Physical education at Springfield College its historical and philosophical origins

of Gulicks Triangle

by Herbert Zett)

II is the intent ofgymnastics 10 resore to our education that ofcompleteness which has been lost 10 add bodily training 10 one-sided menial culture and to balance overshyrefinement by manliness regained Friedrich Ludwig Jahn

I lotroouctiuo

Springfield College began as an educational venture that originated in tbe mind of Reverend David Allen Reed pastor of Hope Church in Springfield Massachusetts Reed dreamed of a Christian University that was to train lay leadership for various fields of Christian service The YMCA needed (Christiwrtrained) secretaries The church needed Sunday School leaders and pastors assistants Industry needed workers trained

for their jobs and trained to live as Christians among their fellows Trained leaders were needed to guide immigrants into Christian I

This Christian University did not become a reality but Dr Reeds dream led ultimately to the creation of four separate institutions - the International YMCA Training School (now Springfield College) the FrenclrProtestant College (now the American International College) the School for Christian Workers (now Hartford Theological Seminary) and the Industrial and Technical School (now Technical High School one of the four public high schools in Springfield Massachusetts 2

Two of these four institutions one for the training ofYMCA secretaries and the other for training Sunday School workers and pastors assistants existed for several years as two departments of The School for Christian Workers founded in 1885 at Springfield In 1887 a third department for the training of Christian physical educators was added 3

The origin and development of physical education at Springfield College was the work of one man Dr Luther H Gulick However in order to fully understand the development of physical education at Springfield College it is first necessary to discuss the origins of modem physical education how physical education came to be introduced in the United States and how physical education developed in the American schools and colleges as well as in the YMCA

It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate the Gennan influence upon the development of physical education at Springfield College This influence both historical and philosophical came to Springfield College through various direct as well as indirect means -the disciples of Turnvater Jahn the Turnverein movement the YMCA movement and the writings of Karl Heinrich Schaible

II TurnvaterJabo aod the Origins of Modero Pbysical Education

Modem sport and physical education has been in existence for nearly 200 years and has been called a child of the French Revolution 4

In the beginning of the nineteenth century the greater part of Europe lay at the femiddotet of Napoleon It was at this time and under humiliating conditions that a number of patriotic men in Gennany expressed anti-French sentiments and claimed the necessity of physical education as an essential part of the peoples preparation for eventual self-detennination 5

The rapid progress which physical education (gymnastics) made in Gennanyin the years immediately preceding and following the War of Liberation (1813) can be traced directly to the unique influence exerted by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778-18S~ the hero of the German common people and founder of modem physical education

Jahn grew up in Lanz a small hamlet located between Hamburg and Berlin His first thirteen years were spent at home where his father a Lutheran clergyman instilled in him a lifelong interest in history geography and language These years were followed with a

semblance of some higher classical learning and a stormy university life (Halle Jena and Greifswalk) from 1796 until 1803 when university authorities expelled him for engaging in secret student activities 7

For a number of years he became a house tutor in Mecklenburg and when Frederick William of Prussia took up anTIS against Napoleon in 1806 Jahn volunteered his services to the king and took part in the Battle of Jena After Prussias defeat and humiliating Treaty of Tilsit (1807) Jahn spent a number of years wandering thoughout Germany encouraging opposition to tbe French occupation It was during this time that he wrote his chief literary work Deutsches Volkstum (German Nationality) In this book Jahn shows his passion for the German language customs history and his intense desire to see Germany bound together into one strong nation free of foreign domination Deutsches Volkstum had an immediate success and Jahn became a public hero overnight This book led to Jahns appointment as a teacher in 1810 at the Graue Kloster and at the Piamann Institute in Berlin It was at the Graue Kloster that Jahn took his pupils weekly to the outskirts of Berlin where he instructed them in exercises running jumping wrestling and simple games

In 1811 a roUing wooded spot known as the Hasenheide was chosen by Jahn as the first outdoors gymnasium (Tumblatz) g

This event has been designated as the official date when modem physical education was born From this date on Jahn was affectionately called Tumvater by his pupils and followers throughout Germany

amp11 Vlt ltiHt otr~ chlC t urpwc In dmiddot l HrJltnhMe bc~ c-w UI) IJ ltI ~v ~t J i( nJd 1I~m ~rW f 0 11 fnltdn- amp1J h v 141 1

Between the founding of the Turnplatzin 1811 and the Karlsbad Decree of 1819 Vater Jahns Turnenflourished The membership increased from 370 in 1813 to 1074 in 18179

and spread to all parts of Germany 10

The philosophy of Jahns Tumen is described in his second book Deutsche Turnkunst (German Gymnastic Art) which appeared in 1816 Jahn drew hjs philosophy (rom five sources

1 His personal rugged life style and the belief that youth should be in the open air and sunlight

2 His liberalism and patriotism Young and old were to be ever ready to serve the country

3 The needs of the time Through physical education the German youth and adults were to regain a feeling of self-respect

4 The games and pastimes which the youths favored - a system of natural gymnastics (walking jumping vaulting climbing throwing etc)

5 The love of Fatherland and hatred of the enemy expressed through folk songs folkways and language I I

Tumen gave the common man the opportunity to participate in a popular movement In fact Tumen was the only means available for the ordinary man to participate in a national activity In 1816 Jahn wrote Turnen develops only in freedom and Tumen frees the man It can exist only in a self-respecting society and belongs to free people It is (Gemeinschaft) community living Tumen is more than a training of the body it stirs the individual to become a part of a group The soul of Turnen is folk life and thrives only in the open (offentlich-keit-implying not only open air but political freedom) 12

Jahns philosophy and gymnastics were readily accepted throughout Germany and young men formed Turnvereine using his Tumkunst as a guide Even many of the radical student clubs at the Universities the Burschenschaften promoted Turnen and many themselves became Turners 13

The Turnvereine not only had as its aim the promotion of physical education but also certain political goals among them to free the German states of French domination ana to unify these German states However once the French domination was eliminated the idea of German unity was met with hostility by the German rulers German Einheit und Freiheit (unity and freedom) had to wait for another generation to be accomplished for as soon as Germany was free of French domination and peace was restored the Matemich system inaugurated a policy of repression and reaction to any liberal doctrines and movements With the Karlsbad Decree of 1819 not only were the Burschenschaften dissolved but also the Tumvereine in most ofthe German states were forced to close their doors14

It was not until the 1840s that the ban against the Turnvereine was lifted But in the meantime many of the Turners had left Germany to seek personal and political freedom abroad

IlL The Origins of Physical Education In America

for their jobs and trained to live as Christians among their fellows Trained leaders were needed to guide immigrants into Christian I

This Christian University did not become a reality but Dr Reeds dream led ultimately to the creation of four separate institutions - the International YMCA Training School (now Springfield College) the FrenclrProtestant College (now the American International College) the School for Christian Workers (now Hartford Theological Seminary) and the Industrial and Technical School (now Technical High School one of the four public high schools in Springfield Massachusetts 2

Two of these four institutions one for the training ofYMCA secretaries and the other for training Sunday School workers and pastors assistants existed for several years as two departments of The School for Christian Workers founded in 1885 at Springfield In 1887 a third department for the training of Christian physical educators was added 3

The origin and development of physical education at Springfield College was the work of one man Dr Luther H Gulick However in order to fully understand the development of physical education at Springfield College it is first necessary to discuss the origins of modem physical education how physical education came to be introduced in the United States and how physical education developed in the American schools and colleges as well as in the YMCA

It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate the Gennan influence upon the development of physical education at Springfield College This influence both historical and philosophical came to Springfield College through various direct as well as indirect means -the disciples of Turnvater Jahn the Turnverein movement the YMCA movement and the writings of Karl Heinrich Schaible

II TurnvaterJabo aod the Origins of Modero Pbysical Education

Modem sport and physical education has been in existence for nearly 200 years and has been called a child of the French Revolution 4

In the beginning of the nineteenth century the greater part of Europe lay at the femiddotet of Napoleon It was at this time and under humiliating conditions that a number of patriotic men in Gennany expressed anti-French sentiments and claimed the necessity of physical education as an essential part of the peoples preparation for eventual self-detennination 5

The rapid progress which physical education (gymnastics) made in Gennanyin the years immediately preceding and following the War of Liberation (1813) can be traced directly to the unique influence exerted by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778-18S~ the hero of the German common people and founder of modem physical education

Jahn grew up in Lanz a small hamlet located between Hamburg and Berlin His first thirteen years were spent at home where his father a Lutheran clergyman instilled in him a lifelong interest in history geography and language These years were followed with a

semblance of some higher classical learning and a stormy university life (Halle Jena and Greifswalk) from 1796 until 1803 when university authorities expelled him for engaging in secret student activities 7

For a number of years he became a house tutor in Mecklenburg and when Frederick William of Prussia took up anTIS against Napoleon in 1806 Jahn volunteered his services to the king and took part in the Battle of Jena After Prussias defeat and humiliating Treaty of Tilsit (1807) Jahn spent a number of years wandering thoughout Germany encouraging opposition to tbe French occupation It was during this time that he wrote his chief literary work Deutsches Volkstum (German Nationality) In this book Jahn shows his passion for the German language customs history and his intense desire to see Germany bound together into one strong nation free of foreign domination Deutsches Volkstum had an immediate success and Jahn became a public hero overnight This book led to Jahns appointment as a teacher in 1810 at the Graue Kloster and at the Piamann Institute in Berlin It was at the Graue Kloster that Jahn took his pupils weekly to the outskirts of Berlin where he instructed them in exercises running jumping wrestling and simple games

In 1811 a roUing wooded spot known as the Hasenheide was chosen by Jahn as the first outdoors gymnasium (Tumblatz) g

This event has been designated as the official date when modem physical education was born From this date on Jahn was affectionately called Tumvater by his pupils and followers throughout Germany

amp11 Vlt ltiHt otr~ chlC t urpwc In dmiddot l HrJltnhMe bc~ c-w UI) IJ ltI ~v ~t J i( nJd 1I~m ~rW f 0 11 fnltdn- amp1J h v 141 1

Between the founding of the Turnplatzin 1811 and the Karlsbad Decree of 1819 Vater Jahns Turnenflourished The membership increased from 370 in 1813 to 1074 in 18179

and spread to all parts of Germany 10

The philosophy of Jahns Tumen is described in his second book Deutsche Turnkunst (German Gymnastic Art) which appeared in 1816 Jahn drew hjs philosophy (rom five sources

1 His personal rugged life style and the belief that youth should be in the open air and sunlight

2 His liberalism and patriotism Young and old were to be ever ready to serve the country

3 The needs of the time Through physical education the German youth and adults were to regain a feeling of self-respect

4 The games and pastimes which the youths favored - a system of natural gymnastics (walking jumping vaulting climbing throwing etc)

5 The love of Fatherland and hatred of the enemy expressed through folk songs folkways and language I I

Tumen gave the common man the opportunity to participate in a popular movement In fact Tumen was the only means available for the ordinary man to participate in a national activity In 1816 Jahn wrote Turnen develops only in freedom and Tumen frees the man It can exist only in a self-respecting society and belongs to free people It is (Gemeinschaft) community living Tumen is more than a training of the body it stirs the individual to become a part of a group The soul of Turnen is folk life and thrives only in the open (offentlich-keit-implying not only open air but political freedom) 12

Jahns philosophy and gymnastics were readily accepted throughout Germany and young men formed Turnvereine using his Tumkunst as a guide Even many of the radical student clubs at the Universities the Burschenschaften promoted Turnen and many themselves became Turners 13

The Turnvereine not only had as its aim the promotion of physical education but also certain political goals among them to free the German states of French domination ana to unify these German states However once the French domination was eliminated the idea of German unity was met with hostility by the German rulers German Einheit und Freiheit (unity and freedom) had to wait for another generation to be accomplished for as soon as Germany was free of French domination and peace was restored the Matemich system inaugurated a policy of repression and reaction to any liberal doctrines and movements With the Karlsbad Decree of 1819 not only were the Burschenschaften dissolved but also the Tumvereine in most ofthe German states were forced to close their doors14

It was not until the 1840s that the ban against the Turnvereine was lifted But in the meantime many of the Turners had left Germany to seek personal and political freedom abroad

IlL The Origins of Physical Education In America

semblance of some higher classical learning and a stormy university life (Halle Jena and Greifswalk) from 1796 until 1803 when university authorities expelled him for engaging in secret student activities 7

For a number of years he became a house tutor in Mecklenburg and when Frederick William of Prussia took up anTIS against Napoleon in 1806 Jahn volunteered his services to the king and took part in the Battle of Jena After Prussias defeat and humiliating Treaty of Tilsit (1807) Jahn spent a number of years wandering thoughout Germany encouraging opposition to tbe French occupation It was during this time that he wrote his chief literary work Deutsches Volkstum (German Nationality) In this book Jahn shows his passion for the German language customs history and his intense desire to see Germany bound together into one strong nation free of foreign domination Deutsches Volkstum had an immediate success and Jahn became a public hero overnight This book led to Jahns appointment as a teacher in 1810 at the Graue Kloster and at the Piamann Institute in Berlin It was at the Graue Kloster that Jahn took his pupils weekly to the outskirts of Berlin where he instructed them in exercises running jumping wrestling and simple games

In 1811 a roUing wooded spot known as the Hasenheide was chosen by Jahn as the first outdoors gymnasium (Tumblatz) g

This event has been designated as the official date when modem physical education was born From this date on Jahn was affectionately called Tumvater by his pupils and followers throughout Germany

amp11 Vlt ltiHt otr~ chlC t urpwc In dmiddot l HrJltnhMe bc~ c-w UI) IJ ltI ~v ~t J i( nJd 1I~m ~rW f 0 11 fnltdn- amp1J h v 141 1

Between the founding of the Turnplatzin 1811 and the Karlsbad Decree of 1819 Vater Jahns Turnenflourished The membership increased from 370 in 1813 to 1074 in 18179

and spread to all parts of Germany 10

The philosophy of Jahns Tumen is described in his second book Deutsche Turnkunst (German Gymnastic Art) which appeared in 1816 Jahn drew hjs philosophy (rom five sources

1 His personal rugged life style and the belief that youth should be in the open air and sunlight

2 His liberalism and patriotism Young and old were to be ever ready to serve the country

3 The needs of the time Through physical education the German youth and adults were to regain a feeling of self-respect

4 The games and pastimes which the youths favored - a system of natural gymnastics (walking jumping vaulting climbing throwing etc)

5 The love of Fatherland and hatred of the enemy expressed through folk songs folkways and language I I

Tumen gave the common man the opportunity to participate in a popular movement In fact Tumen was the only means available for the ordinary man to participate in a national activity In 1816 Jahn wrote Turnen develops only in freedom and Tumen frees the man It can exist only in a self-respecting society and belongs to free people It is (Gemeinschaft) community living Tumen is more than a training of the body it stirs the individual to become a part of a group The soul of Turnen is folk life and thrives only in the open (offentlich-keit-implying not only open air but political freedom) 12

Jahns philosophy and gymnastics were readily accepted throughout Germany and young men formed Turnvereine using his Tumkunst as a guide Even many of the radical student clubs at the Universities the Burschenschaften promoted Turnen and many themselves became Turners 13

The Turnvereine not only had as its aim the promotion of physical education but also certain political goals among them to free the German states of French domination ana to unify these German states However once the French domination was eliminated the idea of German unity was met with hostility by the German rulers German Einheit und Freiheit (unity and freedom) had to wait for another generation to be accomplished for as soon as Germany was free of French domination and peace was restored the Matemich system inaugurated a policy of repression and reaction to any liberal doctrines and movements With the Karlsbad Decree of 1819 not only were the Burschenschaften dissolved but also the Tumvereine in most ofthe German states were forced to close their doors14

It was not until the 1840s that the ban against the Turnvereine was lifted But in the meantime many of the Turners had left Germany to seek personal and political freedom abroad

IlL The Origins of Physical Education In America

1 His personal rugged life style and the belief that youth should be in the open air and sunlight

2 His liberalism and patriotism Young and old were to be ever ready to serve the country

3 The needs of the time Through physical education the German youth and adults were to regain a feeling of self-respect

4 The games and pastimes which the youths favored - a system of natural gymnastics (walking jumping vaulting climbing throwing etc)

5 The love of Fatherland and hatred of the enemy expressed through folk songs folkways and language I I

Tumen gave the common man the opportunity to participate in a popular movement In fact Tumen was the only means available for the ordinary man to participate in a national activity In 1816 Jahn wrote Turnen develops only in freedom and Tumen frees the man It can exist only in a self-respecting society and belongs to free people It is (Gemeinschaft) community living Tumen is more than a training of the body it stirs the individual to become a part of a group The soul of Turnen is folk life and thrives only in the open (offentlich-keit-implying not only open air but political freedom) 12

Jahns philosophy and gymnastics were readily accepted throughout Germany and young men formed Turnvereine using his Tumkunst as a guide Even many of the radical student clubs at the Universities the Burschenschaften promoted Turnen and many themselves became Turners 13

The Turnvereine not only had as its aim the promotion of physical education but also certain political goals among them to free the German states of French domination ana to unify these German states However once the French domination was eliminated the idea of German unity was met with hostility by the German rulers German Einheit und Freiheit (unity and freedom) had to wait for another generation to be accomplished for as soon as Germany was free of French domination and peace was restored the Matemich system inaugurated a policy of repression and reaction to any liberal doctrines and movements With the Karlsbad Decree of 1819 not only were the Burschenschaften dissolved but also the Tumvereine in most ofthe German states were forced to close their doors14

It was not until the 1840s that the ban against the Turnvereine was lifted But in the meantime many of the Turners had left Germany to seek personal and political freedom abroad

IlL The Origins of Physical Education In America

Amerika du hast es besser Als unser Kontlnent ~er alte Hast Keine verfallenen Schloesser Und Keine Basalte Oich stort nicht im Innern Zu Lebendiger Zeit unn~tzes Erinnern Und verqeblicher Streit

Goethe

Physical education began in the United States in the 1820s with the arrival of three young discipJes of Turnvater Jahn - KarJ Follen (1796-1840) Karl Beck (J 798-1866) and Franz Lieber (1800-l872)Y

They were victims of the Metter-nich system and the Karlsbad Decree of 1819 The latter outlawed the university student associations (Burschenschaften) in the German states as well as the Turnvereine to which all three had belonged Follen Beck and Lieber all excellent gymnasts and students of Vater Jabn came to the United States as political refugees After his arrival Beck became an instructor in Latin and gymnastics at the Round Hill School in Northampton Massachusetts There he organized the first outdoor gymnasium in the United States modeled after Jahns Hasenheide Turnplatz 16

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f bull f~r~~~--

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Follen upon his arrival in the United States received an appointment as a teacher of the German language at Harvard University where he in 1826 introduced the frrst college gymnasium in this country Later in the same year he also started Americas first public gymnasium at the corne r of West and Tremont Streets (later known as The Tremont Gymnasium) in Boston 17

f

ell I J ~IJ ~ t-

The third of Jahns disciples Franz Lieber arrived in New York in 1827 and succeeded Follen as superintendent of the Tremont Gymnasium In addition he also opened a swimming school in Boston which proved to be very popular 18

~middot I I 1 1 l tz ~

Beck Follen and Lieber brought gymnastics to the attention of the school college and public carried on their program both in and out of doors introduced the Turnplatz with its apparatus and group activity materially enlarged the American curriculum and stimulated the public to wider interest in organized excercise 19 The pioneering success of these three men paved the way for the future Turnverein movement in America as well as the pennanent establishment ofphysical education in schools and colleges

The first Turnvereine in America were organized in 1848 with the arrival of thousands of disappointed Turners who had participated unsuccessfully in tbe revolutionary movements of 1848 Within three years some twenty-five Turnvereine were established with a membership of nearly two thousand20 This second wave of Turners brought to the United States the principle of Jabos gymnastics as did the three earlier disciples Like Vater Jahn the Turners believed that a body in a state of perfect health and a mind clean free and independent of prejudice were essential to the achievement of happiness21

A Sound Mind lin a Sound Body was the sacred creed for every Turner The Tumverein

f

ell I J ~IJ ~ t-

The third of Jahns disciples Franz Lieber arrived in New York in 1827 and succeeded Follen as superintendent of the Tremont Gymnasium In addition he also opened a swimming school in Boston which proved to be very popular 18

~middot I I 1 1 l tz ~

Beck Follen and Lieber brought gymnastics to the attention of the school college and public carried on their program both in and out of doors introduced the Turnplatz with its apparatus and group activity materially enlarged the American curriculum and stimulated the public to wider interest in organized excercise 19 The pioneering success of these three men paved the way for the future Turnverein movement in America as well as the pennanent establishment ofphysical education in schools and colleges

The first Turnvereine in America were organized in 1848 with the arrival of thousands of disappointed Turners who had participated unsuccessfully in tbe revolutionary movements of 1848 Within three years some twenty-five Turnvereine were established with a membership of nearly two thousand20 This second wave of Turners brought to the United States the principle of Jabos gymnastics as did the three earlier disciples Like Vater Jahn the Turners believed that a body in a state of perfect health and a mind clean free and independent of prejudice were essential to the achievement of happiness21

A Sound Mind lin a Sound Body was the sacred creed for every Turner The Tumverein

held an important place in American life for its philosophy and standards were reflected in the development of American physical education 22 It was not until after the American Civil War that the Turnvereine had their greatest impact Not only did it expand in terms of societies and membership but it also had a great influence on the Young Mens Christian Association movement in the United States 23

The purpose of the YMCA which was first established in this country in 1851 was exclusively for the moral and mental uplift of young men who were leaving home and going into the cities in increasing numbers Each Y was usually composed of a reading room a library with religious books and a meeting hall The activities consisted of prayer meetings evangelistic services Bible readings and Bible classes But when public interest in sport and gymnastics swept over the country after the Civil War the YMCA became very much affected Thus the tty~ embraced as part of its program physical education which bad never before been considered as part of religious work The branches of the YMCA all over the country wrote Allan Nevins gave an impetus to organized sports outdoor and indoor for their city bui1din~s contained gymnasiums and their directors taught gymnastics after the German model 4

German immigrants had carried their Tumvereine across the Atlantic and had familiarized Americans with gymnastics and physical education However many Americans looked down upon the laxity in which these German-Americans observed the Sabbath and enjoyed theirmalt beverages 25

But the gymnasium was popular and the YMCA had to reorient itself to utilize it for Christian work Therefore the aim of the YMCA in the 1870s and 1880s was to Christianize the gymnasium 26

Most of the men who were available as physical directors of the YMCAs had been trained in the Turnvereine and looked upon their work as kimarily athletic in nature But within the leadership of the YMCA it was felt that a man of high ideals character education and technical ability who did not profess Christ could not be a suitable association director 27 The ideal physical educator was a natural leader and organizer grounded in the Bible who could lead an occasional prayer meeting or Bible class and work with individuals for the salvation of their souls as a Christian gymnast 28

The need of obtaining Christian men for the YMCA gymnasium was great and it was because of this need that physical education became part of the curriculum of the School for Christian Workers (YMCA Training School ie Springfield College) in 1887

IV Pbysical Education at Springfield College

The original curriculum at Springfield College was built aroWld religious education The mission of the school was to train men for Christian lay work - Sunday School workers and secretaries for the YMCA 29

The first catalogue made no mention of physical education but the second school catalogue (1886-1887) took the pioneer step in announcing plans for the training of gymnasium instructors The announcement stated in part

The aim of this department will be two-fold Firs to put into the field men of tested Christian character men who have had thorough drill in Bible truth and Association work Second to see that these men shall be intelligent teachers men who shall know what to do how to do it and why it is to be done In brief the aim is to place Christian gymnasium superintends in the field men who are flISt Christians then intelligent teachers men whose object in going into the work is to serve Christ Mr L H Gulick of New York and Mr R J Roberts of the Boston YMCA Gymnasium have been secured as instructors This department will be fully opened in September 1887 30

When physical education became part of the curriculum it was considered merely a means to attract young men to 31 the YMCA s religious program 3 1

In a five page essay entitled Condensed Report and Paper Concerning the Physical Department of the YMCA Training School Gulick pointed out that it was in the area of physical education which attracted the largest number of men into the Association But the YI failed to have influence over these non-Christians and the reason given by Gulick was the lack of properly trained Christian gymnasium instructors

Writing in the Watchman a YMCA publication on the subject of The Real Work of the Gymnasium Instructor GuUck said

The chief work of the gymnasium instructor is to reach young men through the Physical Department The spiritual work of the Association is the most prominent aim and the one to which all others must bend The gymnasium instructor must be an earnest soul winner for this is his real work 32

In this article it is evident that Gulick had not yet conceived of the idea mind spirit and body to which Springfield College of educating the whole man - his be in service for all men - for was to become world famous The philosophy of educating the whole man was developed gradually by Gulick at Springfield College

IC rfJII C o

The formulation of Gulicks philosophy (which the philosophy of Springfield College to this day) based on a small but significant book entitled An Essay On The Systematic Training Of The Body written by Karl Heinrich Schaible33

This book published in England in 1878 commemorating the IOOth birthday ofTurnvater Friedrich Ludwig JaOO was largely based on Schaibles earlier work entitled Gesundheitsdienst Un Krieg md Frieden Ein Vademecum fur Offiziere published in Vienna in 1868 In his essay Schaible wrote

I propose now to prove the necessity of physical training by considering the relation between body and mind However different mind and body are respectively in their nature and functions they form together an inseparable wbole True education therefore ignores a separation of mind and body it demands the cultivation of the whole man not only that of the understanding the beart and the will but also that oftbe senses and muscles It knows that if one part of the system suffers the whole man suffers What is beneficial to the body is so to the mind34

Gulick acknowledged his debt to Schaibles work in a paper entitled Our New Gymnastics written in 1889 in which Gulick quoted Schaible The object of the school life ought to be the training of the young to intellectual moral and physical maturity In his own words Gulick continued

Man is a unit His capacities are very much greater than the sum of those of the body alone plus those of the mind alone plus those of the soul by itself That is each one gives to the others not only all that it has itself but also enables the others to be and do for more than they could alone Man might be called the product of the three we see the fundamental necessity of all three and work for the development of man as a wholeH

In the same year Gulick reviewed Schaibles essay in the Y publication Watchman in which he wrote

at the beginning of the century in Fennany as well as more recently among all thinking people there have been efTorts to build up bodily symmetry and that not merely for its own sake but for the best welfare of the whole man - physically mentally and morally All honor should be given to those reformers in all ages who have worked for this end36

Gulick accepted Schaibles philosophy of the unity ofman and made it the basis of physical education at Springfield College To symbolize this philosophy Gulick devised an inverted equilateral triangle representing the unity of man - Mind Spirit and Body which in 1891 became the official emblem of the college37

The formulation of Gulicks philosophy (which the philosophy of Springfield College to this day) based on a small but significant book entitled An Essay On The Systematic Training Of The Body written by Karl Heinrich Schaible33

This book published in England in 1878 commemorating the IOOth birthday ofTurnvater Friedrich Ludwig JaOO was largely based on Schaibles earlier work entitled Gesundheitsdienst Un Krieg md Frieden Ein Vademecum fur Offiziere published in Vienna in 1868 In his essay Schaible wrote

I propose now to prove the necessity of physical training by considering the relation between body and mind However different mind and body are respectively in their nature and functions they form together an inseparable wbole True education therefore ignores a separation of mind and body it demands the cultivation of the whole man not only that of the understanding the beart and the will but also that oftbe senses and muscles It knows that if one part of the system suffers the whole man suffers What is beneficial to the body is so to the mind34

Gulick acknowledged his debt to Schaibles work in a paper entitled Our New Gymnastics written in 1889 in which Gulick quoted Schaible The object of the school life ought to be the training of the young to intellectual moral and physical maturity In his own words Gulick continued

Man is a unit His capacities are very much greater than the sum of those of the body alone plus those of the mind alone plus those of the soul by itself That is each one gives to the others not only all that it has itself but also enables the others to be and do for more than they could alone Man might be called the product of the three we see the fundamental necessity of all three and work for the development of man as a wholeH

In the same year Gulick reviewed Schaibles essay in the Y publication Watchman in which he wrote

at the beginning of the century in Fennany as well as more recently among all thinking people there have been efTorts to build up bodily symmetry and that not merely for its own sake but for the best welfare of the whole man - physically mentally and morally All honor should be given to those reformers in all ages who have worked for this end36

Gulick accepted Schaibles philosophy of the unity ofman and made it the basis of physical education at Springfield College To symbolize this philosophy Gulick devised an inverted equilateral triangle representing the unity of man - Mind Spirit and Body which in 1891 became the official emblem of the college37

V Conclusion

Since all human institutions represent only the latest stage in a long process of growth this writer has turned to the past and traced what he considers the significant stages in the origins and development of physical education at Springfield College It is this writers conclusion that the development of physical education at Springfield was primarily the effort of Lutber Hasley Gulick Gulick however was greatly influenced by the Turnverein movement whjch German disciples of Tumvater Jahn brought with tllm to this country during the nineteenth century 38

When physical education became part of the curriculum at Springfield College in 1887 it was considered merely a means of attracting young men to the YMCAs religious program But it was Gulick who contended that physical education was as necessary to the development of the whole man as was his mental and spiritual growth Gulick derived this educational prulosopby from Karl Heinrich Schaibles essay on physical education We have in the arclr ives at Springfield College the very volume Gulick studied and pored over This book provided Gulick with the concept of the unity of man on which GuLick based his philosophy and created a curritulum at Springfield College which has gained international recognition and acclaim 39

Footnotes

1 Lawrence Hall Doggett ofSpri_ngfield (Springfield Mass Springtield CoJlege 1964) pp62-65 2 Lawrence Locke Doggett Man and a School (New York--- Association Press 1943) ppl8-39 3 Hall Doggett of Springfield p63 4 Carl Diem Wehgeschichte des Sports und der Leibes- erziehung Stmttgard CottashyVerlag 1960) p581-582 5 Herder Fichte Jabn 6 Fred Eugene Leonard friedrich Ludwig Jahn and the Development of Popular Gymnastics (Vereinstumen) in Germany nAmerican Physical Education Review X (March 1905) p1-19 Part I of this article appeared in the American Physical Educatron Review for March 1900 vol V p 18-39 7 Fred E Leonard Pioneers ofModernPhysicai Training (New York Associa1tion Press 1919) p3S

8 Jahn applied the name Turnen to his exercises From this word he created TumplalZ Tumtag Turner Turnkunst 9 Karl Euler Jahns Werke I 1883 298 as quoted by John Dambach in Physical Education in Gennany (New York Columbia University 1937) plO 10 Dambach Physical Education in Gennany p137 II fbid p12-14 12 Friedrich Jahn Die Deutsche Tumkunst 1816 as quoted by Dambach in Physical Education in Germany p15 13 Emmett A Rice amp Brief History ofPhysicai Education (New York Barnes amp Co 1935) p1 03 14 J G Dixon et aI Landmarks-in the History of Physical Education (London Routledge amp Kegan 1957) p118 15 Nonna Schwendener A History of Physical Education in the United States (New York Barnes amp Co 1942) p46-48 Diem Weltgeschichte des Sports und der Leibeserziehung p0737 See also American Physical Education Review vol V March 1900 amp vol X March 1905 Fred Leonard The First Introduction of the Jahn Gymnastics into Anefca Mind and Body XU Sept 1905 Oct 1905 Nov 1905 Dec 1905 Jan 1906 amp Feb 1906 16 Schwendener A HistorvofPhysical Education in the United States p47 17 Ibid Leonard Pioneers ofModern Physical Training p63-69 Henry Metzner A BriefHjstory of the American Tumerbund (pittsburgh American Tumerbund 1924) p46-53 18 Leonard Pioneers ofModern Physical Traininq 77-81 Schwendener A History of Physical Education in the United States p 47-48 19 Schwendener A History ofPhysical Eduation in the United States p 48 20 Leonard Pioneers 0 f Modem Physical Training p 105 21 Schwendener A History ofPhysical Education in United States p 50 22 Ibid p- 51 23 (bid p 169 24 Allan Nevins The Emergence of Modem America (New York Macmillan Co 1935) p222 25 William Whiteside The Boston YMCA and Community Need (New York Association 1951) p74 26 Howard C Hopkins History ofthe YMCA in North America (New York Association Press 1951) p249 The first significant step to Christianize the gymnasium was taken in 1872 when the Boston Y acquired the Tremont Gymnasium The Tremont Gymnasium founded by Carl Follen was the first public gymnasiwn in the United States 27 Ethel J Dorgan Luther Halsey Gulick (New York Columbia University 1934) p27 28 Hopkins History of the YMCA in North America p248 29 School for Christian Workers BookJet May 1885 (Archives Springfield College Babson Library) 30 Second Catalogue of the School for Christian Workers 1886-1887 (Archives Springfield College Babson Library) 31 Luther Gulick Condensed Report and Paper Concerning the Physical Department of the YMCA Traininq School 1887 (Arcnives Springfield College Library)

32 Luther Gulick The Real Work of the Gymnasium Instructor as quoted in Laurence Doggett Man and School (New York Association Press 1943) p-50 33 Karl Heinrich Schaible An Essay On The Systematic Training OfThe Body (London Trubner amp Co 1878) 34 Karl Heinrich Schaible Sanitary Service In War And Peace A Guide For Officers (Vienna 1868) This book was recommended the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War to officers of the Prussian Anny See Schaible An Essay On The Systematic Training Of The Body p-92 amp 96 35 Luther Gulick as quoted by Doggett Man and ~ school p-S2 36 Ibid p-53 37 Hopkins History of the YMCA in North Americl p-2S6 Doggett Man and ~ School pp 58-59 See also Dorgan Luther Halsey Gulick and HaU Doggett of Springfield 38 Reuben B Frost The Physical Dimension in Seth Arsenian ed The Humanics Philosophy ofSpringfield College (Springfield Mass Springfield College) pp 15-23 39 Diem Weltgeschichte des fu2n und der Leibeser-ziehung p-609 trDiese (Chriziche Vereinxungerner) CVJM stutzten sich auf die Erfahrungen der 1887 gegrindeten Hochschule fur Leibeserziehung in Springfield Mass die ohne Zweifel zu den bedeutendsten und fruchtbarsten Anstalten der Welt gehort See also SC First in its Field Says Japanese University Springfield Daily News July 20 1974

Bibliograpby

Books

Arsenian Seth ed The Humanics Philosophy of Springfield College Springfield Mass Springfield College 1969 Bigelow Paul History of the German Struggle for Liberty 4 volumes New York Roberts Bros 1905 Dambach John l Physical Education in Germany New York Columbia University 1937 Diem Carl Weltgeschichte des Sports und dec Leibeserziehung Stuttgart Cotta 1960 Dixon JG et al Landmarks in the History of Physical Education London Routledge amp Keagan 1957 Henderson E F A Short History of Germany 2 volumes New York Macmillan 1916 Hackensrnith C W History of Physical Education New York Harper amp Row 1966 Hopkins C Howard History of the YMCA in North America New York Association Press j 951 Kohn Hans Prelude to Nation States The French and German Experience 1789 - 1815 Princeton N J Van Nostrand Co Inc 1967 Leonard Fred E and George B Affleck A Guide to the History of Physical Education Philadelphia Lea amp Febiger 1947 ____ Pioneers of Modem Physical Training New York Association Press 1919 Loken Newton C and Robert J Willoughby Complete Book of Gymnastics Englewood CIi ffs Prentice-Hall Inc 1967

middot

Metzner Henry A Brief History of the American Tumerbund Pittsburgh American Tumerbund 1924 Nevins Allan The Emergence of Modern America New York Macmillan Co 1935 Rice Emmett A A Brief History of Physical Education New York AS Barnes amp Company 1935 Sargent Dudley A Physical Education Boston Ginn and Company 1906 Schwendener Norma A History of Physical Education in the United States New York Barnes amp Company 1942 Treitschke Con H G Germany in the 19th Century (Tr by Edw amp Cedar Paul) 4 volumes New York McBride amp Nast 191 S Van Dalen Deobold B A World History of Physical Education New York PrenticeshyHall Inc 1968 Vendien C Lynn and John E Nixon eds The World Today in Health Physical Education and Recreation Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice-Hall lnc 1968 Ward AW Germany 1815-1890 Cambridge Historical Series 2 volumes Cambridge University Press 1916 Whiteside William The Boston YMCA and Community Need New York Associatjon Press 1951 Zeigler Earle F Prolems in the History and Philosophy of Physical Education and Sport Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice-Hal1 Inc 1968 =--~--___ A History of Sport and Physical Education to 1900 Champaign Ill Stipes Publishing Co 1973

Periodicals

Leonard Fred E The First Introduction of the Jahn Gymnastics Into America Mjnd And Body vol 12 Sept 1905 _____ IAn Outline of Development of Physical Training in Germany in Modern Times American Physeal Education Review vol 5 1 March 1900 _____ Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and The Development of Popular Gymnastics in Germany American Physical Education Review vol LO 1 March 1905 _____ German-American Gymnastic Societies and tre -North American Tumerbund American Physical Education Review vol 15 9 Dec 1910

Primary Sources At Springfield CollegefBabson Library Archives

Arsenian Seth ed The Humanics Philosophy of Springfield College Springfield Mass Springfield College 1969 Doggett Laurence L Man and a School New York Association Press 1943 Dorgan Ethel 1 Luther Halsey Gulick New York Columbia University 1934 Gulick Luther H Condensed Report and Paper Concerning the Physical Department of the YMCA Training School 1887 Hall Lawrence Doggett of Springfield Springfield Mass Springfield College 1964 Schaible Karl Heinrich An Essay on the Systematic Training of the Body London Trubner amp Co 1978 Springfield College First in Its Field Says Japanese University Springfield Daily

News July 10 1974 School for Christian Workers Booklet May 1885 Second Catalogue of the School for Christian Workers 1886-87

8 Jahn applied the name Turnen to his exercises From this word he created TumplalZ Tumtag Turner Turnkunst 9 Karl Euler Jahns Werke I 1883 298 as quoted by John Dambach in Physical Education in Gennany (New York Columbia University 1937) plO 10 Dambach Physical Education in Gennany p137 II fbid p12-14 12 Friedrich Jahn Die Deutsche Tumkunst 1816 as quoted by Dambach in Physical Education in Germany p15 13 Emmett A Rice amp Brief History ofPhysicai Education (New York Barnes amp Co 1935) p1 03 14 J G Dixon et aI Landmarks-in the History of Physical Education (London Routledge amp Kegan 1957) p118 15 Nonna Schwendener A History of Physical Education in the United States (New York Barnes amp Co 1942) p46-48 Diem Weltgeschichte des Sports und der Leibeserziehung p0737 See also American Physical Education Review vol V March 1900 amp vol X March 1905 Fred Leonard The First Introduction of the Jahn Gymnastics into Anefca Mind and Body XU Sept 1905 Oct 1905 Nov 1905 Dec 1905 Jan 1906 amp Feb 1906 16 Schwendener A HistorvofPhysical Education in the United States p47 17 Ibid Leonard Pioneers ofModern Physical Training p63-69 Henry Metzner A BriefHjstory of the American Tumerbund (pittsburgh American Tumerbund 1924) p46-53 18 Leonard Pioneers ofModern Physical Traininq 77-81 Schwendener A History of Physical Education in the United States p 47-48 19 Schwendener A History ofPhysical Eduation in the United States p 48 20 Leonard Pioneers 0 f Modem Physical Training p 105 21 Schwendener A History ofPhysical Education in United States p 50 22 Ibid p- 51 23 (bid p 169 24 Allan Nevins The Emergence of Modem America (New York Macmillan Co 1935) p222 25 William Whiteside The Boston YMCA and Community Need (New York Association 1951) p74 26 Howard C Hopkins History ofthe YMCA in North America (New York Association Press 1951) p249 The first significant step to Christianize the gymnasium was taken in 1872 when the Boston Y acquired the Tremont Gymnasium The Tremont Gymnasium founded by Carl Follen was the first public gymnasiwn in the United States 27 Ethel J Dorgan Luther Halsey Gulick (New York Columbia University 1934) p27 28 Hopkins History of the YMCA in North America p248 29 School for Christian Workers BookJet May 1885 (Archives Springfield College Babson Library) 30 Second Catalogue of the School for Christian Workers 1886-1887 (Archives Springfield College Babson Library) 31 Luther Gulick Condensed Report and Paper Concerning the Physical Department of the YMCA Traininq School 1887 (Arcnives Springfield College Library)

32 Luther Gulick The Real Work of the Gymnasium Instructor as quoted in Laurence Doggett Man and School (New York Association Press 1943) p-50 33 Karl Heinrich Schaible An Essay On The Systematic Training OfThe Body (London Trubner amp Co 1878) 34 Karl Heinrich Schaible Sanitary Service In War And Peace A Guide For Officers (Vienna 1868) This book was recommended the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War to officers of the Prussian Anny See Schaible An Essay On The Systematic Training Of The Body p-92 amp 96 35 Luther Gulick as quoted by Doggett Man and ~ school p-S2 36 Ibid p-53 37 Hopkins History of the YMCA in North Americl p-2S6 Doggett Man and ~ School pp 58-59 See also Dorgan Luther Halsey Gulick and HaU Doggett of Springfield 38 Reuben B Frost The Physical Dimension in Seth Arsenian ed The Humanics Philosophy ofSpringfield College (Springfield Mass Springfield College) pp 15-23 39 Diem Weltgeschichte des fu2n und der Leibeser-ziehung p-609 trDiese (Chriziche Vereinxungerner) CVJM stutzten sich auf die Erfahrungen der 1887 gegrindeten Hochschule fur Leibeserziehung in Springfield Mass die ohne Zweifel zu den bedeutendsten und fruchtbarsten Anstalten der Welt gehort See also SC First in its Field Says Japanese University Springfield Daily News July 20 1974

Bibliograpby

Books

Arsenian Seth ed The Humanics Philosophy of Springfield College Springfield Mass Springfield College 1969 Bigelow Paul History of the German Struggle for Liberty 4 volumes New York Roberts Bros 1905 Dambach John l Physical Education in Germany New York Columbia University 1937 Diem Carl Weltgeschichte des Sports und dec Leibeserziehung Stuttgart Cotta 1960 Dixon JG et al Landmarks in the History of Physical Education London Routledge amp Keagan 1957 Henderson E F A Short History of Germany 2 volumes New York Macmillan 1916 Hackensrnith C W History of Physical Education New York Harper amp Row 1966 Hopkins C Howard History of the YMCA in North America New York Association Press j 951 Kohn Hans Prelude to Nation States The French and German Experience 1789 - 1815 Princeton N J Van Nostrand Co Inc 1967 Leonard Fred E and George B Affleck A Guide to the History of Physical Education Philadelphia Lea amp Febiger 1947 ____ Pioneers of Modem Physical Training New York Association Press 1919 Loken Newton C and Robert J Willoughby Complete Book of Gymnastics Englewood CIi ffs Prentice-Hall Inc 1967

middot

Metzner Henry A Brief History of the American Tumerbund Pittsburgh American Tumerbund 1924 Nevins Allan The Emergence of Modern America New York Macmillan Co 1935 Rice Emmett A A Brief History of Physical Education New York AS Barnes amp Company 1935 Sargent Dudley A Physical Education Boston Ginn and Company 1906 Schwendener Norma A History of Physical Education in the United States New York Barnes amp Company 1942 Treitschke Con H G Germany in the 19th Century (Tr by Edw amp Cedar Paul) 4 volumes New York McBride amp Nast 191 S Van Dalen Deobold B A World History of Physical Education New York PrenticeshyHall Inc 1968 Vendien C Lynn and John E Nixon eds The World Today in Health Physical Education and Recreation Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice-Hall lnc 1968 Ward AW Germany 1815-1890 Cambridge Historical Series 2 volumes Cambridge University Press 1916 Whiteside William The Boston YMCA and Community Need New York Associatjon Press 1951 Zeigler Earle F Prolems in the History and Philosophy of Physical Education and Sport Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice-Hal1 Inc 1968 =--~--___ A History of Sport and Physical Education to 1900 Champaign Ill Stipes Publishing Co 1973

Periodicals

Leonard Fred E The First Introduction of the Jahn Gymnastics Into America Mjnd And Body vol 12 Sept 1905 _____ IAn Outline of Development of Physical Training in Germany in Modern Times American Physeal Education Review vol 5 1 March 1900 _____ Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and The Development of Popular Gymnastics in Germany American Physical Education Review vol LO 1 March 1905 _____ German-American Gymnastic Societies and tre -North American Tumerbund American Physical Education Review vol 15 9 Dec 1910

Primary Sources At Springfield CollegefBabson Library Archives

Arsenian Seth ed The Humanics Philosophy of Springfield College Springfield Mass Springfield College 1969 Doggett Laurence L Man and a School New York Association Press 1943 Dorgan Ethel 1 Luther Halsey Gulick New York Columbia University 1934 Gulick Luther H Condensed Report and Paper Concerning the Physical Department of the YMCA Training School 1887 Hall Lawrence Doggett of Springfield Springfield Mass Springfield College 1964 Schaible Karl Heinrich An Essay on the Systematic Training of the Body London Trubner amp Co 1978 Springfield College First in Its Field Says Japanese University Springfield Daily

News July 10 1974 School for Christian Workers Booklet May 1885 Second Catalogue of the School for Christian Workers 1886-87

32 Luther Gulick The Real Work of the Gymnasium Instructor as quoted in Laurence Doggett Man and School (New York Association Press 1943) p-50 33 Karl Heinrich Schaible An Essay On The Systematic Training OfThe Body (London Trubner amp Co 1878) 34 Karl Heinrich Schaible Sanitary Service In War And Peace A Guide For Officers (Vienna 1868) This book was recommended the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War to officers of the Prussian Anny See Schaible An Essay On The Systematic Training Of The Body p-92 amp 96 35 Luther Gulick as quoted by Doggett Man and ~ school p-S2 36 Ibid p-53 37 Hopkins History of the YMCA in North Americl p-2S6 Doggett Man and ~ School pp 58-59 See also Dorgan Luther Halsey Gulick and HaU Doggett of Springfield 38 Reuben B Frost The Physical Dimension in Seth Arsenian ed The Humanics Philosophy ofSpringfield College (Springfield Mass Springfield College) pp 15-23 39 Diem Weltgeschichte des fu2n und der Leibeser-ziehung p-609 trDiese (Chriziche Vereinxungerner) CVJM stutzten sich auf die Erfahrungen der 1887 gegrindeten Hochschule fur Leibeserziehung in Springfield Mass die ohne Zweifel zu den bedeutendsten und fruchtbarsten Anstalten der Welt gehort See also SC First in its Field Says Japanese University Springfield Daily News July 20 1974

Bibliograpby

Books

Arsenian Seth ed The Humanics Philosophy of Springfield College Springfield Mass Springfield College 1969 Bigelow Paul History of the German Struggle for Liberty 4 volumes New York Roberts Bros 1905 Dambach John l Physical Education in Germany New York Columbia University 1937 Diem Carl Weltgeschichte des Sports und dec Leibeserziehung Stuttgart Cotta 1960 Dixon JG et al Landmarks in the History of Physical Education London Routledge amp Keagan 1957 Henderson E F A Short History of Germany 2 volumes New York Macmillan 1916 Hackensrnith C W History of Physical Education New York Harper amp Row 1966 Hopkins C Howard History of the YMCA in North America New York Association Press j 951 Kohn Hans Prelude to Nation States The French and German Experience 1789 - 1815 Princeton N J Van Nostrand Co Inc 1967 Leonard Fred E and George B Affleck A Guide to the History of Physical Education Philadelphia Lea amp Febiger 1947 ____ Pioneers of Modem Physical Training New York Association Press 1919 Loken Newton C and Robert J Willoughby Complete Book of Gymnastics Englewood CIi ffs Prentice-Hall Inc 1967

middot

Metzner Henry A Brief History of the American Tumerbund Pittsburgh American Tumerbund 1924 Nevins Allan The Emergence of Modern America New York Macmillan Co 1935 Rice Emmett A A Brief History of Physical Education New York AS Barnes amp Company 1935 Sargent Dudley A Physical Education Boston Ginn and Company 1906 Schwendener Norma A History of Physical Education in the United States New York Barnes amp Company 1942 Treitschke Con H G Germany in the 19th Century (Tr by Edw amp Cedar Paul) 4 volumes New York McBride amp Nast 191 S Van Dalen Deobold B A World History of Physical Education New York PrenticeshyHall Inc 1968 Vendien C Lynn and John E Nixon eds The World Today in Health Physical Education and Recreation Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice-Hall lnc 1968 Ward AW Germany 1815-1890 Cambridge Historical Series 2 volumes Cambridge University Press 1916 Whiteside William The Boston YMCA and Community Need New York Associatjon Press 1951 Zeigler Earle F Prolems in the History and Philosophy of Physical Education and Sport Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice-Hal1 Inc 1968 =--~--___ A History of Sport and Physical Education to 1900 Champaign Ill Stipes Publishing Co 1973

Periodicals

Leonard Fred E The First Introduction of the Jahn Gymnastics Into America Mjnd And Body vol 12 Sept 1905 _____ IAn Outline of Development of Physical Training in Germany in Modern Times American Physeal Education Review vol 5 1 March 1900 _____ Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and The Development of Popular Gymnastics in Germany American Physical Education Review vol LO 1 March 1905 _____ German-American Gymnastic Societies and tre -North American Tumerbund American Physical Education Review vol 15 9 Dec 1910

Primary Sources At Springfield CollegefBabson Library Archives

Arsenian Seth ed The Humanics Philosophy of Springfield College Springfield Mass Springfield College 1969 Doggett Laurence L Man and a School New York Association Press 1943 Dorgan Ethel 1 Luther Halsey Gulick New York Columbia University 1934 Gulick Luther H Condensed Report and Paper Concerning the Physical Department of the YMCA Training School 1887 Hall Lawrence Doggett of Springfield Springfield Mass Springfield College 1964 Schaible Karl Heinrich An Essay on the Systematic Training of the Body London Trubner amp Co 1978 Springfield College First in Its Field Says Japanese University Springfield Daily

News July 10 1974 School for Christian Workers Booklet May 1885 Second Catalogue of the School for Christian Workers 1886-87

middot

Metzner Henry A Brief History of the American Tumerbund Pittsburgh American Tumerbund 1924 Nevins Allan The Emergence of Modern America New York Macmillan Co 1935 Rice Emmett A A Brief History of Physical Education New York AS Barnes amp Company 1935 Sargent Dudley A Physical Education Boston Ginn and Company 1906 Schwendener Norma A History of Physical Education in the United States New York Barnes amp Company 1942 Treitschke Con H G Germany in the 19th Century (Tr by Edw amp Cedar Paul) 4 volumes New York McBride amp Nast 191 S Van Dalen Deobold B A World History of Physical Education New York PrenticeshyHall Inc 1968 Vendien C Lynn and John E Nixon eds The World Today in Health Physical Education and Recreation Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice-Hall lnc 1968 Ward AW Germany 1815-1890 Cambridge Historical Series 2 volumes Cambridge University Press 1916 Whiteside William The Boston YMCA and Community Need New York Associatjon Press 1951 Zeigler Earle F Prolems in the History and Philosophy of Physical Education and Sport Englewood Cliffs N J Prentice-Hal1 Inc 1968 =--~--___ A History of Sport and Physical Education to 1900 Champaign Ill Stipes Publishing Co 1973

Periodicals

Leonard Fred E The First Introduction of the Jahn Gymnastics Into America Mjnd And Body vol 12 Sept 1905 _____ IAn Outline of Development of Physical Training in Germany in Modern Times American Physeal Education Review vol 5 1 March 1900 _____ Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and The Development of Popular Gymnastics in Germany American Physical Education Review vol LO 1 March 1905 _____ German-American Gymnastic Societies and tre -North American Tumerbund American Physical Education Review vol 15 9 Dec 1910

Primary Sources At Springfield CollegefBabson Library Archives

Arsenian Seth ed The Humanics Philosophy of Springfield College Springfield Mass Springfield College 1969 Doggett Laurence L Man and a School New York Association Press 1943 Dorgan Ethel 1 Luther Halsey Gulick New York Columbia University 1934 Gulick Luther H Condensed Report and Paper Concerning the Physical Department of the YMCA Training School 1887 Hall Lawrence Doggett of Springfield Springfield Mass Springfield College 1964 Schaible Karl Heinrich An Essay on the Systematic Training of the Body London Trubner amp Co 1978 Springfield College First in Its Field Says Japanese University Springfield Daily

News July 10 1974 School for Christian Workers Booklet May 1885 Second Catalogue of the School for Christian Workers 1886-87

News July 10 1974 School for Christian Workers Booklet May 1885 Second Catalogue of the School for Christian Workers 1886-87