Gazetteer of the

JHANG DISTRICT

1883 - 84

SANG-E-MEEL PUBLICATIONS

LAHCRE1 PAKISTAN.

GAZETTEER

OF Tll E

JRANG DIS'rRIC1\

1883- 84_

Compiled and Published · under the auLho:::ity of the

Punjab Government.

~<tho re:

i;nr~TED .AT TllE "Alt1A l'RE:;!>," BY RA:.J. DAS.

PREFAC E. _ , ____ ,_

T im 1)criod fixed by Lhe Punj,tb Government for the co111 ·i . pt at1on of the Ca-::dtccr of the Prov ince being li 1 '. 1i~ c:d lo twelve months, the E ditor· has not been able lo pre pan..: an Y ong rn::il matter fo r the pi· • esent work; and his duties have been confined to th rowing Lhe al ready exist-ing material i11to shape, supplementing it as fa r as possible by contribu. tions obtained from dis trict officers, passing the dr.i fL through the press,

circulating it for revision, alu.: ring it in accord.rnce with the corrections

and suggestions of rer ising officers, and prin ting and issuing the final

edition.

The material avail,1blc in print for the Ca ~dtcer of this district consisted of the Sc:ttlc1rn..:nl Rcpnrls, and a dr.tf l C1e cltecr compiled

between 1870 and r874 by l\Ir. F. Cunningham, D<.trrister-at-Law. Note:; on certain poin ts h,tvc be '11 supplie I by district orficers ; while the report on the Census of 1 SS I h.1<; b .:c.:n utilise I. Of the present volume, Section A. of Cap. V (Gener.ti Admi11istr.1lto11), and the whole of Cap. VI (Towns), have br ·n fur the most part supplied by the Deputy Commissioner ; Section J\ of C 1p. I I l (St.1tislic:; of Population) has been taken from lhc Ccnsu'i J • q mrl ; \\":1ilc here an<l there, and

especially in the matter of a11cicn l history, pac;sng-es have been extracted from l\1r. Cunningham's com pi i,llion al r ·ad)' ref erred Lo. l3ut with these exceptions, the grc,ll 111 lSS of th<.; lt;.'\ t Ji.is l> t.:en taken almost if

not quite verbally, . from l\Ir. S Lecd111a:i 's Scttl<.:ment Rc:port of the district.

T he draft edition of th is C,z=eltccr has been rev ised by Colonel Harcourt, 1\Iajor Danholomcw, and T\I r. S teedman. The Deputy C · · · · 1 which omm1ss1oner 1s responsible for the spell ing of vernacu ar names, . has been fixed throughout by him in accordance with lhc prescnbed

system of transliteration. The fin .ti ed ition, though completely com·

piled by the Editor, has been passeJ throug h Lhc p; css by Mr. Stack.

TI~~ EDITOR·

C 0 NT ENT S.

CIIAP. /.-THE DISTRICT A.-DESCRIPTIVB

Page.

" "

,,

,,

"

B.-GEOLOGY, FAUNA, .A.ND FLORA //.-HISTORY

/I/.-THE PEOPLE A.-STATISTICAL B.-SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE C.-Tmnm:, CASTIIS, AND L1:.\DTNn FAMILIES D.-VILLAGE COMMUNITIES AND TENURES

/V.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIDUTION A.-AGRICULTURE AJm AnnomcuLTURE B.-DoMESTIC ANnIALS 0.-0ccUPATroxs, INDUSTRIES, AND Co~IMERCE D.-PRICES, 'WEIGHTS A.'ID :MEASURES, AND C011UtUNICATIOXS

V.-AD:llINISTRATION AND FINANCE A.-GE:'.'l'ERAL B.-LAND AND LAND REVENUE

J!J.-TOWNS

1 13

40 46 65 71

97 123 127 130

13G 140

STATISTICAL TABLES (INDEX ON PAGE ii)

CHAPTER 1.-THE DISTRICT.

Section A.-Descriptive-Genern.I description 1 General description-Physical form:i.tion-The S:in<lal Bar 2 Th~ Sandal B:ir-The Kir:lna Dar 3 The Kirana. Bar-The Thal 4 The tra.cts loctween the D:irs and Thal, and tht! ri,·ers-Between the Sandal

Bar and the Chenil.1.J Hithar lands 5 Between the Sandal Bir and the Chenab Hithar lands-Between the

Kirina Bar and the Chenab Hith:l.r G Between the Kir:ina B:lr and the Chenab Hithir-Between the Thal and

the Jhelam and Jhclam-Chen:i.h H ith:ir 7 Between the Thal and the Jhelam and Jhelaru-Chen:i.b llith:ir-The upper

CL,,nab vaUey 8 The upper Chen:l.b valley-The lower Chenib valley 9 The lower Chenib valley- The Jhclam vn.llcy-The Ravi valley 10 The Ra,·i valley-Present canals-Old canals 11 Old canals-Rainfall, temperature, a.ml clima.te 12 Rainfall, temperature, and climate-Disease 13

!Section B.-Geology, Fauna and Flora-Geology ib. Geology-1\Iineral products-Trees: The Jlikm·-The Sliisliam-The Bfr,

Sfris anti Fartish 15 The RFr, Siris and F1irash-The Janel-The Jci.l or Pil(1 16 The JJ.l or l'i/u-The llarfr-Other trees 17 Shrubs-L<'11J, lti11(, khar-Olher shrubs- Sar, mwrj, kana 18

l

23 40

97

13G

163

[Punjab Ga2etteGr '

Section B.-Geology, Fauna and Flora-(contd.) Sar, munj, k&na-Kanh-Grassr.s Grasse~-Wild nninrnls nncl gnmc . . . Wilcl animals and game-Fish and F1shcncs-Ifoptilcs

CHAPTER IL-HISTORY.

Po9B. 19 20 22

Ancient history 23 Snn"l:twala Tibbn. 2·1 Snn~htw:ila Tibba-Shorkot-Lor:i.t.1on of t.ribl"s . . . 2u Loc~tion of tribcs-Prr liminn.ry skol.ch of t.hn mo(lcrn hifllory of I.he cfat.rict 27 Preliminary skPtch of the modPrn history of the district-B:nly history of

the Si~! clan up to Waliclacl Khan's rrign 28 Enrly history of the Si:l.l clan up to Wal itltid Kl11in':i n·ign-\ralithid

Khan 31 Wnliclad Kh:in-Inayntull:i Kh:ln 32 lntlyn.tulla Kh:ln-Inri.ya.tulla Kl11i11's succc~i;orR ... 33 Inayntulln. Kh:\n's snccrssors-Tht" fann C'r~ of tl1t' ,lhnn~ cli~trict revenue ... 36 Annexatinn-Thn l\IuLiny- Thc fir•t i:11t~.il rlivi~io11s :i11d l1111l11~·nl1 • 37 '.l.11e first tahsil divisions nncl taalulmhs-8uli~;('11mmt clmnges of oouu<lary-

List of Di~trict ofiicers :18 List of District ofiiccrs-DcvclopnlC'nt since rmneixnlion 39

CHAPTER IIL- THB r.ECWLE.

Section A.-Statistical-Distribution of population-1\ligmtion :rn.1 liirih placl' of popuTntion 40 l\Iigration nnrl birth-placn of popu Int inn 1 ncrl'a~c .~ decrease of population 41 Increase .I.: decrenso of popukition-l3irt.h~ nnd deo.U1s ... 42 Births nncl denths-Agc 43 Sex-Ci,·il condition H Polyandry nnd polygn.111y-Tnfa11Licicle-Infir111ilic~ 4;; European and Eurasiiin population 4G

Section B.-Social and Religious Life-Villagrs and houses . . . iu. Village~ nn<l housC's-Nomnd cnmps-Ilouscholcl furnit .1re-:\kn's dress ... 47 \Vomen's dress-Orn:imcnts- Foou ... 48 Food-1\Jodes of rC'ckouincr Lime 19 Religion ° !iO g..cligion-Lnngn:i.~e-Ohnr:icl<'l' :incl d i~1w•itinu of the pr•opTc 51 harac~er n.11<1 '.lis('osition of the pcoplc-.Educ:i. t.irm r.2

Bducntion-Crimc 53 ~rime-Poverty or \\'Paith of the pcopfc 54

Sect~on. C_.-Tribes, Castes, and Leading Families -Stat.i~tics anc~ loc11I distribution of trihrs 1ind cMt.cs A mount of fancl hel!I

A m propriet.'1.ry rig-ht nnrl cu Hi vnt«d i>y each t.rihe !l!i

mount of land held · · t · 1 . ·i 'iG The Jats--Tlrn n,,·

1.p .~~1 P~1·~1pr1nN. n.ry

1 n g 1t .I.: cu ll1mtc<l uy en.eh t.n 1e 57 Tl N I . -. u..s- H' nu ~ ...

T~: Ra.~ :SThe Bh:i.ng1\s n.n1l l\I11~1k R:,Us-Tltc Ih jo.t Swnrl• ·· · 58

Tai .)O.I_r'. n.vl :lllls-The Lntifpur 8iiyac1 dcscencfont~ of rfr 1~11tn.h KhtLll-1e ""o" in.rs 59

~:•e Si'.1ls of l\ras~a1i-The Sn.~·nds of TTt·h GO ie R1hans-Tlw ''n.rin I i· s· ' I f . . , GI The RnJ·I • , 'T.I ' us <'11.C rng • la :innhes-Tlie Ilf1jli:tna~ Q').

, ' lllllaS- IC Rhanv-tn·is · -, '.lheKn.1nl:im\s-ThPCI • 1'k,' . , . , 63

'.l'he :'If" ·:ii'- Tl • iuc I anas-1110 1\fo!tn1s •

11 is- 10 l\.lithiiis-OL11c1· llajputs-Tlic Clt:i.dLllw.rs Gi

lhang District, 1

iii

Section 0.-!l'ribes, Castes, and Leading Families- ( contd.) The Bhattis-Thti Beloches The Gilotars-Kuka.ras-Thc Nissowanas-The LiHs-The Harals The Marais-Miscellaneous Sayads

· Miscellaneous J a.ts-The Kurah;his-Other tribes-The trading classes T he trading clll.Sses-Agricultural char~cte1· of each tribe

Page. ... . 65 ... ~ 66

67 68 69

Agricultural character of each tribe-Tribal restrictions upon intermarriage Tribal restrictions upon intermarriage

Section D.-Village Comm.unities and Tenures-

70 71

Village tenures ib. Proprietary tenures-Proprietary right under the Si:l.ls nncl Sikhs ·72 P roprietary righ t under the Sials and Sikhs-llathrakhutclcfr1 73 I!cUhrak!t6.{il(trS 75 'l'araddadlcurs 76 1'cirad1l.·ul.l:Jrs-'l'aalnkd:frs-Propriet'.1.ry right under Silwan 1\-fol 77

· P roprietary right under S:l.wan Mal-'l'he creation of villages at the Regular Settlement 78

The creation of villages at the Regular Settlcmcnt-Ri>erain custom-Alluvion and Diluvion-Mortgage~ · 79

Mortgages-L-1/dut Jlukhi 80 L~kha ,lfokht-P1·oprietary rights in da.te palm3-Village officers 81 Villag~ officers-Tenants and rent 83 Tenant> and r11nt-Occupancy tenants 84 Tenants-at-will-'.l'akdri nclvanccs 85 Tal:.foi a~hances-Rent rates 86 Rent rnt.es-Lancllorcl's right to bhtmi 88 L'\n:llord's righ t to b.'61Zsa--Agricultural labourers an<l lic!iJ11Ha tenants 89 Kn.m{ns' fees- R eligious and charitable fees 90 Kam{ns' and other charges at the kh~rif-The incidence of the kamidna

charges on a well-Petty village gmntees 91 · Pornrty 01· weril t h of the proprietors 92 Poverty or we[l.lth of the proprietors-Transfers of lnnd : thefr origin, and

the lesson ·t hq tench 93 Transfers of land : their origin, and the lesson they teach-Arc the agricul­

t urists becoming expropriated 1-Iudcl>teducss of the agricultural classes, its causes ancl aspects 95

Indebtedness of the agricultural cla5ses, its causes and aspects 96

OHAPTER IV.-PIWDUCTIO"N" AND DISTRIBUTIO~.

Section A-Agriculture and Arboriculture-Geneml statistics of agriculture-How far the agriculture of the district is

clepenclcnt on min. The effect of ht>m·y and light rains 97 Cultivated a.nd irrigated area of the district 98. Irrigation- W ells 99 Wells-Well sinking. l\lasonry-wells . 100 Ka.clicha wells- Cost of a well-The system of c!istributing well water 101 \Vh11.t area does a well irrigate-Rotation of crops. ~ystcm of agriculture

on wPll bnds 102 Rot'\tion of crops. System of agriculture on well bnrls 103 Rotation of crops. System of a~riculture on well h~nds-.Ma1rnrc . 104 System of cult:vating sailiib l<i.ncls-Cnna.l cultivation-Bdrani cultivat1on-

Agric11lb ra.l implements and appliances . . .. 105 P rincipal stfl.plcs-Wheat cultivation .. . 106 Whc:.i.t cult irntion .. : 108 "Wheat cultiva.tinn - B1rley-Grnm 109 Gra.m--Turnips ... 110

[Punjab Gazetteer I

t. A-Agn"culture and Arboriculture-(cMrtcl.)

Sec ion · 1r, 11 ti. '"a ']'urnips-l'cas-, assar. ' e u ,llassat. ,J[ethm-Cotton Cotton-J 01d'i1· Jo1ctlr-H(ljm-Jfu!t-Jfong-Jfoili Til-.lfakai-Chlna C!ti11a-Tobncco 'l'obncco-Sllgnrcnne , • , , R ice-llirnf7ni, Sa will;, .lfa11d~m, A nnrr, , • 1\lclons-l:ss1i-The cli\·ision of t he c1·0ps (batm)

Page. 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 ll9

'l'be re:i.prr 's wn.gc-'fl, .. wi1111v\\'Cr-.\.\·cmgc y1cltl. Production and con-su1uptio11 of food grains . . , ... 120

AYer:i.gc yield._ Prolludion :iml consu111pL1on of food grnrns-Scttlcment r:it c.~ 0£ yield per :1c1".' . , .. . 121

Settlcnieut rat.es of yield per ac: ..:-Aruonculturo anti l• orcsts 122 Section B. - Domestic Animals--

Swck stal istics-H orscs H orscs-C•lmels-Unllocks :ind Daffalors Uullocks nncl Buffaloes-Cows nntl mild1 Duffalocs-8hcc•p nml Goa.ts Sherp oml Uoats-J)onkl')'S

Section C.--Occupations, Industries, and Commerce­Occup:i.tions of the Proplc

123 125 126 127

ib. Occup:iLiuns of the people-Commercial classes-l'rincip:ll imlustries :ind

rnnnufacturcs ... 128 Principnl industricsancl nmnufacturcs-Coursr and nature of tr:ide-Imports-

E, ports ... 129 Exports ... 130

Section D. --Prices, Weights and Measures, and Communications-Priccs, wac;cs, rent r:i.tcs, inLcrrst-Prices of :igriculLuml ~Lal'les ib. Prices of agricultnral st:iples-\V eights and llH'ilSlll'L'S l 31 \Veights and measu res. Communictllions- Rivcrs 132 Roa.ds 133 Post offices-Telegraph 135

OIIAPTEit Y.-ADJ\11.NlSTRA'l'lON AND FIN ANOE. Section A.-General-

Exccmi\·e nnd J udici:il--Cri111i11al, pol ice and i;•tOls 136 Crimi11:tl, police aml g:tols-l~e\·cnuc, '1':1·rntio11, :irnl R<'i{istr:i.lion 137 Revcnur-, 'faxation, am! R rgistr:i.tion-8l:llistics of hind re,·cnuo-Educ:i.lion 138 Education-J hang District 8chool-1\lcclical 139 Medic:d-Ecclcsiasticnl- H r:i.cl-quarl<:rs of other cl<•partmcnts HO

Section B.- Land and Land Rcvenuc-Sikh system, and early setllcmcnts-~;iwnn l\lnl's ad111i11istr:ition i b.

Siiwan :'Ifni's administra.tion-The l\ :ilow:U ilM.:ct under U ul:ib 8inuh-Thc first 8ummnry SeLtlcment of :'11 r. Uocks

0

... 142 'l'he fi rst Summai'y S,:ttlcment of l\lr. Cocks-The second Summary Settle-

ment 143 The second Summary Srtllmncnt-Thr Rc"'ttlar Rcltlem~nt .Tlumg lH The R<'gulnr Scttlt:ment, J'1ro!.f1- Tlte RC'g~hr 8ctllcment,

1

1\.itluwc't.l H5 The R;g~l~~· Settlement, J\Mowc't./-First Snmnmry 8ettkrnrnt of Garh

~IahnrnJa a~d A hmadpm· tacilukcis, by Mr. \Veilclcruurn-'l'he Second Summary SeLllc111cnt, uy Captain Grnhn.m-'l'hc Third Summary Set tlement, by Captains Tighe and l\Inx well-The Fomlh Summary Settlement, l•y Major Dwyer .. . 146

Summary of the U:i.1:h 1\lahadjii and A 111n:iclpur rr.se~smrnts-Summnry of the assessment m fo rce when the H,c\·isecl S< ttlern·~ut eommencecl-The rcsulls and working of the Hegular ~ettlerurnt ... 147

Jhang District. ]

v

Section B.- Land and Land Revenue-(contd). I'ag,. Revision of Settlement of l 880-Assessmcnt Circles-Classification of soils,

and revenue rates adopted . . . 148 Olassification of soils, and re,·enue rates adopted-Rain-lands assessment--

The assessment of sailab lands-The suitability of a system of fluctuating assessment for sailab lands · 149

The suita.Lility of a system of fluctuating assessment for sailitb lands­Systcm adopted in o.ssessing wells-The well asscsstnent in r iver villages 150

The upland wt:ll rates-The system of lluctua.ting assessments on wells, intro-duced in the Bar and Kachhi circles of tahslls Jhang and Shorkot 15 l

System of fluctuating assessments for rh·er lands-Date assessments 152 Date assessments-Half net assets estimate-\Vhy the assessments are

below the produce estimate 153 Comparison between the assets and assessments at the Regular and R evised

Settlerncnts-Insta.lments-Cesses-Assignment of land revenue 154 Government \Vaste Lands-Tirni arrangements in the Jhang district, and

their early history 155 Ti?'ni arrangements in the Jbang district, and their early history-Origin

of Sadr Tirni gu~itrs-Changes in the tfrni administration introduced by Oolonel H amilton 156

Oha.nges in the timi administration introduced by Colonel Hamilton 157 Signs of change in 1869-Introduction of the chak system 158 Introduction of the chak system-Rcdema.rcation of Garh Maharaja and

Alunadpur raklis 159 The introduction of the Dcra Ismail Khan tirni system into the western

portion of the district-The sajji assessment--Leased wells in the Government waste. The system used for their assessment 160

Leased wells in the Government waste. The system used for their a~css-ment

Kdsht Bc'trc'tni

OIIAPTER VI.-TOWNS.

161 162

Genera.I statistics of towns-Jhang and Maghiana-Description 163 Jhang town-1\Iaghinna. town-History 164 History-Taxation and trade-Institutions and puLlic buildings 165 Jhan3 town-Popuh~tio11 and vital sta.tistics-1\Iaghiana towu.-Population

and vital st:.~tistics-Chiniot town 166 Maghi:ina town.-Population and vital statistics-Chiniot town 167 Chiniot town-Shorkot town 16() Shorkot town-Abmadpur town 170 Ahmadpur town 171

Table No. I, showing LEADING STATISTICS.

l

DETAILS.

Total square miles (1881)

Rural population (1881) .. .

Urban population (1881) .. .

Total population per square mile ( 1881)

Rural population per square mile (ISSI)

Hindus (1881) .. .

Sikhs (1881) .. .

• Jains (1881)

, Musalmans (1881)

2 3

DISTRICT.

Jhang.

... 1

I 4 I DKTAIL 01' T AllS!l.S.

I Chiniot.

2,272

194

1,493

101

132

13·0

2.:;4

12S,2 H

117,510

10,i31

60 55

I

5

Shorkot .

1,220

186

8i7 79

138

9·6

174

95,342 90,i21

4,621

79

75

... ---64,892 1·----;;-;ws---1.:;,309 -,---17~

... 3,4i7 2,4li 693 367

... 321',!110 13;,121 I ll2,li3 I i'i,616 ..• 4 l ... . 4

~--------------------------!·----- ------1------1------. Average a.unnal La.nd Revenue (1877 to ISSI)" .. .

Average annual gr9ss revenue (1877 to ISSI) t .. .

.

4,08,420

4,91,299

I,7S,'i14 1,22,451 1,12,225

*Fixed, 6.uctuating, and miscellaneous. t Land, Tribute, Local rates, Excise, and Stamps. ::: Including 150 square miles of river bed.

~ § ..... ~

~ (!>

~ · CD a> :s

CHAPTER I.

TFI:E DISTRICT_

SECTION A.-DESCRIPTIVE.

The Jhang <listrict is the northernmost of the four districts of the Mooltan divi:;ion, ailll lies bf'tween north latitude 30° 35' and 32° 4', aml east longitude 71° 39' and 73° 38'. lt_js_jn shape triangular,· with its apex to the south-west anu its base tp . the north-east.. Tho acute angle of the apex is contained between the districts of l\fozaffa.rgarh and Dcra I sm:l.il Khan, and the base line marches with Shahpur and Gnjranwala. The south­eastern side is bounded for the greater part of its length by the Montgomery district. The remaining portion adjoins 1\Iooltan and Mu;r,affarg:irh. The north-western side, which is more irregular in ' direction than the south-eastern, is bounded by the Dera Ismail Khan and S~ahpur districts. The length of a line drawn from the bi-section point of the base to the apex where tho three districts meet, is about 124 miles ; while another drawn at right angles to

the above, through Kot ha Shah, Khfwa and Samundri, is a little under 70 miles in length. From the apex to the north-east and north-west base angles, the distances are respectively 152 and 124 miles. The area of the district is given in the margin.

AREA IN TahsH.

Acres. Square miles.

Chiniot ... ... .. . l ,45:l,822 2,271 '60 Jha.ng ... ... "' l,5l:l,8+2 2,365•:l7 Shorkot ... ... .. . 781,017 1,220•34 River ChenAb, 76,005}

,, Jhelam, 17,582 ... 96,076 150'12 ., :R4vi ... 2,489

---- - ---TOTAL ... 3,844,757 6,007•43

The district is <livi<led into three tahsils by two lines running ~igqt across the district parallel to the base. The north-eastern portion so cut off constitutes the tahsil of Chiniot, the small triangle lying to the south-wost that of Shorkot, and the ·central portion -pf the district that of Jhang. The uplands of the district are for the most part Government waste, and not included in any village ·boundary; indeed only some 40 per cent. of the total area is so included. The remaining 60 per cent. is inhabited only by wild pastoral tribes whose flocks graze at large over the wide-spread plains, while their habitations are mere temporary hamlets of thatched huts; to-day occupied and to-morrow desei·ted.

1

Cha.!)ter I, A,

Descriptive. General description,

[Punjab Gazetteer,

2 CIIAl'. I.-TIIE DISTRICT.

Some lead in~ statistics regm·ding ~he di.stri1\ t ba

1n<l Nthe s

1everal

Oha.pter I, A. tahsll~ into whicli it is <livi<led. arc given m a o r o. as a

D · t' e f t' · 'l'he district contams two towns of more than 10,000 _ eacrip 1v • 1".>ll 1sp1cce. General description; soul~, viz. :-

' [ 1 ·1 a ... l 2,5i4

Physlca.l formation.

The S4ndal Bar.

·' a_g_ii; ll 10 731 Gl11n10t " · '

The adrn ini::trati,·c h<'ad-quarlers arc si t~rn le<l at Maghiana, di!'tant only some. tl1rec miles from the town ot J bang, from which tl.sc district takes ns name.

Jhan cr stands fourth in order of a.rea! an<l twm1ty-sixth in orrlcr of J iO}' t1latiun, an10ng ihe rl2 d 1s~1'.1c ts _o~_lhe P rovince,

Town.

com pnsm g a· DJ per cent. of tlse total an·a, 2·10 pe1· cent. of the lolal population, an<l 1·52 per cent.. of the urban popu lati on, of Uritish tcrri­k>r.\-. Tlsr latil11<lc, longitude, aml height in ft•et above the S<'a of the principal places in the ti isii'ict arc shown in the margin.

The district is tr:.wcrsc<l by t wo ri vers, t he Chcnttb and the Jhelam. The Chcn:ib eutcrs the district a. 1itTIC-~vc;r, ..... of the fii:sedion point of the base line, and :i.ftC>r receiving the waters of the Jhelam. leavC>s the clislrict about 12 miles cast of the <listriet apex. The course of the Ohen(~b is sleatl ily to the south-west, and the riwr co11scq11c11Lly clivi<lcs the district into two very nearly equal portions. The J hclam cnlcrs the di:>triet at a point about 56 wiles distanL, an<l very nearly du<' west from when• the Chcnab first touches the Jhang border. This ri\'cr flows iu a course nearly due south, and is nb.•orbeL! into the Gl.scni b 40 miles Lelow where it leaves the Sh,ihpur di ·trict. The tract between the two rivers i8 a lesser triangle within tho greater of tho district boundary. Physically the format ion of the ti ititrict is that of an ol<l alluvial flat, tho remains of wls ich aro founJ in th(' hi(fh plateaux of the Sandal Bar, the I\.ira na Bar, and the Thal,

0trnversed by the

TivClr vallnys of the Chcnab and the Jhclam. Tho Sandal Bar is situnto to the east of ihe Clscnib, tho K inl.ua. Ditr bot ween the· Chen ab aml the J ho lam, and the Thal west of the Jhelam. · Betwe11n tho Bar and the Thal uplands an<l the lowlands or Ilithar annually. flooded by the rirnrs, there is 'an intermediate trnct called the Utar, and there can ~e little doubt but that all th ree represent different ages o~ geological formation. 1'he Dii rs and Thal are the oldes~ formation~, and ev('n ~hoy are of <listinctly alluvial origin. Th~s~ tracts are p~·obably 1<lontical, and geologically synchronous with the W~at pla111 of the Punjab ma<le up of the various Doab~, each consisting of au elerntc<l trnct slopin cr down to the river valleys on either si<le. 0

In the northern portion of tho district, the Sandal Bar ris~s abruptly from lhe Utar, and the summit of the dividing ledge 18

• Approxiu1a.w,

Jhang District. l

CHAP: I.- THE DISTRICT.

from 10 to 30 feet above the plain below. From the Gujranwala Chapter I , A. border to the village of Pabbarwala, the lee.Igo (Nak.ka, Dhaya, Dah) runs near and parallel to the river, and forms the boundary Deucriptive. between the lands includec.l iu villages aud the Government waste. The SAndal Bar. South of Pabbarwitla the ledge runs at some distance from the river into the Government waste, and does uot any longer form a quasi boundary between private property and that of the State. As one travels south, the bank imperceptibly disappears, until at length it is impossible to say whore the Bar ends or whero begins. There is, however, a gradual rise in tho country from the river to the Bar, evidenced by the increasing depth to water as the river recedes, ana also by the c.lircction of the surface drainage. The whole of the vast extent of country included "·ithin this Bar is, with a few trifling exceptions, tho property of Government. The private rights that arc now enjoyed by the sinkers of wells on leases from Government will be separately noticed. There are no village estates in this tract. The only cultivation that exists is attached to wells that arc hole.I under lease from Government; or, in a year of good rainfall, patches of ra.in cultivation will be found scattered sparsely here anrl there. In point of soil tpc northern portion of the Bar is generally good. There is a marked and obvious deteriora-tion to the south. The most general distinction botweon good and bac.l la.ml is that between sweet and sour. No grass grows kindly on kallar, and practically tho quality of the Bar soil depends solely upon its power of proJucing pasturage. Among the sweet soils it is noticeable that a good loam with a slight sprinkling of sand on the top, as is often seen in the Bar, makes the best grass land. The reason is at once apparent. ·when the first summer rains fall, the ground has Leen parched and burnt by the heats of May and June into the consistency of i ron. Last year's grass has been grazed clown to the roots, a.nJ tho surface is almost perfectly bare. Besides the natural power of absorption possessed by the soil, there is nothing to prevent the rain as it falls from draining away into the nearest depression. ·where the soil is samly and friable, the rain sinks where it falls; but on clayey lands it ~oes not penetrate for into the soil, and is either carried away by surface drainage or evaporated by a. burning sun. Not only is il10 soil poorer anc.l kalw1· plains more frequent in the southern portion of the Bar, but even the better class of grasses, such as Dhaman, are hardly ever found. Chhembar is about tho only. good grass that can be got to grow on kallar. The other natural productions of the Bar are the pili~, the jw1cl, the plwg, and the 1.:aiil, with here and there a few fciras!te~ growing where surface drainage collect!', and various salsolaceous plants. The khar Zuni, from which sajj{ is made, is rarely found north of the road from Jbang to Ghapni. Thero are a few small hills near anc.l between Singla and Sbahkot in the north of the Bar.

The Kirana. Bar, a portion of U1c Chaj Doab, takes its name. The Kir~na Bd.ro. from the Kirana hills found here. These bills are not, as generally supposed, and as stated by .Mr. Monckton, outliers of the Salt Range. 'fhe following description is taken from Medlicott nnd Blanford's Manual of Geology:- " Far to the north-west of th.a.

Chapter I, A.

Descriptive. The Kirllna Bar.

The Thal.

[Punjab Ga.zetteet,

CHAP. L-THE DISTRICT.

" H issar country somo l1ills occ~r on both sides ~f the. Chenab nt " Chiniot and !Grana. ~'hese bills are only. 4? miles chstnnt from "the Salt Range, but the rocks are t.otally <l1fterent fro~n any that "occur there, and correspond well with the ~haractor of tho tro.nsi­" tion rocks of the Arm Ii series. 'l'hey com1st of strong quartzites "with as~ociated clay ~!ates, forming steep riJges, with n. north-ea11t "to south-west 1<trik('. The highest summit is lltated by Doctor " Flemin<t to be 95 7 feet aboYe the plain. The oldest rocks "of the Salt Range are probably very much younger than the "strata of !Grima." The rocks al Shiihkot and Sangla. hclona to the same formation as the Kinl.nn. hills. Just above Chiniot "the Chenab runs most picturesquely through a cou11lc of gorges in these hills.

Tho lan<ls of the Kirana Bar to tho south and east of tho hills are of superb qualitx. After sliglit sho,~·crs of rain, tho whole country is carpeted with grass. Better ram crops are grown hera than in the Samlal Bar. To the west of !Grana and westwards, until the villages near the Jhe\am a re roache<l, the Bar soil deteriorate~. and more anc\ more kullw· is fonn<l. Tho !Grana Bar is demarcate<l from the Utar by tho samo fall or s1opo as theSfodal Bar. Generally this le<lge forms the boundary between the villages and the Government waste. But few Yilla.gcs po~sess !antis boyonu the high bank, or Nakka, as it is callctl. Tho flora of this Bar is much the same as that of lLc SanJal. Sajji is produceu to the south-west of !Grana. Some peculiar gra.~ses grow ou and uoar the hills, that are hclJ to be of wost excolleut quality.

The strip of 'l'hal att:1chetl to this district is of inconsiJerable area, 246,554: acres. To the north tho strip is exceedingly narrow, but it widens out comi<lera.bly to t.ho south of tho Jhaug anJ De1'a I smail Khan roa<l. The Thal apparently is a. high plateau similar to the Bars, wilh this difference, that it is more or less completely cowrcd with hills and dunes of Llown sand.' The soil below the sanJ is good enough, but it only crops out here and there. Where the JLclam enters the district it runs alongside, and is cutting away the high bank of the Thal. Thence, due west as far as the Imlus Kachhi there is nothing 1mt the most sterile waste of monotonou~l.Y par;llel sancl dunes. In the Thal attached to the Jhang district t.hcre is little or no cultirntion. The distance to water is so great as to render woll farn1iug much less profit.able than in llHJ portions of tho Thal nea.rer to the Indus . . The asp~et o~ this tract is d_reary in the extreme. Roll~ng sand hills, runnmg 111 an almost uniform direction a.lterna.tmg with hollows of fairly good soil studJed with pflu bu~hes, ure the only feat~r~s o~ a landscape unsurpassed for its monotony. The ~n.e prevailmg tmt of the soil is a light reclaish-brown, which after ram becomes rufous. The only greenery is that of the pilu bushes and trees. There is no land or Zani. Hore and there phog and ~aril. bushes are seen, but the distinctive feature of the Jhang Thal is ~he p{lu. The effect of the Thal is ono of unrelieved depression .. 'l'he Bar has a directly contrary influence. Grass grow~ lux~riantly in the Thal after heavy raiu

1 but it is seluow

eeen iu tlus happy stRte, .

Jhe.ng Distriqt. 1

CHAP. I.-THE DISTRICT.

The tract intermediate between the uplands of the Bar and Thal and the lowlands (llithar) of the river Yalleys presents consi­derable variety. This tract is the more interesting, in that it contains the villages that pay the land revenue of the district. The characteristics of the tracts intcrmet.l.iate between the Sandal Bar and the Chenab, the !Grana Bar ancl. the Chenab, the Kirana Bar and the Jhelam, ant.l. the Thal and the Jhelam :rnd Jhelam-Chenab, are sufficiently strongly marked to render separate descriptions necessary.

The tract between the Chenab and the Sandal Bar extends from the borders of Gujranw:l.la to the Yillages on tho Ravi. It varies in width from four to sixteen miles, but tho average distance from the river to tho Go1·ernment B;\.r is usually eight miles. Si crns of its flu1·ial forma tion arc to bo soon overywl1cro. As in tho Ba~, so in this tract, the gradual deterioration as ono goes south is distinct and ob,·ious. From Gujranwala to the boundary of the Jhang tahsfl , the difference is not so clearly marked ; but thence southwards, the inferior quality of the soil, the infrequency of good grass-land, the constant occurrence of kallar flats, at once strike the observer. 1\Ir. Monckton writes:-" The Jhang district . may "be described in general terms as a region desti tute of living brooks "and shady groves, and with the exception of the rivers Jhelam and " Chenab, and the fring<'s of cultivation on their banks, the country "is a dry waterless tract, covered with a sparse jrwgal of bushy "tree!<. The march from Khiwa to witl1in a milo of Jhang stands " probably unrivalled in the world for its combination of the most " disagreeable features a lant.l.scape is cap~tble of affording." The best way to describe this tract and its varying character is to take three sections from the ri,·er to the ,Ba.1', one for each tahsH. The starting point will be the bank of the Uti1r, beyond which tho river floods ha~·e been nev~r known to pass. In Chiniot,·with an unim­portant break here and there, this bank is bordered by a fringe of well cultivation that constitutes the prettiest and most fertile portion of the tahsil. Each well is bowf'red in a cluster of trees, generally H kars and slti.~ltams. Near the bank the cultivation is almost continuous, and there is hardly any patch of waste. Passing onwards the wells open out, and the intervening patches of waste become more frequent. These \rolls too are good in qual'ity, and some discretion has been exercised in selecting their sites. Beyond these wells comes a stretch of waste land, where the cattle of the village graze while at home. 'fhe soil varies. Depressions with a clayey bottom, uplancls of light loam, sandy tracts, with here a~d there a. sand-hill, and ·patches of kallm·, continually alternate. Then come the wells of the villages beyond the riverain estates, and beyond them again are the villages lying under the Bar. The wells are scattered, and each is a small hamlet in itself. The only 'vells whose cultivated lands adjoin are, as a rule, round the village, if there is a village. The waste between the wells is of good quality, and produces, with the assistance of wonderfully little rain, first-rate crops of grass. Next come the villages under the Bar. Here the distance to water is great, and without rain, or the assist­ance of surface drainage, they <lo but poorly. Consequently the

Chapter I, A.

Descriptive. The tra.ch between

the :Bars an<l Thal and the ri vere.

Tit!tween the S4ndal liar :\nd the Chedb

Hithar_lauda.

Chapter I, A.

Descriptive. Between t he Rtlnd~I ]Jar nn<I the Chcu:lb

llithil' lauds.

Between the Kirtlun. llllr &IHI the Chcu:\b

Hith~r.

6

[ Punio.b Ga.zw •. -r, <"11,\1'. I.-TUE DISTntCT.

well~ nrr fot111<J in lin•'S par.illrl with tho bank of lb<' D~ . • I ,.1, nnu th zamfoditr~ ust• t•wry cuntrtrnncc lo con uct 011 to these lands e ~ill-cl1ar~<'d wat,.1· th:iL l'll"ltos down from the Bar upla <I :he rain '!'hl' as11rcl of' tlti co1111lr\' nnd it \\(•tis i!I 11 0 111.,y'

1b1 8 a ~er

· · • · • ·" " c casil suppo~rd, ~nliJ"d lo tlw gi-1•at1· t c.;hnngl's. ln ~casons of Y t"tinfall no w1•ll~ or lr.11·t~ look o l1raght 111111 sn11\inrr In good

• , b' seasoiu of dro111•ht, a 111orn cir olatu connlr~· nn I \~ell~ rriorl• novcrtl'-s' · k

,, l 11 I . . I 'l'I (' •fie en in a111.ll'arnnc'.' l':lltno \\P. 1 1n1.1g111 • le tll'l'a~ or"tho wol~ arc lytn)! 11ntdl1·d, par{·ltr•d, m11I h 1rdt1wtl hy n n•lcnlbs~un 1'he ~urrournlins.t "" Ii land 1111;.rd not 011 hl:ulo of gra~s. EYcr~·lhin rrl's1•11l~ a dull brown t1oor1•h1•rl p111•,11 111c1. ln ,] li·uw 'lie fr' g · . • • "' • rn1re or w1•ll 1·11ltl\:d1011 alo11~ tilt' flu111l h.1111. l11•lr '·'' hy it~ rnnny bre k :aml il!i irl'l'!.:Hlarity in hn·adtlr, tlr.ll tlrl iiuil hi not whal it is\~ C'hiniot. :-..or un· tho w1•1l in thf'111 ••ht"! so pl'U~pPruus in look ns tho~1· lyi11 forl h1•r lll• rtlt .. '1.'hl' 1:1rn1i11g is n•~po11~iblu for thi~. Then• is not a11, \1•ry s,:rcat Jtll<·rl'llC<.' 111 tit Foil wh1•ro Lhc ,1·olls nre plac1•1I. \\ 1 r•• 1h1·ri• .1 rl' no \\t ll'i1 the Ut/1r ('lain nbove the ri,·er l:m•I-. • Ht r:ill • 1'011 ... i•l ol ti /.;11l/ 1r fl 1t, i · 11niforn1ilv broken hrrt' arnl tho.:n• Ii· l'lllilll 111 111111 J., tlmt It n·o collcch·il and' nro now forming rn1111il th" i;l1111t. ti /.;111·[1· or j 1111/ Lu .. 111·~. There is al>o a thick growl h of l1i111I 111· ltl11(1 or of liuth i11lt·rn1 ix1·1l. 1'Lo wells beyond :1 r1• m11rP ~1·:1II1•1 <•d. 11 gootl la 11 I i-; <'.t n·,., No u>o is made of i:11rf':tr1• ilrni11:1g1•, '1'111' \11·11~ nnrl country 11r1• 1111i1niting. Thero nre !cw tr"' r1u1111l tit• ''di~. 'l'lw1u 1~ huL little grass in the W:l"l<' I 1 i i~ t lt1• only pl.111L I h.1l t (' 111~ Sl'•'IO<I lo c•njoy the ~oil :111d dimak. A·J,,:1• i.; lu1111d in Liu• oull1 ofllll' ll1h.,fl. lt seemsl-0 bl• a f'la11t !-t1l11,.wl1:it ·:'(1ril'iu11 i11 it <'Ir k(• of l111.:.1lity. The upper part of' :-;t.urkul i~ '''"'' ;:i111ila1· lo till' lowor pt•tlion of Jhang . .Kallar, M11a, la i, :a111l 1.J,,;,. :t 1'l' 11101n tl11lu d. a11tl good grass land i~ ll·~H c·n1111111111 'l'rnc1·s uf rh 1•1· O<'lit111 nro lll'rc mon• 1111merou!. ncprc~si011~ anti l nwto; 1•0\·1•r1•tl ''ii Ir .111 l <11111" nro rncL wilh moro frequently. Tn• •:-; lh1•n• an· 1111111', 1 xr<•pl li(lrC :111.! tl11•rc, 11rarsomo clrpr<'s~io11 in which w:al ·r <'ollPcl during tht· ruin~. To the south thl' Chr111U1 witlt•ns out, and tho t •t~r tru t lrl'COlllCS \'Cry nnrrow, and the "oil in part" n~whl's a cli111:ix of ournc~s. l3elwMn the Uk-tr bncl awl th<' lrnc.L that. i 01·1linnril~ floot!otl by the Chenab, romcs n ~trip of' 1'11111111'\' f'<'t'rtliar lo th'' oullwrn half of Shorkot. It is c\ i1f Pnl h- :t 1·1·l',.nt ri\'1•r f11r111ntion. '1'110 i;oil is light and snmly. \\'at1:r i,; \c·r.r 111·:1 r 1h1• ;;urthco; mad ,,hero not cultii·atcJ, t.he ground i~ ron~t'!·d 1lilh a tl1•n e g10wth of ~111· grass.

Th<' counln· on th<' ri"ltl haul. of the ('lll•n:\b, from the river to tho hi~h hank of th1• H:f.·, i very i-i111ilnr in ch:tr:tctcr to that·oll the otllC'r sidr. N P:tr t lw ri n~r t IHm i the ~amo band of 1\8

culti,·ation, grnclually witl<'ning out to th1 scutlcrctl wells ~ml !argk strclc!trs of wa~l1• of the tract adjoining th Har. The !ugh oan of lho Bar dies away a littk• di<lfn1a•n t':t L uf the boun<lary bctK~ the Ghiniot and tli<' Jlt:tn~ t:ihi;{)!l, oppo. iln the vil!ag~do 0d Mo!tln. 'l'o thr portion of' tltc lJtar· lyin" lil'l\\'<'l'n tins ri go abo the Uhrnab, tilt' dPscript ion of t hc cm7ntrr cis-Ghcntlb 11l:tY1 II I. ' . f the coun ry, unreserve1 y npp ll'cl. 11 urllll'r ,,.<'"!. the nsprct o Uy h<'re called tho Sluth Jiwnna taalluk.i l'liunircs. Speaking gener:ii"tb th { f h . . ' o · 0 gro ,,

e ace o l e country 1s c1llicr hall cuncealcJ by a spar~

Jha.ng District. ]

CHAP. 1.-THE DISTRICT. 7

of sar grass, or appears revealed in all the ugliness of::t kalla1· plain. Mr . .Monckton writes of thi,; tract :-"Here the soil is singularly

Chapter I, A.

Descripti_ve. " sterile : for miles one may ride oYer tracts impregnated with "saltpetre, aml producing only dirty coarse grass, unfit for any use­" ful purpose." The wells, as might be expected in a tract of this description, are found !'cattrrt>1l hPre and there over the face of the country. There arc a few well-lo-do villages, but most arc poor, bad Iv. farmed, :11111 ownc1l hr rxlraYagant thriftlci's Sayads. This inho~pitabl<1 wa~to does not <>nd until the Jhelam villages are reached. The lower part of tho t.rianglc contained between the two riYcrs is tcrn1c1l in comn1011 parlance the Vichanh. Towards the apex of t.hc trianµ:lc tl11~ cutmir.Y may br dPscriLed as a dorsal rid{Te, covered wit.h cftiorc~cent. saltpetre, Letween the for tile low­hi~" allu1·ial lands of the two rirrr:<. This hack-Lone of extra sour s'oil ~xtcnJs as far as K:i.dirp\lr .Uakh~ha, ant! it:; continuity suffers hut very fl'w and \'l'l'_Y slight hrr·aks. Tli0 country round Kot I sa Shah, between the .JlH'lnm and the tongue ol' Dar that runs down southwa:·tls, is probaloly the most fertile a11cl mo~t picturesque in the di~trid. The soil i~ gooll, agriculture flourishes: :rnd trees are abundant for i'Otne distance away from thr ri\'cr. Beyond comes anollwr infNtilo tract, containing 11n:cl1 kalla1·. and then the Bar is n•aclH•rl. IT ere there is no high ridge well defined. 'l'he expanse of kallar is broken in somo parts by cnriou~ly fertile patches. Such an one is the Yillap;c of Tihairo, bonn<ld 011 the cast Ly the B:l.r, and on the west bi a l~allw· plain that for extent and naked­ness is unequalled.

Between t he Kir:ina. Bar anrl the Cheoab

Hi~hAr.

The tract between the Thal and the .Thelam is called the Kachhi. Kachhi is also tho name of the alluvial lands oft.he I ndus valley, as distinct from the Thal and Dam{Ln. The word means a coun try that is contained within some strongly marked boundary, here the 'l'hal. It is distinct from anrl must not be confounded with tho Urdu kachclw-(umipe, unformed). To the north the Jhelam is now flowing immediately under the Thal, and the higher portior. of the Kachhi, i.e., that out of rt>ach of the Jholnm and Uhenab floods, does not start fairly until .the village of Shcrowina is reached. '.!.'hence, as far as the Muzaffa1·garh boundary, tho tract of K achhi runs unbroken. This strip is, on an average. a liout n ine miles broad. As is the case with the whole of tli .. 1 1i-trict, the soil gradually deteriorates to the south, and bc1· ·11• < worse on the Muzaffargarh border. Herc the only cnlti1·a; 11rn to bo fo und, except a well or two, lies immediately under the Thal bank in a depression. The wells are of a fairly prosperous appearance. A little ta{la gra8S. and a good deal of sar, grow in and near the depression. Between the Thal and the ri rer the country is almost desolate. Rolling sand dunes, on which a few scant patches of sw· grass only thrive, flat plains of the hardest and most unfruitful clay, strips glistening with the salt cfRoresccno, and patches of black kaUar, locally known as bisld- (poisonous), from its deadly effect ?n all vegotable life, alternate in dreary succession. Vegetation is represented by a few starved km"ir bushes and Zani plants. Northwards-there is a decided improvement in the soil. Notably thore is very much less kallar. Near the riyor the well cultivation

Betweeo the Tha.l and the Jhclam a nd

Jhelam-Chenab Hithar.

[Punjab Gazetteer,

8 CllAP. I.-THE DISTRICT.

Oha.pter I, A . is dense, the country is well wooded, and acrrict.ilture flourishes Towards the Thal cultivation becomes darser.

0

'l'he wells arc f'ound. Descriptive. "in line~, the direction being determine by the presence of sorne

BedtwtehenJhth1e Tha.dl depression, into which the surface <lrainarre oft.he country finds i'-

an e e am a.u 'l'l 'l . r ·1 d cl I "3 Jhelaf!l·Cheuilb way. , le soi IS 1_nore ierti e a1~ coo or t 1a!1 t~e hirrher-lying

H1thar. lands. The depression under the 1 bal here again 1:; studded with wells. The soil is a good loam of a re<ltli~h tint. Near the river karfr is the predominant scrub, while near the Thal the jal bushes are so numerous and so large as to form a stunted forest. 'l'he separate Jistribution of those two shrnbs is very marked. ·where the two zones meet they are fount! intermixed ; but near the Thal hardly a km·fr, and in the river villages hardly a pil1l, will be found. 'fhe absence of grass is the distinguishing featnrn of the Kaehhi. lu the colt! weather gra~s snHiciont to foctl l1alf a tlozon horses certainly coulJ not be procured, and probably doc~ not c:tlst. '1.'he bareness of the s urface is most remarkable. The soil is clayey. ' Vater doe~ not penetrate, but . drains ~way into some depression, where again, when tho water IS evaporated, the salts left behind prevent tho growth of any vegetation. Thero is very little uncuitivated lau<l anywhere in tho Kachhi that is free from the kallm· taint.

Tho Uppor CheoAb Mr. Monckton inn few happy sontencos gives a description valley. of the Chcnab that cannot bo i111proveJ upon:-" Tho Chenab

" is a broad shallow stream, with a sluggish current and a licen· "tious course. Its deposits are sandy, but its flood is extensive, "and from tho loose texture of the soil on its banks the moisture "penetrates far inland." The above description was made with reference to the upper Chenab in tahsH Chiniot. Of the lower ~henab, l\Ir. Monckton wrote :-"The country on the banks of '<the Chenab is generally low and moist. The river flood extends " in many places as much as three and four miles inland at its highest 't r ise." Tho great differonco in tho ·character of tho Chcnab above and below its junction with the Jhelam has nover been thoroughly recognised. Above the Trimmu ferry the Ch<.'nab is confined withm well-marked banks, over which its waters rarely, and only at a few known points, ever spill. The country between the two containing banks varies consi<lera~ly iu width. Where the river hos cut away a larger slice of the Utar, the banks become neces­sarily farth('r apart. The width and depth of the river bed has naturally an important effect on the extent and height of the floods. Often J o Lhe :1.amtndars complain that the bed is far too big. \\"here the lxmk8 aro near and the Teal Led of tho river is Ifot cxc1>ssive in width, the greater portion of the lands between will 1!6 flooded annually. Where the Jistance from bank to bank JS

consi<lerable, ai1d the river channel runs in a tortuous course through the c<'lltrc, the action of the floods becomes uncortain.· In places tho bela land between the river and the high bank is only; naturally inundated when fbe set of tho stream is directly toward&

1 it. When the conrsc of thr river is less favourable, the needfu 1111pply of floou water i::; obb1ined by throwing embankments across tho ndlalu by which sueh lands are invariably intersected, and thorcby rai::;iuc; tho waler level. 'l'lw u1>posits of the upper Chen•b

Jha.ng District. l

CH.A.I'. 1.-THE DISTRICT. 9

are usually ·very sandy. The zamindars hav-e a saying that "it Chapter I, A. takes gold and gives copper," apropos of the difference between the land carried away and that thrown up. The upper Chenab Descriptive, deposits require successive deposits of silt before they become fit The upper Ch.enab for cultivation. The inundations of the Chenab appear to be fairly valley. 'regular. Mr. Cust's picture of" wells, villages and culturable area being carried away by a merciless torrent " is an exaggerated and unfavourable representation of the Cbenab. It does possess enormous powers of erosion, but, except under particular circum-stances, it takes years to cut away a village.

From the point of J0

Unction with the Jhclam the breadth The lower ChenAb valley,

annually inundated begins to expand, until in the lower portion of · the Shorkot t..-ihsil, near Ahmadpur and Jalalpur, the riYer spreads out almost in fan shape, and its water flows far inland. Large islands, liclas or bindis as they are called, form more frequently than to the north. The Dingi licla opposite Ahmadpur has already a length of 8 1niles, and exhibits signs of further growth to the south. The aspect of the sail.db lands adjoining the river is much the same on the lower and upper Chenab. Along the bank is found a dense belt of dark lai ( Jluiu 0 1· p ilchld} jangal; often so thick and strong that a horse could with difficulty pass through. This is intersected by numerous channels of the river, dry during the greater portion of the cold weather, but filling with any slight ris~ in the r iver. There is but little cultivation, and what there is consists of patches of wheat, rnassar, peas, or gram scattered here and there amongst the underwood. The soil is generally good, and has but recently accreted. Still its quality varies greatly. In one place the accretion has taken place only lately, and more silt must be deposited before the soil can be termed good. In another spot the soil was formed long a.go ; but it is still little better than a sand bank covered with a thin layer of clay, some-times hardly more than a mere film, and here and them the sand itself crops out. Beyond this strip of j angal and cultivation inter-mixed, and between it and the bank which bounds the inundations, come the cultivated lands of the alluvial tract. 'l'he soil varies from stiff clay to sand, but is generally a good light lo•am, easily-w:orked and retentive of.moisture. Rah{ crops are chiefly grown, only the higher and lighter soils being devoted to the production · of autumn crops. Below Shorkot the bank of the U tar is either wanting, or else is situate at some distance from the stream. Instead of finding a comparatively narrow strip of cultivation bet ween the new deposits and the Utar bank, one is at once struck by the absence of any high land beyond which no flood ever passes. The country is traversed by numerous channels that _carry the flood water far inland. There arc broad expnmes of rich a~ilab land near the river; but these do not extend far. Beyond, high-lyingstripsand patches of waste land of a sandy texture, covered with a thick growth of $a1· grass become common. The cultivated '

- lands are found in between, wh~rever there is a depre8Sion that is reached by t he flood water. As the river recedes, wells become more numerous. Near it there are but few. In F ebruary or March the view. of this cis-Chenab portion of the district from an

2

[Punjab Gazetteer, .

IO CHAP. I.-TIIE DISTRICT.

old mound or eminence has a peaceful beauty peculiar t o itself. A Ohapter I, A. b d d ti t b sea of yellow grass rippling in the reeze, e ge on 1~ we:i y a peaoriptive. silver ribbon of river, are the feat ures that first stnke the eye.

The lower Chen<ib Dotted over the smfacc are dark clumps of trees round the wells, Talley. and here and there a few groves of date palms. Towards the river

long stretches of green wheat are to be seen, while nearer in the cultivation is hidden from view, or only peeps out near a well or where a piece of sailab culti,·atiou larger than usual is found. Reyond the river rise dark against the horizon the trees growing round v~llag~s thaL fri1~ge the fur ther bank. Trans-Chcnl~b from the .iunct1011 of lhc nvcrs to Ahm:u.lpur, the sailub lands arc bounded by a high bank separating lhom from the Kach hi tract described above. AL Ahm:ulpur the level of the country seems to sink, the bank to disappe:u, and tho flood water of tho river passing to tho west of Almiadpur finds ils way by depressions and canals into the Kandiwal lake~ (jhil) lying immediately under the high wall of tho Thal.

The Jhelam valley. Tho Jhebm has a course of about 45 miles in length from tho - point whore it first touches the Jhang district down to its point of

junction with tho Cheu~b, the Domel as it is called. .As comparod with the Chenab, the Jhelum contains a much smaller volume of water, and flows in a much more confined channel. The an~:l. subject to inundation from the Jhclam is much less extensive, though iu flood season tbe rise in the river must be considerably higher than that of the Chenab. The erosive action of tho Jholam is quite as powerful as that of the Chcnab, but its deposits aro far richer in argillaceous matter. There is more mud and less sand. A deposit of Jhelam silt often bears a good crop of coarse rice tho first year it is formed. 'l'ho country on the banks of tho Jhelam is fer t ile, well wooded, densely cultivated, and suppo~ts a larger population than any other portion of tho district. There is hardly any waste fand. Tho Jhelam being~ na1;row stream, islan<l.s (belU..S Ol' bindfs) arc seldom met with.

The Ravi valley. The Ravi, which is almost everywhere fordable, first touches the district at a point only 11 miles from where it falls into tho Chenab, but.the.lc~tb of its singul!ld:V tortuous courso between these two pomts must be nearly double that <listancr. JudO"inO' from the description of tbe H.aYi .given b.Y Mr. Purser in the Mo~tg~mery Settlement Ucport., the chara"t"" of the lower Ravi varies consider­ably from that of the upper. On the Jban" side of the river tho Ravi sailab lands are separated by a very l~i O'h bank from the lands of the Utar. The outline of 'his b'lnk is

0most irrcO'u)ar in its

twists and .tur?s, carved out ~s :t hag been by tho act'iun of this most errattc n ver. Belo··; this l mk lies a cousi<lera.blo tract of bet of a very uneven surf~c~ · 1. l 1prJity, :. nd intersected by numero1;1s old channels of the Ra VI. 1 < : ro • :tllod Budlt or D!tan and m· the cold weather such of them as ! ·1 Ye not subse~uently silted up aPd b?eome dry, afford both watl-r to thcjlialars and excellent·duck­shootmg. ~t the. end Of Ollt; '• l . wcntber it is impossible to predict ~vhe~·e the nver Will ~c at the 1.;, -=- .ning of the next, beyond that it w1.ll be below the U tar .?ank. Its cow·so is-the- mo~t .caprieio.us and llleonstant_ of all the rivers of this distt"!Gt~ Ordinarily it does

Jhang District. l

CHAI'. !.-THE DISTRICT. 11

not, like tho Chenab, flood the whole of the saildbci lands. The Oha.pter I, A. extent and the locality of'thc floods <l<'pond solely upon the direction of the river. If it is flowing un<lcr tho lefL bank, the chances are Descriptive. that the lands under the right bank will not get a drop of flood The RM valley. water, except the lowC'st-lying strips in tho old channels of the river. The llavi alluvial lands aro composed of a. stiff soil, very productive if it gets flood water, but h:i.rdly porvious, and but !ittle benefited by percolation cxcrpt whero it is unusually sandy. '..:.ue stream runs in a deep bed. Tho highland between tho Ravi and the Chent\.h is curiously sim ilar to that between the Jholam and Chonab. Tho same bare unfruitful plain with a surface stratum of kallar cfHorcsconcc is found. The presence of much coarse dablt grass, a few patch!'~ of sa1· gr~ss, and some i1:frcqucnt Lai bushes, give the Shorkot V1chnnh a slightly more hospitable aspect. About two miles from the Ravi and closo to tho l\fooltan border, a thick forest of jcmd is found. This forest extends some way into the Mooltan district. Only a small portion is included iu Jhang. The ground appears to be nothing hut kallctr of the rankest nature, yet the jand grows with a luxuriance never seen elsewhere. Tho sito is apparently a depression, for not only docs water flow down from the Utar and collect here, but sometimes the flood water of tho Ravi, spilling over tho bank above Ch.ichvawatni, flows across some fifty miles of country, an\l fimls' its way by here into the Chenab. Tho Ra.vi sicle docs not present that appearance of fertility that characterises the Jhr.lam valley and tho alluvial lands of the Chonab. The "upland wells arc extremely poor, and there is much kalla1-. The Hithar lauds betray the uncertainty of the supply of flood water.

Irrigation works ~f modern <lato iu Jhang compare but Present canala. unfavourably with the remains of those of the past. The only canal now at work is ono in Shorkot, called the Wakefield W..Ji_ I ts history is apparently this :-In 1872 Niamat Hai devised a scheme for cutting a canal from Ilud<lhowana to l\fanga Afghanan. Mr. Wakefield approved of the plan , and by 1874 a canal sixteen miles long bad been excavated nt their own cost by the zam1ndars of the villages through which it passed. Tho . .canal has not been doing so well during tho last few years. This is duo partly to a ohange in the Cbenab stream, but more so to lack of management. Annual clearances are effected under the supervision of the Tabsil-dar, but proper distribution of the water there is none. The villages near the head not only take more thnn their share, but allow the water to run waste in a scandalous manner. There

, are a few other. cuts from the river in various villages made to assist and guide the flow of the flood water inland, and they are welcome signs of tho birth of some enterprise among the zamindars. Thesa ditches are to be found at Basti Varyam and Jalalpur Kakk6.wala, Ahma<lpur, Sultan Bahn, and Havel! Babadar11ha.h in Shorkot. In Jhang there is oue made by the Chel~ o( W asu Astana, and another started by Mr. Wakefield near Jhang lbat has never fl.owed since the first year. In Chiniot there are about the same number.

The old canals are· three. In th) Vicbanb the remains of an Old ce.naJ1,

old canal o! considerable size are to be seen. Local tradition says

Oha.pter I, A.

Descriptive. Old canals.

t Pulljab Gazetteer,

12 CllA.P. 1.-TfiE DISTRICT.

that it was a portion of tho Il6.niwiih cn.nnl thnL leaves the Jholam in tho Bbera tahsil of Sbihpur. Nothiub is known ns to when the canal was constructed. The storv goes that it was tho work of a rich banker of Bhera. whoso <laughter was marriod to a resident of ono of the Jhang Vichanb villarr1•q, T he daughter, when she reached hor hushand's home, co111plaineJ of tho scnnty supply of water, and her father at once cut the canal to put an encl to her trouble. Anothc·r ycrsion is that the <laughtor vowcu that she would not marry tho man to whom sho was bctrothod, unless she coukl get to his house b.v water without pulling foot t.o the ground; so her father forthwith proc1•c<ll'd to cxcavatc Hus canal. The remains of tho canal opposite K:t•lirpUl' Bakh~ha arc perhaps in the best state of preservation, :mJ show that it was a. work of some magnitude, and alignc<l consi1lcrnbly abovo the level of the country. In tho Shorkot tahsil the hanks of an ohl canal that left the Uhcnah a short distance <>a!(t of ~Hrak Sial a.re still reco~izable. The pcoplr have no t radition whntovor as to its construct10n. The fact that the Cherntb must have been running at a very much higher level than now, and in a very different bed1 before water could have been rnpplic1l lo the canal, is the best evidence of its antiquity. The head of tho canal takes off the olcl bed of the Chcnab lying bctwe<'n Mlrak Sial and Kitim Bharwana, into which now-a-clan the wa.ter of the r iver in highest flood hardly penetrates. All vestiges of the canal are lo~t about a mile from tho village of Shorkot. The thir<l canal is that of Uch, construct~d by li'akl.r Gul lmam. It leaves the river Jhelam close under Illacbhiwal, a.nJ tails off into Uch. It ceased to run about tho end of the 18th c~ntury, after flowing some sixty years. There are also traces to be seen in the Bar of an old canal Nannanwa, concerning which little ot· nothing is known by tha pcop\o.

R.a.inf&ll, tempera­ture, and climate.

The climate of Jhang does not differ from that of the remainder of the southern Punjab. Mr. Blanford states tba.t during J une-, July and August the highest mean temperature prevailing in any part of India is that of the comparatively rainless tra.ct about Mooltan, Montgomery and Dera. Ismail Khan. The intensely bot weather commences shortly after the 1st June. The kfka1• and bb trees lose all their lcavcs in the burning heat. Thero is generally a fall of rain hy the 15th July. A bot wind blows more or kss steadily from the south and south-west during the month of June, untilthe advent of the monsoon current is felt, and then the winds are >cry variable. The nights aro, if not cool, · at least comfortable up to the last ten days of June, an<l then day and night are both equally intol1wable. J·ha112 after gonim~l rain has_:pnost yleasant clilllate. The thermometer falfa, and there is little or none of that close muggy atmosphere tliat characterises

, the rain i.u stations with a large rainfall and moist soil. Calms a.re \rare. If the rain ceases, as it sometimes does, or if the breaks are \long, the heat becomes again intense, and Lot winds have been. /~xperience~ in t.he latter part of Ju.ly. There is always a change m August m tlns part ?f the \ unJab. The nights and mornings get .cooler. If there is no ram m August and September, this coolmg proceeds very grndually, until the cold weather cowmenccs

J~ Dist!'Wt. l

CIIAP. I.-THE DISTRICT. 13

:lnd pankMs are ab:utdonod about the 10th October. With rain about the middle of September, the cold weather comes in much

uicker. The cool bright days, the frosty nights, and the cnisp( 1rcsh mornings of the cold weather of the Punjab proper, are to be found at Jhang as elsewhere. October and November are rainless. During tho last week in December and in January and February rain usually falls. B_y tho ontl of March tho weather gro:ns perceptihly wanner. April is bot and dry ; May is hotter and drier: · Tabfo No. III shows in tenths of an inch tho total rainfall

Year.

1R6!1-61' , . !86H4 .. 1R64-G5 • ' 1866·66 ..

Tenth• of an Inch.

1~8 185 19r. 117

rogistered at each of the rain-gauge stations in the district for each yea.r, from 1866-67 to 1882-83. 'l'he fall at head-quarters for the fonr preceding years is shown in tho margin. The distribution of tho rainfall throughout the ye>nr is shown in Tables Nos. IIIA and IIIB.

The dist.ti.ct K..a...particularly healthy one. There is ordinarily but little fever. Cholera seldom appears, and never badly. Tbe drinking water at.Jhang, aud generally along the banks of the Chenab, is excellent. Goitre, however, i3 prevalent in the neighbourhood of Chiniot and the tract lying to the north-east of t\lat town. Tables Nos. XI, XIA, XIB and XLIV p;ive annual and monthly statistics of births and deaths for the district and for its towns during the la.st five yrars ; while the birth and death-rates l!ince 1868, so frr as available, will be found at pages 42, 43 for tho

· general populat.iou, and in Chnpter VI under the heads of the several large towns of tho district. Table No. XII shows the number of insane, blind, deaf-mutes, and lepers as ascertained at the Census of 1881; 'vhile Table No. XXXVIII shows the working of the dispensaries since 1877.

SECTION B.-GEOLOGY, FAUNA AND FLORA.

Our knowledge of Indian geology is as yet so general in its nature, and so little has been done in the PunjaL in the way of detailed geological investigation, that it is impossible to discuss the local geology of separate districts. Dut a sketch of tho geology of the Province as a whole has been most kindly furnished by Mr. Medlicott, Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India and is published in exlenso in tho Provincial volume of the Gazettee; s~ries, . and also as a separate pamphlet. And the following d1scuss1on, taken from Mr. Steedman's Settlement Report, is of such an interesting character that it is inserted here :-

"It has always been to me a curious problem-the origin of this Thal santl. If there were any continuous stretches of sand hills on the left bank.of the Jhelam, the question might be more easily understood, b~t ~here a.re not. I only know of one small portion of the Vichanh Bar where the.re are sand dunes, and this is due ea.st <>f Kadirpur Bakhsha.. To the ea.st of the Ohenab, below its junction with. the

Chapter I~ B.

Geology, Fauna.e.nd

Flora. Rainfall, tempera­ture, and climate,

Dieeue.

Geology.

Ob.a.ptei;.I , B .

Oeology, Fauna. o.nd

Flora.. Geology.

[Punjab Gazetteer,

CHAP. I.-THE DISTRICT •

.Thelam there are no doubt sand hills here and there, such as are met with ~t of Gilinala in Pfrw:ila and elsewhere; but otherwise the tract in no way resembles u:c Thal. The sand hills of Gilmal<t and Pirwlila. seem to have most probably been formed from sand deposited in an old bed of the Chenab that is found near. The remarks at pages 436-439 of the l\fanual of Indian Geolo"y should be consulted for a further insight into the formation of deserts

0

such as those found in Sind and Rajputana, which do not apparently differ much from the Thal, except that there the direction of the parallel lines of sand hills is north-east and south­west while according to the SM.hpur Settlement Report, p. 11, they here

1run n~rth-west and south-ea.st. Native traditions attribute the

presence of the sand to the action of the ~trong ~outh wind t hat prevails durin" the gr~atcr part of the year, m blowmg up the sand of the Indus b~d. The authors of the ~Ianual write of the R:ijputana. desert:-' It appears difficulL to believe Lhat all the sand found in the desert can have been derived from the Indus.' The same diiliculty occurs in respect of the Thal sand. ' The most probable theory appears to be that the Ran of Cutch, and the lower portion of the I ndus valley, have been occupied by the sea in post-tertiary times, and t hat the sand of the desert was derived from the shorA. The most sandy tracts, as has also been shown, arc on the edge of the Inclus valley ** * and these portions of the country were all probably situated on the coast.' ' It is probalile that the central portion of t~e deser t was land, whilst the Indus valley, the Rn.n (of Cutch) and the Luni valley were occupied by sea..' 'l'he accunrnla.tion of sand in o. desert region is eviJentl) due to the low rninfoll r.nd the consequent absence of streams, the effect bein~ intensified by the accumulation of sand au<l the porous no.ture of the rrsultin>r surface. In other parts of Incl ia., the sand blown from the river channels or the sea coast is either d ri l'Cn by the wind into other river channels, or is swept into thrm again by rain.*

"It is easy to follow these remarks in connection with the presence of so.ncl in the upland of the Sind Saugor Doib, but wbt in the case of the J hang district requires an explanation, is the compar.iLi ve absence of snnd in the two neighbouring Doibs between the Jhelam, Chenab and Ravi rivers, in fact the comparative absence of sand between the Thal and the Bika.nfr desert on the cast of the Sutlej. The alh1vium of the K irana and Sandal Bars and that of the Siwl Saugor Thal on which the sand dunes rest, are probably of the same age, though I speak with extreme diffidence; and if this is the case, why are there not t he same accumulations of sand 1 Diel the sands of the Biko.nil' desert and those of the The.I once join, and have the Punjab rivers s ince cut their way through them, the uplancls of the Bar having been first deposited and subsequently cut t hrough at a later p~rio<l 7 Where t he Jhclam enters t he district it runs alongside, and is cutting away the high bank of th(' Thal. Thence d~e west, as far as the Indus Knchhi, there is nothing but the most stenle waste of monotonously parallel so.nd dunes. Cross t he river, and ,,.ith t he exception of the few mounds of sand mentioned previously, a ~at plain of stillish soil, here and there ligh tening down to 110.ndy loam, is traverse<l until the Chemtb is met. It seems possible to account for tl~e absence of sand by the clecreting action of t he rivers, on the hypothesis t hat the sands of the Dikanir deser t and t hose of the Th~! wer.e in past ages continuous, and that the Ohaj and. Hechna Doabs, lymg as they do at n. lower level, were subsequently deposited by

• M.r. ~~edlicott writes.-" These remn.rks, so for as they refer to sea., can ha_ve no ~pph_Cl\t~on .to a.uy Punjn.b ground. Th is santl is esseutia.lly recent; ancl 1!ll part1a.l cl1stribut1on may, I think, he mainly attributed to the capriciouaactioo, not yet fully uodcutood of the wind,"

Jha.ng District. )

CRAP. 1.-THE DISTRICT. 15

tluvial action that had first eroded and carried awny the sands. This, however, gives a higher* position in U1e geological era to the Sind ~, .," ,r lJoab than is allowed by the Indian geologists; and of course my sug!?Psliou is little else than a guess suggested by the levels, the lie of thu country, and the identical character of the sand in the two deserts, separated from each other by the Punjab portion of the Indus drainage system."

There are no mines in the dislrict. There are several quarries ifl the hills near Chiniot, where rnilbtones, pestles aud mortars, dabgars' and mochis' blocks, kneading boards, oil pans for lamps, &c., are made. There are no other metal or mineral products. There arc no kanka1· beds in the district. The Kirana hills are stated to contain iron ore, but it has never been worked. Some freestone was quarried near Chiniot and sent to Lahore for use in some of the Government buildings.

Among the trees of the district the Ukcir (Acacia Arabica) is the most common and the most useful. It grows most luxuriantly in the Hithar villages on both the rivers, but is found in greater quantities ou the J he lam and upper ChenaL than further sou th . K£km· wood is of excellent quality, and is used for almost every agricultural purpose. More especially it is almost invariably used for the horizontal and vertical wheeli:;, the axle of the vertical wheels, and other portions of the machinery of a Persian-wheel. As a young tree, it is exposed to some danger from frost, but as it, ages, col<l has less l!flcct. It grows wonderfully quickly, and this is the principal reasou why zo.mindars prefer it to the sMsham (tahU). A number of young kikars will be found on almost every well scattered over the area attached, but the shisharns will only be close round the well. The pods of the kikai· and the loppings are eaten greedily by sheep and goats, and in years of drought the tree is hacked and pruned in a most unmerciful manner. The shade of the ldk,a,1· is peculiar! y harmfu I to vegetation. N oth i1}g will grow under it. The bark is used for tanning and distilling spirits. The cypress-formed or K <ibiili kikm· (Acacia cup1·essi­formis) is also found scattered over the district ; it is valued less than the kfkar. The shfshum or tuhli (Dalbei·gia sissu) is found wherever there is cultivation, but is more abundant in the lowlands fringing the rivers than in the Utar. The treo does not do well until its roots get down to water, and this takes place much sooner in the tract near the rivers than in the uplands. Shorkot way, almost every well in the Hithar boasts a clump of shishams, and many are extremely fine trees. T here are apparently two varieties of the tahU,-one growing straight, and the other with the boughs drooping. The Bir (Zizyphur jujiiba) is a hardy tree, and will grow anywhere, thot10'h it prefers the soil of the H itha r. I t is con­sidered unlucky to c~t down a btfr, and its fruit, when ripe, is gathered by every passer-by. The fruit is hi?!1ly esteemed and largely eaten by the poorer agriculwrists. Careful housewives

•Geologists would sa.y "lower " i.e., "older." Bnt Indian geologists ha.ve fixed ·the relations referred to by the 'use of the term "old alluvium" for these high· lan~s, the rema.ius of the prehistoric forest·clad plains, b~fore the coneen~~a.ted dram~ge waters were driven to 1irey upon these deposits and form the new alluvium" or river nlleys.-Editor.

Chapter I, B.

Geology, Fauna. a.nd

Flora.. Geology.

l\Iinera.1 produob.

Trees. The klkar.

The Shl$ham.

The Ber, Sil'i1 &nd Fanish.

Chapter I, B.

Geology, Fauna. and

Flora.. Th• Bt r, Siri3 and

Far~h.

The Janel.

The J d.l or Pflrl.

16 CHAP. I.-TBE DISTRICT,

collect and store large quantities of the berries when ~he crop is a good one. The fruit has a. ~ot unp_leasan~ rou~h acid taste . . I t ripens about March. The si1·1s (A cucia speciosa) lS rarely met with, and only near wells. It is a useless tree, but affords a good shade. The ukanh or khagal, or Jard.sh ( Tamarix orientalis) is not common anywhere except in the Bar and . t he Kachhi. T~ose in the Kachhi are of a. gnarled stunted growth, and never atta.1n any size except near wells, and the zamindar does not often choos~ to grow the ukanh on his cultiva.ted lands. In the Bar, wherever water collects or the soil is better and more moist than usual, the ulcdnh is sure to be found. A typical instance is to be found on the Chichawatni road to the east of Roranwali. The wood of the ukanh is hard, and is used in a variety of ways. L a£, the jMu of Hindustan, is found in great ~uantiti~s alon.g the river banks. It is used to make the wattle cylinders with which kachclia wells are usually lined. Near Jhang and MagJUana. it is cut and used for firewood. In the Jhang ta.hsil the Bohanjna-horse radish tree (Moringa pterygospe'rma)-is found on almost every well. The fruit is preserved and used for cliatn£B and as a pickle. The tree is pruned regu~arly every year until it rese~bl.es a Polled willow more than anything else. In Sh!ll'kot and Chmiot this tree is found, but not so abundantly. In tht' Civil Station some very fine oldjand (A cacia leucophele.1) t,._ are to be seen. Elsewhere the stunted bush is usually the fun11 10 which this tree presents itself: A jand shrub is always a au re sign of good soil, whether in the Hithar or Utar. It is unusual to find jand scrub in the Hithar, but there are a few such tracts in the southern tahsil. Like the ukanh, the jand in the Bar prefers a moist lowlying position. The jand is usually a. bush, but in the more favourable localities it becomes a small tree. The peculiarly dense growth of jand jangal in the south-east corner of the Shorkot tahsil ha.s already. been noticed. Here, though the surface of the soil is covered with kalla1·, the soil itself is good. The kallar has been washed on as a foreign substance in suspension and solution by the Ravi flood · water or by the drainage from the saline upland of the Bruo, and subsequently deposited by evaporation in or on the soil. The jand makes very good firewood, and affords capital grazing to camels, sheep, and goats. The wan, jal, or pllu (Salvadora oleoides)- for by all three names is this tree known-is found in every part of the district. Individual trees of the largest size are found in the Kachhi and the Bar. There are two kinds of jaZ-the sweet and the sour, but the sour is very seldom found. The leaves of the kdura jal are darker in colour and longer and broader than those of the miththa jal. The tree is much used by the cattle-· thieves of the Bar as a place of concealment for stolen animals. It is. impossible to ~iscover the animal except by the closest scrutmy, a~d precautions are ca.ref ully ta.ken against any move­ments on his part. The roots of the tree are t he favourite home of the cobra. As fuel the wood is det estable. It leaves an enormous­qua.ntity of ash, has an extremely disagreeable smell, and gives but httle heat. Its leaves are the favourite diet of camels during the first quarter of the hot weather. They act as a cooling alterative ..

CHAP. I.-TITE DISTRICT. 17

The fruit, the berry called 11ilu, is much prized by the poorer classes. Pilit is used both of the tree and the fruit. It is equally correct to speak of the pilU tree and of eating pilu, but it is incorrect to talk of eating wan or jal. The berry usually ripens shortly after the 15th Jeth (1st June). In 1880, there was a magnificent crop of berries that ripened a month earlier than usual, and thoroughly appreciated it was by the poor classes, with wheat selling at l 0-12 seers for the rupee, and harvest below the average. They lived for nearly two months among the jal trees with their flocks, and consumed scarcely anything but plli/, berries and milk. The berry is supposed to be a cooling diet. The shade of the j cil is esteemed as being particularly cool and a thoroughly good pro­tection ag-ainst the sun, and the day is passed therein. The flocks are very fond of the berry also, aud it is s11pposed to increase both the sweetne8s and the supply of milk. Quantities of the fruit are dried aud stored. The kal'fr bush ( Ccipparis apl1ylla) is found alongside the jJ,l iu every portion of the district, The Kachhi and the Bar are its fai;ourite habitats. It affords grazing to sheep and guats, and when hard pressed, cattle eat or chew the twigs. It bears a pinky white flower, Mtu, aud when iu blossom the Bir assumes for a few days quite a gay appearance. The fruit (dehlu) is but little used in this district. lt is eaten when ripe, but the zaminJ.l.rs hardly talk abonLthc crop; or if they do, never in the same terms or with the same i11tere.;,t as the be1· and pilu berry crop is di::;cusSt:d. The uuripe berry is ma.de into pickle, and also is much es~cemecl as a tuuic ('11MtscUah) for horses. The karfr wood suffers less ·from white ants thau other indigenous timber, but it does uot eujoy perfect freedom from their attacks. I t is used as rafters for hou~cs, and for the spokes of the wheel on which the well pots are strung. All the more important indigenous trees and shrubs have been enumerated au<l described above. Among the other trees besides the fruit-bearing oues, are the bohrL1· (Fic us Indiva), the 7J{pal (Ficus Religiosn), the l.Jakain (Melia Azedcimch). The ,bohm· thrives in a wouderful way in the tract near the rivers. One celebrated tree, Pfr ktt boluu·, was carried away by the river Cl1enab some 11 years a~o. It was situated in the village of Havcli .\lohangir, and its shade covered over half-an­acre, not the mauy acres mentioned by a correspondent of the Agri-Horticultural Society, noted at page 213, Stewart's Punjab Plants. The .pipril is found, like the bohar, throughout the district, but less frcqneutly. The bakuin is fuu11<l here aud there alongside a well, but not oft.en. Othrr less common trees are the ba1'1l.a, the amr1lta.s (Cathal'ficarznis fistiila), the 11/mluhl (Acncir.i illodestn), the white sii·is (Acncin el11fn), aud the jdpian (0izygiun.iJambola­?'1-ttni~. In some oft he bel,1.s, and more especially just above the Junction of the Jhclam aud Cheuib, n. few specimens of the balin fpopulns eitph1'Utica) arc found. fo Jhang the local name is ubhu:n. The mango, mn lburty, peach, appl<>, orn.nge, lime, pomegrauate, lemon, grapt>, plnm, gnasa, &c., arc the fruit trees. The mangoes ai:e generally inferior. Most of the better zamindars have each his bayh or maugo orchu.rd. Oranges .and limes succeed very w.ell,_but .the ether fruits are not good. The date _palms of the district will be noticed in Chapt<!r V.

3

Chapter I , B. Geology, Fa.una.

a:Jd Flora. The J dl or Ptlu.

The Kartr.

Otbt:r trees.

[Punjab Gazetteer,

18 CHAP. 1.-THE DISTRICT.

I B Among plants are found the al.;. bUin, khip, plwg, ,M.1!-a, ~:n{ Chapter ' · k/W.r jawaiih or camel-thorn, munpcuna,kluin,harmal, b!wht, thistle

Geolfi Fa.une. The ~k can hardly be termed a useful plant. W,hen reduc~d tc e.n lore.. great extremitv goats and deer eat the leaves. Bufa and k!ttp nc

Shrubs. animal eats. ~Ir. l\loncktou says paper was made of khip in the Jhauo- jail. I t certainly is not put to this· use now, though experi­ment~ may have been ma?e with the plant ~n . former days. All enquiries have been met with one _answer, tha:t it 1~ valuel

1ess. Pltog

comes in the same category. It 1s found chiefly rn the Thal or the Ldnd, ldnl, khdr . sandy tracts of the B~\.r . . It i~ sel~on~ eaten by cattle. La1~d, lU11i

an<l khar a.re all found rn tlus d1~tnct. There are two kmds of U.ina-goru a.n<l 111itlwr. Mr. Steedman writes:-

" La111i is evidently t.he gora land of the )fontgomery Settlement Report, and Lani the m ithm· lami. I ca~not quite follow the notes in the 'l'mijal> Plants,' and I faucy the writer was uot perfectly clear as to his facts. A nabasis miilt~/lora is apparently 111itl1ar luna or the lnni of Jhang; Lut what salsolas arr, the Uciro.1;ylon fetidu.m, and Jiwreda frnticosa I The latter is probably the z~~nci or gora l<i.11a, Caroxylo1~ Grfffithi is the kluir. There is a considt-mlJle disugreomcnt as to what ph1nt or plants srtjji, is made from. 1:1 the Jha.ng district 1ajji, is ma<le from kluir only. I have made repeated enquiries, and Jrn.ve always rcccivccl the same answers, that sajji, is 1_11a.dc from kM.r, but that somcti111es, as sugar is sanded, and us_ a \·anety of jams are parlly made from turnips aucl decayed figs, so 1s the bulk of t he sajji increased hy burning lcfnd with the kli<ir. I have been constantly in camp at the time the kluir is cut, and I ha\·c 11e\·e1· seen a single bundle of cut lilnt'i, and such adultcrntio11 is very un ;ommon. All four plauts arc excellf'nt gmziu~ for camels. Khar is the best, and lU.11/, the wori;t Klu'ir, )lr . .'.\Io11.:Ho11 happily phrases it, forms a useful Rltera. tirn in the diet of carnPls that graze in the Bar. Lana forms the staple foo1l of the camel for at least 8 months in the yea.1·. During May, J uuc and July the jtll is browsed, all(\ then lani:t gra.zing commences."

Other shrubs. 'l'he 1noccs:; of manufacturing sajji is d escribed in the Shahpur Gazetteer, aud in " Punjab Products," pp. 86-88. Jawa11/i, jawasa camel-thorn, is found most abundantly in the waste aud fallow lau<ls subject to inun<lation from the rivers. I t is a popular error to suppose tliat camels eat it. As a rank wee~ it <loes much harm to cultivation. The thistle, leh, is another wee<l that springs up iu olJ sail1ib lan<ls. l lannal and bhul.:il are two weeds characteristic of the Kachhi well cultivation. Ilurmal grows chief!)'. on fallow lands. Bltitl.:il loves a light sandy soi\ spnngs up with the crop, and chukes it.

Sar, mmi,j, kti»14 'l'he µ!ant saccliar um munjn is so characteristic of the Chen&! valley, and plays so importau t a part in agriculture,, that it deservei separate an<l special notice. I t is found but infrequently on th1 Jlielam. The Jhelam soil i~ too good to be left to grow sar 'onl] Aloug the Uheniili there is hardly a single villarre in which it ii not to ~e seen. 'l'he area uu.der sar increases a; 011~ goes so~ Th~r~ is more sai· in Sliorkot thau iu Jhang, iu Jhang than u Chnnot. The difference iu the country before and after the kd111 ?r flower stems are cut i~ astuuishiug. Iu October and Nov~mbei m the _tracts where this plaut grows, the view is closed ~n Of

erery side by the flower stems, aud u. bird's-eyl! view of the lie ofl

CHAP. I.-THE DlSTlU(,'T. 19

villacre is impossible. The leaves sar, the flower stems kcina and Chapter I, ·B. t{li

0the stem sheaths mmtj, are all parts of the same plant,

Mt~. The leaves are usccl for thatching houses, the kdnU. reeds Ge~~d~i!!~& bein

0" bound round the edges and across to strengthen the thatch.

f h I Sar, munj hind. Jn the cold weather they are often the only pasturage o t e catt e. They are also cut, chopped up, and mixed like bh-U,sc, with grain, oil cake, or green stuff. In the early spri11g the grass is fired, and the cattle graze on the green shoots that qnickly l:<prout again. Only the inferior patches of sa1· are treated thus, a.s the plant seldom produces munj kl/,nrc after being burut. The dry sc'r leaf is nob very fattening, but it serves to keep the cattle in condition, and to have &Ute plants inside the village boundary is alway~ considered a "reat advantage. The kclmcl. reeds are used for a variety of pu;poses, for strengthening thatch, for making chairs, couches, and stools, for the frame- work of {;ftzisct stacks, pallti, &c. The upper portion of the stem, tilf, is the portion brokeu off, the sheath of which is made into 1121mj. The sheath of the lower portion of the stem is never so used. The tili is made into sirki and mats, and is also used for the manufacture of winnowing trays, baskeh>, ·&c. .Jfwij is the most valuable of all the products of this plant. The manufacture of the ninnj into rope may be seen almost any day in any jail in the western Punjab. The lower en<ls of a bundle of the petioles are first burnt, then they arc pounded into fibres, ancl lastly t\\'isted into a rope. The ropes used in agriculture a.re made almost entirely of rmmj. The well ropes, the ties thab attach the well pots to the rungs of the well rope, the string portion of clidrpt't,i.~, are all made of nmnj. Several villages have of late commenced to sell their mu11j kcina, and large sums are realised. The zamindirs sn.y there are two kinds of Sa?",-the white and black. The black has a broader and darker coloured leaf, and gives the longest and stoutest kUna. The white sar plant is better grazing, and produces better munj. It is, however, probable that they are one and the same plant under different Cllnditions. The white sa1· is found in lil.!htcr soils than the other kind. The /..:(uih (sacclturwn .~punlcmeum) is only fouud in the Kanh. moistest portions of lands adjoining the rivers. It is most valuable pasture for buffo.loes. The zamindars go so far as saying that if there were no k<i.nh there would be no buffaloes. It makes the thickest jangal in the district, an<l is much liked on that account by wild pig. Pens are made from it. It is too valuable to be used for thatch.

As the well-being of the people of this district is so- il'ltimately conn~cted with the existence of good pasturage, it will be useful to ~1ve a_ list of the principal grasses, with a few remarks. Cli~iim~ar is the most common grass in the Bar, and appears to th?v~ m every kind of soil,- sandy, clayey, or saline. With good ram it attains a fair heicrht, and is very dense in growth. It is ?ne of the liest. Lamb i~ a feathery grass of average quality, and 18 found growing iu kalla1·. Kurya is uncommon. It is a first-class gr~s. Horses do particularly well on it. Lundk is a tall up;;:.tan?mg grass, r<>qnirci; a good deal of rain for a. good crop, grows iu lw.llu.1·1 and is a first-class grass. Garliam is not unlike

Gra.saes.

C PunJa.b Gazetteer,

20 CIIAP. !.-THE DISTRICT.

lunak in appearance, but grows higher and stronger. It is not Chapter I, B. found in lcall~r, ~ut ~suall.v. under bushes n1~d '~here dung has

Geology, Fauna. fal len and is inferior 111 quaht.v. K!tm· madlw.na is a small grns a.nd Flora.. with ~eeds shaped like a wood-l_ouse, in fe_rior in quality. Dh«111a~

Grasses. is the best of all gra~ses: It 1.s found rn ~h~ largest quantities in the north of t~e district. ?o t hc> south it is rare. It requir~ a good soil, and w1_ll not gr?w 1n kallar. The zamindirs comr.lain that the dluhnan is becomrng. scarcer and s.carccr,. and !iltrtbute the scarcity to the frequent ~a1_l11rc .of the mms dt~rmg late years, but it is doubtful whl)ther this 1tlca is _correct. I_t 1s a thick, juicy, pale green grass, and grows to ~ consH~l.'rabl~ .h?tght in favourable years. Thi~ _grass,. th.e zam.incfars bche~c, d m good condition, gives a sem1-10tox1catmg efh:ct to the 101~k of buff~lo:s who.graze on it. Pilun is anothm· good grass. It is the pnnc1pal grass of the police mkh not far from Jhang, and makes excellent sweet hay, nut so fragrant or te~dcr a~ En~li~h lmy, but still not to be despised. It is found nux.c<l w1tl~ rlt!1.1111bar. an<l /d1eo. Klieo is remarka.ble for the speed with winch it sprrng$ up after rain, resembling murak in this quality, but otherwise it is a better and laraer crrass. Jfnrak sprouts 011L in lowlymg moist places after rai~. 1ts leaves are not unlike tboso of the dcrb/1, but are narrower au<l grow strai~ht up. Amon~ the pro~trate grasses are the aleti, dodltak, and kiltinj. All three arc very har<ly, and seem to do best in seasons of drought. They arc Jug up ancl given to cattle. Sheep and goats grn.r.e them on the gniu1H.l. There are only two other grasses of the B<ir that reg nin.i uoticc,-the /.:!taw{ and panM. The kliawl grows in hollows where water collects, and seems to prefer kallal'. There is any quantity of it ronud Tobha Tek Singh. It has a peculiar fragrant smell, and is of a dark brownish-red colour. Cows grnze upon it 1f bani pressed, but not otberwi~e. It contains little nutrition. The IH.r housewives use wisps of this· grass to clear out vessels used for churning or holding milk. The panM is n very different plant, arnl is dcscribc1l roughly at p. 2.)3, ".Punjab Plants." It, like the klwwt, grows iu hollo"'.s and depres· s1ons, but selects only tl111 best soils. It is never seen Ill kallar. It grows iu tussocks li.ke the sa.1· grass, but instead of dro'oping its leaves, stand out straight and stiff. Its roots aro very loug and tongh. They are useJ for makiug ropes, a11cl al110 for the brushes used ?Y the .weavers for arrangi11g the threads of the web. Kluu· khus is obtarncd from the root:. of the kltawf..

Wild animala an<l 1:'he beasts of prey found in the district ate the wolf, t!ui hyena, game. the wild cat, and lvnx. Wolves arc numerous both in the Saudal

a~d t~e K~rana. Bar. The hyena is not so often 11eco. The. name of b11,r-billa is applied both to the lourr ancl short-tailed wild cats. The one is the domestic animal run°wilcl and the other is a true 1 Th · ' . t ynx.. e first attains a much larger size thau the domestic ca' an~ is remarkably fa.st. The lynx is a stoutN animal. A;nother ann~al frequently met with is a kind of badger, a mos~ hideous· lookmg creature-vernacnlar name, bijjU,, In the interior oftb: Sandal Bar and between Ghapui an<l Rhuriaowala there are som. d f ·1 . ' d ti· roves 0 .w1 d pomes. They arc the offspring of escape~ om~ h cated anunals. Major :i;:Iarcourt had ouc that was dnven wit

Jha.ng District. l

CHAP. I.-THE DISTRICT. • 21

another horse in a pony carriage. A remarkable but a true story is Chapter. I, B. told of anoth~r of these ponies that got loose at Sialkot and found - . his way back to his vld haunts at Gha.pni. 'l'he parents of these Geology\ Fauna.

· ·d h ~ 1 · h · h b andF1ora.. wild pomes are s:u to ave escapeu rn t e fig ts etween the Kathias and Bharwauis. For the five rears ending 1882, Rs. 1,195 Wild animals and .were paid in rewards for the <lestructiou of 345 wolves, and 570 game.

snakes. As a sporting district, Jhang is not particularly good, and yet

n~t bad. Blac.k b_u<;k are only found in one portion of the district, between the .. Rirana hills aud the Shahpur district. There are none in the"saiiuaLS'ar included in this district, except perhaps a few near the Gujranwala boundary. Rarine deer are plentiful in the Bar. They especially affect the tract near Tobha Tek Singh and Ghapni, where there is very litllc cover. They are extremely wary, and it is very ditlicult to get within shot of them. In the Kirana Bar also, ra.viue deer are common, but not in such quan­tities as. on the other side of the Chenab. There are one or two places in the Kach hi near the Thal where they are gimerally to be found. £6,lmi,, or hog deer, are found in almost all the large belas on the Oheuab. There are a good nnmbe't in Shorkot, a few in Jhang, and hardly any in Chiniot. Jackals .are found in great numbers along the Chcuab. There arc iwt very rnan~y in the Bars. The Kiraua hill swarms with them, and the fulcfrs give them a daily dole. Seeing the jackals fed is a remarkable sight. One of the fakirs stands on the edge of the wall and shouts, '' 0 gidro, gidro, ao ! ao ! ao ! " and the jackals seem to spring out of the ground by magic. Where nothing could be seen but a steep bare hill side, i!I suddenly thronged by 20 or 30 jackals. Bits of chupati are then thrown down to them, and the way in which they scamper down hill after the pieces is wonderful. Foxes are found all over the district. There are two distinct kinds, one fox is of a very light yellowish-brown colour, so ~ to be almost indistinguishable from the colour of the ground after drought, with a curved sabre­shaped brush of a darker shade on the upper than on the lower side, an-! ::mdin~ in a white tag. The second kind is very much darker in hue, and has a perfect 1 y straight brush with a black tag. This species is more compact in form, with a stouter body than the first. Bot.h.faxes..give.~tal..sport, but the light-coloured one has better _staying powers, and is also faster than the other. Numbers a.re to be found in the tract of Bar adjoining the civil station. lil¥'-e$,ai:e.. found more or less all over the district. In Chiniot there are but few, except in the interior of the Bar beyond Shahkot, where they ru:e plentiful. In the Vichanh they are seldom met with. There is a very gpod supply all along the Chenab on the left ban~. On t4e right bank the cultivation is too dense. The hare found 10 the m.\is.t allu·.-ial lands adjoining the rivers is small in size~ and d?es not afford good coursing. It has neither speed nor stauuna. 'I h~ hares of tb.e Utar and Bar give excellent sport, but the Kn.chin and T'h ,l hares are supposed . to be the hardiest of all. There are a ~.reat number of pig in the jand jangal of Bhera _and the adjoining portion of Mooltan. From here they spread rnto the d~nse jangal that extends from Jalalpur to Alahyar Juta, and

[Punjab Gazetteer,

22 CHAP l.-THE DISTRICT.

Chapter I, B. the various thick belU..s on the river.. ~ut the country is bad for - riding. Pig are found now au? agam JO Bela Baggar uear the

Geo!ogy,1Fauna junction of the two rivers, allll rn one or two places above Jhang, and F ora. . · h S.,, <l 1 B · S · 1 and there are pig rn t e an a ar near aug a.

Wild animCLh nud _ • game. Among game-bmls, the bustard, t11kdar, the lt0~1bara, gurain,

gurai1ti, sandgrousc, coulon, g:eese, due.ks, and 911ail are annu~l visitors. The larcrer bustard is found rn the Sa11dal Bar, but is very rare. The haubam (pronounced obal'a here) is plentiful in thtt cold weather all over the district. They are found i11 the kaUa1· plain round Tobha Tck 81ngh in as great 111nnbers as anywhere. The lesser bustard is also seen near tho sadr station. Coulou (1..-Unj) come in with the cold weather in great numbers. They are found principally in the Hithar. Geese come in later th~m co~lon, and arc particularly fund of the banks of the Jl1elam a111I t ie lower Chen<ib. They seem to like particular localitiPs, and may be seen in great nnmbcrn in Alikliana11a and Rashldpur west of the Chenab, and in Dabh Kalan and Kachcha Kabfra on the left hank. There arc very few duck, aud still fewer snipe fo the <listrict. There is only one small pon<l in the whole ·of the Chiniot tabgil where duck arc, as a rule, to be found. In Jhang they are equally scarce. It is only in Shorkot on the btulk.~ of the Raxi that good shootin~ can be obtained. The best clh<tiis arc in ~alern and Khutpur Sanda. Teal, spotted-bills. mallard, white-eye:;, sLO\·cllers, gad wall:>, are the commonest kinds. Quail are plentiful both in spring and autumn. The autumn shoot­ing is the best, and certainly the most enjoyable. The larger sandgrouse is fouud iu lari;-e unm bcr:; all over the district in Novcmherand December. It-is <1nite a sight to sec the flocks fl yin" to and from r he Che nib for thmr momiug's drink. After DecPm~ ber a fair number still remain, but not so many as before. 'l'he pin-tailed grouse has also been shot in the district, and the common sand grouse stays all the year rouu<l. There arc very few black partridges in the district. Iu the Shurkot tahsil, but nowhere else, are t~ere places w?ere a few shots can al w~ys be got. The grey partridge is found mfrequently all over the district.

Fish :ind Fisheries. Fishing is not practised generally as a profession, upon either the Jhelam or the Ohewtb. .At Lalern, however, in the extreme south of the district, a few families devote themsel \'CS to fishing, aud fish are sent from this place for sale at .Mooltan.

Reptiles. 'l'he snakes most commou iu Jhang are the Kw•et and Cobra. In the Bar many and wondrous snakes are said to &xist. The following are among the most venomous:-J(ct1·unclia, Kha'f/Ta, Khan, Sangchul', Pliannicw or Chhajllwala, the Cobra, Bindo·a and Garra.

CHAPTER II.

::a: I S T 0 R x ·-Considerable intere:<t at taches to the early history of this Chapter II.

diRtrict, from the idc11 tification, now placed beyond a doubt, of the ruins upon a small rocky hill , near the border of the district Histqry. towards GujranwU.la, with t he Sakala of the Br.1hmans, the Sagal Ancient history.

-0f Bmldhism, and the ::h ngala of A lexauder's h~storians. The identity of the three places had long ago been recognized, but the position has been only recently determiued. Fortunately for the -cause of history, the place was visited, in A.D. 630 ... by the Chinese Eil~im IIwen T hsaug. Bot.h Arria'" and Ourtius apparently place Sanga.la to the east of the Ravi, but.' .e itiuernry of Hwen Thsang shows that it was to the west ot' that river, as nearly as possible in the position of the i-:mall hill known in modern times as the Sanglawila Tibba.* The discrepancy is probably to be thus accnunte1l for :-Alexander is stated by both Curtius and Arriau to have beeu in full march for the Uanges, when he heard "that certain free Iudians and Kathruanst were resolved to give him battle if he at ternptecl to lead his army thither." He no sooner heard this than he immediately directed his march against the Kathreans, that is, he changed the previous direction of his march and proceeded toward~ Sangala. This was the uuiform plan on which he acted during his cam paign in Asia, to leave no enemy behind him. When hu was in full march for Persia, he turned aside to besie!!e Tyre; when he was in hot pursuit of Bessns, the murderer of Darius, he turned to the south to subdue Drangiaua. and Arachosia; aud, when he was longing . to enter India, he deviated from his direct march to besiege Aornos. With the Kathreans the provocation was the same. Like the Tyrians, the Dran~ians, and t he Baza rians of Aornos, they wished to avoid rather than oppose Alexander; but, if attacked, they wern resolved to resist. Alexander was then ou the eastern bank of the ~Jdraot.es or Riv~~ and, on the day after his departure from the n_ver, h~ came to the city of Pimprama where he halted to refresh his. soldiers, and on the third day reached Sangala. As he was obliged to halt after his first two marches, they must have been forced ones of not less t han 25 miles each, and his last may have been a common march of 12 or 15 miles. Sangala, therefore, must have been ahout 60 or 65 miles from the camp on the bank of the - -----Re •The following accouuti~ abridg; d-fr~n; Gc~~ICu-;.niuiham's Archroological

19 port, vol. II., pp. HJ-2, 200. 1"111 ther i11for111atiou will be fouud at pp. 179 to l of.~he s::me author's Ancien t Geography of India. . .t Ibe Kathruans have been identified with the Jat clan of Kath1a, whoae

~mto~y is in ~he motlcru cliijtrict of Montgomery. The history of the tribe has

diaeen _discuaaed 1u tl!.v account of that c.liitrict-See Gazetteer of the Montgomery

tnct,

Chapter II.

History.

S.nglawala Tibba.

[ Punja.b Gazett&

CHAP. 11.-msTOil.Y.

Hydra.otes. Now, this is the exact distance of the Sangala H from Lahore, which was most probably the position of Alexande1 ca.mp when he heard of the recusancy of the Kathrei. Gener Cunningham believes, therefore, that Alexand<>r at one~ gave up b ma.rch to the Ganges and recrossed the Ra.vi to puuish the p~op of Sanga.la for daring to withhold their submission.

Sanglawala Tibba is a small rocky hill forming two sides • a. triangle, with the open side towards the south-ea.st. 'l'he nort side of the hill rises to a height of 215 feet, but the north-ea1 side is only 160 feet. The interior area of the triangle slopE gradually down to the south-east till it ends abruptly in a 11tee bank 32 feet above the ground. This ba.uk was once crowne1 with a brick wall, which can still be traced at the east end wher it joined the rock. The whole area is covererl with brick ruin~ The bricks are of very large siw, l 5 x 9 X 3 inches. During th1 last fifte.eu years these bricks have been removed in grea. num hers. Nearly 4,000 were carried to the large village of Mu.rh six miles to the north, and ahout.. the same number must ho.vi been taken to the top of the hill to form a tower for the surVeJ operations. The base of the hill is from 1,700- to 1:800 feet OD

each side, or just o:ne mile in circ~it , On the east and south sidt!E the approa.c.h to the hill is covered by a large swamp, half a mile in length and nearly a quarter of a m1 le in breadth, which dries up annually in the summer, but dnn"g the scas1mal rains has ·a general depth of about 3 feet. In 1 lie time of Alexander this must have been a fine sheet of \\ f• L!:!r, which has been gradu­ally lessened in depth by the annual wa:-hings of silt from the hill above. Ou the north-C'astern side of the hill there are the remains of two large buildings. from which ol l bricks were obtained by General Cunningham. of the P,1>or·no 1i siz'3 of 17 ! x 11 X 3 inches. Close by there i:.-1 an oM 11tell, which was lately cleared out by some of the wandering trib~'l . On the north-western side, 1,000 feet distant, there is a low ri.lge of rock ca.lied Munda.-ka­pura, from 25 to 30 feet in height :\nd about 5,00 feet in length, which has once been covered with brick buildings. At lf mile to the son th there is another ridge of three small hills called Arna or little Saugala. All these hills are formed of the same. dark grey rock as that of Chiniot and the Kitana hills to the west o!· the Chen:i.b, which contains much ·iron, but is not worked - &11.

a<;:count of the want of fuel · The _productioµ---0f-ircm is nottced". fly ~wen Thsang:- ' · ·

The Brahminical accounts of13akala have been collected from. the Mahabharata by Professor Lassen.• According to that poem, Saka.la, .the capital of the Madras, who are alsi;i called Jartikas, and Bahikas, was sitnatf'd on the .Apaga rivulet to the west -of the lravati or Ravi river. It was approached from the east side by pleasant paths tlirough the piM forest. The country is still 'welJ known as Madrades or the district of the Madras, which is s~id , by some to extend from the Bias t() the Jhelam, but 'by others only. to the Ch~nab. The Apaga rivulet, G~nera.l Cunnipgh.am

• Pentapotamia Iudica, pp. 73,and 74.

Jba.ng District. 1 CHAP. 11.-HISTORY. 25

recog-nizes in the Ayak Nad~, a small ~tr,~am which has its r_ise ~n the Jammu hills to the north-eai::t of S1alkot. Near A~arnr ( 111 Gnjrauwala) th~ bed of this stream Ji vi ti.cs int~ two. ~ra11C'l 1 1 ·~ . which after passmg to the cast aud west ot Asnrur, reJ0111 al :Z~ miles ' to the south of S{mglawila Tibba. Nt·ar A~ar(1r a11tl Sancrala, the Ayak is now quite dry at all sc•asous, b11t tliere 1;i 11~t hav~ been water in it at Dhakiw:"da 011ly 2~ 111il cs aLove Af;:ir(1 r even so late as the reign of 8hah Ja.ln~n. when his son D•tr:i. Shikoh drew a c::mal from that place to his hnuting seat at Shekhupura, which is alEo called the Ayak or Jhilri Canal.

The Buddhi3t notices of Sako.la refer chiefly to its history in connection with Buddhism. A legend is told of seveu kings who went towards Sagal to carry off Prabhavati, the wife of King Kusa; but the king, mounting au elephant, met them outside the city and cried out with so loud a voice, "I am Kusa," that the exclamation was heard over the whole worhl, and the seven kings fled away iu terror.• But there is no other mention of Saka.la until A.D. 633, wh<'n it was visited by Hwen Thsang, who describes the neighbouring town of Tse-kia as the capital of a large king­dom, which extended from the Indus to the Bias, and from the foot of the hills to the confluence of the five rivers.t

The clMsical notices of Sangala are confined to the two historical accounts of Arriau aud Curlius and a p:lSsing mention by Diodorus. Curtiu~ simply calls it "a great city defended not only by & wall but by a swamp (palus)."! But the swamp was a · cl"ep one, as some of the inhabitants afterwards escaped by swwiming across it (paludem transnavere). Arrian calls it a lake, but adds that it was not deep, that it was i~ear the city wall, and that one of the gates opened upon it. Ile describes the city itself as strong both by art and nature, being defended by bric~ walls and covered by the lake. Outside the city there was a hill which the Katbreans had surrounded with a triple line of carts for the protection of their camp.§ This little hill may probably be identified with a low ridge to tho uorth-wc~t called Mundakapur:i., which would certainly appear to have been outside the city walls. The camp on the hill must have beeu formed chiefly by the fugitives from other places, for whom there was no room in the already crowded city. The Greeks attacking this outpost carried the fimt and second line of carts, and drove the defenders back within the city walls. Then usin<T the carts to form a. barrier round the margin of the lake, they commenced the siege of the city itself. The Kathreans made an attempt to escape by night across the lake, but were checked by the barrier of carts, and driven back into the city. The walls were them breached by undermining, and the place was taken by assault. The loss of the Kathteans is stated

" Hardy's Manual of Buddhism, p. 263, note. t See Gazetteer of the Gujr:lnw(\la district. :!: Vita Alcxandri, I .;<:., I. "ail magnam dcindc urbem pervenit non muro

solum setl. etiam palu<lc muuitam." ' § Ana~r-22.

Chapter II.

History. Sanglaw:1l:i. 'l'iliba.

Oha.pter II.

History. 86.ngl:iwAla Tibba..

Shorkot.

Loe&tion or tribes.

[Punjab Ga.zetteer,

26 CHAP. II.-HISTom::.

by Arrian t ., have been 17,000 slain and 7~,000 prisoners. Curtius with more probability gives it as 8,000 slam: .

Hwen Thsang, when he visited Sakala in .A.D. 630, found the walls completely ruined, but their foundation~ still rema.in~d showing a circuit of about 3! miles. In the midst of the ru~ns was a small portion of the ol<l city, still inhabited, about one mile in circuit. There was a Buddhist .Monastery of 100 monks, and two Buddhist topes, or stupas, one of which was the work of the famous king Asoka. .

Another town of considerable historical interest in this district is that of Shorkot. It is identified with great proba.biiify­by General Cunningham with one of the towns of the -Malli,* attacked and taken by Alexander, and with a city visited in the 7th century by the same Hwen 'l'hsaug to whom history owes the identification of Sil.ngala. 'l'he narrative of the campaign against the Malli has been given in the nccount of Mooltan.t For an account of the cit:·, see Chapter VI, heading" Shorkot." At the time of H wen Thsang,t Shorkot was the capital town of the­central district of the Punjab, hounded on the north by the' Province of 'l'ri.ki,~ on the south by Mooltan, and. on the west and east by the Indus and the Sutlej. The circuit, as stated by Hwen 'l'hsang, was 833 miles, but General Cunningham shows that it caunot hare exceeded about 530 miles. II

For a clear account of what little is known of the modern history of this district, it is first necessary to describe the localities of the various tribes who have from time to time played their small parts. The Sials occupy the whole of the country on the left bank of the Che.,ib, from the southern boundary of tahsH Chiniot to tho Rivi. On the right bank of the upper Chenab a compara.tivel) small tract only is held by them, lyi11g south of a line drawn from the boundary of Kot Khan to the southern boundary of Shah Jiwana. On the Jhel:i.m's right bank, below a poiut opposite tu the northern boundary of Kot Khan, the Sial villages are few; but ·from its point ?fjunction with the Chenib down to the Muzaffargarh district there 1s along the river an almost unbroken chain of 8ial village~ Away from the river most of the villages are the property o,' Be loch cs. Iu what is now the Chiuiot tahsH on the left bank of thP Chenab, the Cha<ldhars inhabit the tract between the Sial country and the :illages ot the Sayads of Ra:joa. Beyond them come a motley nuxture of Sayads, Hara.ls, Khokhars, and miscella­neous Jats. The tribal limits we~t of the Chenab in the Chiniot: t;~sil are remarkably clearly <lemurcated. The Bhattis, Lalis, and N1ssowanas hol<l the whole of th:) northern portion in the abqve order, from a few miles beyond the Jhang tahsil boundary to that of the Shihpur district. Below these tribes alon" the river bank

0 .

* See Gazetteer of the Mooltan rlistric .. t See Gazetteer of the M ooltan <listrict. : The name is spelt by H wer. Thsant "Po-lo· fa· to." Genera.I Cunningham

woulcl read "So·lo.fa..to," which when trnu~liter,\ted would become Sorovati, a.nd would be a synonym for l:ihori.:-Ot. Ancient Gt·ography of India p. 204. ·

§ See Gazetteer of the Gujnhlwala. district. • U .See General Cunui.ngham'; Al'cient Geoe-ra.phy of ludia, 1111. 203 to 208,

.,.n•l h .... A--\..-- l --! t •• • -

Jba.ng District.)

CHAP. Il.-HISTORY.

come the Gilotars next to the Shahpur boundary; then Harals, Sayads and unimportant Juts, until the Jhang tahsil boundary is again reached, coinciding with that of the Shah Jiwana ilakrt. This tract, the property of the two Sayad families, the descendants of Pir Fatah Khan aud Shah Jiwana, extends to the country held by the Sials in the Vichanh in the south-west, and northwards to the Khokhar villages above. North of the Sial country, bounded by Kot Khan, come the Akeras, a Jat tribe of no historical interest but of considerable present influence. Beyond them, Khokhars, Jats, and Belochcs along the river, and Khokhars in the upland villages, are the proprietors as far as the Shahpur boundary. West of the Jhclam above the Si:i.l country, almost all the villages belong to Beloches.

Cha.pi

Hiaton Loca.~ion of triL

The history of Jhang is the history of the Si:\.!, and until the Prelimioa,ry sketch reign of Walidad Khan, in the first half of the 18th century, the of the mode~n ~ia-

1 f th d. t . d . 'b 1 d . c· . tory of the dLBtrict. anna s o e lS net an its tn es are cnve ope m immenan darkness. Apparently no facts are forthcoming, for the simple reason that there arn none. Pa.<>sing by the expedition of Alexander and the march of H eph::cstus down the left bank of the Jhelam and lower Chcnab, through the country now included in this district, the first ta11gihlc facts arc gained from Dabar's mcm•>irs. In tlie ~1504-5 A.D., when llabar passed through the Khaibar pass ..and advanced on Pci:;hawar, he wrote :-rrThc GoYcrnm~nn>f Rhcra, "Klmshab·and Chcn:ib wa.c:; held by·S:i.ya<l AH Khiiu. Ile read the "Klmtba in the name of Iskandar Bahlol, and was subject to him. "Being alarmed at my inroad, he abandoned the town of Bhera, "crossed the river Be hat (Ve hat is still the local name for th A Jhelam) "and made Shirkot (Shorkot ?), a place in the district ofDhera, his ''capital. After a year or two, the Afghans having concei \·ed suspi-'' cions against Sayad Ali on my account, he became alarmed at their "hostility, and surrendered his country to Dau lat Khan. who was "Governor of Lahore. Daulat Khan gave Bhcra. to his C>!dest son "Ali KMn, by whom it was now (1519) held." AH Khan and his father were goYernors nnder the Lodi dynasty of Dehli, then represented by Ibrahim Lodi, the last of his line. Shortly before the above passage, Ba bar speaks of the rountry of Bhera, Khushab, Chenab and Chiniot as having been long in the possession of the Turks, and ruled over by the family of Timur Beg and his adherents ahd dependants over since his invasion of India in 1398. The

, mat~r ?f most interest to the historian of Jhang is the locality aud limits of these countries. Where was the Chenab country ? Is the Shirkot where Sayad Ali Khan fled, the Shorkot of to-day? If so, how could Bahar write of it as being in the district of Bhera, !0r ~he Khusha.b country must have intervened? M'r. Steedman is inclined to identi(y Shirkot with Shorkot, and to place the Chenab '. )Untry south of Chiniot and Khush:ib. Whether this is right or ron~, Jhang and the Sials were not of sufficient importance to be lent~oned at the commencement of the 16th .century A.D. They

'.hmamed equally unknown and unnoticed during the two centuries '.hat elapsed between Babar's first invasion and the access~on to ·} ~hrone of Muhammad Sh:ih in 1720 A.n. It was not until the ·- '""' ti"'e~ tlnring which the dynastv of the Mughals tottered

CIL\P. U..--HlSTORY. . 211

m which the infqrmation now given ha.<1 been compiled, are the Chapter II. istory of the Sial by Maul vi Nt'ir .Muhammad Cheh, Griffin's

"Punjab Chiefs," and the local stories anti traditions. The Sials are History. descended from Rai Shankar, a Panw;l.r Rajput, a resident of ~!1-rly history or ti Dharanagar between Allah:ibid and l!'ateh:mr. A branch of the S<l•:1dc1K1' 11

1 ;·~to »7a had . l . d f h . . " 1 .. n 11 re1gc Panwars previous y e1mgrate rom t eu· native country to

J a.unpur, and it was there that R:ti Shankar was born. Ono story has it that R.1.i Shankar h::ul three sons-Seu, Ten, an<l Gheu-from whom have descended the Sia!~ of Jhang, the Tiwanas of Shahpur, and the Gheb:l.s of Pindi Ghcb. Another tradition states that Sia\ was the only son of Rai Sh:.i.nkar, and that the :meestors of 'l'iwanas and Gheluis were only r•)\later:t l relationi! of Shankar and Sial. On the death , of Rai Shankar we are told that great dissensions arnse among the members of the family, and his son SiaJ .emiPTated rhring the _reign oLA.la-uchclin..Ghori.ta..tha....P.u.aj;W. It w·as about this ti.me that many Raj put families emigrated from the provinces of Hindustan to the Punjab, including the ancestors of the Kharals, Tiwanas, Ghebas, Chaddhars and Pan war SialR. It was the fashion in those days to be converted to the Muham-madan religion by the eloquent exhortations of the saii1trd Bawa Farid of Pakpattan, and accordingly we find that Sial in his wanderings came to Pakpattan, and there rPnounced the religion of his ancestors. The &'l.int blessed 111111, and prophesied that his son's seed should reign over the tract bl·twecn the Jhelam an1l Chenab rivers. This prediction wns uot very accurate. Bawa Fwd died about 126-lt-65. Sial and his followers appear to have wandered to and"'fro in the Rachna :i.nd Cha.j Du<i.bs for some time before they settled down with some degree or permanency on the right bank of t~- Jhelam. It was during this nnsettle<l period that Sia! married one of the women of the con ntry, Sohag, <laughter of Bhai Khan Mekan of S:i.hiw:tl in the Shahpur district, and is also said to ha,·e b'uH.t..aJru:..t at Si:i.lkot while a temporary resident there. At their first settlement lu tnil> distrfot, the Sials occupic<l the tract of country lying between tifankera in the Thal and the river Jhelam, cast and west, aud from Khushab on the north to what is now called the Garh Mah:l.raja ilii.ka on the south. Mankera. is said to have been founded by M~l.nak, and Amowani, now called Haidanibad, by Amo, sons of Diraj. The tomb of Chuchak, a leading man of the Kohli bra.nr.h, is at. Kotli Bakir Shah, and Ma.ggun, the ancestor of the Maghianas, emigratrd to Maghiana from Lohabhir. Ab.out the ye.ar 1462, _Mal Khan, ninth in descent from Sial, founded Jhaug Sia! on the banks of the Chenab. The old town of Jhang was situate west of the tomb of N<ir Shah, south-west of the modern .town, and was subsc'luently carried a.way by the river. There are still some traces of the old town to be seen. Mr. Monckton wrote of Mal Khan:-" lie was "the first of a race of rulers who, under the title of Khan, exercised 'an extensive sway over the neighbouring countries, till the rising "fortune of the Sikhs, guided by the genius of Ranjit Singh, "succes~ively absorbed all the minor principalities within the "territory of the five riv"•d:" But Mr. Monckton much over-e~timated the power and in,. 1f the Sials before thP reiao nf Wali<la<l

Oha.pter II.

History. Ea.rly history of the Sil.I cla.n up to \Vali­d~ Khan's reign.

[ Punjab · Ge.zettee

30 CHAP. II.-HISTORY.

Khan. At this. period the throne of D ehli wn~ ocrnpied by th Lodhi~and this part of the Punjab wns included in the govern men ts of Chiniot and Shorkot and Khushab. There were, howern no resi<lent governors, and the Si1ils paid iu their revenue to tb1 Nauls, who were the dominant tribe in the country round Jhaug Mal Khan, after the foundation of Jhaug, visited Lahore, anc obtained the farm of the Jhanir revi::nues from the Governor Another account is that he met -the Governor at Chiniot. . .Mal Khan brlonged to thP Churhka.na hr:i.nch of the Sials.. He was succeeded by his eldest sou, Dau lat Khan, who was killed near the Thal while repelling a Beloch ra.id. llis tomb is still to be .seen. at \V asu Astbaua. The chioftainship <lescended to his sou Ghazi Khan, who~e first act wa.5 to revenge his father's death and inflict severe punishment 011 the Beloches. lie built a fort on the banks of the Jhelam, a short distance ahove its junction with the Chenab, where the village of Chauntra now stands. It is related that Ghazi Khan was the first Sia! chief who established a standing army. The next prince was Jalal Khan, SOii of Ghazi Khan. He appears to have been deficient in ability as a governor, and unable to restrain his unruly tribesmen.. The minor chiefs of Khiwa and Pab:lrpnr now first appear on the scene. Rn.sltidpnr was founded by Jalal Kha.n's sou Hashld, aud Paharpur by PaMr Khan, a nephew of Jalal Khan, who had quarrelled with his uncle, and set up an independent chiefship. Pahar Khan treacherously slew his uncle while on a visit to him, made with the object of effecting a reconciliation. He was succeeded by his sob. Rashid Khan, who abuicalLJ in favour of his Ron Firoz Khan. Firoz Khan's first rntcrpri<:e w:ic: t,> c-.;ad retribution for his grandfather's murder. Ilis hrother K:1.lolr Kl 1:ln rulicclcu the youth of Jh:i.ng and took by ~t(1rm thr fort of l'aL:lrpnr.. All Liu' <lr~rPndaut:i of raLar Khan who wern takcu \h.r" put to the sworJ. The n::uwau{ that escaped founded the fort uf Gilmala, a\. .. 11t 1:. mik;; to thP Routh-west of Jhancr. Aftn thi::; cxplo1t Kabir Khan and Firoz Khan ruled jointly, and when .Firuz Khan <lied his brother ascendetl tho throne. The next chief was Ju.ban Khan. The eight sons of Jahan Khan were superseded, and their cousin Ghazi Khan obtained the chief­tainship. Gh:izi Khan lost his sight, and abdicated in favour of his son Sult{lll Muhammad, between ~vhom .an.<j the... Kharal~ there was constant hostility.. Th_e story told at pag_o 510 af..th~.uajab

.. Chiefs" does not_ agree '':1th the account given- by MaulYi N:U.r. ~1uhammad.. Prmce ~a?J!lddin stopp~d ;lt Kamalia on his WJJ.S. to Mooltan and Dera Ghazi Khan. He was a.t th.~ time lea.din"' an expedit~on to p~mish som_e rebellious ~eloches.. Saadatyii.~ Khan, the Kharal cluef, complamed to the pnnce of the conduct of the SID.ls and Lheir leader Sultan Mahmud. The prince ordered Sultan l\Iabm{1d to b~ t~rown into confinement, but deferred enquirY, into the charges until his return from the frontier.. The nobleman who was deputed~o arrest Sultan Mahmud and take him to Mooltan was so µleased with his manners and addres~, that he interceded with Maujuddin for him. The prince then sent for Sultan Mahmud, but Saadatyar Khan, fearing tht the true ca.use of the emnitv hPtween hi.mself and the Sial chie leak out and the

Jhe.Iijf District. 1

CIIAP. 11.-IIISTORY. 31

groundless nature of his accusation be exposed, intercepted the messenger and beguiled him into adding to his message the advice thil-t it wa'l Sultan Mahm(1cl's best policy to make friends with the Khar'tl a.ad give him his sister in marriage. The Sia! was so exo.spemtccl at his y)roposal that he thm a.nu there killed the messenger with his lists, an<l was himself 11la.in in the melt!e that ensuc<l. All this took place at, Mooltn.n, for Sultan Mahmud's tomb is there. Sul~in 1\bhm(td left no children, an<l was succeeded by his brother L:i.1 Kh:tn, who~e mother wa~ a prostitute. He was taunt.eel by Sa..1.d:ity:ir Khri.n for this taint in his ancestry, and in revenge he pluudcrc<l up to the walls of K.anul.lia.1 and ravarred the Kha.ra.I country. L:il Kh:\.n <lied childless, aud was succ:eded by his brother ~lahram Khan, of whom nothing is known. HP, met his death at the han<ls of a herdsman, who shot him in mistake for a robber, an<l his son W a.lidaJ reigned in bis stea<l.

Walid6.<l Khiu was by far the most aLlr chieftain that ever ruled the :-5i6.ls. His talent for civil administrntion was only equalled by hi" skill and succrss as a military lr::uler. Undor his benoficent rnlo a rude people fir!'t lParnL wh:i t justice was ; severe punishments and a rigorou~ C'11fon:l'1t1l'nt of the track ln.w put a stop to crime ; a moch•rate a~:'t'SS111C'nt. of bnd revenue rr!< ulteJ in an cxten~ion of cultivation and tlw ronstruction of a number of

. wells that now seems fa bulous ; while the king1!om of the Sials ail va.nced to limits that it ncYcr knc,,· ficforc, and has neYN reached 8ince. When \Yalidacl Kh{tn succccdrcl his father, the huundaries of his kingdom were most narrow. \Vithin a few milllS of Jhang fort to tho north lay lands that acknowledged the sway of the Mahni chief of Kh1wa. Southwardi: another and more powerful chwr, a Nithran:l. Si:il, with hi:> Lt•acl-'lua.rlers at l\Iirak Sia!, 26 miles from Jhang, ruled OYor lho <'ountry from Shorkot to within 12 or 15 milPs of Jhan!!. In th<' Vichanh was the indcpeudc.nL chirf of 1\lassan. a :->:ll1iliana Sia!, whose territory marched with that of' Iii\) n11airo Kliokliars to the north, anJ with lhu villages ot th\J Bh:!h Jiwana il1ika1 subjc•ct to the Sayad Latif Sl1ali, a dcsr"ndauL of Pir Fatah Khan, on the north-cast. Beyond th\) Sa yad crime the lanrls of the llihan chief of Kalowal. Across tho Ulirnah Ua:;l1idpur was tlw seat of Sia! chiefs, sprung from the same stock as vValidatl, and whom he never in the height of his power regardrcl as otlwr than allies. Eastward the sovereignty of th~ Bar was disputed by the Kharals, rrprcsented by the Kamalia ?h1ef. The relation i~1 which these chic~'s stood to the ruling power .m the first quarter of the 18th century is not clear; but this much appears, that they were independent of the Jhang Sials, and proLably pa.id (or often did i10t pay) their revenue direct to the governors of Chiniot and l\fooltan. As was the custom, as his ancestor l'llal Khan had dono with the Nauls, so di<l Walidad Khan with these neighbouring chie~s of Khiwa, Massan, Shorkot, Mirak and Karnalin. He first obtamecl from the Lahore governor the right to collect their rHetrne or t.ribute, an.cl his next step was to make them subject to himself. His first ob.iect was sccured bv s~r,fa.t-.mn 'Phn D"hli nmnirn w:i.s fast hast11ninrr to ifs ,1:

Cha.pter II.

Hie to~. F.1J.rly history of the

ill! clnn up to Wa.li· d:lu Kli:\n's reign,

V.' alid:i<l Khlin.

Chapter II.

History. W alidlld Khan.

loAyatulla KMn.

[ Punja.b Gazetteer,

32 CHAP. II.-IllSTORY.

and when tho time came for payment of. revenue, "\ValidM pretended to bo ill, and <lelayed paymrnt. At tho samo time he contrived to have hints com·oyod to tho neighbouring chiefs that he was a defaulter only b('causo tho government of the day wns too weak to enforce tho collection of its dues. The rival chiefs fell into tho snare and refusc<l paynwnt. No ~ooncr had they thus publicly thrown off the yoke tliau Walidlicl Khan repaired to Chiniot and paid in his revenue. 'l'he Dchli governor complained of the conduct of the other chiefs, and \\'alida1l at once offered to pay up their revenue also, if their countries wcro made over to him. His offer was accepted. A small force of cavalry was deputed to asiiist him, and Walicl:l.d tlw11 sent for tl1<• chief!>, who obeyed lhc summons. Th('y were thrown into prison for a short time, hut wero subse­quently released an<l granted service jugfrs. The subjection of those chiefs was followed by the re1luction of tho Sayad ruler of Rajoa, Latif Shah, and of the Khokh:m of Mari an<l Bhairo. An invasion of the Beloches of Sahiwal in aid of the Khokhars was also reprllcJ with lo~s by bis general, Sharif Khan Aliana; Izzat Dakhsh Ri:i.n was his deputy in Kalowal. It is not known how Walidid acquired the Kalowa~ ilal.:a, but most probably he obtained it as a portion of tho Chiniot province. The governorship of the Chiniot province was next bc;:;towed ul'on the loyal (for ho HPvc•r professed himsdf other than the slave of the Dclili empire) and fortunate Sin! chief. His supremacy was now ackuowle<lged over the whole of the country included in the <listriet of Jhang as ; t at present exists, together with large slices of the neighbouring <listiicts of l\lontgonwry and Dern Ismail Khan. He <lied in 1747 at Sodra, near Waziribacl, while iu attendance on Maharaja Kaura Mal, the governor of Mooltan.

His successor Inayatulb Khan was his n<'phew, an<l had also marrieJ his <lauqhter. This chief was little i11forior as an adminis­trator to his uncle, :m<l in military grnius was probably more than his equal. He is said to have fought and won 22 battles. He roigne<l 40 years, from 1H7 to l 78i. Able as he was, he could not f!tew the rcsi;:;tless wave of Sikh success, and at his death the Sial a~cendancy was clearly on the wane. Amid encroachments of the .Bhangi Sar<lars from the north, inroads from Mooltau on the south, succes!:tivc raids by the plumlcring free-hooters that accompanied Ahmad Shah's invasions, att.acks by the Beloches and Tiwanas and disunion aud dissension;:; among the Sials themselves, it was no

1easy

matter to steer the ship of 8ial rule safely into haven. We have more facts about. lnayatulla Khan's reiirn thau any other. At the commencement. he associated his brother-in-law Shaha.dat Khan with him in the chieftainship. They sat on one throne sheathed their swords in one scabbard, ate and drank together,' and. in a word rivalled in their frieudship the most renowned examples a.ffordo<l by antiquity. This fraternal affection did not last long. · A quarrel touk place. Shahadat Khan left Jhang and withdrew tO K1tdirpur. He got. an army tog:ether there, and marched upon Jhang. After cro~rng the Chenab he' was met at Sultanpur by ln:i.yatulla Kh;i.11, and was there defeated and slain. Meanwhile

· n:on•••rl IHn ~111hamm:ul . harl srize<l 11non M:i.rf heYonrl

Jhang District. l

C:Il.\P. II.-IIISTORY.

Kot Isa Shah, but Intiyatulla, after disposing of Shahadat Khan, marched against the ill\ nder and defeated and drove him out of the Jhang territory. The Sials of Ra.shldpur hn.d now bucome powerful, and were noted for their turbulc11co and bravery. 'fo punish them for some <lisobeclicnce, In:tyatu lla obtu.ineJ the aid of some Durrani hor::;cmcn from the g11vcrnor of the day, and harried their lands. In return for this, forty hL'rsemen of the Sials of Rashldpur gavt- the chief a taste of their ·quality by taking him prisoner a.t Jhang, and carrying him off under the eyes of his army to R:ishfdpur. 'l'hcy kept him in confinement in the castle of Sat in the Thal for some six months. Apparently neither during this nor the previous reign ha the rule of the Sill.ls extended v.ery far down the right bank of the Chen:tb, for n.mong Inayatulla's achievements is reckoned his dcfN1.t of t,he two Sikhs who were the snb-gov<:rnors of Islamabad and the n.nnexation of their charge. This incensed the Governor of Mooltan, and an ambuscade was laid for Inliyatulla while on a visit to Shorkot. He, however, got word of the plan from the Sarg{1.ml.s of K.uud Sargina, an · collecting an army of KMhias and Kamlina, R~jbana, an Sargana Sials, defeated the Mooltan troops with great slaughter at Kotla Afghann close by Shorkot. At ono time Inayatull:i. found it politic to pay Malik bhN· Tiw:~ni black mail ns the cheapest way of protecting tlie outlying J>argana of l\IirL Sub­sequently, thinking himself strong enough, he rliscontinued the payment. Sher Khan then assembled his clan, and Jriving the Sials out of Kha\, a few miles north of the present di~trict houn~­ary on the right bank of the Jhelam, laid siege to Kot Langar, l)Ow Thatti Langar, just inside the present bonn<lary. Here lnayatulla met and defeated the 'l'iw:ina force. Both sides are said to have had some Sikh chiefs n.s auxiliaries. At another period the Sia! chief defeated aud subdued the Beloches of Haidar­abad in the Thal. He also took the fort of Uch founded by a Belot Sayad who had settled in the Kachhi during his reigu. It Wa.<! in this reign that the Bhangi Sardars first made thc>ir power f~~t. About 1760, Hari Singh ravaged Jhang and imposed a tnbute. About 1778, Inayatnlla ceased to pay tribute and recap­tured Chifiiot, but it-had apparently again fallen into the bands-of tile 'Bhangis be_fo.fe his death. It is related of Inayatulla.-·t11a.t-he _me.t-Jahan KMn, the grandfather of Dost Muhammad Khan of Ka~ul, while on his way back from Hindustan, who a.'i~ed for one ~flus sistE?rS in marringe. There were three or four unmarried, out the proud Sial sent ·word to Bhawani Das, his Divan, to have tnem all married at once, and declined the · proferred alliance _ ou the ground that he had no sisters unmarried. .

In~atuU~ cijecL.in I 7'$7. and was succeeded by his i.mb~cile son Sultan Mahmud, whose weakness oni_y served to set off the l?feat force of character possessed by his wife Mussammat Nia.mat Kh~t(111, the daughter of Shahadat Kbtl.n. Manh Singh, father of RanJl'.t Singh, nou1 ished designs on Jhang, but the army collected by MusHammat Nia.mat Khatun was so formiJa.ble that he post­poned his invasion. Shortly after, Sahib Khan, half brother of Sult.in J\lahmud, who was const;..antly e11dcavouring to dethrone

5

Chapter II.

History. I nayatulla. Khtn.

Inayatulla KIWi'e eucc011110r1.

Oha.pter II.

History. Iutya.tulla K lu1n 'a

1ucccnor11.

[Punjab Gazetteer,

CHAP. !!.-HISTORY.

Sult~u M~hmud, sought ~sistance from Manh Singh, and was prouused aid; but the prouuse was not carried out, as Timur Shah was advancing on Moolta.n. Finally, Sahib Khan obtained an entry to Jha.ug by treachery, and with 85 men only at his back, captured the fort, and put Ni:i.rnat Khatun and Bbawan1 Das, the Divan, to death. Sultan Mahm(1d was absent from Jhang and marched against the usurper, but he was inveigled to a meetinrr, sciztd and imprisoned at the fort of Chauntra, and shortly afte;­wards S1thib Khan put him to death. Sahib Khan was himself assassinated at a. marriage feast a few months after. Sahib Khan left a. son by a woman of the prostitute class, who died three years after at Uch; his succe:ssor was Kabir Khd.n of the line of Jaha.n Khan, who married Sahib Khnu's widow, the daughter ofUmr Khan Siil. .6.ftcr a peaceful and uneventful rule,-thc calm preceding the storm,-he was 1lcthroncd by,or abclicat~J in favour of his son Ahmad Klllin, the last of' the l)ial KMns. This was in 1801. Kabir Khan fled to Uch, where he was besieged unsuccc:s:sfully for two months by Ahmml Khan. When the siege was raised, Kabir Khan fled to R'lngpur, where he died. Seven months after the accession of Ahmau Khan, Ranjit :::>iuirh laitl siege to and took Chiniot, then held by Jassa Singh, the son °of Kamm Singh Dulu, a chief of the l3hangi confederacy. It is tlifficult to glean any clear account of the varying fo rtunes of Chiniot between the death of "\Validad Khan an<l its c"pturc by Hanjit Singh, but tho town seems to havo bePn heltt almo:;t continuously by the Bhang1 Sardars. After making himself master of Chiniot, Ranj1t Singh turned towards­Jhang, b.it Ahmad Khan bought him off by ag1·eeing to pay · Rs. 70,000 a year and a mare. 'l'he first instalment was sent through FafanSlngh, Kalianwala. --Ahmad Khan paid the tribute for two or three years, and then in S. 1862, A.D. 1805-6, the Maha.raja again invaded Jhang with a large army. The Sial chief a~ai.Iv endeavoured to stop the Sikh advance by a payment of naz~·ana,~ but his offers were rejected. Jhang was invested, and after some hard fighting the town and fort were captured. Ahmad Khan fled to .M:ooltan, where he found an asylum with· Muzaffar -Khan, who granted him an allowance of Rs. 25 a day. From Jhang the :M::i.haraja crossed the Chenab and exacted Rs. 3,000 as nazarama from the Sayad ruler of Uch. Thence the Sikh leader turned south and marched on l\Iooltau, and his progress was only stopped within a short distance of the city by a payment of Rs. 70,000. Jhang, with the exception of the Vichanh, was made over on farm to the Sikh Chief Fatah Singh, Kfa.lianwala, the Vichanh tract being entrusted to Dyal Singh and Fatah Singh Lamah. Fatah Singh appointed Dal Singh as his sub-governor. The following year Ahmad Khan, with the assistance of a Patban force given him by the Nawab of :Mooltan, m~de an effort to recover his king­?-om. He captured Shorkot, and having established his authority m the southern portion of Jhang, he advanced on the capital, only to r Jtirc on the arrival of l!~atah Singh with a force. He next crossed the Chenab and took refuge in the Uch fort, where he was pursued by Fatah Singh. There they came to terms, and Fatah Singh restored what portion of Jhaug he held to Ahmad Khan on

Jhang District. J

CHAP. II.-IIISTORY. 35

his agreeing to pay an annual rent of Rs. 70,000. Ahmad Khan was reinstated, and shortly after drove out the Sikh governors of the Vichanh. The next ten years were passed in peace and quiet­ness. RanjH Singh was too fully engaged on other expeditions to give any attention to the affairs of Jhang. In 1810 the l\faharaja bad made an unsuccessful attack on Mooltan, and on his way back

.to Lahore he visited his chagrin on Ahmad Khan who had accom-panied him as his feudatory, and whom he suspected of favouring the Mooltan Nawab. He threw him into confinement, and carried him away to Lahore. The government° of Jhang was entrusted to Lala Sujan Hai. Ahmad Kh:i.n's cl<lest. son, lnayat Khan, fled to Haidarabad in the Thal, where he was followed by Nang Sultan, the l!'akir ruler of Uch. Sujan Hai then took possession of Uch. Eventually Ahmad Khan was rel<'asc<l from prison and granted a jdg{r of Rs. 1,200 at l\Hrowal, in the Amrit.oar di~trict, on Inay .. t Khan his son being mado over to tho l\laharaja as a hostage. Ahmad Khan died in 1820 on his way back frc,,n l\fooltan at Ali Khanana, and was buried at Jhang. His son Inayat Khan suc­ceeded to his father's allowance and jcJ,;1frs, and was killed in 1838, near Rasulpur, fiuhtinu on the side of Divan Sawan 1'fal against Raja Gulab Singh. !~mail Khan, the younger brat.her of Inayat Khan, and the present head of the family, went to Lahore on the deat~ of his brother in the hope of obtaining a grant of succession to. his brotho~'s jagfr. nut owing to tho machinations of Guiab Smgh, the Jagfr was confiscated, and all that he got was an allowance of Rs. 100 a. month. He remained at Lahore for five years, and then his pension was discontinued. He then returned to Jhang and lived there in great poverty on an allowance of Rs. 2 or 'R~. 3 a day granted .him by Divan Sawan Mal until the Mooltan rebellion and the annexation of the Punjab .

. Of his services during the campaign of 184:8-49, and agam in 1857, Sir Lepol Griffin writes ("Punjab Chiefs," pages 506, 507) ;-

. ".In October 1848, Major H. Edwardes wrote to Ismail Khan directing him to raise troops in behalf of Government, and to collect the revenue of the district. The poor chief, hoping the time was come when. loyalty might retrieve his fortunes, raised a force, and descending the river attacked and defeated the rebel Ohief Ata. :Muhammad a.t Nekokara. Afterwards, when Sardar Sher Singh Atariwala had passed thro~gh Jha.ng and had left Deoraj in command of 1,000 men there, Ismail .Khan attacked this detachment several times with·va.rying results. His J amadar, Pir Kamal of Kot Isa Shah, Cl_l.ptured at the fort of Taraka another rebel chief ca.lied Kahan Das. Thus Ismail Khan, the representative of a long nnd illustrious line of chiefs, 8~ out bravely on the side of Government. His influence, which was great in the district, was all used against the rebels, ~nd his. services were specially valuable at a time when it was inexpedient to detach a force aaainst the petty rebel leaders. Aftel" ann.exation Ismail Khan was ~ade Risaldar of the Jhang Mounted Police, but his services were through inadvertence overlooked, and it .was not till 1856 that he received a pension of Rs. 600 for life. Three wells were also released to him and his male heirs in perpetuity. In

Chapter IJ

History. lnay;itulla Kh~

successors.

Ohapter II.

History. ln:iyatulla Kh:in 's

successors.

The farmers of the Jhang district

revenue.

.c Punjab Gazetteer,

36 CHAP. II.-HISTORY.

1857 the services of the chief were conspicuous. He aided in raising a. force of cavalry, and served in person against the insurgents, For his· loyalty he received A. kltilat of Rs. 500 and the title of Khan Bahadur, and his yearly grant of Rs. 600 was raised to Rs. 1,000, with the addition of a jU.glr of Rs. 350 for life. In 1860 his pension was at his own desire exchanged for a life jitglr. If e J-.ns recovered many of his old zn.mincl:iri ri"hts in cli!Terent villages, and ult.hough his estate is only held on a life tl'~ure, yet the Government on his death will take care that this illustrious family docs not sink into poverty. Kabir Khan, the son of I smail Khau, is au H onorary Police Officer of the Jhang district ; J ahan Khan, brother of Ahmad Khan and uncle of Ismail Kh!l.n, holds a jc'tglr at Chuncl Bharwana and Budhi Thatti worth E.s. 887, an old grant of Runjit Singh to his father, confirmed in perpetuity by the British Uovernmnnt."

Jahan Khri.u <lieJ on 9Lh November 1870.

The names of the persons who farmed the revenues of the J~ang province, inclurling Pindi Blrnttian, Faruka, and Sayadwala, and excluding Kalowil anJ Garh Maharaja and Ahmadpur, from Sambat 1873 to 1903, are given below :-

YEAR.

Name of l!'armer. Contract Sam bat. A.D. money.

I Sujfm Rai Ra.

18i3 1816 ... ... 3,75,000 18i4 1817 Sukh Dial ... ... 4,00,000

18i5-i6 1818- 19 Jow:\la i'iiugh ... ... 4,00,000 1877 1820 Rukh Dial ... ... 4,10,000 l8i8 1821 S:thib l>itta. and SMm Sinfh ... 4,00,000 18i9 1822 Sham Siugh, .Jow:\la Das, ~'ihi R.Am ... 4,20,000 18'l0 1823 Jassa. Siu~h, Daulat Ram, Sh:\m Singh 3,25,000 1881 1824 Tit\kar anc Jalla Bharw:ina .. . 4,40,000 1882 1825 Sham Singh, Abdnl RAhm:in ... 4,35,000 1883 1826 Afzal Khan, Jowabir Singh ... 4,40,000 1884 1827 Jiwa.nd Singh ... ... 3,40,000 1885 1828 Maharaj Att-ar Singh, Bhola N:ith ... 4,45,000 1886 1829 Dal Singh, Devi &.khsb ... ... 4,55,000 1887 1830 Dal Singh ... ... 4,56,000 1888 1831 Rflm Ktmr of J hm1g ... ... 4,67,000

1889-1900 18:!2-44 nivan S:iwan Mal ... ... 4,:!5,000 1901-1903 1845-47 Div:\11 l\lul R..'ij ... ... 4,35,000

1903-4 1847·48 I EU.Ilia Ram . . . .. . . .. 5,00,000 1904 1848·49 I First Summary Scttlemt>nt by Mr. Cocks.

The aruount of revenue shown inclml es the CLabutra tax, and is an. approximation on returns furnished by Kanungos. Too much cred1~ should not be attached to the figures. ·The J hang province contame<l the tract tl1at conf'tituted the old district of Jhano-. The Kalowal ilaka belonged to Bhera, and those of Garh ?1.fa.M;aja and Ahmadpur to the province of Mooltan. H.aja Gulab Singh held t~e farm of Kalowal for many yeart>, and the severity of his exac­tions was such that his name is still execrated. Garh Maharaja and Ahmadpur were undr; Sa.wan Mal. The results of Sawan Mal's rule on the welfare of this district will be discussed with the past fiscal hi~tory of the district (Chap. V, Sec. B). For an account of his nse to power, his administration of the l\foolta~

Jhe.ng District. l

CHAP. II.-IIISTORY. 37

·ovince and his <lea th, pp. 272-285 of tLe ''Punjab Chiefs" !1~ou\J be consulte<l. · 'l'h~·rc also wi~l bo founJ tho l!istory of M~l .f{aJ s short pro-consulsh1p an<l lus downfall. Somo further

h torical details will Lo found in the notices of the lcaJincr tribes ,, s . l' 0

ill Chapter III, cdwn " )3eforc the treaty of Bhairow:tl, the British Government

11ndertook to maintain the: anthority of the Lahore Darb:ir, and to admrnister the affairs of the Punjit b during the minority of the young MAharaja DaHp Singh. Ofliccrs from the Company's <ervice were selec:tt>d to carry 011t a summary settlement of the iand revenue. The Jha.ng di!<trict, with the exception of the Garh ·Maharaja and Ahma.dpur ilr1ka11, had been occupied in 1846 by the Darhar during the contest between the Lahore Government and Mu! Ra:i; and when peace wa.c; m:tflc it was :·etaincd, although it had previously formed a portion of the :Mooltan province a11d been held by 81twan Mal. The two excepted ililkos, however, continue to form a pmt of the territory held by :Mui R3:j. Upon the annexation of tho Punjab in 184-!J the whole district became British territory. The urea comprised within the Jhang district as first constituted is ckscribed u'low.

The following account of the events of 18.37 is taken from t.h~ Punjab Mutiny Report :-

" Jhn.ng is a wild rural district, chiefly in the B:tr above described, and tenanted by the wild races, of ll'hom mrntion h:~s just been mo.de. The populn.tion is cnmpamtivl'ly sca11iy. The tren.sury guard wn.s a Company of the lGth N1ilivc Infantry Grenadiers. lt was a ·mero hindrance; and at the r!'quest of Captain Hawes, Officinting Deputy Commissioner, was withdrawn to ~t.s head-quarters at Lahore, where it was disarmed. Two parties of mutineers were destroyed in this diatrict,-one numbering 10 men of the 14th Nn.tive Infantry; the second, the party of th<' 9th Irregular Ctl.\'ulry. 'l'he villagers rendered good service in tral'king this lo.st detachment; but when on the 17th September the Bar tribes ro~e, the villagers of this distrid maintained but a douhtful neutrality. Communications between Jha.ug and Labore were cut off. For some time groat anxiety was felt at le.bore as to what hacl occurred th(•re. It was known that many of tho !11inor police stations had been rifled, and that the tribes around were all in rebellion. In a few days, however, Captain Hockin's force, 250, of the 17th Irregular Cavalry, wa.s thrown into the disturbed region; it was supp<>rted by a party of the Leiah and Gujranwala New Levies, while Major Chamberlain, with a force from Moolta.n, adva.nced on Jhang from the south. l\lr. McM.i.hon, Extra Assistuat Commissioner, was sent out ~Kot Ka.malia in thejJugera. dist.cict with a party of police horse; but it had. been pillaged before his arrival, n.ml he \\'l\.S soon after recaHed by Captain Hawes. Lieutcn:mt Lane, Assistant Commissioner, had command of the Leiah Levy ; while Captain Hawes joined Major ~amberlain's force, and remained with it as Civil Officer till the efeat of the rebels at Ko.m:llia some time n.ftcr. After Captain Hawes' ~turn to Jhang, Lieutenant Lane was det..1.ched to Shorkot, where he

id excellent service in apprehending rebels and seizing their cattle."

.The old fiscal diviS1ions of the Sikhs were to a certain extent ~~ined within the ta.hsH boundaries. 'l'he old tahsils were three

sides t.he Peshkari of Uch. Chiniot was much the sa.me as

Chapter II.

History •

Annexation,

The Mutiny.

The first tahsfi division• and

taaluka/11. ·

Oha.pter II.

History. The first tahsll divisions and

laaluko.h!,

[Punjab Gazetteer

38 CllAT'. 11.-IllSTORY.

it is now, min11.~ the vi\lnges thnt came o\'Cr from Shahpur Tahsil Jhl\ng lny on the l11ft btmk of tho Chcn:\.b, nnd included the country from the Chiuint houuclnry down to the Mvi, and alsG the lowest portion of the Vichnnh known ns the Massan taaluka/1, West of the Chenith wns the Pcshkitri of Uch, bounded by the Garh Maharaja il1ik1t on the south, nnd extending up to the right bank of the Jhelam to n. fow miles beyond Machhiwal. The Kadirpur tahsil contniuc<l the remaining country on the right ba.nk of the Jhelam, and between the Jhclnm from the Massan taalukah to the Shahpnr houllllary. Tho sub-divisions into taafokahs were as follows in the ol<l tahslls :-

Chiniot. Jhc111~. Kcidirp11r. UcA. Sipra. W:\m. MAtl Chaunua. Chiniot. .Thani.:. Kot Rhikir. Uch. Kurk. (:ihn:\ln.. Kot 111& 8h:lh. NckokAra. Hhowlina. Shorkot. \ Kt1<1irp11r. K:l.lowil. l\l:i.sa:ui. Hhan111 \\':\n\. Ahmadn:i.go.r. Sh:\h J lwana. Lilian. llhatti:\n.

Subsequent chn.ngca At first the Jha.ng district, compared with the .present of bounde.1·y. boundaries, contained the Far(1ka. taaltiknh in the Cba.J Doab,

transferred lo Shahpur in 1854, and a consi<lernble strip of country on th~ right bank of the Ravi, between the present boundary. and that river, transferred to the Mooltan district a.bout the same tune; and Ji<l not contain the Garb M:\Mnl.ja and Ahma<lpur i0-~ transferred from Muzaffaraa.rh in 1861 and the KO.Iowa\ iwka transferred from Shahpur i~ the same y~ar. The existing divis~on of the district. into the three ta.h!'ils of Shorkot, Jha.ng and ,C.hio1ot da.tes from tlus period. In 1880 five ,·illages on the Ra.vi we~e transferred from Shorkot to the Sarai Siddhu tnhsH of Mooltan lil order to give the Depnty Commissioner of the la.tter district com· plete control of the Ravi sailub.

List of Oistrict The following is a. list of the Deputy Commissioners who have officers. held charge of the district since annexation :-

LIST OP DEPUTY COMMISSIONER.q FROM A1nn .. 'CATIO~.

From \ __ ,_ May, 1849 February, 1850 G. W. Hamilton. March, 1850 Febniary, l &Jl J. Clarke. March, 1852 .fanuary, 1853 G. W. Hn.milton. February, 1853 March, 1SJ3 ,J, \V. Bristow. April, 1853 January, 1857 H. Monckton. February, 1857 March, 1858 H. S. Hawes. April, 1858 December, 1858 C. P. Ellio~ January, 1859 April, 1859 W . G. Davies. May, 1859 .July, 1859 A. Levien. August, 1859 May, 1861 W. E. Blyth. June, 1861 August, 1861 F. Mn.cne.ughten. Reptember, 1861 October, 1862 \V. B. Jones. November, 1862 December, 1862 W. M. La.ue. January, 1863 March, 1863 \V. E. Blyth. April, 1863 March, 1864 H. D. Dwyer. April, 1864 April, 1866 W. M. La.ne. May, 1866 17th May, 1870 R. J. D. Ferris. 18th May, 1870 25th August, 1873 ... G. E. Wakefield. 26th August, 1873 21st September, 1875... T. W. Tolbort.

To Nn.m~.

Jbe.ng District. l

From

22nd September, !1'75 3rd December, 18i5 2nd March, 18iH 21st January, 1878 8th r.1 arch, 1880 14th January, 1882 9th May, 1882

CHAP. II.-HI8TORY.

To

2nrl Oeccmber, 1875 .. 1st ~larch, 18i6 20th January, 1878 ... 7th March, 1880 • 13th .Tanuary, 1882 ... 8th May, 1882 To <late

Names.

A. Harcourt. 1'. W. Tolbort. A. Harcourt. n. \I. Ogilvie. R. Bartholomew. M. r.Iacauliffe. R. lla ttholomew.

39

Chapter II.

History. List or District

officers.

Some conception of tho Jcvclopmont of the <lisLrict since it l>cvdopment since came into our ban(!:; may be gathcrc<l from Table No. II, which iumexution.

gives some of tho lea<ling statistics for five-yearly pcrio<ls, so far as they arc available ; while most of the other tables appen<lo<l to this work &ive rompar:i.ti \'e figures for Lhc last few years. In the case of Table No II, it is probable that Lho figures arc not always strictly comparabl(', their basis not being the same in all cases from one period to another. But the figures may be accepte<l as showing in general terms the nature an<l extent of the a<l vanco ma<le.

The following figures show tho revenue of tho d istrict un<ler certain hea<ls in 1831, 1861, 1871 :m<l 1881 :-

_____ l>_•r_£_n_•A_r._n_t:\'r ...... U£, 1851-5!!, lSGl·G2, 1871-i:!, H~Sl·SZ.

L-'..~D licvt:~uc.j -g. ~ ., ; 1-g . ,. . -- - c: o Q:c ~ ~ : ~ a ~a

1''luc· · ~w; i;·a :;-o Q>'f 8 "., Proper. tu.at1111; .. -;:;~ x~ c..-g ~~ .::; =ii

, U.J "3 Oc: .C: fJ1 ,.t;

1-------~n;:-1--~~;--n;;:--u;-1~ 1~1-~2 .. 2,10,6~5 11,418 .. ~5t 465'

1

.. l l,211 2,H3 1861-62 .. S,10,402, 27,66RI . . 2,0~l 1,223 . . 26,4:15 .. 1811·72 2,6~,650I l ,W,5c'O 3,:100 t,467 13,016 20,171 .. iss1-s2 3,H,tl6~ 1 1.~'9,S05I J,1;o 2,srn1 ~6.0a t

Year.

Chapter III , A .

Statistical. Distribution of popu·

latiou.

Migrntion aml hirth­place of population.

CHAPTER III.

TH E PE O P LE-

SECTION A.-STATISTICAL.

Tallll' Xo. V giv<'s ~<'parat<' ~tali,Lics for ra:h lahsil and for tho whole di.-trict, of tlu· d ii<t rihut ion of·popnln.tion over tow_ns am.I villages. O\'N area, and among hou«3S and !'amilie~ : wl11le tho number of housrs in c:lC'h town is ~l10wn in Table :N"o. XLUI. The shti.,ties for th<' di•trict a"> :t whol1~ give tho following fi.~ures. l!'urthPr information will he fouu.J in Chapter IC of the c('IJSUS Hl·port of ltio I :-

1 1 . f 1'1·rso11s .. . !JO ·64

Percent.age of tota. popn at1ou ' I 1 r.11 ·02 l I. . ·11 l" a c~ ..

w IO l\'e lll Yl ages Fc111:Lles uo·20 Average rnrnl population per Yillagc .. . 4i4 An·rngc tota.1 population p<:r ,·illagc ~nd town ., lil9 N'u111hcr of villa~cs pl'r JOO sq narc miles .. . 1 :l A ,·cragc distance from village to \'illagc, in miles 2·!18

0 area ltural p<Jpul:i.tion ... 63 Density of population C It". t 1 . {Total population ... 6lii

{

T tal {Total population ... li9

per M1nare mile of u l\ a Cl :u ca K.11rnl po!1ulation ... 557

CulturalJt,• area { 'T'ot:il popd"ti_on .. . 86 Rural j!Qp11 l,.t1on... 78

...- t. f . 1 t f T . l I f \"illages .. l ·"" 1, umuer o rcs1< en amt 1cs per occup1ct iousc l T ••wus ... I ·!I-!

Number of p~r;,1ns per occupictl hous~ I \ "11lngcs... !i·H l Towns .. . s·o;:;

N11111b1•1· of persons per resident family { \'illagcs... 4·71 Tuwns ... 4·14

As has alreacly been stated, more than thrcc-fif~hs of the whole cli~trict consists of al' id stPppes scru1tily inh:tbitcJ by nomaJ pastoral tribes, an,[ :ilmo~L wholly d1!s0rtcJ at certain seasons of tho year ; anJ as most of this al'm ha:> liPl'll returncJ asculturablc, the figures for de11~ity of popul:1tion, holh npon total anJ upon culturablo area, are in a manner mi,leading.

Table ~o. VI ~how;; the principal Jistricts and States with which tlir di,trict has exchangl'J population, tho number of migrants in each clir<>ction, a111l the distrilmtion of im111igranl.; by tahslls. Further detail~ will he fonnd in Tahlc No. XI and in :-:upph•111enta.ry Tables C to H of the Ucmus Il.cport for 1881, while the whole

Proportion per millc of total 81 i hjrct i~ cl i!;cusse<l at length in Part II of population. Uh apter 111 of' the !;:tlllC report. The total

gain ancl lo:;s to the Jistrict by migration is shown in tho margin. The total number of residents born out of the di~trict is 18,98V, of whom 10,381 are ma]('s anJ 8,608 females . The number of people IJorn in lhc Ji~trid an<l living

rcrsnns MR1c." Fcinnlcs

I Valli. I .. I

Loss.

~I 101 78

Jbang District. l

CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE. 41

in other parts of tho Punjab is 35,688, of whom 21,628 are males Chapter III, A. and 14 060 females. 'l'h~ figures below show tho goncral t.listriLu-tion or' the population Ly birtl.i-placc :- Sta.tistioa.I. -

PAOPORTJOS rr.R MILLE OF Rr.sioi::sT roruL.\TJON.

llural J'v1mlnlion. Urlx.tn Populntaon. T1tal l'opulation. Dorn In

I I ,;

I ,; : "

,; "

,; . :: I

;; c .. d c :j -;; c

0

" 0 0

~ a s ~

8 :: -;; E :: " " .. 0 " :.. 0.. r.. 0.. ::;; r.. 0..

Tho district ·· 19~.1-=- -=-1 Po~,-:-,-:--:--:-• P5:l The rrovinco •• !)rt!I 1,00() P~l~I flS:J !>!Hj ~ll fll.17 !'V9 !~Ji

India • 1,000 1 • .000 1.000 o-·:. !~·~ I !l!l7 1199 1.000 1'98 .Uia •• 11,oou 1,000 1,UUO

11,ouo 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 9~Y

The following remarks on Lho mig ration t o ant.I from the Jhang d i6trict are taken from the Census Heport of ISSI :-

" Jhaug is o. singularly lmckward district. Though populo.tion is sparse, much of the un•a conl:iists of arid plo.ins without irrigation of any st-rt, o.nd the popul11.tio11 is 1·co.lly <lcnsc in pro[Jortio11 to Urn culti­vated area. Consequently it gi,·cs popuhition to every <listrictin the list except Gujranwlilo., o.nd thl' emi;;ro.uts a.re nearly twice a.s numerous as

' the immigrants. The emigration is part.icularly la rge to Shahpur, ~Iontgomcry, :i\Iuza.ffargurh, and Moolttin, four ncicihbouring districts in which c11.nal irrigation has greatly cle,·eloped of late years. The immi­gration prohn.bly consists to a great extent of p<'ople who have lt:ft the sreppcs of the neighbouring districts for the valleys of the two rin•rs which run through the district, o.nd the moderate proportion of malP.s would seem to show that the migro.t.ion is pernmnent; though with the nomad tribes of the bar who travel with their families, the test is perhaps of less value than elsewhere, and it is not impossible that many of the immigrants a.re graziers with t lwi t· herds who harn come to P_&St~re in the Jhang steppes. On the other hand, the former explo.110.­~ton is supported by the fo1:t tho.t the ?lloolt..Lu bu.r, the ouly one which lS separated from Jhitng by u. ri,·cr, ho.s sent hardly rrny immigro.nts."

'~he figures in the stat1~11wn t IJclow show t.hc population of the t11strict as it stout.I at the tlueo e11ulllerntiu11s of ll:i55, 1868 antl 1881 :-

_I Census. Persons. I Males. I Fem al co. Den•ity per square mile.

~ f 11855 .. 2!il,7fi9

I ] 3P,HQ 112/•20 44

~ 1 ::~ .. 3~7,0l:J 1n,o.;3 H>Z,P,0 61 -: .. 395,296 214,31)2 180,914

I 6g

- I g.{ 1868 on 185~ .. u;·s l 1~8·j I·

1:ttt·7

I 139 e~

;i! ~ 1881 OU 18tl~ .. IJ3·U 111·0 ll i\> 114

b The ~gurcs of 1868 are corrected fur transfer of territory; ut the <l1l'trict as it stood in 18.)5 J id not inclmle the tracts

~ra_nsferrct! from Sliahpur and l\luzatfargarh iu 1861. The popu­a!10~_of those tract:; by the Census of Hi55 is said to have been ·t•21fa, which raises the population with which comparis~n must

wade to 2DD,062, auJ reduces tuc pcrccutagc of iucrc~1so

1-1 igration and birth, place of populatil•a.

lncrea•c &. ilrr.renae of pop11 l:.Ltiou.

Oha.pter III, A.

Sta.tistica.l. Increase & decrease

of population.

Birtho an•I ilca.ths.

[Punjab Gazetteer,

42 CHAP. 111.-THE PEOPLE.

brtween 1855 am! 18G8 t,1 13·8, or precisel.v tho same a i: that between 18(i~ and HSI{ l. So a~ain the clen!lit.v of population per squa re mile in 18.J.J woulJ L11 5i·o:>, instead of 44:.

It will be seen th:1t the annual incrral'a of population ~r 10,000 since 181i8 has het>n 81 for malPs, l 25 for fema les, and JOL for persons, at which rate the malt> population would be doublt>cl in l:lr>·!I years, the fpmale in 55·~ year~ , an<l t he total population in rrn·t years. Supposing the Sflllle rate of incn·u~e to holrl good for thr next ten years, the r .opulation for each year woul<l be, in hnudr<'cls :-

Year. I Pcrao~::_l_::::_I Fun1alce. _:::_i_::_=::_ Malea. Fomale1.

18-ql I 1~81

11'83 18•1 1 !St>; 1886 I

214,4 216,1 21;,9 219,6 ~:.!l,4 213, 2

1P4,P iu;.~ )g,,d W1.~ 20~.b

There seems to be no rea.o.;on why the rate c•f increa.qe should not be sustained. Part of the appnrent increase is prohably due to increased aecuracy of enumeration, a good test of which is afforded by the percentage of 11tales to per!'nns, which was 55·26 in 1855, i)5·5+ i11 1868, and 5.J,·23 in 1881. But, as already shown at page 41, the district has, duriug the lifetime of the prci;eut genera· tiou, lost much population by migration to ncig:1bouri11g <listrit·ts consPq11ent upon t.he exti>nsiou of ca.nal irrigatio11 in them, uotwith· standing which the i>:drnordinary healthiness of these plaius of ~mall rain-fall h11s enabled the people to increase their numbi>rs more rapid! .'' than in m"st of the Punjab districts. 'l'he urh1t-n popnlntion hru~ actnally rl1'crcasPd since 1868, the nurnhers liviug in 1881 for e\·P,ry 100 living in 1868 bring 96 011\y. This is partly cine to alteration in the boundari('s of the Jhi:1.ng-Maghiaua Muni­cipality, 71 small hamli>ts haYi11!! been excl11<le<l between 18G8 and 1881. The population of individual towns at the reRp1•ctive ennmP,rations arP, shnwn nnr!P.r thi>ir several hi>a<ling-s in Ohapter VI. - ------, -- - - Within the district the Totnl pn .·1uln.lif'>n. Percentage of

T•hoil. I J"'pulationof increase Of population since

Jh~ng Clliniot Shorkot

1sos. 1ss1. 18!~ ~~~~at 1868 for lhe various tahi:;fls

- - 1- --,·----- is shown iu the mar"'in. .. ~&~:~;~I :;u:~ i:~ Changes of bouudary m~ke 8£,, jl) ~ 9foi,!{42 111

____ ---- it imposi:;ihle to compare the Total district . . sr 043 • 0 < - 1 11 • fi r " """•"~ • gnres 10r 1855 by tahsils,

Table No. XI shows the total 11umber of births anrl dP.aths registered in tlrn district for the five yr.ar~ from 1877 to 1881 anrl the births for 1880 an.<l 1881, the "nly two ye~rs during ,~hich

births have been recorded rn rnral districts. Thi? distribution of the tot.al deaths and of the deaths from fever for these five years over the twelve months of the yea.r is shown in Tables Noi:;. XIA and XIB. The annual birth­rates per mille, calculated on the pop11lation of

1

1880. 1881.

- '­M~l•• .. I 17 I 19

~=~~'!,': :: I ~~ I !~

1868, were as shown in the margin. 'l'he figures

Jhang District. l

CHAP. III.-THE PEOPU:.

below Rhow the annnn.l death-ratt>s per mille since 1868, calcula.tecl Chapter III, A •. on the population of that year :-

)fol ea .. Fom•loe .. Penon1 ..

The r~gistrotiou is stil l irnperfcct, though it is yearly improv­ing; but the figures al ways fall short uf the fa.ct, aud the fluctuations probably correspond, allowi11g for a r egular increase due to improved r»gist.ratioo, fairly closely with the acrual fluctuations in the births u.ud deaths. The historical re trospect which forms the first part of Chapter III of the Census lll'µort of 1881, and especially the annual chronicle from 1849 to 188 1, which will be fouud at page 56 of that report, throw some ligltt on th1! fluctuatious. Such further details as to birth and death-rates in iudi vidual towns as are available will be found in Table No. XLIV, and uudcr the headings of the several towns in Chapter VI.

Statistical. Births &nu dea.th1.

The figures for age, scx, and civil condition ate given in great Age. details in Tables Nos. IV to YU of the Census Repnrt of 1881, while the nnmhers of the sexes for each rf' ligion will be fou~d !n Table No. V lJ, appen<led to the pres<'nt work. The age stat1st1c8 must be takt::u subject to limitations which will be fou.n.d fit lly discussed in Chapter VU of the Census Report. Their value rn.pidly diminishes as the numb<'rs dPa.lt with become smaller! and it is unneces.~ary here to give actual fig-urf's, or any statistics for tahsils. The following figures show the distribution hy age of <'very 10,000 of the population according to the Census fignrf's :-

Penon1 llale1t 1e11:1•lc1

Persona )! •••• l'etnalea

0-1 1 1-2 I 2-3 I 3-• •-5 I 0-5 I ~10 10-15 ~ 377"j22$1-;;-l-;G" 8701· l,M6 ll.0091,0iil 6°%'

359 I 21r. so1 s~n ~~·6 1,574 J.600 1,0.1~ 708 898 24~ 547 379 38d I, 752 1,G:IO ~63 608

20-25 25-30 T 30-35 ~'_:=::_!_::: S0-55 !_:::I:_: .. 684 7231 iUl H3 659 303 5161 138 764 .. ~42 682 i67 44i 64G 321 556 155 835 .. 7:13 771 8~1 438 676 2i9 469 118 680

On. the subject of age, the Deputy Commissiouer wrote as follows m his District Report on the Ceusus of 1881 :-

"I do not think much reliance CRn be plRce<l on the ageR recorded. The ,large mnss or the popnlRtiou is quite incapable of estima.tiug age. A Zlllllmdar's i<leu.s a.re limited to childhood, youth, mauhood, and old age. ~he figures in most in~tances only recor<l the l'esult of the combined Judgment of the :>.Rmindar and the enumerator. Men evidently about 30 years or nge oft.cry in 1!011rt state themselves to be 12 or 15 years old. A8 soon Rs their hrnnls tum 1-1rcy, tliry go to the other extreme and make tl1cmsel"es out much oldor than they tire. I have found that grey-bcanls

Ohapter III, A.

Statistical. Sex.

Ci vii com\ition.

[ Punjab Gazetteer,

44 CRAP. III.-TIIE PEOPLE.

nlwnys e-xagf!ernte their age. The proportion of yonn~ children seem& ' 'ery high, and lent.ls me to suppose that the ages of ch1ltlre11 have been generally 11nrlerstatecl."

The number of males among every 10,000 of both sexes is shown in the margin. The clccrea.qc si11ce Population. Villages. Tom1s, Total.

-------- --------- 1868 is almost cer·

{

1855 5,!i26 All religions

Hillllus Sikhs Muealm;l.ns

1s6R::: 5,564 tainly clue to greater 1881... 5,446 5,203 5,42:3 accuracy of enumera·

.. . 1ss1.. . 5,413

1

5,149 5,3n tion. In the Census ... 1881... ii, i2S 5•135 of 1881, the number ... 1881... 5,449 5,229 5,4a5 I

of females per 1,000 males in the earlier years of life was found to be as follows:-

Year of life. I All r eligions.

Hind1\s. \Musa.lm:1us

0-1 938 849 950 1-2 946 940 948 2-3 954 941 960 3 - 4 9:;3 ... ... 4- 5 914 ... ...

The figures for civil condition are given in Table No. X, which shows the actual 11nmber of single, married, a11d widowed for each sex in each religion, and also the distribution by civil condition of the total 11umber of each sex in each age-period. The D epnty Commissioner thns discnsseu the figures in his Census Report:-

" The numh<'r of sing!<' pP1"Sons exccecls that of marriecl by 38 per ct'nt. Oalculaterl on thP whole population, the proportion of single, mo.rried and wiclows is as follows:-

Single ... 53 per cent. Married ... 39 Widows and widowers 8

.. "The lnrgc proportion of 8inglc persons is chiefly nmong the rural

clnsses, aml is accounted for Ly the fact that the 11.gricnlturo.l clll.8808 of this Jistrict do not marry their chil,lren till they nrc full grown aud fit for a grown man's work. A rnnn is mmnlly 25 and a woman 20 before marringe tnkcs place. Juclced, there 1\l'e examples of women not being mnrried till they are rather ndrnnced in years :mrl reach the age of 35 or more. The custom prevails both among Hindus and Mulrnmmadaus. 'l'he case with the townspeople is, however, r1nite different. The Hindus espech1lly marry their children at n very early nge, ant.l would expose themselves to t he censure of their family and brotherhood if they did not do so, especially with regard to girls. Onlinarily a child among the Hiudus is mnnied or bethrothed as soon as small-pox is over. The M~1harnmadans ~re rather indi~ercnt, bnt 1.1evertheless do not keep their children unmarried for a long time. Married mnles and mnrried females arc 49 and 51 per cent. respectively. The surplus of females is nel:ouuted for by the fact that hoth Hindus nnd Muhammnrlnns in some cases marry_ more than on_e wife. Of widowers nnd widows taken together, the w1rlowcrs nnd w1rlows are 31 and 69 per cent. respectively. The )urge surplus in widows is attributed to the fact that hy custom rmd religion Hindi1 widows .cannot remarry. This e1~stom, originally Hindu and almost unkuown Ill ~1ul11u.amadan countnes, has spread to the

Jhang District. l

CITAP. IU.-TIIE PEOPLE. 45

upper clo.~s of ?lfnhnmm~clnns to some extent., But nmong the znmfn.dars Chapter III, A. a widow 1s trented n!\ n chattel, nnd remnrnod to the nearest of km of her deceased hushiuul. Statistical.

" Polyandry is unknown in this district. Poly~amy is practised by Polyandry ancl poly. both Mu h11mm11clans n.nd llinclu~, t houl(h to n smaller ex ten t by the gamy. latter. Mulmmmnclan lnw nl101n1 four wives nt n t ime. Hich znmindars in this di~tnct nrnrry ns mauy M thn:c ur even four, nm! persons even iu poor circnmstnncc:i do 11ot 11nco111monly 111nr1·y n second wife. Thus there nr~ not n few JlC'wl'ls (weavers), dyers (rangrcz), blacksmiths, ehurigat·s (han~lc-makers) in Jhnng nnd ilfn~hi;inn who have two wives. Rich Hinrhis 1111trry n11othcr wife mo11t ly when the exist ing wife is hnrren. ,A pour Hiudu, thou:;h ohildlcss, seldom marries a second wif~.

" Infanticide is unknown in t his district . T he population is for the most pa1·t .Mulinn11111ul:m, who, ns already poin ted out, do not marry the'ii"'dmlght'cf·s 'nt an c.ady age, mid ha ve therefore no pressi.ng demand fo( m.oncy to 11mkc }ll'O\ isioH for marri11ge expenses. B ut t he excess orinnles ov1·r fcm;\le~, I think, points to t h" conclusion that onen female children are less cn.rt'fully nurlu rPd, and t hat the mor t11.lity nmong t.hem is therefore greater. The i11crPnse of frm:i.les since 18()8 sl'cms to show that daughters nre now more c11rcfully nurtured.* 'l'hey are not nctua.lly ill-trratecl, hut thl'ir hirth is oftl'n co1 .. idered a misfortune ; ~nd it is easy to understand tho.t nrglect, without actual ill-usnge, Increases the death-rn.le."

Table No. XII shows t he number of i1u;ane, bli nd, deaf­mutes, a n<l lepers in the district in

Infirmity. Mai... Fenialo•. each religion. The proport ions per ----- ___ ___ 10,000 of ei ther sex for each of these Inoano 1s 9 infir mities are !lhown in th e margin. ~~~~dand dumb ~: I~ Tables Nos. XIV to XVII of the Leprous . . 2 Census R <>port for 1881 give furth er

. details oft he age and relig ion of the rnfirm. In the dist r ict Census Report fur 1881, the Civil Surgeon wrote as follows on the subject :-

. " ~ large proportion of t he Llind 11.S sr.en in t hi11 district have lost their sight from old neglected inflammation, or inverted eyelashes. Some have lost it during a n a t tn.ck of smu.11-pox, and some from ca.ta.ra~t. Technically speaking, the largest proportion of the Llind a.re seen with ope.cities of t he cornen. or entire disorganization of the eyeball, next to it with glaucoma and nmaurisis, and next wit h catnra.ct. Wom~n are more bl inc1 t han men. l\fore womep are seen su(ftiring from Inverted eyelnshrs nll(l consequent opacity of cornea than men. Generally th is jg t he first stage in the progress towards t otal blindness. S~oke and heat of t he k itchen has most probn.hly something to do wi th the greater propor tion of blindness in the women. Deaf and dumb and lunatics are more common in the Chiniot tahsil than in the o~her sub-di1·isions, amongst .l\fohammaclans t ha11 amongst Hindus a nd ~ikh~, and in towns t han in '"illages. I am unal •le to give any explana.­~icn of these foGts; but I may mention here t hat the Chiniot tahsfl 19 (especially the town and some villngcs towards t he north-east, as well a.s some villages of t ho Shahpur district in that direction) remarkable for the prevalence of goitre."

• T ilt! iucreaae i1 partly <lue to increased accuracy of en1Jmemtion.-EDITOR.

lufanticiJe

lufirmitios,

Chapter III, B.

Social a.nd reli­gious life.

European :rn<l Eur:uiau popnl:ition.

[Punjab Gazette.

4G CllAP. Ill.-TIIE PEOPLE.

The climate of Jhnng is clescribcd at pa!?es 12 and 13. Tl excessive dry11t>SS of the climnte, sa111tntin11 l\nd the sparseness the pop11latio11 connteract e11tirely the evil sa1mtory habits of ti popu.lation. Mannre heaps and filthy hollows are close to eve; village, and there is an eutire ahsence of any co11scrva11cy arrang meuts. These evil,., which in a worse climate woulJ lead to ti ontbrL·u.k aud sprc:~<l (If s~rions tlt~1·a.qe~ , iu Jha11g ouly 11uccced i slightly injuring the general health at particular Sl!a.sous. Uhole1 is almost u11k11ow11.

The figures given below show the cnmpm~ition of the Christia popnlation, and the respecti\•c numbers who rctnrued their birth place 11nrl thPir la11g-1mg-P 11.s EurnpPan. 'fhrv arc t11.ken frot Tables Nos. IHA, IX an<l XI of the Ce-nsns Rt>port for 1881 :-

Details. :llalee. Femalu. Persona.

I Europeans :ind America111 ...

-- ---l:l 2 10 cd = 8

· - 0 ~ ~·;; 1 Enr:usians ... ... I ... 1 o·c d Native Christiana ... ... c2..:::; ... ... Uo. ---------0 8. Total Christiana

··· 1 9 2 11

--- --- --- - --.; I EnC?lish ... . .. I 7 3 10 co !! Other European languages ... \ ... ... ... ~

Tota.lEuropean langua.ges .. . \ 7 . 3 ---<l

10 "' ~ -

,; \ British Isles u 7 I 8

"' ~ I Other European countries ::: .. . .. . ... .z --- - --.. I Total European countries ... 7 I 1 8 i:Q

But the fignrPS for the races of Christians, which are discussed in Part VII of Chapter IV of the Census He port, are very untrust· worthy: and it is certain that many who were really Eurasians returued themselves as Europeaus.

SECTION B.-SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE.

Villagu and houses. It is only in the C:hiniot tahsil and the better cultivated portions of the othet' tahsils that all the inhabitants of a village live at one hamlet or village. They prefer living at their separate wells. Down south there are many villages that have no village site whatever. Each proprietor lives at his well. The well of the l:i.mbardar, and perhaps one other, will have a small hamlet growing up round it, consisting of the huts of the proprietors and his tenants and those of a shop-keeper and a few Kamlns. There are hardly nny strong solidly-built villages such as are seen further ea11t. There are fonr kinds of ho11ses :-

(1 ). K ot hi or Kothri, a square mnd house.containing sometimes one> anrl sometimes two r<?oms, sometimes with a front room pirah, :rn<l sometimes without; the roof is also of mud, and fiat.

Chapter III, B.

Social and reli­gious life.

W ome11'1 dress.

Ornaments.

Food.

[Punjab Gazetteer,

48 CIJAP. lll.-TllE P.EOl'LE.

affpct a EuropNin styl<• in their costume, nnd ll10y nrc properly Jislilrnd by tlwir neiJ.(hbours.

The wonwn of th!• poor za111fnd:tr clags wear the nii1jhla always while in eolour, lil·d in :1 '.~ li ghtly diffnmt way from th~ men: It is worn long1·r and til{hll1r, e!i1wcially about the hips. Trousers, pt'tij1l1111l..,, arc tabooed. Cer taiu rla::;scs of women in the towns \l'l':J.r them, uut Hot a si11glc z:i111hu.lri.r wmuan .. A boddice (r/111/i) and a chwldct1· woru over the lw'.ld are the other ganneuts. The clwli is 11s11ally Lrightly coloured. The chaddar is citlwr white or of some dark som brn colour. \ oung unmarried women sometimes wear bright colom ed cl11tdtl1t1•s, lm t this is seldom the case. As with the men so with the womc11, there i~ consider­ahle variety iu the quality of the clothes worn h." individuals of different positions. Increased prosperity has led to increased expenditure. The above U<'scri ption refers to the ordi11ary clothes worn by zam1ndirs 011ly. The Hindus, men and women, belonging to the towns are but little engaged in agriculture, aud dress Yery differently.

The wearing of orna.me11ts is almost entirely confined to the . women. A man is contented with his signet, chhup, aml perhaps one other ring chhullct, a11<l au a11111lct, balwttu, also ornnmeutal, tied just above the elbow. As for women's orname11ts, their name is legion. Those worn by almost every zamindarni are kangan, ~ plain bracelet; Vtilitf.n, earrings; chhulla, a plaiu fi11ger riug; has~t, a neck let; buhalt1t, an amulet, similar to those worn by meu. Nose rings are very seldom worn.

The food of the nomad population of the Bar is very different from that of the agric11 ltura.I residents of vii la."es near the rivers. It is estimated that a resiJent of the Bar ;onsnmes only one-third the quantity of food grain eateu by the ordinary cultivat~r, and Mr. Steedman's opinion is that the proportion is still smaller. One is constantly told that sometimes the grazier for days goes without any food other than milk and substances made from milk. Milk is, it may be almost said, the staple food of the district. The ordinary grazier u.s often as not, instead of making bread for h is evening meal, simply mixes his flour in the milk arid warms it over a fire. In the m,o~ning he has a draught of butter.milk, a~d later on a small clw.pat1, and another drink of buttermilk. Milk is usually drunk ~vith t~c evening meal. The table below gives the food of an agriculturist for the different months :-

Chet

Baisakh ... Jeth

Months.

H:ir, Sawan, Badni, Assu

Ka.tik, Maghar, Poh, .Magh, Phagau ...

--------Food.

Chap<l.tts of barley, peas, and wh~t fiour; Bntttll'milk with morning and milk with even· ing meal. Green gram pods and carrots are also Pa.ten,

\Vhea.t cha1icit+s, and ,·egeta.blea. \Vheat clui1>dt!r, plli• berries, melon&, nge·

tables, buttermilk, and milk as before. Wheaten chapcil.ta, melons iD H:ir, buttermilk

anu milk as before. \\"heat, jowdr, Mj,.d, and maize chapdtlo.

Turnips cooked in milk. Buttermilk o.ud milk. as before.

Jhsng District. l

CHAP. III.-TIIE PEOPLE. 49

Zamfodars have two meals n dn_y, the morning meal from 10 to 11 o'clock, the cvc11ing Oil<' from G-:JO lo 8 at ni;.rht. The evening meal is takrn lat1•r in the colll weather than in t,he hot. 'l'hc morning meal n 1 111ni11s :i.l mttch th1• Rarne time a.11 the year rounJ. When the 1ill1i l.J1•rric!> n.rr in, only half llw ordinary quantity of grain is en.ten. \\'hP11 l11rn1ps arc ready, 011"-fcmrth of the usual amount of bread. '\'1·1\-fu-<lo za111i1ul:'irs lin.: 11pon whcateu bread,

. rice, anJ 1lc!'h. The ::)i,i.ls arc 11111ch gi' en to liq ttor. The average :mnnal C'ottRttn1plio11 of food grains by a family of

fin~ 1u·r'<o11!', t''o of whom aw childreu, S<·<·rq.

Wheat ... 4S') ·wa'< c!'li111:tk1l for the Fmui11r Report nt ;;o mau11dR in the 'illagcs, and !33 m:.iuu<ls in lhe towns. 'L'lw details for the v!llages arc as shown in lhc margin. For a [alUily in tlw low11, add (o tl1c above 6.1, maunds of wheat, and lwlf a 11rn.nn<l rnO'ro of dal

Gram ... 200 Joirdr ... 1 :!O Chf,.a ... lliO Barley ... J'.!0 D1il of sorts 'Ind otl"·"

grain ... l::!O

Tot:-.1 ... l ,~00 aml miscellaneous graiu, an<l cut out the rlttna.

The first rnont h in the y0ar is Ch0tur a.nu the last Phi'1gau. They arc given in order below, with corrrRponding Engli~h months. '.l.'he spelling givc:s llu· loeal pro11tllll ialiou :-

Chctar middle o[ March to middle of April. Vis:',kh April l\lay . • Jeth ,, J\1 ay .Tune. H:lr ,, June July. S:iwnn .July ,, August. Badni August September. Assu September October. Kateh October ,, November. Maghar ,, No,·emhet· ,, December. Poh ,, ])ecembcr ,, January. M:lgh ,, .fanuat'y ,, F ebruary. l'hagan ,, Fcbrnal'y l\larch.

The days arc <livi1l<'d inlo eight paln-.~ (pron <1uncc<l palmr) of 3 hours each. The following arc rccoguisc<l times of <lay:-

As USED BY

Muhammadans.

Arlh! r:\t Pichhli r:\t .... '. Dhammi wela

Nam:\z wel:i ... Deh Ubhre ... Chila wel:i

Roti wel:i Dopa hr Pesh In Lureshln Nadveshin Di gar Nam:lsh:in ~huft:ln

· Sot:i wcl.i

Hindus.

Adhi r:lt ... l'ichhli rat None

Parbh:lt wel!i , Vaddeweh None

Do. Do. Do.

Vaddi Peshin None Do.

8amlhi:ln wcl[L

.. · 1 Sot:i wcl:l.

. .. Palu r{<t

English equivalent.

l\li<lnight. :l A. M. The Jast hour of the night before

dawn. D:-.yhreak. 8unl'ise. Two hours or an hour-and·a·half a.ftcr

s unrise. Hrc:ul time, !J.10 A. M. l\lidday. :l r. M, 4 P. ~I. fi P. M. Half an hour before snneet. Just :-.fter sunset. Beil.time, when all the stars haTe

come out. An hour aher bed-time, !J.11 P. M.

7

Chapter III, B.

Social and reli­gious life.

Food.

Modes of reckoning time.

Chapter III, B.

Social and n,tigious life.

Religion.

[Punjab Gazetteer

50 CDAP. lll.-TIIE PEOPLE.

Table No. VII shows lhc numbers in cncll"tahsH and in the whol1 cli~trict who foll(\w each religion, as ascertained in Lhc Census o: li:)l:il an•I Ta11h· .No. XLlll gin~:; similar fig-ur<·s for towns - ' · .

1 u 1 ·r t -1 •1

Talilcs ~ os. 111, IIIA, IIIE i~ura r >an o a l l' f 1. C

Religion. popula· popula· popula- of t IC "cport o tuaL ensw t10u. t1011. t1011. I ~iYc rm:lhcr .dct31ils. on the sub-

____ ------ --- Jt•ct. '.Ihc J1~tnbuL1on of everJ Hindu ... 1,:i.;7 .i,:l!l7 l,Gl'2 10 000 of the population b' ~ikh •·i r;;; iis I· . . . h . th . ~1us:i.lm~~~ S,GG.I 5,4'.!.i S,2i0 n•l 1 gl1?n~ 1::1 ~ owi: lbn tetmarhg:mh·

T 1c rn11lat10ns su ~ec o w 1c these fi<rures must Le taken, and

Kmal Total <'SpcciaLJy the rule followed in Sect. popu!.a- popula- the classitication of Hindus, are

lion. tiou. fully <liscu~se<l in Part I , Chop· --- --- tcr 1 V of the Census Report

~~?an~! 9~~~~ . 9~n The distribution of every_ 1,000

Oth.crs and unspc-I \ of th~ l\lusalma!l population ~y c1fied ... . .. 0·2 0·2 sect is shown m the margm.

Shiahs are unusually numerous in .Jha.ng, a fact duo to Lhc influence of tho Shiah Kuraishis of Shorkot :m<l Ilassu .Balcl, and of tho Say:Hls of U ch who arc connected with the famous Saptl family of Belot in Dern l•miil Khan. They are ol the most bigoLe<l typ'.l. Tboy obserYo tho .J.l11harmm most strictly1 abstaining from all luxuries for the first ten <lays of tho month, an<l on tho lG.h they accompany the Taziahs bare-heaclc<l and bare­footed. Thry throw dust on their heads an<l bent their breasts with extreme violence, and ailow neither Hin<lu nor Muhamwa<lan to approach the 1.U::iah without baring his hca<l an<l removing his shoes.

Table No. IX shows the religion of the major castes and tribes of the district, an<l therefore the distribution by caste of the great majority of the followers of each religion. · A brief descrip­tion of the great religions of the Punjab au<l of their principal sects will he foun<l in Chapter IV of the Census Report. Tho religious practice aml belief of the district present no special peculiarities ; an<l it woul<l be out of place to ente:· here into any disquisition on the grneral q nc~tion. The gen<'ral distribution of rcli rrions by tuhsils oan Le gathcml from the figures of Table ::\o. VII ;

0

:md rogar<ling' the population as a wholr, nu more <lolaile<l information as to locality is a\'ailable. But the landowning classes an<l I.ho Yillagc menials are almost wholly Musalman, the Hindu and Sikh religions being practically confined to the ruorcantile classes and their priests. The Deputy Commissioner 11'roto as follows in the Census Report of 1881 :-

"The Pirohats or Hindu priests are to the whole Hindu population as 1 to 1 :J3·3, the l\1ulmmmaclan priests to tha l\Iuhamma.dan popula­tion ns l to 14,'.!85. The Hindu priests residing in the district a.re not the ,o]e pastors of their people. Large numbers from Gujranwala, La.horn a11d Amritsn.r pn.y periodical visits to their disciples. In the 1<ame wn.y the ~n·t•frr numb<'r of the 1\luhammada.n population are the follow{'rs of the 1\lakhchims of 13ah:iwal Hn.k in Mooltan, or worship at llujra bhah l\lukim aud Pak Pattan, the seat of the patron saint of

Jhang District. J

CHAP. IIl.-TIIlt PEOPLE. 51

the Si:ils, Bawa Farid. The Mnkhclums of Mooltan exercise very great influence over the Muhammnclan population of the district. \Vhcn a Mo.khdurn comes to pay 11is periodical visits lo J hang, hundreds arc seen flocking around hi111 and p:~ying him homage. llut the district is not without its own ~fn.kh<l1'n11s, who hM·e followers in this district as well as the nPi;hhouriug districts of Dcr:i. l sm:Lil Kh:ln, Dera Gh:izi Khan, ~Iooltan. and l\lonLgomery. The falllily of .Mu.khdum Karru Husain and the Uch Sa.ya.tis a rc very much revered Ly the people."

A consi<loral1lc number of l'nirs nro hcl<l in this <listrict <luring the year. A li!'l of the more imporl:mt is given below :-

Place where !Bir L hd<l.

/ I. 81\l\h Jiwan3 2. Pirkot Hndhana

/ $. Athtlm lh1.:~r:\ , 4. Pir Abdul ltahw:tu

~. Kakki Kulhia 6. Blunnr:lln

/7. H MSU !Jo.lei 1 s. Mori

9. Rodu Sult.'ID / 10. Jbnng ,, II. S:idik Xihanc

12. Ma.•san IS. llulla Potowaua U. Kirana

Pcrsou tu who•c honour it ls held . Dato.

Rh:th Jiw:lna Pir Al'tlul h.:ulir Pir 'l'ajutlth11

.. l'ir Al•lnl H;ihmnu • . l 'ir l\al1,\ • . Haji l\·•'im Dali .• :-ilnh II.lid . . ~hah Sakh ir:t. . Fakir liul ~fuh:imm=id

. J JI ir :uu.l Ha11ja

. bh:\h Sarlik t\ih:-ng " I 'Ji!Hla hali;~na. .. M1an 1"11 Kauiu .. ::;;dh :\ • .tlJ

. • 27t.h Il>i"l!kh.

.. :ircl Fri<l:>y in. Ci1ct. :.rd 'lLur..J:iy in CLclar.

.. !1th 7.alhuj.

.. ~ith Jlar.

. . 10th Jlnr. 7th l\~tik .

. . l•t M;1gb.

.. Ma1:har. . I Da•chrn.

. . l ~th Baisakh.

. <.:nctar.

Table No. VIII shows the 11umurrs who speak each of the principal lauguag<'s current in the district sq1aratcly for each tahsil and for t he whole <lis tricL More dctailctl information

Language. Proportion pc1· 10,000

of population.

will be found in 1'ablo No. IX of tho Census Rcpvrt for 1881, while in Chapter V of tho same report the several

Hindustani 8 languages aro briefly <lis-Bagri ... l cussed. The figures in the r:tJtbi ... 9,98~ margin give the distribution of Pa.shto ... 7 I every 10,000 of the popula-. AU ln<li~n languages 9,999 tiou by language, omitting Non·Iu<l1an lauguages 1 small figures . Many of the

people shown as speaking Punjabi might more properly have been rcturnc<l as speaking Jatki, the language or dialect of the south-western plains of the Punjab. There aro several dialects in the district. West of the Jhclam a dialeci resembling that of residents of the Thal is usc<l. South of Shorkot a. patois resembling that of Mooltan is spoken. The ~hiniot zarnfodars from the nor th of the tabsH have quite a different accent from those further south. 'fhe JMlois of the Bir is the most uncouth of all. Among the append ices to Mr. Stcc<lman's Report will be found a. list of prornrbs and saying~, au<l also a ?ollection of songs, which will servo to give somo slight insight. into tho language spokrn by the people.

The character and disposition of tho people is thus described by Mr. Stcedman:-

"The people of the Jlm.ng district are a well built, handsome,. !tui:dy_ race. The Si:ils ei;pecially furnish many very fine, stalwn.rt men . .1.n their intercourse with European district officers they are frank and open. They betray no signs of timidity or cringing. .Many of the

Chapter III, B.

Social a.nd religious life.

Religion.

Languc.gc.

Character and dis· position of the

people.

Chapter III, B.

Social and reli­gious life.

Character an<l dis­pogi tion of the

people.

E<lucation.

[Punjab Gazetteer,

52 CIIAP. lll.-TllE PEOPLE.

older mrn nrc often out~pokcn to the c•xtcnt of rnclcncss, but they nl'vP.r menn to be insolrnt. 'l'lll'y arr hy no means tie' oi<l of lm1pour. A good deal of sorncwh:tl co·trsl' railh·ry grws 011. A jol.1~ or an appositely quoted prowrb is much c·11joyr1l. Tlll'y a!'" '1•ry proud of the as~istancc thn.t th1·y gave• us in l~I S- l !l, n.11Cl ng1u11 ten ymrs later. A more loyully-tli.~po~ecl set of pl·oph· l do not. think 1·x1!.ts in the Punjab. After thrre yrn.rs' consl1tnt inlcrcourq• I Ii nd l 1·a11 n•c!;on among the more influential nmny friends 11 hom I i;Jutll l1•avl' with sorrow, and tdways lie glad to nwrt ngain. 'l'lw K;~thi1is mul tho ~1:.lls in tho flhorkot lnhsil nre 1tll t•xtrrmc•ly fond of sport, ant.I \\ onl sent round a. few days lo..fon• will hrin,g t,ogl'l111•r 1dl the villngcrs in the ncighbour­hoocl lo drive pig. 'l'lw l 1hiniot zmmncl:ir:> ha \'I' much lc~s go in them t han thrJsc of :::ihorkol. 'l'hc Vil·ha11h ;:'\mfnd~irs 111ny Le put in tlie same class. Hospitality is prncLisl'tl liy many, Lu!. most, o.rc inclined to <'xa~~rmtr· \\'h;tt th1•y clo in this way. l lmn: uoti1;l'cl t.lmL those who rnost fr<·•1u(•11lly t.li11 into one'H rars ll1 <' cxp1·11sc they a10 put lo in cntcr­lain111c11t arc :~L lwart the lt·asL lil1cnd of nil. 'l'hn l<':ttliug znm!ndars of 8horkot nrc gr11('rally nu~n of l:trgtJ i11·01wrt.y, nm\ they lmve hither to Leen spending consiclrralil" su ms in clri11k ancl licc11tious11cs.~. In Jhang nncl Chiniot there arc vrry few 1~'\111{rnhlrs w!HJ clriuk. Thr district generally clocs not lirar the best of ch:trncl<'l'S for morality. 'l'he Sitil tril1c is lhc g reatrst, sinner. 'l'lll'rc is a dillicully i1t disposing of the Si:ll maiilPns in w1·dl11ek, and ch·lnyl'd lllarriages are ac~ompanicd by the N\.lltc resulls lien· ;1s <'l~1·whcre."

Talilrs No~. XL, X.Ll and XJ,] I gi'c statistics of crime ; while Tahlc No. XXXV shows lhc consumption of liquors and narcotic slim 11 Ian ts .

'L'alilc No. X Tll giYcs stati10lic!'I of cclucation, as a~ccrlaincd at the Census of Hi~ l , J:or each rc·li1rion antl for tho total population 0

of 1•acli f<il1:;i l. Tho ---- -· .

Ii «nrrs for fcmalo .-, education aro pro-

E1lucation. Rural Total population. population.

] J Under instruct ion .. . 115 170 ~I Can rea<l and wri.te 512 672 c.,__ .; ~ , Under instruction ... .4'2 7·0 ~ 1 Can ren<l anti. write 5•'.J 6•5 ., 1-«

liaLly very imper­fect in<lec<l. Tho fi rrurcs in the margin sl~ow tho nuru,ber e<l ucatq<l among every 10,000 of

each sex: aceo1·1lin[.j to· Census rdurns. Stati~tics rrgarJing ·the atternbncr. at Go,·c·rnn1 rnt and aiuc1l schools will bo found in Table No. XXXVIl. Tho tfotriLulion of the :;e\1ob.rs at these schools

Details.

Europeans an<l Eurasians Na tive Christians Hin<llis ... Musalm:\ns Sikhs Others

- ---- by religion an<l lho occup~-Ho~~ . Girls. tions of t.hcir fatl1crs, as it

1 l ,l 31

Sil 69

146 104 13

~tood in 1881-82, is shown iu the margin.

13esiucs ihc~c schools there were in 1882 no fewer than 121 Jlaktabs or Muhammadan imligcnous

-------- ---___ schools, with 1,011 scholars Children of ngriculturists 782 anu 41 PcitslitUus or Hindu

,, of nou-:igriculturists 325 indi.ge~ous schools with 601 scholars in the di!;trict. NoTC.-Thc last two lines refer to village schools ouly. The.- Khatris and Aror;is.

Jbe.ng District. l

CHAP. III.-TIIE PEOPLE. 53

among Hindus and th<' Khoj;ihs :mu Siils among. l'vlusalmanl' cll tcfty- avail tht·m~··h·e:; of the means of cd11··ation ; ~ho agncul­.ttrtalists malw but Jitt le use o_l' tlt('fll . Tlw lkputy Conuni~sioncr wrote as followr; in his U1·n~11s ll<'l>Ort ol' l })\'1 1 :-" It mu~t nnt be « for"olten iki.l of' the p<•rso11s ~lww n a~' alilo l.o read nnd write' "notlrss than ninc-f.l'HI lis am JI<'! 1y ><liop-k<'<'1u·rs wl10 can write "accounts in tlwir Look~ anil nothing mon•." 'l'he numlJer of boys that attcn•l school is liut a small pcrc<·nta~<' of tltc total population. Tho number of agricnlturi,;ts rctul'lrntl as sel10l:ir.> appears to be open to suspicion ·wlll'n comparr.il with llio relatiYe numbc:rs of Hindus and Mult:unm:vlnn~. As a. g<'nl'rnl rnlr, Jlirnh'.is are not agriculturists. They may be small landowner~, but their traJo or calling is not agriculture.

The pf't crime of tho district is caltl1'-lift.ing. Thrre were 921 non-bailable offencl's reported during 1870, of which 501, or 55 per cent., were cattle theft. Another farnuritc offence is running off with another man's wife. ·wives arc loolml upon by ordinary zaruirnl<trs as chaUcls, things for which a certain sum has hccn p:iid, and for which a certain sum m:w lie realisc11. If his wi f'c elopes, the zamintlir suffers injury to his propl'rl y. His morals arc not much offcrnll'd, nor hi~ sclf-rcspl'ct. If he di~coYers where ~he is, ,he does not scrnplc to t:ikc hN hack, but he inoi:: l~ upon compensa­tion for the loss of her !'!rrviccs, and tlir crrlain nmount of deterioration. IC his demands :-,re sat i<fird, lw return~ homl' as if nothing had Lappcnc1l. Cattle-liflin~ i:; a pa~tin1c to the denizens of the Bar. They do not ~ce anyLhinp; \\Ton~ in it. Any family that owns a herd is constantly losing anti gaining animals l>y theft. Tho police arc sclJom called in; Lhc sufferer mu~t. he vrry hopel1•ss when he has rccour~r to tl1i" la~t rc-od . \ \'hat takes place when a man loses an animal, is this. H by following up the tracks tho beast is nm clown among other c:1ttlc, or after many days' search the thief is discowrcd, tlwre are l wo modes of JHocc·tl ttr". The one is an :u11iC'al1le arr:u1·r1•m!'11i. 'l'hl' ow1wr of' the ~to !!'n property discovers him~clr. 'J'l1e l hid" admils lii~ claim~, anti satisfir.s him by making ov<'r ot.h1~r eallle worl.h con~ideralily more than the stolen onc10. Thr ri,,litl'nl owner is also trmtetl wiLb !.lio ,..., greatest consideration until the matter is arranged. The stolrn cattle are ncvrr given back. To <lo so mi::.i;ht prove inconvrnicnt in ~he future. The other proced ure is different. The stolen property is often discoverer! in tho po"scssion of a family or tribe of influence,

· or living in a part of the country where tho ownrr is not known, and where he docs not think iL ad visablc to SPizc the cattle or claim them. Instances are known whrrc a cbim having been made, the ~ables have been turnc<l upon the claimant with serious results. He lS seizcJ, and a rc•port is matle at tho ncarr~t thU.na that he was caught just out~irlc the homc~trad walking off with two cows, ant.! when the Th::lna1lar comes he will find the cows nm! captured ono's track~, aml as much evitlcncc ns lie ncc<lf:. After finding stolen cattle one plan is to 10end word off to the tlu'cna that your stolen ?attle havo been fouml. The Th:in:."Ltlar comes, and an arrangemrnt IS effectr<l that benefit~ all alike. There arc no arrrsts. 'l'hc 'l'b:trnl,dr~r is squared. The compiain:mt discovers that he has made a mistake,

Chapt er, III, B.

Social and religious life.

l!:duc"tion.

Crime.

Chap.tar III, C.

Social a nd religious life.

Cr ime.

Poverty or wealth of t lio people.

l Punjab Gazetteer

CilAP. m.-TIJE rEOPI.E.

and that Lho cnlllc aro nol r rally his. '!'ho accused makes the complainant a han<lsomo prc~rnt., antl he doparll!. Another plan and the one perhaps most gt•ucrally auoptc1l, is lo lurk about th~ bornostoad where thu slolcn cat I lo arc, and carry off at night an equal number to those that wcro lo:.t. So long as lhc Bar people prey upon thcwsclvc~, not much harm is <lono, hut when they raid tho cattle an<l ploutih liullocks of agricullnric:ts in settled villagos, they caunol Lo punished loo severely. H is n fact that several' villages lying near lho 13£~r ham liccn at times quite crippled from the loss of their plough oxen. Tho youth of tho g,~r show off their pi'owcss by lifting lhc finest animals till'} Ul'ar of. Stolen property rn J hang slang is known as nit JWll, " born of the night." Several lines (rassa) for forwarding ~lolcn cattle run from this district to :Mooltan, Montgom('ry, U ujr:inwala a111l 8h:i.hpur To forward cattle is rassa lcna. .ll;xccpt pmc agricullurisl:; ihc men of this district aro liorn trackers. ln tracking, lhn•c or four men join. Each has a cud(l'rl about five feel lonir. As each foot-print is found,

• h h h k 'f two lines arc drawn on the groun1l liuforo ancl Lchiu<l t o trac ·, 1

tho tracks arc not Yory clear. Where tho tracking is easy, only one lino will be Jrawn, :md tho tracker~ follow up the tracks walking at full speed. If Lhc tracking is dillicult, one man remains at the lasl found track, aml lhe olhcrs make casts in all 1lircctions. Mos~ wonderful frals in tracking arc aeuompli~hcd in this and similarly situated districts. Evidence as lo trackinrr is too often thrown aside as incredible. :,, .

It is irupossible to form any 8:ttisfactory estimate ofthe :vcalth of the commercial ao<l inc.lustrial classes. The figures m the

Assessment.

Class 1 {Number taxed '· Amount of tax

{ NumlJcr taxed

Class 11 · · Ainouut of tax Class 111 J l\uml>er tnxed

· · 1 Amount of tax Class IV { Number t.xcd

· · A.JUount of L'\.x

1 {Number taxed

C ass V · · Amount of tax

marrrinshow tho work­lSG9·70. 1s;o.; i.l 1sn.r~. in ir Zr the incomo tax

fo~Lhcouly U1rccyears 944 m for which details are

16,108 3,V03 bl ::30 38~ available ; and Ta e

8·~~~ ~.g~ No. XXXIV gives 9

• :~~ 3 •91~ sta tisties for the license G,bo~ m tax for each year since n,3~~ its imposition. The .~:~~~ 13,~~ income tax returns

for 1870-71 show a total of 1,7 34 pcrrnns enjoying incomes a hove Rs. 500 per anuum. In tho followin" year, 950 are returned as having incomes above

• 0

• lls. 7 50. The <listri-

VlG ll,4l9

Tot:ll I :-<urnbor taxed · · 'l Amount of t.1x

\

1sso-s1. isst-S!. Lution of licenses

Towns. \vm.~cs ~ Yilhr,e• ~~~l~~~~J i~n~88t~;~ Number of liee)l8e5 . . 3GG I 8!>7 3:1~ 988 Amount of fee• . . 4,~75 13,4'0 4,~so 1~.2;0 and 1881-82 between

towns of over, and villages of under 5,000 souls, is shown in tho margin. But the numbers nffocteu by these taxes are small. It way be saiu generally that a very large proportion of the artisans in the towns are extremely poor, while their fellows in the villages arc scarcely less dependent upon the nature of the ban-est than are the agriculturists themselves, their fees often taking the

Jhaog District. l

CHAP. III.-TBE PEOPLE. 55

form of aifixed share of the produce; while oven where ibis is not the case, the demand for their products necessarily varies with the prosperity of their customers. Perhaps tho leather-workers should be excepl.cd, as tbry derive consi<lcrablo gains from tho hides of the cattle which die in a year of <lrougbt. Tho circumstances of the agriculture: classes arc <liscusse<l below at the cn<l of Section D of this Chapter.

SECTION C.-TRIBES, CASTES AND LEADING FAMILIES.

Table No. IX gives the figures for the principal castes and tribes of the district, with dot.ails of sex aud religion, while Table No. IXA shows tho number of some of the less important castes. It would be out of place to attempt a description of each. Many of them are found all over the Punjab, and most of th

0

em in many other districts, and thrir representatives in Jhang are distinguished by few local peculiaritirs. Some of the leading tribes, and especially such fainilics as are important as landowners or by position and inflm·ncc, are briefly noticed in the following pages ; and each caste will be found described in Chapter VI of the Census Report for 1881. But in these western districts t ribe is a far more important element than caste, the latter being little more than a tradition of origin, a Sia! often hanlly knowing that he is a Rajput. The Census statistics of caste were not compiled for tahsils, at least in their final form. It was found that an enormous number of mere clans or sub-divisions had been returned as castes in the schedules, and the classification of these figures under the main heads shown in tho caste tables was made for districts only. Thus no statistics showing the local distribution of the tribes and castes are available. But tho general distribution of the more important landowning tribes has been bro:i.d lydcscr ibc<l at pagcs 26, 27, followed by an outline of tho history of their colonisation of the district.

Chapter III, C.

Tribes, ca.ates and leading ·

families.

Statistics and local c ietribution of tribes

and castes.

A tabul:i.r statement is given on the next page, indicating Amount of land held the amount of land held by each tribe in proprietary right in proprietary right

d and cultivated by an the amount of land cultivated by each tribe. Jats and Sials each tribe. own nearly half the cultivated area between them, and cultivate nearly two-thirds. Besides the two tribes above mentioned, Rindfu; and Sayads alone hold more than 10 per cent. of the cultivated area. Sials hold but little property in Chiniot, but are strong in the two other tahsfls. Chaddhars are located almost entirely in Chiniot, and rn also are the Bhattis. There ~re i;io Beloch proprietors in Chiniot. Two-thirds of their property is situate in the Jhang tahsH. Sayads are large proprietors in Jhang and Chiniot. ~~.h .~qjs pf;)ld. by Jats . in all three tahsgs_, i .. bu~. J.UOst .... in. .. JJhiniut, leasG _in . Jhang. - Miscellaneous

.M:"uiiammadans are stronge:;t in Chiniot, and Hindus in Jhang. T~e above areas are Settlement figures, and the classification is tnbal; while the Census figures of Table No. IX arc arranged by caste, and not by tribe. Some tribal details will be found in the following pages.

_I 2 -·

r:::: ., ~

~ E Ill

0

.; z

~

~ M § 1:1

UJ

-

DETAIL. i

-No. of i,ropl'ietru·y holdings

,, cultivating ,, ... Acres o;vnecl ...

" cultirnted ...

No. of propl"ietary holdings ,. zultivating ,, ...

Acres owned ...

" cultivated ...

No. of proprietary holdings ,, cultivating ,, ...

Acres owned ... ,, cultivated ...

, No. of proprietary holdings lo • ot .. ~ .., I>:

,. cultivating Acres owned ·

~~ r-.i:l : ,, ·cultivated .

,, ... ... ...

~

'

3

~ iZi

4 I 5

,.;

" ..c "" ';:I

~ u

.!i -:S "' ~

~· > • ::s 9 c::.,, 0 ;:... .., c:

~ g~ ~ :r- -· c ...... r.: -~:: ......

r[~ ~ ~~g. .--

8 ~ ~-::t "'

S'o.g ~ c: .... ~," P.c,.. t-1

E:5,.o ~ ii - ·IE ~ • o("+ ..

tl1 IE p

_6_/ _7_f_s_/_9_/~1_1_1_ 1:? 13 1 _u_ ~1~/_1_;_

I I I i I . I ~~ I I • .: I =~

i I j ~~ I ~ e . E ~a ~ = I ~ --= ---= ·=

!:: ,.....; :.t: < = • :c ~

d I .. I " I

..Q I i:i I .,; ... ~ <.> "' " .... "' 0 rl

~ " -:::; ... I :;.,

..c ~ " rl

P=l ;::::i ::... v,

-9,-~-1-1--,-i ___ / 2a-r'--~ nn- noJ<; '-10· l '~-1 -5 1,106 ... 144 3()2 146 ... · • , "' "' , ,.,, _ -'i1.J. - • '-'· I i.1,1 ,J

liO 1,950 ... 151 6.51 11:? ... ... bU •.• s,oo.;, 1,4.SU; 1,696, ii9' la,ili 2J6 u ,1so ... S3o

1 7,5i4 1,340 ... ... 13,42.5 . • 35,65::? as~ l'.?,OU 4,341 .' 99.126 ~~1 11,Gos_ .. _·_~I 4,491/~l_ .. _._/_ .. _._ , 4,:!u:i,_._··_ 5:!,i£1:?1~' 10,.:s-2i 4,G'i3; 99,126

1,s:i,;! ... ... ... Ho ... J 2.;34~ 44, 2.26:>1

3sol 4,io.t~ 206! 0;1, a,749. 23,o.a2 1,1;1

1 ... ... .. . 136 . 2,rn4 ao· SM ' ~.56 s.1~; I,6t:i~. l,2!H 1,314' 23,042

0,949

1

... ... ... 1,742 .. · lli,363 361 li.35'.? 2,9091 ~7.503' 9:?!.i; 5,195. ~.?.501) l3G,09l 6,l9i ... ... I ... 1,226 ... 112,106 3;~1• s.~9 1, ;:H 00,s;-1 12,4f>J 1~ 6,4i4 9,w~; 136,091

I I I l I I . I - ,--,---- -- - --__ 1_ 1 __ I I -. --... --J--., .,

,9451 194 295 ... ... . .. l $.>.) {l(l 6i>l1 1,1011 1,690! l:l-l 60.:>l l,56-.1 11,13. ,042, 127 147 ... ... ... 820, 91 35;, 350 3,-l')t) 1,2~9 414, 1,003 11 132 ,6641 1,4::!11 3,l6Si ... ... ... S,033 604 5,0Gi i 10,139: 12,491 4!13 5,29li 12,ill 97,0~2 ,6f>91 1,2.31, l ,404\ .. . ... ... 7,137

1 584 2,606 3,SJO. 31,734! 10,-130! 4,02~4 ~) 9i,OS2 _______ \_

839 l 9001 295\ 14 532 146 3,58!>1 1401 5,5!>51

l,48 1 13,9661 633 3,601 6,22i 4!J,891 ;389 2'.on 147 151 787 112 3,014 151· 1,983 e 42 19•6! 9 ~·gg~ 2~:~~3 a~:g~~ a, :gg~ ,869\ 15,601\ 3, 168\ 83~\ 9,316\ l,3401291,32~63\ ~~~' tg·~i~\ l~,g~~i ,::::~[ ,;;,.,! ""'° ""M '·"·'"

3 ,941 12,949 1,.104 838 5,717 906 l • ~ I I • ' ~

c..-. C>

9 >

~ C'l

-­"" 0

~ ~

l ~

f it ---

Jhang District. ]

CHAP. III.-TFIE PEOPLE. 57

The meaning of the word Jat is exceedingly indefinite m the Chapter III, C. Jhang district. Mr. Steedman, criticising the classification of the Census of 1868, in which the HHL.<;S of' the pop ulat ion was classed as ," Miscellaneous Muhammadans," writes as follows :-

"The R:l.jput, Sayad and Il<·loch t ribes excluded, tho cultivating and proprietary body consists al111ost entirely of a. vast, number of agricultural tribes, each kuown by a different name, but comprehended within the one universal term .fat. Ethnologically I am not sure of my ground ; but if these tnhPs arc not J •its, who are they 1 They arc all converted H indus. Of this thr re is no doubt, and all are engaged in· agriculture or cattle·gra.zing. Rome of them arc recognised as J ats; and in appearance, customs and trnclitious t.hc-y do not differ from their unrecognised brethren. For statistical purposes it would be surely a much more useful and convl'nicnt arrang<'11H·11t to class these agricu l-turists as J ats, though they arc not truu J ats, wL<1.lcvcr they m<1.y Le, bU:t only ploughm<·n and cattle-graziors."

The principal divisions of t he J ats of Jhang, as returned in 1881, are shown below. The figu res arc rongh approximations. The several tribes are dc~cribcd in the following pages :-

S llB · Dl\' l~IOXS OF JATS.

..: ..: I ..: "' Q)

., Name. .D Name. E Name. .D

E E ::: ::: I ::: z ~ ~

--A'"An ... 55!1 Gouda! ... 649 Pauwar ... 284 lthwal .. . 338 Gil . .. 1 J0<•i•"

... 366 Bhatti ... 2,8i4 K hokhar ... 5,0 IO J oya .. . l,!i33 Bhutta ... 1,612 Khara.l .. . 673 Olnitlhi ... 1,578 Thahim ... 640 Lauga .. 34 1 Khichi . .. 483 SiAI ... 431 Hinjra. .. . 48 lliraj ... 847 Sapra. .5,183 Ch .... ,l<lhar r3'W ... . . . ,-V~

Note.-Many of th~se t ribes arc rcturuccl among Hajputs a lso.

'.£'he great mass of the Ri.j p(1t population of Jhang consists of t ribes of local importancr, irnch as the Sials, who arc known more commonly by the name of their '""tribe than by that of their caste. Approximate figures for some of the most important as returned at the Census of 1881 are shown below. The several tribes are noticed in the following paragraphs.

SUB·DIVISIOXS OF RAJPUTS .

..: ,.. ..: Q) "' "'

Name. .D Name. ..0 Name. ..0 E E = ::: ::: ::: z z z

- - -Bhatti ... 17,392 Dlu\dhi . .. 1,090 Khokhar ... 6,605 Bhutt a. . .. 3,231 Sia! ... 36,3i4 Wat tu .. . 246 Pan war ... 490 Kltaral . .. 2,054 Hiraj . .. 345 Janjua ... l ,Oi8 Khich i ... 98~ Chaddhar . .. 13,390 Joya ... 6i0 Gonda.I ... 868 :Paolf .. . 1,244

Note. - Many of these tr ibes are returned among Jiits also.

Th~ N _auls, as has been mentioned before, occupied the low­lands frmgq1g the Chcnab around the site of Jhang before the

8

Tribes, castes and leading

families. The Jats.

The Rajput!."

The Naull.

CB.AP. Ill.-TBJ: PEOPLE.

Oha.pter III, c. Sials. Nothing trustworthy is known abou t their origin, but th· traditions carry their family back to ono Dhan, a Rtja. of Bikan who left hi& native country and settled at old Jhang. At'th time the counlr.v was under a dynasty of Brahmin kings. Na1 the ancestor of the Nau\ tribe, was a son of Dha.n. The Sials I some time afier their first arrival were subject to the Nauls and pa

Tribes, castes and leading

families. The N&ule.

The Ilhangu~ and M irak :foils.

tribute through them, but they appe~r to ha.ve always been refra tory and rebellious dependants. 'l'he Nauls were reuuced by ti Sials under the lea<le1 ship of Mal Khan Chuchkana. '.I:he Na leader was then Todir. They now hold scveml villages ne; J hang and in the Kach hi. Sujawal is a zctildar and their he:M mau. He lives at Pakkewala, about three miles from Jhang G

the road to Slu\.hpur. The Na.uls prefer cattlc-bree<lmg to agt culture, auJ cattle-lifting to either.

The Bhangus are another aboriginal tribe, whose origin !

lost in the depths o( antiquity, which is another way of sayi~ that they are too stupid or too careless to connect themselves by 1 fictitious ancestry with some R'ijp(1t Ri.j a or a Muhammada: Emperor. They can give no account whatever about themselvei They were rulers over the Shorkot country before their disp\acemen by the Sin.ls. Mirnk, , who founded the chieftainship of Mirak, was1 Nithrana Si&.1, a descendant of Nitha.r, brother of Mal Khan, th founder of Jhang. He was Divan to the Bhang u ruler, but roa in insurrection against his master, and managed to make·h~rusei master of the co1111try. The scat of government was previous~ Shorkot, but he founded Mirak Sia! six miles north, built a for. and ruled the co11~1try from there. At Walidad Khan's reign~ Sultan B3.la, the 4th or :;,th. in descent from Mirak, was the chie! and was reduced to submission by Walidad Khan. The ma.le line is now extind. Two female descendants still live in povert! at Mirak, and with them the line ends. The village and fort of Mirak are situate on a promontory of high ground between the ·lowlands of the present Chcnab valley and a wide depression i1 which the river flowed long ago, and em bosomed in a fine groft of date p!tlms in one of the most , picturesque spots in ' the district.

Tile ~joa Saya.ds. The Si"l.yads of Rajoa were virtually an independent clan until the reduction of the country by Ranjit Singh. They were once defeated and subdued by Walidad Khan, but he restored the country to them immediately afterwards out of respect for their holy origin. The Rajoa Sayads have always been noted as a brave, manly, military clan, and their independence was probably a11 much due to their quality as warriors as to the sacred character 'of their family. They are a branch of the Bukhari Sa.yads, the principal Sayad family in this district. Their ancestor was Shah Daulat, a Sayad .faHr, who came from Uch Sayad Jal&\ in Bahawalpur, and settled in this part of the Punjab. He remained for tweh-e years in the river Chenab opposite the village of Thatd Bala Raja, rapt in religious meditation. The Chenab contains numerous islands, and it is probable that the/aktr, though .said to have lived in the Chenii.b, used at times. to rest hi,mself on dry grouu<l. The next stage in his. career was the performance .of.

Jhang' District.1]

CHAP. m . .-:...THE PEOPLE. 59

many wondrous miracles, and he then left the river and settl~d at Rajoa where he died, and where his tomb is still to be seen. '.(he fame of the fakfr and miracles that he did. reached the ears of the emperors of Dehli, and the great Akbar granted him by snnrid all the tract round Ra.joa, now comprised in the Hajoa est.ates. He married a Khokhar's daughter. The power and iutiuence of tho family steadily increased. The

'Sayads were never defeated bofore they suffered a reverse at the liands of Walidad. The story tc•lls us that they stole Walit.liid's camels, and that Walidatl punislwd them for not restoring them. The Sayads rendered good servico in Lhe Mooltan campai~, and were engaged in much sharp fighting with Narain Singh round Chiniot, in which they lost SC\'Oral men. They were fully rewarded by the British Government. The present heacls of the family are Haidar Shah and Bahadar Shah, between whom a bitter enmity exists. Fatah Daryn, who holds more than three-fourths of the Rajoa property, is a zaildcfr, and lives at Kot Amir Shah . The Sayads, with the exception of Ba.ha.Jar Shah, are a thriftless, extravaitant, careless lot of men, and excessively embarrassed by debt. Bahidar Shah is rather economical, and has saved money. . , .Another independent chief of Sayad extraction ruled in whab JS now known as the Shl1h Jiwana iluka. This Sayad family is not the same as th:\t of Shiih Ji.wana., though their villages adjoin. The family at some perio<l before the reign of Wali<lad ruled over & large tract of country. Their only important chief was Latif Shah, who Wall a Sayad of Uch Sayad Jalal iu Bahawalpur. He first settled at Alipur on the Chenab, and thence migrated to Bhambrala, where he founded a small su;te. The boundaries of 010 Sayad's rule were the Chen:.i.b and the countries of the chiefo of Massan and Bhairo on the south and we!:t, and IGrana and the ' Rih~n country on the east. Latif Shah, proprietor and lambardar of VIilage Latif Shah, is a descendant of his namesake. The family &re now well-to-do zamindars.

~he Khokhars of Nadhagarh and Bhairo were an influential clan m the early days of Jhaug history. Besides the twQ Tillages above mentioned, the tribe owns many others close by, in the north of the district near Kot Isa Shah. The Khokhars* derive their descent from Kutab, a descendant of Ali, the son-in-law of the ~rophet. They appareutly came from Arabia in the train of the rs~ Muhammadan invaders. Nadhagarh was founded by one

Salah Khan. The tribe became independent at the breaking up of the Mu~hal empire. The limits of the Khokhar i:upremacy wer~:-to the west the Jhelam, to the south Kot Khan and ~ahanwali, to the east the country of the Sayad chief Sha:1 Latif, ~the north that of the Beloches ofSahiwal. The Khokhars were ~a state of chronic warfare with the Beloches, and Walidad took

vantage of a Beloch victory to subdue them and annex their count;y. Subsequently they revolted, and, aided by. their old 1~~tn1es, _the Belo<'hes, gave battle to Wali<la.d's lieutenant, an

Ian.a $1al, by name Sharif Khan. Sharif Khan defeated the

&bo • ~e Kllokhara are., Mr. St.edmao b-.lieves, a branch of Rajputl. The ve lllformation has beeu ta.ken from tbe Sbabpur Se'tlemen' .Repon.

Chapter III, Oi

Tribes, castes· 'and le~ ·

fa.miliea. The Rajoa Sa.yada,

The Latffpur Sayad, dcscendnnte of Plr

Fat.ah Khi\o. ·

Th• X.hokhare.

Chapter I II, C.

Tribes,oastes and leading

families.

The SiAls of !>lasll:ln.

Tho Sayaus of lich.

l Punjab Gazetteer

60 CIIAP. III.-THE PEOPLE.

insurgents, and wn.s given the lan<ls of Kot Khan in jJ.:1ir: when Kotla Sharff{L exists to this da.y. The Khokhars ar • among tbt best of the Jhancr zamtud:l.rs. Thty are hardworking, thrifti agriculturists, not given to crime. The lambard:irs of ;Bhairo an; Lau arc their chief mcu.

The chief of Massa.11 was a S i:'il who ruled over the Vichanl The town of that name was founded by Rai Massan of th, Sihibina brn.nch of tho Si;\.ls. Nothing is known of the famil; except that Wali<l;i.d subdued thc111. There aro uow uo rcprcsenta. tivcs of a11y standi11~ .

The Sayads of lJch arc the last of the clans of Jha'lg who ca:. be said to have ever been scmi-iuucpendcnt. The f.,,iuily is c' recent date. Their founck•r was a ililot Sayad, Gnl Imll1t who wamlcrecl across the 'l'hal from his native village on tho Indus iu the time of In:iyatu lla Kh:'u1. U c first settled a: Rodu Sultan, a villacre i11 the l(achhi, where another fcrktr of tha: name had his abode~ This ftkfr became his disciple. The Bilo\ jakfr then took up his residence on one of the high sanahills of the Thal called Sammlt-lihir, and commenced to work miracles. In a few years he had obtained so mnch inttncnce in the neighbourhood that he commcnc\•d to constrnct the lJch fort. ln:'tyatulla. is said to have a~sisted aud to have worked as a bricklayer. He certainly held the ftikfr in great esteem, as he made 9ver to him a number of villages in jctgfr. Gui lm<\m seems to have been a man or much ability and large idea!\. Be~ides the three castles in Ucb callcJ Chandua, Hazara and Soni, he built forts at Sihda Dauluana, Michhiw:.i.I, and Sat. The ruirn; of the six forts built on the edge of the Thal remain ~till, and attest the <'lltcrpri~e of the fa kir. Thl'y must have been place'!\ of much st rength in the 18th century. The most important of Gul Im{1m's public works was the construc­tion of the Uch canal, lra\·in« the river Jhelam close under Machhiwill aud tailing off in Uch. The canal was one of those big ditches th:\t are so extremely useful. Most of the water wa.1 monopolised by the fa/d,,· for irrigat.ing Uch, though the' excavation was effected by the forced labour of all the country throuoh which it passed: The canal ceased to run about the cud of the 18th

0

century, after flowing for some sixty years. Zamfndirs arc inveterate praisers. of the days gone by, and love to dilate upon the wondrous prospenty of Uch when irri!.!ated by the canal, how there was a lake under the gates of the fort and town (that are built on the edge of Thal), on which the f akfr and his councillors took their ple~ure in a boat, how the trees flourished, o.nd how every well bad its two or three acres of rice. Verily the glory is departed from Uch. A lumble-Jown fort uninhabited and in ruins, el!ci1:clcd by a straggling poverty-stricken village, looks down upon a st_rip of country on whose barren soils, tainted by salts and hard as iron, the only spontaneous growths are a few jal bushes. The few w~lls are of the most wretched description, the worst in the Kachl~i. ~he few episodes in which the U:ch 'Sayads have played any h1stoncal part have been already ment10ned in the accouot of the Sia! chiefs. The. semi-independence of the Sayads lasted as long as that of the S1als, aud succumbed to the advance of Ranjit

Jhang District. l

CllAP. Jll.-'TBE PEOPLE. 61

Singh. The head of the family is now a boy of 15 or 16 years old. The family has gone dowu iu the world. They holcl a jclg!r worth $me Rs. 8001 but the property has been shamelessly squandered, and the income of the family e!'tates uow hardly suffices to pay the interest on thr family <ll'bts. A 11 atl<'mpt is now being made to extricate the Fakir ::::>ahib, as he is al ways calleJ, from his money difficulties.

Chapter III, C.

Tribes, castes a.nd lee.ding

families.

The Rll1ans were in ohl days the rulers of the Kalow1il il<lka, The R!Moa. an<l Iz:o:at Dakhsh was Walid:LJ's govcl'Uvr, lrnt l\.;i.lowal only fonneJ a pm'lw11 of the ~tal kiugdoru for a rcry short period, and not rnuch iukrc•st. attaches to the farnily. Yara is tlte head of the family, a la111 hanl:i.r of M~veral rillagcs, awl o\ er whelmed with debt. There arc only three I Uliti.11 villagl'S iu the district.

It is nccc~s:irv JtOW to rC'turn to the :::iials whose origin and The various leading history have alMt~ly been folly n·latc<l at page~ "27 to oG, and to ::iial families.

givo some accouut of the pri11cipal l1ra11ches of tho tribe. The differeut fami lil's :u1d clans of the :::;ia.ls arc countless. The royal family is the .hint Khiniu:1. Among the others the n1ore important are the Hajh:ina, Dharwtlna, Karnlana, Chnchkioa, l\1ahni, Sargina, Sarb:iua, .Tanji:i11a, Ali Klt;i.n:ina, Dir:ij, Chcla, Pcrow;i.oa, Sajokc, Saltj:ir, Fakir :-\ial, Da1tlat:i.11a1 U111du1a., Kh:tnuw;.i.ua, Daduw:'ina, JahO\\ :inn., llasuana, Li\\ :1.na1 anti Lakhnaua families. !tis fairly safe to a,,,;:;tllllC that auy tnl.Jc whose llUlllC enJs iu a11a is of Si:il extractiou .

. The Hajb:iua. family is one of the most important, both in The Rajbinia. pomt of numbers au<l m men of note. The H.a.jbiimis are located 1ll Shorkot. :Mad anJ BaJh Raj bU.ua, Garb M:ihar:lja., llanjit Kot, Ahmadpur1 many small villages around Kun<lal Khokhar, and othe.rs under the Thal, all belong to them. The family supplies mauy leadmg mcn,-N usrat of Alt madpur, ~ (u· of Ra11jlt Kot, Yaryam of Garh i\Iaharn:ia, D:i<l of Dad It Haj liaua, all.::ailchin, K3.<;un and Ahmad, k.mbardars of MaJ, &c. The tribe is dc:;ccuclecl from J3hopti, third son of Kohli, whose <lcsceudaut in the 10th geucratiou, Hajjab, ~ave his name to the tribe. They were originally settled at Alman m the Kachhi. Ra,jjab died at the time of Li'd Khan S11tl. His tomb is at Wasu As~i.na. The Uajb:iu:i.s then moved southwards, and settled in the northern portion of the tract which they now hold. The clan seems to have been a turbulent one. Fighting w~nt on cQntinually between them and the Beloches, Traggars, ll11ralis and others. The Beloches were driven away from the Ohenab, and the Rajbanas cxteHded their possessions as far as Ahma~pur. This village origioa!ly .belonged to _a tribe of Dut Jats. The tribe next commenced to ra1<l rnto the temtory of the Jhang Khan, Inayatnlla. ; but subscriuently aided him in his coutest with the Mooltau Nawab, and Garb 1\laharija (built by Maharaja Kaura Mai) was granted to them. Ka.~im now became the tribal leader, and in return for assistance, Sultan l\Iahmud, the Jhang chief, granted him the Garh nlah:i.raja ilaka in jdyh-. ~e was succeeded by Rajjab, the most able of all the Rajbauas. His first success was the repulse of an expedition sent against him. bJ'. Sah.ib Khan. B:e built several for ts, among others the one still m existence a t

Oha.pter III, C.

Tribes, castes and leading

families. The Rajbanis.

The Bbarwiu:is.

[ Puaja.b Gazetteer.

62 CHAP, III.-THE PEOPLE.

Garh Maharaja. Among Rajjab's ot~er deeds are m~ntioned· his co-operation with Khan B~g, Khan T1wana, and others man expedi­tion against his brother Khan Muhamma.<l Tiwana. He shook off the authority of Muzaffar Khan, the Nawab of Mooltan, and was defeated by him about 1811. It was at llajjab's instigation that Ahmad Khan, the Jhang chief, was seized and imprisoned by Ranjit Singh on his way back from Mooltan. lla,ijab lived in retirement on a liberal juy~1· during his old age, <Jarh Maharaja and the adjoining villages being ?nder a t:lik~ Kri.rd<~r. His son Kh~n Beg rendered important assistance to Sir Herbert Edwardcs m the Mooltan campaign. Khan Beg died a few years ago, and his so~ Varyam is now the head of tho family. lie holds a small pension, half of what his father held.

The Bharwanas trace tht•ir descent to Bhairo, ~ixth in descent from Mabni. They were first SC>ttled in the Kachhi, somewhere to tho north of Kot 1\Ialdeo. The Saliina Bharwanas were the most powerful branch, and were, as a rule, hostile to the ruling Khans of Jhang. At the time of W alidad the llharwanas resided chiefly in the iuterior of the Bar. Apparently they did not reside in the Kachhi for any length of time. Their settlements nearer the river were at Dhuin :Muhammad and Kaim Bharwana. Walidad, among other acts, put the leader of the Bharwanas, Brkar, in prison. At that time the head-quarters of the BharwanB!! were at H.ahna Jalluwana in the Bar to the east of Jhang. · Walida.d attacked this village, but was defeated by the Bharwanas, aided by the Kathias. Then the victorious tribes fell out among themselves about cattle-grazing, and the Kathias were driven off to the south by the Bharn an as. This clan never seems to have been happy unless it was fighting with some tribe or other. Raids a.n,d reprisals between the Bharwanils on the one side and tho Fatiaua and Tahrana Sials on the Ravi and the Kharals on the other, were, of daily occurrence. In the B:ir, east of Roranwali, and also to t~e north, there are some masonry dome-roofed buildings, evidently of considerable antiquity, that mark the place where Rind Beloche& foll iu battle with the Bharwanas. According to local tradition, these memorials date from the time when the Bharwanas first came across the Uhenab. The Sandal Bar was then occupied by the Rind Beloches, who supported themselves by camel-breeding. The advent of the Bharwanas was followed by quarrels about grazing rights. Hostilities broke out, but the Bharwanas were the stronger, and drove the Beloches out of the Bar. There are some few Beloches even now in the Bar, but they' are dependents of the Bharwanas. The two principal settlements of the Bharwanas are all Mukhiana, Satiana and Sultanpur north of Jhang, and at Ka.im Bharwana, and the adjoining villages to the south. The headmen are Mamand and lnayat, both well-known characters, to the north, and Nur Muhammad and Muhammad t0 the south. The Bharwanas are bad agri?n~turis~s,. and prefer a pastoral ·life to following the plough and s1ttmg behmd the well bullqcks. They are inclined to be extravagant like most other Sia.ls; and a few of them Q.re c?nsiderably in debt. Jalla was a Bharwaua of note during the time of Sawan Mal, and a personll-1 friend of the · Divan's. The

Jh&ng District. 1.

CHAi>. III.-THE PEOPLE. 63

Bhanvanas practised infanticide to a l~rge extent in old days. The custoin is said to date f1 om the tragic ad \'C~ntures of Sahiba and :Mirza. 'fhe Bhurwinits took their wives from the daughters of the Sipras, who c~rio~1~ly arc fouud associated with the Bharwaoas in almost all their v1llag('S., In some ca.s.<'s they are full proprietors, in other only tr11·addadl.:ar.~, and sometimes merely teuauts-at-will.

The Kamlanns are an important :Sia! clan in the Shorkot tahsi\. Their !wad-quarters are at J al<llpur Kamlana. Kamal, 12th in <lesc1 ut from 1H1an11i, h,Ld three sous, from whom are descen<led the Sarg:i11{tS, the Perowan:is and the Kamlanas. The Kamlanas at first were residents in the country now occupied by the villa~es of Mijhi Sultan and Chayauwala, and the intervening tract. 'lhcy were driven out by the Bhanvanas and retreated southwards to Jalalp11r, where they ure still located. A K::unla11U. graveyard is still to be f'('f'Il a t Maj l11 Sultan. The leading men now are Snjawal the zctilclar, and Hashmat his enemy.

The Chuchkimts arc th" <lesc<'ndants of Chuchak, who was the Sia\ chief next before Mal Khan, his nephew, who foundt:d Jhang. Th~y ar~ now located on either side of the Chenab north of Jhang. The chief \'ilhgcs arc K urii\.uwala on the left, and Pipalwala on the right b~nk . Murad, the '.;aild1ir, livcs at Thn,Lta MaLla, and is their leader.

The Mahni clan has now almost died out. In former days they were in<lepcmknt, and the hcad-rpmrters of their chief was at Khiwa. Mahui was the son of Sia!. l\.hiwa was founded by the leader, who gave it his name, a descendant from Sia! in the 12th generation. Local tradition states the Chcnab was then flowing east o( Khiwa, but this is evidently wro11g. The Chenab did no doubt once flow under the high bank of the Bar, about 16 miles south-east of Khlwa, but this must have been ages before. When Khiwa was fouu<led, the country to the north was held by Marais and Chaddhars. At first the Mahnis remained on good terms with their neighbours; but as they increased in strength, they began to drive them back. K han\1wana was founded in their lands to the north of Khi wa. The first chief of Khi wa reaJly deserving the name wa.~ Sahib Khan. The rule of the Khiwa chief in his high ~nd palmy days extended from Bhowana to Chautala. The inde~ndence of the 11ahuis was extir.guished by Walidad. From that time the clan appears to have rapidly declined in influence an~ numbers. There are now no Mahuis in Khiwa. The lands of the village were granted by Sa wan Mal to Baka_r, a leading tnan. ~mong the Dhanvanas, whose family now holds it. Popular tradition attributes the decay of the Mahui clan to the curse of a ja.J..~ who lived at Chautala. This fakfr had one fair daughter, ~ho, being of somewhat weak intellect, wandered about the country lil a. state of nudity. In her wanderinQ"S she strayed into Khlwa, whence the Mahni chief drove her out° with coutumely, thinking no doubt that she was no better than she ought to be. This was :ante~ by ~er father, who cursed the ciao ~n the following words

dressing himself to the sacred trne near his abode :­Chaut.Alia gharmfllia.

lthon Khichi .Mahn( K&d: K3hr A113h d~ maria.

Na rahene v&d.

Chapter III, c: Tribes, castes and lea.ding •

families.

The K.amlana1.

The ChU:chkauu.

The ~It.hn!1.

Chapter III, c. Tribes, castes and leading

families. 'l'hc ~Iil':\lfs. The KAthiaa.

Other Rajputs.

[ Pwrja.b Ga.zettee11,

64 CHAP. III.- TIIE PEOPLE.

The Mir.ms are Sials who own several villages on the Ra.vi, and a little property on the lower Chenab .. The clan was origin­ally located nrar Ruranwili, and was dnven thence by the BharwinM. Mirali was the sixth in de:;ceut from Bharm.i.

The Kathi:i'l, who arc one of th<' more important trib<'s in the Montg;omerv rlistrict, hold a cnnsid1•rahle amo:mt of property in the Shorkot tahsil. For spC'culation a~ to th<> origin of this tribe, paO'CS 33 to 37, Vol. II, of the Arch:t>ological Survey Reports, sh~uld be consulted. Th<'." are said to have gai1wd a footing in the JhanO' district in the following way :-In the days of Inayatulla Kha;, the Kamlanas, being displeased "·ith his treatment of them, left their lands at Jalalpur and went down south and settled .in the co11ntry of the Mooltan Naw:tb. In:iyatu Ila l'Pnt messengers prayin,g them to return, b11t tlwy ~<'n t word back that they would only return at the Khan's persnnal rNJttcst: 'I'hc Khan accord­ina'ly set ont from Jhang. H earing of this, tlw Mooltan Nawab, al;eaily enraged at the rerrnt a1111<'xation of I sl;tm:l.ba<l, laid an ambuscade for the Sia] chief. In;1.yatulla obtainPCl news of the design , and calling together an army of the K~tthi:is, Rajbaniis, and other Sials, retreated northwards. The <icfoa.t of the Mooltan Nawil.b has been already noticed. The Kil.thi:ls displayed the most. brilliant gallantry in the battle, ancl the gratC'fnl In:l.yatulla bestowed upon them the lands that they now hold in this district. Previously they lived 011 the llitvi and in the lower pa.rt of the S:i.mfal B:l.r. The Bharw:l.n(1..~. now rcsiclent at K:i.im, were the former residents. The K:l.thi~ts still nm.iota.in their character for being a fine, manly, handsome race. F;tzil, thl'ir old leader, died some years ago, and the tribe is not doing so well as it did in his time. H e managed to extinguish all internal feuds, or, at all events, to prevent their swelling to any injurious <:'xtent. Since his death the leadership has devolved upon his brother Ibrahim, a man of little ability or force of wi}l. ·

Besides the Sials the only true R-tjpUt tribes in the district are the Chaddhars, the Bhattis, and the Kharals. In three villages only do the Kharals hold property, all in the Chiniot ta.hsll, and they acquired their land chiefly in the dowry of their wives.

The Chaddhars. . The Chaddhar;;, with their sub-families of Jappas, Rajokes, Say.1.nkcs, Kan~ars, &c., :we settled in the countn· between Thatta \\ 11.ra :Muh:immad Sh~h, and S:~hmal beyond Sajanke on the l,eft ban~ of ~h? 9henab m the lower portion of the Chiniot tahs1l. Tll('ir ongm is obscure. They claim to be descended from Raja.Tus, SU.raj BansL They left their home in Rajputana during the time of ~1uhammad Ghori, and proceeded first to Bahawalpur. They were converted to 1.luhammadanism by Sher Shah of Uch. From Bahawalpur they came to Jhang, and settled iu the lands bey?nd. the country of the M:ahni chief of Khlwa. The head fan:nl~ is thnt of Ta.hli Mangfoi, represented by Fa.tab Khan, a znil_rla1·. The Chaddhars of Taja Berwala are an old but decayed family;. Th\} Jappas a.re r epresented by a zailrltfr Patha.na of Bbowana, and _the Kangars by Ghaus of- Kurk. The Chaddhars

JhBDS' District. l CHA!>. lll.-TlIE PEOPLE. 65

are good agriculturists, and less given to cattle theft than their Chapter m, c. neighbours, the Hara.ls and Siiila.

The Bhattfs hold a considerable tract of country, called Bhattfora in local phrase, he tween the Shah Ji waoa villages on the west and the La.Ii country on the t'ast. With the exception of three villages, the tract is in the Chiuiot tahsO north of the Chenab. The principal villages arc Gho1fo3.la, Kot Su ltan, and Barr8.na.. The origin of this tribe is dii;cusscd at pp. l!>- 22 of the Archreological Survey of India, Vol. I I. 'J'h~ tribal trndition is that they emigrate• l from Bhatncr in R:\jputana. Their first settlement in this di tril't wa.-i n.t Jandmali, ou the right bank of the Jhelam, not many miles front tho Shahpnr bou n<lary. They migrated thence to the country which they now hold, over which the Sayad chief Latif Sh~th then ruled. The Bhattis are a fin e race of men, industrious agriculturists, hardly at all in debt, good horse-breeders, and very fond of sp•irt. They do very li ttle cattle-lifting, bnt arc much ac..hlicted to carryi ng off each other's wives. Sardar of Kot Sult.1n and Cha~hn.tta of Barruna arc the Bhatti zaildars and among the most intlucnti:i.I men of the tribe. The tribe owns only one village on the river ; a ll the rest arc in the Ute.r.

Tribes, castes a.nd leading

fa.miliee. · The llh~Ws.

There arc a considerable number o f n clochcs in the dislrict, The.Deloche1. but with one or two cxc<'plinns all tltl'ir ,·illag-cs lie to the west of the Ch:en~ b. Above Kot Kit; n, tlw ulJ li1nit of the Si<U country, the Beloch villages are t111mcrous on both sides thc Jhelam, but below on the left bank there is not a single Be loch village properly 80 called. They are said to have settled in tho district before the Sials. Bahar in his mcmoirs mentions that there was a colony of Beloches in the countries of Bhera. and Khushitb. This was in 1519 A.D., and it mnst have tak1•n the Belochcs some time to spr~d east as far as Bhera. The tribal tmdit.ion is that the Beloches ~~st came into this part of tl1c Punju.b in tltc re~gu of S~ah Husam, the La11ga ruler of Mo.iltan. This was early rn the loth century, and after the arrival of the Sials. But, on the other hand, there is undoubted evidence that the Sandal .Bir east and ~uth of Jhang was held by Rind Beloches before the Bharwana. Sials, and the Belochcs were onlv driven out after severe fighting. Ihe. Beloch hea<l-qua.rters wc;e at Mirpur near the B.avi.

gam, west of the lower Chenab the countr)' alon<Y the banks of th · ' ,.., h R . e nv~r was certainly occupied by Beloches before t e f ajb8.na S1i ls pu~he<l their way down to Alunadpur. In ~ct the Beloches seem to have U<'Cll in force and to have d r~nuously resbted the Sial advancr. Possibly, .however, the a generallv acceptc1l of the ·1 rri v·tl of the S1als may be

Wrong, or it 1nay have taken the Siahi '1on·<0r to spread over the country tha · 1 I:"' I ·t to be sat' [ n is genera ly supposed· but at al events 1 · seems 80

':ttorily estahli~hcZl that thfl' Bcloches were holding the Ch :rn portion of the Sandal Bar and Lbe country west of the a.,~?ab LE>fore the Sials. The Beloches in this district never •1.<1Ined a · J · f A CT thetn ar ny unportance. They have furnished no c ue . m~no

l'he 0

6 to be fo~n~ rc•presentativcs of al.wost every cla~ a?d tr.ibe~ Y P ssess no d1stmct1vc moral or physical features d1stmgms~

Chapter III, C.

Tribes, castes a.nd leading

families.

The Gilotars.

KukArAs.

T!:e NissowAnAs.

The Lllis.

T!ie !fara!s.

t Punj a.b '.Gazetteer,

66 CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE.

ina them from other tribes ; they are good agriculturists, though not very indnstrio~s. They are not addicted mych to cat.tie theft. Amona thnir !11a1lmg mrn arc Muhttmmad Khin Gach, Sultan Khan ';,r ~1a1·i, Ghnl<\.m Hai<lar of Kot Shakir, Sher Kbcl.n of Bulla. Of the Belocbes of Jhang, 5,223 returned themselves as Rind, 1,8-:1!9.as Jatoi, 774 as Hot, an<l 6!)6 as Lashari by tribe i_n the Ccrnms of 1881.

Tho Gilotars are locn.tc1l between the Nissowa1{as and the Chenab in the northern portion of Uhiniot adjoining the Sha.hpur. district. They have no trustworthy trmlitions as to their origin. Their locn.tion in tbi-; part of the district is of comparatively recent ori<rin. Sernral of their villn.ircs were grant.., from Samm Mal. 'l'h;y arc a curtons mixture ~f good anJ bad qualities, first rate acrricultnri~ts, a.n<l irreclaimable cattlr-l iftcrs. It is in their villages o~l:v that sugar-cane anJ mai:r.e arc largel.v grown. Ismail Gilotar of GirnJlanwali and lliurad of Burj Mal are their leaders.

The Knkari\s or Nekok~ras claim to he a branch of the Hashmi Knraishis, but thPre is some douht as to the fact. Shflkh Nasirnd1lin came to Bahawalpm 450 years ago, ancl founded a villa~e there ca\l!'d Shekh Wahan. His family hecame followers of the Sayad of Uch in the same country. 'l'he family increased and multiplier!, anrl the membrrs began to emigra.te nort.hwards to · Jhang, Gujranwala and other districts. There are Kukaras in all tlm•e tahsils in this district, an<l all claim to be descended from tho same ance~tor.

The Nissowanas inhabit the northern corner of the Chiniot tah~il brtwrcn the J,alis, Gilotars, and the Shahpur boundary. Thfly claim to be n. branch of the Khokhars. In the Shahpur Settle­ment llflport th<'y are descrihod as " notorious for their thieving propPmitins ancl gencmi.lly lawless character. " They still retain these qualities inn. softened degree. They are a prosperous thriving , clan, rich in flocks an<l herds, with scarcely any debts. Raja of Kandiwal, Bakar of Babrana, Mehra of Lole, arc the leading men.

·west oft he Nissowana country along the e<lge of the Bar, as far ni' the Bhatti villag<'!', come ·the I,i\Hs who have a fabulous origin in the pin.in~ of Khurasan: Their hca.dmen are Haja, l\Inhammacla and Gholam, all! zaildd.ra. Lali::i.n is thrir large~t villagP. Th<' Lali°' are not a very fine or .spirirecl race of men, 11.nd rliffor hoth from thr Bhattis a111l ~issowan;ic; in this respect. They are mostly in dcht, thon~h therP are one or two notahle exceptions. ThPy arc not very firi't class farmPrs, and proter grazing thei,r cattle round a strip of lxirani cultivation in the Kirana. Bar to anything el~e .

The lfarnls are anothPr tribe holdincr villacres i~ the Chiniot' tah~il only. From -:\Iurarlwal:t to Saike both o':i the left bank of' the l ~hcn{lb, their villa~c.5 aro thickly stwlded along the bank of the nvPr. Thry are 8aicl to have settled here durin<T the rule of the )fo..;ha.l Emperors, hut it is probable tha~ their cominu was at afl earlier rlate. Tradition makes tht>tn a. branch of th: Ahirs. 1'hey are the worst thieves in the district, "except perha11s

Jhall8' District. l

CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE. 67.

the Gilotars, and had cnltivators. They own great numbers of horned cattle and sheep arnl goat..,, and p:u;ture them in the Kirana and San.Jal Bar alike. ::>ujawal and Vasawa, zaild1frs, Sukha of l\fora<lwala and I3ala of Saiko, are the leading men of the tribe.

Chapter m. C.

Tribes, castes · and lea.ding

fa.mill es.

The Marais at the prcst>nt time do not own a single villnge, The Maraia, yet in past times they must have bncn un 11nportant tribe, for we constantly hear ofthom in the local lore. They claim to be Il:i.jp(1ts, Chuhiins of thf' S(1raj Hansi me<', :rnd lo have i:ettlPJ at 'l'hatta Wara beyond K.hlwa in the ('hiniot tah"il during the reign of Akbar. The Shah .Hwa.na legrnd makes thrm the proprietors of the lands where Shih .Hwana now slanclc:. Probahly th<'y occupied. the tract betwoon tho Kh{wa ~iO.ls ancl the ( 'ltnddhar~ on tho lol't hank, and nl~o somr land" on tlt1• right hank of' t lw ( 'hPnib. A few·· families still live in Mnra.lw11.la., hut are hrreditary tl'n:rnts only. · There are a finE> bold-looking set of mrn, havr rather a bad'rcputa-tion for cattle-liftin~, and are not very desirable tenants. The cause of their decay is not w<>ll known.

. The history of tha Savn1ls of Uch nnd Tbjoi has already bePn Miecellaoeou1 p;iven. It remains to notice the other Sap<ls, viz., tho Sh{Lh SayaJs. Jiwanana and tho Shrkh Sulr m:.i.na and ot hrr branches of the Bukhari family ; the Masha1H, the Gilani, and Bnkri families. The ~hah Jiwanana are the descendants of Shah ,Jiwana, whose shrine ~sat the village of t.hc !mnw namr. Manv of the vi llaaes round a.re O\\'.ned hy this famil y, but Latif Slta.h and ·Hassan Shii17 of Kariwala .. do not hPlong to it, fhough they are members of thr. Ilukhil'i branch. Th? ~hekh Sulem:.i.na Sayacls reside at Thatli Bala Raja, west of Ch1mot, at Chiniot ib;elf, nnd several villages cast of the town. T_heir foll9wers are exceedingly numerous, and their income from o~en~gs ~e~y large. They . are careless larnllords, addicted to intox1catmg rinks and 1lrugs, and not ,·ery estimable characters. The other

Sayads hold so few villacres as to need no mmtion. 'd The Akeras are Jal~ hold in rr a small tract of country on both

81 es the Jhclam, just ahovc KotKhin tho limit of the old Sial rule. Their ancestor Khizr is said to l1ave acquired the land by grant from Walidacl Khan, in whose service he was for some time employed. They are thrifty and industrious zamind ars, and breed

Tha very good wiry little horse somethina like the Beloch in shape.

e h d 1 O .I R b ea men are with one exception well off. Sabbar :m\I

as mat are the two principal men of the tribe. w'lb The Dabs are Jats, and own the large village of Dab Kala~~

1

1. ~ few others ad1"oi11ina in Shorkot. They are good agn-cu tur1st B h · ~ s. n a.drer, the zailda1·, is their leader. lableTth Jutas are also Jats in spite of their br:lnd-new pedigree ~lan~ R~ .m~kes them out to be the descrndants of one Ju ta,. a· Kashmir awu_t, anrl narrates that they were originally. ~ettled m of W l"d territory nrar Jammu, and miaraied to Jhang m the days share a~ ad and Inayatulln. They hold two large villages . and hut r:~~ several others. As agriculturists, they are industr1ou~, their head~ a pencltant for cattle-lifting. Umra of Alayar Juta 1s .

Chapter m, c. Tribes, castes

and lea.ding families.

Miscellaneons Ja.ts.

The Kuraishls.

Other tribes.

The trading classes.

[Punjab ' Gazetteer,

CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE.

The Jban<lirs hold a few villages in the extreme south o! Shorkot on the rio-ht bank of the Chcn:ih. · Their name is Raid to he derived from jh;;ul(t, a standard, as their ancestor had been· a st.~ndard-bearer to the prophet or some of his descenciauts. This would O'ive them a western origin, but the story is somewhal mythol~gical. Though not openly professing to b~ religious directors, there is a certain odour of sanctity about the tribe. Most of the members can read an<l write. The droning monotone ofKoran­reailing is always heard in their villages, and the elder members affect a crrtain clerical tone in their dress and appearance. A favourite aphorism" Dal'hi Slwk/uJ,n di, Kam Shailunii11 da " cloes not apply. The tribe is particularly free from ill dec<ls of every <lcscri ption.

1 n the Shorkot tahsll the place occupied by Sayads in Jh~n~ an<l Chiniot is tr.ken Ly Knraishis. The more important Kura1shi families of I-Iaveli Baliadar Shah and Pfr Abdul Rahman are not recognised as genuine by the true H~l.shmi Kuraishis, the descend­ants of the celchratcJ l\luhammadan saint l\fakhclum Bah&-ud-din Zakri:i.. For an account of the family, pp. 490-494," Punjab Chief~,·; should be consulted. The Ha:-luni Kuraishis are represented m this district at llassu Bale\ in Shorkot, and at Dosa and Shah Shakur in Jbancr. Their character cloes not 1liffer from that of other holy tribcs.

0

l\lakbdlun J alal of Hassu l3alel is a man oflarge property and influence, and a zciildar.

Among other tribes holding larnl in proprietary r ight in the district arc 1\Iangans, Sipras, Laks, Asis, ~Iathrumas, and many other:-, but all too insignificant to merit separate notice.

The trading classes are recruited almost entirely from Aror~, Khatris and Khoja.hs. Only a few Brahmins are engaged m business. TheArof<l .. c; are the most numerous, and are divided into an infinity of clans. They are the chief money-lenders and capitalists of the district, and also the chief creditors of the agriculturists and mortgagees of their lands. Many hold land in proprietorship. T~e ~roras have the reputation of being a most industrious, energetic, a.nd laborious tribe. A local proverb embodies the idea:-" Bad/ta lnk Aroririn, mmialt koh Lah<rr. " " When an Arora has girded up his loins, he makes tho distance to Lahore only three-quarters of a kos. " According to thP proverb, a Kirar is not so merciless in bis dealings with the zamiudars as a Khojah :-" Kirar danddli Khojah pluihora," meaning that a Kirar like a toothed drag-rake leaves ~omething behind, but a Khojah like a muck-scraper leaves nothin~, 1s a favourite simile. They are invariably termed Kirar, which ~s also used to denominate the whole Hindu population. Kirar 1s not a complimentary appellation. Meeting a Goudal tenant-at-will once near Jhang, .Mr. Steedman mentioned that his tribesmen in. Gujrat were great thieves. "Ah, yes," he replied, evidently takiug wl~at was said as very complimentary, "bnt here I don't do any­thmg of the sort ; I have not got as much spirit as a. Kirar." The term is often used by Khatris and Brahmins towards their co-religionists, the Aroras, but hardly ever by an Arora of them. ~xcept ~n t.he large villages and the towns, there are but few Kbatris m the district. The principal clans are Katials,' Ka.purs, Kbanuas,

CHAP. IIJ.-THE PEOPLE. 69

!febrautras, Saihg.als, lt~:i.ggus, Mahttl..'l, D_hn.wans, and Tai wars. Chapter III, O. All are enu11uf'cl rn h11s11wss, except the h.hannns, who own the 'll•ue of K,.,ot°Maldeo, nnd pn•fpr Oovcrnrnent sc•rvicc to anv other Tribes, castes

v1 "o · I 1•1 , · and lea.ding ployment. There ar · proport1011ate y more \. 1atr1s at Chiniot families.

tebman elsewhere. At Ohmiot, too, is :~ l:tr!.!t' colony of Khoj:ih~, man)' 1 I . I I I The trading ciu. ...

of whom are traders on 11 argc seat', wit 1 iranr· 1cs :wd correspond-ents at Calcutta and Bombay. They an' converts from Hinduism, 83 is clearly indicated by the fad tha.t many of th<>ir family divisions bear the same namo a.0 those of th.~ Aror:\..-; and Khn.tris. The uato of their conversion is pnt at 40011 ijm, and I heir first settlements were at Thatta W<\rA and D11w•ir, both vilbg<>~ in the Chiniot tahsfl. They migrated to C:hi1110t abont l 20 )'Pars ago in Sambat 1816, which is said to have hl'<'n at the• tune held by the Bhangi Sikhs. There they appt>:tr to hu.\'e thriven, n11<l to have bern entrusted with posts of import:rncc. When Hanjit Singh took Chiniot, Mian Snltnn, a Khojah, was over tltP citadel, an<I though the Bhangi forces had been dC'fratccl 011tsi1lc the town an<I thr Bhangi leader taken prii1oner, he hdd out stoutly n.ud r<'fnsed to desert his charge or open the fort Pxcept o.t tlw on!Pr of his master. Ranjit Singh, the story gors, was so plcasrd with his stubborn fidelity, that he made him a .~rant of K ti.low al and Clulngrnnw{tla, formerly the property of Hihi\ns, the greater pm hon of which is held by Khojahs to this cin.y. There nn: no K hojnhs in ,Jhang, hut many have settled in Mag-hi:ina, and ttn' amon~ t hr w .. n.lt hiest and most pnbliNpirited of the rcsit!Pnt~. Of th<> Aror:t~. 1 8,00~ returned ~bemsolvrs as Utra•lhi, 2, IS.> a'I Jhkhnna, n.1Hl 23,541 as Dahra In the Census of 1881. 'l'hc chit>f divisions of the Khatr1s according to the same Census arc shown bcl~w :-

~T.i U ·lJIVl!UOS or K11ATRl8.

-NtLmo. Nmnbcr. Narnc. Nunibcr.

Punj•bi e.r.~~ llhafKh.u 250 Bahri Panj"ati

l,~t·• l\:\pur 1,1~2 710 1\hrumc 4na

Chan.A ti ~.:1!!2 M uhn,ulr;~ J,Gl4

ru!it-Md•ny ol tllO!ltl n':" "hown tw!co nv1r: thu• ~•·10 ol the Mchn<ulro nro alllO •hown ,.. •an nearly all the Kapur ns Uilhri or c:,..mlti.

I I~ is difficu.lt .to define the nua.lity of each tribe a.s agri- Agricult t1ral charac·

cu tunsts th ·1 ter of each tribe . • 1 , e variations are so great. In Chiniot the Jat villages 110011 th . cult~ .e n_ver ban~ are. excellently farmed. Towards the Bar the ofte ation IS most Infcnor. In Jhang the Sials on the Jhelam are Cb na~r~ul and in~nstrious c11ll1vators. On the left bank of the cat~le t ey care httlP for a~ricultur<', and ke<'p largo herds of if aft· ~ome Ha.ral v~lln.ges a.ro well cultivated, others are deserted whol e~h avonrable ram there ii; good grass in the Bar. On the theire j/a~ are the best cultivators in the district, but even ~atur~;; 1~ahon t~kei:' all round is nothing very wonderful. ingthan {

0 he_y .are mclined more to a pastoral life and cattle-lift­

farm~ it ba~;iv10g a P.lough. A Jat who farms his own land seldom at-will S y, an<l IS a. better cultivator than the Jat tenant­cornpa~e ?~e of ~he Khokhar villages nt>ar Kot Isa Shah wili

Wlt any 111 the district. The Siils are not good culti-

[ Punjab· Gazetteet . 70 CHAP. lll.-THE PEOPLE.

Chapter m, c. vators. The better families have hitherto considered it dishonour. able to touch a plough, but this feeling is now confinc<l to familiea in affluent circumstances. Poor Sials have to cultivate, just aa any other zaml:ndar, to earu their daily bread. In old days, no doubt, the livelihood of the Sials who dwelt along the ·Chenll.b di:?pended 1nore on their cattle than on agriculwre ; and th~ir wealth in herda more on tht'ir audacity as cattle-lifters than their i;kill as cattle-breeders. Now-a-days this source of incorue is far

Tribes, ca.ates and leading · families. Agricultnrnl chara.ctcr of each tribe.

less profitable. Cattle theft is stili rife, but the chances of detec­tion, where it is carrit'd on in a wholesale manner, are too many to allow it to be adopted as a safe and lucrative calling. Iu old da,·s a band of ChE>nab thieves would swim a whole herd of hu.ff:.1.loes from the Chiuiot tahsil tu Shorkot, and there dispose of them. Theft now, except in t.he Ilar, docs not goo ordinarily beyond a bnlfalo or two, or a pair of bullocks. With the decliue of cattle· lifting as a livelihood, agriculture has come more into favour. The largo extt'nsion of cultivation, especially in sailM.1 lands has dimin· ished the number of cattle in many parts of the district, notably on the Jhelam, and rendered a recourse to agriculture fur a. living more a matter of necessity than of choice. Cattle grazing as a means of livelihood can only be profitably carried on in villa~es containing a large quantit~· of pasture land, either in river (bet.ls) or in the Utar. On the Jhclam almost all available land bas been cultivated. On tho Chenab the villages usually contain a large quantity of waste more or less suitable for grazing. Large herds of cattle are kept, and tho income therefrom is probably greater than from the land. In surh Yil\ages culti vat.ion is inferior. The proprietors do not hei::itate to neglect their fields fur the sake of their cattle. Tho differt•nce between the farming of tho Sials on the Jlwlam and those on the ChonaL is very great. Sayads are baJ managers, and thE>y hardly C\'er touch a plough. They arc a thriftlen extravagant class, about the worst bargains Government has. Hindus are first class cultivators, most industrious and careful, but they cultivate but little land. Ileloches are a little superior to the Sials. Chaddhars and Bhattis are prosperous farmers, and are both good managers and careful cultivators. The Khojahs and the otht'r misccllanPous 1\1 uhammadans do not cultivate m11ci1 thrmsclves, hut tllt'.v look after their property very c~refully, and their land i~, as a rule, exceedingly well cultivated. Kawins are about as bad cultivators as a landlord can get.

Tribnl rPstrictions In his Census Report for 1881, the Deputy Commissioner upon iutermaniage. wrotr :-

"Tribal restrictions in marriage are jealously observed by tbe people. ~mong ~he Muha~mn.dn.ns the Sayads freely take the do.ughte~ of others m marriage, but give their own daughters only to men of their own cn.ste. A Sayad would hold it a dishonour to marry his daughte~ to a l\lughal or Pa.than, thongh not n.ctnally a sin · for strict Muham· madan law declares that 'all .Muhammrlans are brothers.' Hindu caste i·estri_ctious seem to ho.ve been adopted by :Muhammadans with regard to marriage. The Kurai3h/s, clniming to be the direct descendants of Muhamm~d,, follow in ~h~s district the customs of the Sayads in this re•· peel Ri!.Jputs prefer g1vmg their danghters to Rajputs, aud seldom give them to Jats, though they take daughters in marriage with no restrictiou

Jliang·District. J

CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE. 71

whatever. 11'he Hindus are chiefly composed of Brahmans, Khatris,. Aroras and Bhatias. 'l'be Brahmans do not give their daughters in marriage to the other sects but marr,y nmong themselves. Khatris are primarily of t\1:0. kiu~s, the. B~hris and the Banjahis. The Bdhris again are sub-d1.v.1ded rnto Acl!ta,,97t~~·, CluJ,rg!tar, !J6-r6,ghar (liternlly 2t families, 4 families, and I 2 families). AdMiglwr may marry the daughter of CM.r,qltar f\nd the latter of Bdraglwr, but Aclltai or C!tar would not give daughters to Bara. The above three s1ib-divisions may intermarry among themselves, but if an Adltdt9ltr1r should marry a daughter of Bara.qlutr, he is degraded to C!targltar. If he gives a daughter to CM1:qlt<1r or Bdrng!tar he dcscencls to the caste into which he hns married his danght.cr. B6-r(l(Jltri1· may take the daughter of Banja!tt3 without losing their own caste. The Brinjaltis intermarry among thernaelvcs nnrl give thf'ir rlnnghtcr~ to lJdltr'is, hnt have no right to t.u.ke dn111d1te1'8 from lift/iris. 'l'hc AroniH are chiefly cnrnpoaecl of Utradltis and Ddft.ra.~. 'l'he former intermarry :unong thcm1:1elves 11.ml take daughters from Daltras, hut never give them. 'l'he Dalmis marry in their own tribe. The Bhil.t.ias have the same sub-division as the Khatrls, with this difference, that the former are considered of seconclary importance to the latter, and indeed to the Aroris. The Bhati:l.s intermarry among themselves."

SECTION D.-VILLAGE COMMUNITIES AND TENURES.

Chapter III,· D.

VµIage com­munities 'and

tenures. Triltnl restriction•

upon intcnnarri4g1"

Table No. XV shows the number of villages h eld in the Village tenures, vnrious forms of tenure, as returned in quinquennial Table No. XXXUI of the Administration Report for 1878-79. Bnt the accuracy of the figures is more than douhtful. It is in many cases simply impossible to class a village satisfactorily u•1der any one of the ordinarily recogni~rrl tenurrs; the primary divi~ion of rights between the main suh-diYisions of the village following one fonn, w?ile the interior clistribnt.ion among the sevf\ral proprietors of each of these sub-division~ follows another form, which itself often varies from one sub-division to another. In Jhang especinlly the form of village tenure is p<'culiar, as will be shown in the following page~. The stat.C'ment brlow shows the villnge tenures as

.classirit>u by M:r. Steedman at the recent Settlement:-,___~

Chiniot. Jhang. Shorkot.: District. ------------

Zaminrlari ... ... l 8 2 II Communal zamindAri ... .. . 16 24 8 48 Pattidari I ... ... 1 Bhayachara ::: ::: ::: ) 11 189 112 412 Imperfect Bhay:\ch:trA. and pattidari 12~ 125 54. 302 Government property ... . .. 13 12 15 40

-----------Total ... . .. 265 :~58 191 814

Bba ~he ,prevailing tenure oft he district is a kind of i.mperf'ect

1 yach:ira, known as Blwyc'tclulm cltaltwi'tr. In the occupied lands,

we Is ~nd sailah, possPssion is the measure of right. The unattached hste Is generally village common ; hPld, it may be, on klieiuat 8 ares, where the joint right of each Khewatdar is measured by

~pter n1; ·D. Village com­munities and

tenures. Proprietary tenures.

Proprietary right under the Sill.ls and

Sildu.

72 CHAP. III.-THE l'EOPLE.

the share of the village ass~si;ment paid by him, or ind~vidnal righ1· is represented by tl1e fraction of the total area of the village held, or on ancestral shares by the descendants of the original· founde; or founders of the villago to the exclusion of the other proprieton.

Table No. XV shows the number of proprietors or share­holders and the gross area held in property under each of the ma~ forms of tenure, and also give<> details for large estates and for Government grants and similar tenures. The figures are taken from the quinquennial t.'lble prepared for the Administration Report of 1878-79. The accuracy of the figures is, however, exceedingly doubtful ; indeed, land tenures assume so many and such complex forms in the Punjab that it is impossible to classify tbe111 successfully under a few general headings. This is especially the casA in Jha.ng ancl the neighbouring districts, where the constitution of what most nearly corresponds with the villaga communities of the Eastern Punjab, and the general ferm of rights in Janel, are exceedingly peculiar, unusual incidents attaching even to the ordinary form of mortgage. The peculiarities are owing partly to the scattered ancl precarious nature of the cultivation, and its entire dependence upon water other than rainfall; but still more, prrhaps, to the nature of tho rovenuo system tbnt obtained under t.he government that preceded our own. It ii therefore impossible to describe existing rights and tenures without first di~cussing the revenue policy to which they so largely O\Y&

their existence. Propriet.'lry ri~ht, as thEJ term is understo.od now-a-days, can

harclly be saicl to have existP-d either under the Sials or under the Sikhs; as bas been very truly remarked in the Settlement Reporl of a neighbouring district:-" It must always be remembered tha\ " under native rule no such thing as absolute proprietary right wns "recognised. The missing class was not the hereditary tenant, but "the proprietor." It is difficult, rerhaps impossible, to define .~tb any accuracy to what ex.tent rights of property in ]an.d did eX1St, but they were certainly not extinct. The rulit\g power was not an all powerful landlord, nor were all tho subjects, except those. enjoy­ing special privileges, merely tenants-at-will. That some rights of transfrr and mortgage were possessed and exercised during the reigns of the latter Sia! Khans is abundantly proved. M~ny uncloubt(lllly genuine deeds '\Vere produced in land cases durmg the recent Settlement. The history of the district and of the tribes that inhabit it, plainly shows t'!iat since the time of Walidad Khan there havf' been no great changes in the location of the tribes. They still hold the same villages that they then held. The lands of Kot Khan are still the property of the descendants of Walidarl's successful lieutenant, Sharif Khan Aliana. The Rajbanas are still the proprietors of the villages conquered by their ance~tors from the Beloches. Even the Nau ls, ·though subjected by the S1als, possess most of the lands, lying on either side of Jhang, that they held before the advent of their subduers. At the same time the proper~y of the subject was strictly confined to the land in his p~ssess1on ; that is to say, to the land cultivated by ·the subject, with a re~sonable amount of immediately adjo~ning culturabl~

Jh&n&' District. l ' CHAP. iII.-THE PEOPLE. 73

aste. Beyond this the individua.l had no proprietary rights :batever. Neither under the Sials nor under the Sikhs were 'there vilhvre estates with demarcated boundaries as thero are now. These are ~ur creations, exotics transplanted from the plains of the North-Western Provinces. Knowing tho main facts of the history of the Sia! tribe, it is not difficult to picture how fluid must have been the state of property when they first settled in the country, and how it gradually hardened during the later reigns of the Khans and under the Sikhs. The Sials for some time after their arrival were shepherds and herdsmen, and the extent of their agricul­ture, judging from the state ofthc district at annexation, <li<l not probably exceed what the nomad trib<'s of the Bar practise at the present time. They did n?t even cu l~ivate the easily-tilled lands subject to annun.I floods from tho nvor. Mr. Monckton speaks about tho donso jlu'tu juny11l on Lho lmnks of the rivers in his time. The won! Maru is still tho prefix in the names of sevoral villages on the Chenab, signifyin~ a dense and dangerous jangal. Until Walidad's time the Sia! Khans were merely tax-gatherers under the Imperial rule, arnl we know hut little about the condition of their subjects. Hitherto the Sials had been multiplying and spreading over the land, and tho cliff<'ront clans settling down pormancntly in the vario11'l par t~ of t.lic country they now occupy. These settlements are the nuclei of onr pres<'nt villages. The inhabitants cultivated more or le~s land near the hamlet and on their neighbouring well~. Adjacent villages or settlements seldom interfered with one ~mother. There were no boundary disputes, because th.ere were no boundaries. The intermediate waste was the property of the Stat~. The population in those days must have been very scanty, and the non-existence of boundaries did n?t prove inconvenient, as the waste lands did not belong to the villagers. A certain proportion of the produce was taken by tho Government of the daY, and so long as this was p~id and tho land~ heh.I hv the individual were not bad ly cultivated, tho cultivator was left in peac<'. So long a~ a good revenue was yielded, the Government asked no <p1estions ; but if the subject was found to be in possession of land that be did not cultivate, or endeavouring to cultivate more land than his means would allow of, the Khan h:ul no compunction in granting the uncultivated land to any applicant who applied for it, or in making over the exce~s. of the land cultivated to any other person who ha.d tho requ1s1te cap~tal for its proper cultivation. 'l'he object of the r?ler was an mcreasf' of revenue, and if occupancy or proprietary nghts,, as we understand the terms, stood in the way of its attain­ment, it was so much the worse for them. If this was the caso under th_e later Sials who might be expected to have had some &mpass1on _for their subjects, it was only too probabl~ that ~nder the th khs the d1s~ega1:d of property in · land should be rntens1fied, a;id. to at ~he rulers, Hindus by caste, should have employed every device

wring as large a revenue as possible out of a subject Muhammadan race.

later T?_e extortionate tyranny of the Sikhs, and also of the Sials> g~ ve rise . to a new species of right-that of Bath-

10

Cha-pter Ii!, D.

Village com­munities arid

tenures. Proprieta.ry right

'under the Si11la aud Sikhs,

Hath,.akMldar1.

Chapter III, D.

'Village com­munities a.nd

tenures. H athrakAdtdcirs.

CHAP. llL-THE PEOPLE.

rakhai or taalukuda1·i as it is also called. There is no difietelleli between tbe two rights, and in owry cru;e the origin of the tenure is the same. The orig inal proprietor is alwa~·s in cul\\. vating possession of the lnnd. Tho broken-hearted cultivator o! the land, who was aleo the propridor, finding the demands and exactions on account of revenue ahsolutcly unbearable, made over the proprietary share of the prollucP, and with it the respon. sibility for the revenue, to some influential mnn whom lbt Government treated with consideration, who assented to lb! arrancrcment, thinking that he would probably be able to make sometlting out of the contract, for contract it was at the outset an& nothing more. The cultirnting proprietor said to the contractor, " I cannot pay the revenue any longer. Do you take the proprie­" t:uy share of the produce, allowing me !iomo fro in recognition of "my rights, and pay the revenue, yours !icing the profit and loss: The contractor who thus engaged to pay the Government rev~nut in consideration of the proprietary share of the produce, minus the proprietor's fee, is called llutlt1·aklui£d1fr, Jlatliraklmewala, and the person who makes over tho produce and withrlraws from the rc~ponsibility for the Government revenue, llutlirakltwtf.ne1oola. Hath rak/ma, to pla0c the hand on, is equivalent to " to protect( nnd the causal form means to get the hand placed, to ob~m protection. Originally there were no conditions as to the wrmma­tion of the contract, but it was undoubtedly unucrstoou to ~ terminable at the will of either party, and if wo fin~ tba.t ~is power was seldom if ever exercised, the fact will be mte~h.g1ble enough when the character of the Sial and Sikh revenue ~dm1mstra· tion is recollected. As a rule, the original propriPtor would not be anxious to regain · his" rights, symbols more of mise;y than of benefit," and the lldlimkhMd1i1·, perhaps paying nothmg, or only at the most favourable rates to the Khalsa exehequer, would be in no hurry to renounce an eagy and lucrative source of inco.me. But had the Rathraklid.idar lost his influence with the Governor nnd been squeezed for revenue as an ordinary agriculturis~, he would have thrown up his contract, and the orig inal proprietor '~ould not have thought of raising any objection. Conversely, the right of resumption would belong to the original proprietor. In Chiniot and Shorkot the amount of land hPld by these middlemen is very small. They are most numerou~ in Jhanp:, and the la~d thev hold is Q"enerallv on the hanks of the JhPlam. The Nath Sahib of jbang, a Hindu/~kfr, Charan Dis Sarraf, Brabmins, Gu!lains,and others, who, as.r.~1igious devotees, were held in much consid<>ration by the Siklis, are· the large Jlathrakhaidan At the first Regular Settlement the . general opinion of the Settlement Officer was that the H&.thmkhiiida1· was to use Mr. Vans Agnew's words:-'' A "mu~tajir on the·behalfofthe proprietor for the Government revenue ".taking a share of the produce." Ee was considered to have no power to alienate his status, for the proprietor might not have confidl'nce in the third party to whom the Hathrakhdfdar wished to transfer his privilege. Mir Izzat Ali's opinion, dated 23rd August 185~. to which Mr. Monckton generally agreed, is still extant. Ile considered the llri.tl1rakl1u:(d4r to be a simple mttStcijir, having no

Jhani District. l CHAP. lll.-THE PEOPLE. 75

er of transfer, and that the contract was terminable at the will rr:ither party; but unfortunately ~e never could b~ing himself to · terfere with the status quo ante m the cases affecting the tenure tl at . be had to deal with. He noted that cases had occurred w

11iere the HO.thra~lul'ular ha~ been ousted by the. original

Oha.pter III, D.

roprietor either of his own motion 01· through the action of a ~anchtlyit, and also wh<'rc disposscs~ion had taken place in accord­ance with a judicial order. But as far as hM hecn ascertained, not a single· order of any Court has been discovered terminatin!! a Hlithrakhir.t. In all cases the settlomcnt was marle with the Hatlirak/W.kla1· without any condition whatever as to the nature of his tenure. The consequence is that the right of JIU.t/1rakltdt, the right to ~ke the proprietor's ~~are of the ~roduce, minus ~ .fee, varying m amouut, rn ~ecog~1tion of the rights of the origmal proprietor, has crysta.lhzed mto a permanent transferable and hereditary right.. The IJ,\/ltrakluJ/ulars being men of power bave been steadily encroaching on the rights of the original proprietor ever since tho old l::iettlement, and have acquired by prescription certain privileges in regard to trees and bhma to which they originally had no right whatever. Hitherto the llatltrokha.ida1· has not claimed any right to the land, a.nd right he has none. ill that he can claim is his share of the proclnce. He cannot claim to share in the land by partition, nnd he has nothing what.ever to 1!0 with arrangiLHr for the cultivation. As a rule, the lifinar, Jakli, R.aaul arwalti and Gane~lt fees belong to the original proprietor. 'fhere are some doubts as to Bha1·'1. and Mohassll fees. Between the Hdthrakhakl<lr a11d the ltfustdjir or 1lfmliakl1Sadar of the Dem Ismail · Khan district there is an important distinction. The Muahakhsadar was a farmer of the revenue appointed by Govern­?1ent generally over a whole village or ilctka. The H<~lhrrik!tG.ldar is the nominee of the individual, tho entrustee of bis µrivilege, to take the proprietary sharo of tho produce and pay the revenue. The },fu.~hakhsacl1't1· t:\kcs the mah.~ul, the Go,•crnmrnt share of the produce, a11d then• is no coutr:ict hetwet>n him and tho zamindar. 'fhe share taken by the J l<ltlwakltaid(l.r is tlte result. ?fan ag!eeme.nt between him and the original proprietor. Viewed in the hght of our present revenue administration, th~ contract appears to be a very one-sided transaction, but at the time it was made, the consideration was material and valuable, viz., protection from the extortionate demands of the Sikh fa.rm er. N O\V the 00?t~act exists in Yirtue of prescription, while the reasons for its el1S~nce have passed away. If the right course would h::-1e been t oust these entrustees of the right to pay th~ revenue, the·

gular Settlement was the time a.nd opportumty for such a. mea.~nre. The tenure was then comparativelv in its infancy, but nhw more than 20 years have been added to 'its age. One reason ~J ~e Hatltralcl1aMcm maintained their position was the doubt

istrust with which our first Settlement operations w~re ~ed _by a!1 ignorant people. In fixing their boundayies I d'· their o.bJect was not to include as much but as. littk llU

111 ~ possible within the village. Instances of thra are tnerous.

V~e com­munities and

tenures. · HcUhrdkl&ctldd.ra.

phapter III, D.

Vi.J.lage com­munities and

· tenuref:!. . Taraddadkdr1.

[ Pun.Jab -Gazetteer I

76 CHAP . . III.-THE PEOPLE.

The tm·addadkari tenure also dates from the time 6f the Sials, though it was un~er Sa.wan. Mal's fiscal ~dministra.tion that it was most fostered. This tenure is clos~ly. allied to the adhlapl and clwkdwri tenures of the southern districts of the Mooltan and Derajat divisions. The conditions and circun:stances under which the tarmddadkc'wi tenure arises and has arisen are exceedingly diverse, and that the rights and privileges of the Taraddadk{ir are of great Yariation. The hig.hest form of the tenure is ~vhere ~e TaraddadkG.r is a foll proprietor; the lowest where he is nothmg more than a tenant who, so long as he cultivate:< cannot be OU8ted, but whose rights are neither transferable nor hereditary. The indigenous relations subsisting between pr~prietors and tenants in this district have favoured the growth of tlus tenure, no less than Sa wan Mal's efforts to extend culli vation. In Jhang it ifl the pro­prietor who runs after the tenant and beseeches him to cultivate

· his well. The proprietor often found, and even now often finds it worth while to make over a well in working order to a tenant, on the terms that he should pay half the proprietary share of the produce to the proprietor, who remained responsible for half the revenue, and himself retain the other half and .pay half the, revenue, it being understood that so long as the tenant continued to cultivate or arranged for cultirntion he could not be ousted from the land so made over. Any person holding land belonging tO' another on these terms is calleu a 'l'aradcladkU1·. He has taken the land or the well on laruddad. His tcuure is ta1·addadi or tnraddctdk(wi. Where a well in working order was made over1• if the making over took place many years ago, the Tm·a~dadkar'I right will probably be hereditary but not transferable. His SOil; will snccee<l him, but he. cannot sell or mortgage his rights, as the agreement is a. personal one. Where, however, the proprietor of the land made it over to a 1'araddarlka1-, who constructed a well in it at bis own expense, the 'l'araddadkar, in the absence of any express agrerment, is a full half proprietor. ·So long as the well lands are undivided, the Tamddadkar proprietor is responsible for1

the cultivation of the land, and either loses bis rights or becomes liable to be cast in damages at the suit of the original proprietor of the land, if he fails· to cultivate or cultivates in a. manner contrary to good husbandry. But he. has the power to partition the well estate ; and once partition is effocted, he becomes a:bsolute proprietor of half the water and of the land that has fallen to his share. The right to claim partition is the test of full proprietary right.. If the 1'amdriadkU1· rannot claim partition, he is not a foH propnetor, whatever his other privileges. All Taradddkdrs hav~ the power of arranging for the cultivation. It does not matter whether the Taraddadka1· cultivates himself or by a tenant. So long as the land is cultivated, the original proprietor ~nnot inter­fere. 'l'he above remarks n.pply chiefly to old taraddadi tenures. Of late new t~n~1res oft his description have been ·chiefly created by deed, and it is ouly where the deed is silent that · evidence of local custom is admissible. The original proprietor has, however, to be very careful how he treats his Taraddadkd11s. In one caee the deed creatin;; the tenure declared that the Taraddadkdr had

Jb&n8' District. l

CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE.·

0 power to mortgage. He wanted to mortgage, but the pro­

n rietor refused to allow him to do so. The Taraddadkd1· then ~rew up the well, and the pro.prietor found himself saddled with a well out of work but bearing an assessment, and '"ith but little hope of obtaining a tenant. Instances of the ta1·ndcladi tenure on saildb lands are exccedin~ly rare, even if they occur at ii. The ri<Thts of hereditary tenants on sailab l~ncls are analogous to those of Taraddadkai·s, but an occupancy tenant hardly ever pays half .the revenue. As a rule, he pays at the same produce rates as the tenant-at-will. His occupancy rights were acquired by his break­ing up the land. He probably also took. the entire crop for the first one or two yea.rs rent free.

Of the true Tarilttkdari tenure in this district a few instances only are found. The terms Hath1'al.:lul't and 'l'aalukdari have become somewhat confused, as under the former tenure the original proprietor is called 1'aalnl.:cl(u·, and his proprietary fee taken from the H<'clhrakha'tdar, lwk-taalukdch'i. Rights similar to those of superior proprietary rightare also styled '1.'aalulcd(1.1i in Jhang, e. g., where cultivators during the rule of Sawa\1 Mal became so far independent that they were created proprietors at the first Settlemeut, subject to a small cash ?nulikitna payment to the original lords of the soil.

The fiscal administration of Sawan Mal left indelible marks on the proprietary system of the district. The theory that the laud belonged to the State was carrieu by him to far farther lengths than it had ever been c11rriecl before. Under the Sial rule .the rights of the dominant tribe had been more or less respected, but under the Divan they saw men who and whose ancestors had as tenants tilled their lands from time immemorial, and, as inferiors, had given them their daughters in marria.!!e, elevated to the rank of full proprietors. U n<ler Saw an Mal any person w~o broke up !anti iu any portion of the district, or who set to work a well that had been deserted, became the proprietor of that l~nd or well. In practice the Divan helu that no man had any right to any land that he could not cultivate, and grants of waste land were given to anybody who could brin~ it under cultivation. Not only did this take place, but many persons who had formerly been tenants-at-will found themselves invested with the doubtful privilege of paying direct to th State. The proprietors dropped ?Ut because there was no room for them. The State took every­~hing it could from the cultivator, and the idea of a middleman ID~rcepting part of the collection was not for a moment enter­ta10ed. Grant;i of waste saiui& land could be obtained by anybody '.Rho ?ould pay the requisite nazi·cinn. The result can ~asily _be imagmed. The Sia! settlements and villages still remamed 818.I, but t_here was a strong infiltration of proprietors of every cla~s. ~othing was sacred to Sawan Mal. Chuhras and kamlns were m his eyes just as good proprietors, probably better th~n Sials _and Beloches. There were then no boundaries. The S1als retamed wha~ they could cultivate. The waste was occupied by Sawan ·M~l:s colonists. Such a. system was of course fatal to all pro­P,rtetary rights over tracts, such as the superior propri~tary rights

Chapter III, D

Village com­m uni ties e.nd

tenures. · Taraddadkdr1.

T1mlukdd1·1.

Proprietary right under Sawau Mal.

Chapter III, D.

Village com­m.unities and

tenures. ProprietaTy right under 8awan Mal.

'I h11 creation of villages "t the

Regular Settlement.

'78 CHAP. III.- THE PEOPLE.

that still exist in the Indus Kachhi and the Daman of the Dera Ismail Khan district. When ·the representative of the Sial Khana was dependent upon the charity of Sawan M~l fur his_ d'l.ily bread, it is not difficult to understand why no superior proprietary rights survived. Probably such rights, too, were nut rnry common thouah the Ahmadpur and Garb Maharaja Sials and the Nawah of Jh

0ana have sometimes claimed that they did exist. The .few

instanc~ of superior proprietary right that do exist, e. g., those ol the Rajoa, Thatti Bala Raja and Alipur Sa.ya.els over Bukhari,· T:l..U and Buddbi Thatti, are creations of the Regular Settlement. 'fhe laud belonged to the superior proprietors, but the inferior pruprietors had been so lung in possession by taking produce and direct payment of revenue to the Sikhs, that they were deemed to be entitled to the proprietorship, subject to the payment of a proprietary fee, usually a percentage on the jamlt.

Shortly after annexation, the time between being taken up by two Summary Settlements, the Regular Settlement commenced, and it became necessary to fix village boundaries an<l to create private proprietary rights in land where they had never before been recognised even if, as is very doubtful , they had ever existed. The following quotation from Mr. M:onrkton's report describes how this was effected, and what the villages were when the Regular Settlement began:-

"The revenue arrangements of tho nativo governments in the 1\loolta.n province, newr having recognised the village system, but dealing ~epa.rately with each well or cluster of wells, there were naturally no well defined estates, and the niai1zalis in 1\Ir. Cock's and the Summary Settlements were merely parcels of land paying rovenne under one denomination, but with no fixed principles for their union. Generally there would be one principal village by which t h1• name of the 111ahal would be distinguished, with subordinate hantlet.:; and outlying wells often at a great distance, and situated within the boundaries of another estate. In parganas Chiniot and Jhang the mawzahs were tolerably regular, and in making the demarcation of boundaries the outlying welia were treated as cha.ks, if their owners desired to continue attached to the parent village. In pargands Kadirpur and Uch the holdings appe:i.red to have no tic in common. l\lany mahals were compose'1 "utirely of portions of lands (wells~) scattered among other estates and having no village site or any head wha~ever. These 'last were all abolished in the revised luulbast, n.nd the estates were formed with reference to village sites only; no outlying cha~ were left except in jag'l.r villages. 'l'he people readily acquiesced in the change, and aur other course would h~ve led to indefinite complications in the preparation of the record of holdmgs and rHsponsibilities, and in the determination of ri~hts in waste land, especially the sailaba · whilo no colloca.tion'of holdings accordin~ to sim.il:i.rity, of caste amo~g a people wholly unac· cu~tomed to act m common, otfored so fair a chance of cementing a umon as that of common interest involved in a com,I>n.ct topogr11ophice.l distribution. "

Briefly, within_ the_ ma!W.l or village, t.he boundaries of which had b~en thus arbitrarily fued, each man in possession of land of wh1c~ he took the produce and paid the revenue was recorded as proprietor. The waste lands were almost invariably recorded

JbBJli District. I

CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE, 79

village common la.nd held on k!tewat shares. But little at~n­~ appears to have been paid to the determination of rights in 1.~n waste. In fact there probably were no rights. In some ~a es the cultivation was measured up alone, and alone num­be~ on the field map. If the peop_le h~d ~nclerstood our. reven~e

tern and if there had bceu any mqmry mto t he proprietorship srthe, disused wells in the waste, there would probably have been ~considerable 'diminution of the area recorded as village common. But the people were dou~tless apat~etic to a d~s-r~e, and any energy evinced was ra.ther directed agamst the acqu1s1t1on of waste land so that unless it had been reserved as Government property ther~ was perhaps nothing to be done except to record the waste ~ villa~e common. The waste lands included in the village boundaries were thus made a present to the khewatdars. Mr. Steedman writes :-

"It would probo.hly ho.ve been best to have retained to Government some such authority in respect to the sinking of new wells as was exercised in the Thal until the last Settlement of Dem Ismail Khan; or if Government wo.s to retire completely, the old families of the di~trict, the founders of tho village, might h:we been given a. preference over the motley crow whoso proprietary rights only dated from the time of the Divan. Some of the Rials mn.na.~rd to regain property of which they had been despoiled by the l:3ikh Kird:irs, but it was not much. Regrets, however, arc now vain, q.nd if mistakes were made, the lapse of 25 years has accustomed ancl familiar ised the people to them, and the thing that is, is accepted as tho thing t ha t is right."

Mr. Stem.Iman thu!! describes the rivcrain custom of the district :.:_

"The boundaries of opposite villages in the intermediate river bed ha.ve been demarcated a.t this Settlement, and the river measured and mapped. The main principles on which the boundn.riei; were fixed wero the.•e. The boundo.rics of the adjacent villages were first mapped according to tho Revenue Survey of 1855 and the R rgular Settlement field maps. Thon on the same map all land thn.t hndt,,since accreted and been occupiP.d o.ncl held by either village o.s proprie;;or was plotted. ~nd once so held wi~!:I allotted to the occupying Yillage. If any land still remained on which it was clea.r t hat nobody had been in posses­si.on, .it was generally divided between the two villages, though if one viii.age had since lo.st Settlement acquired a large slice of the river bed, while the other ha.d lost by diluvion, the major portion of the hitherto unappropriated land might be a.warded to the latter. Although this ~been done, I do not suppose t hat when land actually accretes in places where land has never within memory existed, the present ~i;na.~ca.tion between villages will be accepted without question. d' It~m the village boundary there is one rule for the whole of the istnct. As far o.s I know· there a.re no exceptions. If land held now

~rformerly in proprietary right docretes or has decreted, e.nd subsequently and _accretes on the site of such land, it will be the property of the

Proprietors whose land formerly occupied that site. As to newly ~reted land, in regard to which no old proprietary right ca.n be proved, d v?nture no opinion. Whenever such a ca.se comes up, it must be

ecided Qn its merits, if there is no provjsion for it in the Wajib-uZ..arz." ~esides the ordinary form of mortgage, there . is a kind of

llllllUng mortgage called Lekha MukM, which is separately described

Chapter III, D

VillS;S'!'I com-· mun1tiee a.nd

tenures. . The creation 'of villages a.t the

Regular Settlement.

Riverain custom. Alluvion and

Diluvion.

Mortgagea.

80 CHAP. III.-T,1:IE PEOPLE.

Oha.pter III, D. below. The ordina.rJ mortgage is of the usual usufructuary. kind. The mortgagee pays the ·revenue and takes the propnetary share of the produce. Redemption can only take place on the first day of the months of !lci.1· or ltJagh. The mortg:agor is responsible for the cost of repairs tp a. well, the construction of a new one, if the old one falls in or becomes useless, and t~e mort-

Village com­munities and

tenures. Mortgages.

Le& Mukhl.

gagee has in such ca.;es full l!owers to construe~ o_r repair a. well.1 The G""t o; ht:.~h repairs, &c., is added to the ongmal mortgage. money; and must be paid before redemption can be effected. The. liability of the mortgagor for such charges may appear a.t first somewhat unjust; but when it is remembered that in this district generally land can only be cultivated by the ai~ o~ arti~ci~l irriga-

. tion, and that a useless well means no cultivat10n, it lS not a matter for surprise that the mortgagee should insist upon condi­tions that assure to him the use of the well in good order as well ns that of the land. The mortgagee cannot throw up his mort­gage if the well falls out of work, and so long as the mortgage remains, it is he who will have to pay the assessed revenue. It is only fair, too, that a mortgagee, if the deed allows him to construct a new well, should recover its cost at redemption as the value of an unexhausted improvement. The mortgagor is also liable for expenses attendant on the breaking up of new land by. the mortgagee for purposes of cultivation. The mortgag-or almost invariably receives some foes in kind in recognit10n of his proprietary title; 2 lopJ.s per kliui·u:ar and 1 topa per threshing floor n.re as common fees as any. The mortgagee can cut trees for bona fide repairs to the well, the well buildings, and agricultural implements needed for the cultivation of the well lands. ~ a rule, the original proprietor is left in cultivating possession. Sometimes the mortgage deed expressly reserves to him the right of cultivation. There arc instances of separate sub-mortgages of the right of arranging for the cultivation. In old deeds there is usually no stipulation as to the right to cultivate. In those of modern date the right is either distinctly reserved to the mort­gagor or mortgagee, and if to the former, a stipulation is added that if t.he mortgagor fail to arrange for the cultivation of the. land, the right to do so shall accrue to the mortgagee. · In a. very few instances the mortgagor remains responsible for the payment of the revenue. In recent mortgages it is often conditioned that redemption shall not take place until after a fixed period. In some mortgages the mortgagor is left in possession and pays the revenue, the mortgagee only charging the land with an annual payment in kind of a fixed amount.

Lekha Mu~lii is a running mortgage. The proprietary sha.i;e of the produce is made over to the creditor, who pays the revenue and keeps an account of receipts and disbursements. Lekha MukM conveyances arise in two ways. One is where' the pro­prietor has obtained a loan from the Leklw. Mukhfddr, and ma.Jces ?ver a well or a share in a well to his management. T-he other is where an estate is made over to the- Lekha Mukhiddr not oo much as creditor as agent. The accounts a.te kept in the sam.e manner in either ca.~e. The Lekha MrtkMda~ collects the crops,

Jh&Di District. l

CHAP. III.-TIIE PEOPLE. 81

d credits the proprietor with their value. He debits him with ilie Government revcr.rnc, the costs of repairs, maintenance, &c., in fact with .all workn~g expense~ and charges u~u~l~y defrayed by the proprietor. His fee consists of the m11lia.mh two topas

'per kha1·wu1', and he a lso charges i11tercst if the proprietor gets into his debt. The interest is never less than l 2 per cent. per annum and is gften mnch higher. L cldw .lluUd in the hands of an ~stute Hindi'.t is usually fatal to the zamindar. The Lek/ta Mukldda1· embezzles and peculates ns far as he dares.

In many Yillag()s of this district the proprietors of date palms are not the proprietors of t he soil in which thC)' stand. The origin of this t enure is obscure. In the Dcraj:it the date palms were often the propcrt~· of the S tate as :t separate source of saye1· revonuc. Iu this 1lisl rit:L the d:i ln p:1l111s w1·re s1 ~paraLcly lea.c;ctl, but were apparent ly never co11sid1.:rt'1l Lln.i pn>perty of the f::)tatc. Per.haps the present proprietor~. where t hey arc nut the lords ofthe soil, were originally t he pcrs0ns who co11lractcd for the revenue from year to year, and wu ·c im·cstctl with the rights of property at the Regular Settlement. If old d~c1ls arc to be trusted, private proprietorship in t hese p:i.lms is of considerable age. Whatever its origin, thn fo.<:t rc111:ii11::; that the proprit>tors of the palms arc of°t<'n 110L tlH! pr11pril'l 11 r,; n[ lht• land, :11ul whl'rc the proprietorship iu young trees is in is~uc, the dctcnni11atiou of the rights of the two proprietors is no easy matter.

The figures in the margin show Lhe number of headmen in the Rcvcral tahsils of Lhe <li'ltrict. 'l'hc Yilb.ge

Twil. ] ~~ I headmen succer>d to their office by here-~ ~] clit:i.ry right subject to the approval of the

____

11

_°'_ A Deputy Uommissioncr, each village, or in

I largo villages each main dirision of the

lhnng Cblniot Bhorkot

u m 1 20 HP village, haYi,1g one or more w 10 represent ~ ~6; their clients in their dealings "·ith the

Total 62 [1.113 Government, arc responsible for the collec-. tion of the rc\·ennc, and arc bound to assist m the prevention and clctcction of crime. Chief headmen arc not appointed in this district. The =aildcir is elected by the headmen of the zail or circle, t he boundaries of which are, as far as possible, 80 fixe~ as to correspond with the tribal distribution of the people. The zaildd1·s are remunerated by a deduction of one per cent. upon the land revenue of their circles or villages; while the head~en cohllect a ccss of five per cent. in addition to the revenue for which t ~y are responsible. In the three tahsils of the district the zaildar& also eujoy small inclm.~ or ca..c;h allowances annually which ~ere made~ them a t 8 ettlement. The head-quarters of the zails,

gether with the prevailing tribes in ca.ch, arc shown on the next two pages.

11

Oha.pter III, D.

Village com­munities and

tenures. Leklm Nukhl.

Proprietary right. ill date ~hus.

Ville.go oflioeu,

[Punjab Gazet~~

82 CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE.

Ohapter Ill, D.

V~com- Za.il. muni 'ea and tenures. ~

Prevailing casto or tribe.

..c Village officere. ~

E-c -Rs.

Kot Isa.Shah ... 26 10,481 Ba.loches, Bhon1, Pa.tMne, Khokb&n Dlui1lhls, Awaus, Sayada, JaUU.: Bhutt.-\s, Sipr:\s, Kurcshfs and Ung.

Chhatt."\, Bakhsh:1 ... 15 10, 132 Baloches (Gadls), VinpAla, Dinl1n 1.114 Kureeh!s. ·

Lau ... 11 4,938 Haidahane, Goptlls, KnulBra, Khokb&n, Dhu<lhls, Baloches, Kadis.

SMh .Hwaua ... 24 4,881 Say ads, A kcr:\s, J ha.bano.s, Hindu Aroria Kot Khan ... 14 5,GlO Akcras, Ma.la, Bahars, Si:1la, Sayada uid

Sa.joktls. Sali:\na ... 13 5,772 Si:\ls, Turks, Arorlls, Kureah!annd Chelu. Masson ... 16 5,546 Sials, Aroraa, Kha.trls, B&loches, KaUeana,

Saya.<ls, Khokhare, Saliaua.s, KureaW. a.u<l Brahmans.

Plr Kot Sadhana. ... 10 5,459 Sials, Kureshis, Sa.ya.de, ArorAll, Balocb• and Sha.h:lnas.

Dhidoana ... 28 8,329 Ba.loches, J a.t .lhabllnna, Aror'8, !:11'111

Sali:lnas, Dirajs, Kurcsh!a, Sa.dbll.nu, ll1irjanns, :Maghiana.s, Khich!:l.naa, ud Khokhars.

~ Chund Bharwana ... 13 6,464 Sials, Sayade, Daultana.s, Kureshis, Balli § and Bharwana.s. ..c P!palwala. 17 5,970 Sia ls, Chuchk:lnas, Kauriauas, Lakh· ,, ...

H nanas, and Sayad1. .. Ratta Ma.tta .. . 4,906 Sayads, Jogeras, Bha.ttia, Bharw:!.nas and ..c

~ S:lmbhals. E-< Kot Sultan 5 1,499 Bhattls • ...

Khlwa. ... 9 3,945 Bhochr:l.s, Aror:l.s, Sa.yads, JogerAa, Bhar-w:\nas and S:\mbhals.

Mukhiana. ... 8 4,743 Kh:l.nuanas, Bharwanahs a.nd Saye.de. Pa.kka. Na.ulan ... 13 4,705 Nauls, Dauk:l.s, Patoanu, Nekokl.ral,

8,78( J andr:\nas and S:iyads.

Jhang ... 5 Sil\ls, Sayads, Brahmans, ArorAe, Khatril,

B'.\Sti GMzi SMb ... 15 4,709 Maghianas, Khojas and Haslllinae.

Sit'lls, ArorAe, NekokarA&, Maghianu, Khatria, LakBa.dhara, Vijh\Anaa, Virake,

Dhufo Muhammad. 7 Hirajs and Balochcs.

5,170 Khoj:ls, Aror:l.s, Sials, Diraja, Balocbe1,

Hueli Babada.r Shah 9 Bharwanas and Sayada.

2,309 Sarganas, Gagranas, Sayads, Chad.dban, Kureshls and Aror:\s.

Wasu AsthAna ... 3112,780 Chelas, Aroraa, Baloches, Sayade and Khokhars.

Machh!wal ... 26 8,300 Baloches, Sil\ls, Aroras, Bhurtlna.s, Sayad• and Kuresh!s.

Kot Shakir ... 8 5,995 Baloches, Sials, Khokhars 1md ArorAe. Bela Sha.hr ... 6 3,G35 Akerl\s and Bha.rokas . Mari Shah Sakhii·a 17 5,960 Baloches, Saya.ds and Ckiraha. - - --·

.s Kot S!!lt:\n ... ... 10 2, 178 Bhatt!s.

. 9 NW-pur Plpal ... 19 8,330 Snngras, Chaddhars, Sayade, Bhatt!a aad c :.a Khokhars. · 0 Baran a .. . . .. 8 3,735 Sambhale and Bhattl1. c: Thatti Ba!Araja. ... 7 3,774 Sa.yads, Khatris, Sambha.la a.nd K.harall. .. ..c Lalian ... . .. 7 3,352 Saya<ls aud Lalla . d

E-1 Do. ... . .. 7 G,345 Kalaa, Lllis, Chaddha.rs, Khokbal'I Md Hara.ls.

Jbani District. 1 CHAP. III.-THE PEOPLE, 83

-Zail.

.; "' ., Q

~ sc.i ·> Q; ~

d 0 6 t • c) ~ M

Prevailing caste or ·tribo.

~ z < ~---- --------------·--

Ra.

Lalian ... ... 11 2,8i6 L'\lle, Khatns, Khoj:is and Khokhars. Kharkin ... ... 15 5,658 Hara.ls, Saynds and Khatr!s.

'Ii Kot Amfr Shah ... 22 4,723 Sayntle, N ekokar1111, Nissoana.s, Sipras and u Lo las.

" Kandlwal ... ... 16 4,348 NissoanM, Khatrla and M:l.raths, 3 g Langar llfokhdum ... 14 7,086 Gilot:t.rs, Gonda.ls, Khatrls, R!haoa, u Khojas, Niasoanas and Bhatt!s. I Gadhl'1nwl1li ... 14 6,236 Gilotars, Sarganas, Sayad1, Ha1·als and .. Nckok:lrns. 0

] Tahli Mangini ... 7 7,010 Chaddhnrs, Sayads, Sipr:is and Khatrls. ..c Bhoanab ... 113 14,5i2 Japp:i.s, Chaddhnrs, J<.a.jokas and Sipras. 0 ... c:: Kurk Muhamm:Mii. .. 13 5,460 Kharals, Khntrls, Srtmbhals, Sajjanke, .. Kangars, Khokhnrs and Nitharkes • -: Rajoa ... ... 30 7,308 Sayads, Khntrls, Hara.ls, Khokhars and fo(

S11lAras. Chiniot ... . .. 8 5,327 Kholas, Khatri•, Brahmans, K~!a,

Ne okaras and Sayads. Morlid wala ... ... 22 4,476 Hara.ls, Sipr:ls and Kbatris. Kot Khuda Y:ir ... 20 3,708 Khokhars, Hara.ls, Snyacls and Aroras. Shekh Jlarso ... 0 3,087 G~nrs, Hara.la, Sayads, Asia and

ekokt\rns. -

Kaim Bharwanah ... 7 2,509 Si:\ls and Bharw:\nahs. Sadik Nihang ... 8 6,525 J{t\thias, Aroras, Sials and Balochea. Alah Ynr JUtA ... 12 7,125 J ut!UI, Kureshls, N ekokams anri Baloches. Badb Rajbana ... 8 8,910 Si:\ls, Rajb:1nas, Chaddhars, Kureahis and

Shorkot Sayads.

... 6 6,007 Khatr!a, Patht\ns, Jats and Siills. Kakkikohna ... 11 5,990 Kt\thias, Sials, Kureah!s and Sa.yads.

" Kha.r:\nwala. ... 9 6,625 Ja.nj!t\na.s, Surbana.s and Balo·Jhes. 0 ... Jalalpur ... . .. 12 6,300 Kamlanl\8, Kurcsh!s and T~aggars. .. 0 Da.bka.lan ... 14 7,!">41 Dabs, Sa.y:uls, Si:tls, l{t\thit\s and Hir:lja. ..,

Kum! Sarg:i~~ a.i ... 10 3,829 S.'lrg:\na.s, Chaddhars, Saynda and Neko· c;: kt\ms. ~ Ahma1lpnr ... ... 9 !l,Ofl:l Si:\18, Snya.ls, Ilalochcs and Aroras. · f.. Ranji~ Kot ... ... l:l 10,544 Kurcshia, Si:\ls and Chaddh11rs.

1 Sultan Bahu ... 8 3,926 Aw:\us, Bhidwals, Sa.yads, Knreahia and

!'""'"'''* ... Sials.

18 6,507 SWs anri Ba.lochcs. Hassu Balcl ... 20 9,670 Kurcshis, Baloche1, Sials and Sayads. Uch ... 12 8,26 1 Sayads, Ba.loche1, Aroras and Si:\ls. Ha.weliBahM~rSh~·b 1l 3,998 Kuresh!s, Sials and Sayads.

Table No. XVI shows the number· of tenancy holdings and ~s.s area held under each of the main form·s of tenancy as they of ~n 18~8-'79, while Table No. XXI gives the current rent-rates f various kmds of land as returned in 1881-82. But the accuracy ~both sets of figures is probably doubtful; indeed, it is impossible

state general rent-rates which shall even approximately ~~e!lt the letting value ofland throughout a whole district. The

Sph vailil)g rent-rates, as ascertained at the Settlement of 1880, are

ownat 1 · d area pag_e 86. The figures on the next page show t he cu tivate t of the district distributed between proprietors, middlemen, and ain:ita by hold_ings and area. Similar figures arranged by castes have

re Y been given in Section C of this Chapter (page 60).

Oha.pter III,, D •

Village com· munitiee and

tenures. Village oflicera,

Tenant. and ren\

~pterlll,D.

Village com­munities and

tenures. I.enanis 11nd rent.

C Punjab Ga1etteer '

CHAP. III.-TRE PEOPLE.

d Actua.11. Percen· Numbtt ., Class of culfo·ato1·s • of cu\tiv .. ..d tage •

d ton. ~ -Number of holdings ... ... 15, 71 i ... . ..

..; Tot.al acres cnltil•a.ted ... ... 99,126 100• 14,0M 0 Culti,·a.tcd by proprietors ... . .. 42,560 43• 6,0M ·a

Cnltirnte1l by tcirml<lmlka1·s 2,556 3· 333 :a ... u Cultivated by herediLary tcnnnts ... 2.341 2· 483

Cultivated Ly non·hereditary tenants 51,669 52• 7,182'

---Numher of holclings ... ... 23,042 ... .. . 'l'ot.<il acres cnlti rntc1l ... ... 136,0!Jl 100' 19,836 .,;, Cultinitcrl hy proprietors ... ... 6,2i:l 46' 11,01' "' d Calti.-a.te<l by t111Y1dclr:u.lk<trs ... 3,383 2· 300 "" ..., C11ltiva.tccl by hereditary tenants ... 2,321 2· 44-0 Cultiva.lc1\ loy 11011-h.,rcdit.a.ry tenants 67,li55 oo· 7,tm

I

- --Nnmhcr of hohlings ... ... 11,132 ... .. .

..; 'l'otnl acres cultivntecl ... ... 97,082 100· 11,293 0 Cult~\·a.tcd by pro!'rictors ... 43,0::!3 44· 5,461 .... ... ... Cnltm;.ted hy lrtrnddr1dMrs 1,253 1 · 145 0 ... "" Cnlfo·ntcd hy hereditary tenants 2,418 3· 335 Cl) ...

Cultivated by uon-heredit.ary tenants 50,388 62• 6,352

-- -Numhcr of hoJ.lings ... ... 49,S!ll ... ...

..; Total acres cultivated ... .. . 33'.!,299 100· 45,183

. ::l Cttlti vatecl hy proprietors .. . ... HS,:HG 45' 22,531 .:; Cultil•aterl by taraddCLdl.:drs 7,191 2· 868 "' ...

A C11ltiva.tcd by hereditary tenants ... I 7,080 2· 1,258 Cultivated by non-hereditary tenants 169,712 51' 20,526

More than h::i.lf t.he cnltivated area of the <li'>trict is in. the hands of the tenants-at-will, but it must be remembered that I\

considerable portion of tho area thus shown is cultivated by co-sharers a.s tenant'! of the other proprietors. Iu somerportions or thq district, especially where property is held on ancestral, share:i, a couple of sharers, or even one, cultivate a well in which their share is very small, their shares in other wells being hel'd' by other sharers. The produce of the well so occupied is taken, and the revenue paid by the occnp:mt alone. The ancestral shares are not acted on. The produce of the other wells jointly held is similarly taken, and the r'lvenue paid by the occupant-sha1:.9rs. · Instances also exist where the revenue is paid according to shares, but each sharer takes the produce of the joint property he occupies without reference to the proprietary shares.

Occupt.ncy ten:i.nts, There is hardly anything to note. about occupancy tenan~s beyon~ what ha.c; been written above. 'l'he arc::i, occupied by this class is very small, and except in the villa()'es of the Kalow&l pargana trausfcrred to this district iu 186 L, they pay at much the same rates as tenants-at-will. The right is not much valued, and during the rece1.1t S?ttlement _many occupancy tenants voluntarily abandoned their rights. In the Kalowal ilclka the occupan~Y tena_n_ts generally pay the assessment, plus a malikana. Of this port10u of the district Mr. Ousely writes;-

Jl1aM J)istriot. J

.CHAP. III.-TlIE PEOPLE. 85

11The heavy nssessmen~ of the Sikl.1 times had quite trampled out rietary [igMa, o.nd artizane and village servnnts and proprietors

.~[iop aid the Covernment revenue by no equal rnte levied, generally pkin" on the number of ploughs supplied hy ench man. In these

5P~.s 0£°the district cult;ivators of long stan~ling 'yere recorded as owners ~the land in their occup:mcy, nnd they p:wl Lhe1r revenue at the village ~venue rates. 'lhry bu.cl of course no proprietary title in any of the village la.nds except what wns in their nctunl possession as cultivators."

The proprietors of the district cannot be congratulated on their tenants-at-will. 'fhos11 of C.hiniot arc best off; though even there it is no ensy matter to obtam tenants for U~h and Bir wells. It is never difficult to obtain tenants for the easily cultivated aailab lands and the wcllc; of the llithf.r. There is, in fact, a competition for these . h11<l~ i11 some por~ io~s of the district. But in the D:tr, and <1spccially 111 the J(achl11 Cll'cks, the tenants arc a poor unsettled cla!5s, with an indifferent reputation for industry. In the Kachhi this has been the normal condition of t enants for many years. Mr. Monckton wrote of them :-

"The non-hC'redit:iry culti vntors nro in no way o.ttnched to tho soil; on the contrary, they n.re continually on the move, either from the well cultivation Lo t.ho sa ih\b, 01· from bad to fertile soils. E·rnn proprietors ofLen quiL lhrir rsl:itcs to jnin Lhcir lJrotherhoocls in the Khangn.rh district to t:ikc to tho ensicr cul ti rnt,ion ncnr canals; or else they mo1·c off t;o Lhe K.nchch:i. of the Leiah district in sen.sons when the Indus may hnvo fertilised l>y its deposit n. tract larger tlia.n ordino.ry. Even the owners show l>ut liLLlo o.tLachment to their properties."

This is exactly what is still going on. Before the excellent rains 0£1878, the Kachhi had been almost deserted by tenants-at-will, n.nd the tract had seriously deteriomtcd. Many wells had fallen t:mt. of work, and. many villages had becu given large reductions in assess.: ment. Smee, the Kachhi h:u1 roMvr>rod in the 111ost wonderful way, i.s still improving, and the tenants arc coming back. But let -another series of bad years come, and they will fly off in scores to the canals of M..uzaffar~ai·h, the sailc'i.ba of the Indus, and the labour mar~et of Mooltan. 'Ihe tenant in the Bar tract is less migratory, but m seasons of scarcity he too deserts for t..he saildh of the Rav~ and the .Mooltan canals. Almost all these tenants are in receipt o~ talcavi advances, and the position of a landlord of assessed land cultivated by such restless persons is not to be envied.

In the upland villages a landlord, when he entertains a. new tenant, almost always gives him an advance of money, or bullocks and seed to enable him to commence cultivating. These advances ~re known as taf..:U.~i. The moi:iey advances recorded at t~e. r ecent

ehttlei;ient are given below, with the number of holdings and ot er information :--

Number of I JAnd held by tenants. TabaU. Taknd

Uoldinga. Tenants. advance. Cultiva· Fallow. Unculti· Total. - ted. vatt d. Chlnlot --------------Jbaog .. ., 3Gl 4161 15,370 2,'i8.S 480 869 4,134

Shotkot . , .. 2,911 1,998 60,067 13,009 S,834 11 ,467 ~8,810 .. .. 1,210 ~_!ti,~29 12,449 4,891 15,441 S~,781

Dbttlct .. -- .. 8,1182 S,900 I l,ll,806 28,H3 9,205 27, 777 os,n6

Ohapter III, ~·

Vill&ffe o.om­munitiee and

tenures.

Tenanta·at·will.

Takdvi 1dvance1.

Ohapter III, D.

Village com­munities a.nd

tenures. Tahtlli Mlvances.

Rent rates.

[Punjab Gazetteer I

8G !::HAP. III.-THE PEOPLE.

The amount of taMvi here shown does not include any advances except of money. The landlord's theory with regard«> these advances is that the tenant cannot leave his service until they are r.epaid. As a matter of fact, tenants very often do· not pay, and leave on the slightest provocation. A bad season, the loss of bullocks, better terms offered by another landlord, are each a sufficient inducement to them to leave their old masters. If a tenant does leave, the proprietor has no remedy. It is not worth while suing him for the amount due, that would be simply sending good money after bad debts. What with the capital expended on wells, the money advanced in taktivi, and the inferior quality of the tenantry, the cultivation of their lands is, for landlords of. upland villages in this district, a most expensive undertaking. or the area cultivated by tena11ts-at-will nearly one-half is held by Jats, one-sixth by Kamin8, one-eighth by Si6.ls, and one-sixteenth by miscellaneous Muhammadans. 'l'he large proportion held by Kamins speaks volumes for the character of such cultivation.

It remains to notice the shares upon which the prodn,,c of the land is divided between the proprietor and the tenant. The state· ment below will indicate how remarkably high the rent rate in this district is. The figures arc taken from the Assessment Reports of the recent Settlement:-

Area held by leNU>b Average rent Total area held on t>"Ying hoU·prod11c< rnte of the T1hsil. kind ronte. with percentage ou Tah1il. total :\rea. ----Cblniot .. Gl,827 SS,056

53 ''3

Jhang .. 06,404 iG,5111 ,9

·47

Shorkot .. 57,iOI 53,831 •49 9S

District .. 21G,022 163,493 •46

More detailed figures arc given in the table on the opposite page

Probably there is not a district in the province where the rate of ba._tai is so high. On sailab lands the rate is invariably one-half. On the better class of sailab lands in the Jhang tahsil it is even customary' to exact a small fee from - the incoming tenant for permission to cul ti vatc, and it is a well-known fact that throughout the district there is never any difficulty in procurin~ tenants for fairly good sailub lands. On saildb lands half batai does really mean half the produce after defraying the necessary kamiana, &c., charges. On well lands half-produce rents are nominal. With few exceptions one-third is the share of the pro­duce taken by the landlord of clifoa, kangni, mandua, melons and tobacco. It is not customary for the three first-named crops to be grown together on the same well, but one or other is almost invariably cultivated. Melons, except near towns belong entirely to the cultivator. Practically the tenant can cut' as much green ytheat and joi:ia~ to f~ed. the well bullocks as is necessary. The~e is r~ally no limit. Similarly the whole of the turnip crop is his. It is o~ly where the cr?p or roots are sold that the proprietor takes his share ; otherwise all that he takes is ai maria or two of

Clas8ijied al>atract o/ Tenanta' Ifoldings in tlte several Tahs-Cls, prepared at t!te Settlement of 1880.

1 I 2 .I 3 I 4 I 5 I 6 I 7 ( 8 .1 9 ~ 10 I 11 l 12 l 13 I 14 I 15 \ 16 I 17 I 18 \ 19 \ 20

..... rd ] !-10DB oir PAYM:R~T o:r RE~T 'FOU:SD TO EXIST. Tenant• with rights

ofoccupa11cy.

T~nants with· out rights of occupaney.

- = .. B :.;;: ii ~~~~~,--~~-..,.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.:! .:! ] In cash. ~ en c.o oi in

In kind.

~ .s:::J -...,.;,, <:.> . ·;::. ~ ~ a '.ll .3 ~ Share of grain taken by proprietors, after ~ 2. ~ 2 ~ ~ ::! .; ... deduction of Kamln'& fees. c . . ~ !? ..... +> ~ Q = ..:: . £o a "g ~ ;j 0 £ ~ ~~ a~ I . ~ !i ~ m :.;; § g ~ ... ~ ~ ~ :g ~- E l x ~ • ~

....., +> ~ - ,:,) ;.. 0:::: ci (t ~ o § .s § ·= -. -. .s...: <:.> • ~ .. o a 1 ' 1 ... ! _-.o,·t. ! e ~ :: «n '"' °' ~ ~ § ~ :X: ~ d ~ 0 T1' I' de- s.. c:: o; ~ ..:: -;;: ,g _g ~ s... :: - .8 o mand ~

Zd d • o ~ _Q o o Q,)d """' 0 .,s;l. ..s""""" I ~ u ~ u i:i:; E-; E-; ~ <: <: ..... 0

~ Heidi·~ 25l ~ 12i 9,053!· 3i8 9,458 ~ 126 252 -} ( 5,0i5·~ ~ lool 3,561 2SI -g;--8

·- I 19 I I I ~ ~--·_.. 1,155 3,262 1,029 53,565\ 2,134 ~,621 59·4 ~ 1,5231-~1 33,056 l,2~I~~ u1 ~1,5~ ~~ -4~ ~ el> Holdings ... 51 1,036 . 9 15,816 60 16,852 ... 6 52 '\ { 14,6271 95: 368 llil 1,2i6,. ·13i 27 204 § I ~Hi I I ~--Area. __ .. _· 155 7,iOO ~ 88,70-l ~ 96,404 ~--= 155_J __ 76,516 ~~i 2,0~ ~~ 12,S~~~~-1~ . 2,044

;... · 1 Holdmgs ... I 4 416 ... 6,228 4 6,644\ ... ... •! '\ { 6,265 1061 ... 48 42 115 58 10 0 ~ I~ 17 ~.-: Area ... 11 4,219 ... 53,5i2 11 57,i91 55·i ... 11 J 53,831 1,412

1

... 623 408 8i7 538 102

~~~~l.~~31 , lOOill~%&-.. -.---1~-~-}-{~'~-~-~,~~~~1~ .!2 -~ I . I I 17 I I A!: Area ... 1,32115, 18 1 1,063 2,00,841 2,384 2, 16,022 ... 690 1,689, 1,63,403 3,145; 3,450 2,231 34,851 5,570 1,185 2,189

a~ ~ ~~gs ~ ~ t:S~l~ ;i ~ li)'a> .., :: CDO>O ,._. !!" !""' 0 :::

::i a -&lo• p

C".l t:l > :-;i

::: .... ., ~ t'1

"ti l:'1 0 "ti t"-< ~

CX> -.:i

I i ~

[ Punjab Gazetteer I

88 CHAP. IIl.-TBE PEOPLE.

Ohapter III, D. green when.t and a bundle or two . of turnips.. Both cMna and turnips are consequently very favounte crops with the tenant-at. will, and he half lirns on tu~ips durii:ig the cold weather. On inferior wells, where the water is very distant or the soil not good, the tenant contrives under various pretences to extort othe allowances. He insists upon one or two marltis being a.Bowed hirn

Village com· munities and

tenures. Rent rates.

for his spiritual adviser (pfr), ::m<l the s:une amount for hii d~ughtcr's children, who are supposed to h:i-ve certain claims upon him. On some wells the tenant gets one-eighth of the proprietor's half share, called atlt09. The word atlwg is now-a-days ofte used to mean allowances of this nature, though more or less than one-eighth. On others, instead of the atlwg, a !.:anal of th! standing crop is allowed. The tenant tn,kcs care that this kandl is the very best on the well. Jowch· and barley arc specially liabli to the pilfering attacks of the tenants. By the time jowlir riperu

.. the tenant's stock of ~rain is exhausted, and he commences fo - pluck the cars and scorch and cat the grain a.5 soon as it is ready.

The stalks arc chewed as a kind of inferior sugarcane. When the j jowar ripens antl the grain is <li\'idcd on the threshing floor, the tenant, by thref!.tS a11<l entreaties, generally manages to cajole or swindle the proprietor out of his rightful share. The same course takos place in reforence to barley. The tenant begins to pluck the cars long beforo he thinks of dividing the produce. The women wa.lk through the fields and pinch off the ripest cars. The earliest and latest cotton-pickings belong to the tenant. If he reaps the d1c::tt, he is paid the regular rc~pcr's wage, contrary to the gcr;er:il custom in the Prorince. There are only two portions of lite district where the prevailing rent rate is other than one-half the produce. In the Halkiwah circle in Chiuiot and in the Utar Vichanh circle of Jhang, the preYailing r:tl<~ is one-third. In the lfalkiwah the comparative lowness of the rent-rate is due to the cultivatio~ of the mo~·c profitable crops of sugarcn.nc n.n<l Indian com, that Tequirc more labour on the cultivator's part. In the Utir Vichanh it is <luc to the inferior quality of the soil and the difficulty with which cultivators arc induced to take up tenancies on the wells. Ta/.:avi is just as common in the Utar Vichanh as elsewhere.

Lllndlord'e right \o bhu,a.

There is a considerable amount of ferment in the Jhang tahsfl where Kil:ar landlords arc more common than cbewht;re, regarding the qt1estion of dividing bl11is11. Of course il1 the case of a tcnant­at-will the matter is one of agreement pure and simple. lf ~e landlord wants a share of the blulsa aud the t enant refuses to give it, the landlord can eject, and if the converse is the case, the tenan\ can give notice. The importance of the questior. lies in its relation to taalukddir proprietors and hereditary tenants. On sailab and well lands, before the recent Settlement commenced no fixed ·share o~ w~eat bhusa was ever ta.ken by any landlord throughout the d1stnct. If any exceptions existed ( n.s they do to most rulesi they_ wer_c to be found in the Jhang tahsil, and there were probably special cucumstances ( e.g., very good soil and a grasping landlord &c. ) that explained each instance. All t.hat the landlord took was two or three large bundles ( i?'ang(m ) per holding, if he wanted

JbanB' District. J cmAP. III.-TITE PEOPLE. 8!)

th These loads of "1o'tu1 wcrc taken at various times not e~ily at harvest. The cll'mau<l was limited by the wants ~f the

~=dlord. If he hacl mo11gh l1fu'1.~a. of his own, he probably took nothing from his tenant. 011 soilcrl> lands th.e landlord generally took bldr...1a, but rarely on ~n·ll:-1. It was left w1Lh the tcuant on the tacit understantli11g that iL was lo bc cons11mccl on the well. It is mo:-c to the la11dlonl's inLl'l'l'HL that the \r, 11 bullocks should be well fod anrl strong. amt that his tc11ant sl!o11ld be kept i11 a good humour, than that he should han• Hl'\'cll or eig ht more mamuls of fodder in his Miha stock. It iH a 0nmlit.ion of most annnal leases in England that no straw is to he ::;old oil' the farm. Jlis.~a Musa, i. c., t hat of iml.1/t, 111.1t11!/ :u1d 1110/h, is g1•11l'rally divid .. <l. Mauy inst.a11c0s will be foun1l whcn? LIH' la111 ll1ml IH'\ t·r has t :tkl'11 hi::; share of this blu'mi; but at the same tinll' the lalllllonl's right Lo t•tr,c a share has uever been really clispuLctl, at any rnt1• so far as concerns Lhe general practice aurl feel iug oft he cli;;t rid. .,Jfi.w1 /,/11/sa is c·xceptio1~ally good fo<lder, and hor:-;es urc \'cry fo1ul of it. Uence horsc-brceclmg land­lo~s usually took t hn s:rnw share of the Malsa as they did of the gram.

Home farm cnlt irnt ion is h'rnw<l ha:lmldl1, and a farm labourer lurtl11·iidlii, n)fi"!.·, or l.-1)11111. The /ir/il11)l11 tenant is no~ a farm labourer. A licM11l)11 tc•tiant iH pnn idl'cl with a pair of bullocks by the proprietor, nm! takes hnlf nf the l1'nant's share of the produce allotted to his yok1• tlw ot hl·r ha! r being taken by t he proprietor of the bullocks. ~1·11w1irn1·s lite /i1'1d11l't11 finds half the seed, but ~ore gl~nerally he f.,i \'l's not hi11g lrnL his labour. A farm labourer is kept m clothes nnd sh1)CS am! tobacco. llc gets a blanket in the cold weather. 11 is ordi11arv dot hl'S allowance is I loin cloth (111njlila), 1 cltadclai· (111/11), and I ll~rhan (J>a:i). As to food, if Lhe man is a b~hclor, he gets his two nwals a clay, if manied, he is allowed 4 pai of wheat or;; 111li of 111ixNl grain,-l'!i11111, barley, gram, and wheat per mo11lh. A 1:1nn bhrnm'I' j:;; ;i lso paid ueYcr l1•ss than 8 annas rash n mo11th , of't.P11 12 nn11:1c; or l'\'<'11 more. He gets n.s much ~1Jb:t<'co :t<; h1· lik··"· Thi• propri<·t•>l''s lmrbC'r trims his hai r, ~~d l~rn cloth1·s an· w.1slwd by I he• propri<'tor's dlwl1i . . These

ilma.1 arc m~ lronhlcsnmc :u11l nn11nhll• as mnch nbout Lhc1r fooJ ~· . 1 ~ . men Ill t le house'" 011 au E1wlish farrn. l\ ec•11in rr farm servants lS vcn· · .-, t> l I d ·J expcn_s1vc <luring yt•ars or di:;;lrcss or high prices, anc it iey

0 not . at all .sympathise with the proprietor's endeavours to ecohnomise by suh;,tituti110' cli'wa and other flour for that of II' cat B · · . .., · d th . · ut it is not customary lo employ lured ficld-la.bonrers, an anJ. ~re very few i11 1m1nhcr, prohahly not more than one or one­wh a ialf. per cent oft lw populatiou. Tlwr are g1' nerally non-Jn.ts

0 praciJcc i 1· I · · · · · ] ' · I · A the . 1 o era t, >lit. gd their ln111g cu tire y rn t us wny. s oft~ ~s usua.lly a c'onsiclvrablc rlvnwnd for labour, there is no fear they e~ stan111g if tlll'y wil I work; an cl so long as they arc in emplo.y ." · 're wc:lt off. D11t the nature of their W:JO'es prerents their .... vmg anytl . 'T o r d than ti nng. !1ey liYc bctLer, thn.L is, Lhcy have better 100 ,

tcnan~: 110?rcr ag:1ctiltmists who cultirntc their own lan~l, or the witho tat-will pnying lmtc'1i. They arc gci1crally unmam?d, and crnpl

11. encumbrances. Some further particulars regarding the

O)incut and pay of agriculLural labourers will be found in 12

Chapter III, D.

Village com­munities and

tenures. Lauulord's right to

/,/1~a.

Agl'icultural labour­ers and l ichl11Hn

tenants.

Chapter III, D.

Village com­munities and

tenures.

{Punjab Gazetteer I

90 CHAP. III.-TIIE PEOPLE.

Chapter IV, page 120, wher~ ~he divis~on of crop~ is treated ot The wages of labour preva1lmg at different penods are shown in Table No. XX VII, but the figures refer to the labour market o! towns rather than to that of villages. ·

Kamf113' /ee3. The K am'ins proper, vadde Kam'zn as they arc callecl, arc the potter, the carpenter, the blacksrnith, and the barber. The mot/ii and the dlwbi arc not included, as they arc not always paid out o! the grain heap. The fees of the Kam111.s proper arc usually partly fixed per well and p11rtly proportionate to the well produce. A common mode of payment is one sheaf (puli) + 1 bundle (_gOllda) + 2 topZis per kl1m·'l.1ll.I'. A 1n't.l'i 7ontains about 8 .topa~ (15 se~~) of grain, and a gadda is half the size. The barber is paid less than the other three. His n,llowancc is often docked of the gadda. The carpenter generally obtains an additionn.l fee of from 3 to 6 topiu per well on account of the sticks, (cirei~c'm) on which each well pot is strurig, that he has to furnish. The Clw!tra is another important H mn1n, but his foes are lumped as a winnowing fee (ltak clilwjjt), and he is not included in the vadde lf.rim'ii.111, Kam'ins proper. There are also a number of miscellaneous fees. The wcighm:m (dltanca1) gets from 2 topc't.s per kliai·w<'ir to 1ialf a to pa. Two topiis are the usual foe. 'l'he wakhman's (11111/wss'il) foe is not universal. The tenant" supposed to be responsible for watch and ward, but the proprietor often finds it profitable to have his own watchman, and if he" appointed, his pay is defrayed from the joint heap. The fee varies from 2 Iopa.~ to 4 topas per klw.1·1i·c't1-. If 4 topas, the fee becomes proprietary in character, for the landlord takes it and pays the muhassil what he thinks fit. Bh.am or kin1.1Ja (caniage foe)" another perquisite of the landlord. I t represents the cost of delivering tl~c grain at the landlord's house. Two top<'is per ldw1·wa1· is the average rate, but both more and less is takon. With regard to both these last fees it should be noted that they depend on the reiations subsisting between the tenant and the landlord. If the soil is good and the landlord liberal (there are l:i.ndlords and landlords), the tenant does not object to his showing off by taking a heavy carriage and watchman's fee, but if the landlord is ~ard and the well not a very good one, both fees ~~l be absent. The tcuant often refuses to cultivate if a mulwssil IS

appointed. The landlord has to gave way, and so indirectly rc~ognises the. riglt_!. of the tc11aut to pilfer on a ba<l well. The pncst, (11wlla) m cha~·gc of the \illagc mosque (ma.~j'id), the boatman (m~lla/i), the well-smkcr (tobah), the herdsman (cfdtmJ,), arc a!Sll pa~d, small. f~cs from the grain hca~. More rare! y the villa.g? baro (ptral!'i, rml'asz), the drummer (naga1'Clti), the baker (11ulch/u), the propnetors agent (naukar), get fe~. The religious and charitable

Religions and chnri· foes arc composed of the msill m'Wc'ih'i, usually I topa per kliarwdr table fees, t~ken by the lJlullo!t, w~10 looks after the spiritual welfare of ~be

village. A small fee is often allowed in addition fbr the mrun· tenances ~f the mosque. Almost invariably a payment, small in amouat, is . allowed for the support of the most favourite or nearest shrme. In some villages the allowances to shrines arc considerable.

Jh&na' District. J

CHAP. III.-TIIE PEOPLE. 91

The allowances noted abo"c. arc those paid at the wheat t The Kamlns get very httlc at the kltar>if The kltanf

barves ~ a well consists of cotton, jowc't1·, and c!tlna. If the grain crop

0are harvested and give a fair outturn, the Kamh1s proper arc

crops · · l b · n a. Tittle. There arc ccrtam nomma rates, ut as a matter of ra;:, the kt1m·V kmniana ~nymcn~s depend _entirely_ on the outturn. If the joto<t1' ancl clnna fail, or yield but httlc gram, the Kam?,nq

t no grain, but are allowed a little co~to?- instead. The mlr1 is & far the most important harvest, and it lS the wheat crop that bas to defray the kamia1ui charges.

Chapter III, D.

Village com­munities a.nd

tenures, Kamflis' nnd other

cha.rgce a.t the kharlf.

The kamiana expenses on wells in this district are 0xceeclingly The incidence of tho h vy It must be remrrubcrccl that the maintenance of the kamMna chargee on ea · 1 k I · to 11 · 1 1 · I a. well, well-gear and woot -wor , t 10 repaus · a agncu turQ. im.P cmcnts,

the supply of well po~'. thatch in:{ charg('s, _and h?1_ise repairs, arc all included in the kamiana. Besides thell" · lcg1t11natc work, the Kamtns have to make themselves uscfut in a multitude of ways. They plough if wanted, run errands, can-y messages, cut wood and draw water. They arc highly prized, and arc well treated. I t is a common saying among the people, that it is better for a lambardar to be congratulated on the fact that a fresh Kamin has settled in his villa11e, than that a son ha." been born to him. Any ]{ am>in settling lD a new village would be given a house at once by the lambardar, or if there wns not one available, a new one would be a~ once made, the lambard:i.r supplying the wood and materials. Village servants they arc, and occasioually have to endure rough treatment and hardships, but they arc a far too valuable clement in the vi~lage community for the lambardar or proprietors to o~press the~ m any extraordinary manner. They also get, in addition to gram fees, bundles of fodder from the wells in season. Most of th;m keep a cow or a small flock of sheep and goats. I t is a llllStake to suppose, as is often don<', th::i.t they arc a miserable, down-trodden, poverty-stricken set of men.*

~he last two lines of Table No. XXXIV of the Revenue Petty village A®!mistration Report show that there are no persons holding grauteca. : 1bece grants from the village held free of revenueµ But even if

the case, this is by no means the only form which these fa:0!.s 8b5ume. Sometime the land is leased to the grantee at a ~vou~ le rent, or on condition of payment of revenue only; ov:etlllles ~he owner cultivates and pays the revenue, making whiJ a port~on or even the whole of the produce to the grantee; th ~ occas1o~ally the grant consists of the rights of property in filb~li:n1i, which, subject to the usual incidents, such as respon­certaj~ or r~venuc and the like, vest in the person performing perfonnsspecificd services at such time and for so long as he attenda them. These grants are most commonly made to duties ~tsht temples, mosques! shrines, so long as th~y perform the -. t e post, and for mamtenancc of monasten cs, holy men,

•A a river r!d~dix 8 to Mr. Steeclman's Settlement Report shows the kamia11a fees in of lbc gtoss 11 upland village in Shorkot. They nmount to 23-2 a.11d 20·0 per cent,

produce respectively.

Oha.pter III, D.

Village com­munities and

tenures. Poverty or wealth of

the proprietors.

r Punjab Gazetteer '

92 CIIAP. lll.-TIIE0

PEOPLE.

teachers at religious schools, and the like. The foes paid for these purposes have been noticed above, together with Ka111in'a dues, at pages 90 aml 91.

Table No. XX.XII girns stat isl ics of sales an<l mortgages of land, Tables Nos. XXXIII anJ XXX.llIA show the operations of the Registration Department; nml Tnblu No. XXXIX the extent of ciril litigation. But the st:ttiscics of transfers of land arc exceedingly imperfect; the prices <1uotcu nre very generally fictitious; and any figures which wl' poss0ss afford h11t little real indication of the ccu11omical p1lsiliuu of the landholdl'rs of the district. The Rubjcct i;; disc11s~l'cl aL sonic length at pages 493Jf of the Famine lk pnrt of 187U, where actual figmcs arc g iven for instances scll'cLe<l as typical. In forwarding those figures, the $pttlcmcut Officer wrote as follows :-

"I believe that from ,10 to f;Q per cent. of owners antl. GO to 70 per cent. of teuauts-:i.t-will arc in dcLt. Tl.wrc arc very few occupmcy tc11auti in this district. I am of opi11io11 th:i.t i11 the cnsc of owners their o.vcragc indebtedness is nbont 25 per ce11t. of their i11comc, nud in tbe cas~ of tenants 50 per cent. Owner's debts nrc 11sunlly due to impro­vident expenditure on m:irringes and funerals, or· to failures of lmrvcst What keeps the debt from being paid off is the ruinous rntc of interest charged. Au ordinary zaruiud{~r always, or almost ahrnys, lhcs up to his income. A hnn-est fails, and he has to borrow moucy to support l1imsclf and pay the revenue. The important harvest in this <listnct is thorabi. Iflhc rabi is a failure, the proprietor will not be able to pay off any, or only very little, of the debt until the followiug rabl. Meanwhile the debt has increased by one qua.rtcr, at 25 per cent. per nnnum interest. T!Jisis how the zamiudir gets into dcLt, and hardly C\'Cr gets out of it. Anotho:r fruitful eM1sc of debt is the expenditure attcnda11t on n civil case. Another, the paymcm, of fine3 imposed in criminal cases. 'l'ho pcoplo of this district nrc llvtorious cnttlc thieves. Hospitality and charity ruin a few. It is iu.~tructivc to consider the indebtedness of the differcn~ tribes. There is only one Sayad in the whole district who is out of debt. The Sials in the Shorkot tahsil arc acncmlly in <lcbt; in Jhang many Sials arc well-to-do, prosperous ngric~lturists, and the proportion of tl_1c tribe that is involvcll in debt is comparatively smo.11. Hin~u cultivators are seldom in debt. J ats o.rc, as a. class, not very much m ~ebt. :Most will be slightly in debt, but the amount will be small. .n lS a. common practice here for a zamindar to mort<rngc his well and build another with tho money. Tenants-at-will nrc, as

0 a rule, only indebted

to the nmount of takaz:i, or admnce which they receive from the landlo~. In ~act, no bania would lend them nnything, for they can give no secunty for it. The only property worth attachment is their share of the produce, o.n~ this is an uncertain and fluctuating quantity. At times persons of ~h1scla~ o.rc put to great straits for their livelihood, for if the h11rvcst is ?' failure, thcr h:wc nothing to foll back upon. J'akUvi advance.s which they obtam from the landlord, vary in nmount from Rs .. 10 to Rs. 75, and the tenant is supposed not to leave until ho has repa1d the adYan~e ; bu~ he of~en does leave without repaying. The instance.s of agncultunsts, which I submit in tabular form, are few; but I ?o.d great difficulty in obtaining these few. The first is a good mstanc~ of a small .(froprietor cultivating hill own land. The second is a n mstance of a prosperous zamindar cultivating a first class well. The third is an instance of a well-to-do tenant,. and the fourth of

Jh&Di District.] CHAP. III.-TIIE PEOPLE. 98

. Poverished tenant-at-will. It is hardly possible to show in the antimlllent to what extent a poor culLiva.tor supports himself on turnips stall . II l D . ' ciITTots n.nd various hcrhs en cc sag. uring the hot weather the fruit of the ber tree and t~1e z~U1i busl~ !urge!.>'. s11ppleme~t his <la.ily food. In some portions of the district he lives. clue fly on nulk. As a. rule, wiants-a.t-will livo n hand-to-mouth ex1strncc; the produce of one harvest barely enabling them to subsist until the 11ext."

The statement below gives stati~tics collccteu n.t thr recent Settlement r_cgardinf( tl~c extent to which transfers of ln.n<l have taken place Ill the <l1stnct :-

Dllaiu. . Atta. btri.tlflll't.

~ Cera. Cnlli· Cncultl· Per n1pco Tr.ms- I I l

1

ricc. J:unn. i Period. vated. v~tcd. , Tobi. Per ncrc. of J•nio.

~ Defore 185-0 --.. - --.-. -,--.. - --!!-;:- ns. IL•. .' . '.'. IL•. ~r: B Slnoo ., .. 128 I,G:l2 I ~ti l I 3,493 3:1,518 Ull2 II 5 O 39 13

1

5

ii lle!ore18"G RW J~,71'(1 -:~:7 ~1.i1: 1,01,i1r. ~--;~]--~ ~j~ ~ Since .. .. 1,ltiS l0,:171 12,SUJ 2::,177 :1,00.~;1, 7,!1:1:1 12 1~1 "i ~7 13 7

--- -------- _______ l_

l &roro 1856 .. .. .. •• .. .. ..I.. .. 1 .. 1 .. ~__: 6,2~~~-13,617 l,1~,171 ~__:_~~ _:_J~

l 8&!ore 185-0 82!1 1~,;gn 17.'o27 :l1,3J:I J,Ol,34r. 11,Sf.l 3 5 41 8 1219

i5 mcc ., .. 1,026 Ii,~;!,', 23,082 10,317 4,SS,027 1:1,0lO 12 2 0 ST 710

MonTO•OES. •

D<t<liu. Artu. fncidtncc.

~ Tmns- l'rico. Jnmn.

~ Period. !era. Cult!· Unculll· rcr t11JICC

~ Vl\tcu. mLc<l. Total Per ncrc. of Jaiu:i.

-,j ----------------0 Its. Rs. 11•. A p lt.. A l'

" Be!om 1856 2.s; GI 7 6 Binoe u .. 2,3H 2,1or. 5,0.'.)2 44,7r,:t l ,R% 8 13 9 !I

388 4,S:,O 4,4114 8,844 71, i!ll u,:ua 8 110 22

3i3 - - ---------------s ~I~ c Be!oro IBSG .

• 2,482 21,r,w 24,nl 3 52,·i.12 2,li:J,7i0 2~,S-18 6 0 r, l1 ~ Since u • . ~ 2.~ss 16,b.s:.? 16,H3 a:t,3:!.J 4,57,2!1!) l:!,GH.i 13 II 6 3ti

J~ -.s -,-. --- ------0

~ lldore 1856 0 030 4,04!; 5,PSl 10,020 1,02S p 4 I 23 0 8 ~ Since " . . £12,804 " 958 7,4a2 8)02:.t lti,4i5 2,0S,72G G,532 13 7 10 31 15 s --. 11"· ~I---- -.-,----,-

2P,iil I r.115 1 13 ' · 8 ~ Since 0 lSOG 3,ar.n 33, 921 :J;l,.'"t!'lfl 07 ,520 401,~2R Q--- " · · 3,U:Jl 28,6S4 28,Uti() ::,i,644 7,3i,f37 22,4!~J 12 112 Ill ~2 121 7

r~ma~t theh? figures '1fr. Steedman makes·the following instructive s, w ich describe the <l<'grce of indebtedness of the Jbang

Chapter III, D.

Village com­munities and

tenures. Poverty or wealth of

the proprietors.

Transfers of land : their origin, and the lesson they

teach .

[Punjab Gazetteer,

94 CIIAP IIl.-TIIE PEOPLE.

Oha.pter III, D. landowners, and the reasons which, in Mr. StccJman's opinion, have causc<l that inclcbtcJncss :-

Village com­munities and

tenures. Transfers of land :

their origin, and the fosson they teach.

"According to t he figures of the sale sto.tement, the price land ho.s been fetching on the average during the l~t twenty years is about 38 yen.rs' purchase of the rent taken by. Government. The two statements convey two pieces of information: 1st, the extent to which hind has changed ha.11cls, nnd is encumlicrccl ; 2nd, what a purchaser or mortgagee has given for the privilege of taking the proprietary shnro of the produce and paying one rupee of the Government demand. From these facts conclusions can lie drawn as to the pressure of the Government demand. lt is easy to grn.sp the fact that so runny acres of land assessed at so much revenne have been transferred, and to infer that the owners of the lnnd must have been compelled through want of ca.sh to consent to the transfer. ·whether the pecuniary difficulties that gave rise to the transfer were the result of the land nssessmcnt or not, is quite a different matter. If it were a generally true proposition that the indebtedness of agricultuml classes is due to the pressure of the Ja.nd revenue, one would expect to find the most transfers aud the heaviest encumbrances in villages where the demand is highest, and the i;mallest number in good villages assPsscd lightly. Ilut, as u. matter of fact, when one descends into details, experience teaches that good villages lightly asscssc·d are most burdened with ddit. 'Ve have not to go far for the reason : 7~'\minch\rs are thievish, gencrnlly quarrelsome, and al ways litigious. '!.'lie jama is light aml the land is good. The hankers are only too willing to lend money on such excellent security. 'l'heir morals are not shoc:ced, whether the creditor spends it in paying tines imposed by a magistrate, or defraying the costs of a civil suit, or squanders it in debauchery. They know the lnnd is fertile, and that the revenue clues chargeable to the proprietary share arc light. It may lie objected that it is unfair to ge11emlise from a few instances furnished by individual villn.ges. Let us therefore take the different circles as units. Here again it will be at once discovered t11at the richest circles furnish t ho most mortgages. Yet it may be said that the best lands are the most heavily assessed. Undoubtedly, but the surplus produce after payment of the Janel revenue is always much larger than in the case of poor villages. The extra. few annas an acre that are imposed on good villages, ns compared with poorer villages in the same circles, do not nearly represent the difference in the returns from the two classes of villages. It is so both in theory and in practice. The Government assessment being equal, as I estimate, to l.-th share of the produce, then where the assessment is high the amount of the remaining l.- will be greater than where it is low. I have already noted the tendency of modern assessments to let off good villages too lightly nnd tax ba<\ones too heavily. ·why the demand for mol'tga.,es of the best lands should be most e!fcctive, is clear enough; but why ':ihould the pro­prietors of these lands be obliged to mortgage their property 1 How is the necessity brought about 1 What often docs take pince is this. 'Vhcn the owner of a good well or a fat piece of sciilitb deals with a. bnni~h. who !s ~nxious ~ hold some la.nd in mortgage, he finds that his credit is unlimited. It is a cuse of spending ma.de easy. · He can ha.ve whatever he wants whenever he wishes. All that he is troubled with is his signature or assent to the usual six monthly statement of accounts, and at harvest time he will make a few payments to the banial~ in grain. This goes oi; for 4 or 5 years, or often longer. Then tho demeanour of the crechtor changes. Ile insists upon a registered bond

Jha.ng District. l CIIAP. III.-TIIE PEOPLE. 95

for the amount cluo or n. m~rtgn.ge. The debtor temporises as long as Chapter III , D . he can, perhaps tr~n,;fors l_u s ~ccot~nt to n.nother shop, often tnkes his chance of a 11w suit! trusting 111 l11s luck to eva.d? so~e of the items. All these devices fo il, and h e makes over a. share m lus property on a . bal tekha mukh£ contrnct to his creditor. This is probably the ie~ wor;;t thing he could do. A leklia mukhida1· is as hardly ~~placed as was ~he old mr~11 of the sea.. The zamimlnr never goes into the account , and 1s fleeced m every possible .way. Instead of growing less the debt grows b.rgcr, nncl a mortgage 1s at last gained. I have already expli~inod the st~tus of a . mortgage<'. He steps into the proprietor's pla.co, takl'S t he propr1otn.ry s~aro. of tho p~·oduce,. hak bliutii.ri and pays tho rcv1•nu<', somcsmall foe m k111cl only hemg retn.mcd by the :Uortgagor to ma rk his rights. Tho fact, therefore, thn.t the lands of any village or circh! a rc hcn.vily mortgaged is no reason for lowering the asses~mcnt. To reduce tho Uovcrnmcnt dr.mnnd is to put so much more money in tho 111or tgagce's pockets. . o~ the contrary tho existence of a large ll t1lll h(~ 1· of rnorlgagcs, the mc1deneo of tho mort<W"l' money per cult ivn.t cd acre nnd prr rupee of jnma being high,0d~notcs a large surplus left t o the mortgagees out of the pro-priet-0r's share of tho pro1luec a.Her payment of the GoYernmcnt dues, and wn.rrant.s a high assessment. lt may be urged, where only a portion of a zaminil1ir's l1mtl is mortgaged, thn.t it will be tho eo.sior for him to redeem, tht! ligh ter t ho asi;t·ssmcnt is pitched. Mortgages are somctim1·s p:iid on; it iH t r U<', hut n ot. m;tny, n.ncl the itmount of la.llC! mortgaged is increasing so swadily Umt it is impossible to act upon such an argument .

"As far a~ this district is conc<'riwd, there is, ns far as my experience and the statement of sail's go, 11othi11•j to show that the original rroprittors n.rc ht•ing mpi<lly expropri: ~ll'<l. I should sa.y that sales to banW.118 pure and silllplr. n.re few. 'l'ho policy ancl class sympathies of Sawan Mal resul ted in till' acc111isi l.io11 hy Hindus of lar~o properties in virtue of purchase, mortgage, direct grant, and liuthmkltat ' l\Iany of th~~ men have n ow given up tmcling, hut many also practise their original calling in 1icldition t o mn.img ing their ln.nded property. These are the chief purehasrrs of In.ad. 'l'lmt l:tnd is highly valued is shown by th.o statemen ts, and how m pitlly it is incrca.sing in value is a matter

Village com­munities and

tenures . Tmnsfers of land :

their origin , and tho lesson they teach. -

A re the agri • cnlturists hccoming

ex propriatcd ?

of daily conversa.l ion, 1i still s m·t•r ti-s t. "The zaminch\rs in Chiniot. are most free from debt, nml those of Inilchteclness of the

Jhang the most emb:ina.ssed. Shorkot. holds n.u intermediate position. agr~cultural cltlses, In the Set t lement Records 11 .~ lakhs of mort

0aarre and H lakhs of.. its causes an

le'-' ~ o ir aspcct3. "'la rnuk!it nro rcconlcd. To ch:trgo tho old ussrssment with being

the author of all this imleLtcdncss is, 1 cnnnot phrn.sc it otherwise, sheer no~nse. Consider for n. moment whn.t the iucidcnces per n.cre of

beecultivation and per well of tho old assessments were, the increase that bas

n taken by the new asscs.'5111e11ts and their incidence. Remember tho great rise thn.t has taken pin.cc in the price of agricultural produce, an~ the infinitely grca.tct· luxury and comfort enjoyed by all agricul­:~nsts except tho lowest, a.s compared with their condition at anncxa-

flon. Our system of revenue collect.ion is to some extent answerable or · 1 · th ag~icu tural deb t, b ut t ho real and true cause of nil our woe was . ~ nnstaken and misplaced gift of full transferable proprietary right ~~ and to t he cul ti vat.or, and with it of a vast credit only limited by

bee value of that proprie ta1·y ri " ht. It is only of late that there hus en an O.\va.k · I "' b h t i stated . cmng t o t 10 true facts of the case, ut t at ~e ca.use

u b 18 the true one, I have not the slightest doubt. The tlmfty and nclU nrra&scd zaru incl:\rs of this district ca11 be counted up 011 one's

Chapter III, D.

Village com­munities a n d

tenures. Inclehtedness of the agricul~ural classes,

it.a causes :me! aspects.

[Punjab Gl\Eflltte8!';

96 CllAP. III.-TTIE PEOPLE.

fingers. So long as a zamin<lftr has credit, so long will he borrow, n.nd so long as ho borrows, shall wo find our annual retm·ns of land tra.nsfen slowly but surely and steadily increasing.. The sole basis of his credit is his transferable property in t.he land. Take this away, and all the security that tho money-leu<ler has is the annual outturn of the crops. In such case we shoul<l not hear of znmindars being thousands of rupees in <lebt. Their credit would shrink, and their debts too. There nre numbers of villages along-side the Bar, ea.st of Kot Isa Shah, in which there is hardly a single mortgngc. Why 1 Because cultivation is uncertain, and the mortgngcC' might find the mortgaged well abandoned in a few months, and himself left s'\ddled with the revenue. It is not good enough. Herc the w.mintl:\rs have no credit, and they are not in debt, except to a small a11101111l·. You do not find tenants-at-will over hr.ad-and-cars in debt. They are in debt, it is tnie, but the limit is the amount that the iJanirJl& con~idcrs is pretty certain to be repaid to him at the next harvest. Th.it the conferment of proprietary right in the soil has really benefited the znmiucl:lr I sincerely doubt. 'l'o have twice a.s many wivC's as before, to cat better food, to be better clothed n.ml housed, to ride a nag wlll'rc he went formerly on foot, are outward signs of improvement and civilisation; but when we remembe~ tlmt all this is accomp•inied by debt (there is hardly a l\fuhn.rnmadan landowner in the district who is not in dcht), and that this debt is steadily increasing, how is it possible to be satisfied with things as they arc1 If a man draws a large prize in a lottery and follows i t up by plunging into extnwaganccs and adopting a style of living that is far beyond his income, w.: do not say that he is 11.dvo.ncing in the pllth of civilisation and steadily improving his condition. He is called a. reck­less prodigal, and it is universally predictc1l that he will go to the dogs in the shortest of periods. H o.cl rights of occupancy only been given to the cultivators, and all transfers, except such as the State sanctioned, n.bsolutely prohibited, there certainly would not have been anything like the amount of imlcbtcclness that we now find, and I have little doubt that the Government would ha,·e been :ihle to h:we largely increased the land revenue. After 30 years, we are just beginning to take about ns much as the Sikhs took 011 a very much smaller cultivated area. ·why wc cannot take more is exemplified in the mortgn.ge statement. There are mortgages in the district to the amount of 11} ln.khs, and of course an enormous quantity of unsecured debt b~sides. The interest on the unsecured d·ebt all goes out of · the agriculturist's pocket, out of the produce of his land. I suppose there arc bat few villages in which the annual interest on debt docs not cxcC'ed the Government demand. So far the aaricultural community is impoverished :mrl lcss nblc to pay a fair rent to G;vcrnrncnt. As our l.:over· ucnt lrn.s made it possible for the znmfndar to raise money, so !ms t he rnon<'y-lcnder made it difficult for him to free himself when once in debt, by charging an extortionate rate of interest. JI~re, n.s elsewcrc, 24 per. cent. per annum is the rate charged. 'Vith tlus rate and compound u?tercst n debt doubles in three years. No won?cr the wretched, foolish J:i.t never manages to extricate himself. Ile 1s sucked dry, and then allowl'd to drop out of the meshes."

Jbani District. J

CHAPTER IV.

:PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBU­TION-

SECTION A. AGRICULTURE AND ARBORI­CULTURE.

Table No. XIV giH~s general fig11rc8 for r11lt L\'alinn and irrign.­tion, and for Gowrnnn' nt \\astc la111l; whili· the rainfall i11 shown in Tables Nos. III all!l l 1 lA uiul B. 'fol>ll' No. XVH shows statistics of Govcrmncu[, l'sl:\te~. TahJt. No. XX gi,·es the areM under the principal sl~lph•fl, an1l Table No . .XXI the average yield of each. Statistics ol' lirn-slock will be fou111l i11 Table No. XXU. Further statistics an• gin'11 urn lt•r their ''ilrious headings in the subsequent paragra.phs oft.his d1:ipt1·1'. Land \1'111m•s, tenants, and rent, and the employ111e11t <1f Jkhl buonr, ha\"C aln.:-atl; been noticed in Chapter III, Section D.

· With the exception of a little l11h·1h1i, minlaud, culti\·a.tion in the northern half of the Uhiniut lahsil, agriculture is in the Jh:mg district confined to lancls either naturally moii<tcucd by inun<lation or percolation from the Chcn6.b, ,Jhclam :me! Rn "i rivers, or artificially irrigated from wells by means of t.he Pcrl'li:m wheel. No other system of lifting well water is known in this clisLrict. It must. n.ot however be suppc>sc1l, heca.11:-11' then· is, RO to :o1pcak, 110 <'ultirn.­tion that depends solely llpon rain, that it is a. nrnLLcr of indifference ~hethcr the country g<'ts m' 11 or 1wt. Suil<lli la11(ls of gooJ quality, if .well wetted during ,July and August , requi re wnu<lcrf11lly liLtlo ram, but wit'101tl rain the crops nrc ueH'I' go(J(L 'l'o crops on light and san<ly saildli lands, no rain lll<'l\tJS des! rnr lion. 'fhe crop looks very well up _to the latter h:df of Ft•brnary, nnu then t.he <lryness of the Jhang climate soon makes itself felt.. If the crop doe:o1 not dry uiirithc ears will bo small an<l slunte<l, and contain only 'a few :ha v~lled grains. I t is not so much heavy rain as rain jn season . tJSneeded.* Th.! 011lt11rn of all rrnps on well and s(tl/clb lands 18 ?est in years of moderate rainfal l. This is noL tho same as Fymg that the dist.rict tlocs ht•st in yearn of moderate rainfall. ~r the public welfare J h:rng could noL ha.\'<' too much rai11. Heavy

: .means heavy gra .. <;S crnps, aml iL i:; far more important in a th net where almost every one high :md low owns cattle, that heehe should be good grazing, than that tho crop outturn should

eavy. In the Dem famail Khii11 Thal the case 1s much the same. ---:-------- -- -- --•ie\d ~?1' a remarkahle inst.a.11ce of how little rnin is rcqnirc<l to ensure a. good ' • U only · t · ta t the lttt.!oii [ h 1 comes at the propc1· lime am\ how much more 1mpor n llltnt Rco t e fall is tha.u its c1111orm1 SC\l 1i~ragrnph !)l of Mr. Steedmau's Settle·

port, ' 13

Chapter IV, A.

Agriculture & Arboriculture. General atatistic:a

of agriculture.

H ow far the ngricul ture of the distric1

is dependent on rain The clTcctof heav:

and light ra.m..

Oha.pter IV, A.

Agriculture & Arboriculture.

Cultivated and irrigated area of the

district.

C Punjab 'Gazetteer I

98 CHAP. IY.- PllODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

:From a. grazing point of Yiew the Thal cannot have too much rain but the Thal well-owners will tell you that too much rain is very injurious w their wells, and dimiHishes the crop yield materially. To sum up, (or a goml crop and a heavy outturn an average rainfull judiciously arranged is best ; but for the general wellbeing, the more rain the better, the months during which the ldwrif and rab[ crops ripen and arc harvested being excepted.

The cultivated area of the district, in acres, is arranged below, with the number of wells that were at work at the recent Settlement :-

lrtlls. Chcihi. Sciilcilm. J 1,018 ... 221,299 ... . .. 98,/48 ... .. l'crccntagc... 69'... 30' ...

Bdniui.

3,480 l'

The statement Lclow shows _ti.Jo irrigated area ascorlaincd nt the saUJo time :-

z

ABSTI\A(,'T ~llOWIXG TllF: IRI:JGATED AliD UNIRRJOATED SOILS IS EACH TAll81L,

Tahsil.

\ _______ c_u_LT_1_v_AT_E_o_. ____ .~--Irriaatecl.

~ I 6

~ ..... 0 H

- -------- --- --- --- --- ------1 Chiniot ... 72,5431 1,100 1101 .. . ... ... 73,753 2 .lhang ... 91,100; 7,243 498 ... 1,397 ... 100,238 31 Shorkot ... 42,8581 lO,G39I 438 G05 1,4441 395 56,379

I To~~l ... 2oG.50l1~11.046 GOS 2.841395 230,370

CULTIVATED.

UniJTiyuJrd, <i ] ~ re ~

'O d 1l Tnhsil. ~ d ~ ~

.~ ~ :;; ~ .; .:; I ~ ..: :; .., 1 ..ci ·c; ] 0 .g 15. ~ ~

~ ! ______ _ ~ -, £ _£__ ~-i ~~ ~~ l Chiniot ... 2:!,3G7 3,006, 25,373 99,1261 20,844 119,970 2 Jha.ug ... :i:;,:;17 :l:m, 35,853, 136,0!ll i Z!J,2:!5 165,326 3 Shorkot ... l41,03S _ 1731~1--~~",5901~,155 --~~,745 I Total ... !JS,9:22 3,515! 102,4371 33:2,807! 72,234 405,041

XorE.-Thi"J tsla,tcmc1\t ineludes U1e a.rcn of re'·euuo assignment.a. .

!1~ chtllti i:; inclurlctl all areas artificially irrigated, whether by canal,Jliahlr, or well. .1.YC1ihri, or inundation canal cultivation,

J)lalli Di.ati:ict . l CHAP. 1v.,-PRODUCTIO"I' AND DISTRIDUTION. 99 .

differs but little from .~ni!ril1; lmt. tho ml::rns o'. i.n ig;t.ion are not . t I and therefore it 1s here clnssc<l with l'l11d11. lhe different naura,, · 1 I' II l ., I ' thods of agncu turc rom we s an( ;w1 1 r.~, on sailU.ba and :nr{, and on bcfri 1ti lands, will now he discussed.

'!'able No. XIV gives clctaibi of irri).{at ion. Further informa- · tion will be found at p~lgcs I 77 I•> . 20:3 of ) [ajor Wace's Famine Repart, compiled ia 1871'). At. ~hat tlllH) ~ J_> l.!r cent. of.the cultivn.­tion was irrigate'! from canals, GS~ per cent. lrnm wells, 30 per cent. was flooded, and the remaining l per cent. 1r:ts wholly dependent ui;>on rain. The follow.ing figu~c.-; sho~v ~he numh~r of wells then existing in the district, with Cl'tta.111 st:lt1st1cs reg:ml111g llwm :-

- llnll•icks p~t·-, -- Acrc,!f,.,.ig.1tell µer wheel Dep~h to Cost in rnpcca. wht·l' l 01· I

water Ill feet. huckc•t. Co~t or bnt·kct. Number - of - -ol wellg. w·u 1 .:\1110. lc t. "C:tl' I

From To M I 1011 I f 0, lll " . ~ . , :1sonry \ I Jl't' o I 1 · pnng. Autumn . . asuury . r upct s J p:u rs.

- - - - - --- ---------- - - ----7,052 ... 20 l~ii :.!:! 3 10:.! I :is 15 1 7 3,2'20, 20 30 :.!.~o ... J l fiO 40 16 7

595] 30 40 :J.'.iO ... 4~ ~00 41'i 15 6

Of these wells onl,r ·10 wNe u11hriekP<l ; wliill' all were worked by t,he Persian wheel. The wells i11 t hl' u pl:tnd eird1 ·~ of thr Ohiniut tahsH are deeper than in any other part of the district. The wells in the ~illagcs fringing tht. ri\'cr h:\llk arl! 11s11allr 11 •;;..<; t han 20 feet deep; ihose in the villages b<'yo1Hl arc, in t he no'rt,IH'rn half of the district, from 15 t-0. 25 feet ; an<l those in the villages lying urnlcmeath the Bar, both m the Ch1~j and the Rwh na Dmi.hs, are usually 30 feet or over. As the Ra,·i is apprc>~clwd, t hi.! 1h·pth of the wells sensibly dec~ea.ses. Speaking gcnr.ral ly, thP wells in I he Yillage!! under the Bar may be said t-0 diminish in dPplh from the houn<lary . of the ~ho~kot ta.hsll southwards. On the wesL uf the ,Jhr lum t,he wells m vil_lag~ lyi~1g between the Thal of the Si IHI ~:I.gar Do<i.b and the rtveram villages arc slightly OVl'l' 20 fceL in dL•pth, whether neat· the Thal or near the ri\'er.

b. In Jhang, wells arc pakl.:•t where the cylinder is made of burnt . ncks cemented by mud, and karlw!tct where the well is merely a hole m the ground, or where the hole is lioell with n. cylinder of wattles ~t.ak_es. A karltclui well without, any lining or with a. wattle !in l ~termed l.:lwrora. These :tl'l' most, common. A kaclicha well rn ~ '~1th stakes arranged in a circlo and bn.ndrtl together is not n e wi~h often, and is called h 1tltitil or r1111td11U. A j lml<ii· is the ~~e given to a Persian wheel when set to work on the edgo of a

11""11 stre 1 't fr ' h' am or pond. 1'hc best, jltaM,rs arc those where tie p1

a;m '£r ich the water is drawn is a short dista.11C·c, n. few yards, wit~ 0 !11 the edge of tho strea m or po11d. Tho pit is r?ctang~ilar, with bn. 1~ward s~ope, and the lowest portion is sometunes lme.d Con ricks. Tlus reservoir in which the water pots revolve 15

nected 'ti h J t the to wi \ t c. stream or pond by a narrow chann.c open. a brick. PD !11 Maglu:\.na. some of these chaunel~ are hued with

s,ially the the jl111ll£1· pils and _conncct1ng chanuels a.r:e

Chapter IV, A •

Agriculture & Arboriculture,

Irrigation,

l\' ella •

Oha.pter IV, A.

Agriculture & Arboriculture.

Wells.

Well sinking. ?da&onry ·wells.

[ Punjab Gazetteer

100 CHAP. IV.- PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

constntcted in the roughest manner. In t?e case of other jhal.:m the well pots dip into the stream or pond itself. Here there i& no pit, but the sides of the ba.nk have_ to be faced off and strengthened, oYer which the well pots and vertical wheel hang. Pakka wells are divided into doulJle wheeled and single wheeled. · There is no difference in the building, except that one is larger than the other. Mortar is hardly e\"l'l' used to cement the brick work of a pakka well. I t is supposed to altogether spoil the water for drinking purposes, and to injure it for irrigation. A full description of the Yarious parts of whiC'h a Pcr;;ian wheel is composed will j)e found in paragraph !)8 of l\lr. Btec<lman's :::lettlement Report.

The sinking of a J>rrHa well is a business not unassociated with awe to the zamindar. First of all the services of a man wise in the finding of water must be obta.ined, and the site of the well dctennined at his direction. Next a small hole is <lug in the ground, a libation of oil is poured into it, and gi/,r is distributed. Then the well hole is cxca.rntcll to the water level. The well curb, chak, made of kl!.-a1· wood, is then let dow11 by four ropes to the floor of the hole, and [/tt r is again distribut~d. The well cylinder is built up on the curb to a height sufficient to take it down to the required depth. Around the top is co:lstrn~t<d a platform with containiug walls of /.;clna and sco· band8, woun~ round and round aud kept in place by pegs. All the sand that . is

dredged out of the well is packed on to this platform, and its weight sen'es t-0 sink the well. It is not thrown aside until the well has bcon sunk as far as it is to go. The upper three or four feet of the brick cylinder arc also strengthened by being woun~ round with k)ina bn11d.~. This may be dispensed with if water is near, and the well ouly a small one. A well is sunk down to _the stratum that is cn.lle<l the sach. In this district the true sach is a !ltratum of coarse i;;and of a reddish colour. If this stratum is not foun<l, everything tha.t is bad happens to the well. The water is dirty and the supply deficic•nt. Holes fonn under the clw.k. ~t first the well only sinks, but fin'n.lly the brick-work cracks or falls m. The .~acl1 of wells on the Chcnib is good, though there are exceptions. On the Jhelam it is inforior. The definition M saclt is not easy, but it apparently means a g~od wakr-bea.ring stratum of pure 8'."nd through winch water sprrngs or percolate::; rc!'11larly an<l rapidly into the well. ·whc:n the 1fo·er asserts that" the sach h:i.s beon reac.hcd, tl~e water-supply is at once t ested by borrowing seven or eight _pairs of bullocks and working the well for two days as hard_ as it can go. If the water level in the well is thereby onl,r a few mohcs lowered, the water-supply is g-ood, The Bach having been reached, the well is worked for abuut a week to further test th~ water-bearing ca.pacity of the stratum, and if evorything is satisfactory, the platform is taken off and tho sand thrown down roun~ the well_. Where the .~ach is good, the well scarcely ever requires cleanmg. All that has to be done is to pick out the well ~ts and fragments that tumble in from ~ime to time; whereas with a bacl or no -~arli the well rc'luire13 constant attention. Sand and mud accumulate ini;;ide, and have to be removed, and the well h<\S t-0 be st-0pped because there is uo water. When the brick

Jhan8' District. j

CHAP. IV.-PRODU~TIO~ AND DlSTRlnUTION. 101

k cracks or falls in, t.lic wl'll. is r1'tHlcrcd sr rviccablc by sink- Chapter IV, A. ~or inside a small woou cyl1111lcr rnlbl r/111!.·, lwtld, badtchi :ubaclirlia. Somctim~s the <Tack i~ patd1L·d up, but this is not

l A kaclirlui Wl'll is ouly sunk down low t'nough to ensure a usua. 'l'I l . 2"QOd supply of water. t•'Y arc not 1·1·11cw1•c or rcp::urc<l, but i;.,e to be cleaned ont. :!'111• w:it.i-r i11 n. k11clu:l111 wc•ll is never ~!car. A well with a wn.Ltlc. ~yl1111h•r lasts a bunt, six years, one with a stake cylinder abon l h It Pen yc:u'l'.

On this point Mr. Htemlm:m writc•s :-"The qucsition-'\\'hnt <lo"" iL 1·o~t to ,sink n. wcll 1' must be

answered just ns the 1pwstio11-' \\'li:tt is t h1• rtrm n. wc•ll can irrigntd ~ by-·'lt depc11ds.' I han• ht•anl of """.))~ d ust" hy the rin•r where wn.tcr is within a few fret of till' surrnct', h: t1•111g to be sunk 20 a.nd 30 feet before the desired .~rcc/1 w:ts found. llere you h :t1 1: w .. lls where the depth ofwat~r in the well~ io; twic•· n'i g1·1•1tt or more t h:m the distance from water level to the snrfo.cc of th•• ground. Thr1'll y<'ars ngo I sunk o. well in my garden in the zn.111i11tl.ir's fashion, pouring out oil, distributing gur in the orthoclo~ modi', n111l it cost 111c lt$. :!:iO. The well is 20 feet Ill water nnd 7 ~ fc 't u111lcr w1tlPt'. '1'111• s-ich i<; ex~l'lll'nt, nnd there were no hitches in t hr work. ')'I} 1\ :n111 i11d:'Lr the cost of constructing a well is not much. The wdl h•ilc i~ <ln~ 0111, the liri1:ks mo.de, burnt, and c.mierl hy the l\rimi11.q. Fuel i~ supplied by the \'illo.gc wa.stc anrl his cotton li .. hls. 'l'hc l1rick l11yc·r~' 111111 di 1·cn;' work is the only hca1·y charge. All the labour of sprr:ulini; tlw sautl , p11lli11~ up the dredge, &c., is performed by the KH111i11s, nml llll'y g..t, nothi11g l1ut <l meal a d,1.y. I do not think I nm fa~ \ITOll,:j in put ti ng llll' cost of a. well to o. Zlmindar o.t half what it wou lcl t'Ost 1i 110 11 propriPtor. I es ti mate tha.t a well 20 feet deep will cost Its. :!00, 01w :10 feet deep Rs. 300, o.ml one 4.0 feet deep Rs. 450."

.Agriculture & Arboriculture. K achcha. wells.

Cost of a well,

The people have most vnrio11s modes o f cfo iclin~ thr- water of The system of clie­a well. 80 many pcl/11.,~ of three hours each nn• allotLcd to each tiibutiug well water.

share, and ~ftcr a fixed period tlw limes of Llw J1Clltrs arc changc<l. If the well is hcl<l on thrL•c-thin l,;, and fonr consecutirn pcllirs are allotted to ca.ch third, then th0 yokin~ lim 's C'h :rn~1' of themselves, t. 9., Ai Band C hold n. wl'll, aml c

0

n.ch work<; the well for four ~ftr.i. .Li 's tnni at t.lw W\'11 if from miclnitrhL to midday on if onday, ';ill be fro~n midday to' mi.d11ig-ht 0 11 'J\1l'sday. ~im ila.rly, . a two palt1"' tnrn is a.llowccl to each proprietor of one-sixth, the !1me of each turn chanacs in rerr11lar order. If however, the tum IS of two 'l r ho o ' I h t b pa 1 "~ 10.r cac quarter in the well, then the c iange . as

1° e made art1fic1ally. The change when made gives the two mght u~ to the proprietors who bcf~n' ha.cl the day turns, and they

figam arrange bet ween themselves to take in alwrnate weeks the 1t fr second tum. Turns are called i-c'l1·h They arc always ~cu ~ted on palti·s of three hours each. A r1'tri is never less than Awo z:t:irs or six hours, and never more than eight palm or 24 J:ours. dittp of bullocks works six hours at a stretch. There is no on ehnfe between the_ system of rarls in the Hithar and Utar, Prop~ ~w and deep wells. l"clris always correspond to the rep e Y shares in the w<>ll or to the proprietary shares sha~e~ted by the amount of land hclt! by the tenants. A one-third ~e~: a. well wil~ not get an extra long t:clri, because ho

a~ cxtrn. pair of bullocks. .

Ohapter IV, A.

Agriculture & Arboriculture. \Vhat area does a.

well in·igate.

Rotation of crops. Syat.ern of agricul­ture on wcU lands,

C Punjab Ga.z.etteer I

102 CHAP. IV.-PitODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

The areas irrigated by wells in different parts of the district differ consillcrably. 'fhe area usually irrigated liy a full yoked well a.•sislt!d h.i1 saih'c,/1 is much the same all over the district-about 30 acres. The arcn. irrigatc(l by a well and jlwlc't,1· varies too much to allow of any good t•stimate being made. The time that the jlwliii' can he wnrk..:<l .1"" _uncertain. In . forming an idea of what are:.t. is on the avcrngr u~-igatccl by unass1s~eJ well:>, _the first thing to be done is to bamsh any preconceived opuuons that this area rnries im·erscly to the depth to water in the well. As a matter of fact, the ar<>as irrigated by thu deep wells of the Chiniot tahsll in the uplands between the Kiriua D:lr and the ri,·er have the largest areas unrler amrnal cultivation of any in the district. In the :::ihorkot Utrir lands lying under the Bar, the depth to water is two-lhirds of whaL it is i 11 Chiniot, yet llH' areas irrigated aro hardly half Lhosc of the UhiuioL welb. Much more dcp<.m<l~ upon the qnality of the soil, the number and power of the bullocks, the rainfall, the industry of the culti1·ator, and the nature of the crops grown, tha.n on the distance thaL Lhe water has to be lifted. The following is Mr. Steedman's estimate in acres of the areas irrigated by unassisted wells in the various parts of the district :-

f'hiniot upl:mds. I Jh:iug nplamls. l -----------,------ Shorkol

Ea.Rt of Wut o'r I Between I Alon,.,. I net ween I upLmde. Cl . 1 Chcnab and J ° Chcnnb :md I

Chennb. icu.l ,, Chaj l3ar. hcbm. 8andnl Bar.

30 20 I 2~ I 20 n 1--1~-

The following statc1M11L gives the average areas attached to <'ach well, including fallow, in acres, as ascertained at the recent Sett..lcment :-

I Circle. I

Tah•il. ,__ _____ Cent'.:'.::_! lla•.:__j Uta'.::_ Ka~hllL

Chiniul . . . . . . ~C.·5 I 2ti I 30 .. Jhalll( { Jhchm .. I ~0·7 .. . . 15·5

' · · ChcJ.ab . 11;·5 J1j·q 24'[) .. Shorkul . . . . I 1:.·o 1:.·~ I . . 15'8

J\.r1rhclm wells arc only found in the Hithnr near the rivers. Thc_ir inigating power is about one-fifth less t.han thaL of masonry wells m similar situations. They arc liable to dry np. The area watered by a j!L<!l1ir in a given time must be half as much again as that by a well.. The water pots (they might be calicll lotJs) are quite twice the size of those used on wells, and the wheel on which they are stru_ng revolves quite as . fasL as the wheel on any ordinary well. Besides the greater quantity of water delivered, the zamiudars say that the change of water itself is a benefit to the soil. The only disadvantage appears to be a larger wasta.<Te than that which takes place in the case of wells. Where a w~ll is assist ed by a jhalar, the ~ands attached will he almost always fanned well. A slovenly cultivator docs not trouble himself to set ap a jlw.lU.r.

On the uplancl ul1assistccl wells of this dist.rict there is no syc;tem of agricultnre that can ·properly be called rotation of crops.

Jbang District. J cJ:IAP. IV.-PRODUCTIO:N AND DISTRIBUTION. 103

The two main poi1~ts to be kept in mind are-ht, that on a well Chapter IV, A. the area under spnng . crops is us11ally from 70 to 7 5 per cent: of the area.annually cnlt1rnt<'<l, and that th:ec-fourths ~f the spring ~~.~~~~.

ops are wheat and bnrley ; 211d, that owmg to the mtcnse heat ~d dryness of the climntl' during the hot mouths a.ml scanty rainfail, the land pnt undl'r autumn. crnps is chosen n<'ar •n the well, in order that. tlw loss h.r. ('\:apo!·al10n lllay be the least possible. The diffcrcnc<' bl' tween t lw irngat mg power of a well in the hot and colrl weather is enonnous. The proportion between the area under k!tarlf and raf1i crops indica.te~ thi!:l. Crops that require to be liberally manured arc always rult1vated clo::;c round the well. The area under crop varies greatly from year to year. All other things being ccp1al (i. "·· the m1111her of tt'na11ts and well bullocks), the disturbing clcm<'llt is the min fall. For the autumn harvest it is the jow<ir crop area t l1:il contracts or cxpamls. The cotton sowings arc made long hefon~ the su1111ncr rai11s, nml arc uot affected thereby. Ewn if goml rai11 fi ·ll ju:-;t before the time for sowing cotton, it i:-; tl1111htf11l whether a larger area would be sown. The cultivator knows whn.t, hnrd work it often is in Mav, J uue, and the first, half of ,JnJy to kl'Pp tlw cotto11 alive, and wiil rarely be tempted to sow a. hrgcr than the average an,a. With jowar the ca.se is different. It there iR good rn.i11 in J 11ly, jmc(l1· will be sown without irrigating the Jami, with the knowledge that, it will germi-nate, and Lhe hopp that rains to come will, with the aid of a couple or so of waterings about Scptc111lJer, bring lhc cl'(lp lo maturity. Such joirar is ad(litional to the an'n. m;ually cropped. and has to take its chance. If the later rains fail. I h~n thii;j01cct1· will be abandoned. The well can only irrigatA· the t1rdi11ary cotton, jo11•1)1· and chl11a area. Before the wheat sowing-s th<' turnips have to be sown. If there is rain in Scptcm bcr ai~d Oct oher, the arra under wheat. will be above the average. The In p(lthdical well has of course a total attached arra, brgl'l' th:u1 ' the :m•n. :un111ally under crop by at l~t two.-thirch, su that. tlH'n' is 1111 pradical limit Lo Lhc cu ltiva-llon bes1tlcs the k11ow11 irricrat i1w 1>1>wn of I he well a11d the

• ('> ,.., I ~ntmc~ and 11necrtai11ty of the rai11fall. H, thcr?forc, ~ 1e ramfall m Septcmh1•r am! October is cx1.:cptiunal, there 1s nothmg to prevent the cultivator from putting under wheat twice as much land as usual. As n. matter of fact,, in the most favourable years the area sown with wheat, will nevt•r exceed the average area by more than one-third. Seed is expcrn;iv<', and to see wheat drying ~p for wan~ of irrigation is )wart-breaking:. As the wheat and )Oloai: areas mcreasc in n. )'l'ar of favourable rainfall, so do they con­tract if ~he rainfoll is scant. The l'uttnn, c/11.110, turnips, and tobacco ~'~ill vary. but little in fanmrahlc aud unfavourable. years.

?Wis an estnnate in acrl's of the areas annually occupied by v~ous crops on a well in Chit\ioL and another in Jhang :-

KnARIF. J RADI. f 1---:-------' -- Gro.nd C I , I . I \\"he•~ I I I I total. otton Jownr Cluna Totnl. nn•t TurniJ'" Tobacco ~lelhrn Totnl. ·. _ I I Barley

;~:: ; 1:~1:1:~:1::1--:-,-.-;-:::-1 ~

Rotation of crope. System of ogric11l 0 ,

ture on wcll 1And11,

Chapter IV, A.

ARriculture & Arooriculture. Rota.tion of crops. System of a.gricul· 'ure on well lands.

Manure.

[Punjab: Gaaetteer, 104 CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRlBUTlON1

The area immediately round the. well will be under crop eve year, aI).d a small portion will be double-cropped. The area und?r cltina, turnips, and tobacco will be or ought to be always ma.nurec1 and a large portion of the cotton area also. T he manured ~ shown in all the statistics is much understated. The unmanun.>d portion of the well estate is renovated by fallows. The more culturable land there is round t he well, the longer the fallow and the less frequent the crop. I t it quite impossible to state that the fanning is by courses, for no regular system of rotation is followed. Gene1nlly speaking, it is perhaps not unsafe to say that in the year the l:l.ml nearest the well is manured and double-cropped, the land beyond sometimes manured aud cropped once, and the lands outside bear wheat two years running, and get a fallow every third year, and sometimes lie fallow t wo years. Ordinary instances of double-cropping arc as foll ows :- .lowur followed by wheat or barley; tohncco by jowa1· or turnips; wheat cut green by jowdr for chi rw; cott>1n l1y metlL'l'a ; turnips by cotton ; rice by wheat.

The Jhang <li8trict, is peculiarly rich in cattle, and the home production of manure on each well is considerable. The right to take village refuse is a fruitful cause of liti?,ation. To many wells, flocks of sheep and goats are attached. These arc rarely penned and fod on the land intended for cultivation, though instances are not absolutely wauting. They graze on the waste during the ?ay, and are driven into a sheep-fold at night . Here their dro~pmgs accumulate. The manure is dug up twice a year. and applied to the land. Old manure is the best, and ought to be powdr.ry. New manure is said to be too st rong- and·to burn. In the neighbourhood of the towns, their rPfusc and fil th find a ready market. Sheep droppin~ are also brought in from the Bar on camels.. The o~ly expense is the cost of carriacre. In the case of wells cultivated with any care, one-fifth of the a~a under crop in the year will have bee~ manured. Land intended for tobacco, vegetables, and sugar-cane lS

most heavily manured. China and t urnips get a fair, and co~ton and wheat a small allowance. The average weight of manure given to the acre per annum is an unknown quantity, lying between 800 maunds and 50 maunds. In the Kachhi, soil dug out of ?ld mounds is used as a top dressing. The earth that has collected m heaps round bushes is similarly used. Earth is not used any·

. where else. The Kachhi is poorer in cattle than any other porti?n of the district. The following figures show the manured area m acres:-

STATEMENT OF MANURED A...'\"D Ul\MAJ\UIU:D AREA.

!:i Mnnurcd. Unmnnurcd . TotAI .,, - - ..... e Tllhoil. Do1adi.\ Total. El::falli.

u nder " El::fa'1i. Total z Dofc.,li. crop. ------ - - -l Chin lot .. 16,055 2,138 I l <,ifl3 71 ,574 1,544 7~,118 01,Pll

2 Jlung .. 21,Mj 4,51'8 2.>,Pl3 10!\3<13 2 ,597 l OS,940 134,~ 3 Shorkot .. 3,8i6 i36 4,G14? 88,3Y5 1,189 89,584 94,lllO

Total of Di.strict .. 41,Si'G •.m\~.~I~ 5,$30 2i1 ,642 s20, - 06ll

lfot~.-By an error 1Juh"C'}1'ently <liN"ovcrcd the fallow nrca. has been included in the return ~f lh e Jh~n_g t.Ahsll. The area.. of lhc lwo other tahalb are the area.. under crop. The Jhang O:U 1nclw:I.,. 7 .~s :i.crea of /,alor •hown '-" Et f"-'li· • .

Jb&ng District. l

CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 105

The quality of ~he .~ail<tb. or alluvial l_a.n?s, naturally moistened b the three rivers, is of constderable varmt10n. . S~ilab lands are crltivated in much the sam? ~vay all over the _distnct. Wheat is the favourite. crop. In Chunot hardly anything beyond a little Indian corn is ,grown for the. a1_1L1unn harvest. In Jhang some little jowifr, ma.,ft-11!1tnf/ and I if is gr.own. In Shorkot the area under k!tar!f crops ~ ~argcr. There is. absolutely no rot.ation of crops whatever on sail ab lands. Y car alter year the land bears its single crop-the richer soils whent, the lighter a. kltarif crop. N 0 fallows are willingly all\)WCd, but sailtfb lands often lie fallow through failure of t~e flnotl~. Homctimes when the wheat-produc­ing virtue of t,he soil has bt•come somewhat exhausted, or the land has become full of weeds, a couple of gram crops are substituted. It is said that change cleans Lhc land. Jfclsh-mun9 and tit are never grown on well lands, nor arc gram, massar, and pea.s. The mode of cultivating sciilcib lands is described in the succeeding paragraphs which treat of each crop. Sailab land is rarely manured, only turnips receiving a small allowance. lt is supposed to burn the plants. The best sail<ib lnn<ls arc either those which have lately received a dep1)sit of silt, or those in islands, bela, in the river, that are not inuudn.tcd hut obtain abundant moisture from percolation. Flooding, unlPss there is a deposit of silt, is apt, if of long duration or too ofl\'n, t <J ihj11rc anti weaken the laud. It a~o hinders ploughing. With percolation ploughing is nevet• stopped f~r u day, atll~ th<' talla g;·~\SS is . c.lcstroyc<l bcfor~ it gets rank With percolat1uu the k!ui1·~/ crop is assured, but with floods ~r a deposit of silt it is Jang<•rous to sow kharif crops, and the land JS usually kept for the sprmg hancst. Too much water is very nearly as much hated by chc agric111lurists as too little. It is not pleasant to find your honsc tumblrng about your head, your land under water for a wePk, your gmi11 st.ores <lampc<l and ruined, and hardly a dry place foi· tlw i:;oks of your foct. Them this is generally followed by f~ver :uuong bnrnan bc·ings, aud mn_rrain am?n_g cattle. There is souw small amount of tlunblc-cropp111g on smlab ~<ls-sometimes, especially at'tPr a year in which the floods have failed cxtc~ding co us urnch as a quarter of their area. Jllas!t­mung espec1ally, and some limes jo1c1fr, arc often followed by wheat or ?11assct1·. l luwcfo and melons a.re a.t times sown after all the spnng crops.

1 d Tho only can:ll~ in this district, arc inundation ditches. Where = t not attached to a well is irriga.Led, the cultivation and crops he same as on sailcfb lands. B',. . .. .

e a.l'am, or ram cultirntion is found all over the d1stnct, but xccpt Ill Ch' · t I · 1 ·t· Rmil cul .. 1.mo ! tic ~rca.is s~ smnl_l as to ~·equi.re no spec1a . no ice.

called tnn.twn 1~ tlus d1stnct nught with gr<'a.tcr propncty ?c cult' s~rface drama.go cul ti nition. There is little or no ram a,., ii·ation that is not situate in a. depression. Bajra, wheat, b'•Dl, motli " d i 'l I . . . f ·s Pracf • .. n 1 . are t 1e pnnc1 pa,! crops. No rotation o crops 1

com lS~d. The shght rainfall re1Hlcrs at intervals a fallow course pu ory. Ploughings arc liberally given, but no manure.

in ea~~~J:0· xxn shows the number of cattle, carts, and pl?ughs tl of the district as returned in 1878-79. A foll list of

14

Chapter I~, A.

A~rriculture & Arboriculture. System of cultlvat·

i_ng ~c1il<ib lu.nd1,

Canal cullivation.

Edrd11i cnltiv&tion

Agricultur11l impltmcnte ana

a[lpliaucea.

Chapter IV, A .

Agriculture & Arboriculture.

Principal st.iples.

Wheat cultirntioo.

[ Punj&b 'G&zetteer I

106 CHAP. IV.-PROpUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION,

agricultural implementS, witn their names and uses, ·is given at page 83 of Mr. Steedman's Settlement Report. The implements present no peculiarities, and it is, needless to reproduce the description.

Table No. XX shows the areas under the principal agricultural staples. The remaining acres under crop in 1880-81 and 1881-82 were distributed in t he manner shown below:-

Crop. lSSO·Sl. I 1SS1·S2. Crop.

~ Ka>1g11i. .. .. 144 l~O Coriamlc.r .. .. . 2 China .. .. 5,iiS 3,tiGU Chillies . • •. s lof«t!al' .. I 7,i:J7 7,2'J9 Mustard .. .. 318 329 lofa1h (Urdj .. 7,282 G,til7 Tit .. .. S,001 3,047 lofa119 .. 2,21:{ [tti,"} Tant /.fine. .. 299 283 lofal"1f .. 2,38U 2/>45 KMumbcUi .. l 1 Arho.r · .. .. 1:;0 Uthcr crops .. 10,205 12,282

On the opposite page will be foun<l a .statement, taken from Mr. Steedman's Report, givingthenames·of the various crops, together with the area of each as ascertained at th'e recent Settlement, and the seasons ~for sowing and reaping. The crop whose areas are especially small arc classed together under the head of Miscellaneous . . All soils not sa·ilciba or b<frani are shOwn as cluiJti, or irrigated from wells. The total area under crop is 32G,374 acres, of which 72·7 per cent. is under spring harvest and 27·3 under autumn harvest crops. W here the chahi and sailaha areas were not :i.scertained, the total area is shown half way between the two columns.

lVhecit.-The modes of cultivating wheat in the rainlands of Chiniot, the sailab lands of the rivers, and on well lands, are of course very different. The chief difference is in the number of ploughings. Most are given in the case of bcfrc/,ni lands. It is of the utmost importance to the cultivator to have enabled as much rain as possible to sink into the soil, and to prevent, as far as he can, all loss of moisture by evaporation or surface drainage. Wheat takes six months to ripen, and is entirely dependent here upon the very uncertain rainfall. So as many ploughirigs are given to Mrcfoi land as possible, and the roller is frequently use~ The seed is always sown with a drill. After seed time there lS

nothing to be <lone but sit down and wait until the harvest. In saildb lands the soil should be pl:oughed up as often as is possible. Talia gra.55 springs up very fast, and the cleaner the soil the better the crop. A good farmer will often begin to plough sailab lands in J u_ne if percolation_ has rendered the soil sufficiently moist, ~d b~ will go on ploughmg as often as he can until the 1st Katik. High and contmue<l floods are injurious to the wheat crop, because they stop the early ploughings. If the talla is thick, very strong bullocks arc required to work a plough with any effect. Sailab lands ~e almost always sown by drill. In Chiniot a great deal of wheat 1S so_wn bro:idcast. W~th well lands the procedure is different. If the ramfall is only ordinary, there will be hardly any land ploughed up for wheat before seed ti.me an-ives. The land intended for the Uiarif ~s. ploughed first. The bullocks are probably in a very bad cond1t1ou when the first min comes, and it is _gene~ally

Wheat Barley Gram Turnips Peas Lentil Mustard Trefoil

Tobacco ~felons Beans

E n g liah. Vernacular. ( D o to.n lc:>.J .

Kanak------.-_-r;.:=-::;:--Jau · Ho1·d.,,on htxc1.1tich'Um

Cict;· m-k.ti1t.um .Brttu i ca Rapa

Ch bolo Sag, Gonglu .lfattar Massar Ussu )fcthra

T~mmnl.:u Vali, Vall, Kharbuze •. R.:iwnn ~ar.h.:i f

1 Lathyru.4 acitivu.i Err ll.m Lc.1'4 .Brc.uicn. D'ruca.

{ Trigon.lla

1 Trifoli.11n S icol ;anr. Tn.btu:u ri C1tcumU .lido Do/i<lt'M c.1(1!onu

) "' "WHAT ldONT"U ll't. \,_ Sown.

122,086] 53, GlO ~ 176,5.'}0\ 15th Octr. to S1st Deer. . . 4,8.,,2 1,175 42 6,0!.I~ 1st Octr. to ~ lst Deer. . . . . 12,859 S'J:J 13,75 :! 10th Scptr. t o ".!5th Oc tr . . .

26,!;62 • . 2ti,66:?125th .A ugt. to :!M.h Octr. . .

I f ,i'OO 7,i 9fl 1st ~ctr. to 1st ~ovr. . . . . 2,404 2 ,404, l st l\ o IT. to l.)tb Dt..:cr. . .

3$4 i :Jtl l S.Jpt-:u ibcr . .

} r.o9 so-) { .,;,.;!"~ Octr., Ch<ihi 1;th · · I :\ ovr. to 15th Deer. . .

!IS-II .. • • ~S4 !st )I U'ch to IS th :\la rch .. 1 1;3 !l 1,10•1 )hrch •!'d .\prtl •• ' . 631 • • G311 IHh.:!Otb A111;t. •

Cut .

1.~th April t o l~th May. 1st A pril to 15th Ap ril.

Ditio d itto . 15 th Deer. lo end of Feb. ! s t ~ .. p rl l to 15th April.

Ditto ditto. lMh lllU'Cb to l at Apr il. 1s t :lla.rcb to ht April.

Colsa lflscclbncoua

Brauim Ca•~P<"ri• . . . . so:;, !~th Octr. 1 ; 111 Sovember

Total''"'" under Spring crops . • • . . . . . ~i;,ut 1

15th J une to 15th July. :!Otb )!.,:; t o SOtb J une. J:;t h-SOth S ovembcr. April.

.. I I .. I .. I .. .. :!I

.--- .---,----;. !!S,2~: IH April to 1. t )far .. --- -------Cotton Grut Millet Spiked Millet

Scs:imc lfalze

Sugar-c:i.ne Rice I t:.llan Millet

Vegetables Poppy lliacellancoua

K:Lp."\n 1 v::inwnr Jow:i.r B.\jra M"5h, Mah Mung )loth Til M~kkai, Mak k l

China Kamad Muoji Kangni Sawak ) !andua Kuri.a. Tarkarl Post

Total area under Autumn crops

fiOM!'J"Yiur.- J,crbacr:1un .S0..941011 'r• l:l'!U Pefiidllnri' ' 11•i((lt1i P~~ • ollU radia/lu . Ph'l.· ·of11.111it11mg,,

I P .. 'li.<t.J•.Oitt.4 M?if:( ,ijoliu.s

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1>,l!?':I s.11 177

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. .

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359 . • .. 4

1 July ..

19 15th October - 15th :'.'lov ... l!?j

89,240

15th :'~pt. to 15th Jany. '25th Octr. to 15th Deer. 15th Octr. to 15th So'l'l'.

15th So'l'l'. to 15th Doxr. Sovcmber.

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Chapter I V, A.

Agriculturo & Arboriculture. Wheat culLiv:i.Lion.

[•Punjab Gazetteer,

108 CIIAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIIlUTION.

the best policy to give them a holidriy before anything is done If, when the bullocks haxc recovered from the effects of work during Ma.y and June, there is 11till more rain, then the wcl\­owner will plough up as much land for whe£tt, rolling it afterwards as he intends to sow. If there is more rain in August and September, he will give it ns many more plo11ghi.11gs as he ca.n. If the land has been ploughed up fonr or five time,, before seed time and is still moist, the sccc.l will '>e sowu bro:vlcast, ploughed in, rolled, and ploughed again. IL •,rill b" allowed t-0 germinate, and as soon as the blades ha\"C sprung- up,' jt, will receive i.ts first wat~r­ing. If, however, the rainfall has been deficient :md the well oxen have been u11able to do anything more than al.Lend to the wants of the c0Lto11, jumfr, cM1m and turnips, until the wheat seed time comes, there will not be a sing-le ma1·/a ploughed up before­hand. Now the sowing time is limited, aud whon the land has to be irrigatccl before being plo11glwd and sown, it is the zamindar's object to lose as little time a.'> possible. Accor<li11gly he first irrigat€8 the land. The scccl is next scaLtcrcd broadc:i.<;t over the unploughed surface, aml is then plon,!:(hcd in and rolled. The usnn,l number o[ plonghiugs is three or four, never less tlmn two. Wheat is never sown by drill on well-lauds, Lhosc in Lhc HiLhar that receive saililb being excepted. In Lhc Hithar, if the soil is moist cuough, the well-lands arc prepared for the wheat with almost a.s m:i:ny ploug?­ings as the pure sailab lands. The seed is sown with a dnll, and the inigation beds and well channels arc made afterwards. The wheat sowings begin abot1t 15th October, and go on to ~he end of December, but by the 15th December the really good time has gone by. T he amount of seed varies acconling to Lhe time of .sow­ing and the kind of soil. The earlier the sowing Lhe less seed. The seed used ·per acre is for bantni lands )'.l topa.< per kmull, DO lbs. per acre ; for sailab lands 2t lo]l(fa, 75 lhs. early, ~ t-0 4 topcls, 90 t? 120 lbs. late; for clialti 2t to 3 topas, 7:1 to !)0 lhs. early, 4 lopa& 120 lbs. late. On well la.11ds in tho Hith6.r on an avcra.gc the,, wheat is watered three or fonr times after being sown, on _lJtar lancls eight or nine times. lu some exceptional yea.rs it ripens almost without a single watering. In others the irrigating power of the well cannot keep the whole crop sown aliYc. In its infanc,y the wheat plant suffers from m1Ha-an insect that attack» the root-­frost, and cloudy weather. Frost docs not hurt carlv sown wheat, provi.clcd it is followed by rain in the first 15 clays ot" January. ~t rather streng~hcus the plant, but early frosts not followed by ram play havnc ';1th late sown young wheal. The lightc:r and .more sandy the soil the worse: for the wheat; bter on, various blights, ~st and smut attack the plant. Rust is the most dangerous d1sc~se. ~" a rule, nist docs not render the cars absolutely cu:ipty, but it shrivels up the grain to half its natural size and weight. The w)1cat harvcs~ vari~s accoruing to the nature of the weather. In or~mary years it begms soon after the 15th April. There_ai:i four kinds of wheat grown chicfl y in this district--Chilli Rodi, ls.om, Ratti Chi9hcfri, and Dandi Chighcfri. The first is a. white beardless ~vheat with a long thinnish car, chiefly grown on the upland wells Ul the Shorkot tahsil. The grain makes a good sample, plump and

Jb&lli District. l CHAP. IV .. - PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 109

bite. Koni is another white wheat with a beardless ear, which· ~ square unpoin~d end. The grain iS small but whiter than

1:e fast. It does not yield w~ll. The third is ared wheat, bearded,

Chapter IV, A~

Agriculture & Arboriculture, dis commonest of all. I t lS the common wheat on sailab lands.

Kal Chighlwi, a~other red wheat! has a very handsome c~r •. th~c~ andgamished, with a bear~l t.hat is blnck at the root. Lundi, Jowari, and pamman arc ot,hcr km<l::!, but they arc not often met with. Qooc1 wheat is grown on the nplu.11d wells '.in a year of favourable rainfall. The wheat of Sah'u·a, ncnt· Chiniot, has a great reputation. The average outtum of an acre of wheat on well lauds is probably about 16 mau~1ds, an~ on sa{lcib 8 mannds. In the month of May young wheat is cut wit h a sickle, ancl sheep and goats and cattle are turned on to the wheat,, and i t, is grazed down once. The advantarrc of this is to sLrcngt hen the stalk an<l to prevent the wheat r:'orn being blo~vn or falling <lown. High wheat crops on well lands after irrigation arc liable to go down before a very little wind. The yiel<l is lessened.

Wheat cultivation.

Barley is appreciated for the following qualit ies. It ripens earlier than wheat, gives a !wavier yield, requires fewer waterings, and will do well in a lighter soil. Very little comparatively is grown in this district. Gu}i, wheat and barley mixed, is a crop almost. unknown. The two crops arc grown together for early lcltawld, green wheat. Also any zamindih· who keeps horses will have a few acres under barley to JH'o\·ide them with grain. With these exceptions, not above half an acre is, as a rule, grown on a well. As soon as the barley cars bcgiu to turn colour, t he teuant commences to pluck them. They arc scorched and eaten. On sailab land barley is only grown where the soil is too light for a good wheat crop. It is in such case often mixed thinly wit,l1 gram. Such barley is sometimes allowed to ripen, but more often is cut green as fodder. Barley as a fodder crop is often sown with turnips on well lands, and in the Hit lul.r a lso, b ut less frequently. The best sowing time for barley is the end of AJ5su and the beginning of Kati!. (October). I t can be sown also even later than wheat. O~onally it follows a.<; a <10 11 hlP crop after j011•t'u· ai:id m~!t~mu~g on lill:lnb lands. On well lands it is sown broadcast m sailab with a drill. The amount of seed sown is much the same as in the case of wheat, from 3 to 4 topcis a l.·mHll, !)0 to 120 lus. an a~re. On well lands, laud, to be sown with barley will be treated with the sam_e amount of ploughings as wheat. On sailc'tb land less trouble is ta!ten. In fact barley is now, owing to its fall in value, as compared ~~h ~vhcat, considered an inferior crop, and treated acco.rdmgly . . IS liable to the sarn~ diseases as wheat in a less degree. There ~nly one kind of barley usually sown, called nal11·i. ~ kind of

bl b~rlcy called kona kV.lei. is also grown. The beard lS almost ack m colour.

G1'am is, after wheat the favourite rabt crop, though, as ~mpar~d with wheat, the ~rca n.imually under crop is as 1 to 14. ~~· it niay almost. be said, is never irrigated by well wate~. aq,'/ ' bst a.11 the area under gram shown in the crop st~tement is

i-0 • In the Utar also some little gram is grown m hollows

Barley ..

Gram.

Chapter I V, A.

A!p"culture & ;- -,Joriculture.

Gram.

Turuips.

[ PunJa.b· Gazetteer '

110 ClIAP. IV.-PRODUCTION A~D DISTRIBUTION,

where surface drainage collects. Gram grows best in a stiflish Utir soil that in .years of hi~h floods. gets flood wa~er from the river. In the H1thfu gram is sown m every description ofsoil, from stiff clay to sandy loam. A clayey soil suits it best, but with decent cold weather min it docs well in light loam. More gram is grown in the Shorkot tahsil than elsewhere. 'l:here the floods extend far inland, and the lands scantily inundated by the outer edge of the floods are pnt under gram. Two ploughings are considered su fficicn t, and more arc very scl<lom gi vcn. Seed is sown with a drill, an<l the amount averages l ~ Iopa per ka11al, about 45 His. an acr~. Very often gram only gl!ts one ploughing, and more disgraceful farming can hardly be conceived. The seed is sown broadca.c;t on the ground, and the plough is run through once only, and then tho zamlndar complains that there is no yield. Gram is almost always grazed down ouce by catLle. In Katik the calves arc tumcd on to tho gram fields when tho plants are only two or•threc inches high. Later on in Poh, cows and horses are allowed to graze. Zamiud:trs say that if the plant gets rain aftcn\:anls, it is not injured but is strengthened, and tillers better. Tho cattle too arc greatly benefited by a little green food at this season of tho year. Tho custom of grazing cattle on the green crops so prcrn,lcnt in this district is probably· due to the very great extent to which tho agricultural population <lepend t~pon cattle for their sustenance: Milk, buttermilk, and curds arc articles of the commonest consumption. Uram is grown with barley .on .w1iMb land$. A ,-cry common mixture in tho Shorkot sail~b lands is malt-1111111,q, turnips, a!ld gram. Sometimes the gram IS

absent, and sometimes the tnruips. The advantage of such a crop is obvious. It provides fodder for tho bullocks. M1lh-11mng and gram do very well together, and one or other usually furnishes a good crop. If tho 1111111y is good, the gram will be very thin, and the plauts weak and lanky. On the other hand, excellent gram crops often follow thin mnng crop. Gram is neither watered, weeded, nor manured. It is a very heal thy strong plant if !tis honestly cultivat~d. Once it has fairly shot up, it requires very little rain. Late rain, thunderstorms, and high winds are injurious. A good downfall at Christmas, and one shower about the end of January only arc needed to ensure a first class gram crop. If there is rain in Chet (.March-April), the pod aml grains arc generally attacked by caterpillars. The outtnrn of gram varies greatly. Tho average may be struck at about 10 maun<ls.

Turnips arc on well lands a most important crop in this district. lf the crop is a failure, the wheat suffers. The well oxen are very heavily worked during the wheat sowings and the first waterings, and require a large amount of strengthening food. This is furnished by the jorcar and tmrup crops. There is nothing else. If the turnips fail, or arc late ns they often· are owing to th.e failure of tho tirst sowings, the workii1g power of the bullocks IS materially weakened, and the area under wheat does not· get properly watered. Turnips, raw and cooked, are also eaten ~argely by the tenants during the cold weather. To them no less than to the bullocks, a bad turnip crop is a serious misfortune. It is

Jbe.ni' District. l

CHAP· IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTnIIlUTION. 111

sometimes destroyed by l.:mnmf, n. kind of m1Uo, that attacks the root. The best lane~ on the we}~· well plirngl~ed and liberally mannred, is allotted to tlus ~rop. 1 he land will gen.orally have been \oughcd up .af~cr ram once befor0 ~he sC'c<l time. arrives. The

fand is then 111:1gat~d and plout(l~cd frnm three to six times with e or two roll111gs m between, if there arc any clods to be broken

on The s0ed is sown broa.dcast, mixed with sand or earth or ~~uurc. Then the soil is once more rolled, and the iirigatiou beds an<l channels ~re n~adc._ If the soil has now become some­what dry, a '~'n.tcrmg. is g1vP11 n:t OHC'e; but usually the first watering is gircu a. kw <lays aftrr the plants ha.vc come np. When turnip:; arc sow~1 on w~ll lands in soil that has been ploughed up once or tw1ee pre\ Hm!:ily, a couple of ploughings are ~'rCil, and th('n t,hc well lH'ds and irrign.t io11 ('h:tnnels n.rc banked up. The seed is sown bmalb1st, a11d 111ixcd into the soil with the leafless branch of a thor11y lrl'e that is bruslw<l over the ground, and a first wat<>ri11g is given aL Olltl'. In sailU& lands the process is different. 'l'hc b11<l is ploughed twice or three Limes and rolled. The seed is sown broa<kast and ploughed in with \'cry shallow furrows. If turuip seed gets too del'p into the ground, it does not come up. Turnip sm\•ings, com111cncc i11 Baclru and go on to Kfltik. 'fhl'l'L' are gt'll"l':tlly t w11 suwi11R:;, l':trly and late. Often a thir<I Rowi11g i:-; iua1lc. The ~~11w1111(, of semi w;cd is onc w1·opi a ka1utl1 3~ seer::; an (l.l'l'e. The crop ripens in three months. Zamindars say turnip.~ arc not rl'ady till lhc lirst frosts. It is watered fire or six tirncs. :\o wt•eding!'i or hoeing:; arc given. A turnip crop should not be too thick, or it runs to leaf, aud the bulbs suffer. A first class crop is that whieh yields a good fodder crop of lean•:; first, and a heavy root crop afterwards. The turnip lcaH:s arc euL once, sometimes twice on the very best lands, and then the b11lb:; arc p11llctl up. On .w1ilcl& lands the leaves arc not cut, b11t tlw whole pla11t i!'! pulletl up. 'l'~c bulbs grow very large in ,,l(i/rl/i lamk 'l'hl'y arc occasionally eaten ou the ground, but this is of co111~e very diffl'rcnt from what is meant bv the process at home. The great difncully about the turnip crop is to sow thC' st•cd early and yet to get, it to germinate well. ltsnffers from a kintl of grasshoppcr-liclcla. The crop a.l:;o suffers fro~ le/a (blight), but never sc,·erdy. . Peas, mallm', arc grown on sailtl.h lauds only, and principally in Shorkot. N cw alluvial laud, ancl the beds of wEl<ts, arc the spo~ ~enerally chosen. I~ is valued as a fodder crop only. The gram.is very seldom threshed for more thau the seed. The pods '.11'e picked green and ca.Leu as a v<'gctablc. A couple of })lough­mgs arc all that 111afln1· lands usually obtain, and the seed is even S?Wn broadcast on sailitb land too moist to plough at all, u.ncl often yields good crops. Ordinarilv the seed is sown with a drill, at the c: of Ass{1 or the bcgin1;ing of K<~tik. The harvest is in cata~. 'l'he plant is pulled, not reaped. The plant suffers from

C~tllars that attack the po~l. ~ Ihc only other 1·ahl. nop15 that llcscrvc notice arc ma~sai· and :n o~der cr?P 111p//1ra. ..,lfas;;rrr is a saiMba crop, and is never .sowu 0 her so1ls. Either ucw alluvial soils or light laud tha.t l~ not

Cha.pte1· IV, A.

Agriculture & .Arboriculture.

Turnips.

Peas.

Afcrum'. .3fethra.

Chapter IV, A.

Agricult ure & Arboriculture. Mmaar. Methra.

Cotton.

[Punjab Gazetteer I

112 CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AN;D DISTillilUTION.

good. enough fo~· ,wheat is selected. !Jfassar is often t~e first crop sown on ne:v sailab lands, or fol.lows mattar. The land 1S ploughed once or twice, and the seed is sown broadcast. One ploughing takes place after the seed is sown. Maghar and Poh are the months for sowing. From 1 to 1~ pai·opfs per lw.nal, or from 30 to 45 lbs. of seed lwr acre, is the amount used. The crop ripens in the oud of Chet and the beginning of Haisikh. It is rcapc<l, not pulled. The yield is Jight. It is subject to muc_h the same injuries as gram. The pods arc attacked by caterp~l~. Rain, wind and thunder arc hurtful when the plant l'> m flower. ,Vetltdi, is a foddur crop. It is grown on wells and ::;ailab lands. On wells it is found chiefly in the Kachhi circles of Jh:mg and Shorkot, and on sailclb in the south of the Shorkot tabsil. On well lauds it is sown after cotton and sometimes after jowar, rarely on nncropped ground. The seed is sown broadcast in the month of 1laghar, is trampled into the ground and watered. The seed seldom fails t-0 germinate. Five or six subsequent waterings arc given, and the crop is ready to cut in Chet. A top dressing is often given to this crop. About 30 lbs. of seed is usc!l per acre. On sailcl.b land 11ietl11·a is sown in Assu and the beginning of Ka.tilt. Good new aHmi.um or a. rich old clayey loam arc the soils usually selected. The seed is sown broadcast and ploughed lightly in. One or two ploughings will have hcen given beforehand. The sailllb crop ripens about the same time as that on wells. .Metltra is a. hardy plant, and suffers but little from disease.

Cotton is tlic most valuable of the kli.artf cro11s in this district. It grows best on the Ut11.r wells in a strong loam. Cott-On on sailab lands docs not do well. One reason is. that the mode of cultivation is more sl,n-enly. Even on good wells in sailab lands the crop is always lighter than· in the uplands. The cotton of Shorkot grown on the Ut1i.r soil, irrigated <l ;,·ing the hot weather months from jlmlc£rs or the inw1<latiou canal, is very good. Land intended for cotton onght to be ploughed up once beforehand after the cold weather rain. It is then manured. All cott-0n land ought to be maunred, but a. goo<l deal never is. The manure is spreatl, and the first watering is given. If the za.mindar is lazy, he sows the cotton sce<l smeared in cowdung broadcast. The land is thm ploughed twice and rolled. If the zamind:ir is industrious, he will plough the land twice or perhaps three times before sowing the seed broadcast i The solu~11a is then put over the laud twice to cover in the seed. The well beds and water channels are then made. In Chiniot cotton is sown much earlier than in the two southern tahsUs. Sowings are made from the cn<l of Chet to the middle of Jeth (April and May). About 32 tbs. of scc<l are used per acre. Early-sown cotton is ready to pick in Badru. All Badru pickings below~ to the tenant. The proprietor does not share in the pickings before the 1st Assu, an<l he takes nothing after the LoM festival, the 1st Mii.gh. There is not much left. after the 15th January, but what there is the tenant takes. Very lit_tle mudlti C<?tton is gl'own in this district. There is not enough ram. . Cotto;' is hardly eve~ gro~vn alone. ~elons, jowar, mandtla, . k.angn1, smcak, arc almost mvanably found rn the cotton fields.

Jh!lllB District. l

CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTlON AND DISTRIDUTION. 113

Melons are sown with th? c:ott,on. The other crops arc sown on and a.re mwd pnnc1pn.lly fin· fo<lder. Jowr.fr so sown

~~t~ardly ever allowed to ripen.. More or less of the other 15bree crops ripen, and the'. reason rn that they ~re sown whero \ soil is hard and salu1c ancl not well smted for cotton. ~:nee the cotton is li~ht,_ ni~d the deficiency is m~de up by the l.'iOCiatcd crop. In this d1stnct the cotton on wells is uot usually ~oughed after the bush l's ha.:·c r;Ul'hcd sonH' h<'igl~ t. 'l'hc ficl<ls aro

[oed and weeded, and the .Jmca1· or othL"r scc<l. is t hen scattered bro.lCicast, in bctweeu the cotton b_ushcs. A ' '· ate1·ing is at once ·1en, and the seed ~1sn:~ll,Y .gcrnnnn.~cs. Less 111a11d1fo, kangni, ~d saiucik arc grown n~ Uh1111ot t hn.n 111 tl~e ot,l10r Lahslls. During the hot months cotton 1s wn.t<>n•cl cvrry sixth cby. l n the early stages cotton. is _liable ~o. be. injnrt'd liy 1lro1~~ht and hot winds. Too much ram 1s also lllJUl'lo11s to rot Ion. I he tda blight also attacks cotton~ Early frosts do. mnrc cl:~ma~c than anything else. T-ro kinds of cotton aru ~own 111. the cl1stn ct, but th~ red-leaved p!ant is not lJf&cn seen. I he onl111ary country plant 1s the most common.

Jowar and cotto1 arc the two l.1mrf/ staples. Jmccfr is grown brgely on wells a1ul .. w1ilclh !antis. On the h<11•1tlli lands of the Chiniot tahsil its plaru is ta.krn by Mjm. lt is not grown to any large extent on thu Hort.hem rive rain village's of the tahsH, where maMI takes its place. A recent arl'l'l'tion of good soil, land well manured, and soil l hat is daycy a111 l ha..c; lain Ji.LI low for some years, are the three best soils for )111i•a1·. On the river lands lite best soil. for jowcfr is a light sa111ly loam of recent formation, well ~01st-Onc<l by percolation. There is not very much pr0pamtion ~the way of ploughing. Twice is considcrc1l ample. 'l'h? seed IS then sown broacfrn.st and ploughC'd in. The ground is not ~lied unless it is rloddy. If the ~oi l is not very moist., the seed ts sow~ with a drill, in or<ll'r to gC't it as tlcC'p down into the soil as possible. Sowings commence ut the beginning of' S:~wan, and goon oo the beginning- of Hadrlt. The earlier the joiccfr is sown the~t.ter. I t ripens before the fro!-11, an<l lhc stalks arc sweetest. Jwar is only sown late for ft·ar of llootls. On wells, if there has been rain ~nd the soil is sullici<'nt ly moist, the land is prepared ~d sown Just a.s llithar Ian cl. If there has been no rain, the lo.nd 18 first irrigated, then ploughed twice nml rolled. The seed is ~wn broadcast and ploughed in. J owcfr seed is nl wn.ys steeped in wau:r the night before it is sown. .!01dfr is watered a.bout ~eight. d~ys, bnt it is hardly snfo to lay <lown any rule oth;r

h that it is watered whcne\'l'r it begins to dry up. Jowar,

r en d' . · ·1 \Vb nee mll' ~vatcr, ts a snre index to the quality of the s~1 · th ere the so1l 1s poor, the Jo1c1/r lea Yes shrivel up very soon; while ~!rest of the cro1) if the soil is good ma}' show scarcely any :-ouS of d. ' ' ' ' tan.ill istress. The amount of seed ~ow11 is about I paropi a

'or ~ lt>. n.n acre There rm' 1111111crous kinds of juwar. That grown nca J(I ' . ', , . . I tat' The v .. r 11wa. arnl Kh;tn11wuna. has the h1g 1est repu 10!1. th aryetics usually denote littk more than grades of Havour m ~ /{l'ain when pa.rL"hcd or scorched. Of one kind of jow<fr the

IS compact nnd the graius close together, of another th~;ar

Chapter IV, A.

Agriculture & Arboriculture.

Cvtton,

Jomdr.

Chapter IV, A.

Agricult ure & Arboriculture.

Jouxb·.

Brijm.

.Md/1-mung.

.Moth.

[ Pnnja.b GQettee:

114 CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION .AND DISTRIBUTION.

is made np ·of a number of small branched stems, each carrying grain. The first is called [11t1mna, the second tilyor. J o1car is often manured. The Kach hi jou·cfr ripens earliest iu the early part of K:itik, that grown in the V1chanh next, and that on the Chenab last, in the middle_ of Magl~ar .. ~ou•ar _is rather ~ delicate plant. Bc..'lid<'s the mal:uhcs to winch 1t 1s su~icct before 1t comes to ear early frost and late min greatly diminish the yield and render th~ stalks tasteless and tlry. It is also liable to toka and tela.

Bajra may be said to be grqw~ in the northern ~o~cr or Chiniot nearest to Sh:\hpur only. It 1s hardly ever cultivated on well lands. After rain a couple or three plonghings are given. The sceJ is sown broadcast and ploughed in. It i:; not grown on wells, as its stalks arc not good fodder. Otherwise it has a heavier yield thau jo1nfr, and less seed goes to the acre. It is sown from 15th Har to 15th Sawan, and reaped in Katik.

,lf<i.li-mung are two different pulses, but they are grown together t,o a great extent in this district. The mode of cultivating both is the same. They are grown chiefly in the Hithar. There is iwrhaps a little more mrllt than mung in the Hithar. In the Utiir 111ah is seldom cultivated, while in years oJ'- favonrable rainfall large areas arc sown with nmng. Hardly any pulse is grown in Chiniot, and very little on the Jhclam. Most is grown in the Shorkot, tahsil. Mah an<l mllll,'T grow well in loams and light soils. Clays do not suit. Moisture in the soil is indispcusable, and but little else is required. Two ploughi_ngs is all that the soil gets in the way of preparation. The seed is then sown broadcast a11<l is ploughed in. The aniount of seed varies from I to I ~ loptti< of 11uU1, a11d from i to 1 fr1pa of 1111111y pe1· hmal. The 1111m11 is smaller thau that of 1111/lt. I t is sown in the eml of SU.wan and 'the b<'ginning of Badru, allll ripens in the end of Maghar or a little lat.er. The crop is pulled, not cut. .Fields that have been cropped with nuih-m1rng arc usually covered with a strong after­crop of ta/la grass. In the Utar 111m19 is cultivated in depressions or the beds of channels that carry off surface drainage. One ploughing or two, seldom more, arc given. The seed is sown broadcast and ploughed in. ltlcf.h and mung plants suffer from the at.tacks of gra.c;shoppers-tidda-when young, and later on caterpillars attack the pods and graius.

1lfoth, another pulse, is very seldom sown in the Hithar, b~t after good rain a considerable area in the Uta.r is sown with th!S crop. 11loth is an extremely hardy plant, and the zamindlirs say that if it once puts forth sufficient leaves to cover its root, no amount of dry weather affects it. It is supposed to be a capital grain, and the green plant first-class fodder for horses. The blul&a is also highly prized. The bht'l$a of these pulses i,s of two kinds­plwlicit, the broken shreds of the pods and stalks, patri, the leaves. Two vloughings arc deemed sufficient. The seed is sown broadcast and ploughed in_ About the same quantity is used as of 11mn9. The sowings are made rather earlier than those .of 111ah-mu119 in the Hithar, as the cultivat-0r has not the fear of Hoods before his <'ye~. aud lh~ harvest is consequently also earlier.

{bjDi J)istrict. l CHAP· rv.-PRODUCTIOX ANI> DISTRIBUTIO!'l. 11 6

. . wn in small qmuititics on 1wil1ib lnmls, nm! 011 rain f1/isgro 1 d It is nl5<1 ot:r.nsiu11ally sown 011 the outskirt is

• .b · the up an · • · · I \' l' I · iill"' ll1 d ch crops (lro• somcl11111'S 1rngalt·t . 1•1-y 1tl c 114 tlaJell, ~h/Chiniot aa1l1ib l11111ls. 'J'il lu\' •s a light soil, I.lilt ..,:~on h 1·sturc. It will clTQw N'Cll 011 "''J'J'UI' lu111l!I, sa111l ·.,,,,n!S muc mo o • 1 '/"I . I I • <l ~:;i· with only a. thin l~yor, of ~~ .

11 is 111u1·,

11,1

c111tin1

1tc.

~"'with other crops. - ; ou'llr, 1111111, 1\111 11111."!'· IP an1 111 ~""'! b 10 or two ploughings. 'J'hc f!l!t•d 1~ !!O\\ 11 hro:uknst., rr-;·-.tl ~nd in Sltw(lll n111l tho tmrly pr1rt, of Hndrit. '1'111• ~ed w~ is about 7~ lbs. 'l'hc ll1>wcra Uhl li1d1lt! to lie nipp ·d :trail off if the wi1;d blows from th..: north. The ruoL is nlso' 11!1Cked by mu/a.

Jfak<il, or Indian corn, HI gl'ow11 nl1110 t sol'l'ly i11 •• thl! Chi11 i1!L . ~li] A few patdws 11111\ b1• 11111•11 nrn111I l\l agl11a11:1. l t 1~ :i~ both on wilclb nnd wt:ll 1111111 , 1111L in thl' l)ttir. 'l'h 1· ~them boundaries of m11h1f <·ulLh·ntion arc: Tlmtt i IMl1i ~iali on the riI?,h t, aml '1'11hli .\ln11gi11{ u11 the I ·fl k\11k /the Chenab. fhc lll'st makai is >-:l'O\\ 11 i11 th• Cil11tar iill!ges, between the Halkh\'l\h 111Hci 11111 1 th•• ri\'•'l',nml the vil1;1g-1•s :!Salam, Kazian, atHI Chiniot. Nak11f is 110L gru\\11 lo n11y ~riderable cxk11t on M1'M/J lnuds. IL n•(111ir1•s a 111nrt1 l'..'ln.fnl diratiun. The laud is plongh<'d up f~111r t i111 11, 'l'h•' sc •ti is Ull broadcast, anu is ploughed in \iy 0111• 11r t W<1 uh Oq1 11•11L

;looghings. 'l'hP amount ol seed iK I:! ll•ll., 111111 11\ Pt, :111 wn·. Mahnisgencrally not hol·il t•n awlcib 11111.t~ On \\ 1'11~. it' lht•rr• ~been 1111 r.1in, the Janel i~ wull'r•';ll 111111 pl•J11gl11•d up l\\ in.i 111· f.aier. Then manure is put 011 nt tlll' mlv ol :120 111a1111ds 1u1

Ile. Tw~ more ploughiub'S nrc gi\'Cll to mix lhl! 111:11111n• well :totheso1l. Then seed nL tltl' rnto uf 2 ~ lhs. lo th1• nrn: is O\\ 11

~t. M'ukat is SOWll thi1·k Oil Wl'IJS n11d i ~ tlti11111:d ClllL, th1• ~ngs being used as loodl•r. 'l'hu HC•·tl i11 plo1t_!{lwd in, tlw .wlrolled, nnd the wrll hed11 nncl cha11111•ls 11111d1'. il/,cka( rip 'll'I

:i!f.months. h ought tu be \\Qtcrcd 1•v1•ry sixt h cl:ty ii' lhcr.: is ~· aud evc~-y eighth tlay if t h11 1·1• is. M11l·o( nnp 1111 '' ell ; , arc hoed .twic~. ;.1/11/,;11( sowingg nrc 111a:h· ln1111 I Ith· tu ~ The ~owrngs lll tl1t.· Ii rat t Cit d :t) ll of 11 n I' g1 n· I ht• hc~t l'l'Ol'"·

yJrepamt1011' is the :o.·11110, wl11·nc\·1•r the !lo\1 i11h'il 1m• 1111idl!. i.iiit' lakes very little out of thu land, um! i~ almost, alway'> ;.. ~byn raM crop, citlH.'I' turnip;\ or" h11ut. Mul.:11 (is 11pparc11t ly .;? ni the attack!! of tho i11s1•cL world. I t. s11lh·rs fro111

;:train. If rain is ro11ti111101u1 the lil·ltl cn1111ot lw hm·t!, and ;?"!iuced_ sta.lk <loes not lhii:kc11, nnd but, fow 11mi1.c cobs arc

~Ch~a is a crop that. is lnrgdy grown in this <li trict 011 Wl'll .. Becon;? c~ps arc rcnpcd in the y1•ar, t hl· lit"lil. in .r ct h 1111d ll:lr, 1llrasrn 1\

0 la~har. L:uul is car~·fully \iri·pan·d 111111 111a11urcd. then al nrch ts sown with each cl'op. ''Ill' lm11l is lir:it irrigutc<l

t P ~ig cd a coupl1' of time!-!. Thu :;ccd is then sown ·lilade a~toughe~ in. A rolling ill gi\'c11, un<l the wt•ll b~d:1 . it ought ~•b« rci{utrcs a !urge quantity uf wutcr. Zn111htdar.1

c watered cvi:ry fourth day. It i!l perhaps wutcrcd

Chnptor IV, A.

A~rioulturo & Arbor1culturs.

1·.1 •

JI('~ '"·

CM11u .

Chapter IV, A.

Agricult ure & Arboriculture.

Ch111a,

Tobacco.

[Punjab Gazetteer ' llG CilAP. IV,- PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION,

every fifth or sixth <by. The first clt!na crop is used chiefly as fotklcr. I t is very rarely tl~reshe<l; The se.cond ch!na crop comes in useful for the whcu,t sowmgs. fhc crop is sometimes pulled up or cut half ripe, as much grain beaten out as can be, and the straw used for fodJcr. More generally the second crop is allowed to ripen. I t is impossible to lay down any rule. If there have been good rains and grass is plentiful, the whole of the cMna will be allowed to ripen ; if there has been but little rain and gr~ is scant, the whole crop may be used as fodder. Cltfoa is not subject LO any particular disease.

Tol)(icco is, if properly cultivatccl, the most paying of all crops. As comparecl with sugar-cane, it sells for very nearly the same price per krmal, while it only occupies Lhc soil for three months. It does not require any more manure or more frequent waterings. It does not exhaust Lhe soil Lo the ~ame extent. To ensure a good crop of an acrid an<l pungent leaf the soil must be heavily manured, but anoLhcr crop can always be grown after, either jowa1· or turnips, or even both. Vegetables, onions, yams (glmi1fo), cldna and melons arc usually grown with cane. A favourite associated crop is cMna, which is supposed to protect the young roots of the cane from the rays of the sun, and also to keep the soil cool.· CMna so grown is always nscd as fodder. But these associated crops arc not nearly as valuable as the crops that follow tobacco. In preparing soil for tobacco, four ploughings ought to be g iven, accompanied by four rollings if required to break the clods. The manure is then spread. Sheep and goats' droppings are best for tobacco. This manure is procured from the sheep cots in the liar, nml costs from Re. 1-0 to Re. 1-8 per six came! loads. A camel r;arric.- about five maunds. City refuse costs Rs. 3 a hundred bo1·cl/1s, containiwr 50 maunds. On the wells near Jhang, where tobacco is an imp0rt:i•tt crop, 100 boi·ahsof manure arc given to the kn111tl, about 400 mauncls an acre. The manure is spread and well mixed into the soil with two or three ploughings. The land is next rolled until all clods are broken. The water cban~cls '.1-nd beds arc made and the transpla.nts are pu~ in, aml a watermg is at once given. The transplants are obtamed thus. They may be purchased at the rate of 4 anuas per square cubit, or be raised by the zam1ndi1r himself. A mm·la of seedlings is sufficient to plant out a lv.rncil. The soil of the seedling bed is first carefully prepared and well worked.· The seeds arc sown broad· cast, and arc covcrerl with an inch thickness of fine manure, and watered. The seedling bed is covered with grass during the frosty months. Tram;planting commences in the middle of Phiigan. The watcri.1~g~ a_rc given at first every three or four days, and t~ey wnc!ually dumnish to once a week. The first weeding and hoeing is given about 25 days after the transplanting, as soon as the plants have taken good root. Two or three hocings arc given after­wardg. Three or four top dressings arc given. The roots are seldom ?1a~ured. Th? breaking off of the young shoots fro~ the stem (Jui/It Uimmn.) mvolvcs much labour. The flower IS also pulled off. T~1e_ shoots arc plucked off every fourth day for a month. If this is w01l done, the tobacco leaves broaden, and the lhvour becomes more acrid. Tobacco is cut a little, about.-§- akan.dl,

Mil> msTtunUTJON. 117

Chllpt. r IV, ~

Agrfoult.uro ~ Arbor1oulturei

'l'ullaccu.

Su 11.rc.111.

Chapter IV, A.

.Agriculture & Arooriculture.

Rice.

Kangni, Sawdk, .\landiia, Kuna.

C Punjab Gazetteer •

118 CHAP. IV.- PRODUCTIOS ANU DISTRlllUTION,

chew hut do uot t•:it, it. Frosts l\r' i11jurio1tM if they arc early A frost-bitten <'tun: loiws :~ \1uw· portion uf i ts juice. ·

Rice. Very littlu r it·1• i11 growu in this district. A little is grown in IH'w :.ill alu11g thl· .J hP\111 11, n11<l t hen' is some rice culti. vation 011 t.lw Jlith:l.r wl'll~ of MnghinntL and J hang. The rice of the Jhchun .~ailclb ii; n. cou1s11 \':trinty, nud uot much care is taken in its cultiv1it1nn. 'l'hl! 11il t is uot p\011gl11•1l up. The see<l is scattered bron.tknst O\'l'r llw smf:u·1• nml left lo la.kc its chance. If the silt is t.l1i1·k, tlw crop i~ g1•ncrally i~ go1 1 one; but if sand is near the surface, tlw rit'l' dril's 11p whl'n the river goes down. The sowings conm1e11ct• i11 8:tw1111 -lladr(1. A bout I G lhs. of seed go to the acre. The erop npl•us m three nwnths. This mode of ri~ cultivation is cnlk•d 7wkh. Auoth<-r method is to transplant Scl·ulings into llwsc n11ul hnnk :i. No plo11r,hings nrc given; the sccdliugR an• sinlply st11 <'k into tlw 111nd. 'l he l!Ccdli11gs arc grown on 3. well. 'l'his mnclc is called 1·otli. T he crop takes the same t-imc to ripen, cult ivalcd l'ilhcr way. 011 the ) laghiann. well lands the soil is most cart'fully prPparl.'d for r icl'. 'l'wo or three plough· ings arc givcu, a11d tlw la11<1 is Wl'll mnnurcd. T hen, when the soil hns been wl'll worked, tlw wd l bl'ds an' formed, the water turned on, and the tra11spl:u1ti11g dorw liy hop;. The continu~ bending clown make,; this ratlwr hard work, ancl t,hey arc paid liberally. The crop is wnlcru l L\\ ice n. Wl'l'k. The soil must ~n no account be allowed to dry up. .J !ttd,irs arc largely used m Maghi:l.na to assist the wells. Hanc•Rl time is in Katik. The seedling beds are prepared, and the scccl sown in Bais:tkh and Jeth. About two pai, bet wcPn 12 and l G lits., of seed arc usc<l for 8 111ar~1iJ, and the transplnnts given a.re i;ufii<'i1mL for an acre Tran~plantrng is effected in 8:twn.n in Marrhia11a. Hice docs not suffer from diseases. It i:; a crop that gi,~:; a. heavy yield.

J(a11g11i, sairak, m.ond1<a n.nd k1l.1·)([ n.rc crops that arc grown mo~ or less in various parts of the district, but the total area under them 15

insignificant. Smcak and ktfrfo arc seldom seen. Patches arc gr?w~ on wells for fodder by zamindihs who keep horses, but the ~r:am 15

seldom t~reshcd. They arc grown on well lands as a l.:liar1.j crop, and require constant irrigation. Kangni is grown to some extent on the leased wells in the Government Bir to the east of J hang. St~y patches are seen on wells in villages, generally associated wi~h cotton, rarely by themselves. .Mandua is more generally grown lll th_e tw~ southern tahsils, hanlly ever in Chiniot. It is so,~n on stiff salme clays, and docs well where other crops hardly germinate. I~ is a c:1.Pital f~<lde~ crop,_ and can generally be cut twice, often thrd times, if there 1s ram. In Daull1ana in the Kachhi of Shorkot an adjoining viHag~s, ~t is largely grown for its grain as a single cr?P· In other parts it is more m;ually found as a mixed crop w1.th cotton. It is sown in Chet, Baishakh, and reaped in Assu, Kati~. The land should be ploughed up twice or thrice. The seed 13

sow I"! broadcast at the rn.tc of 7 t l.t>s. per acre. A -watering ~houlJ be ~1ven once a week. 1lland1ia , it may be worth noting, ~s the 1·a.qt of Mysore. The systems of culfo·ation seem to be curiously different.

Jhang District. l

CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 119

Melons arc largely srown all ov~r ~he ~istrict on sail«b, well, and rain lauds. The ram-land cult1vat1on is confined to the Bar, and water melons only are, as a rule, sown. Zamfndars say that 'they grow wild in years of good rainfall, and there is no rea.<>on for disbelieving them. In rni/Jb lands the seed is sown with o. drill, and the drills arc wide apart. Two or three plo11ghings arc given and one rolling last uf all before t,hc seed is <lrillccl in, at the rate of about~ topa a ka11al, about 15 lbs. to the acre. Sowings are made in Ch<:t, ancl the fruit ripens in three months. Sowings are maclc at intcn ·ah;, The chil'f melon cultivation is, however, on wells in the neigh honrhootl of large villages and tow11R. The melons of Jhan,; an<l Chi11iot arc excl'plio11ally goocl. The land is first irrigated hbcrally, but not over-n1anurod, then ploughed and rolled. The seed is sown hmaclca.c;t at the rate of about 7 ~ lbs. to the acre. The seed is sometimes steeped in water and sometimes not. Young melon plants arc benefited hy rain, but it is injurious later on. The first sowingi; arc made in Phagan, but most melons are sown in Chet. Melons sown in Phagan on good cool land arc not watered until 1st Chet, but the melou beds are constantly hoed and weeded. Melons sown in Chet are watered regularly from the first. Well-tended melon fickb near a town will be hoc<l perhaps 10 or 12 times. The crop is generally sold to Kirars on the ground. They do all the weeding a11tl watching, the proprietor or cultivator being only responsible for watering the crop. The waterings arc more frequent "·hen the plants begin to fruit. Melons do well in a light loam. Round Jhaug they are grown in a soil that appears to be slightly removed from sand. The plant is subject to tela blight and to lwdda. It is not very clear what imdda is, but it appears that the leaves are attacked by some ~vinged insect and die, and the whole plant withers away. Rain 1S most injurious to melons on wells.

. Uss1t is hardly grown at all in this district. In very favourable .~s, a large area is sown on th<! Kachhi wells as a b<irani crop, and is afterwards wa.tcrc<l once or twice. The preparation is of the ~ughest description. One ploughing or two ar~ given. The seed is so~vn broadcast and ploughed ih. The crop is used for fodder. Sowmgs take place in Assu and Badru. The crops ripen in Chet. Uss1I is a hardy plant, but suffers a little from worms and caterpillars .

. The division of the crops has now t-0 be described. After the gram has been threshed and winnowed, it is collected in one heap (~l1e1-i), and is divided between the landlord and tenant and !.:am£11.•. Fust of all the village 11111lla's foe, 1·as1ll arwa!t'i, is measured out! and next that of the village mi1'1i..•i (jak!t). The remaining gram is then divided between the landlord and tenant accord­mg to the rent conditions. It is measured out in topas. The ~ast portion of the hea.p is not divided. It is called talwara, and lS ~eserved to pay the kamiu.<, eac1

1 of whom gets what he is ent~tled to therefrom. The fees of the kamfiis have already been ~oticed at page 90, 91. The weighman generally manages t-0 leave Just enough grain Lo satisfy these foes, kumicfoa. If any grain

Chapter IV, A.

As;rriculture & Arboriculture.

Melone.

The clh·is ion of the crops (bat<i i ).

-Cha.pter IV, A.

.Arnculture & Aiboriculture.

· The reaper's wage.

Tho winnower.

f PunJa.b ·Gazetteer • 120 CHAP. IV.-PUODUCTION AND DISTRIDUTION

remains over, it is usually mn.cle n. present to the tenant. Some hard landlords insist 011 taking their !!hare. If the talwara is insufficient, t he deficiency is 111a<le up from the proprietor's and cultivator's hraps pmportion:itcly to the shares on which the produce is diviJc<l. Each carries off his share, n.nd the business is finished.

It is the general custom throng hon t the district to pay the reaper a daily wage, but in some villages lw is pn.icl from tho grain heap. The normal pay of a rcnpcr is :3 shcM·es (mo/11fo) for every 100 sheaves reaped nn<l tietl. '!'his would make his wage ~14th of the produce, but in reality he mannges to obtain n much larger share. His wage sheaves arc twicl' as big as the ordinary ones, and instead of 1 in 34 he really takes twu. He nlso gl'ts a bunch of cars (t1·cfr1fo). In Leiah the difference between the reaper's and the ordinary sheaf is rccognisc<l, and the one is called c!lutrwan (the winner), au<l the other !tcfrwan (the loser). Sal'Cls and niras, great and small, arc also riames used. If the rcapl'r is paid from the grain hoap, he takes his fee with the other ka111fos. His pay is calculated at so much a clay or so mnch a kalllU, rn.rcly at a fixed share of the produce. In one Shorkot village lhis lattcl' rate is fixed at 10 lopi[s per J..1wricar, Ol' 1

1irth. For cutting well wheat there is not much variation in a reaper's ralc of pay, but in the case of sailab lands it has an upward tendency. The landlord may oe anxious on the score of floods to get his grain in n.s e~rly as possible, or the crop may be full of thisLk's anti camel thorn, and the reapers cai:not be got to touch it except for pay highcl' than the ordinary. It is'the general custom throughout the clistl'ict for the reaper's fee to be paid to whoever reaps; whether he be tho tenant or' not .

. The. wi~ower is paid at the rate of -('11th, 4 topas per kl1m·war. Wmno:ving is performed with a recd tray (clt!wj), and the man who wmnows is called chlwjj£. He is almof>t always a man of the S\~eeper. (chuhra) class. His pay is high, but it covers not wmn~wmg on~y, but all tho other manifold jobs that he does for t~e propnetor <lurmg the year. The threshing (gah kama) of the gra~n is usu~lly performed by the tenant's bullocks, and he is not paid for this work ; but if another man's bullocks arc called in, he takes a regular foe (galwra), or 1 or 2 toplts per yoke per clay. There are some exc?ptions io the above rule in the case of upland wells, where th9rc is S?me difficulty in obtaining tenants. A topa o~ a topa-and-a-half is allowed out of the talwara heap, half of wluch goes to the proprietor and half to the tenant.

Average yield. Pro­duction a.rnl co11-aumption of food

grains,

Table No. XXI ~hows the estimated average yield in lbs. J?er acre of .each of the prmcipal staples as shown in the Administration Report of 1881-82, while below will be found the more detailed estimates which were used to calculate the value of the gross produce for purposes of assessment in the Settlement of 1880. The ave.rage yiel~ ?f the princ~pa.l staples has in many cases been noticed while de~cnbrng each m the preceding pages. The average consumption of food per hea.d has alr~ady been noticed at page 49. The total consumption of food gmms by the population of the

Jliang District. 1

CRAP. IY.-PUODUCTION A~D DISTRIDUTION. 1'21

district as estimated in 1878 for the purpn~cs of the Famine

Grain. Agrlcut. I Non.ngrl· hrl•l •. culturl•l•.

Totnl.

Report is shown in maunds iu the mar­gin. The figures are based upou an esti-

Whoat 1oretior gr•lns Pulsea

~i~,O>i ;o·i,.1\tJ l,0~1,!lt>-1 :11~ . 1·•·J ~·?1;, 1 :111 h:1s,:1:1:1 rnnt,0cl population of -~ __::i;,t:in ~2•078 3 ~.\027 souls. On

the other hand, t.he average c011s•1mption

per head is beliuved to have been over-estimated. A rough estimate of the tot.;~! protluction, exporLs, an~ imports of food grains wa..s also framed at the same time; and it W'.1'> stated (page 152, Fa.mine Report) that some 200,00J m:i.1mus were imported on the averag:i in ca.ch yc'\r to meet the local consu mption. Of this, three-quarter; wl.lre s.iiJ to be w h~at u.n· l the rcm1in<lcr gram, biijra, &c. The imports were chiefly from Shahpur, l\l!anwali Dera Ismail Khan, u.ncl 1ilontgomcry. . The assumed yi,·l<l in mnunds per acre on I.he various soils for

different crops, used b.v 11[ r. Steedman in I.he recent assessments, is given below for ,J hnn<Y and Shorkot. 'J'h.e Chin iot produce estimates were framed by Mr. Fryer, and arc uot given by Mr. Steedman :-

1 ,~:>o,:t:tO

C.arcle.

---M•l•. Mds. Mds. Mds.

River Jhclam .. Jh:mg .. 9 10 •l 5l

River Chcnab { ,flu\ug .. 9 9 ~! 5i .. I l>hul'kut .. v 10 G

Centre Chenab {, ,Jhang .. 9 p Gj •· J bhul'kut .. 9 10 Gl 6

Centre Jhclnm .. J hang .. p 10 7} 51 bchhl .. { .lhnng- .. 6~

I 6 !i! .. l::lhol'kut ~ 10 .. "

Bar .. .. { .lhaui.c ·· 1

S! .. G' G .. bhorkot .. u

I .. ' Ut.ar \'ichnnh .. Jlrnng S! 9 G ..

For jowdr, cotton, and barley, the differentiated rates were-

~ Soil. I Cotton. Jowar. Darley.

Mds. Mds. Mda.

.. 4 r, 10 f Chahi l\h:'lli1' l\ Bhorkot . . .. 11 rhr;ht ~aililx" kc .. .. 5 .

I Sa1 -.. b:' :ud H:\ram .. 3 5 8

- - -TahoU. Soll. I Circle. I Cotton.;=

Darley. - - -Chahi Khalls .. {I River an<! Centre Jhcbm

Md•. Mds. Mds.

fuo•l .. 5 7 11

Rest of 'l'Ah• il .. 4 6 10 Chahl SaiL~b, &:c .. . { Hh·cr •nd <.:cntre Jhclam .. 5 7 I Z

I llestofl'ahsil .. 4 6 10 Sail&b and Baran!.. { !l iver •n<I Ccntrn Jbclam .. 3 5 8

j !lust of 'fahsil .. 3 5 7 ..

16

Oha.pter IV, A. Agriculture·& Arboriculture.

Average yield. Protlnctiou nncl con­

sumption of food gl'aiu3.

~3cttlemenL rates o( yichl per acre.

Chapter IV, A.

Agriculture & Arboriculture. Settlement mtes of

·,yield per aero.

Arboriculture and Forests.

122 CIIAP. TV.-l'RODtTCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.

Besides wheat, cotton nnd jou'<tr, the only other staples are tumips, 111t'111u-111t'c!i aml }ll'HS. The : 11mu1l rates of yicl~ given below:-

--1~ T11ml1>•· 'u .. .\ . .1110111. l'cu.

M. fl . It• .• \ I' • ~I. !l, Ril. A. l'. Jh;1nir .. . . .. I d 0 1~ 2 0 6 0 6 0 0 l;horlwt .. . . .. ~ !IQ 12 0 0 6 ~o 8 0 0

The nbove crops occupy in Slwrkot U2 per ccut. an<l in Jhang 93 per cent. of the tot,a\ arc<L undur crops.

Table No. XVII shows the whole area. of wnstc land which is under tho· manngement of the }1'orest Depart mcnt. The whole 12:l s1pmrc miles nr<' Ulll'C!!l'l'Vcd fom.'lt.'!. Tlu·ir 1mturo :.m<la<lmin­ni:Malion arc discussed in Section H of Chnptcr V.

The following note on the forests of the district has been kindly furnished by Mr. Wild of the Forest Department. The principa.I trees of the districts hav<' nlrca<ly been described at pages 15-18. The date p::i,lms of Jhang arc noticed nt page 81 :-

"The figures below show tho foro.«its of tho district under the control of tho Forest DC'partment. 'l'h<'y adjoin thr Bar forests of the ?ujranw:iln. dis trict. 'l'h<'y are stuclclc1l with a low open jungle o.f Jan1l ( l'rosnpis spiciyr.m); V<m ( Salt'(l(lol'a ofeoic11•s); km·tl (CaJ1JJ.aTU aphylla); ancl mallli ( Zizyplws mtmmu1'tria), sometimes one, sometimes another predomim~tina · but n!lvcr of such ma.,.nitudc as to produce the impression of a forest' The trees nre stunted,

0oftcn decayed, an~ fit~or

nothing but firewood. The ground however i~, in seasons of a fair ram· fall, thi!lkly covered with gross<'S of various sort!!, many of them excellent fodder; and the importance and vo.h.e of the t~act for p urposes of pn.sture is undouhtecl. The soil is compn.rn.tively rich, an.d only requires inigi~tion to be fairly productivC'. The wood produc7 ~ some 45 to 50 miles distant from any centre of consumption, and it 18

thercrtore difficult to utilise it. The rak/i.~ ca.me under the Forest Depe.rt­ment on 5th August 1872. The Government right in the land is o.bsolute, :there being no village rights in the. tmct. The grazing lets for some Rs. 10,000 yea.rly. It is proposed to declare this n.rea a.s a. protected forest, and to include it in the Gujr:l.nw:l.la district, with the forests of which it is continuous."

Names oi } .. orosts. Arca, acres. Names of Foresta. Arcn,o.cres..

Drought fQ.Jward • 3,GiO

Uchkora 3,560 Kir:ma 7,333

Ahlniwah 7,3&C> Dutwall G,S57

.Gilu.~n" 6,338 S!\ldpum 6,400

'Musrnna G,3SG Shooiw:UI 7,161

Azri .. 5,942 Ghal'i 6,873

Kazianwali 5,592 Shahkot 4,0'JS

Farranv.•all S,408 ---Carried over 4:,,tiiO Tot.al Acroa 81,892

Jhang District. J

CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 123

SECTION B.-DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

According to the Pnnjab Administration Report of 1878-79, the stock of this clistrict wa.s as below. Further details arc given in Table No. XXII :-

Cowa t\nd Duffaloca. 110 "" Ir 1 I ))rm· !Sheep nnd Camel•. r "· on o•. key•. Goat<s.

--- --- l,i~2 1--;;;;-I :1.~n 1221,560 124,250 ~,3W

These fignres appear to be open to susp1eion. According to the enumeration of 187 5, the last that wa.s ma:,h~ for Timi purposes, the numbers of cattle were-

- --Cows and DulJock•, &c. , UufTaloos. 8hccp nnd O•mt.. Cn111clR.

127,310 I w.~2s 2il.011' 20, 102

This enumeration is probably nearer the mark than the one given in the Administration Report, although the difficulties attendant on numbering cattle in this district arc enormous.

The homes of thifl district desf'rvcdly bcn.r a high reputation. The mares arc esteemed by competent jmlgcs to be a111011g the best in the Punjab. A horse fair is held annually and prizes distributed, but the fair is not very popular among the people, and the 'l'ahsflcl:i.rs have generally to make an energetic "whip" to get the zam1.ndars m. There arc an enormous number of different

. Name of breed., Nome of breodore.

H01siM •• I ~luhnmmAd Khnn nndolhere, Delochcs nf Chhntta.

Pobnl Kajlau 0::1.rrian Matwalian Mon\i11.n Jiwanian

· · 1

Rhn.i-wAurut ,,r Khiw.\ and Muk.hinna. . . Hny1VIR of I!nttn ~lnttn. ... 8:wi\cl" of Knt l 'J.'\ Shah. .. , LiWauns of H.<\j:lnrt.8.

: : ~11::;~ o!r AJ~~t\~l:~~·.

breeds of horses recognised among themselves by the zamindars of this district. '!'hey arc usually named from some particular mares of snpcr-cxccllent qnality, and belong t.o a particular family. A few of the best known are mentioned in the margin According

to native opinion a mare ought not to be put to a horse, before she is 3t years old, and there are two proper seasons, one in Chet-Baisakh (15th March-15th May), the other Assu­Katik (15th Scpt~mbcr-l 5th N ovembcr). The foal lives on the dam's milk alone for the first month only. In the second, other milk is given in addition. Camel's milk is most esteemed; if it cannot be procured, cow's or goat's milk is given. The milk is sweetened with sugar and is given in small quantities at first; and is gradually increased to as much as 5 or G seers a <lay. The foal is weaned when six months old from the mare, but continues to be given other milk for from 4 to G months longer. Gram soaked in milk is also gi,·en. Cults arc a.llowed to run loose in the young wheat, and also given jowar and moth. Breaking-in commences when they are two years old. They are at first ridden bare-back. An amble . is the favourite pace, but an accomplished mare is

Chapter IV, B.

Domestic Anima.ls.

Stock statistics,

Hones.

Ohe.pter IV, B.

Domestic Animals.

Hone•.

Punj&b Gazetteer

124. Cfl.\1'. IY,-l'llOOU<.'TIO~ AND DlS'rlt!IlUTION,

ta11gh t to go through 111:\lly ot hrr cxerci A !1ornc in thls distri~ is consi<lcl'c<l. t.o Ir li_ill f•f wm k up to tho ~·~c of 12 or 13 yean ancl to 1\ctenorat.c alt1•rwmi \<1, A Ill • will go Oil producing r~ unt il she is l.i years old. 1 lorsc nro fed as hdow :-

l'rrl"I 1--------r_u_>O\l.--~--l~·•h ncc<onhrr -ll•l ~ruch .. 11rr<"Jl whtl\l, l•l A1•nl ll•l Jm10 , , , I I Uf'I, ~ aud .,--n.111. l-"'~ Juh· - at"l .\1".,'"'t • • flm•' '" t U•"''"· l •l !!c\•lc1"bcr- lLlh :"o•unLrr • , l t"lt~u ''""' col .. , I"""'• IUHI llcvn• h~•·lo a11d 1t&lks. 1 olh '.\01>V<111\>i:r- Utb l\oa:rnloor , ,l / 1114 i.,\~t<t, JO.hi ,

J<:,·, -ry ho1':i•)· lm•1·tl •r Rn\\'l'I 1•ndy hnlf, or n quarter, of an am with \\ lwat, or 111ixl••I "hPnl a nd hrirlcy, to nfford green food nt u early dnte for his horc:.Ps. This is rendy a good month befote ordinary wheat. A ~ood <lc•al of importnnc(' is attached to thiS point., and t.h1' zam1mhtrs vii· n111011g t twmselvcs t-0 have the bti\ a11d earliest k~t<l11·ld. Urai11 is gin•n n•gulnrly by wealthy men, bu~ as n rule, onlmary ·1.am111d:t1-:; 011lv gi vo i i when they cannotg<\ green food Or fi>ddPr (11111f/i r). l t, r~ trot giv1'll M 0. matter of CO~ To get a horse into splcnd i1l t•m1<lit iu1• y.m stall him in a darkened shed with green wh1~at up to h is hoci.: n, in much the same '?' as fat cattle arc fc>d at Home with straw up to theu· knees. ~1led moth :ind rnrih, mixed with molas.~l'S und t11n 11cric, is also given. The pr;icess takes !30 clays :ind nt the end of the time the horse romes out as fot as butt'c>r', nnd 1111fit to 1lo nny work whatever. 'l'hc names of a horse ncronlin.g to age nrc g iven below :-

1To fo mnnth• . T~ ~ ycnn. jTo ~! yonn. To 4 I ycArt. I To G yo:in. I ',ll<r 6 J•11•

. . Bncbhcm &rr:.1 } I 1-. · · I D.>ak. Ch!\u"'1a ranJo.•ln. l!alle Piil~ . . lhchhcrl . Ilth!\n,

Ohort.

lion.>

)Jaro

~he colours in this district nre kumail, dark bay; ka!J'a ku;iimt, chestnut; kAr~·~cn, light bay ; sawa, grey; nukra, wh1~; cluna, roan. i gcl1'1·a, picbald ; mushki, black ; k1tlla, something ~etwcen a hght. bay and a light brown. A horse's colour ought alway~ . to be bnght. Among the unlucky spots on a horse a.re t~e follow mg :-

Tarn pr.•Mni, a i;ma.11 white star or blaze on the forehead 'l'his is an abominable mark · if the horse has a white

. face, i~ is :i.ll right. ' Ai'Jrtl, two leg.~. t>r one, cliffcr0nt in colour from t he rest of

the bod.y. If they are all four the same colour, it is a good point; fonr white stockings arc good, two bad; and one very bad. .

Bhm?1'f<ln are roug.h spot~ on, ~he coat, not liked, espec;ially if near th~ tai~. .Nagama11, a. line of rough ~air on t~1e neck, if pomtmg to the front, a goodj°int, if back·

-, . ~\ ards, towai:cts the rider, exceedingly ba . · Cim 1 a, eyes of differant colours.

Part~ership in horses is carried in this district to an extent unknown m most other parts of the Punjab. It is called b!tafwali.

~ District. 1

CHAP. lV.-PRODUCTIO~ AND D1STRIDUTlON. 125

A sh::ire in a horse is co.lled 111tm. A one-quarter s)1arc is pail-, a one­eighth do-band, an~ a onc-six~cnt,h taldxl~c1 bund. To be partners with another man m a mare is the next thrng to, and very nearly as ~oo<l as being his relation. Strong Quje.·tions arc sometimes made m Court to a witness, on the ground Lha.t he, and the party who called him, held shares in the same horses. No rnles whatever regulate the feeding or keeping of a mare held in partuersh,ip. If one of the sharor8 wants her, hu setH.ls for her. It is a poiut of honour for the partner who has temporary charge of the mare to keep her in first:class condit ion aq long as he hus her. If she gets into heat, he arm11ges to put h<'r to a horse. · A partner, who rears the foal of a mare held j ointly till it is two years old, is entitled to a onc-quart<'r share in ad1lition to his original share i:; the remaining threc-f~111 rlh share. This is known as !talc s<'imM. A horse's hirle is not. usctl in any manufacture, anrl is considered wortl1lcss.

The camels of this district arc divi<led into the Thal camels, Tltalwan, and those of the Ba~s. Bcl.ri. '1 he Thal co,mcl is a much lighter beast than the B:ir camel, and cannot carry so heavy a lo~d. The female becomes in heat, when 3 years old, in the monLhs of Maghar-Chct. The period of gestation is 13 months. Tlie fo:i 1 is only allowed to suck a sma.11 quantity of milk for the fi rst fi iteen days. After that the foal sucks at will, and begins to browse after 21 or 22 days. \Vt!auing takes place when the foal is 12 mont,hs old. The uchkr of the dam is tied up in a. bag. A camel is first loa6etl when 3 years ol<l, :md broken into the nose Si;ring. To start with, not more than 3 rnaun<ls is the load. A fnll gruwn camel carries 8 maunds. A laden camel will go double stages, or from 20· to 30 miles a day comfortably. Only males are, ns a rule, laden. A male camel will work 20 years, and a foma.le bears up .to the same age. A male camel of average qua lity used to be worth Rs. GO, and a fem.ale P..s. 80. Prices have gone up at, least 50 per cent. of late, owrng to the demand for camels for work in Afghauistan. Sikhs and othera from the Mnnjha buy up the surjJ!us stock annually. A camel i:; not an affectionate animal. lie is spiteful and l1ears malice, an<l sl111tar ldna is the climax of revengefulness. The names for camels at different ages are given below:-

ale

em ale

M

F

..

..

~ . Toda.

Tod!.

To

I 2 years .

I Maz.'\t .

Do .

To

I To To To I To I To

3 years. 4 years. 5 ycan. ~ yea1·s. 7 years. 8 yearo.

Doak. Cbblga. l~I !\esh.-{Trihnn.

lAhnk. Chhatr.

rur<\f. Lihnrl. 1'rokar I Kutcli.

. After 8 vears and thenceforth the male is called m·mosli or ut, and the female jhm·ot. A camel is· shorn annually, and the hair made into ropes and oomli.~ nsecl by camel men. The hide is )vorth from Rs. 2 to 3, and is made into kupp;1s, huge jars for carrying gliL

Chapter IV, B.

Domestic Anima.ls.

Boraea.·

Cam bis.

. The bullocks of this district are very poor, undersized beasts. llullocks and They are not bred with any care, and the zamindars do not purchase Bu.ffaloea.

Oha.pter 'IV, B.

Domestic Animals.

Bullocke :mil Buffaloes.

Cows and milch Buffaloca.

l Puajab Gazet-' 12G Cfl.\'P. I\'.-T'nOOUCTIO:-;" AND DISTRIBUTION,

the high chc:;s hullock!I I hnL nrc hrc(l in Si111lh nnd Dera Ohan Khin. A hullock is put lo w1wk "hr1I '~ yt'an- old, nnd works well uutil he is fl or 10. A hulh)Ck's ngc nveragcs from 12 to 13 y~

Buffalnl'S urc hnr1lly w;,.cl nt. nil for n.gricnltural purposes in this district.. If I\ lll~lll' is cn.h·"d, his throat i~ cut, and he i3 devoured within 1i few hours of hi~ hirlh. Bull1)cks arc fed from Mngh1ir w ~l:i.gh 011 turnip~. b/11is11 aml ct•llon S'cd; from Phagan l-0 Baisi1kh 011 gn:l"ll p<'a slalki.1, methra, wheat awl grns.c:;; from Jeth to Katik on jordl', 1·c11ni11, rld110, M111.•c1, n111l grass. A bullock is called vaclilia to 1 year, 1·11 /11-kcl t 11 :I years, ra/1 r to ;; years, and then he becames a d1t111l. A buffalo is l.:alttt for the first twelve months, and jhota nft.crwnnk On t lw n.n'mgc (a111l n poor average it is) a bullock is worth Hs. 20 m11l :i lmtfalo Its. 1:-i. The skins of dead buffaloes and bullul:kil arc 11i1·1'11 to tho 11111,./ti.~ hv z:uninclars, and sohl to them by 11cm-:\grlcult,uri!\t.<;. A bullock's hiue ill worth Re. 1, n. butfalo's Rs. 2.

Cvws nn1l fl'malc lmffaloes conmH•ncc to hrcccl when lh<'y nre 5 :rnu 6 yrnr~ ol<l rt'~\ll'Cli,·<'ly. Tlw lH'ri0tl of gestnlion in each caso is 9 nm\ 10 month... For the fir-.:t tlirrc 1lar al'tor birth tbe calf is only allowc1l a lillh' milk. Tho milk i;: then too rich for the calf's.digc"tion. The fir,;I. day's milk i~ <"allc<l bciuhli, and that of the 21111 an1l 3rd, !tolil1I. l'alvl's an' w<':med whm three months ol<l. After three months thry ~rnze, aml n l'I' only allowed to suck for a few moments to please tho cow. When', in tho case ~fa buffalo, the calf is a mnle arnl is devoured without 1ldn~·, vano\19 artifices arc u<:ell to irnlncr Uw buffalo to 1riY<' milk. On the avcrnge a cow gives 2l, and a \mffalo 5, srcrq ol' ~nilk a day, incltul.ing nil the good, bail, n111l irnliffcrent cattle that arl' in the <listnct. A cow gives five an<l a buffalo sewn calve!'. Zaml11di~rs will never sell milk. It is ono of the strict points of honour not to <lo so. GM, is produced anti exported to a lar«e extent. With a go'1 year of grass in the Bar, milk <>r buttc~uilk is worthless. It is often far easier to get than wntor. Himlu shop-keC'pcrs attach themselves to all the large herds of cattle in the Bt~r in favourable

To 1 ycar ,, 3 years ,. fir•t calf Art.crwards

years an<I buy up the !]Id. It goes

--- --- aml from the ~ouUlC'rn portion of th? ·· ''.""hhi. Katti. district to 1\1ooltan and Kara.clu. . . \ ~hn. J hull. . . g~uap ~Rt;•P· T~e nnmes for co~vs nnd bnffal?es oi

· Cow. nu1ra10. I from Chiniot to Amritsar an<l u'lhore,

·· , tnih. different acres will be found m the margin. <.Tow nnd buffalo hides are

worth much the same as those of bullocks and male buffaloes. Sheep and Goats. Sheep and goats arc amoncr the most useful stock of the

dist.riot.. 'rhe ew~s ar~ p~tt to tl~ tup when 11 years ol<l. The penotl of gestahon is six months. From one to three lambs ar~ produced at n. birth ; for the first 20 <lnys the lamb gets all the milk. Afterwards the lamb beo-i11s to browse nn<l is only given a small portion of the milk. Th~ ewe o-ives milk for four months. Lambs and ki<ls are always kept sepa~atc from their <la.ms. ·when their full supply of milk is stopped, green shoots and branches of kikai".be,., &c., arc given them to nibble. Sheep arc shorn twice a year, m September-October and April- May. About a seer of

Jhang District. J

CIIAP. IV.-rROD'lJCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 127

wool is given in tho two ~hen rings . \Vool is now n very vnluable commodity, nncl za111iud:l.rs sny that flock-masters in the Thal wear bracelets of goh.I. It mo:stly goes down to Kar~lchi. The figures below give tho prict' of' B:l.r wool nntl also of goat's hair at Maghiana for the last t wc11ty· years, in rupees per maund. Thal wool is chra 1wr :-

Yoar. j;;; •• '(11 ~ ·~ l·:!o-1,, c.lo - <• ., .. I"' :~::I~ R: a! ,. ~ ·7. • .. ~ ·;_ 7 ~ ~ ';, ~; tn h3 Li ' to

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l_i_I_ -,-r----1- - - i-1---~----1---------

Rupees } Wool ·· l· I" i" "I":" ; ,, "'I., 'T'''' " 1y 10 12 18 ver

llRlr •• ,~} [,~ I L~ Lj :,jj51 ll ''• 5t°· 51 5ll511 5f g maund. 916! G! 8 I bl I

Sheep ~kins are u:-ed for ma king womrn's slior~, covcrinir sadd]Ps, &c. As far :ts tlw ag<' at which pnt to the 111al<', nu111bc~ of kids producrd, nn<l nwthod of' rraring, ll1<'rc i~ hardly :my difference between sheep :m<l goat~. A gont gives from 2 srers to 1th seer of milk a day ; nothing is mado · from the milk. A goat is usually killed when 5 or 6 y<'ars ohl. Sheep and goats pro<lu~e about 5 limes. Goat's hair is shorn cn•ry six months, and is mado into pannier hagc;, <;addle b:wc;, ropes, no:<c barr$, salltas, &c. It is call<·d j r1 f. The names o($hecp and go:tt;' according to ago arc gin·n hPlow:-

To fi months To l year A!tcrwnrds

Female:.

.. l•·lt Gloir•pl Uhcd

•• ll\:ll\ Ghfr~J> Chhutm

GOATS.

Male. 1''om:tlc.

. . Bakr•. Palhora Pnthori. ('hlnlota ·'· l<l1arapi1 Kharap. Chliela Ch hell. ·

The donkeys can hardly be calleJ agricultural stock. No zami.mlir owns one or woul<l ridr on one. They belong to Kfrars and l«.111d11.s, chiefly 11ulch/d.~. They are used to carry manure from the shcc•p-folds on to Lite land, and in various other ways. The donlrny or these parts is of the mo::;t ordinary description.

SECTION C.-OCCUPATIONS, INDUSTRIES, AND MANUFACTURES.

Table No. XXIII shows the principal occupations followed by males of over 15 years of age as returned at the Census of 1881. But the figures arc perhaps the kast satisfactory of all the Census statistics, fur reasons explained in the Census Report, antl thoy must he taken subject to limitations which are given in some <letnil in Part II, ChaptN VIII, of the sa me Report. 'l'hc figures in Table No. XXllI refer only to tho

population of 15 years of age anti OYCr. The figi1res in the margin show tho t!istribution of the whole population into agricultural and ncn-agricultural, calculated 011 the assumption that the number of women and chilt!ren <l<'pcntlent

. Povulalion. I Towne. I \ illagee.

·------------.Agricultural .. I r1, 1~-1 I 1f .. ~.:!4fi ?ion·3gricultural :n,'i"~7 1X!),!1li~1

Tot.~! .. 1-~,---;s.;;-

Chapter IV, O.

Ocoupa.tions, industries and manufactures. Sheep and Goate.

Dou key•.

Occupations of tho l'eople.

Chapter IV, C.

Occupations, industries and manufactures. Occupations of the

people.

Commercial classes.

Principal intlustrics and manufactures.

[ Puajab Ge.zet1

128 Cll.\l'. I \',-1'1\0DUGT!ON A~D DISTRli.\iJTION,

11pon each m:ilo of OYOI' l;) )'l"lrS or ngc is lho ~ :\Ille whah hi!! occup:iliun. Tlu:.;o ti,t:11r1~, howovcr, iuclu lo 'as ~ cultural only :mch p:trt or ifte population a~ nro acrricultur pure an1l si111plu ; an l PXclu lo not only tho consillor7ble num who co:11binc a rrricultun: with olhrr occupations, but also nmch larger m~ulicr wlrn il1'pr~111l in grl'at measure for I\ livl'lihoocl upon tlttl yiPltl of agricultural opcrntions. M lh•tai!l.'<I Hrrnrc" for llt1' occupaLiuns of both 111:111·~ nnJ females 1 he l'oullll :~t pa~1·~ t:n to l..l~ of' Tnl1lo No. XIIA, anu in T No. XllB of the C.:1'11'11~ RPporL or 1881. Th,• figure:! for fe~ occupations arc t'XCL't'cliug;y incomplete.

Jhatol!: is not a c·ommcrcial di:;tri.;t. 1'lo~t of lho commer is local an1l 1wtty. Of the lotll: shown :ts comn1<•rcial populatio tlw cliirl' arc thtJ lx111i<l.1 or petty ~hop-kct•pc:r~, who number near lnlf of the whole ; Jwxt in 1111mcrical i111port:m~u come trn<lers. salt ; an\l 1wx.L tl1•ah•r:1 in grain. Tho Kbojns are the w.:illhie trauor~ in Lhc di~lrict. 'l'lw Khoj:b of Ulii11iot trmle cl1iefiy ftld, cotton, wool, leather and horn", \\ hich they rxport·to CalcuU a:1u Bombay, anu imporL lhl·ncc cloth, indigo and silk.

Tal1lc No. XXlV ~in•'< ~tafo:!ic~ of tlw manufactures of th district as thry stoorl in 1881-l:li. On thi-; suhject the Deput Commissioner wrote as follows in tho lJi:;trict Census Report fo 1881 :-

"The industrial classes a re chiefly cnmposecl of p1loli1, or wearen Their women a.ssist them largely i11 their hu.nllicmft, and some l,~O women are -shown as oc1·11pil'cl in pn·pariug the warp for woovi~ Besi<le this, spinning ai.d grinding coru n.ro the principal fem~ occupations. \\'0111011 clo not work in tho fields in Jbang. 'l'ho.pdol~ form nearly o. third of tho entirr industifal classc~, o.n<l nre clmfty ll be found in vill:i.gc~, there being 15 wco.ve1·s in the villag<'s to 2 in th! townc;. They a.re greatest in numbers in the Jhn.ng tnhsH. In Jhe.ng you fin~ every class at.d tribe represented among the weavers .. Evea poor Sul.ls do not despise the profits to be obtained by throwing the shuttle. 'fhe mocMs arc the next in numerical importance, then potters, t~e~, h:iskct and mat-m:~kcrs (cltl1<1j pattal bananewala), car~e?t.e~ Jlll\JtU'as or cotton-cleaners, and cltc,ro!t<i.s or washermen. Cb101ot 11

rcma.rk:i.ble for its wood-work · also for its namdalis which are cheap , , _J

anil of oxcellout quality. Very fine <lccora.tcd <loor frames are ~1~8

there. Also fine f{afomcluns ur pen-cases, boxes, nnd /Cllj6.lllJ'. c,~rved nnd foli~ted work, and geometrical and foliated ti:nce~ s111table for balco111cs, door~ door-posts, and other al'chitectural o.dJunct can also be made. Some beautiful specimens of Chiniot woocl-wor~ have bel:'n made for the Lahore Exhibition. Kot Isa Shdh IS

remarkable for coloured wood-work, legs of c'16.rp6.fa, t\\c. First:rnte s~rldles and hn.m~. are made in the towns of Jhnng nu<l Magbiana. 'l he shoes ~f ~lag.h1a11a nre valued for their fine embroidered gold work. Very good .1m1tahon Chubb locks are made iu Jlmng and are exported lo other districts."

Mr. I~ockwood .Kiplinl=(, Principal of the Lahore School .of ~rt, ha~ kindly fm:mshP<l the following note on some of the special mllustrics of the chslrict :-

. "Ther~ is no export from Jhang of cn:i.mellcd "\\'are 01• of articles of s1l vcrsm1tu's work, I.mt it is cv i<lcut, from the coutriliuLious froUl

,Jha.ng District. J

CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 129

.Maghiana to tho Punjab Exhibition of 1882, that silver enamel is wrought thero, though not perhaps with the neatness and finish that

·distinguish the work of Mooltnn. "Chiniot, in this district, has long hnd a reputation for its carpentry

and wood-carving. In the native scheme of town-Jifo tho house is frequently built to fit t.hc irregulnr space nt the owner's dieposal, and its chief decomtivc features nro chtborntoly ornamented doors n.nd 'wind.ow-frames, which arc often brought from considerable distanceR; just na Sonndinnvian doora and the like arc now brought ready made to London. It is for this kind of work that tho Chiniot 'vood-carvors are chiefly known. Tho wood used is usually slilsham, locally talrli. 'fbo design of this really ndmimhlo work, though ornate and tending, like many other branches of modern ln<!inu art, to excessive minutenl)ss, is still remarkably pure nnrl good. The carving is shnrp and clear, tho mergols or spandrels of tho arches rm<l tho details of the pilasters arn correctly dmwn, while tho frco use of panels of geometric tracery of an Arabic cha.meter, both framed nn<l cnrvcn, gives o.n air of solidity an<l richness. It is surprising thn.t no use has hitherto been made either by .Erivate persons or by the Government of the best and cheapest carpentry in the province.

"At Chiniot also is wrought an inlay of brass in &htaham wood, bearing a general resemblance to that of Hoshinrpur, but much bolder, freer, and better in design. 'fhis is applied to desks, glove boxes, <l:;c., but is obviously capable of more varied and cxtcnsivo application. 'l'hc contrast of tho brnss with tho dark wood is most effective."

Thero arc no statistics available for the general trade of the district. Table No. XXV gives particulars of the river traffic that passes through the district. The imports of food-grains have already been noticed at page 121. Jhang is an importing 'district, especially as regards food grains. Cloth an<l Manchester goods come from .Mooltan and Calcutta, partly by rail and partly on camels. Lime is brou rrht down the Jhclam from Khushab. Wheat is imported from \Vazir:i.bi<l, Jalalpnr to the cast of Gujrat, Khusb:i.h, and Mooltan in boats, and from Ch<inian on camels. Jowar, g•am, barley, motli, mm1g and oil seeds arc brought on camels from Kamalia, Sirsa, and Firozpur. Some wheat also comes from Firo:.~­.pur at times •• Rice is sent on camels from Amritsar and Lahore. Oil and oil seeds are imported from Amritsar and Bhakknr in Dora I smail Khan. Moist sugar comes from Muzaffarnagar, Jullundur and Amritsar by roil and camels. Raw ::;ugar ( 9ur) is brought from Sialkot and Muzaffa.rnaHar, and lump sugar from Mooltan. Fruits are brought down from Ghaznf and Kandah:i.r by powindaJu~. Spices, condiments, and drugs come from Amritsar. Timber is floated down the Chonab from '\Vazirabitl and Kashmir territory. C?tton and threa<l aro brought on camels from Dipalpur, Mooltan, F1rozpur and Shahp'ur. Hardware comes up from Karachi in boats, not by rail. Amritsar also supplies a little. Camels, donkeys and boats bring salt from KhusbaL and Pind Dadan Khan, and alum from ·KalaLagh.

. Tho export trade of this district consists mainly of a coarse description of cloth, l.:liaddar, which is made in the district and sold chfefly to powirulalt merchants. In 1879 eight lakhs of rupees' ·worth of this cloth was sold iu l\faghiana alone. .Most goes to

17

Chapter IV, O.

Occupations, industries and manufa.ctur~.

Principal induatriee and manufactures.

Course nnd nature of trnde.

Importa.

Exports.

[ Put}ja.b Gazetteer. 130 CHAP. lV.-l'ROl>Ul'TION A~D DISTRlDUTION.

Chapter IV, D. ~f~han~stnn.' ~ncl nol a liltlo to Dura, Ismail Khan, Dera Ghazi . - . ht h.han, Snkln , arwar, aml l\Ioolt:m. 'Ihc llll':ms of. conveyance are

~~~e=~~es 5 camels. Boats arc hardly CV<'r mwd. Soap is sent in lat!!ll and communi: quanJili\'" lo ~ (irpur, in tlw 8habpur di:-trict, to Kalaba"h De~

cations. Ismail K'.h(m, and fhe 8alt Hang<' country, on donkeys and ~me!!. Export.a. Wool is c.'Xporfrd lo Kar:\.1•hi and 1"irozpur. In favourable lean

immc.'m<' quant it i1•s of .1!tf :tro produced in the Dar, an arc exporle<l to Amribar, Firol.pur, Ba11ni'1, arnl Dem Ismail Khan on camrlg, allll to Kar:lt-hi liy hoal. 'l'h~ .'<tjj[ of this district g~ to Amritsar, Hi:ilkot, Gnjr;inwi\la :m<l Wazir1tha<l. The principal marls arc 1\la~hi:ina anti t'.hiniot. Kot Isa. 8hah, W<l..<Ju Asth&na aml Al11n:ulpur arC' busy ,illagcs. CnarSl' cloth, wool, sajj! and !:ioap, l1idt'~ and :;Id, an• fhc.' ex porl:-:. Fuo1l grains, "'ugar in various forms, anJ miH•ellancous arlicll':', arc all imports. 'l'he fairs of the <lislrict have already Leen noliel!ll al page ~l.

Prices, wnges, rent rates, interest.

Prices of ng~icul. turn.I staples.

SECTION D.- PRICES, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, AND COMMUNIOATTONS.

Table No. XXVI gives the n•lail '1ti:<t1' prices of commoditi~s for tUC' last tw1>nty )'c.':tr~. 'l'ho wagc.'S or labour are shown ID

Table No. XXYII, aml rent rates in Table No. XXI ; but both sets of fignrPs an• probably or tloubt ful value. The figures of Table No. XXXII gi rn tho a vora<TC values of land in rupees per acre,

-----0

shown in the margin, for ~ale and &le. IMortgnge. mortgage; but the c1uality of !and Period.

varies sp enormously, and the value 181\S-6P to tm-H . ';'°2 A~ 118

f, ~5 returned is so often fictitious; that mm ~ :~rn:: ~~ i! l; ~~ but little reliance can be placed

upon the figures. The w~gcs ?I agricultural labour in the villages have already been noticed lD Chapter III (pagc 8!>), and rent rates and the selling price of land in the same Chapter at pnges Sli-88 and 93-95. These figures arc taken from the Settlement R<'port, and are more trustworthy than lbo~e of Lbe labia quolc<l above.

The followinO' arc lhc villa"<' 1wiccs of tho chief arrricnltur~l ,., 0 b

staples used for the conversion of produce estimates inlo money at the 8~ttlrmmt of 1880 :-

l\nAnn-. RAB•· -

""'°"· \''"'· .. ,,_ I '"· I"*- "'~' Oram· muug. -i--·----\hiuint .. .. . . 1!?~ 32i 'l~ 15 2i~ ~ '3l

Jh:\11~ I~~ ~t ~8 15~ 27 SO 40 1~! 3'~ Plah 271} 15 27~ 30 .. .. ..

t;horkot. .. .. .. '6 ) Mnng:JQ •

On these price:; l\lr. Stee<lman remarks :-

" I do not think lhc adopted prices are too lrigh. They rather or! m the sid11 of lowness. It. is probable that the avera"e price-current •f the nexl :!O yt·ars will :;how cousiclcra.bly higher rate~. 'l'he opening

Jhang District. l

CllAP. IV.-PRODUUTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 131

fthe railway to Karachi n.ncl tho thereby increased facility for export­~grain to E~rope will .most ccr~inly tend to keep u~ the pri~es of food grains m the Punyi.h. It will prevent nil nooumula.hon of gram. As soon as the price of whrn.t foll11 to the point o.t which it becomes profita.ble to export it to Europr, it will be exported, and prices will hardly ever fall brlow this minimum. In Jhnng the prices of food grains depend almost entirely upon the priers ruling in other districts. A good harvest docs nnt nrcrs~ii.ri ly lirin~ clown priers, unless harvests ·elsewhere arc good and prices falling. The food grains produced in Jhnn" do not suflice for tho consumption of the resident population, and l~rgc imports arc: mn.clc from outside clislrictq. Tho when.t harvest of 1878 was a.boYO the avrr.i.ge, nml that of 18i9 a humper crop. Yet prices were higher nf~Pr both t.Jmu during tho famin" yc:ir of 1868-69. If exportation to Europe m~intn.ins the prices of the food grains in the Punjab at a steady high ra.to, prices in this di~trict will be genera.Uy a little higher, bccnusc tlw homl' production is deficient, and the price of grain grown in Jho.ng will always tend to rule at a rate equal to the grain in adjoining clistrirts, plus tho cost of carriage to J hang. For these reasons, I think t.lrn.t the prices assumrd a.re far more likely to be lower than higher thnn fut.urc prices."

The linear measure U!;CU in Jhang is-

1 quarter Ami ~inches 3 Mthe :l karnme 4 kans

The square measure is-

l inch. l ha.th (hand). I karam, or double pace. I kau. l chain of 66 feet.

l square karam . . . 1 sirs:H. 9 eireMs, or l square kan I mada.

20 marl tis . . . . . . 1 knnal. 4 kan:ils 1 bignh. 2 blgahs 1 ghomao=acre.

The country karam is somo six inches longer than the km·am ~secl in the Sct~'.cmcnt Survey. Otherwise thrrc is no tliffcrcnco m the two m<.'asurrs. In mcasnrinir up crops that liavc been sold standing, t.ho rate is us11:dly so much per ka1UU of 2t ma?"!as. The extra two mm.zits aro allowe1l Lo compen~ato for bar<' patcl1cs, water-courses and borders. Melons, green wheat, tobacco, sugar­cane, turnips, &c., arc near large towns sold in this way.

: ~here is only one measure of capacity throughout the district:-

4 thulas I pa.ropl. 4 pa.ropls I topa. 4 topahs 1 p~i.

20 pais I bhora.. 40 pAis 1 kha.rwar.

The topali is the standard, and the other measures vary pro~ portionately to the variation iii the topalt. The topalt is nominally two seers in weight, but generally something under. Wheat.is the ~tandard, and there is of course the difference between the weight of a topali of wheat and a topah of other grain. In this district the topali varies from If seers to 2 seers through I}, Ii, I}f. Thero are several ways of using the topali. When the measure is so held that only g rain actually in the measure is given, it is said.

Chapter IV, D.

Prices, weights and measures, a.nd communi­

cations. Prices of ai;tricultural

staples.

Weights and measures.

Oha.pter IV, D.

Prices, weights a.nd measures, and communi-

cations. Weighta and

measures.

·Communications.

Ri..-1n.

132 CRAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIDUTION.

to be used gokhu. If somo grain is piled up on tho 'thumb and finger botwccn which tho rim is h('l<I, it is said to be used c!tappa. Thore is only ono measure of weight.

16 chittacks l seer of 80 tolu. · 40 seers 1 maun<l.

Cotton is sold by woip;ht, :m<l also wool an<l goat's hair. GM. ·ia purchased from t.ho llar grazicrs by t.he kuchcha seor of ith seer.

Tho figures in tho margin show the communic..'1.tions of tho district as returned in quinquennial Taulc No. I of tho Adn:inistra­

tion Hcport for 1878-7~, whilo Table Communications. Miles. No. XL VI shows the distances from

place to placo as authorit.ativoly fixed N:\Tignble rivers ... 166 for tho purpose of c~lculatinp; travelling Unmetalled roads ... I 054 allowances. 1'ablo No. XIX shows -------'-- tho area taken up by Government for communications in the district.

The Chonab and Jbelam, which uni to in this di!;trict at Trimmu forry, are navigable for country craft throughout their courses .in this district. 'fbe ferries and tho distances between them aro shown below, following tho downward courso of each river.:-

Dlsttmco Rivero. 81.Btlcne. In Rcmnrke.

mllC8.

Chcnab Rhckh•n Ferry. Chiniot 12 Do. Rf\jimko 10 Do. Tnbll Mnnglnl 10 l>o. Thalia Muhammnd

0

Shnh 7 l>o. Chorp;nlli 5 l>o. AlliPur G Do. Billi ~ Do.

~~},".~ 4 no.

' !lo. Jhelam Kot lea Shah llo.

Marl 1 · no. Knlem g Do. Kot Kha.n 5 Do. S:\jhnr 4 Do. Mnchhlwnl 6 Do. Sh3l1ilhnwal11 6 Do. Kot Mnlr\eo R no. Chaw1tm 7 Do.

Joint Jholnm and Trim mu 4 Ferri, Rnd boa\· <;honab. I 1,n, gc.

IT:iwcll B11hndur Shah 8 Ferry. l"l"mpnr 5 no. ll3..'l.3UW:\li 6 Jlo. Hn<lh H.~;oonn 7 no. I Kbar:m,.ala 6 no. llah Kalan 7 Do. Kncho. Knmim 6 Do. I Faqir Sia! G ] lo.

The bridge of boa.ts is of the utmost value, indeed almost indispensable in the interests of the powindalis and passengers by the mail cart. Tho difficulty and trouble attendant on embarking a refractory camel in a ferry boat is only equalled by the roughness of the measures taken. Zarnindirs much prefer to cross the rivers w~en in flood ?n infla~e~l skins. The passago is effected much quicker ; there is no wa1lrng for tho boat, and there is no charge. Zamindars, even of the best class, prefer the sarnai to the ferry boat.

Jlt&ng District. 1

OHAP. IY.-PRODUCTI.ON A.ND DISTRIBU'nON. 133

The main line of road is that from Dora Ismail KMn to Chapter IV, D. Chlch&watni on tho L~horo and ~Iooltan Railway. ~'l.icre. is a mail . - . cart service between Chfohawatm and Ch:th Bharon, a distance of Priae~e=~~!8 88 miles under tho mana~11mont of tho Dep uty Commissioner of ~d communi~ Jhang, ;nd boyonJ Chi\.h Dharori under th(I district authorities of cations. Dera Ismail Khan. Tho road from Chah llhareri to within a mile Roada. or two of Tobha Tck Singh, some 56 miles in length, is annually laid down with sur grass. Thero is a considorablo passongor traffic by tho mail cart line, and during tho colJ weather months theroat! is thronged with !;lrings of c:uuols belonging to the 1JOwinda!t merchants of Afghanistan passing to and from tho ltailway Station of Chichawatui. Tho two other principal lines of road aro from WaziraMt! to Mooltan, running along the Chenab through tho towns of Jhang, Uhiniot and ~horkot; ancl from Jhang to Shahpur, which crosses tho Uhonii.b north of Jhang, ancl goes tl1onco to Kot Isa Shah and along tho J holam. A consiJorahlo amount of traffic passes betwoen Lahore and Chiniot ou the road that runs through the Bar. Another roaJ runs up from 1\iuzaffargarh through Rangpur, Ahmadpur, and Garh Maharajn to Atharah H azari, and up north through l't1acl1hiwal to Girot and Khushab. There is somo little use ma1lo of tho roacl from Jhang to Gh:1pni nnd G{1gora. Tho other ronds arc purely district roads, :irnl scarcdy made uso of except by residents of tho <listrict. '.l'hc old roaJ to Lciab, branching off from tho Dcra lc!wa il Khan line at Atharah Hazari, was of some import~noo when Lci:1h was tho head-quarters of n Commis~ionorship, but is li ttle freqwmtcd now. Besides the bri<lgo of boats over tho Chenab nt 1'riu1111u and n culvert hero an<l there on tho main roads, there aro no bridges )n the district. ·

There aro good sarais at all the principal places of the district and along tho moro important roads, 1;i::., at Cbiniot, Bhowana, ~hiva, Jhang, Bhagri, Shorkot, Nalcra, Jlor:'i.nwili, Tobha Tek Smgh, Ilhaw b, AthCtrah Ila~arf, Cb ah 13hnrori, an<l at several

·places in tho interior of tho Ba.to. In tho matter of rest-hollies, not a single district in the Punjab is as well off as Jhang. There are first-class bungalows at Cbiniot, BukMri, Tobha Tck Singh, Shorkot, Ahrnadpur, Chund, and Kot Isa Shah. Besi<les these, there are either good houses, interior sm·ai rooms, or pokcy little police b~ng~lows at or within roach of every plaqe of importance. Othor-

1 WlSe it would be impossible to be away from the Sadr, for Jhang, as Mr. Monckton notes, "is a r<'gion destitute of living brooks and shady groves." The tablo given on the next page shows the principal t'oads of the district together with the halting places on them, and the conveniences for travellers to be founJ at each. Communications ?Uthe road from Chfcba.watni Railway Station to Jhang are sowetimes interrupted in the rains by floods on the Uavi river along the part of the roa<l between the lliver R.1.vi an<l Kamalia towu. Similarly, communication with Dora Ismail Khan is rendered <lifficult during the rains by floods in tho Chonab .at the Trimm{1 ferry. On each of tho rivers in question there is a bridge of boats ; the Ravi bridge stands the whole year rounJ, but the Chenab bridge is dismantled <luring the hot season.

Chapter IV, D.

Prices, weights a.nd measure~. a.nd commum-

ca.tions. Roads.

-[ Punjab Gazetteer

I

134 CIIAJ>. IV.-PRODUCTI0:-4 AND DISTRIBUTION.

Roule. U&IUng 1•11\Cc.

, Chln!Ql .. llu'lthf.rl .. llhowan:\

Khlv:\ .. Jh:\118

~I ~~~::: &ha \tu Sh~I~ t\A.lll\ • t!horltol ..

I llMli lllnu\ .. 1...,lcr:\ ••

--.,---f-I Jhang ..

~ . \ Chund Dharwanl .. o« "~ l Dhnmb .. 0

~ 1 Kot I&'\ Sh!\b ..

.:; I < ( I Tohb Tck Singh "' "' A. i ~~~" 0 ,.,

~~ I Jho.ng

~= nimj \< ~ r Ath.Lm Ilat.:\ri <,; = ... =- l I llhnrcri G

.;. ( Ahm~pur

t 1 (hrh Mnh~mja ~ 1 ll:id ~hpal

~ ,; I Tibl<> G:\pll

~ ~ I Allw-o. H:u.ul .,o

.. .. ..

..

9

H

I ~

Ul

12

6 1'! 10

10 12

II

0

I)

JO

13

11 ~

11

lteinarlu.

f:nompln\l•i:rotmd •nd acml, bungalow, ''" n1t:\Al.oo:I.

P.n ""f ln;t grounu t.nd n:ol-house, un. motn lod.

t:nrnm1•lng·fj'TOllll<l 1m1l u.ral, bung:tlow, unmet.clllc«t

i-:ncn1011111K·KMIUul , ._,,nJ, nnd poltcc l1Ult~:J1.lnw, un1nola\lcct

t:n m(llug.ground and dlllr. bungnlow, 1m11wtn.lled.

t:no1111plng·gro11ml and 111ral, bungnlow, \ln1ncUUcd.

11.,lt houftc, unmct•lled. ~:nc•mrlng.gn111ml, unmcl•lled. •:nrnmp1ng ground. o.ual, !Jungalow and

re!'t hou•e, umnct.AllcJ. J'.nrnm11t11~ gruond, 1111met.,UOO. •:uc•un1 ln1C·i,-round &ud p;llce bungalow,

uuwcWl.:<1.

Enc:llll\>iug-gro1m1I, dAk bungal'>w, and e.\n.t munr\l\tll."d.

r.nCl\m11IQg·gtolllld 1\1111 rClll-house, Ult· rMbk•I

t~nom1ung·~U11d and BArni, bung&low, unmcL~Uod.

Encnm\nug.grow1<1 nn<l rcat·houae, un· ""'l.' led .

Enc:m1p\ng·.lfTOlllld, dnk bungalow and 81\rP.l, unmct."\lltd.

8:\r~i. b1111g:\low unU cnc.'\mp\ng-ground, nu1i1ct~lll~t.

1':nmU1t1h1t::·Jernmul, dl\k bungalow n.nd R1.1'~i , \lllhlcl:\llcd .

ltcMl ·l111\tNC1 mmu..1tt\ll(l1l. t::nm111i·i111('·~"1"0und stu.l l\."\t":\I, bun~low, 1mmctall~l.

I::11l-;uui•111.:·i.:-r1Juntl and dak bunptow, \11\IUCl'\Ucd.

J::rncamt•ing·ground ~nd rcsl·hou!'W). un· mct:1llcd.

P·•hrc bnuW'\l•l\"f, 11nmct'.l.llod. :EnC.'\10}1iUl(·l(t'UUUJ. t\UJ iJOliCC bungalow,

umnetallcd. Enc:unping·l(T'OUnd, nnmct~llcd. EncampinK·l(round and 83rui1 bungn.low

unmetat1ctl . Encam1"i11i;·1ITT>Und and police \mng:\IOW

tmtuct.i.llcJ. ~ ·\ )lo.chhlwal •o I J l IChnu una ..

~~ r\il-~-~-;-1!~-.1-----~-~ 14

12 12

F.1u.•amphtK·grounrl 1 unmct:\Hcd. l:!:nc.·unping.~rround, tmrnctRllecl.

~ ~ ~ R:unum.lrl ..

;;o l

10

1~

r.uc~mping-J{ronml, un1nctnl1Ctl. Lrn .. ":URJ•i11~-J.."l'\>Uml nucl sar.\i, bungt\low,

umucl:\llc•l. _E,11ra101•in~·J..."1'0Und and P-..'\mi, bung:\low,

UIHUclalh .. .J.

There arc also miHor roads, all unmctn.llcd, from Jhang to Shah Kot ·70 milcs,-Chiniot to Shi'thpnr 2G milcs,-Chiniot to Khurianwab 24 miles,-Dijkot to Ghapni lG milcs,-Shorkot to Sarai Sidhu 5 milcs,-Kt'Lim to Touha Tck Singh 27 milcs,--f?horkob to Bhareri 24 miles,-Shorkot to Sau.\si 2;5 milcs,-Shorkot to Kamalia 23 milcs,-L:ili~i.n to Koh Kcr:l.na 8 milcs,-Kcr:tna to Bar:J.ua lG milcs,-L:Uii'tn to Kalowal 15 miles,-Lilii'in to Kandi­wil 10 milc=-,-Chiniot to SMh Kot 30 miles, She khan to Pakka 1.hiri 32 .miles,--&c., &c., on which there are uo fixed halting pla~s.

The three dak bungalows are completely furnished and provideJ wiLh servants. The police bungalows and district rest-

JhaDS' District. ]

CHAP. IV.-PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. 135

houses have furniture, crockery anu cooking utensils, but no Chapter IV, D.

servants. . Prices, wei~hts There are Imperial Post Offices at Jhang Sadr, Jhang City, and measures,

Chiniot, Shorkot, Ahmaclpur, Athtirah Ifaz{ir1, Barana, Chhatta, and communi-Garh M:thti.r:~j:i, Kot Is:1. :Sht\h, KoL 8h:ikir, J...ltlinna, and nlichhi- cations. mil. Money Order Ulllccs nn<.l 8avings Danks arc combined with Post oflic.es. the Post Olliccs at Jho.ng Sad:i.r, J hang City, Chiniot, Shorkot, Athirah llo.z:irl, Kot Is:t ~h:th, Lnlid.n, aucl .Machhiwal.

There is no Uailway Telegraph line in the district. The nearest R::iilway or 'J'clrgraph i-5tu.Lion is Chichawntni on Lhc Mooltan line, li(i Ill ii cs front ,J hang.

Telegraph.

[Punjab Gazetteer I

CHJ\.rTER V .

. AD::M:INISTB.ATION AND FINANCE_

SECTION A.-GENERAL. Chapter V, A. The Jbang district is un<lcr the control of _Lhc Commissioner

of Mooltan, who is also Civil and SPs:;ions Jmlgc. 'rho ordinary A ~~~[~tion head-quarters staff of the tl istrict consists of:\ Deputy Commissioner P.

1 • anJ. two Extra Assistant Colllmissionors. J~nch taL~il is in charge

· J!.x~~:1:;i:~nd of a. Tahsihl:ir assisted Ly a NaiL-Tnu:;ihlar, a K:im'mgo, arnl a Niib-1\.;1.nungo. The table below gives the patwari statistics for each tahsfl. :-

Criminal, police, and gaols.

TADSIL STATISTICS. l\u•mEROF Cmcu: PAY. PA'(WAl\IS. 0,;

.8 ~ ---TAll81L. Kh:isrn -E

\ Noil,. §~ num· Hold· ncvo-E nlghcHt. Lowe&t. Avorag~

:« \Jcrs. ing~. n.uc.

cl! ---u;--,_ --- -Tl". A. P. Hs. A. P. Ill. A. P.

12 I 0 Chiniot 2G5 304,112 27,177 97,2119 35 5 10 R 019 0 0 Jhang :: 3!18 50!i,8ti l S!l,4j3 l,f>;j,tfln us 8 11 10 0 l:!horkot . . 18~ 210,007 lP,844 l,l~ 1W2 41 0 10 8 0 9 . 0 0 12 I 0 ------------,-

17 12 or s 0

------11 4 0 District .. 812 1,018,010 86,474 3,G4,790 134 19 .. . .

There arc two 1\Iunsitfs in the district ; one has jurisdiction within the Jhang and Shorkot tabsils, and the other within the Chiniot tabsll, and some of the villages of tho Jlmng tahsil lying ~n the right sido of the road from Jhang to Shabpur. The statist1?s of civil and revenue litigation for the last five years aro given in Table No. XXXIX. '

·- -lh!i'rRIUUTION,

Class of Police. Total •trcngth. 8t:.uUing Pr,1tcction

gu..i.1Us. ::iml detection.

fli• trict (Imperial) 3fl5 44 301 Municipal .. G5 .. 65 River .. 5 .. 5 •·crry .. 9 .. 9

Toto.I .. 47'1' H 430

-The statement on the opposite page outposts, and patrolling stations :-

Tho police forco is controllc<l by a District Supcrintcn<lcnt. The strength of the fo~ce· is shown in the margin. In a<lditon to this force, 485 village watchmen are entertained and paid for by a house tax levied from villagers by lambard3.H'!·

gives the number of tMnds,

Jhe.ng District. l

CHAP. V.-AD:itrNISTnATION AND FINAN.GE. 137

Sr•t•oNt on Tuuu.~. OtrT1·0•.,.,. on C1t•VKIR. Root! Chnuk.11.

181 cl'\SS. ~111.l Cl:\llUJ, Patrolling poet.•.

Uch Jlhowann

. . lCuri.Ut\\';,\l.\ •• U111.\11t\ ,\l1t•1~-·I Jlurnl:\.

.• Gha)·ni .. h.hiw\ fhr11 )falt:lrlja. n.\j.{hn

J\ idm Hnr.mwo.ll. Jhang .. ('biniot 8horlc1Jt .. J\a<lirpnr l.aJiam

!otn"'~"'" Uukli.u1

h .,t I··• Xk<h. L•h·m H1,ckh:\11 (.!hmul. l~:mdiw:\l S:rnmndri.

•• 'ih.ihk.ut l lljkut. T<1lolm Tok Sinl(h. Bnlrn J\haunwnna. Jl:\,;f! l id:un. l io<lhr!\nwala. (~Jli\11d11A.

""'" Bh>rcrt. M•ru Kill>.

Tl11•re is a c:d.tl1·-1'01111d :d c·:wli l/1 1)1111 c·o11trollc·d by lb1• Dcpul.y C'ommis,.,iorwr tlarongh the pnli<'I'. Tiu• dislril't lies within lho Lahore circlr, 1m1kr the cunt rul ot' t.!tc Deputy lnspcclor-Ucneral of Police at La hon'.

The district rraol at h'•ad-111'lrt.cr:; contain-; accommorlation for 3~0 malCTs aml l Cr<'m;tl•• pri'i1rn<'r'. · T 1hl1• No. XL g;i\'CS statistics of criminal trial,-, Tahl1• ;\o. X LI of pnlit•<' in1p1irics, a.nJ Talile No. XLl 1ol' 1•11t1\'i1·I~ i11 tt:11il 1'11r the• 1:1~( fi\'l' \'C':ll''. ,.., .

C.1Lllc·-lt fl.i11g j, tit" 11 111·m·d ni111,. :111 I pradis<'d i11 all prirts of thr. 1listrict. Ot' lilt' criminal tribl's prodai11nl umler the Criminal 1'rilirs Act, lhcre arc 11011<' re•idenl i11 lire district.

Tho gPo~s n'\'1•11111' colh·li1>11s of' t lw di,tril't for tho last 1·1 year.~, so far as tlr1•y ar1• r11" 11l1• hy tho l•'ill'1ncial Cornmissionrr, aro ~hown in T:thlo Xo. XX.VJll; wlrile Tables N'os. XX.[X, XX.XV, XX Xl V, and XX XL l l rri 1·c f'urthcr dclai Is for Land Hcvrnnf', Excise, License Tax, and ~t~mp,; rc~pectin·l_v. 'l'alilc No. XXXllIA sliuw~ tho num\,;q· a11il i:ituation of rr r·i~lration offices.

'l'lw cr11tr:d di~tilleriPs for tlro 1~anufacl11r1• of conntry liquor ~re ~it.11:1ted at .Jhang and ~lwrkot. The cnllirnlion of tho poppy IS all'JW<•cl. at tl1<• rat!' of lb. 2 pn aer<'.

'l'alile No. XX:\ \'l 1ri\'c:> Lire irwomo arnl cxpenclituro from District Funrls, which a.n• ~011trolkd 111· a commit.t.eo consisting of 2! n.1embcrs selected Ii.'' the Deputy C~m 111 i"siuner from among t\1e leadrng men of tlic rnrious taLsfls, arnl ol' the Ci,·il Surgeon an<l th~ ~ TaLsH<lars, as e.i:-1!//icio llH'rn Lcrs, and JDxtra As~istant Co111-~~1ss1011cr as Sf'crctar_r, a111l the Deputy Commis«ionl'r as Prcsi<lcnt. 1ahlc ~ o. XL V «i H!'i statistics for l\1u11 icipal Taxrition, whilo the Municipalities th~uselYcs arc: noLicetl in Chapfrr V l. . The income from Proviuci:d propcrLies for the last fi 1•e years is shown below :-

Sourc:. of Income.

Fcnie111 with Uoat-1.tritl,L!CS .. Fcr11e1t witho11t ho:ll-l1r1tig~s }lh,~ing h1111g-:'\low!I, .~c. J-~nr:unping-J.(rourlllr;: .. ratttc-1murn1~ '' Natul prope1 tic&

Total

1~;;.75, I 1~08·i9. 1s;~·SO. ISSO·SI. 1881·82.

-1--~.i:IZ j n,,;o:i o,MP s.~47

lh,flJ:~ 15,5!•:. H,4:44 J:s,937

i:r.01 I l,'•4> 1.~01 i;u1 oo~ I 305 311 5n

1,056

~8j~8j2;,m I 24,453 --;wQ

18

Chapter V, A.

General Adini· nistration.

Crimiual, police, aud gnols.

Rcvcnne, Taxation, aml ltcgistration.

Cha.pter V, A.

Genera.I Admi­nistra.tion.

Revenue, Taxation, and Registration.

Statistics of lancl nYenue.

Educaiion.

-[Punjab Gazetteer

I

138 CllAP. V.-ADMINISTRATION AND FlNANCli:.

The ferries, bungalows, anu encamping-grounds have alread been noticc<l at pages 10~-135, am~ the cattle~poun.<ls at page 131, The total number of 1iazttl properties a.re 27 m this district the pri11cipal of which a.re a Police Ofncer's quarters with a. g~rden 5 acres in extent, ~ituate in the Sadr Station un1ler care of th~ Deputy Commissi1mcr, which was lmilt in 185:J as quarte~ for the officer in commanu of the troops then slatioucd here, and a house for the 'l'ahsHJitr o f Jhang built for this purpo~e in 1853. Of the other 25 nnzzll properties there nrc 7 plots of lan<l in the Jhang town of inferior quality, a11J the remainder 18 are of no \·nl11e and situat1d in the interior of the district, 11ndcr the care of the Deputy Commis. siooer. In addition Lo these small plot!c' forming the ordinary naau! property of the district, by far lhe largest pnrt of the district may be considcrcJ na::ttl, ns the grazing 1°akhs which am the property of Governmc11t, a.nu the r ight s of grazing on which are sold by 11.urtion a1111nally, contain 2,100,57:3 acres out of a total ol 2,:327 ,734 o.crcs for the \\hole district. These raklts are the exclusive property of Government, and arc under the direct management of the Deputy Commissioner ; they are <lcscrihed at page 122. Figures for other Government e:>tates arc f:!i"en in Table No. XVII, and they and their proceeds are noticed in the succeeding section of this ('ho.pier, in which the land revenue admiuistration of the Jistrict is treated of.

Tal1le No. XXIX gi1·cs figures for lh<' principal items an~ ~he totals of lan1l revenue coll crt ions si nce J ~(i~-GD. 'l'hc remamrng items for 1880-81 and 18tH-82 arc shown below :-

Source or revenue.

ft11rplu:\ W:\rT:'\nt laluhrmnh .\/rtht-m11c or proprich\ry duoA FiHh\.lricl'l . . . .. Hc,·cnt1n1 fines anJ fur£cihn·ca .. Olhor item•

1880·81. 1851-82.

-ft..- - ll.:-5:.~ a!J7 3!11 J'.!9 44 .. 48 1:m iG 2,367

Table No. XX.XI gives details of balances, remis!'ions, anrl agricultnral advances for the last fourteen ye::m;; Ta.hie No. XXX shows the a.mount of a~signcd land revenue; while Table No., X~V gives the areas npon which the present land revenue of the d1stnct is assessed. Further details as to the ba~is, incidence, and work in~ of th c:i current scttlem<,nt, will U•} found below in the succeeding section of this Chapter.

Table No. XXXVII gires fiaures for the Government and A~de<l, High, Middle and P1ima1; schools of the district. 'l'ho High school is at Jhang; there are ~foldle schools for boys at ~hang, :Maghiana, Chiniot, Shorkot and A111nadpur; while the Pruna~) schools are situated at Jhang, Maghiana, Kot Isa Shah, Kot Shakir, Chhatta, Mari, Munda Saiyad, JHachhiwiil, Chund Bharwana, Shah Jiwana., Pir Kot S.vlhana, Chela, Khiva and Bagh in the Jbang taT1-il; at Lali:l.n, Langar Makhcll1m, 'l'hatti Billa Raja, Baraua, Ka.lri, Ra;joa, Shekhan, and Chi11iot in the Chiniot tahsil ; and ab Shorkot , Ahmadpur, Garh Mri.h<i.raja, Ilassu Bale!, Haveli B~~b~dur 8hab, Kaim and Kund Sargfo:i in the .Sborkot tahsil. Besides

Jh&Di District. 1

VHAP. v.-Amn.NISTnATIO.N AND FINANCE. 139

lhese there are eight femn.lc schools which arc situated, three at Jhaarr, three at Maghittna, one at Kot Isa 8hah, and one at Biigh in th~ Jhang tahsH 'l'he district lies within the Mooltan circle, which forms the charge of tlie Inspector of Schools at l\Iooltan. Table No. XIII gives statistics of edncatiun collected nt the census of 1881, and thn gennml statr of cd11cation has alrendy been describe<! at pages 52 a11d 5a. There arc some inJigenons schools ia the district : among th1!~1', thrf'C sch1iols sitnalt•<l at Ballo in the Jhaug tahsil, and Kluikl anJ Miruewala in the Shorkot tahsil, are alone worthy of notice.

This schol)I was at first pnrdy vernacular, but became a District School in ISGl, n.1111 the high department was added iu 1877. It consists of the high depart111cnt held in the new lrnilJing at Adhiwil (half way hetwc1•n the old city of Jhang and the ci vii station of Maghi:tna), and si tuatcd abont one-and-a-half miles from the main buil<ling at Jhang, where the middle and primary departments ai·e taught. The three drpartments are under the superintendence of one Head-Master, and arc taught by 13 other teachers in J~ng-li sh, V crnacu lar, Mathematic:::, and Hindi. There are no lower Primary branches of the Jlrnng District School. ~he expenditure, num bcr of pupils, and results of exami~a­hons, for the last five years, are shown in the accompany mg table:-

Pau rnulta of c.rmninntim11.

gxpcndi· No. Year. ~( turc. boy•. Middle c~lcutta Punjab

School. Entrance. Entrance.

~ ------------1878·79 .. .. 7,GOJ 248 5 .. 187~·80 .. .. 1,i20 270 l 3 18><0·dl .. .. 8,164 270 12 2 Q 1R~l ·R2 .. .. 7,il7 2fi3 G 7 1882·83 .. 7,249 286 18 1 ..

Table No. XXX [ lI gi vcs separate figures for the last five yea rs for each of the six dispcns:uics of the district, which are under tho general control of the Civil Surgeon an 1 which are now clas~ed as follows:- '

A civil hospital at Maghiana providing fo;·ty-two beds, under charge of an Assistant Surgeon.

A first-class dispensary at Chiniot, providing twenty-four beds, under charge of an Assistant Sur aeon. b A second-class dispensary at Ahmadpur, providing fourteen eds, under cliarcre of a Hospital Assistant.

A second-cl;ss dispensary at Shorkot, providing twelve beds, under charge of a Hospital Assistant.

A. second-class dispensary at Kot Isa Shah, providing six. beds, under charge of a Hospital Assistant .

. A third-class dispensary• at Jhang, under charge of a local ~ahve doctor. This is about two miles from Maghiana where there 1s a civil hospital.

People freely resort to the dispensaries. There are no goo<l lrnk{ms or vuid$ iu the <listrict. All the <lispensaries of this <listrict

Chapter V, A.

General Adini­nietration. ' Education.

Jhang District School.

MeJical.

Chapter V, B.

Land and Lo.nd Revenue. Medical.

Ecclcsainstical.

Hen<l-qn&rterR of other dcpnrlmcu le.

Sikh system, 11.nd early settlements.

SAwan Ma.l's nclmi­uietratiou.

[ Pun._fe.b Gazetteer I

140 CHAP. V.-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE,

nro cnfrnstcd, lo a grC'al :ulvnnfago lo lhc people, with lhe vaccina~ tion of their own respC'clivc lownH as well U!l of tho villages lyina within livo mile's of' thC'm. Vaccinalio11 in lhc interior of t\1~ district is cnni<'d 011 by six v:H'c·i11ator~. Ont' of whom acls also as n supervisor. Vaeci11atio11 in lhi!I district. has bC'come very popular nm\ somo few famili<•s lia1'C' adopl<·1l it as au oliligatory houschohl instilulion. The' civil ho~pilal s aL ,Jhang a111l Uhiniot wore founueu in U)j!) aml lt<72, rc~p<'etiv<'ly.

Tbol'I~ is a smnll churcl1 at .Jh:rng, c·1pali\t> of seating ~omc 36 persons. No C'haplai11 i~ pu~l1•d tlwn·; lint tlH· Chaplain at Mooltan occasionally visih Ill<' ~tation, nnil hold.~ ~Pr\ il'e in the church.

'l'li<· Exrc11li11' t•:ngi 1wrr, ~luollan, is in t'liarge of the principal publil~ building:; of l11P di~t.rict; hr i~ .•111,ordin:tf P to the SupNinlcnu­ing EnginN·r, J._f. l'in·lr, lt;i.walpindi. Tlw Po~t Oflic<.'s are controlled hy thr ~111H·rinl(·ndP11l of l'usl Onie<"'• Deraj:tt Uil'ision,· n·~iding at llera hm:til 1\li:i.n. 'l'lH' For<'.'''· n1/.:/1.~, are umlci· the Drpul\' ( 'onsC'n·ator of l•'mp<;{~, 1'1111j:d1, li (1jr:l111dla Dil'isiou, whose hcad-cpiarlcrs arc al Ul1jr:imd.la.

SECTION B.-LAND AND LAND REVENUE.

Some Jptails r<'garding the Sik h rp1·1·n111' admi11i<;ti-alion lial'o alrC'ady hcen gin~n in ( 'hapll'l' l l, pag1's :w. ·;17, :Jtl, whil1J their fiscal ~ystem has been dC'scribl'd i11 tlw <;t•ction tn·ating of _ lcnures (pages 72-78). l3cforr tlw y<·ar lX!3 t, whl'n the J\Iuoltan pronnce w~s cntrusteil to the managr11w11t of 8<iwan Mal, .Jltang can :-care<'ly be sai1l to lmrn hail any tisl·al hi«tt>ry. The 8i;il chirf's of Jhang apparcnlly took in kind 011c-1it1arl<·1· of Lite prod11cr upon rn11c!1 lhe same lines as ~a wan Dial did . TliC' '<lory U1nt there were 120,000 wells at work during the reign of \\":did:i•l Kltiin, an'! that all tho assessment tak1·11 wa" only H1•. l or a lil:rnkct. per well, is probably a mere mylh. \Validnd, no doul•t, did, l,y mmftorntP a~:-ei;s1lient _an_<I fostering mrasurc;:, gin\ a grL•at impel n;: to c11ltivatio11, hut it .1s doubtful wlwthor his t'ollt·clit>ns were of that cxcectlin" miltlness for

0

which they arc gi1·en credit.

Of the ailministration of s.~wan Mal Mr. Monckton wrote:--" After the breaki11g up of the ~Iugh:-.1 cmpir<', tlw southern portion

of the Punjnb n.ppPars l•i li:we fallt>n umk•r the rule of petty .i\Iuhanuuaclnn chiefs. Rnnjit Singh, 011 corn1ueri11g the country, ma.<l(I over the ndmiuistration to a Hin1hi n:uue<l 8;twan Mal. H e oruanisecl afresh the revenue system, and fixed the tax on the hnd actun.IIY under culti· va.tion according t'.J the nature of the crop ~rown . It wa.s simply an excise on agricultural produce, levied in the form of an avernge tnx in money or a fixed proportion in kind, according to the choice of tlie za.rr.illllir. Ou first class crops, as tobacco, sugar, poppy, money rates were invariably ch:~rgecl, and no option was allowed. l<'a.llow Janel and fodder crops esca.pecl tax entirely, as also corn ate clown green by cattle engaged in agriculture. Persons clesirous of embarking capitnl iu the construction of new wells or the repn.ii-s of cleserted ones were encouraged by the grant of lea.sPs for pr.riods of 20 yea.rs on a. fixed c1Lsh payment . of generally Rs. 12. This lease, howe\·er, only protected a.

JhW District. l

CHAP V.-ADMINISTr.ATION AND FINANCE. 141

limited extent of land, usually 20 :i.crcs (20 btgrr.lis 1), and did uot. cover tint-class crops from the spccinl tn.xcs to which they were held subject .under all circumstances. Speci:i.l i11dulgc11ce to encourage the im•cstment of capital on agriculture wa~ nlso bestowed in the form of inam taraddaddn•l, which may he trn.n~laterl M 'grn.nts in reward for cultiva­tion; ' e.g., a mn.n of wealth :i.ntl inllu<:'nce would engage to sink eight new wells :incl found a ,·illngc, on condition of rcceiving in rent-free tenure, one well. But as it wn.s found that the cultivation of this well was unduly incrcasctl to the detriment of the public revenue, the jhol tenure was introduced. By this the grn11lce was cntitlrd to claim exemption for no p:lrLicular wPll, Lut for n. rnt<>u.Lle deduction on nil his wells, and in lhP casP W<' haw ~upposctl would receive :i. remission of one-eighth on nil his hlnd."

Sa wan I\fol took Loth in rn~!t nm! kind. Collcclions in kind were almost invarialJly 111ad1· by J\111if.Jit apprai~cm1·11t. Nominally the Govcmmont >'hare of tho prod11co was half the proprietor's sharo of thl) protluco, tho latter being almost invariably one-half. This <loos not mean that tho Local Gornrnmrnt novrr took morn than one-fourth. Tho appraisomcnt ot' the one-fourth crop wa~ made by Governmrnt f'e rvanb;, anJ. thNo was nothing to prCYent their over-estimating tho Gvvcrnmont ~hare of the pro<luce until it. became really half prnd11ce, or more. It was in this way that tlie Sikh Govnrnmcnt nevt' r allowed any middleman beL1n·cn ilsclf' anti the actual culfo·aLor or the soil. \'Ny ol'tc·n lh<.' only li111it Lo puhlie taxation was the inaLility of tho cultirntor to pay more. The followin~ arc a f'cw in3tanccs of the ca!:ih rates paid pa bfr1alt :­wheat H.o. 1-12 to n~. 2; barley llc. 1 to Jls. 2 ; Lolmcco Hs. 8 ; cotton Ro. 1-12 to lls. 2-12 ; ln<lian corn Re. 1 to Us. 2 ; jvwa1· Re. 1 to Rs. 2 ; sar1lwf lls. 2 to Rs. 5. DesiJ.rs thcso rates thero were a host of fees and ccsscs known as abuJtw, taken in addition. 'l'he following ar«Jsomc of the more important :-H/J.la, an extrn seer, the 41st taken in tl1e maund ; 1ca.::n !.:as!tl, tikh a11d 111ukmldcmd, cash paymt>nts per well at 1•ath liarn:st ; kanlll'<L aml 111olwss1U, t.ho p~y of the man who wat.dwil Lhc crop in the interests of the Sarku1·. Fmes woro also conLinnally lcvil'll. The only persons who were safe from those exaclions w<·rc persons from wliom nothing couhl be squeezed. Li Loral nimissious were, howeYcr, allowed fur crops th~t <lid not mature or turned out very patchy, under the name of ~ha1·aba,. The revenue system of S il wan Mal was essentially fluctuat­mg. It adapted it.self to tho vicissitu<lcs of tbe seasons. Whether the .harvest was good or Lad, enough was left over to the cultirntor to live upon. In itself tho demand wns heavy, but its elasticity prevente<l it from becoming oppressive. Un<lera good Sikh Governor the cultivator of tho ~oil was looked upon as a. Government tenant with certain r ights of occupancy. So long as he went on cultivating his land and allowing himself to bo nnnually squcezc<l, the St.ate took crrcat caro of him, and was alwayg ready to assist if h ~ • ~ got into difficulties either through lm:s of cattle or with the

village baniah. E.icctions, exc<'pt at the order of the Karda.r, were unknown, and the Kardar seldom exercised the power. . " ' hether a well paid revenue in cash or kind, the collection was suspende<l as

_i1oon as it fell out of work, and, on the other band, new wells were at once brought on the rontroll. All the·protection allowe<l to a new

Chapter V, B-_

Land and Land Revenue.

Sawan .Mal's &dmi­nistrntiou.

Chapter V, B.

Land and Land Revenue.

Siwnn l\fnl's aumiuistr&tion .

142

[ Puaja.b Ga.zet­

ClIAl'. v.-AIJllllNIS1RATION A:t-i:C FINANCE.

well was a remission of ith. In the c.isc of 3nildb landsit wasusual t. exact a m1zrcina pa):mcnt fron1 the app!ic:111t "ho wi~hcd to ol.tain '.i graut of land for purposl'S of 1:u1tirntion. Ju ~a.uctionin.g th('se grant5 not tho l <'a~t re:;pecl \\a!:' 11:1111 to old propnclary rights, if suclt existed. The valh·y of' the t'lu·n~li in • ':rnnn 1ilal'~ tiruc was 1u many parts an impc1wl rabll' j1111yrrl1 aud tl1crl' arc 50 many riwraia villaircs "hose foumlatiun dal1·,, lru111 that time, that no rights lif inJi;IJual property could liavo l'xi;,ltd. )lcn uf inlluenco obtaincu for the pa~ nwnt of a ~mall $Ulll the cxclu ivo right to cultivattt largr blocks of lam!, am! lhc!'e ~rants lt:1Yc now become 'illages. The Stale took lier !-Lare of t!tti proJucu :is soon as the lanu commenced to l)(•ar crop!>. 1t i:; ratlll'r diflicult to form any very clear i<l~a as lo tlto Jcgn•c ol the H'H'rity of tho llcYcnuo <lemanu in Siwan Mal's time. H vari1·J "ith the 11100'1 of the lol'al Go,ernor. Mui ltaj, who was for ~nmc time in c\1:1rgc of J hang, was most tyrannical and opprcssi'c in his exaction". '1'111• ruh• of the other KarJars was milder. The gr<'alcr pre' :ilcncc of l1iithmklr<'ii trnures around Jhang sho"s Llrnl the lh•maml was hraYiei closo by the head-quarters of Uovcrnm<·nt than ebcwhcrc. In the more remote parts of t!tr Jistrict it was pcrl.1:111~s more diflicu.lt lo enforce .a he:avy ucmand anu less was taken. Ihc "orst pornt of the Sikh rule in the eyes of the agric\llturil-t was tl1at tl1c l\ardars never hesitated lo impose arbitrary fines, "henenr th<>y founJ that a man had cuntrivc<l to i:tnc woney in ~pile of the land rc,·cnue demand.

The Ka\ow~J ihi.lo. uuuer Gul~b Singh.

Tho only portion of ilic Jbana 1listrict not inchuled in the Mooltan proYincc was the lGdowalil<lfo. Herc H1ij3. Gulib Singh was generally ihc farmer of tho rewnm', lhou{;h i:5iwan Mal held the farm for ono or l wo years. 1\lr. Ouselcy thus describes the Revenue Auministration :-" Tht'y collectctl their revenue by

The fir11t Summary Settlement of

Mr. Cocks.

" batcli, (<livbion. of the harvest when rrapcd and throsl1cd), or .by " kankut (appra1scment of the slandiug crops), or by umlerleasmg " a few villages here and there for a certain cash payment to some " person possessing a little local influence, who again made his own '' arrangements for collecting bis rents according to one of the above-1' des!!ribcd modes. As the principal lessee held bis lease subject " Lo renewal annually, of course any contracts entered into by him " wcro only for a similar period." 'Ihe fiscal administration of Rnja ~ulab Sing~ is still ex~crated by the people as the acme of extort10nate taxation. The mstancc of bis rapacity that they a~o most fond of quoting, is bis dcYico of taxing, not the land, but the plough bullocks at the rate of lls. 25 a yoke. The consequence was that the people abandoned their holdings and the land became desol~te. Bu~ the tax-collectors showed themsehes rqual to th<1

occas10n, and 1f they found that the cultintors of a well had fled, they promptly ascertained who the kamins were, anu fleeced them.

The first Summary Settlement of the tract now included in the · Jhang Settlcmrnt was made by Mr. Cocks in 1847-48, th~ ilakas of Garb M~baraja and Ahmadpur lieing excepted. ~bis was before aunc:- at10n. The statement on the opposite pacro gives sumo stati:stics ol the first Summary Settlement.

0

Jba.ng District. l

CHAP. V.-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. H3

Taboila. Joma. I Well• nt work. Cultivation.

1-------- ------1------1------1 l lr.:,

8horkot . • 2, I 17 37,lil~

82,8G., 1 ,21.~19

68,:J!l6

rhtnfot . . • I St•ti•tic• wonting.

I JhanK .. .. 3,4(1() 75,149

--~~,--.-:--- ---.-. - - 1--2-,7-2,-73°8-

The only really trustworthy figurrs :ire those of the jamas. Mr. Ouseley ~ays :-"The assrssments were based on the Sikh returns, on which a reduction of 20 per crnt. was allowed.'' Mr. Monckton writes:-" The ja ma was assrsscd on a rPd uction of from 10 to 15 per cent. on the previous aYcragc collrctions." "So imprrl'l'ed." says Mr. Mo11ckton, "were tltey with the mild and "liberal views of JGnglish :ulmi11i ~tratio11, that the g rrat majority "cordially sidr<l wit It u:; in t!te ront1·i;t with Mu! Haj :rnd the ' 'insurgent Sikh chirfs, which occurred shortly after."

Mr. Cocks' assessment was undouhtedly, j111lged by the rash assessments of to-day, both severe and heavy. It wa::: paid for two years hccau~e prices were ltiglt. 'fhl'n came the Mooltan rebell ion. Peace wal', howewr, rrstorcd in a short time, :iml with tranquillity came an enormous fall in the rnlue of grain. The prices of wheat wcro as follows, in seers per rupee :-

1644 29 1849 2~ 1845 :lO l ll!iO 38 1816 3:! 18!il 48 1847 33 1852 r.:l 1848 37 18.)3 62

Tho assessment of no district, howovcr fertile, conld bear 11p against two such forces as these, the assessment Lei.11g inLerrntly

·severe. The inapplicability of our rc\·cmie system to the Jbang d istrict, no doubt, h:ul some share in render ing the payment o r Mr. Cocks' assessment impo:>sih!t•, but it was not the cLid' factor, or i ts influeuce woul1l ha vo been felt sooner. For 1818 and 184!.J tho collections were made without ditlicul ty. In 18.)0 a few balances remained. " But towards the close of 1851, a great cry of distress "arose throughout the district, a11<l it was consiJcrecl absolutely "necessary that a remission of the demand shou ld be at once '1 effected. 'l'he distress was greatest in the Kalowti.I tahsil.~'

The second Summary SeUlement was made by Major Hamilton an<l Mr. Monckton in Jhang, an<l in the Kalowal ilaka by Mr. Ousdey. 1'he dcm:ind for the Kalowal tahsll was first revised by Mr. Thornton, the Commissioner, at the close of 185 J, and a reduction of 2.) per cent. giYelil, and again in 1853 by Mr. Ouseley. It is l\Ir. Ousclcy's figures that are giYcn here. The results arc tabulateq Lelow :-

Taheila.

Chiniot .Jh:u1g Hhorkot

Well•. Cultivation. I Joma.

No 8 t.1 listic8 Cil .~-4fi ~.2!•t• '4!',!l·U J ,02 ,8!18 1.~oa 29,~11 ~8.P68 1

- 11 •. -

Total--!·- --- ----J2'AOii2--

Chapter V, B.

Land and Land Revenue.

The lir~t Summary 8<'ttlcmcut of

?-Ir. Co~ks.

The srconri Sum· mnry Sc~tlemeut,

.C)l.a.pter V, B.

Land and Land Revenue.

'fhe Second Rnm· ~ary l:)ettlcmcut.

The Regular :SeLLlemcn L.

JJHW'J.

q

[·Punja.b Ga.ze~ri

144- CHAP. V.-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE.

~he re<luction giYen nmountc<l to 1~, per e~~t., or roughly spenk111g to half a lakh out of 2t lakhs. Ibe r~v1s1on of the fir!t Summary Settlement wns commcnc<'d by Major Hamilton who took up first the cns<'s of Yill::: :~cs tbat needed more imm~<liate attention, and finished hy }1r. Moncklon. In Kil.lowal, when tho first Summary Settlement ha(! broken down utterly, the revision was <'ffectcd in three days hy lhc ('om 111i$Sioncr, n1r. 'J.'hornton

1 and llie demand red t.r "'l from a la k h to Rs. 7 5,000. "This aEsess11H·nt wa~, hu111a. i1y speaking-, tl1c means of speedily restor. ing an almost ruiner! and <lcs<'rlcd tract of country to a flourishing condition." In 1853 Mr. Onseley ngain revised the Kalowal Settleml'nt, which resnlt<-d in a furt\1rr drcrra~e of Hs. 12,000 in lh<J tnh,0 r<'vc' nn", i.1•., from H~. 7ii,G17 tolls. ()'.3, 7il8. The reviscll :1<:sC'ss11wnl.s were collccleJ wilh case unlil t.he ltcgul!lr Sottle• mcnt.

The Regular SC'LtlPm<'nt of the Jhang <listriet was at first <·nlrustetl to Mr. 1\Iorris, but in April l 854 :Mr. Monckton took charge of the Settlement, and he remained in charge until the conclnsion of operations in the rarly part of 1857. The first busi· ne~s of tho Hcgular ::::>cttl(•mrnt was the dt·termin:ltion of what latlll lielong('d lo lhr. ~late and what to individuals, an<l t.he demar· cation or the tract belu11gi11g to in<livi<luals inlo villag<'s. There "·crc .npparcnt.ly no <lisputr.s aud no difficultiefl in <lefining the l1ounJarics of thr. Government wasto. The za.mirnhi.rs, instead of mr•lital ing encroacl11nents on liH' Btate lands, in many instances threw up la111l that 11ndoul1iedly bclongccl to them, so fearful were they of lhc rcsponsilJilitics lhat had hitherto attache<l to proprielorsl1ip ur lnud. The adjustment of the villago uoun<laries was a work of some 111ngnilu0le not unaccom panied with <lifficu:ty. The state of vopridary right as existing at annexation, and th~ c~foct of this <lcmarcation in bestowing proprietary right on the villagers in waste !antis now included within their village, have already been described in Ulmpter III. The principles upon which lhe as~cssment circles were arrnnge<l were uniform for the whole district. The tract under :u•~P~~mcnt wns everywhere a narrow strip of land ly ing between a river and tho high lying nplan<ls of the Bar or Thal. Cultivation was easiest an<l lcast expensive n<'ar the rivers, most laborious an<l requiring most capital in l\10 uplands along~idc the Bi'tr or Thal. Consequently tho rirnrain Yillag<'s wrrc collected into one circle, an<l those under the 13ar an<l Thal into another. What villnires reruainc<l situate lictween the1e two \Yero formed into a thir<l or intcrmccliate circle. 'l'hc names of the circles were lliYer or " Hithar," Centre or '' \V asat," :rnd Upland or " Bir." For each of these circles the di'.ferent ratos of assessment shown 011 tho opposite page were framed fur the three descriptions of soils-c!tahi, sailab and barclni-classed according to tho sources from which rach obtained the moisture n<Jcessary for lhc growl h uf crops. There were no distinctions bctwctn cluthi, c/1.'ihi-sailiib, cltt'ihi-jlmlil1·1,, i.Xc.

Jh~ District. 1

CHAP. V.-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. 145

RIVER. C~NTRE. UPLAllD. Chapter V, B. Tahsil.

~~~:a~ 2 ... :§.o·a .c: :a ~ .a ·c:; <: .a ~ ~

Land and La.nd Revenue .

1------ _'-'_ ....!!!_ __ (.) (J) c::i {.) Ji i=l

Ha. A. II~. A. U•. A. Its.,\. Its. A. Hs . A. Jl;:A: RR. A. ii;"A: Cluniot · • 1 r. Jb3llg • I ~

{ rhcn~b 1 !? Mdirpur Jhclain 11/~-l/•i Uch · · .. 1 ~

1 r. 0 s I 0 0 8 I 0 0 s 1 •J 0 8 1 0 0 8

12 12 08 014 014 08 1 ti 0 11 0 h 1 " 0 10 0 8 0 10 0 10 0 8 } 0·11 0 14 0 H O 8 ·· 0 8 I 0 0 14 0 6 0 13 0 13 O 8

The financial result~ of l\lr. 1\lonckton's Settlc•mcnt classified tabsil by tahsll, according to existing arrangements, ~re given below :- ---

Chiniot. I Jhang. ::lhorkot. Total.

·- - -lls. Rs. Rs. Rs.

Jama ... ... :!:J,!l!)f> l, l:l,246 58,\47 2,05,388 Incidence on cultivation, 0·1G·8 1-1-2 l·l·O ...

The l\egular l:3C'ltlemrnt of 113 villages in the Chiniot tahsil on the right bank of the ( 'ltc11:lb was 111adl' hy J\l r. Ousclcy. The Settlement was eornmenccLI in 18[>·1. The first step was th11 demarcation of boundaries. This hu~inc!'S was dTccte<l without trouble in the wcll-cultivafr<l t.racl~, but wa;; atlcndcd wi th great difficulties in tho Bar. It is not ncccs~ary lo notice tho obstacles with which Mr. ou~cley liatl lo content! in the demarcation of thP boundaries of tho B1\.r )1illa~<'I', as all lhe Bar roun<l !Grana, that was transferred to J hang in 18Gl has become, it is not know11 0L'lctly how, Government property. It was an integral portion or the Jhang district land revenue and li1·11i i:;yi::tem, that all the waste lands in the Btir wero the property of GoYcrnmcnt, and naturally the Jhang officials ::;aw no reason for treating the Kirana Bir in u different manner. A great part of the tract transferred was unclaimed Government wa~lc, aucl in rc~pect of tho portions claimed by individuals it was ar<rucd that no proprietary rights had as yet · been conferred, and that there were no rca~ons why these claimantl', who mostly bcl01wc<l to tlw villa,,.cs n<'arcr the river and were mere temporary squattc~·s in tho B:tr, ;iioul<l bo regarded as having other or greater rights th:m their brethren in tlie Samlal Bar. The result was thut as in the S1i.n<lal so in the Kirina Bar, no private rights of property whatever wer'o recogni~<'<l in 18Gl. The inhabit­ants of the tract" tran~forrcd were charg<'cl with tfrni and aliowe<l .to g~aze throughout the Bir that was indude<l within the Jhang dis­trict. Soils were cla~!lecl us cltC'd1i, saill'thn, an<l bcll'l111l. Well-irrigate<l lands were further divid<'<l into clu'tAi-klu'zlis lan<l irrigated only by ~i·clls, and clullti-sailab land irri <Tated Ly w~lls l>ut also subject to :~undation frow the ri~·t·1·. An ~stimalc was then mado of" what "w~s the minim nm outturn of a ha<l bi.<1ah of cltahi laud in the be:-t

assessment division." The usual ccsse.s wcte then deducted ailll Th~ quarter of the remaind<•r assmne<l to be the Governme,nt share.

15 share was converted into a money value and a produce rate 19

The Regnlar Settlement,

JlmmJ.

The Regnlar Settlement,

K<ilo1ccil.

Chapter V, B.

Land and Land Revenue. The Rc~n lal' ~etllfnwnt.

Kalo ll'al.

Fin~t f:nm111:ny Scttlc111r11t "r c : ~rh

Mahar:•j" anti Ahmn•lpnr /0 1d··l·11", by Ml'. \\"c1ldcrlmrn.

The Scconcl Rum. mary 8ettlcmen t, by

Capt.ain Uraha111.

The 'l'hircl Rnnnn~l'Y 8etllenw11t, by Cap­

tams Tighe auu Maxwell.

The Fonl'th ~11111-mary :-ieLlll'rncnt bv

,\Jajor l>wyer.' •

· [ Punjab Ga.ze++--•"'6r, 146. CHAP. V.-ADlllINISTRATION AND FINANCE.

per acre obtained. .~lrnn.ce ti~? ·~renuc ·~}tcs fod t.110 circles Wero dc<luccd. The class.1 c.1a~1,01n o /. lv1 age

6s w.~ itrogtar to<l~h~ir facilities

of irrirration was m \.u ow.~ con neu o. wo ivisions · to " l 'I'I t l . . d ' in HithU.r an<l Nak ;:a. 10 revenue ra os aro su i.1ome :-

IlATF: l'BU ,\1 ·1:1:. -As.~C~!;mcnt --T>hsil. Gire le. Chahi-S>ilnb. Chahi-Khalis. I I

-S>ilab. Da.n.n.1.

113. A. I'. H•. A. P.

I Rs. A. P. Rs.A:P:'° ~ ... { ""'"'' I 2 4 0 l 12 0 l g 0

K:\lowal. 1 1 rn.r :.!ud clas~ 2 0 0 I R 0 l 4 0 ..

Nakka .. .. .. 1 12 0 .. 0 8 0 \

In nctnal assessment 1\Ir. Ousolcy went far below his rates. Tho 11?, villa~<'s wl'!'o asscss<"cl with a.frwui of Rs. 33,4.76, fallina on cultirnlion at tho rate ol' lh. 1-2-10 per acre. 0

H has :l!roa<ly been explainer! why the iltlku,~ of Garh nI:l.hn.nija and Ahmaclpur W<"rc not si'llled hy ~Ir. Cocks. They were first summarily settled by Mr. W cdJcrLurn in 1850. His assess­ment was in Garb l\I:ih{mija 21 pN cent., and in Ahmadpur 16·7 per cent. lower than the collec:lions of past years, an<l amounted to lts. 30,4{,2. 1 n spite of L 110 red nctions given on previous collec­tious in kind, the a~sessmrnt was cxircm<'ly severe. In Ahmadpur the previous collections wrre Ycry heavy. Tho laaluki't was originally hcl<l in jc1.gi1· hy Jm:tm Sh<i,h who "had tho character of being " very exacting witL Lhc 1·r'tlats, nn<l laid on a. varioty of ccsscs in " aJ.Jilion to lho batai, which was itself hca\'y." When tho jd7lr was resumed it 'Nas incluJctl in Siwan Mal's farm, and ho "was " not. the man to make reJnrtions, so all the ce!'Sr!S anJ heavy rates " wore rrtainrcl." Mr. '\' e<ldt•rliurn 's 8eitlcment continued in forco until 1857, when Captain Uraham was clcputcd to rm·ise it. Some revisions of the <lomand ha<l taken place between 1850 and 18571

an<l tho jama in the latter year of these two taalukas amounted to Rs. 30,2G8.

The result of the revision by Captain Gra.ham, known as 'tho Sccon<l Summary Settlement, was an enhancement of the jama '.o Rs. 32,460. '~he whole of the increase except Hs. 53 was take1_1 m Garh Maharri.Ja. A Settlement cnlmncin rr the clcman<l of a prcnous heavy settlement coukl ha Ye lint one end.

0 lt broke down in a year·

a ml-a-half.

. The Summary Scttlem<'nt of Captain Graham was again rov1soJ by Captains 'fighc and Max.well. The now assessmonts gavo, a decrease of Rs. 3,485=10·7 per cent. 011 the jama of the Second Summary Settlement. This 'l'liir<l Summary Settlement worked extremely well, an<l when the Fourth Summary Settlement was ma<le in 18G2, tho measurements of that )'Car showed a largo . . k. mcreaso m the cultivntc<l area an<l in the number of wells at wor

In l8Gl those two iaahikt£s wore transferred from the Mu~affar· ~~rh t~ th; Jhang district, un<ler instructions conveyed in the l mancial Commissioner'~ No. 1832 of 29th April 1861. ~t the close of 1862 the preparation of a llecord of Rights for tho villages of these two taalukcts was commenced. Tho ol<l assessment was also

jhang District. 1

CIIAI'.· Y.- • .\.D:llIXISTRATlO~i AND FINANCE. 147

once more revised. Tho assessment is generally known as that of Chapter V, B. Major Dwyer, but tho Assessment Ueport was sent in by Major Lane in 1865. The new assessment which rqmainetl in force until Lan~ and LR.nd the assessme~t ~ately announced.' gave a f.urther reduction of avenue. Rs. 473, I ts mc11~cuc.e on the cult1vatetl area fell at a litUe less than Re. l per acre. Ihc1anui was on the whole moderate, but in several rillages the assessments were heavy.

The following ta.~t~lar S~'ltcment gives the more important statistics of the five rev1s1ons ot asscssmenL that these two taalukd.• have undergone ~ince a1111oxation :-- I Year. By whom made. Wells. Cultivation. I J ama.

- I 1850 ... Mr. Wcrl<lcrburu's ... 723 14,034 :l0,4!i2 1850·57 Ditto l{,eviscd ... No details. :l0,2G8 1857 ... Ca.ptain Graham's ... 7HJ 20,296 32,400 1859 ... Captain Maxwell's ... 740 20,29r; 28,975 1862 "' Major Dwycr's ... 915 28,548 28,502

'l'hus, of tho district as it at present exists, the assessments which were to he rcvis!!tl when tho recent rc-~ettlcment was under­taken stood as follow~ :-

Mr. Monckton . Mr. Onsclcy. l\fajor Dwyer. Total.

Villages ... Ci44 113 39 7!JCi Aase1sment ... 2,0J,38!J 33,4iCi 28,502 2,67,367

Of tho thrco asscss1ncnts that of Mr. Ouscley was undoubted­ly the most heavy, and that of Major Dwyer the lightest. M~-. Monckton's was, with a few cxcrptions, an excec<lingly fair assessment, both in the iutcrests of GoYcrnmcnt and the people. ' Tho First llerrular SelLlciucnt of the district Las been e~incntly satisfactory. ancl tho results arc everything th.at .could be w1s~~<l. With tho exception of some tcwporary rcm1ss10ns an~ rev1s1ons of assessment in a few villa«cs in the Shorkot Kachlu, and some isolated instances of ovcr-as~sscd uplaml villages in that and the other tahsi.ls, there bas been ·no occasion for corr~ction of the work of the three! Settlement Officers. The enormous improve­ment that had taken place in a rrricultural assets · and resources by the time tho Revised Settlciuc71t commenced is clearly set forth with ~ue detail in l\Ir. Stecdman's report on th:i.t Sett~ement: In fact, unprovemcnt seems to have set in almost immediately Mr. Monckton finished his work and in 1857 "tho agriculturists of :: t~e Jhang district were contc'ntedly fulfilling t~eir engagc~cnt~

with the State and steadily 1mrsuin« their ordmary avocatwns, Ct h'l '• ' n . "w i ~the adjoining distrid of Gugcra 'ms in a full,bl~zo ofmsur-" recti.on, and the nomad t ribes oflhe intervening Bar ;angal worA

sackmg the frontier tha1•as · The pastoral tribes on the other " sid · • · · ' · er e ~n the Shabpur district were showing at the s~me time a "warhk~ spirit ; and bad not the memory of days. of license under

the Sikh · rule been succeeded Ly better ,feelmgs among the

Summary of the (:arh )J :il1'ar:\ja. and Alum" l p11 r al!~•SS·

men ts. ·

Summary of the :i.i:i;st·.~~111e11t iu force whr11 t he Revised

8cttlc111c11t cummcu· ccd.

'l'i1c rrs11Jl,nnd worki11g uf lhe

R.rgu lar ::icLtlcme11t.

[Purijn.'b Gazetteer. 148 CHAP. V.-ADJIUNISTRATION AND ' FINANCE.

C t V B " l\fohammadan population of this district, a serious revolt ·m [L hap er • · · f ti P · b t l b · ue-- " southern provmce~ o . ie U?J.a mus iave . een a<l<led to tb9 Land and Land " many lesser comphcahons ansing from the mighty struggle lh · Revenue. "in progress throughout upper H industan." en

Revision of Settle· The Settlements drscri b<'<I above were revised by Mr. Stcedin meut of 1880. between 187 4 and 188~. His asscs~mcnt~ are fully <lc~cribcd ~

the following pages, wluch aro taken from Lis Settlement lleport :-Assessment Circles. The tract under assc~s?1ent is composed of_ tho Jhelam and

the U ppcr and Lower Chemib vallPys, hemmed m on eh.her side by the hi 11h-lying plateaux of the Sandal and !Grana Bars and tbe. Thal arnl a few villa ires on the banks of the Havi. Tho primary

Classillcntionof soils, aud revenue rates

adopted.

l o .I • jf classification that at once suggesteu itse was of villages on tiif river bank, and villages in the uplands. It was further found convenient to arrange the villagPs on the left bank of the Chenab from the Gujntnwala border to the R:tvi, and also tho.se on the left bank of the Jhelarn , in lo tho three divisions of River, Centre and Utar or Dar. On the right bank of the Chenab it was dc~med neither necessary nor convenient to have two divisions of the upland villages. A set of villages, fourteen in number~ lying We.\\

of the Chcnib on either bank of the Halkiwah Nala, an inlet from the river, forme<l an exception. This tract is a natural basin between the higher lands of the H.iver circle villages to the sout~ and the Utar lands on the north. Tho soil is flooded by the overflow of this Nala, and is so good, and its agricultural produce so much 'more valuable than on the upland well~, that the villages oould not. well be included in the U lt1.r circle, while they were too far from the ri,·cr to he cla~~cd with the riwr villages. In the country lying wc5t of the Jlic'lam :ind Chcmth in tho Sim! Sagar Doab, the separation of the Kach hi· villages into two divisions was unnecessary. The names of the circles arc given below :-

-'l'ract. No. .Assessm~nt Circles.

·-Between the Chen:1u and { 1 Ri\•cr 01· Hith:lr.

Sandal liar .. . . .. 2 C~otrc or Wasu.t. a Uplautl or Btu-.

- ---Between th~ Chen:11> and { I River or llithir.

Kir:iua Har ... ... 2 Ilalkiw;ih. 3 Upland or Ut:lr.

-Between the Jhelam ancl f 1 River or Hith:1r.

Kir:1ua Bar ... . .. l 2 Centre or \Yasat. 3 Uplaml or UMr. -1 lUvcr or Hithllr.

J hclam-Chenab ancl 'l'hal. 2 Upland or Kachhi. -

Between the Jhclam aucl 1 I The villages havinrr been thus arran<Ted into circles, thile d t fi o 0

• i · of so ~econ s ~p was to x reyenue rates for each descnp0~0~ . ltd tn each circle. The three main soil divisions are clu1hi irnga by wells, s_ailab naturally irrigated by r,ivcr floods, ba1·ami. ~ep~ dent on ram alone. There arc sewral sub-divisions of weJl-irriga land which are given below with their vernacular names;-:-

,

Jba.!U!' District.]

CHAP. Y.-ADJIIINISTR.\TIO:N AN~ FINANCE. 149

Vernacular name. Engli&h equivalent.

GhAh:·Sail:lb Well and river flood. CbAh·-Khalis } {'Veil alone.

Cb:lhi·Naihri Irrigated b Well and. canal by ~ow. . Cbahi-Jha.l:lri Y 'Veil assisted by a 1halar, permaneni or

temporary. . Jhal:lri Jhalti1· a.lone. .

The iounJ::i.tion can::i.ls of this <listrict ::i.rc only foun<l in one tahsll and are of rough construction . . Lan<ls irrign.te<l by canal flow have always been assessed at; the same rates as sail® lands.

Barant or rain-lands. One assessment rate only has been used throughout the district, 8 aunas a.n aero. The only important rain cultiv~tion is iu the northernmost corner of Chiniot, in the Nissowana villages anjoining bh{ihpur. H erc Mr. Steedman 8.5Sessed considerably above liis rates. In other portions of the Chiniot tahsil the mte itself was taken ; but in Jh:wg and Shorkot he practically put no assessment on bm•i/,nt cultivation. It was thrown in with the well assessment. ·where the assessment wa~ fluctuating on well" it was necessarily not assessed. The total barant area in the di rrict under cultivation shown in the returns is 3, 480 acres.

River-flooded land-Sttilab. The assessment rates used arc given below in tabul::i.r form for the rivers and tahsils :-

RAT.Es SANCTIO'.'IED l'Olt SAI LAIJ LANDS ON TIIE

Cheu:lb. Jhclam. I Ravi.

TahaU Chiniot. Tahsil Jhang. Ta.hs!l Shorkot. All Tahslls. Tahsll Shorkot.

- -------- ------ -----Rii. A. P. Rs. A. P. Rs. A. P. Rs. A. P. Rs. A. P.

0 12 0 I 0 15 0 1 0 0 l 0 0 I l 0 0

l!'or an unimportant sailclb au<l naikri area. included in villages not in th(f river circles lower rates given below were sanctioned in Jhang a.nd 8horkot :-

Jhang. Shorkot.

Centre Chen:lb. Utar Vichauh. I Kachhi. • Bar. Centre Chenab.

Ra. A. P. Rs. A. l'. Rs. A. P. Rs. A. P. Rs. A. P. 0 12 0 0 s 0 0 12 0 0 12 0 0 13 0

. The reason for reducing the rates in these circles was that the a~i~~ lands, being more distant from the stream, were less certain 0. ei?g a.nnually flooded than land of the same description in the

nvera.m villages.

Chapt er V, B.

Land and Land Revenue.

CI:i..•,ification of soib, nm\ re.·enue ,1·atta

auopteu.

Raio-lands a.seen· ment.

The a~•essment of Sui/Ju lautl~.

Before attacking the rn.tes themselves, the preliminary point, one of some magnitude whether the sailab lands should he assessed on fl ' · fix a. uetuating system or not, had to be decided. Eventua!ly a

ed assessment for the ~ailab lands of the Chen4b ·and J helam, and

The suitahility of &

system of f!uct'lint-­ing nssessmeut for

6Uifub Jands,

Chapter V, B.

Land and Land Revenue.

The suitability of a eystcm of flnctnat· inci a~i,;Ps5ntl·Ht for

•<lllctb lauds.

~ysl•m nclopt<•1l in asacs;iug "ells.

The wrll ~•f'r•smcnt i u ri\·el' \" i llagus.

[ Pu~jab ~n.zetteer 150 cIIAP. V.-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE.

:i fluctuating assessment for the. Ravi villages were sanctioned, On this subject Mr. :::>teedman writes :-

" In the ca~e 1 of tlt1e JheT1

1am ~illa~es ad fixed a~sessment u

uncloubteclly the rig 1t. sys em. . 1ey a1 e expose to more danger fnil:i over than under-flooding. 'V1th refercncP to the Chenab I am t ' · h 1. . ' no 60 certain that my recommcnda.t10ns were t e uest possible. I mean tba there aro certain villages whose futures seem less roseate and prom·. \ than they <lid two or three )'.ear~ ago. Nevertheless, considering' exceedingly light rate at wl11ch it was proposed to assess the roi/Gh lands, I think that the nsscssme~1t sh?lulbdibe

1 fixed, not fluctuating. For

the Jhclam ::md the !ow~r Ohcnab sm a_ in:ve no anxiety. I think the fixed assessments will work well, with a httlP, management on tht part of the district authorities. 'l'hc assessment on the Upper ChenAb in Chiniot is so exceedingly light th:it the occurrence of a had harvest or a failure of flood ought 1~ot to have. any serious effects._ In Jlmng the outlook is not so rcassurmg. I thrnk o. good deal might be done to ensure a flooding to villages in the river circles by opening out old channels, and assisting the people to throw up embankments to Boo! their lands. Suspensions of demand should also he liberally allowed. Two bad years rarely come together, and in a good year the sailah lands might pay half (1.S much again as the assessment without difficulty. There are five \·illagqs who have applied for a fluctuating nssessmen4 n.nd it has been sanction!'cl for .Uimli 1\I:ihni in Jhang, nncl l3adh Rajb:iua in Shorkot. In the future I would give nll other villages, upon whom a fixed assessment pressed heavily, the same system. "

The assessment of wcll-irrigal ed lands was a far more difficult matter than the assessment of sailtlb bHds. In the Chiniot tahsll the wells in all circles were assessed by an average rate on cultivation. 'l'he sarne method was observed in the assessmentsof the river circles of the other two tahslls. Iu the Ccutre-Jhelam circle of tahsil Jhang and the Ccntre-Chl'n:ih circle of tabsil Shorkot the assessm~nts were framed partly by a well, and partly b~ ~ acreage rate. In the remaining circles of the B:tr and Kachh1, m both tahslls, where a system of fluctua.ting assessment on wells has been introduced, and in the Utar Vichanh and Centre-Chenab circles of tahsH Jhang, the asse$~ment unit has been, not the acre, but the well.

The rates used in the river circles are given below:-

Acreage rates for well Janus. Average Average

Tahsil. --- ---- rnlcs on Chahi-sailah, &.c. Ch:'1hi-Khalis.

wdl rate. JhalAri. -Rs. A. P. Rs. A. P. Rs. Rs. A. P.

Chiniot l 4 0 l 4 0 :11 2 0

lChenab l 6 0 I !j 0 24

I 1

.Jbang Jhclam l 6 0 1 5 0

I 27

4 0 Shorkot l 6 0 l 4 0 24 1 -

In Cbiniot the revenue rate sanctioned for the llalkiwah circle "'r nominally Rs. 1-6-0, but practically the assessments were ;a ; with a very much lower rate as the actual assessment was 1 pe cent. below tht> rntRQ' j1111111. '

~ l)istri<?t.1, CHAP. v.-ADMINISTRATION AND FlN.ANcm:. 151

The rates sanctiotled and used for t he assessment of' upland Cha!)t er'V. B . .. 11. are uiven in a tabular form below-.ell3 o· L'.l.nd and Laud

.Revenue. . - Circle• .

'l'ahsll. Detail.

Centre.

---Rs. A. P.

.. { Per act'e .. 1 2 0 ChiJliol .. Per well 30 0 0

{ Chenab { Per acre .. 1 6 (

Per well .. 2a 0 0 Jhallg .. { Per ncro .. 1 4 0

, Jhel•m Pcrwdl .. 2G 0 0

.. { Per acre .. l 6 0 8borkot .. Per well .. 19 0 0

Bar.

---Rs. A. P.

0 14 0 24 0 0

I 0 2 17 0 0

.. 1 1 3

16 12 0

Utar.

---Rs. A. P.

1 1 0 32 0 0 0 12 0

18 6 0 .. .. .. ..

Kach hi.

---n.. A. P.

..

..

.. 1 1

l J

17 0 I 0

16 0

The upl:u11l well ro.te•.

The difference in the comlttwns o~ a griculture on t ho upland The sygt<-111 of fine Us as comparo<l with those nca r ri vcrs has been noted to1Tcther tnat.inj( asHt.,sm•1! ~

Ja ·· B d Jr 1 b' · l f JI 1 "' on wells 111trod11cc11 iith the fact that m the ar an ~ac 1 l.c1rc cs 0 mng anJ Shorkot in th<: IJ:i1'.a111l l\achhi

a system of assessment, fluctuah~g with the n umber of wells at circk~ of '!'ahsil• work at each harvest, has been introduced. T he nature of t his Jha.u:; and Shorko~. aumting assessment and the reasons for its introduction aro given in the following paragraphs :-

"The condition of agriculture in both the Bar and the Kachhi cirtles is anc of extreme uncertainty. Cultivation is e.xponsivo. '1.'ah."tvi. adfances are universal. 'rcnants arc poor and migratory. The harvests depend upon the rainfall, and bad harvests nre frequent. Not very much Bin is required, but it must be seasonable. Large quantities of focldor crops have to bo grown, as no grass, or none t o speak of oxcept sar, is produced in the tract. Add to this that many well lands have a tendency to deteriorate after a few years' cultivation, and another and important element of uncertainty is introduced. 'l'heso a.re t he facts that first drew my attention to the need of aome system of assessment more elastic than that of a fixed cash revenue, which while liberally allowing remission to impoverished villages would also recoup t he Government for such losses of revenue by taxing at a light rate new wells and new cultivation.

"The system adopted is as follows : A jama for e11ch village has been ~nnounccd in the mldinary w~y nnd distr ibuted by baclih, over the lrella.m cultivation. Thejama assessed on each well will ho paid by the propnetors thereof so long as tho well continues to work. If the well fills out of work a remission will at once be given, .dating from tho hmll3t after the well ceased working. There will be, no measttrementa of tk crop area year by year. If there is a crop of any description, ~wever poor it may be, the well owner will be liable for the full IDl!alment of the harvest at which that crop is reaped. When a w~ll ~ed at this Settlement subsequently falls out of work, and is after­~~~ ~a~n brought into cultivation, t he j ama nssessed on the well

original ba<;M will be at once reimposed. This disposes of wells ~at Settlement. New wells will be allowed to remain revenue­oH 0~1 th_rce years, after which they will come under assessment. For .;. lfe ~repaired, one year's "'race will be ample. All new wolls in any ... en v11!0."'o 't I . " . . ·11 t a. Ul1ll -.. i., er t 10 expiry of the por 1od of grace w1 pay a titho~~ we]] rate, fixed by the Settlement Officer and annonncod by him bcid e other }ama, and generally abou t }th lower th1m the average net enu p~r well of the announced village j ama. The assessment Oil a ~ce •e. will be remitted at once on its falling out of cultivation, and at

reunpo1d when ngain put to work."

Chapter V, B.

La.nd and Land Revenue.

System of fluctuat­ing Msossment.~ fur

~iver lamb.

Date a.asessments.

l Pun.Jab ·Gaze~. 152 CHAP. V.-ADMINISTRATION AND. FINANCE.

The system of fluctuating assessments on wells has · 11,._

described. In river vill~ges t?ore are two phases of th~u: ;a In one the well estates m wluch wells are at work arc !· ~

' b ·d h given fixed assessment, and all t e area outs1 o t e well estates und fix• assessment is held to be under ,a fluc~uating assessment. The~r In~ tion in the portion under fluc~uatmg a!'~essment is 'measur~ v,. annually and assessed at fixed village rates. On the Ravi diffi tp rates for lands irrigated by jlwlars and for pure sailab lands eret:1 framed, as there is a considerable amount of'jli.alari eullivati~e~e the villages which is much m~re , v~luable than sailab. ~ sanctioned rates were Re. 1:-4 for J!tala~i and Re. l sailclb. The olh!l phase is where the whole village area is placed under a fluctuatin assessment, and the cultivated area measured up year bJ year a~ assessed at one rate, ~hat for .viil~b. ~f.thcrc arc any wells atwor~ a fixed sum to be paid annually m ad<l1t1on to the fluctuating as..;e.s.L ment is imposed upon them, calculated to represent the differeo~ between the irrigated and unirrigated sailab rate. For instance, there are 10 wells wilh an area of 200 acres of cluilii cultivation. At Re. 1-4: per acre the assessment amount:- to Rs. 250, but at Re. I the sailab rate, the demand only amounts to Rs. 200. The differ~ ence constitutes the fixed tibicina to bo lcvi<'d on the wells. Th:; abiana is fixeJ, aml is p:tid annually in a<l<lition to the demand given by the rate on the cultivation of tho year. In addition t-0 t~ Zinda Shah. Rivi villages and the two villages in~ Sialanw:lla. Halki wilt circle of Chiniot, Mfanwali an~ l>~d~w:\na... Changranwala, a frw villages marginally Bmd1 m:\hm. t I . ti 1r·11., Cl •b . I r no Cl ' In IC I u~ir 10n.. CJrC e 0

tahsil Jhang, have :tpplic<l for a fluctuating ~v~tcm of assessmenL

There are no elate assessments in Chmiot, as the palms are fe1 and nowhere found in sufficient number to be worth nssessing. ~e number of palms and the assessment, for the old and the new settlements a.re given below:- •

Tne IloouLAR S>JTTLP.>! F.~'T o>' 1866. THE REVISED 8'""!Lllll>"T orlS!IL

1'ahsil.

Fcmalo. Malo. I Small. Pcl!lllle. Male. I Small. Janu\. J.,,,.

1---------.Thong .. .. ~S,OGO 2J ,f'iiJ Ill 00~ :19,~48 25,691 61,885 J,!ll ..

J.i:!_ ~horkot . . .. .. 20,W:? 12,212 11,218 J ,176 22,233 16,069 23,2211

District . • --- --- ~.lll ~Oil .. .. 4tl,O;J2 33,88" 11,32'J 2,079 G2,o81 40,GW -The rates used in the assessment were 1 anna per femal~

Shorkot and in Jha.ng 9 pies in the villages on the Jhelanl, 6 pies in those on the' Chenib. kt Jha.og there are very few tr: on the left bank of the Chenab. On the right there arn ~ groves. Most of the assessed palms arc in villages on the e .r: Date palms are found in most villages ou the lower Chenab.~t per elates of_Shorko~ and Mirak are the best. The ?utturn offn reiail tree vanes considerably A maund is the maxunum. The ara price of dates also fluct~ates greatly. The best Shorkot _datesually worth Rs. 8 a. maund, the worst Re. 1-4. The date crop 15 us

J}ie.ng District. 1

CHAP. V.-.ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. 153

sold in the green, some t~me before it ripens: The proprietor thus Chapter V, B: pes all risk, but obtams ?nly half the pncc the dates will fetch

~ca cail prices if the year is a favourable one. The purchaser ~{:s the risks, and they are many. He is also liable for certain charges, the pay of the watchman at the rate of l.-th produce, rak}ui:i, and the m:i.n who gathers tl~e d'.1-tes at the. rate o( 116"th, charluU. The great enemy of dates_ is ram. Early and continued rain rots them, and the whole crop is often lost; Estimating the

La.nd a.nd La.nd Revenue.

veracre ontturn of a palm at 16 seers, and puttmg the ra!.-luU and ~.karl~i charrres at A th, we have ] 4 .seers left, worth 7 anuas at Re. 1-4 a. m"au n<l. Half of th is is' 3 ~ annas, the Government share. But this rate cannot Le taken because of the uncertainty of the crops ripening in gou<l condition. The ~amc palm uever bears well two yc:Lrs rnu11i ng. A goud crop every alternate year is a:s much as cu.n be l~ope1l for.

The stu.tcmcnt below fives the figures of the half net assets estimate for the three tah;;ils, al:m the same arranged in percentages in antique type:-

GroS3 produce ...

Dedud fodder ...

Balance Kami:\na rate Kamiaua

Balance Rate of batii

Net assets ... Half uct assets Share of gross prod11cc Actual assePsmcu t~ Share of gross produce

Chi11iot. I Jhang. I Shorkot. District.

~o-~~r~~-1;-10.i~;;15 I 14,~~U151 !J,~ll!J59 I 34,!Jl02549

1,:~¥4;; l,~8:!85 l,~~015 4,~~015

9,58,800 12,48,760 S,73,!J41 30,81,504 ·J!) ·J(i · J7 ·17

1,82, 172 l,!J!l,802 l,4S,fi69 5,30,543 69 72 72 71

7,iti,G:!S 10,48,!J.iS 7,2ii,37fi 25,50,!JGl •4'.! •47 ·4!) •4(j

30134 36 34 :1,~lj, 184 4,!l:!,010 3,fifi,4:14 11 ,74,628 1,li:J,OV:l '.!,4G,50ii l,77,717 5,8i,:ll4

·J5 I ·17 ·JS ·17 !JG,/08 1,51,012 l,09,!i!l7 3,5;,:m

·O;:,!J ·JOG ·112 ·J02

'fhe reasons why we cannot take a , ., i rcvetiue equal either to the half net assets estimate or to ~th uf the gross produce are these. In the case of wells the initial cost of construction, the ~xpenses of maiut1·n~nce, interest on lal.:1li.:i advances to tenants, msur:ince against the loss of the a<lrnnce itself, loi::ses from <lrea.s1oual failures of crops, have all to be consiJcrcJ in fixing the ~essmeut, but cannot be accurately shown in Lhc tabuln.teJ sta~cment of a hu.lf net n.-;scts estimate. The share <1f the produce which the lancllorJ gets \'arics from ·iD in ()hiuiot to ·3G in ~hork?t. In Jha.ng it is ·:3-1:<. The average is about ·33 or Ard. of~w, if the Govcrnm~nt ?cmancl is fixed at L th for the rnin laud:i

he sub-montanc districts where there arc no cxpciises whatever, ~~ ha:r<lly any to the propric~or who takes } bald£, it is manifest th at m Jhn.ni,:, where the share of the prorlnce that actually reaches f j)an<llord's hands is only ) rd out of which much wear and t,ear

0 is capital iuvcsteu in the.

1we'us, and advances to the cultivator

20

D&te aaaesementa:

lfalf net ~•eta ye time.to.

\Yhy the assess· ments a.re below the produce catim&te.

f.Pu.tiJ&b.·~. 15t · CHAP. ,V.-;-A:DMINISTRATION Mw, FINANCE.

- has to be recovered_, to_ta~e ~alf net ~setS will be_ a 'much·:.h .... ,,; •• ~pter V, B. d t ts r:~ bl """"' assessment than m is nc more avo~rsi y situated. ''Tb,iir'ii'

.,L&!d .and Land the reason why we cannot take moro than -(0 th of the gr Revenue · · b "-d f th t ts oea · produce" equal to a out 31 o e ne asse .

e&mpariaon between The district assets at last Settlemen~ ancl now are comparid 'the aasets ao<l assess· I mente at th., Regular be ow :-&11d BieviBed Settle- -----.----;1,-00-.. - ,.,- ,-cr-cv_l_t,-oc-·11-·o,.-.--- - W-ella--:----

ment.s. ---- ---.,....------- wo3rtk. Yokes.. ~~t•~

lna\&lments.

Ceases,

~entofl'llld r11veuuu.

Ch;1J.I. I 8111l1>b. &nmi. Totnl. _ - --------- --- - - -

Arre'i. Acr~ft. A crf!'!!!. Ac!'C'!. Rognl•r Set.Uement J!l(),~!'i:l t.iu, :;"7 1,i- :i 25~,00:I R,710 S3,S72 2,I0,111 ltovilW'd 8etUc11tl'll.L ~:.! 'i,:;!l:J !1.,, i-&S :..:, •~O :J ! !l,;i;.li 11,Ulg 4'11iM 3,ll,111 Jncrctu4t1+ J .. .. ·I :!6,IW ~ :1S,40l +J ,;07 + iti,~24 +2,308 +ll,l!S) ''"'-crc1ww - +16,6!) Pcrcen~igc .. + rn + 01 + UG + 30 + 26 + 3S' HT

The statement subjoined gives the district assessments ~ they stood at last_ Settlement and n.s they stand now :- '

' i.t 2uJ R Oj!'nlar llcm~ml of Pru..nt 8n11nn:-ir:v Ruuum~ry a.i.. .. Hett.luu1c11t. octtkrnout. 1<ettlc111011t. lllllt yoar . i~n1ont. cultbaUoa.

- ----.:.. n... R.•. R& RI!. RI!. Ra. A. p

'Chin lot .. .. 82,863 61,246 G7,4i2 70,!m !l6,i08 0 J; l' Jhang .. .. 1,21,!'>lP 1,02 ,~'">8 l,13,24U 1,2':!,~·~ l,~1.072 l 1 11 Shorkot .. .. 98,808 91,448 S6,U4Y Pl,117 I 1,10,087

I I 2 I

District .. .. S,03,IUO 2,!>5,5!>2 2,67,Sf,7 2,84,357 3,67,SG7 l I I

Of the present assessment of Hs . . 3,57,867, Rs. 39,!JHJ ,, fluctuating, viz., Chi11iot Hs. 1,032, Jhang R~. 12,882, and Shorkob Rs. 25,!)!JG. Deductions have also t o be made on account of'the 1 per cent. allowed to zai/Jlrl.rs out of the Government deman~ remissions granted to wells protectively leased, and on ot~er accounts. ·

In Chiniot, with the E'Xception of a few villages -in ~e Halkhvah circle, the instal nwnts of the revenue are ~rd ·rabi1 and }rd kha1·'if. Half the ?'r1.bi demand is payable . on the 15th ,June and half on the 15t.h July. The whole of the lJiarlf instill-' ment is paid on the 1st January. In J hang and Shorkot the pame ratio between the amounts of revenue payable at each harvest· ha., been retained, an1l the rabi instalments fall due on the same dates a.<1 in Chiniot, but the kha?·lf demand is payable half on the 15th December and half on 15th January.

The cesscs levied upon laud revenue are shown below:-Rs. A. P.

(1) Local rates @ 8 5 4 ('.!) Roan @ 1 O 0 (3) J<~lueation ' @ 1 O 0

per cent. .. (4) )Jistrict Post @ 0 8 0 ,, (5) Lambar<l:\rs @ 5 0 0 ,, (6) Patwads @ . . . · ,,

The oue p!lr cent. allowance made to the zailda1'B ~a ~eduction from the revenue, and not a. cess collectud in addition· to it.

Table No. XXX. shows the nnmber of villa?ies, parts. ~f villages, and plots, and the area of land of which the revenue ·J!

3hA1li' l)istriot.:J .'

CHAP. V.-.AD:MINISTRATION . AND ·yrNANCE. '· lM • I

~gned, 'th~ am?unt of that revenue, the period of assig_nment, and · Cha-pter :v;.u; the number of assignees for each tahsil as the figures stood m 1881-82. · - - · '

· ·~has alrea~y ~een. stated, more than 60 per cent. . . of the -~:e1~~d *°~1 area of the dtstnct IS Government waste. Over this lar~e Govemrn~nt .w...io area rove. nume~ous her<ls ?f o:i-mels and ~ttle; an,d from them Is Wids. . c0llected a grazmg tax which lS known lll t~e Bar lands of the Punjab as tirni. The Zana, a plant from which the coarse barill~ known as sajji is obtained, is annually lease( out to contractors. Finally, permissi~n is given to applicants to sink wells or cultivate drainage hollows m Government waste, anJ grauts are made to them for that purpose. These are the three sources of the income derived from the Governmcut Bar lands of the Jhang district. , The management of this extensive property will uow be described. Table No. XVII shows the area and income of Government estates; while Table No. XIX shows the area of land acquired by Govern-ment for public purpoi;es. The forests have alrea<ly been noticed in Chapter IV, p. 122. ; The following account of the ti?-ni tax has been collected _'lirni &1'1'11111:e~tio

•from correspondence in the . dist:ict office, ?ommencing. with in t,:J~:2 *~~t •the year 1851, aud the subj ect is of such importance m the hiatory,

1

Jhang district that it is giveu here iu full. The origin of tirni is not traceable farther ha.ck than the Afghan rule. Its introduction into every pa.rt of the Jhaug district was not contemporaneous. -When Say ad wala. • wa.'! re<luced by the Sikhs, the' Khara.ls were called upon to pay a heavy t;ibute. As they

1hJid little or no cultivation the tax was distributed over their cattle. At the time uf Ka.mar Singh this revenue amounted to Rs: 50,000 and in Kha.rrak Sing h's reign to . Rs. 35,000. · Diwan S&wan Mal introduced a new system. He caused an enumeration of the cattle to be ma.de, and taxed each head by imposing the _fo!Iowiug rates :- F emale camels, Rs. 2; rnale camels, Re. 1; milch buffaloes, Ile, 1 ; cows, 6 aonas. The tax first fixed at &. 32,000 was reduced iu Sambat 1903 to Rs. 25,000 and s~bseq~ently to R.<i. 18,000. In Jhang 110 tirni was levied by the 81~1 chiefs. It wa;i first imposed by Sujan Rai ~bout, 1813 A. D. liis rates were-camels, ·female, Re. 1 1-8; male, Re. 1 ; cows, 4 annaR; female huffalbes, 8 anna.s ; goats and' sheep, Re. 1-4 per hundred. 'fhe tax was fixed at Rs. ll,!>00, an<;! 40 camels. When ~~an Mal assumed charge of the MoC>ltan province,· an enumera-tion was made, the female camel rate raised to. Rs. 2, and a re-distribution of the quotas payaple by t.he Sadr tiT'l'l.i-f!u,w:rs effected. The tax was raised once but in Samaat 1904 agam fell to Rs.10,000.' At annexation the

1

grazing rates were-

Rs. A. P. , Rs. A. P. Camels, female ... l 10 O Cows ... 0 4 0

,, 1011.le . . • 1 O O Female buffaloes .. . 0 10 0 Sheep 11ud goots, Rs. 2 per huudred. .

• _In Shorkot sheep and goats were not t~ed. In -qch the ~;1't had ,long rn:en leased with the land . revenue. , I.n ~9~~ ...:...mba.t .the tax in Uc~ prpper was only Rs. .I,820., ·In. Chm1ot

'.•-&:r!Miw'& wu for a few ~ear1;after ~exation inCl~d~·m'ihe ~-'- diltri'Ct,;

[ Pun.ia.b ~tteer' ' 156 CHAP. V.-ADMINISTRATION AND FINANOE.

~ft •~ V B tirni was first imposed by Jassa Singh Bhangi, and at fir·t , vUDp...,r ' · l 1' ~ 000 l Th ~ tae _ collections amounte1 to .\,s, ~· on Y· e tax _wa.s increased b

La.nd a.nd LBind Sil.wan Mal to Rs. 10,000. Subsequently reductions were . Y Revenue. audit amounted iu Sam bat HJ~!3 to Rs. 3,093 only, the tfrnf'.ven,

Tirni an'angc~e~ts few villages beiug included with the land revenue. In Rain} w theJhaug d1stnch . ·. ~h I t b I J t ti 1.·1 1 I n.Jlt

r.nd their e&rly Swgh's tun~ >:J or rn ~on~? o 1C i.\.. iara s. . n_ Kam:ilia tirni biatory. was first lcned by .Ra11J1t Srngh, and. was paid rn kind 1100

camels. Snbseqt"'utly a ca:;h assessment of Rs. 23,000 'w substituted. 8:\,1 in .Mal reduced the tax to Rs. 15 000 las

I I., 07 ' ' · n Sam ba_t 1004 the tax was on y "s. 11 , 8. 'I he rates iu this tract were lu,,.hcr thau elsewhere, a11d cal vcs were taxed.

Th~ o_ril[in of tho ):)nrlr timi_-gii.:rh·s wa~ as fol_ lows. Dun"ng Origin of S<U/l'l i .-ni " . r yuulr!. the Af7han rule _and the earlier days ot th~ ~1kh reyime, the

populaturn of the district appears to have been d1V1ded into bodies owing a kind of fombl allegiu.nce to a number of small chief!. These chiefs paid a portion of the ti mi, but the larger share fell on their followers. When Sawan hlal imposed his til'ni tax, it was <'.istributed among these chie~s, each taking the responsibility for his al\vtment. Ad11al collcct1ons wer<' maclc by the chief from his adherents. Often there were two Sadr tfrni-guzclrs for tbP body, made 11p of the clansmrn of the chief, and other people his followers. The tax was cc1llectc<l irrc~pective of boundaries. Chauges in these bodirs, anyi as they were called, by secessions and aeccs~ions of grazicrs, were constant. The cattle of the followrrs of any Swfr ti rni-gu :1l,1· were not restricted to any particular portion of the B;.'tr. ll;wi11g paid his quota of the tax, the cattle-owner co11ld ~raze his cn.ltlc not only through the whole nf the J han£; U:l.r, hut even i11 the waste of adjoinin~ districts. Timi was collPcted from h i111 whcre1·cr he ~r;izcJ by his own SaJr ti?-ni-9u:;c/.1·. Ir he went to another <li:;trict., his name was transferred to the rolls of that district. Colonel Hamilton in 18~1 thought it " impracticable to collect. the tnx from cattle ~ng within· <lefined limits," aT)d " inexpedient to restrict cattle to any pa~ticular Ln1m<laries," nncl that "the only feasible system is that winch ha.'l hitherto prevailed. " l3cforc annexation "the b.'t on ' ' cows and buffaloes was only levied from owners who were strictl.Y "cattle-feeders a11tl not cultivator~. and those of all bona~ culb· '. '. va.tors were exempt. The cattle grazing in ~he river belas were

taxed, unless they bclonrrc1l to cultivators. TIHS was only natural, "as no l~ntl tax was i.mpo;ed on these Ja.nds." The Sadr tirni-gu:lir got assistance from the local authorities. He was -pcrson~lly responsible for his share in the lease to the Kard~ir. The grazing rates first fixed for Jhang were-

Rs. A. P. , Rs. A. P. Camels, ma.le ... 1 8 o RAr Bu.ffa.loes . .. 0 JO 0

" Female . . . l O O V illa.ge buffaloes . . . 0 5 0

Goa.ts a.nd sheep, Rs. 3-2-0 pct' hunJrctl. all Cows and young animals wore exempted Only cattle actu y grazing in the Bar were taxed. The colle~tions were much lower than they had been in previous years. .

Changes in the tirni Th . · the tir1u administration intro- d .. ere Sf!ems to have ~een but little , change m. , I l860

<laced b.y Colonel a mm1strntio~ during thc'first ten years of our _rule. n . ed Harrultoo. Colonel Hamilton introduced a system that practically remalll

~ District.]

CHAP. V.-AD:llINISTR.A.TlON AND FINANCE. 157

( rcenntil 1874-75. Iu his Circular, No.12G of 14th June 1860 Ch 10 o h I t cl . 1 ' , apter V B he briefly noted t e caus<;~ t l <L ren ereu a change of system _ ' • unavoidable. Under the Sikh rule as all waste lands wero con- Land and Land sidered to be the property ~f Government, t~1e t_ax was a capitation tax Rev.enue.. . on cattle. The Regu~ar Settl~111cnt of ~8a5-J 7 defined and demar- Chang;• m the .111"111

led vi!laac bou ndancs, anJ w e! udeJ rn them vast tracts of waste aclclmu.is1 1bratci~n1 111 t.ro. C3 " · I b z I. G . uce< y o one! IGnd that had previ?us y con c e ,ucto ove~·nment property. These Ifamiltou.' lands now belong m full property t~ thP: villages, and tfrni "now "can be taken only from cattle grazmg m lands beyond the village "boundariei:. ''. Colonel Hamilton suggested that small rakhs situated between vil~ages should ~e leaseu to neighbouring zamin-dars. An enumern.t10u of cat tle rn the whole Division was to take place on a certain day. The rates fixed by Colonel Hamilton were-

Rs. A. P. Came la, malr . .. l 0 0 Milch bulfaloes

fomaltl l S 0 , Cows ... Goats and sheep, 6 pie~.

&. A. P. 0 10 0

. .. 0 4 0

The following animals were free : A.-Jllalc camel~ to t he :)rel year. B. - l"c111ale tlu. C. - Cows a wl l 111 !fal o lC'~ dn. U.-llulls, lmllu..:ks, 111:.Llc lmffalo~s, homes, mares, ponies, mnles, and

asses.

Only cattle grazing in the B:.i.r were to be taxed, but if one head of cattle of a. villa.go or her<l was fo1111d grazing within the B:ir, the whole ca.Hie of the s~u11e description iu the village or herd became liable to be tn.xc<l. All ca,ttle lin.ble to be taxecl found in the B<lr, or proved to have grazed there without having been ent· red in the lists and registers, could be charrred double, triple, or quadruple rates. Villages were thus assessed yearly, nominally on the basis of a supposed enumeration of their cattle, but really in a haphazard kind of way. The villa!{eS in the cultivated portions of the district and the herdsmen and Hock-masters of the Bar were arranged in circles, :md each circle was placed in char~e of a Sadr tirni-giwlr. 'l'he ,o...,,ufr tirni-gHzilr collected from the villages and herds in his circle. The whole of the Goverument waste lands were undivided, and, the tax paiJ, the tax-payer might graze his cattle anywhere in the district. The rules entitled him to graze free throughout tho Mooltan division. A village had nominally the option of electing to bo tirni-giizd1·, i. e., liable to tirn_i ~r not-, If the cattle of a vii l:l.ge, alleging itself to be non-ti?'.1-1.­gllzar, were caught grazing in the Bar, not only were the pu~1tlve rates above mentioned levied, but the whole cattle of the village were summarily recorded as tfrni-guzdr, and were thence~orth charged annually with tirni . The system was one of d1recb management and a lar<Te staff of Di roo-hU.s N aib-Daroghas, camel aawd.rs 'and ~ther myr~idons was mai~tai;ed. Major Hamilton's rul~s were sanctioned. Mr. Oust, in a memora~dum .on the ~UbJect, ~oted: " In fa.c t it is but justice to the agncultunst ~hall

a certain amount of taxation should fall on the pastoral tribes "who make use of the vast Government forest ranges to which "t~ey have no title either of property or occupation."

158

.- t6r. V B .in 18olJ His Honour the 'Lieutenant-Governo; . !Qhap_ ' · the Financial Commissioner to lease out the grazi'n ~utho~

"" d .,. - d · b · · · . g, lnSte,ad ,, Land an .uon \evymg the tax y eu~merat10n, rn any d1stnc,t in which h w . Revenue. . satisfied as to the expediency of the change. e •11

Signa of ~;&Dge in The change was made in 187 4-7 5, and after much d. . Introd'uctio~ of the and some half measures. the introduction· of the cltak ISC:u

cJw./c ayatem. system was final~y ~cterrr.imc~ upon. ~tis ~till in force exeeortintb portion of the d1stnct lymg m the Srnd Sagar Doab I~ . features are these. The Gove:nment \:uste l~nJs' of the Bars m~ Thal, and the scattered ralcltS rn the V1chanh have been 'a~t-b and divided into ciwks. 'fhe portion of the Jhang tahsil thatf" in the Vicha_nh, b?tween ~h~ Jhel3:m ~ud Chen~b, is one ch; and the portwn of the ChHnot tahs1l lyrng on the riCTht 'bank f the Chcnab, auothcr. The remainder of the district

0!ving alo~

the. left bank has been cut up into several cliaks. The chak in each case consists of the particular block of Bi\• and the villages lying between it and the river which, if tir;ni-guzar, are attached to the block. The clu:dc is let out annually to a varyina number of contractors ~a~led ~hakd~rs,. for ~ fixed sum. ~'he ~illages of the chak are divided mto tinii-guzur, and the ghai1· tirni-guzdr ti1·1':i paying a.nd D?n-ti?-ni payi?g. The oretica:lly to. be tirn{ paymg or not is opt10nal to the villages, but practically it is not. A timi-g uziw village is one in which the· whole of the villagQ cattle pay tirni every year, whether they graze in the Bar or noL It is taken for granted that the whole of the cattle graze in theB&r every year. The glw,i,1· ti?'ni-guz1h• villages are those who are not attached to any cha/.,. It is assumed that the cattle of these villages never do graw, and they arc therefore exempted from payment of tfrni. If they are caught grazing, they become liable to . penal rates. The clta1'.da1·s collect from the tfrni-paying villages at the rates sanctionel1• These chakdlt.rs are the old Sad1· tirni-gu.zlm oft.he Sikh syskm under another name, and are· generally from year to year the same persons, . the most influential zamind~ residing in the neighbourhood of the chak. The sums for which ~he various chuks were leasetl during the first few yeai:s after the mtro<luction of the system were based on an estimate thu.i calculated. · 'l'he cattle of the tfrni-guzur villages wereeou~erat.ed andl the inc9me calculated. To this was added the es~imateo income from the cattle of outsiders grazing in t he chak durmg th~ year. The total form ed the sum, more or less modified t? swt particular circumstauces, for which the cliak was let. These_est~ma~ were revised annually until a few years past. They '~ere mdici;f

1 only, not,in any way binding. The chakd<.irs ar~ ~nti~led tom ee the authorised fees from the living cattle only, existing !n th~v agi The collections may be above or below the estimate m the~ any· given 1·illaae but the chal.xl0.1· hM no right to collect any ch_§ · " ' . . ti t atta "4 ip excess of the fixed fees. The mcome from cat ~ no . viii ea to the cha/.; is made up of charges on cattle belon~n~ to and\ attached to othe"r cha.ks. cattle belonging to other. d1str.1cts, b · ear cattle ?elonging to nomad tr_ibes dwelling if poss~ble ~ll ,~87/ by r•mnd m the Bar. The scale of fees was reVlSe~ in .

M~. T~lbort, and fixed as below :-.:'.. ·

~n~ct~ l . . . . ca:AP. V.--:-ADMINISTRATION . AND .f!NANCE. 159.

. .· '

Ccws Chapter V,-B.

. {Male ,)It~• · ·· Female

{Male

~oea... Female

Re.'A. P. 0 12 0

... . 1 2 0 0 6 0 0 12 0

and mulea ...

Sheep and goata ... Oxen .. . · ... H or.es .. .

Rs .. A. P. 0 6 ' 0 0 0 9 0 3 0 0 6 0

Land and Lan¢• . R~_ven~.

' Donkeys Rs. 0 3 0

T.o n vi for the very inferior character of the pasturage, the rates for:h: Vichanh chak were lu':lf ~hese., ~ullo,cks, ma!e b~ffaloes, b S donkeys and mulei.1. of ti1·ni-guzar villages grnz:ing in their orse, · Sh d · h'

.L-1. are exempt. eep an goats, not six mont s old on 1st own Cl"'""'' . h h Id April. and oth~r cattle not e1g teen mont so , are exempt for the ensuing financial year.

The tirni collections for the last 20 years are given below:-;-

Rs. A. P. Cows ! Nia.le 0 12 0

~e)a • :. · l Female l 2 0 · 1 llfale 0 6 0

Sheep aud goats Oxen

Rs. A. P. 0 6 0 0 0 9 0 3 0 0 6 0 W&Jou .. · i Female 0 12 0 Horses

Donkeys aud mules ... Rs.030

Tl

-;::: lSGO. 1861. I i862. 1&63. 1864. 1865. _::J-1_::_ 1869. I ------ --------- ---

Tl•. Rs. I H•. TI..•. Tl•. TI..•.' lt•. n... n.. n •. ml · . 71,7til 71,'ifil G~l,tiO!', Gl,Mlfl (i~:i;;, fi l,i fl l 7H,fi70 72,~li. 79,694 W,232

S.~i . . . 3,B:~. 5,54•i, tl,070 5/>!iO U,7f•QJ 14,710 7,07:1 u,~ i r.,887 !G,747 •01l 3S :ll!j iiO 53 !02 5; :JOO • 800 300

Year. · ~~1879. _I _ ___

lutroduotioo of° the chuk ayetlm. '

'"'· ~ .. n. I "''· I "''· ·~·· I ~•. R.•. Rs. Rs. R.•. I !ls. RI. I Re. Rs. I RA. R.•.

l1ml .. 87,ti28 1,2;-,:14~11,1:.,•i36 1,09,%8 l,l0,8S7 1,01,1~.1 ~2.71>2 79,208 80,017 80,193 l!ljji 12,!'% lG,ti';() 11,%0 I::,:<nol J uclu dcd in' tirni .. from 18.74-75 llanj .. 290 1,489 %8 I, 187 :,:;o ~30 lnclu ded inl tir?Li from

187G-77.

At. first, grazing fees, ti?-ni, sajji sa.les, and rnunj kana sales w.ere shown separately. · ·

Shortly after the commeu~cment of the Settlement, of 1880 the Rec!emarct.tion of rd/1 demarcation in the ilukas of Garh Maharija and Ahmadpur Ga.rh Mahar&i!- a.nd

w~ re~i&ed. These two pargan,'.ts until 1861 were included in .the AJuni<ipur r~ Mu~argarh district. The raklis were originally demarcate? rn a _ aa1¥1e.ry manner without a foll khowledae of the facts and without due regard to the interests of the people: by pencil lines. drawn on the ·ma.p~ of the Revenue Survey. Jn not a few instances'. wells and cultivated lands were included in the 1·aklt area, and villages !ere cut off from. their grazing grounds by intervening appropriated ]'mg~.. The revision of the mkli bouudaries was conducted on the ·:me lines in this district as in Muzaffargarh. The result was that de Government waste land situate in the two pargaruls was cut own~ 32,876 acres from 54,857 o.crcs. The 1·akhs in.the t~o

.~~b~ are, excluding that of Sadka.pa M~rali,_ now, ~hirte~n -tn

C Punjab· a·e.zettee~.

160 CHAP. V.-ADMINISTRATION AND .li'INANCE. •

Chapter v, B. The re~e'.l5e of so much waste to, the rznm!n1lnrs, accompanied by the parl1tio11 of tl10 D cra lsma~l h.h.n~ Tl~al between the

Land e.nd Land zamind6.rs an<l the Government , nnd its d1vi810n mto villaaes held ]ievenu~. in sole propn e>tary rig ht by i11dl\' lllUals and raHts t he sole property

The introduction. of of Government renderecl a ch:\11"'' in tho tinti arro.urrements obt · the Dera. lsmfnl . . ' . ' . . ~ . . , b am.

KMn cirni sy~tem mg m this portion of lhe d1stn ct 1111pcrntivc. 'l he Dera Ismail into. the wcstcr!1 Khiin or Sh{d1p11r system of timi has accordingly been introduced. portio~ oftthe dis· The old systc:n ol'le \ying timi has bc:c'll abolished. Instead, an

nc · assessment has been i111 pnflt•tl on the> wa5lc lands of each village in their grazing cap'.1.cily. Tho G 1\'crn ment waste la.nus of the Thal are now lea-oed a111111~dly lo lessees who collect. grazing fees at a fix ed scale from the cat! le tlrnL g1 azc therein aw l t hose only. For the two Thal c!tr1ks no scp:imlc camel tir11i ha~ hrcn imposed. No grazing fee is l 1~ \'ie1l t'ro111 the c::i.LtlP of za1nindars grazing in th~ Ahma<lpur au1l Uarh l\l :l.lt il.r:~j·\ rc1klis, but ::i. s•~parnte camel titni is levied from th<' camels residc• nt :i.1111 ~razing iu the ilclkci. 'rhe right of free w azi ng in lhcso I :J ra/;/1.< has been ahsolutely surren·, Je;rcd to the za.mlnd:'mi on a.ccouu t 11 f l he extreme proverty of the ra/;/is a.s grazing g wnncls. ancl lo p rC'\·e11t the possibility of these ?'afdi,,~ ever being lc:i.!iL'tl t.) :w y 011 tsi1l.~ rs. The a•;ses!<mc> nts on the village waste in the villa:~l'S t r :i.11s-.J helu.m and Jhclam-Chenab amount to lts. 2,:1::7, br ing- lt~. Ul5 h ·luw t he assessment giveu by the sanctionNl rate of llc, 1-12-0 per l 00 acres.

Tb11 sn.jji assess· ment. '£he sojji assessment statistics arc given below :-

.Thang Shorkot District

SuTLl·MI:Nr OF 1556. SKTl'LY.l!ENT or 1880.

ViJl3~1 Jam~ Villag:_ _::_

H.s. Ra. () 99 7 170

17 G<l4 10 655 26 663 17 825

The am?nnt in_ Jhang is trifling. The assessments in Shqrkot}r.e much higher ; m nw11: a Bhangu the demand on account of sa;Ji JS

Rs. 300. The snjj i crop depends upon a year of favourable rain-fall ; especially rain is needed after the plants have been pruned. The .. sc~ji is ma,nnfo.clurcc.l by professional sojji-makcrs, to whom this business is cntr11stcll by the les~ce. They g et half t he produce as their wages. S ome other pn.ymcnt::i arc made to the watchman, and fo the blacksmith who assists in the process.

Leased wells in the Government waste. The assessu1ent on the len.sc<l clarkhicasti wells and plot!

The system used situate in the Government wa~tes of the Thal an1

d Bars amoun'ts for their assess· to Rs. G,310, more .or less., on 290 wells or plot.s. These ~veils have,

mcut, k been sun at various times since the R c()'ular Settlement, by persons orig-in1.i.lly Crown tcnn.nts under lca..,~s from Governmenb. At ~he. Settlement of 188~, following the orders passed in reference to s1?11hr Crown tenants m the Montgomery district, all lessees holding on leases granted previom;\v to the issue of the F inancial Commissioner's Book Circular VII of 10th March 1868 were recorded as full proprietors of their wells and the lands atta~hed.

.)'hang District. ]

CilAP. V.-AD:\ffNISTnATION AND FINAJWE. 161

These wells arc not fonnd scattered here and there·everywhere Chapter v B throughout the Bir an<l Thal tracts. They arc generally located - ' ' alona the edge of the Bir nC'ar the village boundaries, and the LanRd and Lan9

o 11 "d f h ·11 evenue les:>ees are usua y res1 ents o t e nearest vi age. Those farther · · a.way in the interior of the Bar have been constructed more with ~~~~~;::~~:a:~~ the object of watering cattle than raising crops. Besi<les the well The system used , la11ds there arc a few plots of Mrrmi cultivation held on leases. for their a.ascaamcut. The assessment of these wells and plots has been framed on principles cliffcrent from those on which lands held in private proprietorship have been assessed. In the case of tho latter the area under cultivation and the estimated area annually cultivated by a well have been the two bases of the calculation. In assessing these leased wells, the area of the grant without reference to the area. under cultivn.tion has lxcn the point most considered. The lands are grants from Go\•ernmcut. When the lease is given tlie land is waste, and the revenue demand is naturally proportioned to the extent of the grant. Taking two grants equal in area and q11ality of soil, the original assessments will be equal. If at the -expiry of the original leases it is found that the lands of one lease are lying waste and the well out of work, while the other well is prosper-ing and has a large en! ti vated area attached, this is no reason for diminishing the tax iu the one cn.se and· raising it in the other. To <lo so is to put a premium on laziness aud to tax energy.

The assessment statistics for each tahsil arc given below :-

Chiniot Jhang Shorkot

District

'

Toto.I I Cnltur- . I . Total • Wells. o.ule Ch:!.111. Jlir:lm. Fallow. .MalguzAn

area. . area.

88 5,419 2,882 l,4N 284 548 5,188 156 7,245 4,262 2,204 12 554 7,032 46 2,1G9 1,577 388 3 1 128 2,096

- 290 I 14,833 8.mj 4,oG6 --;g- 1,230 1

-14,316-

The revenue rates adopteJ arc these :----

To.hall. t Tract. Minimum Avera~e Maximum per acre. per we 1. per well.

Aunas. Rs. Rs. Chiniot {Sandal nml }··· 8 2ii 30 ... ... Kir:iuo. B.'\rs

Jhang { S:iuda.l B:\r ... 6 17 20 ... . .. Vichauh Bar ... 8 25

I 30

Shorkot { S:\ndal &r ... 6 17 20 ... ... Thal · . .. 5 16 20 ;_.

Tho resultant jamas aro subjoined :-

Minimum. Average. Maximum. Old New. ----- ---------------

Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Chiniot ... . .. 2,200 2,593 2,640 1,454 2,450 Jhaog ... ... 2,810 2,768 3,320 2,016 2,903 Shorkot ... ... 773 752 920 603 800

District ... ... 5,783 6,113 6,880 4,073 6,153

11 -

Chapter V, B.

Land and Le.nd ' Revenue.

Kq,ht Barani.

162 CHAP. Y • ...-.ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE. .

In addition to the jamcu. thW! framed, the l.essees of -all . weU. have been charged one anna m the rupee as malikd.na. From tbU payment the proprietors of ~ells leased before 1868 are exempt. Cesses are charged as on ordmary land revenue.

Year hy year a ce,rtain au~ount o.f .reyenue is realised from the ]easo of lands in the Ba.r for ram cultivation. The assessment ra~ charged are :-tobacco, Re. 1-8-0 ; til, cotton, wheat, tara · m1ra. barley, gram, Re. 1-4-0 ; bc'/,jra, .mu:rig-mdah, chlna, moth, jowar kharbUza, turnips, Re. 1. Collections from 1860 to 1879 are gim below:- ·

Year. lseG 1861 18G2 18GS 1854118G6 ·~~ ·- u.. ------

~1-:: '-- - -

Collectlono .. .. .. tot JOG 2,024 4,048 1198 2,~10 l,1G4 l,lll

Year. 1870 1811 1 1812 ! 1s1s 1sH_ j 187511a76. \ 1971 I ma llTt,

Colltctlona .. .. . . 2,m 1,001-1· o,888, 4,1~ s,870 I a,m j 2,570-11.m I~ ~-

Applications are made specifying the amount of land and the crop or crops that it is intended to cultivate. 'l'be Tahsildar gives t>e:·miesion, and this is subsequently ratified by the Deputy Com­missioner. Later on, the nrea under crop, or that has been so\m, ia measured up, and the rent is collected in accordance \Vith the above rates from the lessee. The chief crops grown are bdjra, jowar, til1 •noth, mung-mdsh, gram, and wheat. Kha1·V crops predomino.~. In favourable years splendid bajra and moth or mung crops are ~rown. Baj1·a crops in the Kirana Bar are better than elsewhere. 'fbis Bar is supposed to be generally more favourable for the pro­duction of rain crops than the Sandal Dar. There is no doubt tbai the rain cultivation \n the Bar has materially interfered with ·~ prospority 1>f the Uta.r villages on both sides of the r,iver. · Tht tenant of an Utir well is generally more of a herdsman than an agriculturist, and there is nothing .he likes better than some ·t~n acres of ba1·ani cultivation surrounded with good pasturage and a pool of water near. With his family and cattle he leaves the well, constructs a rough shed, and lives under it in the Bl.r, or a11 o~n ns n~t has no cover except a p1lu bush. The seed once sown,,he W noth1!1g to do but to trust in Providence : there is no watering or wecJmg to be done ; and there is little that the fatalist zamind&r loves better. Camels, horses! and even human beings are yoked t;C>

the plo~gh when the early rams are peculiarly favourable; such.14 the an.uety to get as ~uch seed into the ground ~ poasibl@ ~ there l8 a certainty of its germination.

,_ l)iltriot. }

CI-IAPTER VI.

At the Census of 1881, all pll\Ces pos-lcssing more t~u~n. G,000 idabitants all municipa.litie:o, nnd o.11 head-q110.rter'I of cltstnct aud ailitary po;ts were clo..'!scd as towns. U nclor this ru lc the following fllce.! were returned a:i the towns of the Jh&ng <listrict :-

Tahsll. Town, l'oraooa. Males. ~'ema.lca.

- --- ------Jb&Dg ... ltf&ghiina ... 12,67' 0,569 0,005

Jhaog ... 9,0ll5 4,964 4,091 Chlniot ... Chiniot ... 10,731 6,297 li,434 8horkot ... Shorkot ... 2,283 1,100 1,093

Ahmailpur ... 2,338 l ,2'l3 1,116

The distribution by religion of the populo.tion of these t<>IVM, IGl!the number of houses in each are shown in Table No. XLIII, rhile further particulars will be found in the Census Report in T~ No. XIX a.nd its appendix and Table No. XX. The rminder of this chapter oonsists of a <leta.iled description of ea.oh ~with a brief notice of its history, the incre&So and decrease ollla J!OP~lati.on, its commerce, manufacture..,, municipal govem­llell~ 1nst1tut1ons, and pubhc buildin~s · and stati.stiell of births IDddeaths, trade a.nd manufactures, whe;ever figures are ava~lable. . The-towns of Jhang and Maghiano. are two miles apart, are ~ed in latitude 31° 16' 16• and longitude 72° 21' 45, .. and Ullin a population vf 21 ,629 souls. They are connected by two ~~~~;~lied roads, which start from the east and west ends of &h5'™'.8a,. CI"QM one another in tho middle where the Upper n.~118 ~ttuated at a.n equal distance from either town, and enter ·-i; on the west and ea.st, respectively. "1ra The two towns ~orm a single municipality. The Chenab ~lh 'ht them at a distance of about three miles to the west, but lo~ ~~ IV~th?r the Kharora. branch fi lls and runs close past the _, ba IVl_th its a.venue three miles Jong, and its haudsome ~ 1h thing glui,ts, adds a peculiar beauty to the neighbour­liieie are e coun~r~ round is well wooded ; fine gardens abou1~d ; through ~h1 dnv:ng .roads, well shaded with trees, and passm_g eafirons ~ cultiva?on ; and altogether the towns and therr ~oudatio~rm a beautiful oasis in the howling waste around, An ~d .M hi1al leaves the Kharora branch near JhlLn~, P~ tato the ag ana, and after a. course of five miles empties itself

same branch. ·

OhapterVL

Towne. GtlHlul 1taila'1e1 el

to11'11L

Jhangan<t MaahWia.

D.;oriptioll.

Chapter VI.

Towns. Jhang town.

Maghiaua town.

History.

164 CHAI'. VI.-TOWNS.

The capital of the Sia! State, wi~h !11any fine and pictures m::i.sonry buildings, J?:i:ng was the pnnc1pal of ~he two towus. ~~~ some years ago the cml head-quarters '~ere sh~fted from a position half way between the two towns to th~ un~ned~ate neighbourhood of 1faghiana, which has ?ow outg~own it~ nval I~ population. The to,~n i~ tr'.wcrsed h_y a SL~gle ~rnm str£>e~, runnmg. east and west, which 1s hued on either side with masorn y shops built on a unifor plan. The streets an~ lanes are well paved, w~th brick, and ~~ well drained. The prnnade of the Nath S:ilub-ka-Mandar is 11 conspicuous object for miles round. The town is surrounded bv a mud wall, which is in ruins: The road, wh~ch lea_ves Jhang" on the ea;;t, is for 500 yards on its way to. l\foghiana hncd by walb, built by l\Ir. ·wakefield to protect it from the shifting sand through which it pn.ssc~. Outside tho walls of the town are the school buil<liugs wit.h a pretty fountain, the dispensary, and the police buihlings. The well3, supplied by tho Cheuab with water filtered through the iuterveniug sand, give water of cxcelleui quality.

Once a sm:ill village, Maghiina is now a town of some importance. It is built ou no regnlar plan, but is traversed by several bro:i.d steets, lined with shops built of masonry, on a uniform pattern. The streets and lanes arc well paved with brick, and are <lmiued into a water channel on tho west of the town, which empties itself into the Kharora branch of the Chenab. The western side of the town is protected from flood by a high embaukmen~ nearly a mile long. It stopped free circulation of air, and had only a narrow lane behind it. The embankment has been now cut down to the level of the lane, a height quite sufficient for protection from flood, and tho whole has been paved and now forms a hand· some boulevard, 50 feet broad. In the eeutre of the town, there is a handsome cluiiilc with a fountain, shaded by a beautiful group of trees, which is used as a vegetable and fruit market.

There are no buildings of any importance in the town .. Out­side, to the north-cast, is a fine masonry tank, in which is an island with a Hindu shrine, shaded by beautiful trees. The municipal garden, well planted with crrafted maugoes au<l other fruit trees, lies ro11nd it, aud on ouet> side stand~ the municipal hall and station library. Outside the ea.ste;rn gate are the Civil ho~ital and the .Ui<l<llc school, with a handsome fountain. Further to the east are the Tahsil and Thana the houses of the Civil officers, th~ Sessions honse, Kutcherry a1;d Treasury, the Fort, a ~f~ge b111\t after the Mutiny the Jail and P olice lines. The drmkmg wat~r, drawn from weil~, which get their supply well filtered ~ the i~tervening sand from the Chenib, is excellent. The. can.• ment10ned above, runs tlirongh the public - garden,· which 15

thoroughly stocked with fruit trees vecrotables and flowers. ' b

'"'-- The olc.J town of Jhao<T the remains of which can still be seen t? ~he :vest _of the present' town and 'close to the shrine of ~u~ Shah, is said to have brcn founded in 1462 b Mal K n, th ninth in descent from Sia\, the ancestor o e 1 s; an 'was ~v:t~hcd a.wa.y by "the river. The word J'lta11y signifies a wood. I. · b · · The .; wnyr emg tu common local use for a· clump of trees.

Jh&llS' District. 1 CIIAP. VJ.-TOWNS. 165

nt town wnR foun<lec~ clnring the reign of Aura~gzeb in IGS8, Chapter VI. ffCSC dstfakfr, Lil Na.th, tho twclftl1 m descent from wliom ' iy ;:~~r1'fath. now CI\vclts in (fie N ath-ka.-Mandar, the finest Towns. "Sli.

1dii In the town. Tho towu was besieged and taken by History. ~ngh. in n!O!l. 'l'~1c r:c!'cnt hca<l of tho Sials: Nawib ijiihsromadlsmiil Khan, lives 111 lhe ~own.

The town of Maghi:tnn. wn.s nothing b11t a pri:tty village 20 rears ago, and has no

1 hi~to1~·y8 ... ,1

1 t wash fnull(l~<l by Meg~a. ancestor

~f the Maghiana. c an o 1:. s, w o c1111grate<l tluther from L-Ohabhir.

The municipalit.y, wh ich ~11cl11cl~s bot_J:. tlic to~vns of Jhang Taxatiou a.nd .trad~. &ni ~1a11hi3.n:i., wa.~ first Pstn.bltshcd 111 U>G2. It is of the 2nd Cla&5 ~ith the ?ep~1ty ~>~1 111,issioncr as Pre_si<lent, Di:;t~ct Snperiuten<l1•nt of Po.lice, C1 vii ~~rg:con aud Ass1s~ant CommJS-~ooer or Extra Assistant Comn11ss1oncr as ex-ojj1cio members. There are l 2 nou-offirial members, who arc nominated by Government .on tho suggestion of tl10 Deputy Commissioner. Table No. XIV sh0ws the inc0111r of the municipality for the last fire years. · It is chiefly c!Privccl from octroi levied on the value of ~oods brought within municipal limits; a coarse kind of cloth (kliaddai·) ma<lc in the lli!!trict is bought up by middle-men to the yearly value of S or 10 lakhs an<l sol<l to the 71owindalts, and the ootroi on this, really an export duty, contributes largely to the municipal income. Ghi, wool, khm· (impure carbonate of soda and potash), and ta.marisk galls are largely exported. So is maddar, Lought from the powindalts. Soap also of a superior kind is manufactured and exported; leather-work, including saddlery, and jars for glzi and oil, are in much demand. Brass work, ~specially imita.tion Chubb-locks, have quite a Punjab reputation.

The site of Magbiana is very favourable, being on the edge of the high-lands, out of reach of the river fl oods, and upon the great lines of traffic. Here the route of the Ka.ndabar caravans from Dera Ismail K h{rn to Firo:r.pur ond Doh Ii, crosses the militar)'. rood from Mooltan to Waziribad. Roads have ali.o been constructea connecting Maghi:ina with 8hahp11r in one direction, and Pok rattan, via Kamalia, in nnot her. J hang is i:ituated in the low-land. ~h~ no transit, and but little indigenous trade; and now that the Mave~men.t offices and establishments have been removed -to

ghiana, it has ceased to be a place of any importance. .

1 T~e principal institutions of Jhang and .Maghiana are the Institutions &nd

~r Middle schools, one near each town, the Upper school at Adhi- public buildillg1. w;h ~alf way between the two towns, tho charitable dispensary 111 '\~branch at Jhang, and the municipal hall, with its reading-b'l<lm, ibrary, and small museum. There is a sarai and dil.k-~ngalhw, a small Church with a pretty garden, and the usual ,Jrt- 01~ses, TahsU and Thaua. There are many d!tarmsals, tr ulrldu:aras, sliiwalas and ma~ids in both towns, where

ave ers p t . Tl . k t . M h' u up lil large numbers. wrc are mne a 1·as m tha~ iana aud one in Jhano- where merchants stay and store

e1r goods. o•

Chapter VI,

Towns. Jbang Town.­P••pulation and Tital at.a.ti.etica.

MaghWia town.­l'opuldion IUld vital atatistics.

Cbiniot town.

166 CRAP. VI.-TOWNS.

The population as ascertainec.l at the enumerations of 18G8 1875 and 1881 is shown below:- I

/ • ea.r of cenau•: Peraona. MalcL Fomalea.

1868 .. 9,124 5,213 S,91\ I 18i5 .. 8,00Q 1881 .. 9,055 4,964 4,091

The details in the margin give the population of suburbs.

I It would appear from information suppl).

I Population. ed by the Deputy Commissioner that.no Towr. orauburb. ---,-- r 1 7 ll ' . IR868• 1ss1. iewer t lan 1 sma scattered. hamlet,, ____ -- have been excluded from, and three ham. Jbang town ·· 1} {6,006 l t d th • ·"l l" • l d d . h' auburbe .. 9,m 1,19B e s .a~ · ? C~H !nes me u e wit 1n, c;v11 lines .. 893 mumc1pal hunts smce 1875. The con-.

stitntion of the populat;on by religion and the number of occupied houses, are shown jn Table No'. XLIII. Details of sex will be found in Table No. XX of the Censll! Report of 1881.

The population as acertained at the enumerations of 1868, 1875 and 18&1 is shown below:-

Llmih of enumeration. Year of cenaua. Per90ns. I Kalea. I Females.

Whole town f 1868 11,!18!1 1--n 5,231 .. 1881 12,574 e,609 e,oo~

.. I{ 1868 10,864 I .. .. Municipal limita 1875 JS,Gl8 .. ..

1881 12,574 ..

It is difficult to ascertain the precise limits within which the enumerations of 1868 anrl 1875 were taken ; but the details in the margin, which. give the population of suburbs,· throw some liubt on the matter. The figures for the populati~n within municipal limils, accordmg to the published tables of the Oensus of 1868, are taken from the Census of 1875 ·but it was note<l at the

POPULATION. ·

Town or suburb.

1868. 1881.

--------------Maghiil.na town ... 10,525 11,462 Haanil.na ... ... 864 704 Minor suburbs ... Includ· 408

ed in the town.

t~me that their acc':1racy was in many cases doubtful. Th~ constitu· tion of the population by religion, and the number of occupied bous~, nre shown in Table No. XLIII. Details of sex will be found 10

Table No. XX of the Census Report of 1881. The annual birth and death-rates per mille of population since 1868 are given at th~ top of the next page,· the basis of calculation being in every case the figures of the most recent census. The actual number of births and deaths registered during the last five years is shown in Table No. XLlV.

The town of Chiniot is situated in latitude 31° 43' 32~ a~ longitude 73° O' 59," and contains a population ofl0,731 inbabitaire~ It stands under and on the slope of low rocky bills about two Ill

~District.)

--Year.

---I~ .. . ... ...

... ... 1569 ... !SiO .. . ... ... !Sil ... ... ... !Si2 ... ... ... Jr.3 ... ... ... 1s;~ ... ... ... JS'i5 ... ... ... 1Si6 ... .. . ... li77 ... ... ... 1s;s ... ... ... J'i9 ... ... .. . JSSIJ ... ... .. . Ji81 ... ... ... Amage ... ... ...

CR.AP. VI.-TOWNS. lb'i

131RTll·R4';n ;i<. I D£ATll·RATKS.

- -Malea. lFcmnlcs.I Pers:

I Persons. Males. Female1.

--... ... ... 13 18 12

30 29 30 .. . ... .. . 25 26 24 JG 16 17 20 19 21 18 18 18 21 12 0 16 15 16 ~l II 12 21 23 19 3G 21 l .) 20 22 19 4;; 24 20 30 32 28 28 16 12 26 25 28 30 15 14 24 24 23 :io l5 15 37 ~6 40 26 14 ll • 27 27 28 38 20 17 21 li

I 26

36 18 17 22 20 24 30 l7 H 24 23 24

Chpter VI.

Towns. Maghiiina Town.­

Popnlntion Mltl

vital stntistica.

from the left bank of the Chcnah, and in hot weather the heat Chiuiot Town. thrown out by them is almost intolerabl(I. The town is <livi<le<l into three parts, anrl is picturn;;qn<'ly grouprd on and below the hills. One part lies close un<ler the hil l, another towards the tahsil, and the third to the west. This la~t, thou~h inclll(lc<l in the town, is ~ways spoken of as the Thattnh, anti i<> more a ~eparato collection ofhouses, round the tomb of Pir S hckh Ismail, than an integral part of the town. Most of the ho11s1·s nrc of excellent brick-work ; and the solid well-built nspcd of the town is striking. The most con•picuous building is lho Shri.hi ·niasjiu bnilt by Nawab Sadulla Kh&n Tah! m, physician and mini~ter of Shah J ahan. There is i~o a kluingali sacre<l to th" · ~1emory of Shah Burh:l.n, a saint revered alike by Hindu~ an<l i\fo~alm:tns. It has a good market-place attached to it. Thrre :ire some good streets which are well pared, and many of the bouscs art.> lofty anti commodious, especially tbos~ belonging to the Khoja tr.1<lcr;i who have larue business dealm~s wi.th Amritsar, (~rilcut.ta, B~mbay anti Ka~achL Tl~c 11atural drainage is gootl, bnt tho municip:dity is pobr, an<l sam-~~y .arra1~gcmen ts. arc not as good a~ the,v ~ught to be. 'fho ~~nking~water, <lenved from wr.lls g<•il 111g their ~upply from tho h'lenab,1sexeee<lin gly goo<l. Tho coun try is well woo<le<l,:md the Chis to the '~estwa r<l , with Koh Kira n.l in the distance, and ~ho

enab flowmg through a rocky <l rf' lo in tho foreground, gn·o ~futf~uty to the pl;1ce. T ht•re is a I <'autiful gar<lcu, well stockc<l

ru1t trees, near the tahsil an<l r(l-t -houso.

~ k Cbiniot is <loubtlt•ss a town of co11- i1leraLle antiquity; but little t ~wn about its origin and h is tory. It is said to have bccm 1°l~nl bed by a king's <lauuhter Chamian sister of a chief callrd 1 ac 1 IKha ·I "' ' ' · • · Wh'l on f b n, " 10 was accustomed to hunt 111 mans attire. 1 o riv~;ie 0 d er .expeJ itions: Blin was so charmoJ with the site-hill, F hn plain-that she or<lered a town to be built on tho spot. tb:~m~r.name the town wa~ fi rst call t;tl Chanrlniot. In old deeds

' e is always spello<l lhus The town suffered severely frolll

Chapter VJ.

· Towns. Chiniot Town.

168 CHAP. VI.-TOW~S. [ Punjab G&2&tt

. %r,

the Duran{ inroa<ls, ancl from constant sieaes durinrr th 1 of the 18t.h century, that wilness<•d thf' f'tr~aglcs lio"'t · 6 .ast ha~f

. . I h S I h I · " ween the s··1 Bh:mg1 Smlirs anc t e • u rn.rc a ua ~I1sl, headed by Mal, '.la!!, and his son the Mabar!l.ja ; an<l again in 1848 from the iun Sm.gb of Narayan Singh ; but is now rapidly reeoverin<r ~£f11ration prosperous days of CJ.hiniot w<'rf' during the rciirn or"SLal 'j Lo;i when ~awab Sad<il.la Kl~~n 'l'ahlm was .tho go~ernor. it' w~ An, who bmlt the Slia\11 MaSJHI, an c·xc<•cdmgly handsome e<l'fi he hewn 8tone obtainC'd fro1~1 tho hills n<'ar Chiniot. The pilla~s~kr support the western porL10n of tho mo~quc underneath the d t are sin~ularly chasle and t>l<'gant in d1·~ign. Some repairso~~ restorations havo been l't'ccnlly made that, to say the Jc••t a .d

I . "' , 're 1n very doubtful taste, :rn• a.re cert:unly utt\'rly out of harmony with the character of the building. Another vestige of the Tahims' ma : ficenco is lo ho found in lh<' rC'mains of an elephant house. N'':. the 'fah.lms aro ropresont!'d hy a. Dcpnty Inspector of Police ~ couple of pntwari~. ancl on<' or two other families resident' al Chiniot. The decay of familirs that years ago were rulers in the lan<l is in this district most rcmarkahlo. A largo colony of Khojas resides here. Tho townsp1't1plo have an unenviable character for forgery, liligion"n<'s~, false cvi<l<·nc<', an<l anonymous petitioning. Any old dcecl that comes out of Uhiniot should be looker! upon with t hr cirrah•st ~u~picion.

The m1111icipnlity wns constitntccl in 1862, and is one of the 3rcl class. 'fhe Dcpu ty Uommissioner is President, the •rahslldAr is Vicc-Prcsich~nt, anti there an~ eight nnminatecl members. Tahle No. XLV showf; thr income of the m1111icipality for the last five :·cars. It is d1.,rived from octroi, levic<l at mtcs varying from He. 1-!) to Rs. 3-2 per cent. on the va.hrn of almost all goods brought within municipal limits. Chiniot is cclcliratcd for its wood-carving and ma~onry. l\Ta~ous from Chiniot nre !'ai<l to have been employed in building the 'l'•\i Mahal. The ar hitect of the Golden Temple at Amritsar wns a Chiniot m:i.sc111, auo the head mason n?w attached to the buil<lin 11 is anollwr. Of late years the KhoJi!.! havo begnn to export l~rgr qnautities of bones, horns and hides to Calcutta. Other articles of ex piHt nre glti, coarse cloth, c~tton and wool. There is ii. small transit trnde in the hands of powindalr merchants, aatl a litlle traflie with the sa.lt-miueii. d

There is a good charitable dispensary, a school-house, an 3

large number of <llim·m.~<Lt.~ antl ma1ijid.~. where travellers put up. A la.rg-e sai·di has la.tely been di::-muntll•d, ~!' it was found tha~oonc used it. There is a good rest-house sta.mling io a pretty gn en~

The popu la.tion as ascertainc<l at the en11merations of 18 ' 1875 and 1881, is shown below :-

--Y ror of ccnou•. PCr30llA. FomnJoa.

1868 .. 11,477 G,100 , 5,971 1875 .. 11.U!l'J

5,'i97 5,4·s4 ISSI 10,731

''"'~ 1 I d the number

The constitution of the popnlation by rchgwn, a•D t ils of sex of occupied houses, are shown in Table No. XLII!... ca

Jbani District. l

CHAP, Vl.-TOWNS. 169

will be f~und in Table No. XX of th~ Census Report ofl881. The . annual birth and death:rates per m1!le of population since 1868 are given below, the basis of calculation being in every case the figures of the most recent census :-

BlRTH·RATES, DEATH·RATES.

Year. Persons. Males. Females. Persons. Males, Females

i: -:::--:-::--·:-:: ___ :::_2_7 ~,: · · J ii ~ 1871 ... ... ... ; ;2 2.'l 41 22 19 1872 ... ... ... 29 12 17 26 23 1873 ... ··· ·· · ilO 14 li 22 20 1874 ... ... ... 43 20 23 25 20 18i5 .. . . . . . . . 48 22 26 32 2U 1876 . . . . .. . . . 39 21 191 32 29 18i7 •. .. . . . ... 39 19 20 26 2.'I 1878 ... ... ... 38 19 19 29 27 1879 ... .. . ... 32 16 }fj 27 25

~: ::: ::: ::: ~~ I :~ :~ I ~~ ~ Amage ... ... ... 36 18 19 26 23

18 31 24 25 28 2/i ao 39 36 28 32 30 27 26 29

The actual number of births and deaths, registered during the last five years, is shown in Table No. XLIV. .

Chapter VI .

.Towns. Chioiot Town;

Though a town of historical renown (see Chapter II), and still Shorkot To"Q the head-quarters of the tal1sfl, Shorkot is now little more th:m a village. It contains 2,283 inhaliitants, and stands about four miles from the left bank of lhe Chcnab, underneath the lofty mound or Bhfron which the ancient town was built. It is surrounded by fine groves of date palms, the fruit of which is excellent and of various kinds. Many of the bnildingE arc lofty, but most of them are in a state of min ; a fine l1azar with a gate. at each end, and lined with shops built on a uniform plan, exists; but few of the shops are tenanted. There is a good dispensary, a school-house and garden, a rest-house with a good garden, and the tahsil and police buildings. A large hollow to the east of the town, and from which the materials of the Bhir were evidently taken, becomes a fine lake in the rains, but adds much to the unhealthiness of the town.

The Municipal Committee consists of four nominated membel'll, the Deputy Commissioner and Tabsildar; but is recommended for reduction. Its income is shown in Table No. XLV. The trade of the town is insignificant.

The 'identification Of Shorkot with one of the towns of the Malli, and with the town of Po-lo-fa-to, visited by Hwcn Thsang, has been a.lready alluded to. The present town stands below .a huge mound of ruins about 100 feet in height, and almost rectangular in shape, f'urrounded with a wall of large-sized bricks, a~~ measures about 2,000 feet by 1,000 in size. Burnes, who b1aited ~he place, describes it as " a mound of earth,. surro~nded ! a bnck wall, n.nd so high as to be seen for a .circmt of six or

eight miles." The same traveller was informed by the people that 22

Chapter VI.

Towns. Shorkot Town.

[Punjab Ga.zfltteer,

170 Ca'.AP. VI.-TQWNS.

their town had been destroyed by some king. from the west­ward, about 1,300 years a$o· Ocner~l Cuu~rngham received the same tradition about its dcstructwn, . which he attribute's to the 'White Huns,' whose date he fixes m the sixth century of our era. The foundation of .tho . city is attributed to ·a fabulous Itaja 8hor, of wh~m nothing i.s. knowu but the name. l!~rom the evidence of corns fouutl upou the spot, General Cunningham i~fors that. the town was oc~upied certainly as early as the Greek kings of Ariana and the ~un.1ab,. who followed at no Jong interval aft~r Alcxan<le.r; and tl:at l t fiounshe<l under the IndG­Scythian dynasties, do\rn to A.D. 2<>0, or pcrlu~ps later. But, aR the Hindu coins are co11fined to the Brahmm Kmgs of Kabul and the Punjab, he concludes that for some· c.cnturie~ the town was either deserted or much decayed, and that it was either re-occupied or restored in the tenth century by one of these Brahmin king8.

· Mr. Steedman writes :-"To an obscrrnr possessing no special antiquarian knowle<l11e the

mound appears to ll!lrn been the citadel of the ol<l tow1L"' 'The abruptness with which the rnoun<l rises from the ground, and the existence of rcmains of "·hat appetu· to have been bastion towers at intervals round the mound, support this view. 'l'he old town must have sloped away from the fort northwanLs.''

The narne of the town is attributed to various sources; to a· ' fabulous lta.ja Shor, to the saliuc character of the ground, to the quarrelsome charact~r of the inhabitants, and to a fierce soldier of Islam, named 'l\ij-ul-diu Shori. 'l'aj-ul-dm came to the Panjab in the van of the Muhammadan inrnsion as a follower of Plr Ghazi, who fell a martyr oa the field of battle in comhat with the infidels who thou held ShorkoL The town was. taken and derived its present name from Taj -{11-din's surname. Pfr Ghazi's tomb is still to be seeu close by Shorkot in a. wood of aged fa.rash and jal trees. · '·

The population, as ascertained at the enumerations of 1868, 187 5 and 1881, is shown below :-

Y cars of ccusus. l'ersous. Males. Femnles.

lSGS ... ... . .. 3,156 1,756 1,400 18/.j ... ... ... 2,4i8 ... ... 18$1 ... ... ... 2,:!83 1, l!JO 1,093

Th~ constitution of the population by religion, and th~ number of occupied houses, arc shown in Table No. XLIII. Details of sex will be found in Table No. XX of the ·census Report of 1881.

Ahmadpur Town. Ahrnadpur is a small town in the Shorkot tahsil, situated about a mile from the ricrht bank of the Chenab and is 55 miles from Jhang .. It was f?u

0

uded about 200 years ago by Nusrat Sia.l, · w~o named lt after his grandson Ahmad. The town lies low, and 18

surrou_uded~n the rainy season by large sheets of water,:;ind t~e health of the i.nhab~tants suffers in consequence. 'fhe houses are ir~egular, and bmlt chiefly of sun-dried bricks. There is one bd=ar, which has lately been paved with brick, It has a population of 2,3BS

Jha.ng District. ]

CHAI'. YI.-TOW~S. 171

iubabitants, most of them !lgricultnrists ;- but some of the Chapter VI. Hindus are \'er} we~lthy, au<l tra.clc wi~h Bombay, Calcutta and Karachi, especially m wheat. There 1s a good <lispeusary and a Towns good -school. • Ahma•lpu r 'fo1Jn.

The )fonicipal Cm~1111ittee consists of six no:uiuated members the Tahsllclar and the Deputy Commissioner. Its iucumc is showr: in Table No. XLV. It has been rccommcn<lc<l for rcduct\on.

The population, as ascertained at the enumerations of 1SG8, }875 nnd ,1881, is shown bduw :--

Years of <icn~us. Persons. )lalcs. l•'cmalcs.

1868 ;~,-l:hj 1,8'.!7 ),fjQ!}

lbi .; '.!,!Iii 18Sl ..

I '.!,3:l8 1,2'.?3 l,J l.j

The constitution of the popula.tion by religion, and the number of occupied h~us;-~. arc shown in 'l'able No. XLIII. Details of sex will be found m lablc No. XX of the Census lkport of 1831.

:x

STATISTICAL TABLES

A Prl::'<l>ED TO TUii

G.A.t\.ZETTEE R

OF Tllll

J H A N G D I S T R I 0 T.

( INDEX O.V RE I' ERSE).

" AIWA !'RESS," LAllOllE,

l PUnjab. Gazetteer,

STATISTICAL TAB.LES.

! .-Leading st&tistics

11.-Devclopment

IlI.-Annual rainfall

lllA.-Monthly ,,

l!IB. -Seasonal

IV.-Temperaturc

V.-Distribution of population

VI.-.Migratiou

Vll.-lkllgion and Sex

VIII.-La.nguage

IX.-Major castes p,nd tribes

lXA.-.Minor ,, "

X.-Civil comlition

XI.-Births and deaths

XIA.- ,, causes) " (monthly, nil

[t'ront.is­piccc.

iii

i/J.

iv

'"· iv

v

ib.

ib.

Yi

ib.

vii

ib.

ib.

XIB.- ( ,. fe•er)... viii

XII.-Infirmities

XIII. -Education

XIV.-Surveyed ancl assessed area

XV. - Tenures from Government

XVI:- ,, not from Go1•ernment ...

XVII.-Goverament l~nds

l{Vlll.-Forestii

~IX.-4nd acquired by Govornmen~

XX.-Crop areas

~l.-Rtl\t rl\tes ~nu yielJ

ib.

ib.

i/J.

ix

x

xi

xi

ib.

11ii

XXll.-Livc Stock

XXIII.-Occupatious

xxrv. -l\fanufactures

XXV.-H.iver trallic

XXVI.-Retail prices

XXVII.-Price of labour

XXVIII.-Rc venue collections

XXIX.-Laml revenue

XXX.-Assigucd revenue

XXXl.-Balauces, remissions, &c.

Pagt.

... xii

... xiii

... ib.

... xiv

xv

xvi

ib,

ib.

... xvii

. .. ib,

XXXII.-Sales and mortgages of laud ... xviii

XXXIII.-Stamps and registration

XXXIIIA.-l~gistration

XXXI\'. - License ta.x

XXXV.-Excise

XXXVI.-District funds

XXX VII. -Schools

... ib.

... xii;

... ib.

... ib.

xx

ib.

XXXVIII.-Dispensaries ... xxi

XXXDi..-Civil and revenue litigation ... ib.

XL. - Criminal trials ... xxi\

XLI.-Police inquiries ... ib.

XLII.-Gaols

XLIU.-Population of towns

XLI\' .-Birtbs and deaths (towns)

XLV.-Municipal income

:?(LVA.- manufactures

XLVI.-Polymetrical table

...xxiii

... ib.

. ... niv

... ill ..

... IXV

Jha.ng D1surict. l iii

Table No. II, showing DEVELOPMENT.

D>!TA1LS.

Popufation

Cultiv:itcd acre•

Irrigntcd ncrcs .

I .--_ ---- ---------1----1 7 - -1853-[14. 1858-~9. 1863·04. 1868·G9.

1H,i43

1873-74.

261,3GG

1~0,0i8

187S.7D.

~04,081 Ditto (from Goverumcnt work~)

Assessed J..,and Hc,·cnno, rupees

Rornnuc from land, rupees

Gross rcvcuno, rupc..:is

Number of kine

sheep t.nd goats

c:mmls

~lilos of metalled road•

unmctallcd ro:i.d~

R<iilways

PolkcstafT

Prisoners con"ictcd

Civil suits,-numbcr

-\·alne in rupee~

··I ·I

I

[>:!';

'.!, Iii;:;

i S,t:?S

ti1;2

l,O!ll

&0,74.j

- - ----:----'.!,:i\·1, :1:17 21iM,!>90 2,9i,Ol0

2,7:!,[122 4,10,33~ 2,10,ui 4,07 ,S3!i 4,S0,158 4,93,BS.I

110,~17 2;;~;.:~n 121,250

:.!~l~,2 1 -1 2j!l,833 • 221,iOO

1 i ,3.'.i.3 JV,918 9,3119

I} ca~ { 0[>4 g~

.io ;,

4~11

:! ,4Vi

J,W,il:? - ·------

.1

Municipalities,--nutnber

-income in rupee~

Dispc1,$t.1lic.s,-11umbcr o[

•I :t:li 2!"1,4~7

. . :a :10 4~

i 1,()'Jj 1,!;l;j 2,439

Sorr..-Tbcsc figur.,,,arc takcu from Talilc, .\"<. 1. llf, I 111, XI. XI', XX.I, XL!, XLY, L, LlX, and LXJ the Admi11istrnti1111 Hcp111·t.

Table No. III, showing RAINFALL. ~-~-~-~~-~

-~~l 31-TJ o J_ J_ J_:_ J _10 \ _~ 1.__.!_12 J 1~3 I 14 ~J 1; I 1.-'--'G J 17j~1sj 1g AN•q:,\L R,\IXFAJ.t. IN TF.NTlfS O f.' AN INCH.

Rain-gauge •lation.

-~ 1 ~~-f'1{1~ ~-· ~fl ~ 1~{! :1 :; ~ 11 ~ 1 % 1 ~ ~ ~i ~ ~ § ~ i; ~ •;, l ~ ~f.' I ~,~ ~,) :;J !J) ijij ~ ~ ~ < ----1--_

1

_

1

...:... ...:_1...:...·-=-,-=--- -=-,-=-,...::.....:....1

...:.... _ ,_

"""' " 'T'r' " I $i ·~ "" ,J "I " mo; ,. "I " • ·" •• • ; ·t 2i ! 1:•1 1:,;1 11~ !Y.11 l:i3 lf.J ~4J 9j 117 l~!I' 1411 91 GCI 74 143 ~ 103

kot .. , 231 • o, 21 18:~ 431 . 1Gj ~ii J 4ll! M ' ""' tl8113GI 196 ;;; w\ 1331 ;\_: i\v.,,. · lhose tigures ue tak0 f h ·

. u rom t • weel..ly ra111iall statomeuts publielled m the Punjab Ga:tltt.

11 . [ Punjab Ga.ze\teer, Table No. IIIA, showing RAINFALL at head-quarters

- 1 2 I 3 1 I 2 3 - ANNUAL AYERAOF.8. Ah'NU.&t. AYSR.AOES,

No. of rainy Rainfall in No. of rainy I Rainfall in tenths of an

MONT!lS. dayo in each inch In each llONTllS. day• In cuch tenth.• of an month-

1867 to 1870. mo11U1- month- inch 1n ... ac.h 1867 to 1881. lbti7 to 1870. !8~0~18s1. -

January .. 1 3 8optoinl>er Fcbn•lll'Y .. l r, October

.. I 7 )l>r'Ch .. 3 12 November .. .. .. April .. 2 5 December

.. .. 1 1 s )lay 1 5 lRt O~tobcr t.o Jst.hnu:u-y :: I

June .. t 7 bt J:mn."\ry to Jst .AJiril .. 4 4 ~2 5 19 July .. 1st Apl"il tu 1st Ocl.<;!Jcr 11

August .. a !!O Whole yc.v .. 78 .. 17 JOO

. . Nart.-Theoe Ogurea arc t.'ken from 1,1\,lo 1'o. XX! V of the llo\"cm1e Hoport, ond from pago 34 of tho F•ruine llcport .

Table No. IIIB, showing RAINFALL at Tahsil Stations. -

I l 2 s l 4 I s - - - -- - - ---- -------Avr.n_\OF. t'Al.L l N TESTll 'i OP A.~ 1scu, FRO)l 1873-H TO lSii-78.

TAHSIL STATIONS. l•t O..tohcr to l•t Jntmory to lRt Aprll to 18t Jamituy. Jst April. !st October. Whole year.

Chlniot .. I

i 24

I 121 m

' Shorkot .. f, 10 7.j 00

NoT~.-Those figures oro taken from pages 36, 3i of the Fomine Heport.

Table No. V, showing t he DISTRIBUTION of POPULATION. -·

l 2 a 4 I s

District. Tnhsll. Toh•ll. Tah•il Jhruig. Chiuiot. Shorkot.

----Totnl ~n~re mtlc• .. .. . . .. 6,007' 2,:mr. 2,272 1,220 Cultivated •q11:iro mllo• .. .. .. 64~ 2oa 1P4 1811 C111lurable 11q111\rO mile• .. .. .. 8,~39 1,5r.P 1,493 877 Squaro mllcs under cr11p• (nvorngo 18o7 to 1881) 4i4 204 132 138 .. Total popnlation .. .. .. . . aP~,290 171,il~ 128,241 95,!IU

2J,(i2!J 10,i31 4,621 Urban populollon .. .. .. . . ar..~81 JS0,084 11i,510 90,i 21 Rural population .. .. .. .. ~S,315

Total popu1ation por •qllnro ml!o r.p 7:\ 00 79 .. .. .. G:s G4 5.1 75 Rural pop•1lation J«r square mllo .. .. ..

' t {Over 10,000 •011!• · I 2 I I .. .. . . . . I .. T.,,.,. .. . . . . . . I ..

""' 3,000 to :,,ooo • .. . . .. ~ .. .. 4 '>' 2,000 to~ 000 12 r • 3

l,l 1,000 to 2,000 .. . . . . ..

5~ 28 10 19 .. . . .. . . .. !°)2 [>() !II

~ 500 to 1,000 .. . . . . .. .. HI 100 l(W

Under 600 b:JO 251 .. . . . . .. . . ·--0 iOJ 333 204 m

1-t Totnl .. .. .. . . 4/i!lh 2,710 1,0SS m

Occupied houoes {Towns .. .. .. 30,613 15,416 16,400

• · Villogea .. .. ·- 62,4:!9

1,!123 883 .\GS

Unoccupied. hou•es .• { ~71\v.::r~s . . .. .. 2,W4 3,5;.J S,Ml . . . . .. 17,SIO 8,894

R,94~ 5,269 2,482 1, 1~

Resident fnmllics •• { 'J'.'.""n• . . . . .. iti,121 33,229 23,469 . 10,423

- \ 1llngc• .. .. .. rnltlv•IOO, cultur•ble ~0?1.-Thn•• fi C f Jl!SI ex:oept the

• - g11ros are taken from T~hle' ~os. I nnd X \' 111 of the on•n• 0 f 11 • Administration Report. and crop area.; which Rre token from Tnhles Nos, I and XI.IV 0 ic

' • lncluling lf>O square mi101 of river bed.

~:·~trlct. )

Table No. VI, showing MIGR~TION.

D1BTRICl'S·

Labore .. Gujrouw:!.la ShAhpur Mooltan

~~~f.';'r~ Vera !tllDAil Khon

~ ;; !;, ·~

.§

41(; :t,Sli b,M.9 1,478 :1,33ti

4H5 1,244

~ ;; \'o e l>l - - -l,MiO 2,ti JG 0,~)(16

J0,944 4,410 3,:lO!l 2,&:!tl

l\fALF#il P&R 1,000 1 OF UOTH !'EXl-;S.

~

" ~

« " !;, ::! e "' .5 e

l>l --- - ----

58!1 (i.11\ 602 a47 460 !>40 636 U14 592 5H4 509 602 680 6d8

'6"1. 7 Is--DIBTRlllUTION o, h1~

B~ TAnsu..a.

"' .. .. 0 0

c ] ~ d

"' "' 0 .... <..> ... "' - - - - - -144 IOI Si

316 S,311 Jg() 2,~3~ 2,977 237

2:1~ 44 l ,t!IQ 2 , li:~ 987 175

.1~ I 9 887 676 29 MO

NoTi::. - 1'he.'iO figurcM nrc tak\!ll frurn 'faUlo No. X.1 or tho C:UlHIUlt ltoport or ) ~81.

Table No. VII, showing RELIGION and SEX.

________ 1 _ _ 1'=-_I__ I 6 _..__

DISTRICT. 'fAHSILS.

Persons. Malce. Females. Jhang . Chinlot. Sborkot. Vtll&i'L

·--- - -·-----Persons 39.'.>,296 l il,';'l:l 12•.~41 Pii,~42 S.18,SIS ) !Ales ~H,3S2 H2,7H2 f~1 tM·{ 52,i27 196,139

Fomalca l S0,914 78,021 .,,$78 42,61:1 • 163,178

Hlndtl8 64,~!l2 !l4,rif>(i :10,1!\fi :12,lfiR l.J/UiP 17,M6 48,ll!O

Sikhs 3,4ii 1,~1!~4 1,48.~ ~,4 17 69.1 3(17 2,828

Jain• 4 2 2 4 ' Buddhi.te ,. Zoroa.etrlana 2 1 1 t Muaalman• 326, 910 l ii,GSO 140,230 13i,121 112,173 77,616 306,841 Cb.ristiAns II 9 2 b 2 4 0 Others ond unspectti~d

European & Eurasian Cl1ristions 11 2 b

Sunni& 315,0(12 171,32:1 14:l,fii9 132,•'62 110,761 71 ,6~ :?116,Ml Shlnhs 11,835 6,:i2a 5,512 4,519 1,410 6,~i 11,m Wababia 8 5 3 2 6 •

NOTs.-Tbcse fi~nrcs ore taken from Table.• Nos. Ill, HIA, lllll of t he Census of 1881.

Table No. VIII, showing LANGUAGES.

1- --- -------- ·---- __ 2 __ ,1 __ 3 __ 1'---- ---'---6--1 DIBTR111UTION BY TAHSJLS.

Language. Di•lrict.

Jhang. Chiniot. Shorkot..

-Hindustani :nn ~4:'"1 34 40 ll.-.gri '42 40 o~:im Punjabi 39~ ,io:!7 171,lfl 128, 187 J~tkl R6 37 49 Pa11hl 11 2f.itl IVl 61 Pah:m 8 8 Ka•hmlri 12 5 I 6 Sindhi 11 v ~ .

Peni:ui ..

l , R Engli•h 10 6 s

Non.-Tb- ftiUl'H art taken from Table No. IX o! ~ht C.,na11.1 Roport for lill.

·rPun,la.b Ga.ietteer, Table No. IX, showing 'MAJOR .CASTES and TRIBES.

-;-1 2 - M.u.cs, BY RELtO JON. SerU1 !lo.

111 Cen1Ut t abl• No. vuu.

Cao~ or tribe.

Persons. Males. Females. llindu. Sikh. Jain.

---- - ----Total population :\tl~,2% 214,~82 180,~14 34,6% 1,994 · 1s Biloch

I Jat 2 R.' jput

18 J{bokhar 7 .Arain

17 Shekh a; Mughal s Brahman

24 Baiyad 21 Nal 2! Miras! I~ Khatri JO .Arora u Khojah 4 Chuhra

19 Mochi g Julaha

28 ~!achhl 42 Mallah 22 Lobar l1 Torkli.n lS Kumh!l.r 69 Charhoa JS Q&Ssab

lf>,O~:J i,907 7,J:W 48,'.!·'2 2f:,i!l!l 21,H:I 1.12 112 8!•14\.l l 4~l1 4H:; 40, 14~ 61 46 11,'.!:t!J <i,Ir14 r,1 0..~t, li,077 :,,21:.! 2,SO;:, !i,:1:n 2,xr,~ 2,41!1 :1, 1 :~2 J,74ti I ,:!'iii !"1,:\J!I ~.~!It 2,<t~'i 2,H87 f1,!IM :1,0;1 2,xi:\

·r,,:t07 ::,1:;!) 2,Sl i8 7,7·1 I 4, 107 :;,n:t.J.

1:'1,l~IH h.:ll~ fi,!-i;s i J7!)2 1~~ 4[,,0-1 1 ~;i,i:J1j 21,.10:, 22,LJ.i:, 1,431 :l,;:r,1 1,liii l,tii5 20,~· M. ll, IR4 H,';'liO 166 14,1:12 i,';!lfj li,:J!l(i 24,lit; l" 01'' l l,l:J4 ftJ.d7 ;;:12~ 4J:t!I~ S,01iij J, f>!'ili 1/110 ~.nr.2 l,1i~j l , 11:1;, JR ~.I IN .i ,.r. 1 ... !l.! lll:i 2

1:.,::': \ ~,'.!I:! i.11:!1 fl,t:M 2,>.:01 2,4TI .i,tr;~ t ,tl:.!4 2,35.;

NOT&.-Thcso li<:uros "'" L.lkcn !rum Table Su. VlllA of the Census of 1881.

Table No. IXA, showing MINOR CASTES and TRIBES.

1 2 3 4 5

--- - -- ---Serini No. in

-

Ceneus Table Caste or tribe. Person~. ~!ales. Fem.\les No. VIllA.

--- --- ---6 Pa than .. .. .. 1,710 1,030 680

12 .A wan .. .. .. 1 ,4~6 816 680

30 Sunar .. .. .. J,697 902 795

35 Faqir, miscellaneous & unspecified 1,618 919 699

40 Jogi .. .. .. 573 294 279

48 Ohara.I .. .. .. 1,[105 8~9 676

I 70 mama .. .. .. i06 3i9 327

Nou.-Theee figures aro tak.on from Table No. VIllA of the Census of !S8l.

10

P1vpor. hon per rnille of

Musalman popula.. tion.

--- - --lii,680 1,000

7,96'i 38 20,55;) 122 4~.:;S6 227

6,1:"14 28 :l,272 15 r Rlol! II ;14n 8

I I S S,Oi! 15 3,4:14 16 4,10i 20

367 S8 170 114

1,67i 9 .11,0H 53

7,7~4· 36 l 3,<H2 61 5,12.i 24 1,f>M 8 1,GO!l 8 .t, f1l :! 21 fi,211 811 2,801 13 2,624 13

.Th&Di District. l

Table No. X, showing CIVIL CONDITION.

6

SINGLF:. ?.J \P.RJF.n. Wmowtn.

DETA I LS.

)!ales. 1-1'-e_m_n_Ie_s_. _1 __ i_r._ .. 1e~ -1 Fclllaks. -M-•l_ca_._I'.~

All religions JimJns :-;ikh-i Jaiuq H1ttldhi11t .. }I 1q~lman"i <.:hri.'it.ians

All ngcs 0-10

J0-1'-15--c'O 20--~;,

'.?!•- ~o :<0-40 40-1>0 [,()-(;()

Over 60

l~!l1 f1~l ~t,:G; i-1,';'~2 (1.K"4i D,1}70 :!O..t1i:; 1:!,01·• 1:!.~ !'1:l 1;.;: .. r;o 1,180 1,1-t; U:!)' i 41 67i 106

1os,?.o> ~

I

r.,o,;4 I ! I,~ t· l :! 4

:1,;11i

~.10~ fi, 11.i~) ~.a!•~ '.!.:!.'",) },:17!1 ),\·l!I 1,1~.J.

r.:,!JJ!) 4

!l,485 8

~ ·~:'.~~ .i,1 .• ti !'1,il I i,·104 i,k~,4

'i/11!' r..~rn I

l~:~.11 l l

7,793

451

8 SS 79

IP! 84~ 767

1,832 2,630

10,711

Xon:.-Tbe.~e figur~ arc hkcn frmn "LLLI~ No. VI of the Census Report.

Table No. XI, showing BIRTHS and DEATHS.

YEARS.

1877 Jij78 l8rn 18'!0 1881

_I 10

TOTAL DIRTIIS n&e.:1~-n:nr:n. TOTAL DEATD8 BOil

Males. Females. Persons. Males. Females Persons. Cholera. Smllll· pox.

, ... ,. ------- ---- ---- ---- --------

:?,!i2fi J,Q17 4,443 102 2,!U ~,::~1.~ 1,~102 4.:mo S67 2,400 2,1:~s 1,":t'.• 4,41i7 242 M4 2,0l!

(i,()Hfj 4,!l~ 10,\lfl5 :i,74-1 ~,it\:! t~, ·.on lOt 3,539 6,t~·.'\ :>,il:? 12,370 :3,{j() a,ooo (i,470 60 3,796

lSOTE--These figul'\:> "'" ~1ken fr•,111 Tables lSoo. I, 11, \'11, Y 111, autl IX of the Sanitary Hoport.

Table No. XI A, showing MONTHLY DEATHS from ALL CAUSES.

I 2 3 4 5 6 7

M ONTI!. 1877. 1878. l'Si9. 1880. 1881. Tot&!.

January .. 4;,o 453 r.oo 400 624 2,54Q Fobl'11&tY . . 6 42j 319 629 610 5P5 2.~ )larch .. 4:!S 2!•2 f>t3 5~4 544 2,m April .. .;j:J 2~'i 3r.!l H8 4q4 !,84Q May .. 314 32~ 3t~ b65 564 2.~lO June .. 3S.~ 3:-tO 27t. .~86 454 !!,03S July .. :114 30.'") 3~7 Ml 481 1.~ Augu•t .. 2•i4 219 330 M7 404 1,m !;opt.ember .. ~R3 3~6 207 492 408 l,7i6 Octobtr .. 310 316

I 183 4~0 574 l,893

November .. 43.S 4!)5 260 513 661 2,354 J)ecemhcr .. 417 i OS a2a 684 667 2,799

--- --TQtal .. 4,413 4,300 ,4,467 6,506 6,410 jli,lill -~ou, Tbe..-e figure! are L'.lken from Table No. Ill of the Sanitary Roport.

t~ab Gazetteer, Table No. XI B, 'showing MONTHLY.DEATHS from FEVER.

- 2 3

----ll-o•-.,-e-.----1~~-1i::1. - ~~~~l~::;:s.-_-l --l-S-;9-.--1---lSSO.::_.-~·r--T-otal-.-January February lf .. "Ch .lpril May June Joly August September October Norembtr Dec<mber

TOTA L

~23 2fl!I 3!18 237 :ir.is !104 1P7 ~!;4 2t;(i :m l,b29 2'19 H'•Q 200 3~ l,4l'"J ~0011; 11 :~ 11 lfi:l 2!13 ~~ 1,3.10 - h ' 1;9 :108 l,OOb ~·;~ 1~11 J:lO 31~ 3.W 1,li!Q ~00 H4 11).1 2.~o; 2:,s l, lbl Jtil J l:l 11:! ~l() :?4~ 9!'1S 1!10 Htli 104 :!j!', Hl!') . 8i0

. . 20~{ 1 ~ltl ll'1 2i2 i~). 96i

. · 1 2'-:! :!~:i l !'1:: !l2-l .co.; 1,0V"l • • ~.-.. !!«7 201 39ol '01 1,448

- ___.. , l,6b2 . . 2,siu-; -1-2-::WOJ 2,0;:;- -·---;:::::--1------:----=---

s.~R9 3,iiltl 14,066

NOTr. Thc•c 1i111ircs arc l:\kcn fmm Table No. IX of the Sauit.".Y Report.

Table No. XII, showing INFIRMITIES. -- - 2 -I - l I !-

--------- --------1---'---'---· 1~~.\'ft~. BLl!'O. DEU' AND DUMB. LEPER.9.

~fale•. ;",·male•. ""!"''· ~·emalco. Male._ Fcmaleo. Males. Femalee.

J Tot.~! .. ~:t! 1.'>4 l.~~,~ 1,::0; ------ --- -------1---+---l---

All rellgiono :t~i m 37 ;4

· · t VilL-.gc• . 2SI 1 :l~l 1,0!-t7 1,1:!0 30."1 1;0 84 12 Hindwi 'iii 1;; Hll JS!l 61 24 7 2 Sikh& 5 l ~ I llusalmMS !?81 1~9 1,0~; l,llf; 282 167 29 11

NoTi:.-ThMo figure• mc t.1kc11 from T.ihlo, Nus. XIV to XVII of tho Census of 1881.

Table No. XIII, showing EDUCATION.

_ 2 _I _I ___ I )fA.1.l~. l-"'t:"AL.J~. M••·""- F£1ULQ.

- - - - -----]3 c . .S..:

.,, i: a "3 • .::..: -= -g,; ~Q

f~ ~.2 '"·i:: 5~ .,:::; .. 5 .. 'C .. o .... <>·- ~~ .,,~

"~ "~ .,,~

"~ Si-:::" "" -" c" :..i5 ""' c" ""' :.j~ "" :oE u_ :..>h UC t.) c ., ; .. "

.. . --------- 77 AllrtligloD1 {Total . 3,fl51 14.H~li l :.?i 11~ Mu~'\lmnns 1,375 2,332 92

Hlodtl6 Villages:: 2,~;lcj 10,~·~ Ii! S4 Christianft 8 J' 2,rn; 11,lllli 3J 3~ 'rnhsil Jhong 2,0t;o 7,SOO 78 Sikh& 109 429 3 4 Chiniot i&O S,liS 17 M Jlll:J Shorkot 841 S,91S 32 31;

Boddhi!t.

Non.-Thc•e figures nro taken from 'fable No. XIII ul the Ccn•wt of 1881.

!able ·No. XIV, showing detail of SURVEYED and ASSESSED AREA.

--~1~_1 __ 2_'--s~l~-·-·~l_-_a_1 __ u_l'--1_.J~s~ \Jut.TIVA'rF.D.

ftTigat~d.

By Gov-I By pr!; Unir r l- Totnlcul- Gr!\7.· lemmont. vnt~ in· gntod. ti •ated. l;~s •.

works. dlV1du· 4l .. t,

UNCULTIVATED.

l!'.:.i! ·· ---:-:- m;m oo,os2-w.;;2r;- 1,504,4Sl ·~ -;m;::wo ~.409,542 1!'!.i9 . . . • lPO,Oi'~ 7of,2SS 2t)4,:tfi0 1,~,672 9ti1:4~~:P l8,0'l:i 3,:t&>, l~ T~detaUs fo~ ·· 204,081 207,41)8 411,549 1,~20,383 l,001,0a51i!U,aw s,tai,99> i:-1g_ " h~~t .. .. Rll,O~S 7~,7116 1Gi,8.q4 6~2.700 ~Z2.lS6, S82,44r. l,3ll7,ns2 .. Shorkot ·•·. · · tW.i~l r,n,:!6 1 12t,nio MlO,!tlO 36.'i,-469 221,:lf.i.I 1,177,12

433

10 I II I 12

I Orou

jHt ~«·~ ~ .. ~ .... trot.•I"""' ..__ 0 =' .o

:ta!le98«1., 111ent. ~ii ~=' p

3,6!.0,86i 284,237 2,308.480 3,G-49,.l~l 21'4.~ UJ8,{IO

3,&&!1,M7 2117,010 2,308,~

l,65~,166 1!7,8!5 l,Off.61~

1,:-m1,ll3 74,61~ . !124,!30

793,268 94,15;2 »7,7U -- ·· 50,:IJ4 Gl•,411 llJ,74> 247,373 313,380

1

112,i!O 6i3,5

Non.-Theee fi 11 e t tho lut colwaD, wblcll la --floiit.l'abt N gures arc taken from TAble Nu. V Ill of the Admlmstratlon Rcpo • exc P 0 o. I of the same Report. .

Table No. XV, showing TENURES held direct from Government as they stood in 1878-79.

- ~ 1 a I • I· o l~l a I o l 10 111 J i2 I is j 1o1 \ 1~ I 10 I l'i

TAH&JL C HI NIOT. \ TAU91L 81tORKOT.

'",z, . ~ -,-.. I~~. ·1 s. "-1 .,s,; W HO LE DkiTRICT. TAll:3JL J U.\:\V.

N ATURE OF TENt:RE. ~ Q 'T. - I .,... :ti t gJ ~ :; ... '!' <fl r1l !: I - ,Ji ~ l f :..

~ ' :::; :.i [ o ~ t o~, ~ f. ~ e.> Cl.> t.ci Q)~ ·= i! .n i "".::2 ~ ~ .$ • r:;:~ g ~ ~ "'=~ I e ~ ~· "O()

! ; ~j : ; ~ ! ~Ii u ; ~ ! ~ ~1 i ~ ! ~ I H 1 __ 1~~1_.::__ ~ _:::_ .:2_ --"'--~ ';(; ~---~-- .~:._:_::_l_::_ l _ _ _

----------------------- I I I -

A .-EoTAT£S SOT BEtso Vt L1.Ar;n_.. co~or t:·~nT1ES1 1+.SD r .... nso tx co:.tMO!'-" I I . 1

1l 'O 0

:>:

;g go:

"'

(ZA.bll~D.\l\J).

n ·. - Pnyino 1,000 ,.,,,. ( I I I ~'.:~:;~"'"""""l t Hold by individunls tinder the law of pr imogonitm·c 13 13

1

H•i 15,l:r, 8 I S . 8 8,~SS 3 31 0 1,703 ~ i 2 ~ i 1,430

!'ROPR!t:TA nV Ct"T.TIVAT!SC VILLAGE (:0~01t:Sl'ffE8. ----i--i------- -------,------ ·-1-1-----D.-za,nin1lcu·i Pnying thcrcvenul! nu<l holding th!! lan•l in co·:rn1tm . . 89 391 27.)J !"O,~'.l~ 12 12 40 11 ,9;!) l~' 1!1 SO l~,410 S . S 'I l.50 J b P2i C.-Pntcidari , . Tllo l1rnt.l <Uhl revenue being dh·iJcd upvn a11~c.,trnl or 10 10 ~u:.! 1 :.!..:,101 . . . . . . 10110 50~ 2:i,101 · · 1 · . . . .'.

cu:o>t·Jtrt·lry sh~u-~s, sut>jcct ti.) saccC::>:;,f0:1 by the Ltw 0r I inh~rit.~nc~.

D .-.Bhnyachm·a . . In whh;h pv:;~cssioo is th!! me:vnu·e or right in nll land~ 10·1 l').t 11,0101

40°J,[i!''J 00 60 :?,·1:2 l!'.?.i 1°f\.\' $/) 80 3,~:?~ 110.7Q.; 1 45, 4~ 5,a70; h~fl fl&l E . - .. i.\J ixecl or i;;ipi?i'· J I u whkh. thi:. land::s nrc heh.l p:\.rtly i1~ ~~\·.t:r.dty aaU 6:33 ~:33 lo,102

1

:'v.::>,:30:. 25r, I :?.i5 -t,:H5 ~~s,T;;u I LU .

1

1.:iO 1 4,6:;!, I s:::.1, ~JO

1

. HS ·1 :.i-s 7,Hd :?4.0;1~6 feet 'P1J,tt.d(;.i ·i pad~ly 1~1 cou1nl.on, the mcasm·~ of n~ht 1·~ .~·0111mnn I I I I I or l.ilat• i;Jier.;·a. l l:~_nd being tl~e amount of the share or tJlC extent

ya. \ ot l.~nd hcltl in sc,,·eralty.

}'.-Granteu of Got'o!J'itme1tt not .fulli1t(J und~·r cmy Jwtriou" cl!tss, a;td p<tyina ------,----- ---- - - ------,-- ------.-i--1,-,----­rnen.u~ dii'tct to Goi:tr11.~1 .. ·1tt in tltr! po.iitwn of-

1.-Proprieto,·.,, inclnJia:{ in1.lividu:i.l.>\ r\lw:\rdcd for service or otherwise, Out 2 2 2t\S 3,SSO 2 2 2135 3,SSO . . . . . j . . . . not purcha.cr• of \fo¥cr1uu•11t w~;te. I I 1-

/l.-Lmm · 512 ~ N~j 253,~ol 34S 3-IS ~ _ 101,315 ,_:,~ __:i __ 21,101 , 10s I~~/ 40,S35

J.-Govemnwit :uwt•, rt.!trve<l or una3'igned 11 .. .. I ~. l04,fiS3 ~/_· _·_· _ 8~3,070 I~/_·_· I_·_· _I 896,SH J~l~I_·_· -1 384',660

T OTAL I l , 814 I l,303 12~.1-191 8,045,606 , 6S5 I Bs5 7,610 I l ,403,554 , 3071307 1 8,BH / l,805,517 / 3~2/311I1~,656 8~5,935 N0Tt:...-'I'h o110 tlguro11 t\.l"O taken from T o.bl o No. ~XUI of tho Rcvonuo Ro1>ort tor 1878-70.

~ ~ ... !:;! a <> ~

.....

Ta.blo No . .XVI, sho'Wing TENURES not held direct from Governn:i.ent a.s they stood in 1878-79.

!\,\TL.RE OF TE:>"URE.

2 \ s , . I. I Gl. 7 I 8 \ v

DtSTRICT JuA>:~. ' TAoStL Jn•:<.o. I T A n SI L Cm :< t~T. \ TABSIL Suol\K~T.

··- ... "'d '=J e-:s C.'C -~ e~ ?-a ..::: ..::: ..:: ..:.: ..:: ..::: ..::::: '<..=!

'3 ~ I ~] ~.~ I ~] ' ·~ \ i'! I ·~ \ ~] z~ I -<:: z= I ~ = Z"3 I < s ~ 0 u =

-------'------------------------'---!--- ------.---.--. ---·--

A.-TEXA~TS WITH R!CHT OF OCCUPAXCT".

, }(!) P.iying ! prodOJcc and more (a) F.\ying a sbteJ

•hare or the produce (2) ! produce and Iese than ! produce . } in kiud.

Jl. Po.yin(lrwt ;,, kind. (:~) l ,, ,, -j ,,

J 11,0171 lo; 11,0H 6u I 10,074

oz I 4,612 I 60 4,402 co 4,494

210 I l,~;3 I 133 l/?hi 171 1,310

I 2Cl j 3::?,lOS

. I lSZ 13,503

.. . 511 f S,SOI'

\

(<) P,tying a 6xcd quantity of gr.Un for tholr ho!JiJ16!, with or

" ·ithout a !urthcr c:uh contribution.

19 1 ~!> 11 I s1 I & ••

Total p~ying rant in kind

CRA~D TOTAL of Tenants with rights or occupanc-y

---F¥-,--·-. , 97ti I 4P,o•r 371 I 16,9,s ~1 16,706 1 29; I 15,srs

--- --, --,-.. L_:J 49,577 - 371 I_:::___:_/~ _:_1~ C.-TE~A~TS·AT·W°I LL.

I. PnyLng iu. cash .. .. 23~ l,538 lOS 609 1 ~1 J ,029

Paying i >L ( (n) ! produce a n d more

Jl.

'°'""· 1. ( b) less than & produce

2!>,500 520,310 12,260 236,6Pl 5,985 131,234 7,2.>5 l."i2,:'.:S5

.. l ,600 P2,205 812 37,462 608 4S,S31 90 6,412

G RA"1'D T OTAL OF T£~t:ni:e 663,630 --::::-1 21H,655 I ---- -------.. ' 2a,s11 I 7, 118 197,SOO •,6-121 li4,Gi5

Non.-Thoao 6iruro• aro taken Crom Tu.blv No. ~l V of the Roveuue Roport .

i ~

~

f

Jha.ng District. 1 xi

Table No. XVII, showing GOVERNMENT LANDS.

~~~~~~~.--2~~1 -=-3--i---:4:--·11-:5---.~6:--~-::----.--~~--

------- - - - --- ---- ---- -;;;:;;:1.rlfl~,-.,-.,71,-,.-1-----'-----!__ ___ I_ r.dt1i·1tti.t1p ltHlc..f, Rtmaini:ng acre1. t'~

---- -

::1 .. ... ~~~ oO~ ~e;; ~g!! •oo -<-~ --

Whole Diotrirt 'l1;thsil ,Jhalll(

t:hiniot Shorkot

~~ 2,~2i,7:1~ J:i 1,010/,'.llj 19 ~li.71:l

1 a;;IJ,4~;,

14. j~~ (1,!l!t*-J :1_11;() ;j1li:.?j

2,216,~43 81,231 l ,012,356

820,49:1 383,49"1

NOT'-. -Thcso figure• :ire L~ken fn>m Table No. IX vr tho Hevonue l\eport or 1881-82.

Table No. XIX, showing LAND ACQUIRED by GOVERNMENT.

Purpose for wl1id1 nc11uirctl.

Road" (':1.nal~ Kt ,,lo Hailway, tiuanu1lt..."C<l lfailwa\'.'~ )J t:s..:dl~UICO\lS ~

• 1 -1Cu11tt"'11":ltiou 1 iitl, Acres a.cqmrc• . 111 rupees.. ---;;:J-1· - 4,1 -17 -

· • 1 ·Hi~ !'J,:!ll)

H.cd.uclion of rc\·c· 1uio, in rupees.

121

----------- --·--i--------1 .. I 9,::.1:1

N•Jrr..-Tbc~c fii;m·c~ :wet lkcH from 'l'ahlc N'1l, X l of Urn Ucvcuuc Report.

Table No. XX, showing ACRES UNDER CROPS.

___ ___]-=~ IO I

J&ARS.

Non.-Thcsc fipires ore ."'ken from Tnulc Xo. XL! v of U1e Administration ncport.

I Putija.b Gr.zetteer,

Table No. XX.I, showing RENT RATES and AVERAGE YIELD.

Nnturo ol crop. ficnt J>"r acre of land

Avcrngc prodnre 1m1lec.l for tho \'l\rioui. CJ'Ol>K, "'' ii stood in per ru.:rc ru, OHll·

ISSJ.St. mated In l!SSHt.

sl Mnximmu n. •. A. P. lbs.

Rice 11 8 0 ) · · ( )l t;1U~mm 8 0 r 2G6

( :1la:-ci1nmu Indigo "l )1 JnilllUOl } Cotton c ~:.1.\ll!llJll\ I~ l "l )1i11l1•mm H f 2?0

Sug3r r M:,'tit:111m 4:\ 0

~I} I )linimurn .. :w 1(1

Opium I ~ftl,llHHll\ ;t\I 0 g } "l 3Jinilt\111H i!!i (I

Tolxlcco I i\laximum IS • 1) "l ~liuhnum ]'' 0

~ l H~

f lrrigntcc\ I ~Ja~l11111111 H 0 Wheat

"( Miuinium ll · · 't Unin1galou I Maxi111~nn JO 10 ~If ;J~

"( )lh1illllJ1ll ' J lrrignt.c1l I Molxilra11m (, 6 Inferior .. ( Minimum 3 0 ~ ·} grnins ( Unin·igntcd 5 M:t':h1111m 10 4i0 .. ( Mli1imu111 0

J lrrigntcd .. t Maxim nm 0 0 I Oil seed• Minimum i $ 0

{ UnitTii;~tcd .. l )l:l'<lmum fi JO 8 f 33'~

I )fi111un11H 4' 6 4

{ Jrri.;al.!J l \l:lximu1u l FtbrM .. ( )li11im111n

·' Uuirris::tlcd l )la'.\iUllllll ) .. ( )finirnum

Or"m .Ji:? llnr!ey ~~-' Bojra Juwar :s.,j 1·.,.o..,.blcs To~

l\OTE.-Thcao figure.:; n.rc taken Crom Table Xo. Xl ... \'I of the .Adminh;lration flcport.

Table No. X.XII, showing NUMBER of STOCK.

"

0

JIOJ.P. Dl~:TnJ<:T FOR 1Jtt: Yl·'.AHS

TAU~ILS TOR mz \"EAR 1s;g..~9.

1\.1~D 9F STOCK..

11s;3.;4· I.::_ J~~ng. l_::_I Shorkot. 156-S·'i!'.

°"'1 &n~ bullocks . 140,317 ~f1S1 !t3i l24J:250 53,~Mt 95,540 :i.;,•ro

Horia, !?,O'.ll 1,623 1."i f>2 ~;,o :.00 !,()'!

Pon;., 4S7 6li 23t.l JOO ·~ 81

°"n'ttyr 24 41•i&O ~,Z!>i 1,112 P42 01~

Sl:"P&Dd goata 2'J2,2H 2.'J!l,833 2'2l,5ti-O !\4,fl!'J~ ro.~~'O 63~81

fig.

<&inei. li,3[13 J!l,918 ~.39'J 4,152 !,ill:; !?,(jl

C&:t. 6

~h. 37J!iG5 3.1,894 41,i 31 li,883 11,~:! 11.~o

!<..ta ~9 24 Ji )~ -- 61 I

" • 'LV _,th Adwln~trotioL llcp11rt. ••0 tz.- Tbeoc liiruro• arc taken frvm Table No. A "' •

Jb.e.ng District ]

Table No. 'XXIII, showing OCCUPATIONS of MALES.

Nature of occupntions.

----------1 Tot'\\ popnl:ititlu n Occnpalt1lU ~pcd fit.J .• a Al!(TICUllnr.,1, whet her H-impk:

or comhi11c11. Civil AUmmbtr:i1iou

5 .\rul\~

Ii 1td1~h111 H.,rb.j r-4 Othur pr .. rK~ion" · .lfouoy-lt•1Hlc1--c1 g<>ncml 1 i t ·

J t.!r..;, p i.:tll:m-t, k c. 10 Ui!alul'l'l in (rrain a11d 1111111·

ll C11r11 ·~T1111l1~r..i, l"' n•ltt.:r'4, ,b·. 12 t:1111fccliu110.:t'11 grt:t,;ll·gn1ccl',

\\:(',

1$ c~rricr~ mhl hoatmcn H l..a.nrluw11cr'i l !\ 'J'cn:utb l ti J oint-cultivators

ti:!•i

!<~I 1..:1; til

4tlS

Slti :!ol

::ou

:t~I'\

!1'!0 t1.;1i

1.w: 'I I

1,0:! 1 1 1111~

l I ::11i 1,r,::"

I . 4.~70 .. _

I LS

~.~~I

h,'~'' I

: ;.~,1J.'tl 74'1

~on:.-Thcqc ligar ·s nri; t :\'kcu frvm T;\\,)c ~.,. X 11 A o( tho Ccnsua Jtc1 1rt of lbSl.

Table No. XXIV, showing MANUFACTURES.

Xii[

II - -·------1·-·-'---- ~-1 :i --1 4 I s I G I s n I 10 · --10~hr1·l --1- fu:i;;,--.- ])yeing•wl

:<ilk. Cotlou. I Wul•I. f:tl.- il'lpcr \food. hon. 1111d ~ml~- monu/actu"

- - ---- ·--·---- -·--· ·---------' liCl'\. , __ ------~~~ ~mnboror.rnills:md l.u~ofaclo1te<I .. .. .• I .. I . . I .. .. l .. .. ?\u1ul>:::o1 i1n \·atc loom~or sm.Lll I ~,HI 1(\/ 2 r, i,;:lO ~·~.I ~ 89 23.\

wor '"" · I I ·. Number of workmou f ~i:ile . . •

in b rgl) work~. l Fctn:\lc . . · ' · · Number of workmen in H1u"ll work~

or indopottdl:ut nrtiJ'l:1.11,.;. V1'1Uu of pl:'l.nt iu largi.: w11rkH .. l!14tinmtod 1mu11:t.l out-turu of nil

work"' iu rnpccM. 20,iO!;

Leather.

122

i;w3

2.8.i.~!JO I ~ur~.-Thcsc fib'\lrcg •re :ai.m fr•lru !Le H•!•Jrt en lnlcmnl 1':11ue and llnn11!acturc4 for ISSl·S:.

5!0

i,(2,100

:Ji'I"

From

Aknur

Wazirabod

lbmnngnr

Pindi Bhattbn

"l\'azirab.'d

R:i.mnag:lr

l'lndl flha l tian

"'il?.iraha.d

Ramn:\,aT

Plndi Dh~ttlnn

Mullan

Do.

Do.

llithankot

Do.

Do.

Jhelam

°"· Do.

f PunJa.'b Gazetteer,,

Table No. XXV, showing RIVER TRAFFIC .

TRADE. .A"P'T'Rgt: d1c.ratinn. of Yoyua< ;,. "'1~1.

PRINCtrA.L MERCHANDISE OARRJF.D. Di•·

tn11ce I D

~nm mer, Winter tnllea. To or low

OT floo<is. water .

. ----.. Mitbnnkot .. Grain of nil kinds, sugar, salt, spices, ght,

country cloth, silks, and wool .. 20 30 450-

.. Jhang .. Whel\t, gur, ghi1 country cloth, wool, cotton,

kupas, horns, halcl'\., b3lela, aw la, sarun, timber JO ](i 120' ·

.. Do. .. Ditto ditto ditt-0 . . 8 12 IOC>

.. Do. .. Ditto ditto ditto .. G 11 oa

.. Multan .. Ditt-0 ditto ditto .. 20 30 2»

.. Do. .. Ditto ditto ditto .. JS 25 2JO

.. Do. .. Ditto ditto ditto .. u 20 JS(>

.. Mitlunkot .. Ditto ditto Jitto .. 2.; 40 350

.. Do. .. Ditto ditto ditto .. 22' 36 S~C)

. . Do. .. Ditto ditto <\itto . . 18 30 300"

.. Wn?.iraOOd .. Iron, coco.,nuts, dates, bl.,ck pepper, mung, !Wljji 30 4:; 230'

.. Rnmnagnr Ditto ditto ditto .. 24 40 21(> ..

.. rindi Dhnttian .. Ditto ditto ditto .. 2J 3!i 180

.. Wazirab:ul .. llitto ditto ditto .. 60 co 360

.. R:mmngor .. Ditto ditto ditto .. 45 s~ 33C)

.. Pindi Dhattian .. Ditto ditto ditto .. 40 4:; 300

Multan Grnin and oil-seeds .. .. .. . . .. 20 3(i 250 .. ..

Sukkur Ditto .. .. .. .. . . 45 . Ga 50I) .. ..

Kotri ditto .. .. .. .. .. 00 00 700 .. ..

I Nou.- Thesc figures are taken from p:igcs 059, 060 cl the Ft.mine Report.

Table No. XXVI, showing RETAIL PRICES.

3 5 6 10 ll 12 13 J.I 15

NUMBER OF 51-:RS A::SD CHIT.iNKS P ER RUPEE.

T EAR. Wbent. I Darley. I Gram. 1~0~\~."' I Jawnr. J Dajra. Rice (fine).1 _u_'r_d_d_a_1_. _P_o_ta_t_o_••_· _<c_~c_0!_;,_c:,n_d'i_. _<_•~_;:_~_~r_d_).1 Chi (cow's). Firewood. \ Tobacco.

----1 s. I Cb. s. Ch. s. Ch. ~ Cb . _:__~I~~ ~~I_:__ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _:_ ~_:_~I 8. Ch.

2 25 11 23 5 . . . . 20 I ' 21 . . 5 I~ 12 I . . . . 2 14 2 13 2 . . _ 340 9 l 4 11 1861-62 ..

1362·63 ..

1363-6-1 ..

1364-65 ..

B65-66 ..

1366-67 ..

1367-63 ..

1368-69 ..

1369-70

1370-71

S71-i2

S72-i3 . .

S'i'S-74 ..

874-75 ••

1Si~76

876-77 ••

1877-78

1878-79 ..

1879-80

lSS0-81

1.'381. ~S'l

10

26

25

19

17

16

14

lS

11

14

17

23

18

23

20

27

16

11

11

12

1 8

2 40 2 32 s . • so 5 so 5 5 13 19 6 2 s 2 8 2 317 4 ' 4 s 13 42 SI 12 32 10 SS 2 6 13 20 12 • . l 7 2 7 2 2 298 9 ! 4 7

9 29 a 25 a 23 (i 23 13 o s 17 l 2 2 13 2 l 261 4 I 12 2J 7 24 12 21 21 5 9 16 l I I .. I 2

9 22 14 22 10 • . 21 21 4 10 15 10 2

15 20 8 19 6 18 10 lS 10 4 10 13 l

7 19 2 H 15 16 5 16 5 4 9 9 9

9 15 15 11 10 H 15 12 9 4 5 10 6

s

8

8

19 11 15 6 17 4 12 9 4 ; 13 6

25 8 19 28 25 22 . . 5 4 16

31 23 30 31 . . 25 • . 5 26

24 27 • • 24 . 2i .. 6 8 16

8 so so n o u 28 28 23 . . 7 16

12

12

11 3

2

l

2

2

2

~

2

s

l

4

I

13

1

4

6

9

12

4

28

86

27

29

24

18

17

19

32

84

28

83

22

12

36 35 . • S2 • . 6 20

16

10

s 2 1- 10

8

12

12

14

17

2S

8

8

8

~ a u s 14

13 u 12 . • s ·a s 13 13 14 . . 5 11

20 16 16 5 "12

~ ~ " 5 8 16

8

8

10

6

8

s 10

2

2

:1

8

10

8

3

8

2

s s 3

2

2

2

~

13

5

3

5

5

12

6

13

14

4

4

10

l

l

1

l

l

l

l

l

l

l

l

l

l

1

: I

9

8

8

8

6

6

8

9

l~

15

11

10

11

9

7

7

10

210

198

198

198

198

19$

213

213

240

240

240

213

200

160

200

!SO

200

14

12

12

12

12

12

.. I

3

3

4

4

5

4

4

6

6

6

6

5

4

l4

s 10

12

12

10

3

8

: I .-.· I

lG

Salt (Lo.hol'l).·

s. I Cb.

12 2

10 2

9 ll

9 9

9

9

10

10

9

9

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

11

lr

]2

12

9

13

2

l

15

14

10

8

8

12

8

12

1·2

12

8

~

f S! ~ :;:.!.

~

for tho~~~;;;.~ ~rer:i:0;~~ ~ ':~fo~~= ~:1Y~~~~~~u;:8i!T1a~lo i0o:"Xt';ir~j~'!111~~';°raif~i: ::p:~ ~~1r!~~~!i':f"~~~!;!7~· the~ =~°nt ttt:: :s~e~~0~i H ~·74Mr. ~

[ Puujab Ga.zot.teer,

Table No. XXVII, showing PRICE of LABOUR

1 2 I 3 I 4 I 6 6 I .. s I n 10 I 11 12 I 13 ------ --'VAGh!S OF l1.\80UR l'&R DAY. CAR'rs Pt:U. DAY. CAMl:l..S Pim DAY DONKEYS l'&H.

llOATH PER DAY. 8CORJ.; Pir:R VAV,

YEAR. SJ:illtd. I U111killttl.

Uighos~::: 1111gho•ll I.owe.•!. "''""'i '·~-· llii;hosl l..owc•l Uighest. Lowest. llli;hcol Lowc•l

--- ·-&.A.P. Ila. A. P. Ila.A.I'. Hs. A. r. &.A.P. RR. A. P. R8.A.P. l~r.8-69 .. 0 G 0 0 ~ 0 0 2 6 1 8 0 0 6 0 =~ l:? 0 1 8 0 1673-74 .. 0 s 0 0 6 0 0 4 0 0 2 ll I l~ 0 0 s r ll 0 :i l:? 0 5 0 0 1878-79 .. 0 s r 6 0 0 4 0 0 ~ 1; l 0 Oj 0 I~ ! 0 s 0 6 c ~ l~ o. 3 ~ ( 2 8 0 •> 0 0 187P·80 .. 0 8 (I 0 6 0 0 4 0 0 2 ro o, 0 l~ ( 0 ~ 0 v 0 :l 1:! 0 , :I 2 ( t 8 01 2. 0 0 18S0·81 .. 0 8 0 0 r. 0 0 4 0 0 2 ti 1 0 0 0 1~ j 0 " 0 (I !I 0 :c I'..! r 2 ( ~ R 01 ~ 0 0 1881-82 .. 0 8 0 0 G 010 .J 0 0 - (j l 0 0 0 l~ i 0 $ oi o ij oj J 12 0 ~ 2 ( ., 8 0 2 0 0 '

NoT&.-l'hcsc figures are t.akcu fro111 l'ablo No. Xl,\'I II of the Adruiui.natlou I:cport.

Table No. XXVIII, showing REVENUE COLLECTED. - ----------2-,-,-1 -1-4 ---, 1; I --------------!---- ~'lncln.1t- --- ----'-----1----~----

8 9

YEAR.

IRUS·C.9 1&;~-70 JM70·71 1871·7Z 1872·7'.J 1A7a·74 187~7~ 1$7.H~ 187ti-77 1817·7R 1878·7~ 1879·80 JbSl).~l 1881-82

Fi:cr<l inJ,!at1J. 1..1-"\n1l '.\I ist•cl· Tribute.

ll.oV4.(J111U. );11:.ll~:~lS Ht.:\'CllllC.

--------· st.,rnpa. Spirit.•.

ToL'l C'olloc· tio111.

·------- ---- ----------------~172/1 ~:! tl:'!,<i08 l,S·t:I 1,!r.ll 3ti,:J78 •,0!>,342 2,7J,!oi.'tl7 117 ... tlN ~.2.J!i 2,07:? a1,:~rn 4,IJ,118 !!,1i!l,X'i'1l l,l"t\-1,:!:1'\ 3, IS:! 2,42:J :li?,~ 4,li,029 ~,,;!l,H!'10 114'-:1

11U:.? Jro.418 ~,:a;o 2,.Cfi7 ?l,li7 f,fi8,474 2,iit,2'i6 ] ,:l~1, 1l7 l~.4~~ 2,iSl 2.4:!0 :·fi,:kJ.4 4,70,400 :!,7!•.:m;, 1.~1i/1')4 ~:-.o:.J :!,ti~'\ 2, l!~~ 37,000 4 ,75',i!>S :~,l":!,:s'{:? 1,1!1,:;19 !?.\:,.;1 :t,:!l'l 2,tm2 38,871 4,7:!,2J;'i 2,s:l,J7l l,f"r.15!10 :!\l::fl ;l,14) 3,:.lflli fl.WO f,68,Sll '.!,S"1,ft1i:! t•'\,0.!l) ~1.::11 :t,2:!i :t,srt.; 41,~04 4.~m,:l..~ :!,~·i,Oi:! ~· ··. Mtt ~ ... n.i =~.:.'!n 4,:!il 4fl.~C.'3 4,r>n,:oo 2,7!1,l Ii 1,01.0•'' :a.:n:. !?,n1:4 =~.uoo -li,~'-'1 4,~11!8 2,iS/1~~ ~17,:!10 !P/1!"1i ~.:-;.it;~ :i,01!.' [lt},ti:t;t 4,u;,ll•O 2,1;1i/i27 l ,1u,1;:!:! :14A~i :J,:!~ ~.7:!6 !1!i,05H r1,2'>1i10 3,1-l,tibS I l,:!~\S0:1 I :1.J,,"'!i.\ :i,1:10 !!,'-HS b(i,0~1 b,41,366

Nots -These figures arc taken fro11t T lblo )fo. XLl V 1,f th2 H.uvl.!nno H1·1>i>rt. Tl1'-' following rcv.Jnuo is excluded:-• •

1 Canal, li'oro.'it&, Customs a11d &lit, A<\81.:~IJd 'l';~xcx, Ji'ccJ, LlcdSCs."

Table No. XXIX, showing REVENUE DERIVED from LAND. 2 " 1 -~ · 1-;; 1~ 1-s - -u -,-;o- 1 JI 1 12 1 IS

--------- -1----

YEAR.

Dialrict Fi9ura. Total of 5 ye:ir,._

1868-d9 to 1872-73 Tot&! of 5· yean;-

li!7l>-7t to 1877-711 1878-79 1879-W 1680-81 1881·82 .•

Tohsil Totals for.; ycars-187i-;8 t.o 1881·82.

Tah811 Jhang ,, Cbiniot

Sborkot

<> ~ 0

" 5 ~

" .. ;! :;; -; -s " -:.< ~ ~=

13,74,937

!4,H,71R 2,Si,~J'i 2,AA,:f;58 2,81,1)'.;l;; 3,14,775

~~ ., c -:= 0

"~ -o e a"tS,...:.. """"' £:.~ g :J~ .., O r.J

g~~ c:-----

5,86,003

5,Jl\Q.'17 1,00,041;

!lfl60!> 1 ,112::,!l~ 1,~-l,3S.1

J.'J,UCTl!ATl.!'00 Ur.V>:NU£.

---·- ·--d 1'0~~ "

... .. ~

Im '"' ~~ :E . .:! ~ .: - ~a '?. =' ~

o.E ~ ~ tcii - :5 ·C ~~ 0 ,, ~ <:.) e r:::i

"'!:! " ~ ::: :;'; -.,, - ..,., ".) ag :, ~ _.,, S·d ~-g~ "= 1l c >::::: ~~ ::::> 0 t! I'"'" "" i;: s ~.a :i::- :::- - ~;..,

- - - --- ---:?U,552! 1~.~f 4G,49;;

~1,J.';2 31,!l2S' IR,!'>flf· 11,f>IO 2,niul s,1•2!1

1,09f1 f>,l~i U/134 1,Rfi2 61 Z!)1; 2,:(e Bi,O~:{

2,05P 7,571 3,407 48,M5

lflSCRLLA...~EOUS REVENUE..

Gra:in9 due&.

~~ "' ·§ "~ S5 " =- ,.. ~ c" "';;l " - " >.O >,<>

l'l -c:i:;: --- - -3,48,9$4 71,28:

00,•37 3,41,014 ti!J/,01 .. Ci!J,;j()',! fol;,472 66,682

=~ ? "

~~ 0,, ~a _., o.c o.>!

~e --.JG,004

:n,i94 7,124 6,264 5,762 6,()611

., " 0

~Q "" =" "" ~~

e~ ~.§ -;;

rn - ..J::._

G!',aof 5,40,408

7,911 4,97,905 64 811,:!06 64 8'l ,tl71 44 ;.~1Sli!l 84 75,868

71 1,0~,269 I 1,71,77~

I.II ~1,700

. fi are taken from Tables Nos. I and Ill of the Rc,·cnuc Ucport. ::>on.-Tbeoe guros

J'h a.ng Dtstrict. J ~Tii

Table No. X.XX, showing ASSIGNED LAND REVENUE.

I I 2 I s I 4 I 5 J

6 I l I I -7 8 Q 10 II

T oT.\I. A REA. AND REv&xuB MJ1Ho10:11. Pr.1uol> or AtllilOtlllt•T.

-TAIJSIT,. Whal~ 1'illagr:1.

Fmcli£1ual pa1·t3 ()/ l'iliuges.

/'lot•. Total. /11 perpttuity,

JhLng

Chlnlol

Shorkol

------- ---.,.----i------- ----;-----.-------1 Arc:i.. Rel"en11c. Area. Revenue. Arc:\. llovenuo. Arca. Rcvcnuo. Arc:l. Revenue.

- ------ ---------------- ---1-ti,129 2, 15ti 8,471 2,074 2,4J3 3,427 lY,033 7,C!>i 7,~24 2,132

376 -~~ ! ! ,311 3,192 2,6S7 3,5'iG P31

l , lSl 3~7 G,27i 521 1,003 1,741 8,461 2,059 0,522 620 ------- --·--- ------- ---1-

Totnl District .. ~, 2,~ti:l J!j,\~~ 2,9; u 5,i41 8,SGO 30,181 l~,8~2 14,Gi7 S,t!G

12 I 13 J H -I 15 I IG l 17 I 18 I 19 20 l 21 122 I !3 I 2• I 25

p.,:1uoo or A5SlOSMENT.-Concl1rclcd. NU:.10£11 OF Ao810'1EES.

TAUSIL.

Jh&ng

Coln lot

Sborkot

Foi· 1'N.l'>'t lirtl D1tri119 111~int•· 1 Pt.1di"g For one lif~. 1UUtCt of b'tta~· Ortltr3 of t!utn ont. lilhment. !i'oi:crnmcnt.

i-3

,;

g .; ;:: 0 ,; " " " " e- " ~ 1l " ~ " " d " d .. " .. 8. 0

~ .. " .. ~

.. ~

.. .. " ~ ~ ~ C! !! t: -<l ~ -- --- --· - - - ------------- - --

2,337 1,li2 l,03G 654 101 144

1,211 2,370 512 612 99

.. 511 I, 15i .. .. 247 18:. l,lSI 897 28 53

~ ,; .'l " § '3 " ~ , !!

~ " "' 1! B a , .. B.; .. .9

·§ ~ '" "' " ,.~ . :.. ~ "' ~ ---- - --17 7

21

--- ·-----:- - ---- ------~ --·--1·--l·-+---

.. u,o:i.; , 7,391 I s:.G I 23:. 3,096 1,SG9 2,217 951 1GS 232 s Tot<>! Dloi.rict 60

~ou:.-1'hcse fi~urcs :tr c takou frnm T:\b~c ~o. Xll of t ho Ruvonuo Report !or 16Sl-62.

Table No. XXXI, showing BALANCES, REMISSIONS and TAKAVI.

Baltutcu nf lctH.d >'trtnue Rcducllono of i1l J'Upttl. 6xed domand T .. ko.vl

YEAR. Fluctu~tlnk on Lccnunt of advo.ncoaln Fixed and mlscel· bad eea.,on,, rupeea.

rovcnuo. laneoua deterioration, revonuo. &c., In rupees.

-- ----------1808-69 .. .. 1,704 177 4,290 1809-70 ; .. 1870-71

.. .. 11,43 .. 71 835 1571·72

.. .. 3,577 .. .. l,480 1872-73

.. .. 3,526 .. 75 6,9~

lSiS-74 .. .. 4,756 .. 249 P,005

18i4-75 .. .. b,402 .. 625 R,775

1s1;.n .. .. s,~ss 73 2,514

1876-77 .. .. 6,811 236 93 ~H

1877-TS .. .. 6,531 2.;6 166 ..

1878-79 .. R,OVS 150 181

ls7•-so .. .. 8,l\07 906 8!.S 2GO 1830-81

.. .. 7,870 1,852 148 .. 1881-82

.. .. J.~.389 6,169 S;JO .. .. .. 3/)80 4,734 21 200

-~ou. Iheeo fiiuru are taken from Tablet lio•. T, ll, Ill, and XVI of tbe R...-enut Rero(tl

m

niil { Punjab Gazetteer,

Table No. XXXII, showing SALES and MORTGAGES of LAND.

-------1'---_LI _::__1_1_:_4___!_1 _:__5 I o I 7 I s I 9 I 10

SALES OP LAND. lloaTOAOE.:i OP LAND •

YEAR. .Agricultu,·i1ta. lfon-Ayriculturi1t~.

. laud lu urchaoe No. ol la::d;;, Purchl\SC No of Arr.~ of/ p A f

- ------------ - 1 cases. ~~ ~ ~ acres. ~ DISTRICT F JOURt:S.

o. o 1 d . Mortgage cases. an tn N f Area ol ~~

Total of 6 yeal'll-!StiS-69 to 15;3.7i . .

Total of 4 yoara-!Si4·75 to 1Si7·i8 ..

716 · 13,1571 l,5!1,Si3 .. . . . . --- - ---- ------- 1~ _2_•_,583_

278 4,343 6P,93Cl 98 l , 103 25,2.59 517 S "'I

J,i0,263

l8i8-i9 . . 1879-80 .. 1880-81 .. 1881-82 ..

---1----1--- .~

Ill I---;;- 5,393 ~ ~ 26 ~-l5 i ,b:iG 156 2,.'>."•6 2S !l82 9, i:i2 49 700

110 1,557 24,084 %99 4,404

---107 1,304 24,948 299 2,844 5,,804 4~ HS 15,6i2

130 l,688 43,592 ----------

1,09,G-02

55,000 30,389 l~.5119 G3,650

TAHS!C TOTALS FOR 5 VF.AM-

Jhang Chlniot Shorkot

187 f.78 l"O 1581 ·82. 812 2,A5-t !:<'.! 2,44$ 2321 2,200

79.7f>! 21,883 61,bllO

P!l 59 53

1,154 871 870

~1 ___ 1 ~J__:i __ J 14 1 15 1

28,MG 10,921 1[,,t.100

16

4,rM ~.010 3,023

01,Pii 38,~12 GG,HM

I 17 1·- 18--0!- 1-g -

---'---'-----MOR"!'OAO~ ~,.. L.\SD.- COJl· 1 , ____ _::clUliCft. nr.ot:Ml'TIONtJ OF MoRTOAOED LAND.

Non·A o:ir.t~~~~, ___ A!1~·'~"llu riff.I, 1fnn.· Agl'iculturi1t1.

N r Art·aof 'I N f Area of Arc f o. 0 l:u1J in ,J ortpgo I o. 0 laud in Mortgage No. or a~ llortgr\g

ca.'Jes. acres. money. ca.~.s. ~~ ~ 1:'!~n money. D1sTn1cr P1ouR?-:.,. - ----- - 1-

T_ot<_•_l_o_f_6_y_c_·~_'-s_-_1_~u_·s_-o_·!_H_11_1_s_rn_._•_4_._._.1__·_· _ . . -·~-~

Total of4 yeara-1S>4·i5to187i-78 .. 2321 4,PGG __i;::,1i;~ ____::._ 1,lll!l 12,152 10;; l,i26 8,0S2

1878·79 .. 1S7fl·SO . . 168().MI .. 1681-52 ..

~7 242

:.?:~

120

7!i6 R,014

186 l,H9

---

10.~2-1 !!O 5R,;t411 l4 :,,-.:q 1:.

27, IPJ 10-;

- -- ---

!:1,;,? ! ,503 11 62 l,2~ ~fq i 2,215 21 168 2,9i5 . ~" l,!i04 .. ..

1,::.'0 1· 162 .. .. --- ----,___ ___ - --TAUSIL Tar.u.s :roR :> vt.:AR.1-

Jharig 1877-78 TO 188J.82.

.. .. .. .. 74 1,286 rn,4.12 .. " .. Chin lot .. .. .. ., 20 :wtt 2,2i7 .. Shorkot .. 468 6,446 115,690 73 l,OJ9 9,422 40 SIS 5,&3g

Nou.-Tho•o figureoaro t.~ken from Tables Nos. XXXVand XXXV B of the Revenue Report. No detail.a for trnnsfera by &!l'l'lcu\turist• and otho,.., and no figures for redomptlon, aro amilable before 1874-70. The figures for earlier ;eara Include aU aalca and mortgag"1!.

YEAR.

1R77·78 .. 1878-79

" 1879·80 .. 1880-81 .. 1681-82 ..

Table No. :XXXIII, showing SALE of STAMPS and REGISTRATION of DEEDS.

2 • 1 5 6 1 I 8 I 9 1 10 I n \ 12 13

INCOME FROM SALB OF OPER.\TlO:'<S OF TIIE REOISTRATIO::< DEPARTMENT. STA" PS.

Rtctii>tl in ruptti Ntt u1c01nt in No. of dttd• rt:1i1ttml . I l'alut of pro7>trty afftcltd,

~!!:...___ in TtlJ'>ttl.

;i ~ -=-b "'f ;. :; e g, (; e ..

Cl - .. ""' ~ 0 .. "' 0 .... -o :0 -.:. ~.:i :a

~ :a .<:- (; -:l t: 0 .g ..; ~t~ • .!> 0 .; - ~~ E.. E.. Q i:5 ~ ...,.; a ,,, ... t' <i Cl ;:j ~ 1! "" i~ .. ~

:a " :a " "0 ... "0 se ,. .. "0 ~:;i 0 0 5a& o a& o·- o..i .§ .. .2 & o-

" " - ~ :;~· ..., z ..., z I-< ... ... E- ..., I-< - - -- - - - - - -- ----- ----35,389 ~.9.~2 34,Rr.4 9,572

~, 103 32 7;,7 2,2fl,(>4• S,986 !R,261 2,51,iPI

311,J:lO 11,814 32,0!iU 11.2.:5 I 56 :14 728 1,87,490 2,920 17,111 2,07.467 42,0i4 14,r.59 8i,64a 1:1,s:>S 7!i0 2 31 sr,2 2,~4. 119 180 12,403 2,49,624 38, 11 7 16,039 3!i,G88 16,181 1,0.16 8 3-1 1,232 ~.45,169 1,900 18,095 S,b5,3t4 40,251 15,780 85,ti68 15,092 sos 15 23 1,0;5 S,28,708 5,009 12,241 S,45,958

Non:.-These figu res aro taken from Appendix A of the Stamp and Table• :-i•;s, II and III of the Re11l1trallon Repon.

Jba.ng District. 1 xiii::

Table No. XXXIIIA, showing REGISTRATION ..

T

1880·81. 188l ·R2.

Compul· Optional. I Totnl. Compul- Ontlonol. aory. aory. " Total.

- ----- ·------------i---- ---- --- - ---- - -

.. .. " l 2 0 6 .. e Regl•trar Jb~ng

llub-Reifstrar Jba"i .. .. ... 5r.8 167 i 25 439 152 60l

" Chin lot .. .. .. 107 93 200 HS 67 • 205 Shorkot .. .. .. ~15 83 2lld 207 Ge 2)8

" ------ -----·-- - ---

Total or dl•lrlct 887 845 1, 232 800 275 1,075

No-rn.- These figuros are· taken· from·Tilblo :;'o, r of the Reg istration Report.

Table No. XXXIV, showing LICENSE TAX COLLECTIONS'..

I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 \ a r 7 \ 8 I 9 i 10 I n I 12 I 13 !(' I 15

NulfBER or L1c £sSES onA~TED 1s i:Acn Ci.Ass AND GRAD£. i----, Tot-.l Number

1'EAR. C/a" I. Clau ff. Cltu• !//. number Tobi of vlllagea of amount In ,..htch

•-- -- \Ileen.ea of fees. , llrenoes 1 2 I :; I 4 1 I i I 3 4 1 2 a . granted

Rit. R•. R•. Tl•. ____ 500 200 1 ~0 100 n. 1& Ill. bo,n.. 2· n • . 10

1 n •. & n.. 2 nc. 1

·-------- - ------ --------~

1~78-;9 .. .. 1879-80 .. .. 1880·81 .. .. 1881·82

f~~ ..

Tahsil d:etalls

9 4 2:'.! 11, 412 1,0!oO ~.on A,5~8 lS,214 2il,260 .. 8 i 27 116 415 1,007 I 2,922 7,948 12,610 28,8!i2 .. 9 14 3T 201 Pf.2 :: I :: .. 1,22, IM15 !9S 9 I+ 39 2~3 ! r.o~o .. 1,327 19,850 !9

1s.q1.s2-

:: I :: :: I ::

81 I Jhang Chiniot Shorkot

.. ..

.. ..

.. .. 6 6

13 1 528 .. .. .. 6~4 9,005 1 04 .. ~ 10'

Ml 2"9 .. .. ~~7 5,0llO 11 8

l 6 lo s;,. 228 1 .. ..

I .. 880 5,755 71 : : 1, : ~

Table No. XXXV, showing EXCISE STATISTICS.

8 I o ! 10 i 11 1 12

FERMENTED LIQUORS. INTOXICATING DRUGS.

13 I 14 . I 16

EXCISE RF:VENUE FROll

xx

YliR.

1574·76 1876·76 1876·71· 1877· 78 lll78·7Q 187P-80 1890·81 1881·92

Non.

[Pui:\la.b Gaut.teer,

Table No. XXXVI, showing DISTRICT FUNDS.

I --- --'---~nnu.at incow i11. ru.pca,.

RS.Ml S",!fiiO 40,033

.;,

" .!! Q •

"" "'" -o ;i;

e::> 336

31.553 2710.H 2.S,773 2:1,li76 ~1,4:lt ?.4,tiV 39,J16 4.U,7UV

5

1, 400 1 .vt~ 1,:19:1 "000 2:100 2,h')() 2,1!~ t,120

6 8

A'ntt.ual t.rptnditurc i:i rupcu .

6,731 G,n~ li,ti7l 6,136 6,!);,9 i ,1:.2 " ().;?'

6:s10

1,766 1,070

G,}J f\00

1,411 l,4'i0 !,.SOI 1,168

ro.

9,971 10.l()j 12,0.\9

i,681 G,~22 ~,1iZ2

f./J17 t>,f-16

II

~5.8'5 ~G,229 20,i"iO 2'1,i!'7 n•) $34 2-!'.~-:4 2!\,2-l'' 2:i,H6

Th !do fig-urea at J ~'\k"" from App"ndlco1 .\ anJ Il lo tho A1innal Ho<low of Dlstrlcl l'uncl oporatlrm•.

Table No. XXXVII, showing GOVERNMENT and AIDED SCHOOLS.

l

Tua.

1~;7. 78 l87P~ H7NO ;~10.q1

1831·S2

1877-78 1878·7~ 1873-SJ 186~·~1 188l·S~

12 I 3 I t 15 l± HIO!l SCUOOLS. . ESOL13Il. I Y=r'""· CULAR .

--Gootr1t· Aii:k;t. I Gortr1t·

tM1\t, m-i:nt. ---~ --

" ,, 0 = .\(

~ 0 .g .,,

It 10 )~ 21

~

0 _g <>

"'

r. ,; I . ... : ~ " -.; 0 ~ 0 ~ ""LJ !~ rn "'

8 I' 9 ! 10 I !I I 12 J 13

MrnDLF: scnoor,s.

Es..JL1s:r. Vc:n:i;..Ctn.An

G1J?.·crn· I Aidtd. Gol·trnintn!. T.U ;tt.

------

I ~

I r! ~ ,; ,; .; -;

I~ ~ 0 " -; 0 0 ~ -" .c ..:I u .<I ., "

.., " .J 7l . en en :r. "' -FIGURES FOR llOYS.

1~1 I ~ 701 ll4! 4 6:!9 1 -~a ~\ )I; ; I H

121 1 ~ I 4a

FIGt.:Ims r on om1~'>.

11 I I

IS \ rn \ 1r I 18 j 10 \ 20 j 21

Pl1.D!.\RY SCHOOLS .

Es~LI3H. I Y .!:Jt~;.\C-UL.\R,

G,,'J:!rn· I Autd. I Gorcrltnitnt. nmt.t. Aidtd..

~ ~1-; ; f .. ,;

& ·- 1 " g 0 - & -,; " 0 0 0 .0 -;] .c .., .0 A A .0

" CJ :.> " " " " "' rn :.n ".fl "' .,, cD I al

23 1.0~1 2 i 130 21 l,!l'l6 s 12~

5'\.1 26 l,~2

1 ·· ~:.!l 2G 1 ,20.~ .. !iM6 26 J,244

I

··I ·· 10 29? .... 8 2;2

:: l :: I

8 2~4

R 2•-~ 8 2aJ

N. n .-Sl'lce 15-9.so, In tlie c:."''" of both Govcrnruont nnd Aided Srhools, tho•e •cbnh ... only who ba•e completed the Mlddlo S :hool cour"c are e1lown In tho rehrm• M nltcnding Hi~h School•, nnd tho•• o!ll:V "ho ha<o C•Jmplcted tlie Prlmnr; sc;,ool C'11r•e a re shown M nttcnding Mltldlo SchC>'>l•. l'n>vlou• ~,, that ycor, t.Oy, Att: nd­incr the Urp'r Pllrr.an· PeJ>"rtmcnt '>'ero lncludod In tho return• oC Middle Schools m the rMe of lnatlluUon1 unior the- 1,.,:r.o..ihte "cont-rol of the Educ!ltion DeJl"rlment, whil•t in Institutl~n• nnder District Officcra, boy• 1tt.crd'n1; b t't thJ U1>1"'r and Lower Prim'lr.v llCJl"rtmen!A were inolud<>i in Middle School•. In th• ca.•e of .AMod lu•tit•;t\·n•, " Eligh 5,!:0'll includod tho )liddlo R'ld Prim:ny Dop:irtDle!'ts att.Achc-1 t<> it; nll'l a >l 'dJle School, tho Pl-iTl'a7 Dera··tment.. Ilcforo 1879·50. llr:mchc• of Government Achoo!•, 1f •upportcd on the gmnl·ln-•ld qstem. went cJatttc..d a, Aidod &:ho~h i in th!! rcturnci; for 1S7:>.qo :md suhACqmmt yean they h:\Vc b:?Cn ~!to~tn t\, Government. Schools. Br.J.nches of Eni;li~h BchMl<:i. wh~thcr G1J'Vcrnmeut or Aided. t.b:l.t wore f•>rmorlr incladed a.mnngt;t Vornn.cutnr ~hoolA, aro no.,. returned 3• English School•. Hence tho roturn• l>cforo 1379·80 do not a!Tor.1 tho mo3n1of m~ldni: a a&U•factory compcarlton will> the statistic.• of •ub8'lqucnt ycnrs.

Indigrnnu• Sehocla and Jail Schoc.l• are nol lncluJ.-J in tholC retunu.

.Jhang District. 1 Xlti

Table No. XXX.VIII, showing the working of DISPENSARIES.

I I 2 I s ! 4 I ,, I 6 I i I 8 I 9 I 10 I JI I 12 I 13 I H I 15 I 16 I 17

--::- ~ ~ I--"--- Mm. t.;l'u>18m or P;,~:.::~ Tl\EAT£D. Cllil.frt11, -

Dispensary. rn

1 ~ [ 118n. J ms. J 1s79. \~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1sso. \ 1ss1. 1m. ~ ~ 1sso. 1 1~ -__,,.--i-- -- I I -

l Mng . . c. II. . . 8,HG 17,1031 ~.SH 9,~r.2 .. ! ,SOI 2,531 2,567 2,631 .. 2,005 1,888 2,040 ,2,m

Do. br.mch Jrd . . 4,GiU 4,001 I 6,\20 6,612 . . 1,G-OU 1,365 !,id! 2,022 ·• 1,762 11455 l,IJS9 1,8i6

. . 5,1G2 4,iR2 [11G!)6 6,.'Hfi . . 1,021 21541 1,8S7 2,287 . . 1,24S 1,781 1,66G J,MS

. . 6,?.Gi 5 t09 I G,122 r.,s;o I . . s,Gd2 2,;00 2,559 2,906 • • 2,212 J,949 1,928 1,gs;.

. . 6,224 ~:,,rn 1 4,8% I s,116 . . 3,oso i 1,301 1,401 2,220 . . I z,735 2,461 1,689 11,s:s

.. ~,49G 3,00~ ' '"2'91 o,1~2 ._·_· _1_2,781 ~,153 ~I S,702 _._. _ 2,i97 2,GPl ~ 2,554

Totnl .. \ .. -.-. - :ll,0<4 128/•19(7,!•oi13~,S~ij .. ,H,854! 1 ~,65 il U,0221

15,7(;3 . • 1 12,1011212~; 11,u,12,;0

Shorkot

'2nd

. . 2ncl

Chlnlot . . !st

Ahmadpnr . . 2nd

1--1-~J_~~L. ~I_ 22 23 1 24 I 25 I 25 1 21 zs I w 1 so 1 31 I 32

I'§ a . Totri.l l 'aiieutA. /nAiom· Pcrtit1'll. &ptndihtrt i1' Ru""'"·

~fa.me (\f ;;: '5.:--. _ _ _ _ ,~

Dlspcn""ry. a w - I I [;;5 ~ !Sii. 1876. 18<~. !RSO. 1:;81. 1S7i. 1878. 1879. 1800. 11181. 1Si7. 18i8. 1879. 1880. Wll. ------: - -· ----, ·--· ---- ---- -- -- --- ---- ---- --

" C. II. .. I l,n·,2 11,'>22 1;,1;;1 H,661 .. ~M 341 498 478 .. 3,200 S,781 8,214 2,452 I

. . 81010 ; fi,821 fl,tiO Hi,:J<h1

Jh>ng

Do. branch.. :lrd .. " .. 1,032 1,243 ;94 590

Shorkot . . 2nrl .. s,:~:io i rt,104 !'1 210 10,32:; lH !?Si .. 1,134 l,!?42 1,354 l,Sl5

. . 1~1241 1 fl,SlS IC\,rt:lf 11,:'l~'l

1 12,0;1~17,:IS4 ;,,so ~.Hin . . 0,074 ! 9,7{,2 11,-130 ll ,10~

- .. - :Gl,072 :54,401 .;3,~;5 liji,~.1;

Cblnlot

Abmodpur .. 2n•J

" 3;:1 10~ 2H 231 .. 2,24G 2,248 2,3il ~.r,:,o

" 31l 196 . 7Gl 749 1,071 1,196

" .. 00 105 .. 684 625 805 771

-- --~ ----,_ ----------..

I PIS :,:}:, 081! 1,35!1 .. 9,155 9,~ss 9,608 P,016

NoTE.-Thc•e figures arc taken Crum Tables Nos. 11, IV, >nd \'of the Dlspcnoary Report.

Table No. XXXIX, showing CIVIL and REVENUE LITIGATION. -I J· __ l s I 4 I 5 6 I 7 I 8 ~ ------- - -

Nv1R'1tr of Ciril .s,,;,, t0ttetrnin9 ral1u: in rHptJ"& nf Suit.I COJLCtrning •

YEAR I P.ent ond \ fond n~cl I Numbcro! )ioncy or . . . Reven no mo~i'\hlo tcii.ia·y I rernnne, Toto!. L•nd. Othor Toto.I. caaiea. proporty. rii;hu.. ~~~S!~:r. m•tt.-Ors.

----- -1808 .. .. 4,iPJ 165 i f1".! !i,711 .. J,S0,490 1,80,~90 6,04~

1679 .. " 4,;53 206 635 b,S'.!4 J t,i4i J,i0,Z';'6 1,85,023 5,~

1880 .. .. 6,212 I 84 I 1,1';'~ 6,{71 ·~7Z4 2,17,101 8,136

I 1,71,380

1881 .. 4,148 "

\

20

I 831 5,{99 3~,972 1,oo,g19 2,02,sg1 G,84G ·

1882 " " 4,530 20 290 6,&!l

I 4,840 31,309 1,H,338 2,05,GH

NOT•--Tbe•c fl'!ltrC3 nro uken f T hi N · d Ill >f Ibo ~port.. on c 1\-i1 .J n•tice for 1{:1m ;

1;:; os. \I and VII of the CITil Reporl from 1878 to 15801 and Noe. II • .0

• S•nL'I ho-.d in :l-O·tictncnt c t on ·1· bel • avl\lluble. • our 8 •r• ex< adod from these oolu:nns, no details of the nluo of the proporty n.

uii

[ Punj.ab Gazetteer Table No. XL, .showing CRIMINAL TRIALS. '

DETAIL S.

BrougM to trial Diacbarg<-d .Acquitted Convicted .. Committed or referred

I Summona ~• (regul.\r)

• l 8i8.

1,9:o 616 401 b:,g

4

187~.

~.PU i92 2'l.~ ~9S

18

6'

1882.

I ,. (suu11nary)

Warrant C"'9C9 (regular) .. " (sutnmn.ry)

Total CMOS dlopo•e<l of

522 477

670 658 887 i,oso 6 2

!l-05 l , 19i l, 157 Doath . . --------Transportation for life .. • l

---------2.

,, for a term Penal ~l'vitndo

·~ ---ra- --421 1---,,.,12"'s-111s 1~7 SSi SIY

~'ino nnc\or Hs. IO ., 10 t r> r.o n111C::~

bl> t <> 100 .. ., 100 to 500 .. 500 to 1,000

Over 1,000 rupees

5 I~ 88 18 4 2 4~ t

Iml>riiOilm;;;;;un~t;:-;;u~nAd~er~<•1~n~1o~n~ths;::---..:.~.----..:~----'~a-·t-;-l ~ 10 6 mou ths to 2 ye3rs U!l 10:!

Whipping over 2 ycnrs p 8

I-Find sureties of the pc.'co Recogul'13nce to keep the pMcc Give sureties for good bchn.v~our

.. , --4--1-p~ ~: · · 2 · · :u;

401 11; 14 9:1 13

!n7 g~

' 53

4© 154

4 62

Table No. XLT, sh:>wing P.:>LIC] INQUIRIES.

2 I s \ 4 I 5 I 6 , -·,-1-;-r~-Tl~--, 11 -12 I 13 I 14 I H I JG

u11wtr 1'>,r Ce&lt! rnquu t rn to. iiuuiMnrd. Nu1nber f>.f J)t1'.!1Jn.& cott.vfrtul. ---;;-:::--.,---. -. -. d -. --i~-o;:--,;cr;;;;, .. --u;,-;;M-,;;:

Nature of olfooco. I 1 ---- --. -, ---- I ~ _:_ _:_ 1880 1_:_ 1877 _::_1_:_,_:_,_:_ 18i7 _:_ _:_11880 1881 .

Rioting or unlawful I B88embly . . 5 4 I 1 18 SS 27 23 19 1.-.s 36 12 IS 17 11

llurder and attemptw to murder . . 2 6 3 7 I 6 12 4 ~ S I 5 2 3

Total acrlous otrenccs against the penon 23 27 30 47 3S 4' 5S 1· 66 ire

Abduction of married

To'W':~oua otrenc~; · · · · ·. . . . . . . . . . . . . t · ogainst property . . 158 242 246 22':> 162 100 160 232 180 164

Total minor offoncos apinst tho person P 8 7 21 ~i l~ 24 I~ 34 60 8 22 11 18 • ·

Cattle theft . . 200 3~4 309 35u 1 208 180 21ii 29;J 204 Z;;G UG 172 200 2171 IOI Total minor otrencea I

against property . . 419 626 670 645 626 420 518 6!16 623 6"3 310 33i 460 420 445 Total cognizable of- I f•ncee . . 617 914 960 947 S£7 426 810 1,026 96t 1,103 461 503 a;4' 608 760 -:---------- ___ , __ ------·--------- -- --------1\~~°li:r:·~~~ula_s: . . .. I . . I . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. I .. .. Offences reiuting to

m1rriage . . 12 1 3 2 20 9 l 7 2 28 2 1 I 1 I 'l'ot.'I! non-cognizable I j

oftencos . . 61 40 37 42 104 8~ 39 5; u7 190 32 1

29 • SO SO

~;;;;-;r;-~~ - ,--,-1-,-,- ,--,-,--1-1-1- 1,;02 .!:_ncee .. 1,500 2,192 2,2r.6 2,207 2,11;1 J ,327 1,POO 2,421 2,2i;J 2,61~ 11102 1,207 l,~ii 1,41\G

60 2S

11 78

15 37 28

Ill IH

10

76

Nano.-Tbe1c 6gures are t.'k<n from Statement A of lb• Poll .. Report.

Jha.ng District. l xx iii

Table No. XLII, showing CONVICTS in GAOL.

I 3 • I 5 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 I u 1 1;

No. in. gnol nt .Nn im.pri1ontC1 Rdiga.on of con:cicta. beginnin£1 ()j tht during tht. y tm'. ___!l!_al_ .. __ • ______ ------- ··---;--~--.--,..----

"" ~ ~ ~ ! i . 3· 1 8 ] j l

~ ~ ~ ~ a ] ~~ a3 l 'E { ~ .,

YEAR.

~ ~ ~ r: :;; tQ c:Q 0 ii; ~ ~ 8 .9 ----w;~-. --.-. -2(;1--4-,--4-46_1 __ 6 __ fi_8_S -9-7 -.-. -'-----;" -.-. - --.-. -i-50-0-1-.. -~

1s;5.79 . . 156 3 I 424 11 b40 25 I .. 2 .. l I 454

l SSO·SI .. .. 245 3 518 1:1 2r,5 11 .. 2 4 .. 200 s :: 1810.~o . • . • 1 ns 5 ~H

1

71 213 7 .. 1

2 1 .. 204 7. '"

JSSl-S2 .. 232 4 67u 17 206 13 .. l 6 .. 128 8 ..

1;; I 16 I 17 I JS I 19 I 20 l 21 22 1 23 I 2• I 2e

Unvtl, n/ unttncc of co1'11ict1. Prtt•io1uly to1toicUd. Pte1tnf4ry ruMltl,

i i s 1g I s £ :; :: ~ n ~ j.; 1l .s .s .s 1»8, • "

~ §~ ~ ~ f! ~; i: .. · ~ ~ ~!~ ~ a~ ~ ~ ! CJ!i ~ ~ a t •3 :.> o - e• ·~ 0 Q 0 !< :S 8

YEAR.

l8r1~--.-.1--40:. -rn--1-11-17. --1 ,--1-

1

.-.-. -173121--a- t;,030 ISill-79 .. .. ell.I 80 P7 10 l .. 2 4a 11 6 H,87' ! 87H-30 .. .. 141 5% 36 JG 2 1 I . . l~ 10 l 17,1164 ! SS0-81 .. .. Hi~ ~8 M 15 S . . 22 14 8 16,20 1881-82 .. . • 14 I 47 34 15 1 .. .. ll8 10 6 17,459

8,280 2,$M

984 8,&83 1,767

NnTE.-Thcsc figures arc t..~kcn from Tabltl3 Nos. XXVlll, XXIX, XXX, XXXI, and XXXVII of the AdmlniatralloD Report.

Table No. XLIII, showing the POPULATION of TOWNS.

1 ~

I .r:~I 4 5 6 7 8 g 10

--- - -No. of

Peno,,. Tah.sil. Town. popnla· II Indus. Sikhs. Jaine. Musnlmans. 01.hor occupied

par 100 ti on. roliglo,,., occupied

hoUJM. ho~

------ -----

Jhang .. Maghinna .. 12,574 5,Pl7 S.S2 6,S05 1,68f 1'1 .. .. Jhang .. 9,055 4,2i0 143 .. t,636 6 1,026 882

Chlniot .. Chiulot .. 10,731 S,475 113 7,HS 1,088 lie& .. .. Shorkot .. Shorkot .. 2,283 1,107 12 866 eu .. 1,104 .. I Ahmadpur .. 2,338 1,433 211 .. 876 '3'J ~ ..

Kon:.-Theao fig'llrea •ra taken from Table No. XX of tho Conaua Report of 1881.

:UiT (Punjab Gazetteer,

Table No. XLIV, showing BIRTHS and DEATHS for TOWNS.

_2 !_a_,_. I 5 I ~ I 7 l 8 I 9 I 10 I 11 I 12 1· 13

1'oUtt }JfJJM · I lation. by tJa, Tolat birth• rt11i•ttrtd during ~ t l d th ill ed d . tA Cnll"~ nr tlu ,11tnr. o a ta 'rtg tr unng t 1ear.

TOW;{. Sox.

1 -------1 ____ , __ 1_8-75_._ lSii. , 1878. ! !SW. 1880. 1881. 1877. 18iS. ~ ~.:_ ~

1han1

Cblnlot

.. {

.. {

.. {

~toles l~e1uales

~hies Fom3los

7,il!l ~,899

4.G:lt S,97!'»

G,2!i9 5,i4~

212 191i

93 103

227 245

21\ 20>

124 106

ms 1~5

JOO f4

189 19v

279 23~

163 142

Jfl() 2li

2.'J3 239

169 17;

2~1 21~

188 la7

99 96

H6 164

Pi 90

lf .. ~ 182

1G9 l;,il

NoT~-Thcsc 6gurOH ~ro t.'kcu from T.1blo Xo. LVll or the Admini:!tration Report.

Table No. XLV, i.,'1owing MUNICIPAL INCOME.

-------·- --'-2 1_3 1_4 1_5 I

'iJ.MI 01' lh:s1ctr.1L:TY.

Cl&M of :Munic' pality 111.

I I §

i I J --------11--~---

111. \ m. II.

1&70·71 10,&96 2,149

1871·72 21,005 4,140

1872-71 22,182 4,811

1873·H 20,Si9 !j,020

18i4·i5 20,353 5, ii 4 1,084 995

2·!,821 S,659 1,108 762

1870·77 23,590 J,539 1,513 sso

23,911 ;,,524 J,293 788

23,981 5,546 1,204 1,0l9

28,HG 6,132 1,587 1,015

1880·81 25,005 6,7'.!0 1,212 1,032

1881-82 26,59( 6,5Jl6 1,331' 1,000

!~ lb2

PG SS

H2 157

"158 HS

BG llO

135 151

Jhang .... Bhoana

Chiniot

L llliiin

frimmu

Chab Bha.rl"ri

Bhamb

Kot Iea Shdh

Toba T 1:!< Singb

Havell Baliaddr Shih

Shorkot

Ahmadpur

Table No. XLVI, showing DISTANCES.

••• I ,fha.ng,

28 I Bhollna.

I ... ,

52

54

12

30

20

29

23

17

~4

50

24 I Chiniot.

28 14 I Llli:!n.

40 64 ,--66- j Trimmu.

58 82 86 1 S I Ch.ih 13hareri.

24

3;3

4 1

50

48

ji

28 1--46- , Bha111h.

5J i--9-l Kot [sJ. Sb.ih. 37

51 i5 70 24 42 I 4:l 52 Toha Tek Singh.

4:; 83 9 ---- ,

ts I~ Bahiicfar Sh.1h. .,_ I _, 37 !6 69

62

SJ

SS

112 :

44

SI 48

I 7

1

Shorl.ot.

3' 1Ah~dpm·. 14

S6

10')

'.26

H

:>4 GI 2fi

n

i ft

tj r;;· et. (')•

~ .....

9' '!