Iran’s Baha’i minority

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· Iran's Baha'i Minority - Eshan Arya 13

· Terrorism in India - Eshan Arya 15

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npíM_ Am{\«$Ho$Vrc _mco m XoemV gÜ`m wÕOÝ` n[apñWVrCX² dcr Amho. 1959 gmcr \«$mÝg nmgyZ ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va_mco_Ü o cmoH$emhr d cîH$aemhr gÎmm ApñVËdmV hmoVr.1991 n ªV cîH$aemhr AmpñVËdmV hmoVr _mÌ Ë`mZ§Va _mco_Ü o cmoH$emhr ApñVËdmV Amcr. Amadou Toumani Toure

`m§À`m cmoH$emhrÀ`m _mJm©Zo ApñVËdmV Amcoë`m gaH$macm_mM© 2012 _Ü o Pmcoë`m ~§S>mV CcWyZ Q>mH$Ê`mV Amco.E{àc 2012 _Ü o _mcoV {ZdS>UwH$m KoÊ`mMo R>adÊ`mV AmcohmoVo. _mÌ CÎma _mcoV Mmcy Agcoë`m ~§S>Imoam§Mm à{VH$ma,ZoV¥ËdmMm A^md Aem AZoH$ H$maUm§_wio _mcoV gÜ`mApñWaVoMr n[apñWVr Amho. `m_mJMr H$maUo d _mcoVrc gÚn[apñWVrMo {dícofU H$aUmam hmcoI-~§S>Imoa g§KQ>Zm :-

~§S>Im oa g§KQ>Zm §_Üò VrZg§KQ>Zm§Mm àm_w»`mZo C„oI H$amdmcmJoc.a) National Movement forthe Liberation of Azawad.(NMLA)

VwaoJ `m Aëng§»`mH$ JQ>mMogXñ` _mco, ZmÒa, ~waH$sZm \$mgmo,AëJo[a`m, br{~`m `m XoemV AmhoV.AZoH$ H$mimnmgyZ hm Aëng§»`mH$ JQ>ñdV§ÌVoMr _mJUr H$aV Amcm Amho.Joë`m dfm©V KS>coë`m KQ>Zm§_wio Ë`m§À`m_mJUrcm gÜ`m Omoa Amcm Amho. `mVgJù`mV _hÎdmMr KQ>Zm åhUOo br{~`m _Ü o JS>m\$s¨{déÕMmg§Kf©. `m g§Kfm©V VwaoJ g¡{ZH$ _moR>çm g§» oZo hmoVo. JS>m\$rnam yV Pmë`mZ§Va ho g¡{ZH$ _mcoV naVco. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§ZrË`m§À`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ àXoemÀ`m ñdV§ÌVoMr _mJUr Ho$cr. `màXoemcm Vo AmPmdmX åhUVmV (Azawad). 2009 _Ü oAëJo[a`m XoemÀ`m _Ü`ñWrZo Ë`m§Zr X{úmUoH$S>rc gaH$maerem§VVm H$ama Ho$cm hmoVm. Á`m_Ü o Ë`m§Zm àmXo{eH$ ñdm`ÎmVm_mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Amcr hmoVr. _mÌ hm H$ama AënOrdr R>acm.`m em§VVm H$amamMo nyU©nUo Z H$aÊ`mV Amcoco nmcZ d CÎma_mco_Ü o I{ZO Voc d Z¡g{J©H$ dm yMo gmR>o AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm`m XmoZ Jmoï>tZr g§Kfm©cm doJioM n[a_mU {Xco Amho. m g§KQ>ZoZr6 E{àc 2012 amoOr AmPmdmX `m ñdV§Ì amï´>mÀ`m ñWmnZoMr

_mboVrb g§Kf©KmofUm Ho$cr. _mÌ Am§Vaamï>r` g_wXm`mH$Sy>Z nm[R>§~m {_idÊ`mVË`m§Zm Anè Amco Amho. AmPmdmX `m amï´>mMr amOYmZråhUyZ Gao m {R>H$mUmMr KmofUm ~§S>Imoam§Zr Ho$cr Amho. _mÌgÜ`m gd© CÎma _mco_Ü o `m JQ>mMoM dM©ñd Zmhr, Va BVahrAZoH$ JQ> g{H«$` AmhoV.b) Ansar Dine or Ansar al Deen.

`m eãXmMm AW© helpers of the way or defenders of

the faith Agm hmoVmo. hm Ohmc Bñcm_r JQ> Amho. Ë`m§MmAmPmdmX `m ñdV§Ì àXoemnoúmm _mco_Ü o e[a`V Mm àgmaH$aÊ`mMm CÔoe Amho. _mcoMr 90% cmoH$g§»`m _wñcr_ Amho.Ë`mVhr hm àXoe Bñcm{_H$ gä`VoMo CâVo H|$Ð åhUyZ à{gÕAmho. `m àXoemV BVa gä`Vmhr ApñVËdmV AmhoV. hm JQ>

_mÌ \$ŠV Ohmc Bñcm_dmXr JQ>AgyZ Ë`m§Zr `m àXoemV H$nS>o dBVa ~m~VrV Ohmc Bñcm_rna§nam§Mr A§_c~OmdUr O~aXñVrZoH$aUo gwê$ Ho$co Amho. UNESCO

Zo World Heritage Sites åhUyZ{ZX}{eV Ho$coë`m _{eXr, Tombs

$B. Mr VmoS>\$moS>, _wcm§Mm g¡{ZH$åhUyZ g¡Ý`mV g_mdoe, B. AZoH$

KmVnmVr H$madm`m§_Ü ohr Ë`m§Mm g_mdoeAmho.

`m g§KQ>ZoMm Al Qaeda in Is-

lamic Maghreb er {ZH$Q>Mm g§~§YAgë`mMm g§e` dV©dÊ`mV oV Amho.`m_wio AmPmdmX _Üò em§VVm d EH$

gaH$ma àñWm{nV Pmco Zmhr Va hm àXoe XheVdmÚm§gmR>rdg{VñWmZ ~ZÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr.c) Movement for Unity & Jihad in West Africa.(MUJWA)

`m g§KQ>ZoMo àm~ë`gwÕm CÎma _mco_Ü o Amho. _mÌ `mg§KQ>ZoMo National Movement for the Liberation of

Azawad er g»` Amho. JmAmo (Gao) d AmOy~mOyÀ`màXoemV m g§KQ>ZoMo àm~ë` Amho. {S>g|~a 2012 cm MUJWA

À`m XmoZ ZoË`m§Zm Specially Designated Global Terror-

ists Ago A_o[aHo$Zo Kmo{fV Ho$co Amho.gÚ n[apñWVr :-

OmZodmar 11, 2013 amoOr \«$mÝgZr `m g§Kfm©V hñVúmon


H$aÊ`mMo R>adco. g§ wŠV amï´> g§KmÀ`m gwaúmm n[afXoÀ`m R>amdH«$_m§H$ 2085 Zwgma, àmXo{eH$ hñVúmonmg _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mMoR>adÊ`mV Amco. m {_eZcm African - led- International

Support Mission in Mali (AFISMA). Ago Zmd XoÊ`mVAmco Amho.

g§ wŠV amï´> g§KmZo A{\«$Ho$Vrc amï´>m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImcr g§Kf©gwê$ H$aÊ`mg EH$_VmZo _mÝ`Vm {Xcr Amho. m_Ü o Am{\«$Ho$VrcXoe _mco EH$g§K ahmdm åhUyZ à`ËZerc AgVrc. _mcoMo{d^mOZ ho Am{\«$Ho$Vrc Xoem§Zm OmñV YmoH$mXm`H$ Amho.XheVdmXmcm d \w$Q>raVmdmXmcm Ë`m_wio dmT>Umam nmqR>>~m hr`m_mJMr à_wI H$maUo AmhoV.

\«$mÝgZr ~§S>Imoam§{damoYmV gwê$ Ho$coë`m H$madmB©Mo Zmd Op-

eration Serval Ago Amho. \«$mÝgÀ`m ZmJ[aH$m§Zm MUJWA

g§KQ>ZoZo Amocrg R>odco hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _mcoVrc A§VJ©V

Aem§VVo_Ü o \«$mÝgMohr ZwH$gmZ Amho. \«°$H$m°B©g hm°cm§Xo `m\«$mÝgÀ`m ZdrZ amï´> à_wIm§Zr `m~m~V H$R>moa {ZU© KoD$Z hrcîH$ar H$madmB© eñdr H$ê$Z XmIdcr Amho. _mcoÀ`m g¡Ý`mcmeóóm§Mm nwadR>m, à{eúmU B. à`ËZmZmVwZ _mcr EH$g§K ahmdmåhUyZ Am§Vaamï´>r` g_wXm`mMo à`ËZ gwê$ AmhoV.g_mamon :-g_mamon :-g_mamon :-g_mamon :-g_mamon :- _mcrVrc g§Kfm©À`m {ZU© mda Ë`m àXoemVrc ^{dî`mVrcem§VVoMm {ZU© Adc§~yZ Amho. nU Ë`mM ~amo~a Ansar

Dine, MUJWA, NMLA B. g§KQ>Zm§À`m AmnmngmVrcg§Kfm©_wio VoWrc OZOrdZhr {dñH${iV Pmco Amho. eoOmarcamï´>m§Zm {Zdm©{gVm§À`m cm|T>çm§Zm gm_moao Omdo cmJV Agë`m_wioBVahr AZoH$ àíZ {Z_m©U ìhm`Mr eŠ`Vm Amho. eodQ>r oWrcg_ñ oÀ`m eñdr VmoS>½`mda m àXoemVrc Bñcm_r _ycVËddmXr{dMmagaUrcm Amim KmcUo eŠ` hmoUma Amho.

g§ wŠV amï´>o gmJar gr_m H$m`Xm (UNCLOS)g§ wŠV amï´>o gmJar gr_m H$m`Xm gmJamMm dmna H$aUmè`m

Xoem§À`m h¸$ d O~m~Xmè`m {ZpíMV H$aVmo. gmJar g§gmYZm§Mmdmna, gmJar ì`mnma Am{U gmJar n`m©daU `m~ÔcÀ`m{ZX}em§Mm `m H$m`ÚmV A§V^m©d Amho.B§Q>Z©c dm°Q>g© (A§VJ©V Ocg§nXm) :-

EH$m R>am{dH$ ~ogcmB©Z (Viaofm) À`m A{cH$S>rc(O{_ZrnmgyZ ~ogcmB©Zn ªVMm) ^mJ hm "B§Q>Z©c dm°Q>g©' `mg§koA§VJ©V `oVmo. {H$Zmè`mdaMo amï´>/amÁ` `m Ocg§nXm/úmoÌm~m~V H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mg d VoWrc gmJar g§nÎmr dmnaÊ`mgUNCLOS à_mUo gúm_ AgVmV. m mJmVyZ {dXoer amï´>m§MrOhmOo o-Om H$é eH$V ZmhrV.Q>o[aQ>mo[aAc² dm°Q>g© ( yàXoer` Ocg§nXm) :-~ogcmB©ZnmgyZ 12 gmJar _¡c (Zm°{Q>H$c _¡c) AWm©V yn¥ð>r`14 _¡c qH$dm 22 {H$_r. BVH$m àXoe Q>o[aQ>mo[aAc² dm°Q>g©²_Ü og_m{dï> hmoVmo.

UNCLOS à_mUo `m àXoemVyZ OhmOm§Mm BZmog§Q> n°goOAWm©V {Zînmn XiUdiU hmoD$ eH$Vo. {Zînmn XiUdiU(Innocent Passage) `mMm AW© _mgo_mar, eñÌmñÌ qH$dmhoa{Jar hm hoVy Zgcoco XiUdiU hmo . _mÌ amï´>amÁ o Ë`m§À`mgmJar gwaúmogmR>r AÝ` Xoem§À`m {Zînmn XiUdiUmda {Z~ªYAmUy eH$VmV. `m mJm§~m~V amï´>amÁ o H$a,dmhVyH$ d n`m©daUm~Ôc H$m`Xo H$ê$ eH$VmV.

Am{H©$nocmJmo dm°Q>g© ({Ûng_yh Ocg§nXm){Ûng_yhmVrc gdm©V ~mhoaÀ`m {Ûnm§À`m gr_ocm OmoS>Umar

~ogcmB©Z J¥{hV YaÊ`mV `oVo. `m ~ogcmB©ZÀ`m A§VJ©V^mJmVrc gd© Ocg§nXm A§VJ©V Ocg§nXm _mZcr OmVo dË`mda g§~§{YV amï´ >amÁ`mMo gmd©^m¡_Ëd AgVo, nU{Ûng_yhm §~m~VrV AÝ` amï´ >m §À`m OhmOm§Zm {ZînmnXiUdiUmMr nadmZJr AgVo.EŠgŠcy{Pìh BH$m°Zm°{_H$ PmoZ :- (EEZ)

(Am{W©H$ {deofm{YH$ma úmoÌ)12 gmJar _¡c Vo 200 gmJar _¡c hm àXoe EEZ

A§VJ©V oVmo. m àXoemVrc gmJar g§nÎmrda {H$Zmar amï>amÁ`mMm{deofm{YH$ma AgVmo. AÝ` amï´>o m àXoemMm XiUdiUmgmR>rdmna H$ê$ eH$VmV _mÌ, {H$Zmar amï´>m§Zm Ë`mda H$m`Xoera{Z~ªY AmUÊ`mMm h¸$ AgVmo.H$m±{Q>Z|Q>c eoë\$ ( yI§S>_§M) :-

{H$Zmar ^yàXoemMm g_wÐmVrc Z¡g{J©H$ {dñVma åhUOo^yI§S>_§M hmo`. {H$Zmar amï´>amÁ`m§Zm `m àXoemVrc gmJarg§nÎmr d gmJar àmUr_mÌm§da {deofm{YH$ma AgVmo. _mÌ^yI§S>_§MmMr EHy$U cm§~r 200 gmJar _¡cm§noúmm A{YH$Agë`mg (åhUOo EEZ noúmm A{YH$ Agë`mg), 200

_¡cm§n wT>rc àXoemV {H$Zmar amï´ >amÁ`m§Mm{deofm{YH$ma amhV Zmhr. H

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VÝdr JwßVo/àgÞ XmVma


Problems and prospects of international intervention on behalf of Iran’s Baha’i minority

Baha’i religion in IranThe Baha’i religion is a relatively new religionabout 200 years old and was established in Iranby the Bab and Baha’u’llah. Iran has a populationof 70 million. Out of these 70 million people thereare 95.6% Muslims, 2.8% Zoroastrians, 0.5%Christians, 0.5% Baha’is and Hindus and otherreligions form 0.1%. Baha’i’s hence form theminority religion with only 350,000 Baha’is inIran

It is necessary to recognize the conflict betweenthe Islamist government and the Baha’icommunity.

The Baha’i faith believes in the Baha’u’llah to bethe manifestation of God and to be the lastprophet on earth who was to spread the messageof God to the humans. This concept iscontradictory with the fundamentals of Islam.According to Islam, the Muhammad is the lastprophet to prophesize the messages of God andthe acceptance of Baha’u’llah as the last prophetinstead of Muhammad contradicts with theIslamic religious views.

Both are Abrahamic religions but are based onteachings of different disciples in the traditions,Bah-u-llah and Muhammed respectively forBaha’i and Muslims.The differences arise overthe religious book as well.

This conflict has deteriorated with time as theIranian government had to take extreme measuresto curtail the spread of Baha’i faith in Iran.Curtailment of the faith was seen as a necessityas it was challenging to the Islamist teachingsdirectly and to corrupting the minds of thecitizens.

At the orders of the Iraniangovernment a public executionwas followed. Men and Womenwere executed for following theBaha’i faith. Following this

execution, the national spiritual assembly ofthe Baha’is was dissolved and the followers ofthis faith were declared enemies of Islam by theIranian government. The Baha’i faith was blamedof westernizing Iran as it was against the culturalnorms and acceptance of the Islamist government.

After the 1979 revolution in Iran, the anti-Baha’iorganizations such as the Hojjatieh, a fanaticalgroup created in the early 50’s with the blessingof Ayatollah, gained access to the state files ofBaha’i followers. They began targeting theBaha’is across Iran with the help of this securedgovernment information.

The Baha’i community faced atrocities by forcefulaccusations and denial of judicial representation.Few were taken to the notorious prison of Evinin Tehran and interrogated in the basement calledblock 209 for days before being released.

An exposed example of atrocities was seen in2006 when a Baha’i activist by the name RezaMontazami was released after a bail of $25,000and by surrendering her property to thegovernment.

The government of Canada stated in theirpress release for the Senate that the conditionof the Baha’is in Iran was deteriorating becausethe Baha’i faith challenged the cultural orthodoxyof the ruling class. The root cause of the Baha’ipersecution lies in the technical differencesbetween their faith and that of the faith of theShia majority, paramount to which is the Baha’ibelief that Mohammad was not the last prophetsent by God.

The Iranian governments have shown a lackof respect for the internationallyrecognized safeguards withrespect to the religious minorities.Cruel inhuman or degradingtreatment or punishment such asflogging and amputations and

President, InternationalStudents AssociationPost Graduate and ResearchRepresentative - AcademicBoardLa Trobe University,Melbourne, Australia

Eshan Arya

Iran’s Baha’i minority

(Paper for Masters of International Relations with Honours, School of Social Sciences, La Trobe University)


carrying out of public executions is prevalent inIran against the Baha’i community.

In Iran, conversion from Islam is punishable bydeath (FIDH, 2003). This extreme rule is oftenused to execute the Baha’is under the allegationsthat they are trying to convert the Muslims toBaha’ism.

Results of the actions against these atrocitiesby international actorsThe governments of Canada and Australia haveplayed a significant role in criticizing the atrocitieson the Baha’i community by the Iraniangovernment. The Canadian governmentcondemned the violent crimes by stating for theSenate that Canada could not turn their headsthe other way while the human rights situationin Iran is deteriorating. In doing so theyadvocated the Baha’i cause internationally. Afterthe international advocacy of the Baha’i causeby Canada, Australia too joined the bandwagon.Australia and Canada took leadership roles inaccepting Baha’i refugees from Iran on the basisof humanitarian grounds.

In 2005 the UN called the government of Iran toabolish the refusal by the Iranian government, toprovide a fair and public hearing to the Baha’isand the denial of the right to counsel and accessto counsel by those detained. The UN also calledfor an end to the high level of harassment andintimidation and persecution of defense lawyersand legal defenders as it created a fear among theminds of the lawyers who represented the Baha’icommunity detainees.

These requests usually fell on deaf ears.

And despite these attempts the Iraniangovernment continues to deny education anddevelopmental opportunities to the Baha’icommunity.

Prospects for international intervention onbehalf of the Baha’i’sThe United Nations Human Rights provisions aredesigned to prevent the abuses which are commonaround the world and which can be rationalizedby recourse to the cultural peculiarities of manycountries; it is intolerable to live under a

government that denies equal dignity to theprotected religious minorities.

The 2011 UN Security Council draft resolutionincludes Bahrain, Colombia, Egypt, France,Germany, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco,Oman, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Togo,Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandand United States of America but excludes Iran.This shows how human rights abuses in Iran havebeen neglected by the draft resolution of the UNSecurity council.

The UN resolutions have asked the Iraniangovernment should immediately put an end to allhuman rights violations and attacks against thoseexercising their rights to freedom of expression,peaceful assembly and association and religion.However Iran has failed to follow the resolutions

These facts demonstrate the level of violationsof international law and regulations by the Iraniangovernment and the failure of the UN to actbecause the issue has not been deemed importantdue to absence of genocide The lack of an extremeaccount of mass murder and mass ethnicalcleansing during a short time frame has causeda delay or absence of an internationalintervention. This means that the internationalbodies will only intervene in Iran in case of amassive armed conflict between the Baha’icommunity and the government authorities.However this armed conflict and resistance isunlikely due to the peaceful nature of the Baha’ifaith.

United Nations Security Council Resolution1674, adopted unanimously on April 28,

2006, after reaffirming resolutions 1265 (1999)and 1296 (2000) concerning the protection ofcivilians in armed conflict and Resolution 1631(2005) on co-operation between the UnitedNations and regional organizations, theCouncil stressed a comprehensive approach tothe prevention of armed conflict and its recurrence(ICHRP,2009). The resolution was adopted aftersix months of debate among Council members.

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Effects of Globalization on the rise of terrorism in post partition India

IntroductionIndia is an emerging economy and an influentialplayer in world politics. Being one of the leadingeconomies in the world with the second largestpopulation and also holding nuclear weaponsmakes India not only influential in the Asiancontinent but also in global politics. When thereis an internal unrest in India the ripple effects arefelt with its trading partners as well as its allies.One of the major issues of economic and politicalunrest in India which cause such ripple effects isterrorism.

India has witnessed several attacks on its territoryas well outside India on its establishments andpeople. These terrorist attacks on a significantworld economy like India show that the studyand analysis of terrorism in India is very importantfrom the international relations point of view sinceit is directly linked with globalization, trade andcommerce.

The Indian tourism industry is also adverselyaffected by the terrorist activities in India.

India is a land of civilizations and with variedcultures which have their own scripts, languages,faiths, customs, traditions, historical contexts, andfood as well as migration history. Globalizationcauses a change in traditions andcultural customs and this leadsto conflicts as manycommunities resist changing.The conflicts are caused amongpeople of different traditionalbackgrounds who see theircultures being affecteddifferently to other cultures dueto globalization. For example,The Hindu, Christian and Brahmin communitiesin Mumbai have been very progressive due toglobalization, but some Islamist communities hasbeen affected negatively as they haveresisted changing with the globalized

world and this often includes refusal to use highend technology, studying at international schoolsand eating at transnational fast food joints. TheParsi community in Mumbai belongs to the IranianZoroastrian community which migrated along theWestern coast.

The North Indian people and South Indian peoplehave different languages and different dialectsamong themselves. The Godly idols and templesthey worship are different and their Gods havedifferent names and appearances. The food eatenby the different communities in India is verydifferent from each other and the grains used forstaple diet vary as well as the spices used. Theclothes worn by the communities are also differentand often highlight some part of their origins.

This makes India a diverse yet culturally sensitivenation. Furthermore, these culturally vast sectionsof the population get deeply affected with terroristactivities due to cultural intolerance and →→→→→

leads to more armed conflict among themselves.The indigenous Indian communities also beginto suspect other migrant communities in cases ofterrorism. When such minority communities areblamed or looked upon with suspicion by the

majority of the populations, itcauses an inharmoniousenvironment within thecommunities.

These have also led to anincreasing distrust on theministers and law enforcers dueto accusations of supporting aparticular community andaccusing another. Terrorism in

India has indeed caused a complex, cultural andsocial issue of mistrust and volatility among the

various Indian cultural populations,religions and states.

(Paper for Masters of International Relations with Honours, School of Social Sciences, La Trobe University)

Terrorism in post partition India

Eshan Arya


Relation between poverty, inequality,corruption and globalization in IndiaPoverty, inequality and corruption have been themajor social issues in India since its partition withPakistan in 1947. These socio-economic factorshave arisen due to the unsustainable and rapidglobalization in the country.

The rise in terrorism cannot be attributed toglobalization alone as it is the negative spill overeffects of globalization such as poverty, inequalityand corruption which are the root causes of arise in terrorism.

According to the economic survey of India policybrief the foreign direct investment in India in 2007was 2% of the GDP. The FDI in India may notvery high in terms of the GDP percentage but2% of the GDP of the world’s second fastestgrowing economy is significant when thepercentage is converted to numerical units.Globalization can be felt at different levels acrossIndia. Different states and cities have differentlevels of growth and development and the usageof modern technology; hence the effects ofglobalization are felt differently across differentregions within India. This causes a rift and furthergap between the rich and poor as far as access totechnology and globalized products areconcerned.

These social issues have existed in India fordecades, but the rapid growth in unequal andunsustainable globalization has led to an increasein the socio-economic gap between the rich andpoor. This gap has further led to violent conflictsand a rise in terrorism in India. India has a mixedeconomy. In a mixed economy like India there isa mixture of public and private ownership ofresources and governance with respects to energy,transport and telecommunications. In India thenegative aspects and effects of such mixedeconomy have contributed to higher negative spillover effects than the positive ones. This has ledto many social issues in the regions where themultinationals take charge of the construction.This corruption by the middle men is also due toglobalization.

Globalization also affects the locals by stealing

their jobs and production to competitors overseas.Globalization theories often argue that on a longterm this makes the local producers morecompetitive and encourages them to specializein their abundant and competitive resources inwhich they have a total advantage. In nations likeIndia, such competition is harmful and has causedan increase in the gap between the rich and poorleading to violent conflicts among the groups. Ex: The arrival of McDonalds has been a verypositive attribute for the wealthy but got the poorstreet vendors and local cheap cuisine hoteliersto go out of business. This development has alsocaused particular communities to be affected.

This saturation of development and wealthallocation into a few cities has led a significantamount of migration of populations from theunderdeveloped areas to the developed globalizedareas. The migration also takes place fromneighbouring underdeveloped nations likeBangladesh who share a border with India. Thereare as many as 3,084,826 migrants fromBangladesh into →→→→→India every year out of which 2 million are illegalmigrants. Bangladesh is an underdevelopedcountry with high poverty rates and alsoconsidered to be among the worst group ofnations with regards to liveable conditions andhuman development index. With a neighbouringcountry like India booming with growth,development and technological advancements dueto globalization, led to the underdevelopedneighbour like Pakistan and Bangladesh to haveits citizens migrate legally and illegally out ofdesperation for a better life. Thus the migrationsfrom Bangladesh into India and from the poorstates of India to the metropolitan developed citiesare contributed to globalization and unequalspread of globalization around the world andwithin the nations.

Corruption continues to strive in India as peopleuse means of bribing government officials and HRagencies as well educational institutions to gettheir work done faster. This way they attain acompetitive edge over migrants, in order to secure

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OJmMm B{Vhmg cjmV KoVcm VaAm¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrBVHo$M qH$~hþZm OmñV _hÎdho OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm~ÔcqH$dm Ë`m§À`m CËnÎmr Am{U {dñVmam~ÔcAZoH$ _Vo AmhoV. nU OmJ{VH$sH$aU hoAmOÀ`m OJmMo EH$ _hÎdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho.`m~Ôc H w $UmM oM X þ_V Zmhr. VgoMXheVdmXmMo _yi d {dñVma `m~Ôc _V_Vm§Vao AmhoV. _mÌ Ë`mnmgyZÀ`m YmoŠ`m~ÔcZmhrV.

EH${dgmì`m eVH$m_Yo OJ Odi oV AgVmZm Ago AZoH$\$m`Xo AmhoV. VgoM AZoH$ YmoHo$ AmhoV. Ë`mVrc XheVdmXOmJ{VH$sH$aU {_cmnm_wio hmoUmam YmoH$m A{Ve` _hÎdmMmAmho.

^maVmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va maVmcm XheVdmXmMm YmoH$m hmàm_w»`mZo nm{H$ñVmZ nwañH¥$V d Bñcm_r _ycVÎddmXrXheVdmXmMm Amho. Ë`mZ§Va B©emÝ oH$S>o \w${Q>aVmdmXr d _Ü`nyd© maVmVrc ZjcdmXr Midir_wio hmoUmam XheVdmX hmo .gÜ`m R>m_nUo gm§JVm oD$ eH$V Zmhr, H$maU "^Jdm XheVdmX`m H$ënZocm AOyZ H$mhr d¡Mm[aH$ AmYma ApñVËdmV Zmhr.H$mhrhr Eo{Vhm{gH$ qH$dm Ý`m`mc`rZ nwamdm Zmhr. nU BVaJmoï>tZm Vmo Amho. BWo AmnU XheVdmX åhUOo àm_w»`mZonm{H$ñVmZr XheVdmX Aä`mgy m.

XheVdmXmMm ^maVmcm AgUmam YmoH$m gmYmaU 1971À`m wÕmZ§Va gwê$ Pmcm. ^maVmer gai wÕm_Ü o qOH$UoAeŠ` Amho ho nm{H$ñVmZcm Voìhm cjmV Amco. 1979 _Ü oA_o[aHo$Zo VoWrc _ycVÎddmXr JQ>m§Zm hmVmer Yaco. Ë`m_Ü onm{H$ñVmZ_Yrc VËH$mbrZ {P`m Cb² hH²$ `m§À`m gaH$maMrË`m§Zm _moR>r _XV Pmcr. Ë`mM gw_mamg Vo _wOm{hXrZ-Vm{c~mZr`m ^maVm_Ü o {deofV… H$mpí_a_Ü o g{H«$` hmoD$Z H$m_ H$ê$cmJco. VoìhmnmgyZ maVmcm {Z_m©U Pmcocm YmoH$m {Xdg|{XdgdmT>VM OmVmo Amho.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio XheVdmXmcm AZoH$ àH$mao nmR>~i{_iVo. Eo{Vhm{gH$ ÑîQ>çm nm{hc§ Va XheVdmX ho {damoYmMoQ>moH$mMo qhgH$ ê$n Amho. Ë`mdoir Ord KoUo/XoUo hoXoIrc jå`g_Oco OmVo. hm {damoY AZoH$ Jmoï>tZm, àH$mam§Zm AgVmo. CXm.EImÚm g_yhmcm Xþgè`m g_yhmH$Sy >Z AÝ`m`

^maVmVrc pñWVr d n[aUm_

ñdrH$mamdm cmJVmo qH$dm VËH$mbrZ àdmhm§_wioEImÚm g_mOmcm qH$dm g_mOmVrc EH$g_yhmcm EH$ Identity Crisis V`ma hmoVmo dË`m_wio {damoY {Z_m©U hmoVmo. CXm. ^maVmVH$mhr {R>H$mUr ìh°coÊQ>mBZ S>o qH$dm {S>ñH$mo/n~ BË`mXtZm hmoUmam {damoY.

Ooìhm hm {damoY _moR>o ñdê$n KoVmo Voìhm VrEH$ Midi ~ZVo. CXm. {dgmì`m eVH$mVrcdhm~r Midi Am{U O|ìhm Vmo {damoY XS>nyZ

OmVmo V|ìhm Vr W§S>mdVo qH$dm qhgH$ ê$n YmaU H$aVo. CXm.ZjcdmX Am{U Ë`m qhgmË_H$VoZo Q>moH$mMo AKmoar ê$n åhUOoXheVdmX CXm. MoMoÝ`m_Yrc XheVdmX.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio g_mO/Xoe ho EH$_oH$m§À`m OmñV OdioD$ cmJco AmhoV. åhUyZ {dMmaàdmhm§Mm doJ hm Iyn OmñV

Amho. {dMmam§Mr XodmU KodmU n¥Ïdrdarc gd© g§ñH¥$Vt_Ü oB{Vhmgnyd© H$mimnmgyZ Amho nU OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZ§Va Ë`mXodmUKodmUrMm doJ Iyn OmñV Amho. åhUyZM gÜ`mMm {dMmad Zì`mZo oUmam {dMma EH$_oH$m§er OwidyZ KoÊ`mBVH$m doiahmV Zmhr d Ë`m§Mm g§Kf© gyê$ hmoVmo. CXm. _Ü` wJrZ H$mim_Ü on{e© Z hr naH$s` d qhXr hr ñWm{ZH$ ^mfm `m§Mm g§Kf© ZhmoVm Ë`mVyZ CX©ygmaIr {ZImcg gw§Xa ^mfm {Z_m©U PmcrAm{U AmO KS>rcm AmImVmVrc ~hþVm§e Xoem§_Ü o B§Q>aZoQ>,\o$g~wH$ B. cm àIa {damoY Ho$cm OmVmo.

BWo EH$ Jmoï> cjmV KoVcr nm{hOo H$s {damoYmcm O~m~XmaOmJ{VH$sH$aU ZgyZ _mZdr ñd^md d g_mOmMr dV©UyH$ Amho.Ë`m_wio OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio XheVdmXmMm OÝ_ hmoVmo ho{ZImcgM MyH$ Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio \$ŠV Ë`mXheVdmXmÀ`m àgmamcm MmcZm {_iVo.

^maVmMm {dMma Ho$cm Va XheVdmX àm_w»`mZo nm{H$ñVmZnwañH¥$V Amho. Identity Crisis _wio {Z_m©U hmoUmam XheVdmX^maVmV B©emÝ oH$S>rc WmoS>çm àm§Vm§_YoM Amho, Xoe^am_Ü o_wirM Zmhr. AWm©VM H$mpí_a_Ü o AgUmè`m XheVdmXmcmñWm{ZH$ OZVo_Ü o {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m (qH$~hþZm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mOmUmè`m) Identity Crisis _wio IVnmUr {_iVo. Vo Vgo BVaAZoH$ H$maUm§_wiohr {_iVo. H$mpí_aMm àíZ hm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMmn[anmH$ ZgyZ nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m AmË_KmVH$s XheVdmX

nwañH$aUmMm Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio hmoUmam gdmªV


VÝdr JwßVo/àgÞ XmVma

_moR>m YmoH$m åhUOo XheVdmXmMr dmT>cocr {dÜd§gj_Vm. AmOMoOJ Oar Iyn Jw§VmJwVtMo Agco Var Ë`mda h„m H$ê$Z OoarcmAmUUo Iyn gmono Amho. Body of Lies {gZo_mVrc EH$ dmŠ``mMo CÎm_ ñnï>rH$aU XoVo. "Our world is lost simpler to

put to an end than we might think of" hmM YmoH$m maVmcmXoIrc Amho Am{U ho XheVdmÚm§ZrAmoiIco Amho. åhUyZ Ë`m§Mr H$m_mMrnÕVr ~Xccr Amho. h„o H$am`Mo Aem{R>H$mUr H$s Á`mMr à{gÕr \$ma _moR>r hmoD$ZCÔoe g\$b hmoB©c. åhUyZ nwÊ`mgmaIrXþgè`m JQ>mVrc _hmZJao, VmO/Amo~oam°gmaIr n§MVmam§{H$V hm°Q>oëg B. VgoM òD$KmVcocm _moR>m YmoH$m Amho. B. XheVdmX qH$dmg§JUH$ AmOÀ`m KS>rcm gd© emgH$s` §ÌUm§MmH$Um Amho. Ë`mdarc h„m hm maVmcm EImÚmnojmhr _hmJ nSy> eH$Vmo. hmhr EH$ _moR>m YmoH$mAmho.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio XoemMo {hVg§~§Y Ho$di^m¡Jmo{cH$ gr_on`ªV _`m©{XV Z ahmVm OJâ qH$~hþZmA§Vamim_Yohr nmohmoMco AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m {hVg§~§Ym§ZmXheVdmXm_wio hmoUmam YmoH$mhr _hÎdmMm Amho. CXm. hmoa_wPÀ`m

AmImVm_Ü o Oa XheVdmÚm§Zr h„m H$ê$Z XiUdiU ~§XnmS>co Va Amnë`m D$Om©gwajoda XÿaJm_r n[aUm_ hmoD$ eH$VmV.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio maVm_Ü o XheVdmX \$mo\$mdoc hr rVr{VVH$ser Iar Zmhr. H$maU XheVdmXmcm IVnmUr {_ioc.

Aer gmYZ AmO CncãY AmhoV. VgoM Ë`mcmAmim KmcUmar gmYZ§hr CncãY AmhoV. gmoec_r{S> m, B§Q>aZoQ>da cmoH$ EH$Ì oD$ eH$VmV. g§dmXgmYy eH$VmV. Ë`m_wio {dg§dmX qH$dm {dVwï> H$_rhmoVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmZo ì`mnma d¥Õr d Am{W©H$

{dH$mg hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio eÌwËd Zï> ZmhrnU H$_r hmoÊ`mg Oê$a _XV hmoVo. CXm.^maV-MrZ g§nH©$ H«$m§Vr_wio A\$dmOmñV à^mdrnUo hmVmiVm òD$eH$VmV. gwajm §ÌUm BVa XoemVrcgwajm §ÌUm§Zm ghmæ` H$ê$Z gm_y{hH$gwajm Collective Security XoD$eH$Vrc.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio XheVdmXV`ma hmoV Zgcm Var Ë`mcm IVnmUr Oê$a {_iVo. nUË`mM~amo~a XheVdmX AmQ>moŠ`mV AmUÊ`mMr gmYZohr CncãYhmoVmV.

Ý`m. d_m© Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$magr1) emgZg§ñWoÀ`m VrZhr _w»` KQ>H$m§Zr- {d{Y_§S>i, H$m`©H$mar _§Si dÝ`m` §ÌUoZo _{hcm§À`m h¸$m§Mm AmXaH$amdm d Ë`m§Zm g_mZ dmJUyH$ Úmdr.2) ^maVmVrc gd © {ddmhm §MrÝ`m`X§S>m{YH$mè`m§g_moa Zm|XUr ìhmdr.3) àñVm{dV J w Ýh oJ ma r à{V~ §Y(gwYmaUm) H$m`Xm-2012 nwéfm§darcAË`mMma, g_qcJr g§~§Y d g§~§{YVJwÝho `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z Ho$cm Omdm.4) nm o {cgm §H $S > o ` oUma r àË` oH $~cmËH$mamMr VH«$ma Zm|Xdcr Omdr Am{UZmJar g_mOmZohr g_moa oUmar H$moUVrhrKQ>Zm nmo{cgm§H$S>o Zm|XdÊ`mMr O~m~Xmarnma nmS>mdr.5) ~cmËH$mamMr VH«$ma oD$Zhr JwÝhm

XmIc Z H$aUmè`m A{YH$mè`mda H$madmB©ìhmdr.6) {dH$cm§J ì`ŠVr§Mo ~cmËH$mamnmgyZaúmU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {deof H$m ©àUmcr dË`m§Zm Ëd[aV Ý`m` {_imdm `mgmR>rVmVS>rZo nmdco CMcmdrV.7) b¢{JH$ N>imÀ`m nr{S>Vm§Mr d¡ÚH$s`MmMUr{df`H$ {Z`_ d nÕVrgwM{dÊ`mV Amcr Amho.8) ~cmËH$ma {nS>rVm§er ì`dhma H$aVmZmAgbobr nmo{cgm§Mr g§doXZeyÝ`Vm cúmmVKoD$Z nmo{cg aVrà{H«$ o_Ü o ~Xc H$aUod nmo{cgm§_Ü o Z¡{VH$Vm éOdUo.9) nm o {cgm §M o CÎmaXm{`Ëd H o $diH$m`Úmà{V AgyZ, ~oH$m`Xoera AgUmar

d[að>m§Mr Amkm nmiÊ`mg Vo ~§YZH$maH$ZmhrV, AÝ`Wm Ë`m§À`mda H$madmB©H$aÊ`mV `mdr.10) c¢{JH$ JwÝømMm ~ir R>acoë`m_wcrcm {eúmU, AÝ` gmo`rgw{dYm,nwZd©gZ d Hw$Q>§w~mgmo~V naV gwa{iVOrdZ, _mZ{gH$ _XV {_imdr `mgmR>remgZmZo à`ËZ H$amdo.11) àË oH$ {Oëhm{YH$mè`mda g§~§{YV{OëømVrc hadcoë`m _wcm-_wctMrJUZm H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Agmdr.12) ZmJ[aH$m§À`m g§d¡Ym{ZH$ _yc yVh¸$m§Mr A§_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>rÝ`m`g§ñWoZo nmdco CMcmdrV.13) H$å`w{ZQ>r nmo{cqgJ AWm©Vg_mOmMo nmo{cqgJ {dH${gV ìhmdo.

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gH$b OmVrì`dñWm hoM gdmªV _moR>§ AmìhmZ Amho. Ho$diOmVr oX, Añn¥í`VmM Zìho, g§nyU© OmVrì`dñWmM - ^maVmVOmVrì`dñWoMm emn {¼íM°{ZQ>r Am{U Bñbm_gH$Q> gdmªZmMbmJbm` - _mUgmM§ g_mOmVb§ ñWmZ {OWo OÝ_mdê$ZMR>aV§, {OWo OmVtÀ`m q^Vtnm`r _mUgm§Mr EH$_oH$m§H$S>o nhmÊ`mMrÑîQ>rM g§e`r Am{U {dfmar ~ZVo, ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§À`meãXmV Or EH$ {OZm Zgbobr B_maV Amho, Á`m _Oë`mdaVwåhr OÝ_mbm òVm Ë`mM _Oë`mda _aVm Aer "~m`S>o{\${ZeZ' OmVrì`dñWm hoM g§ñH¥$Vrg_moaM§ AmìhmZ Amho.{df_Vm, Añn¥í`Vm, {edmerd, g_mOì`dñWoMm {na°{_S>,Ë`mVbr CƒZrMVoMr CVa§S> ho ì`dñWoMoM An[ahm © n[aUm_AmhoV. XþîH$mimV Voamdm _{hZm åhUOo AmVm OmVrì`dñWm hoamOH$s` A{^gaUmM§ gmYZ ~Zb§ .

ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va nmR>rda amOm am__mohZ am°` `m§À`mnmgyZ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$am§n ªVMm g_mOgwYmaUm MiditMm àXrK©dmagm KoD$Z AmnU dmQ>Mmbrbm gwédmV Ho$br. Zdm ^maVKS>dVmZmM§ Amnb§ gdmªM§ ñdßZ hmoV§ OmVr-dJ© {da{hVg_mOaMZoM§. ~KVm ~KVm `m H$moUË`m XoemV oD$Z nmoMbmoAmnU gJioM H$s gd© amOH$s`-gm_m{OH$ KS>m_moS>tM§ "OmV'hoM _w»` w{ZQ> ~ZyZ amøb§ . Omo CR>Vmo Vmo OmVrMm hþH$ V`maH$ê$Z gÎmoMr gmR>_mar H$ê$ nhmVmo. gÎmmg§Kfm©À`m Yw§XrV ho

bjmV oV Zmhr H$s g§ñH¥$VrbmM Ji\$mg ~gVmo . OmVrÒm{Udm AmYw{ZH$ maVmbm EH$mË_ amîQ´> ~ZdÊ`mnmgyZ d§{MVR>odVmV.

Aem doir àH$me Am§~oS>H$am§Zr `m gßVmhmV gm§{JVbobrgyÌ§ \$ma _moR>r "pìhOZ' _m§S>Umar AmhoV. Vo åhUVmV amOH$s`joÌmV amIrd OmJm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Cabobr Zmhr. "\$moñS>©B§{Q>J«oeZ'nojm _ZmnmgyZ hmoUmè`m B§{Q>J«oeZMm _mJ© ñdrH$mabmnm{hOo. emioÀ`m XmIë`mnmgyZ "OmV' hm H$m°b_M H$mTy>ZQ>mH$bm nm{hOo. gd© g§~§{YV {R>H$mUr "OmV' gm§JU§-{b{hU§EopÀN>H$ R>odb§ nm{hOo. 2011 À`m OZJUZoV OmV gm§JU§EopÀN>H$ hmoV§. nU H$gm~gm 1% bmoH$m§ZrM OmV Z Zm|XdÊ`mMmn`m©` ñdrH$mabm. Omon`ªV ì`ŠVr{df`r KoVë`m OmUmè`mgmd©O{ZH$ {ZU© m§Mm AmYma "OmV' hm Amho, Vmoda ~hþg§»ÒU ñdV:Mr OmV Zm|XdÊ`mMmM n`m©` {ZdS>Uma. àH$meAm§~oS>H$a gwMdVm ²V H$s hm "OmV' hm {ZH$f Am{U AmYmaM~Xbmdm.

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... Am{U AmnU gJioMboIm§H$ 50

amoO S>moù`m§_Ü o, nmR>r_Ü o,N>mVr_Ü o ^mogH$Umam"Bñbm{_H$' XheVdmX{XgoZmgm hmoVmo. VmoXheVdmX "Bñbm_'À`mZmdmImbr Ho$bm OmVmo, VarË`mbm "Bñbm{_H$' åhUm`M§ZgV§. nU _mboJmd - _¸$m_pñOX - g_Pm¡VmEŠñàogbm "qhXÿ - ^Jdm'åhUVmZm `m§Mr ImoQ>rgoŠ wba Or^ ghOnUoQ>miybm bmJVo!


H$mí_ra àíZ^maV, {XZm§H$ 9 \o$~«wdmar 2013. gH$mir

CRy>Z EoH$Vmo Va H$m` A\$Ob Jwê$bm \$mer{Xbobr. EH$ àM§S> bm§~bobm AZmH$bZr`

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Iran’s Baha’i minority

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Transcript of Iran’s Baha’i minority