Island of Maui - Hawaii.gov
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Compilation of Data Submissions Hydrologic Units: Waikamoi (6047) Puohokamoa (6048) Haipuaena (6049) Punalau (6050) Honomanu (6051) Nuaailua (6052) Ohia (6054) West Wailuaiki (6057) East Wailuaiki (6058) Kopiliula (6059) Waiohue (6060) Paakea (6061) Waiaaka (6062) Kapaula (6063) Hanawi (6064) Makapipi (6065) Island of Maui November 2009 PR-2009-17 State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management
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Transcript of Island of Maui - Hawaii.gov
Compilation of Data Submissions
Hydrologic Units: Waikamoi (6047) Puohokamoa (6048) Haipuaena (6049) Punalau (6050) Honomanu (6051) Nuaailua (6052) Ohia (6054) West Wailuaiki (6057) East Wailuaiki (6058) Kopiliula (6059) Waiohue (6060) Paakea (6061) Waiaaka (6062) Kapaula (6063) Hanawi (6064) Makapipi (6065)
Island of Maui November 2009 PR-2009-17
State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management
i
INTRODUCTION On January 20, 2009, at the request of the State Department of Agriculture, the staff of the Commission on Water Resource Management (Commission) met with representatives of the Department of Agriculture, Maui Mayor’s Office, Maui County Council, Maui Office of Economic Development, Maui Department of Water Supply, Hawaii Farm Bureau Federation, and the Maui County Farm Bureau. The Commission staff prepared a list of data needs which would aid in assessing noninstream uses related to the surface water hydrologic units of Waikamoi (6047), Puohokamoa (6048), Haipuaena (6049), Punalau (6050), Honomanu (6051), Nuaailua (6052), Ohia (6054), West Wailuaiki (6057), East Wailuaiki (6058), Kopiliula (6059), Waiohue (6060), Paakea (6061), Waiaaka (6062), Kapaula (6063), Hanawi (6064), and Makapipi (6065), Island of Maui. Additionally, the Department of Agriculture issued a press release on May 22, 2009, urging farmers and ranchers in East Maui to complete and submit an agricultural water information survey being conducted by the Maui County Farm Bureau. This Compilation of Data Submissions (PR-2009-01) presents all of the information that was submitted and assessed as part of the Commission’s Instream Flow Standard Assessment Report preparation for these 16 surface water hydrologic units. All submissions have been separated into individual sections according to the submitting organization or individual, and the date of submission. Page numbers have also been applied to each original page. Comments were subsequently reduced to 2-per-page to save space and paper. Please contact the Commission to request full-size copies of any documents. Copying charges may apply. Starting from Section 3.0, comments are listed in the order they were received by the Commission.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Commission on Water Resource Management, Data Needs Sheet 2.0 Department of Agriculture, May 22, 2009 Press Release 3.0 Maui Department of Water Supply, Upcountry Maui Surface Water Requirements 4.0 Maui Office of Economic Development, Kula Agricultural Park 5.0 Maui Department of Water Supply, Instream Flow Standard Assessment Report Data Needs,
Department of Water Supply, County of Maui Perspective 6.0 Department of Agriculture, Instream Flow Standard Assessment Report Data Needs 7.0 Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar, Co., East Maui Instream Flow Standard Assessment Reports 8.0 Maui County Farm Bureau, Maui Farmer and Rancher East Maui Water Use Survey Results 9.0 Maui Office of Economic Development, Water Supply Improvements to the Kula Agricultural Park,
Preliminary Engineering Report 10.0 Maui County Farm Bureau, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agriculture Statistics Service
Data 11.0 Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar, Co., Diagram of the East Maui Ditch System, with Ditch & Reservoir
Capacities 12.0 Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar, Co., SWCA White Paper (Updated June 15, 2009), Status of Native
Hawaiian Macrofauna in East Maui Streams and Biological Considerations for the Amendment of Interim Instream Flow Standards in Selected Streams (IIFS)
13.0 Maui County Farm Bureau, Revised Tables on Cattle Operations and Water Use/Needs 14.0 Maui Department of Water Supply, Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Settlement of Water
and Related Issues 15.0 Maui Department of Water Supply, Second Amendment to Memorandum of Understanding
Concerning Nahiku 16.0 Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar, Co., Updated Economic Impact Information, Additional Information
on EMI System, Information on Trasnportation Agreement with MLP, and IAL Designation
1.0
Com
mis
sion
on
Wat
er
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t, D
ata
Nee
ds S
heet
Inst
ream
Flo
w S
tand
ard
Ass
essm
ent R
epor
t Dat
a N
eeds
C
omm
issi
on o
n W
ater
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t, S
tream
Pro
tect
ion
and
Man
agem
ent B
ranc
h
Janu
ary
2009
Pa
ge 1
of 2
Dat
a N
eeds
W
ater
Use
H
isto
rical
tren
ds –
may
indi
cate
seas
onal
cha
nges
; sta
ff m
ay c
orre
late
with
ann
ual r
ainf
all t
rend
s
Cur
rent
use
Fu
ture
dem
ands
Wat
er U
se P
urpo
se
Who
is u
sing
the
wat
er?
Wha
t is w
ater
use
d fo
r?
If a
pplic
able
, pro
vide
the
follo
win
g:o
Dom
estic
– g
eogr
aphi
c ar
ea, n
umbe
r of e
nd u
sers
oA
gric
ultu
re –
num
ber o
f acr
es, t
ype
of c
rop,
farm
ing
prac
tices
oLi
vest
ock
– ty
pe o
f ani
mal
, num
ber o
f pas
ture
s, fa
rmin
g pr
actic
eso
Trad
ition
al –
num
ber o
f acr
es, t
ype
of c
rop,
farm
ing
prac
tices
oH
ydro
elec
tric
– en
ergy
cap
acity
, ave
rage
am
ount
of p
ower
gen
erat
ed (p
er d
ay, m
onth
, and
/or y
ear)
, an
y su
rplu
s pow
er sa
les,
reve
nue
gene
rate
d, u
sers
of t
his p
ower
oR
ecre
atio
n / o
rnam
enta
l - ty
pe o
f rec
reat
ion
(gol
f cou
rse,
land
scap
e, w
ater
feat
ures
), nu
mbe
r of a
cres
Wat
er R
equi
rem
ent
Min
imum
wat
er re
quire
men
t Pr
iorit
ize
wat
er u
se p
urpo
ses (
i.e. i
f wat
er is
use
d fo
r agr
icul
ture
, whi
ch fi
elds
are
wat
ered
firs
t or a
ny c
rop
chan
ges)
Wat
er S
uppl
y So
urce
s of w
ater
C
ontra
ctua
l obl
igat
ions
M
inim
um a
mou
nt o
f wat
er su
pplie
d (i.
e. v
ia sy
stem
) dur
ing
drou
ght c
ondi
tions
A
ltern
ate
wat
er so
urce
s (e.
g. re
cycl
ed w
ater
, why
/why
not
?)
Econ
omic
Impa
ct
Whe
n w
ater
supp
ly d
rops
25%
, 50%
, 75%
R
estri
ctin
g of
fstre
am u
ses
Wat
er U
se E
ffici
ency
Ir
rigat
ion
effic
ienc
y W
ays t
o de
crea
se w
ater
use
and
wat
er n
eeds
Pa
st e
xper
ienc
es:
oW
hat h
as b
een
done
to c
ope
with
dec
reas
ing
wat
er su
pply
?
oD
urin
g dr
ough
t con
ditio
ns, w
hat h
as b
een
done
to d
ecre
ase
wat
er u
se o
r nee
ds?
Futu
re d
eman
ds:
oA
re th
ere
any
futu
re p
lans
that
wou
ld c
hang
e w
ater
use
or n
eeds
, i.e
. cha
nges
in fa
rm a
crea
ge,
capa
city
of s
yste
m, u
rban
dev
elop
men
t, et
c…
1.0-1
Inst
ream
Flo
w S
tand
ard
Ass
essm
ent R
epor
t Dat
a N
eeds
C
omm
issi
on o
n W
ater
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t, S
tream
Pro
tect
ion
and
Man
agem
ent B
ranc
h
Janu
ary
2009
Pa
ge 2
of 2
For m
ore
info
rmat
ion
cont
act:
Com
mis
sion
on
Wat
er R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent
Stre
am P
rote
ctio
n an
d M
anag
emen
t Bra
nch
1151
Pun
chbo
wl S
t., R
oom
227
H
onol
ulu,
HI
9681
3
Phon
e:
(808
) 587
-021
4
Fa
x:
(808
) 587
-021
9
E-m
ail:
dlnr
.cw
rm@
haw
aii.g
ov
Web
site
: ht
tp://
haw
aii.g
ov/d
lnr/c
wrm
/
Toll
free
from
nei
ghbo
ring
isla
nds:
(ext
is 7
0214
)
Kau
ai
274-
3141
ext
. H
awai
i 97
4-40
00 e
xt.
M
aui
984-
2100
ext
. M
olok
ai/L
anai
1-
800-
468-
4644
ext
.
1.0-2
2.0
Dep
artm
ent o
f Agr
icul
ture
, M
ay 2
2, 2
009
Pres
s R
elea
se
HA
WA
II D
EP
AR
TM
EN
T O
F A
GR
ICU
LT
UR
E
New
s R
elea
se
LIN
DA
LIN
GLE
GO
VE
RN
OR
__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
___
S
AN
DR
A L
EE
KU
NIM
OTO
, CH
AIR
PE
RS
ON
P
hone
: (80
8) 9
73-9
550
Fax:
(808
) 973
-961
3
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_
For I
mm
edia
te R
elea
se:
May
22,
200
9 N
R09
-06
MA
UI F
AR
MER
S U
RG
ED T
O R
ESPO
ND
TO
SU
RVE
Y O
N W
ATE
R U
SE
HO
NO
LULU
— F
arm
ers
and
ranc
hers
in E
ast M
aui C
ount
y ar
e st
rong
ly u
rged
to c
ompl
ete
and
subm
it an
impo
rtant
sur
vey
bein
g co
nduc
ted
by th
e M
aui C
ount
y Fa
rm B
urea
u (M
CFB
) on
agric
ultu
ral
wat
er u
sage
and
nee
ds in
the
area
. C
ompl
etio
n of
this
sur
vey
will
pro
vide
dat
a w
hich
will
hel
p to
de
term
ine
wat
er d
esig
natio
ns th
at w
ill h
ave
a pr
ofou
nd a
ffect
on
agric
ultu
re n
ow a
nd fo
r the
futu
re.
For s
ever
al m
onth
s, th
e M
CFB
has
bee
n re
ques
ting
that
farm
ers
and
ranc
hers
sub
mit
agric
ultu
ral
wat
er in
form
atio
n to
them
. MC
FB e
-mai
led
a su
rvey
to a
gric
ultu
ral a
ssoc
iatio
ns, f
arm
ers
and
ranc
hers
in E
ast M
aui C
ount
y. T
he in
form
atio
n fro
m th
e su
rvey
will
hel
p pr
ovid
e in
form
atio
n to
the
Com
mis
sion
on
Wat
er R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent a
s it
deve
lops
pol
icie
s fo
r ins
tream
flow
sta
ndar
ds
as m
anda
ted
by th
e S
tate
Wat
er C
ode.
The
se p
olic
ies
will
hav
e a
dire
ct im
pact
on
the
amou
nt o
f w
ater
that
will
be
avai
labl
e fo
r agr
icul
ture
.
All
farm
s an
d ra
nche
s on
Eas
t Mau
i rec
eive
thei
r wat
er fr
om s
tream
s in
Eas
t Mau
i. P
ertin
ent
info
rmat
ion
that
MC
FB is
ask
ing
for i
nclu
des:
1) H
ow w
ater
is u
sed
on y
our f
arm
2) I
f cha
nges
hav
e oc
curr
ed o
n yo
ur fa
rm b
ecau
se o
f wat
er a
vaila
bilit
y - d
o yo
u av
oid
plan
ting
dur
ing
certa
in p
erio
ds d
ue to
unc
erta
inty
of w
ater
ava
ilabi
lity?
3) W
hat p
ract
ices
are
don
e to
mak
e be
st u
se o
f wat
er
4
) Th
e ag
ricul
tura
l val
ue a
nd o
ther
val
ues
that
resu
lt fro
m th
e us
e of
the
wat
er
5
) If
you
are
plan
ning
inve
stm
ents
and
wha
t you
r ass
umpt
ions
are
on
the
avai
labi
lity
of w
ater
6)
Wha
t will
hap
pen
if yo
ur a
cces
s to
wat
er w
as re
duce
d 7)
If y
ou h
ave
grea
ter a
ssur
ance
of w
ater
, will
you
exp
and?
“Far
min
g an
d ra
nchi
ng o
pera
tions
can
not s
urvi
ve w
ithou
t wat
er,”
said
San
dra
Lee
Kun
imot
o, C
hair-
pers
on o
f the
Haw
aii B
oard
of A
gric
ultu
re.
“So
it is
impe
rativ
e th
at E
ast M
aui f
arm
ers
and
ranc
hers
pa
rtici
pate
in th
is s
urve
y as
the
futu
re o
f agr
icul
ture
dep
ends
on
the
avai
labi
lity
of ir
rigat
ion
wat
er.”
The
dead
line
to s
ubm
it th
e su
rvey
s is
May
28.
Far
mer
s an
d ra
nche
rs w
ho h
ave
not y
et
subm
itted
thei
r inf
orm
atio
n ye
t or h
ave
ques
tions
abo
ut th
e su
rvey
, may
con
tact
MC
FB E
xecu
tive
Dire
ctor
War
ren
Wat
anab
e at
281
-971
8.
# #
#
2.0-1
3.0
Mau
i Dep
artm
ent o
f Wat
er
Supp
ly,
Upc
ount
ry M
aui S
urfa
ce
Wat
er R
equi
rem
ents
3.0-1
3.0-2
3.0-3
4.0
Mau
i Offi
ce o
f Eco
nom
ic
Dev
elop
men
t,K
ula
Agr
icul
tura
l Par
k
The
Kul
a A
gric
ultu
ral P
ark
The
conc
ept o
f the
Kul
a A
gric
ultu
ral P
ark
was
con
ceiv
ed b
y th
e th
en M
ayor
Elm
er
Cra
valh
o. I
n 19
79, M
ayor
Cra
valh
o pr
opos
ed to
Mau
i Lan
d an
d Pi
neap
ple
Com
pany
to
acqu
ire b
y w
ay o
f lan
d ex
chan
ge, f
ee si
mpl
e tit
le to
vac
ant u
nim
prov
ed la
nd in
Kul
a,
cont
aini
ng a
ppro
xim
atel
y 32
6 ac
res ,
for t
he p
urpo
se o
f dev
elop
ing
said
land
as a
Cou
nty
agric
ultu
ral p
ark.
The
Kul
a A
gric
ultu
ral P
ark
star
ted
cons
truct
ion
by th
e C
ount
y of
Mau
i in
198
2. I
n 19
85, t
he fi
rst l
ots w
ere
leas
ed to
farm
ers.
Tod
ay, t
here
are
445
acr
es o
n 31
lo
ts, f
arm
ed b
y 26
farm
ers.
The
lots
rang
e fr
om 8
to 2
9 ac
res i
n si
ze.
The
Off
ice
of
Econ
omic
Dev
elop
men
t ser
ves a
s the
Cou
nty’
s lan
d m
anag
emen
t ent
ity fo
r the
Kul
a A
gric
ultu
ral P
ark
The
purp
ose
of th
e K
ula
Agr
icul
tura
l Par
k is
to p
rom
ote
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f div
ersi
fied
ag
ricul
ture
by
prov
idin
g ap
prop
riate
ly-s
ized
agr
icul
tura
l lot
s at a
reas
onab
le re
nt a
nd a
lo
ng-te
rm te
nure
. Th
e ra
tes a
re $
100
per a
cre
per y
ear w
ith th
e te
nure
of t
he le
ase
bein
g 50
yea
rs.
All
31 lo
ts a
re c
urre
ntly
leas
ed o
ut to
farm
ers.
Cro
ps g
row
n in
clud
e ve
geta
bles
(le
ttuce
, tom
ato,
Kul
a on
ions
, zu
cchi
ni, c
ucum
bers
, bus
h be
ans,
swee
t cor
n, e
ggpl
ant,
head
cab
bage
, Chi
nese
cab
bage
, pep
pers
, gin
ger r
oot)
taro
, ban
anas
, man
go, t
urf g
rass
, nu
rser
y pl
ants
, tub
eros
e, p
lum
eria
, and
land
scap
e pl
ants
.
The
Cou
nty
of M
aui c
urre
ntly
has
an
agre
emen
t with
Ale
xand
er &
Bal
dwin
(A&
B),
thro
ugh
its d
ivis
ion
of H
awai
ian
and
Com
mer
cial
& S
ugar
Com
pany
(HC
&S)
and
Eas
t M
aui I
rrig
atio
n (E
MI)
to w
ithdr
aw u
p to
1.5
mill
ion
gallo
ns o
f wat
er p
er d
ay fr
om th
e H
amak
ua D
itch
to p
rovi
de ir
rigat
ion
wat
er to
the
Park
. Th
e D
epar
tmen
t of W
ater
Sup
ply
with
draw
s wat
er fr
om th
e H
amak
ua D
itch
and
conv
eys n
on-p
otab
le w
ater
to th
e K
ula
Agr
icul
tura
l Par
k fo
r irr
igat
ion
of th
e 44
5 ac
res o
f lan
d.
4.0-1
4.0-2
5.0
Mau
i Dep
artm
ent o
f Wat
er
Supp
ly,
Inst
ream
Flo
w S
tand
ard
Ass
essm
ent R
epor
t Dat
a N
eeds
, Dep
artm
ent o
f Wat
er
Supp
ly, C
ount
y of
Mau
i Pe
rspe
ctiv
e
5.0-1
5.0-2
5.0-3
5.0-4
5.0-5
5.0-6
5.0-7
5.0-8
5.0-9
5.0-10
5.0-11
5.0-12
5.0-13
5.0-14
5.0-15
5.0-16
5.0-17
5.0-18
5.0-19
5.0-20
5.0-21
5.0-22
5.0-23
5.0-24
5.0-25
5.0-26
5.0-27
5.0-28
5.0-29
5.0-30
5.0-31
5.0-32
5.0-33
5.0-34
5.0-35
5.0-36
5.0-37
5.0-38
5.0-39
5.0-40
5.0-41
5.0-42
5.0-43
5.0-44
5.0-45
5.0-46
5.0-47
5.0-48
5.0-49
5.0-50
5.0-51
5.0-52
5.0-53
5.0-54
5.0-55
5.0-56
5.0-57
5.0-58
5.0-59
5.0-60
5.0-61
5.0-62
5.0-63
5.0-64
5.0-65
5.0-66
5.0-67
5.0-68
5.0-69
5.0-70
5.0-71
5.0-72
5.0-73
5.0-74
5.0-75
5.0-76
5.0-77
5.0-78
5.0-79
5.0-80
5.0-81
5.0-82
5.0-83
5.0-84
5.0-85
5.0-86
5.0-87
5.0-88
5.0-89
5.0-90
5.0-91
5.0-92
6.0
Dep
artm
ent o
f Agr
icul
ture
, In
stre
am F
low
Sta
ndar
d A
sses
smen
t Rep
ort D
ata
Nee
dsIN
STR
EA
M F
LO
W S
TA
ND
AR
D A
SSE
SSM
EN
T R
EPO
RT
D
AT
A N
EE
DS
Prep
ared
for
Com
mis
ion
on W
ater
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t St
ream
Pro
tect
ion
and
Man
agem
ent B
ranc
h
Prep
ared
by:
D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re
Agr
icul
ture
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t Div
isio
n
May
29,
200
9
6.0-1
CW
RM
DA
TA
NE
ED
S FO
RD
EPA
RT
ME
NT
OF
AG
RIC
UL
TU
RE
U
PCO
UN
TY
MA
UI I
RR
IGA
TIO
N S
YST
EM
Wat
er U
se:
His
toric
al tr
ends
– m
ay in
dica
te se
ason
al c
hang
es; s
taff
may
cor
rela
te w
ith a
nnua
l rai
nfal
l tre
nds
The
Dep
artm
ent o
f Wat
er S
uppl
y (D
WS)
pro
vide
d w
ater
con
sum
ptio
ns in
thei
r ow
n “I
nstre
am F
low
St
anda
rd A
sses
smen
t Rep
ort D
ata
Nee
ds”.
How
ever
, the
y w
ere
unab
le to
cal
cula
te a
gric
ultu
re u
sage
off
th
e O
linda
Wat
er T
reat
men
t Fac
ility
for D
OA
’s U
pcou
ntry
Mau
i Irr
igat
ion
Syst
em w
hich
is n
eede
d to
de
velo
p th
e re
ques
ted
hist
oric
al tr
ends
. D
OA
will
con
tinue
to w
ork
with
DW
S to
dev
elop
this
info
rmat
ion.
C
urre
nt u
se
Non
e, sy
stem
und
er c
onst
ruct
ion,
est
imat
ed c
ompl
eted
dat
e, (p
endi
ng fu
ndin
g) 2
015.
Fu
ture
dem
ands
Th
e w
ater
shed
pla
n w
as d
esig
ned
to d
eliv
er 3
.0 m
illio
n ga
llons
per
day
(pea
k) a
nd se
rvic
e 47
3 ac
res.*
It i
s un
know
n at
this
tim
e as
to w
heth
er fu
ture
dem
and
wou
ld b
e gr
eate
r tha
n th
is.
It w
ould
be
depe
nden
t on
avai
labi
lity
of w
ater
and
futu
re fa
rmin
g in
tere
st.
Wat
er U
se P
urpo
se:
Who
is u
sing
the
wat
er?
Wha
t is w
ater
use
d fo
r?
The
Dep
artm
ent o
f Wat
er S
uppl
y (D
WS)
pro
vide
d th
e di
ffer
ent t
ypes
of c
rops
that
they
cur
rent
ly se
rvic
e in
th
eir o
wn
“Ins
tream
Flo
w S
tand
ard
Ass
essm
ent R
epor
t Dat
a N
eeds
”. H
owev
er, t
hey
wer
e un
able
to
dete
rmin
e w
hich
cro
ps a
re lo
cate
d in
DO
A’s
Upc
ount
ry M
aui I
rrig
atio
n Sy
stem
. D
OA
will
con
tinue
to
wor
k w
ith D
WS
to d
evel
op th
is in
form
atio
n.
If a
pplic
able
, pro
vide
the
follo
win
g:
oD
omes
tic –
geo
grap
hic
area
, num
ber o
f end
use
rs
Not
app
licab
le
oA
gric
ultu
re –
num
ber o
f acr
es, t
ype
of c
rop,
farm
ing
prac
tices
47
3 ac
res (
estim
ated
futu
re se
rvic
e ar
ea)*
, ant
icip
ated
non
-exc
lusi
ve c
rop
type
list
*: o
nion
, pro
tea,
he
ad c
abba
ge a
nd le
ttuce
, Chi
nese
cab
bage
, rom
aine
lettu
ce, a
nd d
aiko
n, a
ssum
e be
st fa
rmin
g pr
actic
es fo
r eac
h ty
pe o
f cro
p.
oLi
vest
ock
– ty
pe o
f ani
mal
, num
ber o
f pas
ture
s, fa
rmin
g pr
actic
es
Live
stoc
k w
as n
ot c
onsi
dere
d in
the
wat
ersh
ed p
lan.
* o
Trad
ition
al –
num
ber o
f acr
es, t
ype
of c
rop,
farm
ing
prac
tices
U
nkno
wn
at th
is ti
me.
We
will
info
rm C
WR
M a
t a la
ter d
ate.
o
Hyd
roel
ectri
c –
ener
gy c
apac
ity, a
vera
ge a
mou
nt o
f pow
er g
ener
ated
(per
day
, mon
th, a
nd /o
r ye
ar),
any
surp
lus p
ower
sale
s, re
venu
e ge
nera
ted,
use
rs o
f thi
s pow
er
This
has
n’t b
een
expl
ored
yet
, but
cou
ld b
e st
udie
d an
d in
corp
orat
ed in
to th
e irr
igat
ion
syst
em in
th
e fu
ture
. o
Rec
reat
ion/
orna
men
tal –
type
of r
ecre
atio
n (g
olf c
ours
e, la
ndsc
ape,
wat
er fe
atur
es),
num
ber o
f ac
res
Not
app
licab
le
Wat
er R
equi
rem
ent:
Min
imum
wat
er re
quire
men
t 1.
0 m
illio
n ga
llon
per d
ay.*
How
ever
mor
e w
ould
be
requ
ired
durin
g th
e “d
ry”
seas
on w
hen
ther
e is
less
ra
infa
ll.
Prio
ritiz
e w
ater
use
pur
pose
s (i.e
. if w
ater
is u
sed
for a
gric
ultu
re, w
hich
fiel
ds a
re w
ater
ed fi
rst o
r any
cro
p ch
ange
s)
This
que
stio
n is
not
ans
wer
able
. Ea
ch fa
rm re
pres
ents
an
indi
vidu
al b
usin
ess.
Eac
h fa
rm m
ust b
e ab
le to
ra
pidl
y ad
just
to c
hang
ing
cond
ition
s for
cro
p ty
pe, m
icro
wea
ther
con
ditio
ns, e
tc.
Bas
ing
wat
er
requ
irem
ents
on
exis
ting
crop
ping
doe
s not
allo
w th
e fa
rmer
to m
ove
with
the
mar
ket a
nd k
eep
thei
r op
erat
ions
via
ble.
6.0-2
Wat
er S
uppl
y:So
urce
s of w
ater
M
aui D
epar
tmen
t of W
ater
Sup
ply.
Stre
ams k
now
n to
DO
A*:
Hai
puae
na, P
uoho
kam
oa, a
nd W
aika
moi
.C
ontra
ctua
l obl
igat
ions
N
ot a
pplic
able
Min
imum
am
ount
of w
ater
supp
lied
(i.e.
via
syst
em) d
urin
g dr
ough
t con
ditio
ns
A fu
ture
agr
eem
ent w
ith M
aui D
WS
will
be
exec
uted
to d
eter
min
e th
e no
rmal
am
ount
of w
ater
supp
lied
to
the
agric
ultu
ral l
ine.
Dro
ught
con
ditio
ns w
ill a
lso
be c
onta
ined
in th
e ag
reem
ent.
We
antic
ipat
e us
ing
our
exis
ting
adm
inis
trativ
e ru
les a
s a g
uide
line
whi
ch c
urre
ntly
allo
ws f
or a
max
imum
man
dato
ry u
sage
re
duct
ion
of 3
0%.
Alte
rnat
e w
ater
sour
ces (
e.g.
recy
cled
wat
er, w
hy/w
hy n
ot?)
Po
tabl
e w
ater
from
the
Olin
da w
ater
trea
tmen
t pla
nt.
Eco
nom
ic Im
pact
: W
hen
wat
er su
pply
dro
ps 2
5%, 5
0%, 7
5%
Estim
ated
eco
nom
ic lo
ss o
f $51
6,50
0, $
1,03
3,00
0, a
nd $
1,54
9,50
0 re
spec
tivel
y w
ith a
loss
of 2
5%, 5
0%,
and
75%
in w
ater
ava
ilabi
lity.
* If
wat
er is
rest
ricte
d in
the
dry
seas
on w
hen
wat
er is
mos
t crit
ical
, the
ec
onom
ic lo
ss sh
ould
be
cons
ider
ably
hig
her.
It sh
ould
als
o be
und
erst
ood
that
it c
ould
take
a lo
ng ti
me
for
farm
ers t
o re
cove
r fro
m se
vere
cut
bac
ks in
wat
er o
r eve
n ne
ver b
e ab
le to
rega
in th
e sa
me
leve
l of
prod
uctio
n. I
t can
be
very
cos
tly to
rees
tabl
ish
crop
s onc
e a
field
is le
t go.
R
estri
ctin
g of
f stre
am u
ses
Res
trict
ing
off s
tream
use
will
elim
inat
e th
e es
timat
ed 4
73 a
cres
of a
gric
ultu
ral p
rodu
ctio
n in
the
regi
on.
Ann
ual e
cono
mic
loss
is e
stim
ated
to b
e ap
prox
imat
ely
$2,0
66,0
00 in
199
7 do
llars
.*
Wat
er U
se E
ffic
ienc
y Ir
rigat
ion
effic
ienc
y W
e ca
n as
sum
e th
at b
est f
arm
ing
prac
tices
are
em
ploy
ed a
s the
farm
is a
bus
ines
s. W
ays t
o de
crea
se w
ater
use
and
wat
er n
eeds
If
bes
t far
min
g pr
actic
es a
re b
eing
em
ploy
ed, t
here
is n
o w
ay to
dec
reas
e w
ater
use
and
nee
ds o
ther
than
ta
king
acr
eage
out
of p
rodu
ctio
n.
Past
exp
erie
nces
: o
Wha
t has
bee
n do
ne to
cop
e w
ith d
ecre
asin
g w
ater
supp
ly?
Con
vers
ion
from
sprin
kler
s to
drip
irrig
atio
n fo
r cer
tain
cro
ps th
at d
o no
t req
uire
ov
erhe
ad ir
rigat
ion.
R
educ
tion
in c
rop
size
. C
over
cro
ps, i
.e. a
ddin
g or
gani
c m
atte
r to
soil
to in
crea
se so
il te
xtur
e.o
Dur
ing
drou
ght c
ondi
tions
, wha
t has
bee
n do
ne to
dec
reas
e w
ater
use
nee
ds?
C
onve
rsio
n fr
om sp
rinkl
ers t
o dr
ip ir
rigat
ion
for c
erta
in c
rops
that
do
not r
equi
re
over
head
irrig
atio
n.
Red
uce
or st
op p
lant
ings
. Fu
ture
dem
ands
: o
Are
ther
e an
y fu
ture
pla
ns th
at w
ould
cha
nge
wat
er u
se o
r nee
ds, i
.e. c
hang
es in
farm
acr
eage
, ca
paci
ty o
f sys
tem
, urb
an d
evel
opm
ent,
etc.
Th
e D
OA
has
no
curr
ent i
nten
t to
incr
ease
the
acre
age
supp
lied
by th
is p
roje
ct.
The
sele
cted
al
tern
ativ
e fr
om th
e w
ater
shed
pla
n co
vers
473
acr
es.
Incr
easi
ng th
e ac
reag
e se
rved
wou
ld re
quire
fu
rther
stud
ies.
Als
o, a
ny in
crea
se in
wat
er re
quire
men
ts w
ould
hav
e to
be
nego
tiate
d w
ith th
e D
epar
tmen
t of W
ater
Sup
ply.
* Fr
om “
Wat
ersh
ed P
lan
– En
viro
nmen
tal I
mpa
ct S
tate
men
t, U
pcou
ntry
Mau
i Wat
ersh
ed, M
aui C
ount
y,
Haw
aii,
date
d M
arch
199
7.
6.0-3
7.0
Haw
aiia
n C
omm
erci
al &
Su
gar,
Co.
, Ea
st M
aui I
nstr
eam
Flo
w
Stan
dard
Ass
essm
ent
Rep
orts
7.0-1
7.0-2
7.0-3
7.0-4
7.0-5
7.0-6
7.0-7
7.0-8
7.0-9
NO
TIC
E
Enc
lose
d w
ith t
his
lette
r, H
awai
ian
Com
mer
cial
& S
ugar
C
o.,
also
sub
mitt
ed t
he S
WC
A W
hite
Pap
er d
ated
May
20
09 a
nd ti
tled,
Sta
tus
of N
ativ
e H
awai
ian
Mac
rofa
una
in
Eas
t M
aui S
tream
s an
d B
iolo
gica
l Con
side
ratio
ns f
or t
he
Am
endm
ent
of
Inte
rim
Inst
ream
Fl
ow
Sta
ndar
ds
in
Sel
ecte
d S
tream
s (II
FS).
The
SW
CA
Whi
te P
aper
was
su
bseq
uent
ly
upda
ted
and
subm
itted
di
rect
ly
to
Com
mis
sion
sta
ff by
SW
CA
Env
ironm
enta
l Con
sulta
nts
on
Aug
ust
6, 2
009.
P
leas
e re
fer
to S
ectio
n 12
.0 f
or t
he
SW
CA
Whi
te P
aper
, Upd
ated
Jun
e 15
, 200
9.
7.0-10
8.0
Mau
i Cou
nty
Farm
Bur
eau,
M
aui F
arm
er a
nd R
anch
er
East
Mau
i Wat
er U
se S
urve
y R
esul
ts
8.0-1
8.0-2
8.0-3
8.0-4
8.0-5
8.0-6
8.0-7
8.0-8
8.0-9
8.0-10
8.0-11
8.0-12
8.0-13
8.0-14
8.0-15
8.0-16
8.0-17
8.0-18
8.0-19
8.0-20
8.0-21
8.0-22
8.0-23
8.0-24
8.0-25
8.0-26
8.0-27
8.0-28
9.0
Mau
i Offi
ce o
f Eco
nom
ic
Dev
elop
men
t,W
ater
Sup
ply
Impr
ovem
ents
to
the
Kul
a A
gric
ultu
ral P
ark,
Pr
elim
inar
y En
gine
erin
g R
epor
t
9.0-1
9.0-2
9.0-3
9.0-4
9.0-5
9.0-6
9.0-7
9.0-8
9.0-9
9.0-10
9.0-11
9.0-12
9.0-13
9.0-14
9.0-15
9.0-16
9.0-17
9.0-18
9.0-19
9.0-20
9.0-21
9.0-22
9.0-23
9.0-24
9.0-25
9.0-26
9.0-27
9.0-28
9.0-29
9.0-30
10.0
Mau
i Cou
nty
Farm
Bur
eau,
U
.S. D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
icul
ture
, Nat
iona
l A
gric
ultu
re S
tatis
tics
Serv
ice
Dat
a
1428
Sou
th K
ing
Stre
et
Hon
olul
u, H
I 968
14-2
512
TEL
: (80
8) 9
73-9
588
FA
X: (8
08) 9
73-2
909
USD
A, N
ASS,
HAW
AII F
IELD
OFF
ICE
“Fac
t Fin
ders
for H
awai
i Agr
icul
ture
”
Unite
d S
tate
s Dep
artm
ent o
f Agr
icul
ture
- N
atio
nal A
gric
ultu
ral S
tatis
tics S
ervi
ce
In c
oope
ratio
n w
ith H
aw
aii D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re -
Agr
icul
tura
l Dev
elop
men
t Div
ision
Mar
ch 2
6, 2
009
Mau
i Cou
nty
Farm
Bur
eau
Fede
ratio
n 75
Kaw
ehi P
lace
K
ula,
HI 9
6790
Mau
i Cou
nty
Farm
Bur
eau,
The
mos
t com
plet
e an
d co
mpr
ehen
sive
agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
ion
data
pub
lishe
d is
the
Cen
sus
of
Agr
icul
ture
. Th
is d
ata
is p
ublis
hed
at th
e S
tate
and
Cou
nty
leve
l, bu
t not
at t
he z
ip c
ode
leve
l.
Dat
a su
mm
ariz
ed b
y zi
p co
de w
ould
rela
te to
the
farm
ope
rato
r’s m
ailin
g ad
dres
s w
hich
is n
ot
nece
ssar
ily th
e ar
ea w
here
thei
r far
m c
omm
oditi
es w
ere
grow
n or
rais
ed.
For t
his
reas
on, o
nly
farm
and
ranc
h nu
mbe
rs w
ill b
e pu
blis
hed
by z
ip c
ode
in J
uly
of th
is y
ear.
Zip
code
leve
l of p
reci
sion
is c
ompr
omis
ed b
ecau
se th
e da
ta is
sum
mar
ized
bas
ed o
n m
ail
deliv
ery
loca
tion,
not
by
tax
map
key
(TM
K) l
ocat
ion.
We
also
had
to in
sure
indi
vidu
al
oper
atio
nal d
ata
was
not
dis
clos
ed o
r the
bre
akou
ts w
ould
not
dis
clos
e da
ta fr
om th
e re
mai
ning
M
aui C
ount
y zi
p co
de re
cord
s.
Afte
r con
duct
ing
exte
nsiv
e re
sear
ch, c
onsu
lting
with
our
Nat
iona
l Offi
ce, a
nd c
heck
ing
to e
nsur
e th
at in
divi
dual
ope
ratio
nal d
ata
was
not
dis
clos
ed w
e ha
ve e
stim
ated
the
aggr
egat
e to
tals
for
valu
e of
sal
es, h
arve
sted
land
irrig
ated
, and
oth
er la
nd ir
rigat
ed.
Our
est
imat
es fo
r the
co
mbi
ned
tota
ls fo
r Hai
ku (9
6708
0), K
ahul
ui (9
6732
and
967
33),
and
Kul
a (9
6790
) are
:
Tota
l val
ue o
f agr
icul
tura
l sal
es: $
24 m
illio
n in
200
7, $
17 m
illio
n fo
r 200
2.
Tota
l cro
p va
lue
of s
ales
: $20
mill
ion
in 2
007,
$14
mill
ion
for 2
002.
To
tal l
ives
tock
val
ue o
f sal
es: $
4 m
illio
n in
200
7, $
3 m
illio
n fo
r 200
2.
Har
vest
ed la
nd ir
rigat
ed: 1
,000
acr
es in
200
7, 1
,000
in 2
002.
P
astu
rela
nd, r
ange
land
, aba
ndon
ed c
ropl
and,
and
oth
er la
nd ir
rigat
ed: 1
,400
acr
es in
200
7 an
d 1,
100
for 2
002.
We
coul
d no
t acc
ess
the
1997
Cen
sus
of A
gric
ultu
re b
y zi
p co
de d
ue to
form
attin
g di
ffere
nces
. Th
is C
ensu
s of
Agr
icul
ture
use
d th
e C
omm
erce
Dep
artm
ents
sys
tem
whi
ch is
not
com
patib
le.
Ple
ase
call
our o
ffice
if y
ou h
ave
ques
tions
or n
eed
addi
tiona
l hel
p at
1-8
00-8
04-9
514.
Than
k yo
u,
Mar
k E
. Hud
son
Dire
ctor
, US
DA
NA
SS
Haw
aii F
ield
Offi
ce
Sta
te S
tatis
ticia
n fo
r Haw
aii S
tate
Dep
artm
ent o
f Agr
icul
ture
10.0-1
11.0
Haw
aiia
n C
omm
erci
al &
Su
gar,
Co.
, D
iagr
am o
f the
Eas
t Mau
i D
itch
Syst
em, w
ith D
itch
&
Res
ervo
ir C
apac
ities
11.0-1
12.0
Haw
aiia
n C
omm
erci
al &
Su
gar,
Co.
, SW
CA
Whi
te P
aper
(Upd
ated
Ju
ne 1
5, 2
009)
, Sta
tus
of
Nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n M
acro
faun
a in
Eas
t Mau
i Str
eam
s an
d B
iolo
gica
l Con
side
ratio
ns fo
r th
e A
men
dmen
t of I
nter
im
Inst
ream
Flo
w S
tand
ards
in
Sele
cted
Str
eam
s (II
FS)
S
WC
A W
hit
e P
ap
er
(Up
date
d J
un
e 1
5,
20
09
)
S
TA
TU
S O
F N
AT
IVE H
AW
AII
AN
MA
CR
OFA
UN
A I
N E
AS
T M
AU
I S
TR
EA
MS
AN
D B
IOLO
GIC
AL C
ON
SID
ER
AT
ION
S F
OR
TH
E
AM
EN
DM
EN
T O
F I
NT
ER
IM I
NS
TR
EA
M F
LO
W S
TA
ND
AR
DS
IN
S
ELEC
TED
STR
EA
MS
(II
FS
)
Joh
n I
. Ford
, M
.S.
Ste
ven
W.
Caro
thers
, P
h.D
.
Rob
ert
A.
Kin
zie I
II,
Ph
.D.
S
WC
A E
nvir
on
men
tal
Co
nsu
ltan
ts
20
1 M
erc
han
t S
treet,
Su
ite 2
31
0
Hon
olu
lu,
HI
96
81
3
Ju
ne 2
00
9
12.0-1
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
1
TA
BLE O
F C
ON
TEN
TS
EXECU
TIVE S
UM
MARY
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
2
1.0
IN
TRO
DU
CTIO
N ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
3
1.1
Bac
kgro
und ...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 3
1.2
Obje
ctiv
e ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.. 5
1.3
Sig
nific
ance
in H
awai
ian C
ulture
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
5
1.4
Brief
Ove
rvie
w o
f th
e Li
tera
ture
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 6
1.5
Set
ting ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 7
2.0
IN
TRO
DU
CTIO
N T
O H
AW
AII
AN
STREAM
ECO
LOG
Y ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.. 1
0
2.1
Origin
s of th
e Char
acte
rist
ic M
acro
fauna ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 10
2.2
Adap
tive
Adva
nta
ges
of Am
phid
rom
y ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 12
3.0
EN
VIR
ON
MEN
TAL
INFL
UEN
CES O
N H
AW
AII
AN
STREAM
S ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.. 1
4
3.1
Influen
ce o
f Str
eam
Geo
morp
holo
gy,
Dis
char
ge,
and P
erio
dic
ity
on S
pec
ies
Dis
trib
ution
....
. 14
4.0
H
UM
AN
IM
PACTS ...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
... 16
4.1
Pre
-Cap
tain
Coo
k H
um
an I
nfluen
ces
on H
awai
ian S
trea
ms .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 16
4.2
Post
-Cap
tain
Coo
k H
um
an I
nfluen
ces
on H
awai
ian S
trea
m E
cosy
stem
s ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
.. 1
7
4.3
Wat
er D
evel
opm
ent ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 17
4.4
Sum
mar
y of
Im
pac
ts o
n H
awai
ian S
trea
ms ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 18
5.0
TH
E E
AST
MAU
I IR
RIG
ATI
ON
CO
MPA
NY
(EM
I) D
ITCH
SYS
TEM
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 19
6.0
AM
PHID
RO
MO
US S
PECIE
S I
N E
AST
MAU
I STR
EAM
S ...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
... 20
6.1
Rec
ent
Stu
die
s ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
20
6.2
Sta
tus
of Am
phid
rom
ous
Spec
ies
Dis
trib
ution in E
ast
Mau
i Str
eam
s ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
... 22
7.0
SU
MM
ARY P
OIN
TS ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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....
....
27
8.0
BIB
LIO
GRAPH
Y ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
28
APP
EN
DIX
A:
LIF
E H
ISTO
RIE
S O
F SELE
CTED
NATI
VE H
AW
AII
AN
AM
PHID
RO
MO
US S
PECIE
S ..
....
....
....
.. 4
1
LIS
T O
F F
IGU
RES
, TA
BLES
, A
ND
PLA
TES
Fi
gure
1.
Eas
t M
aui Str
eam
s st
udy
area
. ...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
8
Figure
2. Rai
nfa
ll, g
eolo
gy,
and h
ydro
logy
of E
ast
Mau
i ...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
... 9
Fi
gure
3.
USG
S d
aily
str
eam
flo
w d
ata
and s
tatist
ics
for
Wes
t W
ailu
aiki
Str
eam
, Eas
t M
aui. ...
....
....
....
... 15
Figure
4.
Num
ber
of st
ream
s har
bor
ing a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
by
stre
am r
each
in E
ast
Mau
i ...
....
....
....
. 24
Figure
5.
Num
ber
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
dis
trib
ute
d w
ithin
str
eam
rea
ches
in E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s. ..
... 25
Figure
6.
Sum
mar
y of es
tim
ated
aquat
ic h
abitat
at
div
erte
d c
onditio
ns
rela
tive
to
nat
ura
l co
nditio
ns
....
. 26
Tab
le 1
. Am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
know
n t
o in
hab
it E
ast
Mau
i ...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
... 10
Tab
le 2
. Reg
iste
red d
iver
sion s
truct
ure
s w
ithin
the
Eas
t M
aui st
udy
area
. ...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
19
Tab
le 3
. Know
n d
istr
ibution o
f am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
in s
trea
ms
of th
e Eas
t M
aui .
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.. 2
1
Tab
le 4
. D
istr
ibution o
f am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
in low
er, m
iddle
, an
d u
pper
rea
ches
. ...
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 23
12.0-2
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
2
EX
EC
UTIV
E S
UM
MA
RY
Litt
le i
s kn
ow
n a
bout
the
rela
tionsh
ip b
etw
een s
trea
m f
low
s and t
he
ecolo
gic
al
syst
ems
of
stre
ams.
Too
man
y ex
tran
eous
fact
ors
hav
e bee
n intr
oduce
d t
o e
nable
a o
ne-
to-o
ne
causa
l re
lationsh
ip b
etw
een f
low
and s
trea
m v
iabili
ty.
Wat
ersh
eds
hav
e ra
dic
ally
chan
ged
with t
he
intr
oduct
ion
of
non-i
ndig
enous
tree
s sh
rubs
and
gra
sses
, al
teri
ng
the
abso
rption
char
acte
rist
ics
of
the
wat
ersh
eds’
soil
and t
he
amounts
and p
atte
rns
of
wat
er r
elea
sed i
nto
th
e st
ream
s… s
om
e st
ream
s th
at h
ave
bee
n s
ever
ely
deg
raded
thro
ugh r
educe
d b
ase
flo
ws,
ch
anges
in t
hei
r w
ater
shed
s, a
nd i
ntr
oduce
d a
quat
ic s
pec
ies
still
support
via
ble
and t
hri
ving
nat
ive
spec
ies,
while
oth
er c
om
par
able
or
even
les
s deg
raded
str
eam
s ar
e nea
rly
dev
oid
of
nat
ive
life.
(M
iike
2004)
The
1,6
00-y
ear
his
tory
of
hum
an h
abitation w
ithin
the
Haw
aiia
n I
slands
has
res
ulted
in t
he
loss
and/o
r en
danger
men
t of an u
nusu
ally
hig
h p
roport
ion o
f th
e arc
hip
elago’s
indig
enous
pla
nt
and a
nim
al
spec
ies.
By
the
tim
e Cap
tain
Jam
es C
ook
visi
ted t
he
isla
nds
in 1
778 t
he
coast
al a
reas
and low
lyi
ng
fore
sts
of m
ost
isl
ands
had
alr
eady
bee
n c
leare
d a
nd h
eavi
ly s
ettled
(Kir
ch 1
982,
Cuddih
y and S
tone
1990,
Burn
ey e
t al. 2
001,
Ath
ens
et a
l. 2
002,
Burn
ey a
nd F
lanner
y 2005).
Most
of th
e nat
ura
l H
awai
ian e
cosy
stem
s, incl
udin
g s
trea
ms,
wer
e tr
ansf
orm
ed b
y hum
ans
and t
he inva
sion o
f ex
otic
spec
ies
centu
ries
bef
ore
the
pre
sent.
The
com
bin
ation
of hab
itat
loss
, in
trod
uct
ions
of non-n
ativ
e co
mpet
itiv
e an
d p
redac
ious
spec
ies
and d
isea
ses
hav
e re
sulted
in r
emark
ably
hig
h n
um
ber
s of
extinct
and t
hre
ate
ned
and e
ndanger
ed s
pec
ies
thro
ughout
the
Haw
aiia
n I
slan
ds.
In
fact
, th
e H
awai
ian
Isla
nds
are
wid
ely
know
n a
s th
e en
danger
ed s
pec
ies
capital
of th
e w
orl
d,
and f
eder
al and s
tate
ag
enci
es a
nd N
GO
s sp
end m
illio
ns
of dolla
rs e
very
yea
r in
att
empts
to e
limin
ate
non-n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s an
d r
esto
re n
ativ
e flora
and fau
na.
One
gro
up o
f an
imal
s th
at s
har
es a
uniq
ue
lifes
tyle
, sp
ecific
ally
sev
eral
spec
ies
of nat
ive
fres
hw
ater
m
acro
fauna
char
acte
rist
ic o
f H
awai
ian s
trea
ms,
have
surv
ived
the
stea
dy
onsl
aught
of ec
olo
gic
al
chan
ge
and c
ontinue
to t
hri
ve.
They
per
sist
today
in s
trea
ms
thro
ughout
the
mai
n H
awai
ian I
slan
ds,
in
cludin
g t
hose
str
eam
s th
at
hav
e bee
n s
ubst
antially
modifie
d for
ove
r a c
entu
ry o
f w
ater
div
ersi
ons
for
taro
and s
ugar
cane
irrigat
ion a
s w
ell as
oth
er h
um
an u
ses.
T
he
nat
ive
stre
am s
pec
ies
of co
nce
rn
dis
cuss
ed in t
his
paper
incl
ude
four
nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n g
obie
s, o
r ‘o
‘opu (
Lentipes
conco
lor,
Sic
yopte
rus
stim
pso
ni, A
waous
guam
ensi
s, a
nd S
tenogobiu
s haw
aiie
nsi
s),
an e
leotr
id (
Ele
otri
s sa
ndw
icen
sis)
; tw
o
gast
ropod m
ollu
sks,
incl
udin
g h
īhīw
ai (
Ner
itin
a gra
nosa
) an
d h
apaw
ai (
Ner
itin
a ve
sper
tina);
a p
raw
n
(Mac
robra
chiu
m g
randim
anus)
; an
d a
shri
mp,
or
‘opae
kal
a‘ole
(Aty
oid
a bis
ulc
ata)
. T
hes
e anim
als
hav
e bee
n s
elec
ted for
ass
essm
ent
bec
ause
of th
eir
import
ance
in t
raditio
nal
and c
ust
om
ary
Haw
aiia
n
gath
erin
g a
nd s
ubsi
sten
ce fis
hin
g.
Thes
e nin
e sp
ecie
s sh
are
a c
om
mon life
his
tory
str
ateg
y ca
lled
amphid
rom
y th
at invo
lves
mig
ration fro
m t
he
fres
hw
ater
str
eam
s to
the
oce
an for
larv
al d
evel
opm
ent
and r
eturn
. T
her
e is
am
ple
anec
dota
l ev
iden
ce t
o indic
ate
that
dec
ades
ago m
any
of
thes
e sp
ecie
s w
ere
more
abundant
than t
hey
are
today
(Titco
mb 1
972,
Puku
i 1983,
Bel
l 1999).
Contr
ary
to w
hat
was
once
bel
ieve
d;
how
ever
, th
ere
are
no d
ata
avai
lable
to s
ugges
t th
at
any
of
thes
e nat
ive
spec
ies
are
at
risk
of ei
ther
endanger
men
t and/o
r ex
tinct
ion in E
ast
Maui st
ream
s or
else
wher
e th
roughout
the
Haw
aiia
n I
slan
ds
(Par
ham
et
al.
2008).
In
fac
t, E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s are
rec
ogniz
ed a
mong t
he
most
im
port
ant
hab
itat
s fo
r nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
m a
nim
als
in t
he
Sta
te u
nder
curr
ent
div
erte
d c
onditio
ns
(Nat
ional
Par
k Ser
vice
Nat
ionw
ide
Riv
ers
Inve
nto
ry 1
982,
Haw
ai‘i
Nat
ional
Par
k Cooper
ativ
e Stu
die
s U
nit 1
990).
The
obje
ctiv
e of th
is p
aper
is
to p
rese
nt
bio
logic
al info
rmation t
hat
can b
e utiliz
ed in d
eter
min
ing
equitab
le,
reas
onab
le,
and b
enef
icia
l in
-str
eam
and o
ff-s
trea
m u
ses
of th
e lim
ited
surf
ace
wat
er
reso
urc
es o
f nort
hea
st M
aui. By
anal
yzin
g t
he
curr
ent
stat
us
of th
e nat
ive
stre
am s
pec
ies
we
bel
ieve
th
at
mis
sing c
ritica
l in
form
ation c
an b
e m
ade
ava
ilable
to d
ecis
ion m
ake
rs,
and a
n e
quitable
dis
trib
ution o
f th
e lim
ited
am
ount
of w
ater
can
be
bas
ed o
n b
iolo
gic
al fa
cts
rath
er t
han p
erce
ptions.
W
e su
mm
ariz
e th
e sc
ientific
liter
ature
on H
awai
ian s
trea
m e
cosy
stem
s, t
he
ove
rall
stat
us
of nat
ive
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies,
and t
he
pre
sence
or
abse
nce
of bio
logic
al fac
tors
indic
ating t
he
nee
d for
flow
re
stora
tion t
o e
nhan
ce t
hese
spec
ies’
eco
logic
al su
rviv
al. W
e off
er insi
ght
regard
ing t
he
per
sist
ence
of
the
nat
ive
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
in t
he
regio
n follo
win
g 1
20 y
ears
of w
ater
dev
elopm
ent
in E
ast
Mau
i and a
mill
enniu
m o
f hum
an im
pact
s to
the
landsc
ape.
The
findin
gs
offer
ed in t
his
rep
ort
are
base
d
upon s
trea
m r
esea
rch c
onduct
ed b
y SW
CA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts in E
ast
Mau
i an
d t
hro
ughout
the
state
, and a
n a
sses
smen
t of th
e publis
hed
res
earc
h b
y th
e U
nited
Sta
tes
Geo
logic
al Surv
ey,
Haw
ai‘i
Div
isio
n o
f Aquat
ic R
esourc
es,
and o
ther
inve
stig
ators
.
12.0-3
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
3
It h
ad g
ener
ally
bee
n a
ssum
ed t
hat
ove
r a c
entu
ry o
f w
ater
div
ersi
on fro
m E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s has
re
sulted
in irr
epara
ble
eco
logic
al dam
age
to s
ome
elem
ents
of nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n f
lora
and fau
na.
Som
e al
so p
ost
ula
te t
hat
a s
usp
ensi
on o
f w
ater
div
ersi
ons
will
effec
tive
ly r
esto
re s
trea
m e
cosy
stem
s to
the
ben
efit o
f nat
ive
stre
am
spec
ies,
esp
ecia
lly t
hose
with t
he
am
phid
rom
ous
lifes
tyle
. W
hile
we
bel
ieve
opport
unitie
s do e
xist
to e
nhan
ce s
om
e of th
e st
ream
sys
tem
s to
ben
efit n
ativ
e w
ildlif
e, o
ur
findin
gs
do n
ot
support
acc
epta
nce
of th
e bla
nke
t as
sert
ion t
hat
the
amphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
of th
e re
gio
n a
re
curr
ently
dec
linin
g in n
um
ber
s, a
nd t
hat
susp
ensi
on o
f w
ater
div
ersi
ons
in E
ast
Mau
i is
nee
ded
to
sust
ain
hea
lthy
popula
tions
of th
ese
spec
ies.
O
ur
revi
ew illu
stra
tes
how
hard
y am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
are
des
pite
his
torica
l st
ream
modific
atio
ns,
in
cludin
g s
ignific
ant
are
as
of in
term
itte
nt
dew
ate
rmen
t. Exi
stin
g flo
w lev
els
in s
trea
ms
with a
long
his
tory
of w
ater
div
ersi
ons
continue
to p
rovi
de
hab
itat
and e
colo
gic
al c
onnec
tivi
ty1 s
uff
icie
nt
to s
ust
ain
nat
ive
aquat
ic life,
as
reco
gniz
ed b
y M
iike
(2004)
and a
s docu
men
ted e
lsew
her
e on M
aui (S
WCA 2
004,
2005,
2007,
2008;
Parh
am
et
al. 2
008).
O
f th
e to
tal 106 lin
ear
kilo
met
ers
(66 m
i) o
f st
ream
chan
nel
s w
ithin
the
study
are
a (
as
def
ined
by
Gin
ger
ich a
nd W
olff 2005),
SW
CA h
as c
alc
ula
ted t
hat
57 p
erce
nt
of th
e to
tal st
ream
len
gth
has
ret
ain
ed 7
5-1
00 p
erce
nt
of aquat
ic h
abitat
at
base
flo
w r
elative
to t
he
estim
ated
undiv
erte
d c
onditio
ns.
The
longitudin
al dis
trib
ution
of
nat
ive
fish
es,
crust
acea
ns,
and m
ollu
sks
in d
iver
ted E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s gen
eral
ly m
irro
rs t
he
norm
al p
atte
rns
of th
ese
spec
ies
in u
nalter
ed s
trea
ms.
M
ore
ove
r, o
ur
findin
gs
indic
ate
that
in t
he
Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s fo
r w
hic
h d
istr
ibutional
dat
a ar
e av
aila
ble
, m
ost
hav
e kn
ow
n
popula
tions
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
both
above
and b
elow
div
ersi
on s
truct
ure
s, a
nd a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
are
wel
l re
pre
sente
d w
ith s
elf-
sust
ainin
g p
opula
tions
thro
ughout
the
entire
Eas
t M
aui Reg
ion
and t
he
Sta
te.
In f
act,
17 o
f 18 E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s fo
r w
hic
h d
ata
exi
st h
ave
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
report
ed fro
m t
hei
r upper
rea
ches
. T
his
confirm
s th
at
ecolo
gic
al c
onnec
tivi
ty o
ccurs
under
exi
stin
g
div
erte
d c
onditio
ns.
Eve
n t
hough t
her
e are
rel
iable
dis
trib
utional
dat
a fo
r th
ese
Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s,
ther
e ar
e fe
w o
r no q
uantita
tive
dat
a on p
opula
tion s
ize
or
den
sity
.
Am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
worl
dw
ide
hav
e ev
olv
ed r
epro
duct
ive
patt
erns
adapte
d t
o t
he
extr
emel
y va
riab
le a
nd u
npre
dic
table
flo
w c
onditio
ns
char
acte
rist
ic o
f ep
hem
eral
str
eam
s an
d a
re p
erfe
ctly
ad
apte
d t
o n
atura
lly e
phem
eral
torr
ential
fla
sh f
lood
s and s
ubse
quen
t per
iods
of dec
reasi
ng flo
w
(McD
ow
all 1993).
La
rval
hat
chin
g,
dow
nst
ream
dri
ft t
o th
e se
a, a
nd lat
er m
igra
tion into
upst
ream
hab
itats
wher
e th
ey c
an s
urv
ive,
eve
n in s
tandin
g w
ate
r poo
ls,
under
conditio
ns
of bas
e flow
are
st
rongly
corr
elat
ed t
o p
erio
ds
of to
rren
tial flow
(Li
ndst
rom
1998).
This
is
an e
volu
tionary
str
ate
gy
that
has
allo
wed
thes
e nat
ive
spec
ies
to e
ndure
while
so m
any
oth
er n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s hav
e fa
ced
extirp
atio
n.
The
syst
em o
f w
ater
div
ersi
ons
in E
ast
Mau
i, w
hile
cle
arl
y ex
ace
rbat
ing t
he
dry
end o
f th
e w
et-d
ry d
aily
cyc
le o
f st
ream
eco
logy,
has
not
bee
n d
emon
stra
ted t
o p
recl
ude
suitable
hab
itat
conditio
ns
for
sust
ainin
g p
opula
tions
of th
e am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies.
1
.0 I
NTR
OD
UC
TIO
N
1.1
Back
gro
un
d
Sin
ce t
he
Haw
ai‘i
Supre
me
Court
handed
dow
n its
subst
antive
inte
rpre
tation o
f th
e Sta
te W
ate
r Code
in W
aiah
ole
Ditch
Com
bin
ed C
onte
sted
Cas
e H
eari
ng in S
epte
mber
2000,
the
Com
mis
sion o
n W
ate
r Res
ourc
es M
anag
emen
t (C
WRM
, or
Wat
er C
om
mis
sion)
has
bee
n u
nder
incr
easi
ng p
ress
ure
to fulfill
its
re
sponsi
bili
ties
in e
stablis
hin
g inst
ream
flo
w s
tandard
s. In
its
Wai
ahole
dec
isio
n,
the
court
dir
ecte
d
the
Wate
r Com
mis
sion t
o e
stablis
h p
erm
anen
t in
stre
am flo
w s
tandar
ds
for
win
dw
ard s
trea
ms
“with
utm
ost
has
te a
nd p
urp
ose
.”
The
Waia
hole
iss
ue
dem
onst
rate
d t
he
incr
easi
ng p
ublic
inte
rest
and c
once
rn o
ver
the
statu
s of
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
m e
cosy
stem
s. H
ow
ever
, fo
llow
ing t
estim
ony
by
num
erous
scie
ntist
s, incl
udin
g D
r.
Anne
Bra
sher
, D
r. J
ohn M
aci
ole
k, D
r. M
ike
Fitz
sim
ons,
Dr.
Ken
Bove
e, M
r. B
ill D
evic
k, M
r. M
ark
1 D
ams,
div
ersi
ons,
lak
es, im
poundm
ents
, an
d s
imila
r m
an-m
ade
stru
cture
s ca
n d
istu
rb longitudin
al o
r lin
ear
connec
tivi
ty o
f hab
itat
s w
ithin
a s
trea
m e
cosy
stem
. W
ith r
espec
t to
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
m e
cosy
stem
s, w
e use
‘e
colo
gic
al c
onnec
tivi
ty’ to
des
crib
e th
e in
terc
onnec
ted n
ature
of
aquat
ic h
abitat
s th
at s
uppor
t popula
tions
of nat
ive
amphid
rom
ous
(mig
rato
ry)
stre
am m
acro
fauna
thro
ughout
thei
r nor
mal
ran
ges
within
a g
iven
wat
ersh
ed. H
ence
, ec
olo
gic
al c
onnec
tivi
ty e
xist
s if s
trea
m f
low
s of
suff
icie
nt
volu
me
and f
requen
cy a
llow
the
norm
al d
istr
ibution o
f nat
ive
amphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
within
a g
iven
wat
ersh
ed.
12.0-4
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
4
Hodges
, and M
r. R
on E
nglu
nd,
the
Court
concl
uded
that
info
rmation o
n H
awai
ian s
trea
m b
iolo
gy
and
stre
am
flo
w r
equir
emen
ts o
f nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n s
pec
ies
was
inco
mple
te a
nd inco
nsi
sten
t.W
ithin
the
past
dec
ade,
ove
r 20 p
etitio
ns
hav
e bee
n f
iled w
ith t
he
CW
RM
cal
ling for
flow
res
tora
tion in t
he
Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s th
at h
ave
been
div
erte
d for
off-s
trea
m u
ses
ove
r th
e past
120 y
ears
. I
n 2
002,
the
CW
RM
com
mis
sioned
the
United
Sta
tes
Geo
logic
al S
urv
ey (
USG
S)
Wat
er R
esourc
es D
ivis
ion in
Honolu
lu t
o e
valu
ate
the
bio
logic
al im
pact
s of th
e Eas
t M
aui Ir
rigation C
om
pany
(EM
I) d
itch
sys
tem
on
Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s to
ass
ist
CW
RM
in e
stablis
hin
g a
men
ded
Inte
rim
Inst
ream
Flo
w S
tandar
ds
(IIF
S)
for
those
str
eam
s. The
USG
S (
Gin
ger
ich 2
005,
Gin
ger
ich a
nd W
olff 2005)
applie
d t
he
PHABSIM
model
(B
ove
e 1982,
Bove
e et
al. 1
998)
to e
stim
ate
the
am
ount
of aquat
ic h
abitat
ava
ilable
for
the
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies,
and d
evel
op h
abitat
dura
tion s
tatist
ics
that
pro
vide
estim
ate
s of th
e am
ount
of
incr
ease
d h
abitat
that
would
acc
rue
with s
trea
mflow
res
tora
tion (
cess
atio
n o
r re
duct
ion o
f w
ithdra
wal
s).
Sta
te fundin
g s
upport
for
USG
S s
tudie
s in
Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s co
ntinues
today
.
Gin
ger
ich a
nd W
olff (2
005)
found t
hat
aquat
ic h
abitat
val
ues
in E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s to
day
ave
rage
58
to 6
0 p
erce
nt
of nat
ura
l, u
ndiv
erte
d c
onditio
ns.
W
hat
this
ess
ential
ly m
eans
is t
hat
the
withdra
wal
sy
stem
has
bee
n t
akin
g,
on a
vera
ge,
for
wel
l ove
r a c
entu
ry,
appro
xim
ate
ly 4
0 p
erce
nt
of th
e base
st
ream
flo
w.
USG
S w
as n
ot
task
ed w
ith a
n e
valu
atio
n o
f th
e cu
rren
t st
atu
s of
the
targ
et s
pec
ies
within
the
stre
am
s so
this
im
port
ant
info
rmation is
still
unkn
ow
n.
Rec
ent
longitudin
al su
rvey
s co
nduct
ed b
y H
awai
‘i D
ivis
ion o
f Aquat
ic R
esourc
es (
DAR)
bio
logis
ts in fiv
e Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s (i
ncl
udin
g t
wo w
ithin
the
USG
S s
tudy
area
) at
trib
ute
red
uce
d n
ativ
e aq
uat
ic inse
ct d
iver
sity
to
dew
ate
rmen
t of th
e m
iddle
rea
ches
of th
ese
stre
am
s (D
AR t
estim
ony
bef
ore
CW
RM
, Sep
tem
ber
2,
2008).
O
n 2
4 S
epte
mber
2008 t
he
CW
RM
vote
d t
o r
eturn
an a
vera
ge
tota
l of appro
xim
ate
ly 1
2 m
illio
n g
allo
ns
per
day
(mgd)
of div
erte
d w
ater
in 8
of th
e 27 E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s th
at w
ere
subje
cts
of th
e ci
tize
ns’
pet
itio
ns.
CW
RM
sta
ff indic
ate
d t
hat
the
sele
cted
inst
ream
flo
w s
tandar
ds
are
base
d larg
ely
on t
he
USG
S’s
hyd
rolo
gy
and h
abitat
ava
ilabili
ty s
tudie
s (D
awso
n 2
006).
W
hile
som
e of th
e re
turn
ed w
ater
w
as p
rovi
ded
for
the
ben
efit o
f dow
nst
ream
taro
farm
ers,
it
was
sta
ted t
hat
the
rele
ase
s w
ere
als
o t
o
ben
efit o
ther
ele
men
ts o
f tr
aditio
nal
gath
erin
g p
ract
ices
and t
o r
esto
re n
atura
l hab
itat
s.
The
stre
ams
affe
cted
by
the
CW
RM
’s d
ecis
ion a
re W
aioka
milo
, Pa
lauhulu
, H
onopou,
Wai
luan
ui,
Han
ehoi an
d H
uel
o.
Subse
quen
t flow
monitori
ng b
y CW
RM
sta
ff h
as r
evea
led t
hat
flo
w r
esto
ration h
as
not
met
the
des
ired
inte
nt
in a
t le
ast
two o
f th
ese
stre
ams.
In W
aioka
milo
Str
eam
, re
store
d flo
w
dis
appea
rs into
the
stre
am
bed
above
Dam
3 a
nd h
as y
et t
o b
e sh
ow
n t
o b
enef
it t
o e
ither
taro
gro
wer
s or
the
stre
am
eco
logy
(CW
RM
Fie
ld I
nve
stig
ation R
eport
FI2
009021005,
10 F
ebru
ary
2009).
In
the
Pala
uhulu
tri
buta
ry o
f Pi
‘ina‘
au S
trea
m s
om
e flow
may
be
lost
to t
he
stre
ambed
bet
wee
n 8
00 ft
and
300 ft
elev
ation (
Gin
ger
ich 2
005).
This
unfo
rtunat
e outc
om
e dem
onst
rate
s th
e im
port
ance
of
thoro
ugh p
re-i
mple
men
tation s
tudie
s and t
he
valu
e of post
-im
ple
men
tation m
onitori
ng a
s par
t of th
e ad
aptive
man
agem
ent
appro
ach.
The
Hea
ring O
ffic
er’s
Pro
pose
d F
indin
g o
f Fa
cts,
Concl
usi
ons
of La
w,
and D
ecis
ion a
nd O
rder
in t
he
Nā
Wai
‘Ehā c
onte
sted
cas
e hea
ring (
Cas
e N
o.
CCH
-MA06-0
1)
pro
vides
guid
ance
for
phys
ical
and
bio
logic
al st
udie
s th
at
could
be
conduct
ed t
o v
alid
ate
and/o
r re
fine
the
pro
pose
d I
IFS.
As
state
d o
n
page
179 o
f th
e docu
men
t, t
he
Hea
ring O
ffic
er “
chose
a r
elative
ly s
mall
range
of flow
s, fro
m t
he
min
imum
rec
ord
ed flo
ws
up t
o t
he
Q90 flo
ws.
” H
is r
easo
nin
g a
ppea
rs t
o b
e bas
ed o
n a
n a
ssum
ption
that
som
e per
centa
ge
of nat
ura
l lo
w flo
ws
is t
he
min
imum
that
could
be
consi
der
ed a
s an I
IFS,
even
th
ough h
e ack
now
ledges
that
the
firs
t am
ounts
of
wate
r re
turn
ed t
o a
dry
channel
hav
e t
he
most
ben
efit.
Sec
ondar
ily,
the
Hea
ring O
ffic
er a
rgues
that
a co
ntinuousl
y w
ette
d c
han
nel
fro
m m
auka
to
maka
i “p
rovi
des
the
bes
t co
nditio
ns
for
re-e
stablis
hin
g t
he
ecolo
gic
al and b
iolo
gic
al hea
lth o
f th
e w
ater
s of th
e N
ā W
ai ‘E
hā”
(page
172).
In
rel
ying s
ole
ly o
n a
per
centa
ge
of nat
ura
l flow
, th
e r
ecom
men
dations
did
not
addre
ss e
ither
how
m
uch
ben
efit is
pro
vided
by
the
reco
mm
ended
flo
ws
in t
he
Nā W
ai ‘E
hā
stre
am
channel
s or
how
the
reco
mm
ended
flo
ws
rela
te t
o a
chie
ving a
continuousl
y w
ette
d c
han
nel
(ex
cept
for
the
Wai
kapu w
her
e it is
not
expec
ted in a
ny
case
). Answ
erin
g t
hes
e quest
ions
was
inte
gra
l to
the
reco
mm
endat
ions
of
both
exp
erts
for
the
Haw
aiia
n C
om
mer
cial &
Sugar
Com
pan
y (H
C&
S),
Tom
Pay
ne
and J
ohn F
ord
. T
om
Pa
yne
sugges
ted u
sing t
he
dem
onst
ration flo
w a
sses
smen
t to
eva
luat
e th
e phys
ical ef
fect
s of va
rious
rele
ases
, an
d J
ohn F
ord
sugges
ted r
elea
sing s
malle
r but
sequen
tially
incr
easi
ng a
mounts
of w
ate
r to
ev
aluat
e th
e co
rres
pondin
g b
iolo
gic
al e
ffec
ts.
It
is n
ot
know
n w
het
her
or
not
the
flow
re
com
men
dations
are
effic
ient
at
ach
ievi
ng t
hei
r st
ate
d o
bje
ctiv
es.
Bas
ed o
n t
he
stee
p,
cobble
-
12.0-5
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
5
bould
er c
har
acte
r of th
e N
ā W
ai ‘Ehā
stre
am c
hannel
s (t
hat
wet
quic
kly
with s
mal
l am
ounts
of w
ater
),
it is
likel
y th
at
the
reco
mm
ended
flo
ws
would
pro
vide
more
wat
er t
han a
ctually
nee
ded
to h
ave
continuous
flow
mau
ka t
o m
akai
. A
ddre
ssin
g t
hes
e data
gap
s both
in N
ā W
ai ‘E
hā
and E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s is
lik
ely
to b
enef
it b
oth
the
dec
isio
n m
akin
g p
roce
ss o
f th
e CW
RM
and t
he
flow
div
ersi
on
nee
ds
of offst
ream
use
rs b
y m
easu
ring t
he
effici
ency
of w
ater
rel
ease
s in
ach
ievi
ng t
he
pri
mary
obje
ctiv
es o
f th
e re
com
men
dations.
1.2
Ob
ject
ive
The
obje
ctiv
e of th
is p
aper
is
to p
rese
nt
bio
logic
al info
rmation t
hat
can b
e utiliz
ed in d
eter
min
ing
equitab
le,
reas
onab
le a
nd b
enef
icia
l in
-str
eam
and o
ff-s
trea
m u
ses
of th
e lim
ited
surf
ace
wat
er
reso
urc
es o
f nort
hea
st M
aui. W
e off
er insi
ght
regard
ing t
he
per
sist
ence
of th
e nat
ive
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
in t
he
regio
n follo
win
g 1
20-y
ears
of w
ater
dev
elopm
ent
in E
ast
Mau
i and a
mill
enniu
m o
f hum
an im
pac
ts t
o t
he
landsc
ape.
By
anal
yzin
g t
he
curr
ent
stat
us
of th
e nat
ive
stre
am s
pec
ies
we
bel
ieve
that
mis
sing c
ritica
l in
form
atio
n c
an b
e m
ade
ava
ilable
to d
ecis
ion m
ake
rs,
and a
n e
quitable
dis
trib
ution o
f a lim
ited
am
ount
of w
ater
can b
e base
d o
n b
iolo
gic
al fac
ts r
ath
er t
han p
erce
ptions.
W
e al
so s
um
mar
ize
the
scie
ntific
liter
ature
on H
awai
ian s
trea
m e
cosy
stem
s, t
he
ove
rall
stat
us
of nat
ive
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies,
and t
he
pre
sence
or
abse
nce
of bio
logic
al fac
tors
indic
ating t
he
nee
d for
flow
re
stora
tion t
o e
nhan
ce t
hese
spec
ies’
eco
logic
al su
rviv
al. The
findin
gs
offer
ed in t
his
rep
ort
are
base
d
upon s
trea
m r
esea
rch c
onduct
ed b
y SW
CA in E
ast
Mau
i and t
hro
ughout
the
state
, and o
ur
ass
essm
ent
of th
e publis
hed
res
earc
h o
f U
SG
S,
DAR,
and o
ther
inve
stig
ato
rs.
1
.3 S
ign
ific
an
ce i
n H
aw
aii
an
Cu
ltu
re
Spir
itual
, cu
ltura
l an
d n
atura
l re
sourc
es a
re o
ne
and t
he
sam
e to
the
Haw
aiia
n p
eople
. W
ai‘o
la,
livin
g
wat
ers,
are
rec
ogniz
ed a
s th
e so
urc
e of lif
e and h
ave
a s
trong s
pir
itual
connota
tion (
Puku
i 1983).
In
pre
-wes
tern
conta
ct H
awai
‘i pri
or
to t
he
reig
n o
f Kam
eham
eha,
inalie
nab
le t
itle
s to
wat
er r
ights
did
not
exis
t (H
andy
and H
andy
1972).
H
igh c
hie
fs (
ali‘
i) h
eld in t
rust
all
lands,
wat
ers,
fis
her
ies,
and
oth
er n
atura
l re
sourc
es e
xten
din
g fro
m t
he
mounta
in t
ops
to t
he
dep
ths
of th
e oce
an (
Maly
and M
aly
2001a)
. T
he
ahupua’
a, o
r pri
nci
pal polit
ical
subdiv
isio
ns
of la
nds,
hel
ped
ensu
re t
hat
nat
ive
pla
nte
rs
had
acc
ess
to a
shar
e o
f su
bsi
sten
ce r
esourc
es,
incl
udin
g a
bili
ty t
o h
arv
est
‘o‘o
pu,
‘ōpae,
and h
īhīw
ai
from
str
eam
s. The
right
to u
se t
hes
e re
sourc
es w
as g
iven
to t
he
nat
ive
tenan
ts a
t th
e pre
rogative
of
the
ali’
i and t
hei
r re
pre
senta
tive
s or
konohik
i (M
aly
and M
aly
2001a).
The
bre
akd
ow
n o
f th
e tr
aditio
nal
Haw
aiia
n m
ethod
of sh
ari
ng flo
win
g w
ate
r, b
egin
nin
g w
ith w
este
rn influen
ces
upon
Kam
eham
eha
thro
ugh m
oder
n c
ase
law
, has
lef
t a
confu
sing a
nd c
ontr
ove
rsia
l le
gacy
(M
iike
2004).
N
ativ
e ora
l tr
aditio
ns
indic
ate
a cl
ose
rel
atio
nsh
ip b
etw
een H
awai
ian a
nd a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies;
for
exam
ple
, m
ost
of th
e nin
e am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
addre
ssed
in t
his
rep
ort
wer
e an
im
port
ant
par
t of
the
nat
ive
food b
ase
, tr
aditio
ns
that
continue
today
in E
ast
Mau
i (T
itco
mb 1
972,
1978;
Gro
up 7
0 e
t al
1995:
Mal
y and M
aly
2001a a
nd 2
001b).
M
any
Haw
aiia
n p
rove
rbs,
ora
l tr
aditio
ns,
and n
uance
s of
languag
e in
volv
e th
ese
spec
ies
(see
Puku
i 1983,
Mal
y and M
aly
2001a a
nd 2
001b,
Miik
e 2004).
H
awai
ian o
ral tr
aditio
n is
reple
te w
ith a
ccounts
of co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
of th
eses
spec
ies
duri
ng “
hin
ana
runs”
wher
e th
e post
-larv
al fis
h w
ere
so n
um
erous
that
they
could
be
caught
by
han
d (
Titco
mb 1
972):
“k
a i‘a
mili
i k
a p
oho o
ka lim
a” (
the
fish
fondle
d b
y th
e palm
of th
e hand)
(Puku
i 1983).
Man
y oth
er ‘ōle
lo n
o‘e
au,
or
pro
verb
s, c
learl
y dem
onst
rate
that
the
Haw
aiia
ns
under
stood a
spec
ts o
f th
e ec
olo
gy
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies:
“Ka
i‘a a
ka w
ai n
ui i la
we
mai
ai”
(th
e fish
born
e alo
ng b
y th
e flood);
“ka
ia
hāh
ā i ka
haw
ai”
(the
fish
gro
ped
for
in t
he
stre
ams)
; “k
a i‘a
ho‘o
pum
ehan
a i k
a w
euw
eu”
(mounta
in ‘ōpae,
clin
g t
o w
eeds
and g
rass
es a
long t
he
ban
ks o
f st
ream
s w
hen c
loudburs
ts o
ccur
in
the
upla
nds)
; “k
a i‘a
huli
wal
e i ka
pohak
u”
(the
fish
that
turn
s ove
r th
e st
ones
, re
ferr
ing t
o t
he
nec
essi
ty o
f ro
lling o
ver
cobble
s to
cat
ch h
īhīw
ai);
“‘a
‘ohe
loea
i k
a w
ai ‘ōpae”
(it is
no fea
t to
cat
ch
shri
mp d
uri
ng a
fre
shet
) (a
ll fr
om
Puku
i 1983).
The
Haw
aiia
ns
als
o r
ecogniz
ed t
he
inte
rdep
enden
cies
of th
eir
phys
ical en
viro
nm
ent:
“huli
ka lau o
ka
‘am
a‘u i u
ka,
nui ka
wai
o k
ahaw
ai”
(when
the
win
ds
blo
w t
he
leave
s of th
e ‘a
ma‘u
fer
n inla
nd,
floods
will
follo
w);
‘o k
a m
akan
i ke
ala
o k
a ‘in
o”
(win
d d
rive
s ra
in c
louds
that
bri
ng t
orr
ential
flo
ods)
; “k
a w
ai
mak
amak
a‘ole
” (t
he
wat
er w
ith n
o fri
ends,
ref
erri
ng t
o t
he
danger
of floods)
(Pu
kui 1983).
G
roup 7
0
et a
l (1
995)
and M
aly
and M
aly
(2001a)
pro
vided
inte
rest
ing n
arr
ative
s of re
siden
t ku
puna
within
the
Eas
t M
aui st
udy
area
, w
ho s
har
e st
ori
es o
f th
eir
rela
tion
ship
to t
he
land,
stre
ams,
and o
cean
. M
aly
and M
aly
(2001a a
nd 2
001b)
report
a g
ener
al per
ception o
f are
a r
esid
ents
that
ther
e is
les
s w
ater
12.0-6
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
6
flow
ing in E
ast
Maui st
ream
s to
day
than flo
wed
sev
eral dec
ades
ago (
cf.
Oki
2004),
and t
hat
this
has
re
sulted
in few
er ‘o‘o
pu,
‘opae,
and h
īhīw
ai.
How
ever,
indiv
idual kū
puna
sugges
t th
at
traditio
nal
gat
her
ing c
ontinues
in E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s. This
pra
ctic
e is
sai
d t
o b
e m
ost
succ
essf
ul fo
r re
siden
ts
who k
now
wher
e to
fin
d t
hes
e re
sourc
es.
1
.4 B
rief
Overv
iew
of
the L
itera
ture
Fe
w s
cien
tific
pap
ers
about
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
m life,
oth
er t
han
origin
al s
pec
ies
des
crip
tions,
wer
e publis
hed
prior
to 1
939.
Cla
ssic
al s
cien
tific
studie
s on
thes
e aquat
ic r
esourc
es b
egan in t
he
firs
t dec
ade
aft
er s
tate
hood.
At
that
tim
e th
e th
en H
awai
‘i D
ivis
ion o
f Fi
sh a
nd G
ame
conduct
ed s
tate
wid
e st
ream
surv
eys
pri
mar
ily t
o a
sses
s th
e fe
asib
ility
of in
troduci
ng n
on-n
ativ
e gam
e fish
es.
Man
y of
thes
e su
rvey
s, s
upport
ed w
ith F
eder
al D
ingle
-Johnso
n A
ct p
rogra
m funds,
wer
e co
nduct
ed b
y pio
nee
ring a
quat
ic b
iolo
gis
ts S
tan S
him
a a
nd K
enji E
go.
W
hat
follo
ws
is a
gen
eral
sum
mar
y of th
e m
ajor
rese
arch
dir
ections
in H
awai
ian s
trea
m e
colo
gy
since
1960.
It
is n
ot
mea
nt
to b
e a c
om
pre
hen
sive
bib
liogra
phy.
In
the
late
1960s
and t
hro
ughout
the
1970s,
John M
acio
lek
and h
is s
tuden
ts a
t th
e U
niv
ersi
ty o
f H
awai
‘i Cooper
ative
Fis
her
y Res
earc
h U
nit
initia
ted s
tudie
s on life
his
tori
es a
nd d
istr
ibution o
f native
aquat
ic s
pec
ies,
and b
egan c
ata
login
g t
he
exte
nt
of hum
an a
lter
ations
to s
trea
ms
thro
ughout
the
state
. T
hro
ugh t
he
1970s
and 1
980s,
res
earc
h
led b
y M
acio
lek
and K
inzi
e and t
hei
r st
uden
ts focu
sed o
n life
his
tory
and p
opula
tion b
iolo
gy
of
amphid
rom
ous
spec
ies,
conta
min
ants
in fis
h t
issu
es,
and t
he
applic
abili
ty o
f m
ethods
to a
sses
s fish
hab
itat
utiliz
ation a
nd p
refe
rence
(Fo
rd a
nd K
inzi
e 1982,
Kin
zie
et a
l. 1
988,
Kin
zie
1991).
D
uri
ng t
his
per
iod t
he
United
Sta
tes
Fish
and W
ildlif
e Ser
vice
(U
SFW
S)
(Dodd e
t al. 1
985)
liste
d ‘o‘o
pu h
i‘uko
le
(Len
tipes
conco
lor)
as
a C
andid
ate
Endanger
ed S
pec
ies,
base
d o
n lim
ited
dis
trib
ution a
nd a
bundance
data
. T
wo o
ther
spec
ies,
Aw
aous
guam
ensi
s (‘
o‘o
pu n
ākea
) and S
icyo
pte
rus
stim
pso
ni (‘
o‘o
pu n
opili
) w
ere
also
lis
ted a
long w
ith L
. co
nco
lor
by
both
the
Am
eric
an F
isher
ies
Soci
ety
(Dea
con e
t al. 1
979)
and t
he
IUCN
Red
Lis
t of Thre
ate
ned
and E
ndanger
ed S
pec
iesT
M.
Both
Len
tipes
and A
wao
us
wer
e lis
ted o
n t
he
2003 I
UCN
Red
Lis
t of Thre
ate
ned
Spec
iesT
M a
s bei
ng D
ata
Def
icie
nt,
and S
. st
impso
ni
was
lis
ted a
s lo
wer
ris
k but
close
to q
ualif
ying for
thre
ate
ned
sta
tus.
The
past
tw
o d
ecades
of re
searc
h a
nd d
isco
very
has
pro
vided
a n
ew u
nder
stan
din
g o
f H
awai
ian
stre
am
eco
syst
ems.
Bill
Dev
ick
and R
ober
t N
ishim
oto
of D
AR a
nd M
ike
Fitz
sim
ons
of Lo
uis
iana S
tate
U
niv
ersi
ty b
egan c
olla
bora
ting in t
he
earl
y 1990s
to c
onduct
com
pre
hen
sive
sta
tew
ide
inve
nto
ries
of
stre
am
fau
na,
and e
xpanded
thei
r st
udie
s on t
he
ecol
ogy
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
in r
elation t
o
stre
am
flo
w.
The
met
hods
pio
nee
red b
y D
AR b
iolo
gis
ts d
uri
ng t
he
state
wid
e su
rvey
s are
still
bei
ng
use
d a
nd r
efin
ed t
oday.
Fo
llow
ing a
n initia
l ro
und o
f st
udy,
Fitzs
imons
(1990)
advi
sed t
he
USFW
S
that
Len
tipes
conco
lor
“rep
rese
nt
hea
lthy,
act
ivel
y bre
edin
g p
opula
tions
in n
o a
ppare
nt
nee
d o
f sp
ecia
l pro
tect
ion.”
D
evic
k et
al. (
1992)
stat
ed t
hat
popula
tions
of L.
conco
lor
“appea
r to
be
stable
or
incr
easi
ng a
s dir
ect
impac
ts o
f ag
ricu
lture
and u
rban d
evel
opm
ent
hav
e ea
sed.”
Subse
quen
tly,
the
USFW
S d
elis
ted L
. co
nco
lor
as c
andid
ate
endan
ger
ed s
pec
ies
in 1
996 in r
esponse
to s
tate
wid
e st
ream
su
rvey
s. Yet
just
four
years
lat
er,
in h
is t
estim
ony
during t
he
Waia
hole
str
eam
hea
rings
in 1
996,
Dev
ick
stat
ed t
hat
pop
ula
tions
of th
e five
char
acte
rist
ic s
pec
ies
of nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
m a
nim
als
had
“…
dec
lined
dra
matica
lly t
hro
ughout
the
isla
nds
as
a d
irec
t re
sult o
f div
ersi
on o
f st
ream
wat
ers.
”
Ther
e has
bee
n n
o s
tate
wid
e ef
fort
to m
onitor
the
abundance
or
popula
tion t
rends
of any
of th
e am
phid
rom
ous
stre
am a
nim
als
since
that
tim
e (P
olh
emus,
DAR,
per
sonal
com
munic
atio
n),
and n
o
effo
rts
hav
e bee
n u
nder
take
n b
y any
reso
urc
e agen
cy t
o co
nsi
der
any
of th
e am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
for
thre
ate
ned
or
endanger
ed s
pec
ies
stat
us
or
for
spec
ific
mea
sure
s to
ensu
re t
hei
r co
ntinued
su
rviv
al.
Beg
innin
g in t
he
earl
y 1990s,
Anne
Bra
sher
, Ste
ven A
nth
ony,
and R
euben
Wolff of U
SG
S c
onduct
ed
quan
tita
tive
res
earc
h into
the
impac
ts o
f hum
an a
ctiv
itie
s on H
awai
ian s
trea
m e
cosy
stem
s fo
r th
e U
SG
S W
ater
Res
ourc
es O
ffic
e in
Honolu
lu.
Mik
e Fi
tzsi
mons,
Rober
t N
ishim
oto, an
d M
ike
Kid
o g
ave
us
an insi
ght
on t
he
reco
very
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
in s
trea
ms
follo
win
g flo
ods
and landsl
ides
ass
oci
ate
d w
ith H
urr
icane
Inik
i (F
itzs
imons
and N
ishim
oto
1995,
Kid
o 1
996a,
1997a).
Sco
tt L
arn
ed,
Sco
tt S
anto
s, R
ober
t Kin
zie
and o
ther
s ex
panded
our
under
standin
g o
f st
ream
ener
get
ics
and t
he
resp
onse
of st
ream
com
munitie
s to
div
ersi
on a
nd flo
w r
esto
ration (
Larn
ed 2
000,
Larn
ed a
nd S
anto
s 2000,
Larn
ed e
t al. 2
001,
Kin
zie
et a
l. 2
006).
12.0-7
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
7
Rober
t Zin
k and A
.C.
Chubb h
ave
giv
en u
s a n
ew p
ersp
ective
on p
att
erns
of ev
olu
tion a
nd p
opula
tion
gen
etic
s am
ong t
he
nat
ive
gobie
s (Z
ink
1990,
Zin
k et
al.
1996,
Chubb e
t al. 1
998).
D
an L
indst
rom
, Rober
t N
ishim
oto
and D
ary
l Kuam
o’o
stu
die
d t
he
tim
ing o
f re
pro
duct
ion a
nd larv
al dri
ft,
and p
ost
la
rval re
cruitm
ent
in H
awai
ian a
mphid
rom
ous
fish
es (
Lindst
rom
1998,
1999;
Nis
him
oto
and K
uam
o’o
1997;
Chong 1
999).
M
ike
Yam
am
oto
and A
nnet
te T
agaw
a (2
000)
publis
hed
a p
opula
r guid
ebook
for
iden
tifica
tion o
f nat
ive
and a
lien fre
shw
ater
spec
ies
in H
aw
ai‘i.
Ric
hard
Rad
tke
and R
ober
t Kin
zie
colla
bora
ted t
o c
larify
the
larv
al lif
e sp
an o
f am
phid
rom
ous
gobie
s (R
adtk
e et
al.1988,
Rad
tke
and
Kin
zie
1996,
Rad
tke
et a
l. 2
001).
Bas
ic r
esea
rch s
tudie
s hav
e al
so a
ddre
ssed
bio
logic
al o
rganiz
atio
n
at
the
com
munity
and e
cosy
stem
lev
els
(Larn
ed 2
000,
McI
nto
sh e
t al. 2
002,
and K
inzi
e et
al. 2
006).
Ji
m P
arh
am
cre
ate
d a
GIS
-base
d m
odel
to p
redic
t th
e dis
trib
ution o
f am
phid
rom
ous
fish
es in H
awai
ian
stre
ams
(Par
ham
2002).
Vis
et
al.
(1994),
LaP
erri
ere
(1995),
Lar
ned
and S
anto
s (2
000),
and S
her
wood (
2004a a
nd 2
004b)
shed
lig
ht
on t
he
iden
tity
and p
roduct
ivity
of H
awai
ian s
trea
m a
lgae.
D
an P
olh
emus
and R
on E
nglu
nd o
f th
e Bis
hop M
use
um
focu
sed t
hei
r att
ention o
n t
he
import
ant
but
under
studie
d c
om
munitie
s of aquat
ic inse
cts
(Polh
emus
1994,
1995;
and n
um
erous
public
ations
of th
e Bis
hop M
use
um
). Thes
e and r
elat
ed s
tudie
s on inse
cts
reve
aled
ext
ensi
ve p
att
erns
of sp
ecia
tion t
hat
par
alle
l th
e te
rres
tria
l in
sect
s an
d flo
ra o
f H
aw
ai‘i.
Both
Englu
nd a
nd P
olh
emus,
alo
ng w
ith E
ric
Ben
bow
, have
sugges
ted t
hat
endem
ic a
quat
ic inse
cts
may
be
a m
ore
sen
sitive
bel
lwet
her
of st
ream
hea
lth t
han p
rese
nce
/abse
nce
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
(Ben
bow
et
al. 1
997).
Kid
o e
t al. (
1993),
Po
lhem
us
and A
squith (
1996),
Eld
ridge
and M
iller
(1997),
and K
ondra
tief
f et
al. (
1997)
als
o p
rovi
ded
new
insi
ght
on t
he
ecolo
gy
of nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n a
quat
ic inse
cts.
More
rec
ent
studie
s in
clude
the
repro
duct
ive
ecolo
gy
of Ele
otr
is s
andw
icen
sis
in u
rban a
nd fore
sted
st
ream
s (S
im 2
006);
ass
essm
ent
of ec
olo
gic
al s
inks
and s
ourc
es (
McR
ae 2
007);
aquat
ic inse
ct t
axa
as
indic
ato
rs o
f hab
itat
dis
turb
ance
(Englu
nd e
t al. 2
003);
pro
duct
ion a
nd d
isper
sal of la
rval gobiid
s (M
urp
hy
and C
ow
an 2
007);
and t
raci
ng n
utr
ient
sourc
es in a
dult a
nd lar
val gobiid
s (H
obso
n e
t al.
2007).
In
additio
n t
o r
ecen
t re
searc
h in H
awai
’i, s
cien
tist
s hav
e fo
und s
trik
ing s
imila
rities
bet
wee
n
the
ecolo
gy
of H
awai
ian a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
and t
hose
of O
ceania
, th
e In
do-W
est
Paci
fic,
Cari
bbea
n,
and A
tlantic
hig
h isl
ands
(Erd
man 1
961,
Hunte
1978,
Bri
ght
1982,
Mac
iole
k and F
ord
1987,
Covi
ch 1
988,
Res
h e
t al. 1
990,
Rya
n 1
991,
Res
h e
t al. 1
992,
Res
h e
t al. 1
995,
Nel
son e
t al.
1997,
Holm
quis
t et
al. 1
998,
Res
h e
t al. 1
992,
Mye
rs e
t al. 2
000,
Buden
and L
ynch
2001,
Fitz
sim
ons
et a
l. 2
002,
Kei
th 2
003,
McD
ow
all 2003,
Marc
h e
t al. 2
003,
Pyro
n a
nd C
ovi
ch 2
003,
McD
ow
all 2007,
Fuku
shim
a et
al. 2
007).
As
Murp
hy
and C
ow
an (
2007)
state
, “…
what
is k
now
n a
bout
the
bio
logy
of oth
er s
pec
ies
of
am
phid
rom
ous
gob
ies
shou
ld b
e tr
ansf
erable
to t
he
Haw
aiia
n ‘o‘o
pu,
with c
onsi
der
ation o
f sp
ecie
s-sp
ecific
diffe
rence
s an
d t
he
deg
ree
of geo
gra
phic
al iso
lation t
hat
are
uniq
ue
to t
he
Haw
aiia
n I
slands.
”
1.5
Sett
ing
The
Haw
aiia
n I
slan
ds
are
am
ong t
he
younges
t m
ajor
arch
ipel
agos,
form
ing o
ver
a ‘h
ot
spot’ for
at
leas
t th
e la
st 7
0 m
illio
n y
ears
. The a
rchip
elag
o c
onsi
sts
of lin
ear
chai
ns
of is
lands
or
seam
ounts
pro
duce
d a
s th
e Pa
cific
Plate
move
s in
a n
ort
hw
este
rly
direc
tion.
The
form
er h
igh isl
ands
in t
he
extr
eme
nort
hw
este
rn p
ort
ion o
f th
e arc
hip
elago (
now
sea
mounts
) are
per
hap
s 60 t
o 9
0 m
illio
n y
ears
old
. Kaua‘
i is
roughly
5.5
mill
ion y
ears
old
, and v
olc
anis
m is
still
build
ing t
he
Isla
nd o
f H
awai
‘i to
day
at
Kīla
uea
(Ju
vik
and J
uvi
k 1998).
The
are
a s
tudie
d b
y G
inger
ich a
nd W
olff
(2005)
and S
WCA e
nco
mpass
ed 2
1 s
trea
ms
alo
ng t
he
nort
hea
ster
n s
lopes
of M
t. H
alea
kala
in E
ast
Maui (F
igure
1).
Am
ong t
he
main
Haw
aiia
n I
slands,
Eas
t M
aui is
inte
rmed
iate
in a
ge,
and n
ota
bly
has
both
bro
ad d
eeply
inci
sed v
alle
ys (
e.g.
Ke‘
anae
) as
wel
l as
much
sm
alle
r w
ater
shed
s (e
.g.
Wai
ohue
and ‘O
hia
) (F
igure
2).
Exc
ept
on t
he
old
est
isla
nds
or
in
the
bro
ades
t va
lleys
, st
ream
s in
Haw
ai‘i
are
typ
ical
ly s
teep
with s
tep-l
ike
pro
file
s co
nsi
stin
g o
f al
tern
atin
g fal
ls/p
ool
s an
d s
hal
low
riffle
area
s. The
subst
ratu
m r
anges
fro
m b
edro
ck t
o b
ould
ers,
co
bble
s and g
rave
l in
pools
and s
low
er r
uns.
Bec
ause
of th
e st
ep-l
ike
nat
ure
of th
e ch
annel
s, p
ools
ca
n r
etai
n w
ater
eve
n w
hen flo
w is
low
or
nonex
iste
nt.
Thes
e pools
ser
ve a
s im
port
ant
refu
gia
for
aquat
ic a
nim
als
in t
imes
of lo
w flo
w.
Geo
logic
ally
old
er s
trea
ms
such
as
those
on K
aua‘i
and O
‘ahu fal
l pre
cipitousl
y in
to d
eeply
inci
sed v
alle
ys,
then
flo
w into
bro
ad t
erm
inal es
tuari
es. M
any
smalle
r st
ream
s on g
eolo
gic
ally
you
nger
Mau
i and H
aw
ai‘i
flow
direc
tly
into
the
sea
ove
r te
rmin
al w
ater
falls
.
12.0-8
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Ha'oleWahine
Kano
Han
aH
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awai
'iS
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ms,
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rw
ater
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ses
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SG
S
����������� ������������� �����������
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#
12.0-9
3000 mm/year4000 mm/year
5000 mm/year
2000 mm/year
6000 mm/year
1500 mm/year1000 mm/year
7000 mm/year
750 mm/year
7000 mm/year
6000 mm/year
5000 mm/year
4000 mm/year
3000 mm/year
QkulKula Volcanics
140,000-950,000 yr
QkulKula Volcanics
140,000-780,000 yr
QkulKula Volcanics
140,000-950,000 yr
Qhn1Hana Volcanics
30,000-50,000 yr
QkulKula Volcanics
140,000-780,000 yr
Qhn2Hana Volcanics
13,000-30,000 yr
Qhn2Hana Volcanics
13,000-30,000 yr
Qhn6Hana Volcanics
750-1,500 yrQhn2
Hana Volcanics13,000-30,000 yr
QkulKula Volcanics
140,000-950,000 yr
Qhn4Hana Volcanics3,000-5,000 yr
Qhn2Hana Volcanics
13,000-30,000 yr
Qhn6Hana Volcanics
750-1,500 yr
Qhn3Hana Volcanics5,000-13,000 yr
156°0'0"W
156°0'0"W
156°5'0"W
156°5'0"W
156°10'0"W
156°10'0"W
20°50'0"N 20°50'0"N
20°45'0"N 20°45'0"N
20°40'0"N 20°40'0"N
Geology Source: USGSRainfall Source: Giambelluca, T.W., Nullet, M.A., and Schroeder, T.A. 1986. Hawaii Rainfall Atlas, Report R76, Hawaii Division of Water and Land Development, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu. vi + 267 p.
Figure 2Rainfall, Geology, and
Hydrography Mapof East Maui
9ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS
0 1 20.5
Miles
´0 1 20.5
Kilometers
Legend
Geology
QTao
Qa
Qbd
Qhn0
Qhn1
Qhn2
Qhn3; Qhn4
Qhn5
Qhn6
Qhni
Qhnt
Qhnv0
Qhnv1
Qhnv2
Qhnv3
Qhnv4
Qhnv5
Qhnv6
Qkamc
Qkamd
Qkui
Qkuk
Qkul
Qkuv
Qkuv?
Qmnl
Qtc
Streams
PERENNIAL
NON-PERENNIAL
INTERMITTENT
Rainfall (mm/year)
750
1000
1500
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
QTao, Older Alluvium
Qa, Alluvium
Qbd, Beach deposits
Qhn0, Hana Volcanics
Qhn1, Hana Volcanics
Qhn2, Hana Volcanics
Qhn3, Qhn4, Hana Volcanics
Qhn5, Hana Volcanics
Qhn6, Hana Volcanics
Qhni, Hana Volcanics
Qhnt, Hana Volcanics
Qhnv0, Hana Volcanics
Qhnv1, Hana Volcanics
Qhnv2, Hana Volcanics
Qhnv3, Hana Volcanics
Qhnv4, Hana Volcanics
Qhnv5, Hana Volcanics
Qhnv6, Hana Volcanics
Qkamc, Kaupo Mud Flow
Qkamd, Kaupo Mud Flow
Qkui, Kula Volcanics
Qkuk, Kula Volcanics
Qkul, Kula Volcanics
Qkuv, Kula Volcanics
Qkuv?, Kula Volcanics
Qmnl, Honomanu Basalt
Qtc, Talus and colluvium
12.0-10
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
10
Dep
endin
g o
n t
he
curr
ent
state
of th
e ch
annel
/val
ley
syst
em a
nd t
he
deg
ree
of er
osi
on,
Haw
aiia
n
stre
am
s ca
n b
e ro
ughly
div
ided
into
those
that
ente
r th
e se
a as
hig
h t
erm
inal
wat
erfa
lls (
e.g.
Wai
oka
milo
and H
aipua‘
ena)
or
acro
ss a
bea
ch,
oft
en c
om
pose
d o
f bould
ers
whic
h c
an s
om
etim
es
close
off t
he
stre
am fro
m t
he
sea
such
as
Hanaw
ī and P
uoh
oka
moa (
Maci
ole
k 1977,
McR
ae 2
007).
2
.0
INTR
OD
UC
TIO
N T
O H
AW
AII
AN
STR
EA
M E
CO
LO
GY
2
.1O
rig
ins
of
the C
hara
cteri
stic
Macr
ofa
un
a
Loca
ted s
om
e 5,0
00 k
m (
3,0
00 m
i) s
outh
wes
t of th
e nea
rest
continen
tal la
ndm
ass,
the
Haw
aiia
n
Isla
nds
are
am
ong t
he
most
iso
late
d a
nd y
ounges
t is
lands
in t
he
worl
d.
The
form
er h
igh isl
ands
in t
he
extr
eme
nort
hw
este
rn p
ort
ion o
f th
e arc
hip
elago (
now
sea
mounts
) are
per
hap
s 60 -
90 m
illio
n y
ears
old
; Kaua‘
i is
roughly
5.5
mill
ion y
ears
old
; and v
olc
anis
m is
still
build
ing t
he
Isla
nd o
f H
awai
‘i to
day.
All
of H
awai
‘i’s
nat
ive
bio
ta o
rigin
ate
d fro
m s
ourc
es o
uts
ide
the
arc
hip
elag
o (
Zie
gle
r 2002).
Rep
rese
nta
tive
s of va
rious
taxo
nom
ic g
roups
arrive
d infr
equen
tly
from
div
erse
reg
ions
thro
ughout
the
Paci
fic
Rim
. A
s a
resu
lt,
the
bio
ta is
consi
der
ed d
ishar
monic
; th
at is,
it
lack
s m
any
gro
ups
of
org
anis
ms
repre
sente
d o
n c
ontinen
tal la
ndm
asse
s. This
is
also
tru
e of H
awai
‘i’s
fres
hw
ater
fauna
(Ford
and K
inzi
e 1982,
Kin
zie
1997,
McD
ow
all 2003).
Sci
entist
s hav
e re
cogniz
ed for
years
that
cert
ain
fr
eshw
ater
fis
hes
, cr
ust
acean
s, a
nd m
ollu
sks
do n
ot
dem
onst
rate
the
sam
e pat
tern
of sp
ecia
tion a
nd
adap
tive
rad
iation c
har
acte
rize
d b
y m
any
Haw
aiia
n t
err
estr
ial pla
nts
, in
sect
s, a
nd b
irds.
The
reas
on
why
this
is
so is
linke
d t
o t
he
uniq
ue
am
phid
rom
ous
life
cycl
e of th
ese
anim
als
(Mye
rs 1
958,
Ford
and
Kin
zie
1982,
McD
ow
all 1988).
Char
acte
rist
ic m
acro
fauna
of H
awai
ian s
trea
ms
(Tab
le 1
) in
clude
five
spec
ies
of goby
fish
es:
Aw
aous
guam
ensi
s (o
‘opu n
akea
), S
icyo
pte
rus
stim
pso
ni (o
‘opu n
opili
), L
entipes
conco
lor
(o‘o
pu a
lam
o‘o
); a
nd
the
eleo
trid
s Ele
otr
is s
andw
icen
sis
(o‘o
pu a
kupa)
and S
tenogob
ius
haw
aiie
nsi
s (o
‘opu n
anih
a).
Tw
o
gas
tropods,
Ner
itin
a gra
nosa
(hīh
īwai)
and t
he
estu
ari
ne
Ner
itin
a ve
sper
tina (
hapaw
ai),
are
com
mon
in m
any
Eas
t M
aui, H
aw
ai‘i,
Molo
ka‘i
and K
aua‘
i st
ream
s. The
shri
mp A
tyoid
a b
isulc
ata
('ō
pae
kal
aole
) in
hab
its
the
mid
dle
and u
pper
rea
ches
of pri
stin
e m
ounta
in s
trea
ms
stat
ewid
e and is
loca
lly a
bundant
in p
lunge
pools
and irr
igat
ion d
itch
es.
Tab
le 1
. Am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
know
n t
o inhab
it E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s an
d t
hei
r gen
eral
ized
dis
trib
ution
within
nat
ura
l undiv
erte
d s
trea
ms
(shaded
are
a).
Sci
en
tifi
c N
am
e /
Haw
aiian
Nam
e
Bio
geo
gra
ph
ic
Sta
tus
Lo
wer
Reach
M
idd
le
Reach
U
pp
er
Reach
MO
LLU
SK
S
Ner
itin
a ve
sper
tina
/ hap
awai
Endem
ic
Ner
itin
a gra
nosa
/ h
īhīw
ai
Endem
ic
CR
US
TA
CE
AN
S
Mac
robra
chiu
m g
randim
anus
/ ‘Ō
pae
‘oeh
a‘a
Endem
ic
Mac
robra
chiu
m lar
/ T
ahitia
n p
raw
n*
Intr
oduce
d
Aty
oid
a bis
ulc
ata
/ ‘Ō
pae
kal
a‘ole
Endem
ic
FIS
HES
Ste
nogobiu
s haw
aiie
nsi
s /
‘O‘o
pu n
anih
a Endem
ic
Ele
otr
is s
andw
icen
sis
/ ‘O
‘opu a
kupa
Endem
ic
Aw
aous
guam
ensi
s /
‘O‘o
pu n
akea
In
dig
enous
Sic
yopte
rus
stim
pso
ni /
‘O‘o
pu n
opili
Endem
ic
Lentipes
conco
lor
/ ‘O
‘opu a
lam
o‘o
Endem
ic
N
OTE:
The
Tah
itia
n p
raw
n,
while
a n
on-n
ativ
e am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies,
in incl
uded
her
e as
it
is
o
ften
an im
port
ant
elem
ent
of t
he
stre
am fau
na.
12.0-11
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
11
The
Haw
aiia
n p
raw
n M
acro
bra
chiu
m g
randim
anus
('ōpae
'oeh
a'a)
inhab
its
estu
arie
s an
d t
he
term
inal
re
aches
of st
ream
s. O
rigin
al d
escr
iptions
of th
ese
spec
ies
firs
t beg
in t
o a
ppea
r in
sci
entific
liter
ature
in
the
19
th c
entu
ry.
Bet
wee
n 1
900 a
nd 1
955,
seve
ral auth
ors
rev
ised
thes
e ea
rly
cata
logues
of fish
es
and inve
rteb
rate
s. Ear
ly liter
ature
spec
ific
to t
he
life
his
tory
asp
ects
of H
awai
ian s
trea
m fau
na
appea
red in E
dm
ondso
n (
1929),
Mai
nla
nd (
1939),
and E
go (
1956).
Li
ndst
rom
(1998)
pre
sents
a
cogen
t re
view
of ea
rly
scie
ntific
evid
ence
on a
mphid
rom
ous
fish
es.
All
of th
ese
spec
ies
share
the
sam
e lif
e his
tory
str
ateg
y re
ferr
ed t
o a
s am
phid
rom
y. La
rvae
of th
ese
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
hat
ch fro
m d
emer
sal eg
gs
and a
re s
wep
t in
to n
ears
hore
mar
ine
wat
ers
wher
e th
ey d
evel
op for
per
iods
up t
o 1
50 d
ays
as
zoopla
nkt
on b
efore
re-
ente
ring fre
shw
ater
str
eam
s as
post
-larv
ae
(Radtk
e et
al. 1
988,
2001).
Once
they
re-
ente
r a
stre
am m
outh
, post
-lar
vae
mig
rate
upst
ream
rapid
ly w
her
e th
ey g
row
and
repro
duce
as
adults
(Mac
iole
k 1977;
Ford
and K
inzi
e 1982;
Rad
tke
and K
inzi
e 1991;
Nis
him
oto a
nd
Kuam
o'o
1996,
1997;
Kei
th 2
003).
Li
ndst
rom
(1999)
dev
eloped
a m
ethod t
o iden
tify
new
ly h
atc
hed
la
rvae
of all
Haw
aiia
n fre
shw
ate
r gobie
s and p
rovi
ded
a k
ey f
or
thei
r id
entifica
tion,
and T
ate
et a
l.
(1992)
dev
eloped
a k
ey for
the
iden
tifica
tion o
f post
-larv
al H
awai
ian fre
shw
ate
r gobie
s. U
nlik
e dia
dro
mous
salm
on,
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
in H
awai
i sh
ow
no d
efin
itiv
e ev
iden
ce o
f re
turn
ing t
o t
hei
r nat
al s
trea
m.
In
additio
n t
o t
he
am
phid
rom
ous
macr
ofa
una,
som
e oth
er n
ativ
e m
arin
e sp
ecie
s ar
e im
port
ant
in
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
m e
colo
gy.
Fi
shes
com
monly
found in t
he
term
inal
and low
er r
each
es o
f sm
all H
awai
ian
stre
ams
also
incl
ude
the
endem
ic p
redat
ory
fla
gta
ils K
uhlia
xen
ura
and K
. sa
ndvi
censi
s (‘
āhole
hole
).
‘Āhole
hole
are
not
am
phid
rom
ous
but
may
be
consi
der
ed a
n itiner
ant
mar
ine
spec
ies.
Adults
live
and
bre
ed in n
ears
hore
coas
tal re
efs,
but
juve
nile
s co
mm
only
inva
de
stre
am
mouth
s in
lar
ge
schools
pre
sum
ably
to a
void
pre
dat
ion a
nd t
o u
tiliz
e post
-larv
al a
nd juve
nile
gobio
ids
as a
food s
ourc
e. M
any
oth
er itiner
ant
mari
ne
spec
ies
may
under
go juve
nile
dev
elop
men
t in
est
uari
es o
f la
rge
stre
am
s.
‘Āhole
hole
are
know
n t
o a
ttack
nes
ts o
f goby
eggs
(Ha a
nd K
inzi
e 1996)
and m
ay
also
consu
me
retu
rnin
g p
ost
-lar
val gob
ies.
Man
y oth
er itiner
ant
mar
ine
spec
ies
may
under
go juve
nile
dev
elopm
ent
in s
trea
ms;
how
ever
, si
nce
non-a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
do n
ot
hav
e th
e abili
ty t
o c
limb t
erm
inal
wat
erfa
lls,
thes
e sp
ecie
s m
ay o
nly
occ
ur
in s
trea
ms
with low
gra
die
nt
term
inal
rea
ches
or
estu
arie
s.
Additio
nally
, num
erous
alie
n s
trea
m a
nim
als,
both
am
phid
rom
ous
(e.g
. M
acro
bra
chiu
m lar
) and t
hose
re
stri
cted
to fre
shw
ate
r, a
re im
pact
ing n
ativ
e H
awai
ian s
pec
ies
incl
udin
g fis
hes
, am
phib
ians
and
crust
acea
ns
(Yam
amoto
and T
agaw
a 2000).
M
yers
(1949)
use
d t
he
term
am
phid
rom
ous
to d
escr
ibe
fish
es t
hat
under
go r
egula
r, o
blig
ato
ry
mig
ration b
etw
een fre
shw
ate
rs a
nd t
he
sea “
at s
om
e st
age
in t
hei
r lif
e cy
cle
oth
er t
han t
he
bre
edin
g
per
iod”.
McD
ow
all (1
988)
des
crib
ed t
wo d
iffe
rent
form
s of am
phid
rom
y. All
the
Haw
aiia
n
amphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
exhib
it ‘fr
eshw
ater
am
phid
rom
y’ w
her
e sp
aw
nin
g t
ake
s pla
ce in fre
shw
ate
r,
and t
he
new
ly h
atch
ed larv
ae
are
sw
ept
into
the
sea
by
stre
am c
urr
ents
. W
hile
in t
he
mari
ne
envi
ronm
ent,
the
larv
ae
under
go d
evel
opm
ent
as
zoopla
nkt
on b
efore
ret
urn
ing t
o fre
shw
ate
r to
gro
w
to m
aturi
ty.
The
length
of
tim
e th
ey s
pen
d in m
arin
e pla
nkt
on is
unkn
ow
n for
most
spec
ies.
An im
port
ant
ecolo
gic
al c
hara
cter
istic
of th
e am
phid
rom
ous
fauna is
the
abili
ty (
in v
ary
ing d
egre
es
among s
pec
ies)
to m
ove
upst
ream
, su
rmounting r
iffles
and s
mal
l fa
lls,
and f
or
som
e sp
ecie
s ev
en v
ery
hig
h w
ater
falls
(Fo
rd a
nd K
inzi
e 1982,
Rad
tke
and K
inzi
e 1996).
Am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
occ
ur
thro
ughout
the
worl
d’s
tro
pic
al and s
ubtr
opic
al fre
shw
ater
str
eam
s, e
spec
ially
hig
h isl
ands.
The
nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n s
pec
ies
are
des
cenden
ts fro
m a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
else
wher
e and d
id n
ot
dev
elop t
his
life
styl
e af
ter
thei
r ar
riva
l in
Haw
ai‘i
(Mye
rs 1
949,
Kin
zie
1991,
McD
ow
all 2003).
This
mea
ns
that
the
life
his
tory
char
acte
rist
ics
and e
colo
gic
al r
equir
emen
ts o
f th
ese
spec
ies
reflec
t a
pat
tern
com
mon t
o
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
thro
ughout
the
worl
d,
not
one
spec
ific
to t
he
Haw
aiia
n I
slands.
The
non-a
mphid
rom
ous
native
str
eam
fau
na
has
, until fa
irly
rec
ently,
rec
eive
d les
s at
tention t
han
the
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies.
How
ever
the
nat
ive
inse
cts,
snai
ls, an
d o
ther
inve
rteb
rate
s ar
e im
port
ant
for
thei
r div
ersi
ty,
endem
ism
, and t
hei
r co
ntr
ibution t
o t
he
fres
hw
ate
r ec
osy
stem
dyn
amic
s.
Curr
ently
the
USFW
S h
as lis
ted s
ix d
am
selfly
spec
ies
in t
he
endem
ic g
enus
Meg
alag
rion a
s Can
did
ate
Endanger
ed S
pec
ies,
tw
o o
f w
hic
h h
ave
bee
n r
ecen
tly
obse
rved
by
SW
CA a
nd D
AR b
iolo
gis
ts in E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s: t
he
Flyi
ng e
arw
ig H
awai
ian d
amse
lfly
(M
egala
grion n
esio
tes)
and t
he
Paci
fic
Haw
aiia
n
dam
selfly
(M
egala
grion p
acific
um
) (P
olh
emus
and A
squith 1
996).
A lis
ted e
ndanger
ed g
astr
opod
12.0-12
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
12
mollu
sk (
Eri
nna
new
com
bi)
can a
lso b
e fo
und c
onfined
to s
trea
ms
and s
eeps
in c
entr
al K
aua‘
i.
Man
y fa
ctors
in a
dditio
n t
o d
ewat
erm
ent
may
contr
ibute
to
the
dem
ise
of th
ese
uniq
ue
spec
ies
incl
udin
g
pre
dation b
y both
nat
ive
and n
on-n
ativ
e in
sect
s, b
irds,
and a
quat
ic s
pec
ies.
O
ther
nat
ive
dam
selflie
s in
cludin
g M
. nig
roham
atum
nig
roham
atum
are
still
com
mon t
oday
in E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s. Sci
entist
s are
continual
ly d
escr
ibin
g n
ew s
pec
ies
of en
dem
ic a
quat
ic inse
cts
as t
hei
r fiel
d s
tudie
s ta
ke t
hem
fa
rther
into
the
hea
dw
ater
s of H
aw
aiia
n s
trea
ms
(e.g
. Englu
nd e
t al. 2
003).
In
the
rece
nt
past
, aquat
ic b
iolo
gis
ts in H
awai
‘i co
nsi
der
ed t
he
pre
sence
of all
the
nat
ive
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
des
crib
ed a
bove
as
an indic
ato
r of ou
tsta
ndin
g e
nvi
ronm
enta
l qualit
y.
Conve
rsel
y, t
he
tota
l abse
nce
of th
ese
spec
ies
in s
trea
ms
bet
wee
n s
ea lev
el a
nd 1
,500 ft
elev
ation
was
consi
der
ed a
poss
ible
indic
ato
r of en
viro
nm
enta
l deg
radation (
Haw
aii
Cooper
ative
National Pa
rk
Stu
die
s U
nit 1
990).
H
ow
ever
, co
mm
unity
stru
cture
in a
giv
en H
awai
ian s
trea
m m
ay c
han
ge
freq
uen
tly
due
to r
andom
pro
cess
es a
ffec
ting r
epro
duct
ion,
recr
uitm
ent
of post
-lar
vae,
mig
ration,
pre
dation a
nd c
om
pet
itio
n,
and s
urv
ival (K
inzi
e and F
ord
1982,
Kin
zie
1988).
Ther
efore
, th
e abse
nce
of a
giv
en s
pec
ies
at a
ny
reac
h a
nd t
ime
must
not
be
inte
rpre
ted a
s a
neg
ativ
e in
dic
ator
of st
ream
qual
ity
(Par
ham
at
al.
2008).
Most
prior
rese
arch
on H
aw
aiia
n fre
shw
ater
eco
logy
has
dea
lt w
ith indiv
idual sp
ecie
s and p
opula
tions
of th
e ch
arac
terist
ic m
acro
fauna.
Little
is k
now
n a
bout
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
m e
cosy
stem
res
ponse
to
changes
in s
trea
m flo
w (
Covi
ch 1
988;
Chong e
t al. 2
000;
Larn
ed 2
000;
Larn
ed e
t al. 2
003;
Kid
o
1996a,
1996b,
1996c;
and K
inzi
e et
al. 2
006).
Res
earc
h o
ver
the
past
dec
ade
on t
he
gen
etic
s of
stre
am fis
hes
sugges
ts t
hat
eac
h o
f th
e H
aw
aiia
n fre
shw
ate
r gobie
s is
a m
ember
of a s
tate
wid
e m
etapopula
tion (
Fitz
sim
ons
et a
l. 1
990;
Zin
k et
al. 1
996;
Chubb e
t al. 1
998;
Lindst
rom
, per
sonal
co
mm
unic
atio
n).
A m
etap
opula
tion c
onsi
sts
of a
gro
up o
f sp
atia
lly s
epar
ated
popula
tions
of th
e sa
me
spec
ies
in w
hic
h g
ene
flow
occ
urs
with s
uff
icie
nt
freq
uen
cy t
o p
reve
nt
isola
tion a
nd s
ubse
quen
t sp
ecia
tion.
Sim
ply
put,
the
nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n a
mphid
rom
ous
fish
es,
shri
mp,
and m
ollu
sks
found in E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s ar
e fr
om
the
sam
e m
etap
opula
tions
as t
hose
found in ‘O
ahu,
Molo
ka‘i,
Kau
a‘i, a
nd
Haw
ai‘i
Isla
nd s
trea
ms.
In
the
case
of nat
ive
amphid
rom
ous
spec
ies,
thes
e sp
atia
lly s
epar
ated
(by
isla
nd a
nd s
trea
m)
popula
tions
are
able
to e
xchan
ge
indiv
iduals
via
thei
r oce
anic
lar
val pool an
d
reco
loniz
e si
tes
from
whic
h t
he
spec
ies
has
rec
ently
bee
n e
xtir
pat
ed.
As
the
evid
ence
of re
cent
gen
etic
stu
die
s has
illu
stra
ted (
Zin
k et
al. 1
996,
Chubb e
t al. 1
998),
ther
e is
no e
viden
ce o
f w
ithin
-ar
chip
elag
o d
iver
sifica
tion o
r sp
ecia
tion o
f th
e H
awai
ian s
trea
m fis
hes
, in
dic
ating a
mong-i
sland g
ene
flow
att
ributa
ble
to a
mphid
rom
y.
Spec
ies
with e
xten
ded
oce
an larv
al lif
e sp
ans
and t
hose
capable
of del
ayi
ng m
etam
orp
hosi
s are
able
to
ach
ieve
gre
ate
r dis
per
sal am
ong isl
and s
trea
ms.
Rad
tke
et a
l. (
1988),
Rad
tke
and K
inzi
e (1
991),
and R
adtk
e et
al. (
2001)
pro
vide
exce
llent
data
on t
he
length
of la
rval lif
e (L
LL)
in four
spec
ies
of
am
phid
rom
ous
gob
ies
from
Haw
aiia
n I
sland s
trea
ms.
The
mea
n L
LL for
the
endem
ic L
entipes
conco
lor
was
84 d
ays
(n=
236),
while
the
mea
n L
LL for
the
indig
enous
Aw
aous
guam
ensi
s w
as f
ound t
o b
e 161
day
s (n
=8)
(Rad
tke
et a
l. 2
001).
One
char
acte
rist
ic o
f fr
eshw
ater
am
phid
rom
y is
spaw
nin
g a
nd e
gg-l
ayin
g in fre
shw
ater
(M
cDow
all
1988).
W
hen
larv
ae
hat
ch,
they
are
sw
ept
into
the
sea
by
stre
am c
urr
ents
and t
empora
rily
under
go
dev
elop
men
t as
mari
ne
zoopla
nkt
on b
efore
ret
urn
ing t
o fre
shw
ater
as
10 -
16m
m long p
ost
-lar
vae
to
mig
rate
upst
ream
and c
ontinue
thei
r gro
wth
to m
aturi
ty.
Rec
ruitm
ent
of post
-larv
ae
from
the
oce
anic
pool
, ch
arac
terist
ic o
f am
phid
rom
y, a
llow
s ra
pid
rec
oloniz
atio
n o
f st
ream
s af
ter
cata
stro
phic
eve
nts
su
ch a
s la
ndsl
ides
, floods,
hurr
ican
es,
and d
roughts
(Fo
rd a
nd Y
uen
1986;
Fitz
sim
ons
and N
ishim
oto
1995;
Kid
o 1
996a,
1996b,
1996c;
Kin
zie
1988;
Chubb e
t al. 1
998;
Way
et a
l. 1
998;
McI
nto
sh e
t al.
2002;
Kei
th 2
003;
and M
cDow
all 1993,
1995,
2003),
and p
reve
nts
gen
etic
iso
lation o
f popula
tions.
H
olm
quis
t et
al. (
1998)
not
ed t
hat
‘o‘o
pu w
ill r
ecru
it t
o a
ny
fres
hw
ate
r so
urc
e re
gard
less
of th
e su
itabili
ty o
f th
e hab
itat
from
whic
h it
flow
s.
2
.2 A
dap
tive A
dvan
tag
es
of
Am
ph
idro
my
McD
ow
all (1
997)
sugges
ted t
hat
am
phid
rom
y is
an “
anci
ent,
wid
espre
ad,
succ
essf
ul, a
nd
evolu
tionar
ily s
table
life
his
tory
str
ateg
y th
at h
as e
volv
ed in m
any
fish
gro
ups
(at
least
10 fam
ilies
and
per
hap
s m
ore
than o
nce
in s
om
e of th
ese)
.”
Zin
k (1
990)
concl
uded
that
L. c
onco
lor
“doe
s not
yet
show
effec
ts o
f popula
tion r
educt
ion a
nd ‘gen
etic
per
il’ (
if a
ny)
, and t
hat
the
pla
nkt
onic
lar
val pool
may
wel
l fo
rm a
sort
of natu
ral in
sura
nce
that
will
allo
w c
olo
niz
atio
n o
f st
ream
s in
are
as
influence
d b
y pre
vaili
ng o
cean c
urr
ents
.” Bas
ed u
pon t
he
resu
lts
of th
eir
studie
s of popula
tion g
enet
ics
of H
awai
ian
12.0-13
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
13
stre
am fis
hes
, Fi
tzsi
mons
et a
l. (
1990)
sugges
ted t
hat
the
com
mon m
ari
ne
pla
nkt
onic
pool offer
s a
“nat
ura
l in
sura
nce
agai
nst
ext
inct
ion.”
They
als
o s
pec
ula
ted t
hat
once
inst
ream
conditio
ns
bec
om
e fa
vora
ble
for
nat
ive
fish
es,
“res
tock
ing fro
m o
ther
str
eam
s w
ill lik
ely
occ
ur
auto
matica
lly.”
By
“oth
er
stre
ams”
, he
is r
efer
ring t
o lar
vae
contr
ibute
d t
o t
he
oce
an lar
val pool fr
om
oth
er s
trea
ms.
It
is
no w
onder
that
the
native
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
of fish
es,
shri
mps,
and m
ollu
sks
in H
awai
i re
pre
sent
fam
ilies
that
inhab
it h
igh-i
slan
d t
ropic
al a
nd s
ubtr
opic
al s
trea
ms.
Am
phid
rom
ous
gob
ies
“hav
e ev
olv
ed r
epro
duct
ive
patt
erns
adapte
d t
o t
he
extr
emel
y va
riable
and u
npre
dic
table
hab
itat
conditio
ns
char
acte
rist
ic o
f H
awai
ian s
trea
ms”
(W
ay e
t al
. 1998).
They
are
adapte
d t
o t
he
nat
ura
lly
ephem
eral hyd
rolo
gic
torr
ential flash
flo
ods
(Kei
th 2
003).
N
ishim
oto
(2005)
reco
gniz
ed t
hat
“…an
imal
s in
thes
e st
ream
s su
rviv
e, n
ot
in s
pite
of
epis
odi
c flood
s, b
ut
act
ually
bec
ause
of th
em.”
Fitz
sim
ons
and N
ishim
oto
(1995)
evalu
ated
the
reco
very
of Kaua‘
i st
ream
s fo
llow
ing t
hei
r dev
ast
ation
by
Hurr
icane
Inik
i and c
oncl
uded
that
the
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
m fis
hes
show
ed “
rem
ark
able
res
ilien
ce.”
They
note
d t
hat
am
phid
rom
y “p
rovi
des
the
pote
ntial fo
r re
popula
ting a
str
eam
with a
full
com
ple
men
t of its
form
erly
pre
dom
inant
vert
ebra
te a
nd inve
rteb
rate
spec
ies”
. I
n h
is w
ritt
en d
irec
t te
stim
ony
in
the
Wai
ahole
Str
eam
cas
e, D
evic
k note
d t
hat
, “T
he
flas
hy
nat
ure
of
Haw
aiia
n w
indw
ard s
trea
ms,
with
thei
r su
dden
pea
ks a
nd long t
roughs
in f
low
rate
s is
an inte
gra
l co
mponen
t fo
r m
ain
tenan
ce o
f bio
tic
stabili
ty in t
he
stre
am
s. The
pea
k flow
s hel
p t
o flu
sh d
ebri
s fr
om
the
stre
am
bed
and p
rovi
de
trig
ger
s fo
r m
igra
tion a
nd s
paw
nin
g b
y aq
uat
ic o
rgan
ism
s. Per
iodic
dry
ing t
hat
nat
ura
lly o
ccurs
in t
he
low
er
reac
hes
of st
ream
s m
ay h
elp m
ainta
in g
enet
ic v
aria
bili
ty in a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
that
would
be
adva
nta
geo
us
for
surv
ival
ove
r th
e lo
ng t
erm
in r
esp
onse
to t
empora
l sh
ifts
in w
eath
er p
atte
rns.
N
ativ
e sp
ecie
s, p
articu
larly
amphid
rom
ous
spec
ies,
hav
e ev
olv
ed t
o fit t
hes
e co
nditio
ns”
(em
phas
is
ours
).
H
obso
n e
t al. (
2007)
pro
vide
rece
nt
bio
chem
ical ev
iden
ce t
hat
the
larv
ae
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
may
congre
gat
e in
nutr
ient-
rich
fre
shw
ater
plu
mes
off
shor
e of st
ream
mouth
s prior
to t
hei
r re
cruitm
ent.
But
it is
not
yet
know
n w
het
her
thes
e la
rvae
spen
d t
hei
r en
tire
pla
nkt
onic
exi
sten
ce in
fres
hw
ate
r nutr
ient
plu
mes
clo
se t
o n
atal
str
eam
s or
‘sta
ge’
at
rive
r m
outh
s af
ter
a per
iod o
f drift
ing
offsh
ore
(H
obso
n e
t al. 2
007).
Murp
hy
and C
ow
an (
2007)
note
that
seaso
nal pos
t-la
rval re
cruitm
ent
of ‘o
‘opu t
o H
awai
ian s
hore
s co
rres
ponds
to t
he
retu
rn o
f dri
ft b
ott
les
dep
loye
d in s
urf
ace
curr
ent
exper
imen
ts c
onduct
ed b
y Bark
ley
et a
l. (
1964).
The lac
k of gen
etic
iso
lation a
mong ‘o‘o
pu a
mong
isla
nds
des
crib
ed b
y Fi
tzsi
mons
et a
l. (
1990),
Zin
k et
al. (
1996),
and C
hubb e
t al. (
1998)
could
be
expla
ined
by
as
few
as
one
recr
uit p
er g
ener
ation p
er s
pec
ies
dri
ftin
g b
etw
een s
trea
ms
(Hobso
n e
t al
. 2007;
Kin
zie,
per
sonal
com
munic
ation).
To d
ate
ther
e is
no e
viden
ce o
f w
ithin
-arc
hip
elago iso
lation
or
insi
pie
nt
spec
iation o
f th
is u
niq
ue
gro
up o
f H
awai
ian a
quat
ic a
nim
als
, in
dic
atin
g a
mong-i
sland a
nd
bet
wee
n-s
trea
m g
ene
flow
att
ributa
ble
to t
hei
r am
phid
rom
ous
life-
cycl
e.
Aquat
ic b
iolo
gis
ts n
ow
spec
ula
te t
hat
som
e st
ream
s m
ay b
e gre
ater
sourc
es o
f la
rvae
than
oth
ers.
Som
e st
ream
s m
ay in fac
t be
“sin
ks”
wher
e la
rvae
cannot
reac
h t
he
sea
and/o
r w
her
e re
cruits
may
not
surv
ive
to r
epro
duce
. M
cRae
(2007)
spec
ula
ted t
hat
sin
ks m
ight
incl
ude
larg
er,
longer
sec
ond-
and t
hir
d-o
rder
str
eam
s w
ith t
erm
inal
est
uar
ies
that
har
bor
man
y pote
ntial
pre
dat
ors
, an
d s
ourc
e st
ream
s m
ight
incl
ude
shor
ter
firs
t-ord
er s
trea
ms
with t
erm
inal
fal
ls w
her
e itin
eran
t m
arin
e pre
dat
ors
are
exc
luded
. S
inks
mig
ht
als
o incl
ude
irri
gat
ion d
itch
es c
onnec
ted t
o s
trea
ms
wher
e bre
edin
g
popula
tions
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
inhab
it w
ater
s upst
ream
of in
take
str
uct
ure
s. The d
itch
sys
tem
s are
als
o k
now
n t
o p
rovi
de
hab
itat
for
amphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
and m
ay
act
as a
conduit for
move
men
t of adults
bet
wee
n s
trea
ms
but
this
has
not
be
studie
d t
o date
. To fully
appre
ciat
e how
succ
essf
ul a
life
stra
tegy
amphid
rom
y is
, one
must
consi
der
the
nat
ure
of
dis
turb
ance
in t
he
stre
am
eco
syst
ems
in w
hic
h t
hes
e s
pec
ies
evolv
ed.
Cat
acly
smic
influen
ces
dis
cuss
ed a
bove
incl
ude
flood,
dro
ught,
landsl
ides
, and v
olca
nis
m.
Longer
-ter
m influen
ces
must
hav
e
incl
uded
per
iodic
chan
ges
in r
ainfa
ll pat
tern
s, s
trea
m p
iracy
, gain
ing a
nd losi
ng r
each
es,
pre
dation,
com
pet
itio
n for
reso
urc
es,
and s
hifting p
att
erns
of oce
an c
urr
ents
. R
epro
duct
ion a
nd r
ecru
itm
ent
of
the
nat
ive
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
appea
r to
res
pond t
o s
toch
astic
influen
ces.
This
fle
xibili
ty a
llow
s ra
pid
rec
oloniz
atio
n o
f dis
turb
ed a
reas
from
the
oce
anic
larv
al pool. The
fact
that
this
gro
up o
f aquat
ic
anim
als
has
not
dem
onst
rate
d t
he
adap
tive
rad
iation s
een in H
aw
aiia
n t
erre
strial
fau
na a
nd f
lora
su
gges
ts t
hat
oce
anic
mix
ing a
nd t
ransp
ort
of la
rvae
suffic
iently
pre
vent
gen
etic
iso
lation (
McD
ow
all
2003).
12.0-14
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14
3.0
EN
VIR
ON
MEN
TA
L I
NFLU
EN
CES
ON
HA
WA
IIA
N S
TR
EA
MS
3
.1
Infl
uen
ce o
f S
tream
Geom
orp
holo
gy,
Dis
charg
e,
an
d P
eri
od
icit
y o
n S
peci
es
Dis
trib
uti
on
Bio
logis
ts h
ave
learn
ed t
hat
the
geo
morp
holo
gic
pro
file
of tr
opic
al insu
lar
stre
ams
stro
ngly
influen
ces
the
dis
trib
ution o
f am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
within
a g
iven
str
eam
due
to t
he
diffe
rence
s in
clim
bin
g
abili
ty,
terr
itori
al b
ehavi
or,
die
tary
pre
fere
nce
s, a
nd inte
rspec
ific
inte
ract
ions
am
ong t
he
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies.
Ove
rlaps
in s
pec
ies
dis
trib
ution a
nd o
ther
exc
eptions
to t
he
patt
ern o
f dis
trib
ution (
Table
1)
are
com
mon.
Bas
ed u
pon o
ral his
tories
and w
ritt
en r
ecord
s (e
.g.,
Titco
mb
1972;
Puku
i 1983;
and M
aly
2001a,)
it
is lik
ely
that
this
was
als
o u
nder
stood t
o so
me
exte
nt
by
pre
-co
nta
ct n
ativ
e H
awai
ians.
M
acio
lek
(1977)
coin
ed t
he
phra
se “
Lentipes
str
eam
s” t
o d
escr
ibe
those
str
eam
s in
whic
h ‘o‘o
pu
alam
o‘o
was
the
dom
inan
t or
only
nat
ive
amphid
rom
ous
fish
pre
sent.
U
sual
ly,
thes
e w
ere
small
to
mid
-siz
e st
ream
s havi
ng a
ter
min
al w
ater
fall
or
casc
ade
that
pre
vente
d c
oloniz
atio
n b
y oth
er
am
phid
rom
ous
fish
es.
Kin
zie
and F
ord
(1975,
1982, and 1
986)
als
o d
escr
ibed
tre
nds
in longitudin
al
dis
trib
ution o
f am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
that
could
be
attr
ibute
d t
o s
trea
m m
orp
holo
gy.
Pa
rham
(2002)
on G
uam
, Buden
et
al. (
2003)
on P
ohnpei
, and C
ook
(2004)
on T
a‘u d
escr
ibed
sim
ilar
pat
tern
s.
Rec
ently,
Parh
am
(2002)
use
d t
his
obse
rved
pat
tern
as
the
bas
is for
a co
mpute
r m
odel
bas
ed o
n
geo
gra
phic
info
rmation s
yste
ms
(GIS
) te
chnolo
gy,
whic
h h
e hopes
will
pre
dic
t th
e dis
trib
ution o
f am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
within
isl
and s
trea
ms.
G
eom
orp
holo
gy
too h
as influen
ced p
atte
rns
of
dis
trib
ution a
nd loca
l en
dem
ism
in s
ever
al fa
mili
es o
f aq
uat
ic inse
cts
(Polh
emus
2005).
This
iss
ue
is
signific
ant
to t
he
esta
blis
hm
ent
of II
FS inso
far
as it
hel
ps
to p
inpoin
t re
ach
es w
her
e w
e w
ould
exp
ect
to fin
d s
ignific
ant
popula
tions
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
and w
her
e oth
ers
mig
ht
be
nat
ura
lly e
xclu
ded
.
The
rela
tionsh
ip b
etw
een t
he
morp
holo
gy
of th
e st
ream
chan
nel
and h
ydro
logy
is d
irec
t an
d w
ell
under
stood (
Macd
onal
d e
t al. 1
983,
Mori
saw
a 1968);
ther
e is
als
o a
str
ong influen
ce o
f th
e ch
annel
co
nditio
ns
on t
he
dis
trib
ution a
nd a
bundance
of th
e st
ream
bio
ta.
The
import
ance
of th
e lo
ngitudin
al
pro
file
of st
ream
s to
the
loca
tion o
f aq
uat
ic s
pec
ies
in t
ropic
al insu
lar
stre
ams
was
know
n t
o H
awai
ians
of th
e past
(Titco
mb 1
972)
as
wel
l as
today
(Maly
and M
aly
2001a,
2001b).
The
clim
ate
of th
e arc
hip
elago is
dom
inat
ed b
y nort
hea
ster
ly t
rade
win
ds,
esp
ecia
lly in t
he
sum
mer
m
onth
s (J
uvi
k and J
uvi
k 1998).
Sto
rms
with a
ccom
panyi
ng h
igh r
ain
fall
are
most
com
mon in t
he
win
ter
but
can o
ccur
in a
ny
month
. H
igh f
low
s occ
urr
ing a
t ir
regula
r an
d u
npre
dic
table
inte
rval
s ar
e an
inte
gra
l par
t of H
awai
ian s
urf
ace
wat
er h
ydro
logy.
Lo
cal w
eath
er c
onditio
ns
are
stro
ngly
influen
ced
by
the
inte
ract
ions
of pre
vaili
ng w
inds
and landfo
rms
pro
duci
ng p
att
erns
of oro
gra
phic
rain
fall,
ty
pic
ally
hea
vies
t on t
he
win
dw
ard (
nort
hea
st)
sides
of th
e hig
h isl
ands.
Pr
ecip
itation a
t hig
her
el
evat
ions
lead
s to
ero
sion o
f st
ream
chan
nel
s es
pec
ially
alo
ng w
indw
ard
slo
pes
. H
eadw
ard
val
ley
erosi
on p
roduce
s th
e ty
pic
al a
mphithea
ter-
hea
ded
val
leys
, and s
trea
m p
iracy
res
ults
in t
he
old
er
isla
nds
hav
ing a
few
ver
y la
rge
valle
ys (
Ste
arns
1966).
Pr
ecip
itation,
gro
und c
ove
r, s
oils
, geo
logy,
and t
he
stru
cture
of under
lyin
g lava
s in
fluen
ce s
trea
m
flow
s. H
eavy
rain
fall
bet
wee
n 2
,000 a
nd 3
,000 ft
elev
ations
(Fig
ure
2)
and fog d
rip form
the
most
si
gnific
ant
contr
ibutions
to s
trea
mflow
and g
roundw
ate
r in
Eas
t M
aui (S
choll
et a
l. 2
002).
Rai
nfa
ll in
th
e re
gio
n a
vera
ges
more
than 3
50 inch
es p
er y
ear
at
the
2,5
00-f
t el
evation o
n t
he
slopes
of
Hal
eaka
la t
o a
bout
120 t
o 1
60 in/y
r on t
he
coast
(G
iam
bel
luca
et
al. 1
986).
W
hile
the
effe
cts
of
terr
ain o
n s
torm
rai
nfa
ll ar
e not
as p
erva
sive
as
on t
rade
win
d s
how
ers,
lar
ge
diffe
rence
s in
rai
nfa
ll do
occ
ur
ove
r sm
all dis
tance
s bec
ause
of to
pogra
phy
and loca
tion o
f th
e ra
in c
louds.
The
hea
vies
t ra
ins
com
e w
ith w
inte
r st
orm
s bet
wee
n O
ctober
and A
pri
l, t
hough s
torm
s and fre
shet
s ca
n a
nd d
o o
ccur
at
any
tim
e of ye
ar.
The
nat
ure
of th
e ra
infa
ll pat
tern
s and u
nder
lyin
g r
ock
of
the
win
dw
ard
slo
pes
of
Hal
eaka
la d
icta
te t
hat
dis
char
ge
in E
ast
Maui st
ream
chan
nel
s fluct
uat
es o
ver
seve
ral ord
ers
of
magnitude
from
base
flo
w t
o p
eak
flood
flo
w in a
day
(see
Miik
e 2004),
and s
om
etim
es h
ourl
y, fro
m
stre
am-t
o-s
trea
m t
hro
ughout
the
year
.
Flow
reg
imes
in H
awai
ian s
trea
ms
are
affe
cted
by
both
wea
ther
and g
eolo
gy.
Per
hap
s th
e m
ost
ch
arac
terist
ic fea
ture
of H
awai
ian s
trea
ms
is t
hei
r ‘fla
shy’
pat
tern
of
flood a
nd b
ase
flo
w t
hat
ref
lect
s a
dir
ect
rela
tionsh
ip t
o p
atte
rns
of ra
infa
ll. Fi
gure
3 illu
stra
tes
the
nat
ura
l daily
str
eam
flow
data
and
stat
istics
for
Wes
t W
ailu
aiki
Str
eam
(ab
ove
the
div
ersi
on)
ove
r a
rece
nt
nin
e-ye
ar p
erio
d.
Thro
ughout
each
yea
r th
ere
are
sev
eral per
iods
of hig
h a
nd low
flo
ws.
12.0-15
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Fig
ure
3.
USG
S d
aily
str
eam
flo
w d
ata
and s
tatist
ics
for
Wes
t W
ailu
aiki
Str
eam
, Eas
t M
aui, o
ver
nin
e ye
ars
(1999-2
008)
illust
rating t
he
freq
uen
cy o
f flash
flo
ods
or
fres
het
s ty
pic
al o
f H
aw
aiia
n s
trea
ms.
All
flow
s ove
r 20m
gd (
31 c
fs)
pass
bel
ow
the
div
ersi
on d
am, so
it
is c
lear
to s
ee just
how
oft
en t
hes
e ‘fre
shet
’ flow
s ar
e av
aila
ble
, ev
en o
n a
div
erte
d s
trea
m,
to s
erve
as
pas
sage
for
amphid
rom
ous
spec
ies’
dow
nst
ream
lar
val dri
ft a
nd u
pst
ream
mig
ration o
f post
-lar
vae.
Sourc
e: U
SG
S.
W
hile
man
y la
rger
per
ennia
l st
ream
s poss
ess
nat
ura
lly c
ontinuous
surf
ace
wat
ers
(Po
lhem
us
et a
l.
1992)
from
the
hea
dw
ater
s to
the
sea,
smalle
r st
ream
s an
d t
ributa
ries
of la
rge
stre
ams
can b
e nat
ura
lly inte
rmitte
nt
with losi
ng r
each
es g
oin
g d
ry in p
erio
ds
of lo
w r
ain
fall
and r
educe
d b
ase
flo
w
(Ste
arn
s and M
acdonald
1942,
Mac
donald
et
al. 1
983).
On E
ast
Mau
i, p
eren
nia
l co
ntinuous
stre
am
s ar
e co
nce
ntr
ated
on o
lder
lav
a flow
s w
ithin
the
USG
S s
tudy
area
and K
ipah
ulu
Val
ley
(Fig
ure
2).
M
any
stre
ams
in H
awai
‘i ar
e nat
ura
lly inte
rrupte
d d
ue
to t
hei
r geo
logic
al s
truct
ure
, an
d s
om
etim
es r
un
dry
as
wat
er is
‘lost
’ th
rough t
he
stre
am
bed
. E
xam
ple
s of nat
ura
lly inte
rrupte
d s
trea
ms
in E
ast
Maui
incl
ude
Wai
oka
milo
, Pi
‘ina‘
au,
and t
he
Palik
ea t
ributa
ry o
f O
he‘
o G
ulc
h in K
ipahulu
Val
ley.
Str
eam
s ea
st o
f M
akap
ipi fr
om
Kuhiw
a G
ulc
h e
astw
ard p
ast
Han
a to
war
d K
ipah
ulu
cro
ss y
ounger
lav
a flow
s an
d
are
nat
ura
lly inte
rmitte
nt.
Tim
bol an
d M
acio
lek
(1978)
reco
gniz
ed 9
6 p
eren
nia
l st
ream
s on M
aui.
Fift
y-ei
ght
per
cent
(58%
) of th
ese
wer
e co
ntinuous,
the
rest
nat
ura
lly inte
rrupte
d,
and t
he
rem
ain
der
ar
e nat
ura
lly inte
rrupte
d s
trea
ms
or
inte
rmitte
nt.
Use
of su
rface
wat
er in H
aw
ai‘i,
whet
her
by
the
nat
ive
stre
am fau
na a
nd flo
ra,
or
by
hum
ans,
can
not
avo
id t
hes
e fe
atu
res
of th
e nat
ura
l sy
stem
, and w
het
her
by
evolu
tion o
r en
gin
eeri
ng,
the
syst
ems
in
pla
ce t
oday
reflec
t th
ese
hyd
rolo
gic
al re
alitie
s.
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
ms
are
also
subje
cted
to a
num
ber
of
nat
ura
l ca
tacl
ysm
ic e
vents
incl
udin
g t
orr
ential
floodin
g,
dro
ught,
and landsl
ides
. A
ll th
ree
pro
cess
es c
an loca
lly e
xter
min
ate
stre
am fau
na
in a
ffec
ted
reac
hes
. F
ord
and Y
uen
(1986)
obse
rved
dra
mat
ic e
viden
ce o
f th
is im
med
iate
ly follo
win
g a
ca
tacl
ysm
ic lan
dsl
ide
in P
elek
unu V
alle
y, M
olo
ka‘i.
Thes
e ev
ents
can
occ
ur
at a
ny
tim
e. Yet
des
pite
wid
e fluct
uat
ions
in s
trea
m flo
w u
nder
nat
ura
l co
nditio
ns,
both
inte
rrupte
d a
nd inte
rmitte
nt
stre
ams
12.0-16
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ts
16
can p
rovi
de
hab
itat
for
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies,
as
a d
ecade
of ex
tensi
ve s
trea
m s
urv
eys
by
Sta
te o
f H
awai
i D
ivis
ion o
f Aquat
ic R
esourc
es s
taff h
ave
dem
onst
rate
d.
U
nlik
e st
ream
s in
tem
per
ate
continen
tal ec
osy
stem
s w
her
e se
aso
nal cu
es (
e.g.
day
length
, dec
iduous
shade,
wid
e te
mper
atu
re c
hanges
, and s
pri
ng s
now
mel
t) s
trongly
influen
ce t
he
bio
logy
and b
ehavi
or
of an
imal
s, s
toch
astic,
or
chan
ce,
pro
cess
es a
re m
ore
im
port
ant
to t
he
bio
logy
of tr
opic
al in
sula
r st
ream
s (K
inzi
e an
d F
ord
1982,
Lake
2000).
A r
evie
w o
f th
e lit
eratu
re d
emonst
rate
s th
at
most
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
hav
e bro
ad p
erio
ds
of re
pro
duct
ive
activi
ty a
nd r
elat
ivel
y w
eak
seas
onal
tr
ends.
Li
ndst
rom
(1999)
found t
his
to b
e th
e ca
se d
uring h
is s
tudy
of la
rval gobio
id d
rift
in t
he
Wai
nih
a Riv
er o
n K
auai
. I
n t
hei
r st
udy
of
fish
popula
tions
in s
mall
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
ms,
Kin
zie
and F
ord
(1
982)
found t
hat
repro
duct
ion,
recr
uitm
ent,
and h
ence
com
munity
stru
cture
at
any
giv
en t
ime
wer
e th
e re
sult o
f st
och
astic
phen
om
ena.
They
found t
hat
repro
duct
ive
per
iodic
ity
in n
ativ
e st
ream
fis
hes
w
as s
o b
road
ly s
pre
ad o
ver
tim
e th
at it
appea
red u
nlik
ely
that
a s
trong c
orr
elat
ion w
ith s
easo
nal
cues
had
evo
lved
. T
hey
als
o found t
hat
the
tim
ing o
f re
cruitm
ent
was
als
o w
idel
y va
riable
and p
rolo
nged
.
Oth
er d
etaile
d life
his
tory
stu
die
s (C
oure
t 1976,
Ford
1979b,
Ha
and K
inzi
e 1996,
Kin
zie
1988,
Way
et
al. 1
998,
and L
indst
rom
1998)
dis
cove
red s
imila
r ev
iden
ce w
ith r
egard
to t
he
tim
ing o
f re
pro
duct
ion
and r
ecru
itm
ent.
Rec
ent
studie
s of la
rval drift
by
Lindst
rom
(1999)
in t
he
Wain
iha R
iver
on K
aua‘
i su
gges
t th
at
‘o‘o
pu
repro
duct
ion o
ccurs
yea
r-ro
und a
nd a
ppea
rs t
o b
e st
rongly
influen
ced b
y fr
eshet
s. N
ishim
oto
and
Kuam
o’o
(1997)
als
o found t
hat
post
-larv
al re
cruitm
ent
of gobie
s in
to s
trea
ms
occ
urs
yea
r-ro
und,
and
appea
rs t
o b
e m
ost
com
mon im
med
iate
ly a
fter
fre
shet
s and p
erio
ds
of hea
vy r
ain.
Hence
, popula
tions
of th
e sa
me
spec
ies
in d
iffe
rent
stre
am
s appea
red t
o be
acting indep
enden
tly
with r
egard
to b
reed
ing
and r
ecru
itm
ent
(Kin
zie
and F
ord
1982),
and m
ay
be
str
ongly
influen
ced b
y in
stre
am
and o
ffsh
ore
co
nditio
ns.
Equal
ly im
port
ant
is t
he
inva
sion o
f st
ream
mouth
s by
post
-lar
val am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies.
Res
earc
h b
y se
vera
l au
thors
sugges
ts t
hat
this
may
occ
ur
at d
iffe
rent
tim
es for
diffe
rent
spec
ies.
G
iven
the
stoch
astic
pro
cess
es influen
cing c
urr
ent
patt
erns,
str
eam
flow
, an
d p
lankt
onic
lar
val su
rviv
al
one
would
exp
ect
that
thes
e patt
erns
mig
ht
be
subje
ct t
o co
nsi
der
able
tem
pora
l and g
eogra
phic
va
riat
ion.
Com
mon in a
ll ar
eas
is t
he
nec
essi
ty for
term
inal
dis
char
ge
of su
ffic
ient
dura
tion a
nd
volu
me
to a
ttra
ct a
nd a
ccom
modat
e upst
ream
mig
ration o
f post
-lar
val fish
es,
mollu
sks,
and
crust
acea
ns.
McR
ae (
2007)
sugges
ted t
hat
duri
ng w
et p
erio
ds,
sm
all st
ream
s m
ight
be
more
sig
nific
ant
as
contr
ibuto
rs o
f la
rvae
to t
he
oce
anic
lar
val pool
. I
n d
ry p
erio
ds,
larg
e st
ream
s m
ay
pro
vide
more
eg
gs.
H
ence
, th
ey a
rgue
that
repre
senta
tive
str
eam
s of
all
types
must
be
pro
tect
ed in o
rder
to e
nsu
re
the
continued
surv
ival of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
in H
awai
‘i.
4.0
HU
MA
N I
MP
AC
TS
Sin
ce t
he
arr
ival
of hum
ans
in t
he
arc
hip
elago s
om
e 1600 y
ears
ago t
her
e hav
e bee
n a
lter
ations
to
the
isla
nds’
lan
dsc
apes
, st
ream
s, a
nd w
ater
shed
s (K
irch
1982,
2000;
Burn
ey e
t al. 2
001;
Ath
ens
et a
l.
2002).
U
nder
standin
g a
nd form
ula
ting m
anag
emen
t pla
ns
today
requir
es u
nder
standin
g o
f th
ese
even
ts in t
he
past
.
4.1
Pre
-Cap
tain
Co
ok H
um
an
In
flu
en
ces
on
Haw
aii
an
Str
eam
s
While
res
tora
tion t
o a
pre
-Cap
tain
Cook
state
(M
iike
2004)
mig
ht
be
an idea
listic
goal fo
r st
ream
re
stora
tion,
so m
uch
post
-conta
ct m
odific
atio
n h
as o
ccurr
ed t
hat
the
com
bin
ed im
pac
ts o
f cu
mula
tive
per
turb
ations
to H
awai
ian s
trea
ms
pre
vent
us
from
know
ing w
hat
a s
trea
m w
ith p
re-C
apta
in C
ook
chara
cter
istics
looke
d lik
e or
how
it
mig
ht
hav
e fu
nct
ioned
(Kin
zie
1993).
Zim
mer
man
(1963),
Kir
sch
(1982),
Wag
ner
et
al.
(1985),
Sto
ne
(1985),
Cuddih
y and S
tone
(1990),
Ath
ens
et a
l. (
2002),
and
Zie
gle
r (2
002)
sum
mar
ize
the
impac
ts t
o fore
sted
wat
ersh
eds
in H
awai
‘i ca
use
d b
y act
ivitie
s of
pre
his
toric
Poly
nes
ians
beg
innin
g a
bout
1,6
00 y
ears
ago. A
ctiv
itie
s m
ost
lik
ely
to a
dve
rsel
y im
pact
st
ream
eco
syst
ems
incl
uded
the
exte
nsi
ve low
er w
ater
shed
def
ore
stat
ion b
y cl
eari
ng a
nd b
urn
ing,
agri
culture
(es
pec
ially
the
modific
atio
n o
f st
ream
flo
w for
wet
land c
rops)
, in
troduct
ion o
f al
ien s
pec
ies,
and fis
hin
g.
Fo
llow
ing a
nd a
fter
the
arri
val of th
e firs
t an
d s
econd w
aves
of
Poly
nes
ian im
mig
rants
, th
e H
awai
ians
refined
the
ahupua‘
a c
once
pt
of re
sourc
e al
loca
tion a
nd e
ngin
eere
d d
iver
sions
(‘auw
ai)
to irr
igate
taro
fiel
ds
(lo‘i)
(Kir
ch 1
982,
Gin
ger
ich e
t al. 2
007).
Som
etim
es q
uite
exte
nsi
ve in n
ature
, th
ese
‘auw
ai
12.0-17
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
17
carr
ied w
ater
to irr
igat
e ta
ro lo’i
thro
ughout
the
mid
dle
and low
er r
each
es o
f m
any
valle
ys o
n t
he
five
m
ajor
Haw
aiia
n I
slan
ds
(Han
dy
and H
andy
1972).
W
ides
pre
ad im
pact
s of th
ese
pre
-his
tori
c ac
tivi
ties
and d
efore
station c
ause
d b
y th
e in
troduce
d P
oly
nes
ian r
at incl
uded
dec
rease
in w
ater
shed
soil
mois
ture
, per
mea
bili
ty,
and s
urf
ace
wat
er r
eten
tion;
rapid
run-o
ff;
sedim
enta
tion o
f st
ream
s an
d
nea
rshore
wat
ers;
low
ered
wat
er t
able
s; a
lter
ed-m
icro
clim
ates
; an
d d
rought
(New
man
1969,
Spri
ggs
1985).
Haw
aiia
ns
dir
ectly
influen
ced t
he
stre
am
fauna b
y fish
ing a
nd c
olle
ctin
g r
eturn
ing p
ost
-larv
ae
(hin
ana)
(Titco
mb 1
972);
how
ever
, th
is im
pac
t m
ay
hav
e bee
n s
mall
com
pare
d t
o t
he
alter
atio
ns
in
the
landsc
apes
(Ath
ens
et a
l. 2
002).
4
.2 P
ost
-Cap
tain
Co
ok H
um
an
In
flu
en
ces
on
Haw
aii
an
Str
eam
Eco
syst
em
s
By
the
tim
e co
mpre
hen
sive
des
crip
tions
of th
e H
awai
ian lan
dsc
ape
beg
an a
ppea
ring in w
este
rn
liter
atu
re in t
he
late
1700s,
fer
al ungula
tes
and n
on-n
ativ
e pla
nts
had
alr
eady
beg
un t
o d
ram
atic
ally
ch
ange
the
nat
ure
of
Haw
aiia
n w
ater
shed
str
uct
ure
and funct
ion.
The r
estr
iction
(ka
pu)
pla
ced u
pon
killi
ng intr
oduce
d c
attle
per
mitte
d t
he
unch
ecke
d g
row
th o
f la
rge
her
ds,
whic
h a
long w
ith intr
oduce
d
shee
p b
egin
nin
g in 1
793,
dec
imate
d n
ativ
e lo
wla
nd fore
sts.
This
was
acc
om
panie
d b
y th
e in
troduct
ion
of non-n
ativ
e pla
nts
that
fore
ver
changed
the
natu
re o
f H
awai
ian w
ater
shed
s.
Thes
e cu
mula
tive
ef
fect
s of hum
an a
ctiv
itie
s le
d t
o t
he
per
manen
t and irr
ever
sible
modific
atio
n o
f H
awai
ian w
ater
shed
s and t
hei
r st
ream
s. The
effe
cts
incl
ude
but
are
not
limited
to t
he
follo
win
g,
in r
ough c
hro
nolo
gic
al
ord
er:
•
Changes
to w
ater
shed
veg
etat
ion,
soils
, and w
ater
budget
s by
intr
oduce
d s
pec
ies
• D
estr
uct
ion o
f w
ater
shed
veg
etation a
nd s
oil
erosi
on c
ause
d b
y fe
ral ungula
tes
•
Surf
ace
wat
er d
iver
sions,
gro
undw
ater
, an
d w
ell dev
elopm
ent
•
Soil
erosi
on fro
m s
ugar
cane
and p
inea
pple
cultiv
ation
• D
isch
arge
of bag
asse
at
stre
am m
outh
s (l
ate
1800s
to 1
972)
• Aquat
ic a
lien p
lant
and a
nim
al intr
oduct
ions
•
Intr
oduce
d d
isea
ses
and p
aras
ites
of aq
uat
ic a
nim
als
•
Urb
aniz
atio
n a
nd indust
rializ
ation w
ith s
ubse
quen
t im
pact
s upon w
ater
budget
s and q
ualit
y
• W
ides
pre
ad s
trea
m c
han
nel
modific
atio
ns
for
flood c
ontr
ol
• M
oder
n c
onsu
mptive
pra
ctic
es (
e.g.,
fis
hin
g w
ith ille
gal
ele
ctro
shock
ing a
nd t
raps)
4
.3 W
ate
r D
evelo
pm
en
t The
his
tory
of su
rface
wat
er d
evel
opm
ent
in H
awai
‘i w
as s
um
mari
zed b
y W
ilcox
(1996).
She
docu
men
ted t
he
trem
endou
s en
gin
eeri
ng fea
ts invo
lved
in b
ringin
g w
ater
, oft
en fro
m long d
ista
nce
s ove
r ro
ugh t
erra
in,
to c
ente
rs o
f la
rge-
scal
e ag
ricu
lture
. T
he
pla
nta
tion s
yste
m t
his
wat
er
dev
elop
men
t su
pport
ed lai
d t
he
gro
undw
ork
for
the
eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
of th
e H
awai
ian I
slands
beg
innin
g in t
he
late
1800s.
W
hile
we
know
the
his
tory
and c
urr
ent
state
of th
e m
ove
men
t of w
ater
th
rough t
hes
e sy
stem
s, w
e k
now
much
les
s ab
out
how
div
ersi
on im
pac
ts H
awai
ian s
trea
m
ecosy
stem
s. Kid
o (
1997b)
note
d t
hat
the
“rapid
ly c
han
gin
g t
erre
stri
al lan
dsc
ape
in H
awai
ian
wat
ersh
eds
couple
d w
ith t
he
esca
lating r
ate
s of al
ien s
pec
ies
intr
oduct
ions
are
alte
ring n
atura
l fu
nct
ionin
g o
f th
ese
[str
eam
] ec
osy
stem
s.”
In
one
of
the
few
publis
hed
stu
die
s th
at
dir
ectly
exam
ined
the
effe
cts
of st
ream
dew
ate
rmen
t in
H
awai
‘i, K
inzi
e et
al. (
2006)
found t
hat
stre
am
div
ersi
on r
educe
d a
vaila
ble
hab
itat
for
ben
thic
(b
ott
om
-dw
ellin
g)
inve
rteb
rate
s in
rea
ches
bel
ow
a h
ydro
pow
er d
am
on t
he
Wai
nih
a R
iver
, Kaua‘i.
Ben
thic
prim
ary
and s
econdar
y pro
duct
ion w
ere
low
est
at
sam
plin
g s
ites
bel
ow
the
div
ersi
on d
am
with
the
low
est
flow
s. Com
ple
x an
d s
om
etim
es s
ubtle
bio
tic
and a
bio
tic
effe
cts
asso
ciat
ed w
ith d
iver
sions
wer
e al
so d
isco
vere
d t
hat
are
yet
difficu
lt t
o e
xpla
in. In
vert
ebra
te d
rift
was
str
ongly
influen
ced b
y th
e dam
sugges
ting e
ntr
ain
men
t of dri
ft into
the
div
ersi
on d
itch
(Kin
zie
et a
l. 2
006).
M
acio
lek
(1978)
state
d t
hat
Ner
itin
a gra
nosa
(hīh
īwai
) ca
n o
ccupy
continuous
stre
ams
up t
o 4
00
met
ers
in e
leva
tion;
how
ever
, it is
unco
mm
on t
o fin
d h
īhīw
ai a
t th
at
elev
ation. F
ord
(1979b)
and
Bra
sher
(1997a)
found t
hat
hīh
īwai
wer
e lim
ited
to a
bout
185 m
eter
s and 2
23 m
eter
s in
the
low
er
reac
hes
of W
aiohue
and W
aiko
lu S
trea
ms,
res
pec
tive
ly.
Both
inve
stig
ators
sugges
ted t
hat
this
was
due
to t
he
effe
cts
of dew
ate
rmen
t on h
abitat
ava
ilabili
ty.
Way
et a
l. (
1998)
note
d a
lter
ed p
att
erns
in
repro
duct
ive
out
put
among L
entipes
conco
lor
(‘o‘o
pu a
lam
o‘o
) fr
om
continuous
Mak
amak
a’ole
Str
eam
on M
aui and d
iver
ted W
aiko
lu S
trea
m o
n M
olo
kai.
12.0-18
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
18
Ben
bow
(1997)
concl
uded
that
a M
aui div
ersi
on d
ram
atica
lly r
educe
d h
abitat
for
ben
thic
inve
rteb
rate
s.
A m
ajo
r unansw
ered
ques
tion is
whet
her
thes
e im
pact
s th
reate
n p
opula
tions
of nat
ive
amphid
rom
ous
spec
ies.
This
ques
tion is
centr
al t
o t
he
craft
ing o
f in
stre
am
flo
w s
tandard
s, b
ut
has
yet
to b
e pro
per
ly
answ
ered
.
Nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
are
able
to s
urm
ount
many
low
dam
s and w
eirs
as
we
hav
e
dis
cove
red in o
ur
fiel
d s
tudie
s of Eas
t M
aui, N
ā W
ai ‘Ehā
(SW
CA 2
008),
and o
ther
Wes
t M
aui st
ream
s (S
WCA 2
004,
2007).
This
was
rep
ort
ed b
y bot
h U
SG
S (
Gin
ger
ich a
nd W
olff 2005)
and D
AR (
Parh
am
et a
l. 2
008).
U
nder
exi
stin
g d
iver
ted c
onditio
ns,
flo
w v
olu
me
and fre
quen
cy is
suffic
ient
to a
llow
upst
ream
mig
ration b
y ‘o
‘opu n
ākea
, ‘o
‘opu a
lam
o‘o
, ‘o
pae
kala
‘ole
and b
y th
e non-n
ative
am
phid
rom
ous
Tah
itia
n p
raw
n t
o inhab
it e
leva
tions
wher
e th
ey w
ould
norm
ally
be
found.
Fuku
shim
a
et a
l. (
2007)
dis
cove
red t
hat
upst
ream
mig
ration b
y gob
ies
was
unaffec
ted b
y dam
s in
Hokk
aido
stre
am
s. H
olm
quis
t et
al. (
1998)
note
d t
hat
the
nat
ive
Antille
an g
oby
Sic
ydiu
m p
lum
ieri
was
able
to
neg
otiat
e hig
h d
am
s w
ith s
pill
way
rele
ase
s, a
lbei
t in
red
uce
d n
um
ber
s, in P
uer
to R
ican r
iver
s.
D
iver
sion s
truct
ure
s in
many
Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s ar
e lo
cate
d a
t or
above
the
upper
most
ele
vations
that
‘o‘o
pu a
lam
o‘o
and ‘ōpae
kal
a‘ole
norm
ally
inhab
it u
nder
nat
ura
l undiv
erte
d c
onditio
ns.
In
such
cas
es
the
stru
cture
s w
ould
not
repre
sent
‘bot
tlen
ecks
’ to
upst
ream
mig
ration.
How
eve
r, a
s G
inger
ich a
nd
Wolff (2
005)
note
d,
dry
str
eam
rea
ches
(e.
g.
bel
ow
div
ersi
on s
truct
ure
s) c
an funct
ion a
s ‘b
ott
lenec
ks’
for
the
mig
ration o
f an
y sp
ecie
s. In
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
ms,
dry
rea
ches
in d
iver
ted,
nat
ura
lly inte
rmitte
nt,
an
d inte
rrupte
d p
eren
nia
l st
ream
s ar
e te
mpora
ry a
nd a
re p
erio
dic
ally
wet
ted b
y fr
eshet
s.
The
pre
sence
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
above
dry
rea
ches
thro
ughou
t th
e Sta
te (
Parh
am e
t al
. 2008)
dem
onst
rate
s th
at
ecolo
gic
al co
nnec
tivi
ty is
rest
ore
d d
uri
ng t
hes
e ev
ents
allo
win
g m
igra
tion t
o o
ccur.
Larg
e w
ater
falls
may
pre
vent
upst
ream
mig
ration o
f all
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
exce
pt
‘o‘o
pu a
lam
o‘o
an
d ‘ōpae
kal
a‘ole
(G
inger
ich a
nd W
olff 2005).
This
is
true
under
both
nat
ura
l and d
iver
ted
conditio
ns.
This
is
signific
ant
in t
he
evalu
atio
n o
f II
FS for
nat
ive
stre
am
life.
Changes
in a
quatic
hab
itat
cau
sed b
y div
ersi
ons
in u
pst
ream
rea
ches
are
not
rele
vant
to t
hose
spec
ies
that
do n
ot
norm
ally
inhab
it r
each
es a
bove
nat
ura
l bott
lenec
ks o
r ca
nnot
mig
rate
upst
ream
to inhab
it t
hes
e re
aches
(G
inger
ich a
nd W
olff 2005).
4
.4 S
um
mary
of
Hu
man
Im
pact
s o
n H
aw
aii
an
Str
eam
s
SW
CA b
elie
ves
that
ther
e are
no ‘pre
-Capta
in C
ook’
str
eam
s (s
ensu
Miik
e 2004)
in H
aw
ai‘i
today,
and
ther
e ca
n n
ever
be
such
str
eam
s again
due
to t
he
com
ple
x sy
ner
gis
tic
effe
cts
of w
ater
shed
alter
atio
n
by
a m
illen
niu
m o
f hum
an a
lter
atio
n o
f th
e en
viro
nm
ent
thro
ughout
the
arc
hip
elago.
Ther
e are
, how
ever
, st
ream
s w
ith m
inim
al lev
els
of al
tera
tion t
hat
continue
to h
arbor
hea
lthy
popula
tions
of
nat
ive
amphid
rom
ous
spec
ies.
Thes
e st
ream
s ar
e c
om
monly
ref
erre
d t
o t
oday
as
bei
ng ‘pri
stin
e’,
‘unal
tere
d’, o
r ‘n
atu
ral’
(Haw
ai‘i
Cooper
ative
National Pa
rk S
tudie
s U
nit 1
990).
D
espite
the
his
tory
of dis
turb
ance
s in
isl
and w
ater
shed
s th
at
beg
an w
ith t
he
Poly
nes
ian im
mig
rants
th
e am
phid
rom
ous
fauna
of H
aw
ai‘i
per
sist
s, a
lthough n
ot
in t
he
num
ber
s once
des
crib
ed in liter
atu
re
and lore
. T
he
char
acte
rist
ic s
pec
ies
may
still
be
found in m
any
stre
ams
on a
ll five
maj
or
isla
nds,
and
oft
en in a
bundan
ce.
Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s co
ntinue
to b
e re
cogniz
ed a
mong t
he
most
im
port
ant
hab
itat
s fo
r nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
m a
nim
als
in t
he
Sta
te (
Haw
ai‘i
Cooper
ativ
e N
ational Pa
rk S
tudie
s U
nit 1
990,
Gin
ger
ich a
nd W
olff 2005).
N
o s
pec
ific
evi
den
ce is
ava
ilable
to s
ugges
t th
at
any
of th
e am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
is p
rese
ntly
at r
isk
of ex
tinct
ion.
How
ever
, th
e sy
ner
gis
tic
effe
cts
of hum
an a
lter
atio
ns
hav
e le
d t
o a
dec
line
in t
he
popula
tions
of nat
ive
fres
hw
ater
spec
ies
stat
ewid
e. Surp
risi
ngly
, no s
tudie
s hav
e bee
n c
onduct
ed o
n t
he
long-t
erm
pop
ula
tion t
rends
for
Haw
aiia
n a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies,
and
ther
e is
noth
ing in t
he
scie
ntific
liter
atu
re o
n t
his
topic
.
A p
att
ern t
hat
is n
ot
yet
wid
ely
ack
now
ledged
is
that
the
am
phid
rom
ous
nat
ive
macr
ofa
una
are
ex
trao
rdin
arily
res
ilien
t to
chan
gin
g c
onditio
ns
within
str
eam
s, a
nd t
hey
continue
to p
ersi
st w
ithin
the
Haw
aiia
n I
slands
in a
ppare
ntly
stable
met
apopula
tions.
Evi
den
ce o
f th
is h
as b
een c
ited
by
oth
ers,
in
cludin
g D
r. L
aw
rence
Miik
e of th
e CW
RM
(se
e his
quota
tion in t
he
Exe
cutive
Sum
mary
on p
age
3 o
f th
is r
eport
), y
et its
sig
nific
ance
is
per
hap
s not
reco
gniz
ed:
W
hile
continuous
stre
am flo
w fro
m t
he
sourc
e in
the
mounta
ins
to t
he
mouth
at
the
oce
an
(“co
nnec
tivi
ty fro
m m
auka
to m
akai
”) is
per
hap
s a
nec
essa
ry c
onditio
n for
most
of H
awai
i’s
per
ennia
l st
ream
s to
sust
ain r
epro
duci
ng a
mphid
rom
ous
popula
tions
at
pre
-div
ersi
on lev
els,
…
ther
e ar
e st
ream
s th
at a
re n
atura
lly inte
rrupte
d w
ith h
ealthy
popula
tions;
i.e
., w
ith
12.0-19
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
19
ecolo
gic
al inst
ead o
f phys
ical co
nnec
tivi
ty,
or
stre
am flo
ws
of su
ffic
ient
volu
me
and fre
quen
cy
to a
llow
the
norm
al d
istr
ibution o
f nat
ive
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
within
a g
iven
wat
ersh
ed,
F0F
557…
(H
eari
ng O
ffic
er’s
Pro
pose
d F
indin
g o
f Fa
ct,
Concl
usi
ons
of La
w,
and D
ecis
ion a
nd
Ord
er,
Cas
e N
um
ber
CCH
-MA06-0
1,
Apri
l 2009).
Thes
e [S
tate
wid
e M
onitoring a
nd S
urv
ey P
rogra
m]
surv
eys
hav
e al
read
y yi
elded
val
uable
and
unex
pec
ted r
esults.
Fo
r ex
am
ple
hea
lthy
'o'o
pu p
opula
tions
hav
e bee
n d
isco
vere
d in
inte
rmitte
nt
leew
ard s
trea
ms,
pre
viousl
y th
ought
to b
e in
capab
le o
f su
pport
ing n
ativ
e fish
es.
(Dr.
Rober
t N
ishim
oto,
Aquat
ic B
iolo
gis
t, a
s quote
d in
“H
awai
ian W
ater
s -
the
Mau
ka M
akai
Li
felin
e” v
ideo
publis
hed
by
the
Educa
tion P
rogra
m,
Dep
art
men
t of Aquat
ic R
esourc
es,
DLN
R.)
5
.0 T
HE E
AS
T M
AU
I IR
RIG
ATIO
N C
OM
PA
NY
(EM
I) D
ITC
H S
YS
TEM
Built
bet
wee
n 1
876 a
nd 1
923,
the
Eas
t M
aui ditch
sys
tem
is
oper
ated
by
the
Eas
t M
aui Ir
rigation
Com
pan
y (E
MI)
, a
subsi
dia
ry o
f Ale
xander
and B
aldw
in.
It
is a
n e
ngin
eeri
ng m
arv
el c
onsi
stin
g o
f at
least
388 inta
kes,
24 m
iles
of ditch
es,
50 m
iles
of tu
nnel
s, 1
2 inve
rted
sip
hons,
and h
undre
ds
of sm
all
seco
ndar
y in
take
s w
ith a
tota
l ca
pac
ity
of about
445 m
gd (
Wilc
ox
1996).
She
estim
ate
d t
he
repla
cem
ent
cost
to b
e $200 m
illio
n,
and s
tate
s th
at
it is
the
“larg
est
priva
tely
ow
ned
wat
er c
om
pany
in t
he
United
Sta
tes,
per
hap
s in
the
worl
d.”
Today
the
ditch
sys
tem
conve
ys 6
2 b
illio
n g
allo
ns
of w
ater
per
yea
r (o
ver
20.2
mill
ion a
cre
feet
) to
Cen
tral M
aui to
irr
igate
30,0
00 a
cres
of su
gar;
and u
p t
o o
ne
bill
ion g
allo
ns
per
yea
r (o
ver
326,0
00
acr
e fe
et)
for
dom
estic
use
by
the
County
of
Mau
i.
The
Am
eric
an S
oci
ety
of Civ
il Engin
eeri
ng
des
ignat
ed t
he
EM
I ditch
sys
tem
as
a N
ational H
isto
ric
Civ
il Engin
eeri
ng L
andm
ark
in F
ebru
ary
2003.
Within
the
USG
S E
ast
Mau
i st
udy
area
, si
x ditch
/tunnel
sys
tem
s in
terc
ept
stre
am flo
ws
from
21
stre
am
s at
elev
ations
as
hig
h a
s 1,9
50 ft.
The
County
of M
aui co
llect
s w
ater
fro
m s
om
e Eas
t M
aui
stre
am
s at
even
hig
her
ele
vations.
EM
I re
cord
s docu
men
t 58 m
ajor
stru
ctura
l in
take
s an
d 1
19 m
inor
div
ersi
ons
within
the
study
area
(Tab
le 2
).
M
ajor
stru
cture
s gen
eral
ly c
onsi
st o
f co
ncr
ete
and/o
r st
one
div
ersi
on d
am
s or
fixe
d-c
rest
wei
rs b
uilt
ac
ross
the
stre
am c
han
nel
. W
ater
is
div
erte
d into
ditch
es a
nd f
lum
es t
hro
ugh d
ebri
s gra
tings
or
dra
inag
e galle
ries
adja
cent
to a
nd im
med
iate
ly u
pst
ream
of th
e dam
s.
The
volu
me
of w
ater
ente
ring
the
ditch
sys
tem
s ca
n b
e adju
sted
at
each
str
eam
by
manual
ly o
per
ate
d h
ead g
ates
. N
one
of th
e div
ersi
on s
truct
ure
s cu
rren
tly
hav
e byp
ass
syst
ems
(e.g
. fish
lad
der
s or
fish
-ways
) built
spec
ific
ally
to
enhan
ce u
pst
ream
or
dow
nst
ream
fis
h p
assa
ge.
M
any
of th
e dam
s have
som
e se
epage
thro
ugh t
he
face
or
toe
of th
e st
ruct
ure
and t
hro
ugh h
ead g
ate
s.
Tab
le 2
. Reg
iste
red d
iver
sion s
truct
ure
s w
ithin
the
East
Mau
i st
udy
area
(Sourc
e: E
ast
Mau
i Ir
rigat
ion
Com
pan
y, L
td.)
D
itch
Nam
e
Majo
r D
ivers
ion
s M
ino
r D
ivers
ion
s Ko‘o
lau
33
83
Wailo
a 4
3
Spre
ckel
s 10
22
New
Ham
akua
3
0
Man
uel
Luis
5
10
Cen
ter
3
1
Tota
l d
ivers
ion
s 5
8
11
9
Sec
ondar
y div
ersi
ons
stru
cture
s co
nsi
st o
f sm
all w
ater
dev
elop
men
t tu
nnel
s, w
eir
s, c
hec
k dam
s, a
nd
PVC p
ipes
fitte
d t
o c
aptu
re s
eepage
bel
ow
dam
fac
es a
nd r
unoff f
rom
sm
all gulli
es a
nd s
wal
es.
Sev
eral
st
ream
s in
the
wes
tern
port
ion o
f th
e st
udy
area
are
div
erte
d a
t se
vera
l el
evat
ions
by
diffe
rent
ditch
sy
stem
s.
D
uri
ng p
erio
ds
of pro
longed
dro
ught
in E
ast
Maui, flo
w in t
he
ditch
sys
tem
is
reduce
d t
o 1
0 m
gd.
This
is
the
volu
me
of w
ater
that
is a
vaila
ble
to p
rovi
de
the
County
of
Mau
i to
supply
dom
estic
wat
er n
eeds
for
upco
untr
y to
wns
incl
udin
g P
uka
lani, K
ula
, and M
aka
wao
.
12.0-20
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
20
The
ditch
sys
tem
its
elf su
pport
s bot
h n
ativ
e an
d n
on-n
ativ
e aq
uat
ic life,
yet
we
are
unaw
are
of an
y sc
ientific
study
of its
bio
logic
al funct
ion.
Loca
l re
siden
ts k
now
wel
l th
at p
ort
ions
of th
e ditch
sys
tem
are
the
bes
t pla
ces
to c
olle
ct m
ounta
in ‘ōpae
for
subsi
sten
ce.
The
ditch
ser
ves
as a
mea
ns
of la
tera
l dis
per
sal ac
ross
wat
ersh
eds
for
both
nat
ive
and n
on-n
ativ
e aq
uat
ic s
pec
ies.
It
may
als
o s
erve
as
a si
nk
for
new
ly h
atc
hed
larv
ae
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
inhab
itin
g t
he
upper
rea
ches
of Eas
t M
aui
stre
ams.
6.0
AM
PH
IDR
OM
OU
S S
PEC
IES
IN
EA
ST M
AU
I S
TR
EA
MS
6
.1 R
ece
nt
Stu
die
s G
inger
ich (
1999)
studie
d t
he
rela
tionsh
ip b
etw
een a
nd a
vaila
bili
ty o
f gro
undw
ater
and s
urf
ace
wat
er in
Eas
t M
aui as
pote
ntial
futu
re s
ourc
es for
dom
estic
wat
er s
upply
. F
ollo
win
g t
he
subm
itta
l of a
pet
itio
n
to s
et I
nst
ream
Flo
w S
tandar
ds
(IFS
) in
27 E
ast
Maui st
ream
s in
2002 b
y co
nce
rned
citiz
ens,
the
geo
gra
phic
ext
ent
of th
e Eas
t M
aui st
udy
are
a w
as lim
ited
to t
he
regio
n b
etw
een K
ole
a S
trea
m a
nd
Maka
pip
i Str
eam
(G
inger
ich 2
004).
In
his
stu
dy
of m
edia
n-
and low
-flo
w c
har
acte
rist
ics
under
nat
ura
l and d
iver
ted c
onditio
ns,
Gin
ger
ich (
2004)
dev
eloped
a s
yste
m t
o e
stim
ate
flow
char
acte
rist
ics
(bas
e flow
and t
ota
l flow
) fo
r ungaged
Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s.
Build
ing o
n t
his
, he furt
her
iden
tified
the
loca
tion
of gai
nin
g a
nd losi
ng r
each
es a
nd s
ignific
ant
spri
ngs
in s
trea
m v
alle
ys in t
he
Eas
t M
aui st
udy
area
.
Gin
ger
ich a
nd W
olff (2
005)
att
empte
d t
o e
stim
ate
hab
itat
for
nat
ive
stre
am
macr
ofa
una
and t
o m
odel
how
the
amount
of th
is h
abitat
mig
ht
resp
ond t
o c
han
ges
in flo
w.
SW
CA b
iolo
gis
ts c
onduct
ed b
iolo
gic
al s
urv
eys
and c
olle
cted
flo
w m
easu
rem
ents
above
and b
elow
div
ersi
ons
thro
ughout
the
study
are
a.
Kin
zie
et a
l. (
2006)
had
found t
hat
reach
es a
ffec
ted m
ost
by
wat
er r
emova
l are
those
loc
ate
d b
etw
een d
itch
inta
kes
and influen
t tr
ibuta
ries
, sp
rings,
or
seep
s th
at
contr
ibute
to flo
w a
t lo
wer
ele
vations.
This
pat
tern
was
als
o a
ppar
ent
within
the
Eas
t M
aui st
udy
area
as
wel
l as
in H
onoko
hau S
trea
m o
n W
est
Mau
i (S
WCA 2
004,
2005).
The
loca
tion
and t
ype
of div
ersi
on
stru
cture
s an
d s
trea
m c
ross
ings
stro
ngly
influen
ce t
he
abili
ty o
f am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
to s
urm
ount
the
stru
cture
to inhab
it u
pst
ream
rea
ches
(M
arch
et
al.
2003a,
Res
h 2
004,
SW
CA 2
004,
2005).
Sev
en o
f th
e 21 E
ast
Mau
i st
udy
stre
ams
within
the
pro
ject
are
a hav
e te
rmin
al w
ater
falls
or
casc
ades
.
The
Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s w
ith h
igh t
erm
inal
fal
ls a
re:
Kole
a, W
aika
moi, W
ahin
epe‘
e, H
aipua‘
ena,
W
aioka
milo
, an
d P
a‘ake
a. P
a‘ak
ea h
as
a fr
eshw
ater
plu
nge
pool ju
st a
bove
the
mouth
of th
e st
ream
; how
ever
, th
e fa
lls a
bove
it
rest
rict
s ot
her
am
phid
rom
ous
fish
es fro
m inhab
itin
g t
he
stre
am
above
the
term
inal
poo
l. Le
ntipes
and A
tyoid
a w
ere
obse
rved
toget
her
in m
ost
of th
e st
ream
s st
udie
d b
y U
SG
S,
SW
CA,
and D
AR.
A s
um
mar
y of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
pre
sence
within
the
study
area
str
eam
s in
fo
und in T
able
3.
The
aty
id ‘ōpae
kala
‘ole
was
the
most
consp
icuous
spec
ies
found a
bove
the
div
ersi
ons
duri
ng o
ur
study.
D
ragonfly
and d
amse
lfly
nai
ads,
Jap
anes
e w
rinkl
ed fro
g t
adpol
es,
and lym
nae
id s
nai
ls w
ere
com
mon.
‘Ōpae
wer
e als
o o
bse
rved
above
eve
ry inta
ke w
ith t
he
exce
ption o
f Pu
nal
au S
trea
m.
Insu
ffic
ient
data
are
ava
ilable
to a
sses
s am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
popula
tions
in W
ahin
epe‘
e, ‘O
hia
, W
aia‘
aka
and M
akap
ipi st
ream
s. D
irec
t vi
sual
surv
eys
of upper
Ulu
ini tr
ibuta
ry a
nd N
ua‘
ailu
a st
ream
s w
ere
not
poss
ible
due
to e
xces
sive
turb
idity.
The
sourc
e of su
spen
ded
sed
imen
ts in t
hes
e are
as
appea
red t
o b
e fr
om
dis
turb
ance
of w
ater
shed
soils
by
fera
l pig
s (H
ew,
per
sonal
com
munic
atio
n;
Voorh
ees,
per
sonal
com
munic
atio
n).
In
2008,
at
the
reques
t of
the
CW
RM
, D
AR b
iolo
gis
ts c
onduct
ed c
om
pre
hen
sive
longitudin
al sa
mplin
g
in fiv
e Eas
t M
aui st
ream
sys
tem
s, incl
udin
g H
onopou,
Han
ehoi, P
i‘ina‘
au,
Wai
oka
milo
, an
d W
ailu
anui.
Thei
r re
sults,
whic
h w
ere
publis
hed
onlin
e in
the
Haw
aii W
ater
shed
Atlas
(ww
w.h
awai
iwat
ersh
edat
las.
com
), incl
uded
data
for
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
liste
d in T
able
3.
DAR
bio
logis
ts a
lso s
urv
eyed
nat
ive
fres
hw
ate
r in
sect
s in
eac
h o
f th
e five
str
eam
sys
tem
s an
d found a
gre
ate
r div
ersi
ty o
f nat
ive
inse
cts
in t
he
upper
rea
ches
of st
ream
s above
the
hig
hes
t div
ersi
on
stru
cture
. I
nse
ct d
iver
sity
in t
he
low
er r
each
es o
f st
ream
s affec
ted b
y div
ersi
ons
was
red
uce
d.
At
least
one
spec
ies
of en
dem
ic d
am
selfly
, M
egala
grion p
aci
ficu
m,
a ca
ndid
ate
endan
ger
ed s
pec
ies,
w
as found in t
he
upper
rea
ches
of H
onopou,
Han
ehoi, a
nd P
i‘ina‘
au S
trea
ms.
D
AR c
oncl
uded
that
div
ersi
on o
f su
rface
wat
ers
conve
rted
the
norm
ally
per
ennia
l m
id-r
each
es o
f th
ese
five
sys
tem
s in
to
the
equiv
ale
nt
of in
term
itte
nt
stre
am
s. The
few
rem
nan
t pools
wer
e co
loniz
ed b
y al
ien inva
sive
sp
ecie
s. They
als
o c
oncl
uded
that
upst
ream
dis
per
sal of in
vasi
ve s
pec
ies
was
inhib
ited
by
num
erous
12.0-21
© 2003-2009 SWCA Environmental Consultants 21
Table 3. Known distribution of amphidromous species in streams of the East Maui study area (data summarized from SWCA, USGS, and DAR sources). X = present; ND = no data. Streams have not been surveyed equally throughout all reaches and over time, so the lack of an observation of a given species from a given stream must not be interpreted as absolute evidence of that species’ absence from that watershed. East Maui streams with the greatest number of amphidromous species reported have been the most intensively studied and surveyed repeatedly over a period of may years (e.g. Hanawī, Waiohue, and Palauhulu/Pi’ina’au).
East Maui Streams (T) = terminal falls
Kuhlia spp. Eleotris sandwicensis
Stenogobius hawaiiensis
Awaous guamensis
Sicyopterus stimpsoni
Lentipes concolor
Neritina granosa
Neritina vespertinus
Macrobrachium lar (Alien amphidromous)
Macrobrachium grandimanus
Atyoida bisulcata
Honopou X X X X X X X
Hanehoi X
Kolea (T) ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Waikamoi (T) X X
Wahinepe‘e (T) ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
Haipua‘ena (T) X X X
Puohokamoa X X X X
Punalau X X X X
Honomanū X
Nua‘ailua X X X X X X X
Palauhulu/Pi’ina’au X X X X X X X X X X X
‘Ohia X
Waiokamilo (T) X X X
Wailua Nui X X X X X X
W. Wailua Iki X X X X X X
E. Wailua Iki X X X X X X X
Kopiliula X X X X X X X X
Waiohue X X X X X X X X X X X
Pa‘akea (T) X X X X X
Kapaula X
Hanawī X X X X X X X X X
Makapipi X X X X X X X
12.0-22
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
22
wat
erfa
lls in e
ach
str
eam
. T
hey
furt
her
sugges
ted t
hat
the
EM
I ditch
sys
tem
s se
rve
as lat
eral
conduits
for
spre
ad o
f in
vasi
ve s
pec
ies,
but
faile
d t
o a
cknow
ledge
the
pre
sence
of nat
ive
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
thro
ughout
the
ditch
and t
he
signific
ance
of th
e ditch
in t
he
cross
-wat
ersh
ed d
isper
sal of nat
ive
spec
ies.
D
AR a
lso s
ugges
ted t
hat
the
pote
ntial
exi
sts
for
reco
loniz
atio
n b
y nat
ive
spec
ies
in a
ll five
str
eam
s,
and t
hey
pre
dic
ted t
hat
nat
ive
fish
es w
ould
rec
olo
niz
e fr
om
the
term
inal
rea
ches
up,
and inse
cts
would
re
colo
niz
e fr
om
the
hea
dw
ater
rea
ches
dow
n.
Giv
en t
he
pote
ntially
del
eter
ious
impact
s to
the
succ
essf
ul re
colo
niz
atio
n b
y th
e pre
sence
of non-n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s, t
hey
rec
om
men
ded
that
flow
re
stora
tion b
e re
leas
ed fro
m s
trea
m flo
ws,
not
ditch
flo
ws,
to m
itig
ate
the
spre
ad o
f aq
uat
ic inva
sive
sp
ecie
s.
It is
inte
rest
ing t
o n
ote
that
str
eam
s cl
ose
to a
reas
of hab
itat
ion in E
ast
Maui have
the
larg
est
num
ber
of non-n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s. The S
tate
of H
awai
‘i D
epar
tmen
t of H
ealth m
ay h
ave
intr
oduce
d n
on-n
ativ
e Po
ecili
id fis
hes
(guppie
s an
d m
osq
uitofish
) to
sev
eral
Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s duri
ng t
he
2002 o
utb
reak
of
Den
gue
feve
r (B
rock
, per
s. c
om
m.)
. L
oca
l re
siden
ts o
f Kea
nae
and W
ailu
a pen
insu
las
hav
e al
so
intr
oduce
d n
um
erous
spec
ies
of pote
ntially
harm
ful non-n
ative
spec
ies
whic
h m
ay r
epre
sent
a si
gnific
ant
thre
at t
o n
ativ
e am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies,
if th
ey a
re a
llow
ed t
o d
isper
se t
hro
ughout
the
stre
am s
yste
ms.
Po
tential
ly h
arm
ful sp
ecie
s re
port
ed fro
m E
ast
Maui st
ream
s in
clude
guppie
s,
mosq
uitofish
, sw
ord
tails
, ca
rp,
ori
enta
l w
eath
erfish
(dojo
), g
oldfish
, Lo
uis
iana
cray
fish
, ap
ple
snai
ls,
and A
sian
cla
m.
The
pote
ntial
ly d
etrim
enta
l ef
fect
s of th
e non-n
ativ
e Tahitia
n p
raw
n,
also
an
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
intr
oduce
d b
y th
e Sta
te o
f H
awai
‘i in
the
late
1960s,
hav
e nev
er b
een
det
erm
ined
.
6.2
Sta
tus
of
Am
ph
idro
mou
s S
peci
es
Dis
trib
uti
on
in
East
Mau
i S
tream
s Tab
le 4
show
s th
e num
ber
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
know
n t
o occ
ur
in t
he
21 s
trea
ms
within
the
USG
S E
ast
Mau
i Stu
dy
Are
a (G
inger
ich a
nd W
olff
2005, Pa
rham
et
al. 2
008,
and t
his
stu
dy)
. T
he
info
rmation in T
able
4 is
gra
phic
ally
dep
icte
d in F
igure
4.
Of
the
21 s
trea
ms,
data
on a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
are
avai
lable
for
18,
and a
ll of th
ese
stre
ams
hav
e div
ersi
on s
truct
ure
s. T
he
inte
rruption o
f flow
by
div
ersi
on d
itch
es c
an c
reat
e an
spora
dic
im
ped
imen
t to
dow
nst
ream
larv
al dri
ft a
nd u
pst
ream
m
igra
tion o
f post
-lar
vae,
but
should
not
be
inte
rpre
ted a
s th
e so
le c
ause
of lo
w n
um
ber
s of native
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
(Tim
bol and M
acio
lek
1978,
Kir
ch 1
982,
Chan 1
986,
Cuddih
y and S
tone
1990,
Dev
ick
1991,
Kid
o 1
997,
Englu
nd 1
999,
Bra
sher
and W
olff 2001,
Ric
hard
son a
nd J
ow
ett
2002,
Englu
nd 2
002,
Bra
sher
2003,
Res
h 2
005).
Tab
le 4
als
o r
efle
cts
the
dis
trib
ution o
f am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
alo
ng longitudin
al g
radie
nts
within
the
stre
ams,
and incl
udes
spec
ies
occ
urr
ence
data
fro
m t
he
new
ly a
vaila
ble
Haw
aiia
n W
ater
shed
Atlas
(Parh
am
et
al 2008).
Although m
any
of th
e re
cord
s w
ithin
the
atlas
are
old
er (
circ
a 1
961-6
3),
all
report
ed o
bse
rvations
are
post
-div
ersi
on (
e.g.
afte
r 1900).
In
the
table
, ea
ch s
trea
m h
as b
een
part
itio
ned
into
low
er,
mid
dle
, and u
pper
rea
ches
. T
hes
e are
rel
ative
ter
ms
that
are
wid
ely
and
loose
ly u
sed in s
cien
tific
liter
atu
re.
The
low
er r
each
gen
eral
ly r
efer
s to
that
len
gth
of st
ream
chan
nel
fr
om
its
mouth
upst
ream
to t
he
hea
d o
f its
term
inal
est
uary
or
to t
he
base
of th
e firs
t si
gnific
ant
hig
h
wat
erfa
ll, o
r it m
ay r
oughly
enco
mpas
s th
e lo
wer
thir
d o
f th
e st
ream
’s t
ota
l le
ngth
. T
he m
iddle
rea
ch
enco
mpass
es t
he
stre
am
above
the
low
er r
each
but
bel
ow
an e
leva
tion o
f about
1,0
00 t
o 1
,500 ft.
The
upper
rea
ch g
ener
ally
ref
ers
to e
leva
tions
above
1,5
00 ft,
or
the
upper
thir
d o
f th
e to
tal st
ream
le
ngth
, and r
epre
sents
the
hig
hes
t el
evations
inhab
ited
by
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
under
nat
ura
l,
undiv
erte
d c
onditio
ns.
O
f co
urs
e th
e hig
hes
t el
evation
s in
hab
ited
by
thes
e sp
ecie
s va
ry w
ith loca
l geo
morp
holo
gic
and h
ydro
logic
conditio
ns.
Figure
5 s
um
mar
izes
the
num
ber
of st
ream
s w
ithin
the
USG
S E
ast
Maui st
udy
area
(G
inger
ich a
nd
Wolff 2005)
that
harb
or
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
in t
hei
r lo
wer
, m
iddle
, an
d u
pper
rea
ches
. I
t is
si
gnific
ant
to n
ote
that
of th
e 18 E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s fo
r w
hic
h w
e have
dat
a, 1
7 w
ere
found t
o h
ave
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
in t
hei
r upper
rea
ches
. T
hes
e in
div
iduals
had
to h
ave
mig
rate
d u
pst
ream
past
div
ersi
on s
truct
ure
s to
inhab
it t
hes
e re
aches
, co
nfirm
ing t
hat
eco
logic
al c
onnec
tivi
ty o
ccurs
under
ex
isting c
onditio
ns.
It
is
also
poss
ible
that
the
EM
I ditch
sys
tem
may
als
o b
e a
mea
ns
of ac
cess
to
stre
am r
each
es a
bove
div
ersi
ons.
The
data
als
o c
onfirm
that
ther
e is
a s
ubst
antial
am
ount
of su
itab
le h
abitat
in E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s fo
r al
l nin
e nat
ive
amphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
(as
wel
l as
the
non-n
ativ
e am
phid
rom
ous
Tah
itia
n p
raw
n)
under
12.0-23
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
23
exis
ting d
iver
ted c
onditio
ns.
Bas
ed u
pon G
inger
ich a
nd W
olff (2
005),
SW
CA c
alc
ula
ted t
hat
ther
e are
ro
ughly
106 lin
ear
kilo
met
ers
(66 lin
ear
mile
s) o
f st
ream
channel
s w
ithin
the
study
are
a b
elow
an
elev
ation o
f 2,0
00 ft
(whic
h is
pre
sum
ed t
o b
e th
e upper
most
ele
vation inhab
ited
by
am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
under
nat
ura
l, u
ndiv
erte
d c
onditio
ns)
. F
igure
6 (
Plate
1 o
f G
inger
ich a
nd W
olff 2005)
illust
rate
s th
e am
ount
of aquat
ic h
abitat
ava
ilabili
ty in r
elation t
o u
ndiv
erte
d c
onditio
ns
estim
ate
d b
y G
inger
ich a
nd W
olff (2
005).
Fi
gure
7 illu
stra
tes
stre
am c
hannel
len
gth
s, in lin
ear
met
ers,
thro
ughout
the
Eas
t M
aui st
udy
area
in w
hic
h t
he
aquat
ic h
abitat
val
ues
wer
e es
tim
ated
by
Gin
ger
ich a
nd W
olff
(2005)
as a
cer
tain
per
centa
ge
of nat
ura
l co
nditio
ns
at
base
flo
w.
Tab
le 4
. D
istr
ibution o
f am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
in low
er,
mid
dle
, an
d u
pper
rea
ches
of East
Mau
i Str
eam
s w
ithin
the
USG
S s
tudy
area
(su
mm
ariz
ed fro
m S
WCA,
USG
S,
and D
AR
sourc
es).
Of th
e to
tal 106 lin
ear
kilo
met
ers
of st
ream
channel
s w
ithin
the
study
are
a,
57 p
erce
nt
of th
e to
tal
stre
am
len
gth
ret
ained
75 -
100 p
erce
nt
of aquat
ic h
abitat
at b
ase
flo
w r
elative
to t
he
estim
ated
undiv
erte
d c
onditio
ns
(Gin
ger
ich a
nd W
olff 2005).
An a
dditio
nal 27 p
erce
nt
of th
e to
tal st
ream
len
gth
re
tain
s bet
wee
n 2
5 -
75 p
erce
nt
of aquat
ic h
abitat
at b
ase
flo
w r
elative
to t
he
estim
ated
undiv
erte
d
conditio
ns,
and 1
6 p
erce
nt
of th
e to
tal st
ream
len
gth
within
the
study
area
was
dry
at
bas
e flow
.
ST
REA
M
Nu
mb
er
of
Am
ph
idro
mo
us
Sp
eci
es
Rep
ort
ed
T
erm
inal
Wate
rfall
Nu
mb
er
of
No
n-
Nati
ve S
peci
es
Rep
ort
ed
Lo
wer
Mid
dle
*
Up
per*
*
Kole
a N
D
ND
N
D
√
ND
Wai
kam
oi
1
2
√
5
Wai
kam
oi – A
lo***
1
Wah
inep
e'e
ND
N
D
ND
√
N
D
Puohoka
moa
4
3
2
1
Hai
pua‘
ena
1
3
1
√
4
Punal
au
2
1
1
2
Honom
anu
1
1
Nua'
ailu
a
6
5
2
2
Pi'in
a'au
/ P
alau
hulu
10
6
4
9
'Ōhi'a
1
Wai
oka
milo
2
2
√
8
Wai
luan
ui
10
6
5
5
Wes
t W
ailu
aiki
4
4
1
7
Eas
t W
ailu
aiki
5
2
1
1
Kopili
ula
/ P
uak
a'a
4
7
6
3
Wai
ohue
10
5
4
2
Pa'a
kea
5
2
1
√
1
Wai
a'ak
a N
D
ND
N
D
Kap
ā'ula
1
Han
awi
7
7
2
2
Mak
apip
i 4
5
2
6
Key t
o T
ab
le:
ND
= n
o d
ata
* A
bove
div
ersi
on s
truct
ure
s in
som
e re
aches
** A
bov
e div
ersi
on s
truct
ure
s
*** W
aika
moi an
d its
tributa
ry A
lo a
re c
ounte
d a
s one
stre
am.
12.0-24
© 2003-2009 SWCA Environmental Consultants 24
Figure 4. Number of amphidromous species distributed within lower, middle, and upper reaches of East Maui study streams. Source data for this assessment include data from USGS (Gingerich and Wolff 2005), DAR (Hawaii Watershed Atlas (Parham et al. 2008), and SWCA field studies since 2003, and data obtained in numerous other surveys conducted by authors Kinzie and Ford since 1974.
12.0-25
© 2003-2009 SWCA Environmental Consultants 25
Figure 5. Seventeen of 18 East Maui streams for which data are available were found to have amphidromous species within their upper reaches, demonstrating that ecological connectivity occurs under present diverted conditions. Source data for this assessment include data from USGS (Gingerich and Wolff 2005), DAR (Hawaii Watershed Atlas (Parham et al. 2008), and SWCA field studies since 2003, and data obtained in numerous other surveys conducted by authors Kinzie and Ford since 1974.
12.0-26
© 2003-2009 SWCA Environmental Consultants 26
Figure 6. Summary of estimated aquatic habitat at diverted base flow conditions relative to natural conditions for the USGS study area streams in East Maui, calculated with GIS technology by SWCA from stream lengths illustrated in Plate 1 of Gingerich and Wolff (2005).
12.0-27
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
27
Our
obse
rvations
and r
evie
w o
f sc
ientific
liter
ature
publis
hed
ove
r th
e past
dec
ade
hel
ped
us
realiz
e th
at
the
nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
appea
r to
be
far
more
res
ilien
t th
an o
nce
im
agin
ed.
N
atu
ral patt
erns
of fr
equen
t dro
ught,
flo
od,
and landsl
ides
can
hav
e dev
asta
ting im
pac
ts o
n s
trea
m
bio
ta in indiv
idual
str
eam
s; h
ow
ever
, th
ose
im
pac
ts t
end t
o b
e te
mpora
ry.
Follo
win
g n
atura
l dis
turb
ance
, re
colo
niz
atio
n b
y alg
al, inve
rteb
rate
, and a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
has
pro
ven t
o b
e re
lative
ly r
apid
(Fo
rd a
nd Y
uen
1986;
Fitz
sim
ons
and N
ishim
oto
1995;
Kid
o 1
996a,
1996b;
Sher
wood 2
002,
2004a).
A p
ote
ntial
ris
k as
soci
ated
with flo
w r
esto
ration in s
trea
ms
that
are
know
n t
o h
arb
or
alie
n s
pec
ies,
part
icula
rly
pre
dat
ory
poe
cilii
d fis
hes
, is
the
inadve
rten
t dis
per
sal of alie
ns
thro
ughout
the
stre
am
by
enhan
ced flo
w.
For
exam
ple
, m
osq
uitofish
(G
ambusi
a af
finis
) w
ere
obse
rved
im
med
iate
ly a
bove
the
div
ersi
on s
truct
ure
in K
opili
ula
Str
eam
duri
ng t
his
stu
dy.
Thei
r ori
gin
in t
he
stre
am is
unkn
ow
n,
but
they
may
hav
e bee
n intr
oduce
d b
y Sta
te o
r County
hea
lth d
epart
men
t offic
ials
or
unkn
ow
ing p
erso
ns
as a
hopef
ul ch
eck
agai
nst
dis
ease
-bea
ring m
osq
uitoe
s. M
osq
uitofish
are
mem
ber
s of th
e liv
e-bea
ring fam
ily P
oec
iliid
ae,
nat
ive
to S
outh
and C
entr
al A
mer
ica,
whic
h incl
udes
guppie
s and
sword
tails
. E
nglu
nd (
1999,
2002)
sugges
ted t
hat
poe
cilii
d fis
hes
may
be
acco
unta
ble
for
the
dem
ise
of en
dem
ic inse
ct t
axa
incl
udin
g d
am
selflie
s of th
e gen
us
Meg
alag
rion.
The p
ote
ntial fo
r bot
h
upst
ream
and d
ow
nst
ream
dis
per
sal of poe
cilii
ds
during flo
od e
vents
and t
he
failu
re o
f flood flo
ws
to
elim
inate
thes
e sp
ecie
s fr
om
str
eam
s is
wel
l docu
men
ted (
Chap
man a
nd K
ram
er 1
991,
Englu
nd a
nd
Filb
ert
1999).
7.0
SU
MM
AR
Y P
OIN
TS
•
Contr
ary
to w
hat
was
once
bel
ieve
d,
ther
e are
no d
ata
ava
ilable
to s
ugges
t th
at
any
of th
e nin
e
nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
is a
t ri
sk o
f ei
ther
endanger
men
t and/o
r ex
tinct
ion in
Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s or
else
wher
e w
ithin
the
Sta
te. N
ativ
e am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
per
sist
in E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s an
d o
ther
str
eam
s th
roughout
the
Sta
te d
espite
1,6
00 y
ears
of hum
an
modific
atio
ns
to t
he
landsc
ape
and a
cen
tury
of m
oder
n w
ater
dev
elopm
ent.
•
Am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
hav
e lif
e his
tori
es t
hat
are
adap
ted t
o t
he
extr
emel
y va
riab
le a
nd
unpre
dic
table
hab
itat
conditio
ns
char
acte
rist
ic o
f H
awai
ian s
trea
ms.
•Am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
are
par
t of
state
wid
e m
etapop
ula
tion
s and a
re b
uffer
ed f
rom
iso
lation b
y hav
ing a
continuous
sourc
e of gen
etic
ren
ewal
thro
ugh inte
risl
and o
cean
ic lar
val tr
ansp
ort
. A
s su
ch,
they
are
res
ilien
t to
changin
g c
onditio
ns
within
indiv
idual st
ream
s and c
ontinue
to p
ersi
st
within
the
Haw
aiia
n I
slands
as
appare
ntly
stable
met
apopula
tions.
•In
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
ms,
dry
rea
ches
in b
oth
div
ert
ed a
nd n
atura
lly inte
rmitte
nt
and inte
rrupte
d
per
ennia
l st
ream
s ar
e ep
hem
eral and a
re p
erio
dic
ally
wet
ted b
y fr
eshet
s. The
pre
sence
of
amphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
above
dry
rea
ches
thro
ughout
the
Sta
te d
emonst
rate
s th
at
ecolo
gic
al
connec
tivi
ty is
rest
ore
d d
uri
ng t
hes
e ev
ents
allo
win
g m
igra
tion t
o o
ccur
(Nis
him
oto
, undat
ed
video
; Pa
rham
et
al 2
008).
•
Of th
e 21 E
ast
Maui st
ream
s under
stu
dy,
data
exi
st for
18 s
trea
ms.
O
f th
ose
, 17 s
trea
ms
hav
e am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
report
ed fro
m t
hei
r upper
rea
ches
, once
again
confirm
ing t
hat
ecolo
gic
al
connec
tivi
ty o
ccurs
under
exi
stin
g c
onditio
ns.
•
The
syst
em o
f w
ater
div
ersi
ons
in E
ast
Maui, w
hile
cle
arly
exte
ndin
g t
he
dry
end o
f th
e w
et-d
ry
daily
cyc
le o
f st
ream
eco
logy,
has
not
bee
n d
emonst
rate
d t
o p
recl
ude
suitable
hab
itat
conditio
ns
for
sust
ain
ing p
opula
tions
of th
e am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies.
•
Under
div
erte
d c
onditio
ns,
of th
e to
tal 106 lin
ear
kilo
met
ers
of st
ream
chan
nel
s w
ithin
the
study
are
a,
57 p
erce
nt
of th
e to
tal st
ream
len
gth
ret
ained
75 -
100 p
erce
nt
of aquat
ic h
abitat
at
base
flow
rel
ative
to t
he
estim
ate
d u
ndiv
erte
d c
onditio
ns.
An a
dditio
nal tw
enty
-sev
en p
erce
nt
of th
e to
tal st
ream
len
gth
ret
ain
ed b
etw
een 2
5 -
75 p
erce
nt
of aquat
ic h
abitat
at
base
flo
w r
elative
to
the
estim
ate
d u
ndiv
erte
d c
onditio
ns.
•
The
exte
nt
of la
rval ex
change
am
ong b
reed
ing p
opula
tions
of am
phid
rom
ous
spec
ies
in H
awai
i is
su
ffic
ient
to r
esult in g
enet
ic h
om
ogen
eity
am
ong t
he
mai
n isl
ands.
12.0-28
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
28
•N
o o
ne
has
yet
docu
men
ted a
dir
ect
quantita
tive
rel
atio
nsh
ip b
etw
een t
he
abundance
or
den
sity
of nat
ive
Haw
aiia
n a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies
and w
eighte
d u
sable
hab
itat
are
a (
WU
A)
as
estim
ate
d
thro
ugh t
he
Phys
ical H
abitat
Sim
ula
tion M
odel
(Bove
e et
al 1998).
8
.0 B
IBLIO
GR
AP
HY
(IN
LC
UD
ING
LIT
ER
ATU
RE C
ITED
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ch.
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inct
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and P
oly
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s in
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c H
awai
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8.
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ildlif
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igra
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am F
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n,
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e, K
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w,
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lnak
er,
J. T
ayl
or,
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enri
ksen
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eam
hab
itat
anal
ysis
usi
ng t
he
inst
ream
flo
w incr
emen
tal m
ethodolo
gy.
U
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logic
al S
urv
ey,
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logic
al Res
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echnolo
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cter
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e nat
ive
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aiia
n s
trea
m s
nai
l N
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a gra
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īhīw
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ech.
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es S
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s U
nit,
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aii.
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sher
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itat
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by
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ls (
hīh
īwai
), s
hri
mp (
‘opae)
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raw
ns
in t
wo
stre
am
s on t
he
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nd o
f M
olo
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hnic
al R
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e N
atio
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k Res
ourc
es U
nit,
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f H
awai
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sher
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ation o
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thic
inve
rteb
rate
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munitie
s to
land-u
se
char
acte
rist
ics
on t
he
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nd o
f O
ahu,
Haw
aii. Pr
esen
ted a
t th
e N
ABS A
nnual
mee
ting,
La C
ross
e,
Wis
consi
n
Bra
sher
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. 2
003.
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pac
ts o
f hum
an d
istu
rbance
s on b
iotic
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s in
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aiia
n s
trea
ms.
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sher
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urr
ence
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ganoch
lori
ne
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tici
des
in b
ed s
edim
ent
and fis
h t
issu
e fr
om
sel
ecte
d s
trea
ms
on t
he
isla
nd o
f O
ahu,
Haw
aii, 1
998:
U.S
. G
eolo
gic
al Surv
ey
Fact
Shee
t FS
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0,
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aui. Contr
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ort
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es S
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aru
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Y.
1991.
Rep
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ive
Bio
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aous
stam
ineu
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‘O‘o
pu N
ake
a),
an A
mphid
rom
ous
Haw
aiia
n G
oby.
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. Thes
is,
Dep
artm
ent
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ty o
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awai
‘i at
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e, D
.C.
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The
role
of beh
avi
ora
l in
tera
ctio
ns
of im
mat
ure
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
m fis
hes
(Pi
sces
: G
obio
dei
) in
pop
ula
tion d
isper
sal and d
istr
ibution.
Mic
rones
ica
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1-7
0
Tat
e, D
.C.,
J.M
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tzsi
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.P.
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1992.
Haw
aii fr
eshw
ate
r fish
es (
Ost
eich
thye
s, G
obio
dei
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ld k
ey t
o t
he
spec
ies
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ae a
nd p
ost
larv
ae d
uri
ng r
ecru
itm
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shw
ate
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ccasi
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e M
use
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l Sci
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uis
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awai
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art
A.
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inve
nto
ry o
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ream
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abitat
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Native
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awai
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awai
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tim
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ni. H
onors
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is,
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artm
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niv
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awai
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HI
Vitouse
k, P
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art
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otc
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oci
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ae
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aiia
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ertified
hel
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r pilo
t, W
indw
ard
Avi
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erbst
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.S.N
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e nat
ive
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g p
lants
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e H
awai
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4 in S
tone
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tt (
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awai
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syst
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Pres
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Nat
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Par
k Res
ourc
es S
tudie
s U
nit,
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ersi
ty o
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awai
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onolu
lu
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ltan
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Wats
on,
R.E
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evie
w o
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e gobiid
fis
h g
enus
Aw
aous
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insu
lar
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ams
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e Pa
cific
Pla
te.
Ichth
yolo
gic
al E
xplo
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ip b
etw
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hel
l m
orp
holo
gy
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icro
habitat
flow
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he
endem
ic H
awai
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trea
m lim
pet
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eritin
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e en
dem
ic g
oby,
Len
tipes
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colo
r, fro
m M
akam
aka
'ole
Str
eam
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aui and W
aik
olu
Str
eam
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olo
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l Bio
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shes
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3-6
5.
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ox,
C.
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wate
r: H
awai
i’s P
lanta
tion d
itch
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awai
`i Pr
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R.H
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Feasi
bili
ty o
f usi
ng b
enth
ic inve
rteb
rate
s as
indic
ato
rs o
f st
ream
qualit
y in
Haw
ai’i.
U
.S.
Geo
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cien
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Inve
stig
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ort
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079,
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p
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. Pe
rsonal
com
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ic b
iolo
gis
t, P
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er S
cien
ce C
ente
r, U
.S.
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logic
al S
urv
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Yam
am
oto
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.N.
and A
.W.
Tag
aw
a. 2
000.
Haw
ai’i’
s N
ativ
e &
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tic
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ater
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al
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lu,
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987.
Soci
al and t
erri
tori
al beh
avio
r of th
e en
dem
ic fre
shw
ate
r goby
Sic
yopte
rus
stim
pso
ni. M
.S.
Thes
is,
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men
t of Zool
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awai
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onolu
lu,
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atu
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isto
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volu
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aw
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lu.
477 p
p
Zie
gle
r, A
.C.,
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Neg
ishi, R
.C.
Sid
le,
P. P
reec
hap
anya
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iam
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. Ja
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Red
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ream
sed
imen
t co
nce
ntra
tion b
y a r
ipari
an b
uff
er:
filter
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f ro
ad
runoff
in d
istu
rbed
hea
dw
ater
basi
ns
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onta
ne
main
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outh
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Asi
a.
J.
Envi
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35:1
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ure
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e la
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iota
. Pp
57-6
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.R.
Fosb
erg (
ed):
Man
’s p
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he
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cosy
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. Bis
hop M
use
um
Pre
ss,
Honolu
lu
Zin
k, R
.M.
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Gen
etic
vari
ation w
ithin
and b
etw
een p
opula
tions
of Le
ntipes
conco
lor
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Haw
ai’i
and K
aua’
i. I
nvi
tational
Sym
posi
um
Work
shop o
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resh
wat
er S
trea
m B
iolo
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isher
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ai’i
Div
isio
n o
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ic R
esourc
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lu,
HI
Zin
k, R
.M,
J.M
. Fi
tzsi
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ons,
D.L
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ittm
an,
D.R
. Rey
nold
s, a
nd R
.T.
Nis
him
oto
. 1996.
Evo
lutionary
gen
etic
s of H
awai
ian fre
shw
ate
r fish
. Copei
a 2
: 330-3
35.
12.0-41
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
41
AP
PEN
DIX
A
LIF
E H
ISTO
RIE
S O
F S
ELEC
TED
NA
TIV
E H
AW
AII
AN
AM
PH
IDR
OM
OU
S S
PEC
IES
Ele
otr
is s
an
dw
icen
sis
(Vail
lan
t an
d S
au
vag
e 1
87
5)
‘O‘o
pu
aku
pa
O‘o
pu a
kupa is
endem
ic t
o t
he
Haw
aiia
n I
slands.
Although it
is g
ener
ically
ref
erre
d t
o a
s a g
oby
in
the
Haw
aiia
n languag
e (e
.g.
‘o‘o
pu),
it
is n
ot
a t
rue
goby
but
is a
mem
ber
of th
e fa
mily
Ele
otr
idae
(Gosl
ine
and B
rock
1960).
Ele
otr
ids
do n
ot
hav
e fu
sed p
elvi
c fins,
or
‘suck
ing d
isk’
char
acte
rist
ic o
f th
e tr
ue
gobie
s. As
a c
onse
quen
ce,
‘o‘o
pu a
kupa a
re c
onfined
to t
he
low
er r
each
es o
f st
ream
s an
d
estu
ari
es (
Kin
zie
1990)
due
to t
hei
r in
abili
ty t
o c
ling t
o r
ock
s. ‘O
‘opu a
kupa
are
found in t
he
term
inal
and low
er r
each
es o
f st
ream
s on a
ll th
e m
ain H
aw
aiia
n I
slan
ds
and a
re a
bundan
t on O
ahu
in b
oth
alter
ed a
nd u
nal
tere
d s
trea
ms
(Yam
am
oto
and T
agaw
a 2000).
Cultura
lly,
‘o‘o
pu a
kupa
wer
e prize
d a
s a
food ite
m a
nd a
re a
lso u
sed a
s bai
t fo
r pap
io b
y nea
r-sh
ore
fish
erm
en (
Titco
mb 1
972).
This
is
one o
f th
e la
rges
t ‘o
‘opu in H
awai
ian s
trea
ms
and t
her
e are
more
sp
ecific
nam
es for
this
spec
ies
in t
he
Haw
aiia
n language
than for
any
oth
er ‘o‘o
pu,
incl
udin
g a
kupa,
aku
paku
pa,
oku
he,
oku
he
mel
emel
e, o
kuhek
uhe,
apoha, oau,
and o
wau (
Titco
mb 1
972).
‘O
‘opu
akupa
are
carn
ivoro
us
and p
redac
eous.
Fo
od ite
ms
most
oft
en t
aken
consi
st o
f th
iari
d s
nai
ls a
nd
Asi
atic
cla
ms,
though fis
hes
(incl
udin
g s
mal
ler
‘o‘o
pu a
kupa)
and c
rust
acea
ns
are
also
consu
med
(F
itzs
imons
et a
l. 2
002).
Rep
roduct
ive
bio
logy
of ‘o
‘opu a
kupa o
n O
ahu w
as s
tudie
d b
y Sim
(2006).
She found f
emale
s and
male
s w
ith m
atu
re g
onad
s ye
ar-
round,
sugges
ting y
ear-
round r
epro
duct
ion w
ith a
pea
k sp
aw
nin
g
seaso
n p
oss
ibly
bet
wee
n J
uly
to M
arc
h.
This
pea
k sp
awnin
g p
erio
d e
nco
mpas
ses
the
rain
y se
ason
(Nove
mber
to M
arch
), w
hic
h is
the
spaw
nin
g s
easo
n o
f m
ost
Haw
aiia
n g
obiid
s, b
ut
is p
rolo
nged
and
exte
nds
into
the
dry
sea
son (
Apri
l th
rough O
ctober
). It
is
poss
ible
that
eac
h fem
ale
may
spaw
n
more
than o
nce
a y
ear.
Batc
h fec
undity
in fem
ales
ran
ged
form
4950 e
ggs
to 5
4670 e
ggs
and w
as
posi
tive
ly c
orr
elat
ed w
ith s
tandar
d len
gth
and w
et w
eight
of th
e in
div
idual. The
min
imum
siz
e at
matu
rity
has
not
bee
n d
ocu
men
ted b
ut
the
smalle
st fem
ale
colle
cted
with m
atu
re g
onad
s w
as 5
4m
m
SL;
the
smal
lest
mal
e w
as a
lso 5
4 m
m S
L (S
im 2
006).
Both
wat
er q
ual
ity
and isl
and loca
tion h
ave
signific
ant
effe
cts
on t
he
size
and w
eight
of ‘o
‘opu a
kupa
(Sim
2006).
Spec
imen
s w
ere
colle
cted
fro
m p
rist
ine
and d
egra
ded
str
eam
s on O
‘ahu,
Haw
ai‘i
and
Kau
a‘i. M
ature
mal
es a
nd f
emal
es fro
m p
rist
ine
stre
ams
wer
e si
gnific
antly
larg
er a
nd h
eavi
er t
han
in
div
idual
s co
llect
ed fro
m d
egra
ded
str
eam
s. ‘O
‘opu a
kupa t
hat
Sim
(2006)
colle
cted
incr
ease
d in
size
and w
et w
eight
from
Oah
u t
o H
aw
ai‘i
to K
aua‘
i. She
spec
ula
ted t
hat
hig
her
pre
dation p
ress
ure
on ‘o‘o
pu a
kupa a
nd low
er food q
ualit
y in
deg
raded
str
eam
s m
ay b
e fa
ctors
that
res
ult in s
mal
ler
size
s an
d e
arlie
r onse
t of m
atu
rity
in t
hes
e st
ream
s.
A y
oung ‘o‘o
pu a
kupa
(rig
ht)
photo
gra
phed
in
an a
quari
um
, ill
ust
rating its
dis
tinct
dark
bro
wn
mott
led c
olora
tion.
Photo
by
John F
ord
.
12.0-42
© 2
003-2
009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
42
Aw
ao
us
gu
am
en
sis
(Vale
nci
en
nes
18
37
) ‘O
‘op
u n
akea
As
the
larg
est
true
goby
(280 -
340m
m S
L) inhab
itin
g H
awai
ian s
trea
ms
and h
isto
rica
lly t
he
most
popula
r fr
eshw
ater
food fis
h,
‘o‘o
pu n
akea
was
am
ong t
he
firs
t H
awai
ian fre
shw
ate
r goby
spec
ies
whose
life
his
tory
patt
erns
wer
e in
vest
igate
d in d
etail
(Ego 1
956).
O
rigin
ally
des
crib
ed a
s th
e en
dem
ic A
. st
amin
eus
until W
ats
on (
1992)
recl
ass
ifie
d it,
the
spec
ies
is n
ow
bel
ieve
d t
o b
e in
dig
enous
thro
ughout
the
tropic
al P
acific
. I
n H
awai
‘i it is
found in s
trea
ms
on a
ll m
ajo
r is
lands
hav
ing p
eren
nia
l st
ream
s (H
a an
d K
inzi
e 1996);
how
eve
r, p
opula
tions
of th
e sp
ecie
s are
red
uce
d o
n
O‘a
hu.
‘O
‘opu n
akea
char
acte
rist
ical
ly inhab
its
the
low
er a
nd m
iddle
rea
ches
of st
ream
s in
are
as
with d
eeper
, sl
ow
er w
ater
s (K
inzi
e 1988),
and is
most
abundant
in larg
er r
iver
s on K
aua‘
i.
Kid
o a
nd
Hea
cock
(1991)
and H
a and K
inzi
e (1
996)
studie
d t
he
repro
duct
ive
bio
logy
of th
e sp
ecie
s, a
nd found
that
larg
er a
dults
mig
rate
dow
nst
ream
with fre
shet
s to
spaw
n in larg
e aggre
gations
in r
iffles
just
ab
ove
the
term
inal
, es
tuar
ine
reac
hes
of st
ream
s.
Mal
e and fem
ale
fis
h h
ad t
he
pote
ntial to
spaw
n
bet
wee
n A
ugust
and D
ecem
ber
(H
a a
nd K
inzi
e 1996).
Siz
e at
firs
t re
pro
duct
ion is
73 m
m S
L fo
r both
mal
e an
d fem
ale
fish
.
Ha
and K
inzi
e (1
996)
estim
ate
d fec
undity,
base
d t
o 2
1 n
ests
mea
sure
d in t
he
fiel
d,
to b
e bet
wee
n
117,6
00 e
ggs
(for
a 1
44 m
m S
L fe
male
) to
689,5
00 e
ggs
(for
a 217 m
m S
L fe
mal
e).
Ego (
1956)
estim
ated
wel
l ove
r one
mill
ion e
ggs
for
a 2
80 m
m S
L fe
male
. A
lthough A
. guam
ensi
s is
am
ong t
he
larg
est
gobie
s, it
has
ver
y sm
all
dem
ersa
l, s
pher
oid
eggs.
Eggs
are
laid
on t
he
under
side
of ro
cks
and t
ended
by
male
fis
h for
two t
o four
days
until hat
chin
g (
Ego 1
956,
Mill
er 1
984,
Nis
him
oto
and
Fitz
sim
ons
1986,
Tim
bol et
al. 1
990,
Lindst
rom
and B
row
n 1
996).
N
ewly
hat
ched
yolk
sac
lar
vae
are
swep
t dow
nst
ream
and into
the
sea.
D
ow
nst
ream
lar
val drift
occ
urs
thro
ughout
the
year,
and is
most
pre
vale
nt
during t
he
firs
t hours
aft
er s
unse
t (L
indst
rom
1998).
The
hig
hes
t co
nce
ntr
atio
n o
f la
rvae
mea
sure
d fro
m a
ny
single
hour-
long s
ample
was
413 lar
vae/
m3.
Bas
ed o
n t
hes
e data
, Li
ndst
rom
(1998)
calc
ula
ted m
ean d
aily
w
ater
shed
larv
al outp
ut
for
all
sam
ple
date
s (n
=36)
at
0.4
5 –
1.4
x10
6,
yiel
din
g a
n a
nnual
lar
val
outp
ut
of 1.6
-5.1
x10
8 lar
vae
per
yea
r fr
om
the
entire
wat
ersh
ed for
only
the
firs
t th
ree
hours
aft
er
sunse
t.
He
bel
ieve
d t
hat
this
was
an u
nder
estim
atio
n o
f th
e co
mple
te w
ater
shed
outp
ut
valu
e.
Lindst
rom
(1998)
note
d t
hat
sam
ple
s w
ith h
igher
conce
ntr
ations
of dri
ftin
g larv
ae
wer
e dom
inat
ed
by
A.
guam
ensi
s su
gges
ting t
hat
this
spec
ies
conce
ntr
ate
s its
repro
duct
ive
effo
rt in s
pec
ific
sea
sons.
H
e ca
lcula
ted t
hat
only
2500 b
reed
ing A
. guam
ensi
s w
ould
be
nee
ded
to p
roduce
the
num
ber
of
larv
ae c
alcu
late
d,
giv
en 2
x10
5 a
s th
e si
ngle
spaw
n fecu
ndity
of an a
vera
ge-
size
d b
reed
ing a
dult
(Tam
aru 1
991).
Adult ‘o‘o
pu n
akea
, Aw
aous
guam
ensi
s, in
Han
awi Str
eam
(le
ft).
Buff
colo
red s
pot
s on
rock
s ar
e hīh
īwai
(N
eritin
a gra
nosa
) eg
g
capsu
les.
Ph
oto
by
John F
ord
.
Once
they
rea
ch t
he
sea,
lar
vae
dev
elop a
s par
t of th
e m
arin
e pla
nkt
onic
com
munity
for
up t
o 1
69 d
ays
(Radtk
e et
al. 1
988,
Rad
tke
and K
inzi
e 1991).
Tat
e (1
997)
and
Nis
him
oto
and K
uam
o’o
(1997)
report
ed t
hat
A.
guam
ensi
s post
-lar
vae
wer
e tr
ansp
ort
ed
to r
iver
mouth
s by
wav
es a
nd t
hat
they
en
tere
d s
trea
ms
at
any
tim
e of th
e day,
th
ough in g
reate
st n
um
ber
s in
the
even
ing,
at
about
16 m
m S
L in
siz
e. They
may
spen
d
seve
ral w
eeks
in t
he
estu
ari
ne
or
low
er r
each
es b
efore
mig
rating u
pst
ream
, and a
re g
ener
ally
lim
ited
to
the
low
er 1
,000 ft
in e
leva
tion.
They
are
not
stro
ng c
limber
s an
d a
re r
estr
icte
d fro
m r
each
es
above
wat
erfa
lls.
Kid
o e
t al. (
1997a,
1997b)
chara
cter
ized
o’o
pu n
akea
as
an o
mniv
oro
us
ben
thic
fe
eder
, utiliz
ing p
rim
ari
ly a
lgae,
and o
pport
unis
tica
lly fee
din
g u
pon intr
oduce
d a
quat
ic inse
cts
and
terr
estr
ial in
vert
ebra
tes
in d
rift
. T
hei
r w
ork
suppor
ted t
he
concl
usi
ons
of Ego (
1956)
with r
egard
to
algae
; how
ever
, en
dem
ic a
tyid
shri
mp o
r dam
selflie
s w
ere
abse
nt
from
o’o
pu n
akea
gut
sam
ple
s co
llect
ed b
y Kid
o e
t al. (
1997a,
1997b)
from
‘o‘o
pu n
akea
colle
cted
in t
he
Wain
iha R
iver
, Kaua‘
i.
12.0-43
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WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
43
Sic
yop
teru
s st
imp
son
i (G
ill 1
86
0)
‘O‘o
pu
nop
ili
Tom
iham
a (
1972)
pro
vided
the
firs
t des
crip
tion o
f S.
stim
pso
ni (‘
o‘o
pu n
opili
) lif
e his
tory
fro
m a
sa
mple
of 400 fis
hes
take
n fro
m 1
7 loca
tions
on O
‘ahu a
nd M
aui.
He
reco
rded
162,0
00 e
ggs
from
an
89-m
m S
L fe
male
, and h
ypoth
esiz
ed t
hat
matu
ration
mig
ht
occ
ur
in t
he s
econd y
ear
of lif
e.
Although h
e did
not
witnes
s sp
awnin
g,
he
surm
ised
fro
m o
vary
exa
min
atio
n t
hat
o’o
pu n
opili
bet
wee
n A
ugust
and M
arc
h.
Fitzs
imons
et a
l. (
1993)
report
ed t
hat
eggs
of le
ss t
han 0
.5m
m in
dia
met
er a
re lai
d in s
ingle
row
s fo
rmin
g a
nar
row
mass
under
bould
ers.
Eggs
pre
sum
ably
hat
ch
within
24 h
ours
. C
ourt
ship
and t
erri
torial beh
avi
or
are
wel
l docu
men
ted in t
his
spec
ies
by
Yuen
(1
987)
and F
itzs
imons
et a
l. (
1993);
how
ever
, det
ails
of th
e sp
ecie
s’ r
epro
duct
ive
bio
logy
in
Haw
aiia
n s
trea
ms
are
lack
ing.
Post
-lar
vae
retu
rnin
g t
o s
trea
ms
from
the
oce
anic
lar
val pool ar
e th
e la
rges
t of th
e post
-larv
al
fres
hw
ate
r gobie
s in
Haw
ai‘i
(Tate
1997)
and w
ere
mea
sure
d a
t an a
vera
ge
length
of 23 m
m S
L (T
om
iham
a 1
972,
Nis
him
oto a
nd K
uam
o’o
1997).
Rec
ruitm
ent
into
str
eam
s occ
urs
main
ly d
uri
ng
Febru
ary
to M
ay (
Tat
e 1997),
and u
sual
ly o
ccurs
in s
choo
ls.
Ret
urn
ing p
ost
-larv
ae u
nder
go d
ram
atic
morp
holo
gic
al c
han
ges
due
pri
mar
ily t
o t
hei
r ch
angin
g d
iet
(Tom
iham
a 1
972,
Sch
oen
fuss
et
al.
1997).
Tat
e (1
997)
des
crib
ed t
wo m
orp
hol
ogic
al va
riet
ies
of S.
stim
pso
ni post
-lar
vae
and juve
nile
s th
at
appare
ntly
repre
sente
d t
wo d
istinct
beh
avi
ora
l ty
pes
he
found in s
trea
ms
on H
awai
‘i and K
aua‘
i Is
lands.
At
left
is
a m
ale
‘o‘o
pu n
opili
, Sic
yopte
rus
stim
pso
ni (p
hoto
by
Mik
e Yam
amoto
, D
AR);
and a
t ri
ght
is
a v
entr
al vi
ew o
f S.
stim
pso
ni ill
ust
rating t
he
suck
ing d
isk
crea
ted b
y fu
sed p
elvi
c fin t
hat
hel
ps
enable
all
fres
hw
ate
r gobiid
fis
hes
to n
avig
ate
torr
ential st
ream
s (p
hoto
by
John F
ord
) Thei
r oce
anic
larv
al dev
elop
men
t is
est
imat
ed t
o b
e bet
wee
n t
hre
e to
six
month
s (K
inzi
e 1990).
Po
stla
rvae
ret
urn
ing t
o s
trea
ms
from
the
sea
under
go a
rap
id g
row
th p
has
e ch
arac
teri
zed b
y a
cran
ial m
etam
orp
hosi
s th
at is
corr
elat
ed w
ith t
hei
r ch
angin
g d
iet
and intr
asp
ecific
beh
avi
or
(Sch
oen
fuss
et
al. 1
997,
Kei
th 2
003).
Po
stla
rvae
are
rheo
tact
ic a
nd q
uic
kly
move
upst
ream
(Sm
ith
and S
mith 1
998).
This
allo
ws
them
to c
lear
obst
acl
es in inte
rmitte
nt
stre
am
s. The
retu
rnin
g
post
larv
al ‘h
inana’ of th
is s
pec
ies
const
itute
d t
he
bulk
of th
e goby
fry
fish
ery
in H
awai
‘i (T
itco
mb
1972,
Bel
l 1999).
Titco
mb (
1972)
als
o indic
ates
that
adult ‘o‘o
pu n
opili
wer
e als
o g
reatly
relis
hed
as
food b
y pre
his
toric
Haw
aiia
n c
om
munitie
s.
‘O
‘opu n
opili
chara
cter
istica
lly inhab
it t
he
low
er a
nd m
iddle
rea
ches
of st
ream
s. Adults
are
gen
eral
ly
her
biv
oro
us,
and t
hei
r die
ts c
hange
as
they
matu
re (
Juliu
s et
al. 2
005).
Kid
o (
1996,
1997a,
1997b)
report
ed t
hat
thei
r princi
pal
food s
ourc
e co
nsi
sted
of a v
ari
ety
of dia
tom
s. Fi
tzsi
mons
et a
l. (
2003)
report
ed t
hat
adult fis
h t
end t
o ‘fa
rm’ la
rge
feed
ing r
ock
s th
rough c
ontinual
fee
din
g o
ver
a p
erio
d o
f days
. J
uliu
s et
al (2
005)
rein
forc
ed t
his
conce
pt
and h
ypoth
esiz
ed t
hat
bot
h far
min
g a
ctiv
ity
and
repea
ted fre
shet
s act
to c
onst
antly
renew
patt
erns
of alg
al s
ucc
essi
on.
Hen
ce,
thes
e nat
ura
l dis
turb
ance
eve
nts
are
bel
ieve
d t
o b
e cr
uci
al to
main
tenan
ce o
f ec
olo
gic
al inte
grity
in H
awai
ian
stre
ams.
12.0-44
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009 S
WCA E
nvi
ronm
enta
l Consu
ltan
ts
44
Len
tip
es
con
colo
r (G
ill 1
86
0)
‘O‘o
pu
ala
mo‘o
, ‘O
‘op
u h
i‘u
kole
So s
trik
ing is
the
sexu
al dim
orp
his
m in ‘o‘o
pu a
lam
o‘o
(La
u 1
973),
that
it w
as o
rigin
ally
des
crib
ed a
s tw
o d
istinct
spec
ies
(L.
conco
lor
Gill
1860;
L. s
emin
udus
Günth
er 1
880).
It
chara
cter
istica
lly inhab
its
the
mid
dle
and u
pper
rea
ches
of st
ream
s co
mm
only
to a
n e
leva
tion o
f 1,5
00 fee
t, b
ut
som
etim
es a
s hig
h a
s 3,0
00 fee
t, e
xcep
t in
str
eam
s w
ith t
erm
inal w
ater
falls
wher
e it m
ay
be
the
dom
inan
t fish
th
roughout
the
stre
am
cours
e (M
aci
ole
k 1977,
Kin
zie
and F
ord
1982).
It
is
bel
ieve
d t
o b
e om
niv
oro
us,
inges
ting e
qual quantities
of alg
ae,
dia
tom
s, inse
cts,
olig
och
aete
s, a
nd a
tyid
shri
mp
(Lau 1
973).
Rep
roduct
ive
bio
logy
of ‘o
‘opu a
lam
o‘o
has
bee
n s
tudie
d in H
awai
‘i, M
aui, a
nd M
olo
ka‘i
Isla
nd s
trea
ms
(Mac
iole
k 1977,
Kin
zie
1993,
Way
et
al. 1
998).
M
acio
lek
(1977)
sugges
ted t
hat
fem
ale
L. c
onco
lor
matu
red a
t about
50 m
m S
L. H
e fo
und r
ipe
fem
ale
s bet
wee
n A
ugust
to M
ay a
nd
sugges
ted t
hat
spaw
nin
g m
ight
occ
ur
year
round.
He
obse
rved
bet
wee
n 7
,000 a
nd 1
4,0
00 e
ggs
in
two fem
ale
s ex
am
ined
. K
inzi
e (1
993)
found 2
3 n
ests
bet
wee
n O
ctober
and M
ay,
hav
ing b
etw
een
1,3
00 t
o 2
4,7
00 e
ggs
each
. H
e als
o o
bse
rved
nin
e cl
utc
hes
laid
by
a s
ingle
o’o
pu a
lam
o’o
in a
n
aquar
ium
duri
ng t
he
sam
e m
onth
s th
at n
ests
wer
e fo
und in t
he fie
ld.
Bas
ed o
n h
is o
bse
rvat
ions,
he
sugges
ted t
hat
a s
ingle
fem
ale
L.
conco
lor
73 m
m S
L in
len
gth
was
capable
of
pro
duci
ng 5
5,2
00 -
69,0
00 e
ggs
a y
ear.
Adult m
ale
‘o‘o
pu a
lam
o‘o
are
ter
rito
rial.
Fem
ale
‘o‘o
pu a
lam
o‘o
, Le
ntipes
conco
lor,
(le
ft)
in P
alik
ea S
trea
m,
Eas
t M
aui;
and m
ale
‘o‘o
pu
alam
o‘o
(right)
in a
quar
ium
. P
hoto
s by
John F
ord
. Ter
rito
ries
may
vary
in s
ize
dep
endin
g in p
art
upon s
trea
m d
isch
arge
(Fitzs
imon
s an
d N
ishim
oto
1990).
W
ay e
t al
. (1
998)
com
par
ed t
he
repro
duct
ive
bio
logy
of ‘o
‘opu a
lam
o‘o
in a
n u
ndiv
erte
d
smal
l st
ream
on W
est
Mau
i (M
akam
aka‘
ole
) w
ith t
hat
of a
div
erte
d s
trea
m o
n M
olo
ka‘i
(Wai
kolu
),
and found a
wid
e va
riabili
ty in t
he
tim
ing a
nd d
egre
e of re
pro
duct
ion in t
hei
r tw
o-y
ear
study.
In
the
undiv
erte
d M
akam
aka‘
ole
Str
eam
on M
aui, ‘o‘o
pu a
lam
o‘o
wer
e re
pro
duct
ivel
y ac
tive
all
year
, w
ith
repro
duct
ion s
ignific
antly
corr
elat
ed w
ith e
leva
ted s
trea
m d
isch
arg
e. In
the
div
erte
d W
aik
olu S
trea
m
on M
olo
ka‘i,
‘o‘o
pu n
opili
rep
roduct
ion a
ppea
red t
o o
ccur
on a
‘boom
or
bust
’ cy
cle
and v
ari
ed w
idel
y in
rel
ation t
o s
trea
mflow
. W
ay
et a
l. (
1998)
concl
uded
that
L. c
onco
lor
is c
apab
le o
f adju
stin
g its
fe
cundity
in r
esponse
to e
nvi
ronm
enta
l ch
anges
.
Once
hat
ched
, fr
ee e
mbry
os
of ‘o
‘opu a
lam
o‘o
sw
im u
pw
ard in t
he
wat
er c
olu
mn (
Kin
zie
1993).
This
beh
avi
or
faci
litat
es t
hei
r tr
ansp
ort
to t
he
oce
an.
Thei
r oce
anic
larv
al lif
e w
as m
easu
red b
etw
een 6
3
to 1
06 d
ays
(Radtk
e et
al. 2
001),
with s
ignific
ant
diffe
rence
s bet
wee
n isl
ands
and b
etw
een w
arm
and c
ool se
aso
ns.
Siz
e at
recr
uitm
ent
into
str
eam
s ra
nged
bet
wee
n 1
3.5
mm
TL
and 1
7.9
mm
TL,
w
ith n
o d
iffe
rence
s bet
wee
n isl
ands.
H
ow
ever
, L.
conco
lor
recr
uited
at
smal
ler
size
s duri
ng s
easo
ns
with w
arm
er s
ea s
urf
ace
tem
per
ature
s. Po
st-l
arva
e en
tere
d s
trea
ms
in t
he
hours
just
aft
er s
unri
se
in w
aves
on inco
min
g t
ides
(N
ishim
oto
and K
uam
o’o
1997),
and im
med
iate
ly b
egin
thei
r m
igra
tion
upst
ream
at
a m
easu
red r
ate
of 90 m
eter
s/hour
(Tate
1997).
Acc
ord
ing t
o L
indst
rom
and B
row
n
(1994),
exp
osu
re t
o s
eaw
ater
within
hours
of
hat
chin
g is
critic
al to
the
surv
ival of la
rval ‘o
‘opu
alam
o‘o
. T
hey
rea
soned
that
lar
vae
in s
trea
ms
that
lac
k co
nnec
tion t
o t
he
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent
due
to d
ewate
rmen
t, g
eogra
phic
, or
geo
logic
al fac
tors
cou
ld b
e doom
ed.
They
sugges
ted t
hat
base
flo
ws
in s
uch
str
eam
s ar
e cr
itic
al t
o m
ainta
in lar
val tr
ansp
ort
to t
he
sea.
Lo
wer
stre
am flo
ws
mig
ht
also
neg
ative
ly a
ffec
t hab
itat
space
and h
atch
ing s
ucc
ess.
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45
Aty
oid
a b
isu
lcata
(R
an
dall
19
39
) ‘Ō
pae k
ala
‘ole
Edm
ondso
n (
1929)
des
crib
ed t
he
endem
ic ‘ōpae
kala
‘ole
or
‘ōpae
kuahiw
i as
bei
ng u
biq
uitous
in
mounta
in s
trea
ms
among t
he
Haw
aiia
n I
slan
ds.
H
e st
udie
d a
spec
ts o
f opae
phys
iolo
gy;
how
ever
, he
did
not
realiz
e th
at
the
spec
ies
was
am
phid
rom
ous
and t
her
efore
could
not
expla
in its
dis
trib
ution
am
ong H
awai
ian isl
and s
trea
ms.
O
rigin
ally
consi
der
ed o
ne
of tw
o m
orp
holo
gic
ally
sim
ilar
spec
ies
(Aty
a bis
ulc
ata
and O
rtm
annia
hensh
aw
i) fro
m H
aw
aiia
n s
trea
ms,
the
nam
e Aty
oid
a b
isulc
ata
is
now
acc
epte
d a
s th
e co
rrec
t nam
e. It
was
a f
avori
te food o
f abori
gin
al H
awai
ians,
and is
still
fav
ore
d for
luaus
and m
eals
for
spec
ial occ
asio
ns.
In
1976 it
could
be
found infr
equen
tly
in fis
h m
ark
ets
selli
ng
for
$9/l
b.
Coure
t (1
976)
found t
he
male
to fem
ale
ratio in ‘ōpae
kal
a‘o
le M
/F r
atio t
o b
e 1.4
. H
e obse
rved
m
oltin
g b
oth
day
and n
ight
at
inte
rvals
bet
wee
n 3
1 a
nd 6
1 d
ays.
Fo
llow
ing m
olting it
may
tak
e up
to t
wo d
ays
for
the
exosk
elet
on t
o h
arden
suff
icie
ntly
to p
erm
it t
he
shri
mp t
o m
ove
nat
ura
lly.
U
npublis
hed
rec
ord
s of th
e H
awai
i Cooper
ative
Fis
her
y Res
earc
h U
nit a
t th
e U
niv
ersi
ty o
f H
awai
i in
dic
ate
that
opae
kala
ole
hav
e bee
n found in a
majo
rity
of per
ennia
l st
ream
s th
roughout
the
state
.
It is
rheo
phili
c and m
ove
s ra
pid
ly u
pst
ream
follo
win
g r
ecru
itm
ent
to inhab
it t
he
upper
rea
ches
of
stre
am
s bet
wee
n r
oughly
300 m
and 1
,100 m
ele
vation a
s adults.
At
left
, is
a p
hoto
of ad
ult ‘ōpae
kal
a‘ol
e, A
tyoid
a bis
ulc
ata,
ta
ken in a
n a
quar
ium
by
Car
l Coure
t.
‘Ō
pae
kala
‘ole
is
wel
l adapte
d t
o t
orr
ential flow
s and is
com
mon in s
hooting w
ater
s, s
uch
as
casc
ades
and w
ater
falls
, as
wel
l as
in p
lunge
pools
. I
t is
capable
of both
filt
er fee
din
g
from
the
wat
er c
olu
mn a
nd g
razi
ng fro
m t
he
surf
ace
of ro
cks.
It
s fo
od c
onsi
sts
pri
marily
of det
ritu
s and fila
men
tous
alg
ae
(Coure
t 1976).
‘Ō
pae
kala
‘ole
matu
re b
etw
een 1
5.8
mm
and 2
0.5
mm
in
length
(Coure
t 1976).
M
atin
g o
ccurs
when
fem
ale
s m
olt, and
egg d
eposi
tion b
egin
s 12 h
ours
aft
er m
ating.
Coure
t (1
976)
estim
ated
fec
undity
bet
wee
n 7
3 a
nd 3
,557 e
ggs
from
a s
tudy
of 23 fem
ale
‘ōpae
. B
erried
fem
ale
‘ōpae
are
found t
hro
ughout
the
year
sugges
ting a
multiv
oltin
e re
pro
duct
ive
cycl
e, a
tra
it
com
mon in m
any
oth
er t
ropic
al s
pec
ies.
G
iven
the
freq
uen
cy
of m
oltin
g a
nd a
n a
vera
ge
tim
e of 66 d
ays
bet
wee
n m
olts
, an
nual
fec
undity
of la
rge
fem
ale
‘ōpae
kal
a‘ole
may
be
16,0
00
-17,0
00 larv
ae
per
yea
r (C
oure
t 1976).
Rep
roduct
ive
effo
rt o
f ‘ō
pae
kal
a‘ole
fro
m t
wo E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s w
as f
ound t
o b
e sl
ightly
elev
ate
d in p
opula
tions
from
hig
her
ele
vations
(Ford
1979a)
.
Hat
chin
g o
f la
rvae
occ
urs
within
19 -
21 d
ays
of ovi
posi
tion (
Coure
t 1976).
Le
ngth
of la
rval lif
e is
not
wel
l docu
men
ted.
Coure
t (1
976)
sugges
ted t
hat
opae
kal
aole
rec
ruit into
str
eam
mouth
s fr
om
the
oce
an a
t 6.2
mm
SL.
Bas
ed u
pon h
is s
tudie
s of zo
eae
(i.e
. sh
rim
p larv
ae)
gro
wth
and s
urv
ival, t
his
body
length
would
be
reach
ed in a
ppro
xim
ate
ly 4
0 d
ays.
Ju
venile
s w
ere
found1.6
km
upst
ream
w
ithin
a p
erio
d o
f 230 d
ays
in W
aio
hue
Str
eam
by
Coure
t (1
976).
Life
span is
estim
ated
to b
e in
ex
cess
of th
ree
years
(Coure
t 1976).
Burk
y et
al. (
2003)
reco
rded
bot
h d
rift
and m
igra
tion o
f ‘ō
pae
kala
‘ole
thro
ughout
the
sum
mer
with p
eaks
in late
April and e
arl
y Ju
ly.
They
bel
ieve
d d
rift
and
mig
ration w
ere
influen
ced b
y lu
nar
phase
; a d
istinct
diu
rnal
dri
ft p
att
ern w
as f
ound for
shri
mp z
oea
w
ith a
pea
k nea
r m
idnig
ht.
They
note
d t
hat
lunar
and d
iurn
al m
ove
men
t pro
vides
incr
ease
d
pro
babili
ty o
f oce
anic
dev
elopm
ent
and r
educe
d m
ort
ality
in b
oth
drift
and u
pst
ream
mig
ration.
Coure
t (1
976)
note
d t
hat
div
ersi
on s
truct
ure
s and d
ry s
trea
mbed
s in
Eas
t M
aui te
nded
to s
erve
as
tem
pora
ry b
arri
ers
to m
igra
tion.
How
ever
, he
als
o n
oted
that
adults
could
als
o in
vade
the
upper
re
ach
es o
f st
ream
s th
rough t
he
irri
gation d
itch
es.
Coure
t (1
976)
concl
uded
that
this
spec
ies’
su
cces
s in
inhab
itin
g h
ighly
ephem
eral H
awai
ian s
trea
ms
is d
ue
in p
art
to its
am
phid
rom
ous
multiv
oltin
e re
pro
duct
ive
cycl
e, h
igh c
apaci
ty for
inte
risl
and d
isper
sal, a
nat
om
ical
adap
tation a
gai
nst
des
icca
tion,
wel
l-dev
eloped
clim
bin
g a
bili
ty,
and its
abili
ty t
o u
tiliz
e m
ultip
le foo
d s
ourc
es.
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Neri
tin
a g
ran
osa
(S
ow
erb
y)
Hīh
īwai
or
Wī
Hīh
īwai
(or
wī as
it is
som
etim
es k
now
n o
n H
awai
‘i Is
land)
is a
n a
mphid
rom
ous,
rheo
phili
c gast
ropod
found c
lingin
g t
o r
ock
s and b
ould
ers
expose
d t
o s
wift
curr
ents
in t
he
low
er r
each
es o
f cl
ear,
ste
ep
gra
die
nt
stre
am
s (F
ord
1979b).
Tw
o o
ther
endem
ic,
am
phid
rom
ous
ner
itid
gast
ropods,
Ner
itin
a ve
sper
tina
(hap
awai
) an
d T
heo
doxu
s ca
riosu
s (p
ipiw
ai)
may
som
etim
es b
e fo
und in e
stuar
ine
reac
hes
of st
ream
s. The
endem
ic h
īhīw
ai w
as t
raditio
nal
ly g
ather
ed a
s fo
od b
y nat
ive
Haw
aiia
ns,
an
d w
as a
t one
tim
e co
llect
ed for
com
mer
cial
sal
e. Today
, it is
still
colle
cted
for
food o
n a
re
crea
tional
lev
el.
The
spec
ies
is u
nco
mm
on in larg
er,
gen
tle
gra
die
nt
rive
rs a
nd is
usu
ally
confined
to t
he
term
inal
riffle
s above
est
uari
es in s
uch
str
eam
s (M
aci
ole
k 1978).
Although 5
,000 h
īhīw
ai w
ere
transp
lante
d
to O
‘ahu fro
m K
aua‘
i in
1938,
hīh
īwai
is
only
occ
asio
nal
ly found in s
mall
num
bers
in t
wo o
r th
ree
win
dw
ard O
‘ahu s
trea
ms.
Fo
rd (
1979b)
found t
hat
hīh
īwai
are
lim
ited
to r
each
es w
ith c
ontinuous
flow
in v
eloci
ties
gre
ater
than
13 c
m/s
. H
e fo
und t
he
gre
ate
st d
ensi
ties
of adult h
īhīw
ai in t
he
term
inal
and low
er r
each
es o
f sh
allo
w,
wel
l-oxy
gen
ate
d s
trea
ms,
and u
sual
ly w
ithin
the
centr
al
port
ion o
f th
e st
ream
chan
nel
.
At
left
, is
a v
entr
al vi
ew a
larg
e adult h
īhīw
ai,
Ner
itin
a gra
nosa
, ill
ust
rating its
musc
ula
r fo
ot
and
ora
nge
septu
m (
photo
by
Dr.
Ric
har
d V
aldez
). At
right
is a
dors
al v
iew
of a
larg
e hīh
īwai
tak
en in
situ
(photo
by
John F
ord
).
They
rem
ain
hid
den
again
st p
redation b
y nat
ive
Bla
ck-c
row
ned
nig
ht
her
ons
and W
ander
ing t
att
lers
duri
ng t
he
day,
and e
mer
ge
from
under
bould
ers
at
nig
ht
to g
raze
on d
iato
ms
and m
icro
alg
ae
on t
he
surf
ace
of si
lt-f
ree
bould
ers,
rock
s, a
nd c
obble
s. Po
st-l
arva
l an
d juve
nile
hīh
īwai
hav
e a
stro
ng
rheo
tact
ic r
esponse
and o
rien
t in
to c
urr
ents
duri
ng t
hei
r re
cruitm
ent
from
the
ocea
nic
larv
al pool.
Like
the
am
phid
rom
ous
‘o‘o
pu a
nd ‘ōpae,
juve
nile
hīh
īwai
mig
rate
upst
ream
acr
oss
all
subst
rata
at
rate
s m
easu
red a
t 3.5
cm/s
ec (
Ford
1979b).
Sm
all in
div
idual
s m
ay b
e co
mm
only
found o
n t
he
vert
ical
fac
es o
f w
ater
falls
and c
asca
des
in t
he
low
er r
each
es o
f st
ream
s th
ey inhab
it.
Ford
(1979b)
report
ed s
eein
g ‘ch
ains’
of
up t
o 8
0 juve
nile
s in
phys
ical
conta
ct w
ith o
ne
anoth
er m
igra
ting u
pst
ream
. T
hei
r upst
ream
mig
ration m
ay
be
dri
ven in
par
t by
a se
arch
for
suitab
le d
iato
m a
nd m
icro
algal
foo
d s
ourc
es t
hat
are
als
o u
tiliz
ed b
y oth
er n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s. H
e al
so follo
wed
cohort
s of post
-lar
vae
(spat
) an
d juve
nile
s as
they
move
d u
pst
ream
fro
m
the
mouth
of th
e st
ream
.
Like
oth
er a
mphid
rom
ous
spec
ies,
the
dis
trib
ution o
f hīh
īwai
is
influen
ced b
y th
e geo
morp
holo
gic
pro
file
of in
div
idual st
ream
s. H
īhīw
ai d
ensi
ties
ten
ded
to incr
ease
upst
ream
rea
chin
g a
max
imum
den
sity
in p
lunge
pools
at
the
base
of w
ater
falls
. T
he
larg
est
indiv
iduals
wer
e fo
und in t
he
low
er
reac
hes
of st
udy
stre
ams.
Fo
rd (
1979b)
did
not
find h
īhīw
ai in w
ater
s dee
per
than 2
met
ers
or
in
still
wat
er p
ool
s. M
acio
lek
(1978)
stat
ed t
hat
hīh
īwai
occ
upy
stre
ams
up t
o 4
00 m
eter
s in
ele
vation;
how
ever
, findin
g h
īhīw
ai a
t th
is e
leva
tion is
unco
mm
on.
In
Eas
t M
aui st
ream
s, h
īhīw
ai m
ay b
e ex
pec
ted t
o r
each
only
185 m
eter
s in
ele
vation d
ue
prim
ari
ly t
o t
he
reduct
ion o
f st
ream
flo
ws
by
12.0-47
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irri
gat
ion d
itch
es.
Bra
sher
(1997a)
found s
imila
r re
sults
for
hīh
īwai
in W
aik
olu
Str
eam
, M
olo
ka‘i,
w
hic
h is
also
aff
ecte
d b
y a
surf
ace
div
ersi
on.
Exc
ept
per
hap
s in
fre
shet
s, h
īhīw
ai are
poorly
repre
sente
d in d
ow
nst
ream
dri
ft (
Bar
nes
and S
hio
zaw
a 1985).
Stu
die
s of hīh
īwai
rep
roduct
ive
bio
logy
are
lim
ited
. E
ggs
are
fer
tiliz
ed inte
rnally
and e
nca
psu
late
d,
and e
gg c
apsu
les
are
dep
osited
on r
ock
surf
aces
as
wel
l as
on t
he
cren
ula
ted s
hel
ls o
f hīh
īwai
th
emse
lves
(Fo
rd 1
979b).
Fo
rd (
1979b)
found a
mea
n n
um
ber
of 248 larv
ae
in e
gg c
apsu
les
he
exam
ined
fro
m t
wo E
ast
Mau
i st
ream
s. W
hile
fre
sh e
ggs
capsu
les
wer
e dis
cove
red y
ear
round,
pea
k pro
duct
ion in E
ast
Maui occ
urr
ed b
etw
een J
une
and A
ugust
and t
aper
ed o
ff b
y la
te fal
l. O
n M
olo
kai,
Bra
sher
(1997)
obse
rved
pea
k bre
edin
g in t
he
late
fal
l, lat
e sp
ring,
and s
um
mer
. V
elig
er lar
vae
may
hat
ch w
ithin
30 d
ays
but
appare
ntly
hav
e th
e abili
ty t
o d
elay
hat
chin
g.
Bas
ed u
pon c
age
exper
imen
ts,
Ford
(1979b)
hyp
oth
esiz
ed t
hat
fem
ale
s m
ay p
oss
ess
annual
fec
unditie
s bet
wee
n
4,7
40 a
nd 1
0,1
40 larv
ae.
Fe
male
s do n
ot
die
aft
er s
paw
nin
g a
nd a
ppea
r to
be
iter
opar
ous.
Vel
iger
larv
ae
are
carr
ied into
the
sea w
hen
they
are
bet
wee
n 1
50 –
175 m
icro
met
ers
(µm
) in
len
gth
and b
egin
dev
elop
men
t as
free
-sw
imm
ing z
oopla
nkt
on (
Ford
1979b).
In
div
idual hīh
īwai
hel
d
exper
imen
tally
in fre
shw
ate
r aft
er h
atch
ing s
how
ed little
or
no m
ove
men
t until se
aw
ate
r w
as a
dded
(F
ord
1979b).
M
ature
pro
toco
nch
len
gth
s in
hīh
īwai
wer
e m
easu
red b
etw
een 5
40 µ
m a
nd 6
40 µ
m,
and s
pat
(rec
ruits)
vis
ible
to t
he
nak
ed e
ye w
ere
mea
sure
d a
t 2 m
m in s
hel
l le
ngth
(Fo
rd 1
979b).
Both
Ford
(1979b)
and B
rash
er (
1997a)
obse
rved
sig
nific
ant
recr
uitm
ent
even
ts in M
ay a
nd
Nove
mber
. C
ircu
mst
antial
dat
a fo
und a
one t
o t
wo m
onth
lag b
etw
een t
he
appea
rance
of fr
esh e
gg
capsu
les
and r
ecru
its
in s
tudy
stre
ams
(Ford
1979b);
how
ever
, th
is is
insu
ffic
ient
evid
ence
upon
whic
h t
he
length
of
larv
al lif
e (L
LL)
can b
e det
erm
ined
.
Kin
zie
and F
ord
(1982)
exam
ined
four
poly
morp
hic
loci
in h
īhīw
ai fro
m E
ast
Maui st
ream
s and found
that
none
dev
iate
d s
ignific
antly
from
the
Hard
y-W
einber
g e
quili
brium
model
, su
gges
ting t
hat
popula
tions
from
diffe
rent
loca
tions
may
repre
sent
a s
ingle
gen
e poo
l. H
odges
(1992)
studie
d
popula
tion g
enet
ics
of hīh
īwai
and d
eter
min
ed t
hat
a si
gnific
ant
port
ion o
f re
cruits
in s
tudy
stre
ams
origin
ated
as
larv
ae fro
m t
he
sam
e st
ream
s (e
.g.
they
retu
rned
to t
he
stre
am o
f th
eir
birth
).
How
ever
, su
ffic
ient
larv
ae t
ransp
ort
occ
urs
within
and a
mong t
he
isla
nds
to p
reve
nt
gen
etic
iso
lation
of popula
tions
(Kin
zie,
per
sonal
com
munic
atio
n).
H
undre
ds
of ju
venile
hīh
īwai
wer
e obse
rved
on c
obble
s an
d b
ould
ers
in t
he
term
inal re
ach
of W
aiko
lu
Str
eam
, M
olo
ka‘i,
by
SW
CA b
iolo
gis
ts R
ober
t Kin
zie
and J
ohn F
ord
in o
n S
epte
mber
30,
2008 (
phot
o
by
John F
ord
).
12.0-48
13.0
Mau
i Cou
nty
Farm
Bur
eau,
R
evis
ed T
able
s on
Cat
tle
Ope
ratio
ns a
nd W
ater
U
se/N
eeds
WATER USE BY CATTLE OPERATIONS ON MAUI AND WATER USE/NEEDS
Estimated acreage for cattle operations: Other livestock needs based on water originating from east Maui west of MakapipiWater Source Feral goats/
Ranch Acres East Maui Other Ranch Goats Horses Sheep Elk deer/pigs TotalRanch #1 27,000 27,000 Ranch #1 400 40 400 5,500 6,340Ranch #3 6,000 6,000 Ranch #3 150 30 150 1,500 1,830Ranch #4 20,000 20,000 Ranch #4 80 50 15 100 4,000 4,245Ranch #5 6,000 3,600 2,400 Ranch #5 12 1,000 1,012Ranch #6 3,000 3,000 Ranch #6 3 1,100 1,103Ranch #7 18,000 18,000 Ranch #7 0Ranch #8 3,200 3,800 Ranch #8 0Ranch #9 13,000 9,100 3,900 Ranch #9 1,000 800 200 4,000 6,000Totals 96,200 68,700 28,100 Totals 1,630 935 765 100 17,100 20,530
Cattle counts Resulting water needs, other livestockFeral goats/
Water Source Goats Horses Sheep Elk deer/pigs TotalRanch Cattle East Maui Other Ranch (3 gpd/hd) (20 gpd/hd) (3 gpd/hd) (10 gpd/hd) (5 gpd/hd)Ranch #1 4,000 4,000 Ranch #1 1,200 800 1,200 0 27,500 30,700Ranch #3 2,500 2,500 Ranch #3 450 600 450 0 7,500 9,000Ranch #4 4,000 4,000 Ranch #4 240 1,000 45 1,000 20,000 22,285Ranch #5 1,000 600 400 Ranch #5 0 240 0 0 5,000 5,240Ranch #6 1,000 1,000 Ranch #6 0 60 0 0 5,500 5,560Ranch #7 2,500 2,500 Ranch #7 0 0 0 0 0 0Ranch #8 2,200 2,200 Ranch #8 0 0 0 0 0 0Ranch #9 2,500 1,750 750 Ranch #9 3,000 16,000 600 0 20,000 39,600Totals 19,700 13,850 5,850 Totals 4,890 18,700 2,295 1,000 85,500 112,385
Water consumption - cattle Water consumption - all requirements (cattle, goats, sheep, feral, horses)
Water Source Water SourceRanch Cattle East Maui Other Ranch All Types East Maui OtherRanch #1 80,000 80,000 0 Ranch #1 110,700 110,700 0Ranch #3 50,000 50,000 0 Ranch #3 59,000 59,000 0Ranch #4 80,000 80,000 0 Ranch #4 102,285 102,285 0Ranch #5 20,000 12,000 8,000 Ranch #5 25,240 17,240 8,000Ranch #6 20,000 20,000 0 Ranch #6 25,560 25,560 0Ranch #7 50,000 0 50,000 Ranch #7 50,000 0 50,000Ranch #8 44,000 0 44,000 Ranch #8 44,000 0 44,000Ranch #9 50,000 35,000 15,000 Ranch #9 89,600 74,600 15,000Totals 394,000 277,000 117,000 Totals 506,385 389,385 117,000
Last Updated 11/5/200912:50 PM
13.0-1
14.0
Mau
i Dep
artm
ent o
f Wat
er
Supp
ly,
Mem
oran
dum
of
Und
erst
andi
ng C
once
rnin
g Se
ttlem
ent o
f Wat
er a
nd
Rel
ated
Issu
es
14.0-1
14.0-2
14.0-3
14.0-4
14.0-5
14.0-6
15.0
Mau
i Dep
artm
ent o
f Wat
er
Supp
ly,
Seco
nd A
men
dmen
t to
Mem
oran
dum
of
Und
erst
andi
ng C
once
rnin
g N
ahik
u
15.0-1
15.0-2
15.0-3
15.0-4
15.0-5
16.0
Haw
aiia
n C
omm
erci
al &
Su
gar,
Co.
, U
pdat
ed E
cono
mic
Impa
ct
Info
rmat
ion,
Add
ition
al
Info
rmat
ion
on E
MI S
yste
m,
Info
rmat
ion
on T
rasn
port
atio
n A
gree
men
t with
MLP
, and
IAL
Des
igna
tion
16.0-1
16.0-2
16.0-3
16.0-4
16.0-5
16.0-6
16.0-7
