Journal of Coatings Technology 1980 Vol.52 No.668

At Thibaut & Walker, we've always hada reputation for quality resins, consistent formulations, and a broad rangeof products at a competitive price.

The reputation led to substantialgrowth, which is why we haverecently expanded our facilitiesdramatically. We enlarged our plant.Increased our laboratory and R&Ddepartment. Introduced the lateststate-of-the-art production andquality-control equipment and

methods, and developed a larger andmore efficient delivery system.

Now, we offer one of the widestgroups of resins available ... 100%acrylics, vinyl acrylics, polyurethanes,and a full line of long, medium, andshort oil alkyds the exact formula-tions you require shipment aftershipment. In fact, our formulationsare so consistent and deliveries somuch on schedule you can set yourproduction dates with confidence.

You can also take full advantage ofour years of experience producingresins for coatings by calling in oneof our representatives or technicaladvisers, each an expert and eachready and willing to assist you

Don't delay Contact us today forthe resins that give you quality,consistency, and on-time delivery.And remember, the reputation forquality that made us grow can havethe same effect on you

Look what our reputationfor q_lily has clone to us...

we had to expand.

THIBAUT & WALKER CO., INC.Rutherford and Delancey, Newark, New Jersey 07t 05 • (201) 589-3331

SEE US AT THE PAINT INDUSTRYSHOW AT BOOTH NO, 647-649,

For full facts about the new, bigger Thibaut &Walker, call (201) 589-3331. One of our expert

representatives will be happy to help you.

mI&T!t1BAUT-WALKER

Bare wood never had it so good•••Stains based on RHOPLEX® acrylic emulsions.RHOPLEX acrylics give stains the adhesion, durability, and tintretention needed for tough bare-wood applications.o Stains are applied over bare wood. Outstandingadhesion is necessary. 0 Stains are frequently appliedin just one coat. Only vehicles of superior durabilityshould be used. 0 Stains are usually supplied in darkcolors. Tint retention is especially important.

That's why RHOPLEX 100'7'o-acrylic emulsions, with

adhesion, durability, and tint retention proved byyears of outdoor testing and use, are the best vehiclesfor formulating opaque latex stains - coast to coast.

For additional information on Rhoplexacrylic emulsionsfor stains, contact one of our field representatives...orour Marketing Services Dept., Philadelphia, PA 19105.

RDHMaiHAAS~

Versatile VANSI~ Wadds 4 im~ortantqualitiestovour n~;"" • VANSIL W (Wollastonite). the pure, white mineral extender

t7 ' yuu.. from R. T. Vanderbilt helps improve the quality and per-formance of your paint in four important ways.

1. VANSIL W provides excellent spreadability.

2. VANSIL W also enhances opacity of your paint.

3. VANSIL W improves whiteness and tintability, too.

4. The needle-like particle structure of VANSIL W addsstrength, wear resistance and durability.

For further information, write R. T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc.,Paint Department, 30 Winfield Street, Norwalk, CT 06855.(203) 853-1400. West Coast: 6279 E. Slauson Ave.,Los Angeles, CA 90040. (213) 723-5208.

2 Journal of Coatings Technology

17 BIRMINGHAM CLUB PRESENTS 'PRESIDENTIAL' GIFTTO FSCT

25 1980 ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM

Number 668

SEPTEMBER 1980

JOURnAL OFCOATinGSTECHnOLOGY

Volume 52

ocs

Departments7 Comment 98 Report of ASTM 119 People

12 Abstracts Committee D-1 121 Literature

21 Federation Newsletter 113 Society Meetings126 Book Review

45 Government 114 Elections

and Industry 115 Technical Articles126 Letters to the Editor

96 Report of Society In Other Publications 127 Coming Events

Educational Programs 117 Meetings/Education 130 Humbug from Hillman

© 1980 by FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY

~,n.tb(Sc~

73 DETERMINATION OF WATER-MISCIBLE MELAMINE RESINS IN WATERBASED AND SOLVENT-BASED COATINGS-J.B. Lear

49 DETERMINATION OF FORMALDEHYDE EMANATING FROM INDUSTRIALSUBSTRATES AND COATINGS-MW. Cox and D.E. Moberly

57 ADHESIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ULTRAVIOLET CURABLE RESINSK. Nate and T. Kobayashi

67 A SIMPLIFIED QUALITY CONTROL METHOD APPLICABLE TO COPPER(I)OXIDE BASED ANTIFOULING PAINTS-F. Marson

79 ZINC OXIDE STABILITY IN EXTERIOR LATEX PAINTS-Zinc Institute, Inc.

Features

Federation Activities

I'D LIKETOTHANKMYMOTHER,MYCHEMISTRY

PROFESSORAND,OFCOURSE,UCARACRyua.

Iwouldn't be here withioutyou., In fact, my boss, thepaint manufaCturer, wouldn'tbe, either.You see, two yearSago we were faced with aterrible choice. Either sacrifice the quality of our paint.Or sacrifice ourselves.

Then Idiscovered UCARAcrylics. I was able to formulate paints with the sameexterior durability as withconventional acrylics. Andthe boss was able to save asmuch as 25¢ on every gallon.

Whats more, withUCARAcrylics Ican get other performance characteristics suchas gloss retention, pigmentbinding and resistance to

UCAR is a Registered Trademark of Union Carbide Corporation.

both c}1alJ<ing and dirt Rickup.And the boss is still makingmore than he was with conventional acrylics.

My advice to every paintchemist out there is to canyour local Union CarbideSales Representative and askfor more information aboutUCAR Acrylics. Or write toDept. J15, 270 Park Avenue,New York, NY. 10017.

And when your bossoffers you a testimonialdinner as a reward, listen toyour mother. Mine told meto ask for a raise.

•Coatings Materials

FEDERATION OF SOCIETIESFOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

PRESIDENT

'ELDER C LARSONShell Development Co.P.O. Box 1380Houston. Tex. 77001

PRESIDENT,ELECT

'WILLIAM H. ELLISChevron Research Co.P.O. Box 97EI Segundo. Ca. 90246

TREASURER

'HOWARD JEROMESpalzIVane-Calvert Paint Co.1601 N. BroadwaySt. Louis. Mo. 63102

ANTONIO PINA ARCEMexicana de Pinluras Inti.Ixtapalapa. Mexico

CHARLES ARONSONBeacon Paint WorksJamaica Plain, Mass. 02130

JOHN C. BALLARDKurfees Coatings, Inc.Louisville. Ky. 40202

JOSEPH A. BAUERPorter Paint Co.Louisville. Ky. 40201

'A. CLARKE BOYCENacao Products LId.Toronlo. Ont. M6P 3Pl. Can.

'WILLY C. P. BUSCHPPG Industries. IncHouston. Tex. 77001

ALEX CHASANGeneral Services AdministrationWashinglon. D.C. 20406

S. LEONARD DAVIDSONN L Industries, Inc.Hightstown. N.J. 08520

CARLOS DORRISJones-Blair Co.Dallas. Tex. 75235

NEIL S. ESTRADAReichhold Chemicals, Inc.S. San Francisco. Ca. 94080

JOHN A. J. FILCHAKGeneral Services Adm.Auburn. Wash. 98003

MILTON A. GLASERConsultantGlencoe. III. 60022

TERRYL F. JOHNSONCook Painl &Varnish Co.Kansas City. Mo. 64141

RUTH JOHNSTON-FELLERConsultant, Carnegie·Mellon UniversityMellon Institute of ResearchPittsburgh. Pa. 15213

HERMAN LANSONLanChem Corp.E. St. Louis. III. 62205

EUGENE LeVEAPratt & Lambert. Inc.Buffalo. N.Y. 14240

DAVID LOVEGROVECarrs Paints Ltd.Birmingham B31 3PG. England

HARRY B. MAJCHERStandard Detroit Paint Co.Delroit. Mich. 48238

GARY MARSHALLPaint Products Co.. Inc.Walkertown. N.C. 27051

'JAMES A. McCORMICKInland LeidyBaltimore. Md. 21230

THOMAS J. MIRANDAWhirlpool Corp.Benton Harbor. Mich. 49022

'WILLIAM MIRICKBattelle Memorial InstituteColumbus. Ohio 432(71

COLIN D. PENNYHampton Paint Mfg. Co.Hamplon. Va. 23669

JAMES E. PETERSONPeterson PaintsPueblo. Colo. 81002

HORACE S. PHILIPPSherwin-Williams Co.Montreal. Que. H3C 2T4. Can.

J. T. ROBERTSONSouthern Coalings & Chem. Co.Sumter. S.C. 29150

A. GORDON ROOKThe O'Brien Corp.S. San Francisco. Ca. 94080

FRED G. SCHWABCoatings Research Group, Inc.Cleveland. Ohio 44114

JOHN A. STIGILEdu Pont Co.Wilmington. Del. 19898

JOHN T. VANDEBERGDeSoto. Inc.Des Plaines. III. 60018

EDWARD VANDEVORTPPG Industries, Inc.Allison Park. Pa. 15101

GERALD L. WESTDevoe & Raynolds Co.Riverside. ca. 92507

LOWELL WOODFrost Paint & Oil Corp.Minneapolis. Minn. 55413

"ExecutIve Commlllee Members

EXECUTIVE VICE·PRESIDENT

FRANK J. BORRELLEFSCT Headquarters Office1315 Walnut St.Philadelphia. Pa. 19107


For semi-gloss and eggshellwith performance that inspires...RHOPLEX®AC-417.Satisfied customersmean repeat business.

Even customers who paint moreconventionally are pleased bythe performance of eggshell wallpaints and semi-gloss enamelsmade with Rhoplex AC-417100%-acrylic emulsion ...andcome back for repeat purchases.

How does Rhoplex AC-417 do it?By providing: (a) excellent application properties-flow, leveling,film build, and hiding, and (b)outstanding performance benefits-adhesion, water and alkaliresistance, scrub resistance, andeasy stain removal.

Rhoplex AC-417 offers paint formulators excellent cost/performance. Ask for a sample of thisversatile polymer. .. andformulating information. Contactyour Rohm and Haas technicalrepresentative or write ourMarketing Services Dept.,Philadelphia, PA 19105.In Canada: West Hill. Ontario M1 E 3T9

RDHMID~HAAS~

Second generation epoxies t

10

tank car linings

ECN 1299 resin improves chemicaland corrosion resistanceIncreases high temperaturestability.

0500 resin increases heattoleranceAllows easy formulation ofmultifunctionals due to lowviscosity.

Journal of Coatings Technology

igh-performance coatings.These special Ciba-Geigy epoxy

resi ns have been used for years inthe electronics and electricalindustries. Their outstandingproperties make them ideal fornew high-performance coatingsas well as for upgrading existingcoatings systems. We haverecently built new, largermanufacturing facilities,and these special epoxies are nowdvailable to the coatings industry.We bel ieve the suggestedapplications illustrated are only afew of many possible uses.Details? Ciba-Geigy, ResinsDepartment, Ardsley, New York10502. Phone (914) 478-3131.

Araldite~ PT 810 resin crosslinksacrylic and polyester powdersExhibits excellent weatherability(gloss retention and colorstability).

EPN 1138 resin increases hightemperature stabilityImproves chemical andcorrosion resistance.

Hardeners HT 939 and HY 940give excellent latency at roomtemperatureCure in five minutes at 100°e.Promote outstanding adhesion.Allow non-critical mixing ratios.

exterior coat ings

elBA-GEIGYVol. 52, No. 668, September 1980 11

A NEW METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF FORMALDEHYDE EMANATING FROM SUBSTRATES ANDCOATINGS-M.W. Cox and D.E. Moberly

Journal of Coatings Technology, 52, No. 668,49 (Sept. 1980)

Recent information concerning the toxic effects ofchronic exposure to formaldehyde has given impetus tothe formulation of industrial coatings and adhesiveswhichevolve less formaldehyde. In order to evaluate the efficiency of formaldehyde-reduction measures, a goodlaboratory technique for determination of formaldehydewas needed.

This paper describes a new method for the determin.ation of formaldehyde emanating from coatings, coatedsubstrates, and uncoated substrates. Although themethod is designed to measure formaldehyde evolvedfrom these products during simulated atmospheric conditions of interior dwellings, the method is not limited tothese conditions and can be used to measure formaldehyde generated from other products or conditions, suchas curing operations.

The method is reliable, convenient, and it yields datawith a precision of six to ten percent. Routine analysesusing this method require six hours for completion, whichincludes only three actual man-hours.

ADHESIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ULTRAVIOLETRADIATION CURABLE RESINS-K. Nate and T. Kobayashi


The adhesive characteristics of ultraviolet radiation curable resins are discussed for the mixtures of l,2-polybutadiene dimethacrylate and reactive monomers (7:3 bywt). The tensile adhesive strength to an aluminum oxidesubstrate is significantly affected by the internal stress ofthe resins. The addition of monomers containing thehydroxyl group gives resins which exhibit excellent adhesion. The large decrease in adhesive strength whichappears in the systems with polyfunctional monomersafter water absorption, is explained by the increase ofinternal stress. The effects of the additives and otheroligomers are also discussed.

A SIMPLIFIED QUALITY CONTROL METHOD APPLICABLE TO COPPER(I) OXIDE BASED ANTIFOULINGPAINTS-F. Marson


To reduce the time and expense involved in leachingstudies, a simple technique has been developed to continuously monitor the increase in copper concentration

12

during the leaching of antifouling paints in alkalineglycinate accelerated leaching solutions. The copperconcentration is measured by direct estimation of thecopper glycine complex using a simple immersionabsorptiometer. This paper briefly describes the techniques and apparatus used. The absorptiometer head,which consists of an incandescent light source andvacuum photodetector, is treated in more detail. Theuse of the technique is illustrated by experimentallydetermined leaching curves of contact leaching antifouling paints, indicating the effect of changes in pigmentvolume content, vehicle type, and pigment grade. The useof a simple exponential equation of the form:

exp (x/30) = a + bTwhere x is the total amount of copper (gm -2) leached aftertime T (s), a is a constant which ideally should be 1.0, andb is a constant defining the leaching characteristics ofthepaint, is shown to be applicable to this type of paint. Thismethod and apparatus developed for routine qualityassessment appear capable of refinement to yield moredetailed information for use in research and development.

DETERMINATION OF WATER-MISCIBLE MELAMINERESINS IN WATER-BASED AND SOLVENT-BASEDCOATINGS-J.B. Lear


A method is presented for the isolation and identificationof various water-reducible melamine resins from bothwater-soluble and high-solids coatings. The use of ahexane extraction from air-dried films yields an extract"that can be examined by IR and NMR spectra to provideidentification. Knowledge of melamine resin type aids inproduct formulation.

ZINC OXIDE STABILITY IN EXTERIOR LATEX PAINTS-Zinc Institute, Inc.


A stability study of zinc oxide containing exterior latexpaints was initiated using eight anionic surfactants atthree levels in conjunction with six latex resins.

Independent laboratories prepared 240 paints whichwere distributed for viscosity testing. Each paint wasmonitored for viscosity change in four stability tests. Thedata show the oven-stability test to be the most rigorous.

Results show that the vinyl acrylic and vinyl copolymerresins produce very stable zinc oxide containing exteriorlatex paints. Data on the acrylic paints, both zinc-free andzinc oxide containing, show that careful selection of thesurfactant system is required. Of significant interest isthat all paints made with two of the surfactant systemspassed all four stability tests.


RETURN THIS CARD FOR COMPLETE INFORMATIONABOUT YOUR COLORANT NEEDS.Please check the appropriate box:o Send me sampleso Have a sales representative contact meo Send me descriptive brochuresAPPLICATlONI _

o Sup-R-Conc' 40, non-dusting, standardized. easily dispersedhigh solids pigment for waterborne coatings

o Sup·R·Conc· L. high pigment content. stir-in colorants foraqueous deeptones and tints

o Sup·R-Conc· S. Chrome Yellow Slurry

o Sup-R-Conc', non-dusting, standardized, water dispersible highsolids pigment

o Super Seatone", lead free aqueous dispersions for tinting latexpaints

o Hiltasperse", aqeuous dispersions for tinting latex paints

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HILTON·DAVIS CHEMICAL CO. DIVISION2235 LANGDON FARM ROADCINCINNATI, OHIO 45237

ATIENTION: PIGMENTS DIV., BLDG. 60J.C.T.9/80

Surf off Maui. Hawaiian Islands

NEW WAVES...IN WATER BASED COLORANTS FROM HILTON-DAVIS

Now, consistency and choice.The innovators at Hilton-Davis are solving

tomorrow's problems today. Hilton-Davis nowoffers you a broad spectrum of easy to use waterbased colorants. A wide choice of products, oneto suit your needs, combined with uniform highquality and batch-to-batch consistency. Ourfamily of colorants will help save you time,money and energy while helping to achieve abetter working environment.

Hilton-Davis is responsive to you, our customer. We understand that what you buy fromus has to add value to your product by improvingperformance and minimizing costs. So, if colorsells your product, make waves with Hilton-

Davis' out of the ordinary colorants for pigmenting waterborne systems.• Sup-R-Conc® • Sup-R-Conc® S• Sup-R-Conc® L • Super Seatone®• Sup-R-Conc® 40 • Hiltasperse®Hilton-Davis welcomes inquiries for pigment anddye specialty applications. Fer color, look toHilton-Davis.

ID t!i!b!Qg~;!?AVIS2235 langdon Farm Road. Cincinnati.Ohio 45237 U.S.A. Phone: (513) 841-4000

A Most Extraordinary Chemical Company

Vol. 52. No. 668, September 1980 -oJ ~ t '"'~IJJI'll-!~ r1'idJ'l'YlmmMl1UH1): 15

1!Ierrisperse™

IRON OXIDE SLURRYPIPELINE to PROFIT

Pfizer's new Pferrisperse is a high quality aqueousiron oxide slurry recommended for use in the in-planttinting of aqueous paints. Formulated to achieve highpigment solids (70%), Pferrisperse exhibits full colordevelopment and excellent rheology.

By eliminating the iron oxide dispersion step, Pferrisperse offers increased manufacturing efficiency andproduction capacity, while improving housekeeping,safety, and labor costs. With these proven benefits,Pferrisperse is a virtually assured "Pipeline to Profits:'

Pferrisperse Iron Oxide Slurry is available in 2,500gallon tank trucks and 55-gallon drum quantities.

If you're interested in further information about howthis new product can increase your plant's productivity,reduce costs, and improve quality-and obtaining aPferrisperse Iron Oxide test sample-phone yournearest Pfizer representative or our Product Managerfor Iron Oxide Pigments at (215) 253-6261.

MINERALSPIGMENTS& METALSDIVISIONDept. OC-9 • 235 East 42nd Street,

New York, New York 10017

In commemoration of the Birmingham Club's 50th anniversary,John Hltchln, President, presented the above "PresidentialJewel" to Federation President Elder Larson who was Inattendance to help celebrate the Club's birthday. TheJewel of Office Is to be worn by Federation Presi-dents at official functions. The certificate (below)describes the Jewel.

~...,.....-.-.,....c....······,·.. •• ..

Presidential GiftFor FSCT

Pfizer's Newrrisperse'NOxide SlurrynImproveint Profits

$

"nates Dispersion Stepcolor pigment dispersionuired.

up your presentipment to disperse othermaterials.

reases pigment chargeand facilitates optimizingsizes.

inates bag unloading ands from bag breakage or

·Iage.

waste disposal of bags,ts, and shrink wraps.

uces storage needs.

plifies inventory control.

nees Quality Controlise metering reduces~ion errors and affordsater color control.

ures uniform dispersion,lor development, and tintingngth.

VIS SafetyHousekeeping

'minates bag handling'uries.

Phone Zip -I

Cily Stale

Address ..,1

Company ---1

Tille --'II

Name -I

Send the coupon today, or callCarney Likens, Product Manager, .The Carborundum CompanyFilters Division, Lebanon, Ind. 46052(317) 482-3900.

Make a believer of me. Please call meto arrange a Fulflo® resin-bondedcartridge field test as soon as possibl

Prove it!

Compare our new Fulfloresin-bonded cartridgeto the resin-bondedcartridge you're nowusing. We developed aUnique cartridge structure designed to lastlonger and providefaster throughput.

The result is lowerfiltration cost withoutsacrificing particle re-moval efficiency.

Our new cartridge is available in grooved and nongroovedmodels. Coreless design makesthem compatible wi th a broad rangeof paints, inks, adhesives and otherindustrial chemicals.

Cartridges are availablE! in all standard lengths and micrometer ratings tofit our line of Fulflo pressure vesselsas well as conventional competitivemodels.

The simple fact is that we're sosure our new cartridge will performbetter than the cartridge you're nowusing, we'll provide the cartridgesrequired to conduct your test at onehalf the price you're paying forcompetitive cartridges.

If our cartridge doesn't outperform yours, we'll refundyour money. Send the coupontoday.

new Fulflo®in-bonded cartridge

·11 filter more productan the one you're using.

And we'I' prove it."

Helpful. Clever. Refined. Your research staff is larger than you think. Indusmin's laboratoriesare staffed by scientists, engineers and technicians looking

for new and improved mineral applications of nepheline syenite,silica and feldspar. Faster, easier, more efficient, less expensive applications.

Consider Indusmin as part of your team.

indusminV

the company that mines for you.

Contact: American Nepheline Corporation, P.o. Box 14445, Columbus, Ohio 43214. Telephone: (614) 451-1525 ~

reverubbles

with Troykyd Anti-Float Liquid.

ne-free product modifies the surfacef solvent-based coating systems,g air entrapment and bubble formationing flooding, floating and silking.

It, Troykyd Anti-Float Liquid leavesbubble-free and velvet smooth,

5S of whether they've been applied byay, roller or flow coater.

it in any system ... pigmented ortinpjgmented ... where irregularities caused by." ment or poor bubble release are likely to

pearance problems.

e it to Troy to make your life smoother.

(t)chemical corp.

(201) 589-2500

SEPTEMBER 1980NUMBER 87\1'.\\1'.5 for Co.

S~(,; (ill'

FEDERATION 1 j tt l"~l_e_fWI_s_J.e_e_tr_~_~

FEDERATION, MCCA AND ISCC WILL SPONSOR SECOND SYMPOSIUMON "COLOR AND APPEARANCE INSTRUMENTATION," MARCH 24-26

ASymposium on "Color and Appearance Instrumentation" will be sponsored by theFederation, the Manufacturers Council on Color and Appearance, and the InterSociety Color Council on March 24. 25, 26, 1981, at the Executive West inLouisville, Ky. This is the second symposium to be sponsored by these groups;the first being in 1978 in Cleveland.

The two-and-a-half day program will be divided between general sessions and "handson" equipment workshop sessions on instrumentation for measuring color and appearancein the coatings industry. The format is designed to offer a "working meeting"environment. and registrants are invited to bring samples with them.

Manufacturing, production, quality control, and research and development personnelshould all benefit from this definitive update on the various aspects of such topicsas color measurement. color formulation, gloss and other appearance, and samplepreparation.

For complete program details and registration information. please contact Tom Kocis.Director of Field Services. at the Federation office in Philadelphia.

PAINT RESEARCH INSTITUTE WILL PRESENT SYMPOSIUMON "STABILITY AND STABILIZATION OF COATINGS SYSTEMS"

The Federation's Paint Research Institute will sponsor a Symposium on "Stabilityand Stabilization of Coatings Systems," on May 4-5, 1981, at the Battelle Institutein Columbus. Ohio.

Sessions will be devoted to these main subjects: Controllable Factors in MakingStable Coatings Systems Specific Chemistry of Stabi1ization.....On-1ineStabilization Problems Research Ideas for Stabilization.

If you wish further information and the complete program when ready, please contactthe Federation office in Philadelphia.

FEDERATION'S TECHNICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS COMMITTEEPREPARES BIBLIOGRAPHY ON "TECHNICAL USES OF COMPUTERS"

The Federation's Technical Information Systems Committee, under the direction andleadership of Chairperson Helen Skowronska, of the Cleveland Society. has preparedan extensive bibliography on "The Technical Uses of Computers in the CoatingsIndustry. "

This project was undertaken by the Federation in cooperation with the International Coordinating Committee. of which the Federation is a member. Othermembers of the ICC are: OCCA-UK. OCCA-Australia. FATIPEC (the European Federation). SLF (the Scandinavian Federation). and the Japan Society of ColourMaterial.

The Federation's bibliography. into which will be incorporated a supplementalone contributed by FATIPEC. will be published in a future issue of the JCT.

NEWS BRIEFS FROM THE SOCIETIES

The names of Society Presidents given below are those elected for 1980-81)

BALTIMORE--Gordon Allison. of McCormick Paint Works. is President .••.. Societywill celebrate 50th anniversary in 1982.

BIRMINGHAM--The President is Roy Ingleston. of McPherson Cruickshank IndustrialFinishes Ltd •••••• John Hitchin. President in both 1963 and 1979. was elected toHonorary Membership at June meeting ••••• At same meeting. Club presented Federationwith beautiful medallion (to be worn around the neck) as symbol of Office ofFederation President.

CHICAGO--Rick Hille. of United Coatings. is President (until May 1981).

CPIC--The Pr.sid.nt is Jack Frost. of Ashland Ch.mical.

CLEVELAND--Jack Malaga. of Body Bros .• is Pr.s1d.nt •••.• Will sponsor Symposiumon pigment Disp.rsion. Octob.r 7. at Cl.v.land Sc1.ntif1c and Engin••ring C.nt.r.Sp.ak.rs will b.: M. Malaga. of Gl1dd.nl J. Whit•• of Hockm.y.rl C. Tatman. ofGlidden~ L. Dombroski. of Chicago Bo1lerl F. Sch.1degger. of Ciba-G.1gYi W. Callahan.of Kerr Engineered Sales; and V. Lewis. of Cabot ..... 1981 Conference on Advancesin Coatings Technology at Baldwin Wallace College, March 24-25 .....At 1980 Conference. $300 award for the Outstanding Speaker went to Dr. R. A. Dickie, of FordMotor Co Matching Funds Campaign, under the direction of Fred Schwab. isdoing very well for the Paint Research Institute. In 1977 (the first year) $1,235was raised for PRI. This year. total will be in excess of $2.000. Thank you,Clevelandl! .....Twenty-f1ve year pins presented to: Bob Taub. Ken Waldo. andJohn Culler.

DALLAS--The President is Rich Williamson. of Trinity Coatings.

DETROIT·-Po1ymer Institute of Detroit, in cooperation with Society and PCA, willoffer following evening courses: 7-week Coatings Laboratory (Mike King); l4-weekFundamentals of Automotive Paint Systems (Don Mordis); 12-week Modern ResinTechnology; Principles of Color Technology; and Chemistry of Protective Coatings,a credit course (Tak1 Anagnostou).

GOLDEN GATE--Sharon Vadnais, of E. T. Horn Co., is President.

HOUSTON--Jim Hunter. of OIBr1en Corp., is President (until May 1981).

KANSAS CITY--Dick Warren, of Cook Paint. is Pres1dent ..... Both Society and PCApresented checks of $150 each to Wouter Bosch Surface Coatings Scholarship Fundat University of Missouri-Rolla.

LOS ANGELES--The President is Don Jordan, of Cargill, Inc •..•.. 25-year pinspresented to Arnie Hoffman, Earl Fenstermaker, Tom Nicholson, John Plant,A1 Seneker, Wharton Jackson, Bob McNeill, and Bob Koperek ....• P1ans are goingwell for 15th Biennial Western Coatings Societies Symposium and Show atDisneyland Hotel and Convention Center in Anaheim, March 4-6. General Chairmanis Tony Rumfo1a, of TCR Industries. Don Jordan is Co-Cha1rman •....TrevWhittington continues as spearhead and instructor of Paint Course at LosAngeles Tech Trade SChool.

LOUISVILLE--John Menefee, of Hy-K1as Paint, is President.

MONTREAL--A1 Marchetti, of Canadian Paint Mfrs. Assn., is President (untilMiy 1981) ••••• W111 celebrate 50th anniversary with dinner-dance on May 9.•.•.Co-sponsoring Symposium on Corrosion with Toronto, September 17 and 18. (SeeToronto).

NEW ENGLAND--The President is Dan Toombs, of Lukens Chemical Co.

NEW YORK--Marv1n Schnall, of Troy Chemical Corp., is Pres1dent••••• Jo1ntEducational Committee of Society and PCA are offering these courses:Fundamentals of Coatings Technology, a two-semester course taught by Don Brody,at New York Community College; Lab Course for Technicians (including plantvisits) coordinated by Jeff Kaye; Simplified Organic Chemistry for CoatingsTechnologists, instructed by Dr. William Ferren. at Wagner Co11ege ••••• 18completed both parts of Don Brody's Fundamentals Course this year and receivedengraved certificates.

NORTHWESTERN--Roglr Anderson, of the 3M Co., is President.

PACIFIC NORTHWEST--The President is Curt Bailey, of Jarvie Paint Mfg. Co.

PHILADELPHIA--Barry Oppenheim. of McCloskey Varnish Co., is President.

PIEDMONT--The President is Bill Cunane, of Sherwin-Williams Co.

PITTSBURGH--Ray Uhlig, of Technical Coatings Co., is President (until May 1981).

ROCKY MOUNTAIN--Bruce Regenthal, of Komac Paints, is President....Will hostFederation's Spring Meetings in May.

ST. LOUIS--The President is Floyd Thomas, Jr., of Thomas &English.

SOUTHERN--Thad Broome, of Precision Paint Corp., is President..... Has organizeda new and fifth section in Memphis. Harry Poth, of Burk Hall, is Chairman ofnew group which attracted 31 members and guests to June meeting..... Pete Decker,of Union Carbide, is Program Chairman for 1981 annual meeting in Birmingham,March 11-13. Program theme is IICoat1ngs Technology - the End Users' Perspect-ive. II Worki ng wi th Pete are Frank Rector, 011 ver C1i ne, Dan Dixon, BillEarly, Len Kusta, Bobby Moore, Ron Nelson, and Pat Perkins.

TORONTO--Jan Grodzinski, of Toronto Coppersmithing International, is President ...The September 17 and 18 Symposium of Montreal and Toronto Societies will bedevoted to subject of IICorrosion. 1I Speakers will be: Abel Banov, of AmericanPaint Journal; G. M. Sastry, of Union Carbide; Tom Ginsberg, of Union Carbide;Ron Eritano, of Mobay; John Fitzwater, of New England Society Technical

Committee; and Tom Bullet. of Paint Research Association in Teddington. U.K...•.In cooperation with Society. George Brown City College is offering a whole hostof courses on Coatings Technology: Organic Coatings 901; Resins 902. 903. 904;Polymer Chemistry 905; Non-Polymeric Coatings 906; Coatings Lab 907; Paint Flowand Pigment Dispersion 908. There are also two certificate courses offered asa two-year package: Basic Coatings Technology and Advanced Coatings Technology.P. Rodak. of George Brown. coordinates the entire program.

WESTERN NEW YORK--George Reid. of Spencer Kellogg. is President (until May 1981)..... wl11 mark 50th anniversary in 1981.

COMING EVENTS

Sept. 17-18 Montreal and Toronto Societies. Joint seminar on "Corrosion."Oct. 7 Cleveland Society. Symposium on "Formulation for and Utilization

of Pigment Dispersion Equipment." Cleveland Engineering andScientific Center.

Oct. 28 ..•.... Federation Board of Directors meeting. Hyatt Regency Hotel. Atlan1Oct. 29-31 .•.• Federation Annual Meeting and Paint Show. Civic Center. Atlanta.Mar. 4-6 ..... Western Coatings Societies Symposium and Show. Disneyland Hotel.

Anaheim.Mar. 11-13.•.. Southern Society. Annual meeting. Plaza South Hotel. Birmingham.Mar. 24-26 .... Symposium on Color and Appearance Instrumentation. Jointly

sponsored by FSCT. ISCC and MCCA. Executive West. Louisville.Mar. 24-25 ....Cleveland Society. Conference on Advances in Coatings Technology.

Baldwin-Wallace College. Berea. Ohio.Apr. 30 Pacific Northwest Society. Annual Symposium. Washington PlazaMay 1-2 Hotel. Seattle.May 4-5 ....... PRI Symposium on "Stability and Stabilization of Coatings Systems.'

Battelle Institute. Columbus. Ohio.May 9 Montreal Society. Fiftieth Anniversary Dinner Dance.May 14-15 Federation Spring Meetings. Society Officers on 14th;

Board of Directors on 15th. Hilton Hotel. Denver.Oct. 28-30 ...• Federation Annual Meeting and Paint Show. Cobo Hall. Detroit.

1982Mar. 10-12 ....Southern Society. Annual Meeting. Savannah. (tent.)Apr. 22-24 •... Southwestern Paint Convention of Dallas and Houston Societies.

Shamrock Hilton. Houston.Apr. 29-30 ...• Federation Spring Meetings. Boston. (tent.)May 6-8 ....•.. Pacific Northwest Society. Annual Symposium. Vancouver.

NUMBER 87 SEPTEMBER 19~

FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY

PROGRAM1980 ANNUAL MEETING andPAINT INDUSTRIES' SHOW

ATLANTA CIVIC CENTEROCTOBER 29, 30, 31

ProgramWEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 29

OPENING SESSION(10:30-11 :00)

Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies forCoatings Technology opened by President Elder C. Larson

Invocation and In Memoriam

Welcome: Thad T. Broome, President of Southern Society forCoatings TechnologyHugh Lowrey, Chairman of the Program CommitteeBerger Justen, Chairman of the Host CommitteeDeryk R. Pawsey, Chairman of the Paint Industries'Show Committee

Introduction of Federation Officers

Introduction of Distinguished Guests

E. W. FASIG KEYNOTE ADDRESS(11 :00-12:00)

THE CHALLENGES OF THE 80's IN COATINGS ANDGRAPHIC ARTS-Harvey F. George, Executive Vice-President and Research Director, Gravure Research Institute, PortWashington, NY.

PROTECTION OF RESOURCESTHROUGH CORROSION CONTROL

(1:30-4:30)

THE FOUR C's-CALAMITY, CORROSION, COATINGS,AND COMPOSURE-Donald Tuomi, Physics and Electronics Dept., Borg-Warner Corp., Des Plaines, IL.

SALT SPRAY TESTI G FOR SHORT-TERM EVALUATIO OF COATINGS-Bernard R. Appleman, FederalHighway Administration, Washington, DC, and Paul G.Campbell, ational Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.

SOME SUBSTRATE AND E VIRONMENTAL INFLUE CES ON THE CATHODIC DELAMI ATION OFORGA IC COATI GS-Henry Leidheiser, Jr. and WendyWang, Center for Surface and Coatings Research, LehighUniversity, Bethlehem, PA. (A Roon Awards competitionpaper)

INVESTIGATION A D MO ITORING OF THE CORROSION CO TROL PROCESS OF COATI GS-Clive H.Hare, Clive H. Hare, Inc., Stoughton, MA.

MECHA ISM OF FILM FORMATIO OF ALKYLSILICATE ZINC-RICH COATI GS-Thomas Ginsberg,Chemicals and Plastics Div., Union Carbide Corp., BoundBrook, NJ.

TECH IQUES OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CORROSIONMEASUREMENT-W. M. Peterson, Princeton AppliedResearch Corp., Princeton, J.

EFFICIENT UTILIZATIONOF RESOURCES AND RESEARCH

(1 :30-4:00)

RENEWABLE RESOURCES FOR THE COATINGS INDUSTR Y-Chicago Society for Coatings Technology. Presented by T. Kirk Hay, The Sherwin-Williams Co., Chicago,IL.

RECYCLING WASTE EFFLUENT STREAMS WITH ULTRAFILTRATION-Carl R. Hoffman, Abcor, Inc., Wilmington, MA.

KINETIC PARAMETER CONSIDERATIONS FOR MAXIMIZING STABILITY A D MINIMIZI G CURE TEMPERATURE OF THERMOSETTING COATI GS. SULFONIUM SALTS AS LATENT THERMAL I ITIATORSFOR CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION-S. Peter Pappas.Polymers and Coatings Dept., orth Dakota State University,Fargo, ND, and Loren W. Hill, Monsanto Plastics and ResinsCo., Indian Orchard, MA. (A Roon Awardscompetition paper)

A COMPUTER METHOD FOR PREDICTI G EVAPORATIO OFMULTICOMPONE TAQUEOUSSOLVENTBLENDS AT A Y HUMIDITY-Albert L. Rocklin, ShellDevelopment Co., Houston, TX, and David C. Bonner, ShellOil Co., Houston, TX. (A Roon Awards competition paper)

APPLICATIO OF SIMPLEX LATTICE DESIG EXPERIMENTATION TO COATI GS RESEARCH-Kenneth K. Hesler and John R. Lofstrom, DeSoto, Inc., DesPlaines, IL. (A Roon Awards competition paper)

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 30

PRI SEMINARON COATINGS RESEARCH PROGRAMS

FOR THE 80's(9:00-12:00)

OVERVIEW OF PRl's NEW DIRECTIONS-Peter V.Robinson, Glidden Coatings and Resins Div., SCM Corp.,Strongsville, 0 H.

MILDEW RESEARCH BY CONSORTIUM-Charles C.Yeager, Registration Consulting Associates, Pacifica, CA., andProgram Manager of PRJ's Mildew Consortium.

26

POLYMER-BOUND FUNGICIDES FOR PAINTS SYNTHESIS AND TESTING-Charles U. Pittman, Jr. andKevin D. Lawyer, University of Alabama, University, AL.

OLIGOMER RESEARCH FOR HIGH SOLIDS COATINGS-Zeno W. Wicks, Jr., Polymers and Coatings Dept.,

orth Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, and Loren W. Hill,Monsanto Plastics and Resins Co., Indian Orchard, MA.

AQUEOUS COATI GS RESEARCH-Raymond R. Myers.PRI Research Director and University Professor, KentState University, Kent, OH.


THURSDAY, OCTOBER 30(Continued)

MANUFACTURING COMMITTEE SEMINARON SAFETY IN THE PAINT PLANT

(9:00-12:00)

Moderator-Gilbert E. Cain, of Hercules, Inc., Wilmington,DE.

PROPERTIES AND HANDLING OF FLAMMABLEMATERIALS-Nelson W. Lamb, Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, DE.

LOSS PREVENTION TECHNIQUES IN MATERIALSHANDLING-Gabriel Malkin, Consulting Engineer, Westfield, NJ.

IN-PLANT SAFETY PRACTICES AND PROCEDURESFrancis C. Gaugush, The Sherwin-Williams Co., Cleveland,OH.

Seminar will also feature 20-minute motion picture on generalsafety techniques and practices.

Moderator and speakers will assemble as a panel for a 45minute open-discussion period to conclude seminar.

Presentation of the Morehouse Industries Golden ImpellerAward will be made at this session.

SEMINAR ON FORMULATION(9:00-12:00)

FORMULATION STUDIES OF WATER-REDUCIBLESILICONE ALKYDS-Lynne M. Parr, Resinsand ChemicalsDiv., Dow Corning Corp., Midland, Ml.

TITANIUM DIOXIDE: ITS PERFORMANCE IN FLATLATEX PAINTS-Robert Rauch, Tioxide of Canada Ltd.,Sorel, Quebec, Canada.

EXTENDER PIGMENTS IN LATEX WALL PAINTSLouisville Society for Coatings Technology. Presented byDonald W. Collier, Porter Paint Co., Louisville, KY.

FLASH RUST INHIBITORS; AN EVALUATION OFSOME AMINES AND ORGANIC SALTS IN ANAQUEOUS ACR YUC COATING-New England Society forCoatings Technology. Presented by N. Bradford Brakke, LillyChemical Products, Templeton, MA.

FACTORS INFLUENCING FREEZE-THAW STABILITYIN FLAT LATEX PAINTS-Montreal Society for CoatingsTechnology. Presented by Robert Kuhnen, Tioxide of Canada Ltd., Sorel, Quebec, Canada.

ORGANO-SILANES AS ADHESION PROMOTERS FORORGANIC COATINGS-Peter Walker, Ministry of Defence,Aldermaston, Reading, England (A Roon Awards competitionpaper).

TOUR OF ATLANTA-10:00 am(See Spouses' Program)

Vol. 52. No. 668, September 1980

TESTING AND PERFORMANCE(2:00-5:00)

EXPOSURE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE, NON-TOXIC, WATERBORNE, CORROSION-INHIBITIVE PRIMERS CONFORMING TO CARB REGULATIONS FOR 1984-GoldenGate Society for Coatings Technology. Presented by PatriciaShaw, Esselte Pendaflex Corp., Emeryville, CA.

OBJECTIVE USE OF SUBJECTIVE COMPARISONSG. M. Deighton, Laporte Industries Limited, Grimsby, S.Humberside, England. (Presented on behalf ofOCCA: Oil andColour Chemists' Association-UK.)

EVAPORATION AND VAPOR DIFFUSION RESISTANCE IN PERMEATION MEASUREMENTS BY THECUP METHOD-Erik Nilsson and Charles M. Hansen,Scandinavian Paint and Printing Ink Research Institute,Horsholm, Denmark. (Presented on behalf of SLF; Federationof Scandinavian Paint and Varnish Technologists.)

SHORT-TERM EVALUATION TECHNIQUES FOR LIQUID AND PARTICLE BEHAVIOR IN COATINGS SYSTEMS-Frank Zurlo, Byk-Mallinckrodt, Melville, NY.

ANALYSIS OF WATER-BORNE COATINGS FOR THEQUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF WATER ANDCO-SOLVENTS-James A. Vance, Vance Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN. (A Roon Awards competition paper)

COLOR MEASUREMENT OF WET PAINT-Don W.Parker, Tromac, Inc., Michigan City, IN.

INFORMATION: A RESOURCE FOR THE 80's(2:00-4:30)

ON-LINE SEARCHING OF DATABASES OF INTERESTTO THE COATINGS INDUSTRY-Richard Caputo, Lockheed Information Systems, Arlington, VA.

COMPUTER-ASSISTED DESIGN OF COATINGSFORMULAS-Edwin J. Lowrey, Precision Paint Corp.,Atlanta, GA.

COMPUTERIZED COLOR CONTROL-Robert T.Marcus, Mobay Chemical Corp., Pittsburgh, PA.

COMPUTERIZED PROCESS CONTROL IN THE COATINGS INDUSTRY-Robert W. McFee, Glidden Coatings andResins Div., SCM Corp., Huron, OH.

TECHNICAL COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN THECOATINGS INDUSTRY: A BIBLIOGRAPHY, 1967-79Helen Skowronska, Consultant, Cleveland, OH.

EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE PRESENTATIONON FSCT-SPONSORED CORRESPONDENCE

COURSE FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY(2:00-3:00)

CORRESPONDENCE COURSE ON THE SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY OF SURFACE COATINGS: AN OVERVIEW-Shelby F. Thames, Gary C. Wildman, Robert E.BurkS". Jr.• and B. George Bufkin. University of SouthernMississippi, Hattiesburg. MS.

27

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 31CONSERVATION IN THE APPLICATION AND

CURING OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT FINISHES(9:00-10:30)

ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE SPRAYPAINTING INDUSTRY-Arvid C. Walberg, Arvid C. Walberg & Co., Downers Grove, IL.

CURING COATINGS WITH AN INERT-OVEN SOLVE TRECOVERY SYSTEM-Ronald D. Rothchild, Airco Industrial Gases, Murray Hill, NJ.

CURING OF VARNISHES BY MICROWAVES-HenriValot, National Center for Scientific Research, Thiais, France,(Presented on behalf of FAT1PEC: Federation of Associationsof Technicians in the Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Printing InkIndustries of Continental Europe.)

INNOVATION IN POLYMERS(9:00-10:30)

SYNTHESIS OF BLOCKED MDI ADDUCTS, THEIR DSCEVALUATION AND EFFECT OF PIGMENTATIONTaki J. Anagnostou, Wyandotte Paint Products, Inc., Tr.oy,MI, and Ernest Jaul, Silicones & Urethane Intermediates Div.,Union Carbide Corp., South Charleston, WV. (A RoonAwards competition paper)

USE OF THIIRANE-FUNCTIONAL MONOMERS AS AMEANS OF DEVELOPING CROSSLINKABLE EMULSIONS-B. George Bufkin and John R. Grawe, Department ofPolymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, Robert M. O'Brien, Mobil Chemical Co., Pittsburgh, PA, and Samuel A. Brown, of Celanese Chemical Co.,Summit, J. (A Roon Awards competition paper)

PRIMARY AMI E ZWITTERION CO-POLYMERSZeno W. Wicks, Jr., and Chiew-Wall Koay, Polymers andCoatings Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo,ND. (A Roon Awards competition paper)

MATTIELLO LECTURE(10:30-11:45)

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY OF CATHODIC ELECTRO·DEPOSITION-Percy E. Pierce, Manager of Physical! Analytical Research, PPG Industries, Inc., Allison Park, PA.

FEDERATION LUNCHEON(11:45)

Ballroom West, Atlanta Hilton Hotel

Presentation of the George Baugh Heckel, Paint Show, andUnion Carbide Awards.

Winners of other Federation Awards to be announced.

"You CAN Do Something Aboutlt"-Address by Dr. KennethMcFarland, Dean of America's Public Speakers.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL COMMITTEEPANEL DISCUSSION ON WASTE MANAGEMENTBY EPA REGULATIONS-WHAT ANSWERS DO

YOU NEED?(2:00-4:00)

Moderator-S. Leonard Davidson, N L Industries, Inc.,Hightstown, NJ.

Norman Groves, Reliance Universal, Inc., Louisville, KY.

Hugh Williams, Jr., The Sherwin-Williams Co., Cleveland,OH.

ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING(4:00-5:00)

Annual Business Meeting of the Federation

Presentation of these Awards: American Paint & CoatingsJournal! A. F. Voss Materials Marketing Associates ...Program Committee Roon Foundation ... Ernest T. Trigg.

Installation of Officers, 1980-81

The Atlanta CIYk: Center will be lite of 1980 Federation Annual Meeting and Paint Indultrles' Show. Exhibit Hall II In foregroUnd,auditorium at upper right

28 Journal of C08tings Technology

rOTHER CONVENTION INFORMATION

PAINT INDUSTRIES' SHOW ROOM RESERVATIONSThe 45th Annual Paint Industries' Show will run concur

rently with the Annual Meeting in the Atlanta Civic Center. Theonly national exposition of materials and equipment used in theformulation, testing, and manufacture of coatings, the Showwill be open from 12:30 pm to 5:30 pm on Wednesday;Octo'ber29; 9:30 am to 5:00 pm on Thursday, October 30; and 9:30am to4:00 pm on Friday, October 31.

Participating supplier companies will have their top technicalrepresentatives on hand to discuss the latest developments withregistrants at this year's event, the largest in Paint Show history.

REGISTRATION

All requests for rooms and suites must be sent to theFederation Housing Bureau on the official form provided bythe Federation. These have been mailed to all members andare also included in this issue. Additional forms are availablefrom Federation Headquarters.

BOARD MEETING

The Fall Board Meeting of the Federation will be held onTuesday, October 28, at the Hyatt Regency Hotel.

A breakfast and briefing for each day's program participantswill be held at the Atlanta Hilton Hotel on Wednesday,Thursday, and Friday.

SPEAKERS'BREAKFASTSpouses$25$30

Advance*In AtlantaOne-Day

Registration fees for the Annual Meetingand Paint Show areon a Federation member and nonmember basis:

Member Nonmember$40 $55$45 $60$25 $35

*Special registration for retired members and their spousesonly: Advance registration will be $20 each.

Registration form is included in this issue and has also beenmailed to all members.

Note: Purchase of luncheon tickets is optional for bothadvance and on-site registration.

PUBLICATION OF PAPERS

The JOURNALOF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY has prior rights tothe publication of all papers presented at the Annual Meeting.

LUNCHEON

The Federation Luncheon will be held on Friday, October 31,at the Atlanta Hilton Hotel.

Presentations will be made to the recipients of the GeorgeBaugh Heckel Award (outstanding individual who has contributed to the advancement of the Federation), the FlynnAwards (firms judged to have the best exhibit booths in the 1980Paint Industries' Show), and the Union Carbide Coatings Technology Award (for extraordinary achievement in coatingstechnology).

Featured speaker will be Dr. Kenneth McFarland, known asthe "Dean of America's Public Speakers," who will address thetopic, "You CAN Do Something About It!"

NPCA MEETS SAME WEEK

The National Paint and Coatings Association will hold itsannual meeting from October 27-29 at the Atlanta HiltonHotel.

NPCA badges will be honored for admission to theFederation Annual Meeting and Paint Show on Wednesday,October 29.

PROGRAM STEERING COMMITTEE

SPOUSES' PROGRAM

A schedule of activities has been planned each day for thespouses attending the Annual Meeting, and a HospitalityRoom will be maintained at the Atlanta Hilton Hotel.

A get-acquainted Wine and Cheese Social is scheduled forWednesday afternoon.

On Thursday, a continental breakfast will precede an all-daytour of Atlanta and an ante-bellum plantation.

Continental breakfast will be available again on Fridaymorning.

Registration fees for the Spouses Activities are $25 inadvance and $30 on-site.

HEADQUARTERS HOTEL

The Atlanta Hilton will be headquarters hotel. Other hotelswith blocks of rooms set aside for the Annual Meeting are theMarriott, Hyatt Regency, Holiday Inn Downtown, AtlantaAmerican, Ladha Downtown, Downtowner Motor Inn, andthe Inntown Motor Hotel.

Shuttle bus service will be provided between participatinghotels and the Civic Center.

Chairman-Hugh Lowrey, of Indurall Coatings, Inc.,Birmingham, AL; Vice-Chairman-Thomas J. Miranda, ofWhirlpool Corp., Benton Harbor, MI; Umberto Ancona, ofMcCloskey Varnish Co., Philadelphia, PA; Fred M. Ball, ofEastman Chemical Products, Inc., Kingsport, TN; ThomasGinsberg, of Union Carbide Corp., Bound Brook, NJ; KennethA. Kieselburg, of Valspar Corp., Rockford, IL; and WilliamMirick, of Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH.

MEETINGS COMMITTEE

Members of the Southern Society are serving on the Meetings Committee under General Chairman Berger Justen, ofJusten & Associates, Tampa, FL. Chairing the various subcommittees are: Program Operations-Preston D. Smith, ofGlidden Coatings & Resins, Atlanta; Information ServicesAI Hendry, of A.L. Hendry Co., Tampa; Luncheon-Thad T.Broome, of Precision Paint Corp., Atlanta; Publicity- PeterF. Decker, of Union Carbide Corp., Atlanta; and Spouses'Program-Donald B. Morgan, of Spencer-Kellogg Div.,Textron, Inc., Atlanta.

Vol. 52, No. 668, September 1980 29

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

THE CHALLENGES OF THE 80'sIN COATINGS AND GRAPHIC ARTS

Harvey F. George, Gravure Research Institute

The similarities. as well as the basic differences of the closelyrelated tech nologies of coatings a nd graphic arts are reviewed asan introduction to a discussion of the challenges faced bycoatings and graphic arts in the 80·s. These challenges areperceived as the impact of increasingly stringent environmentalregulations. constraints imposed by energy and materialsavailability and cost. as well as increasing labor and capitalcosts. changing market trends and growth patterns and. finally.rapidly evolving new technology. particularly in electronicsanddata communications. The challenges. as well as the opportunities they present in inks and coatings research for the 80·s.are discussed.

THE FOUR C's-CALAMITY, CORROSION,COATINGS AND COMPOSURE

Donald Tuomi, Borg-Warner Corp.

The four C's-calamity, corrosion, coatings. and composuredescribe common reactions when we encounter failure phenomena in coatings protected systems. Within the 80's, newmaterials combinations will be extensively explored through·out society as new technologies are utilized for generating anddistributing energy in its varied forms: chemical. electrical.mecha nica I. nuclea r. a nd thermal. These present new cha lie ngesfor anticipating corrosion, controlling degradation. preventingfailures, and avoiding calamities so we. as well as our society,can retain the necessary composure so that the emergingproblems are solved and conflicts resolved.

.SALT SPRAY TESTING FOR SHORT-TERMEVALUATION OF COATINGS

Bernard R. Appleman, Federal Highway Administration, and Paul G. Campbell, National Bureau ofStandards

This paper examines various aspects of short-term testing ofcoatings for steel. with particular emphasis on the salt spraytest. The salt spray te t is the most widely used and the mostwidely criticized of the accelerated tests. Many of theconclusions and considerations concerning the salt spray testare relevant to other accelerated test methods. The salt spraytest is reviewed for the physical and chemical changes inducedin different coating mechanisms (barrier, inhibitive. andsacrificial) and in different types of binders. Specific criticismsdiscussed are reproducibility and repeatability of results,

30

sensitivity to variations in test specimens, sensitivity to ratingand interpretation. non-repre entative conditions. lack ofcorrelation with other measures of performance. and susceptibility to misuse. The paper also describes some lesser knownspeciali7ed tests and combinations of tests used in short-termtesting programs.

SOME SUBSTRATE AND ENVIRONMENTALINFLUENCES ON THE CATHODICDELAMINATION OF ORGANIC COATINGS

Henry Leidheiser, Jr. and Wendy Wang, LehighUniversity

Polybutadiene coatings. 10-20 I'm in thickness. were applied tosteel. galvanized steel. aluminum. tin. lead. cobalt. nickel. andsilver substrates and the degree of delamination that occurredon cathodic treatment in an electrolyte was determined as afunction of the following experimental variables: oxygen inelectrolyte. cathode potential. film thickness. prctreatment ofsubstrate, type of electrolyte, electrolyte concentration andtemperature. Rates of delamination were determined as afunction of the number of coulombs passing through theinterface. The rate of delamination was attributed to therelative magnitude of the cathodic reaction. H,O + I 20, +2e'= 20W, that occurs under the coating to the magnitude ofthe cathodic reaction that occurs on the exposed substrate at adefect. The significance of the findings to the development ofanaccelerated test for appraising the corrosion protective properties of organic coatings is discussed.

RENEWABLE RESOURCESFOR THE COATINGS INDUSTRY

Chicago Society for Coatings Technology

Renewable resources can supply virtually all the raw materialsneeded for making coatings polymers if petroleum becomesunavailable. In addition to the traditional seed oils. navalstores. and marine products. there is a wealth of materials whichcan be utilized. Plants grown within our own country canproduce hyd rocarbons for chemical processing a nd energy uses.while others can yield specialized oils and chemical feedstockswhich currently must be imported. However. commercialization of these plants will require several years of experimentalwork and economic incentives. Cellulose and starch canprovide new polymer types or be converted to basic alcohols forthe synthesis of many required chemicals. Waste is one of ourlargest sources of recoverable or reconstitutable chemicals. a ndeven inorganic materials can be used as sources of chemicals orpolymers for coatings.

Journal of Coalings Technology

RECYCLING WASTE EFFLUENT STREAMSWITH ULTRAFILTRATION

Carl R. Hoffman, Abcor, Inc.

Ultrafiltration is gaining acceptance as a viable separationprocess for concentrating dilute waste effluent streams forrecycling of chemicals or to reduce waste disposal problems.This paper discusses ultrafiltration technology with specificemphasis on case histories where ultrafiltration is used todewater pigment inks. concentrate dilute latex streams andrecover electrode position paints.

Operating experience and performance of production sizeultrafiltration systems for each application are presented. aswell as process conditions for electing appropriate membraneconfiguration.

H.F. George D. Tuomi " B. Appleman

~

C.R. HollmanT.K. Hay

P. Campbell

T. Ginsberg

A COMPUTER METHOD FOR PREDICTINGEVAPORATION OF MULTICOMPONENTAQUEOUS SOLVENT BLENDS AT ANY HUMIDITY

Albert L. Rocklin, Shell Development Co., andDavid C. Bonner, Shell Oil Co.

Selection of cosolvents for water-red ucible coatings is simplified by a computer program which predicts solvent balance andevaporation time of multicomponent water/ solvent blends atany humidity. Conventional organic solvent blends are alsoaccommodated. but without humidity correction. The computer method uses an additive equation incorporating activitycoefficients calculated by the UNIFAC method. Operation isstraightforward. and results are presented promptly at thecomputer terminal in tabular and graphic form. The methodsimplifies the problem of selecting blends which comply with airquality control regulations. Examples show how to chooseamong cosolvents. including those which are only partlymiscible with water.

THE APPLICATION OF SIMPLEX LATTICEDESIGN EXPERIMENTATIONTO COATINGS RESEARCH

Kenneth K. Hesler and John R. Lofstrom, DeSoto,Inc.

A coating is a complex mixture of pigment. vehicle. solvent.and additives. Variations in the fractions of principal components comprising a coating produce significant changes inproperties, performance. and cost. Applying methods fordesigned experiments with mixtures to coatings research hasproven very useful in determining optimum principal component percentages for specific properties. maximum performance, and minimum cost. Simplex lattice design experimentsare efficient; only a minimum of sample production isnecessary. replication yields information about the experimental error of the test methods, and equation-fitting allowsprediction over a broad composition region. A.L. Rocklin

,D.C. Bonner


KINETIC PARAMETER CONSIDERATIONSFOR MAXIMIZING STABILITY AND MINIMIZINGCURE TEMPERATURE OF THERMOSETTINGCOATINGS. SULFONIUM SALTS AS LATENTTHERMAL INITIATORS FOR CATIONICPOLYMERIZATION

S. Peter Pappas, North Dakota State University, andLoren W. Hili, Monsanto Plastics and Resins Co.A general approach. based on kinetic principles and applicableto both one- and two-package coatings. is presented which (I)allows an assessment of the feasibility of any set of desiredstability and cure requirements, and (2) provides importantinsights into the selection of reactive systems which may satisfythe requirements. Kinetic parameter calculations demonstratethat unimolecular rate-<:ontrolled reactions. which exhibitrelatively large enthalpies and positive entropies of activation,are most suitable for maximizing stability and minimizing curetemperatures.

A companion study of sulfonium salts as latent thermalinitiators for cationic polymerization of epoxides is alsopresented including (I) substituent and anion effects onsulfonium salt reactivity, (2) calculation of activation energiesfrom gel times at cure temperatures. and (3) comparison ofobserved and extrapolated gel times at storage temperatures.The results provide evidence for rate-<:ontrolled generation ofactive initiator in the polymerization. Furthermore. dependingon substituents and temperature, the activation process may bedominated by a unimolecular or bimolecular rate-<:ontrollingstep. The results illustrate the importance of applying kineticand mechanistic principles in the selection of reactive systemsfor coatings and related applications.

MILDEW RESEARCH BY CONSORTIUM

Chartes C. Yeager, Registration ConsultingAssociates Program Manager

Mildew problems have plagued the Paint Industry throughouthistory. The resolution of these problems has long been anindividual matter. Discussed here are the new attempts toresolve these problems by consortium-the gathering togetherof the country's most knowledgeable microbiologists and paintchemists into a single committee. Their purpose is to direct theexploration of the entire problem and find the best and mosteconomical ways to produce mildew resistant and! or funginertpaint systems. The background, present status, initial results,and possible future programs are discussed.

OLIGOMER RESEARCHFOR HIGH SOLIDS COATINGS

Zeno W. Wicks Jr., North Dakota State University,and Loren W. Hili, Monsanto Plastics and Resins Co.Factors controlling the viscosity of unpigmented and pigmented high solids coatings are not well understood. Variablesthat have been suggested to affect the viscosity of smallmolecule liquids and of high molecular weight polymers aresummarized. Presumably. oligomers lie in the transition zoneand their viscosities depend on a combination of the differentvariables existing in higher and lower molecular weight

32

materials. The present state of knowledge of factors affectingviscosities of concentrated oligomer solutions will be covered.Also theoretical calculations of the effect of pigmentation onthe viscosity of high solids coatings are presented. The researchneeds for a broader understanding of the factors affectingviscosity of high solids coatings are also identified andpreliminary research results are reported.

AQUEOUS COATINGS RESEARCH

Raymond R. Myers, Kent State UniversityThe achievements of the Paint Research Institute program onaqueous coatings systems of the amine-solubilized type will bepresented. Improvements in the program's relevance tocompliance coatings are discussed. the plans are presented tosecure external support of the effort.

FORMULATION STUDIES OF WATERREDUCIBLE SILICONE ALKYDS

Lynne M. Parr, Dow Coming Corp.Silicone modification of alkyd coatings imparts excellentexterior durability to the film. Solvent-borne silicone alkydshave been used in exterior maintenance applications for manyyears. Recently the feasibility of preparing water-reduciblesilicone alkyds was demonstrated. Early feasibility studiesindicated that key properties such as dry time. hydrolyticstability and water resistance were primarily factors of alkydformulation and not silicone modification. This paper evaluatesthe impact of variables such as oil length, hydroxyl value. andpercent solubilizing acid on key copolymer properties. Theresults indicate that with proper formulation and processing. awater-reducible silicone alkyd can be prepared that has highperformance characteristics similar to a solvent-borne siliconealkyd.

TITANIUM DIOXIDE: ITS PERFORMANCEIN FLAT LATEX PAINTS

R. Rauch, Tloxlde Canada, Inc.This paper addresses a dilemma that has been facing formulators for the last several years. The problem of TiO, graderationalization has been written up in many technical papers inthe last three or four years. Most of the papers have offeredways of eliminating nat grade TiO, and replacing it with anenamel grade TiO,. sometimes with fine particle size extenders.but no one has clearly defined the performance of each of thesetitanium dioxides in nat latex formulations. This work attemptsto describe how enamel grade and nat grade TiO,'s performwhen the PVCj CPVC ratio of a nat latex formulation is keptconstant as well as the cost. In the second part of the work.performance constraints were applied to the formulation asopposed to formulation constraints. That is to say. the filmintegrity a nd opacity of nat latex paints were kept constant.using both enamel grade and nat grade TiO,·s. This having beenaccomplished. a cost determination done. and the relativeperformance of one grade versus another is shown.


EXTENDER PIGMENTS IN LATEX WALL PAINTS

Louisville Society for Coatings Technology

A study was undertaken with the purpose of cataloging theeffect of extender pigments on critical properties of latex wallpaints.

A review of available extenders was made a nd a list ofrepresentative materials compiled. These extender pigmentswere then evaluated in a typical flat latex wall paint at 50and60PVc. Tests were run on each paint to check properties such asscrub resistance. sheen. stain resistance, and hiding power.

Data collected from this work allows correlations to bedrawn about the effect of extender pigment type and particlesize on specific paint film properties.

P.V. Robinson Z.W. Wicks

FLASH RUST INHIBITORS: AN EVALUATION OFSOME AMINES AND ORGANIC SALTS IN ANAQUEOUS ACRYLIC COATING

New England Society for Coatings Technology

Some amines and organic salts were evaluated at differentconcentration levels in an aqueous acrylic coating for flash rustresistance over bare steel. The coatings on bare steel were alsoevaluated for humidity resistance and salt spray resistance toevaluate the effects of the additives on the coating's environmental exposure performance.

FACTORS INFLUENCING FREEZE-THAWSTABILITY IN FLAT LATEX PAINTS

Montreal Society for Coatings Technology

In recent years the resistance to freezing and thawing of flatlatex paints has fluctuated in importance. primarily dictated bythe cost and availability ofethylene glycol and the cost of heatedtransport. The purpose of this paper is to show how formulatingparameters, other than ethylene glycol, influence freeze-thawstability of flat latex paints.

ORGANO-SILANES AS ADHESION PROMOTORSFOR ORGANIC COATINGS

Peter Walker, Ministry of Defence (England)

Organofunctional silanes of the general formula R-Si(OR I})

have been examined as adhesion promotors for organic surfacecoatings on metallic substrates. Torque spanner and direct pulloff adhesion measurements clearly show that dramatic improvements in the initial. water soaked. a nd recovered adhesionof epoxide and polyurethane paints can be obtained ondegreased and sandblasted surfaces when silanes are used aspretreatment primers. Investigations also show that similarimprovements in adhesion can be obtained when selectedsilanes are incorporated into a paint in the single package selfbonding concept.

The results of X-ray photoelectric spectroscopy (XPS)examination of the sites of adhesion failure are described. andthe existing theories on the role and mechanism of silanes inincreasing the adhesion ofcoatings to the substrate are reviewedin the light of the observations recorded. Finally. the selectionof silanes for use with particular formulations is discussed.

Vol. 52, No. 668. September 1980

R.R. Myers

R. Rauch

P.Shaw

G.E. Cain

R. Kuhnen

G.M. Deighton

L.M. Parr

P. Walker

W.E. Craker

33

E. Nilsson C.M. Hansen F.Zurio

CORROSION INHIBITIVE PERFORMANCEOF SOME COMMERCIAL WATER-REDUCIBLE,NON·TOXIC PRIMERS

Golden Gate Society for Coatings Technology

Recent laws and regulations limiting the use of variousmaterials in paint are requiring users and manufacturers ofcorrosion inhibitive coatings to make use of relatively untriedformulations. This study is an examination of the corrosioninhibitive performance of five water-red ucible. non-toxicprimers. The corrosion tests used were salt fog cabinets. blistercabinets. Kesternich cabinet. Cleveland condensation tester.and outdoor exposures.

The use of subjective assessments in the paint industry isdiscussed by reference to the gloss and hiding power of glossalkyd paints and the "appearance" of semi-gloss latex systems.In addition to comparisons of paint performance. the use ofsubjective assessments in determining the market significanceof particular TiO, properties is outlined.

The paper describes two statistical procedures-the trinomial distribution and an extension of paired comparisonranking-which can be applied to subjective comparisons.These enable such comparisons to be handled in an objectivemanner. Such objective use presupposes that the assessmentsare impartial and the problems of ensuring this are examined.

lIIustration by reference to the technical problems alreadyoutlined leads to comments on the sensitivity of trainedpersonnel to small changes in the distribution of light leaving apaint film. The paired ranking procedure is illustrated byreference to Market Research in the paint industry and thevalue to both raw material suppliers and the paint maker isdiscussed.

OBJECTIVE USE OF SUBJECTIVECOMPARISONS

Dr. W. E. Craker and Mr. G. M. Deighton, LaporteIndustries Ltd.

EVAPORATION AND VAPOR DIFFUSIONRESISTANCE IN PERMEATION MEASUREMENTSBY THE CUP METHOD

H. SkowronskaR.W. McFeeR.T. Marcus

T.J. Anagnostou

P.E. Pierce K. McFarland S.l. Davidson

Erik Nilsson and Charles M. Hansen, ScandinavianPaint and Printing Ink Research Institute

The permeation of water through coatings and other materialsis an important factor in their performance. The frequently usedcup method to determine permeability coefficients inherentlyinvolves certain experimental effects which have not beenrecognized generally. and which are not mentioned in international standards.

This report describes a simple method to account for inherentcup effects in permeation experiments. This method isnecessary to proper interpretation of data for "open coatings"such as acrylic stains. wood. paper. and other relativelypermeable materials. Surface resistances to permeation can notbe determined without considering these effects.

An improved simple method to determine vapor phase(waterl air) permeation of diffusion coefficients is suggestedand demonstrated with examples.


SHORT TERM EVALUATION TECHNIQUESFOR LIQUID AND PARTICLE BEHAVIORIN COATINGS SYSTEMS

Frank Zurlo, Byk-Malllnckrodt

The paper deals with new methods of shortening the evaluationtime necessary to determine certain physical properties for bothsolid and liquid phases in coatings systems. These include: (I)Relative settling characteristics and evaluation of wetting andsuspending agents used to control settling; (2) The determination of surface cha racteristics a nd the effect of surfactants onthese surface characteristics; and (3) To evaluate quantitativelythe redispersibility of already settled coated systems.

With new available instrumentation. emphasis will be givento the st udy of the relative settling characteristics of coatings orsettling in progress. The paper shows how the instrumentationcan be used for formulating coatings systems as well as qualitycontrol.

ANALYSIS OF WATER-BORNE COATINGSFOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATIONOF WATER AND COSOLVENTS

James A. Vance, Vance Laboratories

Porous polymers as gas chromatographic column packingmaterials can be used to determine both water and cosolventconcentrations in water-borne coatings. Modification of thesepolymers by deactivation of active cites and coating with a 2%load of Carbowax® 20M-TPA liquid stationary phase sharpensthe cosolvent chromatographic peaks and decreases the peaktailing observed with polar compounds such as amines.Through the use of a solid sample syringe and the use of relativeresponse factors. analysis of water-borne coatings for water andcosolvent concentration can bc performed with a relative errorfor water at the 80% level of 1.26%.

ONLINE SEARCHING OF DATABASESOF INTEREST TO THE COATINGS INDUSTRY

Richard Caputo, Lockheed Information Systems

Online searching of bibliographic references in science, technology, and business is now widely available. Over 100 differentdatabases containing about 40 million references can besearched through one service alone (DIALOG) from anytimesharing computer terminal. Sample searches will illustratethis retrieval capability in databases of interest to the coatingsindustry, such as Surface Coatings Abstracts. ChemicalAbstracts. Paper and Board Abstracts. Printing Abstracts. etc.

COMPUTER-ASSISTED DESIGNOF COATINGS FORMULAS

Edwin J. Lowrey, Precision Paint Corp.

Potential application areas for computer-assisted design ofcoatings formulas are limited only by existence of necessarymath and input data, but in practice the principal applications

Vol. 52, No. 668, September 1980

are calculations previously done without a computer. Ten yearsof experience with this tool are described, including benefits.problems. and impact on personnel. A comparative illustrationis given, in which formulas for the same product are generatedwith and without computer assistance; significant differencesare apparent in sophistication of design methods. amount ofinformation generated. probability of error. a nd time required.Illustrations of computer assistance are generalized rather thanbeing taken from a specific computer program. Considerationis given to ways in which computer assistance can be expected toincrease the complexity and effectiveness of formula designmethods in the future. Other current laboratory computerapplications which may interface with or compliment formuladesign are mentioned.

COMPUTERIZED COLOR CONTROL

Robert T. Marcus, Mobay Chemical Corp,

A computerized color control system represents the merger ofacolor measuring instrument with a digital computerto simulatea human color matcher. Rather than replace the humancurrently doing the job. the system becomes an obedientassistant. Coupled with an experienced color matcher. theresult should be a noticeable increase in productivity. Andcoupled with a new employee. the system should help thatperson become productive more quickly.

In addition to describing the basic components and operationof a computerized color control system, this talk will attempt torealistically describe what the system will and will not do. andwhat is involved in the start-up of a system.

COMPUTERIZED PROCESS CONTROLIN THE COATINGS INDUSTRY

Robert W. McFee, Glidden Coatings & Resins Div"SCM Corp.

An overview of two process computer systems from the userstandpoint-the first which has been in operation since 1973controlling the thin down portion of trade sales latex paintmanufacture; and the second, a system which will be inoperation early in 1981 controlling many of the asnects of aresin manufacturing operation. The paper describes each of thesystems, their operating procedures. advantages gained. maintenance requirements, and capital investment.

TECHNICAL COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN THECOATINGS INDUSTRY; A BIBLIOGRAPHY,1967-79.

Helen Skowronska, Consultant

Thi bibliography was compiled for the International Committee for Coordinating Activities of Technical Groups in theCoatings Industry, of which the Federation of Societies forCoatings Technology is a member.

This talk will describe the arrangement of the bibliography.number of references within the subject categories. criteria forthe exclusion or inclusion of references. etc.

35

SYNTHESIS OF BLOCKED MOl ADDUCTS,THEIR DSC EVALUATION AND EFFECTOF PIGMENTATION

Takl J. Anagnostou, Wyandotte Paint Products,Inc., and Ernest Jaul, Union Carbide Corp.

Blocked isocyanate compounds have been used in the coatingsand related industries for many years. However, there is noconvenient technique reported to indicate at which temperaturelevel unblocking will occur. In addition, only with considerableexperimentation can it be found what effect additives andpigments have on this unblocking reaction. This studyinvestigates the use of a Differential Scanning Calorimeter(DSC) to designate this temperature range.

Three blocked versions of 4,4'-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MOl) were synthesized. These were the adducts of methylethyl ketoxime, f-<:aprolactam, and benzotriazole. They wereselected because they represented adducts which were capableof decomposing over a wide temperature range. Confirmationof their de-blocking temperature by infrared spectroscopytechniques on samples baked at temperatures specified by theDSC studies was, in general, successful.

Variations were observed in the temperature range at whichunblocking occurs when a polymeric compound containingprimary hydroxyl groups (polyoxyethylene glycol) is present.Addition of pigments to this variation had minimal effect ondeblocking of the adductsatthe lower and medium temperatureranges. However, at high temperature ranges significantchanges were observed.

THE USE OF THIIRANE-FUNCTIONALMONOMERS AS A MEANS OF DEVELOPINGCROSSLINKABLE EMULSIONS

B. George Bufkin and John R. Grawe, University ofSouthern Mississippi, Robert M. O'Brien, MobilChemical Co., and Samuel A. Brown, CelaneseChemical Co.

A feasibility study was conducted which investigated theacceptability of using 2,3-epithiopropyl methacrylate (ETPM)as a means of developing crosslinkable emulsions.

To prevent premature reactivity of the thiirane functionalityin the emulsion environment. the polymerizations wereconducted at low temperatures using non ionic surfactants and atwo-step, delayed addition of episulfide monomer. However, inspite of the preventative measures taken, compositions containing in excess of 6 mole percent ETPM possessed inordinatelyhigh degrees of premature crosslinking. Therefore. to avoid thebaneful effects associated with excessive losses in thiiranefunctionality and to obtain coatings with an acceptable balanceof physical properties, the 54.5t36.4{9.I-EAj M MAI ETPMcopolymer emulsion (6 mole percent ETPM) was selected as themost reasonable candidate for further evaluations.

When the model emulsions containing 6 mole percent ETPMwere combined with various chemically and structurallydifferent curing agents, the samples containing piperizinedisplayed a 2.5 fold increase in tensile strenth, a 2.3 fold increasein solvent resistance, a 2.7 fold decrease in elongation,decreased impact resistance, and increased film hardness (2Hversus 2B) after thermal curing (30 minutes at 65°C) ascompared to samples of the same emulsion evaluated withoutacuring agent.

Coatings of the ETPM-<:ontaining emulsion were also foundto crosslink at room temperature when piperizine was used asacuring agent.

36

PRIMARY AMINE ZWITTERION COPOLYMERS

Zeno W. Wicks Jr. and Chlew-Wah Koay, NorthDakota State University

A copolymer of the vinyl ester of trimellitic acid anhydride andbutyl acrylate was reacted with 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanolto give a zwillerion copolymer with pendant half esters of2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol. The copolymer is soluble in 2butoxyethanol. When diluted with water it behaves in agenerally similar manner to that resulting when amine salts of"water-soluble" acrylic resins in cosolvent are diluted withwater. Films of the copolymer with pTSA catalyst crosslinkwhen cured for 30 min. at 150-175°C to give solvent rubresistance and hardness comparable to a water soluble acrylicresin with hexamethoxymethylmelamine. Thus, a primaryamine zwitterion system offers the potential of a water solublesystem which could cure without emission of formaldehyde oramine into the atmosphere.

THE PHYSICAL CHEMISTRYOF CATHODIC ELECTRODEPOSITION

Percy E. Pierce, PPG Industries, Inc.

Electrodeposition has gained worldwide acceptance as acoating process for automotive, appliance, and general industrial coating. The advantages of the process are high levels ofcoating utilization, automation, low levels of pollution, andhigh throwpower, i.e., the ability to coat the recessed portionsof complex shaped metal parts.

In the original electrodeposition process the parts to becoated were made the anode. Recently, a new process in whichthe parts to be coated are made the cathode has gainedincreasing acceptance because higher levels of corrosionprotection can be obtained with cathodically deposited coatings.

The cathodic process is an electrochemical process. Thephysical chemistry of the process and the understanding of theprocess depends on a knowledge of electrochemistry. Theelectrochemical investigation of the process has involvedresearchers in all the major industrial countries but especiallythose in Germany, the United States, and Japan.

In order for film deposition to begin, a suitable boundarylayer around the part must be formed. Once the boundary layeris established the rate of film growth depends on the number ofelectrochemical equivalents required to neutralize the solubilizing salt groups, voltage, and the conduction characteristics ofthe deposited layer. If the film redissolves in the bath the processof film growth will stop at some point giving rise to a limitingfilm thickness.

The throwpower is also related to the electrochemistry of thedeposition process as well as the geometry of the throwpowercell. Thus, throwpower can be calculated and the results ofvarious throwpower tests such as the G M and Ford testscompared.

Among the factors which contribute to improved corrosionprotection in the cathodic process is the development ofimproved polymers which are more resistant to cathodicdisbonding and the reduction in metal and pretreatmentdissolution during cathodic film deposition. It is expected thatthe cathodic electrodeposition process will continue to gainacceptance especially in those areas in which superior levels ofcorrosion resistance are required.


r

1980 PAINT INDUSTRIES' SHOW

EXHIBITORS

Atlanta Civic CenterAtlanta, Georgia

October, 29, 30, 31

PAINT SHOW HOURS

Exhibitors

Wednesday, October 29Thursday, October 30Friday, October 31

Booth(s) Exhibitors

12:30 to 5:30 pm9:30 am to 5:00 pm9:30 am to 4:00 pm

Booth(s)

Aceto Chemical Co., Inc 620Air Products & Chemicals. Inc 415-417Alcan Ingot & Powders 433-435-532-534Alpine American Corp...........•.................. 153Aluminum Co. of America ...•.............. 638-640-642C.M. Ambrose Co...........•.................. 108-110American Hoechst Corp..........•...... 357-359-456-458American Nepheline Corp. . 307Applied Color Systems. Inc 225-227-229Armstrong Containers. Inc 611Ashland Chemical Co............•...... 315-317-319-321

414-416-418-420Atlas Electric Devices Co.........•.............. 238-240

B.A.G. Corp................•....•.................661BASF Wyandotte Corp 614-616-618Beltron Corp 613Bennett's Colorant Div.....................•........ 252Blackmer Pump Div_ Dover Corp.......•........ 451-453Brinkmann Instruments, Div. Sybron 151Brookfield Engineering Labs 18Buckman Laboratories. Inc 346-348Burgess Pigment Co 529Byk-Mallinckrodt Chern. Prod. GmbH 257-259-356-358


Cabot Corp 447-449Carborundum Co 656-658Cargill. Inc 339-341-343

438-440-442CDI Dispersions, Inc 308Celanese Chemical Co 514-516-518-520Celanese Polymers & Specialties Co 515-517-519-521Chicago Boiler Co 124-126-128Color Corp. of America .406Columbian Chemicals Co 233-235-332-334Cordova Chemical Co. .......•.................... 558Cosan Chemical Corp 10-11Custom Chemical Co.......•........................ 251

Daniel Products Co...............••......•..... 247-249Degussa Corp 350-352Desert Minerals Prods. Corp 646-648Diamond Shamrock Corp.. Proc. Chems 501-503-505Diano Corp 606-608-610D/ l laboratories 328Dow Chemical USA 605-607Draiswerke, Inc. . 550-552Dresser Minerals. Inc 660

37

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1980PAINT INDUSTRIES'

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Exhibitors Booth(s) Exhibitors Booth(s)

Eastman Chemical Products, Inc 239-241-243338-340-342

Ebonex Corp. 556Elcometer. Inc 457-459Elektro-Physik, Inc 363Encapsulair, Inc 152Engelhard Minerals & Chems. Div 546-548Epworth Manufacturing Co., Inc 333-335

Fawcett Co., Inc 351Federated Metals Corp., Sub. ASARCO 446Fed. of Societies for Coatings Tech LobbyFilter Specialists, Inc 304-306Fricke Enterprises Co 150

GAF Corp. 655Gardner Laboratory, Div. Pacific Sci 525-527Georgia Kaolin Co 154-156W.R. Grace & Co., Davison Chern. Div 15-16-17Graco, Inc 641-643

Halox Pigments 19-20Harshaw Chemical Co 425-427-429

524-526-528Henkel Corp......................•........ 624-626-628Hercules Incorporated 125-127-129

224-226-228Hilton-Davis Chemical Co. Div 533-535-632-634Hockmeyer Equipment Corp 232-234Hooker Chemical Corp..............•............... 160J.M. Huber Corp................•.................. 133Hunter Associates Lab.. Inc 261-262

Ideal Mfg. & Sales Corp 362International Minerals & Chems. Corp 401-403-405

407-409-411Interstab Chemicals, Inc 139-141IWI Industries, Itasco Div.......•......•............ 560

Jaygo, Inc 651-653Johns-Manville 347-349

Kenrich Petrochemicals, Inc.......•.............. 547-549KTA-Tator Associates, Inc 561

Labelette Co 135Liquid Controls Corp 617Lorcon Resins ..........•......................... 450

3M/Chemical Resources Div 112Macbeth Div., Kollmorgen Corp.........•.... 506-508-510Manchem Limited 539-541Meadowbrook Corp...................•............604Merck & Co., Chemical Div 419-421Miller Paint Equipment, Inc 650-652MiniFibers, Inc 460-461Modern Paint and Coatings 106

'MorelKJuse Industries. Inc.......•......•.... 100-102-104Myers Engineering, Inc..........•......•........ 600-602MOl International, Inc 260

Netzsch Brothers, Inc. . .................•....... 256-258Neville Chemical Co. . 324-326NL Chemicals, NL Industries 209-211NYCO Div., Processed Minerals. Inc 147-149

40

O'Brien Industrial Equipment Co 543Omya, Inc 551-553

Paint Research Institute (with FSCT) ....•......... LobbyPenn Color, Inc 21-22-23Pennsylvania Glass Sand Corp. . ........•............ 250Pfaudler Co., Div. Sybron Corp. . 452Pfizer, Inc., MPM Div 12-13-14Photomarker Corp 645Polychrome Corp 157-159Polyvinyl Chemical Industries 500-502-504PPG Industries, Inc 631-633Premier Mill Corp 205-207

Q-Panel Co...............•...................•.... 310Quackenbush Co 148

Reichard-Coulston, Inc 601-603Reichhold Chemicals, Inc 325-327-329

424-426-428Rohm and Haas Co 215-217-219-221

314-316-318-320

Schold Machine Co..........•...•..................615Semi-Bulk Systems. Inc 360-361Shamrock Chemicals Corp 627Shell Chemical Co 439-441-443

538-540-542Silberline Manufacturing Co., Inc 309-311Solem Industries, Inc 162-163South Florida Test Service, Inc 242Southern Clay Products, Inc 609Spencer Kellogg Textron 301-303-305

400-402-404Sun Chemical Corp 115-117-119-121

214-216-218-220Sweco. Inc.......•...•...•......................... 253

Tenneco Chemicals, Inc 201-203-300-302Thibault-Walker Co 647-649Thiele Engineering Co 432-434Tokheim Corp 353Troy Chemical Corp 408-410

Union Camp Corp 507-509-511Union Carbide Corp 101-103-105-107-109-111

200-202-204-206-208-210Union Chemicals Div., Union Oil Co 246-248Union Process, Inc 138-140-142Uniroyal Chemical. 130United Catalysts, Inc 448Universal Color Dispersions 114-116

R.T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc 144-146Viking Pump Div., Houdaille, Inc. . 557-559Vorti-Siv Div., M&M Machine 143

Wacker Chemical Co 630Warren Rupp Co 132Wilden Pump & Engineering Co 623-625

Zorelco Li mited 161


WATCH SUNRISE TO THECHALLENGEOFTHE'80s.

The awesome '80s: They're here.And with them comes the promise

of challenge, uncertainty, crisis, and...opportunity. The coatings industry characterizes it as the decacIe of the three"As".........rch ...Resources...andRegulation.

10 these, Sun adds one more...ftMponslblllty. For unless the com

future product research, raand regulatory com.i...ee1 responsibly,CrilIiS than opport\ItIty,tbJ.cha=:'

sityof purpose it applied to the seventies...by recognizing industry's need for aconstantly improved and extendedrange of organic pigments.

But Suo's sense of responsibilityextends far beyond the singular questfor new products. It is concerned withenergy, raw material availability, poilu-

tion control, and the most responsibleenvironmental practices. This fundamental philosophy has enabled Sun_position itself among the world's IeadlnfIorganic pigment producers,

And now the '80s 8f81b1.nl~f.,fresh challenges.

Watch Sun rise toTo get the

ucts~p~ofP

,M

Cross over to coatingsthat defy the elementsSubjected to the elements, primers and marinepaints take a beating.

It shows. As corrosion.

But you can extend your coatings' ability to withstand corrosion - and improve their applicationproperties as well - with Aerosil R-972.

Physically our product is a submicroscopic, fumedsilica. And, like other Aerosil grades, it's asuspending agent of unsurpassed efficiency.

But Aerosil R-972 also has an unusualcharacteristic: It's hydrophobic.

So it's truly ideal for those of your products thathave to fight corrosion.

Only 1% Aerosil R-972 in a zinc dust primer, for instance, holds the zinc suspended for a period ofmonths. With no gas formation. Two percent imparts exceptional water resistance.

And Aerosil R-972 is great in other anti-corrosionsystems, too, such as primers based on red lead,zinc chromate, zinc tetra oxychromate, or ironoxide.

Aerosil R-972. The hydrophobic fumed silica. FromDegussa.

The route to paints that last.

DegussaCorporation

Pigments DivisionRoute 46 at Hollister Road, Teterboro, New Jersey 07608

(201) 288-6500

The economy of excellence.

In rheological additives for paints,too, there is still no substitute.

Using the best additive you can buy goes a longway toward problem-free manufacturing. The savings are proven.

That's why so many of you use rheological additives from NL Chemicals. You're confident ofconsistent performance. High purity. Excellent gelstrength. And it's a confidence that comes with theeconomy of excellence across our entire spectrum.

It comes with our products. With BENTONE®27, 34, and 38 rheological additives. With ourTHIXA1ROL® family. With our M-P-A® antisettlingadditives.

And it comes with the expansion that makes usa reliable source of supply. Vitality and growththat's typified by a doubling and redoubling ofBENTONE additive capacity at our plant inCharleston, West Virginia.

Innovation, technical field support, worldwide capabilities are also part of our economy ofexcellence.

Add it all up. If you cannot afford a substitute,come to the originator. Contact NL ChemicalslNL Industries, Inc., Box 700, Hightstown,New Jersey 08520. Telephone 609/443-2230.

BENTONE, THlXATROL and M-P-A are registered trademarks of NL Industries, Inc. N~~IHlIIII Chemicals

•

Booths 638-640-642:-

Theplacetot~onsome

of thebestnewco

Aluminum pigments for roofcoatings that really last.

Aluminum pigments that willadd lustreto your maintenancepaints.

The ultimate ingredients indazzling two-tone automotivepaint finishes.

Plus a top-notch distributornetwork to service you.

Come to the Alcoa booth atthe Paint Show and find out justhow effectively they all work andhow our top quality pigments canhelp your quality formulations.

You'll relish the fit.

The 1980 Paint Industries Show, Atlanta Civic Center, Atlanta, GA,October 29-31, 1980.

We can't wait for tomorrow.

44

mALCOAJournal of Coatings Technology

Alcoa Pigment DistributorsIf you can't make it to the Paint Show, contactthe nearest Alcoa distributor for aprivate fitting:

Government / Industry

Battelle Suggests Potential MethodsFor Energy Conservation

AtlantaKennesaw-Wilcox.lnc.Atlanta, GA30366404-44&-7487

BaltimoreVan Horn, Metz & Co., Inc.Baltimore. MD 2120430H128-9595

Bettendorf (Iowa)Barton Solvents. Inc.Bettendorf, IA 52722319-355-0203

BoiseUnivar Corporation

VWR DivisionBoise, 1083705208-378-3922

BostonThe D. H. Litter Co.Ballardvale, MA01810617-475-5315

BuffaloChemcentrallBuffaloBuffalo, NY 14207716-874-1600

ChicagoChemcentrallChicagoChica90, IL 6083B312-594-7000

Chicago7he CiJry Co.Acdison,IL60101312-62!Hl6OO

CincinRlltiChemcentrailCincinnatiCincinnati, OH 45217513-242-7700

ClevelandThomas L. Sullivan, Inc.Cleveland, OH 44122216-464-3377

CouncH Bluffs (Iowa)Barton Solvents. Inc.Council Bluffs.IA51501712-322-2509

DallasChemcentrallDallasDallas, TX 75211214-837-3450

DenverUnion Chemicals, Division

of Union Oil Co.Denver, CO 80204303-629-6667

Des MoinesBarton Solvents, Inc.Des Moines, IA 50301515-284-7900

DetroitChemcentral/DetroitRomulus, M148174313-941-4800

FortWay.neChemcentrallFort WayneNew Haven, IN 46774219-749-5153

Grand RapidsChemcentraflGrand RapidsGrand Rapids, M149508616-245-911 1

HoustonChemcentral/HoustonHouston, TX 77029713-675-5241

Inell.nope/lsChemcentral/lndianapolisIndianapOlis, IN 46222317-638-1361

Kansas CityUnion Chemicals, Division

of Union Oil Co.Kansas City, M084111816-531-8840

Los AngelesConroy-McKibben Chemical Co.Los Angeles, CA 90058213-589-5041

Louisvil.Chemcentral/LouisvilleLouisville, KY 40216502-448-5111

MemphisThe Lilly Co.Memphis, TN 36116901-332-5440

MilwaukeeChemcentral/MilwaukeeNew Berlin, WI 53151414-764-2400

NewOrteansMehaffey and Daigle, Inc.New Orleans, LA 70183504-733-7831

New YorkThe D. H. Litter Co.New York, NY 10003212-777-4410

Odessa TexasCoastal Chemical Co.Odessa, TX 79760915-332-1457

g~:~~:;/~OklahomaCityOklahoma City, OK 73119405-745-2777

PhiladelphiaVan Horn, Metz & Co. Inc.Conshohocken, PA 19428215-828-4500

Pittsbu'llhChemcentral/PittsburghPittsbur9h, PA 15244412-923-2570

PortlandUnivar Corporation

VWR DivisionPortland, OR 97210503-222-1721

san AntonioChemcentral/San Antoniosan Antonio, TX 78223512-533-0123

San FranciscoCarmona Chemicaf Co.San Francisco, CA 941 07415-826-9241

se.ttleUnivar Corporation,

VWR DivisionKent, WA 98031206-872-5000

St. louisWalsh and Associates, fnc.St. Louis, MO 63144314-781-2520

St. PaulWorum Chemical Co.St. Paul, MN 55108612-645-9224

TampaMajemac Enterprises, Inc.Oearwater, FL33518813-461-5251

ToledoChemcentral/ToledoToledo, OH 43615419-536-3771

TulsaChemcentral/TulsaTulsa, OK 74106918-425-1306

Improved separation technology, chemical conversions, andreduction of inert materials are some of the ways the chemicalindustry can conserve energy.

That's the conclusion of researchers at Ballelle's ColumbusLaboratories in a study recently conducted for the U,S, Department of Energy. The study, prepared for DOE's Office ofIndustrial Conservation Programs, identified potential candidate areas in which the DOE can develop research anddevelopment programs in energy conservation for the chemicalindustry,

Other conservation techniques include use of supplementalenergy sources and low-temperature heat, as well as fluidizedbed quenching, dry pelletizing, and improved electrolyticefficiency.

During the study, Ballelle examined four energy-intensivechemical processes used to produce ammonia and carbondioxide, chlorine and caustic soda, carbon black, and ethylbenzene and styrene, Successful energy-conservation researchfor these processes could apply to other processes not includedin the study,

Ballelle estimated that the use of different separation technologies might produce a reduction of as much as 10 trillion Btuannually for the ammonia industry and a similar reduction forthe chlor-alkali industry,

The Ballelle report concluded that an increase of 10% inconversion efficiency applied to 50% of existing capacity couldresult in annual energy savings of 10 trillion Btu for ammoniaproduction, 5 trillion Btu for concentrating caustic soda,4,5 trillion Btu for carbon black, and 1 trillion Btu forethylbenzene-styrene,

As to reduction of inert materials, Ballelle estimated improvements in the carbon black process could result in savingsof 2 to 5 trillion Btu per year while improvements in the ammonia process might save about 9 trillion Btu each year.

Another energy-conservation technique identified by Battellewas to use supplemental energy sources produced In the variousprocesses. As one example, the hydrogen by-product or thechlor-alkali process could be used in a fuel cell to generateelectricity,

As to better use of low-temperature heat, Battelle said thechemical industry may be able to take advantage of new technology in this area, A considerable amount ofenergy, for example, is lost from many processes in the form of cooling waterheated to relatively low temperatures; there are, however,known thermodynamic cycles by which energy may be recovered from such low-energy sources, For instance, the temperature of a fluid may be increased by pumping it to higherpressures,

As part of the study, Battelle also identified three technologies that could be studied for energy-conservation in specificapplications: fluidized-bed quenching-to be used in the finalquenching of carbon black formations; dry pelletizing-to beused in preparing carbon black pellets; and improved electrolytic efficiency-to be used in reducing energy consumptionin chlor-alkali processes during electrolysis of the brinesolution,

Copies of the report, "Pilot Study to Select Candidates forEnergy Conservation Research for the Chemical Industry"(publication number DOE-TIC-llllS), are available for $9,00each in paperback ($3.50 microfiche) from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.


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A New Method for DeterminationOf Formaldehyde EmanatingFrom Substrates and Coatings

Michael W. Cox and David E. MoberlyReliance Universal, Incorporated'

Recent information concerning the toxic effectsof chronic exposure to formaldehyde has givenimpetus to the formulation of industrial coatingsand adhesives which evolve less formaldehyde. Inorder to evaluate the efficiency of formaldehydereduction measures, a good laboratory techniquefor determination of formaldehyde was needed.

This paper describes a new method for the determination of formaldehyde emanating from coatings, coated substrates, and uncoated substrates.Although the method is designed to measure formaldehyde evolved from these products duringsimulated atmospheric conditions of interior dwellings, the method is not limited to these conditionsand can be used to measure formaldehyde generated from other products or conditions, such ascuring operations.

The method is reliable, convenient, and it yieldsdata with a precision of six to ten percent. Routineanalyses using this method require six hours forcompletion, which includes only three actual manhours.

INTRODUCTION

Formaldehyde-based products have been used extensively for at least 40 years. The high reactivity of formaldehyde has made it almost indispensible in the formationof crosslinkable polymers which are used in the fields ofindustrial coatings and adhesives. Unfortunately, thereactions of formaldehyde in the formation of polymericmaterials are often reversible to some degree, giving riseto the release of free formaldehyde under the properconditions of temperature, presence of water, and otherchemical agents. l

Formaldehyde release from polymeric materials, inparticular urea-formaldehyde adhesives, has been studied as early as 1942, but even more rigorously since the

"'Robertson Research and Development Center. 4730 Crittenden Dr., Louisville, KY 40221.


late 1950's. Many of the studies were initiated becauseof the irritating effect offormaldehyde on human mucousmembranes, and the desire to reduce the levels of formaldehyde release. Consequently, many methods oftesting for formaldehyde and reducing its release havebeen documented.2 Recently, increased concern has beenraised about formaldehyde in the atmosphere of homes,particularly in light of efforts to seal homes for energyconservation. As homes are sealed against heat loss, theyare also sealed against ventilation and indoor pollutantssuch as formaldehyde. 3 The problem offormaldehyde inwell-sealed homes has also been aggravated in some caseswhere urea-formaldehyde foam has been used as insulation. In order to develop products which evolve lessformaldehyde during end use, a laboratory procedurefor determination of evolved formaldehyde was needed.

As previously stated, many techniques for this determination exist, but all these methods suffer from one ormore of the following problems: They do not stimulateend use of the products; they do not control relativehumidity (RH), temperature, or now-rate of samplingair; they do not use commercially available equipment; orthey fail to provide for recovering formaldehyde lost bypolymerization on any surface it contacts.

The new procedure described in this paper does notshare these drawbacks and it provides meaningful dataconcerning formaldehyde evolution during end usesituations.

EXPERIMENTAL

The equipment needed to construct and use one testchamber is detailed in Table I. The sampling train shouldbe assembled in accordance with Figure I. An item byitem description of the system is given in Table 2.

Sampling Technique and Sample Preparation

SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR TESTING OF CoATINGS: Experience has shown that the evolution of formaldehyde

49

MW. COX and D.E. MOBERLY

Table 1-Equlpmentlor One Te,t Chamber

Quenllly

22

1.

Item Description

10 ml Bubble flowmetersSS-4oo-I-OR O-Seal stainless steel fittings,

straight thread connectionMultiple outlet, MarksonIntermatic Model T 101,24 hr, dial time switch25 ml midget impingers500 ml filtering flask125 ml filtering flaskPowerstat variable transformers, 3PN 116BLab-Line 1475, alumaloy desiccatorNupro B-4SG, fine metering needle valveBandit, *" box clampsWestern Model 2281 dial thermometer,

0-250· F (0-120·C)Hot plate, Corning Model PC-35Diaphragm pump, Neptune Dyna-pump Model 2Thermometer, 76 mm Immersion, 305 mm

length, 0-250· F (0_120· C)By-the-yard heat tape, 1.5' (46 em) length500 ml flask heating mantleSilicone rubber flat stock, 1/16" (0.16 em) thickGlass wool

Other Equipment Needed tor Anelysls

UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Portable Spectronic 20 (Bausch-Lomb) or equivalent)

Other Miscelleneous leboretory Equipment

Pipettes, Volumetric Flasks, Tygon Tubing,Ring Stands

Reegenls

Formaldehyde, sodium bisulfite salt; deionizedwater; chromatropic acid; sulfuric acid; indicating drierite

9.

2. 4.

from a coating during end use is dependent upon the typeand condition of the substrate. Also, in the case of plywood or particle board, the amount of formaldehydeevolved from the board itself can be an order of magnitude higher than the amount of formaldehyde evolvedfrom the coating. Meaningful data about the coating canbest be ob.tained when the coating is applied to a substrate which does not evolve formaldehyde. Furthermore, the coating should be applied in a manner simulating commercial application. Therefore, in the case ofwood coatings, thick veneers or dimension stocks wereselected as substrates.

To prepare the sample, select a piece of thick veneer ordimension stock, !4 to ~ in. (0.6 - 1.3 cm) thick, preferably using the same type of wood to which the testingcoating would be applied. Coat the substrate in a mannersimulating commercial manufacturing. If a topcoat isbeing evaluated, for example, the substrate should alsobe prepared in a manner similar to commercial manufacturing. If there will be other coatings present in addition to the coating under study, enough test samplesshould be prepared to permit testing of completely finished substrate and, as a control, substrate with only thecoating of interest omitted.

After preparation, cut the prepared substrate into4 X 4 in. (10.2 X 10.2 cm) pieces, and condition thepanels at room temperature (25 0 C) for one week in ahumidity controlled chamber. It was found that a sulfuricacid-water mixture was a convenient means of controlling RH. Care must be taken to avoid any actual contactof the test pieces with the acid-water mixture. By selecting different acid-water mixtures, atmosphere conditionscan be controlled so that board moisture contentsbetween 7 and II % moisture content can be obtained.Use of a solution which yields a 9% board moisture content is suggested for most work. Actual moisture content

17.

50

(1) Input bubble flowmeter(2) Input IIr ICI'Ubber(3) DeIlc:alor or ltumldltter(4) Heatlngmantle.humtcltfleronly(5) Thermontel.... humtcllfter onl,(I) G_.ool

(7) Suspencllng wire(I) Dial thermomet...(II) BOIl clMlpl

(10) Test c:hIImber(11) Hot plate(12) Heated outpul

Frgur. 1-T.,t apparatus

(13) AbIorptlon Implngen(14) Output bubbleII-'er(15) Wat... trIP(11) Preclllon needle V8IYee,(1J) V8CUum pump(11) T..I specimen


DETERMINATION OF FORMALDEHYDE

Table 2-Conltructlon of Sampling Train

Ca) Sec Figurt I.

Further Notel

The humidifier heating mantle, PC-35 hot plate, and the output heattape are controlled by separate Powerstat Variable Transformers,3PN-1l68.

All electrical devices are plugged into a Markson Multiple Outlet,which, in turn, is connected to an Intermatic Model nOl, 24 hr Dial,Time Switch to permit automatic power up before the beginning of aworking day. With this device, temperature equilibrium can be achievedat the star! of the working day.

All tubing other than the input and output tubes from the Chamberis Tygon, the lengths of which are kept to a minimum.

Input Bubble Flowmeter:10 ml Bubble Flowmeter

Input Air Scrubber.25 ml Midget Impinger containing 15 ml ofdeionized water

3-7 ~ .. Desiccator or HumidifierSOO ml, Side arm filtering flask(a) When used as a desiccator the flask contains

non-indicating Drierite with a ~ in. (1.25 cm)layer of indicating Drierite on the top. Theinput tubing is 6 mm 10 glass tubing.

(b) When used as a humidifier, the flask contains400 ml of deionized water. The input tubing istapered to a capillary opening. A coil of wire isused to suspend a layer of glass wool above thesurface of water to stop the transmission ofwater aerosol into the test chamber. A mantlesurrounds the base of the flask, and finally, athermometer is included, the bulb of which islevel with the output of the flask.

8-11 ... Test ChamberThe chamber consists of a Lab-Line 1475 Alumaloy

Desiccator. 2 - SS-4OO-I-OR Fillings; inputfilling below sample level, output fillingabove sample level. 6 x Y. in. diamcterSteel Tubing connected to input and outputfillings; a 1/16 in. (0.16 cm) Silicon gasketbetween the top and bottom halves of thedesiccator; 2 - Bandit J.l in. Box Clamps to holdthe top and bottom halves of the chambertogether; Western Model 2281 DialThermometer, Y. in. NPT fitting, 0-250' F(0-120'C) Range. Finally, tbe Chamber sits ona Corning PC-35 Hot Plate.

12 ... Output from Chamber to first ImpingerThis consists of a 6 in. (15 cm) length of Y. in. SS

Tubing wrapped with a 1.5 ft (46 cm) length ofheating tape.

13 ... Absorption Impingers(2) 25 ml Midget Impingers containing 15 ml ofdeionized water

14 Output bubble flowmeter10 ml bubble flowmeter

15 Water trap125 ml Side arm filter flask with 6 mm ID input tube

16 Needle valveNupro B-4SG, fine metering valve

17 PumpNeptune Dyna-pump model 2

De.crIpllonIlem No.·

values were confirmed by use of a moisture meter, supplied by the Moisture Register Company (Figure 2).

SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR TESTING OF SUBSTRATE:From the interior of a large piece of substrate, cut 4 X 4in. (10.2 X 10.2 cm) test pieces. Avoid use of materialfrom the edge of the large piece. Experience has shownthat selection of interior sections yield more consistentvalues. Next, seal an edge of the board which is perpendicular to the grain of the front surface by dipping the testpiece to a depth of Ys in. (0.3 cm) in molten polyethylene.This will provide the same ratio of "with the grain" and"against the grain" edge length to surface area as is foundon a 4 X 8 ft. standard plywood panel.

Condition the test pieces at room temperature (25° C)for one week in a sealed container which contains a sulfuric acid-water mixture to control RH. As previouslydescribed, use of a solution which yields a 9% boardmoisture content is suggested for most work (Figure 2).

Use of Chromatroplc AcidFor the Determination of Formaldehyde

PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD: Formaldehyde reacts witha chromatropic acid-sulfuric acid solution to form a

Formaldehyde Collection

To begin this procedure, fill all impingers with 15 mlofdeionized water. If test is to be run at 0% RH, install thedesiccator in the system. For all other values of RH, install the humidifier. Turn on the pump and, by use of theneedle valve and output bubble flowmeter, set the outputflow-rate at 60 ml per min. To continue, check the inputflow-rate by use of the input bubble flowmeter. If theinput and output flows do not match within 5%, thesystem must be checked for leaks.

After setting the voltage on the output heat tape toyield a temperature on the output tube of about 220° F(105°C), set the hot plate to yield that desired temperaturefor the test chamber. A temperature of 120° F(49° C) wasselected as the standard, which represents an extremetemperature found in an unoccupied mobile home inwarm climate.

If the humidifier is being used, set its temperatureaccording to Figure 3 to yield the desired test RH. Afterequilibrium is attained, put fresh deionized water in theabsorption impingers, place the test panel in thechamber, and reseal the chamber. Recheck input andoutput flow-rates for evidence of leaks.

After two hours of exposure at 49° C, turn off the hotplate and permit the test chamber to cool to room temperature for one hour. Open the cooled test chamber,remove the test specimen, and then reseal within oneminute. Recheck input and output flow-rates. Next, turnthe hot plate back on and set it to yield a chamber temperature of 2306 F (110° C) and maintain this temperature for one hour. All systems should then be turned offand absorption impingers removed from the system.Cooling is not necessary at this point.

Wash the absorption impinger solutions into a 100 mlvolumetric flask and dilute to the mark. In accordancewith the analytical procedure which follows, analyze thissolution for formaldehyde content.


MW. COX and DE MOBERLY

Figure 2-0e.lred board molslure conlenl vs composition ofwaler-sulfurlc acid condilloning solullon

purple monocalionic chromogen. The absorbance of thecolored solution in a spectrophotometer at 580nm is readand is proportional to the quantity of formaldehyde inthe solution. For concentrations of the recommendedstandards, this relationship follows Beer's Law. Thisproced ure is virtually identical to the analytical methodrecommended by NIOSH for the determination offormaldehyde.

PREPARATION OF REAGENTS:(I) Chromotropic add reagent-dissolve 0.25 g of

4,5-dihydroxy-2,7 naphthalenedisulfonic acid disodium salt (Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York, Cat. No. P230) in water and dilute

Figure 3-Tesl chamber lemperalure and humidifier lemper.lure for desired lesl chamber relallve humidity

52

Figure 4-Prele.tlng aging v. formaldehyde evolullon level;odey. of aging Is defined a. lhe dey lhe subslrale wu coated

to 25m!. Filter if necessary and store in a refrigerated bottle protected from light. Make up freshweekly.

(2) Concentrated sulfuric acid(3) Formaldehyde standard solution "A "(I mg/ml)*

-Sodium formaldehyde bisulfite (Eastman Kodak Company, Cat. No. P6450) is used as a primary standard. Dissolving 4.4703 g in distilledwater and diluting to one liter will yield a I mgl mlsolution.

(4) Formaldehyde standard solution "B" (10 g/ml)-Dilute 5 ml of standard solution "A" to 500 mlwith distilled water. Make up fresh daily.

PREPARATION OF STANDARD CuRVE: Measure 0, 0.25,0.75, 1.25, 1.75,2.5, and 5.0 ml of standard solution "8"into glass test tubes with a pipette and dilute each of thesealiquots to 10 ml with distilled water. Develop the coloras described in the following analysis, beginning with thethird step. Plot absorbance against micrograms offormaldehyde in the color developed solutions.

ANALYSIS:(I) Combine impinger washings from outlet side of

chamber and dilute in ·a 100 ml volumetric flask to100 m!. Mix thoroughly. This solution is referred to asthe sampling solution.

(2) With a pipette, measure a 10 ml aliquot of thesampling solution into a pyrex glass test tube. A reagentblank containing 10 ml of distilled water must also berun·t

(3) Add 0.25 ml of 1% chromotropic acid reagent tothe solution in the glass tube and mix by swirling. t

(4) To the solution, pipette slowly and cautiously 15ml of concentrated sulfuric acid. The solution becomes

·Use of $Oidium formaldebyde bisulfite as a primary standard is the major chanae: from ,heoriginal NIOSH procedure.

tThe amounts of reaSenls used are 2.5 times laracT than thcamounlsugcsted by the originalNIOSH procedure.


DETERMINATION OF FORMALDEHYDE

170110 no 150

Teat~ """f*tuft..' t

..

,U &2 .,'

70

,<Figure 6-Teat chamber temperature va formaldehyde evolution

level

..:--

DISCUSSION

Use the procedure as presented has permitted studyof a variety of coatings and substrates and has yieldedconsiderable data concerning the effect of various variables on formaldehyde evolution. Some of the variablesstudied and their effect on formaldehyde evolution are asfollows:

The total sampling time includes the two hours baketime plus one hour cool down period, Le., the total timeof test specimens in the chamber. MW = molecularweight of formaldehyde = 30.03; 24.47 = ILl of formaldehyde gas in one micromole at 760 mm Hg and 25°C.

l __......=_...... .__._....Figure 7-'10 board molature content va formaldehyde evolution

level

•"j

I'

- -..-...--M ...M

M

M'M'

.z IfWM tutltflV " 1tS"{ DRIll

Figure 5-"10 RH va formaldehyde evolution level

----........!'

J1" •!

...., ,,,z.mt • . ! "_____-.---.~,-.---4''"---->-

• • ,.I' :N ~ ... ..~'" M. 12,

...J1~ ..

• !

The concentration of formaldehyde in the sampledatmosphere may be calculated by using the followingequation, assuming standard conditions are taken as 760mm of mercury and 25° C:

C, x 24.47Formaldehyde. ppm (by weight)= Vs x M.W.

where Vs = total sampling time in minutes X flow-rate in liters perminute.

extremely hot during the addition of the sulfuric acid.Mix the solution by gently swirling the test tube duringaddition of the acid to prevent loss of sample due tobumping, spattering, or volatilization.t

(5) Allow to stand for 25 min, then cool tubes underrunning tap water. Zero the spectrophotometer using thereagent blank, and then determine the absorbance ofsamples at 580 nm in I cm cells. Use curve previouslyprepared to determine the formaldehyde content of thesamples. If the formaldehyde content of the aliquotexceeds the limit of the calibration curve, a smalleraliquot diluted to 10 ml with distilled water is used.Include at least one standard as a check for the instrument and reagents. Results for the included standardshould not differ from previous determinations by morethan 5%.

CALCULATIONS: Determine the total concentration(C,) of formaldehyde present as follows:

c, = C x F

C, = totall'g of formaldehyde evolved during the test period.

C = I'g of formaldehyde in the sample solution aliquot asdetermined from the calibration curve.

F = respective aliquot factor; where

F sampling soln. V01 in ml.

ml. aliquot used


MW. COX and D.E. MOBERLY

Polymerization of Formaldehyde

Unless the test chamber is "baked out" at temperaturesabove 100° C, some formaldehyde polymerizes on thesides of the chamber biasing results low. Experimentation has shown this phenomenon accounts for a significant amount of the total formaldehyde evolved. The onehour "bake-out" procedure is therefore a critical aspect ofthe total procedure. It has been demonstrated that anyresidual formaldehyde is purged within this time period.

Age of Sample

Formaldehyde-based materials in substrates or coatings will slowly evolve formaldehyde for long periods oftime. Plotting of formaldehyde evolution during testingvs days of aging before testing yields a graph similar toan exponential decay curve. After about a week, the difference in formaldehyde evolution becomes quite smalland the precision of testing duplicate samples improvessignificantly. This is why the seven day sample aging timehas been selected (Figure 4).

Percent Relative Humidity of Test Chamber

The RH of the test chamber has an interesting effecton the amount of evolved formaldehyde, as depicted inFigure 5, a computer representation of results obtainedfrom a statistical study. Apparently, formaldehyde evolution is partially dependent upon loss or gain of moisture, such that for low values of RH, moisture is pulledfrom the substrate carrying formaldehyde with it. However, at high values of RH, moisture is driven into theboard or at least inhibited from being lost, consequentlyreducing the amount of evolved formaldehyde.

Temperature

Any variation in temperature during aging or testingwill affect final results. The higher the temperature, thehigher the rate of formaldehyde evolution. During mostof our work, 49° C was selected as the test chambertemperature. Since formaldehyde evolution was found tobe predictably dependent on temperature, it is believedthat the use of 49°C provides greater precision duringanalysis since more formaldehyde is generated. Thisalleviates the problem of very long sampling times forvery low formaldehyde emitting systems (Figure 6).

Percent Board Moisture

The board moisture content also has a major effecton formaldehyde evolution levels. Increasing values ofboard moisture usually elevate levels of formaldehydeevolution. As mentioned in a previous discussion, it is

54

believed that when moisture is driven from a substrate orcoating, it carries formaldehyde with it. Also, a relationship between moisture and acid residues on formaldehyde releasing reactions may be at play here (Figure 7).

Substrate

Both the type of substrate and location of samplingfrom a given substrate can influence the final results. Forexample, standard plywood yields much higher levels offormaldehyde than does veneer which contains no glue.Furthermore, values from 4 X 4 in. (10.2 X 10.2 cm) testpanels cut from 4 X 8 ft sheet of plywood can vary by afactor of two. One noticeable trend is that samples takenfrom the edge of a large sheet have lower values thansamples taken from the interior of the board. Also,coatings under the test on metal substrates will invariably yield much lower formaldehyde results than coatings tested on any wood substrate, including solid woodin difference to plywoods, due to the presence of moistureand wood porosity.

SUMMARY

Use of the experimental method introduced here,though relatively simple and economical, has been foundto yield a precision level of6.5% for determinations madeat 0% chamber RH and about 10% for all other levelsof percent RH. This level of reproducibility has offeredthe opportunity to study formaldehyde evolution undera variety of conditions and has yielded extensive information about the variables which control formaldehydeevolution. In particular, the strong effect percent boardmoisture has on formaldehyde production was interesting, if not surprising. Through additional studies andquality control monitoring of other substrates, gluetypes, and coating types, the objective of reducing formaldehyde generation will be realized.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors wish to thank the other members of theRobertson Research Center of Reliance Universal fortheir suggestions and assistance in preparing this study.In particular, the assistance of M. B. Price was greatlyappreciated.

References

(I) Walker, J. F., "Formaldehyde," Kreiger Publishing, 1975.(2) Forest Products Laboratory, "Eliminating Odor from Urea-Resin

Bonded Plywood and Particleboard," 1969.(3) Washington Post, "Has It Become a Case of Insulation or Pollu

tion,"'September 2, 1979.(4) NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 2nd Edition, Volume I,

1977.


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Curable ResinsK. Nate and T. Kobayashi

Hitachi Limited *

The adhesive characteristics of ultraviolet radiationcurable resins are discussed for the mixtures of 1,2polybutadiene dimethacrylate and reactive monomers (7:3 by wt). The tensile adhesive strength to analuminum oxide substrate is significantly affectedby the internal stress of the resins. The addition ofmonomers containing the hydroxyl group givesresins which exhibit excellent adhesion. The largedecrease in adhesive strength which appears in thesystems with polyfunctional monomers after waterabsorption, is explained by the increase of internalstress. The effects of the additives and other oligomers are also discussed.

INTRODUCTION

Recently, ultraviolet radiation curable resins (UV resins)have become commercially available for paints,'·l adhesives,4 and electronic applications.l-9 Their major usesare as surface coatings, such as solder masks, plating andetching resists, and printing inks. The features of UVresins include rapid curing, virtually no solvent emission,and long pot life. These materials can be converted froma liquid to a thermoset solid within seconds throughcrosslinking reactions under UV radiation.

The mechanisms of UV-initiated polymerization lO-

14

and the hardening properties of pigmentated UV-curableresins1

H 7 are discussed in detail in the prior literature.But, few reports on the adhesive characteristics of UVcured resins have been published in spite of their inferiority to the thermosetting resins. 18

This study was undertaken to elucidate the adhesivecharacteristics of some UV-cured resins, especially withrespect to the effect of reactive monomers and additives.

This paper is reprinted from the April I. 1979 Preprint Booklet of the Organic Coatings andPlastic Chemistry Division of the American Chemical Society with the permission of thecopyright owner, the ACS.

'Production Engineering Research Laboratory, 292, Yoshida·macbi, Totsuka·ku, Yokohama, 244, Japan.


The experiments were carried out for the mixtures of1,2-polybutadiene dimethacrylate and reactive monomers (7:3 by wt).

EXPERIMENTAL

Materials

The reactive oligomer was I,2-polybutadiene dimethacrylate (MW2600) which was obtained from NipponSoda KK. The reactive monomers and photoinitiatorswere commercially available grades and used withoutfurther purification.

UV Sources

Two UV sources were used. The first source consistedof a high-pressure, mercury-vapor lamp, ballasted at 30watt per cm. The 'second one consisted of a metallic,halide-vapor lamp, ball.asted at 80 or 120 watt per cmwith a polished aluminum reflector. Cooling air wasblown over th'(; lamp and the samples.

Measurements of Adhesive Strength

Tensile adhesive strengths of UV-cured resins to analuminum oxide substrate were measured with InstronUniversal Testing Instruments, model TT-5000 using thesamples as shown in Figure I. The strain rate of measurements is 5 mm/ min and each result was shown with theaverage of ten measurements. Using the screen-printingtechnique, a UV resin, containing a photoinitiator, wascoated to a thickness of 50~m on a plate of 96% IlI-AhOlI cm2 in area. After curing by UV radiation, both sidesof the resin-coated plate were bonded to jigs with epoxyadhesive and kept at room temperature for 24 hr beforebeing used in the adhesive strength test.

Calorimetric Analysis

The UV curing time was measured by calorimetricanalysis. A Rigaku Electric DSC 800 I differential scan-

57

K. NATE and 1. KOBAYASHI

Table 1-Ellect of Photoinltlators and UY·RadlatlonConditions on the Tensile Adhesive Strengths

(F_) of the UY Resins

Photolnltlltor(P.I.)

Ben-Pr'

2- Methylanlhraquinone

Benlil

Benlophenone

Benzoin

AmountoIP.!.(phr)

0.5

2

I'

RldlltlonTime(min)

0.5

0.5

RldlltlonDlstlnee

(em)

15

15

10

20

15

15

15

FO~d(MPI)

6.4

7.4

7.6

7.5

7.6

7.0

6.8

6.6

7.2

4.6

3.1

6.8

7.2

7.0

4.8

./Al,ji9

9/ I /' f, ::,~...,~,

~~~~ive u..~ 1 ~ Aluminum~ oxide plate

~~ Al ji~

(a) BcnzoinisopropyletherFigure 1-Sample melsuring tensile adhesive strength

ning calorimeter was modified to be irradiated and usedfor the measurements. A 250 watt high-pressure,mercury-vapor lamp was used as a UV source, and 10 mgof the samples were used.

2-HEMA:2-HPMA:EGOMA:TMPTMA:

2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate2-hydroxypropyl methacrylateethyleneglycol dimethacrylatetrimethytolpropane trimethacrylate

(a) Measured from DSC analysis. (Pholoinitiator. = 0.04 moll I.

Table 2-Relatlve Reactivity of UY Polymerization In1,2·Polybutadlene-EGDMA (7:3 by wt) at 30·C

Abbreviation of Monomers

The monomers used in this paper were abbreviated asshown below:

Benzoin- 2-Melhyl-Photo- Isopropyl- enthr. Benzo-Inmltor ether quinone Benzoin phenone Benzlt

Relativereactivity~ 13 9.0 2.3 2.0 1.0

Effects of PhotolnitiatorsAnd UV Radiation Conditions

The tensile adhesive strengths (F"h'd) of UV resin tothe substrate (aluminum oxide plate) were measured forvarious photoinitiators, radiation times, and radiationdistances. The results are shown in Table I.

As shown in Table I, there are practically no differences in these photoinitiators, whether the species decompose by homolysis under UV radiation (benzoinisopropylether and bensoin)'O.19 or initiate the photopolymerization by hydrogen abstraction ~2-methyl

anthraquinone, bensil, and benzophenone).II. 2

The resins containing benzoin or benzophenone havelow tensile adhesive strengths at low initiator concentrations and short radiation times, owing to the lowreactivity of these resins and incomplete cure. These factswere ascertained by measuring the curing time, using thecalorimetric analysis (Table 2).

In the system containing 2-methylanthraquinone, itis seen that F""'d hardly varied for radiation times of0.5-5min and radiation distances of 10-20 em. The lamp alsoused radiated heat rays and the temperature of the resinsrose from 50 to 150 0 C during the radiation. Therefore,it was shown that Foh,d was not affected by radiation heat.Hence, 2-methylanthraquinone (I phr) was used as thephotoinitiator in the succeeding experiments because it

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

lauryl methacrylate2-ethylhexyl methacrylaten-hexyl methacrylate

LMA:2-EHMA:n-HMA:

MeasurementsOf Tensile Strength and Elongation

The dumbbell-like samples of cured UV resins wereprepared according to ASTM 08820-651 and the freefilms were used. Tensile strengths and elongations of UVresins were measured with Instron Universal TestingInstruments. The strain rate of measurements is 5mml min and each result was shown with the average often measurements.


Tlble 3-GIIII Trlnlllion Tempereture (Te)01 UV Realnl In Flgur. 2

2- n- 2- 2-Monomer LMA EHMA HMA HEMA HPMA EGDMA TMPTMA

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION CURABLE RESINS

Tlbl. 4-Mechlnlcel Propertlel 01 UV Realnl

Monomer 2- n- 2- 2-Property LMA EHMA HMA HEMA HPMA EGDMA TMPTMA

gave rapid UV curing rates and good quality of the surface hardening, in addition to its independence of theradiation conditions.

T,(°C) -40 -40 0 10 10 40 50Tensile

strength(MP.) 1.2 2.5 5.9 14 15 11 10

Elonga-tion(%) 54 85 38 39 18 9.5 9.0

Young'smodulus(MP.) 1.9 2.5 18 32 100 94 94

Effects of Reactive Monomers

The Fobsd values were measured for the resins containing several methacrylate monomers at 25°C. The resultsare shown in Figure 2. The resins formed using polyfunctional monomers (EGDMA and TMPTMA) showedpoor adhesion to the aluminum oxide plate. Theirprimary mode of failure was adhesive. The monofunctional monomers containing a hydroxyl group (2-HEMAand 2-HPMA) gave resins with better adhesion thanthose from other monofunctional monomers (n-HMA,2-EHMA, and LMA). The primary mode of failure wasmixed (cohesive and adhesive) for these resins with theexception of the lauryl methacrylate, which showed cohesive failure. This is explained by the mechanical properties of the resins. The glass transition temperatures (Tg)

of UV resins from Figure 2 are shown in Table 3.Here, Tg values were measured by changes of the resin

hardness. Mechanical properties of UV resins are shownin Table 4. The Fobsd decreased when Tg of UV resins washigher than the measurement temperature (25°C). Theresin containing the monomer with hydroxyl groups hadgood adhesion. The resin containing lauryl methacrylatemonomer did not show high tensile adhesive strength inspite of the lowest Tg• In this case, the failure was cohesive, and it was ascertained that it was due to the lowtensile strength of the resin. On the other hand, theresins containing the monomer with hydroxyl groups(2-HEMA and 2-HPMA) had higher tensile strengthsand greater elongation as compared to the resins containing the polyfunctional monomers (EGDMA and

15o I Initial

4~.•• I ::= ~~lt't, in

1~10

';G

!'"~,Q0

~..

TMPTMA). This is explained by the intermolecularhydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl groups, which participate in adhesion.

The resins containing polyfunctional monomers showunusually low tensile adhesive strength. This indicatesthat internal stress developed in the UV resin in spite of itscomparatively low curing temperature. Therefore, thevolume contraction of the UV resin, which is one causeof the internal stress, is measured by changes in thespecific gravity. The results are shown in Table 5. There isno difference between the monofunctional monomersand the polyfunctional ones. The volume contractions ineach case are large and seem to be important in adhesion,especially in the case of rapid curing.

Effect of Water Absorption

The Fobsd values after boiling in water for I hr weremeasured and are shown in Figure 2. The resins containing polyfunctional monomers (EGDMA andTMPTMA)failed completely at the boundary between the substrateand the resin. The Fobsd of the resin containing 2-EHMAdecreased somewhat after boiling in water. On the otherhand, the resins containing 2-HEMA, 2-HPMA, nHMA, or LMA hardly decreased in tensile adhesivestrength. The resins containing LMA and 2-EHMAmainly showed cohesive failure. These facts can beexplained by the change of mechanical properties beforeand after the boiling test. These results are summarizedin Figure 3.

Flgure2-E"ecl 01 melhicryilled monomeraon lhe lenin. Idhellve llrenlllhi 01 UVrealnl. LMA: Lluryl MA; 2-EHMA: 2-Elhylhellyl MA; n-HMA: n-Hellyl MA; 2-HEMA:2-Hydrollyelhyl MA; 2-HPMA: 2-Hydroxypropyl MA; EGDMA: Elhyleneglycol DIMA;

TMPTMA: Trtmelhylolproplne TrlMA

oL---'----''----'----'----'- --'__..J

UlA 2-ElIMA n-IIHA 2-11EMA 2-HPMA EGDMA TEMPTMA

Monomer

Vol. 52. No. 668. September 1980 59

K. NATE and T. KOBAYASHI

160, O. Initial

0., •• Alta boUtag ill• __ liar

0 12 120

•".. 0~8 D

80.c

I., ..'"c•

~.c...,

-10

til .".,• 0 40 ~.... '"." ! • c• 0c ,. ....• "'.. •

Figure 3-Mechanlcal properties 01 UV resins 0 0

1000

"~- 100·0...."]_. 10

'"c" •0,. 0

LMA 2-EHMA n-IIMA 2-HEHA 2-HPMA EGDMA TMPTMA

Monomer

15

10

i

o15

o

I_.2-_~ ~ ~ ~

'~

... 0 : Initial -• ,

: Alter boilinq invater for 1 hr

..

Monomer I BGDMA

!1 !...

fI~

-

! !t ~I

Figure 4-Ellecl of additives on the lensUeadhesive slrength 01 UV resins. A: ,,-AmlnopropyltrlelhoxysUane; B: (p-Vlnylslylyl) (IrImelhoxysUylpropylamlnoelhyl) ammoniumchloride; C: ,,-MelhacryloyloxypropyltrlmelhoxysUane; 0: Vlnyltrls (IJ-melhoxyelhoxy) sUane; E: Melhacryloyloxyelhyl-

phosphate

A B c o E

60

Additive (5 phr)

Journal 9' Coatings Technology

15

10

15

10

PB-OMA Epoxy-OMA

Oligomer

Si-DMA Epoxy-OA

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION CURABLE RESINS

Figure 5-Eflect of acrylate oligomers on thetensile adhesive strength. (Additive: 'YAmlnopropyltriethoxysilane, 5 phr) PB-OMA:1,2-Polybutadiene dlmethacrylate; EpoxyOMA: 2,2' -Bis(4-methacryloxydlethoxyphenyl) propane; SI·OMA: Organopolysiloxanedlmethacrylate; Epoxy·OA: 2,2'·Bls(4·acryl·

oxyphenyl) propane

Tensile strengths of the UV resins decreased by waterabsorption in all cases, and the elongation in the resinscontaining LMA or 2-EHMA was greatly reduced. As aresult, Young's modulus increased after the boiling test inthe case of resins containing EGDMA, TMPTMA, 2EHMA, or LMA, and decreased in the resins containing2-HPMA, 2-HEMA, or n-HMA. As we have seen, thebig decrease of FOb'd with water absorption in the resinscontaining EGDMA or TMPTMA (T,> room temperature) depends on the increase of internal stress in theresins. As UV curing occurs at comparatively lowtemperature, the crosslinking reaction takes place in thecase of resins containing polyfunctional monomers whenthe UV-eured resins leave at higher temperature than thecuring temperature. About 2-4' wt% of water absorptiontakes place in the case of resins containing monomerswith hydroxyl groups and about 4 wt% ofevaporation ofthe unreacted monomer takes place in the case of resinscontaining the other monofunctional monomers in thesimilar condition. The change in Young's modulusduring the boiling test is explained by crosslinking reaction, the water absorption, and the evaporation of theunreacted monomer. These facts were ascertained by aheat aging test under the same conditions of 100° Cat I hr.

Effects of Additives

The FOb'd values were measured with several additivesmainly using silane coupling agents. The results areshown in Figure 4. In the resins containing 2-HEMA


(T,< room temperature), FOh'd values were greater than10 MPa, except for additive E. On the other hand, FOh'd

values in the resins containing EGDMA (T,> roomtemperature) were significantly increased by using silanecoupling agents or similar agents (additives A, B, D, andE); however, after the resin was boiled in water, FOh'd

decreased in the presence of any additives. These results

KAZUO NATE is a Researcher at the Production Engineering Research Laboratory of Hitachi Ltd. He received the M.S.Degree from Nagoya University in 1972.Mr. Nate has been concerned with thedevelopment of the electronic surfacecoatings, UV photoinitiated polymerization, and development studies on monomer and polymer synthesis.

T. KOBAYASHI is a Senior Researcher atthe Production Engineering ResearchLaboratory of Hitachi Ltd. He received theM.S. Degree from the Tokyo MetropolitanUniversity. Since 1970, Mr. Kobayashihas conducted research and developmentstudies on organic coating materials forelectronic devices.

61

K. NATE and T. KOBAYASHI

10

'!icC)Figure 6-Relation between T. values and Fobo. values after

boiling in water

Table 5-Volume Contraction 01 UV Resins

Monomer 2-HEMA 2-HPMA EGDMA TMPTMA

Volumecontraction(%) 10.4 10.0 10.4 9.4

gives resins excellent adhesion. The large decrease inadhesive strength which appears in the systems withpolyfunctional monomers after water absorption isexplained by the increase of internal stress. The bestcombination of materials and variables is flexibleepoxy dimethacryle or 1,2-polybutadiene dimethacrylate, methacrylate monomer with hydroxyl groups,2-methylanthraquinone, and silane coupling agent withamino groups.

•1006020

indicate that the characteristics of the monomer are moreimportant to adhesive strength than the additive.

Effects of Acrylate Oligomers

The Fob," values were measured for various UV-curableoligomers (epoxy diacrylates and a silicone dimethacrylate). The results are shown in Figure 5. Tensile adhesivestrengths, especially after boiling in water, decreased inthe order of epoxy dimethacrylate, 1,2-polybutadienedimethacrylate, silicone dimethacrylate, and epoxy diacrylate, where epoxy dimethacrylate was a flexible oligomer possessing four ethylene oxide units in a molecule.

The relation between Tg values of these resins and FOb'dvalues after boiling in water are shown in Figure 6. Asseen here, a large drop in FOh'd was observed, as the Tg

values of UV resins were greater than the temperature atwhich measurements were carried out. These facts indicate that tensile adhesive strengths are significantlyaffected by the internal stress of the resins, whatever UVresins are used.

CONCLUSIONS

The adhesive characteristics of ultraviolet radiationcurable resins were discussed. On the basis of this study, itis concluded that the adhesive tensile strength is significantly affected by the internal stress of the resins. Theaddition of monomers containing the hydroxyl groups

References

(I) Laws, A., Lynn, S., and Hall, R., J. Oil & Colour Chemists'Assoc., 59, 193 (1976).

(2) Rybny, C.B. and Vons, J.A., ibid., 61,179 (1978).

(3) Pelgrims, J., ibid., 61, 179 (1978).

(4) Stanley, J., Adhesive Age, No.9, 22 (1976).

(5) Gamble, A.A., J. Oil & Colour Chemists' Assoc., 59, 240 (1976).

(6) Custer, W.D., Garstang, C.W., and Herman, R.P., InsulationCircuits, No. 10,37 (1976).

(7) Adams, W.R., ibid., No.6, 23 (1977).

(8) Dover, LXV., Berg, C.J., and Foshay, R.W., ProceedingTechnical Program, NEPCON, p. 93, Anaheim, February 24-26(1976).

(9) Bolon, D.A., Lucas, G.M., and Schroeter, S.H., IEEE Trans·action of Electrical Insulation, EI-I3, No.2, 116 (1978).

(10) Carlblom, L.H. and Pappas, S.P., J. Polym. Sci. Part A-I, 15,1381 (1977).

(II) Ledwith, A., J. Oil & Colour Chemists' Assoc., 59, 157 (1976).

(12) Pryce, A., ibid,59, 166 (1976).

(13) de Poortere, M., Ducarme, A., Dufour, P., and Merck, Y., ibid.,61, 195 (1978).

(14) Kinstle, J.F., J. Radiation Curing, I, No.2, 2 (1974).

(15) Hird, M.J., JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, 48, No. 620,75 (1976).

(16) Hulme, B.E., J. Oil & Colour Chemists' Assoc., 59,245 (1976).

(17) Parrish, M.A., ibid., 60, 474 (1977). .

(18) McGinniss, V.D. and Kah, A., Polymer. Eng. Sci., 17,478 (1977).

(19) Pappas, S.P. and Chattopadhyay, A.K., J. Polym. Sci. Part B,13,483 (1975).


63Vol. 52, No. 668, September 1980

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2.0 LBS. 2.5 LBS

66

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A Simplified Quality Control MethodApplicable to Copper(l) Oxide Based

Antifouling PaintsFrank Marson

Defence Science and Technology Organization-

To reduce the time and expense involved in leaching studies, a simple technique has been developedto continuously monitor the increase in copperconcentration during the leaching of antifoulingpaints in alkaline glycinate accelerated leachingsolutions. Thecopper concentration is measured bydirect estimation of the copper glycine complexusing a si.mple immersion absorptiometer. Thispaper briefly describes the techniques and apparatus used. The absorptiometer head, which consists of an incandescent light source and vacuumphotodetector, is treated in more detail. The use ofthe technique is illustrated by experimentallydetermined leaching curves of contact leachingan~ifouling paints, indicating the effect of changesin pigment volume content, vehicle type, andpigment grade. The use of a simple exponentialequation of the form:

exp (x/30) a + bT

where x is the total amount of copper (gm'2)leached after time T(s), a is a constant which ideallyshould be 1.0, and b is aconstant defining the leaching characteristics of the paint, isshown to be applicable to this type of paint. This method and apparatus developed for routine quality assessmentappear capable of refinement to yield more detailedinformation for use in research and development.

INTRODUCTION

Antifouling paint performance has, in practice, alwaysbeen variable, largely due to changes in application technique, ship usage, and variations in the physical andbiological environment. However, there is little doubtthat differences in the paints themselves contribute substantially to this variability. For this reason, considerableefforts have been devoted to the development of qualitycontrol techniques intended to insure satisfactory per-

Presented at the American Chemical Societies' Marine and Antifouling Paint Symposium,Sept. 10-15, in Miami Beach, FL.

• Materials Research Labs, Melbourne, 3032, Australia.


formance. The most effective method of quality controlto date appears to be that carried out by the manufacturer who insures that the raw materials used in theformulation of the paint are of consistent quality, andthat each batch is manufactured in the same way. On theother hand, the user is generally limited to the comparison of batches with an original sample using simplequantitative tests, such as solids content and density,perhaps supplemented by the measurement of the totalcopper content of the paint. Although the purchaser cantest batches of antifouling paint by practical trials onships or by immersion of painted test panels at a foulingtest site, this would take far too long. Testing, whichwould have to continue until fouling settlement occurred,could take several years.

The more sophisticated technique of measuring theleaching rate of the toxic component of the antifoulingpaint, usually copper, to establish the leaching characteristics of the film, is somewhat quicker, since the leaching pattern can be reasonably well established after several months of testing. This, however, is still not suitableunder normal circumstances for a quality control test.Consequently, a number ofworkers seem to consider thatthe best method of developing a quality control test lies inaccelerating the leaching rate of the paint film chemically, to enable its characteristics to be determined in acomparatively short period of time. They assume that, ifthe accelerated leaching characteristics remain the same,the leaching performance under natural conditionswould also be the same, particularly if the accelerated testis coupled with the more normal quality control testsapplied to antifouling paints. Although this assumptionwould be difficult to prove, it is highly probable that ifthe antifouling performance of one batch of paint, whencompared with another, differed markedly in practice,under similar conditions of exposure, then the accelerated leaching characteristics would also differ.' Conversely, if the accelerated leaching results differ markedly,it is likely that practical performance will also change.

Accelerated leachinjl methods, such as those proposedby Ketchum/ Burns, Jedlinksi, et al.,' and Marson,'

67

F. MARSON

OPAOUE COVER -~-"" ......"

V~ PHOTOCELL --*'(4......1111RED PlASTIC WJrI)QW __,--,"_OM

BRASS AOIlS ---....~,..

REO PlASTIC WNX)W

RE~OR~=~~~~~

Figure 1-Dlagramatlc reprelentatlon 01 leeching apparatul andablorptlometer head

which yielded some information on the leaching properties of paints, are all capable of adaptation for qualitycontrol use. The author previously proposed a modified"glycine" test as a quality control method.5 Although thistechnique uses less complexapparatus and requires feweranalyses than the method on which it is based,' it is stilltime consuming and requires accurate analyses. In orderto reduce the time and skills required still further, a simplified quality control technique, based on the use of animmersed absorptiometer, is proposed. The apparatusand method used are described, together with someexperimental results indicating the applicability of thetechnique.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

Apparatus

Figure 1 shows the main features of the apparatus.The light-tight leaching container (130 mm in diameter,150 mm high), the panel supports, and lid were constructed with rigid PVc. Uniform agitation was providedby a PTFE-coated bar stirrer, rotated at a fixed speedby an external magnet, driven by a 250 rpm synchronousmotor. As the leaching rate of copper(I) oxide increasedseveral percent for each degree centigrade, it was necessary to dissipate the heat generated by the stirring motorby attaching a 105 mm six-bladed fan to the stirringmagnet.

Figure 2-Block diagram 01 ablorptlometer circuit

68

Eo--__-----l

"I I~ J

Figure 3-Clrcult diagram 01 power lupply

The absorptiometer head consisted of a miniatureinstrument light bulb separated from a vacuum tubephotodetector by a rigid support 110 mm long made fromtwo glass rods and epoxy resin. The epoxy resin used toencapsulate the bulb and detector incorporated a smallquantity of red dye (CI Solvent Red 24) to reduce theunwanted wavelengths not absorbed by the copper glycinate complex, bis(glycinato) copper(II), thus greatlyincreasing the sensitivity of the instrument. Except forthe colored "windows" of the source and the detector,that portion of the absorptiometer head within the leaching container was coated with black epoxy paint toreduce unwanted reflections. None of the dimensions orconstructional details appeared critical except that theapparatus was light-tight and the wavelength of thesource matched the absorption band of the copper complex, which is around 640 nm. The absorptiometer wasmounted behind the test panel so that changes in reflectivity of the face of the panel during leaching had little orno effect.

A block diagram of the electronic layout is shown inFigure 2. The choice of light source and detector wasmade on two main grounds. The light output of the filament bulb, even when runat reduced voltage to improvelong-term stability, as well as to bias its spectral outputtowards the region required, was greater than that available from light-emitting diodes. It appeared much easierto minimize temperature effects and drift using a filament bulb and vacuum photodetector rather than an

L _

Figure 4-Clrcult diagram 01 ablorptlometer


60

"'e'"ci 40wI:U«w PIGMENT--'II: VOLUMEw 20 FR~CTIONll.ll. oe 0·6730u c. 0·60". E). 50

00 50 100 150 200TIME, 8(103 )

Figure 5-lncrease In copper concentration with time for paintsbased on VYHH resin and Red Copper(l) Oxide

LED light source and phototransistor detector. In theapparatus described, stabilized supplies of 5 and 34 voltswere used for source and detector, respectively. The current induced in the photocell was converted to voltsacross the 30 MD resistor, the voltage follower integratedcircuit isolating the recorder from this part of the circuit.The voltage change when the source was switched onand no copper complex was in solution was about 200millivolts. The voltage follower was mounted as closeto the photocell as possible and was well screened toavoid stray current pickup. The recorder used had asensitivity of 5 mV/cm.

The prototype instrument which was used for thiswork used an early voltage follower integrated circuitwith a fairly high bias current. Despite considerable temperature dependence, the equipment was quite satisfactory when used in an air conditioned laboratory withreasonably tight temperature control.

The curreht instrument uses a precision operationalamplifier with greatly reduced bias current as the voltagefollower. Metal film resistors replace the carbon resistorsin the prototype, with the exception of the 30 MDcurrent/ voltage converter which is a precision wirewound resistor. Final temperature control is carried outusing a single thermistor in the operational amplifieroutput which reduces temperature drift to less than0.1 mV/oC. It is still necessary to keep the leachate temperature constant. Figures 3 and 4 show the circuitdiagrams of the latest instrument.

Panel PreparationPaints with pigment volume fractions of 0.50, 0.60

and 0.67 were prepared based on a commercial polyvinylchloride resin (Vinylite VYHH) and red copper(I) oxidepigment (Nordox Cuprous Oxide Red). Paints were alsomade substituting the resin with one containing 6% vinylalcohol (Vinylite VAGH) and substituting a micronized,yellow copper(I) oxide pigment (Nordox Cuprous OxideYellow) for the standard grade.

The paints were applied by spraying one side of rigidPVC panels 55 X 80 mm. The panels were prepared forleaching by grinding the paint surface flat and smooth


ANTIFOULING PAINTS

using 600 grade wet and dry paper. Then the paint wascarefully cut back about 7.s mm from the edges giving apaint area of approximately 2500 mm2

• The panels werewashed thoroughly with deionized water prior to commencement of leaching.

Absorptiometer CalibrationThe prototype absorptiometer was calibrated periodi

cally by adding known amounts of relatively concentrated copper solution (I and 10 g/I copper) to astandard leachate charge of 1800 g of 0.025 M sodiumglycinate: 0.48 M sodium chloride solution, a correctionbeing made for the dilution which occurred. Best resultswere obtained when the apparatus was left on continuously with the light source operating, the source switchedoff briefly to establish the dark current setting and about30 min to an hour allowed after switching the source backon to insure stability.

The present instrument is far less critical in operation,but does require several hours operation after a long idleperiod to stabilize. The optical density as measured bythe instrument varies directly with copper concentrationup to about 0.2 g of added copper. The copper concentration of check samples of leachate withdrawn duringand at the completion of leaching runs has been determined independently using atomic absorption and it indicates that any drift that occurred during the run wasminimal.

Leaching ProcedureA standard leachate charge of 1800 g of 0.025 M

sodium glycinate: 0.48 M sodium chloride solution at thelaboratory temperature, 25° C, was used. Because of thebulk of the leachate, the laboratory temperature controlwas usually accurate enough to keep the leachate temperature within ± 1° C. Prior to the commencement ofeach trial, an unpainted panel of the same size and material as the test panel to be used was inserted in the holder,so that the side facing the absorptiometer head reflectedthe same amount of light to the detector as the test panel.

Table l-Experlmental Results Quality Control Test

ROllrHIIon LinePigment Slope, In.arlentVolume Intercept Siopeb at zero time

Type 01 Paint Fraction a (10-3) b (10-3)

0.50 1.021 0.0211 0.02111.097 0.0208 0.0217

Red copper(l) 0.60 0.951 0.0281 0.0276oxide/VYHH 0.994 0.0255 0.0254resin 0.673 1.010 0.0468 0.0469

1.068 0.0445 0.0452

0.60 0.942 0.0232 0.0227Yellow copper(l)

oxide/VYHHresin 0.673 0.864 0.0348 0.0338

0.50 1.021 0.0152 0.0154Red copper(l) 1.030 0.0154 0.0157

oxide/VAGHresin 0.673 1.009 0.0240 0.0241

69

F. MARSON

CONCLUSIONS

slope of the straight line of best fit assuming an invariantintercept of 1.0. This slope, b, is given in the final columnof Table I and was used to generate the curves for thestandard paints shown in Figure 5.

Figure 6 illustrates the data points obtained for themodified paints and the lines of best fit for all paintsassuming an invariant intercept. It is apparent that, forsimple paints of this type, leaching characteristics can bedefined by a single parameter, b, which varies considerably with gross changes in pigment content or type andwith a major change in vehicle. The reproducibility ofthe method can be estimated from the mean difference inslope, b, for duplicate panels which was 4.1%. A changeof 5% in the pigment volume content gave a mean changein slope of 13.2%; the substitution of VYHH resin byVAGH resin, 47% and the replacement of the standard grade of red copper(I) oxide by the micronizedform, 23%.

These results indicate the potential usefulness of thistechnique in rapidly determining the effect of formulation changes. By replacing the leaching solution after agiven period of time with fresh leaching solution, it ispossible to determine with greater precision the accelerated leaching rate of partially spent antifouling paintsafter a known amount of copper has already beenleached. The level of accuracy obtained, particularly withpaints whose leaching characteristics are fairly wellestablished, is more than sufficient for many research anddevelopment purposes.

10.,0,6.73.2. 0;60.36 0·50

2

3

Stirring was commenced and the zero and 100 percenttransmission checked to ensure stability in a similar manner to that described under "absorptiometer calibration."When stable, the test panel was introduced and leachingwas allowed to continue for two to three days. Providedthe total copper leached is less than about 0.2 g, therecorder plot is directly proportional to absorbance, andconversion to the amount of copper leached for a givenarea is straightforward. In the experimental work described the average amount of copper leached was 0.12 gand the maximum 0.18 g.

111!!L..:i-.......::.L.L...L...J.....L.....l...J......L.....Jc...L....L...JL-L....L-L...L.....L....J

o 50 100 150 200TIME, s(103)

Figure 6-Verletlon In exp (x/3D) with time

a.~ 4

g"-x 5

6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 5 illustrates the leaching curves obtained forduplicate panels of the three standard paints based onVYHH resin and the standard grade of copper(I) oxide.The experimental points represent readings takendirectlyfrom the recorder chart. The experimental points indicate the reproducibility obtained, while the curves themselves show the effect of varying the volume fraction ofcopper(I) oxide. The curves appear exponential in formand, indeed, the data show a very close fit to an equationof the form:

exp (x/30); a + hT (1)

where x is the total amount of copper (gm-2) leachedafter time T (s), a is a constant, which to satisfy the equation should be 1.0, and b is a constant. The exponentialrelationship is to some extent fortuitous and occursbecause of the short period ofleaching and the depressiveeffect on solution rate of copper already in solution.Longer periods of leaching show increasing departurefrom it. Table I gives the values for a and b obtained fromthe regression analysis of the above equation for all theexperimental panels. The mean value for a is 1.0006,which is very close to the ideal value of 1.0. The correlation coefficients for a linear fit of the data for all panelswere 0.999 or above, except for one which was coatedwith the paint based on yellow copper(I) oxide with apigment volume fraction of 0.60 which was 0.997.

Because of this excellent correlation, it appears that theleaching behavior of these paints can be expressed by the

The glycine-accelerated leaching technique describedis a relatively quick, simple, and inexpensive method ofestablishing the accelerated leaching characteristics ofcopper-based antifouling paints. The immersion absorptiometer itself determines the buildup in copper concentration with sufficient accuracy for use as a qualitycontrol instrument and, using a modified technique, forsome research and development purposes.

The leaching behavior of the simple contact leachingpaints used in this study could be defined by a simpleexponential function with only one variable which indicated that changes in pigment content of about 5%should be readily detectable as would gross changes invehicle composition or pigment grade.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to thank R.A. Humphreys for hisassistance in developing the prototype absorptiometerand A. de Forest who assisted with the experimentalwork.

References(I) Marson, F., J. Oil Colour Chern. Assoc., 47, 323,1964.(2) Ketchum, B.H., Ind Eng. Chern., 40, 249, 1948.(3) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, "Marine Fouling and

Its Prevention;" United States Naval Institute: Annapolis, 1952:p.336.

(4) Jedlinksi, Z., Hippe, Z., Kokot, I., and Uhacz, K., J. Oil ColourChern. Assoc., 45, 653, 1962.

(5) Marson, F.. J. Oil Colour Chern. Assoc., 50, 322. 1967.


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DeterminationOf Water-Miscible Melamine Resins

In Water-Based and Solvent-Based CoatingsJames B. Lear

PPG Industries, Incorporated·

4000 JOOO::noo 1500 eM' 1000 900 800 700

o

E~~

'"'"~20

~

7 • 9 10 " '3 IS~"'WELENGTH (MICRONS)

<000 3000 '000 1500 eM' 1000 900 600 700

:::w()z~0-

~

'"z~

"0-,

B

7 8 9 '0 "13 .. 'S

WAVELENGTH (MICRONS)

4000 3000 2000 ISOO eM' 1000 900 800 100

:;w()z:"0-

~ ..Z~::

e7 8 9 10 " " 13 .. IS

WAVELENGTH (MICRONS)

4000 3000 2000 1500 eM' 1000 900 800 100I()()

7 8 I 12 14 15

WAVELENGTH (MICRONSI

Figure 1-IR spectra 01 waler-reduclble melamine resins. (A)Cyme1300; (8) Cymel XM 1116; (C) Reslmlne 755; (0) Cymel370

·Coatings.t: Resins Div.• P.O. Box 9. Allison Park. PA ISIOLCymel is a re.istered trademark of American Cyanamid Co.; Resimine is a registered

trademark of Monsanto.

A method is presented for the isolation and identification of various water-reducible melamine resinsfrom both water-soluble and high-solids coatings.The use of a hexane extraction from air-dried filmsyields an extract that can be examined by IR andNMR spectra to provide identification. Knowledgeof melamine resin type aids in product formulation.

INTRODUCTION

The use of water-miscible melamine resins as crosslinkingagents in both water-based and solvent-type coatings has increased dramatically in recent years.1-SEnvironmental restrictions, ecological awareness, andenergy saving features have stimulated this use. Theuse of water as a primary solvent encompasses all ofthese areas. In the case of high-solids, solvent-basedformulations, the low viscosity and higherfunctionality per mole of these resins greatly aid informulation as compared to conventional butylatedmelamine resins.

In melamine resins of the type described, various typesand degree of alkylation are used. The simplest caseof a fully alkylated, water-reducible melamine is hexamethoxy methyl melamine (Cymel® 300, 301, 303). Inaddition, some resins are mixed methylated/ethylated(Cymel 116), methylated/butylated (Resimine® 755),and partially methylated and polymerized (Cymel 370).

These materials can be differentiated by IR and NMRspectra (Figures I and 2) when in the uncombined state.However, when formulated in a coating the presence ofother resinous materials usually prevents positive identification. Since the use of each of these materials affectsthe stability of the formulation along with rapidity andtemperature of cure, it is often of interest to know theparticular melamine resin used in a coating. For thisreason an attempt was made to isolate such resins from acoating to provide identification.


J,B, LEAR

a

5100 50 a 100 50 a

Figure 2-NMR spectra of water-reducible melamine resins. (A) Cymel 300; (8) Cymel XM 1116; Reslmlne 755; (0) Cymel 370


Table 1-Recovery 01 Melamine RnlnBy Hexane Extraction

WATER-MISCIBLE MELAMINE RESINS

Table 2-Recovery 01 Melamine Rnln.From Paint Sample.

Melamine Type % Recovery Semple % Recovery

Cymel 300 24Cymel 1116 71Cymel370 2Resimine 755 51

EXPERIMENTAL

It has been noted in our laboratory that several of thewater-reducible melamine resins had some solubility inhexane. This is not the case with the other resins commonly used with these melamine resins to formulatewater-reducible or high-solids coatings (acrylics, polyesters, alkyds, etc.).

A series of clear, water-reducible coatings were madecontaining 75 parts of an amine-solubilized acrylic resinand 25 parts of Cyme1303, Cyme1370, Cymel XMIl16and Resimine 755 resins, respectively. A portion of eachcoating was spread in a thin film on a glass plate (6 X6")and allowed to air dry for 18 hr.

Dr~ed fi!ms were removed from the glass plates byscraping with a razor blade. About 0.5 g of each film wasplaced in a preweighed 8 dram glass vial having a plasticcover and the vial was reweighed. After the addition of25 ml of hexane, the vials were covered and taped andplaced on a wrist-type shaker for 4 hr. The hexane frome~ch vial was decanted into a preweighed evaporatingdish and the hexane removed by blowing with a stream ofN2 • The am~unt ~f extractibles was found by weighingthe evaporating dishes after hexane removal. Knowingthe amount of extractibles, the original film weights, andthe percent melamine resin in the coatings, the percentrecovery of the melamine resin could be calculated. TheIR and NMR spectra of the extractibles were obtained.

RESULTS

Although recovery was not complete, in at least threecases sufficient extract was isolated for an examination ofthe extracts by IR and NMR spectroscopy (Table I). Thelow recovery of Cymel 370 indicates low solubility ofmelamine resins of this type in hexane. Advantage of thisfact c~n be taken in the case where a coating known tocontain a water-reducible melamine resin is extractedwith hexane but yields very little extract. The presence ofa melamine of the Cymel 370 type would be postulated.

The extracts from the coatings containing CymeI300,CymeI 1116, and Resimine 755 were examined by IR and


Silver-metallic painl 42White high-solids paint.. .. .. .. .. 17

NMR spectra. Identification of the particular melamineresin by IR and NMR spectra was unequivocal.

To test the efficacy of the method on actual commercialsamples, the procedure was repeated on a waterreducible, silver-metallic automotive coating and on ahigh-solids, white solvent-based industrial coating. IRexamination of the vehicles from these paints showed thesilver-metallic paint was of acrylic quality and the whitehigh-solids coating was a polyester and that both contained water-reducible melamine resins.

The percent recovery of the extracts of these paints isgiven in Table 2. The percent N had been determined onthe vehicles of the paints and calculated back to a percentmelamine resin. Comparison with data in Table I wouldindicate that the silver paint most likely contained Resimine 755 and the white high-solids paint containedCymel 300. IR and NMR spectra of the respectiveextracts confirmed this conclusion.

CONCLUSION

Preliminary investigation showed that hexane extraction of dried films of coatings containing water-reduciblemelamine resins can be used to isolate such resins fromcoatings and that IR and NMR spectra of the extract canbe used to identify the specific melamine resin used in thecoating.

Use of the procedure on both a water-based and asolvent-based commercial coating containing waterreducible melamine resin shows the applicability of themethod in the identification of specific melamine resinsfrom such samples.

References

(I) Blank, W. J., Koral, J. N., and Petropoulas, J. L., JOURNAL OFPAINT TECHNOLOGY, 42, No. 550, (1970).

(2) Blank, W. J. and Hensley, W. L., JOURNAL OF PAINT TECHNOLOGY46, No. 593, (1974). '

(3) Blank, W. J.,JOURNALOF PAINT TECHNOLOGY, 49,No. 631,(1977).(4) Wilhelm, G. H., Proceedings of the Fifth Water-borne and Higher

Solids Coatings Symposium, New Orleans, LA, Jan. 1978.(5) Heitkamp, A., Proceedings of the Fifth Water-borne and Higher

Solids Coatings Symposium, New Orleans, LA, Jan. 1978.

75

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Zinc Oxide StabilityIn Exterior Latex Paints

Zinc Institute, Inc.*Paint Evaluation Group

A stability study of zinc oxide containing exterior latex paints was initiatedusing eight anionic surfactants at three levels in conjunction with six latexresins.

Independent laboratories prepared 240 paints which were distributedfor viscosity testing. Each paint was monitored for viscosity change in fourstability tests. The data show the oven-stability test to be the mostrigorous.

Results show that the vinyl acrylic and vinyl copolymer resins producevery stable zinc oxide containing exterior latex paints. Data on the acrylicpaints, both zinc-free and zinc oxide containing, show that carefulselection of the surfactant system is required. Of significant interest is thatall paints made with two of the surfactant systems passed all fourstabilitytests.

Introduction

The Zinc Institute, through its PaintEvaluation Group, has been evaluatingexterior latex paints containing zincoxide for over 20 years. This work wasoriginally undertaken because it wasfound that some formulations had poorviscosity stability. The development ofnew raw materials has necessitated periodic reviews and updating of previousstudies. The results of these investigations consistently showed that latexpaints can be formulated with zinc oxideto give excellent stability.

With the changes in latex emulsionsand the trend toward higher solids, thepresent study was initiated to provide anupdate on exterior latex house paints.Surfactants and latexes known to be incurrent use by paint manufacturers wereselected for testing. In all, 240 differentpaints were prepared. Each was monitored for viscosity change in four stabilitytests.

-292 Madison Ave.• New York. NY 10017.


Formulating Stable Paints

The reason that some latex paint formulations containing zinc oxide areunstable is not completely known. However, it is known that the choice ofsurfactant can be critical. If appropriatesurfactants are not provided in the paintformulation, the pigment may "rob"them from the latex. This could, in turn,cause the latex particles to coagulate and,in extreme cases, cause the paint to gel.

The Zinc Institute approached the formulation of stable latex paints containing zinc oxide primarily by selectingcombinations of surfactants compatiblewith those in the latex dispersion. Since itis not generally known which surfactantsare contained'in a specific latex paint,the process of selecting surfactant combinations for latex formulations wasbased primarily upon experience, oftenobtained by trial and error. Experimentalresults showed that every latex has itsown requirements.

Only those formulations found to bestable in all four tests were consideredto have passed in this experiment. Many

of the formulations not included in thisgroup would undoubtedly provide paintsof excellent stability under less stringentconditions. The purpose here, however,was to emphasize only the formulationsfound to be the most stable.

Procedure

A standard grind procedure was utilized to prepare paints with 0.5 Ib ofzinc oxide per gallon. Four latex suppliers were asked to furnish their bestexterior latex and general purpose latex.Eight anionic dispersants designed forimproved zinc oxide stability were selected and used at three different levels.These were combined in all cases withfixed levels of a nonionic wetting agentIgepal8 COo630, and potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP). In addition, a zincfree formulation was prepared with eachvehicle using the fixed surfactant systemand the lowest level ofanionic dispersant.Further, in order to determine the effectof adding a surfactant later, additionaldispersant was added in the let-<lown toraise the total dispersant to the highestlevel tested. A total of 240 paints wasprepared: 6 latexes X 8 surfactants X 3levels = 144; plus 6 latexes X 8 surfactants X I level zinc-free = 48; and anadditional 48 samples in the group wheredispersant was added also in the letdown.

Paint Formulation

All paint formulations are shown inthe Appendix. In calculating the % PVC,% solids by weight, and % solids byvolume, only the pigments, extenders,and vehicle solids were included. Thestudy was designed to give coatings of40% PVC and 58% solids by weight.

79

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ZINC OXIDE STABILITY

Vietawet 35-8 5675'

Colloid 212 II1316II'

Tamol960 810128'

Tamol SG-I 9II149'

PPPP

PPPP

PPPF

PPPF

PPPP

PPPP

PPPP

PPPF

Polyco2158

PPPP

PPPP

FFFP

FFFP

FFPP

FFFP

FFFF

PPPP

PPPP

FFFP

FFPP

FFFP

FFFF

FFFF

P PP PP PP P

Rhopla. Rhopl••388 84

FFFP

FFFP

FFPP

PPPP

FFFP

FPPF

FFFF

PPPP

PPPP

PPPP

PPPP

PPPP

PPPP

PPPP

PPPP

PPPP

F'FPP

PP

F.PPP

PPPP

PFPP

P

PPPP

p'PPP

PPPP

Table 7-PeuiFell Oven Test

(1.32)(1.56)(1.92)(1.32)

(0.60)(0.72)(0.84)(0.60)

(0.60)(0.72)(0.84)(0.84)

(1.56)(1.92)(2.28)(1.56)

(0.72)(0.96)(1.20)(0.72)

(0.96)(1.20)(1.44)(0.96)

(1.32)(1.56)(1.92)(1.32)

(1.08)(1.32)(1.68)(1.08)

Ucar Wallpol Wallpol(kg/10l1 1) 508 40·140 40·410

II1316II'

LI»I10l1Gil

Natrol42 68

106'

Polywet ND-I 13161913'

Tamol850

Strode. MOK-70 5677'

Paint Preparation

0/ L Laboratories was contracted toprepare the paints. Guidelines established by the Paint Evaluation Groupwere:

(I) Grind temperature to be held below 135°F

(2) One-hour viscosity to be adjustedto 88 ± 2 KU with remaining waterand/ or thickener

(3) Final pH adjustment by addingammonia

All paints contained 15% alkyd modification and a fixed surfactant system of2.0 Ib/lOO gal KTPP and 2.5 Ib/IOOgal Igepal CO-630. The zinc oxidewas American process, lead-free, withmedium-sized nodular particles. It meetsFederal Specification IT-P-463a andASTM 079-44.

(4) The three levels of surfactants, allto be added in the grind. To develop datawith respect to adding part of the surfactant later, a ~-pint sample of eachpaint with the minimum surfactant levelfor each latex studied was set aside andadjusted to the maximum level by addingsurfactant in the let-down.

0/ L Laboratories shipped the finishedpaints to participating members of thePaint Evaluation Group.

Each 0.5 gal sample was dividedamong four 0.0625 gal lined cans and a0.25 gal can, leaving approximately 0.5in. air space in each can. The four 0.0625gal portions, labeled A, B, C, and 0,were tested as follows:

Shelf Stability (A Portions)-Thepaints were stored in a constant-temperature room maintained at 77°F (25°C).The viscosity of each paint was measllredwith the Stormer Viscometer when received, after 30 days, and after 3, 6, 9, and12 months.

ASTM Standard Method of Test forConsistency of Paints using the StormerViscometer 0562-55 was used.

Heat Stability (B Portions)-Thesecans of paint were placed into a controlled-temperature oven maintained at120° F (49° C), removed after 30 days,and allowed to stabilize at room temperature (770 F). The viscosity was measuredat 77° F with a Stormer Viscometer andreported in Kreb Units.

Mechanical Stability (C Portions)These cans of paint were placed uponrolls turning at 80 rpm for 10 daysat room temperature. The viscosity ofpaints was then measured at 77° F with aStormer Viscometer and reported inKreb Units.

(I) Zinc·frce paints(b) P =Pass(c) F = Fail

Freeze-Thaw Stability (D Portions)These cans of paint were conditioned in afreezer at 15°F ± 5° for 16 hr, removedand allowed to stand at room temperature for six hours. The paints were thenhand mixed with a spatula, examined forspecks and granulation, and measuredfor viscosity. After four such freeze-thawcycles, the fifth cycle consisted of placingthe paints into the freezer for seven days,lelling them thaw at room temperaturefor six hours, and testing them in thesame manner.

Results and Discussion

Viscosity measurements taken initiallyand upon completion of each of thefourstability tests are given for each latex in a

separate table (Tables 1-6). Table 7 summarizes Pass/ Fail of the paints in theoven test based upon the criterion tbatanincrease in viscosity of more than 10 KrebUnits constituted failure.

The viscosity tabulations show thatone year shelf stability, 10 day mechanical, and one week freeze-thaw for allpaints tested resulted in good stability.

Examination of Table 7, Pass/Fail inthe oven test shows the following: Themajority of paints passed; all paints madewith Wallpol@ 40-140 passed; all paintsthat contained zinc oxide and Polyco@2158 passed; all paints made withTamol@ 850 and Tamol@ 960 passed;stable formulations were obtained withall six latexes; and stable formulationswere obtained with all eight dispersants.


ZINC INSTITUTE

Five zinc-free paints failed, some ininstances where the zinc-containingcounterpart passed. This finding indicates that it is essential to determine theproper surfactant system for any latexformulation regardless of whether or notit contains zinc oxide.

ZINC INSTITUTE PAINT EVALUATION GROUP

J. Roger Garland G + W Natural Resources GroupHoward J. Hughes Eagle Picher Industries, Inc.David C. Kinder Asarco IncorporatedSeymour Mark G + W Natural Resources GroupEllis Walrond S1. Joe Zinc Company

Conclusions

The levels of dispersants selected forthis study were based upon past experience, and adjusted to yield equal concentrations of the active ingredient. Theresults show that some formulationspassed at the low dispersant level andsome only when the high level wasemployed. Others did not pass at any ofthe chosen concentrations. Perhaps, for

these last formulations, higher levels o(dispersants would have given stablepaints.

The most reliable method ofdetermining the effect of a surfactant system uponthe stability of a latex paint is to test it inthe specific formulation under consideration. The two systems with Tamol850and Tamol 960 which resulted in stablepaints are verification of this statement.

APPENDIX A

Evidence that the best mildew-resistantpaints contain zinc oxide has been increasing. The fungistatic properties ofzinc oxide, combined with its known tintretention characteristics, have undoubtedly contributed to the growing use ofthis pigment in exterior latex paints. Theresults of this study suggest that mostformulations containing zinc oxide canbe adjusted to yield stable paints.

ZINC OXIDE PAINTS-BASE FORMULATIONS

Latex

Formulations

Water .Natrosol 250 MHR (2.5) .Surfactant-See Appendix .Igepal CO-630 .KTPP .......................•...Ethylene glycol .Merbac-35 .Nopco NXZ .R-902 TiO, .Zinc Oxide' .Minex 4 .................•........Super Talc .

508 40-140 40-410 388 64 2158

63.0120.0

B C D E F G2.52.0

25.01.01.0

220.050.0

100.090.0

Disperse at high speed. Add

35.10.20.6

35.010.02.0

B C D E F GB C D E F GB C D E F G

310.0

Uear 508 (53.0) 375.0Wallpo140-140 (65.0) 301.3Wallpo14O-410 (50.0) 380.4Rhoplex AC-388 (50.0) 375.1Rhoplex AC-64 (60.5)Polyco 2158 (54.0) .....................................•.....•................................Aroplaz 1271 (100)NuXtra C0-6% .NuXtra Zr-6% .Propylene glycol .Texanol .Nopco NXZ .HN,OH(Ammonia) See Appendix .Water .Natrosol 250 MHR .

(a) Zinc Oxide Description:

Type-American process lcad~rrc:e

Particle-Medium sized. nOdularSpecifieations-IT.P463a, ASTM 079·44Rub-oul Oil Absorption12 pounds oiljlOO pounds pigment

366.9



APPENDIX BUCAR 508 PAINTS

FormulationsSurf. Water HEC-2'h% Ammonia Visc."

Surfactant Level (%) (gms) (gms) (gms) (gms) (KU) pH

LowTamol850 30.0 11.0 28.7 25.0 1.0 86 8.1Victawet 35-B 70.0 5.0 49.0 10.0 1.3 86 8.1St~odex MOK-70 70.0 5.0 58.7 1.0 86 8.1Polywet NO-I 25.0 13.0 26.5 25.0 1.8 86 8.2Natrol42 50.0 6.0 27.5 30.0 1.5 87 8.0Tamol960 40.0 8.0 25.0 32.0 1.5 86 8.3Colloid 212 30.0 11.0 29.1 25.0 1.5 86 8.3Tamo SG-I 35.0 9.0 37.5 17.5 2.0 88 8.0

Medium

Tamol850 30.0 13.0 27.7 26.0 1.0 87 8.0Victawet 35-B 70.0 6.0 49.0 10.0 1.3 88 8.0Strodex MOK-70 70.0 6.0 50.0 8.7 1.0 88 8.0Polywet NO-I 25.0 16.0 26.5 25.0 1.8 86 8.2Natrol42 50.0 8.0 22.5 35.0 1.5 86 8.1Tamol960 40.0 10.0 25.0 32.0 1.5 87 8.3Colloid 212 30.0 13.0 24.1 30.0 1.5 87 8.2Tamol SG-I 35.0 11.0 35.0 20.0 2.0 86 8.1

High

Tamol850 30.0 16.0 26.5 27.0 1.0 86 8.1Victawet 35-B 70.0 7.0 46.6 12.5 1.3 86 8.1Strodex MOK-70 70.0 7.0 50.0 8.7 1.0 87 8.1Polywet NO-I 25.0 19.0 26.5 25.0 1.8 85 8.2Natrol42 50.0 10.0 25.0 32.5 1.5 87 8.0Tamol960 40.0 12.0 25.0 32.0 1.5 86 8.3Colloid 212 30.0 16.0 24.1 30.0 1.5 87 8.2Tamol SG-I 35.0 14.0 30.0 25.0 2.0 86 8.1

(a) Measured a1 770 F (2S0C)

APPENDIX CWALLPOL 40·140 PAINTS

FormulationsSurf. Water HEC-2'h% Ammonia Vise."

Su rfactant Level (%) (gms) (gms) (gms) (gms) (KU) pH

LowTamol850 30.0 11.0 71.0 50.0 1.5 85 8.4Victawet 35-B 70.0 5.0 82.5 44.5 1.5 86 8.3Strodex MOK-70 70.0 5.0 81.1 45.0 1.0 85 8.6Polywet NO-I 25.0 13.0 56.7 62.5 1.0 86 8.8Natrol42 50.0 6.0 60.2 65.0 1.0 87 8.3Tamol960 40.0 8.0 54.9 69.5 1.0 86 8.2Colloid 212 30.0 11.0 59.0 62.5 1.0 86 8.6Tamol SG-I 35.0 9.0 97.5 25.0 1.0 86 8.4

Medium

Tamol850 30.0 13.0 61.0 60.0 1.5 86 8.6Victawet 35-B 70.0 6.0 85.0 42.0 1.5 85 8.3Strodex MOK-70 70.0 6.0 75.0 50.0 1.0 87 8.6Polywet NO-I 25.0 16.0 56.7 62.5 1.0 86 8.7Natrol42 50.0 8.0 62.7 62.5 1.0 86 8.4

Vol. 52. No. 668, September 1980 85

ZINC INSTITUTE

APPENDIX C (Continued)WALLPOL 40·140 PAINTS

FormulationsVisco •Surf. Water HEC-2'h% Ammonia


Medium

Tamol960 40.0 10.0 54.9 69.5 1.0 86 8.5Colloid 212 30.0 13.0 59.0 62.5 1.0 86 8.5Tamol SG-I 35.0 11.0 80.0 42.5 1.0 86 8.4

High

Tamol850 30.0 16.0 66.0 55.0 1.5 86 8.5Victawet 35 -B 70.0 7.0 77.0 50.0 1.5 88 8.3Strodex MOK-70 70.0 7.0 66.1 60.0 1.0 86 8.6Po1ywet ND-I 25.0 19.0 59.2 60.0 0.8 86 8.6Natrol42 50.0 10.0 60.2 65.0 1.0 86 8.4Tamol960 40.0 12.0 40.2 50.2 1.0 86 8.5Colloid 212 30.0 16.0 59.0 62.5 1.0 87 8.5Tamol SG-I 35.0 14.0 80.0 42.5 1.0 86 8.4

(a) Measured al 77°F (2S°C)

APPENDIX DWALLPOL 40·410 PAINTS

FormulationsVisc.'Surf. Water HEC-2'h% Ammonia


Low

Tamol850 30.0 11.0 35.0 1.5 82 8.8Victawet 35-B 70.0 5.0 40.0 1.5 86 9.0Strodex MOK-70 70.0 5.0 17.5 22.2 1.5 84 9.0Po1ywet ND-I 25.0 13.0 32.8 1.5 85 9.0Natro142 50.0 6.0 5.0 33.8 1.5 84 9.0Tamol960 40.0 8.0 38.0 1.3 82 9.0Colloid 212 30.0 11.0 35.1 1.5 83 9.1Tamol SG-l 35.0 9.0 19.0 17.5 1.8 87 9.1

Medium

Tarnol850 30.0 13.0 35.0 1.5 83 9.0Victawet 35-B 70.0 6.0 40.0 1.3 88 8.8Strodex MOK-70 70.0 6.0 17.5 22.2 1.5 86 9.3Polywet ND-I 25.0 16.0 32.8 1.5 85 9.2Natrol42 50.0 8.0 38.8 1.5 84 9.1Tamol960 40.0 10.0 38.0 1.8 82 9.1Colloid 212 30.0 13.0 35.1 1.5 84 9.0Tarnol SG-l 35.0 11.0 16.5 20.0 1.8 87 9.0

High

Tarnol850 30.0 16.0 35.0 1.5 82 9.0Victawet 35-B 70.0 7.0 40.0 1.5 85 9.0Strodex MOK-70 70.0 7.0 15.0 24.7 1.5 85 9.2Polywet ND-I 25.0 19.0 32.8 1.5 83 9.2Natrol42 50.0 10.0 38.8 1.5 84 9.3Tarnol960 40.0 12.0 38.0 1.5 82 9.3"Colloid 212 30.0 16.0 35.1 1.5 85 9.1Tarnol SG-I 35.0 14.0 16.5 20.0 1.8 87 9.1

<al Measured al17°F(2S°C)



APPENDIX ERHOPLEX AC-388 PAINTS

FormulationsVisc.'Surf. Water HEC-2'h% Ammonia


Low

Tamol850 30.0 11.0 17.5 24.2 1.5 83 9.1Victawet 35-8 70.0 5.0 20.0 27.0 1.5 83 9.2Strodex MOK-70 70.0 5.0 20.0 26.7 1.5 84 9.0Polywet ND-I 25.0 13.0 9.8 30.0 1.0 83 9.1Natrol42 50.0 6.0 5.0 40.8 1.5 84 8.9Tamol960 40.0 8.0 45.0 1.5 83 8.9Colloid 212 30.0 11.0 5.0 37.1 1.5 84 9.1Tamol SG-I 35.0 9.0 43.0 2.0 84 9.0

Medium

Tamol850 30.0 13.0 17.5 24.2 1.5 84 9.1Victawet 35-8 70.0 6.0 20.0 27.0 1.5 84 9.0Strodex MOK-70 70.0 6.0 17.5 29.2 1.5 84 9.2Polywet ND-I 25.0 16.0 9.8 30.0 1.0 82 9.1Natrol42 50.0 8.0 45.8 1.8 86 9.1Tamol960 40.0 10.0 45.0 1.8 86 9.1Colloid 212 30.0 13.0 42.1 1.5 84 9.0Tamol SG-I 35.0 11.0 20.0 23.5 2.0 89 9.0

High

Tamol850 30.0 16.0 15.0 26.7 1.5 86 9.2Victawet 35-8 70.0 7.0 20.0 27.0 1.5 83 9.2Strodex MOK-70 70.0 7.0 12.5 34.2 1.5 85 9.1Polywet ND-I 25.0 19.0 4.8 35.0 1.0 85 9.1Natrol42 SO.O 10.0 45.8 1.8 86 9.1Tamo1960 40.0 12.0 45.0 1.8 86 9.1Colloid 212 30.0 16.0 42.1 1.5 83 9.0Tamol SG-I 35.0 14.0 26.0 17.5 2.0 87 9.1

(al Measured at 77°F (25°CI

APPENDIX FRHOPLEX AC-64 PAINTS

FormulationsSurf. Water HEC-2'h% Ammonia Visco '

Su rfactant Level (%) (gms) (gms) (gms) (gms) (KU) pH

Low

Tamo1850 30.0 11.0 40.0 65.0 1.0 86 9.2Victawet 35-8 70.0 5.0 45.0 65.0 1.5 86 9.1Strodex MOK-70 70.0 5.0 45.0 50.0 1.5 86 9.2Polywet ND-I 25.0 13.0 48.0 SO.O 1.5 87 9.1Natrol42 50.0 6.0 35.0 74.0 1.5 86 9.0Tamo1960 40.0 8.0 35.0 73.0 1.5 85 9.0Colloid 212 30.0 11.0 30.0 75.0 1.5 87 9.2Tamol SG-I 35.0 9.0 85.0 21.8 2.0 88 9.0

Medium

Tamol850 30.0 13.0 75.0 30.0 1.0 86 9.2Victawet 35-8 70.0 6.0 45.0 65.0 1.5 86 9.1Strodex MOK-70 70.0 6.0 45.0 50.0 1.5 84 9.2Polywet ND-I 25.0 16.0 48.0 50.0 1.5 88 9.1Natrol42 50.0 8.0 35.0 14.0 1.5 86 9.3

Vol. 52, No. 668. September 1980 87

ZINC INSTITUTE

APPENDIX F (Continued)RHOPLEX AC-64 PAINTS

FormulationsSurf. Water HEC-2'h% Ammonia Vise'


Medium

Tarno1960 40.0 10.0 35.0 73.0 1.5 85 9.0Colloid 212 30.0 13.0 30.0 75.0 1.5 86 9.2Tarnol SG-I 35.0 11.0 96.8 15.0 2.5 86 9.0

High

Tamol850 30.0 16.0 75.0 30.0 1.0 86 9.2Victawet 35-B 70.0 7.0 45.0 65.0 1.5 86 9.1Strodex MOK-70 70.0 7.0 45.0 50.0 1.5 84 9.2Polywet ND-l 25.0 19.0 48.0 50.0 1.5 88 9.1Natrol42 50.0 10.0 35.0 74.0 1.5 86 9.1Tamol960 40.0 12.0 35.0 73.0 1.5 86 9.0Colloid 212 30.0 16.0 35.0 70.0 1.5 87 9.2Tamol SG-I 35.0 14.0 81.5 25.0 2.5 90 9.0

(a) Measured at 77°F (25°C)

APPENDIX GPOLYCO 2158 PAINTS

FormulationsSurf. Water HEC-2V,% Ammonia Vise."


Low

Tamol850 30.0 11.0 27.5 35.0 2.0 86 8.1Victawet 35-B 70.0 5.0 37.5 25.0 2.0 88 8.1Strodex MOK-70 70.0 5.0 37.0 25.0 2.0 86 8.0Polywet ND-l 25.0 13.0 30.2 25.0 2.0 85 8.0Natrol42 50.0 6.0 31.0 30.0 2.0 86 8.0Tamol960 40.0 8.0 30.4 30.0 2.0 85 8.0Colloid 212 30.0 11.0 30.0 27.5 2.0 83 8.0Tamol SG-I 35.0 9.0 58.9 2.0 83 8.0

Medium

Tamol850 30.0 13.0 27.5 35.0 2.0 86 8.1Victawet 35-B 70.0 6.0 37.5 25.0 2.0 88 8.1Strodex MOK-70 70.0 6.0 37.0 25.0 2.0 86 8.0Polywet ND-I 25.0 16.0 25.2 30.0 2.0 87 8.0Natrol42 50.0 8.0 26.0 35.0 2.0 85 8.0Tamol960 40.0 10.0 25.4 35.0 2.0 86 8.0Colloid 212 30.0 13.0 30.0 27.5 2.0 83 8.0Tamol SG-I 35.0 11.0 30.0 28.5 2.0 87 8.0

High

Tamol850 30.0 16.0 27.5 35.0 2.0 85 8.1Victawet 35-B 70.0 7.0 32.5 30.0 2.0 87 8.1Strodex MOK-70 70.0 7.0 32.2 30.0 2.0 86 8.0Polywet ND-l 25.0 19.0 25.2 30.0 2.0 87 8.0Natrol42 50.0 10.0 11.0 50.0 2.0 86 8.0Tamol960 40.0 12.0 20.4 40.0 2.0 86 8.0Colloid 212 30.0 16.0 30.0 27.5 2.0 83 8.0Tarnol SG-l 35.0 14.0 43.5 15.0 2.0 85 8.0

(a) Measured al71cF (25°C)



APPENDIX HZINC-FREE PAINTS-BASE FORMULATION

Latex

Formulations 508 40-140 AC-410 388 64 2158

Water... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.0Natrosol 250 MHR (2.5) 120.0Surfactant .. 0. 0000.. 0 0. 00. 00 0. 000000.. 0. 00. 0 See Appendix IIgepal CO-630 0000 0 00. 00. . . 2.5KTPP 0.. 0. 0.... 0. 0000000000.000. 2.0Ethylene glycol .. 0................. 25.0PMA-lOO 0000 .. 00000.. 00000. . . . . 1.0Nopco NXZ 000 0.. 00. 0 00.. 00 1.0R-902 TiO, 00 0000000000 0000.. 00 23000Minex 4 0. 0.. 000.. 0. 0. . . . . . 98.4Super Talc 0.. 00.. 00. 00.. II0.0

Disperse at high speed. Add

Dcar-508 0 000. O' (53.0) 0.0.. 375.0Wallpo14O-140 0 (65.0) .... 0........ 0.... 301.3Wallpo14O-410 0.0 0 (50.0) 0.. 00.0 .. 00000.0000 .. 0000 .. 0.. 0. 38Q.4Rhoplex AC-388 0.0. 0 (50.0) 000. 00. 00000 0. 000. 0. 00.. 0. 0.. 0. 00. 0.. 0000. 375.1Rhoplex AC-64 (60.5) 0.. 000 .. 0 0.0.0 0 0 0 0 00 .. 0.0... 310.0Polyco 2158 .0.0 (54.0) 00000 .. 0.000.00 00 .. 0" 0.00.00. 0000.0000 .. 00000 0.00 00000 .. O' 366.9Aroplaz 1271 0 (100) 35.1NuXtra Co~% 0 0 0.2NuXtra Zr~% .0 000000000. 00. 00000 0.6Igepal Co~30 0...... 3.0Propylene glycol .. 0. 0. 0. 0.. 00. 00.. 35.0Texanol .. 00.000.00.000.00.00 .. 0.. 10.0Nopco NXZ •. 0. 0. 00.. 0. 00.. 00. 000 2.0NH,OH(Ammonia) .. 0.. 0.. 0... 00.0 .. 0 0.0 .. 0.... See Appendix IWater . 0..... 0.. 000000. 00. 00.. 0 0. 0 00000•0. 00 See Appendix INatrosol250 MHR(2.5) See Appendix I

APPENDIX IZINC-FREE PAINTS

Surf. Water HEC-2'h% Ammonia Vise. •Formulations (%) (gms) (gms) (gms) (gms) (KU) pH

Latex-Ucar 508

Tamol850 30.0 11.0 35.2 17.5 2.0 87 8.1Victawet 35-B 7000 5.0 37.8 17.5 2.0 88 8.2Strodex MOK-70 70.0 5.0 32.5 16.9 2.0 86 8.0Polywet ND-I 25.0 13.0 48.4 2.5 86 8.2Natrol42 50.0 6.0 40.0 14.1 3.0 88 8.4Tamol960 40.0 8.0 38.3 15.0 2.5 87 8.3Colloid 212 30.0 11.0 30.7 20.0 1.8 87 8.1Tamol SG-I 35.0 9.0 51.9 2.8 90 8.4

Latex Wallpol40-140

Tamol850 30.0 11.0 67.5 50.0 1.3 86 8.6Victawet 35-B 70.0 5.0 73.5 50.0 1.3 88 8.6Strodex MOK-70 70.0 5.0 72.1 50.0 1.3 89 8.6Polywet NO-I 25.0 13.0 65.0 51.0 1.3 86 8.6Natrol42 50.0 6.0 91.5 30.0 1.3 84 8.6Tamol960 40.0 8.0 81.0 40.0 1.3 84 8.6


ZINC INSTITUTE

APPENDIX I (Continued)Colloid 212 30.0 11.0 75.0 43.5 1.3 85 8.6Tamol SO-I 35.0 9.0 99.4 20.0 1.3 88 8.6

Latex Wallpo/40-4/0

Tamol850 30.0 11.0 15.0 16.3 1.0 86 9.3Victawet 35-8 70.0 5.0 15.0 21.3 1.0 86 9.1Strodex MOK-70 70.0 5.0 15.0 20.8 1.0 88 9.2Polywet NO-I 25.0 13.0 12.5 17.1 1.0 86 9.2Natrol42 50.0 6.0 15.0 20.0 1.0 87 9.3Tamol960 40.0 8.0 15.0 19.3 1.0 88 9.2Colloid 212 30.0 11.0 12.5 19.3 1.0 88 9,1Tamol SO-! 35.0 9.0 15.0 17.9 1.0 86 9.1

(a) Measured at 7rF(25°C)

APPENDIX JZINC-FREE PAINTS

Surf. Water HEC-2'!,% Ammonia Vise, a

Formulations (%) (gms) (gms) (gms) (gms) (KU) pH

Latex Rhoplex-AC-388

Tamol850 30.0 11.0 20.8 17.5 1.0 87 9.3Victawet 35-8 70.0 5.0 15.0 28.2 1.0 87 9.1Strodex MOK-70 70.0 5.0 22.9 20.0 1.0 87 9.2Polywet NO-I 25.0 13.0 19.0 17.5 1.0 87 9.2Natrol42 50.0 6.0 20.0 22.0 1.0 87 9.2Tamol960 40.0 8.0 21.2 20.0 1.0 87 9.2Colloid 212 30.0 11.0 15.0 23.7 1.0 88 9.3Tamol SO-I 35.0 9.0 39.9 1.0 86 9.1

Latex Rhoplex-AC-64

Tamol850 30.0 11.0 65.0 36.5 1.0 87 9.3Victawet 35-8 70.0 5.0 65.0 41.5 1.0 86 9.2Strodex MOK-70 70.0 5.0 65.0 41.5 1.0 88 9.3Polywet NO-I 25.0 13.0 80.0 19.5 1.0 86 9.2Natrol42 50.0 6.0 65.0 25.0 1.0 85 9.1Tamol960 40.0 8.0 55.0 40.0 1.0 87 9.2Colloid 212 30.0 11.0 45.0 64.0 1.0 86 9.1Tamol SO-! 35.0 9.0 70.0 25.0 1.0 88 9.2

Latex Po/yeo2/58

Tamol850 30.0 11.0 26.1 27.5 2.0 87 7.9Victawet 35-8 70.0 5.0 31.2 27.5 2.0 87 7.9Strodex MOK-70 70.0 5.0 38.4 20.0 2.0 87 7.9Polywet NO-I 25.0 13.0 46.9 5.0 2.0 86 7.9Natrol42 50.0 6.0 27.5 30.0 2.0 86 7.9Tamol960 40.0 8.0 31.7 25.0 2.0 86 8.0Colloid 212 30.0 11.0 24.1 30.0 2.0 86 8.0Tamol SO-I 35.0 9.0 30.0 25.0 2.0 86 8.0

(a) Measured al 77° F (25"C)

Trademark ReferencesIgepal ................................ General Dyestuffs Corp.Polyco ......................................... Borden, Inc,Rhoplex .................. " ............. Rohm and Haas Co.Tamol . . .............................. .. Rohm and Haas Co.Ucar ................................... Union Carbide Corp.Wallpol ............................ Reichhold Chemicals. Inc.


Low cratering is just one reasonwhy Polywet®dispersantsare best.

Whether they are appliedwith big rollers or small rollers,

paints with Polywet are low cratering,low-foaming, have excellent adhesion, and

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Polywet dispersants are low-foaming anionic polyelectroIytes for dispersing pigments in water in a variety of applica

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tant to hydrolysis, are effective over a wide pH range,and remain stable over a wide temperature range.

Polywet ND-1 for exterior paints and paints containingreactive pigments and biocides provides excellent stabilityand imparts thixotropy. Polywet ND-2 is recommended for

slurry shipment and storage and may be used in all types oflatex paints.

There are also Polywet Surfactants that provide highsurface tension latexes with low foam, excellent stability and

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For complete information on Polywet and a comparative studyof other dispersants call or write Joseph Hochheiser, Uniroyal

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UNIROYAL

OIL &COLOUR CHEMISTS' ASSOCIATION

OCCA33

Thirty-ThirdAnnual

Exhibition1981

Motif designed by Robert Hamblin

CUNARD INTERNATIONAL HOTEL, LONDON, ENGLAND

THE INTERNATIONAL DISPLAY OF THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN RAWMATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PAINT,

PRINTING INK, COLOUR, ADHESIVES AND ALLIED PRODUCTS TO BE HELD ON:

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

28 April 0930-1730 hours



92

Visitors to OCCA 32 were drawn from Australia, Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Chile,Cyprus, Denmark, Ecuador, Eire, Fiji, Finland, France, East and West Germany, Greece,Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, Netherlands,New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, South Mrica, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden,Switzerland, Turkey, USA and Venezuela.

CLOSING DATE FOR APPLICATIONS 30 NOVEMBER 1980

FOR A COPY OF THE INVITAnON TO EXHIBIT, PLEASE CONTACT:

Mr. R. H. Hamblin, The Director and Secretary,Oil and Colour Chemists' Association

Priory House, 967 Harrow Road, Wembley, Middlesex, HAO 2SF, EnglandTelephone (01) 908 1086 - Telex 922670 (OCCA G)


NEOREZ R-900 SERIESWATER-BORNE URETHANES WORK.

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• Abrasion resistance:Shows only slight effectafter 1,000 cycles on GS-17wheel at 1 kilogram.

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Constituent Societies Report on Education Programs

This report is published to keep members informed of educational activities,both underway and planned, and to stimulate interest in formulating new programs at both local and national levels.

related experiment kits ... Makes Federation A/V programs available on loanbasis to area paint companies and students in paint courses.

Birmingham

Completed production of four-partA/V program on "The Setaflash Tester;"scripts, slides, and tapes have been forwarded to Federation for reproduction... Nearing completion of A/ V programon"An Introduction to the Paint Industry," aimed at assisting in recruitment ofpersonnel ... Sponsored symposium on"Effects of Current Legislation in theU.K. Upon Industry."

Chicago

Educational activities are jointly sponsored with Chicago PCA ... Majoremphasis is on two annual seminarsone of which deals with technology, theother with management. SYMCO '80had as its theme, "Additives-The SecretAgents," and featured papers on currenttechnology as applied to both trade salesand industrial coatings; the two-dayseminar is designed to update coatingschemists' awareness of developments inthe industry' ... One-day managementseminar is designed to help managers,group leaders, and others to better understand forces at work in society today;1980 event focused on stress and timemanagement ... Coatings course initiated at Elmhurst College for the 197879 academic year was very successful andwill be repeated for 1980-81; coursewill be divided into a basic and semiadvanced, two-semester format.

C-D-I-C

Portion of each monthly meeting program is devoted to educational presentations; current meeting year featuredspeakers who discussed: drug abuse;making of steel; static electricity; chemical facts of life; paint identification incriminal investigations; and mining andprocessing of raw materials for paintmanufacture.

Cleveland

Two-day conference on "Advances inCoatings Technology" featured presentations on recent developments in deposition technology, corrosion concepts and

96

analysis, low-temperature/ ambient cure,and high-performance technologies; attendance totaled 116 registrants from 15states and Canada ... Committee provided two $50 awards for NortheasternOhio Science Fair-one each for juniorand senior high school students; winningefforts were for a project on coefficient oflinear expansion of metals, and for adevice to measure mechanical propertiesof polymers ... Continued assistance inplanning and publicizing 12-session Saturday morning, introductory undergraduate 3-hour credit course on coatingstechnology at Kent State University; 91students registered for course ... Committee helped establish Society scholarship fund for use by members wishing toattend various coatings courses at KentState ... Helped plan and publicize fourshort courses at Kent State: Coatings andPolymer Characterization; Dispersion ofPigments and Resins in Fluid Media;Adhesion Principles and Practice forCoatings and Polymer Scientists; andApplied Rheology for Industrial Chemists ... Issued "call for papers" for 1981technical conference, to be held March24-25 ... Will assist Society effort toline up members to address high schoolstudents on careers in the coatings industry; also plan to expand Science Faircompetition program.

Detroit

Jointly sponsors with Detroit PCAthree coatings courses at University ofDetroit: 14-week course on "SurfaceCoatings Technology;" 12-week courseon "Modern Resin Technology;" and7-week coatings laboratory course ...Helps publicize and provide instructorsfor University of Detroit's credit courseson "Chemistry of Protective Coatings"and "Synthesis of Organic Coating Polymers," as well as for annual PolymerConference Series ... Sponsored annualsymposium on Future of Coatings UnderStudy (FOCUS) in May; topic was "Environmental Challenges to AutomotiveCoatings." . . . Planning to introduce aColor Matching Laboratory Course inFall of 1980, along with a course on"Principles of Automotive Finishing."... Will hold Education Night in October; high school and college scienceteachers will be invited and given paint-

Golden Gate

Jointly sponsors with Golden GatePCA a course on Coatings Technology;36-week (3 hours per week) course runsfrom September through May. The1980-81 course will include five planttours ... Fund has been established toprovide three $500 scholarships ... Continuing efforts to expand Coatings Section at Redwood City Library ... Establishing laboratory to be used in conjunction with coatings course and by Societymembers.

Kansas City

Production nearly completed onaudio/visual program on "Hiding;" expect to have package finished and submitted to Federation in next few months... Sponsored May symposium on "TheModernistic Approach to Hiding," whichfeatured presentations on titanium dioxide, hiding effects offine particle extenders, and plastic pigment ... Continuingparticipation in KC Science Fair byassisting injudging and providing prizes;three winners are each awarded $50bonds, with matching cash sum contributed to prizewinners' science department.Winning students, their parents, andtheir science teachers are invited toSociety May meeting, and their winningentries are exhibited for membership ...Considering providing some type ofassistance to Missouri Junior Academyof Science.

Los Angeles

Continuing sponsorship of Paint Manufacturing Technology course at LosAngeles Trade-Technical College; twoyear curriculum (four semesters of threehour weekly evening classes) focuses onpaint fundamentals, technical preparation, raw materials, and formulation.Students completing all four semestersearn a certificate ... Continuing maintenance of coatings library at City ofCommerce ... Scholarship programwhich Society funds has been revised togive preference to students planning tomajor in some aspect of coatings technology.


Louisville

Maintains close liaison with Universityof Louisville, where coatings courses aresponsored. Last fall presented course onintroduction to resin technology; springcourse will focus on formulation ofchemical coatings. 1980 fall course willdeal with water-borne coatings; 1981spring course will deal with quality control, which will emphasize "hands on"demonstrations. Fall of 1981 will featurecourse on instrumental analysis in coatings industry, which was given previouslyin 1977 and 1979.

Mexico

Sponsored 5-day seminar on resins inMarch at Instituto Politecnico National... Will also sponsor 5-day seminar onpigments and dyestuffs at UniversidadLa Salle, August 11-15; designed to givebasic understanding of organic and inorganic pigments, dyestuffs, quality control, etc.

Montreal

Continues sponsorship of 15-weekevening course (three hours per week)on Introductory Coatings Technology,which provides a basic understanding ofraw materials used, as well as techniques of formulation, manufacturing,and quality control; Society grantscertificate to all who successfully passfinal exam for the course ... Plans for1980-81 include organizing series oflectures on subjects of interest to members, as well as pursuing effort to haveeducational programs associated withlocal junior college.

New England

Continues to support and publicizecourses offered at University of Lowellon "Polymer Structure, Properties andApplication" and "Rheology in Plasticsand Coatings Processing;" these can betaken in either the graduate or undergraduate programs leading to degree incoatings and plastics technology ...Have initiated study grant programSociety pays expenses of member toattend selected coatings seminar andmake report to membership ... Considering development of basic coatingscourse, to be offered in fall of 1980 ...Provided cooperation and support fortwo Society seminars: "Pigment Dispersion" (January) and "Hazardous WasteDisposal" (February).

New York

Continues to co-sponsor with NewYork PCA two coatings courses: (I)


"Fundamentals of Coatings Technology,"two semester course for new chemists andadvanced technicians, given at New YorkCity Community College; and (2) "Laboratory Course for Coatings Technicians," 12-week evening "hands-on" labcourse designed for technicians in coatings industry, held at laboratories ofvadous coatings and raw materials manufacturers ... "Principles of Color Technology," previously given annually, willbe given every two or three years ...Membership being surveyed to determine additional courses of interest ...Hopeful of getting grant from New YorkState to fund establishment of coatingslab to train technicians.

Northwestern

Educational and Technical Committees jointly sponsored Annual Symposium;1980 event had twin topics: "EmissionRegulations Updated" and "Air-DryMaintenance Coatings Meeting Regulations." ... Maintains close liaison withNorth Dakota State University, andcontributes financial support for purchase of coatings equipment ... Maintains library of Federation audio/visualprograms, which are made available onloan basis to members.

Pacific Northwest

Coatings technology courses being reevaluated; local contractors and retailersbeing surveyed to determine interest inhaving their people attend to acquirebasic understanding of the products theysell and apply.

Philadelphia

Sponsored five-week, limited enrollment course on "Color Theory-Colorant Formulation and Color Matching;"planning to produce audio/ visual program based on course and make available to Federation for distribution ...Working on production of audio/ visualprogram on "Microbiological Audit ofaPaint Plant." ... Cooperated with Technical Committee in sponsoring Maysymposium on "Quality AssuranceSurvival in the 80's."

Piedmont

Attempting to establish ACS-accredited degree program in polymers atUniversity of North Carolina at Greensboro, in effort to bring technicallytrained personnel into local coatingsindustry; area firms being solicited toprovide employment for students as partof work-study program. Course, whichwill lead to a B.S. degree in chemistry, is

expected to be available by September1980.

Pll1sburgh

Sponsored May symposium on "Hazardous Waste Disposal" ... Held springseminar for high school students tointroduce them to the varied aspects ofthe coatings industry and to encouragethem to consider a career in coatings ...Continuing participation in regionalScience and Engineering Fair by assisting in judging and providing two awardsfor coatings-related projects.

Southern

Educational efforts are focused onmaintaining close liaison and cooperative efforts with University of SouthernMississippi ... Co-sponsors with US Mannual symposium on Water-Borne andHigher Solids Coatings ... Invites USMstudents to present papers at SocietyAnnual Meeting ... Provides funds forUSM scholarship program ... Membersserve on USM Industry Advisory Committee.

St. Louis

Prime undertaking continues to beannual Educational Night, to which areahigh school science teachers are invited,and which has become increasingly successful since its inception in 1976; labexperiments are demonstrated, andteachers are provided with kits so theycan perform the experiments in theirclassrooms ... Participates in local Science Fair; provides two cash awards forcoatings-related projects ... Contributesto scholarship fund at University ofMissouri-Rolla ... One monthly meeting each year is devoted to programfeaturing speakers from FSCT, NPCA,Decorating Retailers, and Painting Contractors; members of all four groups areinvited to attend.

Toronto

Continuing sponsorship of coatingscourses at George Brown College; theseinclude basic and advanced coatingstechnology, as well as one for technicians. Certificates awarded to those successfully completing courses ... Completed slide/ tape program on "Introduction to Resin Operations."

Western New York

Planning to implement efforts to generate interest among local high schoolscience teachers to promote careers incoatings industry ... Nearing completion of audio/ visual program on "ImpactResistance."

97

These subcommittee reports Ire for lhe use of Ihe membership of ASTM Committee 0·1 In conllnulng lis work Ind for

Ihe Inleresl of reldersln Ihe Icllvllles of ASTM Committee 0-1. The reports Ire nol offlcllllclions of ASTM Ind mlY

nol be quoled IS represenllng Iny Icllon or policy of lhe Amerlcln Soclely for Telling Ind Meterilis.

June 1980 Subcommittee Reportsof ASTM Committee 0-1

The June 1980 meeting of ASTM Committee 0-1 on Paintand Related Coatings and Materials was held on June 22-25 atthe Niagara Hilton Hotel, in Niagara Falls, NY. In the three andone half days preceding the final report session and generalmeeting of Committee 0-1, 125 members and 33 guests met in142 scheduled meetings of 0-1 Subcommittees and WorkingGroups. The present membership of Committee 0-1 is 539.

One of the highlights of the meeting was the presentation oftwo awards to members of Committee 0-1. Mark P. Morsereceived the Henry A. Gardner Award for outstandingcompetence in managing various subcommittees over the years.Harry A. Wray received the ASTM Award of Merit andbecame a Fellow for his distinguished service to the Society andthe cause of voluntary standardization.

Subcommillee Officers appointed by Chairman S.B. Levinsonwere: Sub. 00 1.07 on Government Contacts, R. F. Brady toreplace L.S. Birnbaum as Chairman: Sub. 001.95 on 0-1Handbook, R.A. Wintto replace J.P. McGuigan as Chairman;and G.G. Schurr as cochairman of the January 1981 Symposium.

Highlights

The following projects of major interest to the coatingsindustry represent areas of new or increased emphasis since theprevious reports:

DOI.21.25-complete revision of Method 02832 is anticipated wherein the standard will become three separatestandards on coatings. pigments and resins, and solvents.

DO/.23.IO-determine the precision of the Bell manual andBell modified testers.

DOI.23-1 I-develop a new method for the use of notchedgauges in measuring wet film thickness.

DOI.23./4-develop a method to determine abrasion resistence with the Taber Abrader.

DO/.23./5-evaluate a method using a tensile tester to

98

measure the instantaneous force required to put a sled inmotion on the surface of a coated panel.

DO/.24-initiate work on a new method for determining thesurface tension of paints and varnishes.

DOI.33./2-study new method for free isocyanate determination by liquid chromatography.

DOI.33.14-evaluate new method for determination ofortho phthalic acid anhydride and fatty acids in alkyds by gaschromatography.

DOI.33.23-evaluate a new method for total chlorine inepoxy resins utilizing sodium biphenyl.

DO/.33.24-develop a practice for nitrogen resins.DO/.33.26-working on freeze-thaw and heat-age stability

tests for emulsions.DOI.33-develop a new method for improving and combin

ing separate nonvolatile methods for varnishes and resinsolutions. Preparation of a practice for testing vinyl resins andcoatings.

D0J.35.01 -combine 0235 (petroleum spirits) and 0484(hydrocarbon dry cleaning solvents) into a single specification.

DOI.35.02-combine all ketones under one specification.DOI.42.06-develop a practice for testing latex semi-gloss

paints.DOI.42.07-develop a new method for evaluating leveling.DO/.46.03-develop method for field identification of

coating films. Develop practice for selecting coatings that willbe compatible with existing coated surfaces.

DOI.46.07-revise proposed test method for pull-off adhesion testing in the field.

DOJ.46.09-develop a guide for topcoating zinc richprimers.

DOI.46.IO-formation of a new group on topcoatinggalvanize.

DO/.52./2-develop a test method for determining durability of finishes on textured paneling by using a soil. clean, soiltechnique.

DOI.56-develop a laboratory test method for predictingsmoke emissions from a stack. Develop a method for measuringthe relative tinting strength of ink colors.


~dding ePoxy nisin pre-reactsmodified with Hycar® CTBNReactive Liquid Polymer tocoating formulas will makesignificant improvement inresistance to impact, thermalshock and chemicals. Alsoincreased peel strength,flexibility and resistance tovibration and stress cracking.All this while maintainingtypical epoxy resin adhesion,abrasion resistance andelectrical properties.

ImpactBy adding the pre-reactscontaining Hycar® CTBN toan epoxy resin in laboratorytests, a 500% increasein impact resistance, asmeasured by Gardner impactmethods, has been observed

by formulators of corrosionresistant maintenance coatings.Recommended end usesinclude coatings for storagetanks, piping, flooring andelectrical apparatus.Conical MandrelAlmost every coatingformulation containing thepre-react modified withHycar® CTBN passed theltfl-inch conical mandrel test.Little if any effect on thermalmechanical properties andcorrosion resistance wasexperienced.Salt Spray ResistanceIn addition to impact andflexibility, epoxy pre-reactscontaining Hycar® RLPimprove salt spray resistance(ASTM D 610). Spot rusting

was extensive (1-2) for anunmodified clear formulationafter 200 hours; slight (8-9)for' the same formulationmodified.

For minimizing physicalwear or chemical corrosion onflooring, piping, storage orother vulnerable equipment,consider adding pre-reactscontaining Hycar® RLP toyour epoxy coatings. Forspecific test results, specifications and samples, contactThe BFGoodrich Company,Chemical Group, Dept. JP-36,6100 Oak Tree Boulevard,Cleveland, Ohio 44131.

~IFGoocIrichChemical Group

Acid our Rycar®RLPtoyour epoxycoalings

ancl walcli lhemslancllhe lesl.

Modified epoxy coating (left) withstands reverse impact test with no rupture of coating. Unmodified controlsample (right) displays extensive cracking, exposing base material to corrosive attack.

We're theChemicalGroup of BfGoodrich.Vol. 52, No. 668, September 1980 99

January 18-22, 1981Dutch Inn

Orlando, Fla.

Future Meetings of ASTM Committee D-1

June 21-24,1981Biltmore Plaza

Providence, R.I.

January 17-20, 1982Monteleone

New Orleans, La.

DIVISION 1ADMINISTRATIVE

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.13CONSUMER AFFAIRS

E.T. Mooney, Chairman

Group 2 on Individual ConsumerAffairs met and decided to request that itbe placed on an inactive status. It was feltby the members that some of the workdone by this group had been taken overby Sub. 001.41 and that there is no needfor a working group within Sub. 001.13at this time.

At its main meeting, Sub. 001.13members agreed to deactivate Group 2.The subcommittee will continue to function as an administrative subcommitteein a liaison capacity. It will monitor thework done in the consumer field by otherorganizations such as NPCA. Officersand members will be appointed by theChairman of Committee 0-1.

The group was given an update on theactivities of N PCA in trying provide helpfor the paint consumer. A ConsumerRelations Manual is being preparedwhich will aid paint manufacturers toassist paint users in making intelligentbuying decisions.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.16DEFINITIONS

S. LeSota, Chairman

There was discussion on a suggestionthat action be taken to delete the presentdefinition of"industrial talc, nonasbestostype" from Standard 016 since it isinconsistent with the ASTM aims ofavoiding absolute terms such as nonasbestos.

The group also discussed the terms:batch, acid number, natural spreading

100

rate, and soil vs. stain. It is planned tomail out first drafts of these definitions tosubcommittee members for their critique.

DIVISION 20RESEARCH AND

GENERAL METHODS

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.20STATISTICS AND SAMPLING

H.E. Ashton, Chairman pro-tem

It was reported that the Specificationfor Standard Environment would beissued as 03924 and the Practice forSampling as 03925. The revision of03925 to add sampling at the factory hadbeen submitted to subcommittee letterballot. Comments from two voters wereconsidered and, where appropriate,changes were made. The revision will besubmitted to Committee 0-1 letter ballot.

The results of the 0-1 ballot on thePractice for Interlaboratory Testing werereviewed. One negative vote concernedwith the fact that the Precision statementdoes not take into consideration thevariation between different batches ofpaint was withdrawn with the understanding that this point will be subjectedto subcommittee voting. The secondnegative voter will be asked to withdrawhis negative so that the main reason forthe vote, blind replication instead of dayreplication, can receive more thoroughdiscussion by the subcommittee. Thesuggestion on an abstaining vote thatresults from interlaboratory tests shouldbe compared with the calculated acceptable ranges and, when necessary, berejected if divergent results have notalready been discarded, will be submittedto subcommittee letter ballot. Severaleditorial corrections submitted by various voters were made in the Practicewhich can be sent to Society ballotproviding the negative voter is agreeableto the request to withdraw.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.21

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OFPAINT AND

PAINT PRODUCTS

R.W, Scott, Chairman

The following actions were taken to resolve negatives received during the recentletter ballot: On the revision to new"Standard Method of Test for Cerium inPaint Driers by the Ceric Sulfate Method," the written comments in the negativewere not received in time for review. Thechairman of Task Group 001.21.61 willattempt to resolve the negative as soonas possible. On the new "StandardPractice for Determining Volatile Organic Content (VOC) of Paints andRelated Coatings," the seventh draftreceived a negative vote based on meanings of symbols in the equation in section8.2.3 for VOC in paints containing water.This was resolved by improving thesubscripts to the symbols. Commentswith affirmative votes were found relatedto the negative vote and accommodatedby the same revision of symbols. Onreapproval (with editorial revision) ofMethod 02832, "Practices for Determining the Nonvolatile Content of Paintsand Paint Materials," one voter agreed towithdraw his negative since the method isnow undergoing a critical review andprobably extensive revision. The secondnegative was withdrawn when it wasagreed to retain the section on NavalStores.

Group 13: Coordination of VOC Standards. J.e. Weaver, Chairman, reportedthat a recommended practice had successfully passed main committee letterballot and is being submitted for Societyballot. Interaction between this groupand EPA continues. This activity hasaided in resolution of problems concerning (I) New Source Performance Standards, (2) Control Technology Guidelines, and (3) EPA's Draft Method #24.The group through its members continues to maintain contact with appropnate government agencies and industryassociations.


1";-------------------------------------,

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SavingyouYou could call Min-U-Sil In In., To show you how well

a lazy crystalline silica paint Min-U-Sil works, we'llfiller. Because it's inert. send you a free sample.

Min-U-Sil just sits there • Plus some impartial testin your interior or exterior results. Just write tolatex paint, making your burnish resistance, scrub- Pennsylvania Glass Sand,pigment and polymers go bability, and even improves Dept. A-24, Three Pennfurther. Without inter-acting sanding characteristics. Center, Pittsburgh PA 15235.with your paint's components. But unlike other silica Or call (412) 243-7500.So you get dependable color fillers that only come in 30 and Then test Min-U-Sil forstability and easy color 15 micron grades, Min-U-Sil yourself. In your paint. You'llacceptance. More trouble-free is available in the finer 10 and find Min-U-Sil is the lazy waymake-down, too. 5 micron sizes. Which gives to make your paint work

You'll also find that your paint asmoother, more harder. And make profitsMin-U-SiI, despite its laziness, even film, whether applied come easier.works harder than any non- with roller or brush. [prn~silica functional extender to And Min-U-Sil is veryimprove your paint's wear economical. It's one of theproperties. It increases most frugal fillers you'll find. A Subsidiary of In


PG-903

101

Group 22: Electrocoat Bath Samples.A.G. Yeramyan, Chairman, is continuing work on methods for determinationof percent NV M and pigment content.The method will be submitted for subcommittee and main committee letterballot. A new round robin will beinitiated for determination of acid andbase values. A gas chromatographicmethod for solvent determination may beevaluated by a round robin.

Group 23: Hot Melt Traffic Paint.D.R. Miller, Chairman. has work underway to determine TiO, and lead chromate content of white and. yellowthermoplastic traffic markings.

Group 24: Revision of D2369. A.C.Abbott. Chairman, has completed itsround robin work and a method callingfor determination of VOC at 110° C forone hour has been successfully voted onin subcommittee. This method will nowbe inserted into 02369. The final versionof 02369 will contain two sections, i.e.,20 min at 110°C and 60 min at 110°C fordetermination of VOc. No further roundrobin work is planned. The group shouldgo on inactive status after the January1981 meeting.

Group 25: Revision of D2832. D.Campbell. Chairman, has expanded intoone main and four sub-task groups. Acomplete revision of 02832 Practice forvolatile/ nonvolatile methods will includeseparation of about 30 methods into fourPractices for coatings, pigments, resins,and solvents. This becomes importantbecause of increasing regulation by government (mainly EPA and CARB) ofvolatile organic contents (VOC) in coating.

Group 26: Revision of D2697. E.A.Praschan, Chairman, reported that amodified procedure for determination ofvolume solids has been evaluated in thelaboratory of the task group chairman. Around robin study of this modificationwill be conducted with six laboratoriesparticipating.

Group 42: AAS Anall'sis of Pigments.W.V. Moseley, Chairman, is continuingwork on the method which is now in theseventh draft. Further modification maybe required before determination of highlevel pigment elements in paint by use ofatomic absorption spectroscopy is acceptable.

Group 46: X-Ray Ana~l'sis of Pigments. H. Neubold, Chairman, reporteddifficulty has been encountered in findinga suitable internal standard. A new roundrobin will be run using Scandium orBromine as the internal standard element. Tetra methyl ammonium bromidewill be used first.

Group 52: Trace LRvels of Benzene inPaints. R. Domingo, Chairman, willsoon start the second round robin for

102

"Determination of Benzene in Paints."The group will also review methods fordetermination of halogenated hydrocarbons since this may become a sensitivearea.

Group 53: Trace LRvels ofMonomers.G. Cunningham, Chairman, will be reviewing methods for monomer levels ofvinyl acetate and n-butyl acrylate inVA/ BA copolymer and for free styrenein S/ B resins. A secondary method todetermine the detection level of monomers will be evaluated. Residual ACN innitrile latex will be the subject of a roundrobin.

Group 54: Water Content of WaterReducible Coatings by Karl FischerTitration. W.C. Golton, Chairman, reported the method has passed the subcommittee letter ballot and will now besubmitted for a main committee letterballot. The group is also cooperatingwith Sub. 001.35 to assist in developinga method for low levels of water inurethane solvents.

Group 61: Revision of D564. L.Bazarko, Chairman, reported that, afterresolution of a negative and some comments, a "Standard Method of Test forCerium in Paint Driers by Ceric SulfateMethod" will be submitted for Societyballot. Comments need to be resolved for"New Standard Method of Test forZirconium in Paint Driers by EDTATitration" before the method is submitted for Society ballot. In addition, atotally revised 0564 and two othermethods (Vanadium and Rare EarthMetals) will also go to Society ballot. Ifno major problems arise, this group willgo inactive after the January meeting.

Group 72: Metals in Air Particulates.L. Di Carlo, Chairman, will try a newapproach to the preparation of samplesand standards. Draft #4 of a proposedmethod will be used for the analysis.

Group 80: Exploratory Analytical Research. D. Brezinski, Chairman, continues to seek new ideas or new conceptsto study in order to better design anddevelop methods relative to the coatingsindustry.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.22HEALTH AND SAFETY

H.A. Wray, Chairman

It was reported that 01310. "OpenCup Flash Point Method," has passedSociety ballot. A request to modify theOpen Cup Flash point apparatus toprovide a safety feature was discussed. Itwas decided to circulate the idea amongthe subcommittee membership to deter-

mine the merits of the suggestion. Another suggestion covering the use of theTag Open Cup Flash Point Tester with asilicone oil bath for determining firepoints will also be circulated for comments. There was no report on the statusof the round robin test on 03278, "SetaFlash Closed Cup." Committee 0-2 isnow using a new Seta Flash Test, 03828,and it is proposed to follow their use ofthis method. Regarding the status ofequilibrium flash point methods, 03934,"Closed Cup Flash Point of Liquids bythe Equilibrium Method," has been approved. The second equilibrium method,"Determination of Finite Closed CupFlash Point," is ready for Society ballot.

On matters relating to the Coordinating Committee on Flash Points, therewas some discussion on the Wick Test, amethod for mixtures of water and lowflash point liquids, and a sustainedburning test involving the use of the SetaFlash Open Cup. The CoordinatingCommittee is also working on a roundrobin with the purpose of setting up aseries ofcalibrating liquids for flash pointwork. A task group of the Committee isworking on a definition for ignitability.The Committee is working on a StandardPractice for Flash Point Determinationand its implications. A subcommittee onWaste Disposal has been formed.

On the status of government regulations, it was reported that D.O.T. hasbeen petitioned to review and adopt someof the useful work and ideas that haveevolved from Committees 0-1 and 0-2 inthe past few years; for example, definitions, closed cup flash point methods,etc. The D.O. L. still uses a cut-off of lessthan 140° F for the limit of flammabilityrather than less than 100°F for theconstruction industry. The D.O.L. willbe requested to change this so it will be inconformance with other regulatorybodies. An impact statement is nowavailable concerning the effects of theCPSC going from an open cup to a closedcup flash point method. The changeovershould be recommended in the FederalRegister sometime in October 1980. InEPA, the pesticides group has proposed aclosed cup flash point method. The wastedisposal group is using the closed cupmethod to determine the ignitability ofwaste material (less than 140°F). Theopen cup flash point method is still beingused by the U.S. Coast Guard for theshipment of bulk solvents. Petition willbe made to get this changed to closed cup.On peroxides, a modification of the SetaFlash Tester may be necessary to allowfor the safe use of peroxides.

Regarding practice on hazardous materials statements, the new "Blue Book"requirements were reviewed including:(I) the requirement for the addition of acaveat to all Standards containing haz-


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ardous material, and (2) the addition ofthe word "CA UTION" to all standardscontaining a hazardous material and alsoto name the substance. "CAUTION"statements and caveats shall be includedwhere appropriate in every ASTM standard as specified in the 1980 ASTM styleguide (Blue Book) for all Standards.On D3630, "Practice for DeterminingConstituents Classified as HazardousContained in Protective Coatings," anegative with many editorial commentswas received. Most of the commentswill be included in a revision. However, the request to delete the reference to standards which are being balloted for withdrawal was rejected but afootnote will be added indicating thatwithdrawal of these methods is beingconsidered. The voter agreed to acceptthis and withdrew his negative.

The balloting for withdrawal of thetwo standards for Fire Retardancy,DI630 and D3806, was discussed. Anumber of negatives were received to theeffect that the methods should not bewithdrawn because it was felt they wereneeded. It was agreed to carry the twomethods without the benefit of fullprecision statements. The work of ISOTC-35 on test methods for ignitability,smoke and flame was discussed. Thesimilarity to work being done at NBS forTC-35 was pointed out. Work on equilibrium methods by TC-35 and TC-28 wasreviewed. Objections were raised on twoitems. One was on changing Flashj NoFlash to Failj Pass. The other was whereresults of two tests are questionable, theconclusion should be "No Flash" insieadof a flash point. Possible improvement ofthe Seta Flash closed cup instrument wasdiscussed, e.g., digital recording deviceand a pressure relief valve for the safetesting of materials such as peroxides.

There was discussion of the proposedNPCA In-Plant Hazardous MaterialsIdentification System (HMIS). This system suggests a label containing fourparts, i.e., Health, Flammability, Reactivity, and Personal Protective Equipment. The first three categories would berated by the raw material suppliers-thelast part by the paint manufacturer. Itwas decided to submit the NPCA version(adapted to ASTM format) to the subcommittee for review and commentsbefore proceeding further with task forcework. It was announced that NPCAwould hold five seminars on this subjectfor paint manufacturers starting on September 9, 1980 in Houston, followed byNew York, Los Angeles, Cleveland, andSt. Louis.

It was announced that two new ASTMHealth and Safety Committees have beenformed: one on Waste Disposal, D-34,and one on Toxic Materials. In regards tothe latter, concern was expressed on the

104

scope of this group. Members hope it willbe only a coordinating committee not astandards writing committee.

On disposal of harmful wastes, letterswere received from a number of companies interested in the work of a groupworking on disposal of harmful wastesfollowing the announcement in ASTMNews regarding the formation of such acommittee. An article on "Disposal ofHarmful Lab Wastes" appearing in theChemist Analyst [Vol. 68, No.2, October1979] was discussed and it was theconsensus of the members that this articleshould be distributed to the membershipof Sub. DOl.22 for review and comments. It was also believed that information on a possible standard on spill cleanup be circulated for review and comment.Projects for future work include: (I)autoignition test and (2) flammabilitylimit test.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.23PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

APPLIED PAINT FILMS

M.P. Morse, Chairman

Subcommittee DOl.23 is submitting arevision of Method D968, "AbrasionResistance of Organic Coatings by theFalling Abrasive Test," for simultaneoussubcommittee and Committee D-I letterballot.

Group 10: Adhesion. H. E. Ashton.Chairman, advised that as a result of dataobtained in a limited round robin test, theTooke Inspection Gauge is judged to beunsatisfactory for determining the adhesion of coatings and has been eliminatedas a possible method. Efforts to evaluatea pull-off method by tensile tester ha vebeen hampered by the lack of a satisfactory adhesive. A new candidate has beenproposed and will be tested for suitability. A determination of the precisionof the Bell manual and Bell modifiedtesters is planned. A series of coatedpanels differing in adhesion will beprepared for a round robin test.

Group 11: Wet Film Thickness. H.A.Ball, Chairman, advised that the revisionof Method D12l2, "Measurement of WetFilm Thickness," prepared by this grouphas been issued in Part 27 of the 1980Book of Standards. This method coversthe use' of the lnterchemical and PfundGauges. A new method is being developed for the use of notched gauges inmeasuring wet film thickness. Althoughthis technique measures "minimum filmthickness" and lacks the sensitivity of theInterchemical or the Pfund, it is com-

monly used and prescribed proceduresfor its application are needed.

Group 12: Dry Film Thickness. K.A.Trimber, Chairman. reported that revision of Method D 1400 (for coatingthickness over a non-ferrous metal base)and Method D 1186 (for coating thickness over a ferrous metal base) have beenapproved by the members of this group.Results from an extensive round robintest using these methods have beenanalyzed and precision of several instruments determined. Additional test resultsare needed to establish the precision ofthe Dermitron and Accuderm instruments. Microscopic measurements of thethickness of the coated panels used in theround robin test will be taken as a basisfor determining the accuracy of themeasurements provided by the differenttypes of instruments used in the testprogram. Tables showing precision andaccuracy will be included in the newrevisions of the two methods.

Group 14: Hardness. Mar Resistance.and Ahrasion Resistance. M. P. Morse.Chairman, reported that the presentfalling sand method for determiningabrasion resistance of coatings (D968)has been revised to include an alternateproced ure for the use of silicon carbide asthe abrasive. This revision will be submitted to simultaneous subcommitteeand Committee D-l letter ballot. The airblast method for determining abrasionresistance of coatings (D658) has beenrevised to provide alternate sources ofclean air and to permit the use of two flowrates of abrasive. The value of permittingthe two flow rates has been questioned'and this will be resolved. Otherwise, themethod is ready for ballot. A method fordetermining abrasion resistance with theTaber Abrader is being prepared. Precision data has been obtained for all threeof the abrasion tests.

Group 15: Slip Resistance. G.D. Ernst.Chairman, advised that a comparisontest of the James. Brungraber. andLiberty Mutual testers was conducted.Each of these instruments measures thecoefficient of friction at the point andmoment of contact of a shoe on a surface.The agreement of the three instrumentswas good in their ability to distinguishbetween coatings having significantlydifferent coefficients of friction. Becauseof its low cost and portability. the LibertyMutual tester will be evaluated further.Evaluation of a method using a tensiletester to measure the instantaneous forcerequired to put a sled into motion on thesurface of a coated panel is planned.


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"Inorganic Color Pigments"-W. A. Fuller and C. H. Love. (Mar. 1968)

"Organic Color Pigments"-J. G. Mone. (July 1968) .

"Black and Metallic Pigments"-W. S. Stoy. E. T. Usowski. L. P. Larson. D. Passigli. W. H.Byler. A. Evdo. and W. von Fischer. (Jan. 1969)

"Paint Driers and Additives"-W. J. Stewart. (June 1969). . .

"Principles of Formulation aM Paint Calculations··-W. A. Fuller. (June 1969)

"Amino Aesins in Coatings··-W. L. Hensley and W E. McGinty. (Dec. 1969).. . .

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SUBCOMMITTEE 001.24PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF

LIQUID PAINTS &PAINT MATERIALS

C.K. Schoff, Chairman

Group 19: Viscosit\' hy Efjlux Cups.The latest draft of the proposed dip cupmethod was discussed. The two new Shellcups (S-2 y, and S-3 y,) were added to themethod and calibration equations written for them. The method will be submitted to the editorial committee andthen to subcommittee ballot. Method01200. "Viscosity by Ford ViscosityCup." will be up for reapproval in 1981.A short discussion of the method indicated that changes should be made in thetest to reflect the lack of temperaturecontrol.

Group 20: Rotational Viscometers. D.Howard. Chairman. reviewed the latestdraft of the revision of 02196. "Test forViscosity Measurements and ThixotropicProperties of Non-Newtonian Materialsby Rotational (Brookfield) Viscometer."A few changes will be made and then themethod will be submitted to the editorialcommittee and then to subcommitteeballot. This extensive revision includestechniques for the determination of shearthinning and thixotropy which were notpreviously included. A precision statement for the method will be written. TheBrookfield small sample adapter was alsodiscussed. This device changes a Brookfield into a cup and bob (concentriccylinder) viscometer. It uses a very smallsample (~I() ml) and has a well definedgeometry. The latter is particularly usefulwhen data are plotted as viscosity versusshear rate or in the form of Casson plots.It is possible that a future method will bewritten around this device.

Group 21: Stormer Viscometer. M.P.Morse. Chairman. discussed the latestdraft of the revision of 0562. "Consistency of Paints by Stormer Viscometer."Asa result. a number ofeditorial changeswere made in the draft. including providing for increments of one gram at thelower end of the load range. The grouprecommended that the revised draft besubmitted to simultaneous Subcommittee and Committee 0-1 letter ballot.Major features of the revised methodinclude a precision statement and acalibration technique.

Group 23: High Shear ViscosityMeasurements. The proposed methodfor Determination of Viscosity of Paintsand Varnishes at a High Rate of Shear bythe ICI Cone/ Plate Viscometer was con-

106

sidered. A number of changes in themethod were recommended and thesewill be included in the next draft. Arelevant British Standard method will beconsulted as well. A round robin is beingset up for the purpose of collecting datafor a precision statement for the method.

In addition to the working groupreports. there was a short discussion onsurface tension. There appears to be noASTM method for determining the surface tension of paints and varnishes.Existing surface tension measurementtechniques. including the DuNoiiy ringand Wihelmy plate. will be consideredand a proposed method for coatingsdrafted. Information on methods presently in routine use in industry would beappreciated.

Another item of discussion wasMethod 01483, "Absorption of Pigments by Gardner-Coleman Method."Questions recently were raised as to thewording of the procedure. It is rather confusing as it specifies transfer of a certainvolume weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. Theidea is that the method works best withthat volume, but that it is not possible tomeasure out a volume of pigment veryaccurately. Therefore. the weight corresponding to that volume is used instead.The procedure will be rewritten to clarifythe meaning.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.26OPTICAL PROPERTIES

C.J. Sherman, Chairman

Group 2: Color Measurement. J.G.Davidson. Chairman, received one negative ballot and several comments on01729. "Visual Evaluation of ColorDifference of Opaque Materials." Thenegative was accepted and commentsaccounted for by editorial revisions. Themethod will be submitted for simultaneous subcommittee and main committee ballot. The proposed d raft revision of 03134. "Selecting and DefiningColor and Gloss Tolerances of OpaqueSurfaces and for Evaluating Conformance." was reviewed. Editorial revisionswere made and the method will besubmitted for simultaneous subcommittee and main committee ballot. The latestd raft of the proposed method for "VisualEvaluation of Metamerism" will be submitted for a subcommittee ballot. Noreports were given by the task forces onnew methods for "Measurement ofColored Samples." "Methods for Determining Color Differences." and "ColorStandards: Current Practices. Definitions. and Methods."

Group 6: Hiding Power. c.J. Sherman. Acting Chairman, reported that0344. "Test for Relative Dry HidingP,lwl;r of Paints," is scheduled for reviewin 1981. It will be revised to include someof the improved methods from a recentround robin test of visual hiding powerand submitted for subcommittee ballot.

Group II: Gloss and Goniophotometry. R.C. Kissler. Chairman. discusseda proposed method for "Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differences Between Surfaces of Similar Appearance." The revised draft will be submitted for asubcommittee ballot. A proposed"Method of Test for Reflection Haze ofHigh Gloss Surfaces" was discussed andwill be submitted for simultaneous subcommittee and main committee ballot.

Group 19: Hemispherical Reflectance.K. Luyk, Chairman. discussed statements of repeatability and reproducibility for the sixth draft of a "StandardMethod of Test for Total Luminous(Hemispherical) Reflectance." Similardata obtained with other instruments arenow being obtained. When available.precision data will be added and themethod will be submitted for simultaneous subcommittee and main committee ballot.

Group 22: Sample Preparation forDetermination of Optical Properties. H.Hammond III. Chairman. discussedcomments received on the main committee ballot of a "Standard Practice forSelection of Coating Specimens andTheir Preparation for AppearanceMeasurement." The Standard Practicewill now be submitted for Society ballot.With the completion of this work, thistask group is dissolved.

Group 23: Retrorejlectance of Horizontal Coatings. N. Johnson. Chairman.discussed the negative vote received onthe subcommittee ballot of a "Methodfor Specific Luminance of HorizontalCoatings" and changes were made to themethod to resolve the negative. It willnow be submitted for simultaneous subcommittee and main committee ballot.

Group 24: Color and Strength ofColorPigments. R.C. Zeller. Chairman. discussed the negative vote on the revisionof 0387. "Mass Color and TintingStrength of Colored Pigments."' Changeswere made to the method in order toresolve the negative vote. Editorialchanges were also made and the revisedmethod will now be submitted for simultaneous subcommittee and main committee ballot.


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Vol. 52, No. 668, September 1980 107

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.27ACCELERATED TESTS FOR

PROTECTIVE COATINGS

E.A. Praschan, Chairman

Negatives from the main committeeballot were acted upon as follows:Method D714. "Evaluating Degree ofBlistering of Paints"-the negative voteon rating system was deemed nonpersuasive. It pointed out the differencebetween ISO and ASTM rating systems;ISO rates 0 as best. ASTM rates 10 asbest. The ASTM system is required byASTM rules. Method D870. "WaterImmersion Test of Organic Coatings onSteel"-the negative vote was withdrawnon the basis that it will be considered inthe revision of D870 currently understudy. A variety of comments wereincluded in the negative. Method D2247."Testing Coated Metal Specimens at 100Percent Relative Humidity"-the negative vote was withdrawn on the basis thatit will be considered in the revision ofD2247 currently under study. A varietyof comments were included in this negative. Method D3361. "Operating Lightand Water Exposure Apparatus (Unfiltered Carbon Arc Type) for TestingPaint. Varnish, Lacquer and RelatedProducts Using the Dew Cycle"-tw'/'negative votes were considered persuasive. These concerned points related tosignificance (wave lengths less than 280)and rotation of panels. Method D 1150,"Single and Multi Panel Forms forRecording Results of Exposure TestsPaints-two negative votes were receivedand both were deemed non-persuasive.They referred to (I) no explanation forwithdrawal. (2) D1150 is the only sourcein D-1 for recording data and (3) DJ 150is referred to in various standards andmethods. It was felt the form receiveslittle. if any. use and is impractical forlarge numbers of panels. It was suggestedthat those groups who have a need toreference D 1150 should consider accepting responsibility for the method.

The status of several methods andpractices were reviewed as follows:Method D3891. "Preparation of GlassPanels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products," has passedSociety ballot and has been transferred toSub. DO 1.29. Method D1654, "Evaluation of Painted or Coated SpecimensSubjected to Corrosive Environment,"has been issued as revised. Revision ofMethod D659, "Evaluating Degree ofChalking of Exterior Paints," has beenthrough the June 1980 Society ballot.

Group 2: Water Test. G. Grossman,Chairman. is working on revisions toMethods D870, D1735, D2247. andD2366.

108

Group 4: Light and Water ExposureApparatus. S. Totty, Chairman, is finalizing D3361 (Unfiltered Carbon ArcType) for reapproval and conductinground robin tes'ting (4 hours light/4hours dark) for Method D822; results ofthe latter should be available for theJanuary 1981 meeting.

Group 6: Detergent Test Jor OrganicFinishes. H. Leister. Chairman. hasdecided to submit Method D2248 forreapproval with the comment that workis continuing on the method in the areasof bath agitation, edge protection andnon-phosphate detergent formula.

Group 9: Evaluation oj CorrodedSpecimens. R. Williamson, Chairman,has issued the revision of Method D 1654following Society ballot approval. Discussions are continuing on a recent set ofcomments and review of an ISO methodon salt spray operation.

Group 10: Accelerated Outdoor Exposure. M. Morse, Chairman, is drafting amethod encompassing the Black Box.Heated Black Box. and EM MAQAmethods.

Group 16: Chalking. J. Robbins,Chairman, is drafting a new chalkingstandard covering the methods used in arecent round robin. This will be inaddition to Method D659 which has justbeen revised.

Group 17: Evaluation oj WeatheringEffects. A. Thompson, Chairman. isactively working on revisionsj reapprovals of the following methods: D661. onCracking. D662. on Erosion, D772, OnFlaking, D1006. on Test Paints onWood. and D1543, on Color Permanance.

A new task group. DOI.27.14, Filiform Corrosion, has been formed with R.De Graff as Chairman and will concentrate on revision of Method D2803.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.28BIODETERIORATION

D.L. Campbell, Chairman

Method D3274. "Evaluating Degree ofSurface Disfigurement of Paint Films byFungal Growth or Soil and Dirt Accumulation." was discussed briefly before deciding to circulate it within thesubcommittee for additional comments.Method D3273. "Test for Resistance toGrowth of Mold on Surface of InteriorCoatings in an Environmental Chamber,"was discussed with several editorial comments being suggested. The revised standard will be circulated within the subcommittee for additional comment. Bothrevised standards will be reviewed at theJanuary 1981 meeting. The revised stan-

dard. D3456. "Practice for Determiningby Exterior Exposure Tests the Susceptibility of Paint Films to MicrobiologicalAttack," was voted on by the maincommittee and approved. One affirmative vote was made with comment. Thesecomments were discussed by the subcommittee and the results of that discussionwill be reviewed with the voter prior tosubmitting the revised standard for publication.

Group I: Package Preserl'Qtion. W.o.Woods. Chairman, advised that sinceonly two of six participants in the currentround robin had reported their results.no definite conclusions could be drawn.Initial indications are that single inoculations of the paints are not successful inpromoting sustained bacterial growth inthose paints. The feasibility of using aspoiled paint as an inoculum was discussed. Also discussed was a source for suchan inoculum should it prove to be theinoculum of choice. The chairman willcollect data from the participants in thecurrent round robin. analyze the results.and proposed additional laboratorywork to be completed prior to theJanuary 1981 meeting.

Group 2: Derermination of Enzymes.D. Flanagan. Chairman, is a new groupand the first order of business was todevelop a scope of work. A libraryresearch program will be conducted todetermine which methods for detectionof enzymes are available. An initialround robin will utilize spoiled paintsfrom Task Group I. and will be started asSOon as a method can be proposed andthe spoiled samples become available.One of the methods proposed is todetermine the presence of glucose in apaint sample. As monosaccharides arethe result of the decomposition of cellulosic materials by enzymes. the presenceof glucose should indicate the presence ofenzymes. To make certain that glucose isnot a common component of paint,several production samples of paint.known to be biologically inactive. will beexamined for glucose.

Group 3: Accelerated Tesrs. K.A.Haagenson, Chairman. reviewed resultsof a current round robin. Paints exposedin five different tropical chambersshowed similar performance when ratedafter the fail control showed a growthrate of 2-3 (10 =no growth; 0 =completefailure). The same paints are to beexposed at four'exterior exposure sites inthe United States and One such site inPuerto Rico. Assuming that a correlationbetween the tropical chamber studies andthe exterior exposure study is achieved. aproposed standard will be written toshow the use of accelerated testing as ameans of evaluating coatings designedfor exterior exposure. A rough draft of


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the proposed standard and the initialresults from the exterior exposure studywill be presented at the January 1981meeting.

Group 4: Algae Resistance of PaintFilms. The need for a method to determine algae growth in the presence (andabsence) of mold was discussed. Microscopic and colorimetric methods fordifferentiation were described.W. Woods agreed to chairthis group on atemporary basis and will do the preliminary library research to determine theinformation available on the subject.

Group 5: Reroating Mildewed Surfaces. A. Juby, Chairman, discussedseveral practices currently in use. Acollection of methods presently in usewill be made and a compilation of themwill be presented at the January 1981meeting.

SUBCOMMITTEE 001.29SUBSTRATE PREPARATION

FOR COATING TESTING

S.D. Ozenich, Chairman

The subcommittee considered comments received on Method 01734,"Making and Preparing Concrete and

Masonry Panels for Testing Paint Finishes," which had been submitted forreapproval. One voter indicated that mmshould be given preference to in. It wasnoted that this was contrary to established policy and was, therefore, considered non-persuasive. A second votercommented that reference should bemade to the manual on nuclear coating work, Chapter 8. It was felt thatthis was inappropriate as the methodis intended for laboratory testingonly. The third voter commented that thebond coat mixture was too thin. Members felt that the current mix was adequate but that changes should be considered when making a major revision ofthe standard. This voter also felt that theword "cement" should be placed after"asbestos" everywhere the phrase "asbestos shingles" appeared. It was felt thatthi!;' was a valid comment and thestandard will be editorially revised torenect this change. The fourth votersuggested that a precautionary statementwas necessary in the section where theasbestos cement shingles were cut. Members agreed with this comment anddrafted the following statement to beinserted in section 5.3 after the phrase"Cut the asbestos cement shingles"[Caution: use vacuum dust collector for

removal of asbestos cement particlesduring cutting]. This was considered tobe editorial and the standard will besubmitted for reapproval on the Societyballot.

A negative on withdrawal of Method01733, "Preparation of Aluminum AlloyPanels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and Related Products," was discussed. The voter agreed to withdraw hisnegative upon agreement that development of a new method or recommendedpractice would be considered at a futuredate. It was voted to submit Method0220 I, "Preparation of Hot DippedNonpassivated Galvanized Steel Panelsfor Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer andRelated Products," for concurrent subcommittee and main committee ballot.Members were advised that the chairmanwould be sending out a questionnaire onpreparation of sandblasted steel panelsfor paint testing as a first step inestablishing a task group on this subject.

The balance of the 1980 Subcommittee reports of ASTMCommittee 0-1 will be published intheOctober1980 issueof the JCT.-Ed.

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Witco Chemical Corporation, Organics Division. Dept I6200 W. 51 st Street, Chicago, Illinois 60638. I

IIIIIIIIIII

: City & State Zip I- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - __I

Witeo112 Journal of Coatings Technology

Society f1leetlngs

BRIAN AODENBROOKE. SeaNary

DoN L. MAZZONE. Seaelary

The following officers were elected for1980-81: President-Sharon Vadnais, ofE.T. Horn Co.; Vice-President-E."Bud" Harmon, of Borden ChemicalCo.; Treasurer-Don Mazzone, of TheO'Brien Corp.; Secretary-Wayne Cochran, of Tenneco Chemical Co.; andCouncil Representative-Gordon Rook,of The O'Brien Corp.

Chairman of the Scholarship Committee, Barry Adler, announced that Kenneth Adkins, Melany Shaw, and TracyWaldron will each be awarded a $500scholarship for the year 1980-81. CarolAnton, of The O'Brien Corp., was presented with an award for being TopStudent in the Society's Paint Educationclass.

Bill Ellis, President-Elect of the Federation, gave a talk and slide presentationhighlighting Federation organizationand activities. He emphasized the teaching aids, technical information, andpublications which are available formembers of the Federation.

June16

June19

Golden Gate

Honored guests in attendance includedFederation President, Elder Larson, andExecutive Vice-President, Frank Borrelle.

To commemorate his visit during theClub's 50th Anniversary, Mr. Larson waspresented with the PresidentialJewel. Hethen presented Society President, JohnHitchin, with a Federation certificate inhonor of the event. After words ofappreciation, Mr. Borrelle congratulatedthe Club.

Mr. Larson, the Technical Speaker forthe evening, spoke on "FLAMMABILITYPOTENTIAL OF SURFACE COATINGS."

After outlining the present work onflash points and the explosive limits ofsolvents and solvent mixtures, Mr. Larson compared different test methodsused to determine flash point. Referencewas made to the Club's audio-visualpresentation on the setaflash.

In conclusion, Mr. Larson stated thatpresent computer calculations were unreliable for predicting the flash points ofaqueous solvent blends.

Birmingham

Vol. 52, No. 668. September 1980 113

Elections

GOLDEN GATEActive

FARRUGIA, JOSEPH-Flecto Co., Inc.,Oakland, CA.

GOODSON. KEITH S.-Memorex Corp., SantaClara, CA.

GRANT FRED-Spencer Kellogg Div., SanCarlos, CA.

HARTMANN, MARGARET R,-Midlafld Div.Dexter Corp., Hayward, CA.

HODSON, MATT E.-Memorex Corp., SanJose, CA.

HUNT. GEORGE C.-Kelly-Moore Paint Co.,San Carlos.

MCGURK. ARTHUR C.-Midland Div. DexterCorp., Hayward,

O'BRIEN. ANN-Flecto Co., Inc., Oakland.

SCHAFER. JULIAN E.-Kelly-Moore Paint Co.,San Carlos.

SHUISKV. PAuL-Sem Products, Inc.,Belmont, CA.

SULLIVAN. JERRv-Midland Div. DexterCorp., Hayward.

Yu. CECILIA L.-LTY Chemicals, Inc.,Albany, CA.

Associate

114

PRIEBE, CHET H.-Shields, Harper & Co.,Oakland, CA.

TOSTTENSON. PATRICIA-Pacific Anchor,Richmond, CA.

VADNAIS. SHARON-E.T. Horn Co., Oakland.

LOUISVILLEActive

LVNCH, MICHAEL B.-Porter Painl Co.,Louisville, KY.

Associate

COWHIG. DENNIS M.-Inmont Corp.,Jeffersontown, KY.

NEW YORKAssociQ/i'

FEHRS. HERMAN-William B. Sanford.Dover, NJ.

HADDOCK, JOHN E.-Manchem, PrincelonJunction, NJ.

JORD~N. JAMES J.-Harmon Colors Corp.,Hawthorne, NJ.

ROEST. HANs-Radianl Color. Brookside,NJ.

TORONTOAssociate

ARNOTT, JOHN S.-L.V. Lomas ChemicalCo., Mississauga, Ont. Can,

IGOR, NIKOLAJEV - Unique Coatings &Textures Ltd., Rexdale, Onto Can.

VERA, DAN-Van Waters & Rogers Ltd.,Weston, Ont. Can.

WESTERN NEW YORK

Active

FONDA, JAMES R.-Hughson Chemicals,Erie, PA,

KINSELLA, THOMAS P.-Spencer Kellogg,Buffalo, N.Y.

Associate

BETTES, JOHN-Harshaw Chemical, Cleveland, Ohio

KASPRZAK, HENRV A.-Spencer Kellogg,Buffalo, N.Y.

KNOTT, GLENN L.-Mooney Chemicals,Inc., Bloomingdale, NJ.

MAISCH, CHARLES-N L Chemicals, Tonawanda, N.Y,


TechnIcal Articles In Other PublicationsCompiled by the Technical Information Systems Committee-H. Skowronska, Chairman

Journal of the Oil and Colour Chemists' Association

Published by Oil and Colour Chemists' Association. Priory House.967 Harrow Road. Wemblcy. Middlesex. HAO 2SF England

Banfield. T.A.-"OCCA Monograph Numbcr I-Marine Finishes.Part 11": 93-100.

Goswami. D. N.-"Relationship BCI ween Glass Transition and MeltingTemperature of Natural Resins": 101-102.

Kornum. LO. "Evaporation and Water-Dilotable Coatings": 103123.

Banfield. T.A.-"OCCA Monograph Number I-Marine Finishes.Part I": 53-60.

Jayasri. A. and Yascen. M.-··Solubility Parameter Values SuggestedUsing the Reported and Calculated Values for Organic Compouods": 61-69.

Kapse. G. W. aod Bela Rani. Km.-"Zinc-Rich Paints": 70-76.Hendifar. A.R. and Tirgan. M.R.-"Gas ChromalOgraphyTechnique

for the Analysis of Solvent Mixtures Based on Hydrocarbons Ester.Ethers. CIC .• Used in Paints and Lacquers"; 77-79.

May 1980Vol. 63 '0. 5

Colclough. M.L.. Smith. N.D.P.. and Wright. T.A.-"A Low ShearViscometer: An Instrument for Measuring Flowand Sag Resistancein Coatings": 183-193.

Haken. J.K. and abita. J.A.-"Chromatographie Analysis of FallyPolyamide Resins after Alkali Fusion": 194-199.

Croll. S.G.-"Correlation of the Adhesion ofa Polystyrene LaequertoInorganic Substrates and their Wetting Characteristics": 200-209.

Smits. C L. Heertjes. P.M .. and Kolar. Z.-"Radiotracer Study of theCompetitive Adsorption on Titanium Dioxide of Stearic Acid Pairedwith Linoleic Acid and Palmitic Acid": 210-213.

Vol. 63 No.4 April 1980

Welch. M.J .. Counsell. P.J.C. and Lawton. CV.-"Study of theNatural Weathering of Sealants": 137-143.

Rajagopalan. K.S .. Guruviah. S.. and Rajagopalan. CS.-"Evaluationof Varnishes by Capacitance and Resistance Measurements";144-148.

Tripathi. S.K.M. and Khanna. B. '.-"Modification of HydrolysedLac with Epichlorhydrin and Epoxy Resin": 149-152.

Giudice. CA.. Benitez. J.C. Rascio. V.J.D.. and Presta. M.A."Study of Variables which Affect Dispersion of Antifouling Paints inBall Mills": 153-162.

March 1980

February 1980

Vol. 63 No.3

Vol. 63 No.2

ATLASCOLORCHEX™

Atlas presentsa patented newconcept in visualcolor matching. OnlyColor·Chex offers fluorescent Northlite (7500k). Daylight (6500 k), Chroma 50 (5000 k),Incandescent (2300 k) and Black Light lampsfor maximum versatility and illumination. Thiscombined with our sample holding feature,which reduces errors caused by viewing anglereflectance and distance, offers you the ulti·mate in visual color matching. Its compactsize and light weight make the Atlas Color·Chex an ideal tool for office, lab., or plant.

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ECLIPSESYSTEMS, INC.SUB$IDIAR I( or At ROS 'I'S TEMS TECHNOlOG Y CORPORA TION

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Vol. 52. No. 668, September 1980 115

Double Liaison(In French)

Published by EREC, 68 rue Jean-Jaures, 928000 Puteaux

Vol. 27 No. 294 March 1980

Pigment and Resin Technology

Published by Sawell Publications. Ltd .. 127 Stanstead Rd ..London S E23 IJ E

May 1980

June 1980

Vol. 86 No.5

Vol. 86 No.6

Anon.-"Forecast for the West German Printing Ink Industry, in Lightof Low Profits and Prices and High Turnover"; 411-412.

Marquardt, W.-"Liquid Epoxy Resins Based on Bisphenol F. Application for Low Viscosity, Non-<:rystallising Coating Masses, CastingResins and Laminating Systems"; 413-419.

Brockmann, W., Hennemann, O.-D., and Kollek, H.-"ReactivityandMorphology of Metal Surfaces as a Basis for a Model of Adhesion";420-425.

Janik, G. and Mohler, H.-"Quantitative Differential Microcalorimetric Investigations into the Curing of Varnish Systems. (3) Isocyanate CrossIinking Polyester Resins"; 425-429.

Gross, H.-"Some Thoughts on the Introduction of the Term "Nomi,nal Film Thickness" (DIN 55 928 Part 5); 429-430.

Brushwell, W.-"Newly Developed Materials for Corrosion and Build,ing Protection"; 431-436.

Plazanet, J. and Lippler. R.-"Residual Solvents in NitrocelluloseFilms"; 21-38.

Fabre, P.-"Boles and Disks at High Speed, by Modern Methods ofElectrostatic Application of Paints"; 39-43.

Gonnet, O.-"Influence of Dispersing Agents and Thickeners on theRheology of Emulsion Paints"; 44-46.

Farbe und Lack(In German)

Published by Curt R. Vincentz Verlag. Schiffgraben 41-43,3000 Hannover I, Postfach 6247

Schwegmann, B.-"Rationalisation in Manufacture by the Use ofSemi-Finished Products"; 491-492.

Becker, A.-"Electron Microscopic Preparative Techniques. (2)";493-498.

Kerner-Gang, W. and Pantke. M.-"Influence of Humidity on Testswith Blue Molds"; 499-504.

Ledwoch. K.-D.-"Insulating Fire Protection Coatings"; 505-506.Gauler. K.-D. and Mohler. H.-"Quantitative DifferentialMicro

calorimetric Investigations into the Curing of Varnish Systems.(4) Melamine Alkyd Resins"; 507-515.

Brushwell. W.-"New Lacquer Materials for Industrial Applications"(Literature review); 516-521.

Application: Anticorrosive Coatings

Gravure printing inks, Adhesives,

Flame retardants etc.

SUPERCHLon

Application: Additives to paints,

Gravure printing inks and Adhesives

for untreated Polypropylenes.

Vol. 9 No.3 March 1980

Scott. J.-"Does Correlation Exist between Accelerated andConventional Exposures? Part II"; 12-14.

Vol. 9 No.4 April 1980

Walton, A.J.-"Gas Chromatography Procedures and Equipment for the Paints and Inks Industry. Part I"; 4-9.

Krishnamurti, N.-"Vinyl Monomers from 12-HydroxyStearic Acid"; 15-17.

Walton, A.J.-"Gas Chromatography Procedures and Equipment for the Paints and Inks Industry. Part II"; 4-10.

SANYO-KOKUSAKU PULP CO., LTD.CHEMICALS SALES DEPT.1-4-5, Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, JapanTelex: J 24279 SK PULP

Vol. 9 No.5 May 1980


meetings/education

Coating Courses Currently Offered at Unlv. of Detroit

Chicago Society to Cosponsor Management Seminar

The Polymer Institute of the University of Detroit, the Detroit Society forCoatings Technology and the DetroitPaint & Coatings Association are jointlysponsoring coating courses currently being held at the university, Beginning inSeptember, the courses offered include:

"Coatings Laboratory"-The 7-weekcourse emphasizes "hands-on" ex perience as it covers the use and operation ofequipment used in quality control andR&D laboratories. Michael King, ofChrysler Corp.. is Instructor.

"Fundamentals of Automotive PaintSystems"-A comprehensive survey ofbasic automotive paint raw materials andprocess systems is included. Instructorfor the 14-week course is Donald Mordis,of Ford Motor Co.

"Modern Resin Technology"-Thesessions of the 12-week course willinclude lectures on modern resin technology which illustrate the relationship

between the structure of the resins andthe properties of the coatings. PertinentFederation Series books are also included.

"Principles of Color Technology"Designed as an introduction for thosewith no previous education in the field,this "hands-on" course will deal withcolor matching and color control.

In addition to these offerings, thePolymer Institute is currently sponsoringa two-semester, six-eredit course, "The

The Chicago Society for CoatingsTechnology and the Chicago Paint andCoatings Association will cosponsor aManagement Development Seminar tobe held at the Fountain Blue, DesPlaines, lL, on October 2.

The seminar will be conducted by Dr.David L. Ward, who will present the

Chemistry of Protective Coatings,"which may be used towards a Bachelor'sor Graduate Degree. With Dr. TJ.Anagnostou as Instructor, the topicsexpected to be covered include basicpolymer concepts, paint formulation,urethane resin chemistry, emulsion polymerization, and analysis and characterization techniques.

For further details, contact Dr. RaulChao at the University of Detroit, 4001West McNichols Rd., Detroit, M I48221.

topic, "The Money Value of Time."Advance registration is $40; $45 at thetime of the seminar.

For more information, or to register,please contact the Seminar Chairman,George (rby, R9hm and Haas Co.. 5750W. Jarvis Ave., Niles, IL 60648; or call,(213) 647-8866.


1IIIIIIIeVililli, I

o conelplategeometry generatesdefined shear rates

o indicates absolute viscosityin centipoises (m Paos)

o requires small (0.5 to 2 milsample volume

o enables sample tempep;-rature,to be preciselycontrolledeasily converts foruse as a standard Also available in

~Brookfield Viscometer recording mode forEXHIBITOR PAINT SHOW continuous recording

BOOTH #18 of viscosity.

BROOKFIELDBROOKFiElD ENGINEERING LABORATORIES.INC.

Dept. V-28 STOUGHTON. MASS. 02072 (6171344·4310

117

Montreal and Toronto Joint Symposium Focuses on Corrosion

Established 1891

1965 N. CLYBOURN AVE.• CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60614(312) 348-8250 • TWX 9102210329 • CABLE: CHIBOCO

CHICAGO BOILER COMPANY

Rolla Schedules BridgeMaintenance Course in 51. Louis

"Super Coatings"- Dr. Thomas Ginsberg, of Union Carbide Corp.

"Polyurethanes: Coatings of the '80s?"-Ronald G. Eritano. of Mobay Chemicals.

"The Design of Aqueous Coatings andFlash Rusting"-John Fitzwater. ofPolyvinyl Chemical Industries. Inc.

"The European View of CorrosionPrevention"-Dr. Tom Bullet. Directorof the Paint Research Association.England.

Serving as co-chairmen for the sessionswere Bob Rauch (Montreal). of Tioxide.Inc.. and Helmut Zapfe (Toronto). ofAshland Chemicals.

Chicago to Oller CourseIn Coatings Technology

A "Course in Coatings Technology"will be sponsorcd by the Joint EducationCommittee of the Chicago Society forCoatings Technology and thc ChicagoPaint and Coatings Association. Thecourse will be held at Elmhurst College.Elmhurst. IL. on Thursday eveningsfrom 6:00 to 9:00 pm. October 2 throughMarch 26, 1981.

The course is designed to offer thefundamental tools needed in the coatingsindustry. and will cover such topics asformulating tcchniqucs. raw materials.quality assurance. application methods.problem solving. and cnvironmental considerations.

Thc cost of the course is $300. whichincludes printed notes and tcxtbook. Anoptional take home exam will be givenwith cash awards presented for the bestthree papers.

To obtain the registration form. contact Ms. Dolores Thomas. Chicago PCA.35 E. Wacker. Suite 1936. Chicago. IL60602; or, for more information. writeMr. Fred Foote. U.S. Gypsum Co.. 1000E. Northwest Hwy.. Dcs Plaincs. IL60016.

The University of Missouri-Rolla, incooperation with the Institute for BridgeIntegrity and Safety, will present a oneday course on "Protective Coatings forthe Maintenance of Bridges and Structures" on Oct. 23, 1980, in St. Louis.

For further information, contactNorma R. Fleming, Conference Coordinator, Arts and Sciences ContinuingEducation, University of MissouriRolla, Rolla, MO 65401.

The program featured the followingpresentations:

Write for literature.

"Economic Aspects in the Protectionof Steel"-Abel Banov, Senior Editor ofthe American Paint and Coatings Journal.

"Mechanisms of Corrosion"-Dr.G.M. Sastry, of Chrysler Corp.

The 13th annual joint Fall Symposiumof the Montreal and Toronto Societiesfor Coatings Technology examined thetopic of "Corrosion" September 17 and18. The Symposium was held September17 at Bill Wong's Restaurant in Montreal. and followed on September 18 atthe Town & Country Restaurant inToronto.

This small media wet milling system uses a horizontal grindingchamber with high energy inputfor efficient dispersion of pigments and powdered solids intoliquid systems.

Patented horizontal design permits rapid cleanup and productionadjustments for different productsin minimum time.

The DYNO-MILL handles toughgrinding assignments for a widerange of products with minimumoperator attention for lower laborcosts. Low noise levels and pressure sealed construction whichminimizes contamination of plantatmosphere from vapor releasecontribute to production acceptance,

Production sizes from 1.4 to250 liters. The DYNO-MILL is produced and assembled in the USAby Chicago Boiler Co. with proprietary Swiss-made componentsand American made motors,powertrains, electrical controlsand auxiliary equipment.


People

Visit uS at Booth 529, Paint Industries' Show, October 29-31.

HYDROUS AND ANHYDROUS ALUMINUM SILICATE PIGMENTS' KAOlIN CLAYS .

R.W. Kent

\.: ......11'........-

P. Stendel

Mines and Plants: SlJnclflravl/l8" GeotgiaEXECUTIVE. SALESOFFICU: P.O. BOX 349. SANDERSVJlLE, GA 31082

R.E. CollinsG. Malkin

Following the retirement of Harry H.Kay, Mac-O-Lac Paints, Detroit, MI,has elected Philip Stendel President. Mr.Stendel was formerly Vice- President ofOperations. He has served as PastPresident of the Piedmont Society and ispresently a member of the DetroitSociety.

The company has also named BernardGardier to the position of Chemist andAlan Warchol to Production Manager.

Joseph Fath has been promoted toSenior Vice-President of Tenneco Chemicals, Saddle Brook, NJ. Mr. Fath, whopreviously served as Vice-President, willcontinue to be responsible for allcorporate planning and development,including long-range planning, researchand development, and engineering.

Gabriel Malkin recently joined theJesse S. Young Co., Hewlett, NY, asManager of Equipment Sales. A memberof the New York Society, Mr. Malkin hasover 30 years' experience in the chemicaland coatings industry. He previouslyserved as Chief Engineer for BenjaminMoore & Co.

Dr. Arthur E. Humphrey has beenappointed Provost and Vice-President ofLehigh University. Dr. Humphrey, formerly Dean of the College of Engineeringand Applied Science at the University ofPennsylvania, will succeed Dr. A.C.Zelliemoyer, who will return to his careerin research as University DistinguishedProfessor and President of the AmericanChemical Society.

The Printing Ink Div. of BordenChemicals, Columbus, OH, hasannounced the following appointments:Thomas Trevor Rhodes- Director of thePigments Div. in Cincinnati; George C.Morehouse, III-Sales Representativebased in the Chicago area; and RaymondE. Collins-Sales Representative for thecompany's line of pigments and relatedproducts. Mr. Collins is a member of theChicago Society.

Robert W. Kent has been promoted toGeneral Manager of the InternationalDivision of Carboline Co., St. Louis. Heformerly served as Marketing Managerfor the division.

In addition, the company haspromoted Michael J. Dugan to theposition of International TechnicalManager. In this position, he will beresponsible for the general managementand expansion of the division.

Vol. 52, No. 668, September 1980 119

Wyandotte Paint Products Co. hasappointed Stanley J. Thompson, Jr. tothe new position of Group VicePresident-Operations. In his new post,he will have overall responsibility forsales, research and development, andmanufacturing.

Daniel H. Monroe has been appointedDirector of Corporate Purchases for allLilly Industrial Coatings plants. Inaddition to his new duties, he willcontinue as Vice-President of Purchasesfor the firm's High Point, NC plant.

Robert N. Jones has been appointedPresident of Davies Can Co., a divisionof Van Dorn Co. Most recently, Mr.Jones served as President of EnergyConservation, of Cleveland.

Bob Desjardins has been appointedExecutive Vice-President for Trade Salesat the Devoe and Raynolds Co. ofLouisville. Contributing 34 years' experience in the paint business, he willassume responsibility for sales, marketing, and manufacturing in the division.

Penn Color, Inc., Doylestown, PA,has appointed David M. McGarrityVice-President of sales and marketing.Mr. McGarrity will direct all marketingactivities for the company's line of colordispersions and will report to Edgar N.Putman, President.

Progress Paint Mfg. Co., of Louisville,has named Michael L. Platt AdvertisingManager. His duties will includeadvertising for both the IndustrialCoatings Div. and the company's tradesales, which include Gray-Seal paintproducts.

A NEW Series of POLYURETHANES!

c. J. OSBORN CHEMICALS, Inc.820 SHERMAN AVENUE, PENNSAUKEN, N. J. 08109

Research utilizing the ever-widening pool of hydroxyl reactants has resulted in a series of new MIRASOL Polyurethanes.

MIRASOLS 08·9248 and 08·A-0617

Linseed Oil modified urethanes. Produce varnishes whichexhibit qUick drying characteristics and yield films that are flexible with superior hardness and durability. Useful in pigmentedcoatings as a sole binder and/or to improve film properties ofslow drying long oil alkyds.

MIRASOLS 08-8200 M and 08-9963

Yellowing resistant urethanes. They are suggested for usewhere color and gloss retention are most important. Recommended for clears and stains, aerosol coatings, with excellentresistance to weathering and abrasion.

Send for samples and technical data

Cyanamid has appointed Vincent A.Lindgren National Sales Manager for itsline of color pigments. He will direct thesales activities of the Pigments Dept.from its headquarters in Wayne, NJ.

The Paint Research Association hasappointed M.G.B. Wright to the newlycreated post of Seminar Coordinator.Under the direction of L.A. Tysall,Training Manager, he will expand theseminar program to meet the needs ofPRA's membership, as well as an increasing number of paint user organizations,equipment manufacturers, and instrument makers.

H. Barclay Morley, of StaufferChemical Co. was elected Chairman ofthe Board of the Chemical Manufacturers Association. He succeeds JohnM. Henske, of Olin Corp. William G.Simeral, of E.!. du Pont de Nemours& Co., has been named Vice-Chairmanand Paul F. Oreffice, of The DowChemical Co. was elected Chairman ofthe Executive Committee.

Newly elected to the Board ofDirectors were: Richard C. Ashley,Dexter F. Baker, Raymond F. Bentele,Charles E. Brookes, Harry W.Buchanan, Carlyle G. Caldwell, RobertS. Dudley, Richard E. Engebrecht,Alexander F. Giacco, and Arthur L.Goeschel.

Also elected to the CMA board were:James B. Henderson, William G. Kay,Jr., Dwight C. Minton, Charles W.Parry, M. Whitson Sadler, George J.Sella, Jr., Allan J. Tomlinson, KonradM. Weis, and Louis G. Zachary.

As part of its managerial realignment,Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp., OklahomaCity, has announced the followingappointments: W.L. Johnson-VicePresident, agricultural products; J.R.Kelly- Vice-President, electrolyticproducts; and W.B. Hayes-Vice-President, pigment.

W. W. Young, Executive Vice-President of the firm, is now responsible forsoda products operations.

ESTABLISHED 1889

OSBORN

fro...

AVAILABLE

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Polymeric ResinsLiterature is now available which

describes polymeric resins which can beused as absorbents, enzyme or catalystsupports, or as polymeric reagents insituations where conventional materialsgive inadequate performances. Copies ofthis brochure can be obtained from RonLawrence, Diamond Shamrock Corp.,800 Chestnut St., Redwood City, CA94063.

SolventA new glycol ether solvent for use in

water-dilutable coating systems is introduced in literature. Among the advantages reported are faster drying time,improved water miscibility at elevatedtemperatures, lower resin solution viscosity, and low odor. For further information, write Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., Coatings Chemicals Div.,B-280, Kingsport, TN 37662.

Chemical Intermediates

Recently released literature describes anew line of chemical intermediates andpolymers. Included are polyethyleneimine derivatives, used in coatings andprinting inks, latex paints and adhesives,water' treatment and electroconductiveresins. For additional information, contact D. Dorrycott, Thiokol SpecialtyChemicals Div., P.O. Box 8296, Trenton,NJ 08650.

Silicas

A new brochure describes a line ofsilicas which are functional in theplastics, coatings, adhesives, pharmaceutical, and other industries. Alsoincluded are the various applications,properties, typical physical and chemicalcharacteristics, and test methods of thesilicas. For a copy, write IndustrialChemicals Dept., W.R. Grace & Co.,Davison Chemical Div., P.O. Box 2117,Baltimore, MD 21203.

Acrylic Latex Enamel

The advantages and uses of a newwater-based gloss enamel are discussed ina recently issued fact sheet. Reportedlydesigned to provide superior gloss andcolor retention, the water-based formulation of the enamel enables easy application, low odor, and water clean-up.Complete information can be obtainedfrom The O'Brien Corp., 450 East GrandAve., South San Francisco, CA 94080.

Filler Products

A 22-page booklet is now availablewhich details information on diatomitefiller products. Applications are discussed including grade used, amount suggested, the properties of that grade, andthe benefits those properties offer theproducer. For a copy of FF-63, contactCarol Ebert, Filtration & Minerals Div.,Johns-Manville, Ken-Caryl Ranch, Denver, CO 80217.

Test Panel

A black and white metal test paneldesigned for determining the hidingpower of powder coatings is described ina newly released data sheet. The panel isdescribed as being receptive to electrostatic spray application and as showingno distortion or discoloration. Samplesand literature may be obtained from TheLeneta Co., P.O. Box 576, Ho-Ho-Kus,NJ 07423.

Vol. 52. No. 668. September 1980

CHICAGO BOILER COMPANY1965 N. CLYBOURN AVE.• CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60614 • (312) 348-8250

TWX 9102210329 • CABLE: CHIBOCO

121

Convenient Container

Literature describing a new, easy-tohandle 50 Ib drum now being used forpacking Cosan P fungicide is nowavailable. The container is easier to storeand is the first use of a small drum forpacking this type of dry product. Formore information, contact Cosan Chemical Corp., 400 14th St., Carlstadt, NJ.

PhenolicsProduct information bulletins on two

phenolics for coatings used in drum, pailand can lining applications have beenissued recently. A 4-page bulletin, F47489, describes a phenolic resin whichcan be used to formulate thermosettingsolvent-based or powder systems. A 6page brochure, F474 I5, covers a phenolic resin developed for formulatingcrosslinkable water-borne coatings systems. Each brochure contains a table oftypical properties, a table indicatingcompatibility with other polymers, and adiscussion of food additive status. Copiescan be obtained from Union CarbideCorp., Coatings Materials Div.. Dept.JLS. 270 Park Ave., New York, NY10017.

Ketone SolventsMeeting the challenge of formulating

coatings with ketone solvents is the topicof a new informational brochure. This8-page guide addresses the problems ofmeeting stricter EPA solvent emissionsstandards while keeping costs in line.Included are tables and graphs to illustrate the maximum amounts of solventsallowed by current guidelines. as well ascomparative data on ketones and esters,and a complete listing of properties ofketone solvents. For a copy of "ShellKetone Solvents for Economical LowEmission Coatings Systems," write ShellChemical Co., Manager, Solvents Communications, One Shell Plaza, Houston, TX 77002.

Low Energy Curing

Literature is now available whichdescribes a catalyzed polyester/epoxycoating. This brochure covers typicalapplications of these low energy curingcoatings, as well as the results of chemicaland stain resistance tests. For moreinfonriation, contact Progress PaintMfg. Co., Inc., Industrial Coatings Div.,P.O. Box 33188, Louisville, KY 40232.

Polyurethane Coatings

A revised technical bulletin on coatings for finishing plastics is now available.The six-page brochure includes discussion of typical properties, spray equipment chart information, and performance characteristics. Bulletin DS 107058 can be obtained by writing toHughson Chemicals, Lord Corp., 2000W. Grandview Blvd., P.O. Box 1099,Erie. PA 16512.

Industry Survey

"The Paint Industry Today: WorldTrends," a comprehensive and concisesurvey of the paint industry throughoutthe world, has recently been published bythe Paint Research Association. Writtenby Shun'ichi Nakanishi and translatedfrom Japanese,the article includes industry information from the Far East, including the People's Republic of China,the Near and Middle East. Brazil, Africaand Oceania, and Eastern and WesternEurope. For additional information, contact Mrs. Caroline Veitch, PublicationsCoordinator, Information Dept.. PaintResearch Association, Waldegrave Rd.,Teddington, Middlesex TW II 8LDEngland.

"Standard for Metric Practice"

Here today and tomorrowAmorphous Silica: the ideal, inert filler/extenderOne of Illinois Minerals' 10 grades of amorphous silica iscertain to meet your specs for an inert filler/extender. It'seconomical, versatile and, what's equally important,readily available. Illinois Minerals' 11,000 acre reserve ofthis remarkable material is sufficient to meet projectedindustry demands for the next 1200 years!

Illinois Minerals produces six air·floated grades ofamorphous silica and four IMSILS"', micronized grades.

If you'd like more information on amorphous silica, theideal, inert filler/extender that will be as readily availabletomorrow as it is today, call or write for our NEW bulletin203.

122

This latest edition of a comprehensiveguide for application of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI) consists of 42 pagesof up-to-date information including alisting of non-SI units recognized for usewith SI units and a list of conversionfactors. Publication 06-503807-41 isavailable from American Society forTesting and Materials. Sales ServiceDept., 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA19103.

Polyurethanes

Information is now available whichdescribes clear liquid plastic polyurethanes available in spray cans. For moreinformation, contact Bernard Tucker,Trade. Sales Manager, McCloskeyVarnish Co., 7600 State Rd., Philadelphia, PA 19136.

Pump CatalogA l6-page. condensed, fully illustra

ted, rotary pump catalog includes revisedpump features, specifications, drivearrangements, pump size selection diagrams. performance curves. and a list ofliquids and the markets in which they areused. Internal and external gear pumplines are shown and described. For a copyof Bulletin 80-S, contact Viking PumpDiv., Houdaille Industries, Inc., CedarFalls. IA 50613.


Coating Thickness Gauge

In literature now available, this smallportable instrument, operated from a 9volt battery with the option of an ACadiptor, is described. There is one scaleof 0-20 mils which also reads in metricunits of 0-500 microns. Measurementcan be made of all nonmagnetic coatingssuch as electroplating and paint on a steelbase. The probe is of the constantpressure single contact type fitted with aV slot for measurement on cylindricalobjects. To obtain additional information, contact Surfatest, Inc., Suite 224,Airport Executive Center, 5700 ThurstonAve., Virginia Beach, VA 23455.

Epoxy Coating Systems

Three heavy duty epoxy coatingsystems intended to provide excellentresistance to chipping, abrasion, chemcals and corrosion in severe exposuresand water immersion applications aredescribed in a new eight-page bulletin.For additonal information, request Publication # 7431 from Rust-Oleum Corp.,II Hawthorn Pkwy., Vernon Hills, IL60061.

Titration System

A fully automatic titration systemwhich provides a direct digital readout ofwater content without calculation is thesubject of recently issued literature. Thissystem combines solid-state computingtechniques with a peristaltic meteringpump. For additional information,contact Mr. Graham Gibson, Baird &Tatlock (London) Ltd., P.O. Box I,Romford RMI IHA, England.

Costing for Industrial PaintFinishing

A new, 152-page manual prepared forthe Paint Research Association by ValueControl Ltd. is now available. The manual identifies capital and operating costsfor each stage of all commonly usedindustrial finishing processes and sets upa framework enabling managements tocalculate unit costs for various types ofarticles and volumes of production. Thepublication can be obtained from thePaint Research Association, WaldegraveRd., Teddington, Middlesex, TW II 8LD,England.

Heat Pumps

A brochure on water-source heatpumps for recycling heat energy inmanufacturing plants is now available.The 6-page bulletin includes three casehistories, as well as descriptions ofoperating and construction features. Fora copy of ENER 1-130, contact AmericanAir Filter Co., 215 Central Ave.,Louisville, KY 40277.

RH Control

A device which automatically sensesand controls relative humidity, for use inpaint booths, spray coating systems, andenvironmental test chambers, is describedin newly released literature. For moreinformation, contact Kathy Repko,Zorelco Ltd., P.O. Box 4444, Dept. Q-7,Cleveland, OH 44125.

Amorphous Silica

A new brochure gives complete detailson a filler-extender, natural-occurringamorphous silica. The brochure offerstechnical information, including specifications, several of the surface treatmentsavailable, and performance test data.Write for Bulletin # 204 from IllinoisMinerals Co., 2035 Washington Ave.,Cairo, IL 62914.


Silberline CaresAbout Aluminum

PigmentedCoatings Quality

Ever stop to think how fairly simple and uncomplicated therole of aluminum pigments is in relation to glamour metalliccoatings? Indeed, to justify Its very existence, this type ofpigment must enhance the eye appeal of the metallic finishand impart an excitingly fresh dimension of radiance andbrilliance. Otherwise, why bother with aluminum at all?

So for glamour coatings, you choose an aluminum pigment toattain a certain esthetic effect. It surely makes good businesssense, then, to choose one that delivers esthetic superiority.

For instance, our Sparkle Silver@ 3666 aluminum pigmentprovides a mighty measure of "flash" and lustre for merepennies per gallon. Paint formulations are Introduced to abright new world of glistening splendor.

If eye appeal is the desired measure of quality, then itcertainly pays to get the aluminum pigment that delivers thevery best effect.

See Us at the Paint Industries' Show, AtlantaOctober 29-31. Booths 309-311

Specialists in Aluminum Pigments

SILBERLINEMANUFACTURING CO., INC.lansford, Pennsylvania 18232Phone (717) 645-3161

123

IR Spectrophotometers

A two-page, four-color pamphletwhich summarizes an entire line ofinfrared spectrophotometers is nowavailable. Specifications and wavelengthranges of 12 instrument are illustrated.For a copy of Order No. L-51 F, write thePerkin-Elmer Corp., Main Ave., MailStation 12, Norwalk, CT 06856.

Mill Classifier

A new mill classifier, effective for finegrinding and for classifying heat sensitivematerials at relatively high volumes, isdescribed in recent literature. To obtainmore information, write D. Hurowitz,Alpine American Corp., 5 Michigan Dr.,

atick, MA 01760.

Wet Adhesion Monomer

In technical literature now available, anew wet adhesion monomer is discussed.It is designed to improve wet adhesion inpaints and is a 90% active clear liquidcontaining both allylic and ureido functionalities. Samples and technical information are available from Alcolac, Inc.,A. Peterkofsky, 3440 Fairfield Rd.,Baltimore, MD 21226.

Small Media Mill

A brochure describing a new smallmedia mill has recently been published.This brochure contains complete technical data, dimensions, and operatingcharacteristics on the continuousthroughput, high-speed, horizontalsmall media mill for wet grinding anddispersion of suspensions. Copies of thebrochure may be obtained from ChicagoBoiler Co., Dept. RN, 1965 ClybournAve.. Chicago. IL 60614.

pH Monitoring System

A new on-line monitoring system forapplication in municipal water and wastetreatment, industrial waste treatment,cooling towers, reverse osmosis units.rinse tanks. and plating baths is thesubject of recently prepared literature.Through an exclusive remote poweralarm module. the monitor becomes anon{ off pH controller for acid wasteneutralization prior to dumping efflucntinto public waterways. For additionalinformation contact Beckman Instruments, Inc., Technical Information Section, Process Instruments Div.. 2500Harbor Blvd .. Fullerton. CA 92634.

Coalings Products

A 16-page brochure, "Products for theCoatings Industry," describes productsand the applicability of each for variousmarkets, including trade sale paints,industrial finishes. automotive primers.marine paints. caulks and sealants,specialty coatings. and traffic paints.Also listed are U.S. and Canadiandistributors, as well as a summary oftechnical literature, data sheets. andformulary information. For additionalinformation, write the Minerals &Chemicals Div .. Engelhard Minerals &Chemicals Corp.. Menlo Park. Edison.NJ08817.

Double-Arm Mixers

A broad line of "mix-matched"double-arm mixers are described in anewly-produced 24-page brochure. Thistwo-<:olor catalog details a selection ofdesign features and options. includingcomparison of tangential or overlappingmixing action. optimum uses of fivedifferent agitator blades, types of drives.discharge valves, and basic envelopedimensions. For a copy of Bulletin 700A, write Day Mixing, Div. of LeBlond,Inc.. 4932 Beech St., Cincinnati. OH45212.

Netzsch Grinding Millshave greater Throughputper chamber volumethan any other mills ...and we will PROVE ITto you.

Throughput, at the quality of grind you desire, isthe true measure of agrinding mills efficiency.Netzsch grinding mills have been engineered to giveyou the industries highest throughputs per chambervolume, while maintaining the highest quality grind.Whether you are grinding low viscosity, low solidsmaterials or very high viscosity, very high solidsmaterials, Netzsch mills can do the job. To prove it,we invite you to test your material in our test lab.

For more information on Netzsch Grinding mills,or to set up a test grind call or write Netzsch Today!

NETZSCHINCORPORATEDPickering Creek Industrial ParkLionville, PA 19353

Benzyldimethylamine

Current and potential applications ofbenzyldimethylamine, a polymerizationcatalyst for epoxy resins. polyesters.polyethers. and polyurethanes, are discussed in a recently published technicalbulletin. Also included are specifications,properties, and safe handling information. For Technical Bulletin 165, writeSherwin Williams Chemicals. Publications Dept., 10909 S. COllage GroveAve.. Chicago. IL 60628.

NACE Corrosion Engineer'sReference Book

This new publication is a compilationof carefully researched information, presented as tables, graphs, and charts whichgive the physical, mechanical, chemical,and performance properties of materialsin certain environments and industries.The hard bound, 235-page book includesa complete glossary, conversion tables,physical and chemical data, corrosiondata, engineering data, chapters onmetals and alloys and nonmetallic materials and coatings, and a complete listof pertinent NACE and ASTM Standards. The price is $25.00 for NACEmembers and $30.00 for nonmembers.To obtain more information, write toNational Association of Corrosion Engineers, P.O. Box 218340, Houston,TX 77218.


·

ORDER FORM

Revised and updated edition of this manual (previously titled "Exposure Standards Manual") hasbeen compiled in conjunction with the American Society for Testing and Materials, and includesdefinition, description, and photographic standards for each of the following defects: Blistering;Chalking; Checking; Cracking; Erosion; Filiform Corrosion; Flaking; Mildew; Print; Rust; Traffic PaintAbrasion and Chipping.

Also included is reference information on supplementary standards, along with sample recordsheets for compiling exposure data.

Bound in handsome 10" x 11112" x 1%" three-ring, vinyl-covered binder which readily accommodatesadditional material as it is developed.

Complete manual . .. $75 (plus shipping charges)

Individual Standards . .. $2 each, plus $2 for each photograph.Record Sheets (pad of 100 sheets) ... $2.50

Name _

Company _

Address _

City Slate Zip Code _

i

MAIL TO:PLEASE MAKE ALL CHECKS PAYABLE IN U.S. FUNDSFederation of Societies for Coatings Technology

1315 Walnut Street _ Philadelphia, Pa. 19107Pennsyl"anla realdents pie••• add 6% ..Ie. tax

l

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology

Authors Support 'Plastic Pigment' Concept

Letters to tfle Editor

BookReview

ADHESION MEASUREMENTOF THIN FILMS, THICK FILMS,AND BULK COATINGS

Edited byK.L. Millal

Published byAmerican Society for Testingand MaterialsPhiladelphia, PA1978 (410 pages) $39.25

Reviewed byC.A. KuminsSherwin-Williams Co.Cleveland, Ohio

CLASSIFIEDADVERTISING

FOR SALETOTE TANKS-LIQUA-BINS

Used. 'Iike new,' 325 gallon to 550 gallontote tanks, liqua-bins and other types ofportable liquid storage and shipping tanksfor sale. Tanks will be supplied in cleanand tested condition. Limited quantitiesavailable. Please phone or write Glenn.Wellman, P.O. Box 257, Argo, IL 60501.(312) 458-8700.

MARINE PAINT CHEMIST

A recent acquisition necessitates a Boston area manufacturer to seek a seasonedindividual to manage the laboratory andproduction facilities for marine coatings.

This is a real opportunity for someonewith 10 years experience in the formulating, production and Quality Control inall areas of marine paint with specialemphasis on anti-fouling and anti-corrosive boltom coatings. Adegree in polymertechnology is desirable.

Please forward resume with currentearnings in strictest confidence to:

Mr. M. Sandler

RULE INDUSTRIES, INC.CAPE ANN INDUSTRIAL PARK

GLOUCESTER, MASS. 01930

EEO mit

126

This book includes the papers presented at the symposium entitled"Adhesion Measurement of Thin Films, ThickFilms, and Bulk Coatings" held at theASTM headquarters in Philadelphia onNovember 2-4, 1976. The first sectiondeals with erudite discussions on the various facets of the phenomena generallyassociated with adhesion, e.g., surfacechemistry and physics, interfacial energies and fracture mechanics. These areasare very adequately analyzed by wellknown experts in the field. They reviewfor the reader the fundamental background of the subject.

Subsequent sections are concernedwith specialized techniques for measurement of thick and thin films. Whilesome manuscripts consider substrates onwhich organic coatings have been deposited, many describe systems involving theadhesion of ceramic materials, electrodeposited metals, electronic components,flame sprayed coatings and the like.

The methods used for measurement ofadhesives run the gamut of the wellknown scratch, tensile pull and peel testsin their various specimen configurationsas well as such exotic and unique techniques involving laser spallation, ultra-

To THE EDITOR:

Mr. Steig's questions [JeT, Aug. 1980,p. 86] concerning the validity of considering polystyrene beads as "pigment"in PVC calculations deserve furtherdiscussion. The glass transition ofpolystyrene occurs at approximatelyIOO°e. Consequently, polystyrene latexdoes not form a film at ambienttemperatures. Therefore, we adopted theconvention of treating polystyrene latexas pigment in PVC calculations andsubsequently coined the terminology"plastic pigment." It seems inconsistentto consider nonfilm-forming ingredientsas part of the vehicle system regardless ofthe chemical nature of these ingredients.It is our opinion that to do so would be inviolation of the concept of paint binder.After all. what is a binder with binderindex equal to zero? Binder index of zeroimplies a binder with no bindingproperties which is a totally inconsistentplay on words and concepts.

sonic vibration amplifiers and electromagnetics.

There are some detailed mathematicalanalyses in the "scratch test" paperswhich are of interest. They indicate thatthere are more basic complexities associated with the usually considered simpletest than is generally recognized.

This little volume is highly recommended to those concerned with adhesion problems and other interested persons. The summary of the presentopinions of some of the experts in thefield and the opportunity to becomeacquainted with the mensuration techniques used by those who work withmaterials other than organic coatingsand adhesives are valuable. The imaginative approaches are .stimulating.

The reviewer wishes to register a relatively minor complaint because so littleattention is placed on the role of water inthe adhesion phenomenon. After all,most joints are prepared and exposed inthe ambient moisture containing atmosphere. The ability of the water moleculesto displace a previously adsorbed moietyplays a very important part in ultimatejoint strength and durability.

Evidently. Mr. Steig has misinterpreted the options available to paintformulators for adjusting the cost/ performance balance when using plasticpigment. Our published work states thatcost can be reduced while maintainingquality and we present experimentalevidence to support this statement.Further. we have observed that qualitycan be improved without a corresponding increase in cost. Consequently. it isour experience that using plastic pigmentresults in a valuable contribution toquality as well as to company profitability.

We are sure that Mr. Steig would notobject to the use of new technology thatresults in either maintaining or improving quality while improving paint company profitability.

AL~XANDER RAMIG. JR .•

F. LOUIS FLOYD

Glidden Coatings and ResinsDiv. of SCM Corp.


Coming EventsFEDERATION MEETINGS PAINT RESEARCH INSTITUTE MEETING

(Oct. 28)-Federation Board of Directors Meeting. HyattRegency Hotel, Atlanta, Ga. (FSCT, 1315 Walnut St., Suite832, Philadelphia, Pa. 19107).

(Oct. 29-31 )-58th Annual Meeting and 45th Paint Industries' Show. Atlanta Civic Center, Atlanta, Ga. (FSCT, 1315Walnut St., Suite 832, Philadelphia, Pa. 19107).

(Mar. 24-26)-"Symposium on Color and Appearance Instrumentation." Executive West, Louisville, KY. Jointly sponsored by Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology,Manufacturers Council on Color and Appearance, and InterSociety Color Council. (FSCT, 1315 Walnut St., Suite 832,Philadelphia, Pa. 19107).

(May 14-15)-Spring Meetings. Society Officers on 14th;Board of Directors on 15th. Hilton Hotel, Denver, CO. (FSCT,1315 Walnut St., Suite 832, Philadelphia, PA 19107).

(Oct. 28-30)-59th Annual Meeting and 46th Paint Industries' Show. Cobo Hall, Detroit, MI. (FSCT, 1315 Walnut St.,Suite 832, Philadelphia, PA 19107).

1982(Apr. 29-30)-Spring Meetings. Society Officers on 29th;

Board of Directors on 30th. Boston, MA. (FSCT, 1315 Walnut St.,Suite 832, Philadelphia, PA 19107).

(Nov. 3-5)-60th Annual Meeting and 47th Paint Industries'Show. Sheraton Washington Hotel, WaShington, D.C. (FSCT,1315 Walnut St., Suite 832, Philadelphia, PA 19107).

(May 4-5)-Paint Research Institute Symposium on "Stability and Stabilization of Coatings Systems," Battelle MemorialInstitute. Columbus, Ohio. (Dr. Raymond R. Myers, ChemistryDept., Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242).

SPECIAL SOCIETY MEETINGS

(Oct. 2)-Chicago Society's Management DevelopmentSeminar, "The Money Value of Time." Fountain Blue, DesPlaines, IL. (George Irby, Rohm and Haas Co., 5750 W. JarvisAve., Niles, IL 60648).

(Oct. 7)-Cleveland Society Manufacturing CommitteeSymposium, "Formulation for and Utilization of Pigment Dispersion Equipment." Cleveland Engineering and Scientific Center, Cleveland, Ohio. (G. Dubey, Cambridge Coatings, Inc., 5461Dunham Rd., Cleveland, Ohio 44137).

(Mar. 4-6)-Western Coatings Societies Symposium andShow. Disneyland Hotel. Anaheim, CA. (Richard C. Sutherland,E.T. Horn, Co., 16141 Heron Ave., La Mirada, CA 90638.)

(Mar. 11-13)-Southern Society. 45th Annual Meeting.Plaza South Hotel, Birmingham, AL (Peter F. Decker, UnionCarbide Corp., 17 Executive Park Drive, N.E. Atlanta, GA 30359).

(Mar. 24-25)-Cleveland Society 24th Annual Conference."Advances in Coatings Technology." Baldwin-Wallace College,Berea, OH. (George R. Pilcher, Sherwin-Williams Co., 601 CanalRd., Cleveland, OH 44113.)

50 years' experience you canrely on to make production pay

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~ ~~t~~~7fi~i~h~~Oing:~ hr.Cuts process time up to90%. Combination sandmill, ball mill, attritor,mixer.

~At~D3~li}I.Ctt~.~iJ~iph) ~For dispersing pigments :npaint, ink, textile and alliedindustries. Continuous production. Top quality construction. Available in stainless steel.

• Agitator Tanks to 20,000 gal. • Agitator Ori'es• Portable Tanks • LabMills and Racks. Repairand Technical ServiceS.. us. Booth 3J3-JJ5Get complete information. Write Dept. 30.

EPWORTH MANUFACTURING CO., INC.1400 Kalamazoo 51., Soulh Hallen, Mich. 49090. Phone 616-637-2128

pigments

~.CHEMICALS

Visit our Hospitality Suiteat the Atlanta Hilton

October 29 to 31, 1980.

@1980-TheSherwin-WilliamsCompany

Specialists in Zinc Oxide, and Moly-White®

One call for all means better, faster service.Expert technical help, too. Try us.

The Sherwin-Williams CompanyChemicals DivisionP.O. Box 6520, Cleveland, Ohio 44101

Vol. 52, No. 668, September 1980 127

(May 1-2)-Pacific Northwest Society. Annual Symposium.Washington Plaza Hotel, Seattle, WA.

(May 9)-Montreal Society. Fiftieth Anniversary dinnerdance, Montreal Que.

1982

(Mar. lD-12)-Southern Society Annual Meeting. Savannah, Ga.

(Apr. 22-24)-Southwestern Paint Convention. ShamrockHilton Hotel, Houston, TX.

(May 6-8)-Pacific Northwest Society. Annual Symposium.Vancouver, B.C.

OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

(Oct. 5-8)-Society of Plastics Engineers and Fire Retardant Chemicals Association Joint Conference on "Flammability in Building and Construction-Today and Tomorrow."Ponte Bedra Club, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL. (Fire RetardantChemicals Assoc., 265 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06880).

(Oct. 5-10)-National Association of Corrosion EngineersSymposium, "NACE Corrosion Prevention by Cathodic Protection Course." Holiday Inn-McCloud Trail South, Calgary,Alberta, Canada. (Education Dept., NACE Headquarters, P.O.Box 218430, Houston, TX 77218.)

(Oct. 5-10)-NACE Symposium. "NACE Basic Corrosion,""Corrosion Prevention by Cathodic Protection," and "CorrosionPrevention by Coatings" Courses. Holiday Inn-Airport North,Newark, NJ. (Education Dept., NACE Headquarters, P.O. Box218430, Houston, TX 77218.)

(Oct. 7-9)-AFP/SME "Liquid Coatings Conference." Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago, IL. (Susan Buhr, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, One SME Dr., P.O. Box 930, Dearborn,MI48128).

(Oct. 13-15)-Society of Plastics Engineers National Technical Conference, "Coloring of Plastics; Update of 'The law andYou'." RETEC sponsored by the Baltimore Section and Colorand Appearance Div., Baltimore Hilton Hotel, Baltimore, Md.(Robert C. Foley, Society of Plastics Engineers, 656 W. PutnamAve., Greenwich, Conn. 06830.)

(Oct. 13-17)-"High Performance Coating Procedures,"Monterey, Mexico. (Institute of Applied Technology, Jean L.Kaplan, 1200 -17th St., NW., Suite406, Washington, D.C. 20036.)

(Oct. 14-16)-Seventh Annual Conference on Energy, "Energy Future: Prophets, Profits & Policies!" University of MissouriRolla/Department of Natural Resources. (Dr. J. Morgan, Conference Director, 122 Electrical Engineering, University ofMissouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65401.)

(Oct. 17-19)-University of Waterloo Short Course, "Developments in Polymer Technology." Hotel Toronto, Canada (Prof.A. Rudin, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,Ontario, Canada).

(Oct. 19-24)-National Association of Corrosion EngineersSymposium, "NACE Basic Corrosion Course," "Corrosion Prevention by Cathodic Protection," "Corrosion Prevention byCoatings,"and "Corrosion Prevention in Oil and Gas Production"Courses. Holiday Inn-DFW Airport North, Dallas, TX. (EducationDept.. NACE Headquarters, P.O. Box 218430, Houston, TX77218.)

(Oct. 26-28)-"Women in Coatings-Meeting the Challenges," Univ. of Missouri-Rolla Short Course. Holiday InnDowntow.n, Atlanta, GA. (Norma Fleming, Continuing Education, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65401),

(Oct. 26-31)-National Association of Corrosion EngineersSymposium, "NACE Basic Corrosion," "Corrosion Preventionby Cathodic Protection," and "Corrosion Prevention by Coatings" Courses. Holiday Inn North, Tuscon, AZ. (Education Dept.,NACE Headquarters, P.O. Box 218430, Houston, TX 77218.)

(Oct. 27-29)-93rd Annual Meeting, National Paint andCoatings Association, Atlanta Hilton Hotel, Atlanta, Ga. (KarenBradley, NPCA, 1500 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.

128

(Nov. 5-6)-Third Resins & Pigments Exhibition. HotelNikko, Dusseldorf, Germany.

(Nov. 7-9)-University of Waterloo Short Course, "Engineering Aspects of Polymer Systems." Hotel Toronto, Canada(Prof. A. Rudin, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Waterloo,Waterloo, Ontario, Canada).

(Nov. 10-14)-"High Performance Coating Procedures,"Houston, Tex. (Institute of Applied Technology, Jean L. Kaplan,1200 - 17th St., NW., Suite 406: Washington, D.C. 20036.)

(Nov. 10-21)-Paint Short Courses at University ofMissouri-Rolla. Refresher Course for Maintenance Engineers,Contractors, and Painting Inspectors-Nov. 10-14; Job Estimating Workshop for Painting Contractors-Nov. 17-21.(Norma Fleming, Continuing Education, University of MissouriRolla, 501 W. 11th St., Rolla, MO.)

(Nov. 11-13)-4th International Conference of Paint Research Association, Excelsior Hotel, London Heathrow Airport.(PRA, Waldegrave Rd" Teddington, Middlesex TWll 8lD,England,)

(Nov. 17-Dec. 17)-Short Courses for the Chemical andProcess Industries, The Center for Professional Advancement."Water-Borne Industrial Coatings: Application"-Nov, 17-18;"Wal,er-Borne Industrial Coatings: Chemistry and Formulation"-Nov. 19-20; "Organic Coatings Technology"-Dec. 3-5 and15-17. Sheraton Motor Inn, East Brunswick, NJ (RosanneRazzano, Dept. NR, The Center for Professional Advancement,P.O. Box H, East Brunswick, NJ 08816.)

(Nov. 19-21 )-3rd Annual Western Plastics Exposition.Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, Calif. (Western PlasticsExposition, 1625 17th St., Santa Monica, CA 90404.)

(Nov. 21-23)-Annual Nalional Decorating Products Association Convention and Show, H. Roe Bartle Convention Center,Kansas City, Mo. (NDPA, 9334 Dielman Industrial Dr., St. louis,Mo. 63132.)

(Dec. 9-11 )-Plant Engineering and Maintenance Show andConference/West. Convention Genter, Anaheim, CA. (Clapp &Poliak, Inc., 245 Park Ave., New York)

(Jan. 21 )-ASTM Symposium, "Regiments for PredictingPermanence of Decorative and Protective Surfaces." Orlando,FL. (Symposium Chairman Garmond Schurr, Sherwin-WilliamsCo., 10909 S. Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago, Il 60628).

(Feb. 9-11)-lnter-Society Color Council. WilliamsburgConference, Williamsburg, VA. (Dr. Fred W. Billmeyer, Secretary,ISCC, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12181.)

(Apr. 6-10)-National Association of Corrosion Engineers"Corrosion/81." Sheraton-Centre and Hotel Toronto, Toronto,Ontario, Canada. (Conference Coordinator, NACE, P.O. Box218340, Houston, TX 77218).

(Apr. 27-28)-lnter-Society Color Council Annual Meeting.Roosevelt Hotel, NY. (Dr. Fred W. Billmeyer, Secretary, ISCC,Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12181.)

(Apr. 28-30)-OCCA-32. Oil and Colour Chemists' Association 32nd Annual Technical Exhibition. Alexandra Palace,london, England. (The Director and Secretary, OCCA, PrioryHouse, 967 Harrow Rd" Wembley, Middlesex HA02SF, England,)

(June 14-17)-Dry Color Manufacturers' Association Annual Meeting. The Greenbriar, White Sulphur Springs, WV. (P.L.lehr, DCMA, Suite 100, 1117 North 19th St., Arlington, (Rosslyn)VA 22209.)

(June 17-20)-Oil and Colour Chemists' Association Conference, "Alternative Technologies in Coatings." Stratford HiltonHotel, Stratford-on-Avon, England. (The Director and Secretary,OCCA, Priory House, 967 Harrow Rd., Wembley, MiddlesexHAO 2SF, England.)

(Sept. 13-16)-Canadian Paint Manufacturers Association.Four Seasons Hotel, Vancouver, B.C. (lydia Palazzi, CanadianPaint Manufacturers Assn., 2050 Mansfield, Montreal, Que.,Canada H3A 1Y9.)

(Sept. 20-25) -4th Congress of the Association Internalion ale de la Colueur, "COLOR 81." International CongressCentre (ICC), Berlin (West). Germany. (Prof. Dr. Heinz Terstiege,(AIC COLOR 81). Bundesanstalt fur Materialprufung (BAM),Unter den Eichen 87, D-loo0 Berlin 45, Federal Republic ofGermany).


Advertisers Index

PAUL O. ABBE, INC 117ALCOA 44-45ALLIED CHEMICAL CORP..................•...•........ 63AMERICAN CYANAMID CO. . ..........•...•............ 66AMERICAN HOECHST CORP 71ASARCO, INC 72ATLAS ELECTRIC DEVICES CO 115

BROOKFIELD ENGINEERING LABORATORIES, INC 117BUCKMAN LABORATORIES, INC. Cover 4BURGESS PIGMENT CO 119BYK MALLINCKRODT 46

CARBORUNDUM CO........................•........... 16CHEMISCHE WERKE HULS AG .........•...•.......... 109CHICAGO BOILER CO 116, 121CIBA·GEIGY CORP 10-11COSAN CHEMICAL CORP. . ................•........... 77

DANIEL PRODUCTS CO. . 55DEGUSSA CORP.................•..............•....... 42

ECLIPSE SYSTEMS, INC 115EPWORTH MANUFACTURING CO., INC. . ..••..•....... 127

GEORGIA KAOLIN CO. . 65B.F. GOODRICH .............•...•...................... 99

HALOX PIGMENTS DIV. .. 78HENKEL CORP. .. 111HILTON DAVIS CHEMICAL CO. DIV 13-15

ILLINOIS MINERALS CO. . ......................•...... 122INDUSMIN LTD..................•......•...•........... 19INTERSTAB CHEMICALS, INC. . ..•......•.............. 56

MINIFIBERS, INC. . .....................•...•........... 46MOREHOUSE INDUSTRIES, INC. .. 107

NETZSCH, INC. . 124NL CHEMICALS/NL INDUSTRIES, INC........•.......... 43NYCO DIV., PROCESSED MINERALS, INC.......•....... 76

C.J. OSBORN CHEMICALS, INC 120

PENNSYLVANIA GLASS SAND CORP. . ......•......... 101PETROLITE CORP., BARECO DIV. . ......•...•......... 103PFIZER, INC., MINERALS, PIGMENTS

& METALS DIV. . ...........................•..... 16-17POLYVINYL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES ....•...•.......... 93PPG INDUSTRIES, INC 95

REYNOLDS METAL CO. Cover 3ROHM AND HAAS CO. 1,8-9,47

SANYO·KOKUSAKU PULP CO., LTD 116SCHOLD MACHINE CORP 114,129SHERWIN·WILLIAMS CO 127SILBERLINE MANUFACTURING CO., INC. . 123SUN CHEMICAL CORP., PIGMENTS DIV......•.......... 41

TENNECO CHEMICALS, INC. . 64THIBAUT·WALKER CO. ..........•...•............ Cover 2TROY CHEMICAL CORP. . ...................•.......... 20

UNION CARBIDE CORP. .........•...•...•...•........ 4-5UNIROYAL CHEMICAL CO...................•.......... 91

R.T. VANDERBILT, CO., INC..........•...........•....... 2

WITCO CHEMICAL CORP........................•..... 112

Vol. 52, No. 668. September 1980

DesignedSpecifically

for ShortProduction

RunsRapidColor

and MediaChanges

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129

Wum6ug'lrom tKillmanSome months ago at a Publications Committee

meeting for the JCT, this big-mouth ventured theopinion that (as I have hinted in the past) the readingmatter In this eminent,magazlne has tended to besomewhat ponderous and to the less erudite-·somewhat obscure. I suggested, therefore, that Itmight be a delightful surprise to occasionally find alight comment and an amusing thought In its pages.

As ilways happens In such situations, I waspromptly awarded the responsibility for a ,columnthat was to be devoted to the lighter,side. As I d,dn'tsee myself as a funny person or even an amusingone, I protested that my desire to be amused reflectsnO ability to amuse others-as you will ~. Like so

:many others of you outthere in readership land, I trydesperately to ·remember jokes to tell at the nextcustomer luncheon and after 15 minutes, can't'remember the punch line.

My protests were of littleavail and the members of.the committee assured rile that I would be fed amplefunny material. So far, I've been on a starvation diet.The only funny thing we've had to offer in the JC,T IsFrank Borrelle's picture.

So-now I had a column to edit with no materialand no title. Without any material I decided to ,devote myself to the frustrating job of finding aheading and a column that could be considered"funny." While reading through the H's in thatfascinating volume originally written by Webster, Icame upon "Humbug." Definition 3 says-"Drivel,Nonsense." Thus, the title!

No sooner had I made the decision to explore thepossibility oJ. that as a lead line, along came acontribution pf sorts from the aforementionedfunny ~rson-FrankBorrelle. I must say that it (smore appropriate than hilarious, I would like tocredit (?) the original author but somehow the namefortunately got lost in its route to a nameless friendof Sid Lauren, of Coatings Research, who sent it onto Frank.

Before I end this first attempt at a column andperhaps my writing career with this analyticalmasterpiece, I dare my readers to send me funnystuff for I will unhesitatingly feature the contributor's name. -Herb Hillman

A Key to HelD You UnderstandSclenllflc Literature .

When the author writes . ..."IT HAS LONG BEEN KNOWN THAT'~ ...

He reel/y means . ... (I can't be bothered to look up the original:article)

'''OF GREAT THEORETICAL AND PRACTIOALIMPORTANCE" ... (Interesting to me)

"THREE OF THE SAMPLES WERE CHOSEN FORFURTHER STUDY" ... (We couldn't make anysense out of the others)

"HANDLED WITH EXTREME CARE DURING THE'EXPERIMENTS" ... (Not dropped on the floor)

"TYPICAL:' RESULTS ARE SHOWN ... (The bestresults are shown) .

"CORRECT WITHIN AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE"... (Wr~ng)

"PRESUMABLY AT LONGER TIMES" ... (I didn'ttake the time to pursue it past five minutes)

"THE MOST RELIABLE VALUES..ARE THOSE OFJONES" ... (He was a studentOf'mine)

"IT IS BELIEVED THAT" ... (I think it's true)

"IT IS GENERALLY BELIEVED THAT" ... (A coupleof other guys think so too)

"IT MIGHT BE ARGUED THAT" ... (I have thoughtof such a great answer to this argument that Iwill now raise it, even though it's not important)

"IT IS CLEAR THAT MUCH ADDITIONAL WORKWILL BE REQUIRED BEFORE COMPLETEUNDERSTANDING OF THIS PHENOMENONIS ACHIEVED" ... (I don't understand ourresUlts)

"IT IS HOPED THAT THIS WORK WILL STIMULATE FURTHER WORK IN THE FIELD" ...(This paper isn't very good, but neither are anyof the others on this miserable subject)

"THANKS ARE DUE TO JOE GLOTZ FOR ASSISTANCE WITH THE EXPERIMENT.AND TOJANE DOE FOR VALUABLE DISCUSSIONS"... (Glotz did the work and Doe explained to mewhat It meant)

130

As you can tell from the above. Herb is quite anxious tocontinue with this monumental effort, All readers' contributions will be considered and any bringing a smile (yes,Herb doe.s smile-we saw one once) will be accepted. Allfrustrated humorists are encouraged to send their submissions to: Herb Hillman, F.O. Pierce Co., 2-33 50th Ave.,Long Island City, NY 11101-Ed...


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Journal of Coatings Technology 1980 Vol.52 No.668

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Transcript of Journal of Coatings Technology 1980 Vol.52 No.668