [tsaʔa] `s'evaporer', Masa cѓy-ta° `dry season' [CC], Bnn soʔa-mo,

Mesme ‰oʔo `dry up' [Kr]// Arab swʕ `secher' [BK 1385], swh II stem

`dessecher (vent)', ṣūḥ-ān- `dried' [BK 1383], Hbr ṣḥy `to dry' [OS 451].

700. C *cV[ɣʷ]- `kind of pot': 2 Mrg cexa pot' [Meek]; 3 FK canɣʷa jar' [BN],

Bana caɣwa-yam `canari pour transporter l'eau'.

701. *(N)cVx- `to gather': 2 Bura n-ciha `draw together'; 3 Bana mə-cəxə àdd

many'; 5 Glv cax `to assemble, to gather', Pod č�hwa [c�hwa] `gather several

small quantities'; E 3 Tum su `ramasser (a° pleines mains)'.

702. C *cVx- `to arrive, to reach': 3 Bana cxə 'arriver'; 7 Gis c, ‰e èintreten,

hineintun'; 5 Pod cawa [tsawa] 'reach, arrive at'.

703. *cVh- `to dig, to sow into holes': W 4 Miya siy- `to dig' [SkNB], ciya [Sch];

C 5 Pod cəha [tsǝha] `creuser (eau ou argile); dig'; 10 ZD co°ʔ `creuser un

puits; semer en poquets, dig out a well, sow into holes'. Contamination with

*‰Vʔ/y- `to (trans)plant', cf.

704. *(n)cVh- `to pull (out)': W 4 Paa ca `pull (out)' [SkNB] (if no the same as

ca `close door, pull' [MS]); C 2 Bura n-cu, ncua (< *ncuHa) `to pull out by the

roots, to draw out (knife, sword)'; 5a Hdi cəhay [tsǝhay] ` pull'; 7 Muy acah

`draw out (water, powder, etc.)'.

705. C *cVh- `to receive, to get': C 7 Muy acuhway àccept', Moloko cahay `get

water'; 5a Hdi cuʔay [tsuʔay] àccept, receive' [BrH].

706. *cVh- `sorcery, miracle': W 3 Bol sowwo [GAB], Ngm sowo, sowo

`sorcery' [NEH]; C 7 Cuvok cahay `miracle'; 10 ZB caʔa [tsaʔa] `sorcellerie',

ZD ca_ʔ `sorcellerie, sorcier'.

Cf. W 4 Wrj cahiyei `refusing to call s.o.'s name' [BlS].

707. *cVg- `to sit down': W 4 Wrj caga [BlS], Miya, Mbu cəgə, Wrg cəgə, Cagu

‰əgu `sit down' [SkNB], Miya cəga `sit down', ‰ig `sit' ["a palatalized

version?" Sch]; C 5 Glv cugw go down, descend'.// cf. Arab swʁ descendre'

[BK 1385].

169

Deriv.: *cVgVn- to squat, to descend': W 1 Hs ugunaa to squat' (ani relation

to ûgurguma (<*ûgun-guma) 'elbow'?); 3 Tng sugne `to squat' (< Hs?);

5 Buli sagən `place, put on, lay down' [Cs N804]; E 4 Ubi sigin `descendre'.

708. *cVg- `to be, to become dry': W 1 Hs âage `become dry'; C 3 FK cagwa

idf. descr. dryness of leaves and other vegetation’ [BN]// Arab swg `dry

(body)'; raide , hart' [BK1383].Any relation to C *cVɣʷ-`to dry up, be dry'?

Cf. W 4 Paa cangw�n `dried meat' (-pl.) [MS].

709. *cVg- `to leave, to drive away': C 8 Mak saga `leave (place); quitter, partir'

[AlM]; E 4 Mawa suugu `s'eloignee, to leave; 5 EDng sugiye `wegjagen;

drive away'.

710. *cVgє- `to take, to carry': W 3 Krkr na segou Ì take [Kl], Tng suugЏ `take

some (groundnuts, etc)'; C 5 Glv cugw- `to take, to carry' [Rp]; E 3 Smr sagə

`carry (on shoulder)' [JgSib]; 7 Mubi sag `to bring' [Luk].

711. *cVg- `hair (in the horse's tail)': W 1 Hs cagiyaa `hair (in the horse tail)'; 4

Cagu gəsiya (metath.) `hair' [SkNb]; C 8 Glf m-sige, msege [Luk], Mak

msugurio `tuft, lock of hair' [AlM], Bud nige, pl. nigeli `Haar, Feder, hair,

feather' // For Hausa - SCush Iraqw caga `hair' see [OS 415].

Cf. C 4 Bana igə `queue'; 6 Daba segwer `petit bout de cheveaux' [Lnhr]; 8

Log ʔəmsəgə `hair' [CLR]. Irregular s- instead of c-, probably, s- < *nc-.

712. *cVgVr- `criquet' (attested only in compounds): C 8 Mak msegorkor

`criquet' [AlM]; E 5 Bid sigirgidyo `criquet sp.'.

713. *cVgVl- ` fish': W 3 Tng sɔglɔ `fish', sugle `to swim'; C 8 Mak msagwale

`kind of fish' [AlM].

714. C 8 *ˆVk- `belch' : Kus ṣǝ°ki° `bile' [Tr], Log ṣekii `Galle' [LkL].

715. C 8 *cVgVn- `liver': Kus ṣЌ°ga°n-tǝ [Tr], Bud hoɣinde (< *cogin-d-) [LkB].

716. *ˆVk- `to rise, to go straight up': W 3 Pero ‰okko èlevate'; 6 Duw

ə‰kyuwo = ə‰ko èxtract, lift from a fixed position'; 5 Zaar ‰oɣ (from

*cokn) `God, what is up above, the top of a tree' [CrZ]; C 4 Gude cəkaʔ

170

`standing straight' idf.; 5 Mlg cəkke ìn Richtung auf; in direction on, above';

7 Ould -ca-cakw [tsatsakw] `se lever, s'arre^ter', tenir debout'.

Deriv. in -f-: 7 Mbuko cakaf [cakaf] `soulever', Ould -cəkuf [tsǝkuf] èlever,

monter', Moloko cəkafay `get up'.

Deriv. in -d-: 7 Muy cəkwad idf. `getting up', Mada ‰ekwede [cekweḍe]

`sommet (d'un arbre, s'une case), the top (of a tree, house)'.

Deriv. in -n-: C 7 Ould -čečeke [tsetsekeŋ] `soulever, raise a little'.

Deriv. in -t-: W 3 Pero ‰okoto 'lift'; C 4 Gude cəkutə `to protrude up from

the ground (tree stump, termite hill)'.

717. *cVkʷ- `to collect (tax), to gather': C 4 Gude cəkə `gather together, collect

(tax)'; 7 Mafa co-cukw- `garder, conserver, mettre de cote`; 9 Mnj suki° (se)

regrouper', Mulwi suki `faire un tas'; 10 ZB coko [tsoko] `rassembler, mettre

de co^te, manger ensemble'; E 5 Bid sok `ramasser', WDng suke `to gather',

EDng o´ske´ àufstappeln, to pile'; E 6 Mok siki `ramasser'.

Deriv. in -l-: C Vame cЌkЌl `gather' [KV]; 7 Mbuko cakal [cakal] `collecter

(impo^ts)', Ould -čekele [tsekeleŋ] `collecter, prendre un peu de partout,

ramasser pour soi', Muy acakalay `gather, pick up one by one', Moloko

cəkalay àssemble, unite', Mada ockol [ockol] empiler, dresser (mil, haricots)

dans un recipient', Mofu -‰akwal- `ramasser le meilleur (mil, arrachides) en

laissant les saletes', -‰akal- `collecter, ramasser, rassembler, gather (tr, intr),

collect', Mafa cakal- `gather luggage ready to leave'.

Deriv. in -t-: C 2 Chb cak-ti `vermehren, to multiply' [HfC 135].

718. *cVk- `to taste': C 7 Muy acakay `taste, try', Ould -cukuday [cukuḍay]

`gou^ter', Mofu -‰a‰ək- `gou^ter', Cuv mɛ-‰ɛkɛy èssayer, gouter', Mada

accaka [accaka] `gou^ter'.

Deriv.: E 5 WDng sokat `gourmandise de viande, taste of meat', sokido ùn

gourmand'.

719. *cVkє- `to push, to pack (full)': C 2 Bura n-cika `push (down, in)'; 3 Bana

c(ə)kwə `push smb'; 4 Gude cəkwa `pack full by pounding; butt heads

together; bump foot accidentally, stub toe', Cuvan cukun, Sharva cukan `push'

[BrJ]; 7 Ould cakway [cakway] `pousser'; Muy cuk mod. `packed together',

171

Cuv mɛ-‰ɛ‰kɛy `tasser'; ZD ‰ek `tasser la terre sur qqch' (‰e- < *ce-); E 5

WDng sesike `tasser, to tread down'.//Arab swq `pousser devant soi' [BK

1167].

a. C *cVk- `to put inside': 10 ZD cok `mettre dans, entrer (grand nombre)'.

Noun deriv.: C 7 Zlg cakafa [tsakafa] `tampon (de la moule de'une tige de

mil)'.

b. C *cVkVr- `to hit slightely, to touch': 2 Bura cukwar `to touch'; 7 Ould

-cəkar [tsǝkar] `taper sur qqch'/ Arab sqr `strike with a stick' [BK 1351].

Note ECh *sVgVl- (? < *sVkVl-) `to push': 1 Mobu sogole, Ngam sole

'pousser' [Lns]; 2 Kbl, Nch -səgəl 'pousser' [HKb].

720. *cVkє- `to quarrel, to fight': C 2 Bura cukwa `to quarrel, to fight'; 4 Gude

cəəku èncourage someone to fight against a third party'; 8 Log m�sakwa à

quarrel', msakwa ya (to be) angry' [AlL]; 10 ZB coko [tsoko] se fa^cher'; E 5

Bid idf. ʔi°sak `la^cher apres, sur', ʔi°saakook ìnstigateur, insinuation'.

Noun deriv.: C 5 Gis ckavo `war'; 10 ZB cukur [tsukur] ènnemy, rancune'.

Note possible derive. `to provoke'W 1 Hs ôokana; C 5 Vame cagwaḍ-

[KV] ; 7 Mbuko cəkəlam [cəkəlam] `provoquer'.

721. *cVkʷ- `to undress': C 5 Pod cəkwa [tsǝkwa] `habiller, deshabiller; to dress,

to undress', Mlg cukwa ùndress'; 7 Mofu -‰əkw- ènlever (ve^tement), se

defaire, undress', Muy acakway ùndress', Mol cokoy ùndress', Gis cok

àusziehen, (Klidung), to undress', Cuv mɛ-‰kʷy `desabilier', ma-cuk (mbal)

`depecer (peau)'; E 5 Bid sook `relever un ve^tement, to raise slightly one's

clothes'.

722. W 4 *cV[k]- `to exchange': Wrj cək-, Kar səkə, Mbu səḳi, Miya saaw-

[SkNB], Wrj cək- [BlS].

Cf. Jmb əg- èxchange', Cagu iḳa-n (n.) [Sk] .

723. C *cVk- `to throw, to fall': 5 Pod cəkwa [tsǝkwa] `s'abbatre', Mlg cəkwa

`heruntersteigen; go down'; 7 Gis cak `werfen; throw'// Arab sqʕ `jeter qqn,

throw, renverser par terre, tomber' [BK 1352].

Deriv.: C 4 Gude cəkurək, ‰ikurǝh, ‰ikərək `going or coming down'.

172

724. C *ˆVk- `to run away, to escape': 4 Gude cakəcak 'running quickly' v.idf; 7

Mada ackwa [ackwa] `fuir, s'enfuir, courir'.

a. *ˆVk-ˆVk- `quickly': C 7 Ould cakcak [tsaktsak] `vite', Mofu ‰ak ‰ak,

‰ek ‰ek `run quickly, on tiptoes'

725. C *cVk- `to divide, to share': 7 Muy e‰ek `divide, share out'; Mafa cak-

`divide, take or give a part of'; 10 ZD cak-tu `diviser'.

Cf. C 7a Skn cakalaw `bull sacrifice (slaughter of bull in center courtyard)'

[DS];

726. C *cVk- `(chicken, fish) basket': 2 Bura cakwa-cakwa `fish trap made of

strong twigs', 7a Skn cəkaka `chicken coop, of basketry' [DS].

Compound. *cVk-rVk- `basket': C 2 Bura cakurakwa à large Hwona basket';

7 Mbuko cəkarak [cəkarak] `panier pour transporter les te^tes du mil'.

Cf. W 1 Hs caakai àrmlet tafa plaited of grass'. (Given that Hausa c- may

originate from HS c- as well, the following semitic parallel (to Hausa only) is

worth being mentioned: Hebrew skk, mhb hif `flechten, weben, to plait, to

weave', maskt`warp-threads [KB 657, 542]).

727. *cVk- `kind of stone': W 1 Hs cakuwa° `gravel'; C 2 Mrg ncka `stone'

[SkNB]; 3 FK caka ìgneous rock' [BN]; 7a Skn cakka `quarzt' [DS].

Deriv.: C 4 Gude cəkwaɫa `small hill of rocks'.

728. *cVk- `middle': W 1 Hs âka° ; 4 Paa ciciku `middle' [MS]; C 7 Mofu

‰aka‰ak 'right in the middle', Muy ‰ek mod. `mid night'.

729. *cVk- òval': C 4 Gude cəkwaʔ `shaped like a block of salt (round and

elongated)'; E 5 Bid sokop òval, oblong'

730. C *c/‰Vk- `rib, side of body': 7 Mbuko cakay [cakay] `bord, co^te', , caka

[tsaka] `co^te (du corps)', ‰eke [tseke] `co^te, partie, endroit' (note ca-/če-), Gis

cakay `rib, side of body', Mofu ‰akay, ‰akam `co^te, co^te', Cuvok acakay

à co^te', Mafa cagay `co^te'. An Arab loan ? Cf. suql- `flancs, co^te' [BK 1354].

731. C *cVkVf- `to foam': C 4 Gude cəkufinə, ‰ikufinə `foam, froth'; 5 Pod

cəkufa [tsǝkufa] ècumer, mousser'; 7 Muy acukup `to foam', Mafa cukuf-

173

`mousser, ecumer'.

732. C *VkVn- `miracle': C 7 Ould cakana [tsakana] `mystere'; Mofu ‰ekene

'miracle', Muy ‰ekena 'sorcerer, sorcery', Mafa cakana, ‰ekene, n‰ekene

`miracle'; 9 Mba suksuki `riddle'. A loan?

733. *cVḳ- `to dig': W 4 Wrj cəḳə, Kar səkə [SkNb], Wrj cəḳə [BlS]. Note an

extremely rare case of a word with two emphatics.

Verbal deriv.: C 5 Pod cakwaɫa [ tsakwała] to hoe hurriedly'. Verbal deriv.: W

3 Tng sugde `to make a hole (in wall, ground)'.

Noun deriv.: C 4 Gude cəkwara metal tipped digging stick'.

734. *cVl- to sharpen, sharp point': C 2 Bura cila 'to sharpen'; 4 Bana cəli ale^ne,

awl'; 8 Glf si^l àrrow' [Lk 150]// Arab ʕasil- àrrow made from hard wood',

masl-at- `pointe en fer pointu de tout arme, instrument' [BK 273, 1275], Hbr

silsal `harpoon'.

Deriv.:W 2 Goem swa°la°k `become pointed and sharp' [Hlw].

735. *cVl- `to drip': W 1 Hs âlaalaa `to pour out a large quantity of fluid'; C 4

Gude cəlaʔ dripping' v. idf. ; 8 Log s�li-wun `to drip' // Arab nsl `couler'.

a. *cV(wV)l- `to rince, to soak': C 7 Ould -calay [tsalay] `rincer', Mafa cawal-

`rincer (recipient)'; 10 ZD col `tremper le bout de qqch dans un liquide, to

soak'//Arab msl è^tre trempe d'eau au point de degoutter' [BK 117].

Deriv.: C 7 Mafa culb- `tremper, plonger dans de l'eau'.

Deriv.: *ˆVlVw/l/m- `to be liquid (sauce)': W 3 Tng salala `watery'; C 7 Ould

calacalam [tsalatsalam] `mal liee (sauce), trop liquide'.

736. *cVl- `to break off, in pieces': W 3 Tng silɛ `to break a piece off' [JgT]; 4

Wrj cal- `break' [BlS]; 5 Zaar cal `break (srick)' [CrZ], Dott cal `break stick',

Guus cal `break (stick)' [CrD, CrG]; 6 cf. Bade səlu `get a splinter'; C 7 Ould

-cal [tsal] `fendre une fois, taper pour couper avec lame', Zlg cala [tsala] `to

make into pieces', Mofu ‰al, ‰el `casser en deux', Mafa cal- `break off a small

piece from a stone, a piece of egg-shell', cəlawa'a `se casser avec un

craquement (pour une branche)'.

Verbal pl.: C 7 Ould -čele [celeŋ] `fendre' (pl. fois).

174

Deriv. in -d-: C 7 Mafa cəlad- 'couper en eclat, enlever en eclat'.

Noun deriv.: W 3 Tng silaki à piece of smth'.

Cf. W 3 Tng seele `to hatch', Pero ‰elo `to hatch'.

737. *cV(wV)l- `to stretch, to pull': W 2 Ang wal `to stretch (out)' [Fl]; 3 Tng

soli pull, drag, stretch out', Pero ‰ulu drag, stretch, pull up', Krf oll- 'pull'; C

3 FK n-cil `pull' [BN]// Arab n-sl IV-stem `tirer' [BK 1275].

Deriv.: C 7 Muy acəlakway `remove'.

738. *cVl- `to climb': 7 Ould -cəl `montrer, grimper', Muy cəl 'climb, go up',

Zlg cəl 'monter'. Cf. W 5 Zaar ca´lla^ `high' [CrZ].

a. *ˆVl- `top, summit': W 1 Hs culuuluu `summit'// Arab masl-at- `sommet de

la te^te' [BK 1275].

Cf. C 7 Ould čelew [celew] `bout d'une tige de mil', Muy ‰i‰el `top of

millet stalk' (< *CVl-).

739. *cVl- `to be naked': W 3 Bol sul, sulwai `naked-(ness)' [GAB]; C 7 Muy

colul mod. èmpty'.

a. C *cVl- `to skin, to peel' (attested in deriv. only): Muy aculaday `to peel',

Moloko cəlokoy `to peel', Mofu -‰əlkw- `decortiguer, ecailler, ecaler', Mafa

cəlang- ècorcher, to bark'.

Deriv. `to undress' (`to become naked'): W 6 Ngz səltu ùndress'; C 7 Mbu

cəlok [cǝlok] ènlever le ve^tement'//Arab nsl II-stem ò^ter , extraire'

[BK1275].

740. *cVl- `kind of fish': W 1 Hs âla `k of fish'; C 8 Mak ṣala `fish sp.' [AlM].

Noun deriv.: C 8 Mak msolon `dry fish sauce (withou vegetables)'.

741. *cVl- `snake, worm': W 1 Hs ciilaa `tapeworm'; 3 Tng sul-di `worm'; C 9

Mba sile [TrMba] `snake'; 8 Bud halɛ `snake'; E 5 Bid sallaaliyo `serpent

sp.'// Arab sill- `small snake' [BK 1355]. For Arab-Hausa see [OS 438].

742. *cVl- `hair': W 2 Goem ul-ka (ka 'head') `hair' [Fp]; C 8 Log mcal, msal

`Haar' [LkL].

Note E 5 Bid solongoto `woman with not thick hair'.

175

743. *cVl- `hoe, to hoe': C 5 Pod ‰�‰ela [c�cela] `pioche'; 7 Ould čele [tsele]

`pioche'; E 1 Kera seele `mit einer Hacke reinigen, to clean with a hoe'; 5 Bid

salaw `hoe'.// Arab wasil- `culture de champs, champs cultives' [BK 1549].

a. C 7 *cVl-v- `planting stick': Zlg culuv [tsuluv] `plantoir', Mada oclov `fer

de plantoir, plantoir avec fer', cf. Ould ma/e-čile°kwe° `plantoir, petit fer de

houe'.

744. *cVl- a pile': C 7 Mbuko culok [culok] small hill'; 10 ZD cul en grand tas';

E cf. 5 Mig sillo àugmenter, to add'. // Arab wsl `joindre unir (une chose a

une autre)' [BK 1549]

745. *cV(wV)l- `disorder': C 10 ZB col [tsol] èn desordre'; E 2 Lele so l

`deranger, to disorder', sole `derangement'.

746. *cVl- `(dirty) spot': C 8 Log sali `spot, speckle' [AlL].

Deriv.: C 7 Mafa cal-calla'a, ‰ellle'e `couvert de gouttes d'huille'; E 5 Bid

silad èssuyer une tache avec un chiffon'.

747. W *cVl- `string': W 2 Ang sal `tree sp., strings are made of fibre of its bark'

[JgA]; 3 Bol coli [Kl] `rope'; C 4 Mwl saalu `rope' [Kr] // Hbr ʔsl `to attach',

Arab wṣl, yṣl [OS 422].

748. *cVm- `to grind, to pound': W 2 Goem sa°m [s`] `grind smth that is moist'

[Hlw]; C 4 Gude cəma `pound on a hard object placed on a hard surface'.

Nounn deriv. `grinding stone': C 4 Gude mə-cəma `rock used to beat

grinding stone to make it rough'; 10 Masa hidi sum-da `grinding stone', hidida

`stone' [CLR]// Arab wsm `casser, feler; serrer qqch' [BK 1551].

749. *cVm- `to know': W 3 Krkr asim `plan, knowledge' [GK]; 5 Geji simi

`know' [Cs 743]; 7 Fyer, DB sum `know' [CLR]; C 4 FM ‰am, Nzn cəman

Nak cama- `to know' [Kr]; 5 Pad cam [Mo], Dghw ‰ama, ‰amine [CLR], Cin

cama- [Kr] `to know'.

Deriv. W 1 Hs cammaani èxpect', cammaata `the expect'. In the view of new

data (as compared to that in [OS 504], comparison with Arab wẓm `to think'

should be rejected.

176

Note C 2 Bura cumpwi, cimpwi `to make a venture or guess'.

750. *cVm- `to choose, to lift and carry': W 3 Tng sami `lift with two hands'; C

5a Hdi cəmay [tsǝmay] `to choose' [BrH]; 7 Muy cam `taking up many long

things' idf., Ould -camay [tsamay] `trier, ramasser en cherchant'; E 4 Mawa

səmə `prendre, porter, choisir, soulever'.

751. *cVm- `to wait, look (at, out for)': W 1 Hs cumaaya^ àwait, look out for'; C 4

Gude caamə `look at, watch'.

752. *cVm- `to be silent': 1 Hs cumu `be silent because of fear, be afraid'; 2 Mpn

si°im `silent' [FrM]; 6 Bade samma^ `quiet, silent', Duw sam idf. indicates

silence, quiet; E 5 WDng siime `rester immobile et silencieux; to stay in

place and be silent'.// Arab swm `se taire, s'abstenir de parler' [BK 1187].

753. W *cVm- `to swell': 4 Siri səmu, Mbu, Kar səm- `swell' [SkNB].

754. C *cVm- `to agree, to admit': 2 Bura cumwi òf course'; 8 Mak ṣam àgree;

accept, receive, admit (to a wrong)' [AlM].

755. *cVm- `sour(ness)': W 1 Hs caamii `sourness, acidity'; 4 Paa c�mumu,

cəmumu `sourness' [MS]; cəmumu, Diri san-sam, Kar sam-sam-na, Siri

caawaani, Mbu caamin, Cagu coomama `sour' [SkNB], Miya cəncəm [Sch]; C

8 Log semsem `sour' [AlL], Mak ṣem ṣem àcid taste' [AlM], Afd em-em

àcide' [Tr]; 10 ZB cumok [tsumok] àcide', ZD cəmok àcide'.

Note W 2 Ang kwa-sam (if < *kwa-sam) `sour milk' [TAS].

756. *cVm- `clothes': W 1 cf. Hs ûmmaa `rags'; 5 Zaar cəma `clothes' [accord.

to CrZ, a Hs loan], Dott suumma `(woman's body) cloth' [Cs 122]. // Arab

shm VII `se dresser'.

Verbal deriv.: `to wrap, to cover (with clothes)': C 2 Bura cim-ta `to wind,

wrap'; E 4 Mawa asama `couvrir, fermer'.

757. *cVm- `(fire)wood': W 2 cf. Goem ama (note unusual root-structure) `heap

of green wood piled for drying' [TAS 341]; 3 Tng sim log, piece of wood'; C 3

Bana cəm `wood, big piece of wood', FK cum `firewood' [BN], otsum `tree'

[Meek]; 5 Pod ‰�‰�ma [c�c�ma] `brindilles, bois a bru^ler; fire-wood'.

177

Cf. W 1 Hs cumagiyaa `thin, flexible stick, can be used as a switch'.

Note. C 7 Mofu sasam, Cuv sasam `fire wood'. Irregular initial consonant.

758. *cVm- `kind of antelope': W 3 Dera aame òribi'; 4 Cagu cəmnarayi

`hartebeest' [SkNB]; 7 Sha maom, pl. maomo^m `kind of antelope'; E 4

Mawa somok àntelope cheval'.

759. *cVm- immediately': C 7 Zlg cam [tsam] immediately'; E 1 Kera semee-ga

Àugenblick, a moment'; 2 Lele sam ùn moment'.

760. *cVm- `shivering': W 1 Hs ûmaa `shivering'; C 7 Muy cam-cam idf.

`shaking, trembling'.

761. *Vm- ènmity, anger': W 1 Hs cimammiyaa ènmity'; 3 Tng sime `be

against, hate', Dera na-uma enemy' [NmK]; C 10 ZD cumvun bouder, faire

la moue, be angry'.

762. E *sVm- < *cVm- `snake': 3 Tum səəm `kind of snake'; 4 Mawa sumu

`snake'// Arab simm-at- `serpent ma^le' [BK 1366]. Arabic parallel points to -.

763. *cVn- `to dry up': W 1 Hs âne, ânyee `to become partially dry'; 2 Ang sn

'dry up (pools, streams)' [Fl], Mgh sun `dry up , evaporate' [BlM]; C 5 Pod

caə idf. `desseche; dried'// Arab snn IV stem `se secher' [BK 1373].

764. *cVn- `to take, to collect (things)': W 1 Hs ciinaa `pick up one by one', ciine

`pick up one by one all the things in question'; 5 Buli inə `find' [Cs N 895];

C 2 Bana cəni `rassembler en tas'; 7 Zlg cənəh [tsǝnǝh] `join several things,

gather that was scattered'; E 4 Sok sine `take' [Luk].

Note C 2 Bura cunggwa `put together, take up collection of food, any things'.

765. * cVn- `to look': C 7 Mbuko can [can], (in paradigm) činen [cinen]

`regarder'.

Verbal deriv.: C 2 Chb can-ti `zeigen, to show'.

a.*cVnVk- `to watch, to spy': W 1 Hs cinkaayaa `look for from a distance',

cinkaayaa èspy from a distance'; 2 Goem ang, a `spy, peep,look' [TAS

352].

178

766. *cVn- `sharp point': W 1 Hs ciinii `sharp point'; 4 Siri cinna [SkNb]

`tooth'//Hbr sen `thorn'. [OS 440]. Note *cVn- `pointed weapon'.

Cf. C 4 Bana cəwə `semer, picorer, to sow, to prick'.

a. C 8 *cVn-cVn- `fin': Log sansan `fin; nageoire', Mak ṣar ṣar `fin, nageoire'

(regular *-n- > -r-, cf. [Tr]) [AlM].

767. *cVn- `bow-string, to tie': C 3 Bana mə-‰ini, mə-cəni `bow string from

antelope skin'; 4 Gude cənə `bow string'; 10 ZB čin [tsin] `noeud'; E 2 Lele

asini `to tie (rope)'//Arab ʔusun- `ropes used to attach a tent to sticks' [BK

37]. Note W 6 Bade sanada `woman's head girdle'.

768. C *cVn- `calicedrat tree or Khaya senegalensis': 3 Bana cəna 'calicedrat'; 5

Pod cəri cəra [tsǝri] `kind of tree, calicedrat' ; 5a Hdi ‰inik [tsinik] (‰i- < *ci)

`caicedrat tree' [BrH]; 7 Cuv cəray `cailcedrat', Ould cəray [tsǝray] `Khaya

senegalensis', Muy curay `calcedra, kind of tree', Mada acra [acra] `Khaya

senegalensis', Mafa cəndad Khaya senegalensis; 8 Afd cǝlḍі° (-ld- < *-nd-, c-

< ˆ- because of uncompatibility of ˆ and ḍ in one word), Kus sǝ°nḍі `Khaya

senegalensis' [Tr]. Note *-n- > -r- in C 5 (but not in 5a).

769. C *cVn- `stone with grinding hollow': 3 FK n-cunə `millstone for grinding

soup ingredients' [BN]; 7a Skn con `grinding hollow' [DS]// Arab sawwan-at-

`pierre; cul' [1387].

Cf. W *s/c/ˆVn- to grind': 2 Ang ɣik šin grinding stone' (ɣik stone') [Brq];

7 DB «o°n `mahlen, to grind'.

Cf. possible deriv.: sura *sVng `mortar': Ang ing `a mortar made of a

hollowed out section of tree', Mpn si, Kofyar, Goem ing `mortar' [TAS 347].

770. *cVr- `to cut': W 1 Hs cara `lance, cut'; C 7 Mbuko car [ car] `cut (corn)'; E

2 Lele sir [CLR] `cut'; 5 WDng sere, Mig serro [JgM] `cut in strips'.// Arab

sry `couper, retrancher en coupant' [BK 1336]. Cf. *sVr- `to chop, to cut'.

Note that both roots are attested in Hausa.

Noun deriv.: W 3 Krkr siraa, Bol surra `shredded meat' [GK], E 5 Mig

seerane, pl. seerigee `laniere (de cuir), long piece of hide'.

Verbal deriv. in -ḍ-: C 7 Mafa cərd- `split (with hoe, scie)'.

179

Deriv. *cVrVp- `sharp': W 5 Tala sirbi-i (voicing) `sharp' [Cs]; C 8 Log

s�rpu `sharp' [AlL]; E 5 Bid sarpook à^cre, sharp', sarapa à^cretee'.

Deriv. in - g- `to cut in pieces': W1 Hs carge `slit (leather, pages of book)';

771. *cVr- `squeeze (with hands, feet), press': W 2 Goem ser `to crash with hands

or feet and kill' [TAS:327]; 4 Miya cəryə `step on' [Sch]; C 10 ZB car [tsar]

ècraser qqn, to squeeze smb.'; E 2 Kbl -sər, Nch -sir `presser' [HKb]; 5 Bid

surray èmballer; pack'.// Arab srr `serrer et nouer, serrer la pis' [BK I1325].

Cf. *sVr- `to grind' and *čVr- `to knead'. For Arab-ECh see [OS 455].

Deriv. in -k-: `to pound and shell': C 3 FK n-cərku `pound, unschelling' [BN];

4 Gude cərəku `pound in mortar; remove husk from grain'; E 5 Bid sira‰

èґcraser' (-‰# < *-k#).

Deriv. in n-: C 2 Bura n-cara/i 'squeeze, press', n-cor `tweezers'.

772. *cVr- `to stand': W 1 Hs caya 'stand'; 4 Paa ciraa `stand', cirei `stand up'

[MS], Wrj cərw-, Miya, Kar, Mbu, Cagu sər-, Paa cura, Siri curu `stand, stop,

wait', Miya cər [Sch], Wrj cərw- [BlS] `to stand'; 3 Tng sЏri `stand (up), stop',

Grm sora [CLR] `stand'; 7 DB soor 'stand', su-zoor `stand up' [JgR] // cf.

Arab syr II stem àrre^ter (p. ex., l'eau) dans son cours' [BK 1390].

Cf. W 4 Diri sala `stand, stop, wait' (unexpected -l-) [SkNB].

773. *cVrVr- `to pour out': C 7 Zlg carərra [tsarǝrra] `sortir impetueusement,

jaillir'.// Akk sararu `to flow, to drip' [CAD 105]. Cf. *sVr- `to pour (in, out);

river'. Both roots are attested in NBauchi languages.

Deriv. in -ḅ-: W 4 Wrj, Kar carb- `pour away' [SkNB], Wrj carabyi `pour

away!' [BlS], Miya carabiy `pour away!' [Sch]; C 7 cf. Muy acurbay `separate

by floating'. Cf. *ЉVr- `to pour into'.

W *cVwVr- `rain, tears':Wrj cuwaru, Diri cuwara `rain'; 5 Duw suurayi

`tears', Bade suwar [Kr], suwalai `tears'.

a. *cVr- `to spit': W 4 Wrj car- [Sk] `spit', Mbu gu-sər `cough'(n.) [CLR].

Deriv. in -t-: W1 Hs cartaa spit out'; C 9 Msg serte teenek spit spittle' [CLR].

The word for `dew' (see below) root seems to be relaated. All the languages

involved reflect Ch *s-, *c-, *c as s-/i-. The only exception are Bolewa and

Karekare words in notation of S.W.Klle - there is some proof that at that time

180

these languages distinguished between s and c. In this very case, Karekare

shows c- as well. Thus, we may suggest that the noun `dew' had initial *c- in

PCh. Lexical reflexes below are arranged according to the root-structure.

b.*sVr- `dew': E 1 Kera kə-sər-didi; 4 Mawa ti-jir < *sir, Ubi ti-siro [Alio].

*sV-sVr- `dew': W 5 Dottt səsər, Guus iir [CrD, CrG], Buli iir, Geji

səsəl [Cs 367]; E 5 Mig si-siro, Bid si-sro// Arab nsr (u) àrrosser' [BK 1271]

*sVrsVr- > sVnsVr- `dew': W 3 Ngm inir [NEH], Krkr sənsər, sencer,

zenʒer [Kl], Bele sinsori, Gera sinsiri [SchV], E 4 Saba sintir (< *sinsir); 5

EDng sinsiro, C simsiro, W sirsiro [CJ]; 7 Mogum (Jegu) sər-sər [HJ].

*sVHʷVr- `dew': W 2 Ang sr [Fl], Mgh səgər [JgS], Mpn səər [FrM],

Msh ikir, Kfy səɣər, Goem su^r, sr, sr [TAS 336]; 2 Kaba su^:rru [Cp],

surə, Nch sərə [HKb], Lele ka-suwaro; 3 Tum oor.

774. *cVr- `to fight; to kill': C 7 Mbuko car [car] `se battre'; 10 cf. Kln serang

`kill' [Luk 138]; E 7 Brg serli `se battre; fight', Msm sirraara `to fight',

suraara à fight'// Arab suram `la guerre' [BK 1334].

775. *cVr- `be in good health, prosper': W 1 Hs ciira `become well off'; C 5 Pod

cara [tsara] `be good, kind'; 7 Ould -car [tsar] è^tre bon (chose qui fait plaisir)';

8 Log sir `good health' [AlL]; 10 ZB car [tsar] `s'enrichir, prosperer, reussir,

bien produire, donner ne' (contaminstion with *‰Vr- `to germinate', cf.); E 1

Kera seere `gesund warden, recover'//Arab ysr `to have a succes' [BK 1627].

776. *cVr- `to make fire': C 3 Bana cərə àllumer (feu)'; E 2 Lele sir `mettre la

feu'// Arab shr `bru^ler, fondre' [BK 1379].

777. *cV(wV)r- `to pluck leaves from a branch': C 7 Mbuko curay [curay]

ènlever les feuilles d'une brindille'; E 5WDng sawre ènlever les feuilles',

saruwe `defeuiller'.

Deriv. in -P-: E 2 Lele sorbi 'raser; arracher (feuilles)' (note contamination

with *sVr- `to shave'; 5 EDng sirpe 'abblatten'.

778. *cVr- `to help, to take care': W 3 Pero ‰owriyo `to help'; 5 Guus care

`protect' [CrG]; 10 ZB car [tsar] àider'; E 5 Mig siraw `(des guerisseurs) take

care (native doctor)'// Arab nsr (u) àider, assister' [BK 1271

181

779. *cVr- `to clean off, to rake': W 4 Miya cər `rake, sweep'; C 2 Bura car(a)

`sweep; clean off farm rubbish'; E 5 (deriv.) EDng sor-kidye `grundlich

reinigen'. Cf. *sVr- ` to sweep'. Deriv.: C 2 Bura caramta `to sweep out'.

a. *cVr- to wash, to purify': W 2 Ang sar to wash' [TAS 316]; 3 Tng saarɛ to

rinse, to clean (pot, mortar)', Bol sir- `waschen' [LkB]; C 3 FK car `clear,

purify, concentrate' [BN].

Deriv.: C 7 Ould -čirbe [tsirḅeŋ] `laver qqch avec precaution'.

780. *cVr- to insult': W 1 Hs іrі° ostracizing a person'; C 3 Bana cərə insulter';

9 (deriv.) Msg massor `bse, teuer, evil'.

781. *cVr- to escape, to run away': W 1 Hs ciiraa escape'; 5 Guus ciira escape',

Zaar ciiraґ èscape' (< Hs); C 5 (deriv.) Pod cərəva [tsǝrǝva] `run away'//

Arab ʕsr `se refugier' [BK 270].

a. *cV(wV)r- `fear': W 1 Hs cooroo 'fear' (pl. car‰a-car‰e): 3 Dera oore (<

Hs ?) `to fear'; 7 DB ieer `furchten; frighten'.

782. *cVr- to put in line, to arrange': W 1 Hs aara arrange, put in order; tittivate

hair'; 3 Bol sirmu `stack (up), arrange, line up' [GAB]; 6 Ngz səru `line up,

string beads', sətru `string beads', Bade (deriv.) saar-tu àrrange, straighten

up'; C 7 Muy cur idf . `lined up'.

783. *Vr- > *m-Vr- `strap, bow-string': W 2 Ang li-saar `(a bit of) horse bridle'

[Fl]] (li `small' ?); 7 Bok si°r `tendon, sinew'; C 7 Cuvok mə-caar `cord d'arc,

bow-string'; 8 Mak m-ṣuru `lash, strap' [AlM].

W *cVr-k- `bow-string': 1 Hs îrkiyaa, ârkiyaa `bow-string'; 2 Sura sarka

`tendon' [Kl]. Cf. *cVr- `to tie' > *cVr-k- `rope'.

Verbal deriv.: C 2 Mrg n-cǝ°ri° ` tighten (bow-string, skin of drum' [HfM:155].

784. *cVHʷVr- `kind of rat, mouse': W 2 Mgh ugur, ʷəɛɣɛr `Hausmaus' [JgS],

Mpn n-wer [FrM]; 5 Tala saari rat' [Cs]; C 7 Ould čičiwir [tsitsiwir] kind of

rat'; C 6 Mok soʔire `palm rat'. // cf. Arab sar-at- `rat musque'.

785. *cVr- `seed': W 4 Wrj ciiri `seed' [BlS]; 5 Zaar cǝ:ri `seed' [CrZ]; C 7 Mafa

cəra `semence; descendance'.

182

*Cў

786. *‰V to rise, to get up': W 1 Hs ‰a n. rising up or starting out'; C 5 Glv ‰ii to

rouse, to awake(n), to stir up, to resuscitate, to raise, to leave, to lift up, to

(a)rise, to get up'; 6 Daba ‰aw `se lever vite'; 8 Bud ‰u/i èrheben'.

Note E 1 Kera ‰ə `head'; 2 Tob ‰a 'head, dessus, up, above', Lele, Kbl ‰a

`head' [CLR]. Related to the present root, if the original meaning was ùp,

above'. Alternatively, E Ch 1 *čV may originate from Ch *kaa `head'.

Cf. C 2 Bura ‰a‰a òf lifting up a person or thing on the hands of many people'.

787. *‰V `to put': W 5 Guus ‰aa `put, wear, plant', Zaar ‰aa `put' [CrZ]; C 6 cf.

Daba ‰a 'produire, placer'; E 2 Lele ‰ee `mettre, to put'.

a. *‰V(‰V) `to throw': W 6 Duw ‰uu-‰uwo; E 4 Mawa ‰e^- `jeter (pour se

debarrasser), throw (to become free)' .

788. *‰Vw/y- `to fish, fishing': W 4 Paa ‰u‰u, Kar ‰iwu 'fishing', Diri a‰u

'fisherman' [SkNB], Wrj ‰uu-na `catching fish with a net' [BlS]; C 8 Bud ‰i

[VM:111] `pe^cher, saisir' (contam. with (if not the same as) ci, ‰i/e èrgreifen,

fassen', cf. *Vw-`catch, pick');10 ZB cu [tsu] `to fish with a basket', Masa

‰iw `pe^cher' [CC]; E 1 Kera ‰e aska `to fish with a fishing-basket' (aska

`fish')// Akk au `to catch (in a net)' [CAD 422]. Cf. *Vw-`catch, pick' and

[StH II.1].

789. *‰Vʔ/*ʔV‰- `to wash, to clean': W 6 Bade ‰uu-‰awu `be damp'; C 4 Gude

‰aʔ `submerge completely in water'; 5 Glv ‰ɛ-‰uwa `clean', ‰ɛ-‰uwana

àbsolutely pure, holy'; E 5 WDng a‰e `laver, to wash', EDng a‰e `putzen, to

clean'; 7 Brg ʔa‰i `laver (corps)'.

Deriv. in -d-: C 5 Glv ‰uwadad `the cleansing'; 7 Mafa cuwadada'a `propre

apres lavage, lave, washed'.

790. *‰Vʔ- `to speak': W 1 Hs ‰ee 'say, tell'; C 2 Mrg ču `to speak' [HfM:118];

8 Bud ‰a `sagen, say'; 10 ZD ‰iʔ `resonner', E 5 WDng ‰aa‰e `repeter;

redire'. Noun deriv.: W 3 Krkr ‰aa‰aa `Rede; speech' [LkK], ‰aa‰aa `news,

183

word, speech' [GK]; C 10 E 2 Lele ‰u u‰uu `cri sp.'.

791. *‰Vw- `to cut (smth not hard)': C 5 Wnd ‰a 'cut' [Mo], Mlg ‰a `schneiden,

schlachten', čača `cut in pieces'; 5a Htkl c- `cut' [LkH]; 6 Daba ‰aw 'couper'

[Lnhr]; 7 Mofu -‰- `couper, prendre un morceau (de boule de mil)'; E 1 Kera

če `to shave'; 2 Lele ‰aw `cut (hair, poil)'.// For Mofu and Arab t_ʔy `pierce,

wound' see [OS 478].

Cf. C 10 `knife': Lame n‰u [Luk], ZB Ђi‰iu [Ђitsiu] < *Ђ/n-‰iw-.

a. *‰Vh- `to chop': 4 Gude ‰iihə `chop off (branches), chop in two'; 6 Daba

‰ah `fendre' [Lnhr].

792. *‰Vy/ʔ- `to begin, to open': W 2 Msh ‰io, ‰iʔo `to start` [TAS 58]; 3 Krkr

‰(ayi) 'beginnen' [LkL], ‰aa `begin' [GK]; C 8 Bud ‰ayu'open'.

793. *‰Vw- `to pour (in, out, down)': W 5 Zaar ‰yu `splash' [CrZ]; C 2 Bura ‰iwa

`to pour in'; 7 Muy ‰iy `flowing' mod.; 5 Pod ‰�wa [ciwa] ègoutter, ecouler,

to flow down'; E 4 Mawa ‰e^- `pour in/out, verser (pour remplir/vider),

renverser (de l'eau)'//Arab t_wʕ `couler (eau)' [BK 242].

Cf. C 10 ZD ‰iʔ `pleurer'.

794. C *‰V `to do, to make': 1 Tera ‰i do' [NmT]; 7 Mofu -‰- 'faire mal', Mada

e‰we [ecwe] `savoire; faire qqch', e‰ye, e‰ya `savoir, faire qqch sans fault'.

795. *‰VyVw- `kind of bird': W 3 Krkr ‰eewi à type of a bird'; C 4 Gudu ‰o(w)

'bird' [CLR]; E 5 WDng ‰yew‰yew 'oiseau', Bid ‰e‰u.

Note W 1 Hs ‰iiwo à kind of owl'.

796. *‰Vʷ/ʔ- `tambourine': W 2 Mgh ‰aa `musical instrument similar to

tambourine' [BlM]; C 10 ZD ‰iw `tambour'.

a. *‰V `rattle': W 2 Ang ‰e `gourd rattle', Mgh ‰aa [JgS], Mpn ‰aa [FrM],

Goem ʃa° [Hlw]; C 7a Skn ‰ə‰awa ànklet rattle' [DS].

797. *‰Vw/y- `thigh': W 2 Ang ‰ii 'thigh', Mgh ‰ii `Schenkel' [JgS], Mpn ‰ii

`thigh' [FrM], Kfy ‰i, Msh ‰ih, Goem ii [TAS 59]; C 2 Bura n-‰i 'the hip'; 8

Bud ‰u(u), če, či, pl. ‰u(i)e `Bein, Fuss, leg, foot', cf. Log aasǝ id. [LkL].

798. *‰Vw- `be light (weight), be quick': C 3 FK ‰a^w‰a^w `quickly, rapidly'; E 4

184

Mawa siwi (irreg. s-) `leger, vite' [Rob]; 5 Bid ‰ewey `s'alleger', ‰ewey

'legerete', EDng ‰aaye 'leicht werden, gesund werden', WDng ‰aaye

`devenir leger etre en bonne sante'; 7 Kaj ‰uwaawi, Ubi ‰e‰‰ewi `leger',

Mab ‰away `light (weight)' .

799. *‰Vb- `to put into water, to soak, to wash': W 5 Saya ‰op (-p# < *-b#)

`wash' [Cs]; C 7 Ould cab [tsaḅ] idf. àction de toucher, tremper dans l'eau',

Mada cob [coḅ] `plonger dans qqch, to plunge', ocbo `trier (mil, haricot) dans

l'eau, to sort out grain in water', Mafa cəb- 'plonger, sauter a l'eau, to plunge

in water'; 8 Afd usib(b)e Ìch wasche; I wash', Glf utha´be `to wash' [Sol N

679], Kus sa°bǝ° `laver qqch' [Tr]; E 7 Zer ‰oba, Mubi ‰ubi 'wash (smth)' [HJ],

Kaj ‰ooba `to wash'. Deriv. `to soak': W 3 Ngm ob-ko^ (GY), VN oba

'moisten', [NEH], Krkr ‰aabatu `soak, moisten' [GK]; C 7 Cuv mɛ-‰bɔhʷɔy

`tremper, to moisten'.

E `to rinse, to wash': 7 Msm ‰upka (-pk- < -bk-) `laver, to wash'; 5 Mig

‰ebe^lbilo `rincer, to rince'.

a. *(‰V)-‰Vḅ- `be watery, wet': W1 Hs ‰aabe `to be in moist, unpleasant

condition'; 3 Ngm ob-no (Y) 'wet'; C 2 Bura ‰i-‰abu `watery; water-logged

(of food)'; 7 Mada ‰e‰eb-‰eb [ceceḅ-ceḅ] `completement (mouille, trempe),

completely (soaked, wet)'// Arab t_wb `se remplir d'eau, e^tre rempli' [BK 240].

b.*čVḅ- `to sprinkle' : W 6 Ngz ǯì-čḅù (dissim.) `to sprinkle’; C 7 Cuv

mɛ-‰bɛy `cracher'// Arab t_ʕb (a) `faire couler, verser (des larmes, le sang)'. .

Note E 7 Kaj ‰aaburbur `courant de l'eau' //Arab t_aʕb- `torrent, canal, eau

qui coulle a travers une valee'.

800. *‰Vb- `to kill; war': C 5 Wnd ‰əb-a, ‰ib-a 'kill (many)' [Mirt], Mlg ‰əba

`viele (Menschen) tten, to kill a lot of people', Glv ‰ib- `kill', Pod ‰�be [c�ḅe]

'tuer; kill' pl.; E 7 Mubi ‰obi, Zer abuki guerre, war' [HJ] // Arab wt_b, II stem

àssaillir qqn', wat_b-at- àggression, attaque' [BK 1482-3].

801. *‰Vb- to cut (off), to slash': W 1 Hs ‰aba make edged tool notchy from use;

slash, cut deeply', ‰aabiyaa `striking the edge of one sword, knife against that

of another'; C 2 Bura ‰iba 'cut (small shrubs)', ‰ibi 'cut off/break off small

twigs for food'; E 3 Smr ‰waba `tailler; cut' [JgSib].

185

a. *‰Vb- àxe': C 1 Tera ‰uvu àxe' [NmT]; 4 Gude ‰ibuka `woman's small

axe'.

802. *‰Vb- `to break (long objects)': C 5 Glv ‰əb- 'break', ‰ab `to dash in pieces,

to throw'; E 2 Kera ‰obe `zerhauen (Knochen), zerteilen, break bones'.

Cf. C 7 Mafa ‰ebe-‰ebeʔe 'fre^le, breakable'.

803. *‰Vb- `to cling, to be pressed': W 3 Krkr ‰abu `become sore from rubbibg

together (thighs)' [GK]; 6 Bade ‰əbu àpply to, stick to'; C 2 (deriv.) Bura

‰ibbir `tightely, closely (of clinging to, squeezing)'; 7 (noun deriv.) Mada ‰ibe

[ciḅe] èng passage, corridor'.

804. *‰Vb- `to fence, to block': C 2 Bura ‰iba 'fence, pen; outside enclosure for

cattle', ‰ib-ta 'to block, enclose', mi-‰iba 'cattle coral', ‰ib‰ibari `closed'; E 1

Kera ‰ebe `zustopfen, plug, barricade, block'.

805. C *‰VbVh- `to prepare': 7 Zlg cəbaha [tsǝḅaha] 'prepare, appre^ter, to

prepare'; 8 Bud ‰obonoo `Beratung, preparing, preparation'

806. *‰Vb- `sharp weapon, tool' (attested mostly in derivatives): C 7 Cuv ‰ɛb-‰ɛb

`sharp', Moloko cabai `skewer'; 8 Kus čə´ḅοґ-k `sharp' [Tr]; E 2 Lele ‰ubadi

`poinon, awl'; 7 Kaj ‰aabuk `lance', Mubi ‰obu `Lanze, spear' [Luk].

a. *‰Vb- `to pierce, to stick inside': C 6 Daba ‰əb èmbrocher, accrocher', 7

Zlg cəb (adəm) [tsǝb] ènfoncer, faire entrer dedans', Cuv mə-‰bɛy

ènfoncer'; E 2 Lele ‰ib `percer'. // Arab nt_b `ficher, plonger; faire rester qqn

dans qq chose' [BK 1256].

Cf. C 2 Bura ‰abar 'accurately hit (of arrow)'.

b. Cf. *‰Vb-: `to plant': W 3 Pero ‰ebo 'plant (yams)'; C 5 Pod ‰�be [c�ḅe]

'plant, set upright'//cf. Arab nt_b, VII stem è^tre fiche, plante' [BK 1256].

807. C *‰Vb- `to trouble, to make angry': 4 Gude ‰iba `trouble'; 7 Zlg cəb (-ar)

[tsǝḅ] `fa^cher, to anger', macəbacəb `colere; anger', Mbuko cəbay [cǝḅay]

ènerver'.

808. *‰Vb-r- èyebrow': C 8 Bud ‰aabelo Àugenbraue'; 6 Mok simbir-so, pl.

simbari 'eyelash, -brow' (simbir- is frozen pl. < *sVbVr-, note suff. of sing.

186

-so).

809. E *‰Vmb- `bat': 2 Lele ‰umba ; 6 Mok sa^mbu.

810. *‰Vb- ìn good order (straight, firm, regular)': W 3 Krf ubbey 'straight'

[Stl]; C 2 Bura ‰ip (-p# < *-b#) 'straight, erect; completely, well to the top', ‰ip

‰ip 'in good order, straight'; 5 Pod ‰ebe 'non change'; E 1 Kera ‰ebi

`regelmsig, `regular'; 5 WDng ‰ap (-p# < *-b-) 'ferme; firm'.

811. *‰Vb- `small': W 1 Hs ‰a‰‰abaa (< *čab-čab, assim.) ìnfinitesimal profit';

4 Paa ‰ibu-‰ibu 'small-small, little-little'; C 7 Muy ‰ib-‰ib ìn small pieces,

small and numerous'; Mada ‰eb ‰eb [ceḅ ceḅ] `petits'; E 1 Kera ‰obi ùn

peu'.

812. *‰Vḅ- `silently': W 4 Paa ‰ibu 'silently'; C 7 Mafa ‰ebek-‰ebekkeʔe `sans

un mouvement, sans un bruit, silently, quietly'.

813. *‰Vf- `to fry, to make fire': W 4 Diri ‰əfa 'fry' [SkNB]; C 6 Daba ‰ef `make

a fire' [Lnhr]; 10 Masa ‰uf-na `roast' [CLR], ‰uf `faire griller, griller'

[CC].//Ef sfsf (Gr) `verbrennen, to burn' [EG 117].

814. *‰Vf- `to pull, to tear': C 6 Daba ‰af àrracher' [Lnhr]; E 5 WDng ‰eepe

`retirer qqch enfonce'.

815. *‰Vf- `to talk (too much)': W 3 Pero ‰oppo ànounce'; 7 Muy e‰efey `speak

too much without reflection', Mada accaf [accaf] `rencontrer (des histoires'

(pejorarif.), Mofu -‰a-‰əf- `delirer, divague, to delirate'.

816. *‰V(wV)f- `to moisten, to be watery': C 5 Pod ‰ifa [cifa] `dampen,

humecter'; 7 Cuv mɛ-‰fɛy `dropsy'; E 5 EDng ‰oope ànfeuchten, to

moisten', WDng ‰oope `tenir immerge dans l'eau'. Cf. *ЉVf- `sprinkle', *Vf-

`wash'.

Cf. C 7 Muy ‰iyuv-‰iyuv (< *‰iyuf-) mod. `greasy, watery'.

817. *‰Vf- to be active': W 1 Hs ‰i‰‰ifii (<*‰if-‰ifi) endeavour, effort'; C 3 FK

‰ifə `to be creative', ‰i‰ifə `describes an active, busy person' [BN]; E 5 Bid

‰eep `concourir; compete, rival'.

187

818. C *‰VfVn- `kind of guinea fowl': 1 Tera ‰ivan (def. ‰imnvdə) `Guinea

fowl' [NmT], Gbn efene, Gaa sefena, Boka sefanda [Kr]; 2 Bura civira, Mrg

cəvur [CLR], Klb cv�r [Kr]; 7 Mofu ‰avar, 7 Gis cuvu, ‰ivon, Balda ‰ufun

[TrB]; 8 Log safa [CLR], Kus sa´vań, Mak safà [Tr]; 9 Mba čeeve `helmet

Guinea fowl'; 10 ZB cofno-k [tsofnok] `guinea fowl' [CLR]. Note ZB

zamla-ka `guinea fowl' < Ch *zVbVn-.

819. C *‰V-‰Vf- `wax': 3 FK ‰o‰afiya àny organic remains, such as wax in a

honeycomb, pith of an orange, etc.' [BN]; 7 Mofu ‰a‰afay `cire d'abeille'.

820. *‰Vp- `to catch (and to take out)': W 1 Hs ‰afe `catch a thing thrown, catch

runnung animal'; 6 Bade ‰ippa idf. indicates gripping tightly; C 9 Msg sapa

`fangen, catch' [LkM]; E 5 Bid ‰aap `to fish, to take', WDng ‰ape `pull out of

the water', ‰aape `retirer qqch d'un recipient; draw smth out a vessel', EDng

‰aape ètw aus Kochtopf nehmen; take smth out of a pot'.

Deriv. W 1 Hs ‰aafa‰ee `dishonestly take out a small amount of corn from

bulk', ‰eefanaa `take out a small portion of substance (corn, flour) in the hand

or in a vessel'.

Noun deriv.: W 2 Mgh ‰ip `trap' [BlM].

Note possible verbal deriv.: W 6 Bade ‰iip-tu `squeeze' and C 5 Pod ‰�pa

[c�pa] idf. `serre; squeezed'.

821. *‰Vp- `to cut': W 3 cf. Krkr ‰apu `cut off, intercept' [GK], Pero ‰ippo 'cut';

C 5 Mig ‰ep‰ipo `cut'.

822. *‰Vp- `collect (taxes), all, complete': W 6 Bade ‰ippa `complete, full', Duw

‰a-‰po, Ngz ‰a-‰pu `collect'; C 6 Daba ‰ap 'collecter l'impo^t, cotiser'; ‰əp

'placer une chose sur une autre, emboi^ter' [Lnhr]; 7 Mofu -čǝp- `to pile,

entasser', čǝpa `tout'; 8 Mak ‰ip 'all, everyone' [AlM]; E 5 Bid ‰appe `se

cotiser (pour la boisson)', Mig ‰eppo , EDng ‰ape `seinen Beitrag geben, to

give one`s share'. Cf. *Vp- `to pile, to join'.

Deriv. in -t- `collect, gather': W 3 Krkr ‰ap-tu [GK]; 6 Ngizim ‰ap-tu .

Noun deriv.: W 6 Bade ‰apənau meeting, gathering', Duw ‰apəno gathering'.

823. *‰Vp/f- to beat, to thresh': W 3 Krkr ‰aafu thresh' [GK]; C Mak ‰ip 'sound

188

of being hit on the head'; E 5 EDng ʔa‰pe `jmd schlagen, to beat s.o.'.// Arab

t_fʔ `briser, casser' [BK 226].

Deriv.: W 3 Dera ‰upl- `break pot' [CLR].

824. *‰Vp- `to plaster, to smear': W 1 Hs ‰afe `to ornament exterior of a house by

throwing small stones or gravel against the plaster before it has hardened',

‰afee òrnamenting house, any plastering of exterior of a wall'; C 3 Bana ‰apə

'crepir'; 7 Mbuko capay [capay] `crepir', Ould cap [tsap] `coller', Mafa cap-

`crepir, jointoyer avec de l'argile'. // for a possible cognate cf. Arab t_fn `se

coller' [BK].

Cf. Hs ‰affa àttaching o.s. to a person of influence for the advantage of his

protection'.// Arab mat_afin- àmi, companion inseparable'.

825. *‰Vp- `to abuse': W 6 Bade ‰aa-‰fu (-‰f- < *-‰p-) àbuse, insult'.

Deriv.: *‰VpVr- `to quarrel': C 7 Mofu -‰apar- `quarrel, accuse smbd', Mofu

-‰apal- `raconter des sottises, chercher querelle'.

826. *‰Vp- `to be on the surface': C 7 Mofu ‰apap, ‰epep `flotter, rester a° la

surface'; 8 Mak ‰ipu 'foam' [AlM].

Note W 1 Hs ‰afe `sweep a millstone after grinding' (to delete the upper

layer)'.

827. *‰Vp(Vt)- `to be, make true, correct': W Hs ‰aftuu `correction'; 2 Goem ʃǝ°p

`to judge' [Hlw]; 3 Tng subɛt [JgT] `straight(ness), frank(ness)'; C 2 Bura

‰ap(u) `truly'.//Sem *t_VpVṭ- `judge; rule; decide (between)' in AA N 375.

Note W 5 Zaar čip adv. Expresses obligation.

828. *‰Vp- `small amount': W 1 Hs ‰ifit-‰ifit à small quantity'; C 2 Bura

‰ap'pwa à tiny bit (of seeds, etc.)', ‰apwa `to give or put a small amount in

several places', ‰ipwa `fewness of hair or houses'; 8 Mak ‰ap `small amout'

[AlM]; 10 ZB cop [tsop] `petite quantite (solide)', ZD ‰ep ùn peu (solide)'; E

7 Mogum (Jegu) ‰op `peu' [HJ].

829. *‰Vd- `to vomit, to spit': W 1 Hs ‰eeda `vomiting'; C `to spit': 4 Bch edɔ

[Sk], Dghw m‰ida [CLR]; 6 Daba ‰ɛd [Lnhr]. Cf. *(m)‰Vd- `to suck'.

189

Deriv.: W 6 Duw ‰əd-ko `spit in a stream, squirt'.

830. *‰Vd- ` to insult': C 7 Mofu -‰əd- ìnsult, injure'; E 3 Smr ‰ada ìnsulter'

[JgSib].

831. *‰Vd- to take, to, carry': W 3 Pero ‰adu take, carry', ‰addo carry by many

people'; C 7 Mofu ‰ədak, ‰ədak `take carefully (a child, a vessel with

liquid)' (deriv.) .

832. *‰Vd- `to chop, to cut, to hoe': W 4 Paa ‰adaa `chop off (esp. - wood)'; C

C 7 Mbuko cǝčēḍ [cǝceḍ] èplucher (manche d'une houe)', Cuv mɛ-‰ɛ-‰ədɛy

`tailler; cut', Mofu -‰a-‰ad- `tailler, sculpter, evider, grignoter', Mofu

-‰ədw- 'houer, couper (avec une houe), tranchant'; 10 ZD ‰ed `tailler,

ecorcher avec une couteau, une hache, cut with knife, hoe' [Cpr], ZB čed

[tseḍ] èquarrir, tailler, ecorcher avec un outil, cut, to bark with an

implement', Masa ‰ed `tailler, sculpter' [CC]; E 1 Kera ‰ede `schnitzen,

carve'; 3 Smr ‰ədə `couper, cut' [JgSib].

a. C 10 *‰Vd- `hoe': ZD ‰ed , ZB ‰ede [tseḍe] `hache'.

b. C *‰Vd- `(to make) sharp': 5 Mlg ‰idomme `spitz, sharp', Pod ‰�de

[c�ḍe] 'make pointed', ‰�dekʷekʷa idf. 'pointu'; 7 Muy cəd cəd `well

(sharpened)', Mada cad cad [caḍ caḍ] `pointu, aigu, sharp, pointed`, cdemma

`pointu, aigu'.

833. *‰VwVd- (< *‰VHʷVd-/*‰Vḍḍ-) `to knead': W 1 Hs ‰uuda (if not <

*‰Vb/mda) `knead, massage'; 3 Bol edd- `Lehm hart machen fr

Bauzwecke, make coal hard for making bricks' [LkB], Gera eed-mi `squeeze'

[SchB].

Deriv. in -k- `to pinch': C 4 Gude ‰idəkə `pinch between finger tips'; 5 Pod

‰�d�kǝ [c�ḍ�kǝ] idf. `serrer la cou', 9 Mnj sidek ùne pincee, pinch'.

834. *(m)‰Vd- `to suck': C 5 Mlg m-‰ida `saugen; to suck', Pod m�-‰�de

[m�c�ḍe] `to suck'; 7 Muy e‰d `to suck', Mada œ‰ḍœ [œcḍœ] `sucer',

Mafa cəd- `sucer'; 9 Mbara ‰u-‰od `to suck'; E 5 WDng ‰ɔɔdɛ `suck'

835. *‰Vd- `liquid excretion': W 1 Hs ‰adii `teething diarrhoea'; 3 Krf indi, Dera

190

yendin ùrine' (if pl. < *‰id-, alternatively, related to Low East Cush *‰ind-

'urine' ) ; C 5 Pod ‰�de [c�ḍe] èxcreter du corps'; E 3 Kera ‰idi `to urine'.

836. *‰Vt- 'to shoot': W 3 Bol plurac. ottu, sottu `shoot an arrow' [GAB]; C 1

Gaa ‰iti-ʔəni, Gbn ‰itəʔ-ən‰i, Boka ett-indi [Kr] `to shoot'// Eg sty 'shoot'

(OK) .

837. *‰Vt- `to strike': W 2 Mgh ‰ut `schlagen (Feuer), to strike fire' [JgS], Mpn

‰it, pl. ‰wat, `hit, beat, strike' [FrM], Chip it `schlagen' [JgC], Kfy ‰ut `to hit',

‰wat `to hit repeatedly, beat', Msh ‰ut, pl. ‰wat `to beat, hit' [ TAS 56]; W 3

Tng swaadɛ `to hit, to beat'; 7 Bok ‰ut 'beat (drum)' [JgR]//Arab t_ṭw `fouler

aux pieds' [BK 223].

838. *‰Vw/yVt- `to press, to squeeze': W 3 Krf «eet- `to squeeze' [Stl], Pero

‰otto `squeeze out, milk', Glm ‰uuz-aala (-z- < *-t-, cf. [Stolbova 1996:141])

`squeeze' [SchB]; E 1 Kera ‰eete `festhalten, drucken, to press'.// Arab mt_ṭ

`presser qqch contre la terre avec la main' [BK 1060].

839. C *‰Vɣʷ/kʷ- `jump' (n.): 2 Bura n-‰ikau à broad jump'

Verbal deriv. `to jump': 7 Cuv mɛ-‰kʷlɛy; 5a Hdi cuɣʷaday [tsuɣwaḍay]; 5

Pod cəhwaḍa [tsǝhwaḍa] `sauter, jump'; 6 Daba ‰akəda `le trot' [Lnhr].

840. C *‰Vh- `to squat': 2 Bura ‰in-‰awhi `squat'; 7 Ould -čiyahway [tsiyahway]

`s'accroupir'.

Deriv.in -r-: C 5 Pod cəhura `to sit on heels', Glv ‰axwar, ‰xur `to sit, to

dwell'.

841. C *‰Vhʷ- `to tighten, to press': 5 Pod ‰ehwe `tighten; serrer'; 7 Mada

‰eweh-‰eweh [ceweh-ceweh] `bourre a bloc', Ould -čehwe [tsehweŋ]

`damer, tasser'; 8 Bus čei `drcken, quetschen; press, squeeze'.

842. *‰Vh(Vy)- `misfortune': W 1 Hs ‰iiwo àny ailment, sickness; disease, hurt,

injury'; C 7 Mada ‰i-‰he [ciche] `souffrance, misere, suffering, mysery'; 8

Bud ‰ay ùnangenehm, bitter, traurig, unpleasant, sad'.

843. *‰Vhʷ- `stick': W 7 Sha ‰o^h `Stab, stick'.

Verbal deriv in -d- `to dig with a stick': C 4 Gude ‰ahwadə `dig with a stick'.

191

844. *‰Vg- `to ask for, to search': W 1 Hs ‰igiya `searching, inquiring for smth

lost or wanted', ‰igita `search for'; 4 Wrj cəg- `to ask' [BlS]; C 8 Bud ‰egu

àuswhlen, choose', ‰agan `chercher, search'.

845. *‰Vg- `spider': W 3 Kirfi aɣa [Stl]; C 9 Msg me-weg, pl. me-wakai

[LkM] Deriv.: C 8 Bud ‰agaade `Weben, weaving' [LkL]. Can not be

borrowed from Kanuri saga-te.

846. *č/ЉVngVl- èlbow': W 3 Bol ba-ungule [Bn], sungele, cungele (!) Kl],

Krkr unguli [GK], Ngm ungle [NEH; C 7 Zulgo čegwile-k [ZlL]; E 5

WDng ko-‰ingilo [Fd]// For a cognate (or the source of borrowing) cf. Sem

Amharic əḳəli, High East Cush *Љi™ile id. (Burji Љi™ile, Oromo Љigile, Hadiya

ṭun™ula, etc.) [Ss:56]. Note C 8 Zina čakwǝya id. [Tr].

847. *‰Vk- `to sift flour': W 6 Duw ‰ək-‰əko, Bade ‰ək-‰əku `sift coarse flour

from fine with sifter'; C 8 Afd ska (-k- < *-k-, thus, Afd is not from Ch *sVḳ-

`to winnow') `tamise, winnow' [Tr], Bud ‰egu (-g- < *-k-) `worfeln, vinnow'.

Deriv. in -d-: W 6 Bade ə‰kudu `thresh grain from chaff in mortar'.

848. *‰Vk- `to squat (on heels)': W 6 Duw ‰ək-pəpuwo `to squat', Bade ‰ə^g-ək

`heel', ‰ək-papu `squat on heels'; C 2 Bura n‰i-n‰akwi ìn a squatting posture';

9 Mba ‰uk-‰uki `to squat'; E 1 Kera ‰uk-‰uki `hockend, accroupi'.

Deriv. : C 7 Mada ackada, ackana [ackada/na] `s'asseoir, demeurer, habiter,

to sit down, to dwell'.

a. *‰VkVd- `to limp': W 3 Tng sekde, Krf akkid- [Stl]; C 2 Bura ‰akidi `to

limp', ‰ikdi `to tiptoe'; 4 Gude ‰ikədə `stand on tiptoe to see smth'; 8 Log

skwada `boiter'; E 5 WDng ‰ɛkidɛ `boiteux; lame'; 6 Mok sedeke `boiteux,

lame'. Alternatively, < *‰Vɣʷ/kʷ- `jump'.

Cf. C 7 Mada ‰ekleɫ ‰ekleɫ [cekleł cekleł] `boiter'.

b. *cVgVd- `to limp': W 4 Miya cagwadə; C 5 Mlg cagada. A variant?

c. *‰VngVd/l- (<*‰VnkVd-?)`to limp': W 3 Bol angidu [GAB]; C 7 Muy

‰egel, Mada e‰ged [ecŋgeḍ].

849. *‰Vk- `to weave': W 3 Krkr ‰aaku [SchV, GK]; 6 Bade ‰aakau `weave

cloth', Duw ‰aakaa‰uwo; C 1 Tera ‰aka `to weave', nə-‰aka `weaver' [NmT];

192

C 5 Mlg ha caka ([ts] < [č] before -a-) `weben, weave'; 7 Gis caka 'Weberei',

ʔi i caka ìch webe; I weave', Mofu ‰aka `tissage, weaving'.

Note C 5 Glv ‰aakwa `weaver-bird'.

a.*‰Vk- `cotton, cloth': W 1 Hs ‰ukwii à varaity of cotton'; C 5 Pod

‰ekulete [cekulete] 'tissu d'une coleur unique'. E 6 Mok ‰aaka `tissu, a cloth'

is most probably, a loan.

Cf. Hs ‰a°nkoo (if metath. < *‰akVn-) 'bird-snare, fish-trap' // Akk ikinnu

`net' [OS 468].

b. *‰Vk- `loom': C 7 Muy caka 'loom', Mofu ‰aka `metier a tisser, loom'; E

3 Tum saga `navette pour filer, spinning shuttle'; 5 WDng ‰aaka `peigne du

metier a tisser, a comb'; 4 Mawa ‰aka `metier a tisser, loom'.

c. *‰Vk- `to wind (string)': C 4 Gude ‰ikə `wind (string around stick)'; 6.

Daba čičiku `twist'. Cf. W 1 Hs ‰ukuu-‰ukuu being in a tangle (of cotton// of

situation)'. Alternatively originates from a.*‰Vk- `cotton'.

850. *‰Vk- `to drizzle': W 6 Ngizim ‰ə-‰ku; 7 Bok ‰i-‰ak 'sieben (Biere),

seihen, Wasser sprengen'; C 7 Ould -cak [tsak] àsperger, eparpiller, to

drizzle'; E Tob ‰ə-əge àrroser, irrigate; to water'.

Deriv. W 3 Krkr ‰ikwankwayu `rinse mouth' [GK].

Noun deriv.: W 3 Bol ta-ak idf. `sound of splashing' [GAB].

a. *‰Vk- `to wash (clothes)': W 3 Tng sukɛ `to wash clothes'.

Deriv. in -d- `to rince, to wash': C 6 Daba ‰eked `rincer (pot)' [Lnhr]; 7 Zlg

cakad [tsakaḍ] `laver, nettoyer', Mbuko cakad [cakaḍ] `nettoyer avec liquide',

Mofu -‰akad- `wash with water (kitchen tools)', Mafa cokwad- `rincer

(habits, waisselle)'.

Deriv. in -P-: C 6 Daba ‰akab wash things' [Lnhr]; 7 Mofu -‰akwaf- rince,

wash quickly'.

851. *‰Vk- `to fill': W 1 Hs ‰ika 'to fill, complete, finish'; 2 Tng sЏЏgЏ `fill a

container properly'; 5 Guus ‰ika `fill' (< Hs), Mngs. ikekke `full' [Cs]; E 5

WDng ‰ak idee de plentitude.

Deriv.: C 7 Mada ckwodod [ckwoḍoḍ] `(remplir) plus haut que les bords

(waisselle)'.

193

Cf. W 1 Hs ‰ikoo `swell up through expansion' and C 7 Mada e‰‰eke

(intensive stem) [eccekeŋ] `gonfler, enfler'.

a. *‰Vk- `completely':W 1 Hs ‰ak `completely'; 2 Ang ‰okr `completely'

[Fl]; C 5 Pod ‰�ka [c�ka] `completer le nombre'; E 5 Bid ‰akat `completely'.

852. *‰Vk- `to pick (and collect), to select, to pile, to add': W Ang ‰ak `to pick and

collect (articles fallen out of a load)' [Fl], Mpn ‰ak `gather, pick up', Chip ək,

Kfy ‰ak `collect' [TAS 46] cf. *kyak id., Goem a°k `select smth' [Hlw]; 3

Pero ‰aku `choose', Tng sɛkɛ `select, pick out, choose', Krkr ‰ak idf. ìn a

group' [GK]; C 7 Cuv mɛ-‰ɛ-‰kʷy `conserver, economiser'; E 7 Msm ‰ukka

`co^tiser, to add'. Cf. *cVkʷ- `to collect (tax), to gather'.

Verbal deriv.: Mofu -‰akwam- `ramasser precipitamment'.

853. *‰Vk- `to shoot, to stab with a spear': W 1 Hs ‰akaa, ‰aka `stab (with spear,

spurs)'; 2 Ang ‰ak `to shoot' [Fl], Grk suk-ne `throw' [Fr]; C 7 Mofu -‰ək-

`shoot (animal, person, with a spear), kill with a spear, throw a spear'; 10 Masa

‰uk `jeter, lancer, semer' [CC]; E 1 Kera čok aska `to fish with a harpoon'

(aska `fish').

Cf. a noun deriv.: C 2 Bura ‰aki `poisoned needle (to slay an enemy, an evil

spirit)', 5 Glv ma-‰aga (-g- < *-k-) àrrow'.

Verbal deriv. in -t- `to pierce': C 2 Bura n‰ok-ta `to place a piece of smth (as

meat) on a stick'; E 2 Lele ‰og-de (voicing in medial position) piquer, percer'.

a. C *‰Vk- `to peck': 4 Gude ‰iku `peck (of bird)'; 7 Muy cək, cəkcək

`pecking (hen)', Mada ‰ek [cek] `(avaler) d'un coup de bec' .

854. *‰Vk- to pound, to crush': W 2 Ang ‰uk beat, pound, thrash' [Fl] Goem iak

`to beat, crush to make soft' [TAS 46]; E 1 Kera ‰eke èin zweiten Mal die

Hirse stampfen, to pound for the second time', ‰oke `herunterdrcken, press

down'. .// Eg sk (Med) `mahlen, to pound', sky `Mehl, flour' [EG 314].

Deriv. in -d-: W 6 Bade ‰akwbu `pound slushy substance', Duw ‰akwbuwo

`pound to make slushy'

Deriv. in -d-: W 6 Bade ə‰kudu `thresh grain from chaff in mortar'.

a. *‰VwVk- `to pinch': E 5 Bid ‰awak `pincer les oreilles, pinch ears'.

Verbal deriv.: C 2 Bura ‰ik-ɫa `pinch, prick open, chip bones for eating'; 7

194

Mofu -mə‰kwad- (if mV- is a pref.) pincer et tordre (la peau)'; E 2 Lele ‰igre

`pincer, to pinch'.

855. *‰Vk- `to be tired': W 5 Zaar ‰ak `be tired, fed up of smth'; C 7 Mada

e‰e‰ek [ececek] `se trai^ner peniblement, marcher en se trai^nant'; 10 ZD ‰ik

`fatigue, se fatiguer, be tired'.

856. *‰Vk- `to peel, to skin': C 10 ZD ‰ik `(s') o^ter', Masa ‰ok `decortiquer'

[CC]. Cf. noun deriv. in ʔa-: C 7 Ould a°če°k [atsek] ècorce de mil, son'.

Noun deriv.: *‰VkʷV[l]- `chaff, peel': W 4 Paa ‰ikwili `peel, shell'; C 7 Ould

cakwaɫ [tsakwał] òrdures, salete', Mada cakʷaɫ [cakwał] òrdure, balayure,

salete', Mofu -‰ekweɫ `balle de mil, enveloppe des grains de mil', Mafa

cakaɫar 'pedoncule de mil'.

Cf. E 6 Mok ‰akku^s `coquille d'escargot tailee par les enfants'.

857. *‰Vk- `to swing, to flick': W 1 Hs ‰akii `flicking of its tail by a horse'; E 5

EDng ‰aktiye `schwingen, to swing'.

Deriv.`to mix': W 1 Hs ‰aakudaa,‰aakumaa `mix by stiring round with a spoon

(solid & fluid)'; C 10 ZD ‰ikniʔ `melanger avec un ba^ton (l'eau et la farine)'.

Noun deriv. *‰Vkʷ- à rattle': W 1 Hs ‰akii à rattle (of small gourd)'; C 7

Muy cakwaya `rattle used for funerals'.

858. *‰Vk- `to stop, to prevent from': W 5 Geji saakee 'cease' [Cs 890]; C 5 Pod

caka 'to stop, to finish'; 9 Mba ‰ak èmpe^cher, prevent from', Mulwi siki

èmpe^cher, interdire, to prevent, to block, to preclude', Mnj siki ìnterdire,

obstruer, boucher; empe^cher, to prevent, to forbid'.

Note possible noun deriv.: W 1 Hs ‰ikaare `stopper for gourd-mouth used in

crossing streams' (à thing used to stop/prevent from the infusion of liquid').

859. *‰Vk- `to look at, to notice': C 7 Mada i‰kwe [ickwe] `regarder'

Deriv. in -r-/-l-: C 7 Mofu -‰akər- `garder (troupeau), surveiller'; E 5 EDng

‰okire ànschauen, to look at', Mig ‰ukilo `regarder en l'air'.

Deriv. in -d- `to watch for': 5 Pod cəkwada 'lie in wait for; catch'; 9 Mba

‰iked.

195

860. *‰Vk- `to fence' : C 6 Daba ‰ak `make a fence, to fence' [Lnhr ]; 7 Zlg càk

[tsak] `clo^turer, fermer (par une clo^ture de branches epineuses)'.

a.*‰Vk- `fence': W 4 Paa ‰akwa, pl. ‰akwi `temporary shelter in a bush' [MS];

C 7 Zlg me-čeke [metseke] `pricky fence'; E 5 WDng ‰aka `garde-fou pour

be^tes'.

861. *‰VK- `to learn, to know, to think': C 1 Tera ‰oga 'learn' [NmT]; 5 Pod

‰�kwa [c�kwa] 'to think', Dghw ‰aka 'teach' [CLR], 5a Lmn caɣ- [CLR]; 7

Ould -cago [tsago] àpprendre'.

Cf. W 3 Pero ‰ika 'cleverness' and ‰iga 'memory'.

862. C *‰VkVl- `to clean (ears, nails)': C 4 Gude ‰akulə 'clean (ears only); poke

around with a stick'; 5 Pod ‰ekwee [cekwezle] 'clean (nails, teeth, ears)'.

863. W *‰Vk- `basket': 2 Mgh ka-‰ik [JgS]; 3 cf. Bol akki 'worn out basket'

[GAB]; 7 Sha ‰ike-t 'Korb'//Cf. Eg sḳ.t (AR) `Fishreuse, fish-basket'.

[EG 302].

Note C 7 *č/ˆVkV-r- `fishing basket': C 7 Zlg ‰ekwer [tsekwer] `nasse,

fishing-basket', Mafa cokwar `nasse a poissons en paille tresee, qui l'on place

au pied d'une chute d'eau', Mofu ‰ekwer `small fishing-basket (for women)'.

864. *‰Vkʷ- `leg, thigh': C 4 Gude ‰a-‰akwa `low leg of cow (as medicine to

regain strength)'; E 1 Mobu čʌ°wgʌ `thigh' [CLR].

Deriv. in -r-: C 6 Daba ‰ekwire `patte d'animal comestible' [Lnhr]; 7 Mafa

‰oekurɫoekw `cheville d'animal; ankle of an animal'; 8 Bud ‰akel (not from

Kanuri igal ) `Schienbein, tibia'; 10 ZD ‰ekreʔ `jambe (du genou au pied)'.

Cf. W 5 *č/cVkVn- (if not < *tikVn) `thigh': Zaar ‰iɣ [CrZ], Pol c�iɣ�n

[ts�ɣ�n], Geji čiki°џ, Buli čigin [Kr]. Note possible verbal deriv.: C 10

ZB cukol [tsukol] ènjamber, traverser, to step over'.

865. *‰Vkʷ- à fowl': C 8 Log ku-sku `hen', ku-sku-ni `rooster' [CLR], Afd

tʃchakweh [tʃa:kwe:] `Vogel, bird' [Sol 179], 10 ZD cukuway `francolin'

(cu- < *ču-); E 7 Jegu ‰akuwo `Perlhuhnart Kleiner, mit roten Fssen, gunea

fowl, small with red feet' [JgJ], Brg ‰akwo `perdrix, partridge', pl. ‰akwey.

Note C *čVkVr- `poule': 7 Mada me-‰kwer [me-ckwer]; 8 Zina čakara [Tr].

196

Pl. in -r or related to 7a Skn takur `chicken, poule' [CLR ].

866. C *‰Vk- `hut': 3 Bana ‰iki 'house', pl. ‰eke°r, HK ‰iki [Meek] `hut', FK

‰ikə-gəna à special room for keeping precious things' [BN]; 5a Hdi ‰ekadak

[tsekaḍak] `spirit house' [BrH] (compound). Any relation to `fence'?

867. E *‰VwVk- (< Ch *čVwVq/k-) `barn': 5 Bid ‰o°oki `barn'; 6 Mok sooke

`large granary'// Cf. Akk aaḫḫu `barn' [OS 2200]. Akk -ḫ- (an uvular) can not

originate from *-k-. Thus, ECh may be related either to C *‰Vk- `hut', or to

Akk. For Ch reflexes of HS uvulars see [Stolbova 1996: 68, 127]).

868. *‰Vkʷ- `small, little': W 2 Grk pa-sok (s- < *č is regular) `little', Mnt

shok-lok `few` [Fp]; C 5 Mlg ‰ukwa `wenig, klein, jung, few, small, young'; E

4 Sok eske `klein, small' [Luk].

869. *‰Vḳ- `to dig': W 3 Krkr ‰ak- `dig' [LkK], ‰akaa `dig (up)' [GK]; 4 Diri

‰əka, Cagu ‰əḳ- `dig' [SkNB], cf. *cVḳ- id.

Cf. verbal deriv.: W 5 Bade ‰ak-ɫu `scoop out depression in ground'.

a. C *‰Vk- to make holes before sowing, to sow': 9 Mlw suki, Mnj suki (faire

la trou avant de) semer', Mbara ‰ok `to sow'.

870. *‰Vl- `to stand (up), to rise ': C 8 Bud čalay àufheben'; E 7 Brg ‰aali `stand

up' [JgBr].

*ʔV‰Vl- (deriv.?) `to raise': C 7 Mada a‰ala `monter'; E 5 EDng ʔi‰ile

`heben, to raise', WDng i‰ile `soulever les boeufs (ie. les charger), to raise

(bulls)'. Note C 2 Bura ‰ulbila `to climb onto the top of a tree or mountain'.

a. C *‰Vl- `to surpass': 7 Ould -calay [tsalay] `surpasser'; 9 Mba ‰ila `to

surpass'// Arab mt_l è^tre superier, excellent' [BK 1060].

871. *‰VlVʔ- `to pierce': W 7 Sha ‰ul 'pierce, durchbohren, erstechen'; C 10 ZB

culuʔo [tsuluʔo] `percer avec rapidite', Msm tchoulo `pierce' [Kr]. Cf. *Vl-

`to sharpen, sharp point'.

a. *‰Vl- `be pointed': C 2 Bura n-‰ol-n-‰ol `pointed'; E 4 Ubi ‰a‰alla-ki,

Mawa ‰ɛlki 'pointu' [Rob]; 7 Kajakse ‰elep-‰elep `pointu' [Alio].

b. *‰Vl- `to cut, to mow': C 7 Mada acal [acal] `couper (avec une serpe,

197

hache), entailler, mordre (serpent), tracer, piquer, cut (with sickle, axe)'; 8 Bud

‰eelu `mhen, to mow', ‰el `cut, chop' [CLR]; E 5 EDng ‰ooliye

`zerschneiden, cut in pieces'.

Noun deriv. in -m-: W 2 Ang ‰el-m `small throwing knife' [JgA]; E 1 Kera

mə-‰əlam `Schwert, sword'.

c. *‰Vl- `wound, scar': W 2 Ang ‰iil `wound, sore' [Fl], Goem ʃǝl `wound,

sore' [Hlw]; C 7 Mafa ‰ile `cicatrice de plaie a° la te^te; scar'.

872. *‰Vl- `to rot, to smell bad': W 2 Mgh ‰eel ègg that has gone bad' [BlM]; 3

Bol alluku `smell of fish, sour milk' [GAB]; C 8 Mak ‰al 'bad odour', ‰il‰il

`skunk'// Arab ht_l IV stem `ga^ter' [BK 377].

873. *‰Vl- `to pour (from one vessel to another)': C 4 Gude ‰alə `splash (liquid)';

E 5 WDng ‰ole `transvaser d'un recipient dans un autre', EDng ‰ole

ùmfllen; pour (from one vessel to another)'.

C 7 *‰VlVw- `liquid > be watery': Zlg ‰i°lewiwe° [tsilewiwe] `rendre liquide',

Mafa ‰elew, ‰alaw `liquide, fluide', ‰ilwureʔe, ‰ilwur-wurreʔe `trop dilue,

trop liquide (bouillie), fluide'.

874. *‰Vl- `(go) to meet': C 8 Bud ‰el `treffen, meet'; E 2 Lele ‰al àller a la

rencontre de, to go to meet s.o.'.

875. *‰wVl- à stick': C 7 Zlg [č]wile [tswile] `bois a remuer, stirring stick'; E 3

Tum sila° stick'; 4 Skr ‰illam stick' [Luk:32]. Cf. E 5 Mig ‰aalingo ra^teau

(fourche untilisee comme ra^teau), pitchfork'.

Deriv. in -ḍ-: `forked stick': W 3 Krkr ‰ol-ḍe `large forked stick used to

support pot' [GK], Bol sal-de `forked stick used to support pot' [GAB] Ngm

sel-de (Y), el-de (G) [NEH].

876. *‰V(wV)l- à big pot': W 2 Ang ‰aal `big water-pot', ‰aal `big oil-pot',

‰wele, ‰ole `cooking pot' [Fl, Brq JgA]; 5 Dott ‰el `big pot' [CrD].

a. C 7 *[‰]Vl- `calabash': Zlg čile [tsile] `beer calabash', Muy cacəla `kind

of calabash'.

b. W 4 *‰Vl- `melon': Diri a‰ila, Mbu ‰ila `melon' [SkNB].

198

877. *‰Vl- `cheek': W 2 Ang ‰al `face' [Or], ‰aal `cheek' [Fl]; C 1 Tera ‰ala

cheek' [NmT].

Note W 1 Hs ‰ililligaa `the lobe of the ear'; C 8 Bud ‰elbedo `Schlfe,

Bachenknochen, temple'. Compounds?

878. *‰VlVm- `spider': C 7 Mada clom [clom] `kind of spider'; E 4 Ubi ‰ulma

`araignee'.

879. *‰VlVb- `wolf, jackal': C 9 Msg ‰i‰elebe `jackal' [LkM]; E 6 Mok sullibe

`loup, wolf' .//Sem *t_VʕVl- ⁓ *t_aʕlab- `fox, jackal' [MK N 237, OS N 464,

490, St1996:46].

880. W *‰Vl-k/d- `hornbill': 1 Hs ‰ilakoowa `hornbill'; 4 Miya ‰iladə `grey

hornbill' [Sch].

Cf. W 5 Zaar ‰ola^k `bird sp.' [CrZ]; E 7 Msm ‰alak `bird'.

881. W 3 *‰Vl- root clamp of a plant': Krkr ‰alaa `root clamp of any grain' [GK],

Bol alam (? pl. in -m) `root clump of harvested plant' [GAB]

882. *‰Vl- `to be weak': C 7 Muy ‰ilera, ‰ilewlew mod. `weak'; E 5 Bid ‰alaka

`fade', EDng ‰illike `fade werden'// Arab ht_l `maigre, faible, parreseux, lentu'

[BK 377].

883. *‰Vl- `white, shining': W 4 Paa ‰ilhan `white', ‰ilili `very white' [MS]; E

4 Ubi ‰ilma `full moon' ( cf. in W 2 Kirfi fewu tar `white-moon' = `very

white'). Verbal deriv. in *ʔV-: E 5 EDng ʔa‰ile `glnzen; to shine'.

884. W *‰VwVl- be smooth': 2 Ang ‰ʷaal smooth stone used for polishing' [Fl],

‰ʷaal [JgA], 5 Zaar ‰olak `be smooth' [CrZ]. A variant of `white, shining'?

885. C *‰Vm- `bright, clean': 1 Tera ‰am `very clean' [NmT]; 4 Gude ‰amə

`bright'.

886. *‰Vm- `to join, to gather (people)': W 1 Hs ‰amme `link up, join'; 3 Krkr

‰aam `versammeln; gather, convoke'; 5 Zaar ‰im `with' [CrZ]; 6 Ngz ‰am

`all'. Cf. C 7 Mafa ‰ime-‰ime'e `co^te a co^te (sur un cheval)'. Probably the

original semanic was `to gather people for harvesing', cf. the next root.

199

Noun deriv.: C 5 Mlg cam-no `Versammlung, meeting'.

887. *‰Vm- `to harvest': W 3 Krkr ‰amu `pick beans' [GK]; 5 Guus ‰am

`harvest (i.e. beans)' [CrG]; E 1 Kera ‰eme èrnten (Hirse), harvest millet'

[only in Deutch-Kera Wrterbuch, Eb].// Arab t_mm `ramasser, porter sur un

seul point des herbes, du foin' [BK 234].

Noun deriv.: C 2 Bura ‰am `row of cut corn in the farm'; 7 Mbuko cəman

[cǝman] `mill casse'.

a. W *‰Vm- an instrument for cutting corn, grass': 1 Hs ‰imaa an instrument

for cutting off the heads of cut corn'; 2 Mgh ‰om à grass-cutter' [BlM].

Alternatively may be derived from `to cut, to tatoo' (one and the same root?).

888. *‰Vm- `to cut, to tatoo': W 4 Cagu ‰iyam `shave' [SkNB]; E 1 Mobu ‰am

`cut, chop' [Jg], Mobu ‰ame (pl.), Ngam ‰am `couper' [Lns], Kera ‰eme `cut,

tatoo' (note contam. with `to harvest'); 3 cf. Smr ‰əmə `transpercer' [JgSib].

889. *‰Vm- `to pick, to pull out': C 3 FK ‰im `to pick up (floating objects)'; E 5

EDng ‰ime `herausziehen, pull out'.

Deriv.: W 6 Bana ‰im-ɫi `pincer'. E 4 Ubi ‰omin `soulever, porter, raise,

carry'.

890. *‰Vm- `to rot, to smell bad': W 4 Wrj ‰amə-, Mbu ‰am-`to stink, smell bad',

cf. Miya tema, Kar təm `smell bad, stink' [SKNB]; C 4 Gude ‰imənə (pl.?)

'serous fluid extruded from a corpse';10 ZD ‰im, ZB čim [tsim] `pourrir'; E 1

Kera ‰imi `pourrir, verderben'. // Aran nt_m è^tre ga^te et commencer a sentir

mauvais' [BK 1265].

Cf. C 2 Bura ‰im àrea around a sore, covered with pus , blood, etc.'.

Note possible deriv.: W 3 Krkr ‰am-tu `soil o.s., beshit o.s.' [GK].

891. *‰Vm- `food, to eat': W 1 Hs ‰iimaa `food' (if not < *‰ii `to eat' < *tV); 7

Fyer ‰ami^ `scmecken, berhren, to taste'; C 3 Bana ‰amə `mettre dans la

bouche'; E 7 Mubi ‰am `to eat' [Luk], ‰am èat hard food' [CLR]// Arab t_mʔ

[-a-] `donner a manger des mets gras', t_mm àvaler' [BK 234-5], wt_m >

mat_īm-at- `meule, nourriture' [BK 1485], [OS 472].

Note possible deriv.: W 6 Bade ‰um-‰um-tu `suck' and C 3 FK ‰wam-‰am

200

`tasteless' [BN].

892. C *‰Vm- `to mix': W 1 Ha ‰aami/uyaa, ‰amwiyaa `to mix'; 6 (deriv.): Duw

‰am-ɫo ` mix together, stir'.

893. *‰Vm- `to call': W 4 Wrj ‰im `to call' [BlS]; 5 Zaar ‰im `call' [CrZ]= Saya

[Cs]; C 3 Bana ‰em `song', pl. ‰eme^r.

894. C *‰Vm- èntrance hut': 2 Bura ‰am èntrance hut with two open doors'; 7a

Skn ‰am èntry room' [DS].

895. *‰Vm- à small quantity': W 1 Hs ‰im à small quantity' (cf. ‰aamaya à

small person, but not a dwarf'); 3 Krkr mə-‰ən (-n# < *-m#), Bol, Krf im,

Ngm laa-‰im `few' [SchV]; C 8 Afd simmeo `wenig, a little' [Sol N 643].

Verbal deriv.: C 4 Gude ‰imuʔu `shrink (cloth), make self fit into small

place'. Cf. Aff aʃʃemî [ačemo?] `schmal, eng' [Sol N 634].

896. *‰Vm-(cVm)- `hedgehog': W 2 Mpn da-‰im [FrM]; 4 Paa ‰ina (< *‰imѕa)

[MK]; C 7 Mofu -‰em‰eme `hedgehog with white belly', Gis ‰em‰eme; 10

ZD ‰em‰ime°, ZB cacəmui [tsatsǝmui], Masa ‰e°m-‰e°m [CC]; E 2 Lele ‰umna.

A loan?

Cf. C 3 *‰Vm-K- `porcupine': Bana ‰iməkə, FK ‰iməhu [BN].

897. C *‰Vm- `kind of locust': 5 Gis ‰am‰ama `locust (without wings, in rainy

season); 10 ZD cumo [tsumo] (cu- < ču-) `criquet', cumurmur `sauterelle sp.,

verte', ZB cumoʔo [tsumoʔo], cumurmur [tsumurmur] `sauterelle sp'.

898. *‰Vm- `sour': W 1 Hs ‰amai èmphasizes acidity' (‰aamaa `water in which

sorrel or hemp has been cooked'), Gwn ‰ami; 3 Ngm omom (Y) `sour'

[NEH], Bol omom `sour, fermented (porridge, beer)' [GAB]; 6 Duw ‰ə^m

`bitter', ‰om‰om idf. ìndicates sourness'; C 1 Tera ‰om‰om `sour' [NmT]; 8

Zina ča°m-ča°ma àcid' [Tr]; 10 ZB čičem [tsitsem] àigre'. Any relation to

*‰Vm- `to rot, to smell bad'? Cf. *cVm- `sour', note that both roots are attested

in Hs and in ZB.

899. *‰Vn- `to amuse, to laugh': W 2 Ang gwo-‰an àn amusing man' [Fl]; 4 Wrj,

Siri ‰en `mockery' [BlS]; C 10 Masa ‰en `rire, to laugh' [CC].

201

900. *‰Vn- `to cut': W 2 Ang ‰en to cut' [Fl], ‰an `cut, slaughter' [Fl], ‰en, pl. ‰an

`cut, slaughter' [JgA], Mgh ‰an `(be- ab-) schneiden' [JgS], Mpn ‰an `cut,

slaug-hter', circumcise', ‰en `circumcise' [FrM], Goem ʃa°n `circumcise a

child' [Hlw]. Noun deriv.: W 4 Paa ‰an-‰ə^n 'adze' [MS].

Note C 8 Bud če/ino `to divide', ‰en-al (a compound) `spalten (Holz)'.

901. *‰Vnn- `(to) harvest: C 8 Bud ‰inne Èrntezeit' [LkB]; E 7 Brg ‰enni

`cueillir, to pluck' [JgBr].

902. W *‰in- 'make, do': 2 Ang čiin [F], Mgh, Mpn či°n [JgS, FrM], Chip in

[Kr], Goem i°n [Hlw], Kofyar, Msh ‰in, [TAS 52]; 4 Paa ‰�n `work' [MS].

903. W 2 *‰Vn- to drive away': Ang ‰iin [Fl], Mgh ‰ɛɛn [JgS], Mpn ‰een [FrM],

Chip ɛn gwe [Kr], Mnt ini, Goem ien [Fp], «ǝn `chase smb. away' [Hlw]//

Arab t_wn `poursuivre une be^te fauvre' [BK 243].

Deriv. in -t-: W 6 Bade ‰iin-tu `to run (animals back)'.

904. W *‰Vn- `to quarrel': 1 Hs ‰uunee ègging person on against another'; 2

Ang ‰an àrrogance, pride' [Fl], Kfy ‰an àbusive song, abuse in song' [TAS

47].

905. *‰Vn- `to start': W 2 Mgh ‰aan `comence an activity early' [BlM]; 3 Krkr

‰inaa `beginning' [GK].

Note W 1 Hs činna `set fire to, set a light'.

906. *‰VnVw- `kind of fish': W 1 Hs ‰inoo‰ii à fish-seller', ‰inoota `kind of

fish-soup'; C 6 Daba ‰e‰enw 'espece de poisson avec un aiguillon sur la dos

qui pique, kind of pricky fish'..

907. *‰Vnk- `spear (for fishing)': W 1 Hs ‰ankoo (no pl.) à spear used in

fishing'; 2 Mgh ‰ʷa `spear' [BlM]; C 7 Mafa ‰oegwe 'pique en fer'; E 1

Kera ‰ukəy `Lanze, spear'.

908. *‰Vng- `sifts, chaf': W 3 Krkr ‰angwai `coarse grain left after sifting'[GK];

C 2 Bura ‰ong-‰ong 'chaff'.

909. W *‰Vn-‰V(n)- `(bad) smell': 1 Hs ‰an-‰oo à foul-smelling mouth'; 4 Wrj

202

‰an-‰an òdour, unpleasant smell' [BlS]// Arab t_nt `sentir mauvais (viande)'

[BK 238], Eg snsn faulen oder stinken (Leichnam), to stink (corpse)' [EG174].

910. W 2 *‰Vn- à big hoe': Ang ‰en [Fl], Mgh ‰aan [JgS], Mpn ‰aan [FrM],

Goem ian [Fp], ʃaan [Hlw].

a. *‰Vng- `digging, hollowing instrument': W 1 Hs ‰ingaa `long-handled

instrument used in making mortars', ‰angamii (with a -mi suff., probably, a

loan) à wooden impliment for dibbling or digging holes'; C 4 Bana ‰egedi

'plantoir en bois'; 6 Daba ‰enged 'iron stick for digging'.

Cf. C 7 àxe, blade' (a compound?): Muy cangɔrum 'small axe'; Mada

cogorom [coŋgorom] `lame pour tailler'.

Cf. E 2 Lele ‰ungli `couper en biseau, cut slantwise'.

911. W *‰Vn- `thigh':1 Hs ‰inya `thigh'; 2 Ang ‰ing `small hips' [Fl]; 5 Guus ‰i

`thigh', pl. [CrG], Grnt i 'thigh [Jag].

912. *‰Vr- to cut in stripes': W 3 Glm ‰ar- 'slit' [SchB]; C 7 Mofu -‰a‰ər- 'cut

in thin strips'> ‰ara, ‰e‰er `mince, etroit, en fines lanieres'; E 5 EDng ‰ire

`spalten, zerreissen', WDng ‰ire 'dechirer avec un couteau en fines lanieres'

// cf. Arab t_rd `casser, couper (pain), split, cut' [BK 221].Cf. *cVr- `to cut'.

Noun deriv.: *‰Vr- `tatooes': C 7 Gis ‰ir 'tatooes'; E 4 Mawa ‰ara

`scarifica-tion sur le visage'.

W 1 Hs ‰eeruu (if not < *čiSru) àny type of native-made knife'.

cf. C 5 *č/ˆVrVh- `to cut': Mofu -‰ərh- `tailler, couper d'un coup', Mafa

cərah- `cut animal in pieces'.

Verbal deriv.: E 1 Kera ‰erte `spalten (if not < *terte), zerhacken, split'; 3 Smr

‰əraba 'cut (meat)' [JgSib].

913. *‰Vr `to dance': W 2 Mgh ‰ɛɛr à dance of girls and women` [JgS]; E 5

EDng ‰ore `fur die Geister tanzen'; 7 Brg ‰aari [JgBr].

914. *‰Vr- 'furrow; to dig': W 1 Hs ‰eeri àn indentation or shallow hole in the

ground'; E 5 Bid ‰are `furrow', WDng ɛ‰irɛ 'creuser', Bid ‰oor 'creuser',

Mig ‰aaro 'creuser' ; 7 Kajakse ‰aru [Alio]. // Arab t_wr IV stem `remuer la

terre, lalabourer' [BK 241], Akk erʔu (irʔu, e/irḫu) 'furrow; cultivated field;

203

a linear measure' OA [CAD 2 327; AHw 1219]. For Akk - Bidiya see [OS

484]. Verbal deriv.: Hs ‰ir-be `to weed with a small hoe', E 5 Bid ‰er-gey

'fouiller, explore; dig'.

Noun deriv.:E 5 WDng ‰orilo `houe en fer en form de dent enfoncer, k. of

hoe'. Note W 2 `tomb': Mgh kə-‰ir , Goem ge-irr [Fp].

915. *‰Vr(Vh)- `to scratch': W 1 cf. Hs ‰iraa èxcoriation of inside of thighs of

stout person due to overwalking'; 2 Goem ʃo°or 'clean a vessel with a finger'

[Hlw]; C 2 Bura ‰er(a) 'scratching of birds'; 7 Mada acraha [acraha] `racler

(un bois), se racler (la gorge)'; E 5 Mig ‰orro 'egratigner, to scratch'.//Arab ʔt_r

`racler l'interriur du sabot d'un chameu' [BK 11].

Deriv. E 1 Kera ‰irki `kratzen, griffer, to scratch' and probably Kera ‰oroki

'Kamm, comb'.

Noun deriv.: W 7 `nail': Bok ‰ara^n, DB ‰iri [JgR]. Alternatively may be

related to C 10 Kulung ‰i‰iran `(mein) Finger, (my) finger' [Luk].

916. *‰Vr- `whichcraft': W 5 Guus ‰ir-kə `witchcraft' [CrG]; C 8 Bud ‰erire

Àrznei, medicine' [LkB]. (Cf. Ch *ɫVr- id. Note that ECh may originate from

this very root as well).

Compound: C 7 Mada carbaɫ [carḅał] èsprit lie a une mort violente'.

Cf. E 5 Bid ‰iraabo `plant magique'.

917. *‰Vr- `get up, rise': W 1 Hs ‰ira `lift right up'; 5 Grnt seeri `stand up' [Sm],

Guus ‰iir àbove', ‰iir `sky'; C 7 Moloko car `climb'; 8 Bud ‰ar àufgehen

(Sonne), hinausgehen, aufsprossen (Kraut), to go up, to sprout, to rise (sun)';

10 Lame ‰ɛr-i [Kr], Peve ‰ar [Sn] `stand up', ZD car , ZB car [tsar] `se lever,

ressusciter, se tenir sur'.// Arab t_wr è^tre souleve et se repandre dans

(poussiere, sauterelles)' [BK 241]. Cf. *Vr- `to stand, to stop',

Cf. W 4 Wrj ‰i‰ira `swimming (as when holding smth in the air to stop it

getting wet)' [BlS].

918. *‰Vr- to chase, decoy (animals, birds)': W 2 Msh ‰yeer to chase, drive away

birds or children` [TAS 58]; C 7 Mofu -‰a‰ər- 'attirer an animal avec un peu de

nourriture; to decoy'; E 5 WDng ‰ɛrɛ traquer: poursuivre un animal a la chasse

204

'. Note possible deriv. : W 1 Hs ‰arkai à cruel trap for large animals'.

a. *‰Vr- `to steal': W 3 Krkr ‰iru `steal' [GK], Ngm irko^ VN iri (G) 'steal'

[NEH], Bol iru [GAB], ir- [LkB]; Tng sire 'to steal', Dera iri 'to steal'

[NmK], Krkr ‰uru-, Ngm ir- [SchV]; 7 Bok ir [JgR]; C 7 Mafa mu-‰oer

'steal' [BaMaf]. Cf. 4 Jimjimen ir, Gude irinya 'to steal' [BrJ].

919. *‰V(hєV)r- `to knead': W 1 Hs ‰uura `knead into balls (earth, fura, etc.)'; 4

Miya ‰uwrə `to knead' [Sch].

a. *‰VrVhє- to pound' : C 7 Mofu -‰ərhw- 'piler (le mil pour separer la balle

de la graine)'.

Deriv. in -d-: C 7 Muy e‰r-dey 'to wring out'; E 1 Kera ‰er-de `to press'.

Compound: C 7 Mofu -‰ər-ɫak- 'serrer, piquer', Gis cər-ɫak àuspressen

(Fruchte)'.

920. *‰Vr- `to talk, to cry': W 1 Hs ‰eeraa `cry out'; 2 Ang ‰ir 'explain' [Fl]; 4

Wrj ‰irei `gossiping' [BlS]; 4 Pero ‰eero 'tell a story', ‰eeri 'a talk'; C 5 Pod

‰�rewə [c�rewǝ] idf. 'crier; to cry', ‰�‰�rewa ‰�rewa idf 'rencontrer'; 9 Mba

‰iri `to schriek', Mulwi siriyi `to cry'; E cf. 5 Bid ‰e‰er `cry of a

guinea-fowl'// Arab t_rt_r `bavarder' [BK 221]. [OS 483].

Deriv.: E 5 EDng ‰orle schreien; to cry', Bid ‰orlol crier a tue-tete’, ‰orloola

uvula, luette'.

Note C 7 Muy ‰i‰irefa ùnable to keep a secret' mod.

921. *‰Vr- `to shoot an arrow, arrow': W 1 Hs ‰ara `throw a spear, shoot an

arrow'; 2 Angas ‰ar `to shoot at' [Fp], ‰iir `mimic warfare (when all the

motions of fighting, avoiding and warding off arrows are done through; sort of

dance; mimic motions of shooting a lion' [Fp], Goemay iar (pl. of ṭat) `to

shoot` [TAS 59]; C 2 Bura ‰era 'reed-like grass from which arrow shaft is

secured; arrow shaft'//Eg sr 'arrow' (Pyr) [EG 546].

Cf. W 2 *‰Vr- `to throw stones': Angas ‰ar `throw stones' [Fp], Mgh ‰ar

`throw stones at smbd.' [JgS], Mpn ‰ar `throw many things' [FrM], Mushere

‰ir `to throw` [TAS 59], Goem ʃaar to throw smth away, throw at smth' [Hlw].

922. *‰Vr- `be full' : W 1 Hs ‰ar emph. fullness of vessel; 3 Krkr ‰ar idf. `full' (

205

< Hs?) [GK]; C 4 Gude ‰ir id. 'full'; 6 Daba ‰ar ‰ar 'be full of smth solid

(grain)'; 7 Muy ‰ir 'full' mod. Cf. C 8 Zina ča°r `gonfler (qqch)' [Tr].

a. *‰Vr- `to be full of milk': W 1 Hs ‰iiri à large udder' (Go); E 5 Bid ‰er‰er

fleurir, poindre (sein)'// Arab t_rr ` have plenty of milk' [BK 20].

923. *‰Vr- `to tear , to pull': W 1 Hs ‰iraa `pull out of socket, ground'; C 5 Pod

‰�redə [c�reḍǝ] idf. 'dechirer'; 7 Mol caray `tear up'; Mofu -‰ər- 'cueillir,

dechirer, picorer'.

Deriv.: E 1 Kera ‰ar-te `zerreissen, tear in pieces'; 5 WDng ‰er-de `dechirer

un tissu, to tear cloth'.

924. *‰Vr- `to become clever': W 1 Hs ‰are `become wise'; C 4 Gude ‰i‰irə

'become more clever (of children developing)'.

Deriv. `to understand': C 7 Zlg caraka [tsaraka] 'entendre; comprendre'; E 5

Bid ‰orloolo `savoir, connaissance'.

a. *‰V(w/ʔ)Vr- `to plan, predict': W 7 Fyer ‰oor 'Absicht, Plan'; E 5 Bid ‰aar

'imagine, predict' (note W 3 Pero ‰irim 'picture,image') //Arab ʔt_r (a)

ènterprendre une affaire; se proposer qqch' [BK 11].

925. *‰Vr- `to weave, to wind up': C 4 Gude ‰ir v. idf. `wrapping or winding up';

7 Cuv mɛ-‰ɛ‰ɛrɛy `tisser'

a. W *‰Vr- à net': W 6 Duw ‰aari `net bag', Bade ‰ir-pak `kind of fish net

used by women'.

926. C *‰Vr- `to select': 2 Bura ‰er(a) 'choose, select'; Ould -cərab [tsǝraḅ]

èxtraire la bonne partie de la graine, sable, etc'// Arab ʔt_r (i, u) `choisir’; ʔat_ir- èlu, d'elite, de choix'.

927. *‰Vr- `river': 2 Gbr ‰er 'river' [Luk], Lele ‰uro ùne riviere sp.'// Arab t_rr

`faire sourdir l'eau (source)' [BK 20].

Compounds: E 5 WDng ‰or-kilo petit ruisseau'; CWDng ‰ɔr-kolo 'riviere'

[CJ], Mig ‰oro-ngolle `ruisesau'.

Cf. C 7 Muy ‰rr 'floating' idf.; 8 Mak ‰or idf. `sound of water falling'

[AlM].

206

928. *‰Vr- ùrine' (if not from *pV‰Vr id., cf. Hs ficari, etc.): W 3 Pero ‰eri

'urine'; 7 DB sa^r 'urinate', Sha zoh, Bok aa 'urine' [JgR]; E 4 Ubi ‰orin

'uriner', ‰orga vessie, ‰or-golo 'fleuve' [Alio], Mawa swari (irreg. reflex,

probably, *čw- > sw-) 'urine', Ubi ‰ario, Mabire ‰ora 'urin' [HJ].

Note that E 2 Lele ‰ooro ùrine', Kaba , Nch ‰əbrə [CH] originate from *‰br,

met. < *p‰r.

929. *‰Vr- `faeces, dirt': E 5 Bid ‰or 'defecate (of birds)'; 6 Mok siiri 'faeces,

dirt' [JMkk].

a.*čVr-b- muddy, dirty': W 3 Krkr ‰irbi place that is sloppy or muddy' [GK];

C 10 ZB ‰orbo [corḅo] (assim. < *‰irbo, or a mistake for tsorḅo ) `boue'.

930. .C *‰VrVk- `flute': 3 Bana ‰ereki 'flute'; 7a Skn ‰erak `war flute'.

Deriv. in -d-: 7 Mofu -‰ərkwad- `faire (une flu^te)'.

931. *‰Vr(Vh)- `to be clear, innocent': C 7 Mada crah [crah] `clairement,

ouvertement, sans detour'; E 5 Bid ‰irit f. `candeur; inocence, sinceriry', Mig

‰eero ètre transparent'

932. *‰Vr- `barren': W 5 Zaar ‰a^r, var. ‰aari `nulliparous, for animals' [CrZ]; C

2 Bura ‰iri `barren, without young'; 7a Skn ‰ir `barren woman' [DS]; 10 ZD

cəraw [tsǝraw] (cǝ- < čǝ-) `homme impuissant'.

933. *‰Vr- `silent': C 5 Pod ‰�riya [c�riya] idf. 'silent'; E 5 Bid ‰irit f. `silence'.

934. *‰VwVr- `be angry: W 2 Ang ‰oor `be angry' [JgA]; C 10 ZB car [tsar]

ènerver, se fa^cher'// Arab t_wr > t_ayir- `colere' [BK 242 ].

207

*Cў

935. *‰Vw/y- to finish': W 4 Wrj ‰uw- finish`, [SkNB, BlS], ‰uwakza finishing

point, at the end' [BlS]; 5 Dott ‰uu `finish' [CrD]; C 5 Pod ‰�we [c�we] 'drink

last drop; drain'; 7 Mofu ‰ay 'fini, termine'. Any relation to *‰Vw/y- `tail'?

936. *‰Vʔ/y- `to (trans)plant': W 3 Krkr ‰ai `transplanting, seedling' [GK]; C 8

Mak ‰i (irreg. reflex, probably, *î- > i-) 'transplant, transplanter, repiquer,

re-transplant'; 10 ZD co°ʔ [ts¡ʔ] (co- < čo-) `semer en poquets'.

Cf. C 10 ZB ʔoʔ (i.e., dyoʔ = ‰oʔ) 'seed' [CLR].

937. *Vw- ( possibly < *ŠVHʷ)- `to catch, to pick': W 3 Krkr ‰aw 'ergreifen,

fangen' [LkK], ‰awaa `hold, seize, catch' [GK]; 5 Zaar ‰aa `pick (cotton,

groundnuts)' [CrZ]; C 5 Pod cawa àttraper, atteindre'; 7 Muy caw idf.

`taking up smth in quantity without choosing', cay `take up in order to possess

(smth in the bush)', Ould caЇw [tsaw] idf. `rapidement pour attraper', Mafa ‰-

'prendre (un seul obj.)'; 7a Skn ‰ə `pick' [DS]; 8 Bud ci [tsi], ‰i èrgreifen,

seize' [LkB]; 9a Gdr ‰ɔ `catch'; E 3 cf. Smr čǝ° `cuillir, to pluck' [JgSib]// Cf.

Eg d_ʕ (MK) èrgreifen, fangen, nehmen, seize' [EG 199]. For Krkr - Eg see

[OS 496].

Noun deriv.: W 6 Ngz ‰a‰aawà° 'twigs for fire' [SchN].

Noun deriv.: W 7 Sha ʔa‰ah `thief'; C 7 Ould caya΄ [tsayaŋ] `brigand, voleur,

robber, thief'.

Note C 4 Gude cwa `cramp in hand'. According to [Hs], derived from ‰iinə

`hand, arm' (inher. posses., body part).

938. C *‰Vʔ- `to kill' (*‰iʔ-, possibly, < *cVʔ): C 2 Bura ci ; 5 Glv cɛcə-ga,

Chnn ci-ga 'kill' [HmG]; 10 ZD ‰iʔ `tuer', Masa ‰i `taper, frapper; tuer' [CC].

a. *‰Vw/y- `to break, to pound, to press': W 2 Ang ‰o `break' [TAS 54]; 3

Bol suwwu `pound to remove bran' [GAB]; 5 Grn so-wi `pound' [Jag], Zaar

cwaa `pound rice, guinea corn' [CrZ]; C 7 Mafa cacaw `haricot ecrase

conserve dans de l'eau'; 8 Bud tsa `packen, to pack'; Mak ṣey squeeze,

presser', Kus ṣay `presser appuyer', Afd ṣe° [Tr]; E 1 Kera če `schmieden,

brechen, to smith, to break'.

208

b. C *CVʔVw- `to castrate (? by pounding)': 3 Bana cəʔwə `castrer', FK caw

[BN]; 4 Gude cəwu `castrate'.

939. *‰Vw- `to come, to arrive': W 4 Paa ‰uwi, ‰u 'coming' [suppl. VN of dava

'come']; C 3 FK cu `walk, to go' 5 Pod cawa 'reach, arrive at'; 7 Gis c, ‰e

'eintreten, hineintun'; 10 Masa ‰o intr. `to arrive' [CC].

940. *‰Vw-/*‰V‰V `he-goat': W 4 Wrj ‰i `he goat' [BlS], ‰i‰a-na, Kar ‰i‰i

'goat' [SkNB]; C 2 Bura n-‰iwa 'a male-goat'; E 1 Kwan ‰uwi (< *čiwi;

alternatively, < *tuwi, cf. E 2 Lele tuu `she-goat' [CLR] .

W 4 *cVw- `goats': Wrj cuwa-na `goats' [BlS], Miya cu pl. `goats' [Sch].

941. *‰Vw/y- a fly, bee': W 4 Wrj ‰iwi-na `fly' [SkNB]; C 8 Afd ǝwі `mouche,

a fly' [Tr]; E 5 Bid dyaa-dya `abeille, miel de montagne' [JgB]. // Arab zayy-

`miel' [BK 147].

942. *‰Vw/y- `tail': W 1 Hs wuciya°a (alternatively may be related to W 4 Wrj

Šalai `tail'); 4 Diri ‰uwaa `tail` [SkNB]; C 10 Masa ‰aw `tail' [CC], ZD ‰ew

`queue', ZB čeo [tseo] `tail, crin, horse hair' [Sa], ‰yaw `tail' [CLR].

943. W 4*‰Vw- egg': Mbu ‰uu, Kar suu, Wrj cuuna, Miya acu, Siri ṣawi [SkNB].

944. *‰Vw/y- `piebald, stripped': W 2 Ang ‰ewe `piebald, black-and-white' [Fp];

C 7 Mofu ‰iyaa, ‰iyee 'balafre, raye', ‰e 'raye, zebre'; 10 ZB čeiʔ

[tseiʔ] `raye, rayure'.

945. *‰V `be poor, poverty': C 10 ZD ca [tsa] (ca- < *ča) `pauvrete; pauvre,

malhereux', ZB cā [tsa] `malheureux, pauvre'; E 1 Kera ‰aa `Armut , poverty'.

946. *‰Vb- > *‰Vḅ- `to curl' : W 3 Dera uube 'to roll'; E 5 WDng ḍyuube

`plier qqch de fin, to curl (end of some things)'.

Derriv.: C 2 Bura ‰aba-ɫu `curling of a snake, dog, rope' idf.

Deriv. in -t-: `to roll': W 2 Mgh ‰ibət [JgS], Ang ‰oot `to roll up' [Fl], Msh

‰ibet [TAS].

947. C *‰Vb- `long, to make longer': 5 Dghw cuba, Gvo cuba Gav cuba [Kr]

`long'; 7 Mofu -‰əb- 'rallonger, ajouter de la paille (a une natte pour

209

l'allonger), augmenter', me-‰əbey `rallonge d'une natte de clo^ture, herbe

utilisee pour rallonger une natte)' (deriv.).

948. C *‰Vb- > *‰VbVr/ɫ `be full': 2 Bura ‰aba-‰aba 'very full of liquid'; 4 Gude

‰abər 'brim full' (adj. idf.); 5 Pod cabarəra idf. `be full (of a vessel (recipient)

with smth not liquid'; 6 Daba ‰ab ‰ab 'presque rempli'; 7 Ould če-čebeɫ

[tse-tseḅeł] `plein'.

Deriv.: Muy e‰i°bir àdd to smth when the container is already full'.

949. C *‰Vf- (possibly, < Ch *‰Vf-, cf. Arabic parallel) `to sit, to squat': 3 FK

n-‰afiyaku `to squat' [BN], Bana ‰ifekwə '(s')accroupir''; 7 Gis ‰ife 'sich

setzen, bleiben', ‰fe, cəf , mə-cfa `sitzend'// Arab zfr è^tre assis' [BK 134].

Deriv.: C 10 Masa ‰ifin `les fesses' [CC].

950. C *[‰]Vf- `to tie, to sew': C 4 Gude cəva `to tie, to sew together', 7 Ould

čefe [tsefeŋ] àttacher, lier, to attach, to tie' //Arab zff `lier, to tie' [BK 134].

Note C 8 Bud čafu `zusammenfalten, to roll up (cloth)'.

951. *‰Vp- `to sprinkle': W 1 Hs âttafaa (< *af-afa) 'sprinkling of rain'; C

10 Vame ‰apa `gicler' [VP]. //Cush Oromo coṗa `drop', coccop- `to drip'.

a.*ЉVp- `to rinse cloth': W 3 Pero ‰oppo 'rinse cloth'; 5 Zaar ‰op 'to wash

oneself'; C 10 ZB cup [tsup] `rincer' .

952. *ŠVp- `to scatter, to throw': W 5 Dott čap Zaar čop `throw with hands, e.g.

powdery substance into the mouth' [CrDZ]; C 7 Ould čipčip [tsp tsip] idf.

àction de viser, jeter a° terre qqch (salive, fruit, armes)' 10 ZD capcap `partout

(pour des choses on des e^tres couches), everywhere (things thrown)'.

953. *‰Vp- `to follow, to trace': W 3 Pero ‰epo `to trace'; C 7 Muy ‰i°f `near',

Cuv mɛ-‰pɛy àccompagner, suivre', Mbuko cpe [cǝpe] `surveiller, to watch,

to spy'//Arab zff `suivre' [BK 134].

Deriv. : C 7 Mofu -‰apad- `marcher sur la pointe des pieds, sans faire de

bruit, surprendre'.spy'//Arab zff `suivre' [BK 134].

DerivNote C 9 Mba čo°po° 'le derie°re; "posterior".

954. *‰Vp- `kind of antelope': W 4 Wrj ‰apayana àntelope' [BlS]; 5 Guus cəca^p

210

, pl. cəcap-sə `gazelle' [CrG], Bogh sop `gazelle' [Cs N252].

955. *‰V(Vw)d- (> c/čVd-) `to be early': W 2 Mgh ‰wet `very early, promptly

before day break' [BlM]; C 5 Pod ‰�de [c�ḍe] `d'abord, pour le moment, from

the beginning'; 7 Mbuko cəde [cǝḍe] (note irregular combination of vowels,

probably: *čiḍe > čǝḍe > cǝḍe) `wake up, open the eyes', Mafa ‰id- òpen, rise

eyes; se lever (jour); 10 ZB cut [tsut] (-t# < *-d-) `tre°s to^t, very early'.

Cf. W 3 Bol [GAB] sato `morning', sassato `very early morning'. Loks like a

loan from Arab saṭiʕ- àurore' [BK 1089].

956. *‰Vt- kind of bird: W 1 Hs ciita name of a small bird'; 4 Diri a‰ida [SkNB]

`bird'; C 4 Gude ‰i‰itə `kind of bird'.

Cf. W 4 Mbu ‰ooti `bird' < *‰VwVt- [SkNB].

957. *‰VHʷ- `to pierce': W 1 Hs caa-caa `to gash'; C 1 Gaa ‰uhə-n‰i, Gbn

‰ixwə-n‰i, Boka ‰uxwa-da `pierce' [Kr]; 3 Fg caxwu-ti, HN ca-məy [Kr]; 9

Mba ‰oo, Mulwi s (sʷ) `percer; E 1 Kera ‰oʔe, ‰eʔe `durchbohren,

pierce’.

Cf. noun deriv.: W 6 Bade ‰aa‰a `spear'.

958. *‰Vɣ- to scrape, to make incisions': W 1 Hs caaga 'cut, make incision in'; C

Vame čaɣa `to scrape' [KV]; 7 Ould -caɣ [tsaɣ] `tailler, gratter en surface,

racler, nettoyer', Mada e‰‰eh [ecceh] `racler', Moloko cahay `to scar', Gis

c/‰ah `tatoo', Cuv mɛ-‰ɛhɛy `balafrer (qqn), to cover with scars', Mofu -‰əh-

'inciser, tatouer, decorer en creussant (mur)'.

959. *‰Vɣ- `herd, to herd': W 4 Wrj ‰iɣə 'herd' [SkNB], ‰iɣə `to herd, graze',

‰iɣai à pasture' [BlS]; 7 Sha ‰o, ‰o^h 'weiden, to herd', ma‰oh 'Hirte,

sheepherd'.

Cf. C 7 Mada cocho [cocho] exclam. àttention!'.

Note C 5a Hdi cəɣay [tsǝɣay] `to dispatch; expedier'.

960. *‰Vɣ- `to pour': W 4 Wrj ‰iɣ- 'pour in' [SkNB]; C 7 Mafa ‰ih- 'verser de

l'eau hors d'un recipient', Ould cuh [tsuh] idf. bruit d'eau versee rapidement',

Cuv mɛ-‰hɛy `verser'; 8 Log səʔə niyeya (niyeya `spittle') [By-CLR] `spit'

211

// Arab mzʕàmollir, assouplir; laisser l'humidite, l'eau dans une chose' [BK

1125].

961. */ˆVɣ- `clitoris': W 4 Paa cagada [+body part' MS]; C 8 Log suɣuri [AlL],

Bud ‰oohi .

962. *‰Vg- `to split, to beat': W 2 Angas ‰k `beat' [Fl], ‰əḳ/k `schlagen,

durchhauen' [JgA]; C 5 Dghw ‰əge [CLR] 'beat' (gen.), c�gɛ 'split'.

Deriv.:E 5 Bid dyigal `casser, dyagal `se casser'

963. *‰Vg- `to rise, to jump':3 Tng sagi `jump over'; 5 Gis ‰iiga `the rising' (may

be a derivative < *‰ii); 8 Bud ‰agi `hinaufsteigen', Mak ṣaga `rise'; E 3Ndam

‰igʌy `jump' [DikJg].

Deriv.: *‰Vng- `to rise': C 8 Mak sanga 'rising' [AlM]; E 2 Lele ‰angi

`soulever'.

Cf. C 7 Ould -činerge [tsinerge] `se reveiller, to wake up'

964. *‰Vg- à pricky fence, enclosure': C 8 Afd âgǝ `zeriba' [Tr].

Cf. *‰VgVl- `to hide, to close': W 2 Mgh ‰oɣol `hidden information' [BlM]; C

8 Bud ‰ageli `schliessen, close'; E 5 E Dng dyigile 'sich verbergen, to hide

o.s.'.

a. Cf. E var. *‰VgVl- `to hide' : 5 EDng ‰igile (se) cacher', 7 Mubi ‰agal

'hide' [CLR], Msm ‰agil 'to hide'. A loan?

965. C 8 *‰VgVn- `scorpion': Log m�saguyen `scorpion' [AlL], Mak msigan

[AlM], Bud ‰egan, ‰igan `Skorpion'.

966. *‰Vk- branches used as a support' (a noun deriv. ?): C C 7 Mada acka [acka]

`support a° trois branches (devant la maison) pour poser la nourriture'; 10 ZD

cəkad , ZB cəkad [tsǝkaḍ] `fourche (support aux marmites)'; E 5 WDng

adyika fourche en bois a 3 branches pour entreposer des poteries ferme'.

Cf. C 7 Mada acka [acka] àppuyer'.

967. *‰Vk- `to hide o.s.': E 5 EDng dyoke `sich verstecken' [Ebb]. Cf.

*‰Vg(Vl)- `to hide, to close'.

Deriv. `secretely': C 7 Ould cəkād [tsǝkaḍ] èn cachette, doucement', Mada

212

cked [ckeḍ] èn cachette, en douce'.

a. *‰VkV-d- `quietly, carefully': W 2 Mgh ‰aɣat `quietly' [BlM]; C 7 Mada

ckad [ckaḍ] `tranquille, sans bruit, quietly', Muy cəkad `carefully'; E 7 Kaj

dyakde `doux, tranquille' [Alio].

Cf. C 2 Bura ‰ika‰ika `quietly, in a wisper'.

968. *ŠVkʷ/xʷ- `pot': W 4 Wrj Šakʷan-na [SkNB], ‰akwan-na [BlS]; C 3 FG

ca°xʷa [Kr]. [OS 501].

969. C *ЉVk-- `kind of rat': 3 FK cəkə `rat that lives in numbers in a hole' [BN].

Deriv. in -l-: 5 Glv ‰aɣulba (-ɣ- < *-k-, suff. -ba) `rat'; 8 Bud cokel [tsokel]

[LkB] Springratte, kind of rat'; 7 Mada cokomblo [cokomblo] (< ‰VkVl-mbo,

met.?) `rat de Gambnie'. Bud ts- points to Ch *Љ-.

970. *‰Vl- `to jump, a jump': W 1 Hs callee `jump' n.; C 8 Mak msal (s- < *c,

*‰ ) `saut, a jump' [AlM]; E 2 Lele ‰aal `to jump'; 3 Smr ‰ila, ‰ilagə [CLR].

971. *‰Vl- `to throw (into water)':W 1 Hs îllumaa 'fall, throw into water'; 2 Ang

‰ul(u)k `smth heavy falling in water' idf. [Fl]; C 2 Bura ‰ulha `to crumble diva

into the water', ‰ulwa 'dip and shake smth into water to disseminate it'.

972. *‰Vl- `to steal': W 7 Bok ‰elef 'stehlen (Speise auf magische Weise)'; E 5

Bid dyel-dyeelu `voleur, thief'.

973. *‰Vl- `strength, health': W 7 Bok ‰ala `Gesundheit, Heil'; C 8 Mak ṣale

`strength' [AlM], Afd ˆə´le´ `force'[Tr].

Deriv. C 7 Mada calah calah [calah calah] àctive, rapide (au travail)'.

974. *‰Vl- `shade, smoke': W 2 Ang d¼il (irreg. reflex, probably due to a pref.:

*nVčVl- > nVǯVl > nǯVl > d¼il) `shade under trees'; 7 Sha ‰ala^ `shadow'

[JgR]; C 8 Aff ˆǝli , Maltam sǝ°lǝ°°y `smoke' [Tr] // Sem *ṭ_ll `shadow' > Arab

zill-, Hbr sel [KB]. [OS 503].

Deriv *‰VlVm- `shade, black': W 3 Krkr ‰alum `shade, shadow' [GK]; C 2

Bura cilim (note ci < *ci-/‰i-, Chadic *‰i- > Bura ‰i-) 'black soil used as a

dye-stuff'; 8 Bud čilim `schwarz, dunkel', ‰i/ulum (Kanuri selem) `schwarz'

Afd cǝlǝm [Tr], Glf selem `black' [Luk], Mak s�l�m 'black' [AlM] (Afade

213

and Makari show reflexes of Chadic *c-); E 4 Mawa ‰ilim `noir', Ubi ‰i lmi

'noir, sombre'; 7 Mab ‰ilim black' [JHM]// Sem *t_VlVm- 'be dark, be black'

[Sem 980] > Arab zlm [-a-], etc., [OS 511].

975. *‰V(wV)l- `kind of coloured monkey': W 1 Hs û´la 'small blue monkey'; 3

Tng sala `red monkey' (alternatively, < `red', cf.), Dera ‰al 'brown monkey'

[CLR], C 3 FK cala `green monkey' [BN]. [BK 142].

976. *‰Vl- `be calme': C 5 Pod ‰elele [celele] `be silent, calme', ‰elele idf. ; E 5

Mig dyalak `tranquillement'.

977. *‰Vl- `be thin, narrow, long': C 7 Mada clœḅ [clœḅ] ètroit, narrow', Mafa

culuma'a 'long museau (chien), pointu', cəlawa'a, ‰elawa'a 'long and thin,

filiform (jambes)'; E 5 WDng dyɔ^llɛ `se retrecir, to narrow'

978. *‰Vl- àcide': C 7 Mada clokw clokw [clokw] àcide, aigre'; E 5 Mig

dyelep-ta àmer'.

979. *‰Vl- `to be quick, to flee': C 7 Muy culad 'quickly' mod, ‰Њlx idf.

'fleeing', Mafa calala `rapidite, diligence'; 10 cf. ZB culoʔo [tsuloʔo] `fuir,

run away' VA; E 1 Kera ‰elami schnell, quickly'; 6 Mok dyelow 'quickly'.

980. *‰Vm- `to love, to want': W 3 Krkr ‰amo `loved, beloved' [GK]; 4 Miya

‰am `like, love, want' [Sch]; C 1 Tera ‰imi wish, want' [SkNB]; E 1 Kbl

‰əm-kamə (kam 'water'), Nch ‰əm-ka 'thirst' [HKb]; 7 Mubi ʔe_m (dyem)

`wollen, to want' [Luk] // Arab zmy àvoir soif, avoir soif de qqch, desirer'

[BK 142].

981. *‰Vm- `privelege, to have a priveledge': W 4 Wrj ‰imai `priveledge' [BlS];

3 Krkr ‰iima òne who receives guest in a court' [GK]; C 3 FK cəma first born

child' [BN]; 7a Skn ‰aama èmissary (of chief)'; E 3 Tum sa°m `richesse'.

982. *‰Vm- `to soak, to become wet': W 1 Hs cima, cuma `to soak', camoocamo

(redupl. stem) `become wet through'; C 10 ZB cum [tsum] `humide'.

Deriv. W 6 Duw ‰am-ɫo `to push into water'.

983. C *ЉVm- `to gather (articles), to collect (taxes)': 2 Bura cima `taxes', cima

214

`gather taxes; gather articles from each person'; 3 FK cəm `gather, collect'; 4

Gude cəəmə `gather many things in one place'; Vame cЌma `collect' [KV]; 6

Daba ‰am `ramasser, prendre l'un apres l'autre'; 7 Mofu -‰əm- `rassembler,

mettre en commun, melanger', Mafa cam- èntasser'. //Arab nzm ùnir,

joindre' [BK 1290].

Deriv.: 2 Bura cimta `to gather up articles'. Note that Ch *Љi- > ci- in Bura.

984. W *‰Vm- 'darkness, night': 4 Wrj ‰yamaza-na, Miya ‰amaza, Mbu ‰amae,

Diri sam, Cagu s�n [SkNB], Miya ‰amazə [Sch]; 3 Tng sum 'night', Pero

‰oomo 'shade'.

Note C 7 Ould čečem [tsetsem] `Terminalia brownii', cecececem `brun miel

sombre'//Arab zmy `brun, couleur brun' [BK 142].

985. *‰Vn- to be sour, to ferment': W 2 Msh ‰aan `sour, to ferment' [TAS 47]; 3

Pero ‰o 'sour'; 4 Wrj ‰an-‰an `sour' [BlS], Cagu ‰an Miya sun-suni (or <

ˆVm#, cf.) [SkNB]; C 3 Bana ‰inini 'levure'.

986. *‰Vn- `to understand, to explain, to hear':W 2 Ang ‰an `to interpret, to

remind' [Fl]; C 5 Pod cəna `to hear, understand, obey; sentir', Mlg ‰ina

`hear, hren, fhlen', Glv ‰ing `to hear, to listen, to obey, to feel', Wnd ‰ən-a,

Gdf cina-cina, Dghw ‰ine, ‰inini, Ngw ‰ene hear'[CLR], Gvoko ‰ina, Guduf

cna, Gava, Chkd, Chnn cəna `hear, listen'[HmG];7 Ould čine [tsineŋ]

`comprendre, entendre', Moloko cenay [tsenay] (note ts- before -e-)

ùnderstand', Mada e‰e [eceŋ] èntendre, to hear, comprendre, to

understand', Mafa cən- `listen, understand', Gis can, ‰in, Mofu -‰ən- (often

used a caus ‰ənd-) èntendre, comprendre, ecouter; obeir', Cuv mɛ-‰ney

èntendre', Bld ‰in `hear' [TrBl]. // Arab znn `croire, juger, penser, supposer'

[BK 142]. Differently see in [OS 505] .

Deriv. : W 1 Hs cinkaayaa `to weigh, consider, reflect on a matter'; C 2 Bura

‰ang 'show, explain'.

Note initial s- in C 5a: Lmn sin-, sən [LkL], Hdi sənay `to hear, to

understand', Htkl sən- `hren, to hear' [LkH]. Cf. *łVng- `to listen > to

understand' [CLD II N230].

215

987. *‰Vn-k/h- `heart, life': W 4 Wrj ‰anhə-na, Paa cin-ki, Siri ‰i-ga, Diri

aukwa, Miya ‰a-hə, Mbu ‰a-kuu 'life, heart' [SkNB], Paa cinḳi 'heart'

[MS].In some languages the velar was probably austed by a body-part suff. -h-.

988. W *‰Vng- `corn-stalk hut': W 1 Hs cangaya à hut made of corn-stalks and

bedaubed on the inside with clay; a corn-stalk fence'; 3 Krkr ‰angaaya

`cornstalk hut built for rituals during harvest' [GK]. A Hausa loan?.

989. *‰Vr- `to germinate': W 1 Hs ciro `germinating of any seed, sprouting of

tubers'; C 7a Skn ‰ir `to germinate' [DS]//Arab nzr `commencer a faire sortir

les germes des plants (terre)' [BK 1288].

990. *‰Vr- `to pour into': C 2 Bura ‰urr 'sound of water pouring into a vessel' idf ;

4 Gude ‰irə 'pour into (vessel, hole)'; 5 Pod ‰�ra [cira] 'jaillir'; 7 (redupl.) Cuv

mɛ-‰ɛ‰ɛrɛy `gicler', Mofu -‰a‰ər- `deborder, couler, verser, remplir a ras

bord'; E 1 Kera ‰eere `(Trankopfer) vergiessen, verser (libation)'; 3 Lele ‰ar

`transvaser' // Arab zry `couler (eau)' [BK 133].

Deriv.: W 3 Krkr ‰irdu `spit in a stream' [GK].

Deriv.: E 5 5 Bid dyirag `distiller, filtrer', EDng dyirge 'giessen langsam, to

pour slowly'.

991. *ЉVr- `to pile, to gather': W 1 Hs îiri òdds and ends packed into a vessel,

pile of articles'; 2 Goem ʃir `heap or huddle smth together' [Hlw].

Deriv.: E Deriv.: C 7 Mofu -‰ər-- èmpiler, mettre par dessus, to pile'.

992. *‰Vr- `spinal colomn':W 1 Hs âraa `the middle of the back from the neck

to the coccyx'; E 1 Kera ‰e-‰erkə `Ruckgrat, spine'//Sem *t_Vhr- 'back' [MK].

993. *Љ/‰Vr- `locust': C 7 Mada ‰e‰eregem [ceceregem] `grillon enorme'; E 1

Kera ke-‰er 'Wanderheuschrecke, criquet migrateur'//Arab ʕazary-

`sauterelles' [BK 292].

994. *‰Vr- `kind of monitor': W 1 Hs âarii `monitor'; C 4 Gude ‰an-‰iranə

'water monitor'

995. *‰Vr- `good taste, sweet': C 7 Muy acər 'taste good'; Moloko car `taste

good', Mofu -‰ər(a) `be good (taste); E 7 Kaj ‰o rna bien', ‰ornaada 'sale,

216

mauvais'; 5 WDng dyirim 'doux, sucre'.

996. C *Vr- `diarrhea': 7 Cuv mɛ-‰ir-bey ; 5a Hide cira-ku [BrH]; 8 Mak

m-ˆoro (pl.) [AlM].

997. *‰VrVn- `bee': C 4 Gude mǝ-cərənwa 'type of flying insect, makes honey';

E 5 Bid dyiirango `gue^pe maonne'.

998. W 1 Hausa are° `to guard' (tsaree da ido kaa ganii `keep your eyes open and

you will see). // Sem *nẓr `to look, to guard' > Arab nẓr `look', Akk naṣāru,

Hbr nṣr `to guard' [OS 506].

217

*ǯ

999. *V `divide, to share, a portion': C 5 Pod ʒa `portion, part'; 7 Muy ʒa n.

`share'; E 3 Tum ə `partager, to divide'// Akk za^zu `divide, teilen,

verteilen' [AHw 1517], [OS 2671]. Cf. *Vɣ- id.

a. *V `thing': W 3 Krf i , Glm ə-nan [SchB]; 8 Mak i `thing' [AlM].

1000. *V/*Vʔ/w- to break, to strike': C 1 Tera a break stick' [NmT]; 3 Bana

aʔwə strike with a stone to break smth'; 4 Gude ʒa pound, clap'; 5 Wnd a

`beat' [CLR], Mlg a `to beat, to kill'; 7 Muy ei `break'; E 1 Kera ɛ

`break pot' [CLR]; E 3 Smr ʷə `ecrouler; ruin' [JgSb].

Noun deriv.: C 5 Pod �əwa `bagarre, a fight'.

Verbal deriv. in n-: W 7 Bok nu `stmpfen (in Morser), stossen; grind in a

mortar, push'; C 7 Mofu -n-iy- [njiy] `detruire, demolir, jeter en epaprpillant,

destroy'.

Note C *ʒV (? < *dV) `to kill': 5a Lmn ʒ(a) [Luk], Htkl ʒ- `to kill' [LkH]; 7

Mbuko nʒa [nja] `to kill', 7a Sakun ʒə, ʒəʒə kill' [DSk]; W 5 Dott ʒu `beat'

[CrD]; C 5a VemgoM ʒu strike' [HmG]. According to [CLR 212], originates

from Ch *dV `to kill' (Sokoro da, Birgit daaya, etc.). For examples of the

*du-> ʒu- shift in W 5 and other languages see [Stolbova 1996, pp. 34, 37].

Deriv. *Vhʷ- `to pound, to press': W 7 DB ah, Bok nu `pound (in

mortar)', 4 Paa uuwaa `pound in mortar' [MS], Diri uwa `mortar' [SkNB];

C 7 Mafa ih- `tasser (dans un sac)'; 5 Bid eew `petrir une poterie, to puddle

clay'.// Arab d_hy `battre (la laine) avec une battant' [BK 766]. 1996: 34, 37].

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs iyya `being a pacient; nursing'; 3 Dera iwa `a herd'

[NmK].

1001. *V `to take care (of a person, animals)': W 4 Paa a `take care' [MS]; C

5 Mlg _a `beschtzen, take care'; 10 ZD i, ZB ѕi [dzi] `garder un troupeau,

to guard cattle'.

1002. *Vʔ-/*Vw/y- `to run, come': W 1 Hs ee `go'; 2 Mgh, Mpn i `come'

[JgS, FrM], Ang i [Fl]; 3 Bol i `davonlaufen, fliehen' [BOLDU], ii `go

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away, run away, escape' [GAB], Ngm io `running', Krf ʔiu-, Gera ziî-

`run' [SchV], Bele ii-ko `go' [SchB], Krkr oo `laufen; run' [LkK]; 4 Diri

awa [SkNB]; 6 Ngz ǯu´ `go' (only in Perrf.); C 5a Hdi ℥aʔa [dzaʔa] `to go'

[BrH]; E 5 WDng aawe `marcher', iwi `marche' EDng aawe `laufen, to

run, go for a walk'; 7 Jegu awo `go' .

Deriv. in n-: E 7 Mubi n-aa `go' [Luk], Kaj n-aw (Imperat.) àller, go'.

1003. *Vw- `to hunt, to chase' (? `to run after'): W 4 Jmb uu `hunt' (n.)

[SkNB]; E 3 Tum o `chasser (eloigner)'; 4 Mawa əy `chasse, a hunt'.

*nʒVw/y- `to have sexual relations': W 5 Guus nwaa [CrG] `copulate'; C

Ould nzay (Chadic n-+ any voiced sibilant phoneme > Ouldem nz- ) `have

sexual relations,sleep'// Arab d_ʔy `pousser vigoureusement et faire marcher

devant soi (chameux); cohabiter avec une femme' [BK 762].

1004. *Vw- `to tie': C 6 Daba aw àttacher fortement, to tie tightly' [Lnhr]; 7

Mbuko ℥away [jaway] attacher', Gis ʒaw anbinden, to tie, to bind', (Mj) aw

`(an)binden' , Mofu -℥uw- [juw] àttacher, lier', Cuv mɛ-ɛwɛy `ligoter',

Mafa ʒaw- `tie'; 10 ZB ѕeo [dzeo] àttacher', Peve eo; E 3 Tum əw

àttacher'.

Deriv. in n-: C 7 Mofu -n-℥uw- [njuw] `coudre rapidement, to sew quickly'.

Deriv in -h- (?Pl.): C 7 Mafa ʒuwah- `tie tightly'.

Cf. *zVʔVw- `rope'.

1005. *Vy- `to laugh, be happy, joyful': C 5 Wnd ʒa [Mo] `to laugh', Glv ʒay

`joy, joyful'; 7 Zlg ѕe [dze] (*ʒay- < *ay) `jouer, to play'; E 1 Kwan aaye

[CLR], Mobu aaye, Ngam aaye `rire, to laugh' [Lns].

1006. *V(y)- `to suffer, to (feel) ache' > VV ìllness': W 1 cf. Hs ii `suffer'

(also: `hear, understand, feel, obey, smell, taste'); 3 Bol aû `heat, pain,

wound' [GAB]; C 5 Pod ʒa `hurt; faire mal'; 7 Gis (Mj) *e `schmerzen,

ache', ii/e ìllness'; 6 Daba əway `souffrir, suffer' [Lnhr].

Deriv. in n-: C 5 Glv n- `to pain, to feel, to suffer, to convulse' > n-ikən `the

feeling, the suffering (of)'.

1007. *Vy/ʔ- `to stay in place, to last, to sit': W 1 Hs aaya `prolong'; C 5 Glv

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ʒ- `to sit', Pod ʒawə `arre^ter, tenir debout; stop, stay'; 8 Bud ei `bleiben,

sitzen, ruhich sein, to stay, to sit', ai `sich setzen, to sit down' [LkB], Log zu

`sit', zu watən `niedersetzen, to sink, put down' (watən `Boden') [LkL], Mak

i `stay; rester' [AlM]; E 1 Kera e `Tag verbringen, spend the day', eʔi

`sitzend, siting', is eʔi `to sit'.

a. C *n-V > nʒV `to last, to dwell, to be' > `to sit': 3 FK nʒa `stay; living',

nʒo-nʒə `to sit' [BN], Bana nʒa `durer; e^tre, to last, to be', nʒi `s'asseoir,

rester, demeurer, to sit, to stay, to dwell'; 5 Glv nʒ `to be, to stay, to prove; to

love, to dwell', Mlg na `to sit', Pod nʒa `sit, stay'; 6 Daba na `e^tre, rester,

s'assesoir, to be, to sit down', nʒha [Lnhr] `sit'; 7 Zlg nʒa [ndza]`rester,

demeurer, durer, sitionner', Mofu n℥- [nj-] `s'asseoir, habiter' (> nəkwam

`s'assesoir'), Mafa nʒa `stay, dwell, sit down'.

1008. *Vʔ- `to put (into)': W 3 Krf oʔ- `to put into' [Stl]; C 7 Zlg ʒa [dza]

`mettre, placer; tomber, to put, to fall'; 8 Mak i `put into' [AlM];10 ZB ʒaʔa

[dzaʔa] `poser contre, to locate near', ZD ʒaʔ [dzaʔ] `poser contre'.

Verbal deriv.: C 7 Mada a℥℥a [ajja] `laisser tomber'.

1009. *Vw/y- `to throw (spear, knife)': W 3 Glm -aala `throw' [SchB]; 4 Paa

ii `throw' [MS]; C 5 Pod ʒawa `viser, tirer sur; to aim at'; E 2 Lele ee

`lancer' Alternatively, may be related to `to sow'.

Noun deriv.: E *Vw/y- `throwing knife': 3 Smr aai `Wurfeisen' [Luk]; 4

Mawa əw `couteau de jet'; 5 Bid awwa `couteau de jet'.

Cf. C 7 Mofu ℥aw ℥aw [jaw jaw] `long and pointed'.

1010. *Vʔ/Hʷ- `to sow, to plant': C 10 ZB ʒoʔo [dzoʔo] `semer en poquets, to

sow in holes'; E 1 Kera eʔe `to sow'; 2 Lele ee `semer a la volee'; 4 Mawa

aya- `planter'.

Note E 5 WDng aaya `jachere, non culture'.

1011. *Vw- `to touch': C 9 Mba oo `toucher'; 10 Masa o `toucher' [CC]; E 1

Ngam ow `toucher' [Lns].

a. *Vw/yVʔ- > ʒwaʔ- `to take': C 4 Gude ʒwaʔ idf. `picking up and putting

on shoulder or neck in order to carry'; 7 Muy aʒay `take hold' (also `bite'), Gis

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ʒ (A), e èrgreifen, fangen'; 10 ZB ʒoʔo [dzoʔo] `prendre qqch de pa^teux'.

Deriv. in n-: W 3 Tng n-ɛ `have it, take this' (said to a female)'.

1012. C *V `to bite': 5 Mlg a `beissen, to bite', Pod newe `bite, burn'; 7

Muy aʒay `bite' (also `take hold'), Zlg ѕe(-r) [dze(-r)] `mordre; bite', Mafa -

`bite'.

Cf. deriv. in n-: *n-VH- `to bite': 5 Dghw nzah/xa, naxa [CLR]; 7 Mafa ɛ,

noe [Sb-CLR]; 10 ZB nʒu [ndzu] `croquer, grincer des dents, to crunch, to

grit one's teeth'.

1013. C *Vʔ- `speak': 2 Mrg o àsk' [Kr]; 5 Pod eyə eyə `bavardage,

chattering'; 7 Mbuko ℥a [jā] `dire', Mol ʒay `speak'; 7a Skn ʒə `to sound'; 8

Bud i `fragen, ask'; Cf. *zV- `to call, to cry, to weep'.

Cf. W 1 Hs aaee ìnquiring about a thing lost or mislaid'.

Deriv. in n-: C 7 Mafa n-, nʒ- `raconter, to retell'; 10 ZB nʒaʔa [ndzaʔa]

`dire, expliquer, parler, ranconter, delirer; say, explain, be delirious, speak'.

Note 1 Tera ʒi (?= i) `say, tell, answer' [NmT].

1014. *Vw- `stick': W 3 Krf aawa `stick' [Stl]; C 7 Mbuko œ [jœ] `manche

d'une houe'; 8 Log zawa (z- < *z- and < *-) `Stock, Stiel, stick' [LkL], Kus

zaw `stick' [Tr].

1015. *(n)V `person, husband' (a suppletive sing. of *gVy `people'?) : W 1 cf.

Hs aai (no pl.) `caravan leader'; C 10 ZB nѕi [ndzi] `ma^le, mari', nʒei,

nʒasi òncle maternel', ZD ni `mari; ma^le'; E 7 Brg a, pl. gay `man,

person', Jegu a, pl. ge [CLR], Kaj no `person', Mubi no_-go_ro_k `Mann',

noo `Mensch' [Luk].// Arab d_ū- `mai^tre, possesseur', NAg [BK 786].

a. *(n)V-f- > *Vf- man, husband' (-f- marks singular, cf. Glavda də-f, pl. di

`person' [Mouchet]): W 4 Wrj ʒəfʷa-na [CLR], ifa-na [SkNB], Jmb uhu,

Mbu ifu, Diri na nəvu [Sk], Kar ifa-na, Miya ifa-na ` [Sk-CLR], Paa nu

[MS] man, husband', Cagu ¾u-fu-ḳan husband' [CLR], ѕu-fu man' [SkNB];

C 10 Banana ma-nufa `man', nufu-nu `husband' [Lk:133], za-ufang

`Mann', Masa uf `man' [Mo], uf `le ma^le, le mari' [CC].

Note Cagu zaa-fu-ḳan `man' (in [CLR]), zaa-fu `man' in [SkNB]. It is not

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clear, if there is secondary contamination between 2 roots (zV- and ѕV-), or

two phonological variants exist in Cagu (*zafu > zufu > ѕufu ). In both cases,

Cagu zaa- is primary and may originate from *zV and be related to: W 3 Ngm

(G) zaazi^, (Y) zaazi n. pl. `husbands' [NEH]; C 3 HB za `man' [Lk:114],

HB, HG zu , Kap -za, HN za `man' [ Kr N 84] (but cf. Bana zal `homme,

mari', FK zəl, pl. ilyi `man' [BN], HK zal `man' in *zVl `man, husband').

Note the same *zV as an affix: W 3 Bolewa, Karekare gor-zo `man' and C 10

Bnn za-ufang `Mann'. Note possible derivative: W 4 *zVh- `male': Wrj

galuu-zəhə-na, Miya, Kar galuu-zəhə `slave (male)' [SkNB], Miya ʒəhə

`male (used to show masculine gender with lexically gender neutral words)`

[Sch]. The mere violation of regular reflexes can hardly account for

*(n)ѕV-f- /*zV- variants of one and the same Chadic root, rather they are of

different origin. The first one is either related to Arabic (see above), or - less

probably - originates from Chadic *dV-f- `man'. As for *zV, it may be related

(inside Chadic) - to the verb *zV `to exist, to be' or/and to *zV `body'.

Outside the family there is a reliable parallel, namely, Eg z (OK) `man' [EG

404]. This Eg word was compared to Chadic a) and b) in [OS 2596].

According to G.Takacs, Eg z man' has a hidden alef' : "z, prob. < *zȵ [*zl]"

[EDE I, 177], accordingly, G.Takacs compares Eg z with Chadic *zVl .

b.*ii `kin term': W 3 Pero ii `grandfather, -mother'; 4 Paa ii-ti

`grand-father' [MS]; C 4 Gude iinə [`reg. possess., kin term' Hoskinson:

206] `grandchild', ii-tə-ʔida `youngest, grand child', ʒəʒə (ʒ- < *- before

-ə-) irreg. poss., kin term `grand-father, his male sibling'; 5a Hdi ѕiѕi [dzidzi]

`grandfather' [BrH]; 5 Pod �e `father-, mother-in law'; 7 Mbuko ℥əe [jǝje]

`belle-mere/pere', Mafa ee `grandmother'; E 7 Msm ii-‰o `parents'.

1016. *Vʔ/w/y- `red': W 1 Hs aa `red', aaaa `reddish'; 4 Jmb iyu `yellow'

[SkNB]; 5 Zaar n-uu n-uu (noun deriv.) redness' [CrZ]; 7 Bok uwi red';

C 8 Log zɛi `rot, red' [LkL], Kus za°y [Tr].

Redupl. C 7 Mbuko iy℥ay [jiyjay] `lumiere brun, brown colour'.

Note C 4 Gude awu idf. `very hot' (? `red-hot').

Alternatively may originate < *dwa, cf. W 3 Dera dwai, Bol dai, etc. `red'

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[GAB].

1017. *Vb- `beat, thresh': 3 Ngm G iiba, Y iibo `beat, thrash' [NEH], Krkr

iibo `beat a person, schlagen' [LkK]; iibo n. à beating, a threshing' [GK].

Deriv.: W 1 Hs ib-ta/‰i `bringing pestle down forcibly in pounding'.

Deriv. *ab(b)- `be ruined, ruin, break, pound' (intensive stem?): W 3 Bol

abbu `be spoiled, be ruined' [GB], Krf abb- `become ruined, spoiled', Glm

ow-aala (rather < *ob-) `ruin, be ruined', Gera a^b-'ruin' [SchB]: C 2 Bura

abwi `break glass, pottery'; 3 FK ʒabə `to pound or grind herbs, bark (not

cereals)' [BN]; 4 Gude ʒabə `pound until soft'.

Verbal deriv.: W 3 Krf abbit- `ruin, spoil' [Stl] (completive), Ngm Y abko

`break off, peel off', VN aba [NEH].

1018. *Vb- > ib-g- (to ) pile': W 1 Hs ibga `pile up things on or in smth', ibi

(< *¾ibgi ?) `rubbish heap'; E 4 Mawa ibi `tas de ro^nier lie ensemble en rond,

pile of tied together palm branches'.

Deriv. *Vb-(Vb)- ìn large quantity, in group': W 1 Hs abeeabee ìn huge

quantities'; C 7 Mbuko n℥əb-ok [njǝbok] `group', Mafa nʒob-nʒobobaʔa,

nœb-nœbœbeʔe `numerous, grouillant, nombreux (pour des petits

morceaux de poisson ou de viande dans un sauce)'.

Note W 1 Hs eegee (< *ibg ?) à pile of corn stacked in a circle with all the

heads in the centre'; 3 Bol uuga `pile of guinea corn heads' [GAB], Krkr

uugaa ( < ibga < Hausa?) `pile of grain heads, wood, etc.' [GK].

a. *(n)Vb- `to gather': C 7 Mofu -n℥əb [-njǝḅ] `reunir, coller, rapiecer,

coudre; gather, repair, sew'. Note contamination with *Vb- `to sew'; E 3

Tum aab `ranger, rassembler, arranger'. //Arab d_ʔb `reunir, rassembler' [BK

1 760]. Cf. [OS 2645].

b. C *Vb- to sew, to repair': C 5 Mlg əba (< *əb-) to sew', Glv ʒib sew'

(regular reflex of Ch *¾- ), Pod ʒaba `repair smth torn or cracked'; 7 Ould

ʒaḅay [dzaḅay] `coudre ci et la'.

1019. *Vb- `to call': W 3 Krf obbo à call' (ʔi obbo `to call' [Stl]); C 10

Masa ap `demander' [CC].

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1020. *Vb- `to pour, flow': W 3 Bol ubbu `pour' [GAB], ubb- èin-,

ausgiessen, wegwerfen, lecken (intr)' [BOLDU]; 6 Duw əbuwo `to spill, pour

out'; C 4 Jimjimen dʒəbi [= ??əbi] `pour' [BrJ]; 6 Daba av (-v# < *-b#)

`refroidir un liquide en le versant d'un recipient a l'autre' [Lnhr]// Arab d_wb

`melt', Aram dwb `flow', Ug mdb `stream' [OS 2669], AA N 382* ¾Vb III

(Dera, Bolewa). Cf. *zVb- `pour'.

a. *(n)Vb- `to spit, to sprinkle' (a derivative?): C 5 Pod ʒaba `sprinkle;

asperger, arroser'; 7 Ould -ʒab `cracher, to spit', ʒeb-ʒeb idf. àsperger,

drizzle', Mafa neb-nebeʔe idf. `pleurnichant, en se forcant a pleurer,

whining'.

b. *Vb- `to wash, to moisten': W 3 Dera ob- `wash things' [CLR], obe

[NmK]; C 6 Daba ob `to wet' [Mo]; 7 Mbuko ℥ə℥ob [jǝjoḅ] `tremper', Mofu

-℥əb- [jǝḅ] `tremper, boire en peu', nabak nabak `humide'; 9 Mulwi zi°ibi

`faire tremper'.

c. *Vb- `wet place, swamp': W 2 Ang aap, aap `swamp, marsh' [Fl], aap

[JgA], Msh ap à permanent moist area' [TAS 434]; C 6 Daba n-əb n-əb

`wet place' [Lnhr]; 7 Mafa ʒaba `marecage, swamp'.

1021. *VwVb- `to jump, to hop': W 3 Bol ob idf. jumping' [GAB], Pero

uubo `to jump' Krkr VN aaḅiraa `jumping, hopping' [GK]; C 5 Glv ʒəv `to

cross, to jump'; 7 Mofu ѕǝv `sauter, voler, to hop'; 9 Log z�vi-wun `jump'

[AlL]. Verbal deriv. in n-: *n-ѕV[b]- `to jump, to fly': W 6 Bade n-əvu

`jump down from' (alternatively may be related to: E 1 Mobu ¾aḅe, Ngam ¾ape

`descend from a tree' [Lns]); C 7 Mafa n½ǝva `to jump (up), to fly', Mofu

-ѕǝv- `sauter, voler, s'envoler; to jump, to soar'

Cf. *ѕVwVP# (< *ѕVwVb/p-) `to trot': W 2 Ang oop [Fl], ʷɔp [JgA] `to trot

(horse)'; 10 ZD ʒop ʒop [dzop] (ѕo-> ½o-) àllure d'un cheval au trot' [CC].

1022. *Vb- `to wrap, to cover, to put on': W 4 Paa aabu `close, cover (door or

pot)' [MS]; C 3 Bana ʒəbə `couvrir, renverser'; 4 Gude ʒəba `to wrap, loop

or coil a rope around smth; put on more than one gown'; 6 Daba əb `cover,

put on a hat' [Lnhr].

Compound: C 7 Muy aʒaba-sây `wrap'.

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Noun deriv. *VwVb-/*Vmb- `wrapper, cloth': W 3 (if not a loan) Krf oba

`man's robe' [Stl], Ngm G ob-to^, Y ob-to `woman's wrapper' [NEH], 7

Mada o℥bo [ojḅo] `cache-sexe de jeune fille'; Muy embey `cloth'; 8 Mak

emba `shirt'.

1023. *Vb- `to make holes (for planting)': W 3 Krkr abu `make holes in

ground for planting' [GK]; C 4 Gude ʒəbə `stick, stuck, poke (with sharp

instrument)'; E 2 Lele ib `stab' [Grg]. Note W 3 Krkr n-ibu `to peck' [GK].

Verbal noun: W 4 Warji naban-na `transplanting' [BlS].

C *Vv- (? < Chad *Vb-) `to plant (in holes)': C 5 Pod nʒəva `to plant'; 7

Ould -ʒav [dzav] `to plant; make one thing enter another', Muy aʒav Moloko

ʒav, Zlg ʒəv [dzǝv] `planter'.

C *Vv- `tomb': C 5 Pod uve `tomb'; 7 Mbuko ℥əvay [jǝvay] `tombeau',

Mada ive [jive] `tombe', Gis ive `Grab, grave'; Cuv ʒəvay `tombeau',

Mafa ʒavay `cimetiere familial; family tomb'.

Cf. C 2 Bura iba `a well'.

1024. *ʒVb- to divide, to distribute': W 6 Bade əbu distribute evenly (one term

to each recipient)'; 7 Mofu -n-℥a-n-℥ab- [njajaḅ] `rapiecer de part en part'.

Noun deriv.: C 5 Mlg avahe `Abzweigung, offshort'; 7 Mada ℥abar [jaḅar]

`compartiment, separation'.

1025. *VbVr- `to listen': C 9 Mnj zibiri `listen attentively'; E 1 Kera ebre

`listen to'.

1026. C *Vb- `to sprout': 7 Ould -ʒəb [dzǝḅ] `bougeonner, to bud'; Mada o℥bo

[ojḅo] `se developper, proliferer, pousser de nouvelles branches', Mofu -℥aḅ-

[jaḅ] `pousser rapidement, grandir vite'.

Noun deriv.: Gude n-avada (-d- may denote singular) `sprout'; 5 Pod ʒaba

`nouvelle branche qui pousse; new branch';

Verbal deriv.: C 7 Ould ѕibe [dziḅeŋ] `faire rajeunir, become jounger'.

1027. *Vb- `slave': W 3 Bol ebbe (pl. of baaya) `slaves', ewe n.f. `female

slave' [GAB], Krf eve, pl. ebbini `he-slave' [Stl], Tng sɔbɔk `slave,

prisoner', Dera ebe, ewe (pl. ebiyan) `slave', Pero ‰opok (? a Tangale

225

loan) `slave', Gera ebba, Grm ebbe [SchB]; C 1 Jara eve `slave' [NmT]; 4

Gudu eva/ʒevə, Kumbi (Gudu d.) ib-te `slave' [Meek]; 5 cf. Glv iba `man'.

Note possible deriv. meaning `young (man)': C 7 Mbuko n-℥avar [njavar]

`jeune, disciple'.

1028. *Vb- `wall, fence; to make a wall': W 3 Dera ibi, iwi, `screen off, dam

off'; C 3 Bana ¾і°ba° `petit hangar'; 7 Mbuko ℥uvo-k [juvok] `case ou entrent

les invites', Mafa ʒəba `cloison; partitition, internal wall'; E 5 WDng aaba

ènclos, palissade construir en branchages, enclosure'.

C *Vb-r/n- `wall' (a loan?): 5 Pod ʒəbəra `cloison de grenier', 7 Mbuko

℥əban [jǝḅan] `cloison dans une grenier/ba^timent', Ould ʒəbər [dzǝḅǝr]

`cloison', Zlg ʒəbər [dzǝḅǝr], Mofu -℥əbar [jǝḅar] ìnternal wall in the barn,

compartement', Cuv ʒəba `cloison'.

1029. *Vb- `breadth, length': W 3 Krkr abaa `breadth' [GK]; E 5 WDng

aboni `mesure de 3 coudees doubles de cotonnade' .

Verbal deriv.: C 7 Muy aʒubay `to extend'.

1030. *(n)Vb- `stalk, (dry) grass': 3 FK ʒəvə-kə `cornstalk' [BlNd], Bana

ʒəvə-ti `tige de mil' pl. iv-ti; 5 Pod n-ʒuva `dry grass for animals'; 7 Muy

əbu `grass'. // Arab Ѓad_b- `straw', Aram (jud) Ѓadb- `straw, culm' in [AA N

381 ¾Vb- II, includes Hausa only].

Deriv.: *ʒVbVr- `grass': W 1 Hs abaree `grass, weeds in a farm, the last

weeding with a hoe'; C 7 Mbuko n-evre [njevre] `grass' (old pl.?).

1031. *Vb-(l)- `sickle': W 2 Goem ǝ°p `sickle' [Hlw]; 4 Wrj n-abulan `small

sickle for grass' [BlS]; C 10 Msg ibiluwai `Sichel, sickle' [LkM].

1032. *(n)Vb- `small': W 1 Hs ibo à stunted calf'; 5 Zaar n-ob-di^ `small

things in large quantity' [CrZ]; C 7 Mbuko ℥əb-eb [jǝḅ-jeḅ] `chacun en peu',

n-əbəlem `petitesse de la famille', Mafa n-ub-n-ubeʔe `small piece

(brindilles); (fig.) `child'.// Cf. Arab d_abʔā-t- `jeune fille au corps gracieux'

[BK 763].

a. W 2 *¾Vp (<*Vp/b- or < *ѕV with a pl. marker -p) `children’: Angas ep,

eb-ma `boy, child’, Mgh ¾ep `children’, Mpn ¾ep pl. `children, boys’, Msh

226

¾ep, n¾ep `children’, Mnt ¾ip `children’, Goem ¾ap (pl. of laa) òffspring,

child, froot’, ¾yaЂap `children’ [TAS 435].

1033. *Vb-t- (a loan or an old suff.) `sweet': C 9 Mnj zibet m. `sucre', Mba

ibet `sweet'; 10 Masa ibet (ibet-na) `le sucre, la douceur', adj. ibet(e)

`doux, sucre' [CC]; E 1 Kera ibidi `sweet'.

1034. *Vf- `to harm, to quarrel' (attested in deriv.): C 3 Bana n-af-n-afə

`parler mal de qqn qui n'est pas present'; 7 Muy eeve-dey `to harm'; E 7 Bid

ip-a-t `provoquer, chercher des histoires', ipat n. `querelle'.

1035. *Vf- `to drink a little; to lick': W 3 Dera opi `to leak'; C 7 Mofu

-n-℥əf- [njǝf] `gou^ter, boire en peu'.// Arab d_aff- `small amount of water' [BK

774]

1036. *Vf- `to hit, to kick': W 3 Krkr aa-afu `hit with a sharp blow to remove

dust, etc.' [GK]; C 7 Mada ep [jep] `donner une coup', Mafa ʒav- `kick'.

a. *Vf- `grind, pound': C 7 Mada o℥℥op [ojjop] (-p# < *-f#) `piler, broyer,

ecraser, taper', Mbuko ℥af [jaf] `piler (avec une pilon et un mortier)'.

Noun deriv.: Bana ivə-na `pierre a ecraser, molette; grinding stone'.

1037. *Vf- `throw, fall': W 1 Hs eefa `throw'; C 4 Gude ʒəvu `fall (only of

water in waterfall)'; 7 (deriv.) E 5 WDng ap idf. `qqch tombant de haut' (cf.

ambira idf. `qqch tombant de haut en bas').

Deriv. in n- `to throw': C 7 Zlg n-ʒuf [ndzuf] `throw on the earth'.

Deriv. in -l- :W 3 Dera upule `to tumble down'; C 7 Muy ʒuful idf.

`throwing on the ground'.

Note E 6 Mok za°pidye° ( za°pі°-sa ) `jeter, to throw' .

1038. *Vf- `to rise, to grow': W 1 Hs eefee òverhand swimming'; C 5a Htkl

ʒəf- èmporwirbeln, soar up' [LkH]; 7 (deriv.) Mafa n-ʒav- `soulever,

relever'; E 4 Mawa ѕipǝ- `grandir, croitre, to grow'.

Note C 7 Muy eeftey `lift up' (unexpected instead of ).

1039. C *Vf- `pierce (with an arrow, spear)': 5 Pod �və idf. `blesser avec une

fleche, srtike with an arrow'; 7 Mbuko ℥af [jaf] percer (avec une lance); lancer

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(une lance), pierce, throw a spear'.

Deriv in n-: C 3 Bana n-ifə `boucher; plug'.

Cf. W 1 Hs aafi `shaking of raised spear (in salutation of superior)'

Note 7a Skn if `(digging) stick', if kingir ìron staff' [DS].

1040. *Vf- > *mV-Vf- `medicine', *V-Vf- ìllness' (only derivatives): W 6

Bade av-afau àn illness of mysterious origin'; C 7 Mafa ma-ʒaf-

`medicine', Cuv mɛ-nivɛy `medicament' (if not mɛn ivɛy) ; 7a Skn

ma-naf `medicine, plant' [DS].

Note E 7 Ubi epa `plaie; wound, ulcer' [Alio].

1041. C *Vf- `smell' > *n-Vf- `bad smell': 4 Gude n-ʒəfwa `bad breath'; 6

Daba n-if `sentir, flairer, renifler' [Lnhr]; 7 Mbuko ℥əev [jǝjev] òdeur de

l'pluie, fragrance of rain'.

1042. C *VfVr/n- (? < *nVfVr- < *‰VfVr-) `duck or guinea fowl': 7 Muyang

ʒavar, Mbuko n℥avan [njavan] `guinea fowl', Mofu n℥avar [njavar], ‰avar

`guinea fowl'; 10 Masa uf³llѓ `le canard sauvage, wild duck' [CC].

1043. *Vp- to be surprised, to wonder': C 6 Bade aap astonishment'; C 5 Mlg

na-appe Wunder, miracle'; E 5 EDng abiye (voicing in contact) erstaunen,

to be surprised'.

1044. *Vp- `to mix': W 2 Ang oop, oop à mixtute of small cut pieces of meat,

salt and `mia' [Fl], Mpn oop `mix clay with feet, mess up water' [FrM],

Goem zɔɔp `to mix with water' [TAS 441]; C 5 Pod ʒəva ùnir, melanger;

unit, mix'; 7 Mbuko ℥apay anan [japay] `melanger' (if not the same as

àdditioner', cf.

Deriv. in -d- `to mix two things': C 3 Bana ʒavəḍi `melanger, esp. 2 esp. de

grains, to mix (especially - two kinds of grain)'; 7 Mofu -℥avad- [javaḍ]

`melanger deux choses differentes (sauce), to mix two different things'.

Cf. E 6 Mok za°pі°-dye° `plonger les doigts dans qqch et les scouer ensuite'.

1045. *Vp- gather, add, arrange': C 7 Mbuko ℥apay [japay] additioner, ajouter;

reunir, unir'.

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a. *Vp- to pile, to make full': C 5 Pod ʒava to pile up'; 6 Daba ap entasser

(l'herbe)' [Lnhr]; 7 Mada ℥av [jav] `plein (sac)'. Cf. *Vb- `to pile'. b.

*V[p]- `hill, pile': C 7 Mofu ℥a℥af, eef [jajaf, jejef] (-f# < *-p#) `bosse

(d'un animal)'; 10 ZB ʒu-ʒup [dzu-dzup] `pile' (n.), (partial redupl.); E 5 Mig

appe `colline'.

1046. *(n)-Vp- `to trap, a trap': W 3 Bol ippa `type of trap made of clay which

collapses over animal; fish trap in the form of a `roof' [GAB], Ngm V n-iifo

`trap' [NEH]; C 6 Daba n-ap àttraper promptement, to catch quickly' [Lnhr].

Verbal noun: W 3 Bol ippaano `covering, hiding, trapping' [GAB]. Cf.

E 4 Mawa op-o `couvrir, to cover' [Pob]. (?*Vp- `to cover' > *n-Vp- `to

trap').

1047. *Vp- `small portion, small amount of': W 1 Hs eefee `small portion of

raw cotton; small quantity of fresh butter added to food'; 6 Bade a(p)pa

`small'; C 7 Mada ℥op [jop] ùne pincee'; E 4 Mawa wap ùn peu, peu'; 5

WDng ɔp ùn peu, a little'. // Arab d_uff- `petite quantite d'eau' [BK 774],

d_ifāf- ùn peu' [BK 774].

Note possible deriv.: W 6 Duw apto `dig small quantity' (alternatively < `to

dig').

1048. *Vd- `to pinch, to crash': W 2 Ang ʷat `to pinch' [Brq]; C 6 Daba ad

ècraser pour faire de la pa^te (arachides)' [Lnhr].

Deriv. in n-: W *n-Vd- `to (op)press': 3 Krkr nadu `massage, press on, step

on, drive over' [GK], nad- `niederdrcken, to oppress' [LkK]; Ngm nad-

`press smth' [VbN], (noun deriv.) nad-ma^ òpression' [NEH]; C 7 Mafa

nӡǝḍ- `serrer fort, press hard'.

Deriv.: W 3 Bol nudduru `purse lips in anger' [GAB].

1049. *Vd- `to choose': W 3 Krkr idaa `choose' [GK]; C 5 Pod ede `to pick

out; choisir'.

Deriv. in n-: *nVd- `to seize': W 3 Krkr nid idf. àction of pouncing'

[GK]; C Mofu -n℥ad- [njaḍ] `saisir, to seize'.

Note W 3 Bol ni utuo Ì catch' [Bn]. Irregular correspondence of medial

229

consonant.

1050. *Vd- `to sweep, broom, pitchfork': W 3 Dera ada `broom' [NmK]; C 1

Tera edi `sweep' [NmT]; E 5 Bid aado `fourche, pitchfork', WDng aado

`fourche a 2 dents (pour debroussage/battage)'.

1051. *Vd- `to peel, to husk': W 3 Dera uduk `to peel' [NmK]; C 5 Pod ida

`decortiquer, to bark'; 7 (partial redupl), Mofu -n-℥a-n-℥ad- [njanjaḍ] ègrener

le mil grain par grain, to peel corn grain after grain'.

1052. *Vd- `to move downwards, alight': W 1 Hs iidaa àlight, dismount,

lodge at'; 2 Ang dyat [yat] (-t# originates from any dental) `to throw down

(in wrestling)' [Fl].

Deriv.: E 5 WDng ada `sur son seant (e^tre assis...), on one's own buttocks

(be seated...)'.

Note Mofu -n℥ədk- `fienter, faire sur la sol'.

1053. *Vd- `to sprinkle': C 5 (deriv.) Pod n-�de `humidite'; E 1 Kera ede

àrroser'.

1054. *(n)Vd- `to attach': C 6 Daba nəd `nouer, attacher'; 7 Muy aʒuday `tie

strongly'; E 5 Mig iidiyo `to attach to'.

Deriv. W 5 Zaar nedadak `tightly' (or < *Vd- `to squeeze, to pinch').

1055. *V(wV)ṭ- `to move upwards': W 3 Bol uut- àufheben, aufwirbeln, to

raise' [LkB], uutu, zuutu `lift, awaken' [GAB]; C 3 Bana ʒati àller (en

montant un peu)', ʒəta àu dessus'; 7 Gis ʒad `hinaufsteigen', Mj ad `rise'.

1056. *VwVt- `to fill (up to the brim' (possibly derived from *Vw- `to fill',

cf.): W 3 Krf oot- to fill' [Stl]; E 5 WDng oote monter plus haut que le bord

sans tomber du recipient (mil debordant du grenier, boule montant plus haut

que les bords de la marmite), to become full up to the brim (granary, pot)'.

1057. *Vt- let out (blood, vomit)': W 4 Paa iitaa `vomit'; E 5 Bid iit `saigner,

let blood out'.

1058. *Vh- `to feel, to taste, to try': W 1 Hs ii `hear, understand, feel, suffer,

230

obey, smell, taste'; C 3 FK ʒə `to try' [BN]; 5a Hdi ʒəγay [dzǝγay] `to try'

[BrH]; 7 Mofu -℥- [-j-] èssayer; try, taste'; E 1 Mobu ewe `gou^ter' [Lns].

Note W 2 Mushere aɣap `to try' [TAS 432]. Probably, pl. in -p < *aɣ-.

1059. *Vh- `to flow, pour': C 7a Skn iha `fall, flow to' = `flow in sense of

rivers' [DS].

Deriv. W 7 Sha n-ah `wash body, thing'.

Deriv. in -b/p-: C 7 Mofu -℥əhʷb- [jǝhʷḅ] `plunge completely into a liquid',

Mbuko ℥uhop [juhop] (-p# may originate from -b#) `mouiller, to moisten'.

1060. *Vh- `to cook, to roast': W 7 DB ih `cook'; C 7 Mol nʒahay `roast'; E 5

Bid aaw `cuire; cook'.

1061. *Vhʷ- `to pluck': C 7 Zlg nʒaha [ndzaha] àrracher'; 10 Masa a

`cueillir' [CC]; E 5 Mig aawo `cueillir'.

1062. *(n)Vhʷ- `to peel grain': C 7 Ould ʒuhʷ [dzuhw] `peler pour elever

l'ecorce, to bark, to peel', Mofu -n-℥əh- [njǝh] ègrener (le cotton)', Mafa

ʒuhw- rub grains in hands for cleaning'; E 1 Kera eʔe enlever le son du mil'.

Note E 1 Kera ugi (Deriv. ?) ènlever le son du mil'.// cf. Arab d_hg `peler,

depouiller de son ecorce' [BK 765].

1063. C *Vh- `to gather': 5 Glv ʒax `to gather, to take up, to collect, to

assemble', Pod ehe `gather', Mlg a `sich versammeln, to gather' (intr.) ; 7

Muy eehey `gather'. // Arab d_wh `reunir, amener de differents points' [BK

788].

Noun deriv. : C 5 Glv ʒaxa-v(a) `throng, crowd'.

*Vhʷ- `to save, keep': W 3 Krf ee- `keep' [Stl]; C 7 Muy aʒuhʷ ùse

sparingly, keep for', Mada o℥℥oh [ojjoh] èconomiser, mettre en reserve,

menager', Mol ʒohoy save, economiser', Zlg ʒaʒahwa [dzadzahwa] menager,

traiter avec egard, to treat with care, with respect'.

1064. *Vhʷ- `buttocks, back': W 7 Bok aha `Gesass, buttocks'; C 5a Hdi

hʷi `buttocks' [BrH] ; 7a Skn ah `back'; 7 Mada ℥ah-℥ah [jah-jah] `haut

de dos, upper part of the back'. //Cf. Omotic Ometo zahi `back' [OS 2649].

231

Deriv.: *(n-)Vh- to descend; to sit down': C 3 cf. FK nihə sleep' (= to lie

down') [BN]; 7 Mbuko n℥ahay [njahay] `s'asseoir', Cuv ma-nʒahay `vie,

s'assesoir'; E 4 Mawa aya- `baisser, descendre'. Alternatively may be

derived from *nV `to sit, to live'.

1065. *V(hʷ)- small', *nV(hʷ) a little': W 5 Zaar nuu a little', Guus na^w

`few, little' [CrZ,G]; C 3 Bana uu `small'; 7a Sakun əwu, əhwoy `small'

[DSk], uhɔi [Meek].

1066. *Vɣ- `to be unsteady in one's legs': C 3 Bana ʒɣwa àller (descendant en

peu)'; 7 Mofu -℥əh- [jǝh] `marcher en se dandinant, to waddle'; E 2 Lele

iga-iga èn titubant, swaying'; 5 WDng oge `marcher pas a pas en titubant,

to go swaying'. Any relation to Htkl ½a°ɣi°ła `Fusskn£chel' [LkH] ?

1067. C *Vɣ- à part, a half': 7 Gis ʒaha `Teil; part'; 8 Log m-zaɣwan "Hlfte, a

half' [LkL]. Any relation to *Vg- `to divide, to separate, to arrange in

portions'?

Deriv.: in n-: C 7 Mafa n-ʒəhaʔa `fracture, brise, (broken) in pieces'. Cf. E 5

Bid agaw `hacher, to chop, to hew'

1068. *Vɣ- `home, at home': W 3 Krkr ago `home, place of origin, town,

environment' [GK]; C5a Hdi ʒaɣa [dzaγa] `home; la maison, chez-soi' [BrH].

C *Vɣ- `to return home': 3 Bana iɣi `rentrer a la maison'.

Note possible deriv.: 3 Bana n-ʒɣə àrriver par express au moment juste pour

recevoir de la nourriture'; 7 Ould ʒaɣar [dzaγar] àppear, arrive'.

1069. W *VHVd- `to pierce, to tickle': 2 Mgh əɣət `kitzeln' [JgS], Goem at

`to tickle' [TAS 432]; 3 Dera ide `pierce' [NmK].

1070. *Vgʷ- `to bow, incline': C 7 -℥əgw- [jǝgʷ] `(se)pencher, incliner,

baisser, enfoncer (dans un trou)'; E 5 EDng agiye gebeugt sein, be inclined',

WDng agiye è^tre tordu (cou), be wringed (neck)'.

Compound: C 5a Hdi ʒaganata [dzaganata] `to bend' [BrH].

Noun deriv.: C 7 Muy ma-ʒaʒəga `slope'; E 5 WDng ɔgu-nɔs (compound)

`bossu, hump'.

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Note C 7 Mbuko ℥əkay [jǝkay] `pencher' (irregular medial consonant).

1071. *Vgʷ- `to join (two things), to pile': C Mrg ѕi°ga° `to pile up, to put

together' [HfM: 139]; 5 Pod ʒəgwa `join two things of the same kind -

esp.string), attacher deux ficelles ensemble, raccommoder un habir dechire'; 7

Muy aʒagway `join, hire out provisionally'; 10 Masa ak (-k# < *-g-)

`croiser'. Deriv. `to copulate': W 5 Zaar noɣat (< noKat )

`copulate' [CrZ]; C 7 Ould ʒugʷav [dzugwav] `to have sexual relations

(animals)'.// Arab d_ʕg `pousser, repousser; forcer une fille et cohabiter avec

elle' [BK 772]. a.*Vg- `many, all': W 1 Hs ageeagee ùn huge quantity';

C 7 Mbuko iga [jiga] `tout'.

b. *Vg-l/r- `to pile': C 2 Mrg 4 Gude igələ `stack things up; lay bricks, cross

legs'; 5 Pod negee `put one on another', 7 Muy °gri° `rubbish heap', Ould

ʒəgur [dzǝgur] `tas, morceau', Mafa igir `to pile up'; E 5 WDng agal

èntasse les uns sur les autres'

Cf. E 2 Lele agne èmpiler, to pile'

1072. *Vg- to jump down, to go down': W 3 Bol uggu jump down' [GAB]; C

3 FK ʒaʒəga `downward, southward' [BN], ʒəga `go down, descend'; 8 Bud

ѕigay `hinunterstellen, to put down'.

Deriv. in n- `to make to sit down': C 7 Mafa nʒugwaf- `mettre assis de force'.

Noun deriv.: C 5 Pod egere `position'; 7 Mafa egele `siege, seat'. Cf.

C 5 Pod ʒəgwafə `s'asseoir' idf. and 7 Ould ʒagadar [dzagaḍar] idf.

`s'asseoir en sautant (cheval)'.

Note two possible pluractional derivatives: `to jump down permanently' > `to

limp':

Deriv. in *ʔ-: EDnd ʔoige `hinken, to limp', Bid ʔook ( -k# < *-g#) `boiter'.

Deriv. in -r: W 3 Pero igir `stumble'; 4 Zaar aɣrak (aKrak) `limp' [CrZ]; C

7 Muy ʒμgʷЊr `lameness', Mofu egwer [jegwer] `boiteux; lame', Gis

egwer `Hinken'

1073. *Vg- `to divide, to separate, to arrange in portions': C 10 Lame ak

`divide' [Kr], ZB ʒak (-k#< *-g#) [dzak] `diviser, separer, partager'; E 1 Kera

egə `former les portions'; 5 Mig agaw `desunir, separer', WDng age

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`bifurquer (voyageur)'.

1074. *Vgʷ- `to guard, to pasture, to tame': W 3 Ngm (G) aaga^ `head off,

round up' [NEH]; C 7 Muy aʒ(ə)ga°y `guard, pasture, wait', Mada e℥gwe

[ejgwe] `surveiller, garder, se tenir a l'affu^t, to guard'.

Deriv. in -r-: W 1 Hs igooroo (< *igʷ-r-) `a `look-out, sentinel'; C 7 Mbuko

℥ugwar [jugwar] `garder'.

Deriv.: C 7 Mafa igin `bring up a domestic animal'.

1075. *Vg- `to hoe, to dig': W 4 Paa igaa `dig, uncover' [MS], C 7 Ould ѕege

[dzege] `piocher'; E 5 Bid ¾a°gaw `hacher, to hoe'.

Deriv. E Kera og-de `dig'.

Cf. C 4 Gude igwara `first cultivation after planting'.

Noun deriv.: C 5 Glv ma-iga-na `hoe'.

1076. *Vg- `to shake': W 1 Hs iigaa (< ig-iga) `shake, jig'; 2 Ang ək `to

shake' [JgA], Goem ik `to stir up, to move to and fro' [TAS 438]; C 7 Gis

iik (if -k# < *-g#, alternatively may originate from *Vk- `to be afraid')

`zittern, to shake'.

Noun deriv. *Vg-t-: C 8 Bud ikte (devoicing in contact) `Abschtteln,

shaking off'.

Deriv.: W 3 Bol ogilu, zogilu (? < *z-) `stir (thin substance)' [GAB], Ngm G

ukla^ `stir a thin substance (sauce)' [NEH].

Cf. *Vg(Vw)- kind of dance': W 3 Bol ogoo-ogo kind of dance' [GAB];

C 8 Bid aguwa `kind of dance'.

1077. *Vgʷ- `to provoke problem, to annoy': C 5 Pod ʒagwa `provoke

(problem)'; 10 (deriv. in n-) ZB n-ѕek [ndzek] `deranger, ennuyer, to annoy';

E 2 Lele ogi `deranger, importuner, to disturn, to annoy'.

Deriv. in -l-/-r- `to quarrel': W 1 Hs igira `be, get out of hand'; 2 Sura ѕigir

`tadeln, zurechtweisen', Mpn ѕi°ir `to rebuke'; C 7 Mofu -℥agal- [jagal] `to

quarrel'.

1078. *Vg- `water pot, jug': W 4 Wrj igəa-na `big beer pot'; C 7 Mbuko

℥əgədek [jǝgǝḍek] `marmite en argile', Mada ℥agwan [jagwan] `jarre pour

234

puiser de l'eau, water jug', Zlg ʒagwaya [dzagwaya] `cruche (pour chercher de

l'eau)'.

Cf. W 3 Krkr igum `gourd for storing oil' [GK].

Note possible deriv.: `broken pottery': C 7 Ould ѕegwezê [dzegwezle] `poterie

casee', Mada ℥agav, ℥agav [jagav, jaŋgav] `poterie tronquee', Mafa ʒəgaw

`col de poterie'.

C 7 *VgVr- `colander': Mbuko ℥ugwire [jugwire] `cruche a° trous qui fait

office de passoire pour la sel', Mada igwire [jigwire] `passoire (pour le sel de

cendre)'.

1079. *Vg- `(piece of) meat': W 1 (deriv.) Hs agwabe `meat of an old cow,

unsound meat'; C 5 Pod ʒagaga `viande de la colonne vertebrale'; E 5 Bid

(deriv.) agallo `gros morceau de viande avec os, big piece of meat with bone'.

1080. *Vg- `mouse, bat': C 7 Ould ʒagway [dzagway] `chauve-souris'; E 2

Lele iga-iga `Chauve-souris'; 5 Bid ugiya `musaraigne, earth-diging

mouse'. Cf. C 5 Mnd igale `mouse' [Luk].

1081. *Vgʷ- `stone': W 3 Krkr igawa `rock' [Kl]; 6 Ngz igwai `small hill'; C

2 Mrg iga `stone' [Kr]; 4 cf. Gude ӡəga `fence or wall of stones'.

Deriv.: C 7 Ould ʒugʷav [dzugwav] `big rock, rocher sacre'; E 2 Kaba

əgəgəy, Nch əgələ `caillou' [CH].

a. *VwVK- `stone, rock': W 2 Mgh wak `Felsen' [JgS], Mpn wak `rock'

[FrM], Msh wak `heap of stones' [TAS]; C 7a Skn mu-uku `boulder' [DS].

1082. *VgV-(t)- (or a Hausa loan?) `duiker': W 1 Hs agati, (Kats.) agari no

pl. `buck duiker'; C 2 Bura ikil (unexpected -k-) `small antelope, duiker'; 3

FK əgələ àntelope sp' [BN]; 4 Gude i°gəra `duiker'; 7a Skn igər `kind of

antelope' [DS]; E 3 Tum ərgə `kind of antelope' (metath.).

Cf. C 7 Mofu agara àgnelle, lamb'.

1083. *VgVr- `chicken basket': C 7 Mbuko ℥əgəlen [jǝgǝlen] `case aux

animaux', Cuv ʒakala `cage a poule (en branchage)', Mofu ℥agala, ℥akala

[jagala, jakala] `basket for fowl'; E 5 Mig ugurum, Bid ugurum `poulailler,

hen-coop'.

235

Any relation to W 1 Hs oogoo à basket'; E Tum oog, Ndam ok [DikJg]

`basket'.

1084. *Vg- `tall, long': E 4 Ubi agga `long' [Alio], aga `haute taille' [HJ];

7 Zer aga `haut taille' [HJ].

Deriv.: C 4 Gude ʒəgam high up, high'; 7 Mafa ʒəgala surleve, haut', Ould

ʒəgama [dzǝgama] `haut; tall, high', Mada ℥gam [jgam] `haut, eleve, long'.

Note *VgVR- `big animal': W 1 Hs igaara à large he-goat'; E 5 WDng

ɔgulɔm `big (animal)'.

1085. *Vg- `tired, weak': W 1 Hs igaaigaa `great tiredness; being spent'; C 7

Mbuko ℥əgukwe [jǝgukwe] adj. `maladif'.

Note E 4 Ubi ogo `faim'; 7 Zer dʒogo `faim' [HJ].

1086. *Vk- `to lower': C 7 Mbuko ike [jike] àppuyer, to lean'.

Deriv.`to sit down': E 4 Mawa okoro `s'accroupir'; 5 Bid okom

`s'accroupir, to squat; aller aux toiletts'.

Noun deriv.: W 3 Pero u/ok `chair', Ngm nak-da (G,Y) `chair' [NEH].

1087. *Vk- `to force', *n-Vk- `force': W 3 Ngm (G) neeko^ òpression'

[NEH]; C 3 FK niku `force' [BN]; 7 Mafa ʒaʒək- `compel, to oblige (smbd to

return to some place), to force'.

Cf. W 1 Hs aakaa à particular kind of throwing in wrestling' (contamination

with *Vk- `to lower').

1088. *Vk- `to rise': C 4 Gude ʒakə `put up high (on smth)'; 10 Masa ik

`monter' [CC].

Deriv.: W 4 Ngm (G) uk-ta^, (Y) nuʔu-to^ `raise, lift, revive, resurrect,

resuscitate' [NEH].

a. *Vk- `to stand': W 3 Dera ik `standing'; C 5 Pod ʒəkǝka `debout,

standing' (cf. Pod nʒəga `place a solid object upright'); 7 Mada

œœkw-œkw [jœjœkw-jœkw] `debout, dresses, plantes (plusieurs choses);

standing, planted'.

1089. *Vk- `to burn': W 7 DB okay VN `verbrennen' (tr.), Sha nuka^y

236

`wegbrennen, burn down'; C 7 Mofu ℥akw [jakw] `bru^lant, chaud', Muy

ʒək-ʒək `burning'.

1090. *Vk- `to reply, echo': C 4 Gude ikə `do again; reply, answer'; E 5 Mig

akko `echo'.

Verbal deriv. in -d- : C Mulwi zigidi `repeter en echo, reprendre', Mnj zigidi

`imiter (souvent pour se moquer), repeter en echo' ( z- < *, -g- < *-k-).

1091. *Vk- `to be the first, to begin': W 1 Hs aakii `the first portion of hair

secured in making any coiffure'; C 3 FK ʒakə introduce, reveal', ʒaku start,

begin, foem' [BN]; 6 Daba əka `sortir le premier' [Lnhr]; E 5 Mig okke

`premier lait de chevre apres avoir mis bas' .

1092. *Vkʷ-/*ik- `to push, to drive off, to move': W 3 Ngm (Y) ikko chase

off, drive off' (intensive stem) `chase off, drive off' [NEH]; C 7 Muy aʒukʷ

`push down'; 9 Mba ¾ok `move at', Mnj zugi `deplacer, move aside'; 10 ZB

ѕik [dzik] `pousser qqch de lourd, deplacer, push, move', Masa ok `deplacer'

[CC].

Verbal deriv.: W 4 Kar ʒəkə-tə `push'; C 10 ZD ʒok-noʔ [dzok] `pousser avec

force', ZB ʒok-noʔo [dzok] `pousser qqn'.

Deriv. in n- : `move (to another place), migrate': W 3 Ngm (G) n-uko^

`change residence, move, migrate'.

1093. *(n)VkV- `to fill by pressing, to press down': W 2 Ang dok [ok] `to fill

(by pressing); full' [Fl]; 3 Bol n-akku `press down, hold down, massage'

[GAB]; C 3 Bana n-ʒəkwə taper, damer pour mieux remplir'; 7 Mbuko ℥ə℥ak

[jǝjak] `rembourrer, pack with; to fill with force' (partial redupl.), Muy ʒak

idf. `with the palm of the hand against smth', Mol ʒokoy `pack down', Mafa

ʒəkaʔa `full (sack)'.

Cf. C 9 Mba ѕa°k, Mulwi za°k `fardeau, charge; load'.

Note a deriv.: C 5 Pod ʒəgada idf. `full' (regular voicing in medial position).

a.*n-Vk- `to block an opening': W 5 Zaar n-ak `strangle, choke, stuff

(mouth)', C 4 Gude n-ikə `close, cover or block opening'.

1094. *Vkʷ- `gather' (tr., intr.): C 3 Bana akə `mettre ensemble', ik `se

237

mettre d'accord, rassembler, to agree, to gather'; 4 Gude ʒəgwa, Upper dial.

ʒəkwa (ʒ- < before -ə-) `sing together, play instrument together'; 10 ZB

n-ѕek [ndzek] `se mettre d'accord, se reunir'; E 6 Mok okoko (ѕo- < zo-) àll

together (persons, animals)'.

a. *n-Vkʷ- to glean, to pile': C 5 Mlg n-aka stapeln, to pile'; 7 Mbuko n℥ak

[njak] `ramasser', Mere n-ʒək ramasser', Mofu -n-℥əkw- [njǝkw] carry in a

basket, gather, pile', Mafa n-oekw- `recolter, ramasser (epis, qousses,

grapes)'.

b. *Vk(w)

- to arrange (in pile)': C 3 Bana ʒəkwə (< *ikwə) arranger en tas,

rassembler'; 4 Gude ikə `stack, pile, set down'.

c. *Vk- to add, many': W 2 Goem ik to increase' [TAS 438]; C 2 Bura aka

ìncrease, add'; 4 Gude ika `small amount added by seller to what is paid

for';10 ZB ʒuku [dzuku] `beaucoup', ZD ʒuk(u) `beaucoup, trop'.

Note W *Vk- `to be rich': 2 Ang ək `richness, fatness', goo-ək à rich or fat

man, wealthy' [JgA]; 3 Pero ikko `riches'.

1095. *(n-)Vk- `to take (by hand, in hands)': C 6 Daba nak `prendre dans la

main, entreren possession' [Lnhr]; 7 Zlg nʒək [ndzǝk] `prendre, saisir, tenir;

porter sur la te^te, take, carry on the head'; 10 ZB ʒak [dzak] `mettre dans

l'embrass, to embrace'.

Verbal deriv.: W 3 Ngm ak-t- `to toss (throw and catch)' [VbN].

Noun deriv. `to take by force': W 3 Bol okor àrmed robery' [GAB].

1096. *Vk- `to smile, to be happy': W 2 Ang uk `to smile' [Fl], uk [JgA]; C 5

Mlg ʒaka (vowel assim. < *əka < *əka) `lachen, auslachen, to laugh (at)'; 7

Muy ʒək-ʒək `happy'.

Deriv. C 5 Pod ʒəgǝda `comedie, amusement'.

1097. W *Vk/g- `to scrape, to tickle': 2 Ang ok, dok `poke or tickle; any

ticklish part of the body' [Fl], wak `kitzeln' [JgA]; 3 Ngm ak- `to scrape'

[VbNg]. Deriv.: W 3 Krkr naakwabu `dabble in one's food' [GK].

1098. W *Vk- `to be afraid': W 1 Hs iikara `feeling fear'; 3 Krkr aak, iik

`terrified or startled' [GK].

238

1099. *VkV-m- (-m- is a body-part marker) `jaw, chin': W 2 Ang aam,

po-aam [Fl], am [JgA], Mgh aɣam `Kinn' [JgS], Mpn oom [FrM] `chin',

Kofy agam `jaw' [CLR]; 3 Ngm Y akum `jaw' [NEH], Bol akum

`cheek(s)' [GAB]; 4 Mbu ukwa iro `chin' [Sk-CLR], C 7a cf. Skr akalam

`(dein) Eckzahn, (your) tooth' [Luk].// [OS N 2650]. Sem: Akk ziḳnu', Ug

dḳn Arab d_aḳan-, d_iḳan- `menton, barbe', etc. [MK *d_iḳan- `(bearded) chin,

beard'.

a. *VgVn/l- `cheek': W 3 Krkr agalai `cheek' [GK], Grm angumu `chin'

[SchB], Ngm G uga^ `cheek' [NEH]; 6 Ngz igəna `cheek' [SchN]; C 8 Bud

igali `cheek' [CLR].

Cf. W 2 Chip əkəm `beard' [Kr]; E 6 Mok zuku°mo `beard'.

1100. *m/n-Vkʷ- `kind of mouse': W 3 Tng nwik (def. nwigi) `kind of

mouse, shrew', C 4 Gude ʒakaya `type of mouse with bushy tail'; 7 Muy

ma-ʒakʷa `bushy-tailed mouse'.

Cf. C 10 ZB nʒuk [ndzuk] `kind of rat'.

1101. *Vḳ- `to moisten, to be wet': W 1 Hs iḳa `moisten', iḳe `become slimy

(food)'; 2 Mgh ik `moisten' [JgS]; 5 Guus ig `wet' [CrG], Tala ikaw [Cs].

a.*V[ḳ]- `rainy season': W 2 Ang wak `Regenzeit; rainy season' [JgA], C 5

cf. Pod n-ekə idf. `light rain' (Podoko -k- may point to Ch *-™-, while Ch

*-k- > Podoko -g-).

1102. *Vḳʷ- `to stuck (in an opening), infuse': W 1 Hs iḳo `an infusion'; 3

Dera yike `to stub'; C 4 Gude iku `poke, poke eye', ʒəku idf. adj. `stuck in

an opening'; 7 Ould -ʒukw [dzukw] `piquer', Mafa ʒukw- `enfoncer, piquer

dans'; 10 Masa ik `percer, piquer' [CC]; E 5 WDng ak-ike `picorer, piquer

par petits coups avec une pointe', EDng ik-ike mit dem Schnabel hacken, to

peck with the beak'.

a. *VK- `stick, wooden spear': W 5 Dott ʒwak (ʒʷ- < *ʷ-) `stick' [CrD]; E 5

Bid ak-ma `perche, pole'; 6 cf. Mok aaka `wooden spear'. A loan?

1103. *Vl- `to break, to smash' : C 4 Gude alə `smash smth dry'; 7 Mofu ℥al

[jal] `se casser en deux'.

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Deriv. in n-: W 3 Bol n-ilu `pinch off (a piece of bread)', n-illu `break into

small pieces' [GAB], Krkr n-ilu `break off a piece of a whole (a bit of tuwo)'

[GK], Ngm G n-il-ko `pinch off, break off a piece' [NEH].

a.*Vl- à mortar': W 4 Paa il, Siri ili `mortar' [SkNB].

b. *Vl- `to destroy': W 3 Dera alle `to spoil, deteriorate' [NmK]; C 8 Bud

aalei `zerstren, deteriorate' .

1104. *V(wV)l- `to cultivate': C 7 Mbuko ℥u^le [jule] `cultiver autour d'une

plant, elaguer'; E 5 Bid uwal `labourer de nouveau, biner'.

Cf. W 2 *ʒwVl- `to plant': W 2 Ang wal `to plant, put in the ground (as of

stakes)' [Fl], Msh wal `transplant corn' [TAS 431];

1105. *Vl- to jump (up), to raise': W Bol ol idf. jumping' [GAB], Krkr alle

`swaying by dancers, jumping with joy' [GK]; 4 Wrj ali `to jump', n-alai

jumping, dance' [BlS]; E 5 EDng ilile àuf einen Baum steigen, to climb a

tree', WDng aale `soulever, to rise'.

1106. *Vl- `to cut': C 8 Mak ѕala `treaming beard and mustache' [AlM].

Deriv.: `cut into small pieces': W 3 Ngm n-al- [NEH]; C 7 Mofu əler.

Noun deriv.: C 6 Daba nolum `deep wound, ulcer' [Lnhr].

a. *Vl- `to peck, to bite': W 3 Krkr al `peck at a tender shoot, peck grain

head' [GK]; C 7 Mada a℥al [ajal] `mordre, to bite'.

1107. *Vl- `to mix, to stir': W 2 Goem aal `to move, shake, stir' [TAS 432]; 3

(deriv. in n-) Bol n-alu `mix or crumble otto in sauce or oil' [GAB]; E 4

Mawa ala `prepare la boule'.

Verbal deriv.: `to mix with a stick': E 5 Bid alag `remuer la boule avec un

ba^ton'.

Noun deriv.: C 10 ZB n-ѕelǝle [ndzelǝle] `pa^te d'arachide, dough'.

1108. W *Vl- `to belch': 2 Ang al [Fp] `belch, chew the cud', aal `to

ruminate', eel `to belch' [JgA], Mgh, Kfy aal `to belch' [TAS 432], Goem

a°al [Hlw]; 3 Ngm iil- `to belch' [VbNg], Krkr ile Àufstossen (Magen),

to defecate' [LkK], ilaa `to belch, become fermented, sour' [GK], Bol ille,

zille `Rlpsen, belching' [LkBl: 265], zillaa `belch' [GAB]. For z/ as free

240

variants in Bolewa see Introduction.

1109. *Vl- `kind of rope': W 3 Bol alaulau `rope with rags (to scare birds)'

[GAB]; C 4 Gude ʒala `woven cord'.

a. C *(n)Vl- à net': 6 Daba elelen `la nasse tissee'; 7 Mofu neele

[njeele] `fish net'; E 6 Mok zelwe `pie°ge-collet, a trap'.

b. *Vl- à bunch, to tie': W 3 Dera ili `bundle of corn'; C 5 Pod �liyəya

idf. àttacher'; 7 Mafa nʒalaʔa `fagotte, lie en fagot, tied in a fagot'

1110. *Vl- `kind of native cloth': C 2 Bura ili `kind of cloth; kind of colour';

E 5 WDng oloolo `cache-sexe des fillettes', Bid alalo `cache-sexe fem.,

enroule plusieurs fois'.

Deriv.: W 1 Hs alwaamii `native-made cloth'.

1111. *Vl- `spear, arrow': W 3 Grm elle àrrow' [Gow-CLR], Gera alla

[SchB]; 6 cf. Ngz ǯəlǯəl `pointed'; E 5 Mig o^llo `sagai'.

Cf. C 7 Mofu ℥əl-bar [jǝlḅar] `spear for hunting rats' (compound ? For the

second part cf. Chadic *bar `rat').

Deriv. `sharp piece of wood': W 3 Bol ele-ki `spindle for cotton' [GAB]; C 9

Mba ol-do `pike, wooden spear' .

Verbal deriv.: W 1 Hs allara `to poke'; 2 Ang ul-k àushhlen' [JgA].

Cf. C 7 *Vɫ- (possibly, < *Vl-): Mbuko n-℥uɫay [njuslay] `piquer (l'oeil

avec qqch)', Mofu -℥əɫ- [jǝɫ] `percer, piquer'.

1112. *Vl- `tail; penis': W 1 Hs eelaa `tail of any animal/bird'; E 4 Ubi ila

`penis' [Alio], Mawa ɛl `penis'.

1113. *VlVp- `clay (brick)': W 3 Bol alap `brick (of cement, mud)' [GAB]; C

5 Mlg alape `Tonziegel, clay-brick'. Plural in-p? . A loan?

1114. W *Vl- `kштв of fish': W 3 Bol alum `kind of fish' [GAB]; 4 Paa alaa

`fish' [MS], Wrj alai `fish' [BlS].

1115. C *VlV- `shin, leg': 4 Gude ʒəlaa (inher. poss., body-part) `heal of

foot'; 7 Muy ʒala `fin, leg (locust, cock)'; 7a Skn nilang `shin' [DS].

1116. *Vl- àcid': W 2 Ang a(a)l àcid, sour'[Fl], al [JgA]; E 3 Tum aal `be

241

acid'.

1117. *Vl- `long, narrow': W 2 Mpn wel `narrow' [FrM]; 5 cf. Zaar ѕi°llǝ°Ÿ

èmphasizae length'; C 7 Mofu -℥a℥al- [jajal] `s'allonger, sètirer', əlab

əlab `souple et long', : 8 Log zaala, zela `lang sein', dəzaala `lang' [LkL] .

1118. *Vm- `to gather' (intr.), `to collect from people': W 3 Krkr am `sich

versammeln, to gather' intr. [LkL]; 4 Wrj om `to gather' [BlS]; 5 Zaar om

`gather' [CrZ]; C 7 Muy aʒam `collect shares of smth from people', Mofu

-℥əm- [jǝm] (Mok.), -‰əm- (Gud.) `rassembler, reunir', Mada a℥ama [ajama]

`rassembler'.

Deriv.: E 5 Bid omod àmasser, entasser'.

a. *Vm- `many, a pile': W 1 Hs im-la-im-la ìn portions, heaps'; C 10 ZB

ʒum-gul [dzum] `big pile', ʒem-gel `small pile', E 5 Mig i^mme `tas de

branches', WDng ume `tas de branches, a bru^ler'; 7 Zir oma `beaucoup,

many' [CJ].

1119. *Vm- `to grind': W 3 cf. Krkr imim `heads of grain that have been

threshed' [GK]; C 5 Pod ʒama `do first grinding'; 5a Hdi ʒam [dzam] `partially

crushed sorghum' [BrH]; 7 Mafa ʒam- ècraser gros, concasser'.

1120. *Vm- `to soak': W 1 Hs eema `to tan'; C 5 Pod n-ume `to soak'.

a. *(n)-Vm- `to pour, to rain; rain': C 3 Bana n-ʒəmə `pleuvoir'; 4 Gude

n-ʒəmə `rain'; 6 Daba om `pour a liquid' [Lnhr].

Note: 7a Skn imun ` first rains season' (if not < *dimun) [DS].

1121. C *Vm- `to go down': 6 Daba em `descendre' [Lnhr]; 2 (deriv.) Mrg

n-½ǝm `to alight' [HfM:142]; 4 Gude imə `go down'; 9 Mnj azəmay `par

terre'.

a. *Vm- `lower part of...': W 3 Pero im `tree stub'; C 7 Mada ℥mo [jmo]

`fesses, fond'.

1122. E 5 *Vm- `to filter and exrtact salt': Bid iim `filtrer les cendres pour en

extraire le sel', Mig oomo `filtrer les cendres pour en extraire une eau salee'.

a. *n-Vm- `salty': C 4 Gude namə-nam `salty tasting'; 10 ZB nʒama-ma

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[ndzama] `trop sale'.

1123. *Vm- `grand Calao': C 10 ZD omo, ZB ʒomo [dzomo]; E 2 Lele ama.

1124. *Vm- `kind of drum, to drum': W 3 Bol ami `type of a large drum (esp.

used at wrestling matches)', emi `drumming for wrestling' [GAB]; E 5 Bid

e°em `battre le tam-tam des funerailles'.

Cf. W 3 Krkr ananku (? -nk- < -mk-) `drum played for hunters' [GK].

1125. *Vm- à rock, stone': C 7 Mbuko ℥ama [jama] `rocher qui est facile a°

creuser', Mada a℥mah [ajmah] `roche friable, terre rocailleuse, gravillon'; E 3

Tum mə-əm `caillou'.

1126. *Vm- `misfortune': W 1 Hs eeme `become destitute after prosperity'; E 5

Bid aam è^tre frappe d'un malheur'.

1127. *Vm- `(elder) relative': W 1 Hs aamaa (rare) no pl.

`great-great-grandfather'; C 9 Mba nama `mother's brother'; E 3 Tum əma

èpouse'; 5 WDng aama `qqn de la parente', amaw `parente'.

Cf. possible deriv. òld': E 5 WDng am-ne `vieux'; 7 Zir am-ne òld' [CJ]

(if not < Arabic).

1128. *Vm- à sharp point': W 5 cf. Dott nemaam `scorpion' [CrD]; 6 Bade

əəm `thorn'; C 10 ZD em `lance sp.', ZB ѕem [dzem] `lance'; E 5 WDng

amo èpine'.

Note possible deriv.: C 7a Skn imək `porcupine' [DS].

1129. *Vn/- to press, to break': W 2 Ang oin break' [Or]; 10 ZB ʒa [dzaŋ]

`casser la te^te, to break head'.

Verbal noun: W 1 Hs indi `pounding'.

Noun deriv. *Vn(H)- à mortar': W 4 Wrj da-ina [BlS]; C 7 Mbuko ℥ənen

[jǝnjen], Muy ii, Mofu ee [jejeŋ] ; 8 Log zinha à mortar'.

*Vn/- `to press, to load': 4 Paa en `press, step, tread on' [MS]; C 4 Gude

n-i `pressed firmly against smth (of fingers only)'; 5 Mlg ʒəa (ə- < *ə-)

`fllen, beladen, to fill, to load'

1130. *Vn- `to get up, climb': C 4 Gude nʒənaʔ `getting up quickly' idf.; 7

243

Ould ʒaŋ [dzaŋ] idf. èleve, haut'.

Noun deriv.: W 3 Bol an-gu à step attached to a tree to serve as a ladder for

climbing' [GAB].

1131. *Vn- `carry (away)': W 1 Hs anyee `drag away; subside (flood)'; E 5

EDng ane `tragen, carry'.

Cf. C 7 Mofu -℥əg- [jǝŋg] `lift smth not heavy'. Alternatively < 1127.

1132. *Vn- `to insult, to be evil': W 1 Hs iiniini `raking up or harping on past

wrongs' (remind of ...); 4 Gude ʒaana ìnsult'; 5 Pod �ena `slander, medire';

10 ZB ѕe [dzeŋ] `malin, ruse'.

Note W 1 Hs inaaina (redupl.) à severe struggle'.

1133. C *Vn- `to help': 5 Gis ine, ʒən `help'; 7 Mol ʒənay `help', Cuv

mɛ-nnɛy àider', Mofu -℥ən- [jǝn] `to help'; 9 Mnj zini èncourager'; 10

ZB ѕin [dzin] àider, to help', ZD in àider'.

*V-Vn- (partial reduplication) `take care': W 3 Bol aainu `to groom (a

horse)' [GAB]; C 7 Mofu aən- `soigner qqn; care for', Mafa ein- `bring

up animal for reproduction, cultivate for seeds'.

1134. */ӡVn-(f)- `blood': W 1 Hs inii `blood'; E 6 Mok puuzo ( < *puno,

metath.)// Berb *-zVni `blood', Eg znf `blood' [AA N 208]. Relation of

Hausa to Berber and Egyptian was first suggested by O.Rssler [CLR I:14]. He

also associated Hausa with CChadic Bata, Bachama zambe, Gisiga pumbos,

Mafa pambaz, Mofu mambaz. Important is to keep in mind Omotic *zVmb-

`blood (of animal)': Banna, Hamer zumbi , Bako zompi (note quite similar

reflexes in CCh: Bch za^mbe, Bata jāmbe). For CCH data in full see CLR II 31.

a. *Vn- `red': W 1 Hs inaaina à shrub from which a red fluid exudes', 2

Mpn i `red soil', Goem ѕu `very dark red' [Hlw]; 3 Dera a `red sorrel'.

1135. *Vn- `boy, son, child': W 4 Kar in `son', Wrj in-na `child' [CLR],

in-na, Kar, Mbu in `son, boy' [SkNB].

a. W *n-an- `twins' (bote internal -a- plural): 2 Ang ¼an, ¾an [Fl], Mgh, Mpn

¾a΄n, Kofyar ¾an `twin(s)’, Mushere ¾an `twins`, Goemay ¾aan `twins’, Kofyar

¾en `children, youngsters’ [TAS 433]; 3 Bol nonni, nzonni à twin' [GAB],

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Krkr nooni, pl. noonai `twin' [GK], Ngm non, non sg. [NEH]; 4 Mbu

zənwi `twin’ [SkNB]; 7 Sha na^n `twins’ ( a loan from the sura gr.?) [JgR].

Deriv.: C 6 Daba enebe enebe `jeune' [Lnhr].

1136. *V#/*Vn- `(musical) horn, flute': W 2 Mgh (n)ʷɛ `flute' [BlM]; C 5

Pod nene `corne de bois, jouee par l'homme'; E 3 Smr ena `longe flute'

[Luk]. Cf. compound: W 5 Guus n-agam `horn' (gam `head') [CrG].

1137. *Vnk-r- `louse': W 3 Bol anka, Krkr ankar, Ngm anka, Dera ankat

[SchV]; C Tera anga, def. angar; 2 Bura ankar; 4 Gude ankara; 7a Sakun

anngar [dʒagar] [DSk]. A loan?

1138. W 4 *Vngʷ- `hippo': Paa, Diri ugwa, Siri əwa `hippo' [SkNB], Paa

ungwa `hippo' [MS].

1139. *Vr- `take, hold': W 2 Mpn ər (pl. of ma ) `take, pick up' [Fr], C 7 Muy

ʒar mod. `holding'.

Deriv.: C 7 Mofu -n℥ər-- [njǝrz^] `prendre avec de pinces, pattes', Mofu

-nər-- `prendre avec des pinces, petit chose avec les pattes (chat)'.

Deriv. in -d- `to hold tightly': W 3 Bol irdu, zirdu `tighten, become tight,

draw tight, close tight' [GAB]; C 7 Mofu -n℥ərd- [njǝrḍ] `serrer a° la taille,

extraire en pressant'.

1140. *Vr- > *VwVr- `to mix' (attested mostly in deriv.): C 7 Mbuko ℥u°war

[juwar] `mix in water'.

Deriv in -b-: C 7 Muy aʒər-vay `mix (flour) with a lot of water', Mbuko ℥ərob

[jǝroḅ] `laver les grains de mil'.

Deriv. in -l-: C 9 Mulwi zur-li `melanger deux liquids; Mnj zur-li `melanger

(deux liquides)'.

1141. *Vr- `slit, cut in stripes': W 3 Krkr iraa `split, slit' [GK]; C 10 Masa

eer `couper en lanieres' [CC], (deriv.) ZB n-er [ndzer] `couper en

lamelles'.(pl?)

Noun deriv. `tatoo, cut': W 1 Hs ar-faa (? old pl. in -f- < *-p-?) `tattoo on

chest, neck, arms, face'.

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*n-Vr- `to scrape' (> `to write'): W 5 Dott nar `to write' [CrD], Guus

nʒəraak (< nʒə- < *nə-) `to write' [CrG]; C Mofu -n℥ər- [njǝr] `gratter, se

peigner', Mafa (deriv.) n-ʒərat `rayer, egratigner'; E 1 Kera eere `schreiben,

ritzen, verzieren, bemalen; to write, to scrape'.

Deriv.: *n-Vr-hʷ-: C 7 Mbuko n-℥ə°roh [njǝroh] `gratter, eroder', Mofu

-n-℥ərhw- [njǝrhw] `(s') ecorher, (se) griffer'.

a. *Vr- > *nVr- `to comb, to separer (hair, fibres)': W 3 Dera aare `to

comb' [NmK]; C 7 Mol nʒaray `comb, separer'; 10 cf. ZB nѕer [ndzer]

`separer des fibres'. Contamination with `to cut in stripes'.

Noun deriv.: W 3 Pero elbe à comb' (-lb- < *-rb-).

1142. *Vr- `gather, much, all': W 2 Mpn a(a)r `very much', ir àll,

everybody' [Fr], Mgh ir àlle, ganz' [JgS]; E 5 Bid iir `s'entasser, entasser,

tomber sur qqn, to pile', WDng ¾ur `nombreux en ligne', ¾aara `1000'.// Arab

d_rʔ `multiplier, accroi^tre une chose (en nombre)' [BK 767].

Deriv. in -d-: C 3 Bana ʒər-di `mettre ensemble tres serre'; 5 Gis ərad

`zusammen drehen (Strick), sammeln, anhufen'.

Deriv. in -b-: C 7 `to stick to': Cuv mɛ-n-ir-bɛy `coller', Mofu -n℥ər-b-

[njǝrḅ] `coller, rester colle'.

1143. *Vr- to trade': W 1 Hs aari knowledge of professions to earn money'; 3

Bol aari `carrying goods about for sale' [GAB], aari `Handel' [LkBol],

Pero aari `trade'; 7 C Ould -ʒara [-dzara] `vendre', E 2 Tum u (<*ur)

àcheter', uur è^tre achete'.// Arab d_rʕ III stem `vendre a l'aune, a la

braissee, e^tre en commerce' [BK 769].

1144. *Vr- `to strike, to drum': W 1 Hs araa-araa à form of drumming'; C 8

Bud ire `(den Schild) schlagen'.

Deriv. in -b-: C 7 Mafa ʒurb- `beat (clothes when washing)'; E 3 Smr ʌrbə

(Pl.) `beat' (gen.) [CLR] .

Deriv. in n-: C 7 Mbuko n-℥ərob [njǝroḅ] `s'abimer (mur de terre); destroy'.

Noun deriv.: W 1 Hs aaroo (?< *aarVm-) à whip'; E 2 Lele ar-gu `marteau

de forgeron'.

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1145. *Vr- `to groan': C 7 Cuv mɛ-ɛrɛy `gemir, groan', Mofu -n℥ar- [njar]

`yammer, groan'; E 5 WDng ѕo°ori°ye° `ra^ler, to wheeze', EDng aariye `kurz

von dem Tod brllen, groan before the death'.

Cf. W 5 Guus n-ʒər (< *nər) `voice' [CrG].

1146. *Vr- `to lower': C 7 Muy er mod. `lowering'; E 5 Mig iiro `deposer

au-dessus de qqch.'.

Deriv.: E 1 Mobu aabee , ir-be, Ngam aape , ir-pe descendre (d'arbre)'; 2

Lele irmi `descendre'

1147. *Vr- à stream': E 4 Ubi oorin `source' [Alio]; 7 Tor ore `source,

fontaine' [Alio]. Cf. *zVr-

Verbal deriv.: C `to squirt': 4 Gude ʒəʒəərə `leak out, bleed'; 7 Mafa n-ʒrəd-

`squirt, gicler, eclabousser'.

a. C *Vr-f- `waterfall': 5 Pod ʒərəva `flow rapidly, pour from one vessel to

anothet'; 7 Muy ʒuruv `waterfall', Mofu -℥ərf- [jǝrf] `(faire) couler en

cascade',Mafa ʒurv- couler en cascade'.// Arab d_rf tomber , couler s'echapper

les yeux (larmes), laisser couler, verser (les larmes) - yeux' [BK 771].

b. *Vr- `soaked, wet': W 2 Mpn or or `soaked'; E 2 Lele er è^tre humide'.

Deriv.: *Vr-b- `to soak, to wash clothes': C 5 Pod ʒəraba idf. `mouille'; 7

Mol ʒorboy `soak, wash clothes', Zlg ʒərab [dzǝraḅ] `laver'.

1148. *Vr- circle': W 1 Hs iro/u a circular wall of moist clay and bricks'.// cf.

Arab d_ary- `cour d'une habitation, protection' [BK 772].

*V(wV)r- `to surround': C 6 Daba er èntourer, aligner, to surround'; E 5

WDng ɔɔrɛ èntourer'.

Verbal deriv.: W 1 Hs 1 ir-goo `hitch round infant from back for suckling'.

Deriv. in -d- `to twist, to roll': C 7 Mofu -℥ərwad- [jǝrwaḍ] `tordre (cord,

lanie°re de cuir), tourner (une ecorce pour la decoller), se tordre, enrouler', Muy

aʒərday `twist a cord'.

1149. *Vr- `beauty': W 1 Hs aari `good looks in a woman'; 5 Zaar n-e^r n-er

`beautiful' idf.; E 1 Kera oroy `youth, beauty'.

1150. *Vr- `sharp instrument': W 2 Ang iir [Fl], n-iir [Jg] `spindle'; 3

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(compound) Bol ar-bal àrrow-shaped metal needle' (?bal àrrow')

[BOLDU]; C 7a Skn ʒər àwl (for hair-dressing, decorating calebases' [DS];

10 ZB ʒara [dzara] `lance avec un barbillon'.

*Vr- to throw spear, pierce with a sharp object': C 3 Bana ʒ(ə)rə lancer une

lance'.

*Vr- `knife, razor': E 5 WDng ¾aara `couteau de jet en fer'.

1151. *Vr- àpron (for women)': C 5 Pod ʒara àncienne ceinture de femme;

anchient women bandage'; 7a Skn ʒar [zɛr] àpron, pubic' [DS]; E 5 (deriv.)

WDng ¾uram `bandes de cotton tresse`, ¾ardo `cotonnade de fabrication

locale'.

a. W *Vr-g/k- `kind of cloth, wrapper': 1 Hs irgii `kind of cloth', irge

`fold cloth and make body-cloth'; 3 Bol irgi `hand-woven woman's

wrapper' [GAB], Dera irki `type of native cloth' (? < Hausa).

1152. *Vr- `palm, tree with hard wood': W 3 Bol ar `tree with very hard wood'

[BOLDU]; Krkr or `the hardwood tree Bauhunia rufescens' [GK]; C 2 Bura

ara òld date palm'; 5 Glv nuura `fan-palm, oil-palm'; 10 Msm orgo

`ronier, palm'.

Cf. C 9 Mba uru `forest'; 10 Masa uru `la brousse' [CC].

1153. *Vr- `big hoe': 4 Wrj iir `big hoe' [BlS]; 5 Guus iir `large hoe used to

plough' [CrG], Dott er `large hoe for billowing' [CrD], Zaar iir `large hoe

for billing' [CrZ].

C 6 Daba or `dig' [Lnhr].

Cf. C 3 FK nuri `ridge'.

1154. *Vr- `sand, dry earth': W 7 DB n-oor `sand' [JgR]; C 6 Daba uor `dry,

hard earth' [Lnhr]; 5 Pod �era `hard earth'.// Arab d_urw- `dust'. [OS 2667].

Note E 5 WDng ɛrbinɛ `colline' (compound: ɛr `sand' and binɛ `stone'?).

1155. *Vr- `backbone' ( > `middle'): C 7 Muy ir-ir `the backbone of any

animal/fish'; E 5 Bid ar-aao `colonne vertebrale'.

a.*Vr- `middle': C 7 Mada a℥rad [ajraḍ] è^tre centre, incurve'; 10 Masa ar

`le milieu' [CC].

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1156. *Vr- `locust': W 2 cf. Mgh nar `Termite' [JgS]; 3 Dera nurol `large

criquet' [NmK]; C 3 Bana ir `criquet migrateur'; 7 Mbuko ℥aray [jaray],

Ould ʒaray [dzaray] , Muy ʒaray `locust', Mada ℥ara [jara] `criquet

migrateur', Gis ʒaray `Wanderheuschrecke', Mofu ℥aray [jaray] , Cuv ʒaray

`criquet pelerin', Mafa ʒaray; 10 ZB nѕer [ndzer] `sauterelle', ZD er

`sauterelle sp.', Masa ere `sauterelle sp.' [CC]; E 5 Bid aariyo `criquet sp.',

WDng ɔrɔmɔ `sauterelle comestible'.// Sem *d_Vr- `kind of worm; ant; flea'

[2379], Eg zȵ (Med) `maggot' (if ȵ follows -r-). [OS 2641].

1157. W *Vr- `kind of a small bird': W 1 Hs iraa `weaver-bird', 2 Ang ər

`starling' [Fl], 4 Paa ira `francolin' [MS]; E 5 WDng ѕaara° `martinet'.

1158. C *(n)Vr- `a grain mortar': 2 Bura nir; 5 Mnd ʒera [Lk:122], ʒra [Mo],

Glv ʒra [Rp], Gdf ʒərʌ, Ngw ʒəro [CLR], Mnd ʒəra `Mrser, mortar' [Luk],

Mlg ʒəra (ə- < *ə-), Pod ʒəra; 6 Daba ner [Lnhr]; 7 Mada a℥ra [ajra], Zlg

ʒəra [dzǝra].

*VrVh- `to pound (in a mortar)': 2 Bura ʒura `pound moistened guinea-corn';

5 Pod ʒərəhwa `pound in a mortar)'.

1159. C *Vr- `kind of fish, fishung-hook, basket': 2 Bura or `k of fish'

a.*Vr- `fish-hook': 7 Mofu ℥əra [jǝra] `hook', Cuv ʒəra `fishing hook,

hameon', Mafa er `fish-hook'.

Deriv. `fishing-basket': 5 Mlg nereti `Reuse; fishing basket'; 7 Muy ʒurukʷ

`fishing basket'; 10 ZD ʒurom [dzurom] (ѕu- > ½u-) `very big basket'.

1160. *Vr- `long, tall': W 3 Pero oori `high, tall, long', C 2 Bura or `very tall

ant-hill'; 10 ZB ʒərak [dzǝrak] `geant, long', ZD ʒərak [dzǝrak] (ѕǝ-> ½ǝ-)

`long'. Cf. *Vl- `long, narrow'.

Kaluga 2009 - Chadic Newsletter Online

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