INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW - Office of Legal ...
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Santiago, Chile 24 April – 19 May 2017 I NTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL L AW PROFESSOR DAN BODANSKY Codification Division of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs Copyright © United Nations, 2017
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Transcript of INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW - Office of Legal ...
Santiago, Chile 24 April – 19 May 2017
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
PROFESSOR DAN BODANSKY
Codification Division of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs
Copyright © United Nations, 2017
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW PROFESSOR DANIEL BODANSKY
REQUIRED READINGS (printed format)
Bodansky, Daniel. The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law, Harvard University Press, 2009
Legal instruments and documents
1. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (article XX), 1947
2. Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 1972
3. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992
4. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
5. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1998
6. Adoption of the Paris Agreement, 2015
7. Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992
8. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2000
9. Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010
10. Nagoya–Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 2010
11. Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 1997
For text, see The Work of the International Law Commission, 8th ed., vol. II, United Nations Publication, p. 266
12. Principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm arising out of hazardous activities (United Nations General Assembly resolution 61/36 of 4 December 2006)
For text, see The Work of the International Law Commission, 8th ed., vol. II, p. 420
13. Articles on the prevention of transboundary harm from hazardous activities (United Nations General Assembly resolution 62/68 of 6 December 2007)
For text, see The Work of the International Law Commission, 8th ed., vol. II, p. 414
14. Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (Preamble), 1994
15. Santiago Declaration on the 25th Anniversary of the Signing of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, submitted by Chile at the Thirty-ninth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting – Nineteenth Committee on Environmental Protection Meeting, Santiago, Chile, 23 May 2016 – 1 June 2016, Number AD003, Agenda Item ATCM 18
Case law Environment, Sustainable Development and International Law - Extracts from Relevant Case Law
16. Minors Oposa v. Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Supreme Court of the Republic of the Philippines, 30 July 1993, 33 I.L.M. 174 1994, p. 185
17. United States — Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, Report of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization, WT/DS2/AB/R, 29 April 1996, pp. 13, 15, and 16-18
18. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226, pp. 241-244, paras. 27-36
19. Gabcíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1997, p. 7, paras. 53 and 140
20. United States — Import Prohibition of certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, Report of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization, WT/DS58/AB/R, 12 October 1998, paras. 128-131, 152-153, 167-169 and 185-186
21. Social and Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC) and Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR) / Nigeria, Communication 155/96, African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 27 May 2002, paras. 53-58, 68-69 and findings
22. Award in the Arbitration Regarding the Iron Rhine ("Ijzeren Rijn") Railway between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Kingdom of Netherlands, 24 May 2005, reproduced in Reports of International Arbitral Awards, Vol. XXVII (2005), pp. 35-125, paras. 58-59 and 221-223
23. European Communities – Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products, Report of a Panel of the World Trade Organization, WT/DS291/R, WT/DS292/R, WT/DS293/R, 29 September 2006, paras. 7.65, 7.67-7.76 and 7.86-7.96
24. Brazil – Measures affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres, Report of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization, WT/DS332/AB/R, 3 December 2007, paras. 139-155 and 178-183
25. Albania: Power Sector Generation and Restructuring Project (IDA Credit No.3872-ALB), World Bank’s Inspection Panel, Investigation Report, 7 August 2009, paras. 322-332
26. Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 14, paras. 101, 164, 177, 188, 204-205, 215-217 and 219
27. Responsibilities and obligations of States sponsoring persons and entities with respect to activities in the Area, Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea, Advisory Opinion of 1 February 2011, paras. 121-137 and 141-163
RECOMMENDED READINGS (electronic format)
Legal instruments and documents
1. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985
2. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987
3. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989
4. Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, 1998
5. Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, 1998
6. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 2001
7. Compilation of key documents of the Antarctic Treaty system, Second edition (Buenos Aires : Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty) 2014
Legal writings (not reproduced)
8. Daniel Bodansky, “What Makes International Agreements Effective?”, World Health Organization, 1999
9. Daniel Bodansky, “Tale of Two Architectures: The Once and Future UN Climate Change Regime”, Arizona State University Law Journa, Vol. 43, 2011, pp. 697-712
10. Daniel Bodansky, “International Environmental Law,” from Robert Falkner, ed., Handbook of Global Climate and Environmental Policy, 2013, pp. 179-196
11. Daniel Bodansky, “Climate Change and Human Rights: Unpacking the Issues,” 38 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol. 38, 2010, pp. 511-524
12. Daniel Bodansky, “Legally-Binding vs. Non-Legally-Binding Instruments,” from Scott Barrett et al., eds., Towards a Workable and Effective Climate Regime, 2015, pp. 155-165
13. Bodansky and Lawrence, “Trade and Environment,” from Daniel Bethlehem, ed., Oxford Handbook of International Trade Law, 2009, pp. 505-538
14. Ronald Mitchell, “Regime Design Matters: International Oil Pollution and Treaty Compliance,” International Organization, Vol. 48, 1994, pp. 425-458
15. Peter Sand, “The Evolution of International Environmental Law,” from Bodansky, Brunnee and Hey, eds., The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 30-43
16. Peter Sand, “Lessons Learned in Global Environmental Governance,” Environmental Affairs, Vol. 18, 1991, pp. 213-277
17. Kal Raustiala, “The Participatory Revolution in International Environmental Law,” Harvard Environmental Law Review, Vol. 21,1997, pp. 537-586
18. Donald R. Rothwell, “Polar Environmental Protection and International Law: The 1991 Antarctic Protocol’, European Journal of International Law, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2000, pp. 591-614
19. Oran R. Young, “Governing International Spaces: Antarctica and Beyond”, Science Diplomacy: Antarctica, Science, and the Governance of International Spaces, Paul A. Berkman, Michael A. Lang, David W. H. Walton, and Oran R.Young, (eds), Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 2011, pp.287-294
20. Phil Tracey, “Twenty five years of the Protocol on Antarctic environmental protection”, Australian Antarctic Magazine, Issue 31, 2016, pp. 29-30
21. “The Antarctic Environmental Protocol, 1991-2011”, presented by ASOC at the Thirty-fourth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting - Fourteenth Committee on Environmental Protection Meeting, Buenos Aires, Argentina 20 Jun 2011 - 01 Jul 2011, Number IP089 rev.1, Agenda Item ATCM 18 ATCM 5 CEP 3.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1947 (now
incorporated into GATT 1994), article XX
UNTS, vol. 55, p. 188
Provided
Provided
Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
A/CONF.48/14 and Corr.1, 16 June 1972
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1, vol. 1, 3-14 June 1992
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
UNTS, vol. 1771, p. 165
UN
ITE
D N
AT
ION
S F
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ME
WO
RK
CO
NV
EN
TIO
N
ON
CL
IMA
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CH
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AT
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6222
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UN
ITE
D N
AT
ION
S F
RA
ME
WO
RK
CO
NV
EN
TIO
N
ON
CL
IMA
TE
CH
AN
GE
The
Par
ties
to th
is C
onve
ntio
n,
Ack
now
ledg
ing
that
cha
nge
in th
e E
arth
’s c
limat
e an
d its
adv
erse
eff
ects
are
a c
omm
on
conc
ern
of h
uman
kind
,
Con
cern
ed th
at h
uman
act
ivit
ies
have
bee
n su
bsta
ntia
lly
incr
easi
ng th
e at
mos
pher
ic
conc
entr
atio
ns o
f gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es, t
hat t
hese
incr
ease
s en
hanc
e th
e na
tura
l gre
enho
use
effe
ct,
and
that
this
will
res
ult o
n av
erag
e in
an
addi
tiona
l war
min
g of
the
Ear
th’s
sur
face
and
at
mos
pher
e an
d m
ay a
dver
sely
aff
ect n
atur
al e
cosy
stem
s an
d hu
man
kind
,
Not
ing
that
the
larg
est s
hare
of
hist
oric
al a
nd c
urre
nt g
loba
l em
issi
ons
of g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
has
orig
inat
ed in
dev
elop
ed c
ount
ries
, tha
t per
cap
ita e
mis
sion
s in
dev
elop
ing
coun
trie
s ar
e st
ill r
elat
ivel
y lo
w a
nd th
at th
e sh
are
of g
loba
l em
issi
ons
orig
inat
ing
in d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies
will
gr
ow to
mee
t the
ir s
ocia
l and
dev
elop
men
t nee
ds,
Aw
are
of th
e ro
le a
nd im
port
ance
in te
rres
tria
l and
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms
of s
inks
and
re
serv
oirs
of
gree
nhou
se g
ases
,
Not
ing
that
ther
e ar
e m
any
unce
rtai
ntie
s in
pre
dict
ions
of
clim
ate
chan
ge, p
artic
ular
ly
with
reg
ard
to th
e tim
ing,
mag
nitu
de a
nd r
egio
nal p
atte
rns
ther
eof,
Ack
now
ledg
ing
that
the
glob
al n
atur
e of
clim
ate
chan
ge c
alls
for
the
wid
est p
ossi
ble
coop
erat
ion
by a
ll co
untr
ies
and
thei
r pa
rtic
ipat
ion
in a
n ef
fect
ive
and
appr
opri
ate
inte
rnat
iona
l re
spon
se, i
n ac
cord
ance
with
thei
r co
mm
on b
ut d
iffe
rent
iate
d re
spon
sibi
litie
s an
d re
spec
tive
capa
bilit
ies
and
thei
r so
cial
and
eco
nom
ic c
ondi
tions
,
Rec
alli
ng th
e pe
rtin
ent p
rovi
sion
s of
the
Dec
lara
tion
of th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns C
onfe
renc
e on
the
Hum
an E
nvir
onm
ent,
adop
ted
at S
tock
holm
on
16 J
une
1972
,
Rec
alli
ng a
lso
that
Sta
tes
have
, in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith th
e C
hart
er o
f th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns a
nd
the
prin
cipl
es o
f in
tern
atio
nal l
aw, t
he s
over
eign
rig
ht to
exp
loit
thei
r ow
n re
sour
ces
purs
uant
to
thei
r ow
n en
viro
nmen
tal a
nd d
evel
opm
enta
l pol
icie
s, a
nd th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
to e
nsur
e th
at
activ
ities
with
in th
eir
juri
sdic
tion
or c
ontr
ol d
o no
t cau
se d
amag
e to
the
envi
ronm
ent o
f ot
her
Stat
es o
r of
are
as b
eyon
d th
e lim
its o
f na
tiona
l jur
isdi
ctio
n,
Rea
ffir
min
g th
e pr
inci
ple
of s
over
eign
ty o
f St
ates
in in
tern
atio
nal c
oope
ratio
n to
add
ress
cl
imat
e ch
ange
,
Rec
ogni
zing
that
Sta
tes
shou
ld e
nact
eff
ectiv
e en
viro
nmen
tal l
egis
latio
n, th
at
envi
ronm
enta
l sta
ndar
ds, m
anag
emen
t obj
ectiv
es a
nd p
rior
ities
sho
uld
refl
ect t
he e
nvir
onm
enta
l an
d de
velo
pmen
tal c
onte
xt to
whi
ch th
ey a
pply
, and
that
sta
ndar
ds a
pplie
d by
som
e co
untr
ies
may
be
inap
prop
riat
e an
d of
unw
arra
nted
eco
nom
ic a
nd s
ocia
l cos
t to
othe
r co
untr
ies,
in
part
icul
ar d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies,
- 2
-
Rec
alli
ng th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y re
solu
tion
44/2
28 o
f 22
Dec
embe
r 19
89
on th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns C
onfe
renc
e on
Env
iron
men
t and
Dev
elop
men
t, an
d re
solu
tions
43/
53
of 6
Dec
embe
r 19
88, 4
4/20
7 of
22
Dec
embe
r 19
89, 4
5/21
2 of
21
Dec
embe
r 19
90 a
nd 4
6/16
9 of
19
Dec
embe
r 19
91 o
n pr
otec
tion
of g
loba
l clim
ate
for
pres
ent a
nd f
utur
e ge
nera
tions
of
man
kind
, Rec
alli
ng a
lso
the
prov
isio
ns o
f G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
reso
lutio
n 44
/206
of
22 D
ecem
ber
1989
on
the
poss
ible
adv
erse
eff
ects
of
sea-
leve
l ris
e on
isla
nds
and
coas
tal
area
s, p
artic
ular
ly lo
w-l
ying
coa
stal
are
as a
nd th
e pe
rtin
ent p
rovi
sion
s of
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y re
solu
tion
44/1
72 o
f 19
Dec
embe
r 19
89 o
n th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e Pl
an o
f A
ctio
n to
C
omba
t Des
ertif
icat
ion,
Rec
alli
ng fu
rthe
r th
e V
ienn
a C
onve
ntio
n fo
r th
e Pr
otec
tion
of th
e O
zone
Lay
er, 1
985,
an
d th
e M
ontr
eal P
roto
col o
n Su
bsta
nces
that
Dep
lete
the
Ozo
ne L
ayer
, 198
7, a
s ad
just
ed a
nd
amen
ded
on 2
9 Ju
ne 1
990,
Not
ing
the
Min
iste
rial
Dec
lara
tion
of th
e Se
cond
Wor
ld C
limat
e C
onfe
renc
e ad
opte
d on
7 N
ovem
ber
1990
,
Con
scio
us o
f th
e va
luab
le a
naly
tical
wor
k be
ing
cond
ucte
d by
man
y St
ates
on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd o
f th
e im
port
ant c
ontr
ibut
ions
of
the
Wor
ld M
eteo
rolo
gica
l Org
aniz
atio
n, th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns E
nvir
onm
ent P
rogr
amm
e an
d ot
her
orga
ns, o
rgan
izat
ions
and
bod
ies
of th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns s
yste
m, a
s w
ell a
s ot
her
inte
rnat
iona
l and
inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l bod
ies,
to th
e ex
chan
ge o
f re
sults
of
scie
ntif
ic r
esea
rch
and
the
coor
dina
tion
of r
esea
rch,
Rec
ogni
zing
that
ste
ps r
equi
red
to u
nder
stan
d an
d ad
dres
s cl
imat
e ch
ange
will
be
envi
ronm
enta
lly,
soc
iall
y an
d ec
onom
ical
ly m
ost e
ffec
tive
if th
ey a
re b
ased
on
rele
vant
sc
ient
ific
, tec
hnic
al a
nd e
cono
mic
con
side
ratio
ns a
nd c
ontin
uall
y re
-eva
luat
ed in
the
light
of
new
fin
ding
s in
thes
e ar
eas,
Rec
ogni
zing
that
var
ious
act
ions
to a
ddre
ss c
limat
e ch
ange
can
be
just
ifie
d ec
onom
ical
ly
in th
eir
own
righ
t and
can
als
o he
lp in
sol
ving
oth
er e
nvir
onm
enta
l pro
blem
s,
Rec
ogni
zing
als
o th
e ne
ed f
or d
evel
oped
cou
ntri
es to
take
imm
edia
te a
ctio
n in
a f
lexi
ble
man
ner
on th
e ba
sis
of c
lear
pri
oriti
es, a
s a
firs
t ste
p to
war
ds c
ompr
ehen
sive
res
pons
e st
rate
gies
at
the
glob
al, n
atio
nal a
nd, w
here
agr
eed,
reg
iona
l lev
els
that
take
into
acc
ount
all
gree
nhou
se
gase
s, w
ith d
ue c
onsi
dera
tion
of th
eir
rela
tive
cont
ribu
tions
to th
e en
hanc
emen
t of
the
gree
nhou
se e
ffec
t,
Rec
ogni
zing
furt
her
that
low
-lyi
ng a
nd o
ther
sm
all i
slan
d co
untr
ies,
cou
ntri
es w
ith
low
-lyi
ng c
oast
al, a
rid
and
sem
i-ar
id a
reas
or
area
s lia
ble
to f
lood
s, d
roug
ht a
nd d
eser
tific
atio
n,
and
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ries
with
fra
gile
mou
ntai
nous
eco
syst
ems
are
part
icul
arly
vul
nera
ble
to th
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge,
Rec
ogni
zing
the
spec
ial d
iffi
culti
es o
f th
ose
coun
trie
s, e
spec
iall
y de
velo
ping
cou
ntri
es,
who
se e
cono
mie
s ar
e pa
rtic
ular
ly d
epen
dent
on
foss
il fu
el p
rodu
ctio
n, u
se a
nd e
xpor
tatio
n, a
s a
cons
eque
nce
of a
ctio
n ta
ken
on li
miti
ng g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons,
- 3
-
Aff
irm
ing
that
res
pons
es to
clim
ate
chan
ge s
houl
d be
coo
rdin
ated
with
soc
ial a
nd
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t in
an in
tegr
ated
man
ner
with
a v
iew
to a
void
ing
adve
rse
impa
cts
on
the
latte
r, ta
king
into
ful
l acc
ount
the
legi
timat
e pr
iori
ty n
eeds
of
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ries
for
the
achi
evem
ent o
f su
stai
ned
econ
omic
gro
wth
and
the
erad
icat
ion
of p
over
ty,
Rec
ogni
zing
that
all
coun
trie
s, e
spec
iall
y de
velo
ping
cou
ntri
es, n
eed
acce
ss to
res
ourc
es
requ
ired
to a
chie
ve s
usta
inab
le s
ocia
l and
eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent a
nd th
at, i
n or
der
for
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ries
to p
rogr
ess
tow
ards
that
goa
l, th
eir
ener
gy c
onsu
mpt
ion
will
nee
d to
gro
w
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e po
ssib
ilitie
s fo
r ac
hiev
ing
grea
ter
ener
gy e
ffic
ienc
y an
d fo
r co
ntro
lling
gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
issi
ons
in g
ener
al, i
nclu
ding
thro
ugh
the
appl
icat
ion
of n
ew te
chno
logi
es o
n te
rms
whi
ch m
ake
such
an
appl
icat
ion
econ
omic
ally
and
soc
iall
y be
nefi
cial
,
Det
erm
ined
to p
rote
ct th
e cl
imat
e sy
stem
for
pre
sent
and
fut
ure
gene
ratio
ns,
Hav
e ag
reed
as
follo
ws:
Art
icle
1
DE
FIN
ITIO
NS*
For
the
purp
oses
of
this
Con
vent
ion:
1.“A
dver
se e
ffec
ts o
f cl
imat
e ch
ange
” m
eans
cha
nges
in th
e ph
ysic
al e
nvir
onm
ent o
r bi
ota
resu
lting
fro
m c
limat
e ch
ange
whi
ch h
ave
sign
ific
ant d
elet
erio
us e
ffec
ts o
n th
e co
mpo
sitio
n,
resi
lienc
e or
pro
duct
ivit
y of
nat
ural
and
man
aged
eco
syst
ems
or o
n th
e op
erat
ion
of
soci
o-ec
onom
ic s
yste
ms
or o
n hu
man
hea
lth a
nd w
elfa
re.
2.“C
limat
e ch
ange
” m
eans
a c
hang
e of
clim
ate
whi
ch is
attr
ibut
ed d
irec
tly
or in
dire
ctly
tohu
man
act
ivit
y th
at a
lters
the
com
posi
tion
of th
e gl
obal
atm
osph
ere
and
whi
ch is
in a
dditi
on to
na
tura
l clim
ate
vari
abili
ty o
bser
ved
over
com
para
ble
time
peri
ods.
3.“C
limat
e sy
stem
” m
eans
the
tota
lity
of th
e at
mos
pher
e, h
ydro
sphe
re, b
iosp
here
and
geos
pher
e an
d th
eir
inte
ract
ions
.
4.“E
mis
sion
s” m
eans
the
rele
ase
of g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
and/
or th
eir
prec
urso
rs in
to th
eat
mos
pher
e ov
er a
spe
cifi
ed a
rea
and
peri
od o
f tim
e.
5.“G
reen
hous
e ga
ses”
mea
ns th
ose
gase
ous
cons
titue
nts
of th
e at
mos
pher
e, b
oth
natu
ral
and
anth
ropo
geni
c, th
at a
bsor
b an
d re
-em
it in
frar
ed r
adia
tion.
6.“R
egio
nal e
cono
mic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tion”
mea
ns a
n or
gani
zatio
n co
nsti
tute
d by
sove
reig
n St
ates
of
a gi
ven
regi
on w
hich
has
com
pete
nce
in r
espe
ct o
f m
atte
rs g
over
ned
by th
is
Con
vent
ion
or it
s pr
otoc
ols
and
has
been
dul
y au
thor
ized
, in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith it
s in
tern
al
proc
edur
es, t
o si
gn, r
atif
y, a
ccep
t, ap
prov
e or
acc
ede
to th
e in
stru
men
ts c
once
rned
.
*T
itles
of
artic
les
are
incl
uded
sol
ely
to a
ssis
t the
rea
der.
- 4
-
7.“R
eser
voir
” m
eans
a c
ompo
nent
or
com
pone
nts
of th
e cl
imat
e sy
stem
whe
re a
gree
nhou
se g
as o
r a
prec
urso
r of
a g
reen
hous
e ga
s is
sto
red.
8.“S
ink”
mea
ns a
ny p
roce
ss, a
ctiv
ity
or m
echa
nism
whi
ch r
emov
es a
gre
enho
use
gas,
an
aero
sol o
r a
prec
urso
r of
a g
reen
hous
e ga
s fr
om th
e at
mos
pher
e.
9.“S
ourc
e” m
eans
any
pro
cess
or
activ
ity
whi
ch r
elea
ses
a gr
eenh
ouse
gas
, an
aero
sol o
r a
prec
urso
r of
a g
reen
hous
e ga
s in
to th
e at
mos
pher
e.
Art
icle
2
OB
JEC
TIV
E
The
ulti
mat
e ob
ject
ive
of th
is C
onve
ntio
n an
d an
y re
late
d le
gal i
nstr
umen
ts th
at th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
may
ado
pt is
to a
chie
ve, i
n ac
cord
ance
with
the
rele
vant
pro
visi
ons
of
the
Con
vent
ion,
sta
biliz
atio
n of
gre
enho
use
gas
conc
entr
atio
ns in
the
atm
osph
ere
at a
leve
l tha
t w
ould
pre
vent
dan
gero
us a
nthr
opog
enic
inte
rfer
ence
with
the
clim
ate
syst
em.
Such
a le
vel
shou
ld b
e ac
hiev
ed w
ithin
a ti
me
fram
e su
ffic
ient
to a
llow
eco
syst
ems
to a
dapt
nat
ural
ly to
cl
imat
e ch
ange
, to
ensu
re th
at f
ood
prod
uctio
n is
not
thre
aten
ed a
nd to
ena
ble
econ
omic
de
velo
pmen
t to
proc
eed
in a
sus
tain
able
man
ner.
Art
icle
3
PR
INC
IPL
ES
In th
eir
actio
ns to
ach
ieve
the
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion
and
to im
plem
ent i
ts
prov
isio
ns, t
he P
artie
s sh
all b
e gu
ided
, int
er a
lia, b
y th
e fo
llow
ing:
1.T
he P
artie
s sh
ould
pro
tect
the
clim
ate
syst
em f
or th
e be
nefi
t of
pres
ent a
nd f
utur
ege
nera
tions
of
hum
anki
nd, o
n th
e ba
sis
of e
quit
y an
d in
acc
orda
nce
with
thei
r co
mm
on b
ut
diff
eren
tiate
d re
spon
sibi
litie
s an
d re
spec
tive
capa
bilit
ies.
Acc
ordi
ngly
, the
dev
elop
ed c
ount
ry
Part
ies
shou
ld ta
ke th
e le
ad in
com
batin
g cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
the
adve
rse
effe
cts
ther
eof.
2.T
he s
peci
fic
need
s an
d sp
ecia
l cir
cum
stan
ces
of d
evel
opin
g co
untr
y Pa
rtie
s, e
spec
iall
yth
ose
that
are
par
ticul
arly
vul
nera
ble
to th
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge, a
nd o
f th
ose
Part
ies,
esp
ecia
lly
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
artie
s, th
at w
ould
hav
e to
bea
r a
disp
ropo
rtio
nate
or
abno
rmal
bur
den
unde
r th
e C
onve
ntio
n, s
houl
d be
giv
en f
ull c
onsi
dera
tion.
3.T
he P
artie
s sh
ould
take
pre
caut
iona
ry m
easu
res
to a
ntic
ipat
e, p
reve
nt o
r m
inim
ize
the
caus
es o
f cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
miti
gate
its
adve
rse
effe
cts.
Whe
re th
ere
are
thre
ats
of s
erio
us o
r ir
reve
rsib
le d
amag
e, la
ck o
f fu
ll sc
ient
ific
cer
tain
ty s
houl
d no
t be
used
as
a re
ason
for
pos
tpon
ing
such
mea
sure
s, ta
king
into
acc
ount
that
pol
icie
s an
d m
easu
res
to d
eal w
ith c
limat
e ch
ange
sho
uld
be c
ost-
effe
ctiv
e so
as
to e
nsur
e gl
obal
ben
efits
at t
he lo
wes
t pos
sibl
e co
st.
To
achi
eve
this
, su
ch p
olic
ies
and
mea
sure
s sh
ould
take
into
acc
ount
dif
fere
nt s
ocio
-eco
nom
ic c
onte
xts,
be
com
preh
ensi
ve, c
over
all
rele
vant
sou
rces
, sin
ks a
nd r
eser
voir
s of
gre
enho
use
gase
s an
d ad
apta
tion,
and
com
pris
e al
l eco
nom
ic s
ecto
rs.
Eff
orts
to a
ddre
ss c
limat
e ch
ange
may
be
carr
ied
out c
oope
rativ
ely
by in
tere
sted
Par
ties.
- 5
-
4.T
he P
artie
s ha
ve a
rig
ht to
, and
sho
uld,
pro
mot
e su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t. P
olic
ies
and
mea
sure
s to
pro
tect
the
clim
ate
syst
em a
gain
st h
uman
-ind
uced
cha
nge
shou
ld b
e ap
prop
riat
e fo
r th
e sp
ecif
ic c
ondi
tions
of
each
Par
ty a
nd s
houl
d be
inte
grat
ed w
ith n
atio
nal d
evel
opm
ent
prog
ram
mes
, tak
ing
into
acc
ount
that
eco
nom
ic d
evel
opm
ent i
s es
sent
ial f
or a
dopt
ing
mea
sure
s to
add
ress
clim
ate
chan
ge.
5.T
he P
artie
s sh
ould
coo
pera
te to
pro
mot
e a
supp
ortiv
e an
d op
en in
tern
atio
nal e
cono
mic
syst
em th
at w
ould
lead
to s
usta
inab
le e
cono
mic
gro
wth
and
dev
elop
men
t in
all P
artie
s,
part
icul
arly
dev
elop
ing
coun
try
Part
ies,
thus
ena
blin
g th
em b
ette
r to
add
ress
the
prob
lem
s of
cl
imat
e ch
ange
. M
easu
res
take
n to
com
bat c
limat
e ch
ange
, inc
ludi
ng u
nila
tera
l one
s, s
houl
d no
t co
nstit
ute
a m
eans
of
arbi
trar
y or
unj
ustif
iabl
e di
scri
min
atio
n or
a d
isgu
ised
res
tric
tion
on
inte
rnat
iona
l tra
de.
Art
icle
4
CO
MM
ITM
EN
TS
1.A
ll Pa
rtie
s, ta
king
into
acc
ount
thei
r co
mm
on b
ut d
iffe
rent
iate
d re
spon
sibi
litie
s an
d th
eir
spec
ific
nat
iona
l and
reg
iona
l dev
elop
men
t pri
oriti
es, o
bjec
tives
and
cir
cum
stan
ces,
sha
ll:
(a)
Dev
elop
, per
iodi
call
y up
date
, pub
lish
and
mak
e av
aila
ble
to th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
th
e Pa
rtie
s, in
acc
orda
nce
with
Art
icle
12,
nat
iona
l inv
ento
ries
of
anth
ropo
geni
c em
issi
ons
by
sour
ces
and
rem
oval
s by
sin
ks o
f al
l gre
enho
use
gase
s no
t con
trol
led
by th
e M
ontr
eal P
roto
col,
usin
g co
mpa
rabl
e m
etho
dolo
gies
to b
e ag
reed
upo
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s;
(b)
Form
ulat
e, im
plem
ent,
publ
ish
and
regu
larl
y up
date
nat
iona
l and
, whe
re
appr
opri
ate,
reg
iona
l pro
gram
mes
con
tain
ing
mea
sure
s to
mit
igat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
by
addr
essi
ng a
nthr
opog
enic
em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es a
nd r
emov
als
by s
inks
of
all g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
not c
ontr
olle
d by
the
Mon
trea
l Pro
toco
l, an
d m
easu
res
to f
acili
tate
ade
quat
e ad
apta
tion
to
clim
ate
chan
ge;
(c)
Prom
ote
and
coop
erat
e in
the
deve
lopm
ent,
appl
icat
ion
and
diff
usio
n,
incl
udin
g tr
ansf
er, o
f te
chno
logi
es, p
ract
ices
and
pro
cess
es th
at c
ontr
ol, r
educ
e or
pre
vent
an
thro
poge
nic
emis
sion
s of
gre
enho
use
gase
s no
t con
trol
led
by th
e M
ontr
eal P
roto
col i
n al
l re
leva
nt s
ecto
rs, i
nclu
ding
the
ener
gy, t
rans
port
, ind
ustr
y, a
gric
ultu
re, f
ores
try
and
was
te
man
agem
ent s
ecto
rs;
(d)
Prom
ote
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent,
and
prom
ote
and
coop
erat
e in
the
cons
erva
tion
and
enha
ncem
ent,
as a
ppro
pria
te, o
f si
nks
and
rese
rvoi
rs o
f al
l gre
enho
use
gase
s no
t con
trol
led
by th
e M
ontr
eal P
roto
col,
incl
udin
g bi
omas
s, f
ores
ts a
nd o
cean
s as
wel
l as
othe
r te
rres
tria
l, co
asta
l and
mar
ine
ecos
yste
ms;
(e)
Coo
pera
te in
pre
pari
ng f
or a
dapt
atio
n to
the
impa
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
; dev
elop
an
d el
abor
ate
appr
opri
ate
and
inte
grat
ed p
lans
for
coa
stal
zon
e m
anag
emen
t, w
ater
res
ourc
es a
nd
agri
cultu
re, a
nd f
or th
e pr
otec
tion
and
reha
bilit
atio
n of
are
as, p
artic
ular
ly in
Afr
ica,
aff
ecte
d by
dr
ough
t and
des
ertif
icat
ion,
as
wel
l as
floo
ds;
- 6
-
(f)
Tak
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
con
side
ratio
ns in
to a
ccou
nt, t
o th
e ex
tent
fea
sibl
e, in
thei
r re
leva
nt s
ocia
l, ec
onom
ic a
nd e
nvir
onm
enta
l pol
icie
s an
d ac
tions
, and
em
ploy
app
ropr
iate
m
etho
ds, f
or e
xam
ple
impa
ct a
sses
smen
ts, f
orm
ulat
ed a
nd d
eter
min
ed n
atio
nall
y, w
ith a
vie
w
to m
inim
izin
g ad
vers
e ef
fect
s on
the
econ
omy,
on
publ
ic h
ealth
and
on
the
qual
ity
of
the
envi
ronm
ent,
of p
roje
cts
or m
easu
res
unde
rtak
en b
y th
em to
miti
gate
or
adap
t to
clim
ate
chan
ge; (g
) Pr
omot
e an
d co
oper
ate
in s
cien
tific
, tec
hnol
ogic
al, t
echn
ical
, soc
io-e
cono
mic
and
ot
her
rese
arch
, sys
tem
atic
obs
erva
tion
and
deve
lopm
ent o
f da
ta a
rchi
ves
rela
ted
to th
e cl
imat
e sy
stem
and
inte
nded
to f
urth
er th
e un
ders
tand
ing
and
to r
educ
e or
elim
inat
e th
e re
mai
ning
un
cert
aint
ies
rega
rdin
g th
e ca
uses
, eff
ects
, mag
nitu
de a
nd ti
min
g of
cli
mat
e ch
ange
and
the
econ
omic
and
soc
ial c
onse
quen
ces
of v
ario
us r
espo
nse
stra
tegi
es;
(h)
Prom
ote
and
coop
erat
e in
the
full,
ope
n an
d pr
ompt
exc
hang
e of
rel
evan
t sc
ient
ific
, tec
hnol
ogic
al, t
echn
ical
, soc
io-e
cono
mic
and
lega
l inf
orm
atio
n re
late
d to
the
clim
ate
syst
em a
nd c
limat
e ch
ange
, and
to th
e ec
onom
ic a
nd s
ocia
l con
sequ
ence
s of
var
ious
res
pons
e st
rate
gies
;
(i)
Prom
ote
and
coop
erat
e in
edu
catio
n, tr
aini
ng a
nd p
ublic
aw
aren
ess
rela
ted
to
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd e
ncou
rage
the
wid
est p
artic
ipat
ion
in th
is p
roce
ss, i
nclu
ding
that
of
non-
gove
rnm
enta
l org
aniz
atio
ns; a
nd
(j)
Com
mun
icat
e to
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s in
form
atio
n re
late
d to
im
plem
enta
tion,
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith A
rtic
le 1
2.
2.T
he d
evel
oped
cou
ntry
Par
ties
and
othe
r Pa
rtie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
com
mit
them
selv
essp
ecif
ical
ly a
s pr
ovid
ed f
or in
the
follo
win
g:
(a)
Eac
h of
thes
e Pa
rtie
s sh
all a
dopt
nat
iona
l1 pol
icie
s an
d ta
ke c
orre
spon
ding
m
easu
res
on th
e m
itiga
tion
of c
limat
e ch
ange
, by
limiti
ng it
s an
thro
poge
nic
emis
sion
s of
gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es a
nd p
rote
ctin
g an
d en
hanc
ing
its g
reen
hous
e ga
s si
nks
and
rese
rvoi
rs.
The
se
polic
ies
and
mea
sure
s w
ill d
emon
stra
te th
at d
evel
oped
cou
ntri
es a
re ta
king
the
lead
in m
odif
ying
lo
nger
-ter
m tr
ends
in a
nthr
opog
enic
em
issi
ons
cons
iste
nt w
ith th
e ob
ject
ive
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n,
reco
gniz
ing
that
the
retu
rn b
y th
e en
d of
the
pres
ent d
ecad
e to
ear
lier
leve
ls o
f an
thro
poge
nic
emis
sion
s of
car
bon
diox
ide
and
othe
r gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es n
ot c
ontr
olle
d by
the
Mon
trea
l Pro
toco
l w
ould
con
trib
ute
to s
uch
mod
ific
atio
n, a
nd ta
king
into
acc
ount
the
diff
eren
ces
in th
ese
Part
ies’
st
artin
g po
ints
and
app
roac
hes,
eco
nom
ic s
truc
ture
s an
d re
sour
ce b
ases
, the
nee
d to
mai
ntai
n st
rong
and
sus
tain
able
eco
nom
ic g
row
th, a
vaila
ble
tech
nolo
gies
and
oth
er in
divi
dual
ci
rcum
stan
ces,
as
wel
l as
the
need
for
equ
itabl
e an
d ap
prop
riat
e co
ntri
butio
ns b
y ea
ch o
f th
ese
Part
ies
to th
e gl
obal
eff
ort r
egar
ding
that
obj
ectiv
e. T
hese
Par
ties
may
impl
emen
t suc
h po
licie
s an
d m
easu
res
join
tly
with
oth
er P
artie
s an
d m
ay a
ssis
t oth
er P
artie
s in
con
trib
utin
g to
the
achi
evem
ent o
f th
e ob
ject
ive
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d, in
par
ticul
ar, t
hat o
f th
is
subp
arag
raph
;
1 Thi
s in
clud
es p
olic
ies
and
mea
sure
s ad
opte
d by
reg
iona
l eco
nom
ic in
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
ns.
- 7
-
(b)
In o
rder
to p
rom
ote
prog
ress
to th
is e
nd, e
ach
of th
ese
Part
ies
shal
l com
mun
icat
e,
with
in s
ix m
onth
s of
the
entr
y in
to f
orce
of
the
Con
vent
ion
for
it an
d pe
riod
ical
ly th
erea
fter
, and
in
acc
orda
nce
with
Art
icle
12,
det
aile
d in
form
atio
n on
its
polic
ies
and
mea
sure
s re
ferr
ed to
in
subp
arag
raph
(a)
abo
ve, a
s w
ell a
s on
its
resu
lting
pro
ject
ed a
nthr
opog
enic
em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es
and
rem
oval
s by
sin
ks o
f gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es n
ot c
ontr
olle
d by
the
Mon
trea
l Pro
toco
l for
the
peri
od r
efer
red
to in
sub
para
grap
h (a
), w
ith th
e ai
m o
f re
turn
ing
indi
vidu
ally
or
join
tly
to
thei
r 19
90 le
vels
thes
e an
thro
poge
nic
emis
sion
s of
car
bon
diox
ide
and
othe
r gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es
not c
ontr
olle
d by
the
Mon
trea
l Pro
toco
l. T
his
info
rmat
ion
will
be
revi
ewed
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of
the
Par
ties,
at i
ts f
irst
ses
sion
and
per
iodi
call
y th
erea
fter
, in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
Art
icle
7;
(c)
Cal
cula
tions
of
emis
sion
s by
sou
rces
and
rem
oval
s by
sin
ks o
f gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es
for
the
purp
oses
of
subp
arag
raph
(b)
abo
ve s
houl
d ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt th
e be
st a
vaila
ble
scie
ntif
ic
know
ledg
e, in
clud
ing
of th
e ef
fect
ive
capa
city
of
sink
s an
d th
e re
spec
tive
cont
ribu
tions
of
such
ga
ses
to c
limat
e ch
ange
. T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
shal
l con
side
r an
d ag
ree
on
met
hodo
logi
es f
or th
ese
calc
ulat
ions
at i
ts f
irst
ses
sion
and
rev
iew
them
reg
ular
ly th
erea
fter
;
(d)
The
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s sh
all,
at it
s fi
rst s
essi
on, r
evie
w th
e ad
equa
cy o
f su
bpar
agra
phs
(a)
and
(b)
abov
e. S
uch
revi
ew s
hall
be c
arri
ed o
ut in
the
light
of
the
best
av
aila
ble
scie
ntif
ic in
form
atio
n an
d as
sess
men
t on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd it
s im
pact
s, a
s w
ell a
s re
leva
nt te
chni
cal,
soci
al a
nd e
cono
mic
info
rmat
ion.
Bas
ed o
n th
is r
evie
w, t
he C
onfe
renc
e of
th
e Pa
rtie
s sh
all t
ake
appr
opri
ate
actio
n, w
hich
may
incl
ude
the
adop
tion
of a
men
dmen
ts to
the
com
mitm
ents
in s
ubpa
ragr
aphs
(a)
and
(b)
abo
ve.
The
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s, a
t its
fir
st
sess
ion,
sha
ll al
so ta
ke d
ecis
ions
reg
ardi
ng c
rite
ria
for
join
t im
plem
enta
tion
as in
dica
ted
in
subp
arag
raph
(a)
abo
ve.
A s
econ
d re
view
of
subp
arag
raph
s (a
) an
d (b
) sh
all t
ake
plac
e no
t lat
er
than
31
Dec
embe
r 19
98, a
nd th
erea
fter
at r
egul
ar in
terv
als
dete
rmin
ed b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies,
unt
il th
e ob
ject
ive
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n is
met
;
(e)
Eac
h of
thes
e P
artie
s sh
all:
(i)
coor
dina
te a
s ap
prop
riat
e w
ith o
ther
suc
h Pa
rtie
s, r
elev
ant e
cono
mic
and
ad
min
istr
ativ
e in
stru
men
ts d
evel
oped
to a
chie
ve th
e ob
ject
ive
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n; a
nd
(ii)
id
entif
y an
d pe
riod
ical
ly r
evie
w it
s ow
n po
licie
s an
d pr
actic
es w
hich
en
cour
age
activ
ities
that
lead
to g
reat
er le
vels
of
anth
ropo
geni
c em
issi
ons
of g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
not c
ontr
olle
d by
the
Mon
trea
l Pro
toco
l tha
n w
ould
ot
herw
ise
occu
r;
(f)
The
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s sh
all r
evie
w, n
ot la
ter
than
31
Dec
embe
r 19
98,
avai
labl
e in
form
atio
n w
ith
a vi
ew to
taki
ng d
ecis
ions
reg
ardi
ng s
uch
amen
dmen
ts to
the
lists
in
Ann
exes
I a
nd I
I as
may
be
appr
opri
ate,
with
the
appr
oval
of
the
Part
y co
ncer
ned;
(g)
Any
Par
ty n
ot in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
may
, in
its in
stru
men
t of
ratif
icat
ion,
ac
cept
ance
, app
rova
l or
acce
ssio
n, o
r at
any
tim
e th
erea
fter
, not
ify
the
Dep
osita
ry th
at it
inte
nds
to b
e bo
und
by s
ubpa
ragr
aphs
(a)
and
(b)
abo
ve.
The
Dep
osita
ry s
hall
info
rm th
e ot
her
sign
ator
ies
and
Part
ies
of a
ny s
uch
notif
icat
ion.
- 8
-
3.T
he d
evel
oped
cou
ntry
Par
ties
and
othe
r de
velo
ped
Part
ies
incl
uded
in A
nnex
II
shal
lpr
ovid
e ne
w a
nd a
dditi
onal
fin
anci
al r
esou
rces
to m
eet t
he a
gree
d fu
ll co
sts
incu
rred
by
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
arti
es in
com
plyi
ng w
ith th
eir
oblig
atio
ns u
nder
Art
icle
12,
par
agra
ph 1
. T
hey
shal
l als
o pr
ovid
e su
ch f
inan
cial
res
ourc
es, i
nclu
ding
for
the
tran
sfer
of
tech
nolo
gy, n
eede
d by
the
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
artie
s to
mee
t the
agr
eed
full
incr
emen
tal c
osts
of
impl
emen
ting
mea
sure
s th
at a
re c
over
ed b
y pa
ragr
aph
1 of
this
Art
icle
and
that
are
agr
eed
betw
een
a de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
Par
ty a
nd th
e in
tern
atio
nal e
ntit
y or
ent
ities
ref
erre
d to
in A
rtic
le 1
1, in
ac
cord
ance
with
that
Art
icle
. T
he im
plem
enta
tion
of th
ese
com
mitm
ents
sha
ll ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt
the
need
for
ade
quac
y an
d pr
edic
tabi
lity
in th
e fl
ow o
f fu
nds
and
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f ap
prop
riat
e bu
rden
sha
ring
am
ong
the
deve
lope
d co
untr
y Pa
rtie
s.
4.T
he d
evel
oped
cou
ntry
Par
ties
and
othe
r de
velo
ped
Part
ies
incl
uded
in A
nnex
II
shal
lal
so a
ssis
t the
dev
elop
ing
coun
try
Par
ties
that
are
par
ticul
arly
vul
nera
ble
to th
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s of
cl
imat
e ch
ange
in m
eetin
g co
sts
of a
dapt
atio
n to
thos
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s.
5.T
he d
evel
oped
cou
ntry
Par
ties
and
othe
r de
velo
ped
Part
ies
incl
uded
in A
nnex
II
shal
lta
ke a
ll pr
actic
able
ste
ps to
pro
mot
e, f
acili
tate
and
fin
ance
, as
appr
opri
ate,
the
tran
sfer
of,
or
acce
ss to
, env
iron
men
tall
y so
und
tech
nolo
gies
and
kno
w-h
ow to
oth
er P
arti
es, p
artic
ular
ly
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
arti
es, t
o en
able
them
to im
plem
ent t
he p
rovi
sion
s of
the
Con
vent
ion.
In
this
pro
cess
, the
dev
elop
ed c
ount
ry P
artie
s sh
all s
uppo
rt th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
enh
ance
men
t of
endo
geno
us c
apac
ities
and
tech
nolo
gies
of
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
artie
s. O
ther
Par
ties
and
orga
niza
tions
in a
pos
ition
to d
o so
may
als
o as
sist
in f
acili
tatin
g th
e tr
ansf
er o
f su
ch
tech
nolo
gies
.
6.In
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
thei
r co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
par
agra
ph 2
abo
ve, a
cer
tain
deg
ree
offl
exib
ility
sha
ll be
allo
wed
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
the
Part
ies
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I
unde
rgoi
ng th
e pr
oces
s of
tran
sitio
n to
a m
arke
t eco
nom
y, in
ord
er to
enh
ance
the
abili
ty o
f th
ese
Part
ies
to a
ddre
ss c
limat
e ch
ange
, inc
ludi
ng w
ith r
egar
d to
the
hist
oric
al le
vel o
f an
thro
poge
nic
emis
sion
s of
gre
enho
use
gase
s no
t con
trol
led
by th
e M
ontr
eal P
roto
col c
hose
n as
a r
efer
ence
.
7.T
he e
xten
t to
whi
ch d
evel
opin
g co
untr
y Pa
rtie
s w
ill e
ffec
tivel
y im
plem
ent t
heir
com
mitm
ents
und
er th
e C
onve
ntio
n w
ill d
epen
d on
the
effe
ctiv
e im
plem
enta
tion
by d
evel
oped
co
untr
y P
artie
s of
thei
r co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion
rela
ted
to f
inan
cial
res
ourc
es a
nd
tran
sfer
of
tech
nolo
gy a
nd w
ill ta
ke f
ully
into
acc
ount
that
eco
nom
ic a
nd s
ocia
l dev
elop
men
t and
po
vert
y er
adic
atio
n ar
e th
e fi
rst a
nd o
verr
idin
g pr
iori
ties
of th
e de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
Par
ties.
8.In
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
com
mitm
ents
in th
is A
rtic
le, t
he P
artie
s sh
all g
ive
full
cons
ider
atio
n to
wha
t act
ions
are
nec
essa
ry u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion,
incl
udin
g ac
tions
rel
ated
to
fund
ing,
insu
ranc
e an
d th
e tr
ansf
er o
f te
chno
logy
, to
mee
t the
spe
cifi
c ne
eds
and
conc
erns
of
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
arti
es a
risi
ng f
rom
the
adve
rse
effe
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
and
/or
the
impa
ct
of th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of r
espo
nse
mea
sure
s, e
spec
iall
y on
:
(a)
Smal
l isl
and
coun
trie
s;
(b)
Cou
ntri
es w
ith lo
w-l
ying
coa
stal
are
as;
(c)
Cou
ntri
es w
ith a
rid
and
sem
i-ar
id a
reas
, for
este
d ar
eas
and
area
s lia
ble
to f
ores
t de
cay;
- 9
-
(d)
Cou
ntri
es w
ith a
reas
pro
ne to
nat
ural
dis
aste
rs;
(e)
Cou
ntri
es w
ith a
reas
liab
le to
dro
ught
and
des
ertif
icat
ion;
(f)
Cou
ntri
es w
ith a
reas
of
high
urb
an a
tmos
pher
ic p
ollu
tion;
(g)
Cou
ntri
es w
ith a
reas
wit
h fr
agile
eco
syst
ems,
incl
udin
g m
ount
aino
us e
cosy
stem
s;
(h)
Cou
ntri
es w
hose
eco
nom
ies
are
high
ly d
epen
dent
on
inco
me
gene
rate
d fr
om th
e pr
oduc
tion,
pro
cess
ing
and
expo
rt, a
nd/o
r on
con
sum
ptio
n of
fos
sil f
uels
and
ass
ocia
ted
ener
gy-i
nten
sive
pro
duct
s; a
nd
(i)
Lan
dloc
ked
and
tran
sit c
ount
ries
.
Furt
her,
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e P
artie
s m
ay ta
ke a
ctio
ns, a
s ap
prop
riat
e, w
ith
resp
ect t
o th
is
para
grap
h.
9.T
he P
artie
s sh
all t
ake
full
acc
ount
of
the
spec
ific
nee
ds a
nd s
peci
al s
ituat
ions
of
the
leas
tde
velo
ped
coun
trie
s in
thei
r ac
tions
with
reg
ard
to f
undi
ng a
nd tr
ansf
er o
f te
chno
logy
.
10.
The
Par
ties
shal
l, in
acc
orda
nce
with
Art
icle
10,
take
into
con
side
ratio
n in
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
com
mitm
ents
of
the
Con
vent
ion
the
situ
atio
n of
Par
ties,
par
ticul
arly
de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
Par
ties
, with
eco
nom
ies
that
are
vul
nera
ble
to th
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s of
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
mea
sure
s to
res
pond
to c
limat
e ch
ange
. T
his
appl
ies
nota
bly
to P
artie
s w
ith
econ
omie
s th
at a
re h
ighl
y de
pend
ent o
n in
com
e ge
nera
ted
from
the
prod
uctio
n, p
roce
ssin
g an
d ex
port
, and
/or
cons
umpt
ion
of f
ossi
l fue
ls a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d en
ergy
-int
ensi
ve p
rodu
cts
and/
or th
e us
e of
fos
sil f
uels
for
whi
ch s
uch
Part
ies
have
ser
ious
dif
ficu
lties
in s
witc
hing
to a
ltern
ativ
es.
Art
icle
5
RE
SEA
RC
H A
ND
SY
STE
MA
TIC
OB
SER
VA
TIO
N
In c
arry
ing
out t
heir
com
mitm
ents
und
er A
rtic
le 4
, par
agra
ph 1
(g)
, the
Par
ties
shal
l:
(a)
Supp
ort a
nd f
urth
er d
evel
op, a
s ap
prop
riat
e, in
tern
atio
nal a
nd in
terg
over
nmen
tal
prog
ram
mes
and
net
wor
ks o
r or
gani
zatio
ns a
imed
at d
efin
ing,
con
duct
ing,
ass
essi
ng a
nd
fina
ncin
g re
sear
ch, d
ata
colle
ctio
n an
d sy
stem
atic
obs
erva
tion,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e ne
ed to
m
inim
ize
dupl
icat
ion
of e
ffor
t;
(b)
Supp
ort i
nter
natio
nal a
nd in
terg
over
nmen
tal e
ffor
ts to
str
engt
hen
syst
emat
ic
obse
rvat
ion
and
natio
nal s
cien
tific
and
tech
nica
l res
earc
h ca
paci
ties
and
capa
bilit
ies,
par
ticul
arly
in
dev
elop
ing
coun
trie
s, a
nd to
pro
mot
e ac
cess
to, a
nd th
e ex
chan
ge o
f, d
ata
and
anal
yses
ther
eof
obta
ined
fro
m a
reas
bey
ond
natio
nal j
uris
dict
ion;
and
(c)
Tak
e in
to a
ccou
nt th
e pa
rtic
ular
con
cern
s an
d ne
eds
of d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies
and
coop
erat
e in
impr
ovin
g th
eir
endo
geno
us c
apac
ities
and
cap
abili
ties
to p
artic
ipat
e in
the
effo
rts
refe
rred
to in
sub
para
grap
hs (
a) a
nd (
b) a
bove
.
- 10
-
Art
icle
6
ED
UC
AT
ION
, TR
AIN
ING
AN
D P
UB
LIC
AW
AR
EN
ESS
In c
arry
ing
out t
heir
com
mitm
ents
und
er A
rtic
le 4
, par
agra
ph 1
(i)
, the
Par
ties
shal
l:
(a)
Prom
ote
and
faci
litat
e at
the
natio
nal a
nd, a
s ap
prop
riat
e, s
ubre
gion
al a
nd r
egio
nal
leve
ls, a
nd in
acc
orda
nce
with
nat
iona
l law
s an
d re
gula
tions
, and
with
in th
eir
resp
ectiv
e ca
paci
ties
:
(i)
the
deve
lopm
ent a
nd im
plem
enta
tion
of e
duca
tiona
l and
pub
lic a
war
enes
s pr
ogra
mm
es o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
its
effe
cts;
(ii)
pu
blic
acc
ess
to in
form
atio
n on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd it
s ef
fect
s;
(iii)
pu
blic
par
ticip
atio
n in
add
ress
ing
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd it
s ef
fect
s an
d de
velo
ping
ade
quat
e re
spon
ses;
and
(iv)
tr
aini
ng o
f sc
ient
ific
, tec
hnic
al a
nd m
anag
eria
l per
sonn
el;
(b)
Coo
pera
te in
and
pro
mot
e, a
t the
inte
rnat
iona
l lev
el, a
nd, w
here
app
ropr
iate
, usi
ng
exis
ting
bodi
es: (i)
the
deve
lopm
ent a
nd e
xcha
nge
of e
duca
tiona
l and
pub
lic a
war
enes
s m
ater
ial o
n cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
its
effe
cts;
and
(ii)
th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
edu
catio
n an
d tr
aini
ng
prog
ram
mes
, inc
ludi
ng th
e st
reng
then
ing
of n
atio
nal i
nstit
utio
ns a
nd th
e ex
chan
ge o
r se
cond
men
t of
pers
onne
l to
trai
n ex
pert
s in
this
fie
ld, i
n pa
rtic
ular
for
dev
elop
ing
coun
trie
s.
Art
icle
7
CO
NF
ER
EN
CE
OF
TH
E P
AR
TIE
S
1.A
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s is
her
eby
esta
blis
hed.
2.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies,
as
the
supr
eme
body
of
this
Con
vent
ion,
sha
ll ke
ep u
nder
regu
lar
revi
ew th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d an
y re
late
d le
gal i
nstr
umen
ts th
at th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
may
ado
pt, a
nd s
hall
mak
e, w
ithin
its
man
date
, the
dec
isio
ns n
eces
sary
to
pro
mot
e th
e ef
fect
ive
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Con
vent
ion.
To
this
end
, it s
hall:
(a)
Peri
odic
ally
exa
min
e th
e ob
ligat
ions
of
the
Part
ies
and
the
inst
itutio
nal
arra
ngem
ents
und
er th
e C
onve
ntio
n, in
the
light
of
the
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion,
the
expe
rien
ce g
aine
d in
its
impl
emen
tatio
n an
d th
e ev
olut
ion
of s
cien
tific
and
tech
nolo
gica
l kn
owle
dge;
- 11
-
(b)
Prom
ote
and
faci
litat
e th
e ex
chan
ge o
f in
form
atio
n on
mea
sure
s ad
opte
d by
the
Part
ies
to a
ddre
ss c
limat
e ch
ange
and
its
effe
cts,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e di
ffer
ing
circ
umst
ance
s,
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
and
capa
bilit
ies
of th
e Pa
rtie
s an
d th
eir
resp
ectiv
e co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion;
(c)
Faci
litat
e, a
t the
req
uest
of
two
or m
ore
Part
ies,
the
coor
dina
tion
of m
easu
res
adop
ted
by th
em to
add
ress
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd it
s ef
fect
s, ta
king
into
acc
ount
the
diff
erin
g ci
rcum
stan
ces,
res
pons
ibili
ties
and
capa
bilit
ies
of th
e Pa
rtie
s an
d th
eir
resp
ectiv
e co
mm
itmen
ts
unde
r th
e C
onve
ntio
n;
(d)
Pro
mot
e an
d gu
ide,
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e ob
ject
ive
and
prov
isio
ns o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n, th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
per
iodi
c re
fine
men
t of
com
para
ble
met
hodo
logi
es, t
o be
ag
reed
on
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties,
inte
r al
ia, f
or p
repa
ring
inve
ntor
ies
of g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es a
nd r
emov
als
by s
inks
, and
for
eva
luat
ing
the
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
mea
sure
s to
lim
it th
e em
issi
ons
and
enha
nce
the
rem
oval
s of
thes
e ga
ses;
(e)
Ass
ess,
on
the
basi
s of
all
info
rmat
ion
mad
e av
aila
ble
to it
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
the
Con
vent
ion,
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Con
vent
ion
by th
e Pa
rtie
s, th
e ov
eral
l ef
fect
s of
the
mea
sure
s ta
ken
purs
uant
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n, in
par
ticul
ar e
nvir
onm
enta
l, ec
onom
ic
and
soci
al e
ffec
ts a
s w
ell a
s th
eir
cum
ulat
ive
impa
cts
and
the
exte
nt to
whi
ch p
rogr
ess
tow
ards
th
e ob
ject
ive
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n is
bei
ng a
chie
ved;
(f)
Con
side
r an
d ad
opt r
egul
ar r
epor
ts o
n th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d en
sure
thei
r pu
blic
atio
n;
(g)
Mak
e re
com
men
datio
ns o
n an
y m
atte
rs n
eces
sary
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Con
vent
ion;
(h)
Seek
to m
obili
ze f
inan
cial
res
ourc
es in
acc
orda
nce
with
Art
icle
4, p
arag
raph
s 3,
4
and
5, a
nd A
rtic
le 1
1;
(i)
Est
ablis
h su
ch s
ubsi
diar
y bo
dies
as
are
deem
ed n
eces
sary
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Con
vent
ion;
(j)
Rev
iew
rep
orts
sub
mitt
ed b
y its
sub
sidi
ary
bodi
es a
nd p
rovi
de g
uida
nce
to th
em;
(k)
Agr
ee u
pon
and
adop
t, by
con
sens
us, r
ules
of
proc
edur
e an
d fi
nanc
ial r
ules
for
its
elf
and
for
any
subs
idia
ry b
odie
s;
(l)
Seek
and
util
ize,
whe
re a
ppro
pria
te, t
he s
ervi
ces
and
coop
erat
ion
of, a
nd
info
rmat
ion
prov
ided
by,
com
pete
nt in
tern
atio
nal o
rgan
izat
ions
and
inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l and
no
n-go
vern
men
tal b
odie
s; a
nd
(m)
Exe
rcis
e su
ch o
ther
fun
ctio
ns a
s ar
e re
quir
ed f
or th
e ac
hiev
emen
t of
the
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion
as w
ell a
s al
l oth
er f
unct
ions
ass
igne
d to
it u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion.
- 12
-
3.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
shal
l, at
its
firs
t ses
sion
, ado
pt it
s ow
n ru
les
of p
roce
dure
as w
ell a
s th
ose
of th
e su
bsid
iary
bod
ies
esta
blis
hed
by th
e C
onve
ntio
n, w
hich
sha
ll in
clud
e de
cisi
on-m
akin
g pr
oced
ures
for
mat
ters
not
alr
eady
cov
ered
by
deci
sion
-mak
ing
proc
edur
es
stip
ulat
ed in
the
Con
vent
ion.
Suc
h pr
oced
ures
may
incl
ude
spec
ifie
d m
ajor
ities
req
uire
d fo
r th
e ad
optio
n of
par
ticul
ar d
ecis
ions
.
4.T
he f
irst
ses
sion
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s sh
all b
e co
nven
ed b
y th
e in
teri
mse
cret
aria
t ref
erre
d to
in A
rtic
le 2
1 an
d sh
all t
ake
plac
e no
t lat
er th
an o
ne y
ear
afte
r th
e da
te o
f en
try
into
for
ce o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n. T
here
afte
r, o
rdin
ary
sess
ions
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s sh
all b
e he
ld e
very
yea
r un
less
oth
erw
ise
deci
ded
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies.
5.E
xtra
ordi
nary
ses
sion
s of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s sh
all b
e he
ld a
t suc
h ot
her
times
as m
ay b
e de
emed
nec
essa
ry b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e, o
r at
the
wri
tten
requ
est o
f an
y Pa
rty,
pro
vide
d th
at, w
ithin
six
mon
ths
of th
e re
ques
t bei
ng c
omm
unic
ated
to th
e Pa
rtie
s by
the
secr
etar
iat,
it is
su
ppor
ted
by a
t lea
st o
ne th
ird
of th
e Pa
rtie
s.
6.T
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns, i
ts s
peci
aliz
ed a
genc
ies
and
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ato
mic
Ene
rgy
Age
ncy,
as
wel
l as
any
Sta
te m
embe
r th
ereo
f or
obs
erve
rs th
eret
o no
t Par
ty to
the
Con
vent
ion,
m
ay b
e re
pres
ente
d at
ses
sion
s of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s as
obs
erve
rs.
Any
bod
y or
ag
ency
, whe
ther
nat
iona
l or
inte
rnat
iona
l, go
vern
men
tal o
r no
n-go
vern
men
tal,
whi
ch is
qua
lifie
d in
mat
ters
cov
ered
by
the
Con
vent
ion,
and
whi
ch h
as in
form
ed th
e se
cret
aria
t of
its w
ish
to b
e re
pres
ente
d at
a s
essi
on o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
as a
n ob
serv
er, m
ay b
e so
adm
itted
un
less
at l
east
one
thir
d of
the
Part
ies
pres
ent o
bjec
t. T
he a
dmis
sion
and
par
ticip
atio
n of
ob
serv
ers
shal
l be
subj
ect t
o th
e ru
les
of p
roce
dure
ado
pted
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s.
Art
icle
8
SEC
RE
TA
RIA
T
1.A
sec
reta
riat
is h
ereb
y es
tabl
ishe
d.
2.T
he f
unct
ions
of
the
secr
etar
iat s
hall
be:
(a)
To
mak
e ar
rang
emen
ts f
or s
essi
ons
of th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
and
its
subs
idia
ry b
odie
s es
tabl
ishe
d un
der
the
Con
vent
ion
and
to p
rovi
de th
em w
ith
serv
ices
as
requ
ired
; (b)
To
com
pile
and
tran
smit
repo
rts
subm
itted
to it
;
(c)
To
faci
litat
e as
sist
ance
to th
e Pa
rtie
s, p
artic
ular
ly d
evel
opin
g co
untr
y Pa
rtie
s, o
n re
ques
t, in
the
com
pila
tion
and
com
mun
icat
ion
of in
form
atio
n re
quir
ed in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
prov
isio
ns o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n;
(d)
To
prep
are
repo
rts
on it
s ac
tivi
ties
and
pre
sent
them
to th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies;
- 13
-
(e)
To
ensu
re th
e ne
cess
ary
coor
dina
tion
with
the
secr
etar
iats
of
othe
r re
leva
nt
inte
rnat
iona
l bod
ies;
(f)
To
ente
r, u
nder
the
over
all g
uida
nce
of th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies,
into
suc
h ad
min
istr
ativ
e an
d co
ntra
ctua
l arr
ange
men
ts a
s m
ay b
e re
quir
ed f
or th
e ef
fect
ive
disc
harg
e of
its
func
tions
; and
(g)
To
perf
orm
the
othe
r se
cret
aria
t fun
ctio
ns s
peci
fied
in th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d in
any
of
its
prot
ocol
s an
d su
ch o
ther
fun
ctio
ns a
s m
ay b
e de
term
ined
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e P
artie
s.
3.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies,
at i
ts f
irst
ses
sion
, sha
ll de
sign
ate
a pe
rman
ent s
ecre
tari
atan
d m
ake
arra
ngem
ents
for
its
func
tioni
ng.
Art
icle
9
SUB
SID
IAR
Y B
OD
Y F
OR
SC
IEN
TIF
IC A
ND
T
EC
HN
OL
OG
ICA
L A
DV
ICE
1.A
sub
sidi
ary
body
for
sci
entif
ic a
nd te
chno
logi
cal a
dvic
e is
her
eby
esta
blis
hed
to p
rovi
deth
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
and,
as
appr
opri
ate,
its
othe
r su
bsid
iary
bod
ies
with
tim
ely
info
rmat
ion
and
advi
ce o
n sc
ient
ific
and
tech
nolo
gica
l mat
ters
rel
atin
g to
the
Con
vent
ion.
Thi
s bo
dy s
hall
be o
pen
to p
artic
ipat
ion
by a
ll P
arti
es a
nd s
hall
be
mul
tidi
scip
lina
ry.
It s
hall
com
pris
e go
vern
men
t rep
rese
ntat
ives
com
pete
nt in
the
rele
vant
fie
ld o
f ex
pert
ise.
It s
hall
repo
rt r
egul
arly
to
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s on
all
aspe
cts
of it
s w
ork.
2.U
nder
the
guid
ance
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s, a
nd d
raw
ing
upon
exi
stin
gco
mpe
tent
inte
rnat
iona
l bod
ies,
this
bod
y sh
all:
(a)
Prov
ide
asse
ssm
ents
of
the
stat
e of
sci
entif
ic k
now
ledg
e re
latin
g to
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd it
s ef
fect
s;
(b)
Pre
pare
sci
entif
ic a
sses
smen
ts o
n th
e ef
fect
s of
mea
sure
s ta
ken
in th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n;
(c)
Iden
tify
inno
vativ
e, e
ffic
ient
and
sta
te-o
f-th
e-ar
t tec
hnol
ogie
s an
d kn
ow-h
ow a
nd
advi
se o
n th
e w
ays
and
mea
ns o
f pr
omot
ing
deve
lopm
ent a
nd/o
r tr
ansf
erri
ng s
uch
tech
nolo
gies
;
(d)
Prov
ide
advi
ce o
n sc
ient
ific
pro
gram
mes
, int
erna
tion
al c
oope
ratio
n in
res
earc
h an
d de
velo
pmen
t rel
ated
to c
limat
e ch
ange
, as
wel
l as
on w
ays
and
mea
ns o
f su
ppor
ting
endo
geno
us c
apac
ity-
buil
ding
in d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies;
and
(e)
Res
pond
to s
cien
tific
, tec
hnol
ogic
al a
nd m
etho
dolo
gica
l que
stio
ns th
at th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
and
its s
ubsi
diar
y bo
dies
may
put
to th
e bo
dy.
3.T
he f
unct
ions
and
term
s of
ref
eren
ce o
f th
is b
ody
may
be
furt
her
elab
orat
ed b
y th
eC
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies.
- 14
-
Art
icle
10
SUB
SID
IAR
Y B
OD
Y F
OR
IM
PL
EM
EN
TA
TIO
N
1.A
sub
sidi
ary
body
for
impl
emen
tatio
n is
her
eby
esta
blis
hed
to a
ssis
t the
Con
fere
nce
ofth
e Pa
rtie
s in
the
asse
ssm
ent a
nd r
evie
w o
f th
e ef
fect
ive
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Con
vent
ion.
Thi
s bo
dy s
hall
be o
pen
to p
artic
ipat
ion
by a
ll Pa
rtie
s an
d co
mpr
ise
gove
rnm
ent r
epre
sent
ativ
es w
ho
are
expe
rts
on m
atte
rs r
elat
ed to
clim
ate
chan
ge.
It s
hall
repo
rt r
egul
arly
to th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
th
e Pa
rtie
s on
all
aspe
cts
of it
s w
ork.
2.U
nder
the
guid
ance
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s, th
is b
ody
shal
l:
(a)
Con
side
r th
e in
form
atio
n co
mm
unic
ated
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith A
rtic
le 1
2,
para
grap
h 1,
to a
sses
s th
e ov
eral
l agg
rega
ted
effe
ct o
f th
e st
eps
take
n by
the
Par
ties
in th
e li
ght o
f th
e la
test
sci
enti
fic
asse
ssm
ents
con
cern
ing
clim
ate
chan
ge;
(b)
Con
side
r th
e in
form
atio
n co
mm
unic
ated
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith A
rtic
le 1
2,
para
grap
h 2,
in o
rder
to a
ssis
t the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s in
car
ryin
g ou
t the
rev
iew
s re
quir
ed
by A
rtic
le 4
, par
agra
ph 2
(d)
; and
(c)
Ass
ist t
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties,
as
appr
opri
ate,
in th
e pr
epar
atio
n an
d im
plem
enta
tion
of it
s de
cisi
ons.
Art
icle
11
FIN
AN
CIA
L M
EC
HA
NIS
M
1.A
mec
hani
sm f
or th
e pr
ovis
ion
of f
inan
cial
res
ourc
es o
n a
gran
t or
conc
essi
onal
bas
is,
incl
udin
g fo
r th
e tr
ansf
er o
f te
chno
logy
, is
here
by d
efin
ed.
It s
hall
func
tion
unde
r th
e gu
idan
ce
of a
nd b
e ac
coun
tabl
e to
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s, w
hich
sha
ll de
cide
on
its p
olic
ies,
pr
ogra
mm
e pr
iori
ties
and
elig
ibili
ty c
rite
ria
rela
ted
to th
is C
onve
ntio
n. I
ts o
pera
tion
shal
l be
entr
uste
d to
one
or
mor
e ex
istin
g in
tern
atio
nal e
ntiti
es.
2.T
he f
inan
cial
mec
hani
sm s
hall
have
an
equi
tabl
e an
d ba
lanc
ed r
epre
sent
atio
n of
all
Part
ies
with
in a
tran
spar
ent s
yste
m o
f go
vern
ance
.
3.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
and
the
entit
y or
ent
ities
ent
rust
ed w
ith th
e op
erat
ion
of th
efi
nanc
ial m
echa
nism
sha
ll ag
ree
upon
arr
ange
men
ts to
giv
e ef
fect
to th
e ab
ove
para
grap
hs,
whi
ch s
hall
incl
ude
the
follo
win
g:
(a)
Mod
aliti
es to
ens
ure
that
the
fund
ed p
roje
cts
to a
ddre
ss c
limat
e ch
ange
are
in
conf
orm
ity
with
the
polic
ies,
pro
gram
me
prio
ritie
s an
d el
igib
ility
cri
teri
a es
tabl
ishe
d by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s;
(b)
Mod
aliti
es b
y w
hich
a p
artic
ular
fun
ding
dec
isio
n m
ay b
e re
cons
ider
ed in
ligh
t of
thes
e po
lici
es, p
rogr
amm
e pr
iori
ties
and
eli
gibi
lity
cri
teri
a;
- 15
-
(c)
Prov
isio
n by
the
entit
y or
ent
ities
of
regu
lar
repo
rts
to th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
on it
s fu
ndin
g op
erat
ions
, whi
ch is
con
sist
ent w
ith th
e re
quir
emen
t for
acc
ount
abili
ty s
et
out i
n pa
ragr
aph
1 ab
ove;
and
(d)
Det
erm
inat
ion
in a
pre
dict
able
and
iden
tifia
ble
man
ner
of th
e am
ount
of
fund
ing
nece
ssar
y an
d av
aila
ble
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
this
Con
vent
ion
and
the
cond
ition
s un
der
whi
ch th
at a
mou
nt s
hall
be p
erio
dica
lly
revi
ewed
.
4.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
shal
l mak
e ar
rang
emen
ts to
impl
emen
t the
abov
e-m
entio
ned
prov
isio
ns a
t its
fir
st s
essi
on, r
evie
win
g an
d ta
king
into
acc
ount
the
inte
rim
ar
rang
emen
ts r
efer
red
to in
Art
icle
21,
par
agra
ph 3
, and
sha
ll de
cide
whe
ther
thes
e in
teri
m
arra
ngem
ents
sha
ll be
mai
ntai
ned.
With
in f
our
year
s th
erea
fter
, the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s sh
all r
evie
w th
e fi
nanc
ial m
echa
nism
and
take
app
ropr
iate
mea
sure
s.
5.T
he d
evel
oped
cou
ntry
Par
ties
may
als
o pr
ovid
e an
d de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
Par
ties
avai
lth
emse
lves
of,
fin
anci
al r
esou
rces
rel
ated
to th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n th
roug
h bi
late
ral,
regi
onal
and
oth
er m
ultil
ater
al c
hann
els.
Art
icle
12
CO
MM
UN
ICA
TIO
N O
F I
NF
OR
MA
TIO
N R
EL
AT
ED
T
O I
MP
LE
ME
NT
AT
ION
1.In
acc
orda
nce
with
Art
icle
4, p
arag
raph
1, e
ach
Par
ty s
hall
com
mun
icat
e to
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e P
artie
s, th
roug
h th
e se
cret
aria
t, th
e fo
llow
ing
elem
ents
of
info
rmat
ion:
(a)
A n
atio
nal i
nven
tory
of
anth
ropo
geni
c em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es a
nd r
emov
als
by
sink
s of
all
gree
nhou
se g
ases
not
con
trol
led
by th
e M
ontr
eal P
roto
col,
to th
e ex
tent
its
capa
citie
s pe
rmit,
usi
ng c
ompa
rabl
e m
etho
dolo
gies
to b
e pr
omot
ed a
nd a
gree
d up
on b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
th
e Pa
rtie
s;
(b)
A g
ener
al d
escr
iptio
n of
ste
ps ta
ken
or e
nvis
aged
by
the
Part
y to
impl
emen
t the
C
onve
ntio
n; a
nd
(c)
Any
oth
er in
form
atio
n th
at th
e Pa
rty
cons
ider
s re
leva
nt to
the
achi
evem
ent o
f th
e ob
ject
ive
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d su
itabl
e fo
r in
clus
ion
in it
s co
mm
unic
atio
n, in
clud
ing,
if
feas
ible
, mat
eria
l rel
evan
t for
cal
cula
tions
of
glob
al e
mis
sion
tren
ds.
2.E
ach
deve
lope
d co
untr
y Pa
rty
and
each
oth
er P
arty
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I s
hall
inco
rpor
ate
in it
s co
mm
unic
atio
n th
e fo
llow
ing
elem
ents
of
info
rmat
ion:
(a)
A d
etai
led
desc
ript
ion
of th
e po
licie
s an
d m
easu
res
that
it h
as a
dopt
ed to
im
plem
ent i
ts c
omm
itmen
t und
er A
rtic
le 4
, par
agra
phs
2 (a
) an
d 2
(b);
and
(b)
A s
peci
fic
estim
ate
of th
e ef
fect
s th
at th
e po
licie
s an
d m
easu
res
refe
rred
to in
su
bpar
agra
ph (
a) im
med
iate
ly a
bove
will
hav
e on
ant
hrop
ogen
ic e
mis
sion
s by
its
sour
ces
and
rem
oval
s by
its
sink
s of
gre
enho
use
gase
s du
ring
the
peri
od r
efer
red
to in
Art
icle
4,
para
grap
h 2
(a).
- 16
-
3.In
add
ition
, eac
h de
velo
ped
coun
try
Part
y an
d ea
ch o
ther
dev
elop
ed P
arty
incl
uded
in A
nnex
II
shal
l inc
orpo
rate
det
ails
of
mea
sure
s ta
ken
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith A
rtic
le 4
, pa
ragr
aphs
3, 4
and
5.
4.D
evel
opin
g co
untr
y Pa
rtie
s m
ay, o
n a
volu
ntar
y ba
sis,
pro
pose
pro
ject
s fo
r fi
nanc
ing,
incl
udin
g sp
ecif
ic te
chno
logi
es, m
ater
ials
, equ
ipm
ent,
tech
niqu
es o
r pr
actic
es th
at w
ould
be
need
ed to
impl
emen
t suc
h pr
ojec
ts, a
long
with
, if
poss
ible
, an
estim
ate
of a
ll in
crem
enta
l cos
ts,
of th
e re
duct
ions
of
emis
sion
s an
d in
crem
ents
of
rem
oval
s of
gre
enho
use
gase
s, a
s w
ell a
s an
es
timat
e of
the
cons
eque
nt b
enef
its.
5.E
ach
deve
lope
d co
untr
y Pa
rty
and
each
oth
er P
arty
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I s
hall
mak
e its
initi
al c
omm
unic
atio
n w
ithin
six
mon
ths
of th
e en
try
into
for
ce o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n fo
r th
at P
arty
. E
ach
Part
y no
t so
liste
d sh
all m
ake
its in
itial
com
mun
icat
ion
with
in th
ree
year
s of
the
entr
y in
to
forc
e o f
the
Con
vent
ion
for
that
Par
ty, o
r of
the
avai
labi
lity
of f
inan
cial
res
ourc
es in
acc
orda
nce
with
Art
icle
4, p
arag
raph
3.
Part
ies
that
are
leas
t dev
elop
ed c
ount
ries
may
mak
e th
eir
initi
al
com
mun
icat
ion
at th
eir
disc
retio
n. T
he f
requ
ency
of
subs
eque
nt c
omm
unic
atio
ns b
y al
l Par
ties
shal
l be
dete
rmin
ed b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e di
ffer
entia
ted
timet
able
set
by
this
par
agra
ph.
6.In
form
atio
n co
mm
unic
ated
by
Part
ies
unde
r th
is A
rtic
le s
hall
be tr
ansm
itted
by
the
secr
etar
iat a
s so
on a
s po
ssib
le to
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s an
d to
any
sub
sidi
ary
bodi
es
conc
erne
d. I
f ne
cess
ary,
the
proc
edur
es f
or th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n of
info
rmat
ion
may
be
furt
her
cons
ider
ed b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties.
7.Fr
om it
s fi
rst s
essi
on, t
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
shal
l arr
ange
for
the
prov
isio
n to
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
arti
es o
f te
chni
cal a
nd f
inan
cial
sup
port
, on
requ
est,
in c
ompi
ling
and
com
mun
icat
ing
info
rmat
ion
unde
r th
is A
rtic
le, a
s w
ell a
s in
iden
tifyi
ng th
e te
chni
cal a
nd
fina
ncia
l nee
ds a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith p
ropo
sed
proj
ects
and
res
pons
e m
easu
res
unde
r A
rtic
le 4
. Su
ch
supp
ort m
ay b
e pr
ovid
ed b
y ot
her
Par
ties,
by
com
pete
nt in
tern
atio
nal o
rgan
izat
ions
and
by
the
secr
etar
iat,
as a
ppro
pria
te.
8.A
ny g
roup
of
Part
ies
may
, sub
ject
to g
uide
lines
ado
pted
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s,an
d to
pri
or n
otif
icat
ion
to th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies,
mak
e a
join
t com
mun
icat
ion
in
fulf
ilmen
t of
thei
r ob
ligat
ions
und
er th
is A
rtic
le, p
rovi
ded
that
suc
h a
com
mun
icat
ion
incl
udes
in
form
atio
n on
the
fulf
ilmen
t by
each
of
thes
e Pa
rtie
s of
its
indi
vidu
al o
blig
atio
ns u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion.
9.In
form
atio
n re
ceiv
ed b
y th
e se
cret
aria
t tha
t is
desi
gnat
ed b
y a
Par
ty a
s co
nfid
entia
l, in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith c
rite
ria
to b
e es
tabl
ishe
d by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e P
artie
s, s
hall
be a
ggre
gate
d by
the
secr
etar
iat t
o pr
otec
t its
con
fide
ntia
lity
befo
re b
eing
mad
e av
aila
ble
to a
ny o
f th
e bo
dies
in
volv
ed in
the
com
mun
icat
ion
and
revi
ew o
f in
form
atio
n.
10.
Subj
ect t
o pa
ragr
aph
9 ab
ove,
and
with
out p
reju
dice
to th
e ab
ility
of
any
Part
y to
mak
epu
blic
its
com
mun
icat
ion
at a
ny ti
me,
the
secr
etar
iat s
hall
mak
e co
mm
unic
atio
ns b
y Pa
rtie
s un
der
this
Art
icle
pub
licly
ava
ilabl
e at
the
time
they
are
sub
mitt
ed to
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s.
- 17
-
Art
icle
13
RE
SOL
UT
ION
OF
QU
EST
ION
S R
EG
AR
DIN
G I
MP
LE
ME
NT
AT
ION
The
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s sh
all,
at it
s fi
rst s
essi
on, c
onsi
der
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of
a m
ultil
ater
al c
onsu
ltativ
e pr
oces
s, a
vaila
ble
to P
arti
es o
n th
eir
requ
est,
for
the
reso
lutio
n of
qu
estio
ns r
egar
ding
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Con
vent
ion.
Art
icle
14
SET
TL
EM
EN
T O
F D
ISP
UT
ES
1.In
the
even
t of
a di
sput
e be
twee
n an
y tw
o or
mor
e Pa
rtie
s co
ncer
ning
the
inte
rpre
tatio
n o r
appl
icat
ion
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n, th
e Pa
rtie
s co
ncer
ned
shal
l see
k a
settl
emen
t of
the
disp
ute
thro
ugh
nego
tiatio
n or
any
oth
er p
eace
ful m
eans
of
thei
r ow
n ch
oice
.
2.W
hen
ratif
ying
, acc
eptin
g, a
ppro
ving
or
acce
ding
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n, o
r at
any
tim
eth
erea
fter
, a P
arty
whi
ch is
not
a r
egio
nal e
cono
mic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tion
may
dec
lare
in a
w
ritte
n in
stru
men
t sub
mitt
ed to
the
Dep
osita
ry th
at, i
n re
spec
t of
any
disp
ute
conc
erni
ng th
e in
terp
reta
tion
or a
pplic
atio
n of
the
Con
vent
ion,
it r
ecog
nize
s as
com
puls
ory
ipso
fac
to a
nd
with
out s
peci
al a
gree
men
t, in
rel
atio
n to
any
Par
ty a
ccep
ting
the
sam
e ob
ligat
ion:
(a)
Subm
issi
on o
f th
e di
sput
e to
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cou
rt o
f Ju
stic
e; a
nd/o
r
(b)
Arb
itrat
ion
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith p
roce
dure
s to
be
adop
ted
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
as s
oon
as p
ract
icab
le, i
n an
ann
ex o
n ar
bitr
atio
n.
A P
arty
whi
ch is
a r
egio
nal e
cono
mic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tion
may
mak
e a
decl
arat
ion
wit
h li
ke
effe
ct in
rel
atio
n to
arb
itrat
ion
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e pr
oced
ures
ref
erre
d to
in s
ubpa
ragr
aph
(b)
abov
e.
3.A
dec
lara
tion
mad
e un
der
para
grap
h 2
abov
e sh
all r
emai
n in
for
ce u
ntil
it ex
pire
s in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith it
s te
rms
or u
ntil
thre
e m
onth
s af
ter
wri
tten
notic
e of
its
revo
catio
n ha
s be
en
depo
site
d w
ith th
e D
epos
itary
.
4.A
new
dec
lara
tion,
a n
otic
e of
rev
ocat
ion
or th
e ex
piry
of
a de
clar
atio
n sh
all n
ot in
any
way
aff
ect p
roce
edin
gs p
endi
ng b
efor
e th
e In
tern
atio
nal C
ourt
of
Just
ice
or th
e ar
bitr
al tr
ibun
al,
unle
ss th
e pa
rtie
s to
the
disp
ute
othe
rwis
e ag
ree.
5.Su
bjec
t to
the
oper
atio
n of
par
agra
ph 2
abo
ve, i
f af
ter
twel
ve m
onth
s fo
llow
ing
notif
icat
ion
by o
ne P
arty
to a
noth
er th
at a
dis
pute
exi
sts
betw
een
them
, the
Par
ties
conc
erne
d ha
ve n
ot b
een
able
to s
ettl
e th
eir
disp
ute
thro
ugh
the
mea
ns m
entio
ned
in p
arag
raph
1 a
bove
, the
di
sput
e sh
all b
e su
bmitt
ed, a
t the
req
uest
of
any
of th
e pa
rtie
s to
the
disp
ute,
to c
onci
liatio
n.
6.A
con
cilia
tion
com
mis
sion
sha
ll be
cre
ated
upo
n th
e re
ques
t of
one
of th
e pa
rtie
s to
the
disp
ute.
The
com
mis
sion
sha
ll be
com
pose
d of
an
equa
l num
ber
of m
embe
rs a
ppoi
nted
by
each
pa
rty
conc
erne
d an
d a
chai
rman
cho
sen
join
tly
by th
e m
embe
rs a
ppoi
nted
by
each
par
ty.
The
co
mm
issi
on s
hall
rend
er a
rec
omm
enda
tory
aw
ard,
whi
ch th
e pa
rtie
s sh
all c
onsi
der
in g
ood
faith
.
- 18
-
7.A
dditi
onal
pro
cedu
res
rela
ting
to c
onci
liatio
n sh
all b
e ad
opte
d by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
ePa
rtie
s, a
s so
on a
s pr
actic
able
, in
an a
nnex
on
conc
iliat
ion.
8.T
he p
rovi
sion
s of
this
Art
icle
sha
ll ap
ply
to a
ny r
elat
ed le
gal i
nstr
umen
t whi
ch th
eC
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
may
ado
pt, u
nles
s th
e in
stru
men
t pro
vide
s ot
herw
ise.
Art
icle
15
AM
EN
DM
EN
TS
TO
TH
E C
ON
VE
NT
ION
1.A
ny P
arty
may
pro
pose
am
endm
ents
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n.
2.A
men
dmen
ts to
the
Con
vent
ion
shal
l be
adop
ted
at a
n or
dina
ry s
essi
on o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
eof
the
Part
ies.
The
text
of
any
prop
osed
am
endm
ent t
o th
e C
onve
ntio
n sh
all b
e co
mm
unic
ated
to
the
Part
ies
by th
e se
cret
aria
t at l
east
six
mon
ths
befo
re th
e m
eetin
g at
whi
ch it
is p
ropo
sed
for
adop
tion.
The
sec
reta
riat
sha
ll al
so c
omm
unic
ate
prop
osed
am
endm
ents
to th
e si
gnat
orie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion
and,
for
info
rmat
ion,
to th
e D
epos
itary
.
3.T
he P
artie
s sh
all m
ake
ever
y ef
fort
to r
each
agr
eem
ent o
n an
y pr
opos
ed a
men
dmen
t to
the
Con
vent
ion
by c
onse
nsus
. If
all
effo
rts
at c
onse
nsus
hav
e be
en e
xhau
sted
, and
no
agre
emen
t re
ache
d, th
e am
endm
ent s
hall
as a
last
res
ort b
e ad
opte
d by
a th
ree-
four
ths
maj
orit
y vo
te o
f th
e P
artie
s pr
esen
t and
vot
ing
at th
e m
eetin
g. T
he a
dopt
ed a
men
dmen
t sha
ll be
com
mun
icat
ed b
y th
e se
cret
aria
t to
the
Dep
osit
ary,
who
sha
ll c
ircu
late
it to
all
Part
ies
for
thei
r ac
cept
ance
.
4.In
stru
men
ts o
f ac
cept
ance
in r
espe
ct o
f an
am
endm
ent s
hall
be d
epos
ited
with
the
Dep
osita
ry.
An
amen
dmen
t ado
pted
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith p
arag
raph
3 a
bove
sha
ll en
ter
into
fo
rce
for
thos
e P
artie
s ha
ving
acc
epte
d it
on th
e ni
netie
th d
ay a
fter
the
date
of
rece
ipt b
y th
e D
epos
itary
of
an in
stru
men
t of
acce
ptan
ce b
y at
leas
t thr
ee f
ourt
hs o
f th
e Pa
rtie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion.
5.T
he a
men
dmen
t sha
ll en
ter
into
for
ce f
or a
ny o
ther
Par
ty o
n th
e ni
netie
th d
ay a
fter
the
date
on
whi
ch th
at P
arty
dep
osits
with
the
Dep
osita
ry it
s in
stru
men
t of
acce
ptan
ce o
f th
e sa
id
amen
dmen
t.
6.Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
es o
f th
is A
rtic
le, “
Part
ies
pres
ent a
nd v
otin
g” m
eans
Par
ties
pres
ent a
ndca
stin
g an
aff
irm
ativ
e or
neg
ativ
e vo
te.
Art
icle
16
AD
OP
TIO
N A
ND
AM
EN
DM
EN
T O
F A
NN
EX
ES
TO
TH
E C
ON
VE
NT
ION
1.A
nnex
es to
the
Con
vent
ion
shal
l for
m a
n in
tegr
al p
art t
here
of a
nd, u
nles
s ot
herw
ise
expr
essl
y pr
ovid
ed,
a re
fere
nce
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n co
nstit
utes
at t
he s
ame
time
a re
fere
nce
to a
ny
anne
xes
ther
eto.
With
out p
reju
dice
to th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
Art
icle
14,
par
agra
phs
2 (b
) an
d 7,
suc
h an
nexe
s sh
all b
e re
stri
cted
to li
sts,
for
ms
and
any
othe
r m
ater
ial o
f a
desc
ript
ive
natu
re th
at is
of
a sc
ient
ific
, tec
hnic
al, p
roce
dura
l or
adm
inis
trat
ive
char
acte
r.
- 19
-
2.A
nnex
es to
the
Con
vent
ion
shal
l be
prop
osed
and
ado
pted
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith
the
proc
edur
e se
t for
th in
Art
icle
15,
par
agra
phs
2, 3
and
4.
3.A
n an
nex
that
has
bee
n ad
opte
d in
acc
orda
nce
with
par
agra
ph 2
abo
ve s
hall
ent
er in
tofo
rce
for
all P
artie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion
six
mon
ths
afte
r th
e da
te o
f th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n by
the
Dep
osita
ry to
suc
h Pa
rtie
s of
the
adop
tion
of th
e an
nex,
exc
ept f
or th
ose
Part
ies
that
hav
e no
tifie
d th
e D
epos
itary
, in
wri
ting,
with
in th
at p
erio
d of
thei
r no
n-ac
cept
ance
of
the
anne
x. T
he
anne
x sh
all e
nter
into
for
ce f
or P
artie
s w
hich
with
draw
thei
r no
tific
atio
n of
non
-acc
epta
nce
on
the
nine
tieth
day
aft
er th
e da
te o
n w
hich
with
draw
al o
f su
ch n
otif
icat
ion
has
been
rec
eive
d by
the
Dep
osita
ry.
4.T
he p
ropo
sal,
adop
tion
and
entr
y in
to f
orce
of
amen
dmen
ts to
ann
exes
to th
e C
onve
ntio
nsh
all b
e su
bjec
t to
the
sam
e pr
oced
ure
as th
at f
or th
e pr
opos
al, a
dopt
ion
and
entr
y in
to f
orce
of
anne
xes
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n in
acc
orda
nce
with
par
agra
phs
2 an
d 3
abov
e.
5.If
the
adop
tion
of a
n an
nex
or a
n am
endm
ent t
o an
ann
ex in
volv
es a
n am
endm
ent t
o th
eC
onve
ntio
n, th
at a
nnex
or
amen
dmen
t to
an a
nnex
sha
ll no
t ent
er in
to f
orce
unt
il su
ch ti
me
as th
e am
endm
ent t
o th
e C
onve
ntio
n en
ters
into
for
ce.
Art
icle
17
PR
OT
OC
OL
S
1.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
may
, at a
ny o
rdin
ary
sess
ion,
ado
pt p
roto
cols
to th
eC
onve
ntio
n.
2.T
he te
xt o
f an
y pr
opos
ed p
roto
col s
hall
be c
omm
unic
ated
to th
e Pa
rtie
s by
the
secr
etar
iat
at le
ast s
ix m
onth
s be
fore
suc
h a
sess
ion.
3.T
he r
equi
rem
ents
for
the
entr
y in
to f
orce
of
any
prot
ocol
sha
ll be
est
ablis
hed
by th
atin
stru
men
t.
4.O
nly
Part
ies
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n m
ay b
e Pa
rtie
s to
a p
roto
col.
5.D
ecis
ions
und
er a
ny p
roto
col s
hall
be ta
ken
only
by
the
Part
ies
to th
e pr
otoc
ol c
once
rned
.
Art
icle
18
RIG
HT
TO
VO
TE
1.E
ach
Part
y to
the
Con
vent
ion
shal
l hav
e on
e vo
te, e
xcep
t as
prov
ided
for
in p
arag
raph
2be
low
.
2.R
egio
nal e
cono
mic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tion
s, in
mat
ters
wit
hin
thei
r co
mpe
tenc
e, s
hall
exer
cise
thei
r ri
ght t
o vo
te w
ith a
num
ber
of v
otes
equ
al to
the
num
ber
of th
eir
mem
ber
Stat
es
that
are
Par
ties
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n. S
uch
an o
rgan
izat
ion
shal
l not
exe
rcis
e its
rig
ht to
vot
e if
any
of
its
mem
ber
Sta
tes
exer
cise
s its
rig
ht, a
nd v
ice
vers
a.
- 20
-
Art
icle
19
DE
PO
SIT
AR
Y
The
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al o
f th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns s
hall
be th
e D
epos
itary
of
the
Con
vent
ion
and
of p
roto
cols
ado
pted
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith A
rtic
le 1
7.
Art
icle
20
SIG
NA
TU
RE
Thi
s C
onve
ntio
n sh
all b
e op
en f
or s
igna
ture
by
Stat
es M
embe
rs o
f th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns o
r of
any
of
its s
peci
aliz
ed a
genc
ies
or th
at a
re P
artie
s to
the
Sta
tute
of
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cou
rt o
f Ju
stic
e an
d by
reg
iona
l eco
nom
ic in
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
ns a
t Rio
de
Jane
iro,
dur
ing
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Con
fere
nce
on E
nvir
onm
ent a
nd D
evel
opm
ent,
and
ther
eaft
er a
t Uni
ted
Nat
ions
H
eadq
uart
ers
in N
ew Y
ork
from
20
June
199
2 to
19
June
199
3.
Art
icle
21
INT
ER
IM A
RR
AN
GE
ME
NT
S
1.T
he s
ecre
tari
at f
unct
ions
ref
erre
d to
in A
rtic
le 8
will
be
carr
ied
out o
n an
inte
rim
basi
s by
the
secr
etar
iat e
stab
lishe
d by
the
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y of
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
in it
s re
solu
tion
45/2
12 o
f 21
Dec
embe
r 19
90, u
ntil
the
com
plet
ion
of th
e fi
rst s
essi
on o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies.
2.T
he h
ead
of th
e in
teri
m s
ecre
tari
at r
efer
red
to in
par
agra
ph 1
abo
ve w
ill c
oope
rate
clo
sely
with
the
Inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l Pan
el o
n C
limat
e C
hang
e to
ens
ure
that
the
Pane
l can
res
pond
to th
e ne
ed f
or o
bjec
tive
scie
ntif
ic a
nd te
chni
cal a
dvic
e. O
ther
rel
evan
t sci
entif
ic b
odie
s co
uld
also
be
cons
ulte
d.
3.T
he G
loba
l Env
iron
men
t Fac
ility
of
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Dev
elop
men
t Pro
gram
me,
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Env
iron
men
t Pro
gram
me
and
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ban
k fo
r R
econ
stru
ctio
n an
d D
evel
opm
ent s
hall
be th
e in
tern
atio
nal e
ntit
y en
trus
ted
with
the
oper
atio
n of
the
fina
ncia
l m
echa
nism
ref
erre
d to
in A
rtic
le 1
1 on
an
inte
rim
bas
is.
In th
is c
onne
ctio
n, th
e G
loba
l E
nvir
onm
ent F
acili
ty s
houl
d be
app
ropr
iate
ly r
estr
uctu
red
and
its m
embe
rshi
p m
ade
univ
ersa
l to
enab
le it
to f
ulfi
l the
req
uire
men
ts o
f A
rtic
le 1
1.
Art
icle
22
RA
TIF
ICA
TIO
N, A
CC
EP
TA
NC
E, A
PP
RO
VA
L O
R A
CC
ESS
ION
1.T
he C
onve
ntio
n sh
all b
e su
bjec
t to
ratif
icat
ion,
acc
epta
nce,
app
rova
l or
acce
ssio
n by
Stat
es a
nd b
y re
gion
al e
cono
mic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tions
. It
sha
ll be
ope
n fo
r ac
cess
ion
from
th
e da
y af
ter
the
date
on
whi
ch th
e C
onve
ntio
n is
clo
sed
for
sign
atur
e. I
nstr
umen
ts o
f ra
tific
atio
n, a
ccep
tanc
e, a
ppro
val o
r ac
cess
ion
shal
l be
depo
site
d w
ith th
e D
epos
itary
.
- 21
-
2.A
ny r
egio
nal e
cono
mic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tion
whi
ch b
ecom
es a
Par
ty to
the
Con
vent
ion
with
out a
ny o
f its
mem
ber
Stat
es b
eing
a P
arty
sha
ll be
bou
nd b
y al
l the
obl
igat
ions
un
der
the
Con
vent
ion.
In
the
case
of
such
org
aniz
atio
ns, o
ne o
r m
ore
of w
hose
mem
ber
Stat
es is
a
Part
y to
the
Con
vent
ion,
the
orga
niza
tion
and
its m
embe
r St
ates
sha
ll de
cide
on
thei
r re
spec
tive
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
for
the
perf
orm
ance
of
thei
r ob
liga
tions
und
er th
e C
onve
ntio
n. I
n su
ch c
ases
, the
or
gani
zatio
n an
d th
e m
embe
r St
ates
sha
ll no
t be
entit
led
to e
xerc
ise
righ
ts u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion
conc
urre
ntly
.
3.In
thei
r in
stru
men
ts o
f ra
tifi
catio
n, a
ccep
tanc
e, a
ppro
val o
r ac
cess
ion,
reg
iona
l eco
nom
icin
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zati
ons
shal
l dec
lare
the
exte
nt o
f th
eir
com
pete
nce
wit
h re
spec
t to
the
mat
ters
go
vern
ed b
y th
e C
onve
ntio
n. T
hese
org
aniz
atio
ns s
hall
also
info
rm th
e D
epos
itary
, who
sha
ll in
tu
rn in
form
the
Part
ies,
of
any
subs
tant
ial m
odif
icat
ion
in th
e ex
tent
of
thei
r co
mpe
tenc
e.
Art
icle
23
EN
TR
Y I
NT
O F
OR
CE
1.T
he C
onve
ntio
n sh
all e
nter
into
for
ce o
n th
e ni
neti
eth
day
afte
r th
e da
te o
f de
posi
t of
the
fift
ieth
inst
rum
ent o
f ra
tific
atio
n, a
ccep
tanc
e, a
ppro
val o
r ac
cess
ion.
2.Fo
r ea
ch S
tate
or
regi
onal
eco
nom
ic in
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
n th
at r
atif
ies,
acc
epts
or
appr
oves
the
Con
vent
ion
or a
cced
es th
eret
o af
ter
the
depo
sit o
f th
e fi
ftie
th in
stru
men
t of
ratif
icat
ion,
acc
epta
nce,
app
rova
l or
acce
ssio
n, th
e C
onve
ntio
n sh
all e
nter
into
for
ce o
n th
e ni
netie
th d
ay a
fter
the
date
of
depo
sit b
y su
ch S
tate
or
regi
onal
eco
nom
ic in
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
n of
its
inst
rum
ent o
f ra
tific
atio
n, a
ccep
tanc
e, a
ppro
val o
r ac
cess
ion.
3.Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
es o
f pa
ragr
aphs
1 a
nd 2
abo
ve, a
ny in
stru
men
t dep
osite
d by
a r
egio
nal
econ
omic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tion
shal
l not
be
coun
ted
as a
dditi
onal
to th
ose
depo
site
d by
Sta
tes
mem
bers
of
the
orga
niza
tion.
Art
icle
24
RE
SER
VA
TIO
NS
No
rese
rvat
ions
may
be
mad
e to
the
Con
vent
ion.
Art
icle
25
WIT
HD
RA
WA
L
1.A
t any
tim
e af
ter
thre
e ye
ars
from
the
date
on
whi
ch th
e C
onve
ntio
n ha
s en
tere
d in
tofo
rce
for
a Pa
rty,
that
Par
ty m
ay w
ithdr
aw f
rom
the
Con
vent
ion
by g
ivin
g w
ritte
n no
tific
atio
n to
th
e D
epos
itary
.
2.A
ny s
uch
with
draw
al s
hall
take
eff
ect u
pon
expi
ry o
f on
e ye
ar f
rom
the
date
of
rece
ipt b
yth
e D
epos
itary
of
the
noti
fica
tion
of w
ithdr
awal
, or
on s
uch
late
r da
te a
s m
ay b
e sp
ecif
ied
in th
e no
tific
atio
n of
with
draw
al.
3.A
ny P
arty
that
with
draw
s fr
om th
e C
onve
ntio
n sh
all b
e co
nsid
ered
as
also
hav
ing
with
draw
n fr
om a
ny p
roto
col t
o w
hich
it is
a P
arty
.
- 22
-
Art
icle
26
AU
TH
EN
TIC
TE
XT
S
The
ori
gina
l of
this
Con
vent
ion,
of
whi
ch th
e A
rabi
c, C
hine
se, E
nglis
h, F
renc
h, R
ussi
an
and
Span
ish
text
s ar
e eq
uall
y au
then
tic, s
hall
be d
epos
ited
with
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al o
f th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns.
IN W
ITN
ESS
WH
ER
EO
F th
e un
ders
igne
d, b
eing
dul
y au
thor
ized
to th
at e
ffec
t, ha
ve
sign
ed th
is C
onve
ntio
n.
DO
NE
at N
ew Y
ork
this
nin
th d
ay o
f M
ay o
ne th
ousa
nd n
ine
hund
red
and
nine
ty-t
wo.
- 23
-
Ann
ex I
Aus
tral
ia
Aus
tria
Bel
arus
a
Bel
gium
B
ulga
riaa
Can
ada
Cro
atia
a*
Cze
ch R
epub
lica
*D
enm
ark
Eur
opea
n E
cono
mic
Com
mun
ity
Est
onia
a
Finl
and
Fran
ce
Ger
man
y G
reec
e H
unga
rya
Icel
and
Irel
and
Ital
y Ja
pan
Lat
viaa
Lie
chte
nste
in*
Lith
uani
aa
Lux
embo
urg
Mon
aco*
Net
herl
ands
N
ew Z
eala
nd
Nor
way
Po
land
a
Port
ugal
R
oman
iaa
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
iona
Slov
akia
a*
Slov
enia
a*
Spai
n S
wed
en
Swit
zerl
and
Tur
key
Ukr
aine
a
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
of
Gre
at B
rita
in a
nd N
orth
ern
Irel
and
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f A
mer
ica
a Cou
ntri
es th
at a
re u
nder
goin
g th
e pr
oces
s of
tran
sitio
n to
a m
arke
t eco
nom
y.
*P
ubli
sher
’s n
ote:
Cou
ntri
es a
dded
to A
nnex
I b
y an
am
endm
ent t
hat e
nter
ed in
to f
orce
on 1
3 A
ugus
t 199
8, p
ursu
ant t
o de
cisi
on 4
/CP.
3 ad
opte
d at
CO
P.3.
- 24
-
Ann
ex I
I
Aus
tral
iaA
ustr
iaB
elgi
um
Can
ada
Den
mar
kE
urop
ean
Eco
nom
ic C
omm
unit
y Fi
nlan
d Fr
ance
G
erm
any
Gre
ece
Icel
and
Irel
and
Ital
y Ja
pan
Lux
embo
urg
Net
herl
ands
N
ew Z
eala
nd
Nor
way
Po
rtug
al
Spai
n S
wed
en
Swit
zerl
and
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
of
Gre
at B
rita
in a
nd N
orth
ern
Irel
and
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f A
mer
ica
Pub
lish
er’s
not
e: T
urke
y w
as d
elet
ed f
rom
Ann
ex I
I by
an
amen
dmen
t tha
t ent
ered
into
for
ce
28 J
une
2002
, pur
suan
t to
deci
sion
26/
CP.
7 ad
opte
d at
CO
P.7.
- -
- -
-
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997
UNTS, vol. 2303, p. 214
KY
OT
O P
RO
TO
CO
L T
O T
HE
UN
ITE
D N
AT
ION
S F
RA
ME
WO
RK
C
ON
VE
NT
ION
ON
CL
IMA
TE
CH
AN
GE
UN
ITE
D N
AT
ION
S
1998
KY
OT
O P
RO
TO
CO
L T
O T
HE
UN
ITE
D N
AT
ION
S F
RA
ME
WO
RK
C
ON
VE
NT
ION
ON
CL
IMA
TE
CH
AN
GE
The
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col,
B
eing
Par
ties
to th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns F
ram
ewor
k C
onve
ntio
n on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge,
he
rein
afte
r re
ferr
ed to
as
“the
Con
vent
ion”
,
In
pur
suit
of
the
ultim
ate
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion
as s
tate
d in
its
Art
icle
2,
R
ecal
ling
the
prov
isio
ns o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n,
Bei
ng g
uide
d by
Art
icle
3 o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n,
P
ursu
ant t
o th
e B
erlin
Man
date
ado
pted
by
deci
sion
1/C
P.1
of th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n at
its
firs
t ses
sion
,
Hav
e ag
reed
as
follo
ws:
Art
icle
1
For
the
purp
oses
of
this
Pro
toco
l, th
e de
fini
tions
con
tain
ed in
Art
icle
1 o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n sh
all a
pply
. In
add
ition
:
1.“C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies”
mea
ns th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n.
2.“C
onve
ntio
n” m
eans
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Fra
mew
ork
Con
vent
ion
on C
limat
e C
hang
e,ad
opte
d in
New
Yor
k on
9 M
ay 1
992.
3.“I
nter
gove
rnm
enta
l Pan
el o
n C
lim
ate
Cha
nge”
mea
ns th
e In
terg
over
nmen
tal P
anel
on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
esta
blis
hed
in 1
988
join
tly
by th
e W
orld
Met
eoro
logi
cal O
rgan
izat
ion
and
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Env
iron
men
t Pro
gram
me.
4.“M
ontr
eal
Prot
ocol
” m
eans
the
Mon
trea
l Pr
otoc
ol o
n Su
bsta
nces
tha
t D
eple
te t
he O
zone
Lay
er, a
dopt
ed in
Mon
trea
l on
16 S
epte
mbe
r 19
87 a
nd a
s su
bseq
uent
ly a
djus
ted
and
amen
ded.
5.“P
artie
s pr
esen
t and
vot
ing”
mea
ns P
artie
s pr
esen
t and
cas
ting
an a
ffir
mat
ive
or n
egat
ive
vote
.
6.“P
arty
” m
eans
, unl
ess
the
cont
ext o
ther
wis
e in
dica
tes,
a P
arty
to th
is P
roto
col.
7.“P
arty
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I”
mea
ns a
Par
ty in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n, a
sm
ay b
e am
ende
d, o
r a
Part
y w
hich
has
mad
e a
noti
fica
tion
unde
r A
rtic
le 4
, par
agra
ph 2
(g)
, of
the
Con
vent
ion.
Art
icle
2
1.E
ach
Part
y in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
, in
achi
evin
g its
qua
ntif
ied
emis
sion
lim
itatio
n an
dre
duct
ion
com
mitm
ents
und
er A
rtic
le 3
, in
orde
r to
pro
mot
e su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t, sh
all:
- 2
-
(a
) Im
plem
ent a
nd/o
r fu
rthe
r el
abor
ate
polic
ies
and
mea
sure
s in
acc
orda
nce
wit
h its
na
tiona
l cir
cum
stan
ces,
suc
h as
:
(i)
Enh
ance
men
t of
ener
gy e
ffic
ienc
y in
rel
evan
t sec
tors
of
the
natio
nal
econ
omy;
(ii)
Pr
otec
tion
and
enha
ncem
ent o
f si
nks
and
rese
rvoi
rs o
f gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es n
ot
cont
rolle
d by
the
Mon
trea
l Pro
toco
l, ta
king
into
acc
ount
its
com
mitm
ents
un
der
rele
vant
inte
rnat
iona
l env
iron
men
tal a
gree
men
ts; p
rom
otio
n of
su
stai
nabl
e fo
rest
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
, aff
ores
tatio
n an
d re
fore
stat
ion;
(iii)
Pr
omot
ion
of s
usta
inab
le f
orm
s of
agr
icul
ture
in li
ght o
f cl
imat
e ch
ange
co
nsid
erat
ions
;
(iv)
R
esea
rch
on, a
nd p
rom
otio
n, d
evel
opm
ent a
nd in
crea
sed
use
of, n
ew a
nd
rene
wab
le f
orm
s of
ene
rgy,
of
carb
on d
ioxi
de s
eque
stra
tion
tech
nolo
gies
an
d of
adv
ance
d an
d in
nova
tive
envi
ronm
enta
lly
soun
d te
chno
logi
es;
(v)
Prog
ress
ive
redu
ctio
n or
pha
sing
out
of
mar
ket i
mpe
rfec
tions
, fis
cal
ince
ntiv
es, t
ax a
nd d
uty
exem
ptio
ns a
nd s
ubsi
dies
in a
ll gr
eenh
ouse
gas
em
ittin
g se
ctor
s th
at r
un c
ount
er to
the
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion
and
appl
icat
ion
of m
arke
t ins
trum
ents
;
(vi)
E
ncou
rage
men
t of
appr
opri
ate
refo
rms
in r
elev
ant s
ecto
rs a
imed
at
prom
otin
g po
licie
s an
d m
easu
res
whi
ch li
mit
or r
educ
e em
issi
ons
of
gree
nhou
se g
ases
not
con
trol
led
by th
e M
ontr
eal P
roto
col;
(vii)
M
easu
res
to li
mit
and/
or r
educ
e em
issi
ons
of g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
not
cont
rolle
d by
the
Mon
trea
l Pro
toco
l in
the
tran
spor
t sec
tor;
(viii
) L
imita
tion
and/
or r
educ
tion
of m
etha
ne e
mis
sion
s th
roug
h re
cove
ry a
nd
use
in w
aste
man
agem
ent,
as w
ell a
s in
the
prod
uctio
n, tr
ansp
ort a
nd
dist
ribu
tion
of e
nerg
y;
(b)
Coo
pera
te w
ith o
ther
suc
h Pa
rtie
s to
enh
ance
the
indi
vidu
al a
nd c
ombi
ned
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
thei
r po
licie
s an
d m
easu
res
adop
ted
unde
r th
is A
rtic
le, p
ursu
ant t
o A
rtic
le 4
, pa
ragr
aph
2 (e
) (i
), o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n. T
o th
is e
nd, t
hese
Par
ties
shal
l tak
e st
eps
to s
hare
thei
r ex
peri
ence
and
exc
hang
e in
form
atio
n on
suc
h po
licie
s an
d m
easu
res,
incl
udin
g de
velo
ping
w
ays
of im
prov
ing
thei
r co
mpa
rabi
lity,
tran
spar
ency
and
eff
ectiv
enes
s. T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col s
hall,
at i
ts f
irst
ses
sion
or
as s
oon
as p
ract
icab
le th
erea
fter
, con
side
r w
ays
to f
acili
tate
suc
h co
oper
atio
n, ta
king
into
acc
ount
all
rele
vant
info
rmat
ion.
2.T
he P
artie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll pu
rsue
lim
itatio
n or
red
uctio
n of
em
issi
ons
ofgr
eenh
ouse
gas
es n
ot c
ontr
olle
d by
the
Mon
trea
l Pro
toco
l fro
m a
viat
ion
and
mar
ine
bunk
er f
uels
, w
orki
ng th
roug
h th
e In
tern
atio
nal C
ivil
Avi
atio
n O
rgan
izat
ion
and
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Mar
itim
e O
rgan
izat
ion,
res
pect
ivel
y.
- 3
-
3.T
he P
artie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll st
rive
to im
plem
ent p
olic
ies
and
mea
sure
s un
der
this
Art
icle
in s
uch
a w
ay a
s to
min
imiz
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s, in
clud
ing
the
adve
rse
effe
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
, eff
ects
on
inte
rnat
iona
l tra
de, a
nd s
ocia
l, en
viro
nmen
tal a
nd e
cono
mic
impa
cts
on o
ther
Pa
rtie
s, e
spec
iall
y de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
Par
ties
and
in p
artic
ular
thos
e id
entif
ied
in A
rtic
le 4
, pa
ragr
aphs
8 a
nd 9
, of
the
Con
vent
ion,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt A
rtic
le 3
of
the
Con
vent
ion.
The
C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col m
ay ta
ke f
urth
er
actio
n, a
s ap
prop
riat
e, to
pro
mot
e th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
this
par
agra
ph.
4.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col,
if it
dec
ides
that
it w
ould
be
bene
fici
al to
coo
rdin
ate
any
of th
e po
licie
s an
d m
easu
res
in
para
grap
h 1
(a)
abov
e, ta
king
into
acc
ount
dif
fere
nt n
atio
nal c
ircu
mst
ance
s an
d po
tent
ial e
ffec
ts,
shal
l con
side
r w
ays
and
mea
ns to
ela
bora
te th
e co
ordi
natio
n of
suc
h po
licie
s an
d m
easu
res.
Art
icle
3
1.T
he P
artie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll, in
divi
dual
ly o
r jo
intl
y, e
nsur
e th
at th
eir
aggr
egat
ean
thro
poge
nic
carb
on d
ioxi
de e
quiv
alen
t em
issi
ons
of th
e gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es li
sted
in A
nnex
A
do n
ot e
xcee
d th
eir
assi
gned
am
ount
s, c
alcu
late
d pu
rsua
nt to
thei
r qu
antif
ied
emis
sion
lim
itatio
n an
d re
duct
ion
com
mitm
ents
insc
ribe
d in
Ann
ex B
and
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
this
A
rtic
le, w
ith a
vie
w to
red
ucin
g th
eir
over
all e
mis
sion
s of
suc
h ga
ses
by a
t lea
st 5
per
cen
t be
low
199
0 le
vels
in th
e co
mm
itmen
t per
iod
2008
to 2
012.
2.E
ach
Part
y in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll, b
y 20
05, h
ave
mad
e de
mon
stra
ble
prog
ress
inac
hiev
ing
its c
omm
itmen
ts u
nder
this
Pro
toco
l.
3.T
he n
et c
hang
es in
gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s by
sou
rces
and
rem
oval
s by
sin
ks r
esul
ting
from
dir
ect h
uman
-ind
uced
land
-use
cha
nge
and
fore
stry
act
iviti
es, l
imite
d to
aff
ores
tatio
n,
refo
rest
atio
n an
d de
fore
stat
ion
sinc
e 19
90, m
easu
red
as v
erif
iabl
e ch
ange
s in
car
bon
stoc
ks in
ea
ch c
omm
itmen
t per
iod,
sha
ll be
use
d to
mee
t the
com
mitm
ents
und
er th
is A
rtic
le o
f ea
ch P
arty
in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
. T
he g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es a
nd r
emov
als
by s
inks
ass
ocia
ted
with
thos
e ac
tiviti
es s
hall
be r
epor
ted
in a
tran
spar
ent a
nd v
erif
iabl
e m
anne
r an
d re
view
ed in
ac
cord
ance
with
Art
icle
s 7
and
8.
4.Pr
ior
to th
e fi
rst s
essi
on o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col,
each
Par
ty in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll pr
ovid
e, f
or c
onsi
dera
tion
by th
e Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Sc
ient
ific
and
Tec
hnol
ogic
al A
dvic
e, d
ata
to e
stab
lish
its le
vel o
f ca
rbon
st
ocks
in 1
990
and
to e
nabl
e an
est
imat
e to
be
mad
e of
its
chan
ges
in c
arbo
n st
ocks
in
subs
eque
nt y
ears
. T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is
Prot
ocol
sha
ll, a
t its
fir
st s
essi
on o
r as
soo
n as
pra
ctic
able
ther
eaft
er, d
ecid
e up
on m
odal
ities
, ru
les
and
guid
elin
es a
s to
how
, and
whi
ch, a
dditi
onal
hum
an-i
nduc
ed a
ctiv
ities
rel
ated
to
chan
ges
in g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es a
nd r
emov
als
by s
inks
in th
e ag
ricu
ltura
l soi
ls
and
the
land
-use
cha
nge
and
fore
stry
cat
egor
ies
shal
l be
adde
d to
, or
subt
ract
ed f
rom
, the
as
sign
ed a
mou
nts
for
Part
ies
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I, t
akin
g in
to a
ccou
nt u
ncer
tain
ties,
tran
spar
ency
in
rep
ortin
g, v
erif
iabi
lity,
the
met
hodo
logi
cal w
ork
of th
e In
terg
over
nmen
tal P
anel
on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge,
the
advi
ce p
rovi
ded
by th
e Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Sc
ient
ific
and
Tec
hnol
ogic
al A
dvic
e in
ac
cord
ance
with
Art
icle
5 a
nd th
e de
cisi
ons
of th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties.
Suc
h a
deci
sion
sh
all a
pply
in th
e se
cond
and
sub
sequ
ent c
omm
itmen
t per
iods
.A
Par
ty m
ay c
hoos
e to
app
ly
such
a d
ecis
ion
on th
ese
addi
tiona
l hum
an-i
nduc
ed a
ctiv
ities
for
its
firs
t com
mitm
ent p
erio
d,
prov
ided
that
thes
e ac
tiviti
es h
ave
take
n pl
ace
sinc
e 19
90.
- 4
-
5.T
he P
artie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
und
ergo
ing
the
proc
ess
of tr
ansi
tion
to a
mar
ket
econ
omy
who
se b
ase
year
or
peri
od w
as e
stab
lishe
d pu
rsua
nt to
dec
isio
n 9/
CP.
2 of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s at
its
seco
nd s
essi
on s
hall
use
that
bas
e ye
ar o
r pe
riod
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
thei
r co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
this
Art
icle
. A
ny o
ther
Par
ty in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
un
derg
oing
the
proc
ess
of tr
ansi
tion
to a
mar
ket e
cono
my
whi
ch h
as n
ot y
et s
ubm
itted
its
firs
t na
tiona
l com
mun
icat
ion
unde
r A
rtic
le 1
2 of
the
Con
vent
ion
may
als
o no
tify
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l tha
t it i
nten
ds to
use
an
hist
oric
al b
ase
year
or
peri
od o
ther
than
199
0 fo
r th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of
its c
omm
itmen
ts u
nder
th
is A
rtic
le.
The
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e P
artie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l sh
all d
ecid
e on
the
acce
ptan
ce o
f su
ch n
otif
icat
ion.
6.T
akin
g in
to a
ccou
nt A
rtic
le 4
, par
agra
ph 6
, of
the
Con
vent
ion,
in th
e im
plem
enta
tion
ofth
eir
com
mitm
ents
und
er th
is P
roto
col o
ther
than
thos
e un
der
this
Art
icle
, a c
erta
in d
egre
e of
fl
exib
ility
sha
ll be
allo
wed
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l to
the
Part
ies
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I u
nder
goin
g th
e pr
oces
s of
tran
sitio
n to
a
mar
ket e
cono
my.
7.In
the
firs
t qua
ntif
ied
emis
sion
lim
itatio
n an
d re
duct
ion
com
mitm
ent p
erio
d, f
rom
200
8to
201
2, th
e as
sign
ed a
mou
nt f
or e
ach
Part
y in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll be
equ
al to
the
perc
enta
ge
insc
ribe
d fo
r it
in A
nnex
B o
f its
agg
rega
te a
nthr
opog
enic
car
bon
diox
ide
equi
vale
nt e
mis
sion
s of
the
gree
nhou
se g
ases
list
ed in
Ann
ex A
in 1
990,
or
the
base
yea
r or
per
iod
dete
rmin
ed in
ac
cord
ance
with
par
agra
ph 5
abo
ve, m
ultip
lied
by f
ive.
Tho
se P
artie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
fo
r w
hom
land
-use
cha
nge
and
fore
stry
con
stitu
ted
a ne
t sou
rce
of g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
in 1
990
shal
l inc
lude
in th
eir
1990
em
issi
ons
base
yea
r or
per
iod
the
aggr
egat
e an
thro
poge
nic
carb
on d
ioxi
de e
quiv
alen
t em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es m
inus
rem
oval
s by
sin
ks in
199
0 fr
om la
nd-u
se
chan
ge f
or th
e pu
rpos
es o
f ca
lcul
atin
g th
eir
assi
gned
am
ount
.
8.A
ny P
arty
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I m
ay u
se 1
995
as it
s ba
se y
ear
for
hydr
oflu
oroc
arbo
ns,
perf
luor
ocar
bons
and
sul
phur
hex
aflu
orid
e, f
or th
e pu
rpos
es o
f th
e ca
lcul
atio
n re
ferr
ed to
in
para
grap
h 7
abov
e.
9.C
omm
itmen
ts f
or s
ubse
quen
t per
iods
for
Par
ties
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I s
hall
be e
stab
lishe
din
am
endm
ents
to A
nnex
B to
this
Pro
toco
l, w
hich
sha
ll be
ado
pted
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
Art
icle
21,
par
agra
ph 7
. T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll in
itiat
e th
e co
nsid
erat
ion
of s
uch
com
mitm
ents
at l
east
se
ven
year
s be
fore
the
end
of th
e fi
rst c
omm
itmen
t per
iod
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
abo
ve.
10.
Any
em
issi
on r
educ
tion
units
, or
any
part
of
an a
ssig
ned
amou
nt, w
hich
a P
arty
acq
uire
sfr
om a
noth
er P
arty
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
Art
icle
6 o
r of
Art
icle
17
shal
l be
adde
d to
the
assi
gned
am
ount
for
the
acqu
irin
g Pa
rty.
11.
Any
em
issi
on r
educ
tion
units
, or
any
part
of
an a
ssig
ned
amou
nt, w
hich
a P
arty
tran
sfer
sto
ano
ther
Par
ty in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
prov
isio
ns o
f A
rtic
le 6
or
of A
rtic
le 1
7 sh
all b
e su
btra
cted
fro
m th
e as
sign
ed a
mou
nt f
or th
e tr
ansf
erri
ng P
arty
.
12.
Any
cer
tifie
d em
issi
on r
educ
tions
whi
ch a
Par
ty a
cqui
res
from
ano
ther
Par
ty in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
Art
icle
12
shal
l be
adde
d to
the
assi
gned
am
ount
for
the
acqu
irin
g Pa
rty.
- 5
-
13.
If th
e em
issi
ons
of a
Par
ty in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
in a
com
mitm
ent p
erio
d ar
e le
ss th
an it
sas
sign
ed a
mou
nt u
nder
this
Art
icle
, thi
s di
ffer
ence
sha
ll, o
n re
ques
t of
that
Par
ty, b
e ad
ded
to th
e as
sign
ed a
mou
nt f
or th
at P
arty
for
sub
sequ
ent c
omm
itmen
t per
iods
.
14.
Eac
h Pa
rty
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I s
hall
stri
ve to
impl
emen
t the
com
mitm
ents
men
tione
d in
para
grap
h 1
abov
e in
suc
h a
way
as
to m
inim
ize
adve
rse
soci
al, e
nvir
onm
enta
l and
eco
nom
ic
impa
cts
on d
evel
opin
g co
untr
y Pa
rtie
s, p
artic
ular
ly th
ose
iden
tifie
d in
Art
icle
4, p
arag
raph
s 8
and
9, o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n. I
n lin
e w
ith r
elev
ant d
ecis
ions
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s on
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
thos
e pa
ragr
aphs
, the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll, a
t its
fir
st s
essi
on, c
onsi
der
wha
t act
ions
are
nec
essa
ry to
min
imiz
e th
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd/o
r th
e im
pact
s of
res
pons
e m
easu
res
on P
artie
s re
ferr
ed
to in
thos
e pa
ragr
aphs
. A
mon
g th
e is
sues
to b
e co
nsid
ered
sha
ll be
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of
fund
ing,
in
sura
nce
and
tran
sfer
of
tech
nolo
gy.
Art
icle
4
1.A
ny P
artie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
that
hav
e re
ache
d an
agr
eem
ent t
o fu
lfil
thei
rco
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
Art
icle
3 jo
intl
y, s
hall
be d
eem
ed to
hav
e m
et th
ose
com
mitm
ents
pro
vide
d th
at th
eir
tota
l com
bine
d ag
greg
ate
anth
ropo
geni
c ca
rbon
dio
xide
equ
ival
ent e
mis
sion
s of
the
gree
nhou
se g
ases
list
ed in
Ann
ex A
do
not e
xcee
d th
eir
assi
gned
am
ount
s ca
lcul
ated
pur
suan
t to
thei
r qu
antif
ied
emis
sion
lim
itatio
n an
d re
duct
ion
com
mitm
ents
insc
ribe
d in
Ann
ex B
and
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
Art
icle
3.
The
res
pect
ive
emis
sion
leve
l allo
cate
d to
eac
h of
th
e Pa
rtie
s to
the
agre
emen
t sha
ll b
e se
t out
in th
at a
gree
men
t.
2.T
he P
artie
s to
any
suc
h ag
reem
ent s
hall
notif
y th
e se
cret
aria
t of
the
term
s of
the
agre
emen
t on
the
date
of
depo
sit o
f th
eir
inst
rum
ents
of
ratif
icat
ion,
acc
epta
nce
or a
ppro
val
of th
is P
roto
col,
or a
cces
sion
ther
eto.
The
sec
reta
riat
sha
ll in
turn
info
rm th
e Pa
rtie
s an
d si
gnat
orie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion
of th
e te
rms
of th
e ag
reem
ent.
3.A
ny s
uch
agre
emen
t sha
ll r
emai
n in
ope
ratio
n fo
r th
e du
ratio
n of
the
com
mitm
ent p
erio
dsp
ecif
ied
in A
rtic
le 3
, par
agra
ph 7
.
4.If
Par
ties
actin
g jo
intl
y do
so
in th
e fr
amew
ork
of, a
nd to
geth
er w
ith, a
reg
iona
l eco
nom
icin
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
n, a
ny a
ltera
tion
in th
e co
mpo
sitio
n of
the
orga
niza
tion
aft
er a
dopt
ion
of
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll no
t aff
ect e
xist
ing
com
mitm
ents
und
er th
is P
roto
col.
Any
alte
ratio
n in
the
com
posi
tion
of th
e or
gani
zatio
n sh
all o
nly
appl
y fo
r th
e pu
rpos
es o
f th
ose
com
mitm
ents
und
er
Art
icle
3 th
at a
re a
dopt
ed s
ubse
quen
t to
that
alte
rati
on.
5.In
the
even
t of
failu
re b
y th
e Pa
rtie
s to
suc
h an
agr
eem
ent t
o ac
hiev
e th
eir
tota
l com
bine
dle
vel o
f em
issi
on r
educ
tion
s, e
ach
Part
y to
that
agr
eem
ent s
hall
be r
espo
nsib
le f
or it
s ow
n le
vel
of e
mis
sion
s se
t out
in th
e ag
reem
ent.
6.If
Par
ties
actin
g jo
intl
y do
so
in th
e fr
amew
ork
of, a
nd to
geth
er w
ith, a
reg
iona
l eco
nom
icin
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
n w
hich
is it
self
a P
arty
to th
is P
roto
col,
each
mem
ber
Sta
te o
f th
at
regi
onal
eco
nom
ic in
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
n in
divi
dual
ly, a
nd to
geth
er w
ith th
e re
gion
al e
cono
mic
in
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
n ac
ting
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith
Art
icle
24,
sha
ll, in
the
even
t of
failu
re to
ac
hiev
e th
e to
tal c
ombi
ned
leve
l of
emis
sion
red
uctio
ns, b
e re
spon
sibl
e fo
r its
leve
l of
emis
sion
s as
not
ifie
d in
acc
orda
nce
with
this
Art
icle
.
- 6
-
Art
icle
5
1.E
ach
Part
y in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll ha
ve in
pla
ce, n
o la
ter
than
one
yea
r pr
ior
to th
est
art o
f th
e fi
rst c
omm
itmen
t per
iod,
a n
atio
nal s
yste
m f
or th
e es
timat
ion
of a
nthr
opog
enic
em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es a
nd r
emov
als
by s
inks
of
all g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
not c
ontr
olle
d by
the
Mon
trea
l Pro
toco
l. G
uide
lines
for
suc
h na
tiona
l sys
tem
s, w
hich
sha
ll in
corp
orat
e th
e m
etho
dolo
gies
spe
cifi
ed in
par
agra
ph 2
bel
ow, s
hall
be d
ecid
ed u
pon
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l at i
ts f
irst
ses
sion
.
2.M
etho
dolo
gies
for
est
imat
ing
anth
ropo
geni
c em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es a
nd r
emov
als
by s
inks
of a
ll gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es n
ot c
ontr
olle
d by
the
Mon
trea
l Pro
toco
l sha
ll be
thos
e ac
cept
ed b
y th
e In
terg
over
nmen
tal P
anel
on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
and
agre
ed u
pon
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
at it
s th
ird
sess
ion.
Whe
re s
uch
met
hodo
logi
es a
re n
ot u
sed,
app
ropr
iate
adj
ustm
ents
sha
ll be
ap
plie
d ac
cord
ing
to m
etho
dolo
gies
agr
eed
upon
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l at i
ts f
irst
ses
sion
. B
ased
on
the
wor
k of
, int
er a
lia,
the
Inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l Pan
el o
n C
lim
ate
Cha
nge
and
advi
ce p
rovi
ded
by th
e Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Sc
ient
ific
and
Tec
hnol
ogic
al A
dvic
e, th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col s
hall
regu
larl
y re
view
and
, as
appr
opri
ate,
rev
ise
such
met
hodo
logi
es a
nd
adju
stm
ents
, tak
ing
full
y in
to a
ccou
nt a
ny r
elev
ant d
ecis
ions
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s.
Any
rev
isio
n to
met
hodo
logi
es o
r ad
just
men
ts s
hall
be u
sed
only
for
the
purp
oses
of
asce
rtai
ning
co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith c
omm
itmen
ts u
nder
Art
icle
3 in
res
pect
of
any
com
mitm
ent p
erio
d ad
opte
d su
bseq
uent
to th
at r
evis
ion.
3.T
he g
loba
l war
min
g po
tent
ials
use
d to
cal
cula
te th
e ca
rbon
dio
xide
equ
ival
ence
of
anth
ropo
geni
c em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es a
nd r
emov
als
by s
inks
of
gree
nhou
se g
ases
list
ed in
A
nnex
A s
hall
be th
ose
acce
pted
by
the
Inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l Pan
el o
n C
limat
e C
hang
e an
d ag
reed
up
on b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
at it
s th
ird
sess
ion.
Bas
ed o
n th
e w
ork
of, i
nter
ali
a, th
e In
terg
over
nmen
tal P
anel
on
Cli
mat
e C
hang
e an
d ad
vice
pro
vide
d by
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Scie
ntif
ic a
nd T
echn
olog
ical
Adv
ice,
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll re
gula
rly
revi
ew a
nd, a
s ap
prop
riat
e, r
evis
e th
e gl
obal
war
min
g po
tent
ial o
f ea
ch s
uch
gree
nhou
se g
as, t
akin
g fu
lly in
to a
ccou
nt a
ny r
elev
ant d
ecis
ions
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s. A
ny r
evis
ion
to a
glo
bal w
arm
ing
pote
ntia
l sha
ll ap
ply
only
to
com
mitm
ents
und
er A
rtic
le 3
in r
espe
ct o
f an
y co
mm
itmen
t per
iod
adop
ted
subs
eque
nt to
that
re
visi
on.
Art
icle
6
1.Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
e of
mee
ting
its c
omm
itmen
ts u
nder
Art
icle
3, a
ny P
arty
incl
uded
inA
nnex
I m
ay tr
ansf
er to
, or
acqu
ire
from
, any
oth
er s
uch
Part
y em
issi
on r
educ
tion
units
res
ultin
g fr
om p
roje
cts
aim
ed a
t red
ucin
g an
thro
poge
nic
emis
sion
s by
sou
rces
or
enha
ncin
g an
thro
poge
nic
rem
oval
s by
sin
ks o
f gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es in
any
sec
tor
of th
e ec
onom
y, p
rovi
ded
that
:
(a)
Any
suc
h pr
ojec
t has
the
appr
oval
of
the
Part
ies
invo
lved
;
(b)
Any
suc
h pr
ojec
t pro
vide
s a
redu
ctio
n in
em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es, o
r an
en
hanc
emen
t of
rem
oval
s by
sin
ks, t
hat i
s ad
ditio
nal t
o an
y th
at w
ould
oth
erw
ise
occu
r;
- 7
-
(c)
It d
oes
not a
cqui
re a
ny e
mis
sion
red
uctio
n un
its if
it is
not
in c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith it
s ob
ligat
ions
und
er A
rtic
les
5 an
d 7;
and
(d)
The
acq
uisi
tion
of e
mis
sion
red
uctio
n un
its s
hall
be s
uppl
emen
tal t
o do
mes
tic
actio
ns f
or th
e pu
rpos
es o
f m
eetin
g co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
Art
icle
3.
2.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col
may
, at i
ts f
irst
ses
sion
or
as s
oon
as p
ract
icab
le th
erea
fter
, fur
ther
ela
bora
te g
uide
lines
for
th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is A
rtic
le, i
nclu
ding
for
ver
ific
atio
n an
d re
port
ing.
3.A
Par
ty in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
may
aut
hori
ze le
gal e
ntiti
es to
par
ticip
ate,
und
er it
sre
spon
sibi
lity,
in a
ctio
ns le
adin
g to
the
gene
ratio
n, tr
ansf
er o
r ac
quis
ition
und
er th
is A
rtic
le
of e
mis
sion
red
uctio
n un
its.
4.If
a q
uest
ion
of im
plem
enta
tion
by a
Par
ty in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
of
the
requ
irem
ents
refe
rred
to in
this
Art
icle
is id
entif
ied
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e re
leva
nt p
rovi
sion
s of
Art
icle
8,
tran
sfer
s an
d ac
quis
ition
s of
em
issi
on r
educ
tion
units
may
con
tinue
to b
e m
ade
afte
r th
e
ques
tion
has
been
iden
tifie
d, p
rovi
ded
that
any
suc
h un
its m
ay n
ot b
e us
ed b
y a
Part
y to
mee
t its
com
mitm
ents
und
er A
rtic
le 3
unt
il an
y is
sue
of c
ompl
ianc
e is
res
olve
d.
Art
icle
7
1.E
ach
Part
y in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll in
corp
orat
e in
its
annu
al in
vent
ory
of a
nthr
opog
enic
emis
sion
s by
sou
rces
and
rem
oval
s by
sin
ks o
f gr
eenh
ouse
gas
es n
ot c
ontr
olle
d by
the
Mon
trea
l Pr
otoc
ol, s
ubm
itted
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e re
leva
nt d
ecis
ions
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s,
the
nece
ssar
y su
pple
men
tary
info
rmat
ion
for
the
purp
oses
of
ensu
ring
com
plia
nce
with
Art
icle
3,
to b
e de
term
ined
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith p
arag
raph
4 b
elow
.
2.E
ach
Part
y in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll in
corp
orat
e in
its
natio
nal c
omm
unic
atio
n,su
bmitt
ed u
nder
Art
icle
12
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n, th
e su
pple
men
tary
info
rmat
ion
nece
ssar
y to
de
mon
stra
te c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith it
s co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
this
Pro
toco
l, to
be
dete
rmin
ed in
ac
cord
ance
with
par
agra
ph 4
bel
ow.
3.E
ach
Part
y in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll su
bmit
the
info
rmat
ion
requ
ired
und
er p
arag
raph
1ab
ove
annu
ally
, beg
inni
ng w
ith th
e fi
rst i
nven
tory
due
und
er th
e C
onve
ntio
n fo
r th
e fi
rst y
ear
of th
e co
mm
itmen
t per
iod
afte
r th
is P
roto
col h
as e
nter
ed in
to f
orce
for
that
Par
ty.
Eac
h su
ch
Part
y sh
all s
ubm
it th
e in
form
atio
n re
quir
ed u
nder
par
agra
ph 2
abo
ve a
s pa
rt o
f th
e fi
rst n
atio
nal
com
mun
icat
ion
due
unde
r th
e C
onve
ntio
n af
ter
this
Pro
toco
l has
ent
ered
into
for
ce f
or it
and
af
ter
the
adop
tion
of g
uide
lines
as
prov
ided
for
in p
arag
raph
4 b
elow
. T
he f
requ
ency
of
subs
eque
nt s
ubm
issi
on o
f in
form
atio
n re
quir
ed u
nder
this
Art
icle
sha
ll be
det
erm
ined
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l, ta
king
into
ac
coun
t any
tim
etab
le f
or th
e su
bmis
sion
of
natio
nal c
omm
unic
atio
ns d
ecid
ed u
pon
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies.
4.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col s
hall
adop
t at i
ts f
irst
ses
sion
, and
rev
iew
per
iodi
call
y th
erea
fter
, gui
delin
es f
or th
e pr
epar
atio
n of
the
info
rmat
ion
requ
ired
und
er th
is A
rtic
le, t
akin
g in
to a
ccou
nt g
uide
lines
for
the
prep
arat
ion
of
- 8
-
natio
nal c
omm
unic
atio
ns b
y Pa
rtie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
ado
pted
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s. T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col
shal
l als
o, p
rior
to th
e fi
rst c
omm
itmen
t per
iod,
dec
ide
upon
mod
aliti
es f
or th
e ac
coun
ting
of
assi
gned
am
ount
s.
Art
icle
8
1.T
he in
form
atio
n su
bmitt
ed u
nder
Art
icle
7 b
y ea
ch P
arty
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I s
hall
bere
view
ed b
y ex
pert
rev
iew
team
s pu
rsua
nt to
the
rele
vant
dec
isio
ns o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
and
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith g
uide
lines
ado
pted
for
this
pur
pose
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l und
er p
arag
raph
4 b
elow
. T
he
info
rmat
ion
subm
itted
und
er A
rtic
le 7
, par
agra
ph 1
, by
each
Par
ty in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll be
re
view
ed a
s pa
rt o
f th
e an
nual
com
pila
tion
and
acco
untin
g of
em
issi
ons
inve
ntor
ies
and
assi
gned
am
ount
s. A
dditi
onal
ly, t
he in
form
atio
n su
bmitt
ed u
nder
Art
icle
7, p
arag
raph
2, b
y ea
ch P
arty
in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll b
e re
view
ed a
s pa
rt o
f th
e re
view
of
com
mun
icat
ions
.
2.E
xper
t rev
iew
team
s sh
all b
e co
ordi
nate
d by
the
secr
etar
iat a
nd s
hall
be c
ompo
sed
ofex
pert
s se
lect
ed f
rom
thos
e no
min
ated
by
Part
ies
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d, a
s ap
prop
riat
e, b
y in
terg
over
nmen
tal o
rgan
izat
ions
, in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
guid
ance
pro
vide
d fo
r th
is p
urpo
se b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies.
3.T
he r
evie
w p
roce
ss s
hall
prov
ide
a th
orou
gh a
nd c
ompr
ehen
sive
tech
nica
l ass
essm
ent
of a
ll as
pect
s of
the
impl
emen
tatio
n by
a P
arty
of
this
Pro
toco
l. T
he e
xper
t rev
iew
team
s sh
all
prep
are
a re
port
to th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is
Prot
ocol
, ass
essi
ng th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e co
mm
itmen
ts o
f th
e Pa
rty
and
iden
tifyi
ng a
ny
pote
ntia
l pro
blem
s in
, and
fac
tors
infl
uenc
ing,
the
fulf
ilmen
t of
com
mitm
ents
. Su
ch r
epor
ts
shal
l be
circ
ulat
ed b
y th
e se
cret
aria
t to
all P
artie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion.
The
sec
reta
riat
sha
ll lis
t th
ose
ques
tions
of
impl
emen
tatio
n in
dica
ted
in s
uch
repo
rts
for
furt
her
cons
ider
atio
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l.
4.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col
shal
l ado
pt a
t its
fir
st s
essi
on, a
nd r
evie
w p
erio
dica
lly
ther
eaft
er, g
uide
lines
for
the
revi
ew
of im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is P
roto
col b
y ex
pert
rev
iew
team
s ta
king
into
acc
ount
the
rele
vant
de
cisi
ons
of th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies.
5.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col
shal
l, w
ith th
e as
sist
ance
of
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Impl
emen
tatio
n an
d, a
s ap
prop
riat
e, th
e Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Sc
ient
ific
and
Tec
hnol
ogic
al A
dvic
e, c
onsi
der:
(a)
The
info
rmat
ion
subm
itted
by
Part
ies
unde
r A
rtic
le 7
and
the
repo
rts
of th
e ex
pert
re
view
s th
ereo
n co
nduc
ted
unde
r th
is A
rtic
le; a
nd
(b)
Tho
se q
uest
ions
of
impl
emen
tatio
n lis
ted
by th
e se
cret
aria
t und
er p
arag
raph
3
abov
e, a
s w
ell a
s an
y qu
estio
ns r
aise
d by
Par
ties.
6.Pu
rsua
nt to
its
cons
ider
atio
n of
the
info
rmat
ion
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 5
abo
ve,
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e P
artie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll ta
ke
deci
sion
s on
any
mat
ter
requ
ired
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
this
Pro
toco
l.
- 9
-
Art
icle
9
1.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col
shal
l per
iodi
call
y re
view
this
Pro
toco
l in
the
light
of
the
best
ava
ilabl
e sc
ient
ific
info
rmat
ion
and
asse
ssm
ents
on
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd it
s im
pact
s, a
s w
ell a
s re
leva
nt te
chni
cal,
soci
al a
nd
econ
omic
info
rmat
ion.
Suc
h re
view
s sh
all b
e co
ordi
nate
d w
ith p
ertin
ent r
evie
ws
unde
r th
e C
onve
ntio
n, in
par
ticul
ar th
ose
requ
ired
by
Art
icle
4, p
arag
raph
2 (
d), a
nd A
rtic
le 7
, pa
ragr
aph
2 (a
), o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n. B
ased
on
thes
e re
view
s, th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col s
hall
take
app
ropr
iate
act
ion.
2.T
he f
irst
rev
iew
sha
ll ta
ke p
lace
at t
he s
econ
d se
ssio
n of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
sse
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l. F
urth
er r
evie
ws
shal
l tak
e pl
ace
at r
egul
ar
inte
rval
s an
d in
a ti
mel
y m
anne
r.
Art
icle
10
All
Part
ies,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
eir
com
mon
but
dif
fere
ntia
ted
resp
onsi
bili
ties
and
thei
r sp
ecif
ic n
atio
nal a
nd r
egio
nal d
evel
opm
ent p
rior
ities
, obj
ectiv
es a
nd c
ircu
mst
ance
s, w
ithou
t in
trod
ucin
g an
y ne
w c
omm
itmen
ts f
or P
artie
s no
t inc
lude
d in
Ann
ex I
, but
rea
ffir
min
g ex
istin
g co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
Art
icle
4, p
arag
raph
1, o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n, a
nd c
ontin
uing
to a
dvan
ce th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
ese
com
mitm
ents
in o
rder
to a
chie
ve s
usta
inab
le d
evel
opm
ent,
taki
ng in
to
acco
unt A
rtic
le 4
, par
agra
phs
3, 5
and
7, o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n, s
hall:
(a)
Form
ulat
e, w
here
rel
evan
t and
to th
e ex
tent
pos
sibl
e, c
ost-
effe
ctiv
e na
tiona
l an
d, w
here
app
ropr
iate
, reg
iona
l pro
gram
mes
to im
prov
e th
e qu
alit
y of
loca
l em
issi
on f
acto
rs,
activ
ity
data
and
/or
mod
els
whi
ch r
efle
ct th
e so
cio-
econ
omic
con
ditio
ns o
f ea
ch P
arty
for
the
prep
arat
ion
and
peri
odic
upd
atin
g of
nat
iona
l inv
ento
ries
of
anth
ropo
geni
c em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es
and
rem
oval
s by
sin
ks o
f al
l gre
enho
use
gase
s no
t con
trol
led
by th
e M
ontr
eal P
roto
col,
usin
g co
mpa
rabl
e m
etho
dolo
gies
to b
e ag
reed
upo
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s, a
nd c
onsi
sten
t w
ith th
e gu
idel
ines
for
the
prep
arat
ion
of n
atio
nal c
omm
unic
atio
ns a
dopt
ed b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies;
(b)
Form
ulat
e, im
plem
ent,
publ
ish
and
regu
larl
y up
date
nat
iona
l and
, whe
re
appr
opri
ate,
reg
iona
l pro
gram
mes
con
tain
ing
mea
sure
s to
mit
igat
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
mea
sure
s to
fac
ilit
ate
adeq
uate
ada
ptat
ion
to c
lim
ate
chan
ge:
(i)
Such
pro
gram
mes
wou
ld, i
nter
ali
a, c
once
rn th
e en
ergy
, tra
nspo
rt a
nd
indu
stry
sec
tors
as
wel
l as
agri
cultu
re, f
ores
try
and
was
te m
anag
emen
t.
Furt
herm
ore,
ada
ptat
ion
tech
nolo
gies
and
met
hods
for
impr
ovin
g sp
atia
l pl
anni
ng w
ould
impr
ove
adap
tatio
n to
clim
ate
chan
ge; a
nd
(ii)
Pa
rtie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
sha
ll su
bmit
info
rmat
ion
on a
ctio
n un
der
this
Pr
otoc
ol, i
nclu
ding
nat
iona
l pro
gram
mes
, in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith A
rtic
le 7
; an
d ot
her
Part
ies
shal
l see
k to
incl
ude
in th
eir
nati
onal
com
mun
icat
ions
, as
app
ropr
iate
, inf
orm
atio
n on
pro
gram
mes
whi
ch c
onta
in m
easu
res
that
th
e Pa
rty
belie
ves
cont
ribu
te to
add
ress
ing
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd it
s ad
vers
e im
pact
s, in
clud
ing
the
abat
emen
t of
incr
ease
s in
gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s,
and
enha
ncem
ent o
f an
d re
mov
als
by s
inks
, cap
acit
y bu
ildin
g an
d ad
apta
tion
mea
sure
s;
- 10
-
(c)
Coo
pera
te in
the
prom
otio
n of
eff
ectiv
e m
odal
ities
for
the
deve
lopm
ent,
appl
icat
ion
and
diff
usio
n of
, and
take
all
prac
ticab
le s
teps
to p
rom
ote,
fac
ilita
te a
nd f
inan
ce,
as a
ppro
pria
te, t
he tr
ansf
er o
f, o
r ac
cess
to, e
nvir
onm
enta
lly
soun
d te
chno
logi
es, k
now
-how
, pr
actic
es a
nd p
roce
sses
per
tinen
t to
clim
ate
chan
ge, i
n pa
rtic
ular
to d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies,
in
clud
ing
the
form
ulat
ion
of p
olic
ies
and
prog
ram
mes
for
the
effe
ctiv
e tr
ansf
er o
f en
viro
nmen
tall
y so
und
tech
nolo
gies
that
are
pub
licl
y ow
ned
or in
the
publ
ic d
omai
n an
d th
e cr
eatio
n of
an
enab
ling
envi
ronm
ent f
or th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
, to
prom
ote
and
enha
nce
the
tran
sfer
of
, and
acc
ess
to, e
nvir
onm
enta
lly
soun
d te
chno
logi
es;
(d)
Coo
pera
te in
sci
entif
ic a
nd te
chni
cal r
esea
rch
and
prom
ote
the
mai
nten
ance
and
th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
syst
emat
ic o
bser
vatio
n sy
stem
s an
d de
velo
pmen
t of
data
arc
hive
s to
red
uce
unce
rtai
ntie
s re
late
d to
the
clim
ate
syst
em, t
he a
dver
se im
pact
s of
cli
mat
e ch
ange
and
the
econ
omic
and
soc
ial c
onse
quen
ces
of v
ario
us r
espo
nse
stra
tegi
es, a
nd p
rom
ote
the
deve
lopm
ent
and
stre
ngth
enin
g of
end
ogen
ous
capa
citie
s an
d ca
pabi
litie
s to
par
ticip
ate
in in
tern
atio
nal a
nd
inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l eff
orts
, pro
gram
mes
and
net
wor
ks o
n re
sear
ch a
nd s
yste
mat
ic o
bser
vatio
n,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt A
rtic
le 5
of
the
Con
vent
ion;
(e)
Coo
pera
te in
and
pro
mot
e at
the
inte
rnat
iona
l lev
el, a
nd, w
here
app
ropr
iate
, usi
ng
exis
ting
bodi
es, t
he d
evel
opm
ent a
nd im
plem
enta
tion
of e
duca
tion
and
trai
ning
pro
gram
mes
, in
clud
ing
the
stre
ngth
enin
g of
nat
iona
l cap
acit
y bu
ildin
g, in
par
ticul
ar h
uman
and
inst
itutio
nal
capa
citie
s an
d th
e ex
chan
ge o
r se
cond
men
t of
pers
onne
l to
trai
n ex
pert
s in
this
fie
ld, i
n pa
rtic
ular
fo
r de
velo
ping
cou
ntri
es, a
nd f
acili
tate
at t
he n
atio
nal l
evel
pub
lic a
war
enes
s of
, and
pub
lic
acce
ss to
info
rmat
ion
on, c
limat
e ch
ange
. Su
itabl
e m
odal
ities
sho
uld
be d
evel
oped
to im
plem
ent
thes
e ac
tiviti
es th
roug
h th
e re
leva
nt b
odie
s of
the
Con
vent
ion,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt A
rtic
le 6
of
the
Con
vent
ion;
(f)
Incl
ude
in th
eir
natio
nal c
omm
unic
atio
ns in
form
atio
n on
pro
gram
mes
and
ac
tiviti
es u
nder
take
n pu
rsua
nt to
this
Art
icle
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith r
elev
ant d
ecis
ions
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s; a
nd
(g)
Giv
e fu
ll co
nsid
erat
ion,
in im
plem
entin
g th
e co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
this
Art
icle
, to
Art
icle
4, p
arag
raph
8, o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n. Art
icle
11
1.In
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
Art
icle
10,
Par
ties
shal
l tak
e in
to a
ccou
nt th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
Art
icle
4, p
arag
raph
s 4,
5, 7
, 8 a
nd 9
, of
the
Con
vent
ion.
2.In
the
cont
ext o
f th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of A
rtic
le 4
, par
agra
ph 1
, of
the
Con
vent
ion,
inac
cord
ance
with
the
prov
isio
ns o
f A
rtic
le 4
, par
agra
ph 3
, and
Art
icle
11
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n,
and
thro
ugh
the
entit
y or
ent
ities
ent
rust
ed w
ith th
e op
erat
ion
of th
e fi
nanc
ial m
echa
nism
of
the
Con
vent
ion,
the
deve
lope
d co
untr
y Pa
rtie
s an
d ot
her
deve
lope
d Pa
rtie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
I to
th
e C
onve
ntio
n sh
all:
(a)
Prov
ide
new
and
add
ition
al f
inan
cial
res
ourc
es to
mee
t the
agr
eed
full
cost
s in
curr
ed b
y de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
Par
ties
in a
dvan
cing
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
exi
stin
g co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
Art
icle
4, p
arag
raph
1 (
a), o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n th
at a
re c
over
ed in
Art
icle
10,
sub
para
grap
h (a
); a
nd
- 11
-
(b)
Als
o pr
ovid
e su
ch f
inan
cial
res
ourc
es, i
nclu
ding
for
the
tran
sfer
of
tech
nolo
gy,
need
ed b
y th
e de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
Par
ties
to m
eet t
he a
gree
d fu
ll in
crem
enta
l cos
ts o
f ad
vanc
ing
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
exi
stin
g co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
Art
icle
4, p
arag
raph
1, o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n th
at
are
cove
red
by A
rtic
le 1
0 an
d th
at a
re a
gree
d be
twee
n a
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
arty
and
the
inte
rnat
iona
l ent
ity
or e
ntiti
es r
efer
red
to in
Art
icle
11
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n, in
acc
orda
nce
with
th
at A
rtic
le.
The
impl
emen
tatio
n of
thes
e ex
istin
g co
mm
itmen
ts s
hall
take
into
acc
ount
the
need
for
ade
quac
y an
d pr
edic
tabi
lity
in th
e fl
ow o
f fu
nds
and
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f ap
prop
riat
e bu
rden
sha
ring
am
ong
deve
lope
d co
untr
y Pa
rtie
s. T
he g
uida
nce
to th
e en
tity
or e
ntiti
es e
ntru
sted
with
the
oper
atio
n of
th
e fi
nanc
ial m
echa
nism
of
the
Con
vent
ion
in r
elev
ant d
ecis
ions
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s,
incl
udin
g th
ose
agre
ed b
efor
e th
e ad
optio
n of
this
Pro
toco
l, sh
all a
pply
mut
atis
mut
andi
s to
the
prov
isio
ns o
f th
is p
arag
raph
.
3.T
he d
evel
oped
cou
ntry
Par
ties
and
othe
r de
velo
ped
Part
ies
in A
nnex
II
to th
eC
onve
ntio
n m
ay a
lso
prov
ide,
and
dev
elop
ing
coun
try
Part
ies
avai
l the
mse
lves
of,
fin
anci
al
reso
urce
s fo
r th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of A
rtic
le 1
0, th
roug
h bi
late
ral,
regi
onal
and
oth
er m
ultil
ater
al
chan
nels
.
Art
icle
12
1.A
cle
an d
evel
opm
ent m
echa
nism
is h
ereb
y de
fine
d.
2.T
he p
urpo
se o
f th
e cl
ean
deve
lopm
ent m
echa
nism
sha
ll be
to a
ssis
t Par
ties
not i
nclu
ded
in A
nnex
I in
ach
ievi
ng s
usta
inab
le d
evel
opm
ent a
nd in
con
trib
utin
g to
the
ultim
ate
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion,
and
to a
ssis
t Par
ties
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I in
ach
ievi
ng c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith th
eir
quan
tifie
d em
issi
on li
mita
tion
and
redu
ctio
n co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
Art
icle
3.
3.U
nder
the
clea
n de
velo
pmen
t mec
hani
sm:
(a)
Part
ies
not i
nclu
ded
in A
nnex
I w
ill b
enef
it fr
om p
roje
ct a
ctiv
ities
res
ultin
g in
ce
rtif
ied
emis
sion
red
uctio
ns; a
nd
(b)
Part
ies
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I m
ay u
se th
e ce
rtif
ied
emis
sion
red
uctio
ns a
ccru
ing
from
suc
h pr
ojec
t act
iviti
es to
con
trib
ute
to c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith p
art o
f th
eir
quan
tifie
d em
issi
on
limita
tion
and
redu
ctio
n co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
Art
icle
3, a
s de
term
ined
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col.
4.T
he c
lean
dev
elop
men
t mec
hani
sm s
hall
be s
ubje
ct to
the
auth
orit
y an
d gu
idan
ce o
f th
eC
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col a
nd b
e su
perv
ised
by
an
exec
utiv
e bo
ard
of th
e cl
ean
deve
lopm
ent m
echa
nism
.
5.E
mis
sion
red
uctio
ns r
esul
ting
from
eac
h pr
ojec
t act
ivit
y sh
all b
e ce
rtif
ied
by o
pera
tiona
len
titie
s to
be
desi
gnat
ed b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to
this
Pro
toco
l, on
the
basi
s of
:
(a)
Vol
unta
ry p
artic
ipat
ion
appr
oved
by
each
Par
ty in
volv
ed;
- 12
-
(b)
Rea
l, m
easu
rabl
e, a
nd lo
ng-t
erm
ben
efits
rel
ated
to th
e m
itiga
tion
of c
limat
e ch
ange
; and
(c)
Red
uctio
ns in
em
issi
ons
that
are
add
ition
al to
any
that
wou
ld o
ccur
in th
e ab
senc
e of
the
cert
ifie
d pr
ojec
t act
ivit
y.
6.T
he c
lean
dev
elop
men
t mec
hani
sm s
hall
assi
st in
arr
angi
ng f
undi
ng o
f ce
rtif
ied
proj
ect
activ
ities
as
nece
ssar
y.
7.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col
shal
l, at
its
firs
t ses
sion
, ela
bora
te m
odal
ities
and
pro
cedu
res
with
the
obje
ctiv
e of
ens
urin
g tr
ansp
aren
cy, e
ffic
ienc
y an
d ac
coun
tabi
lity
thro
ugh
inde
pend
ent a
uditi
ng a
nd v
erif
icat
ion
of
proj
ect a
ctiv
ities
.
8.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col s
hall
ensu
re th
at a
sha
re o
f th
e pr
ocee
ds f
rom
cer
tifie
d pr
ojec
t act
iviti
es is
use
d to
cov
er a
dmin
istr
ativ
e ex
pens
es a
s w
ell a
s to
ass
ist d
evel
opin
g co
untr
y P
artie
s th
at a
re p
artic
ular
ly v
ulne
rabl
e to
the
adve
rse
effe
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
to m
eet t
he c
osts
of
adap
tatio
n.
9.Pa
rtic
ipat
ion
unde
r th
e cl
ean
deve
lopm
ent m
echa
nism
, inc
ludi
ng in
act
iviti
es m
entio
ned
in p
arag
raph
3 (
a) a
bove
and
in th
e ac
quis
ition
of
cert
ifie
d em
issi
on r
educ
tions
, may
invo
lve
priv
ate
and/
or p
ublic
ent
ities
, and
is to
be
subj
ect t
o w
hate
ver
guid
ance
may
be
prov
ided
by
the
exec
utiv
e bo
ard
of th
e cl
ean
deve
lopm
ent m
echa
nism
.
10.
Cer
tifie
d em
issi
on r
educ
tion
s ob
tain
ed d
urin
g th
e pe
riod
fro
m th
e ye
ar 2
000
up to
the
begi
nnin
g of
the
firs
t com
mitm
ent p
erio
d ca
n be
use
d to
ass
ist i
n ac
hiev
ing
com
plia
nce
in th
e fi
rst c
omm
itmen
t per
iod.
Art
icle
13
1.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies,
the
supr
eme
body
of
the
Con
vent
ion,
sha
ll se
rve
as th
em
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col.
2.Pa
rtie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion
that
are
not
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col m
ay p
artic
ipat
e as
obs
erve
rsin
the
proc
eedi
ngs
of a
ny s
essi
on o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col.
Whe
n th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
es a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col,
deci
sion
s un
der
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll be
take
n on
ly b
y th
ose
that
are
Par
ties
to th
is
Prot
ocol
.
3.W
hen
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rves
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l,an
y m
embe
r of
the
Bur
eau
of th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
repr
esen
ting
a P
arty
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n bu
t, at
that
tim
e, n
ot a
Par
ty to
this
Pro
toco
l, sh
all b
e re
plac
ed b
y an
add
ition
al
mem
ber
to b
e el
ecte
d by
and
fro
m a
mon
gst t
he P
artie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l.
4.T
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col
shal
l kee
p un
der
regu
lar
revi
ew th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is P
roto
col a
nd s
hall
mak
e, w
ithin
its
man
date
, the
dec
isio
ns n
eces
sary
to p
rom
ote
its e
ffec
tive
impl
emen
tatio
n. I
t sha
ll pe
rfor
m th
e fu
nctio
ns a
ssig
ned
to it
by
this
Pro
toco
l and
sha
ll:
- 13
-
(a)
Ass
ess,
on
the
basi
s of
all
info
rmat
ion
mad
e av
aila
ble
to it
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
this
Pro
toco
l, th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is P
roto
col b
y th
e Pa
rtie
s, th
e ov
eral
l eff
ects
of
the
mea
sure
s ta
ken
purs
uant
to th
is P
roto
col,
in p
artic
ular
env
iron
men
tal,
econ
omic
and
soc
ial
effe
cts
as w
ell a
s th
eir
cum
ulat
ive
impa
cts
and
the
exte
nt to
whi
ch p
rogr
ess
tow
ards
the
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion
is b
eing
ach
ieve
d;
(b)
Peri
odic
ally
exa
min
e th
e ob
ligat
ions
of
the
Part
ies
unde
r th
is P
roto
col,
givi
ng d
ue
cons
ider
atio
n to
any
rev
iew
s re
quir
ed b
y A
rtic
le 4
, par
agra
ph 2
(d)
, and
Art
icle
7, p
arag
raph
2,
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n, in
the
light
of
the
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion,
the
expe
rien
ce g
aine
d in
its
impl
emen
tatio
n an
d th
e ev
olut
ion
of s
cien
tific
and
tech
nolo
gica
l kno
wle
dge,
and
in th
is r
espe
ct
cons
ider
and
ado
pt r
egul
ar r
epor
ts o
n th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is P
roto
col;
(c)
Prom
ote
and
faci
litat
e th
e ex
chan
ge o
f in
form
atio
n on
mea
sure
s ad
opte
d by
the
Part
ies
to a
ddre
ss c
limat
e ch
ange
and
its
effe
cts,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e di
ffer
ing
circ
umst
ance
s,
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
and
capa
bilit
ies
of th
e Pa
rtie
s an
d th
eir
resp
ectiv
e co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
this
Pr
otoc
ol; (d)
Faci
litat
e, a
t the
req
uest
of
two
or m
ore
Part
ies,
the
coor
dina
tion
of m
easu
res
adop
ted
by th
em to
add
ress
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd it
s ef
fect
s, ta
king
into
acc
ount
the
diff
erin
g ci
rcum
stan
ces,
res
pons
ibili
ties
and
capa
bilit
ies
of th
e Pa
rtie
s an
d th
eir
resp
ectiv
e co
mm
itmen
ts
unde
r th
is P
roto
col;
(e)
Prom
ote
and
guid
e, in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion
and
the
prov
isio
ns o
f th
is P
roto
col,
and
taki
ng f
ully
into
acc
ount
the
rele
vant
dec
isio
ns b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies,
the
deve
lopm
ent a
nd p
erio
dic
refi
nem
ent o
f co
mpa
rabl
e m
etho
dolo
gies
for
the
effe
ctiv
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is P
roto
col,
to b
e ag
reed
on
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col;
(f)
Mak
e re
com
men
datio
ns o
n an
y m
atte
rs n
eces
sary
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
th
is P
roto
col;
(g)
Seek
to m
obili
ze a
dditi
onal
fin
anci
al r
esou
rces
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith A
rtic
le 1
1,
para
grap
h 2;
(h)
Est
ablis
h su
ch s
ubsi
diar
y bo
dies
as
are
deem
ed n
eces
sary
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
this
Pro
toco
l;
(i)
Seek
and
util
ize,
whe
re a
ppro
pria
te, t
he s
ervi
ces
and
coop
erat
ion
of, a
nd
info
rmat
ion
prov
ided
by,
com
pete
nt in
tern
atio
nal o
rgan
izat
ions
and
inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l and
no
n-go
vern
men
tal b
odie
s; a
nd
(j)
Exe
rcis
e su
ch o
ther
fun
ctio
ns a
s m
ay b
e re
quir
ed f
or th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is
Prot
ocol
, and
con
side
r an
y as
sign
men
t res
ultin
g fr
om a
dec
isio
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s.
5.T
he r
ules
of
proc
edur
e of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s an
d fi
nanc
ial p
roce
dure
s ap
plie
dun
der
the
Con
vent
ion
shal
l be
appl
ied
mut
atis
mut
andi
s un
der
this
Pro
toco
l, ex
cept
as
may
be
othe
rwis
e de
cide
d by
con
sens
us b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col.
- 14
-
6.T
he f
irst
ses
sion
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll be
con
vene
d by
the
secr
etar
iat i
n co
njun
ctio
n w
ith th
e fi
rst s
essi
on o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
that
is s
ched
uled
aft
er th
e da
te o
f th
e en
try
into
for
ce o
f th
is P
roto
col.
Su
bseq
uent
ord
inar
y se
ssio
ns o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col s
hall
be h
eld
ever
y ye
ar a
nd in
con
junc
tion
with
ord
inar
y se
ssio
ns o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies,
unl
ess
othe
rwis
e de
cide
d by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e P
artie
s se
rvin
g as
th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col.
7.E
xtra
ordi
nary
ses
sion
s of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
ePa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll be
hel
d at
suc
h ot
her
times
as
may
be
deem
ed n
eces
sary
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l, or
at t
he w
ritte
n re
ques
t of
any
Par
ty, p
rovi
ded
that
, with
in s
ix m
onth
s of
the
requ
est b
eing
com
mun
icat
ed to
the
Part
ies
by th
e se
cret
aria
t, it
is s
uppo
rted
by
at le
ast o
ne th
ird
of th
e Pa
rtie
s.
8.T
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns, i
ts s
peci
aliz
ed a
genc
ies
and
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ato
mic
Ene
rgy
Age
ncy,
as
wel
l as
any
Sta
te m
embe
r th
ereo
f or
obs
erve
rs th
eret
o no
t par
ty to
the
Con
vent
ion,
m
ay b
e re
pres
ente
d at
ses
sion
s of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e P
artie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l as
obse
rver
s. A
ny b
ody
or a
genc
y, w
heth
er n
atio
nal o
r in
tern
atio
nal,
gove
rnm
enta
l or
non-
gove
rnm
enta
l, w
hich
is q
uali
fied
in m
atte
rs c
over
ed b
y th
is P
roto
col
and
whi
ch h
as in
form
ed th
e se
cret
aria
t of
its w
ish
to b
e re
pres
ente
d at
a s
essi
on o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col a
s an
obs
erve
r,
may
be
so a
dmitt
ed u
nles
s at
leas
t one
thir
d of
the
Part
ies
pres
ent o
bjec
t. T
he a
dmis
sion
and
pa
rtic
ipat
ion
of o
bser
vers
sha
ll be
sub
ject
to th
e ru
les
of p
roce
dure
, as
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 5
ab
ove.
Art
icle
14
1.T
he s
ecre
tari
at e
stab
lishe
d by
Art
icle
8 o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n sh
all s
erve
as
the
secr
etar
iat
of th
is P
roto
col.
2.A
rtic
le 8
, par
agra
ph 2
, of
the
Con
vent
ion
on th
e fu
nctio
ns o
f th
e se
cret
aria
t, an
dA
rtic
le 8
, par
agra
ph 3
, of
the
Con
vent
ion
on a
rran
gem
ents
mad
e fo
r th
e fu
nctio
ning
of
the
secr
etar
iat,
shal
l app
ly m
utat
is m
utan
dis
to th
is P
roto
col.
The
sec
reta
riat
sha
ll, in
add
ition
, ex
erci
se th
e fu
nctio
ns a
ssig
ned
to it
und
er th
is P
roto
col.
Art
icle
15
1.T
he S
ubsi
diar
y B
ody
for
Scie
ntif
ic a
nd T
echn
olog
ical
Adv
ice
and
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Impl
emen
tatio
n es
tabl
ishe
d by
Art
icle
s 9
and
10 o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n sh
all s
erve
as,
re
spec
tivel
y, th
e Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Sc
ient
ific
and
Tec
hnol
ogic
al A
dvic
e an
d th
e Su
bsid
iary
B
ody
for
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
this
Pro
toco
l. T
he p
rovi
sion
s re
latin
g to
the
func
tioni
ng o
f th
ese
two
bodi
es u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion
shal
l app
ly m
utat
is m
utan
dis
to th
is P
roto
col.
Ses
sion
s of
the
mee
tings
of
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Scie
ntif
ic a
nd T
echn
olog
ical
Adv
ice
and
the
Subs
idia
ry
Bod
y fo
r Im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is P
roto
col s
hall
be h
eld
in c
onju
nctio
n w
ith th
e m
eetin
gs o
f,
resp
ectiv
ely,
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Scie
ntif
ic a
nd T
echn
olog
ical
Adv
ice
and
the
Subs
idia
ry
Bod
y fo
r Im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n.
- 15
-
2.Pa
rtie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion
that
are
not
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col m
ay p
artic
ipat
e as
obs
erve
rsin
the
proc
eedi
ngs
of a
ny s
essi
on o
f th
e su
bsid
iary
bod
ies.
Whe
n th
e su
bsid
iary
bod
ies
serv
e as
th
e su
bsid
iary
bod
ies
of th
is P
roto
col,
deci
sion
s un
der
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll be
take
n on
ly b
y th
ose
that
are
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col.
3.W
hen
the
subs
idia
ry b
odie
s es
tabl
ishe
d by
Art
icle
s 9
and
10 o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n ex
erci
seth
eir
func
tions
with
reg
ard
to m
atte
rs c
once
rnin
g th
is P
roto
col,
any
mem
ber
of th
e B
urea
ux o
f th
ose
subs
idia
ry b
odie
s re
pres
entin
g a
Part
y to
the
Con
vent
ion
but,
at th
at ti
me,
not
a p
arty
to
this
Pro
toco
l, sh
all b
e re
plac
ed b
y an
add
ition
al m
embe
r to
be
elec
ted
by a
nd f
rom
am
ongs
t the
Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l.
Art
icle
16
The
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e P
artie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll,
as s
oon
as p
ract
icab
le, c
onsi
der
the
appl
icat
ion
to th
is P
roto
col o
f, a
nd m
odif
y as
app
ropr
iate
, th
e m
ultil
ater
al c
onsu
ltativ
e pr
oces
s re
ferr
ed to
in A
rtic
le 1
3 of
the
Con
vent
ion,
in th
e lig
ht o
f an
y re
leva
nt d
ecis
ions
that
may
be
take
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s. A
ny m
ultil
ater
al
cons
ulta
tive
proc
ess
that
may
be
appl
ied
to th
is P
roto
col s
hall
oper
ate
with
out p
reju
dice
to th
e pr
oced
ures
and
mec
hani
sms
esta
blis
hed
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith A
rtic
le 1
8.
Art
icle
17
The
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s sh
all d
efin
e th
e re
leva
nt p
rinc
iple
s, m
odal
ities
, rul
es a
nd
guid
elin
es, i
n pa
rtic
ular
for
ver
ific
atio
n, r
epor
ting
and
acco
unta
bilit
y fo
r em
issi
ons
trad
ing.
The
Pa
rtie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex B
may
par
ticip
ate
in e
mis
sion
s tr
adin
g fo
r th
e pu
rpos
es o
f fu
lfill
ing
thei
r co
mm
itmen
ts u
nder
Art
icle
3.
Any
suc
h tr
adin
g sh
all b
e su
pple
men
tal t
o do
mes
tic a
ctio
ns
for
the
purp
ose
of m
eetin
g qu
antif
ied
emis
sion
lim
itatio
n an
d re
duct
ion
com
mitm
ents
und
er th
at
Art
icle
.
Art
icle
18
The
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e P
artie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll,
at it
s fi
rst s
essi
on, a
ppro
ve a
ppro
pria
te a
nd e
ffec
tive
proc
edur
es a
nd m
echa
nism
s to
det
erm
ine
and
to a
ddre
ss c
ases
of
non-
com
plia
nce
with
the
prov
isio
ns o
f th
is P
roto
col,
incl
udin
g th
roug
h th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
an in
dica
tive
list o
f co
nseq
uenc
es, t
akin
g in
to a
ccou
nt th
e ca
use,
type
, deg
ree
and
freq
uenc
y of
non
-com
plia
nce.
Any
pro
cedu
res
and
mec
hani
sms
unde
r th
is A
rtic
le e
ntai
ling
bind
ing
cons
eque
nces
sha
ll be
ado
pted
by
mea
ns o
f an
am
endm
ent t
o th
is P
roto
col.
Art
icle
19
The
pro
visi
ons
of A
rtic
le 1
4 of
the
Con
vent
ion
on s
ettle
men
t of
disp
utes
sha
ll ap
ply
mut
atis
mut
andi
s to
this
Pro
toco
l.
Art
icle
20
1.A
ny P
arty
may
pro
pose
am
endm
ents
to th
is P
roto
col.
2.A
men
dmen
ts to
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll be
ado
pted
at a
n or
dina
ry s
essi
on o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
eof
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col.
The
text
of
any
prop
osed
am
endm
ent t
o th
is P
roto
col s
hall
be c
omm
unic
ated
to th
e Pa
rtie
s by
the
secr
etar
iat a
t lea
st
- 16
-
six
mon
ths
befo
re th
e m
eetin
g at
whi
ch it
is p
ropo
sed
for
adop
tion.
The
sec
reta
riat
sha
ll al
so
com
mun
icat
e th
e te
xt o
f an
y pr
opos
ed a
men
dmen
ts to
the
Part
ies
and
sign
ator
ies
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d, f
or in
form
atio
n, to
the
Dep
osita
ry.
3.T
he P
artie
s sh
all m
ake
ever
y ef
fort
to r
each
agr
eem
ent o
n an
y pr
opos
ed a
men
dmen
t to
this
Pro
toco
l by
cons
ensu
s. I
f al
l eff
orts
at c
onse
nsus
hav
e be
en e
xhau
sted
, and
no
agre
emen
t re
ache
d, th
e am
endm
ent s
hall
as a
last
res
ort b
e ad
opte
d by
a th
ree-
four
ths
maj
orit
y vo
te o
f th
e P
artie
s pr
esen
t and
vot
ing
at th
e m
eetin
g. T
he a
dopt
ed a
men
dmen
t sha
ll be
com
mun
icat
ed b
y th
e se
cret
aria
t to
the
Dep
osit
ary,
who
sha
ll c
ircu
late
it to
all
Par
ties
for
thei
r ac
cept
ance
.
4.In
stru
men
ts o
f ac
cept
ance
in r
espe
ct o
f an
am
endm
ent s
hall
be d
epos
ited
with
the
Dep
osita
ry.
An
amen
dmen
t ado
pted
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith p
arag
raph
3 a
bove
sha
ll en
ter
into
fo
rce
for
thos
e P
artie
s ha
ving
acc
epte
d it
on th
e ni
netie
th d
ay a
fter
the
date
of
rece
ipt b
y th
e D
epos
itary
of
an in
stru
men
t of
acce
ptan
ce b
y at
leas
t thr
ee f
ourt
hs o
f th
e Pa
rtie
s to
this
Pro
toco
l.
5.T
he a
men
dmen
t sha
ll en
ter
into
for
ce f
or a
ny o
ther
Par
ty o
n th
e ni
netie
th d
ay a
fter
the
date
on
whi
ch th
at P
arty
dep
osits
with
the
Dep
osita
ry it
s in
stru
men
t of
acce
ptan
ce o
f th
e sa
id
amen
dmen
t.
Art
icle
21
1.A
nnex
es to
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll fo
rm a
n in
tegr
al p
art t
here
of a
nd, u
nles
s ot
herw
ise
expr
essl
y pr
ovid
ed, a
ref
eren
ce to
this
Pro
toco
l con
stitu
tes
at th
e sa
me
time
a re
fere
nce
to
any
anne
xes
ther
eto.
Any
ann
exes
ado
pted
aft
er th
e en
try
into
for
ce o
f th
is P
roto
col s
hall
be
rest
rict
ed to
list
s, f
orm
s an
d an
y ot
her
mat
eria
l of
a de
scri
ptiv
e na
ture
that
is o
f a
scie
ntif
ic,
tech
nica
l, pr
oced
ural
or
adm
inis
trat
ive
char
acte
r.
2.A
ny P
arty
may
mak
e pr
opos
als
for
an a
nnex
to th
is P
roto
col a
nd m
ay p
ropo
seam
endm
ents
to a
nnex
es to
this
Pro
toco
l.
3.A
nnex
es to
this
Pro
toco
l and
am
endm
ents
to a
nnex
es to
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll be
ado
pted
at
an o
rdin
ary
sess
ion
of th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Part
ies
to th
is
Prot
ocol
. T
he te
xt o
f an
y pr
opos
ed a
nnex
or
amen
dmen
t to
an a
nnex
sha
ll be
com
mun
icat
ed to
th
e Pa
rtie
s by
the
secr
etar
iat a
t lea
st s
ix m
onth
s be
fore
the
mee
ting
at w
hich
it is
pro
pose
d fo
r ad
optio
n. T
he s
ecre
tari
at s
hall
also
com
mun
icat
e th
e te
xt o
f an
y pr
opos
ed a
nnex
or
amen
dmen
t to
an
anne
x to
the
Part
ies
and
sign
ator
ies
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d, f
or in
form
atio
n, to
the
Dep
osita
ry.
4.T
he P
artie
s sh
all m
ake
ever
y ef
fort
to r
each
agr
eem
ent o
n an
y pr
opos
ed a
nnex
or
amen
dmen
t to
an a
nnex
by
cons
ensu
s. I
f al
l eff
orts
at c
onse
nsus
hav
e be
en e
xhau
sted
, and
no
agre
emen
t rea
ched
, the
ann
ex o
r am
endm
ent t
o an
ann
ex s
hall
as a
last
res
ort b
e ad
opte
d by
a
thre
e-fo
urth
s m
ajor
ity
vote
of
the
Part
ies
pres
ent a
nd v
otin
g at
the
mee
ting.
The
ado
pted
ann
ex
or a
men
dmen
t to
an a
nnex
sha
ll be
com
mun
icat
ed b
y th
e se
cret
aria
t to
the
Dep
osita
ry, w
ho s
hall
circ
ulat
e it
to a
ll P
artie
s fo
r th
eir
acce
ptan
ce.
5.A
n an
nex,
or
amen
dmen
t to
an a
nnex
oth
er th
an A
nnex
A o
r B
, tha
t has
bee
n ad
opte
d in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith p
arag
raph
s 3
and
4 ab
ove
shal
l ent
er in
to f
orce
for
all
Part
ies
to th
is P
roto
col
six
mon
ths
afte
r th
e da
te o
f th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n by
the
Dep
osita
ry to
suc
h P
artie
s of
the
adop
tion
of th
e an
nex
or a
dopt
ion
of th
e am
endm
ent t
o th
e an
nex,
exc
ept f
or th
ose
Par
ties
that
hav
e
- 17
-
notif
ied
the
Dep
osita
ry, i
n w
ritin
g, w
ithin
that
per
iod
of th
eir
non-
acce
ptan
ce o
f th
e an
nex
or
amen
dmen
t to
the
anne
x. T
he a
nnex
or
amen
dmen
t to
an a
nnex
sha
ll en
ter
into
for
ce f
or P
artie
s w
hich
with
draw
thei
r no
tifi
catio
n of
non
-acc
epta
nce
on th
e ni
netie
th d
ay a
fter
the
date
on
whi
ch
with
draw
al o
f su
ch n
otif
icat
ion
has
been
rec
eive
d by
the
Dep
osita
ry.
6.If
the
adop
tion
of a
n an
nex
or a
n am
endm
ent t
o an
ann
ex in
volv
es a
n am
endm
ent t
o th
isPr
otoc
ol, t
hat a
nnex
or
amen
dmen
t to
an a
nnex
sha
ll no
t ent
er in
to f
orce
unt
il su
ch ti
me
as th
e am
endm
ent t
o th
is P
roto
col e
nter
s in
to f
orce
.
7.A
men
dmen
ts to
Ann
exes
A a
nd B
to th
is P
roto
col s
hall
be a
dopt
ed a
nd e
nter
into
for
cein
acc
orda
nce
with
the
proc
edur
e se
t out
in A
rtic
le 2
0, p
rovi
ded
that
any
am
endm
ent t
o A
nnex
B
shal
l be
adop
ted
only
with
the
wri
tten
cons
ent o
f th
e Pa
rty
conc
erne
d.
Art
icle
22
1.E
ach
Part
y sh
all h
ave
one
vote
, exc
ept a
s pr
ovid
ed f
or in
par
agra
ph 2
bel
ow.
2.R
egio
nal e
cono
mic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tion
s, in
mat
ters
wit
hin
thei
r co
mpe
tenc
e, s
hall
exer
cise
thei
r ri
ght t
o vo
te w
ith a
num
ber
of v
otes
equ
al to
the
num
ber
of th
eir
mem
ber
Stat
es
that
are
Par
ties
to th
is P
roto
col.
Suc
h an
org
aniz
atio
n sh
all n
ot e
xerc
ise
its r
ight
to v
ote
if a
ny
of it
s m
embe
r S
tate
s ex
erci
ses
its r
ight
, and
vic
e ve
rsa.
Art
icle
23
The
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al o
f th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns s
hall
be th
e D
epos
itary
of
this
Pro
toco
l.
Art
icle
24
1.T
his
Prot
ocol
sha
ll be
ope
n fo
r si
gnat
ure
and
subj
ect t
o ra
tific
atio
n, a
ccep
tanc
e or
appr
oval
by
Stat
es a
nd r
egio
nal e
cono
mic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tions
whi
ch a
re P
artie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion.
It s
hall
be o
pen
for
sign
atur
e at
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Hea
dqua
rter
s in
New
Yor
k fr
om
16 M
arch
199
8 to
15
Mar
ch 1
999.
Thi
s Pr
otoc
ol s
hall
be o
pen
for
acce
ssio
n fr
om th
e da
y af
ter
the
date
on
whi
ch it
is c
lose
d fo
r si
gnat
ure.
Ins
trum
ents
of
ratif
icat
ion,
acc
epta
nce,
app
rova
l or
acce
ssio
n sh
all b
e de
posi
ted
with
the
Dep
osita
ry.
2.A
ny r
egio
nal e
cono
mic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tion
whi
ch b
ecom
es a
Par
ty to
this
Pro
toco
lw
ithou
t any
of
its m
embe
r St
ates
bei
ng a
Par
ty s
hall
be b
ound
by
all t
he o
blig
atio
ns u
nder
this
Pr
otoc
ol.
In th
e ca
se o
f su
ch o
rgan
izat
ions
, one
or
mor
e of
who
se m
embe
r St
ates
is a
Par
ty
to th
is P
roto
col,
the
orga
niza
tion
and
its m
embe
r St
ates
sha
ll de
cide
on
thei
r re
spec
tive
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
for
the
perf
orm
ance
of
thei
r ob
liga
tions
und
er th
is P
roto
col.
In
such
cas
es, t
he
orga
niza
tion
and
the
mem
ber
Stat
es s
hall
not b
e en
title
d to
exe
rcis
e ri
ghts
und
er th
is P
roto
col
conc
urre
ntly
.
3.In
thei
r in
stru
men
ts o
f ra
tifi
catio
n, a
ccep
tanc
e, a
ppro
val o
r ac
cess
ion,
reg
iona
l eco
nom
icin
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zati
ons
shal
l dec
lare
the
exte
nt o
f th
eir
com
pete
nce
wit
h re
spec
t to
the
mat
ters
go
vern
ed b
y th
is P
roto
col.
The
se o
rgan
izat
ions
sha
ll al
so in
form
the
Dep
osita
ry, w
ho s
hall
in
turn
info
rm th
e Pa
rtie
s, o
f an
y su
bsta
ntia
l mod
ific
atio
n in
the
exte
nt o
f th
eir
com
pete
nce.
- 18
-
Art
icle
25
1.T
his
Prot
ocol
sha
ll en
ter
into
for
ce o
n th
e ni
netie
th d
ay a
fter
the
date
on
whi
ch n
ot le
ssth
an 5
5 Pa
rtie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion,
inco
rpor
atin
g Pa
rtie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
whi
ch a
ccou
nted
in
tota
l for
at l
east
55
per
cent
of
the
tota
l car
bon
diox
ide
emis
sion
s fo
r 19
90 o
f th
e Pa
rtie
s in
clud
ed
in A
nnex
I, h
ave
depo
site
d th
eir
inst
rum
ents
of
ratif
icat
ion,
acc
epta
nce,
app
rova
l or
acce
ssio
n.
2.Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
es o
f th
is A
rtic
le, “
the
tota
l car
bon
diox
ide
emis
sion
s fo
r 19
90 o
f th
ePa
rtie
s in
clud
ed in
Ann
ex I
” m
eans
the
amou
nt c
omm
unic
ated
on
or b
efor
e th
e da
te o
f ad
optio
n of
this
Pro
toco
l by
the
Part
ies
incl
uded
in A
nnex
I in
thei
r fi
rst n
atio
nal c
omm
unic
atio
ns
subm
itted
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith A
rtic
le 1
2 of
the
Con
vent
ion.
3.Fo
r ea
ch S
tate
or
regi
onal
eco
nom
ic in
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
n th
at r
atif
ies,
acc
epts
or
appr
oves
this
Pro
toco
l or
acce
des
ther
eto
afte
r th
e co
nditi
ons
set o
ut in
par
agra
ph 1
abo
ve f
or
entr
y in
to f
orce
hav
e be
en f
ulfi
lled,
this
Pro
toco
l sha
ll en
ter
into
for
ce o
n th
e ni
netie
th d
ay
follo
win
g th
e da
te o
f de
posi
t of
its in
stru
men
t of
ratif
icat
ion,
acc
epta
nce,
app
rova
l or
acce
ssio
n.
4.Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
es o
f th
is A
rtic
le, a
ny in
stru
men
t dep
osite
d by
a r
egio
nal e
cono
mic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tion
shal
l not
be
coun
ted
as a
dditi
onal
to th
ose
depo
site
d by
Sta
tes
mem
bers
of
the
orga
niza
tion.
Art
icle
26
No
rese
rvat
ions
may
be
mad
e to
this
Pro
toco
l.
Art
icle
27
1.A
t any
tim
e af
ter
thre
e ye
ars
from
the
date
on
whi
ch th
is P
roto
col h
as e
nter
ed in
to f
orce
for
a Pa
rty,
that
Par
ty m
ay w
ithdr
aw f
rom
this
Pro
toco
l by
givi
ng w
ritte
n no
tific
atio
n to
the
Dep
osita
ry.
2.A
ny s
uch
with
draw
al s
hall
take
eff
ect u
pon
expi
ry o
f on
e ye
ar f
rom
the
date
of
rece
ipt b
y th
e D
epos
itary
of
the
noti
fica
tion
of w
ithdr
awal
, or
on s
uch
late
r da
te a
s m
ay b
e sp
ecif
ied
in th
e no
tific
atio
n of
with
draw
al.
3.A
ny P
arty
that
with
draw
s fr
om th
e C
onve
ntio
n sh
all b
e co
nsid
ered
as
also
hav
ing
with
draw
n fr
om th
is P
roto
col.
Art
icle
28
The
ori
gina
l of
this
Pro
toco
l, of
whi
ch th
e A
rabi
c, C
hine
se, E
nglis
h, F
renc
h, R
ussi
an
and
Span
ish
text
s ar
e eq
uall
y au
then
tic, s
hall
be d
epos
ited
with
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al o
f th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns.
DO
NE
at K
yoto
this
ele
vent
h da
y of
Dec
embe
r on
e th
ousa
nd n
ine
hund
red
and
nine
ty-s
even
.
IN W
ITN
ESS
WH
ER
EO
F th
e un
ders
igne
d, b
eing
dul
y au
thor
ized
to th
at e
ffec
t, ha
ve
affi
xed
thei
r si
gnat
ures
to th
is P
roto
col o
n th
e da
tes
indi
cate
d.
- 19
-
Ann
ex A
Gre
enho
use
gase
s
Car
bon
diox
ide
(C02
)
Met
hane
(C
H4)
N
itrou
s ox
ide
(N20
)
Hyd
rofl
uoro
carb
ons
(HFC
s)
Perf
luor
ocar
bons
(PF
Cs)
Su
lphu
r he
xafl
uori
de (
SF6)
Sect
ors/
sour
ce c
ateg
orie
s
Ene
rgy
Fu
el c
ombu
stio
n E
nerg
y in
dust
ries
M
anuf
actu
ring
indu
stri
es a
nd c
onst
ruct
ion
Tra
nspo
rt
Oth
er s
ecto
rs
Oth
er
Fugi
tive
emis
sion
s fr
om f
uels
So
lid f
uels
O
il an
d na
tura
l gas
O
ther
Indu
stri
al p
roce
sses
Min
eral
pro
duct
s
Che
mic
al in
dust
ry
Met
al p
rodu
ctio
n
O
ther
pro
duct
ion
Prod
uctio
n of
hal
ocar
bons
and
sul
phur
hex
aflu
orid
e C
onsu
mpt
ion
of h
aloc
arbo
ns a
nd s
ulph
ur h
exaf
luor
ide
Oth
er
Solv
ent a
nd o
ther
pro
duct
use
Agr
icul
ture
E
nter
ic f
erm
enta
tion
M
anur
e m
anag
emen
t
Ric
e cu
ltiv
atio
n
Agr
icul
tura
l soi
ls
Pres
crib
ed b
urni
ng o
f sa
vann
as
Fiel
d bu
rnin
g of
agr
icul
tura
l res
idue
s
O
ther
Was
te So
lid w
aste
dis
posa
l on
land
W
aste
wat
er h
andl
ing
W
aste
inci
nera
tion
Oth
er
- 20
-
Ann
ex B
Par
ty
Qua
ntif
ied
emis
sion
lim
itat
ion
or r
educ
tion
com
mit
men
t (p
erce
ntag
e of
bas
e ye
ar o
r pe
riod
)
Aus
tral
ia10
8A
ustr
ia
92
Bel
gium
9
2 B
ulga
ria*
9
2 C
anad
a 9
4 C
roat
ia*
95
Cze
ch R
epub
lic*
92
Den
mar
k 9
2 E
ston
ia*
92
Eur
opea
n C
omm
unit
y 9
2 Fi
nlan
d 9
2 Fr
ance
9
2 G
erm
any
92
Gre
ece
92
Hun
gary
* 9
4 Ic
elan
d11
0Ir
elan
d 9
2 It
aly
92
Japa
n 9
4 L
atvi
a*
92
Lie
chte
nste
in
92
Lith
uani
a*
92
Lux
embo
urg
92
Mon
aco
92
Net
herl
ands
9
2 N
ew Z
eala
nd
100
Nor
way
101
Pola
nd*
94
Port
ugal
9
2 R
oman
ia*
92
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion*
10
0 Sl
ovak
ia*
92
Slov
enia
* 9
2 Sp
ain
92
Swed
en
92
Switz
erla
nd
92
Ukr
aine
*10
0U
nite
d K
ingd
om o
f G
reat
B
rita
in a
nd N
orth
ern
Irel
and
92
Uni
ted
Stat
es o
f A
mer
ica
93
*C
ount
ries
that
are
und
ergo
ing
the
proc
ess
of tr
ansi
tion
to a
mar
ket e
cono
my.
----
-
Adoption of the Paris Agreement (Draft Decision -/CP.21)
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1, 12 December 2015
GE.
15-2
1932
(E)
*1521932*
C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Part
ies
Tw
enty
-fir
st se
ssio
n Pa
ris,
30 N
ovem
ber
to 1
1 D
ecem
ber
2015
Age
nda
item
4(b
) D
urba
n Pl
atfo
rm fo
r E
nhan
ced
Act
ion
(dec
isio
n 1/
CP.
17)
Ado
ptio
n of
a p
roto
col,
anot
her
lega
l ins
trum
ent,
or a
n
agre
ed o
utco
me
with
lega
l for
ce u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion
ap
plic
able
to a
ll Pa
rtie
s
AD
OPT
ION
OF
TH
E P
AR
IS A
GR
EE
ME
NT
Prop
osal
by
the
Pres
iden
t
Dra
ft d
ecis
ion
-/CP.
21
The
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rtie
s,
Reca
lling
dec
isio
n 1/
CP.
17 o
n th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e D
urba
n Pl
atfo
rm fo
r Enh
ance
d A
ctio
n,
Also
reca
lling
Arti
cles
2, 3
and
4 o
f the
Con
vent
ion,
Furt
her
reca
lling
rel
evan
t de
cisi
ons
of t
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties,
incl
udin
g de
cisi
ons 1
/CP.
16, 2
/CP.
18, 1
/CP.
19 a
nd 1
/CP.
20,
Wel
com
ing
the
adop
tion
of
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
G
ener
al
Ass
embl
y re
solu
tion
A/R
ES/7
0/1,
“Tr
ansf
orm
ing
our w
orld
: the
203
0 A
gend
a fo
r Sus
tain
able
Dev
elop
men
t”, i
n pa
rticu
lar
its g
oal
13, a
nd t
he a
dopt
ion
of t
he A
ddis
Aba
ba A
ctio
n A
gend
a of
the
thi
rd
Inte
rnat
iona
l C
onfe
renc
e on
Fin
anci
ng f
or D
evel
opm
ent
and
the
adop
tion
of t
he S
enda
i Fr
amew
ork
for D
isas
ter R
isk
Red
uctio
n,
Reco
gniz
ing
that
clim
ate
chan
ge r
epre
sent
s an
urg
ent
and
pote
ntia
lly i
rrev
ersi
ble
thre
at to
hum
an s
ocie
ties
and
the
plan
et a
nd th
us r
equi
res
the
wid
est p
ossi
ble
coop
erat
ion
by a
ll co
untri
es,
and
thei
r pa
rtici
patio
n in
an
effe
ctiv
e an
d ap
prop
riate
int
erna
tiona
l re
spon
se, w
ith a
vie
w to
acc
eler
atin
g th
e re
duct
ion
of g
loba
l gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s,
Also
rec
ogni
zing
that
dee
p re
duct
ions
in g
loba
l em
issi
ons
will
be
requ
ired
in o
rder
to
ach
ieve
the
ultim
ate
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion
and
emph
asiz
ing
the
need
for u
rgen
cy
in a
ddre
ssin
g cl
imat
e ch
ange
,
Ackn
owle
dgin
g th
at c
limat
e ch
ange
is
a co
mm
on c
once
rn o
f hu
man
kind
, Pa
rties
sh
ould
, whe
n ta
king
act
ion
to a
ddre
ss c
limat
e ch
ange
, res
pect
, pro
mot
e an
d co
nsid
er th
eir
resp
ectiv
e ob
ligat
ions
on
hum
an ri
ghts
, the
righ
t to
heal
th, t
he ri
ghts
of i
ndig
enou
s peo
ples
,
+
U
nite
d N
atio
ns
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
Dis
tr.: L
imite
d 12
Dec
embe
r 201
5 O
rigin
al: E
nglis
h
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
2
loca
l com
mun
ities
, mig
rant
s, ch
ildre
n, p
erso
ns w
ith d
isab
ilitie
s an
d pe
ople
in v
ulne
rabl
e si
tuat
ions
and
the
rig
ht t
o de
velo
pmen
t, as
wel
l as
gen
der
equa
lity,
em
pow
erm
ent
of
wom
en a
nd in
terg
ener
atio
nal e
quity
, Al
so a
ckno
wle
dgin
g th
e sp
ecifi
c ne
eds
and
conc
erns
of d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties
aris
ing
from
the
im
pact
of
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
res
pons
e m
easu
res
and,
in
this
reg
ard,
de
cisi
ons 5
/CP.
7, 1
/CP.
10, 1
/CP.
16 a
nd 8
/CP.
17,
Emph
asiz
ing
with
ser
ious
con
cern
the
urg
ent
need
to
addr
ess
the
sign
ifica
nt g
ap
betw
een
the
aggr
egat
e ef
fect
of
Parti
es’
miti
gatio
n pl
edge
s in
ter
ms
of g
loba
l an
nual
em
issi
ons
of g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
by 2
020
and
aggr
egat
e em
issi
on p
athw
ays
cons
iste
nt w
ith
hold
ing
the
incr
ease
in
the
glob
al a
vera
ge t
empe
ratu
re t
o w
ell
belo
w 2
°C
abo
ve p
re-
indu
stria
l lev
els
and
purs
uing
effo
rts to
lim
it th
e te
mpe
ratu
re in
crea
se to
1.5
°C
abo
ve p
re-
indu
stria
l lev
els,
Also
em
phas
izin
g th
at e
nhan
ced
pre
2020
am
bitio
n ca
n la
y a
solid
fou
ndat
ion
for
enha
nced
pos
t202
0 am
bitio
n,
Stre
ssin
g th
e ur
genc
y of
acc
eler
atin
g th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d its
K
yoto
Pro
toco
l in
orde
r to
enha
nce
pre-
2020
am
bitio
n,
Reco
gniz
ing
the
urge
nt n
eed
to e
nhan
ce t
he p
rovi
sion
of
finan
ce, t
echn
olog
y an
d ca
paci
ty-b
uild
ing
supp
ort b
y de
velo
ped
coun
try P
artie
s, in
a p
redi
ctab
le m
anne
r, to
ena
ble
enha
nced
pre
-202
0 ac
tion
by d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties,
Emph
asiz
ing
the
endu
ring
bene
fits
of a
mbi
tious
and
ear
ly a
ctio
n, in
clud
ing
maj
or
redu
ctio
ns in
the
cost
of f
utur
e m
itiga
tion
and
adap
tatio
n ef
forts
,
Ackn
owle
dgin
g th
e ne
ed t
o pr
omot
e un
iver
sal
acce
ss t
o su
stai
nabl
e en
ergy
in
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ries,
in p
artic
ular
in
Afr
ica,
th
roug
h th
e en
hanc
ed d
eplo
ymen
t of
re
new
able
ene
rgy,
Agre
eing
to u
phol
d an
d pr
omot
e re
gion
al a
nd in
tern
atio
nal c
oope
ratio
n in
ord
er to
m
obili
ze s
trong
er a
nd m
ore
ambi
tious
clim
ate
actio
n by
all
Parti
es a
nd n
on-P
arty
st
akeh
olde
rs,
incl
udin
g ci
vil
soci
ety,
the
priv
ate
sect
or,
finan
cial
ins
titut
ions
, ci
ties
and
othe
r sub
natio
nal a
utho
ritie
s, lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es a
nd in
dige
nous
peo
ples
,
I. A
DO
PTIO
N
1.
Dec
ides
to
adop
t th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t un
der
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Fra
mew
ork
Con
vent
ion
on C
limat
e C
hang
e (h
erei
nafte
r ref
erre
d to
as “
the
Agr
eem
ent”
) as c
onta
ined
in
the
anne
x;
2.
Requ
ests
the
Sec
reta
ry-G
ener
al o
f th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns t
o be
the
Dep
osita
ry o
f th
e A
gree
men
t and
to h
ave
it op
en fo
r sig
natu
re in
New
Yor
k, U
nite
d St
ates
of A
mer
ica,
from
22
Apr
il 20
16 to
21
Apr
il 20
17;
3.
Invi
tes
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al t
o co
nven
e a
high
-leve
l si
gnat
ure
cere
mon
y fo
r th
e A
gree
men
t on
22 A
pril
2016
;
4.
Also
invi
tes
all P
artie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion
to s
ign
the
Agr
eem
ent a
t the
cer
emon
y to
be
con
vene
d by
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al, o
r at
thei
r ea
rlies
t opp
ortu
nity
, and
to d
epos
it th
eir
resp
ectiv
e in
stru
men
ts o
f rat
ifica
tion,
acc
epta
nce,
app
rova
l or a
cces
sion
, whe
re a
ppro
pria
te,
as so
on a
s pos
sibl
e;
5.
Reco
gniz
es t
hat
Parti
es t
o th
e C
onve
ntio
n m
ay p
rovi
sion
ally
app
ly a
ll of
the
pr
ovis
ions
of
the
Agr
eem
ent p
endi
ng it
s en
try i
nto
forc
e, a
nd r
eque
sts
Parti
es to
pro
vide
no
tific
atio
n of
any
suc
h pr
ovis
iona
l app
licat
ion
to th
e D
epos
itary
;
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
3
6.
Not
es t
hat
the
wor
k of
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e D
urba
n Pl
atfo
rm f
or
Enha
nced
Act
ion,
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith d
ecis
ion
1/C
P.17
, par
agra
ph 4
, has
bee
n co
mpl
eted
;
7.
Dec
ides
to e
stab
lish
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t und
er th
e sa
me
arra
ngem
ent,
mut
atis
mut
andi
s, as
tho
se c
once
rnin
g th
e el
ectio
n of
off
icer
s to
the
B
urea
u of
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e D
urba
n Pl
atfo
rm fo
r Enh
ance
d A
ctio
n;1
8.
Also
dec
ides
that
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t sha
ll pr
epar
e fo
r th
e en
try in
to f
orce
of
the
Agr
eem
ent a
nd f
or th
e co
nven
ing
of th
e fir
st s
essi
on o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t;
9.
Furt
her
deci
des
to o
vers
ee t
he i
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
the
wor
k pr
ogra
mm
e re
sulti
ng
from
the
rele
vant
requ
ests
con
tain
ed in
this
dec
isio
n;
10.
Requ
ests
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t to
repo
rt re
gula
rly to
th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es o
n th
e pr
ogre
ss o
f its
wor
k an
d to
com
plet
e its
wor
k by
the
first
ses
sion
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of t
he P
artie
s to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent;
11.
Dec
ides
tha
t th
e A
d H
oc W
orki
ng G
roup
on
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent
shal
l ho
ld i
ts
sess
ions
sta
rting
in
2016
in
conj
unct
ion
with
the
ses
sion
s of
the
Con
vent
ion
subs
idia
ry
bodi
es a
nd s
hall
prep
are
draf
t dec
isio
ns to
be
reco
mm
ende
d th
roug
h th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es to
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris
Agr
eem
ent f
or c
onsi
dera
tion
and
adop
tion
at it
s firs
t ses
sion
;
II.
INT
EN
DE
D N
AT
ION
AL
LY
DE
TE
RM
INE
D C
ON
TR
IBU
TIO
NS
12.
Wel
com
es
the
inte
nded
na
tiona
lly
dete
rmin
ed
cont
ribut
ions
th
at
have
be
en
com
mun
icat
ed b
y Pa
rties
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith d
ecis
ion
1/C
P.19
, par
agra
ph 2
(b);
13.
Reite
rate
s its
invi
tatio
n to
all
Parti
es th
at h
ave
not y
et d
one
so to
com
mun
icat
e to
the
secr
etar
iat
thei
r in
tend
ed
natio
nally
de
term
ined
co
ntrib
utio
ns
tow
ards
ac
hiev
ing
the
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion
as s
et o
ut i
n its
Arti
cle
2 as
soo
n as
pos
sibl
e an
d w
ell
in
adva
nce
of th
e tw
enty
-sec
ond
sess
ion
of t
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es (
Nov
embe
r 20
16)
and
in a
man
ner t
hat f
acili
tate
s th
e cl
arity
, tra
nspa
renc
y an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e in
tend
ed
natio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
;
14.
Requ
ests
the
sec
reta
riat
to c
ontin
ue t
o pu
blis
h th
e in
tend
ed n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
co
ntrib
utio
ns c
omm
unic
ated
by
Parti
es o
n th
e U
NFC
CC
web
site
;
15.
Reite
rate
s its
cal
l to
dev
elop
ed c
ount
ry P
artie
s, th
e op
erat
ing
entit
ies
of t
he
Fina
ncia
l Mec
hani
sm a
nd a
ny o
ther
org
aniz
atio
ns in
a p
ositi
on to
do
so to
pro
vide
sup
port
for t
he p
repa
ratio
n an
d co
mm
unic
atio
n of
the
inte
nded
nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns
of P
artie
s tha
t may
nee
d su
ch su
ppor
t;
16.
Take
s no
te o
f th
e sy
nthe
sis
repo
rt on
the
agg
rega
te e
ffec
t of
int
ende
d na
tiona
lly
dete
rmin
ed c
ontri
butio
ns c
omm
unic
ated
by
Parti
es b
y 1
Oct
ober
201
5, c
onta
ined
in
docu
men
t FC
CC
/CP/
2015
/7;
17.
Not
es w
ith c
once
rn th
at th
e es
timat
ed a
ggre
gate
gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
leve
ls in
20
25 a
nd 2
030
resu
lting
fro
m th
e in
tend
ed n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
do
not f
all
with
in l
east
-cos
t 2 ˚C
sce
nario
s bu
t ra
ther
lea
d to
a p
roje
cted
lev
el o
f 55
gig
aton
nes
in
2030
, an
d al
so n
otes
tha
t m
uch
grea
ter
emis
sion
red
uctio
n ef
forts
will
be
requ
ired
than
th
ose
asso
ciat
ed w
ith th
e in
tend
ed n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
in o
rder
to h
old
the
incr
ease
in
the
glob
al a
vera
ge t
empe
ratu
re t
o be
low
2 ˚
C a
bove
pre
-indu
stria
l le
vels
by
1 E
ndor
sed
by d
ecis
ion
2/CP
.18,
par
agra
ph 2
.
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
4
redu
cing
em
issi
ons
to 4
0 gi
gato
nnes
or t
o 1.
5 ˚C
abo
ve p
re-in
dust
rial l
evel
s by
redu
cing
to
a le
vel t
o be
iden
tifie
d in
the
spec
ial r
epor
t ref
erre
d to
in p
arag
raph
21
belo
w;
18.
Also
not
es,
in t
his
cont
ext,
the
adap
tatio
n ne
eds
expr
esse
d by
man
y de
velo
ping
co
untry
Par
ties i
n th
eir i
nten
ded
natio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
;
19.
Requ
ests
the
sec
reta
riat
to u
pdat
e th
e sy
nthe
sis
repo
rt re
ferr
ed t
o in
par
agra
ph 1
6 ab
ove
so a
s to
cov
er a
ll th
e in
form
atio
n in
the
inte
nded
nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns
com
mun
icat
ed b
y Pa
rties
pur
suan
t to
dec
isio
n 1/
CP.
20 b
y 4
Apr
il 20
16 a
nd t
o m
ake
it av
aila
ble
by 2
May
201
6;
20.
Dec
ides
to c
onve
ne a
faci
litat
ive
dial
ogue
am
ong
Parti
es in
201
8 to
take
stoc
k of
the
colle
ctiv
e ef
forts
of P
artie
s in
rela
tion
to p
rogr
ess
tow
ards
the
long
-term
goa
l ref
erre
d to
in
Arti
cle
4, p
arag
raph
1,
of t
he A
gree
men
t an
d to
inf
orm
the
pre
para
tion
of n
atio
nally
de
term
ined
con
tribu
tions
pur
suan
t to
Arti
cle
4, p
arag
raph
8, o
f the
Agr
eem
ent;
21.
Invi
tes t
he In
terg
over
nmen
tal P
anel
on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
to p
rovi
de a
spec
ial r
epor
t in
2018
on
the
impa
cts
of g
loba
l w
arm
ing
of 1
.5 °
C a
bove
pre
-indu
stria
l lev
els
and
rela
ted
glob
al g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
on p
athw
ays;
III.
DE
CIS
ION
S T
O G
IVE
EFF
EC
T T
O T
HE
AG
RE
EM
EN
T
MIT
IGAT
ION
22.
Invi
tes
Parti
es to
com
mun
icat
e th
eir f
irst n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tion
no la
ter
than
whe
n th
e Pa
rty s
ubm
its it
s re
spec
tive
inst
rum
ent o
f rat
ifica
tion,
acc
essi
on, o
r app
rova
l of
the
Par
is A
gree
men
t. If
a P
arty
has
com
mun
icat
ed a
n in
tend
ed n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
co
ntrib
utio
n pr
ior t
o jo
inin
g th
e A
gree
men
t, th
at P
arty
sha
ll be
con
side
red
to h
ave
satis
fied
this
pro
visi
on u
nles
s tha
t Par
ty d
ecid
es o
ther
wis
e;
23.
Urg
es th
ose
Parti
es w
hose
inte
nded
nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
n pu
rsua
nt to
de
cisi
on 1
/CP.
20 c
onta
ins
a tim
e fr
ame
up t
o 20
25 t
o co
mm
unic
ate
by 2
020
a ne
w
natio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tion
and
to d
o so
eve
ry f
ive
year
s th
erea
fter
purs
uant
to
Arti
cle
4, p
arag
raph
9, o
f the
Agr
eem
ent;
24.
Requ
ests
thos
e Pa
rties
who
se in
tend
ed n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tion
purs
uant
to
dec
isio
n 1/
CP.
20 c
onta
ins
a tim
e fr
ame
up to
203
0 to
com
mun
icat
e or
upd
ate
by 2
020
thes
e co
ntrib
utio
ns a
nd to
do
so e
very
five
yea
rs th
erea
fter p
ursu
ant t
o A
rticl
e 4,
par
agra
ph
9, o
f the
Agr
eem
ent;
25.
Dec
ides
tha
t Pa
rties
sha
ll su
bmit
to t
he s
ecre
taria
t th
eir
natio
nally
det
erm
ined
co
ntrib
utio
ns re
ferr
ed to
in A
rticl
e 4
of th
e A
gree
men
t at l
east
9 to
12
mon
ths i
n ad
vanc
e of
th
e re
leva
nt m
eetin
g of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to
th
e Pa
ris
Agr
eem
ent
with
a
view
to
fa
cilit
atin
g th
e cl
arity
, tra
nspa
renc
y an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
ese
cont
ribut
ions
, inc
ludi
ng th
roug
h a
synt
hesi
s re
port
prep
ared
by
the
secr
etar
iat;
26.
Requ
ests
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t to
dev
elop
fur
ther
gu
idan
ce o
n fe
atur
es o
f th
e na
tiona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns f
or c
onsi
dera
tion
and
adop
tion
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
A
gree
men
t at i
ts fi
rst s
essi
on;
27.
Agre
es
that
th
e in
form
atio
n to
be
pr
ovid
ed
by
Parti
es
com
mun
icat
ing
thei
r na
tiona
lly
dete
rmin
ed
cont
ribut
ions
, in
or
der
to
faci
litat
e cl
arity
, tra
nspa
renc
y an
d un
ders
tand
ing,
may
inc
lude
, as
app
ropr
iate
, in
ter
alia
, qu
antif
iabl
e in
form
atio
n on
the
re
fere
nce
poin
t (in
clud
ing,
as
appr
opria
te,
a ba
se y
ear)
, tim
e fr
ames
and
/or
perio
ds f
or
impl
emen
tatio
n, s
cope
and
cov
erag
e, p
lann
ing
proc
esse
s, as
sum
ptio
ns a
nd m
etho
dolo
gica
l ap
proa
ches
incl
udin
g th
ose
for e
stim
atin
g an
d ac
coun
ting
for a
nthr
opog
enic
gre
enho
use
gas
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
5
emis
sion
s an
d, a
s ap
prop
riate
, re
mov
als,
and
how
the
Par
ty c
onsi
ders
tha
t its
nat
iona
lly
dete
rmin
ed c
ontri
butio
n is
fair
and
ambi
tious
, in
the
light
of i
ts n
atio
nal c
ircum
stan
ces,
and
how
it
cont
ribut
es t
owar
ds a
chie
ving
the
obj
ectiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion
as s
et o
ut i
n its
A
rticl
e 2;
28.
Requ
ests
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t to
dev
elop
fur
ther
gu
idan
ce f
or t
he i
nfor
mat
ion
to b
e pr
ovid
ed b
y Pa
rties
in
orde
r to
fac
ilita
te c
larit
y,
trans
pare
ncy
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns f
or c
onsi
dera
tion
and
adop
tion
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent a
t its
firs
t ses
sion
;
29.
Also
req
uest
s th
e Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Im
plem
enta
tion
to d
evel
op m
odal
ities
and
pr
oced
ures
for
the
ope
ratio
n an
d us
e of
the
pub
lic r
egis
try r
efer
red
to i
n A
rticl
e 4,
pa
ragr
aph
12, o
f th
e A
gree
men
t, fo
r co
nsid
erat
ion
and
adop
tion
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t at i
ts fi
rst s
essi
on;
30.
Furt
her
requ
ests
the
secr
etar
iat t
o m
ake
avai
labl
e an
inte
rim p
ublic
reg
istry
in th
e fir
st h
alf
of 2
016
for
the
reco
rdin
g of
nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns s
ubm
itted
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith A
rticl
e 4
of th
e A
gree
men
t, pe
ndin
g th
e ad
optio
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t of
the
mod
aliti
es a
nd
proc
edur
es re
ferr
ed to
in p
arag
raph
29
abov
e;
31.
Requ
ests
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t to
elab
orat
e, d
raw
ing
from
app
roac
hes
esta
blis
hed
unde
r th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d its
rel
ated
leg
al i
nstru
men
ts a
s ap
prop
riate
, gu
idan
ce f
or a
ccou
ntin
g fo
r Pa
rties
’ na
tiona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns,
as
refe
rred
to in
Arti
cle
4, p
arag
raph
13,
of t
he A
gree
men
t, fo
r con
side
ratio
n an
d ad
optio
n by
th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t at
its fi
rst s
essi
on, w
hich
ens
ures
that
:
(a)
Parti
es a
ccou
nt fo
r ant
hrop
ogen
ic e
mis
sion
s and
rem
oval
s in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
met
hodo
logi
es a
nd c
omm
on m
etric
s as
sess
ed b
y th
e In
terg
over
nmen
tal P
anel
on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
and
adop
ted
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t;
(b)
Parti
es e
nsur
e m
etho
dolo
gica
l co
nsis
tenc
y, i
nclu
ding
on
base
lines
, bet
wee
n th
e co
mm
unic
atio
n an
d im
plem
enta
tion
of n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
;
(c)
Parti
es
striv
e to
in
clud
e al
l ca
tego
ries
of
anth
ropo
geni
c em
issi
ons
or
rem
oval
s in
thei
r nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns a
nd, o
nce
a so
urce
, sin
k or
act
ivity
is
incl
uded
, con
tinue
to in
clud
e it;
(d)
Parti
es s
hall
prov
ide
an e
xpla
natio
n of
why
any
cat
egor
ies
of a
nthr
opog
enic
em
issi
ons o
r rem
oval
s are
exc
lude
d;
32.
Dec
ides
that
Par
ties
shal
l app
ly t
he g
uida
nce
men
tione
d in
par
agra
ph 3
1 ab
ove
to
the
seco
nd a
nd s
ubse
quen
t nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns a
nd th
at P
artie
s m
ay e
lect
to
appl
y su
ch g
uida
nce
to th
eir f
irst n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tion;
33.
Also
dec
ides
tha
t th
e Fo
rum
on
the
Impa
ct o
f th
e Im
plem
enta
tion
of r
espo
nse
mea
sure
s, un
der t
he su
bsid
iary
bod
ies,
shal
l con
tinue
, and
shal
l ser
ve th
e A
gree
men
t;
34.
Furt
her
deci
des
that
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Scie
ntifi
c an
d Te
chno
logi
cal
Adv
ice
and
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Impl
emen
tatio
n sh
all
reco
mm
end,
for
con
side
ratio
n an
d ad
optio
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris
Agr
eem
ent a
t its
firs
t ses
sion
, the
mod
aliti
es, w
ork
prog
ram
me
and
func
tions
of t
he F
orum
on
the
Im
pact
of
the
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
res
pons
e m
easu
res
to a
ddre
ss t
he e
ffec
ts o
f th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of r
espo
nse
mea
sure
s un
der
the
Agr
eem
ent
by e
nhan
cing
coo
pera
tion
amon
gst P
artie
s on
und
erst
andi
ng th
e im
pact
s of
miti
gatio
n ac
tions
und
er th
e A
gree
men
t
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
6
and
the
exch
ange
of
info
rmat
ion,
exp
erie
nces
, and
bes
t pra
ctic
es a
mon
gst P
artie
s to
rai
se
thei
r res
ilien
ce to
thes
e im
pact
s;*
36.
Invi
tes
Parti
es to
com
mun
icat
e, b
y 20
20, t
o th
e se
cret
aria
t m
id-c
entu
ry, l
ong-
term
lo
w g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
on d
evel
opm
ent
stra
tegi
es i
n ac
cord
ance
with
Arti
cle
4,
para
grap
h 19
, of
the
Agr
eem
ent,
and
requ
ests
the
sec
reta
riat t
o pu
blis
h on
the
UN
FCC
C
web
site
Par
ties’
low
gre
enho
use
gas e
mis
sion
dev
elop
men
t stra
tegi
es a
s com
mun
icat
ed;
37.
Requ
ests
the
Sub
sidi
ary
Bod
y fo
r Sc
ient
ific
and
Tech
nolo
gica
l A
dvic
e to
dev
elop
an
d re
com
men
d th
e gu
idan
ce re
ferr
ed to
und
er A
rticl
e 6,
par
agra
ph 2
, of t
he A
gree
men
t for
ad
optio
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris
Agr
eem
ent a
t its
firs
t ses
sion
, inc
ludi
ng g
uida
nce
to e
nsur
e th
at d
oubl
e co
untin
g is
avo
ided
on
the
basi
s of
a c
orre
spon
ding
adj
ustm
ent b
y Pa
rties
for
both
ant
hrop
ogen
ic e
mis
sion
s by
so
urce
s an
d re
mov
als
by s
inks
cov
ered
by
thei
r na
tiona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns u
nder
th
e A
gree
men
t;
38.
Reco
mm
ends
that
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to
the
Par
is A
gree
men
t ad
opt
rule
s, m
odal
ities
and
pro
cedu
res
for
the
mec
hani
sm
esta
blis
hed
by A
rticl
e 6,
par
agra
ph 4
, of t
he A
gree
men
t on
the
basi
s of:
(a)
Vol
unta
ry p
artic
ipat
ion
auth
oriz
ed b
y ea
ch P
arty
invo
lved
;
(b)
Rea
l, m
easu
rabl
e, a
nd lo
ng-te
rm b
enef
its re
late
d to
the
miti
gatio
n of
clim
ate
chan
ge; (c
) Sp
ecifi
c sc
opes
of a
ctiv
ities
;
(d)
Red
uctio
ns i
n em
issi
ons
that
are
add
ition
al t
o an
y th
at w
ould
oth
erw
ise
occu
r;
(e)
Ver
ifica
tion
and
certi
ficat
ion
of
emis
sion
re
duct
ions
re
sulti
ng
from
m
itiga
tion
activ
ities
by
desi
gnat
ed o
pera
tiona
l ent
ities
;
(f)
Expe
rienc
e ga
ined
with
and
les
sons
lea
rned
fro
m e
xist
ing
mec
hani
sms
and
appr
oach
es a
dopt
ed u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion
and
its re
late
d le
gal i
nstru
men
ts;
39.
Requ
ests
the
Sub
sidi
ary
Bod
y fo
r Sc
ient
ific
and
Tech
nolo
gica
l A
dvic
e to
dev
elop
an
d re
com
men
d ru
les,
mod
aliti
es a
nd p
roce
dure
s fo
r th
e m
echa
nism
ref
erre
d to
in
para
grap
h 38
abo
ve fo
r con
side
ratio
n an
d ad
optio
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent a
t its
firs
t ses
sion
;
40.
Also
req
uest
s th
e Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Sc
ient
ific
and
Tech
nolo
gica
l A
dvic
e to
un
derta
ke
a w
ork
prog
ram
me
unde
r th
e fr
amew
ork
for
non-
mar
ket
appr
oach
es
to
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent r
efer
red
to in
Arti
cle
6, p
arag
raph
8, o
f th
e A
gree
men
t, w
ith th
e ob
ject
ive
of c
onsi
derin
g ho
w to
enh
ance
link
ages
and
cre
ate
syne
rgy
betw
een,
int
er a
lia,
miti
gatio
n, a
dapt
atio
n, f
inan
ce,
tech
nolo
gy t
rans
fer
and
capa
city
-bui
ldin
g, a
nd h
ow t
o fa
cilit
ate
the
impl
emen
tatio
n an
d co
ordi
natio
n of
non
-mar
ket a
ppro
ache
s;
41.
Furt
her
requ
ests
the
Sub
sidi
ary
Bod
y fo
r Sc
ient
ific
and
Tech
nolo
gica
l A
dvic
e to
re
com
men
d a
draf
t de
cisi
on o
n th
e w
ork
prog
ram
me
refe
rred
to
in p
arag
raph
40
abov
e,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e vi
ews
of P
artie
s, fo
r con
side
ratio
n an
d ad
optio
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of t
he P
artie
s to
the
Par
is A
gree
men
t at
its
firs
t se
ssio
n;
ADAP
TATI
ON
*
Par
agra
ph 3
5 ha
s bee
n de
lete
d, a
nd su
bseq
uent
par
agra
ph n
umbe
ring
and
cros
s ref
eren
ces t
o ot
her
para
grap
hs w
ithin
the
docu
men
t will
be
amen
ded
at a
late
r sta
ge.
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
7
42.
Requ
ests
the
Ada
ptat
ion
Com
mitt
ee a
nd t
he L
east
Dev
elop
ed C
ount
ries
Expe
rt G
roup
to
join
tly d
evel
op m
odal
ities
to
reco
gniz
e th
e ad
apta
tion
effo
rts o
f de
velo
ping
co
untry
Par
ties,
as r
efer
red
to i
n A
rticl
e 7,
par
agra
ph 3
, of
the
Agr
eem
ent,
and
mak
e re
com
men
datio
ns f
or c
onsi
dera
tion
and
adop
tion
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent a
t its
firs
t ses
sion
;
43.
Also
req
uest
s th
e A
dapt
atio
n C
omm
ittee
, ta
king
int
o ac
coun
t its
man
date
and
its
se
cond
th
ree-
year
w
orkp
lan,
an
d w
ith
a vi
ew
to
prep
arin
g re
com
men
datio
ns
for
cons
ider
atio
n an
d ad
optio
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t at i
ts fi
rst s
essi
on:
(a)
To re
view
, in
2017
, the
wor
k of
ada
ptat
ion-
rela
ted
inst
itutio
nal a
rran
gem
ents
un
der
the
Con
vent
ion,
with
a v
iew
to id
entif
ying
way
s to
enh
ance
the
cohe
renc
e of
thei
r w
ork,
as a
ppro
pria
te, i
n or
der t
o re
spon
d ad
equa
tely
to th
e ne
eds o
f Par
ties;
(b)
To c
onsi
der
met
hodo
logi
es f
or a
sses
sing
ada
ptat
ion
need
s w
ith a
vie
w t
o as
sist
ing
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ries,
with
out p
laci
ng a
n un
due
burd
en o
n th
em;
44.
Invi
tes
all r
elev
ant U
nite
d N
atio
ns a
genc
ies
and
inte
rnat
iona
l, re
gion
al a
nd n
atio
nal
finan
cial
inst
itutio
ns to
pro
vide
info
rmat
ion
to P
artie
s th
roug
h th
e se
cret
aria
t on
how
thei
r de
velo
pmen
t ass
ista
nce
and
clim
ate
finan
ce p
rogr
amm
es in
corp
orat
e cl
imat
e-pr
oofin
g an
d cl
imat
e re
silie
nce
mea
sure
s;
45.
Requ
ests
Par
ties
to s
treng
then
regi
onal
coo
pera
tion
on a
dapt
atio
n w
here
app
ropr
iate
an
d, w
here
nec
essa
ry, e
stab
lish
regi
onal
cen
tres
and
netw
orks
, in
parti
cula
r in
dev
elop
ing
coun
tries
, tak
ing
into
acc
ount
dec
isio
n 1/
CP.
16, p
arag
raph
13;
46.
Also
req
uest
s th
e A
dapt
atio
n C
omm
ittee
and
the
Leas
t Dev
elop
ed C
ount
ries
Expe
rt G
roup
, in
col
labo
ratio
n w
ith t
he S
tand
ing
Com
mitt
ee o
n Fi
nanc
e an
d ot
her
rele
vant
in
stitu
tions
, to
deve
lop
met
hodo
logi
es, a
nd m
ake
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
con
side
ratio
n an
d ad
optio
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris
Agr
eem
ent a
t its
firs
t ses
sion
on:
(a)
Taki
ng t
he n
eces
sary
ste
ps t
o fa
cilit
ate
the
mob
iliza
tion
of s
uppo
rt fo
r ad
apta
tion
in d
evel
opin
g co
untri
es in
the
cont
ext o
f the
lim
it to
glo
bal a
vera
ge te
mpe
ratu
re
incr
ease
refe
rred
to in
Arti
cle
2 of
the
Agr
eem
ent;
(b)
Rev
iew
ing
the
adeq
uacy
and
effe
ctiv
enes
s of
ada
ptat
ion
and
supp
ort r
efer
red
to in
Arti
cle
7, p
arag
raph
14(
c), o
f the
Agr
eem
ent;
47.
Furt
her r
eque
sts t
he G
reen
Clim
ate
Fund
to e
xped
ite s
uppo
rt fo
r the
leas
t dev
elop
ed
coun
tries
and
oth
er d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties
for
the
form
ulat
ion
of n
atio
nal a
dapt
atio
n pl
ans,
cons
iste
nt
with
de
cisi
ons
1/C
P.16
an
d 5/
CP.
17,
and
for
the
subs
eque
nt
impl
emen
tatio
n of
pol
icie
s, pr
ojec
ts a
nd p
rogr
amm
es id
entif
ied
by th
em;
LOSS
AN
D D
AMAG
E
48.
Dec
ides
on
the
cont
inua
tion
of th
e W
arsa
w I
nter
natio
nal M
echa
nism
for
Los
s an
d D
amag
e as
soci
ated
with
Clim
ate
Cha
nge
Impa
cts,
follo
win
g th
e re
view
in 2
016;
49.
Requ
ests
the
Exe
cutiv
e C
omm
ittee
of
the
War
saw
Int
erna
tiona
l M
echa
nism
to
esta
blis
h a
clea
ringh
ouse
for
ris
k tra
nsfe
r th
at s
erve
s as
a r
epos
itory
for
inf
orm
atio
n on
in
sura
nce
and
risk
trans
fer,
in o
rder
to
faci
litat
e th
e ef
forts
of
Parti
es t
o de
velo
p an
d im
plem
ent c
ompr
ehen
sive
risk
man
agem
ent s
trate
gies
;
50.
Also
req
uest
s th
e Ex
ecut
ive
Com
mitt
ee o
f th
e W
arsa
w I
nter
natio
nal M
echa
nism
to
esta
blis
h, a
ccor
ding
to it
s pr
oced
ures
and
man
date
, a ta
sk fo
rce
to c
ompl
emen
t, dr
aw u
pon
the
wor
k of
and
inv
olve
, as
app
ropr
iate
, ex
istin
g bo
dies
and
exp
ert
grou
ps u
nder
the
C
onve
ntio
n in
clud
ing
the
Ada
ptat
ion
Com
mitt
ee a
nd th
e Le
ast D
evel
oped
Cou
ntrie
s Exp
ert
Gro
up,
as w
ell
as r
elev
ant
orga
niza
tions
and
exp
ert
bodi
es o
utsi
de t
he C
onve
ntio
n, t
o
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
8
deve
lop
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
int
egra
ted
appr
oach
es t
o av
ert,
min
imiz
e an
d ad
dres
s di
spla
cem
ent r
elat
ed to
the
adve
rse
impa
cts o
f clim
ate
chan
ge;
51.
Furt
her
requ
ests
the
Exec
utiv
e C
omm
ittee
of t
he W
arsa
w I
nter
natio
nal M
echa
nism
to
ini
tiate
its
wor
k, a
t its
nex
t m
eetin
g, t
o op
erat
iona
lize
the
prov
isio
ns r
efer
red
to i
n pa
ragr
aphs
49
and
50 a
bove
, and
to re
port
on p
rogr
ess t
here
on in
its a
nnua
l rep
ort;
52.
Agre
es th
at A
rticl
e 8
of th
e A
gree
men
t doe
s no
t inv
olve
or
prov
ide
a ba
sis
for
any
liabi
lity
or c
ompe
nsat
ion;
FIN
ANC
E
53.
Dec
ides
that
, in
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Agr
eem
ent,
finan
cial
res
ourc
es p
rovi
ded
to d
evel
opin
g co
untri
es s
houl
d en
hanc
e th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of t
heir
polic
ies,
stra
tegi
es,
regu
latio
ns a
nd a
ctio
n pl
ans
and
thei
r cl
imat
e ch
ange
act
ions
with
res
pect
to
both
m
itiga
tion
and
adap
tatio
n to
con
tribu
te to
the
achi
evem
ent o
f the
pur
pose
of t
he A
gree
men
t as
def
ined
in A
rticl
e 2;
54.
Also
dec
ides
tha
t, in
acc
orda
nce
with
Arti
cle
9, p
arag
raph
3,
of t
he A
gree
men
t, de
velo
ped
coun
tries
inte
nd to
con
tinue
thei
r ex
istin
g co
llect
ive
mob
iliza
tion
goal
thro
ugh
2025
in th
e co
ntex
t of
mea
ning
ful m
itiga
tion
actio
ns a
nd tr
ansp
aren
cy o
n im
plem
enta
tion;
pr
ior t
o 20
25 th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris
Agr
eem
ent s
hall
set a
new
col
lect
ive
quan
tifie
d go
al f
rom
a f
loor
of
USD
100
bill
ion
per
year
, tak
ing
into
acc
ount
the
need
s and
prio
ritie
s of d
evel
opin
g co
untri
es;
55.
Reco
gniz
es
the
impo
rtanc
e of
ad
equa
te
and
pred
icta
ble
finan
cial
re
sour
ces,
incl
udin
g fo
r re
sults
-bas
ed p
aym
ents
, as
app
ropr
iate
, fo
r th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of p
olic
y ap
proa
ches
and
pos
itive
inc
entiv
es f
or r
educ
ing
emis
sion
s fr
om d
efor
esta
tion
and
fore
st
degr
adat
ion,
an
d th
e ro
le
of
cons
erva
tion,
su
stai
nabl
e m
anag
emen
t of
fo
rest
s an
d en
hanc
emen
t of f
ores
t car
bon
stoc
ks; a
s w
ell a
s al
tern
ativ
e po
licy
appr
oach
es, s
uch
as jo
int
miti
gatio
n an
d ad
apta
tion
appr
oach
es f
or t
he i
nteg
ral
and
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent
of
fore
sts;
whi
le r
eaff
irmin
g th
e im
porta
nce
of n
on-c
arbo
n be
nefit
s as
soci
ated
with
suc
h ap
proa
ches
; en
cour
agin
g th
e co
ordi
natio
n of
sup
port
from
, in
ter
alia
, pub
lic a
nd p
rivat
e,
bila
tera
l and
mul
tilat
eral
sou
rces
, suc
h as
the
Gre
en C
limat
e Fu
nd, a
nd a
ltern
ativ
e so
urce
s in
acc
orda
nce
with
rele
vant
dec
isio
ns b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es;
56.
Dec
ides
to in
itiat
e, a
t its
twen
ty-s
econ
d se
ssio
n, a
pro
cess
to id
entif
y th
e in
form
atio
n to
be
prov
ided
by
Parti
es, i
n ac
cord
ance
with
Arti
cle
9, p
arag
raph
5, o
f the
Agr
eem
ent w
ith
the
view
to p
rovi
ding
a re
com
men
datio
n fo
r con
side
ratio
n an
d ad
optio
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of t
he P
artie
s to
the
Par
is A
gree
men
t at
its
firs
t se
ssio
n;
57.
Also
dec
ides
to e
nsur
e th
at th
e pr
ovis
ion
of in
form
atio
n in
acc
orda
nce
with
Arti
cle
9, p
arag
raph
7 o
f th
e A
gree
men
t sh
all
be u
nder
take
n in
acc
orda
nce
with
mod
aliti
es,
proc
edur
es a
nd g
uide
lines
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 9
6 be
low
;
58.
Requ
ests
Sub
sidi
ary
Bod
y fo
r Sc
ient
ific
and
Tech
nolo
gica
l A
dvic
e to
dev
elop
m
odal
ities
for t
he a
ccou
ntin
g of
fina
ncia
l res
ourc
es p
rovi
ded
and
mob
ilize
d th
roug
h pu
blic
in
terv
entio
ns in
acc
orda
nce
with
Arti
cle
9, p
arag
raph
7, o
f the
Agr
eem
ent f
or c
onsi
dera
tion
by t
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
at i
ts t
wen
ty-f
ourth
ses
sion
(N
ovem
ber
2018
), w
ith t
he
view
to m
akin
g a
reco
mm
enda
tion
for c
onsi
dera
tion
and
adop
tion
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t at i
ts fi
rst s
essi
on;
59.
Dec
ides
tha
t th
e G
reen
Clim
ate
Fund
and
the
Glo
bal
Envi
ronm
ent
Faci
lity,
the
en
titie
s en
trust
ed w
ith th
e op
erat
ion
of th
e Fi
nanc
ial M
echa
nism
of t
he C
onve
ntio
n, a
s w
ell
as th
e Le
ast D
evel
oped
Cou
ntrie
s Fun
d an
d th
e Sp
ecia
l Clim
ate
Cha
nge
Fund
, adm
inis
tere
d by
the
Glo
bal E
nviro
nmen
t Fac
ility
, sha
ll se
rve
the
Agr
eem
ent;
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
9
60.
Reco
gniz
es th
at th
e A
dapt
atio
n Fu
nd m
ay s
erve
the
Agr
eem
ent,
subj
ect t
o re
leva
nt
deci
sion
s by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Kyo
to
Prot
ocol
and
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris
Agr
eem
ent;
61.
Invi
tes
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of t
he P
artie
s to
the
K
yoto
Pro
toco
l to
con
side
r th
e is
sue
refe
rred
to
in p
arag
raph
60
abov
e an
d m
ake
a re
com
men
datio
n to
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent a
t its
firs
t ses
sion
;
62.
Reco
mm
ends
that
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent s
hall
prov
ide
guid
ance
to th
e en
titie
s en
trust
ed w
ith th
e op
erat
ion
of
the
Fina
ncia
l M
echa
nism
of
the
Con
vent
ion
on t
he p
olic
ies,
prog
ram
me
prio
ritie
s an
d el
igib
ility
crit
eria
rel
ated
to
the
Agr
eem
ent
for
trans
mis
sion
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he
Parti
es;
63.
Dec
ides
tha
t th
e gu
idan
ce t
o th
e en
titie
s en
trust
ed w
ith t
he o
pera
tions
of
the
Fina
ncia
l M
echa
nism
of
the
Con
vent
ion
in r
elev
ant
deci
sion
s of
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he
Parti
es,
incl
udin
g th
ose
agre
ed b
efor
e ad
optio
n of
the
Agr
eem
ent,
shal
l ap
ply
mut
atis
m
utan
dis;
64.
Also
dec
ides
that
the
Stan
ding
Com
mitt
ee o
n Fi
nanc
e sh
all s
erve
the
Agr
eem
ent i
n lin
e w
ith it
s fun
ctio
ns a
nd re
spon
sibi
litie
s est
ablis
hed
unde
r the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
;
65.
Urg
es t
he i
nstit
utio
ns s
ervi
ng t
he A
gree
men
t to
enh
ance
the
coo
rdin
atio
n an
d de
liver
y of
res
ourc
es to
sup
port
coun
try-d
riven
stra
tegi
es th
roug
h si
mpl
ified
and
eff
icie
nt
appl
icat
ion
and
appr
oval
pr
oced
ures
, an
d th
roug
h co
ntin
ued
read
ines
s su
ppor
t to
de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
Par
ties,
incl
udin
g th
e le
ast
deve
lope
d co
untri
es a
nd s
mal
l is
land
de
velo
ping
Sta
tes,
as a
ppro
pria
te;
TEC
HN
OLO
GY
DEV
ELO
PMEN
T AN
D T
RAN
SFER
66.
Take
s no
te o
f th
e in
terim
rep
ort
of t
he T
echn
olog
y Ex
ecut
ive
Com
mitt
ee o
n gu
idan
ce o
n en
hanc
ed i
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
the
res
ults
of
tech
nolo
gy n
eeds
ass
essm
ents
as
refe
rred
to in
doc
umen
t FC
CC
/SB
/201
5/IN
F.3;
67.
Dec
ides
to
stre
ngth
en t
he T
echn
olog
y M
echa
nism
and
req
uest
s th
e Te
chno
logy
Ex
ecut
ive
Com
mitt
ee a
nd th
e C
limat
e Te
chno
logy
Cen
tre a
nd N
etw
ork,
in s
uppo
rting
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Agr
eem
ent,
to u
nder
take
furth
er w
ork
rela
ting
to, i
nter
alia
:
(a)
Tech
nolo
gy re
sear
ch, d
evel
opm
ent a
nd d
emon
stra
tion;
(b)
The
deve
lopm
ent
and
enha
ncem
ent
of
endo
geno
us
capa
citie
s an
d te
chno
logi
es;
68.
Requ
ests
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for S
cien
tific
and
Tec
hnol
ogic
al A
dvic
e to
initi
ate,
at
its
forty
-fou
rth
sess
ion
(May
20
16),
the
elab
orat
ion
of
the
tech
nolo
gy
fram
ewor
k es
tabl
ishe
d un
der A
rticl
e 10
, par
agra
ph 4
, of t
he A
gree
men
t and
to re
port
on it
s fin
ding
s to
th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties,
with
a v
iew
to
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s m
akin
g a
reco
mm
enda
tion
on th
e fr
amew
ork
to th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to t
he P
aris
Agr
eem
ent
for
cons
ider
atio
n an
d ad
optio
n at
its
firs
t se
ssio
n,
taki
ng in
to c
onsi
dera
tion
that
the
fram
ewor
k sh
ould
faci
litat
e, in
ter a
lia:
(a)
The
unde
rtaki
ng a
nd u
pdat
ing
of t
echn
olog
y ne
eds
asse
ssm
ents
, as
wel
l as
th
e en
hanc
ed i
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
the
ir re
sults
, pa
rticu
larly
tec
hnol
ogy
actio
n pl
ans
and
proj
ect i
deas
, thr
ough
the
prep
arat
ion
of b
anka
ble
proj
ects
;
(b)
The
prov
isio
n of
en
hanc
ed
finan
cial
an
d te
chni
cal
supp
ort
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
resu
lts o
f the
tech
nolo
gy n
eeds
ass
essm
ents
;
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
10
(c)
The
asse
ssm
ent o
f tec
hnol
ogie
s tha
t are
read
y fo
r tra
nsfe
r;
(d)
The
enha
ncem
ent o
f ena
blin
g en
viro
nmen
ts fo
r and
the
addr
essi
ng o
f bar
riers
to
the
deve
lopm
ent a
nd tr
ansf
er o
f soc
ially
and
env
ironm
enta
lly so
und
tech
nolo
gies
;
69.
Dec
ides
tha
t th
e Te
chno
logy
Exe
cutiv
e C
omm
ittee
and
the
Clim
ate
Tech
nolo
gy
Cen
tre a
nd N
etw
ork
shal
l rep
ort t
o th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
th
e Pa
rties
to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent,
thro
ugh
the
subs
idia
ry b
odie
s, on
the
ir ac
tiviti
es t
o su
ppor
t the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Agr
eem
ent;
70.
Also
dec
ides
to
unde
rtake
a p
erio
dic
asse
ssm
ent
of t
he e
ffec
tiven
ess
of a
nd t
he
adeq
uacy
of
the
supp
ort
prov
ided
to
the
Tech
nolo
gy M
echa
nism
in
supp
ortin
g th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of t
he A
gree
men
t on
mat
ters
rel
atin
g to
tec
hnol
ogy
deve
lopm
ent
and
trans
fer;
71.
Requ
ests
the
Sub
sidi
ary
Bod
y fo
r Im
plem
enta
tion
to i
nitia
te,
at i
ts f
orty
-fou
rth
sess
ion
, the
ela
bora
tion
of th
e sc
ope
of a
nd m
odal
ities
for t
he p
erio
dic
asse
ssm
ent r
efer
red
to in
par
agra
ph 7
0 ab
ove,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e re
view
of t
he C
limat
e Te
chno
logy
Cen
tre
and
Net
wor
k as
refe
rred
to in
dec
isio
n 2/
CP.
17, a
nnex
VII
, par
agra
ph 2
0 an
d th
e m
odal
ities
fo
r th
e gl
obal
sto
ckta
ke r
efer
red
to in
Arti
cle
14 o
f th
e A
gree
men
t, fo
r co
nsid
erat
ion
and
adop
tion
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es a
t its
twen
ty-f
ifth
sess
ion
(Nov
embe
r 201
9);
CAP
ACIT
Y-BU
ILD
ING
72.
Dec
ides
to e
stab
lish
the
Paris
Com
mitt
ee o
n C
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
who
se a
im w
ill b
e to
ad
dres
s ga
ps a
nd n
eeds
, bot
h cu
rren
t and
em
ergi
ng, i
n im
plem
entin
g ca
paci
ty-b
uild
ing
in
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
artie
s an
d fu
rther
enh
anci
ng c
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
effo
rts, i
nclu
ding
with
re
gard
to c
oher
ence
and
coo
rdin
atio
n in
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g ac
tiviti
es u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion;
73.
Also
dec
ides
tha
t th
e Pa
ris C
omm
ittee
on
Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g w
ill m
anag
e an
d ov
erse
e th
e w
ork
plan
men
tione
d in
par
agra
ph 7
4 be
low
;
74.
Furt
her
deci
des
to la
unch
a w
ork
plan
for t
he p
erio
d 20
16–2
020
with
the
follo
win
g ac
tiviti
es:
(a)
Ass
essi
ng
how
to
in
crea
se
syne
rgie
s th
roug
h co
oper
atio
n an
d av
oid
dupl
icat
ion
amon
g ex
istin
g bo
dies
est
ablis
hed
unde
r th
e C
onve
ntio
n th
at i
mpl
emen
t ca
paci
ty-b
uild
ing
activ
ities
, in
clud
ing
thro
ugh
colla
bora
ting
with
ins
titut
ions
und
er a
nd
outs
ide
the
Con
vent
ion;
(b)
Iden
tifyi
ng c
apac
ity g
aps
and
need
s an
d re
com
men
ding
way
s to
add
ress
th
em;
(c)
Prom
otin
g th
e de
velo
pmen
t and
dis
sem
inat
ion
of to
ols a
nd m
etho
dolo
gies
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g;
(d)
Fost
erin
g gl
obal
, reg
iona
l, na
tiona
l and
subn
atio
nal c
oope
ratio
n;
(e)
Iden
tifyi
ng
and
colle
ctin
g go
od
prac
tices
, ch
alle
nges
, ex
perie
nces
, an
d le
sson
s le
arne
d fr
om
wor
k on
ca
paci
ty-b
uild
ing
by
bodi
es
esta
blis
hed
unde
r th
e C
onve
ntio
n;
(f)
Expl
orin
g ho
w d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties
can
take
ow
ners
hip
of b
uild
ing
and
mai
ntai
ning
cap
acity
ove
r tim
e an
d sp
ace;
(g)
Iden
tifyi
ng o
ppor
tuni
ties
to s
treng
then
cap
acity
at t
he n
atio
nal,
regi
onal
, and
su
bnat
iona
l lev
el;
(h)
Fost
erin
g di
alog
ue,
coor
dina
tion,
co
llabo
ratio
n an
d co
here
nce
amon
g re
leva
nt p
roce
sses
and
ini
tiativ
es u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion,
inc
ludi
ng t
hrou
gh e
xcha
ngin
g
FCC
C/C
P/20
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ev.1
11
info
rmat
ion
on c
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
activ
ities
and
stra
tegi
es o
f bo
dies
est
ablis
hed
unde
r th
e C
onve
ntio
n;
(i)
Prov
idin
g gu
idan
ce
to
the
secr
etar
iat
on
the
mai
nten
ance
an
d fu
rther
de
velo
pmen
t of t
he w
eb-b
ased
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g po
rtal;
75.
Dec
ides
tha
t th
e Pa
ris C
omm
ittee
on
Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g w
ill a
nnua
lly f
ocus
on
an
area
or
them
e re
late
d to
enh
ance
d te
chni
cal
exch
ange
on
capa
city
-bui
ldin
g, w
ith t
he
purp
ose
of m
aint
aini
ng u
p-to
-dat
e kn
owle
dge
on th
e su
cces
ses
and
chal
leng
es in
bui
ldin
g ca
paci
ty e
ffec
tivel
y in
a p
artic
ular
are
a;
76.
Requ
ests
the
Sub
sidi
ary
Bod
y fo
r Im
plem
enta
tion
to o
rgan
ize
annu
al i
n-se
ssio
n m
eetin
gs o
f the
Par
is C
omm
ittee
on
Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g;
77.
Also
req
uest
s th
e Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Im
plem
enta
tion
to d
evel
op t
he t
erm
s of
re
fere
nce
for
the
Paris
Com
mitt
ee o
n C
apac
ity-b
uild
ing,
in
the
cont
ext
of t
he t
hird
co
mpr
ehen
sive
rev
iew
of
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g fr
amew
ork,
als
o ta
king
into
acc
ount
par
agra
phs
75, 7
6, 7
7 an
d 78
abo
ve a
nd p
arag
raph
s 82
and
83
belo
w,
with
a v
iew
to re
com
men
ding
a d
raft
deci
sion
on
this
mat
ter f
or c
onsi
dera
tion
and
adop
tion
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es a
t its
twen
ty-s
econ
d se
ssio
n;
78.
Invi
tes
Parti
es to
sub
mit
thei
r vi
ews
on th
e m
embe
rshi
p of
the
Paris
Com
mitt
ee o
n C
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
by 9
Mar
ch 2
016;
2
79.
Requ
ests
the
sec
reta
riat
to c
ompi
le t
he s
ubm
issi
ons
refe
rred
to
in p
arag
raph
78
abov
e in
to a
mis
cella
neou
s do
cum
ent
for
cons
ider
atio
n by
the
Sub
sidi
ary
Bod
y fo
r Im
plem
enta
tion
at it
s for
ty-f
ourth
sess
ion;
80.
Dec
ides
tha
t th
e in
puts
to
the
Paris
Com
mitt
ee o
n C
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
will
inc
lude
, in
ter
alia
, su
bmis
sion
s, th
e ou
tcom
e of
th
e th
ird
com
preh
ensi
ve
revi
ew
of
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g fr
amew
ork,
the
sec
reta
riat’s
ann
ual
synt
hesi
s re
port
on t
he i
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
the
fra
mew
ork
for
capa
city
-bui
ldin
g in
dev
elop
ing
coun
tries
, the
sec
reta
riat’s
com
pila
tion
and
synt
hesi
s re
port
on c
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
wor
k of
bo
dies
est
ablis
hed
unde
r the
Con
vent
ion
and
its K
yoto
Pro
toco
l, an
d re
ports
on
the
Dur
ban
Foru
m a
nd th
e ca
paci
ty-b
uild
ing
porta
l;
81.
Requ
ests
the
Par
is C
omm
ittee
on
Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g to
pre
pare
ann
ual
tech
nica
l pr
ogre
ss r
epor
ts o
n its
wor
k, a
nd t
o m
ake
thes
e re
ports
ava
ilabl
e at
the
ses
sion
s of
the
Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Im
plem
enta
tion
coin
cidi
ng w
ith th
e se
ssio
ns o
f the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
;
82.
Also
req
uest
s th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
at i
ts t
wen
ty-f
ifth
sess
ion
(Nov
embe
r 20
19),
to re
view
the
prog
ress
, nee
d fo
r ext
ensi
on, t
he e
ffec
tiven
ess
and
enha
ncem
ent o
f the
Pa
ris C
omm
ittee
on
Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g an
d to
take
any
act
ion
it co
nsid
ers
appr
opria
te, w
ith
a vi
ew to
mak
ing
reco
mm
enda
tions
to th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to t
he P
aris
Agr
eem
ent
at i
ts f
irst
sess
ion
on e
nhan
cing
ins
titut
iona
l ar
rang
emen
ts
for
capa
city
-bui
ldin
g co
nsis
tent
w
ith
Arti
cle
11,
para
grap
h 5,
of
th
e A
gree
men
t;
83.
Cal
ls u
pon
all
Parti
es t
o en
sure
tha
t ed
ucat
ion,
tra
inin
g an
d pu
blic
aw
aren
ess,
as
refle
cted
in A
rticl
e 6
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d in
Arti
cle
12 o
f the
Agr
eem
ent a
re a
dequ
atel
y co
nsid
ered
in th
eir c
ontri
butio
n to
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g;
84.
Invi
tes
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of t
he P
artie
s to
the
Pa
ris A
gree
men
t at
its
firs
t se
ssio
n to
exp
lore
way
s of
enh
anci
ng t
he i
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
2 P
artie
s sho
uld
subm
it th
eir v
iew
s via
the
subm
issi
ons p
orta
l at <
http
://w
ww
.unf
ccc.
int/5
900>
.
FCC
C/C
P/20
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ev.1
12
train
ing,
pub
lic a
war
enes
s, pu
blic
par
ticip
atio
n an
d pu
blic
acc
ess
to i
nfor
mat
ion
so a
s to
en
hanc
e ac
tions
und
er th
e A
gree
men
t;
TRAN
SPAR
ENC
Y O
F AC
TIO
N A
ND
SU
PPO
RT
85.
Dec
ides
to e
stab
lish
a C
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
Initi
ativ
e fo
r Tra
nspa
renc
y in
ord
er to
bui
ld
inst
itutio
nal
and
tech
nica
l ca
paci
ty,
both
pre
- an
d po
st-2
020.
Thi
s in
itiat
ive
will
sup
port
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
artie
s, up
on r
eque
st, i
n m
eetin
g en
hanc
ed tr
ansp
aren
cy r
equi
rem
ents
as
def
ined
in A
rticl
e 13
of t
he A
gree
men
t in
a tim
ely
man
ner;
86.
Also
dec
ides
that
the
Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g In
itiat
ive
for T
rans
pare
ncy
will
aim
:
(a)
To s
treng
then
nat
iona
l in
stitu
tions
for
tran
spar
ency
-rel
ated
act
iviti
es i
n lin
e w
ith n
atio
nal p
riorit
ies;
(b)
To p
rovi
de r
elev
ant t
ools
, tra
inin
g an
d as
sist
ance
for
mee
ting
the
prov
isio
ns
stip
ulat
ed in
Arti
cle
13 o
f the
Agr
eem
ent;
(c)
To a
ssis
t in
the
impr
ovem
ent o
f tra
nspa
renc
y ov
er ti
me;
87.
Urg
es a
nd r
eque
sts
the
Glo
bal
Envi
ronm
ent
Faci
lity
to m
ake
arra
ngem
ents
to
supp
ort
the
esta
blis
hmen
t an
d op
erat
ion
of
the
Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g In
itiat
ive
for
Tran
spar
ency
as a
prio
rity
repo
rting
-rel
ated
nee
d, in
clud
ing
thro
ugh
volu
ntar
y co
ntrib
utio
ns
to s
uppo
rt de
velo
ping
cou
ntrie
s in
the
six
th r
eple
nish
men
t of
the
Glo
bal
Envi
ronm
ent
Faci
lity
and
futu
re re
plen
ishm
ent c
ycle
s, to
com
plem
ent e
xist
ing
supp
ort u
nder
the
Glo
bal
Envi
ronm
ent F
acili
ty;
88.
Dec
ides
to
as
sess
th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of
the
Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g In
itiat
ive
for
Tran
spar
ency
in th
e co
ntex
t of t
he se
vent
h re
view
of t
he fi
nanc
ial m
echa
nism
;
89.
Requ
ests
that
the
Glo
bal E
nviro
nmen
t Fac
ility
, as a
n op
erat
ing
entit
y of
the
finan
cial
m
echa
nism
inc
lude
in
its a
nnua
l re
port
to t
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
the
prog
ress
of
wor
k in
the
desi
gn, d
evel
opm
ent a
nd im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e C
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
Initi
ativ
e fo
r Tr
ansp
aren
cy re
ferr
ed to
in p
arag
raph
85
abov
e st
artin
g in
201
6;
90.
Dec
ides
tha
t, in
acc
orda
nce
with
Arti
cle
13,
para
grap
h 2,
of
the
Agr
eem
ent,
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ries s
hall
be p
rovi
ded
flexi
bilit
y in
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
prov
isio
ns o
f th
at A
rticl
e, in
clud
ing
in th
e sc
ope,
fre
quen
cy a
nd le
vel o
f de
tail
of r
epor
ting,
and
in th
e sc
ope
of r
evie
w, a
nd th
at th
e sc
ope
of r
evie
w c
ould
pro
vide
for
in-c
ount
ry r
evie
ws
to b
e op
tiona
l, w
hile
suc
h fle
xibi
litie
s sh
all
be r
efle
cted
in
the
deve
lopm
ent
of m
odal
ities
, pr
oced
ures
and
gui
delin
es re
ferr
ed to
in p
arag
raph
92
belo
w;
91.
Also
dec
ides
that
all
Parti
es, e
xcep
t for
the
leas
t dev
elop
ed c
ount
ry P
artie
s and
sm
all
isla
nd d
evel
opin
g St
ates
, sha
ll su
bmit
the
info
rmat
ion
refe
rred
to in
Arti
cle
13, p
arag
raph
s 7,
8, 9
and
10,
as
appr
opria
te, n
o le
ss fr
eque
ntly
than
on
a bi
enni
al b
asis
, and
that
the
leas
t de
velo
ped
coun
try P
artie
s an
d sm
all i
slan
d de
velo
ping
Sta
tes
may
sub
mit
this
info
rmat
ion
at th
eir d
iscr
etio
n;
92.
Requ
ests
th
e A
d H
oc
Wor
king
G
roup
on
th
e Pa
ris
Agr
eem
ent
to
deve
lop
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
mod
aliti
es, p
roce
dure
s an
d gu
idel
ines
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith A
rticl
e 13
, pa
ragr
aph
13, o
f the
Agr
eem
ent,
and
to d
efin
e th
e ye
ar o
f the
ir fir
st a
nd s
ubse
quen
t rev
iew
an
d up
date
, as
appr
opria
te, a
t reg
ular
inte
rval
s, fo
r co
nsid
erat
ion
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es, a
t its
twen
ty-f
ourth
ses
sion
, with
a v
iew
to f
orw
ardi
ng th
em to
the
Con
fere
nce
of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent f
or a
dopt
ion
at it
s fir
st se
ssio
n;
FCC
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ev.1
13
93.
Also
req
uest
s th
e A
d H
oc W
orki
ng G
roup
on
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent i
n de
velo
ping
the
reco
mm
enda
tions
for t
he m
odal
ities
, pro
cedu
res
and
guid
elin
es re
ferr
ed to
in p
arag
raph
92
abov
e to
take
into
acc
ount
, int
er a
lia:
(a)
The
impo
rtanc
e of
fac
ilita
ting
impr
oved
rep
ortin
g an
d tra
nspa
renc
y ov
er
time;
(b)
The
need
to p
rovi
de fl
exib
ility
to th
ose
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
artie
s th
at n
eed
it in
the
light
of t
heir
capa
citie
s;
(c)
The
need
to p
rom
ote
trans
pare
ncy,
acc
urac
y, c
ompl
eten
ess,
cons
iste
ncy,
and
co
mpa
rabi
lity;
(d)
The
need
to
avoi
d du
plic
atio
n as
wel
l as
und
ue b
urde
n on
Par
ties
and
the
secr
etar
iat;
(e)
The
need
to e
nsur
e th
at P
artie
s m
aint
ain
at le
ast t
he fr
eque
ncy
and
qual
ity o
f re
porti
ng in
acc
orda
nce
with
thei
r res
pect
ive
oblig
atio
ns u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion;
(f)
The
need
to e
nsur
e th
at d
oubl
e co
untin
g is
avo
ided
;
(g)
The
need
to e
nsur
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
nteg
rity;
94.
Furt
her
requ
ests
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t, w
hen
deve
lopi
ng th
e m
odal
ities
, pro
cedu
res
and
guid
elin
es re
ferr
ed to
in p
arag
raph
92
abov
e, to
dr
aw o
n th
e ex
perie
nces
fro
m a
nd t
ake
into
acc
ount
oth
er o
n-go
ing
rele
vant
pro
cess
es
unde
r the
Con
vent
ion;
95.
Requ
ests
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t, w
hen
deve
lopi
ng
mod
aliti
es, p
roce
dure
s an
d gu
idel
ines
ref
erre
d to
in p
arag
raph
92
abov
e, to
con
side
r, in
ter
alia
:
(a)
The
type
s of f
lexi
bilit
y av
aila
ble
to th
ose
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ries t
hat n
eed
it on
th
e ba
sis o
f the
ir ca
paci
ties;
(b)
The
cons
iste
ncy
betw
een
the
met
hodo
logy
com
mun
icat
ed i
n th
e na
tiona
lly
dete
rmin
ed c
ontri
butio
n an
d th
e m
etho
dolo
gy f
or r
epor
ting
on p
rogr
ess
mad
e to
war
ds
achi
evin
g in
divi
dual
Par
ties’
resp
ectiv
e na
tiona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
n;
(c)
That
Par
ties
repo
rt in
form
atio
n on
ada
ptat
ion
actio
n an
d pl
anni
ng in
clud
ing,
if
appr
opria
te,
thei
r na
tiona
l ad
apta
tion
plan
s, w
ith a
vie
w t
o co
llect
ivel
y ex
chan
ging
in
form
atio
n an
d sh
arin
g le
sson
s lea
rned
;
(d)
Supp
ort
prov
ided
, en
hanc
ing
deliv
ery
of s
uppo
rt fo
r bo
th a
dapt
atio
n an
d m
itiga
tion
thro
ugh,
inte
r alia
, the
com
mon
tabu
lar f
orm
ats
for r
epor
ting
supp
ort,
and
taki
ng
into
acc
ount
iss
ues
cons
ider
ed b
y th
e Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Sc
ient
ific
and
Tech
nolo
gica
l A
dvic
e on
met
hodo
logi
es f
or r
epor
ting
on f
inan
cial
inf
orm
atio
n, a
nd e
nhan
cing
the
re
porti
ng b
y de
velo
ping
cou
ntrie
s on
sup
port
rece
ived
, in
clud
ing
the
use,
im
pact
and
es
timat
ed re
sults
ther
eof;
(e)
Info
rmat
ion
in t
he b
ienn
ial
asse
ssm
ents
and
oth
er r
epor
ts o
f th
e St
andi
ng
Com
mitt
ee o
n Fi
nanc
e an
d ot
her r
elev
ant b
odie
s und
er th
e C
onve
ntio
n;
(f)
Info
rmat
ion
on th
e so
cial
and
eco
nom
ic im
pact
of r
espo
nse
mea
sure
s;
96.
Also
requ
ests
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t, w
hen
deve
lopi
ng
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
mod
aliti
es,
proc
edur
es a
nd g
uide
lines
ref
erre
d to
in
para
grap
h 92
ab
ove,
to e
nhan
ce th
e tra
nspa
renc
y of
sup
port
prov
ided
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith A
rticl
e 9
of th
e A
gree
men
t;
97.
Furt
her
requ
ests
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t to
repo
rt on
th
e pr
ogre
ss o
f wor
k on
the
mod
aliti
es, p
roce
dure
s an
d gu
idel
ines
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
14
92 a
bove
to
futu
re s
essi
ons
of t
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties,
and
that
thi
s w
ork
be
conc
lude
d no
late
r tha
n 20
18;
98.
Dec
ides
that
the
mod
aliti
es, p
roce
dure
s an
d gu
idel
ines
dev
elop
ed u
nder
par
agra
ph
92 a
bove
, sha
ll be
app
lied
upon
the
entry
into
forc
e of
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent;
99.
Also
dec
ides
tha
t th
e m
odal
ities
, pr
oced
ures
and
gui
delin
es o
f th
is t
rans
pare
ncy
fram
ewor
k sh
all
build
upo
n an
d ev
entu
ally
sup
erse
de t
he m
easu
rem
ent,
repo
rting
and
ve
rific
atio
n sy
stem
est
ablis
hed
by d
ecis
ion
1/C
P.16
, par
agra
phs
40 to
47
and
60 to
64,
and
de
cisi
on 2
/CP.
17, p
arag
raph
s 12
to 6
2, im
med
iate
ly f
ollo
win
g th
e su
bmis
sion
of
the
final
bi
enni
al re
ports
and
bie
nnia
l upd
ate
repo
rts;
GLO
BAL
STO
CKTA
KE
100.
Re
ques
ts th
e A
d H
oc W
orki
ng G
roup
on
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent t
o id
entif
y th
e so
urce
s of
inpu
t for
the
glob
al s
tock
take
refe
rred
to in
Arti
cle
14 o
f the
Agr
eem
ent a
nd to
repo
rt to
th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties,
with
a v
iew
to
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s m
akin
g a
reco
mm
enda
tion
to th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t fo
r co
nsid
erat
ion
and
adop
tion
at i
ts f
irst
sess
ion,
inc
ludi
ng,
but
not
limite
d to
:
(a)
Info
rmat
ion
on:
(i)
The
over
all e
ffect
of
the
natio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
com
mun
icat
ed
by P
artie
s;
(ii)
The
stat
e of
ada
ptat
ion
effo
rts, s
uppo
rt, e
xper
ienc
es a
nd p
riorit
ies
from
the
com
mun
icat
ions
ref
erre
d to
in A
rticl
e 7,
par
agra
phs
10 a
nd 1
1, o
f th
e A
gree
men
t, an
d re
ports
refe
rred
to in
Arti
cle
13, p
arag
raph
7, o
f the
Agr
eem
ent;
(iii)
Th
e m
obili
zatio
n an
d pr
ovis
ion
of su
ppor
t;
(b)
The
late
st re
ports
of t
he In
terg
over
nmen
tal P
anel
on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge;
(c)
Rep
orts
of t
he su
bsid
iary
bod
ies;
101.
Al
so r
eque
sts
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Scie
ntifi
c an
d Te
chno
logi
cal
Adv
ice
to
prov
ide
advi
ce o
n ho
w th
e as
sess
men
ts o
f the
Inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l Pan
el o
n C
limat
e C
hang
e ca
n in
form
the
glo
bal
stoc
ktak
e of
the
im
plem
enta
tion
of t
he A
gree
men
t pu
rsua
nt t
o its
A
rticl
e 14
of t
he A
gree
men
t and
to re
port
on th
is m
atte
r to
the
Ad
Hoc
Wor
king
Gro
up o
n th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t at i
ts se
cond
sess
ion;
102.
Fu
rthe
r re
ques
ts t
he A
d H
oc W
orki
ng G
roup
on
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent
to d
evel
op
mod
aliti
es fo
r the
glo
bal s
tock
take
refe
rred
to in
Arti
cle
14 o
f the
Agr
eem
ent a
nd to
repo
rt to
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s, w
ith a
vie
w t
o m
akin
g a
reco
mm
enda
tion
to t
he
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t for
co
nsid
erat
ion
and
adop
tion
at it
s firs
t ses
sion
;
FAC
ILIT
ATIN
G IM
PLEM
ENTA
TIO
N A
ND
CO
MPL
IANC
E
103.
D
ecid
es th
at th
e co
mm
ittee
refe
rred
to in
Arti
cle
15, p
arag
raph
2, o
f the
Agr
eem
ent
shal
l con
sist
of
12 m
embe
rs w
ith r
ecog
nize
d co
mpe
tenc
e in
rel
evan
t sci
entif
ic, t
echn
ical
, so
cio-
econ
omic
or l
egal
fiel
ds, t
o be
ele
cted
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of t
he P
artie
s to
the
Par
is A
gree
men
t on
the
bas
is o
f eq
uita
ble
geog
raph
ical
re
pres
enta
tion,
with
two
mem
bers
eac
h fr
om th
e fiv
e re
gion
al g
roup
s of
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
an
d on
e m
embe
r ea
ch f
rom
the
sm
all
isla
nd d
evel
opin
g St
ates
and
the
lea
st d
evel
oped
co
untri
es, w
hile
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e go
al o
f gen
der b
alan
ce;
104.
Re
ques
ts t
he A
d H
oc W
orki
ng G
roup
on
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent
to d
evel
op t
he
mod
aliti
es a
nd p
roce
dure
s for
the
effe
ctiv
e op
erat
ion
of th
e co
mm
ittee
refe
rred
to in
Arti
cle
15, p
arag
raph
2, o
f the
Agr
eem
ent,
with
a v
iew
to th
e A
d H
oc W
orki
ng G
roup
on
the
Paris
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
15
Agr
eem
ent c
ompl
etin
g its
wor
k on
suc
h m
odal
ities
and
pro
cedu
res
for
cons
ider
atio
n an
d ad
optio
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris
Agr
eem
ent a
t its
firs
t ses
sion
;
FIN
AL C
LAU
SES 10
5.
Also
req
uest
s th
e se
cret
aria
t, so
lely
for t
he p
urpo
ses
of A
rticl
e 21
of t
he A
gree
men
t, to
mak
e av
aila
ble
on it
s w
ebsi
te o
n th
e da
te o
f ado
ptio
n of
the
Agr
eem
ent a
s w
ell a
s in
the
repo
rt of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
at i
ts tw
enty
-firs
t ses
sion
, inf
orm
atio
n on
the
mos
t up
-to-d
ate
tota
l and
per
cen
t of
gree
nhou
se g
as e
mis
sion
s co
mm
unic
ated
by
Parti
es to
the
Con
vent
ion
in t
heir
natio
nal
com
mun
icat
ions
, gre
enho
use
gas
inve
ntor
y re
ports
, bie
nnia
l re
ports
or b
ienn
ial u
pdat
e re
ports
;
IV.
EN
HA
NC
ED
AC
TIO
N P
RIO
R T
O 2
020
106.
Re
solv
es t
o en
sure
the
hig
hest
pos
sibl
e m
itiga
tion
effo
rts i
n th
e pr
e-20
20 p
erio
d,
incl
udin
g by
:
(a)
Urg
ing
all
Parti
es t
o th
e K
yoto
Pro
toco
l th
at h
ave
not
alre
ady
done
so
to
ratif
y an
d im
plem
ent t
he D
oha
Am
endm
ent t
o th
e K
yoto
Pro
toco
l;
(b)
Urg
ing
all
Parti
es t
hat
have
not
alre
ady
done
so
to m
ake
and
impl
emen
t a
miti
gatio
n pl
edge
und
er th
e C
ancu
n A
gree
men
ts;
(c)
Rei
tera
ting
its re
solv
e, a
s se
t out
in d
ecis
ion
1/C
P.19
, par
agra
phs
3 an
d 4,
to
acce
lera
te t
he f
ull
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
dec
isio
ns c
onst
itutin
g th
e ag
reed
out
com
e pu
rsua
nt t
o de
cisi
on 1
/CP.
13 a
nd e
nhan
ce a
mbi
tion
in t
he p
re-2
020
perio
d in
ord
er t
o en
sure
the
high
est p
ossi
ble
miti
gatio
n ef
forts
und
er th
e C
onve
ntio
n by
all
Parti
es;
(d)
Invi
ting
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
artie
s tha
t hav
e no
t sub
mitt
ed th
eir f
irst b
ienn
ial
upda
te re
ports
to d
o so
as s
oon
as p
ossi
ble;
(e)
Urg
ing
all P
artie
s to
par
ticip
ate
in t
he e
xist
ing
mea
sure
men
t, re
porti
ng a
nd
verif
icat
ion
proc
esse
s un
der
the
Can
cun
Agr
eem
ents
, in
a tim
ely
man
ner,
with
a v
iew
to
dem
onst
ratin
g pr
ogre
ss m
ade
in th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
eir m
itiga
tion
pled
ges;
107.
En
cour
ages
Par
ties
to p
rom
ote
the
volu
ntar
y ca
ncel
latio
n by
Par
ty a
nd n
on-P
arty
st
akeh
olde
rs, w
ithou
t dou
ble
coun
ting
of u
nits
issu
ed u
nder
the
Kyo
to P
roto
col,
incl
udin
g ce
rtifie
d em
issi
on re
duct
ions
that
are
val
id fo
r the
seco
nd c
omm
itmen
t per
iod;
108.
U
rges
ho
st
and
purc
hasi
ng
Parti
es
to
repo
rt tra
nspa
rent
ly
on
inte
rnat
iona
lly
trans
ferr
ed m
itiga
tion
outc
omes
, in
clud
ing
outc
omes
use
d to
mee
t in
tern
atio
nal
pled
ges,
and
emis
sion
un
its
issu
ed
unde
r th
e K
yoto
Pr
otoc
ol
with
a
view
to
pr
omot
ing
envi
ronm
enta
l int
egrit
y an
d av
oidi
ng d
oubl
e co
untin
g;
109.
Re
cogn
izes
the
soc
ial,
econ
omic
and
env
ironm
enta
l va
lue
of v
olun
tary
miti
gatio
n ac
tions
and
thei
r co-
bene
fits f
or a
dapt
atio
n, h
ealth
and
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent;
110.
Re
solv
es to
stre
ngth
en, i
n th
e pe
riod
2016
–202
0, th
e ex
istin
g te
chni
cal e
xam
inat
ion
proc
ess o
n m
itiga
tion
as d
efin
ed in
dec
isio
n 1/
CP.
19, p
arag
raph
5(a
), an
d de
cisi
on 1
/CP.
20,
para
grap
h 19
, tak
ing
into
acc
ount
the
late
st sc
ient
ific
know
ledg
e, in
clud
ing
by:
(a)
Enco
urag
ing
Parti
es,
Con
vent
ion
bodi
es a
nd i
nter
natio
nal
orga
niza
tions
to
enga
ge i
n th
is p
roce
ss,
incl
udin
g, a
s ap
prop
riate
, in
coo
pera
tion
with
rel
evan
t no
n-Pa
rty
stak
ehol
ders
, to
shar
e th
eir
expe
rienc
es a
nd s
ugge
stio
ns, i
nclu
ding
fro
m r
egio
nal
even
ts,
and
to c
oope
rate
in
faci
litat
ing
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
pol
icie
s, pr
actic
es a
nd a
ctio
ns
iden
tifie
d du
ring
this
pr
oces
s in
ac
cord
ance
w
ith
natio
nal
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent
prio
ritie
s;
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
16
(b)
Striv
ing
to im
prov
e, in
con
sulta
tion
with
Par
ties,
acce
ss to
and
par
ticip
atio
n in
this
pro
cess
by
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
arty
and
non
-Par
ty e
xper
ts;
(c)
Req
uest
ing
the
Tech
nolo
gy
Exec
utiv
e C
omm
ittee
an
d th
e C
limat
e Te
chno
logy
Cen
tre a
nd N
etw
ork
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
eir r
espe
ctiv
e m
anda
tes:
(i)
To
eng
age
in th
e te
chni
cal e
xper
t mee
tings
and
enh
ance
thei
r ef
forts
to
faci
litat
e an
d su
ppor
t Par
ties
in s
calin
g up
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
pol
icie
s, pr
actic
es a
nd a
ctio
ns id
entif
ied
durin
g th
is p
roce
ss;
(ii
) To
pro
vide
regu
lar u
pdat
es d
urin
g th
e te
chni
cal e
xper
t mee
tings
on
the
prog
ress
mad
e in
fac
ilita
ting
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
pol
icie
s, pr
actic
es a
nd
actio
ns p
revi
ousl
y id
entif
ied
durin
g th
is p
roce
ss;
(ii
i) To
inc
lude
inf
orm
atio
n on
the
ir ac
tiviti
es u
nder
thi
s pr
oces
s in
the
ir jo
int a
nnua
l rep
ort t
o th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es;
(d)
Enco
urag
ing
Parti
es to
mak
e ef
fect
ive
use
of th
e C
limat
e Te
chno
logy
Cen
tre
and
Net
wor
k to
obt
ain
assi
stan
ce t
o de
velo
p ec
onom
ical
ly, e
nviro
nmen
tally
and
soc
ially
vi
able
pro
ject
pro
posa
ls in
the
high
miti
gatio
n po
tent
ial a
reas
iden
tifie
d in
this
pro
cess
;
111.
En
cour
ages
the
oper
atin
g en
titie
s of
the
Fina
ncia
l Mec
hani
sm o
f the
Con
vent
ion
to
enga
ge in
the
tech
nica
l exp
ert m
eetin
gs a
nd to
info
rm p
artic
ipan
ts o
f th
eir
cont
ribut
ion
to
faci
litat
ing
prog
ress
in
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
pol
icie
s, pr
actic
es a
nd a
ctio
ns i
dent
ified
du
ring
the
tech
nica
l exa
min
atio
n pr
oces
s;
112.
Re
ques
ts th
e se
cret
aria
t to
orga
nize
the
proc
ess
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
10 a
bove
an
d di
ssem
inat
e its
resu
lts, i
nclu
ding
by:
(a)
Org
aniz
ing,
in
cons
ulta
tion
with
the
Tec
hnol
ogy
Exec
utiv
e C
omm
ittee
and
re
leva
nt e
xper
t or
gani
zatio
ns,
regu
lar
tech
nica
l ex
pert
mee
tings
foc
usin
g on
spe
cific
po
licie
s, pr
actic
es a
nd a
ctio
ns r
epre
sent
ing
best
pra
ctic
es a
nd w
ith t
he p
oten
tial
to b
e sc
alab
le a
nd re
plic
able
;
(b)
Upd
atin
g, o
n an
ann
ual b
asis
, fol
low
ing
the
mee
tings
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph
112(
a) a
bove
and
in ti
me
to s
erve
as
inpu
t to
the
sum
mar
y fo
r pol
icym
aker
s re
ferr
ed to
in
para
grap
h 11
2(c)
bel
ow,
a te
chni
cal
pape
r on
the
miti
gatio
n be
nefit
s an
d co
-ben
efits
of
polic
ies,
prac
tices
and
act
ions
for e
nhan
cing
miti
gatio
n am
bitio
n, a
s w
ell a
s on
opt
ions
for
su
ppor
ting
thei
r im
plem
enta
tion,
info
rmat
ion
on w
hich
sho
uld
be m
ade
avai
labl
e in
a u
ser-
frie
ndly
onl
ine
form
at;
(c)
Prep
arin
g, i
n co
nsul
tatio
n w
ith t
he c
ham
pion
s re
ferr
ed t
o in
par
agra
ph 1
22
belo
w, a
sum
mar
y fo
r po
licym
aker
s, w
ith i
nfor
mat
ion
on s
peci
fic p
olic
ies,
prac
tices
and
ac
tions
repr
esen
ting
best
pra
ctic
es a
nd w
ith th
e po
tent
ial t
o be
sca
labl
e an
d re
plic
able
, and
on
opt
ions
to s
uppo
rt th
eir i
mpl
emen
tatio
n, a
s w
ell a
s on
rele
vant
col
labo
rativ
e in
itiat
ives
, an
d pu
blis
hing
the
sum
mar
y at
lea
st t
wo
mon
ths
in a
dvan
ce o
f ea
ch s
essi
on o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
as i
nput
for
the
hig
h-le
vel
even
t re
ferr
ed t
o in
par
agra
ph 1
21
belo
w;
113.
D
ecid
es t
hat
the
proc
ess
refe
rred
to
in p
arag
raph
110
abo
ve s
houl
d be
org
aniz
ed
join
tly b
y th
e Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Im
plem
enta
tion
and
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Scie
ntifi
c an
d Te
chno
logi
cal A
dvic
e an
d sh
ould
take
pla
ce o
n an
ong
oing
bas
is u
ntil
2020
;
114.
Al
so d
ecid
es t
o co
nduc
t in
201
7 an
ass
essm
ent
of t
he p
roce
ss r
efer
red
to i
n pa
ragr
aph
110
abov
e so
as t
o im
prov
e its
effe
ctiv
enes
s;
115.
Re
solv
es to
enh
ance
the
prov
isio
n of
urg
ent a
nd a
dequ
ate
finan
ce, t
echn
olog
y an
d ca
paci
ty-b
uild
ing
supp
ort
by d
evel
oped
cou
ntry
Par
ties
in o
rder
to
enha
nce
the
leve
l of
am
bitio
n of
pre
-202
0 ac
tion
by P
artie
s, an
d in
this
rega
rd st
rong
ly u
rges
dev
elop
ed c
ount
ry
Parti
es to
sca
le u
p th
eir
leve
l of f
inan
cial
sup
port,
with
a c
oncr
ete
road
map
to a
chie
ve th
e
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
17
goal
of
join
tly p
rovi
ding
USD
100
bill
ion
annu
ally
by
2020
for
miti
gatio
n an
d ad
apta
tion
whi
le s
igni
fican
tly in
crea
sing
ada
ptat
ion
finan
ce fr
om c
urre
nt le
vels
and
to fu
rther
pro
vide
ap
prop
riate
tech
nolo
gy a
nd c
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
supp
ort;
116.
D
ecid
es t
o co
nduc
t a
faci
litat
ive
dial
ogue
in
conj
unct
ion
with
the
tw
enty
-sec
ond
sess
ion
of t
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
to a
sses
s th
e pr
ogre
ss i
n im
plem
entin
g de
cisi
on
1/C
P.19
, par
agra
phs 3
and
4, a
nd id
entif
y re
leva
nt o
ppor
tuni
ties t
o en
hanc
e th
e pr
ovis
ion
of
finan
cial
res
ourc
es,
incl
udin
g fo
r te
chno
logy
dev
elop
men
t an
d tra
nsfe
r an
d ca
paci
ty-
build
ing
supp
ort,
with
a v
iew
to
iden
tifyi
ng w
ays
to e
nhan
ce t
he a
mbi
tion
of m
itiga
tion
effo
rts b
y al
l Par
ties,
incl
udin
g id
entif
ying
rel
evan
t opp
ortu
nitie
s to
enh
ance
the
prov
isio
n an
d m
obili
zatio
n of
supp
ort a
nd e
nabl
ing
envi
ronm
ents
;
117.
Ac
know
ledg
es w
ith a
ppre
ciat
ion
the
resu
lts o
f the
Lim
a-Pa
ris A
ctio
n A
gend
a, w
hich
bu
ild o
n th
e cl
imat
e su
mm
it co
nven
ed o
n 23
Sep
tem
ber
2014
by
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al o
f th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns;
118.
W
elco
mes
the
effo
rts o
f non
-Par
ty s
take
hold
ers
to s
cale
up
thei
r clim
ate
actio
ns, a
nd
enco
urag
es t
he r
egis
tratio
n of
tho
se a
ctio
ns i
n th
e N
on-S
tate
Act
or Z
one
for
Clim
ate
Act
ion
plat
form
;3
119.
En
cour
ages
Par
ties
to w
ork
clos
ely
with
non
-Par
ty s
take
hold
ers
to c
atal
yse
effo
rts
to st
reng
then
miti
gatio
n an
d ad
apta
tion
actio
n;
120.
Al
so
enco
urag
es
non-
Party
st
akeh
olde
rs
to
incr
ease
th
eir
enga
gem
ent
in
the
proc
esse
s ref
erre
d to
in p
arag
raph
110
abo
ve a
nd p
arag
raph
125
bel
ow;
121.
Ag
rees
to
conv
ene,
pur
suan
t to
dec
isio
n 1/
CP.
20,
para
grap
h 21
, bu
ildin
g on
the
Li
ma-
Paris
Act
ion
Age
nda
and
in c
onju
nctio
n w
ith e
ach
sess
ion
of th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es d
urin
g th
e pe
riod
2016
–202
0, a
hig
h-le
vel e
vent
that
:
(a)
Furth
er s
treng
then
s hi
gh-le
vel e
ngag
emen
t on
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
pol
icy
optio
ns a
nd a
ctio
ns a
risin
g fr
om t
he p
roce
sses
ref
erre
d to
in
para
grap
h 11
0 ab
ove
and
para
grap
h 12
5 be
low
, dra
win
g on
the
sum
mar
y fo
r po
licym
aker
s re
ferr
ed to
in p
arag
raph
11
2(c)
abo
ve;
(b)
Prov
ides
an
oppo
rtuni
ty f
or a
nnou
ncin
g ne
w o
r st
reng
then
ed v
olun
tary
ef
forts
, ini
tiativ
es a
nd c
oalit
ions
, inc
ludi
ng t
he i
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
pol
icie
s, pr
actic
es a
nd
actio
ns a
risin
g fr
om th
e pr
oces
ses
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
10 a
bove
and
par
agra
ph 1
25
belo
w a
nd p
rese
nted
in
the
sum
mar
y fo
r po
licym
aker
s re
ferr
ed t
o in
par
agra
ph 1
12(c
) ab
ove;
(c)
Take
s sto
ck o
f rel
ated
pro
gres
s and
reco
gniz
es n
ew o
r stre
ngth
ened
vol
unta
ry
effo
rts, i
nitia
tives
and
coa
litio
ns;
(d)
Prov
ides
mea
ning
ful
and
regu
lar
oppo
rtuni
ties
for
the
effe
ctiv
e hi
gh-le
vel
enga
gem
ent o
f di
gnita
ries
of P
artie
s, in
tern
atio
nal o
rgan
izat
ions
, int
erna
tiona
l coo
pera
tive
initi
ativ
es a
nd n
on-P
arty
stak
ehol
ders
;
122.
D
ecid
es t
hat
two
high
-leve
l ch
ampi
ons
shal
l be
app
oint
ed t
o ac
t on
beh
alf
of t
he
Pres
iden
t of
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s to
fac
ilita
te t
hrou
gh s
treng
then
ed h
igh-
leve
l en
gage
men
t in
the
perio
d 20
16–2
020
the
succ
essf
ul e
xecu
tion
of e
xist
ing
effo
rts a
nd t
he
scal
ing-
up a
nd i
ntro
duct
ion
of n
ew o
r st
reng
then
ed v
olun
tary
eff
orts
, in
itiat
ives
and
co
aliti
ons,
incl
udin
g by
:
3
<http
://cl
imat
eact
ion.
unfc
cc.in
t/>.
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
18
(a)
Wor
king
w
ith
the
Exec
utiv
e Se
cret
ary
and
the
curr
ent
and
inco
min
g Pr
esid
ents
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s to
coo
rdin
ate
the
annu
al h
igh-
leve
l ev
ent
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
21 a
bove
;
(b)
Enga
ging
with
int
eres
ted
Parti
es a
nd n
on-P
arty
sta
keho
lder
s, in
clud
ing
to
furth
er th
e vo
lunt
ary
initi
ativ
es o
f the
Lim
a-Pa
ris A
ctio
n A
gend
a;
(c)
Prov
idin
g gu
idan
ce to
the
secr
etar
iat o
n th
e or
gani
zatio
n of
tech
nica
l exp
ert
mee
tings
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
12(a
) abo
ve a
nd p
arag
raph
130
(a) b
elow
;
123.
Al
so d
ecid
es t
hat
the
high
-leve
l ch
ampi
ons
refe
rred
to
in p
arag
raph
122
abo
ve
shou
ld n
orm
ally
ser
ve fo
r a te
rm o
f tw
o ye
ars,
with
thei
r ter
ms
over
lapp
ing
for a
full
year
to
ens
ure
cont
inui
ty, s
uch
that
:
(a)
The
Pres
iden
t of
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s of
the
tw
enty
-firs
t se
ssio
n sh
ould
app
oint
one
cha
mpi
on,
who
sho
uld
serv
e fo
r on
e ye
ar f
rom
the
dat
e of
the
ap
poin
tmen
t unt
il th
e la
st d
ay o
f the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
at i
ts tw
enty
-sec
ond
sess
ion;
(b)
The
Pres
iden
t of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
of
the
twen
ty-s
econ
d se
ssio
n sh
ould
app
oint
one
cha
mpi
on w
ho s
houl
d se
rve
for
two
year
s fr
om t
he d
ate
of t
he
appo
intm
ent u
ntil
the
last
day
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
at i
ts tw
enty
-third
ses
sion
(N
ovem
ber 2
017)
;
(c)
Ther
eafte
r, ea
ch s
ubse
quen
t Pre
side
nt o
f the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
sho
uld
appo
int
one
cham
pion
who
sho
uld
serv
e fo
r tw
o ye
ars
and
succ
eed
the
prev
ious
ly
appo
inte
d ch
ampi
on w
hose
term
has
end
ed;
124.
In
vite
s al
l in
tere
sted
Par
ties
and
rele
vant
org
aniz
atio
ns t
o pr
ovid
e su
ppor
t fo
r th
e w
ork
of th
e ch
ampi
ons r
efer
red
to in
par
agra
ph 1
22 a
bove
;
125.
D
ecid
es t
o la
unch
, in
the
per
iod
2016
2020
, a
tech
nica
l ex
amin
atio
n pr
oces
s on
ad
apta
tion;
126.
Al
so d
ecid
es t
hat
the
tech
nica
l ex
amin
atio
n pr
oces
s on
ada
ptat
ion
refe
rred
to
in
para
grap
h 12
5 ab
ove
will
end
eavo
ur t
o id
entif
y co
ncre
te o
ppor
tuni
ties
for
stre
ngth
enin
g re
silie
nce,
redu
cing
vul
nera
bilit
ies
and
incr
easi
ng th
e un
ders
tand
ing
and
impl
emen
tatio
n of
ad
apta
tion
actio
ns;
127.
Fu
rthe
r de
cide
s th
at th
e te
chni
cal e
xam
inat
ion
proc
ess
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
25
abov
e sh
ould
be
orga
nize
d jo
intly
by
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Impl
emen
tatio
n an
d th
e Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Sci
entif
ic a
nd T
echn
olog
ical
Adv
ice,
and
con
duct
ed b
y th
e A
dapt
atio
n C
omm
ittee
;
128.
D
ecid
es th
at th
e pr
oces
s ref
erre
d to
in p
arag
raph
125
abo
ve w
ill b
e pu
rsue
d by
:
(a)
Faci
litat
ing
the
shar
ing
of g
ood
prac
tices
, exp
erie
nces
and
less
ons l
earn
ed;
(b)
Iden
tifyi
ng a
ctio
ns t
hat
coul
d si
gnifi
cant
ly e
nhan
ce t
he i
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
ad
apta
tion
actio
ns, i
nclu
ding
act
ions
that
cou
ld e
nhan
ce e
cono
mic
div
ersi
ficat
ion
and
have
m
itiga
tion
co-b
enef
its;
(c)
Prom
otin
g co
oper
ativ
e ac
tion
on a
dapt
atio
n;
(d)
Iden
tifyi
ng o
ppor
tuni
ties
to s
treng
then
ena
blin
g en
viro
nmen
ts a
nd e
nhan
ce
the
prov
isio
n of
sup
port
for
adap
tatio
n in
the
con
text
of
spec
ific
polic
ies,
prac
tices
and
ac
tions
;
129.
Al
so d
ecid
es t
hat
the
tech
nica
l ex
amin
atio
n pr
oces
s on
ada
ptat
ion
refe
rred
to
in
para
grap
h 12
5 ab
ove
will
take
into
acc
ount
the
proc
ess,
mod
aliti
es, o
utpu
ts, o
utco
mes
and
le
sson
s le
arne
d fr
om t
he t
echn
ical
exa
min
atio
n pr
oces
s on
miti
gatio
n re
ferr
ed t
o in
pa
ragr
aph
110
abov
e;
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
19
130.
Re
ques
ts th
e se
cret
aria
t to
supp
ort t
he te
chni
cal e
xam
inat
ion
proc
ess
refe
rred
to in
pa
ragr
aph
125
abov
e by
:
(a)
Org
aniz
ing
regu
lar
tech
nica
l ex
pert
mee
tings
foc
usin
g on
spe
cific
pol
icie
s, st
rate
gies
and
act
ions
;
(b)
Prep
arin
g an
nual
ly,
on t
he b
asis
of
the
mee
tings
ref
erre
d to
in
para
grap
h 13
0(a)
abo
ve a
nd in
tim
e to
ser
ve a
s an
inpu
t to
the
sum
mar
y fo
r pol
icym
aker
s re
ferr
ed to
in
par
agra
ph 1
12(c
) abo
ve, a
tech
nica
l pap
er o
n op
portu
nitie
s to
enh
ance
ada
ptat
ion
actio
n,
as w
ell a
s op
tions
to s
uppo
rt th
eir
impl
emen
tatio
n, in
form
atio
n on
whi
ch s
houl
d be
mad
e av
aila
ble
in a
use
r-fr
iend
ly o
nlin
e fo
rmat
;
131.
D
ecid
es t
hat
in c
ondu
ctin
g th
e pr
oces
s re
ferr
ed t
o in
par
agra
ph 1
25 a
bove
, th
e A
dapt
atio
n C
omm
ittee
will
eng
age
with
and
exp
lore
way
s to
take
into
acc
ount
, syn
ergi
ze
with
and
bui
ld o
n th
e ex
istin
g ar
rang
emen
ts f
or a
dapt
atio
n-re
late
d w
ork
prog
ram
mes
, bo
dies
and
ins
titut
ions
und
er t
he C
onve
ntio
n so
as
to e
nsur
e co
here
nce
and
max
imum
va
lue;
132.
Al
so d
ecid
es to
con
duct
, in
conj
unct
ion
with
the
asse
ssm
ent r
efer
red
to in
par
agra
ph
120
abov
e, a
n as
sess
men
t of
the
pro
cess
ref
erre
d to
in
para
grap
h 12
5 ab
ove,
so
as t
o im
prov
e its
eff
ectiv
enes
s;
133.
In
vite
s Par
ties a
nd o
bser
ver o
rgan
izat
ions
to su
bmit
info
rmat
ion
on th
e op
portu
nitie
s re
ferr
ed to
in p
arag
raph
126
abo
ve b
y 3
Febr
uary
201
6;
V.
NO
N-P
AR
TY
ST
AK
EH
OL
DE
RS
134.
W
elco
mes
the
effo
rts o
f all
non-
Party
sta
keho
lder
s to
add
ress
and
resp
ond
to c
limat
e ch
ange
, inc
ludi
ng th
ose
of c
ivil
soci
ety,
the
priv
ate
sect
or, f
inan
cial
inst
itutio
ns, c
ities
and
ot
her s
ubna
tiona
l aut
horit
ies;
135.
In
vite
s th
e no
n-Pa
rty s
take
hold
ers
refe
rred
to
in p
arag
raph
134
abo
ve t
o sc
ale
up
thei
r eff
orts
and
sup
port
actio
ns to
redu
ce e
mis
sion
s an
d/or
to b
uild
resi
lienc
e an
d de
crea
se
vuln
erab
ility
to th
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd d
emon
stra
te th
ese
effo
rts v
ia th
e N
on-S
tate
Act
or Z
one
for C
limat
e A
ctio
n plat
form
4 refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
18 a
bove
;
136.
Re
cogn
izes
the
need
to s
treng
then
kno
wle
dge,
tech
nolo
gies
, pra
ctic
es a
nd e
fforts
of
loca
l com
mun
ities
and
indi
geno
us p
eopl
es re
late
d to
add
ress
ing
and
resp
ondi
ng to
clim
ate
chan
ge,
and
esta
blis
hes
a pl
atfo
rm f
or t
he e
xcha
nge
of e
xper
ienc
es a
nd s
harin
g of
bes
t pr
actic
es o
n m
itiga
tion
and
adap
tatio
n in
a h
olis
tic a
nd in
tegr
ated
man
ner;
137.
Al
so r
ecog
nize
s th
e im
porta
nt r
ole
of p
rovi
ding
inc
entiv
es f
or e
mis
sion
red
uctio
n ac
tiviti
es, i
nclu
ding
tool
s suc
h as
dom
estic
pol
icie
s and
car
bon
pric
ing;
VI.
A
DM
INIS
TR
AT
IVE
AN
D B
UD
GE
TA
RY
MA
TT
ER
S
138.
Ta
kes
note
of t
he e
stim
ated
bud
geta
ry im
plic
atio
ns o
f the
act
iviti
es to
be
unde
rtake
n by
the
secr
etar
iat r
efer
red
to in
this
dec
isio
n an
d re
ques
ts th
at th
e ac
tions
of t
he s
ecre
taria
t ca
lled
for i
n th
is d
ecis
ion
be u
nder
take
n su
bjec
t to
the
avai
labi
lity
of fi
nanc
ial r
esou
rces
;
139.
Em
phas
izes
th
e ur
genc
y of
m
akin
g ad
ditio
nal
reso
urce
s av
aila
ble
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
rel
evan
t act
ions
, inc
ludi
ng a
ctio
ns r
efer
red
to in
this
dec
isio
n, a
nd
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
wor
k pr
ogra
mm
e re
ferr
ed to
in p
arag
raph
9 a
bove
;
4 <
http
://cl
imat
eact
ion.
unfc
cc.in
t/>.
FCC
C/C
P/20
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20
140.
U
rges
Par
ties
to m
ake
volu
ntar
y co
ntrib
utio
ns fo
r the
tim
ely
impl
emen
tatio
n of
this
de
cisi
on.
FCC
C/C
P/20
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.9
21
Ann
ex
PAR
IS A
GR
EE
ME
NT
The
Parti
es to
this
Agr
eem
ent,
Bein
g Pa
rties
to th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns F
ram
ewor
k C
onve
ntio
n on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge,
her
eina
fter r
efer
red
to a
s “t
he
Con
vent
ion”
,
Purs
uant
to th
e D
urba
n Pl
atfo
rm fo
r Enh
ance
d A
ctio
n es
tabl
ishe
d by
dec
isio
n 1/
CP.
17 o
f the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n at
its s
even
teen
th se
ssio
n,
In p
ursu
it of
the
obj
ectiv
e of
the
Con
vent
ion,
and
bei
ng g
uide
d by
its
prin
cipl
es, i
nclu
ding
the
prin
cipl
e of
eq
uity
and
com
mon
but
diff
eren
tiate
d re
spon
sibi
litie
s an
d re
spec
tive
capa
bilit
ies,
in t
he l
ight
of
diffe
rent
na
tiona
l circ
umst
ance
s,
Reco
gniz
ing
the
need
for
an
effe
ctiv
e an
d pr
ogre
ssiv
e re
spon
se t
o th
e ur
gent
thr
eat
of c
limat
e ch
ange
on
the
basi
s of
the
bes
t av
aila
ble
scie
ntifi
c kn
owle
dge,
Also
rec
ogni
zing
the
spe
cific
nee
ds a
nd s
peci
al c
ircum
stan
ces
of d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties,
espe
cial
ly t
hose
th
at a
re p
artic
ular
ly v
ulne
rabl
e to
the
adve
rse
effe
cts o
f clim
ate
chan
ge, a
s pro
vide
d fo
r in
the
Con
vent
ion,
Taki
ng fu
ll ac
coun
t of
the
spec
ific
need
s an
d sp
ecia
l situ
atio
ns o
f th
e le
ast d
evel
oped
cou
ntrie
s w
ith r
egar
d to
fu
ndin
g an
d tra
nsfe
r of t
echn
olog
y,
Reco
gniz
ing
that
Par
ties
may
be
affe
cted
not
onl
y by
clim
ate
chan
ge, b
ut a
lso
by th
e im
pact
s of
the
mea
sure
s ta
ken
in re
spon
se to
it,
Emph
asiz
ing
the
intri
nsic
rel
atio
nshi
p th
at c
limat
e ch
ange
act
ions
, res
pons
es a
nd im
pact
s ha
ve w
ith e
quita
ble
acce
ss to
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent a
nd e
radi
catio
n of
pov
erty
,
Reco
gniz
ing
the
fund
amen
tal
prio
rity
of s
afeg
uard
ing
food
sec
urity
and
end
ing
hung
er,
and
the
parti
cula
r vu
lner
abili
ties o
f foo
d pr
oduc
tion
syst
ems t
o th
e ad
vers
e im
pact
s of c
limat
e ch
ange
,
Taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e im
pera
tives
of
a ju
st tr
ansi
tion
of th
e w
orkf
orce
and
the
crea
tion
of d
ecen
t wor
k an
d qu
ality
jobs
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith n
atio
nally
def
ined
dev
elop
men
t prio
ritie
s,
Ackn
owle
dgin
g th
at c
limat
e ch
ange
is a
com
mon
con
cern
of
hum
anki
nd, P
artie
s sh
ould
, whe
n ta
king
act
ion
to
addr
ess
clim
ate
chan
ge, r
espe
ct, p
rom
ote
and
cons
ider
thei
r re
spec
tive
oblig
atio
ns o
n hu
man
righ
ts, t
he ri
ght t
o he
alth
, th
e rig
hts
of i
ndig
enou
s pe
ople
s, lo
cal
com
mun
ities
, m
igra
nts,
child
ren,
per
sons
with
dis
abili
ties
and
peop
le in
vul
nera
ble
situ
atio
ns a
nd th
e rig
ht to
dev
elop
men
t, as
wel
l as g
ende
r equ
ality
, em
pow
erm
ent o
f wom
en
and
inte
rgen
erat
iona
l equ
ity,
Reco
gniz
ing
the
impo
rtanc
e of
the
cons
erva
tion
and
enha
ncem
ent,
as a
ppro
pria
te, o
f sin
ks a
nd re
serv
oirs
of
the
gree
nhou
se g
ases
refe
rred
to in
the
Con
vent
ion,
Not
ing
the
impo
rtanc
e of
ens
urin
g th
e in
tegr
ity o
f al
l ec
osys
tem
s, in
clud
ing
ocea
ns,
and
the
prot
ectio
n of
bi
odiv
ersi
ty, r
ecog
nize
d by
som
e cu
lture
s as M
othe
r Ear
th, a
nd n
otin
g th
e im
porta
nce
for s
ome
of th
e co
ncep
t of
“clim
ate
just
ice”
, whe
n ta
king
act
ion
to a
ddre
ss c
limat
e ch
ange
,
Affir
min
g th
e im
porta
nce
of e
duca
tion,
tra
inin
g, p
ublic
aw
aren
ess,
publ
ic p
artic
ipat
ion,
pub
lic a
cces
s to
in
form
atio
n an
d co
oper
atio
n at
all
leve
ls o
n th
e m
atte
rs a
ddre
ssed
in th
is A
gree
men
t,
Reco
gniz
ing
the
impo
rtanc
e of
the
enga
gem
ents
of
all l
evel
s of
gov
ernm
ent a
nd v
ario
us a
ctor
s, in
acc
orda
nce
with
resp
ectiv
e na
tiona
l leg
isla
tions
of P
artie
s, in
add
ress
ing
clim
ate
chan
ge,
Also
rec
ogni
zing
tha
t su
stai
nabl
e lif
esty
les
and
sust
aina
ble
patte
rns
of c
onsu
mpt
ion
and
prod
uctio
n, w
ith
deve
lope
d co
untry
Par
ties t
akin
g th
e le
ad, p
lay
an im
porta
nt ro
le in
add
ress
ing
clim
ate
chan
ge,
Hav
e ag
reed
as f
ollo
ws:
FCC
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22
Art
icle
1
For
the
purp
ose
of t
his
Agr
eem
ent,
the
defin
ition
s co
ntai
ned
in A
rticl
e 1
of t
he C
onve
ntio
n sh
all
appl
y. I
n ad
ditio
n:
1.
“Con
vent
ion”
mea
ns th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns F
ram
ewor
k C
onve
ntio
n on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge,
ado
pted
in N
ew Y
ork
on 9
M
ay 1
992.
2.
“C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es”
mea
ns th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es to
the
Con
vent
ion.
3.
“P
arty
” m
eans
a P
arty
to th
is A
gree
men
t.
Art
icle
2
1.
This
Agr
eem
ent,
in e
nhan
cing
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Con
vent
ion,
incl
udin
g its
obj
ectiv
e, a
ims
to s
treng
then
th
e gl
obal
res
pons
e to
the
thr
eat
of c
limat
e ch
ange
, in
the
con
text
of
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent
and
effo
rts t
o er
adic
ate
pove
rty, i
nclu
ding
by:
(a
) H
oldi
ng th
e in
crea
se in
the
glob
al a
vera
ge te
mpe
ratu
re to
wel
l bel
ow 2
°C
abo
ve p
re-in
dust
rial l
evel
s an
d to
pur
sue
effo
rts to
lim
it th
e te
mpe
ratu
re in
crea
se to
1.5
°C
abo
ve p
re-in
dust
rial l
evel
s, re
cogn
izin
g th
at
this
wou
ld si
gnifi
cant
ly re
duce
the
risks
and
impa
cts o
f clim
ate
chan
ge;
(b)
Incr
easi
ng th
e ab
ility
to a
dapt
to th
e ad
vers
e im
pact
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd fo
ster
clim
ate
resi
lienc
e an
d lo
w g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons d
evel
opm
ent,
in a
man
ner t
hat d
oes n
ot th
reat
en fo
od p
rodu
ctio
n;
(c)
Mak
ing
finan
ce f
low
s co
nsis
tent
with
a p
athw
ay t
owar
ds l
ow g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons
and
clim
ate-
resi
lient
dev
elop
men
t.
2.
This
Agr
eem
ent
will
be
impl
emen
ted
to r
efle
ct e
quity
and
the
prin
cipl
e of
com
mon
but
diff
eren
tiate
d re
spon
sibi
litie
s and
resp
ectiv
e ca
pabi
litie
s, in
the
light
of d
iffer
ent n
atio
nal c
ircum
stan
ces.
Art
icle
3
As
natio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
to th
e gl
obal
resp
onse
to c
limat
e ch
ange
, all
Parti
es a
re to
und
erta
ke a
nd
com
mun
icat
e am
bitio
us e
ffor
ts a
s de
fined
in
Arti
cles
4,
7, 9
, 10
, 11
and
13
with
the
vie
w t
o ac
hiev
ing
the
purp
ose
of th
is A
gree
men
t as s
et o
ut in
Arti
cle
2. T
he e
ffor
ts o
f all
Parti
es w
ill re
pres
ent a
pro
gres
sion
ove
r tim
e,
whi
le r
ecog
nizi
ng t
he n
eed
to s
uppo
rt de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
Par
ties
for
the
effe
ctiv
e im
plem
enta
tion
of t
his
Agr
eem
ent.
Art
icle
4
1.
In o
rder
to a
chie
ve th
e lo
ng-te
rm te
mpe
ratu
re g
oal s
et o
ut in
Arti
cle
2, P
artie
s ai
m to
rea
ch g
loba
l pea
king
of
gree
nhou
se g
as e
mis
sion
s as
soo
n as
pos
sibl
e, re
cogn
izin
g th
at p
eaki
ng w
ill ta
ke lo
nger
for d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Pa
rties
, and
to u
nder
take
rapi
d re
duct
ions
ther
eafte
r in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith b
est a
vaila
ble
scie
nce,
so
as to
ach
ieve
a
bala
nce
betw
een
anth
ropo
geni
c em
issi
ons
by s
ourc
es a
nd r
emov
als
by s
inks
of g
reen
hous
e ga
ses
in th
e se
cond
ha
lf of
this
cen
tury
, on
the
basi
s of
equ
ity, a
nd in
the
cont
ext o
f sus
tain
able
dev
elop
men
t and
eff
orts
to e
radi
cate
po
verty
. 2.
Ea
ch P
arty
sha
ll pr
epar
e, c
omm
unic
ate
and
mai
ntai
n su
cces
sive
nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns t
hat
it in
tend
s to
achi
eve.
Par
ties s
hall
purs
ue d
omes
tic m
itiga
tion
mea
sure
s, w
ith th
e ai
m o
f ach
ievi
ng th
e ob
ject
ives
of
such
con
tribu
tions
. 3.
Ea
ch P
arty
’s s
ucce
ssiv
e na
tiona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
n w
ill re
pres
ent a
pro
gres
sion
bey
ond
the
Party
’s th
en
curr
ent n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tion
and
refle
ct it
s hi
ghes
t po
ssib
le a
mbi
tion,
ref
lect
ing
its c
omm
on b
ut
diffe
rent
iate
d re
spon
sibi
litie
s and
resp
ectiv
e ca
pabi
litie
s, in
the
light
of d
iffer
ent n
atio
nal c
ircum
stan
ces.
4.
D
evel
oped
cou
ntry
Par
ties
shou
ld c
ontin
ue t
akin
g th
e le
ad b
y un
derta
king
eco
nom
y-w
ide
abso
lute
em
issi
on
redu
ctio
n ta
rget
s. D
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties
shou
ld c
ontin
ue e
nhan
cing
the
ir m
itiga
tion
effo
rts,
and
are
enco
urag
ed t
o m
ove
over
tim
e to
war
ds e
cono
my-
wid
e em
issi
on r
educ
tion
or l
imita
tion
targ
ets
in t
he l
ight
of
diffe
rent
nat
iona
l circ
umst
ance
s.
5.
Supp
ort s
hall
be p
rovi
ded
to d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
this
Arti
cle,
in
acco
rdan
ce
with
Arti
cles
9,
10 a
nd 1
1, r
ecog
nizi
ng t
hat
enha
nced
sup
port
for
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
artie
s w
ill a
llow
for
hi
gher
am
bitio
n in
thei
r act
ions
.
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9
23
6.
The
leas
t dev
elop
ed c
ount
ries
and
smal
l isl
and
deve
lopi
ng S
tate
s m
ay p
repa
re a
nd c
omm
unic
ate
stra
tegi
es, p
lans
an
d ac
tions
for l
ow g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons d
evel
opm
ent r
efle
ctin
g th
eir s
peci
al c
ircum
stan
ces.
7.
M
itiga
tion
co-b
enef
its r
esul
ting
from
Par
ties’
ada
ptat
ion
actio
ns a
nd/o
r ec
onom
ic d
iver
sific
atio
n pl
ans
can
cont
ribut
e to
miti
gatio
n ou
tcom
es u
nder
this
Arti
cle.
8.
In
com
mun
icat
ing
thei
r na
tiona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns, a
ll Pa
rties
sha
ll pr
ovid
e th
e in
form
atio
n ne
cess
ary
for
clar
ity, t
rans
pare
ncy
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g in
acc
orda
nce
with
dec
isio
n 1/
CP.
21 a
nd a
ny r
elev
ant d
ecis
ions
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent.
9.
Each
Par
ty s
hall
com
mun
icat
e a
natio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tion
ever
y fiv
e ye
ars
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith d
ecis
ion
1/C
P.21
and
any
rele
vant
dec
isio
ns o
f the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t and
be
info
rmed
by
the
outc
omes
of t
he g
loba
l sto
ckta
ke re
ferr
ed to
in A
rticl
e 14
. 10
. Th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
serv
ing
as t
he m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to t
he P
aris
Agr
eem
ent
shal
l co
nsid
er
com
mon
tim
e fr
ames
for n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
at i
ts fi
rst s
essi
on.
11.
A P
arty
may
at a
ny ti
me
adju
st it
s ex
istin
g na
tiona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
n w
ith a
vie
w to
enh
anci
ng it
s le
vel
of a
mbi
tion,
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith g
uida
nce
adop
ted
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent.
12
. N
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
com
mun
icat
ed b
y Pa
rties
sha
ll be
rec
orde
d in
a p
ublic
reg
istry
mai
ntai
ned
by th
e se
cret
aria
t. 13
. Pa
rties
sha
ll ac
coun
t fo
r th
eir
natio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
. In
acco
untin
g fo
r an
thro
poge
nic
emis
sion
s an
d re
mov
als
corr
espo
ndin
g to
the
ir na
tiona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns, P
artie
s sh
all
prom
ote
envi
ronm
enta
l in
tegr
ity,
trans
pare
ncy,
acc
urac
y, c
ompl
eten
ess,
com
para
bilit
y an
d co
nsis
tenc
y, a
nd e
nsur
e th
e av
oida
nce
of
doub
le c
ount
ing,
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith g
uida
nce
adop
ted
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s the
mee
ting
of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent.
14
. In
the
con
text
of
thei
r na
tiona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns,
whe
n re
cogn
izin
g an
d im
plem
entin
g m
itiga
tion
actio
ns w
ith r
espe
ct to
ant
hrop
ogen
ic e
mis
sion
s an
d re
mov
als,
Parti
es s
houl
d ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt, a
s ap
prop
riate
, ex
istin
g m
etho
ds a
nd g
uida
nce
unde
r th
e C
onve
ntio
n, i
n th
e lig
ht o
f th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
para
grap
h 13
of
this
A
rticl
e.
15.
Parti
es s
hall
take
int
o co
nsid
erat
ion
in t
he i
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
thi
s A
gree
men
t th
e co
ncer
ns o
f Pa
rties
with
ec
onom
ies m
ost a
ffec
ted
by th
e im
pact
s of r
espo
nse
mea
sure
s, pa
rticu
larly
dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s.
16
. Pa
rties
, inc
ludi
ng r
egio
nal
econ
omic
int
egra
tion
orga
niza
tions
and
the
ir m
embe
r St
ates
, tha
t ha
ve r
each
ed a
n ag
reem
ent
to a
ct j
oint
ly u
nder
par
agra
ph 2
of
this
Arti
cle
shal
l no
tify
the
secr
etar
iat
of t
he t
erm
s of
tha
t ag
reem
ent,
incl
udin
g th
e em
issi
on l
evel
allo
cate
d to
eac
h Pa
rty w
ithin
the
rel
evan
t tim
e pe
riod,
whe
n th
ey
com
mun
icat
e th
eir
natio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
. Th
e se
cret
aria
t sh
all
in t
urn
info
rm t
he P
artie
s an
d si
gnat
orie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion
of th
e te
rms o
f tha
t agr
eem
ent.
17.
Each
par
ty to
such
an
agre
emen
t sha
ll be
resp
onsi
ble
for i
ts e
mis
sion
leve
l as
set o
ut in
the
agre
emen
t ref
erre
d to
in
par
agra
ph 1
6 ab
ove
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith p
arag
raph
s 13
and
14 o
f thi
s Arti
cle
and
Arti
cles
13
and
15.
18.
If P
artie
s ac
ting
join
tly d
o so
in
the
fram
ewor
k of
, an
d to
geth
er w
ith,
a re
gion
al e
cono
mic
int
egra
tion
orga
niza
tion
whi
ch is
itse
lf a
Party
to th
is A
gree
men
t, ea
ch m
embe
r Sta
te o
f tha
t reg
iona
l eco
nom
ic in
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
n in
divi
dual
ly, a
nd to
geth
er w
ith th
e re
gion
al e
cono
mic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tion,
sha
ll be
resp
onsi
ble
for i
ts e
mis
sion
leve
l as
set o
ut in
the
agre
emen
t com
mun
icat
ed u
nder
par
agra
ph 1
6 of
this
Arti
cle
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith p
arag
raph
s 13
and
14 o
f thi
s Arti
cle
and
Arti
cles
13
and
15.
19.
All
Parti
es s
houl
d st
rive
to f
orm
ulat
e an
d co
mm
unic
ate
long
-term
low
gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
dev
elop
men
t st
rate
gies
, m
indf
ul o
f A
rticl
e 2
taki
ng i
nto
acco
unt
thei
r co
mm
on b
ut d
iffer
entia
ted
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
and
resp
ectiv
e ca
pabi
litie
s, in
the
light
of d
iffer
ent n
atio
nal c
ircum
stan
ces.
Art
icle
5
1.
Parti
es s
houl
d ta
ke a
ctio
n to
con
serv
e an
d en
hanc
e, a
s ap
prop
riate
, sin
ks a
nd r
eser
voirs
of
gree
nhou
se g
ases
as
refe
rred
to in
Arti
cle
4, p
arag
raph
1(d
), of
the
Con
vent
ion,
incl
udin
g fo
rest
s.
2.
Parti
es a
re e
ncou
rage
d to
take
act
ion
to im
plem
ent a
nd s
uppo
rt, in
clud
ing
thro
ugh
resu
lts-b
ased
pay
men
ts, t
he
exis
ting
fram
ewor
k as
set
out
in re
late
d gu
idan
ce a
nd d
ecis
ions
alre
ady
agre
ed u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion
for:
polic
y ap
proa
ches
and
pos
itive
inc
entiv
es f
or a
ctiv
ities
rel
atin
g to
red
ucin
g em
issi
ons
from
def
ores
tatio
n an
d fo
rest
de
grad
atio
n, a
nd th
e ro
le o
f con
serv
atio
n, s
usta
inab
le m
anag
emen
t of f
ores
ts a
nd e
nhan
cem
ent o
f for
est c
arbo
n
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
24
stoc
ks i
n de
velo
ping
cou
ntrie
s; a
nd a
ltern
ativ
e po
licy
appr
oach
es,
such
as
join
t m
itiga
tion
and
adap
tatio
n ap
proa
ches
for
the
int
egra
l an
d su
stai
nabl
e m
anag
emen
t of
for
ests
, w
hile
rea
ffirm
ing
the
impo
rtanc
e of
in
cent
iviz
ing,
as a
ppro
pria
te, n
on-c
arbo
n be
nefit
s ass
ocia
ted
with
such
app
roac
hes.
Art
icle
6
1.
Parti
es r
ecog
nize
tha
t so
me
Parti
es c
hoos
e to
pur
sue
volu
ntar
y co
oper
atio
n in
the
im
plem
enta
tion
of t
heir
natio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
to a
llow
for h
ighe
r am
bitio
n in
thei
r miti
gatio
n an
d ad
apta
tion
actio
ns a
nd to
pr
omot
e su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t and
env
ironm
enta
l int
egrit
y.
2.
Parti
es s
hall,
whe
re e
ngag
ing
on a
vol
unta
ry b
asis
in
coop
erat
ive
appr
oach
es t
hat
invo
lve
the
use
of
inte
rnat
iona
lly tr
ansf
erre
d m
itiga
tion
outc
omes
tow
ards
nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns, p
rom
ote
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent
and
ensu
re e
nviro
nmen
tal
inte
grity
and
tra
nspa
renc
y, i
nclu
ding
in
gove
rnan
ce,
and
shal
l ap
ply
robu
st a
ccou
ntin
g to
ens
ure,
inte
r al
ia, t
he a
void
ance
of
doub
le c
ount
ing,
con
sist
ent w
ith g
uida
nce
adop
ted
by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent.
3.
Th
e us
e of
inte
rnat
iona
lly tr
ansf
erre
d m
itiga
tion
outc
omes
to a
chie
ve n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tions
und
er
this
Agr
eem
ent s
hall
be v
olun
tary
and
aut
horiz
ed b
y pa
rtici
patin
g Pa
rties
. 4.
A
mec
hani
sm to
con
tribu
te to
the
miti
gatio
n of
gre
enho
use
gas e
mis
sion
s and
supp
ort s
usta
inab
le d
evel
opm
ent i
s he
reby
est
ablis
hed
unde
r th
e au
thor
ity a
nd g
uida
nce
of th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
th
e Pa
rties
to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent
for
use
by P
artie
s on
a v
olun
tary
bas
is.
It sh
all
be s
uper
vise
d by
a b
ody
desi
gnat
ed b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent,
and
shal
l aim
: (a
) To
pro
mot
e th
e m
itiga
tion
of g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons w
hile
fost
erin
g su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t; (b
) To
inc
entiv
ize
and
faci
litat
e pa
rtici
patio
n in
the
miti
gatio
n of
gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s by
pub
lic a
nd
priv
ate
entit
ies a
utho
rized
by
a Pa
rty;
(c)
To c
ontri
bute
to t
he r
educ
tion
of e
mis
sion
leve
ls i
n th
e ho
st P
arty
, whi
ch w
ill b
enef
it fr
om m
itiga
tion
activ
ities
res
ultin
g in
em
issi
on r
educ
tions
that
can
als
o be
use
d by
ano
ther
Par
ty to
ful
fil it
s na
tiona
lly
dete
rmin
ed c
ontri
butio
n; a
nd
(d)
To d
eliv
er a
n ov
eral
l miti
gatio
n in
glo
bal e
mis
sion
s.
5.
Emis
sion
redu
ctio
ns re
sulti
ng fr
om th
e m
echa
nism
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 4
of t
his
Arti
cle
shal
l not
be
used
to
dem
onst
rate
ach
ieve
men
t of
the
hos
t Pa
rty’s
nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
n if
used
by
anot
her
Party
to
dem
onst
rate
ach
ieve
men
t of i
ts n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tion.
6.
Th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent
shal
l ens
ure
that
a
shar
e of
the
proc
eeds
fro
m a
ctiv
ities
und
er th
e m
echa
nism
ref
erre
d to
in p
arag
raph
4 o
f th
is A
rticl
e is
use
d to
co
ver
adm
inis
trativ
e ex
pens
es a
s w
ell a
s to
ass
ist d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties
that
are
par
ticul
arly
vul
nera
ble
to
the
adve
rse
effe
cts o
f clim
ate
chan
ge to
mee
t the
cos
ts o
f ada
ptat
ion.
7.
Th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
serv
ing
as t
he m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t sh
all a
dopt
rul
es,
mod
aliti
es a
nd p
roce
dure
s for
the
mec
hani
sm re
ferr
ed to
in p
arag
raph
4 o
f thi
s Arti
cle
at it
s fir
st se
ssio
n.
8.
Parti
es r
ecog
nize
the
impo
rtanc
e of
inte
grat
ed, h
olis
tic a
nd b
alan
ced
non-
mar
ket a
ppro
ache
s be
ing
avai
labl
e to
Pa
rties
to a
ssis
t in
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
thei
r nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns, i
n th
e co
ntex
t of s
usta
inab
le
deve
lopm
ent
and
pove
rty e
radi
catio
n, i
n a
coor
dina
ted
and
effe
ctiv
e m
anne
r, in
clud
ing
thro
ugh,
int
er a
lia,
miti
gatio
n, a
dapt
atio
n, fi
nanc
e, te
chno
logy
tran
sfer
and
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g, a
s app
ropr
iate
. The
se a
ppro
ache
s sha
ll ai
m to
: (a
) Pr
omot
e m
itiga
tion
and
adap
tatio
n am
bitio
n;
(b)
Enha
nce
publ
ic
and
priv
ate
sect
or
parti
cipa
tion
in
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
na
tiona
lly
dete
rmin
ed
cont
ribut
ions
; and
(c
) En
able
opp
ortu
nitie
s for
coo
rdin
atio
n ac
ross
inst
rum
ents
and
rele
vant
inst
itutio
nal a
rran
gem
ents
. 9.
A
fra
mew
ork
for
non-
mar
ket
appr
oach
es t
o su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t is
her
eby
defin
ed t
o pr
omot
e th
e no
n-m
arke
t app
roac
hes r
efer
red
to in
par
agra
ph 8
of t
his A
rticl
e.
FCC
C/C
P/20
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25
Art
icle
7
1.
Parti
es h
ereb
y es
tabl
ish
the
glob
al g
oal o
n ad
apta
tion
of e
nhan
cing
ada
ptiv
e ca
paci
ty, s
treng
then
ing
resi
lienc
e an
d re
duci
ng v
ulne
rabi
lity
to c
limat
e ch
ange
, w
ith a
vie
w t
o co
ntrib
utin
g to
sus
tain
able
dev
elop
men
t an
d en
surin
g an
ade
quat
e ad
apta
tion
resp
onse
in th
e co
ntex
t of t
he te
mpe
ratu
re g
oal r
efer
red
to in
Arti
cle
2.
2.
Parti
es re
cogn
ize
that
ada
ptat
ion
is a
glo
bal c
halle
nge
face
d by
all
with
loca
l, su
bnat
iona
l, na
tiona
l, re
gion
al a
nd
inte
rnat
iona
l di
men
sion
s, an
d th
at it
is
a ke
y co
mpo
nent
of
and
mak
es a
con
tribu
tion
to th
e lo
ng-te
rm g
loba
l re
spon
se t
o cl
imat
e ch
ange
to
prot
ect
peop
le, l
ivel
ihoo
ds a
nd e
cosy
stem
s, ta
king
int
o ac
coun
t th
e ur
gent
and
im
med
iate
nee
ds o
f th
ose
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
artie
s th
at a
re p
artic
ular
ly v
ulne
rabl
e to
the
adve
rse
effe
cts
of
clim
ate
chan
ge.
3.
The
adap
tatio
n ef
forts
of d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties
shal
l be
reco
gniz
ed, i
n ac
cord
ance
with
the
mod
aliti
es to
be
adop
ted
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent a
t its
firs
t se
ssio
n.
4.
Parti
es r
ecog
nize
tha
t th
e cu
rren
t ne
ed f
or a
dapt
atio
n is
sig
nific
ant
and
that
gre
ater
lev
els
of m
itiga
tion
can
redu
ce th
e ne
ed fo
r add
ition
al a
dapt
atio
n ef
forts
, and
that
gre
ater
ada
ptat
ion
need
s can
invo
lve
grea
ter a
dapt
atio
n co
sts.
5.
Parti
es a
ckno
wle
dge
that
ada
ptat
ion
actio
n sh
ould
follo
w a
cou
ntry
-driv
en, g
ende
r-re
spon
sive
, par
ticip
ator
y an
d fu
lly t
rans
pare
nt a
ppro
ach,
tak
ing
into
con
side
ratio
n vu
lner
able
gro
ups,
com
mun
ities
and
eco
syst
ems,
and
shou
ld b
e ba
sed
on a
nd g
uide
d by
the
bes
t av
aila
ble
scie
nce
and,
as
appr
opria
te,
tradi
tiona
l kn
owle
dge,
kn
owle
dge
of i
ndig
enou
s pe
ople
s an
d lo
cal
know
ledg
e sy
stem
s, w
ith a
vie
w t
o in
tegr
atin
g ad
apta
tion
into
re
leva
nt so
cioe
cono
mic
and
env
ironm
enta
l pol
icie
s and
act
ions
, whe
re a
ppro
pria
te.
6.
Parti
es r
ecog
nize
the
im
porta
nce
of s
uppo
rt fo
r an
d in
tern
atio
nal
coop
erat
ion
on a
dapt
atio
n ef
forts
and
the
im
porta
nce
of ta
king
into
acc
ount
the
need
s of
dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s, es
peci
ally
thos
e th
at a
re p
artic
ular
ly
vuln
erab
le to
the
adve
rse
effe
cts o
f clim
ate
chan
ge.
7.
Parti
es s
houl
d st
reng
then
thei
r co
oper
atio
n on
enh
anci
ng a
ctio
n on
ada
ptat
ion,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e C
ancu
n A
dapt
atio
n Fr
amew
ork,
incl
udin
g w
ith re
gard
to:
(a)
Shar
ing
info
rmat
ion,
goo
d pr
actic
es, e
xper
ienc
es a
nd le
sson
s le
arne
d, in
clud
ing,
as
appr
opria
te, a
s th
ese
rela
te to
scie
nce,
pla
nnin
g, p
olic
ies a
nd im
plem
enta
tion
in re
latio
n to
ada
ptat
ion
actio
ns;
(b)
Stre
ngth
enin
g in
stitu
tiona
l ar
rang
emen
ts,
incl
udin
g th
ose
unde
r th
e C
onve
ntio
n th
at
serv
e th
is
Agr
eem
ent,
to s
uppo
rt th
e sy
nthe
sis
of r
elev
ant
info
rmat
ion
and
know
ledg
e, a
nd t
he p
rovi
sion
of
tech
nica
l sup
port
and
guid
ance
to P
artie
s;
(c)
Stre
ngth
enin
g sc
ient
ific
know
ledg
e on
clim
ate,
incl
udin
g re
sear
ch, s
yste
mat
ic o
bser
vatio
n of
the
clim
ate
syst
em a
nd e
arly
war
ning
sys
tem
s, in
a m
anne
r th
at i
nfor
ms
clim
ate
serv
ices
and
sup
ports
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g;
(d)
Ass
istin
g de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
Par
ties
in i
dent
ifyin
g ef
fect
ive
adap
tatio
n pr
actic
es,
adap
tatio
n ne
eds,
prio
ritie
s, su
ppor
t pro
vide
d an
d re
ceiv
ed fo
r ada
ptat
ion
actio
ns a
nd e
fforts
, and
cha
lleng
es a
nd g
aps,
in a
m
anne
r con
sist
ent w
ith e
ncou
ragi
ng g
ood
prac
tices
; (e
) Im
prov
ing
the
effe
ctiv
enes
s and
dur
abili
ty o
f ada
ptat
ion
actio
ns.
8.
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
spe
cial
ized
org
aniz
atio
ns a
nd a
genc
ies
are
enco
urag
ed t
o su
ppor
t th
e ef
forts
of
Parti
es t
o im
plem
ent t
he a
ctio
ns re
ferr
ed to
in p
arag
raph
7 o
f thi
s Arti
cle,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e pr
ovis
ions
of p
arag
raph
5
of th
is A
rticl
e.
9.
Each
Par
ty s
hall,
as
appr
opria
te, e
ngag
e in
ada
ptat
ion
plan
ning
pro
cess
es a
nd t
he i
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
act
ions
, in
clud
ing
the
deve
lopm
ent o
r enh
ance
men
t of r
elev
ant p
lans
, pol
icie
s and
/or c
ontri
butio
ns, w
hich
may
incl
ude:
(a
) Th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of a
dapt
atio
n ac
tions
, und
erta
king
s and
/or e
fforts
; (b
) Th
e pr
oces
s to
form
ulat
e an
d im
plem
ent n
atio
nal a
dapt
atio
n pl
ans;
(c
) Th
e as
sess
men
t of
clim
ate
chan
ge i
mpa
cts
and
vuln
erab
ility
, w
ith a
vie
w t
o fo
rmul
atin
g na
tiona
lly
dete
rmin
ed p
riorit
ized
act
ions
, tak
ing
into
acc
ount
vul
nera
ble
peop
le, p
lace
s and
eco
syst
ems;
(d
) M
onito
ring
and
eval
uatin
g an
d le
arni
ng fr
om a
dapt
atio
n pl
ans,
polic
ies,
prog
ram
mes
and
act
ions
; and
(e
) B
uild
ing
the
resi
lienc
e of
so
cioe
cono
mic
an
d ec
olog
ical
sy
stem
s, in
clud
ing
thro
ugh
econ
omic
di
vers
ifica
tion
and
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent o
f nat
ural
reso
urce
s.
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26
10.
Each
Par
ty s
houl
d, a
s ap
prop
riate
, su
bmit
and
upda
te p
erio
dica
lly a
n ad
apta
tion
com
mun
icat
ion,
whi
ch m
ay
incl
ude
its p
riorit
ies,
impl
emen
tatio
n an
d su
ppor
t ne
eds,
plan
s an
d ac
tions
, w
ithou
t cr
eatin
g an
y ad
ditio
nal
burd
en fo
r dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s. 11
. Th
e ad
apta
tion
com
mun
icat
ion
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
0 of
this
Arti
cle
shal
l be,
as
appr
opria
te, s
ubm
itted
and
up
date
d pe
riodi
cally
, as
a co
mpo
nent
of o
r in
conj
unct
ion
with
oth
er c
omm
unic
atio
ns o
r doc
umen
ts, i
nclu
ding
a
natio
nal a
dapt
atio
n pl
an, a
nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
n as
ref
erre
d to
in A
rticl
e 4,
par
agra
ph 2
, and
/or
a na
tiona
l com
mun
icat
ion.
12
. Th
e ad
apta
tion
com
mun
icat
ions
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
0 of
this
Arti
cle
shal
l be
reco
rded
in a
pub
lic re
gist
ry
mai
ntai
ned
by th
e se
cret
aria
t. 13
. C
ontin
uous
and
enh
ance
d in
tern
atio
nal
supp
ort
shal
l be
pro
vide
d to
dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s fo
r th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of p
arag
raph
s 7,
9, 1
0 an
d 11
of t
his
Arti
cle,
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e pr
ovis
ions
of A
rticl
es 9
, 10
and
11.
14.
The
glob
al st
ockt
ake
refe
rred
to in
Arti
cle
14 sh
all,
inte
r alia
: (a
) R
ecog
nize
ada
ptat
ion
effo
rts o
f dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s;
(b)
Enha
nce
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
ada
ptat
ion
actio
n ta
king
int
o ac
coun
t th
e ad
apta
tion
com
mun
icat
ion
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
0 of
this
Arti
cle;
(c
) R
evie
w th
e ad
equa
cy a
nd e
ffec
tiven
ess o
f ada
ptat
ion
and
supp
ort p
rovi
ded
for a
dapt
atio
n; a
nd
(d)
Rev
iew
the
over
all p
rogr
ess
mad
e in
ach
ievi
ng th
e gl
obal
goa
l on
adap
tatio
n re
ferr
ed to
in p
arag
raph
1 o
f th
is A
rticl
e.
Art
icle
8
1.
Parti
es r
ecog
nize
the
impo
rtanc
e of
ave
rting
, min
imiz
ing
and
addr
essi
ng lo
ss a
nd d
amag
e as
soci
ated
with
the
adve
rse
effe
cts
of c
limat
e ch
ange
, in
clud
ing
extre
me
wea
ther
eve
nts
and
slow
ons
et e
vent
s, an
d th
e ro
le o
f su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t in
redu
cing
the
risk
of lo
ss a
nd d
amag
e.
2.
The
War
saw
Int
erna
tiona
l Mec
hani
sm f
or L
oss
and
Dam
age
asso
ciat
ed w
ith C
limat
e C
hang
e Im
pact
s sh
all b
e su
bjec
t to
the
auth
ority
and
gui
danc
e of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t and
may
be
enha
nced
and
stre
ngth
ened
, as
dete
rmin
ed b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent.
3.
Pa
rties
sho
uld
enha
nce
unde
rsta
ndin
g, a
ctio
n an
d su
ppor
t, in
clud
ing
thro
ugh
the
War
saw
Int
erna
tiona
l M
echa
nism
, as
appr
opria
te, o
n a
coop
erat
ive
and
faci
litat
ive
basi
s w
ith r
espe
ct to
loss
and
dam
age
asso
ciat
ed
with
the
adve
rse
effe
cts o
f clim
ate
chan
ge.
4.
Acc
ordi
ngly
, are
as o
f coo
pera
tion
and
faci
litat
ion
to e
nhan
ce u
nder
stan
ding
, act
ion
and
supp
ort m
ay in
clud
e:
(a)
Early
war
ning
sys
tem
s;
(b)
Emer
genc
y pr
epar
edne
ss;
(c)
Slow
ons
et e
vent
s;
(d)
Even
ts th
at m
ay in
volv
e irr
ever
sibl
e an
d pe
rman
ent l
oss a
nd d
amag
e;
(e)
Com
preh
ensi
ve ri
sk a
sses
smen
t and
man
agem
ent;
(f)
Ris
k in
sura
nce
faci
litie
s, cl
imat
e ris
k po
olin
g an
d ot
her i
nsur
ance
solu
tions
; (g
) N
on-e
cono
mic
loss
es;
(h)
Res
ilien
ce o
f com
mun
ities
, liv
elih
oods
and
eco
syst
ems.
5.
Th
e W
arsa
w I
nter
natio
nal
Mec
hani
sm s
hall
colla
bora
te w
ith e
xist
ing
bodi
es a
nd e
xper
t gr
oups
und
er t
he
Agr
eem
ent,
as w
ell a
s rel
evan
t org
aniz
atio
ns a
nd e
xper
t bod
ies o
utsi
de th
e A
gree
men
t.
Art
icle
9
1.
Dev
elop
ed c
ount
ry P
artie
s sh
all p
rovi
de fi
nanc
ial r
esou
rces
to a
ssis
t dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s w
ith r
espe
ct to
bo
th m
itiga
tion
and
adap
tatio
n in
con
tinua
tion
of th
eir e
xist
ing
oblig
atio
ns u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion.
2.
O
ther
Par
ties a
re e
ncou
rage
d to
pro
vide
or c
ontin
ue to
pro
vide
such
supp
ort v
olun
taril
y.
3.
As
part
of a
glo
bal
effo
rt, d
evel
oped
cou
ntry
Par
ties
shou
ld c
ontin
ue t
o ta
ke t
he l
ead
in m
obili
zing
clim
ate
finan
ce f
rom
a w
ide
varie
ty o
f so
urce
s, in
stru
men
ts a
nd c
hann
els,
notin
g th
e si
gnifi
cant
rol
e of
pub
lic f
unds
,
FCC
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P/20
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.9
27
thro
ugh
a va
riety
of
actio
ns, i
nclu
ding
sup
porti
ng c
ount
ry-d
riven
stra
tegi
es, a
nd ta
king
into
acc
ount
the
need
s an
d pr
iorit
ies
of d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties.
Such
mob
iliza
tion
of c
limat
e fin
ance
sho
uld
repr
esen
t a p
rogr
essi
on
beyo
nd p
revi
ous e
ffor
ts.
4.
The
prov
isio
n of
sca
led-
up f
inan
cial
res
ourc
es s
houl
d ai
m t
o ac
hiev
e a
bala
nce
betw
een
adap
tatio
n an
d m
itiga
tion,
tak
ing
into
acc
ount
cou
ntry
-driv
en s
trate
gies
, an
d th
e pr
iorit
ies
and
need
s of
dev
elop
ing
coun
try
Parti
es,
espe
cial
ly t
hose
tha
t ar
e pa
rticu
larly
vul
nera
ble
to t
he a
dver
se e
ffect
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd h
ave
sign
ifica
nt c
apac
ity c
onst
rain
ts,
such
as
the
leas
t de
velo
ped
coun
tries
and
sm
all
isla
nd d
evel
opin
g St
ates
, co
nsid
erin
g th
e ne
ed fo
r pub
lic a
nd g
rant
-bas
ed re
sour
ces f
or a
dapt
atio
n.
5.
Dev
elop
ed c
ount
ry P
artie
s sh
all
bien
nial
ly c
omm
unic
ate
indi
cativ
e qu
antit
ativ
e an
d qu
alita
tive
info
rmat
ion
rela
ted
to p
arag
raph
s 1
and
3 of
thi
s A
rticl
e, a
s ap
plic
able
, inc
ludi
ng, a
s av
aila
ble,
pro
ject
ed l
evel
s of
pub
lic
finan
cial
res
ourc
es t
o be
pro
vide
d to
dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s. O
ther
Par
ties
prov
idin
g re
sour
ces
are
enco
urag
ed to
com
mun
icat
e bi
enni
ally
suc
h in
form
atio
n on
a v
olun
tary
bas
is.
6.
The
glob
al s
tock
take
ref
erre
d to
in
Arti
cle
14 s
hall
take
int
o ac
coun
t th
e re
leva
nt i
nfor
mat
ion
prov
ided
by
deve
lope
d co
untry
Par
ties a
nd/o
r Agr
eem
ent b
odie
s on
effo
rts re
late
d to
clim
ate
finan
ce.
7.
Dev
elop
ed c
ount
ry P
artie
s sh
all
prov
ide
trans
pare
nt a
nd c
onsi
sten
t in
form
atio
n on
sup
port
for
deve
lopi
ng
coun
try P
artie
s pr
ovid
ed a
nd m
obili
zed
thro
ugh
publ
ic i
nter
vent
ions
bie
nnia
lly i
n ac
cord
ance
with
the
m
odal
ities
, pro
cedu
res
and
guid
elin
es to
be
adop
ted
by th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t, at
its
first
ses
sion
, as
stip
ulat
ed in
Arti
cle
13, p
arag
raph
13.
Oth
er P
artie
s ar
e en
cour
aged
to d
o so
. 8.
Th
e Fi
nanc
ial
Mec
hani
sm o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n, i
nclu
ding
its
ope
ratin
g en
titie
s, sh
all
serv
e as
the
fin
anci
al
mec
hani
sm o
f thi
s Agr
eem
ent.
9.
Th
e in
stitu
tions
ser
ving
thi
s A
gree
men
t, in
clud
ing
the
oper
atin
g en
titie
s of
the
Fin
anci
al M
echa
nism
of
the
Con
vent
ion,
sha
ll ai
m to
ens
ure
effic
ient
acc
ess
to f
inan
cial
res
ourc
es th
roug
h si
mpl
ified
app
rova
l pro
cedu
res
and
enha
nced
rea
dine
ss s
uppo
rt fo
r de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
Par
ties,
in p
artic
ular
for
the
leas
t dev
elop
ed c
ount
ries
and
smal
l isl
and
deve
lopi
ng S
tate
s, in
the
cont
ext o
f the
ir na
tiona
l clim
ate
stra
tegi
es a
nd p
lans
.
Art
icle
10
1.
Parti
es s
hare
a l
ong-
term
vis
ion
on t
he i
mpo
rtanc
e of
ful
ly r
ealiz
ing
tech
nolo
gy d
evel
opm
ent
and
trans
fer
in
orde
r to
impr
ove
resi
lienc
e to
clim
ate
chan
ge a
nd to
redu
ce g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons.
2.
Pa
rties
, not
ing
the
impo
rtanc
e of
tech
nolo
gy f
or th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of m
itiga
tion
and
adap
tatio
n ac
tions
und
er
this
Agr
eem
ent
and
reco
gniz
ing
exis
ting
tech
nolo
gy d
eplo
ymen
t an
d di
ssem
inat
ion
effo
rts,
shal
l st
reng
then
co
oper
ativ
e ac
tion
on te
chno
logy
dev
elop
men
t and
tran
sfer
. 3.
Th
e Te
chno
logy
Mec
hani
sm e
stab
lishe
d un
der t
he C
onve
ntio
n sh
all s
erve
this
Agr
eem
ent.
4.
A te
chno
logy
fram
ewor
k is
her
eby
esta
blis
hed
to p
rovi
de o
vera
rchi
ng g
uida
nce
to th
e w
ork
of th
e Te
chno
logy
M
echa
nism
in p
rom
otin
g an
d fa
cilit
atin
g en
hanc
ed a
ctio
n on
tech
nolo
gy d
evel
opm
ent a
nd tr
ansf
er in
ord
er to
su
ppor
t the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
this
Agr
eem
ent,
in p
ursu
it of
the
long
-term
vis
ion
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
of
this
Arti
cle.
5.
A
ccel
erat
ing,
enc
oura
ging
and
ena
blin
g in
nova
tion
is c
ritic
al f
or a
n ef
fect
ive,
lon
g-te
rm g
loba
l re
spon
se t
o cl
imat
e ch
ange
and
pro
mot
ing
econ
omic
gro
wth
and
sus
tain
able
dev
elop
men
t. Su
ch e
ffor
t sh
all
be,
as
appr
opria
te, s
uppo
rted,
incl
udin
g by
the
Tech
nolo
gy M
echa
nism
and
, thr
ough
fina
ncia
l mea
ns, b
y th
e Fi
nanc
ial
Mec
hani
sm o
f the
Con
vent
ion,
for c
olla
bora
tive
appr
oach
es to
rese
arch
and
dev
elop
men
t, an
d fa
cilit
atin
g ac
cess
to
tech
nolo
gy, i
n pa
rticu
lar f
or e
arly
stag
es o
f the
tech
nolo
gy c
ycle
, to
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
artie
s.
6.
Supp
ort,
incl
udin
g fin
anci
al s
uppo
rt, s
hall
be p
rovi
ded
to d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
th
is A
rticl
e, in
clud
ing
for
stre
ngth
enin
g co
oper
ativ
e ac
tion
on te
chno
logy
dev
elop
men
t and
tran
sfer
at d
iffer
ent
stag
es o
f the
tech
nolo
gy c
ycle
, with
a v
iew
to a
chie
ving
a b
alan
ce b
etw
een
supp
ort f
or m
itiga
tion
and
adap
tatio
n.
The
glob
al s
tock
take
refe
rred
to in
Arti
cle
14 s
hall
take
into
acc
ount
ava
ilabl
e in
form
atio
n on
eff
orts
rela
ted
to
supp
ort o
n te
chno
logy
dev
elop
men
t and
tran
sfer
for d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties.
Art
icle
11
1.
Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g un
der
this
Agr
eem
ent s
houl
d en
hanc
e th
e ca
paci
ty a
nd a
bilit
y of
dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s, in
par
ticul
ar c
ount
ries
with
the
lea
st c
apac
ity,
such
as
the
leas
t de
velo
ped
coun
tries
, an
d th
ose
that
are
pa
rticu
larly
vul
nera
ble
to th
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s of
clim
ate
chan
ge, s
uch
as s
mal
l isl
and
deve
lopi
ng S
tate
s, to
take
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
28
effe
ctiv
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
act
ion,
incl
udin
g, in
ter a
lia, t
o im
plem
ent a
dapt
atio
n an
d m
itiga
tion
actio
ns, a
nd s
houl
d fa
cilit
ate
tech
nolo
gy d
evel
opm
ent,
diss
emin
atio
n an
d de
ploy
men
t, ac
cess
to c
limat
e fin
ance
, rel
evan
t asp
ects
of
educ
atio
n,
train
ing
and
publ
ic
awar
enes
s, an
d th
e tra
nspa
rent
, tim
ely
and
accu
rate
co
mm
unic
atio
n of
in
form
atio
n.
2.
Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g sh
ould
be
coun
try-d
riven
, ba
sed
on a
nd r
espo
nsiv
e to
nat
iona
l ne
eds,
and
fost
er c
ount
ry
owne
rshi
p of
Par
ties,
in p
artic
ular
, fo
r de
velo
ping
cou
ntry
Par
ties,
incl
udin
g at
the
nat
iona
l, su
bnat
iona
l an
d lo
cal
leve
ls.
Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g sh
ould
be
guid
ed b
y le
sson
s le
arne
d, i
nclu
ding
tho
se f
rom
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g ac
tiviti
es u
nder
the
Con
vent
ion,
and
sho
uld
be a
n ef
fect
ive,
iter
ativ
e pr
oces
s th
at is
par
ticip
ator
y, c
ross
-cut
ting
and
gend
er-r
espo
nsiv
e.
3.
All
Parti
es s
houl
d co
oper
ate
to e
nhan
ce th
e ca
paci
ty o
f dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s to
impl
emen
t thi
s A
gree
men
t. D
evel
oped
cou
ntry
Par
ties s
houl
d en
hanc
e su
ppor
t for
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g ac
tions
in d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties.
4.
A
ll Pa
rties
enh
anci
ng th
e ca
paci
ty o
f dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s to
impl
emen
t thi
s Agr
eem
ent,
incl
udin
g th
roug
h re
gion
al,
bila
tera
l an
d m
ultil
ater
al a
ppro
ache
s, sh
all
regu
larly
com
mun
icat
e on
the
se a
ctio
ns o
r m
easu
res
on
capa
city
-bui
ldin
g. D
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties
shou
ld r
egul
arly
com
mun
icat
e pr
ogre
ss m
ade
on i
mpl
emen
ting
capa
city
-bui
ldin
g pl
ans,
polic
ies,
actio
ns o
r mea
sure
s to
impl
emen
t thi
s Agr
eem
ent.
5.
C
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
activ
ities
sha
ll be
enh
ance
d th
roug
h ap
prop
riate
ins
titut
iona
l ar
rang
emen
ts t
o su
ppor
t th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of t
his
Agr
eem
ent,
incl
udin
g th
e ap
prop
riate
ins
titut
iona
l ar
rang
emen
ts e
stab
lishe
d un
der
the
Con
vent
ion
that
ser
ve th
is A
gree
men
t. Th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent s
hall,
at i
ts fi
rst s
essi
on, c
onsi
der a
nd a
dopt
a d
ecis
ion
on th
e in
itial
inst
itutio
nal a
rran
gem
ents
fo
r cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g.
Art
icle
12
Parti
es s
hall
coop
erat
e in
taki
ng m
easu
res,
as a
ppro
pria
te, t
o en
hanc
e cl
imat
e ch
ange
edu
catio
n, tr
aini
ng, p
ublic
aw
aren
ess,
publ
ic p
artic
ipat
ion
and
publ
ic a
cces
s to
info
rmat
ion,
reco
gniz
ing
the
impo
rtanc
e of
thes
e st
eps
with
re
spec
t to
enha
ncin
g ac
tions
und
er th
is A
gree
men
t.
Art
icle
13
1.
In o
rder
to b
uild
mut
ual t
rust
and
con
fiden
ce a
nd to
pro
mot
e ef
fect
ive
impl
emen
tatio
n, a
n en
hanc
ed tr
ansp
aren
cy
fram
ewor
k fo
r act
ion
and
supp
ort,
with
bui
lt-in
flex
ibili
ty w
hich
take
s in
to a
ccou
nt P
artie
s’ d
iffer
ent c
apac
ities
an
d bu
ilds u
pon
colle
ctiv
e ex
perie
nce
is h
ereb
y es
tabl
ishe
d.
2.
The
trans
pare
ncy
fram
ewor
k sh
all p
rovi
de f
lexi
bilit
y in
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
prov
isio
ns o
f th
is A
rticl
e to
th
ose
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
artie
s th
at n
eed
it in
the
lig
ht o
f th
eir
capa
citie
s. Th
e m
odal
ities
, pr
oced
ures
and
gu
idel
ines
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
3 of
this
Arti
cle
shal
l ref
lect
such
flex
ibili
ty.
3.
The
trans
pare
ncy
fram
ewor
k sh
all b
uild
on
and
enha
nce
the
trans
pare
ncy
arra
ngem
ents
und
er th
e C
onve
ntio
n,
reco
gniz
ing
the
spec
ial c
ircum
stan
ces o
f the
leas
t dev
elop
ed c
ount
ries a
nd sm
all i
slan
d de
velo
ping
Sta
tes,
and
be
impl
emen
ted
in a
faci
litat
ive,
non
-intru
sive
, non
-pun
itive
man
ner,
resp
ectfu
l of n
atio
nal s
over
eign
ty, a
nd a
void
pl
acin
g un
due
burd
en o
n Pa
rties
.
4.
The
trans
pare
ncy
arra
ngem
ents
und
er th
e C
onve
ntio
n, in
clud
ing
natio
nal c
omm
unic
atio
ns, b
ienn
ial r
epor
ts a
nd
bien
nial
upd
ate
repo
rts, i
nter
natio
nal
asse
ssm
ent
and
revi
ew a
nd i
nter
natio
nal
cons
ulta
tion
and
anal
ysis
, sha
ll fo
rm p
art o
f the
exp
erie
nce
draw
n up
on fo
r the
dev
elop
men
t of t
he m
odal
ities
, pro
cedu
res
and
guid
elin
es u
nder
pa
ragr
aph
13 o
f thi
s Arti
cle.
5.
Th
e pu
rpos
e of
the
fram
ewor
k fo
r tra
nspa
renc
y of
act
ion
is to
pro
vide
a c
lear
und
erst
andi
ng o
f clim
ate
chan
ge
actio
n in
the
light
of t
he o
bjec
tive
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n as
set
out
in it
s A
rticl
e 2,
incl
udin
g cl
arity
and
trac
king
of
prog
ress
tow
ards
ach
ievi
ng P
artie
s’ in
divi
dual
nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
ns u
nder
Arti
cle
4, a
nd P
artie
s’
adap
tatio
n ac
tions
und
er A
rticl
e 7,
inc
ludi
ng g
ood
prac
tices
, pr
iorit
ies,
need
s an
d ga
ps,
to i
nfor
m t
he g
loba
l st
ockt
ake
unde
r Arti
cle
14.
6.
The
purp
ose
of th
e fr
amew
ork
for t
rans
pare
ncy
of s
uppo
rt is
to p
rovi
de c
larit
y on
sup
port
prov
ided
and
rece
ived
by
rele
vant
indi
vidu
al P
artie
s in
the
cont
ext o
f clim
ate
chan
ge a
ctio
ns u
nder
Arti
cles
4, 7
, 9, 1
0 an
d 11
, and
, to
the
exte
nt p
ossi
ble,
to
prov
ide
a fu
ll ov
ervi
ew o
f ag
greg
ate
finan
cial
sup
port
prov
ided
, to
info
rm t
he g
loba
l st
ockt
ake
unde
r Arti
cle
14.
7.
Each
Par
ty sh
all r
egul
arly
pro
vide
the
follo
win
g in
form
atio
n:
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9
29
(a)
A n
atio
nal i
nven
tory
repo
rt of
ant
hrop
ogen
ic e
mis
sion
s by
sou
rces
and
rem
oval
s by
sin
ks o
f gre
enho
use
gase
s, pr
epar
ed u
sing
goo
d pr
actic
e m
etho
dolo
gies
acc
epte
d by
the
Inte
rgov
ernm
enta
l Pan
el o
n C
limat
e C
hang
e an
d ag
reed
upo
n by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
A
gree
men
t; (b
) In
form
atio
n ne
cess
ary
to tr
ack
prog
ress
mad
e in
im
plem
entin
g an
d ac
hiev
ing
its n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
co
ntrib
utio
n un
der A
rticl
e 4.
8.
Ea
ch P
arty
sho
uld
also
pro
vide
info
rmat
ion
rela
ted
to c
limat
e ch
ange
impa
cts
and
adap
tatio
n un
der A
rticl
e 7,
as
appr
opria
te.
9.
Dev
elop
ed c
ount
ry P
artie
s sh
all,
and
othe
r Par
ties
that
pro
vide
sup
port
shou
ld, p
rovi
de in
form
atio
n on
fina
ncia
l, te
chno
logy
tran
sfer
and
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g su
ppor
t pro
vide
d to
dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s und
er A
rticl
e 9,
10
and
11.
10.
Dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s sh
ould
pro
vide
info
rmat
ion
on f
inan
cial
, tec
hnol
ogy
trans
fer
and
capa
city
-bui
ldin
g su
ppor
t nee
ded
and
rece
ived
und
er A
rticl
es 9
, 10
and
11.
11.
Info
rmat
ion
subm
itted
by
each
Par
ty u
nder
par
agra
phs
7 an
d 9
of th
is A
rticl
e sh
all u
nder
go a
tech
nica
l exp
ert
revi
ew, i
n ac
cord
ance
with
dec
isio
n 1/
CP.
21. F
or th
ose
deve
lopi
ng c
ount
ry P
artie
s th
at n
eed
it in
the
light
of
thei
r ca
paci
ties,
the
revi
ew p
roce
ss s
hall
incl
ude
assi
stan
ce in
iden
tifyi
ng c
apac
ity-b
uild
ing
need
s. In
add
ition
, ea
ch P
arty
sha
ll pa
rtici
pate
in a
fac
ilita
tive,
mul
tilat
eral
con
side
ratio
n of
pro
gres
s w
ith r
espe
ct to
eff
orts
und
er
Arti
cle
9, a
nd it
s res
pect
ive
impl
emen
tatio
n an
d ac
hiev
emen
t of i
ts n
atio
nally
det
erm
ined
con
tribu
tion.
12
. Th
e te
chni
cal e
xper
t rev
iew
und
er th
is p
arag
raph
sha
ll co
nsis
t of a
con
side
ratio
n of
the
Party
’s s
uppo
rt pr
ovid
ed,
as re
leva
nt, a
nd it
s im
plem
enta
tion
and
achi
evem
ent o
f its
nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed c
ontri
butio
n. T
he re
view
sha
ll al
so id
entif
y ar
eas
of im
prov
emen
t for
the
Party
, and
incl
ude
a re
view
of t
he c
onsi
sten
cy o
f the
info
rmat
ion
with
th
e m
odal
ities
, pro
cedu
res
and
guid
elin
es r
efer
red
to i
n pa
ragr
aph
13 o
f th
is A
rticl
e, t
akin
g in
to a
ccou
nt t
he
flexi
bilit
y ac
cord
ed to
the
Party
und
er p
arag
raph
2 o
f thi
s Arti
cle.
The
revi
ew s
hall
pay
parti
cula
r atte
ntio
n to
the
resp
ectiv
e na
tiona
l cap
abili
ties a
nd c
ircum
stan
ces o
f dev
elop
ing
coun
try P
artie
s.
13.
The
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of t
he P
artie
s to
the
Par
is A
gree
men
t sh
all,
at i
ts f
irst
sess
ion,
bui
ldin
g on
exp
erie
nce
from
the
arr
ange
men
ts r
elat
ed t
o tra
nspa
renc
y un
der
the
Con
vent
ion,
and
el
abor
atin
g on
the
pro
visi
ons
in t
his
Arti
cle,
ado
pt c
omm
on m
odal
ities
, pr
oced
ures
and
gui
delin
es,
as
appr
opria
te, f
or th
e tra
nspa
renc
y of
act
ion
and
supp
ort.
14.
Supp
ort s
hall
be p
rovi
ded
to d
evel
opin
g co
untri
es fo
r the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
this
Arti
cle.
15
. Su
ppor
t sha
ll al
so b
e pr
ovid
ed fo
r the
bui
ldin
g of
tran
spar
ency
-rel
ated
cap
acity
of d
evel
opin
g co
untry
Par
ties
on
a co
ntin
uous
bas
is.
Art
icle
14
1.
The
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent s
hall
perio
dica
lly ta
ke
stoc
k of
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
this
Agr
eem
ent t
o as
sess
the
colle
ctiv
e pr
ogre
ss to
war
ds a
chie
ving
the
purp
ose
of
this
Agr
eem
ent a
nd it
s lo
ng-te
rm g
oals
(ref
erre
d to
as
the
“glo
bal s
tock
take
”). I
t sha
ll do
so
in a
com
preh
ensi
ve
and
faci
litat
ive
man
ner,
cons
ider
ing
miti
gatio
n, a
dapt
atio
n an
d th
e m
eans
of i
mpl
emen
tatio
n an
d su
ppor
t, an
d in
th
e lig
ht o
f equ
ity a
nd th
e be
st a
vaila
ble
scie
nce.
2.
Th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
ervi
ng a
s th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent s
hall
unde
rtake
its
first
glo
bal s
tock
take
in 2
023
and
ever
y fiv
e ye
ars
ther
eafte
r unl
ess
othe
rwis
e de
cide
d by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent.
3.
The
outc
ome
of th
e gl
obal
sto
ckta
ke s
hall
info
rm P
artie
s in
upd
atin
g an
d en
hanc
ing,
in a
nat
iona
lly d
eter
min
ed
man
ner,
thei
r ac
tions
and
sup
port
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e re
leva
nt p
rovi
sion
s of
this
Agr
eem
ent,
as w
ell a
s in
en
hanc
ing
inte
rnat
iona
l coo
pera
tion
for c
limat
e ac
tion.
Art
icle
15
1.
A m
echa
nism
to fa
cilit
ate
impl
emen
tatio
n of
and
pro
mot
e co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith th
e pr
ovis
ions
of t
his
Agr
eem
ent i
s he
reby
est
ablis
hed.
2.
Th
e m
echa
nism
refe
rred
to in
par
agra
ph 1
of t
his
Arti
cle
shal
l con
sist
of a
com
mitt
ee th
at s
hall
be e
xper
t-ba
sed
and
faci
litat
ive
in n
atur
e an
d fu
nctio
n in
a m
anne
r th
at i
s tra
nspa
rent
, no
n-ad
vers
aria
l an
d no
n-pu
nitiv
e. T
he
com
mitt
ee sh
all p
ay p
artic
ular
atte
ntio
n to
the
resp
ectiv
e na
tiona
l cap
abili
ties a
nd c
ircum
stan
ces o
f Par
ties.
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ev.1
30
3.
The
com
mitt
ee s
hall
oper
ate
unde
r th
e m
odal
ities
and
pro
cedu
res
adop
ted
by t
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
serv
ing
as t
he m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to t
he P
aris
Agr
eem
ent
at i
ts f
irst
sess
ion
and
repo
rt an
nual
ly t
o th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t.
Art
icle
16
1.
The
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
, the
sup
rem
e bo
dy o
f the
Con
vent
ion,
sha
ll se
rve
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
th
is A
gree
men
t. 2.
Pa
rties
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n th
at a
re n
ot P
artie
s to
this
Agr
eem
ent m
ay p
artic
ipat
e as
obs
erve
rs in
the
proc
eedi
ngs
of a
ny s
essi
on o
f the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
this
Agr
eem
ent.
Whe
n th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
erve
s as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
is A
gree
men
t, de
cisi
ons
unde
r thi
s A
gree
men
t sh
all b
e ta
ken
only
by
thos
e th
at a
re P
artie
s to
this
Agr
eem
ent.
3.
Whe
n th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es s
erve
s as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
is A
gree
men
t, an
y m
embe
r of
the
Bur
eau
of th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es r
epre
sent
ing
a Pa
rty to
the
Con
vent
ion
but,
at th
at ti
me,
not
a P
arty
to
this
Agr
eem
ent,
shal
l be
repl
aced
by
an a
dditi
onal
mem
ber t
o be
ele
cted
by
and
from
am
ongs
t the
Par
ties
to th
is
Agr
eem
ent.
4.
The
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of t
he P
artie
s to
the
Par
is A
gree
men
t sh
all
keep
und
er
regu
lar r
evie
w th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is A
gree
men
t and
shal
l mak
e, w
ithin
its
man
date
, the
dec
isio
ns n
eces
sary
to
pro
mot
e its
effe
ctiv
e im
plem
enta
tion.
It sh
all p
erfo
rm th
e fu
nctio
ns a
ssig
ned
to it
by
this
Agr
eem
ent a
nd sh
all:
(a)
Esta
blis
h su
ch su
bsid
iary
bod
ies a
s dee
med
nec
essa
ry fo
r the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
this
Agr
eem
ent;
and
(b)
Exer
cise
such
oth
er fu
nctio
ns a
s may
be
requ
ired
for t
he im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is A
gree
men
t. 5.
Th
e ru
les
of p
roce
dure
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s an
d th
e fin
anci
al p
roce
dure
s ap
plie
d un
der
the
Con
vent
ion
shal
l be
app
lied
mut
atis
mut
andi
s un
der
this
Agr
eem
ent,
exce
pt a
s m
ay b
e ot
herw
ise
deci
ded
by
cons
ensu
s by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent.
6.
The
first
ses
sion
of
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t sh
all b
e co
nven
ed b
y th
e se
cret
aria
t in
conj
unct
ion
with
the
first
ses
sion
of t
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es th
at is
sc
hedu
led
afte
r the
dat
e of
ent
ry in
to fo
rce
of th
is A
gree
men
t. Su
bseq
uent
ord
inar
y se
ssio
ns o
f the
Con
fere
nce
of
the
Parti
es se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t sha
ll be
hel
d in
con
junc
tion
with
ord
inar
y se
ssio
ns o
f the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
, unl
ess
othe
rwis
e de
cide
d by
the
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t. 7.
Ex
traor
dina
ry s
essi
ons
of t
he C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
serv
ing
as t
he m
eetin
g of
the
Par
ties
to t
he P
aris
A
gree
men
t sh
all
be h
eld
at s
uch
othe
r tim
es a
s m
ay b
e de
emed
nec
essa
ry b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
serv
ing
as th
e m
eetin
g of
the
Parti
es to
the
Paris
Agr
eem
ent o
r at t
he w
ritte
n re
ques
t of a
ny P
arty
, pro
vide
d th
at,
with
in s
ix m
onth
s of
the
requ
est b
eing
com
mun
icat
ed to
the
Parti
es b
y th
e se
cret
aria
t, it
is s
uppo
rted
by a
t lea
st
one
third
of t
he P
artie
s.
8.
The
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
and
its
spec
ializ
ed a
genc
ies
and
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ato
mic
Ene
rgy
Age
ncy,
as
wel
l as
any
Stat
e m
embe
r th
ereo
f or
obs
erve
rs th
eret
o no
t par
ty to
the
Con
vent
ion,
may
be
repr
esen
ted
at s
essi
ons
of th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t as
obse
rver
s. A
ny b
ody
or
agen
cy,
whe
ther
nat
iona
l or
int
erna
tiona
l, go
vern
men
tal
or n
on-g
over
nmen
tal,
whi
ch i
s qu
alifi
ed i
n m
atte
rs
cove
red
by th
is A
gree
men
t and
whi
ch h
as in
form
ed th
e se
cret
aria
t of i
ts w
ish
to b
e re
pres
ente
d at
a s
essi
on o
f th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t as a
n ob
serv
er, m
ay b
e so
adm
itted
unl
ess
at le
ast o
ne th
ird o
f the
Par
ties
pres
ent o
bjec
t. Th
e ad
mis
sion
and
par
ticip
atio
n of
obs
erve
rs
shal
l be
subj
ect t
o th
e ru
les o
f pro
cedu
re re
ferr
ed to
in p
arag
raph
5 o
f thi
s Arti
cle.
Art
icle
17
1.
The
secr
etar
iat e
stab
lishe
d by
Arti
cle
8 of
the
Con
vent
ion
shal
l ser
ve a
s the
secr
etar
iat o
f thi
s Agr
eem
ent.
2.
Arti
cle
8, p
arag
raph
2, o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n on
the
func
tions
of t
he s
ecre
taria
t, an
d A
rticl
e 8,
par
agra
ph 3
, of t
he
Con
vent
ion,
on
the
arra
ngem
ents
mad
e fo
r the
func
tioni
ng o
f the
sec
reta
riat,
shal
l app
ly m
utat
is m
utan
dis t
o th
is
Agr
eem
ent.
The
secr
etar
iat s
hall,
in a
dditi
on, e
xerc
ise
the
func
tions
ass
igne
d to
it u
nder
this
Agr
eem
ent a
nd b
y th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Parti
es se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t.
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31
Art
icle
18
1.
The
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Scie
ntifi
c an
d Te
chno
logi
cal
Adv
ice
and
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Impl
emen
tatio
n es
tabl
ishe
d by
Arti
cles
9 a
nd 1
0 of
the
Con
vent
ion
shal
l ser
ve, r
espe
ctiv
ely,
as t
he S
ubsi
diar
y B
ody
for S
cien
tific
an
d Te
chno
logi
cal A
dvic
e an
d th
e Su
bsid
iary
Bod
y fo
r Im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is A
gree
men
t. Th
e pr
ovis
ions
of t
he
Con
vent
ion
rela
ting
to t
he f
unct
ioni
ng o
f th
ese
two
bodi
es s
hall
appl
y m
utat
is m
utan
dis
to t
his
Agr
eem
ent.
Sess
ions
of
the
mee
tings
of
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Scie
ntifi
c an
d Te
chno
logi
cal
Adv
ice
and
the
Subs
idia
ry
Bod
y fo
r Im
plem
enta
tion
of th
is A
gree
men
t sha
ll be
hel
d in
con
junc
tion
with
the
mee
tings
of,
resp
ectiv
ely,
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Scie
ntifi
c an
d Te
chno
logi
cal
Adv
ice
and
the
Subs
idia
ry B
ody
for
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
C
onve
ntio
n.
2.
Parti
es to
the
Con
vent
ion
that
are
not
Par
ties
to th
is A
gree
men
t may
par
ticip
ate
as o
bser
vers
in th
e pr
ocee
ding
s of
any
ses
sion
of
the
subs
idia
ry b
odie
s. W
hen
the
subs
idia
ry b
odie
s se
rve
as t
he s
ubsi
diar
y bo
dies
of
this
A
gree
men
t, de
cisi
ons u
nder
this
Agr
eem
ent s
hall
be ta
ken
only
by
thos
e th
at a
re P
artie
s to
this
Agr
eem
ent.
3.
Whe
n th
e su
bsid
iary
bod
ies
esta
blis
hed
by A
rticl
es 9
and
10
of t
he C
onve
ntio
n ex
erci
se t
heir
func
tions
with
re
gard
to m
atte
rs c
once
rnin
g th
is A
gree
men
t, an
y m
embe
r of t
he b
urea
ux o
f tho
se s
ubsi
diar
y bo
dies
repr
esen
ting
a Pa
rty to
the
Con
vent
ion
but,
at th
at t
ime,
not
a P
arty
to th
is A
gree
men
t, sh
all b
e re
plac
ed b
y an
add
ition
al
mem
ber t
o be
ele
cted
by
and
from
am
ongs
t the
Par
ties t
o th
is A
gree
men
t.
Art
icle
19
1.
Subs
idia
ry b
odie
s or
oth
er in
stitu
tiona
l arr
ange
men
ts e
stab
lishe
d by
or
unde
r th
e C
onve
ntio
n, o
ther
than
thos
e re
ferr
ed t
o in
thi
s A
gree
men
t, sh
all
serv
e th
is A
gree
men
t up
on a
dec
isio
n of
the
Con
fere
nce
of t
he P
artie
s se
rvin
g as
the
mee
ting
of t
he P
artie
s to
the
Par
is A
gree
men
t. Th
e C
onfe
renc
e of
the
Par
ties
serv
ing
as t
he
mee
ting
of t
he P
artie
s to
the
Par
is A
gree
men
t sh
all
spec
ify t
he f
unct
ions
to
be e
xerc
ised
by
such
sub
sidi
ary
bodi
es o
r arr
ange
men
ts.
2.
The
Con
fere
nce
of th
e Pa
rties
ser
ving
as
the
mee
ting
of th
e Pa
rties
to th
e Pa
ris A
gree
men
t may
pro
vide
furth
er
guid
ance
to su
ch su
bsid
iary
bod
ies a
nd in
stitu
tiona
l arr
ange
men
ts.
Art
icle
20
1.
This
Agr
eem
ent
shal
l be
ope
n fo
r si
gnat
ure
and
subj
ect
to r
atifi
catio
n, a
ccep
tanc
e or
app
rova
l by
Sta
tes
and
regi
onal
eco
nom
ic in
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
ns th
at a
re P
artie
s to
the
Con
vent
ion.
It s
hall
be o
pen
for
sign
atur
e at
th
e U
nite
d N
atio
ns H
eadq
uarte
rs in
New
Yor
k fr
om 2
2 A
pril
2016
to 2
1 A
pril
2017
. The
reaf
ter,
this
Agr
eem
ent
shal
l be
open
for
acc
essi
on f
rom
the
day
follo
win
g th
e da
te o
n w
hich
it is
clo
sed
for
sign
atur
e. I
nstru
men
ts o
f ra
tific
atio
n, a
ccep
tanc
e, a
ppro
val o
r acc
essi
on sh
all b
e de
posi
ted
with
the
Dep
osita
ry.
2.
Any
reg
iona
l ec
onom
ic i
nteg
ratio
n or
gani
zatio
n th
at b
ecom
es a
Par
ty t
o th
is A
gree
men
t w
ithou
t an
y of
its
m
embe
r Sta
tes
bein
g a
Party
sha
ll be
bou
nd b
y al
l the
obl
igat
ions
und
er th
is A
gree
men
t. In
the
case
of r
egio
nal
econ
omic
int
egra
tion
orga
niza
tions
with
one
or
mor
e m
embe
r St
ates
tha
t ar
e Pa
rties
to
this
Agr
eem
ent,
the
orga
niza
tion
and
its m
embe
r St
ates
sha
ll de
cide
on
thei
r res
pect
ive
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
for t
he p
erfo
rman
ce o
f the
ir ob
ligat
ions
und
er th
is A
gree
men
t. In
suc
h ca
ses,
the
orga
niza
tion
and
the
mem
ber S
tate
s sh
all n
ot b
e en
title
d to
ex
erci
se ri
ghts
und
er th
is A
gree
men
t con
curr
ently
. 3.
In
th
eir
inst
rum
ents
of
ra
tific
atio
n,
acce
ptan
ce,
appr
oval
or
ac
cess
ion,
re
gion
al
econ
omic
in
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
ns s
hall
decl
are
the
exte
nt o
f th
eir
com
pete
nce
with
res
pect
to
the
mat
ters
gov
erne
d by
thi
s A
gree
men
t. Th
ese
orga
niza
tions
sha
ll al
so in
form
the
Dep
osita
ry, w
ho s
hall
in tu
rn in
form
the
Parti
es, o
f an
y su
bsta
ntia
l mod
ifica
tion
in th
e ex
tent
of t
heir
com
pete
nce.
Art
icle
21
1.
This
Agr
eem
ent
shal
l en
ter
into
for
ce o
n th
e th
irtie
th d
ay a
fter
the
date
on
whi
ch a
t le
ast
55 P
artie
s to
the
C
onve
ntio
n ac
coun
ting
in to
tal f
or a
t lea
st a
n es
timat
ed 5
5 pe
rcen
t of t
he to
tal g
loba
l gre
enho
use
gas
emis
sion
s ha
ve d
epos
ited
thei
r ins
trum
ents
of r
atifi
catio
n, a
ccep
tanc
e, a
ppro
val o
r acc
essi
on.
2.
Sole
ly fo
r the
lim
ited
purp
ose
of p
arag
raph
1 o
f thi
s A
rticl
e, “
tota
l glo
bal g
reen
hous
e ga
s em
issi
ons”
mea
ns th
e m
ost u
p-to
-dat
e am
ount
com
mun
icat
ed o
n or
bef
ore
the
date
of a
dopt
ion
of th
is A
gree
men
t by
the
Parti
es to
the
Con
vent
ion.
3.
Fo
r eac
h St
ate
or re
gion
al e
cono
mic
inte
grat
ion
orga
niza
tion
that
ratif
ies,
acce
pts
or a
ppro
ves
this
Agr
eem
ent o
r ac
cede
s th
eret
o af
ter t
he c
ondi
tions
set
out
in p
arag
raph
1 o
f thi
s A
rticl
e fo
r ent
ry in
to fo
rce
have
bee
n fu
lfille
d,
FCC
C/C
P/20
15/L
.9/R
ev.1
32
this
Agr
eem
ent
shal
l en
ter
into
for
ce o
n th
e th
irtie
th d
ay a
fter
the
date
of
depo
sit
by s
uch
Stat
e or
reg
iona
l ec
onom
ic in
tegr
atio
n or
gani
zatio
n of
its i
nstru
men
t of r
atifi
catio
n, a
ccep
tanc
e, a
ppro
val o
r acc
essi
on.
4.
For
the
purp
oses
of
para
grap
h 1
of t
his
Arti
cle,
any
ins
trum
ent
depo
site
d by
a r
egio
nal
econ
omic
int
egra
tion
orga
niza
tion
shal
l not
be
coun
ted
as a
dditi
onal
to th
ose
depo
site
d by
its m
embe
r Sta
tes.
Art
icle
22
The
prov
isio
ns o
f A
rticl
e 15
of
the
Con
vent
ion
on th
e ad
optio
n of
am
endm
ents
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n sh
all a
pply
m
utat
is m
utan
dis t
o th
is A
gree
men
t.
Art
icle
23
1.
Th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
Arti
cle
16 o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n on
the
adop
tion
and
amen
dmen
t of
anne
xes
to th
e C
onve
ntio
n sh
all a
pply
mut
atis
mut
andi
s to
this
Agr
eem
ent.
2.
A
nnex
es to
this
Agr
eem
ent s
hall
form
an
inte
gral
par
t the
reof
and
, unl
ess
othe
rwis
e ex
pres
sly
prov
ided
for
, a
refe
renc
e to
this
Agr
eem
ent c
onst
itute
s at
the
sam
e tim
e a
refe
renc
e to
any
ann
exes
ther
eto.
Suc
h an
nexe
s sh
all
be r
estri
cted
to
lists
, fo
rms
and
any
othe
r m
ater
ial
of a
des
crip
tive
natu
re t
hat
is o
f a
scie
ntifi
c, t
echn
ical
, pr
oced
ural
or a
dmin
istra
tive
char
acte
r.
Art
icle
24
Th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
Arti
cle
14 o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n on
set
tlem
ent o
f di
sput
es s
hall
appl
y m
utat
is m
utan
dis
to th
is
Agr
eem
ent.
Art
icle
25
1.
Ea
ch P
arty
shal
l hav
e on
e vo
te, e
xcep
t as p
rovi
ded
for p
arag
raph
2 o
f thi
s Arti
cle.
2.
R
egio
nal
econ
omic
int
egra
tion
orga
niza
tions
, in
mat
ters
with
in t
heir
com
pete
nce,
sha
ll ex
erci
se t
heir
right
to
vote
with
a n
umbe
r of v
otes
equ
al to
the
num
ber o
f the
ir m
embe
r Sta
tes
that
are
Par
ties
to th
is A
gree
men
t. Su
ch
an o
rgan
izat
ion
shal
l not
exe
rcis
e its
righ
t to
vote
if a
ny o
f its
mem
ber S
tate
s exe
rcis
es it
s rig
ht, a
nd v
ice
vers
a.
Art
icle
26
Th
e Se
cret
ary-
Gen
eral
of t
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns sh
all b
e th
e D
epos
itary
of t
his A
gree
men
t.
Art
icle
27
N
o re
serv
atio
ns m
ay b
e m
ade
to th
is A
gree
men
t. Art
icle
28
1.
At a
ny ti
me
afte
r thr
ee y
ears
from
the
date
on
whi
ch th
is A
gree
men
t has
ent
ered
into
forc
e fo
r a P
arty
, tha
t Par
ty
may
with
draw
from
this
Agr
eem
ent b
y gi
ving
writ
ten
notif
icat
ion
to th
e D
epos
itary
. 2.
A
ny s
uch
with
draw
al s
hall
take
eff
ect u
pon
expi
ry o
f one
yea
r fro
m th
e da
te o
f rec
eipt
by
the
Dep
osita
ry o
f the
no
tific
atio
n of
with
draw
al, o
r on
such
late
r dat
e as
may
be
spec
ified
in th
e no
tific
atio
n of
with
draw
al.
3.
Any
Par
ty t
hat
with
draw
s fr
om t
he C
onve
ntio
n sh
all
be c
onsi
dere
d as
als
o ha
ving
with
draw
n fr
om t
his
Agr
eem
ent.
Art
icle
29
The
orig
inal
of
this
Agr
eem
ent,
of w
hich
the
Ara
bic,
Chi
nese
, Eng
lish,
Fre
nch,
Rus
sian
and
Spa
nish
text
s ar
e eq
ually
aut
hent
ic, s
hall
be d
epos
ited
with
the
Secr
etar
y-G
ener
al o
f the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
. D
ON
E at
Par
is th
is tw
elfth
day
of D
ecem
ber t
wo
thou
sand
and
fifte
en.
IN W
ITN
ESS
WH
EREO
F, th
e un
ders
igne
d, b
eing
dul
y au
thor
ized
to th
at e
ffec
t, ha
ve si
gned
this
Agr
eem
ent.
Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992
UNTS, vol. 1760, p. 143
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2000
UNTS, vol. 2266, p. 257
Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their
Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2010
UNEP/CBD/COP/DEC/X/1, Annex I, 29 October 2010
Nagoya-Kulua Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 2010
UNEP/CBD/BS/COP-MOP/5/17, 2010
Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade
Organization, 1994, Preamble
UNTS, vol. 1867, p. 154
Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization
Preamble
The Parties to this Agreement,
Recognizing that their relations in the field of trade and economic endeavour should be conducted with a view to raising standards of living, ensuring full employment and a large and steadily growing volume of real income and effective demand, and expanding the production of and trade in goods and services, while allowing for the optimal use of the world’s resources in accordance with the objective of sustainable development, seeking both to protect and preserve the environment and to enhance the means for doing so in a manner consistent with their respective needs and concerns at different levels of economic development.
Recognizing further that there is a need for positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries, and especially the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth of international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development,
Being desirous of contributing to these objectives by entering into reciprocal and mutually advantageous arrangements directed to the substantial reduction of tariffs and other barriers to trade and to the eliminations of discriminatory treatment in international trade relations,
Resolved, therefore, to develop an integrated, more viable and durable multilateral trading system encompassing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the results of past liberalization efforts, and all of the results of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations,
Determined to preserve the basic principles and to further the objectives underlying this multilateral trading system,
Agree as follows:
Santiago Declaration on the 25th Anniversary of the signing of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
Submitted by Chile at the Thirty-ninth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting – Nineteenth Committee on Environmental Protection Meeting,
Santiago, Chile, 23 May 2016 – 1 Jun 2016, Number AD003, Agenda Item ATCM 18
1
Santiago Declaration on the Twenty Fifth Anniversary of the signing of the
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
The Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty, meeting in Santiago, Chile, in May
2016, on the occasion of the twenty fifth anniversary of the signing of the 1991
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the Environmental
Protocol),
Recalling the 2009 ATCM XXXII Washington Ministerial Meeting Declaration on
the 50th Anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty,
Further recalling the 2011 Declaration on Antarctic Co-operation on the occasion of
the 50th Anniversary of the entry into force of the Antarctic Treaty,
Recognizing the significance of the Environmental Protocol, signed in Madrid on 4
October 1991, within the Antarctic Treaty system,
Recalling the commitment of the Consultative Parties to the comprehensive protection
of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems, and the
designation of Antarctica as a natural reserve, devoted to peace and science,
Reaffirming that the comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment and
dependent and associated ecosystems is in the interests of science and mankind as a
whole,
Recalling the responsibilities of the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties to ensure
that all activities in Antarctica are consistent with the Antarctic Treaty system,
Further recalling that the comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment and
dependent and associated ecosystems is a fundamental consideration in planning
activities and scientific research in the Antarctic Treaty area,
Determined to ensure full implementation of the principles and provisions of the
Protocol and its Annexes to support comprehensive protection of the Antarctic
environment and dependent and associated ecosystems,
2
Deeply concerned about the effects of global environmental change, in particular
climate change, for the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated
ecosystems,
Convinced that international cooperation in Antarctica is essential to effectively study
global environmental changes and that the Antarctic Treaty system provides the
necessary framework to enhance this cooperation,
Mindful of the need to ensure that all human activity in Antarctica is conducted in a
manner that effectively promotes the continued protection of the Antarctic
environment and prevents and minimizes impacts,
Reaffirming the importance of drawing upon the best available scientific and
technical advice in the management of activities in Antarctica and the comprehensive
protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems,
Recognizing the importance of the Committee on Environmental Protection as an
advisory body to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings in connection with the
implementation of the Environmental Protocol,
Hereby:
1.- Reaffirm their strong and unwavering commitment to the objectives and purposes
of the Antarctic Treaty and its Environmental Protocol;
2.- Pledge to further strengthen their efforts to preserve and protect the Antarctic
terrestrial and marine environments, bearing in mind the designation of Antarctica as
a natural reserve, devoted to peace and science;
3.- Reaffirm, in particular, their strong and unequivocal commitment to Articles 6 and
7 of the Environmental Protocol, which respectively set out principles on Cooperation
in the planning and conduct of activities in the Antarctic Treaty area, and prohibit any
activity relating to mineral resources, other than scientific research;
3
4.- Pledge to make all necessary efforts to bring Annex VI of the Protocol on
Environmental Protection on Liability Arising from Environmental Emergencies into
force, as a critical step towards implementing Articles 15 and 16 of the Environmental
Protocol;
5.- Welcome the increase in Parties to the Environmental Protocol to thirty-seven
Parties at the time of this declaration and encourage other States that are committed to
the objectives and purposes of the Protocol to accede;
6.- Commit to ensure that current and future tourism and non-governmental activities
are effectively managed, including addressing challenges and impacts arising from
potential growth and diversification of such activities, bearing in mind the provisions
of the Antarctic Treaty system and in particular, those contained in the Environmental
Protocol;
7.- Reaffirm their intention to work together to better understand changes to the
Antarctic climate and to actively seek ways to address the effects of climate change
on the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems;
8.- Renew their commitment to promote co-operative programs of scientific, technical
and educational value, including activities designed to protect the Antarctic
environment and dependent and associated ecosystems; and to facilitate the sharing of
Antarctic assets and infrastructure to support collaborative scientific projects
wherever possible and practicable;
9.- Reaffirm their commitment to remain vigilant and take effective and timely action
to address future Antarctic environmental challenges.
Adopted at Santiago, Chile, May 30th, 2016.
Environment, Sustainable Development and International Law - Extracts from Relevant Case Law,
1993-2011 (Professor Laurence Boisson de Chazournes)
Pro
fess
or L
. Boi
sson
de
Cha
zour
nes
Page
1 o
f 40
Env
iron
men
t, Su
stai
nabl
e D
evel
opm
ent a
nd I
nter
natio
nal L
aw
Ext
ract
s1 fro
m R
elev
ant
Cas
e L
aw
Tab
le o
f C
onte
nts:
Min
ors
Opo
sa v
. Sec
reta
ry o
f the
Dep
artm
ent o
f env
iron
men
t and
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es,
Judg
men
t of
the
Supr
eme
Cou
rt o
f th
e R
epub
lic o
f th
e Ph
illip
ines
, 30
July
199
3,
33 I
.L.M
. 174
199
4, (
p. 1
85) .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
2
Uni
ted
Stat
es —
Sta
ndar
ds fo
r R
efor
mul
ated
and
Con
vent
iona
l Gas
olin
e (D
S 2)
, Rep
ort o
f th
e A
ppel
late
Bod
y of
the
Wor
ld T
rade
Org
aniz
atio
n, 2
9 A
pril
199
6 (p
. 13,
15,
16-
18) .
......
.....
2
Leg
alit
y of
the
Thr
eat o
r U
se o
f Nuc
lear
Wea
pons
, Adv
isor
y O
pini
on o
f th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Cou
rt o
f Ju
stic
e, 8
Jul
y 19
96 (
para
s 27
-36)
.....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
4
Cas
e C
once
rnin
g th
e G
abcí
kovo
-Nag
ymar
os P
roje
ct (
Hun
gary
/Slo
vaki
a), J
udgm
ent o
f th
e In
tern
atio
nal C
ourt
of
Just
ice,
25
Sept
embe
r 19
97 (
para
s 53
and
140
) ....
......
......
......
......
......
... 7
Uni
ted
Stat
es —
Im
port
Pro
hibi
tion
of c
erta
in S
hrim
p an
d Sh
rim
p P
rodu
cts
(DS
58),
R
epor
t of
the
App
ella
te B
ody
of th
e W
orld
Tra
de O
rgan
izat
ion,
12
Oct
ober
199
8 (p
aras
12
8-13
1, 1
52-1
53, 1
67-1
69 a
nd 1
85-1
86) .
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
8
The
Ogo
ni C
ase
(Nig
eria
), C
omm
unic
atio
n 15
5/96
of
the
Afr
ican
Com
mis
sion
on
Hum
an
and
Peop
les’
Rig
hts
in r
espo
nse
to a
pet
ition
by
the
Soci
al a
nd E
cono
mic
Rig
hts
Act
ion
Cen
ter
and
the
Cen
ter
for
Eco
nom
ic a
nd S
ocia
l Rig
hts
/ Nig
eria
, 27
May
200
2 (p
aras
53-
58, 6
8-69
and
fin
ding
s) ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.... 1
2
Arb
itra
tion
Reg
ardi
ng th
e Ir
on R
hine
("I
jzer
en R
ijn"
) R
ailw
ay (
Bel
gium
v N
ethe
rlan
ds),
A
war
d of
the
Perm
anen
t Cou
rt o
f A
rbit
rati
on a
d ho
c A
rbit
ral T
ribu
nal,
24 M
ay 2
005
(par
as
58-5
9 an
d 22
1-22
3) ...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
... 1
5
Eur
opea
n C
omm
unit
ies
– M
easu
res
Aff
ecti
ng th
e A
ppro
val a
nd M
arke
ting
of B
iote
ch
Pro
duct
s (D
S 29
1/29
2/29
3), R
epor
t of
a Pa
nel o
f th
e W
orld
Tra
de O
rgan
izat
ion,
29
Sep
tem
ber
2006
(pa
ras
7.65
, 7.6
7-7.
76 a
nd 7
.86-
7.96
) ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
. 16
Bra
zil –
Mea
sure
s af
fect
ing
Impo
rts
of R
etre
aded
Tyr
es (
DS
332)
, Rep
ort o
f th
e A
ppel
late
B
ody
of th
e W
orld
Tra
de O
rgan
izat
ion,
3 D
ecem
ber
2007
(pa
ras
139-
155
and
178-
183)
.....
... 2
2
Alb
ania
: P
ower
Sec
tor
Gen
erat
ion
and
Res
truc
turi
ng P
roje
ct (
IDA
Cre
dit N
o. 3
872-
AL
B),
W
orld
Ban
k’s
Insp
ecti
on P
anel
, Inv
esti
gati
on R
epor
t, 7
Aug
ust 2
009
(par
agra
phs
322-
332)
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.... 2
9
Cas
e C
once
rnin
g P
ulp
Mil
ls o
n th
e R
iver
Uru
guay
(A
rgen
tina
/Uru
guay
),
Judg
men
t of
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cou
rt o
f Ju
stic
e, 2
0 A
pril
2010
(p
aras
101
, 164
, 177
, 188
, 204
-205
, 215
-217
and
219
) ....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
31
Res
pons
ibil
itie
s an
d O
blig
atio
ns o
f Sta
tes
spon
sori
ng P
erso
ns a
nd E
ntit
ies
wit
h re
spec
t to
Act
ivit
ies
in T
he A
rea,
Adv
isor
y O
pini
on o
f th
e Se
abed
Dis
pute
s C
ham
ber
of th
e In
tern
atio
nal T
ribu
nal f
or th
e L
aw o
f th
e Se
a, F
ebru
ary
2011
(par
as 1
21-1
37 a
nd 1
41-1
63) .
.... 3
3
1 All
ori
gina
l foo
tnot
es f
alli
ng w
ithin
the
scop
e of
the
extr
acts
hav
e be
en o
mit
ted.
Page
2 o
f 40
Min
ors
Opo
sa v
. Sec
reta
ry o
f th
e D
epar
tmen
t of
envi
ronm
ent a
nd N
atur
al R
esou
rces
, Ju
dgm
ent
of t
he S
upre
me
Cou
rt o
f th
e R
epub
lic o
f th
e P
hilli
pine
s, 3
0 Ju
ly 1
993,
33
I.L
.M. 1
74 1
994,
(p.
185
)
Thi
s ca
se, h
owev
er, h
as a
spe
cial
and
nov
el e
lem
ent.
Pet
ition
ers
min
ors
asse
rt th
at th
ey r
epre
sent
thei
r ge
nera
tion
as w
ell a
s ge
nera
tions
yet
unb
orn.
We
find
no
diff
icul
ty in
rul
ing
that
they
can
, for
them
selv
es.
for
othe
rs o
f th
eir
gene
ratio
n an
d fo
r th
e su
ccee
ding
gen
erat
ions
, fi
le a
cla
ss s
uit.
The
ir p
erso
nalit
y to
sue
in b
ehal
f of
the
suc
ceed
ing
gene
ratio
ns c
an o
nly
be b
ased
on
the
conc
ept
of i
nter
gene
ratio
nal
resp
onsi
bilit
y in
sofa
r as
the
rig
ht t
o a
bala
nced
and
hea
lthfu
l ec
olog
y is
conc
erne
d. S
uch
a ri
ght,
as h
erei
naft
er e
xpou
nded
, con
side
rs th
e "r
hyth
m a
nd h
arm
ony
of n
atur
e."
Nat
ure
mea
ns t
he c
reat
ed w
orld
in
its e
ntir
ety.
Suc
h rh
ythm
and
har
mon
y in
disp
ensa
bly
incl
ude,
inte
r al
ia,
the
judi
ciou
s di
spos
ition
. ut
iliza
tion,
man
agem
ent,
rene
wal
and
con
serv
atio
n of
the
coun
try’
s fo
rest
, m
iner
al,
land
, w
ater
s, f
ishe
ries
, w
ildlif
e, o
ff-s
hore
are
as a
nd o
ther
nat
ural
reso
urce
s to
the
end
tha
t th
eir
expl
orat
ion,
dev
elop
men
t an
d ut
iliza
tion
be e
quita
bly
acce
ssib
le t
o
the
pres
ent
as w
ell a
s fu
ture
gen
erat
ions
. Nee
dles
s to
say
, eve
ry g
ener
atio
n ha
s a
resp
onsi
bilit
y to
the
next
to
pres
erve
tha
t rh
ythm
and
har
mon
y fo
r th
e fu
ll en
joym
ent
of a
bal
ance
d an
d he
alth
ful
ecol
ogy.
Put
a l
ittle
dif
fere
ntly
, th
e m
inor
s’ a
sser
tion
of t
heir
rig
ht t
o a
soun
d en
viro
nmen
t
cons
titut
es,
at t
he s
ame
time,
the
per
form
ance
of
thei
r ob
ligat
ion
to e
nsur
e th
e pr
otec
tion
of t
hat
righ
t for
the
gene
ratio
ns to
com
e.
Uni
ted
Stat
es —
Sta
ndar
ds f
or R
efor
mul
ated
and
Con
vent
iona
l G
asol
ine
(DS
2),
Rep
ort
of t
he A
ppel
late
Bod
y of
the
Wor
ld T
rade
Org
aniz
atio
n, 2
9 A
pril
1996
(p.
13
, 15,
16-
18)
The
Pan
el R
epor
t to
ok t
he v
iew
tha
t cl
ean
air
was
a "
natu
ral
reso
urce
" th
at c
ould
be
"dep
lete
d."
Acc
ordi
ngly
, as
alre
ady
note
d ea
rlie
r, th
e Pa
nel c
oncl
uded
that
a p
olic
y to
red
uce
the
depl
etio
n of
clea
n ai
r w
as a
pol
icy
to c
onse
rve
an e
xhau
stib
le n
atur
al r
esou
rce
with
in t
he m
eani
ng o
f
Art
icle
XX
(g).
Sh
ortly
the
reaf
ter,
how
ever
, th
e Pa
nel
Rep
ort
also
con
clud
ed t
hat
"the
les
s
favo
urab
le b
asel
ine
esta
blis
hmen
ts m
etho
ds"
wer
e no
t pr
imar
ily a
imed
at
the
cons
erva
tion
of
exha
ustib
le n
atur
al r
esou
rces
and
thus
fel
l out
side
the
just
ifyi
ng s
cope
of
Art
icle
XX
(g).
[...]
Furt
herm
ore,
the
Pan
el R
epor
t ap
pear
s to
hav
e ut
ilize
d a
conc
lusi
on i
t ha
d re
ache
d ea
rlie
r in
hold
ing
that
the
bas
elin
e es
tabl
ishm
ent
rule
s di
d no
t fa
ll w
ithi
n th
e ju
stif
ying
ter
ms
of A
rtic
les
XX
(b);
i.e
. th
at t
he b
asel
ine
esta
blis
hmen
t ru
les
wer
e no
t "n
eces
sary
" fo
r th
e pr
otec
tion
of
hum
an,
anim
al o
r pl
ant
life.
T
he P
anel
Rep
ort,
it w
ill b
e re
call
ed,
foun
d th
at t
he b
asel
ine
esta
blis
hmen
t ru
les
had
not
been
sho
wn
by t
he U
nite
d St
ates
to
be "
nece
ssar
y" u
nder
Art
icle
XX
(b)
sinc
e al
tern
ativ
e m
easu
res
eith
er
cons
iste
nt
or
less
in
cons
iste
nt
with
th
e G
ener
al
Agr
eem
ent
wer
e re
ason
ably
ava
ilabl
e to
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es f
or a
chie
ving
its
aim
of
prot
ecti
ng
hum
an,
anim
al o
r pl
ant
life.
I
n ot
her
wor
ds,
the
Pane
l R
epor
t ap
pear
s to
hav
e ap
plie
d th
e
"nec
essa
ry"
test
not
onl
y in
exa
min
ing
the
base
line
esta
blis
hmen
t rul
es u
nder
Art
icle
XX
(b),
but
also
in th
e co
urse
of
appl
ying
Art
icle
XX
(g).
[…]
Page
3 o
f 40
App
lyin
g th
e ba
sic
prin
cipl
e of
int
erpr
etat
ion
that
the
wor
ds o
f a
trea
ty,
like
the
Gen
eral
Agr
eem
ent,
are
to b
e gi
ven
thei
r or
dina
ry m
eani
ng, i
n th
eir
cont
ext
and
in t
he l
ight
of
the
trea
ty's
obje
ct a
nd p
urpo
se,
the
App
ella
te B
ody
obse
rves
tha
t th
e Pa
nel
Rep
ort
faile
d to
tak
e ad
equa
te
acco
unt
of t
he w
ords
act
ually
use
d by
Art
icle
XX
in
its s
ever
al p
arag
raph
s.
In e
num
erat
ing
the
vari
ous
cate
gori
es o
f go
vern
men
tal a
cts,
law
s or
reg
ulat
ions
whi
ch W
TO
Mem
bers
may
car
ry o
ut
or p
rom
ulga
te in
pur
suit
of d
iffe
ring
legi
timat
e st
ate
polic
ies
or in
tere
sts
outs
ide
the
real
m o
f tr
ade
liber
aliz
atio
n, A
rtic
le X
X u
ses
diff
eren
t ter
ms
in r
espe
ct o
f di
ffer
ent c
ateg
orie
s:
"nec
essa
ry"
- in
par
agra
phs
(a),
(b)
and
(d)
;
"ess
entia
l" -
in p
arag
raph
(j)
;
"rel
atin
g to
" -
in p
arag
raph
s (c
), (
e) a
nd (
g);
"for
the
prot
ectio
n of
" -
in p
arag
raph
(f)
;
"in
purs
uanc
e of
" -
in p
arag
raph
(h)
; an
d
"inv
olvi
ng"
- in
par
agra
ph (
i).
It d
oes
not
seem
rea
sona
ble
to s
uppo
se t
hat
the
WT
O M
embe
rs i
nten
ded
to r
equi
re, i
n re
spec
t of
each
and
eve
ry c
ateg
ory,
the
sam
e ki
nd o
r de
gree
of
conn
ectio
n or
rel
atio
nshi
p be
twee
n th
e
mea
sure
und
er a
ppra
isal
and
the
stat
e in
tere
st o
r po
licy
soug
ht to
be
prom
oted
or
real
ized
.
At t
he s
ame
time,
Art
icle
XX
(g)
and
its p
hras
e, "
rela
ting
to th
e co
nser
vatio
n of
exh
aust
ible
nat
ural
reso
urce
s,"
need
to
be r
ead
in c
onte
xt a
nd i
n su
ch a
man
ner
as t
o gi
ve e
ffec
t to
the
pur
pose
s an
d
obje
cts
of t
he G
ener
al A
gree
men
t. T
he c
onte
xt o
f A
rtic
le X
X(g
) in
clud
es t
he p
rovi
sion
s of
the
rest
of
the
Gen
eral
Agr
eem
ent,
incl
udin
g in
par
ticul
ar A
rtic
les
I, I
II a
nd X
I;
conv
erse
ly,
the
cont
ext o
f A
rtic
les
I an
d II
I an
d X
I in
clud
es A
rtic
le X
X.
Acc
ordi
ngly
, the
phr
ase
"rel
atin
g to
the
cons
erva
tion
of e
xhau
stib
le n
atur
al r
esou
rces
" m
ay n
ot b
e re
ad s
o ex
pans
ivel
y as
ser
ious
ly t
o
subv
ert t
he p
urpo
se a
nd o
bjec
t of
Art
icle
III
:4.
Nor
may
Art
icle
III
:4 b
e gi
ven
so b
road
a r
each
as
effe
ctiv
ely
to
emas
cula
te
Art
icle
XX
(g)
and
the
polic
ies
and
inte
rest
s it
embo
dies
.
The
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
the
affi
rmat
ive
com
mitm
ents
set
out
in,
e.g
., A
rtic
les
I, I
II a
nd X
I, a
nd t
he
polic
ies
and
inte
rest
s em
bodi
ed i
n th
e "G
ener
al E
xcep
tions
" lis
ted
in A
rtic
le X
X,
can
be g
iven
mea
ning
with
in t
he f
ram
ewor
k of
the
Gen
eral
Agr
eem
ent
and
its o
bjec
t an
d pu
rpos
e by
a t
reat
y
inte
rpre
ter
only
on
a ca
se-t
o-ca
se b
asis
, by
car
eful
scr
utin
y of
the
fac
tual
and
leg
al c
onte
xt i
n a
give
n di
sput
e, w
ithou
t di
sreg
ardi
ng t
he w
ords
act
ually
use
d by
the
WT
O M
embe
rs t
hem
selv
es t
o
expr
ess
thei
r in
tent
and
pur
pose
.
The
198
7 H
erri
ng a
nd S
alm
on r
epor
t, an
d th
e Pa
nel
Rep
ort
itsel
f, g
ave
som
e re
cogn
ition
to
the
fore
goin
g co
nsid
erat
ions
of
prin
cipl
e.
As
earl
ier
note
d, t
he P
anel
Rep
ort
quot
ed t
he f
ollo
win
g
exce
rpt f
rom
the
Her
ring
and
Sal
mon
rep
ort:
as t
he p
ream
ble
of A
rtic
le X
X i
ndic
ates
, th
e pu
rpos
e of
inc
ludi
ng A
rtic
le X
X(g
)
in th
e G
ener
al A
gree
men
t was
not
to w
iden
the
scop
e fo
r m
easu
res
serv
ing
trad
e
polic
y pu
rpos
es b
ut m
erel
y to
ens
ure
that
the
com
mitm
ents
und
er t
he G
ener
al
Agr
eem
ent
do n
ot h
inde
r th
e pu
rsui
t of
pol
icie
s ai
med
at
the
cons
erva
tion
of
exha
ustib
le n
atur
al r
esou
rces
. (e
mph
asis
add
ed)
All
the
part
icip
ants
and
the
thi
rd p
artic
ipan
ts i
n th
is a
ppea
l ac
cept
the
pro
prie
ty a
nd a
pplic
abili
ty
of t
he v
iew
of
the
Her
ring
and
Sal
mon
rep
ort
and
the
Pane
l R
epor
t th
at a
mea
sure
mus
t be
Page
4 o
f 40
"pri
mar
ily a
imed
at"
the
con
serv
atio
n of
exh
aust
ible
nat
ural
res
ourc
es i
n or
der
to f
all
with
in t
he
scop
e of
Art
icle
XX
(g).
Acc
ordi
ngly
, we
see
no n
eed
to e
xam
ine
this
poi
nt f
urth
er, s
ave,
per
haps
,
to n
ote
that
the
phra
se "
prim
arily
aim
ed a
t" is
not
itse
lf tr
eaty
lang
uage
and
was
not
des
igne
d as
a
sim
ple
litm
us te
st f
or in
clus
ion
or e
xclu
sion
fro
m A
rtic
le X
X(g
).
Aga
inst
thi
s ba
ckgr
ound
, w
e tu
rn t
o th
e sp
ecif
ic q
uest
ion
of w
heth
er t
he b
asel
ine
esta
blis
hmen
t
rule
s ar
e ap
prop
riat
ely
rega
rded
as
"pri
mar
ily a
imed
at "
the
con
serv
atio
n of
nat
ural
res
ourc
es f
or
the
purp
oses
of
A
rtic
le X
X(g
).
W
e co
nsid
er
that
th
is
ques
tion
mus
t be
an
swer
ed
in
the
affi
rmat
ive.
The
bas
elin
e es
tabl
ishm
ent r
ules
, tak
en a
s a
who
le (
that
is, t
he p
rovi
sion
s re
latin
g to
est
ablis
hmen
t
of b
asel
ines
for
dom
estic
ref
iner
s, a
long
with
the
prov
isio
ns r
elat
ing
to b
asel
ines
for
ble
nder
s an
d
impo
rter
s of
gas
olin
e), n
eed
to b
e re
late
d to
the
"non
-deg
rada
tion"
req
uire
men
ts s
et o
ut e
lsew
here
in t
he G
asol
ine
Rul
e.
Tho
se p
rovi
sion
s ca
n sc
arce
ly b
e un
ders
tood
if
scru
tiniz
ed s
tric
tly b
y
them
selv
es,
tota
lly d
ivor
ced
from
oth
er s
ectio
ns o
f th
e G
asol
ine
Rul
e w
hich
cer
tain
ly c
onst
itute
part
of
the
cont
ext
of t
hese
pro
visi
ons.
T
he b
asel
ine
esta
blis
hmen
t ru
les
whe
ther
ind
ivid
ual
or
stat
utor
y, w
ere
desi
gned
to
perm
it sc
rutin
y an
d m
onito
ring
of
the
leve
l of
com
plia
nce
of r
efin
ers,
impo
rter
s an
d bl
ende
rs w
ith th
e "n
on-d
egra
datio
n" r
equi
rem
ents
. W
ithou
t bas
elin
es o
f so
me
kind
,
such
sc
rutin
y w
ould
no
t be
po
ssib
le
and
the
Gas
olin
e R
ule'
s ob
ject
ive
of
stab
ilizi
ng
and
prev
entin
g fu
rthe
r de
teri
orat
ion
of t
he l
evel
of
air
pollu
tion
prev
ailin
g in
199
0, w
ould
be
subs
tant
ially
fru
stra
ted.
T
he r
elat
ions
hip
betw
een
the
base
line
esta
blis
hmen
t ru
les
and
the
"non
-
degr
adat
ion"
req
uire
men
ts o
f th
e G
asol
ine
Rul
e is
not
neg
ated
by
the
inco
nsis
tenc
y, f
ound
by
the
Pane
l, of
the
bas
elin
e es
tabl
ishm
ent r
ules
with
the
term
s of
Art
icle
III
:4.
We
cons
ider
that
, giv
en
that
sub
stan
tial
rela
tions
hip,
the
bas
elin
e es
tabl
ishm
ent
rule
s ca
nnot
be
rega
rded
as
mer
ely
inci
dent
ally
or
inad
vert
ently
aim
ed a
t th
e co
nser
vatio
n of
cle
an a
ir i
n th
e U
nite
d St
ates
for
the
purp
oses
of
Art
icle
XX
(g).
Leg
ality
of
th
e T
hrea
t or
U
se
of
Nuc
lear
W
eapo
ns,
Adv
isor
y O
pini
on
of
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Cou
rt o
f Ju
stic
e, 8
Jul
y 19
96 (
para
s 27
-36)
27.
In b
oth
thei
r w
ritte
n an
d or
al s
tate
men
ts,
som
e St
ates
fur
ther
mor
e ar
gued
tha
t an
y us
e of
nucl
ear
wea
pons
wou
ld b
e un
law
ful
by r
efer
ence
to
exis
ting
nor
ms
rela
ting
to
the
safe
guar
ding
and
prot
ecti
on o
f th
e en
viro
nmen
t, in
vie
w o
f th
eir
esse
ntia
l im
port
ance
.
Spec
ific
ref
eren
ces
wer
e m
ade
to v
ario
us e
xist
ing
inte
rnat
iona
l tr
eatie
s an
d in
stru
men
ts.
The
se
incl
uded
Add
itio
nal
Prot
ocol
1 o
f 19
77 t
o th
e G
enev
a C
onve
ntio
ns o
f 19
49,
Art
icle
35,
para
grap
h 3,
of
whi
ch p
rohi
bits
the
em
ploy
men
t of
"m
etho
ds o
r m
eans
of
war
fare
whi
ch a
re
inte
nded
, or
may
be
expe
cted
, to
caus
e w
ides
prea
d, l
ong-
term
and
sev
ere
dam
age
to t
he n
atur
al
envi
ronm
ent"
; an
d th
e C
onve
ntio
n of
18
May
197
7 on
the
Pro
hibi
tion
of M
ilit
ary
or A
ny O
ther
Hos
tile
Use
of
Env
iron
men
tal
Mod
ific
atio
n T
echn
ique
s, w
hich
pro
hibi
ts t
he u
se o
f w
eapo
ns
whi
ch h
ave
"wid
espr
ead,
lon
g-la
stin
g or
sev
ere
effe
cts"
on
the
envi
ronm
ent
(Art
. 1).
Als
o ci
ted
wer
e Pr
inci
ple
21 o
f th
e St
ockh
olm
Dec
lara
tion
of
1972
and
Pri
ncip
le 2
of
the
Rio
Dec
lara
tion
of 1
992
whi
ch e
xpre
ss th
e co
mm
on c
onvi
ctio
n of
the
Stat
es c
once
rned
that
they
hav
e a
duty
"to
ensu
re t
hat
activ
ities
with
in t
heir
jur
isdi
ctio
n or
con
trol
do
not
caus
e da
mag
e to
the
envi
ronm
ent o
f ot
her
Stat
es o
r of
are
as b
eyon
d th
e lim
its o
f na
tiona
l jur
isdi
ctio
n".
Page
5 o
f 40
The
se i
nstr
umen
ts a
nd o
ther
pro
visi
ons
rela
ting
to
the
prot
ecti
on a
nd s
afeg
uard
ing
of t
he
envi
ronm
ent
wer
e sa
id t
o ap
ply
at a
l1 t
imes
, in
war
as
wel
l as
in
peac
e, a
nd i
t w
as c
onte
nded
that
the
y w
ould
be
viol
ated
by
the
use
of n
ucle
ar w
eapo
ns w
hose
con
sequ
ence
s w
ould
be
wid
espr
ead
and
wou
ld h
ave
tran
sbou
ndar
y ef
fect
s.
28. O
ther
Sta
tes
ques
tione
d th
e bi
ndin
g le
gal q
uali
ty o
f th
ese
prec
epts
of
envi
ronm
enta
l law
; or,
in t
he c
onte
xt o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n on
the
Pro
hibi
tion
of M
ilita
ry o
r A
ny O
ther
Hos
tile
Use
of
Env
iron
men
tal
Mod
ific
atio
n T
echn
ique
s, d
enie
d th
at i
t w
as c
once
rned
at
al1
with
the
use
of
nucl
ear
wea
pons
in
host
ilitie
s; o
r, i
n th
e ca
se o
f A
dditi
onal
Pro
toco
l 1,
den
ied
that
the
y w
ere
gene
rall
y bo
und
by i
ts t
erm
s, o
r re
call
ed t
hat
they
had
res
erve
d th
eir
posi
tion
in r
espe
ct o
f
Art
icle
35,
par
agra
ph 3
, the
reof
.
It w
as a
lso
argu
ed b
y so
me
Stat
es th
at th
e pr
inci
pal p
urpo
se o
f en
viro
nmen
tal t
reat
ies
and
norm
s
was
the
pro
tect
ion
of t
he e
nvir
onm
ent
in t
ime
of p
eace
. It
was
sai
d th
at t
hose
tre
atie
s m
ade
no
men
tion
of
nucl
ear
wea
pons
. It w
as a
lso
poin
ted
out t
hat w
arfa
re in
gen
eral
, and
nuc
lear
war
fare
in p
artic
ular
, w
ere
not
men
tione
d in
the
ir t
exts
and
tha
t it
wou
ld b
e de
stab
ilizi
ng t
o th
e ru
le o
f
law
and
to c
onfi
denc
e in
inte
rnat
iona
l neg
otia
tions
if th
ose
trea
ties
wer
e no
w in
terp
rete
d in
suc
h
a w
ay a
s to
pro
hibi
t the
use
of
nucl
ear
wea
pons
.
29.
The
Cou
rt r
ecog
nize
s th
at t
he e
nvir
onm
ent
is u
nder
dai
ly t
hrea
t an
d th
at t
he u
se o
f nu
clea
r
wea
pons
cou
ld c
onst
itute
a c
atas
trop
he f
or t
he e
nvir
onm
ent.
The
Cou
rt a
lso
reco
gniz
es t
hat
the
envi
ronm
ent i
s no
t an
abst
ract
ion
but r
epre
sent
s th
e li
ving
spa
ce, t
he q
ualit
y of
life
and
the
very
heal
th o
f hu
man
bei
ngs,
inc
ludi
ng g
ener
atio
ns u
nbor
n. T
he e
xist
ence
of
the
gene
ral
oblig
atio
n
of S
tate
s to
ens
ure
that
act
iviti
es w
ithin
thei
r ju
risd
ictio
n an
d co
ntro
l res
pect
the
envi
ronm
ent o
f
othe
r St
ates
or
of a
reas
bey
ond
natio
nal
cont
rol
is n
ow p
art
of t
he c
orpu
s of
int
erna
tiona
l la
w
rela
ting
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t.
30.
How
ever
, th
e C
ourt
is
of t
he v
iew
tha
t th
e is
sue
is n
ot w
heth
er t
he t
reat
ies
rela
ting
to t
he
prot
ectio
n of
the
env
iron
men
t ar
e or
are
not
app
licab
le d
urin
g an
arm
ed c
onfl
ict,
but
rath
er
whe
ther
the
obl
igat
ions
ste
mm
ing
from
the
se t
reat
ies
wer
e in
tend
ed t
o be
obl
igat
ions
of
tota
l
rest
rain
t dur
ing
mili
tary
con
flic
t.
The
Cou
rt d
oes
not
cons
ider
tha
t th
e tr
eatie
s in
que
stio
n co
uld
have
int
ende
d to
dep
rive
a S
tate
of t
he e
xerc
ise
of i
ts r
ight
of
self
-def
ence
und
er i
nter
natio
nal
law
bec
ause
of
its
oblig
atio
ns t
o
prot
ect
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Non
ethe
less
, St
ates
m
ust
take
en
viro
nmen
tal
cons
ider
atio
ns
into
acco
unt w
hen
asse
ssin
g w
hat i
s ne
cess
ary
and
prop
ortio
nate
in th
e pu
rsui
t of
legi
timat
e m
ilita
ry
obje
ctiv
es.
Res
pect
for
the
env
iron
men
t is
one
of
the
elem
ents
tha
t go
to
asse
ssin
g w
heth
er a
n
actio
n is
in c
onfo
rmity
with
the
prin
cipl
es o
f ne
cess
ity a
nd p
ropo
rtio
nalit
y.
Thi
s ap
proa
ch i
s su
ppor
ted,
ind
eed,
by
the
term
s of
Pri
ncip
le 2
4 of
the
Rio
Dec
lara
tion
, w
hich
prov
ides
that
:
"War
fare
is
inhe
rent
ly d
estr
uctiv
e of
sus
tain
able
dev
elop
men
t. St
ates
sha
ll th
eref
ore
resp
ect
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w p
rovi
ding
pro
tect
ion
for
the
envi
ronm
ent
in t
imes
of
arm
ed
conf
lict a
nd c
oope
rate
in it
s fu
rthe
r de
velo
pmen
t, as
nec
essa
ry."
31. T
he C
ourt
not
es f
urth
erm
ore
that
Art
icle
s 35
, par
agra
ph 3
, and
55
of A
ddit
iona
l Pr
otoc
ol 1
prov
ide
addi
tiona
l pr
otec
tion
for
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Tak
en t
oget
her,
the
se p
rovi
sion
s em
body
a
Page
6 o
f 40
gene
ral
oblig
atio
n to
pro
tect
the
nat
ural
env
iron
men
t ag
ains
t w
ides
prea
d, l
ong-
term
and
sev
ere
envi
ronm
enta
l dam
age;
the
proh
ibit
ion
of m
etho
ds a
nd m
eans
of
war
fare
whi
ch a
re in
tend
ed, o
r
may
be
expe
cted
, to
cau
se s
uch
dam
age;
and
the
pro
hibi
tion
of a
ttack
s ag
ains
t th
e na
tura
l
envi
ronm
ent b
y w
ay o
f re
pris
als.
The
se a
re p
ower
ful c
onst
rain
ts f
or a
l1 th
e St
ates
hav
ing
subs
crib
ed to
thes
e pr
ovis
ions
.
32.
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y re
solu
tion
47/
37 o
f 25
Nov
embe
r 19
92 o
n th
e "P
rote
ctio
n of
the
Env
iron
men
t in
Tim
es o
f A
rmed
Con
flic
t" i
s al
so o
f in
tere
st i
n th
is c
onte
xt.
It a
ffir
ms
the
gene
ral v
iew
acc
ordi
ng to
whi
ch e
nvir
onm
enta
l con
side
ratio
ns c
onst
itute
one
of
the
elem
ents
to
be t
aken
int
o ac
coun
t in
the
im
plem
enta
tion
of
the
prin
cipl
es o
f th
e la
w a
pplic
able
in
arm
ed
conf
lict:
it st
ates
tha
t "d
estr
uctio
n of
the
env
iron
men
t, no
t ju
stif
ied
by m
ilita
ry n
eces
sity
and
carr
ied
out
wan
tonl
y, i
s cl
earl
y co
ntra
ry t
o ex
istin
g in
tern
atio
nal
law
". A
ddre
ssin
g th
e re
ality
that
cer
tain
ins
trum
ents
are
not
yet
bin
ding
on
al1
Stat
es,
the
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y in
thi
s
reso
luti
on "
[a]p
peal
s to
al1
Sta
tes
that
hav
e no
t yet
don
e so
to c
onsi
der
beco
min
g pa
rtie
s to
the
rele
vant
inte
rnat
iona
l con
vent
ions
".
In i
ts r
ecen
t O
rder
in
the
Req
uest
for
an
Exa
min
atio
n of
the
Sit
uati
on i
n A
ccor
danc
e w
ith
Par
agra
ph 6
3 of
the
Cou
rt's
Jud
gmen
t of 2
0 D
ecem
ber
1974
in th
e N
ucle
ar T
ests
(N
ew Z
eala
nd
v. F
ranc
e) C
ase,
the
Cou
rt s
tate
d th
at it
s co
nclu
sion
was
"w
ithou
t pre
judi
ce to
the
oblig
atio
ns o
f
Stat
es t
o re
spec
t an
d pr
otec
t th
e na
tura
l en
viro
nmen
t" (
Ord
er o
f 22
Sep
tem
ber
1995
, I.
C.
J.
Rep
orts
199
5, p
. 30
6, p
ara.
64)
. A
ltho
ugh
that
sta
tem
ent
was
mad
e in
the
con
text
of
nucl
ear
test
ing,
it n
atur
ally
als
o ap
plie
s to
the
actu
al u
se o
f nu
clea
r w
eapo
ns in
arm
ed c
onfl
ict.
33.
The
Cou
rt t
hus
find
s th
at w
hile
the
exi
stin
g in
tern
atio
nal
law
rel
atin
g to
the
pro
tect
ion
and
safe
guar
ding
of
the
envi
ronm
ent
does
not
spe
cifi
cally
pro
hibi
t th
e us
e of
nuc
lear
wea
pons
, it
indi
cate
s im
port
ant
envi
ronm
enta
l fa
ctor
s th
at a
re p
rope
rly
to b
e ta
ken
into
acc
ount
in
the
cont
ext o
f th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e pr
inci
ples
and
rul
es o
f th
e la
w a
pplic
able
in a
rmed
con
flic
t.
34.
In t
he l
ight
of
the
fore
goin
g th
e C
ourt
con
clud
es t
hat
the
mos
t di
rect
ly r
elev
ant
appl
icab
le
law
gov
erni
ng t
he q
uest
ion
of w
hich
it
was
sei
sed,
is
that
rel
atin
g to
the
use
of
forc
e en
shri
ned
in t
he U
nite
d N
atio
ns C
hart
er a
nd t
he l
aw a
pplic
able
in
arm
ed c
onfl
ict
whi
ch r
egul
ates
the
cond
uct
of h
ostil
ities
, to
geth
er w
ith a
ny s
peci
fic
trea
ties
on
nucl
ear
wea
pons
tha
t th
e C
ourt
mig
ht d
eter
min
e to
be
rele
vant
.
35.
In a
pply
ing
this
law
to
the
pres
ent
case
, th
e C
ourt
can
not
how
ever
fai
l to
tak
e in
to a
ccou
nt
cert
ain
uniq
ue c
hara
cter
isti
cs o
f nu
clea
r w
eapo
ns. T
he C
ourt
has
not
ed th
e de
fini
tion
s of
nuc
lear
wea
pons
con
tain
ed i
n va
riou
s tr
eatie
s an
d ac
cord
s. I
t al
so n
otes
tha
t nu
clea
r w
eapo
ns a
re
expl
osiv
e de
vice
s w
hose
ene
rgy
resu
lts f
rom
the
fus
ion
or f
issi
on o
f th
e at
om.
By
its
very
natu
re,
that
pro
cess
, in
nuc
lear
wea
pons
as
they
exi
st t
oday
, re
leas
es n
ot o
nly
imm
ense
quan
titie
s of
hea
t an
d en
ergy
, bu
t al
so p
ower
ful
and
prol
onge
d ra
diat
ion.
Acc
ordi
ng t
o th
e
mat
eria
l be
fore
the
Cou
rt,
the
firs
t tw
o ca
uses
of
dam
age
are
vast
ly m
ore
pow
erfu
l th
an t
he
dam
age
caus
ed b
y ot
her
wea
pons
, w
hile
the
phe
nom
enon
of
radi
atio
n is
sai
d to
be
pecu
liar
to
nucl
ear
wea
pons
. T
hese
cha
ract
eris
tics
rend
er t
he n
ucle
ar w
eapo
n po
tent
ially
cat
astr
ophi
c. T
he
dest
ruct
ive
pow
er o
f nu
clea
r w
eapo
ns c
anno
t be
con
tain
ed i
n ei
ther
spa
ce o
r tim
e. T
hey
have
the
pote
ntia
l to
dest
roy
al1
civi
lizat
ion
and
the
entir
e ec
osys
tem
of
the
plan
et.
The
rad
iatio
n re
leas
ed b
y a
nucl
ear
expl
osio
n w
ould
aff
ect
heal
th, a
gric
ultu
re, n
atur
al r
esou
rces
Page
7 o
f 40
and
dem
ogra
phy
over
a v
ery
wid
e ar
ea.
Furt
her,
the
use
of
nucl
ear
wea
pons
wou
ld b
e a
seri
ous
dang
er t
o fu
ture
gen
erat
ions
. Io
nizi
ng
radi
atio
n ha
s th
e po
tent
ial t
o da
mag
e th
e fu
ture
env
iron
men
t, fo
od a
nd m
arin
e ec
osys
tem
, and
to
caus
e ge
netic
def
ects
and
illn
ess
in f
utur
e ge
nera
tions
.
36. I
n co
nseq
uenc
e, i
n or
der
corr
ectly
to
appl
y to
the
pre
sent
cas
e th
e C
hart
er l
aw o
n th
e us
e of
forc
e an
d th
e la
w a
pplic
able
in
arm
ed c
onfl
ict,
in p
artic
ular
hum
anita
rian
law
, it
is i
mpe
rati
ve
for
the
Cou
rt t
o ta
ke a
ccou
nt o
f th
e un
ique
cha
ract
eris
tics
of n
ucle
ar w
eapo
ns, a
nd i
n pa
rtic
ular
thei
r de
stru
ctiv
e ca
paci
ty,
thei
r ca
paci
ty t
o ca
use
unto
ld h
uman
suf
feri
ng,
and
thei
r ab
ility
to
caus
e da
mag
e to
gen
erat
ions
to c
ome.
Cas
e C
once
rnin
g th
e G
abcí
kovo
-Nag
ymar
os P
roje
ct (
Hun
gary
/Slo
vaki
a),
Judg
men
t of
the
Int
erna
tion
al C
ourt
of
Just
ice,
25
Sept
embe
r 19
97 (
para
s 53
and
140
)
53. T
he C
ourt
has
no
diff
icul
ty in
ack
now
ledg
ing
that
the
conc
erns
exp
ress
ed b
y H
unga
ry f
or it
s
natu
ral
envi
ronm
ent
in t
he r
egio
n af
fect
ed b
y th
e G
abcí
kovo
-Nag
ymar
os P
roje
ct r
elat
ed t
o an
esse
ntia
l in
tere
st"
of t
hat
Stat
e, w
ithin
the
mea
ning
giv
en t
o th
at e
xpre
ssio
n in
Art
icle
33
of t
he
Dra
ft o
f th
e In
tern
atio
nal L
aw C
omm
issi
on.
The
Com
mis
sion
, in
its
Com
men
tary
, in
dica
ted
that
one
sho
uld
not,
in t
hat
cont
ext,
redu
ce a
n
"ess
entia
l in
tere
st"
to a
mat
ter
only
of
the
"exi
sten
ce"
of t
he S
tate
, an
d th
at t
he w
hole
que
stio
n
was
, ul
tim
atel
y, t
o be
jud
ged
in t
he l
ight
of
the
part
icul
ar c
ase
(see
Yea
rboo
k of
the
Int
erna
tion
al
Law
Com
mis
sion
, 19
80,
Vol
. II
, Pa
rt 2
, p.
49,
par
a. 3
2);
at t
he s
ame
tim
e, i
t in
clud
ed a
mon
g th
e
situ
atio
ns t
hat
coul
d oc
casi
on a
sta
te o
f ne
cess
ity,
"a g
rave
dan
ger
to .
. .
the
eco
logi
cal
pres
erva
tion
of
all o
r so
me
of [
the]
terr
itor
y [o
f a
Stat
e]"
(ibi
d, p
. 35,
par
a. 3
); a
nd s
peci
fied
, wit
h
refe
renc
e to
Sta
te p
ract
ice,
tha
t "I
t is
pri
mar
ily i
n th
e la
st t
wo
deca
des
that
saf
egua
rdin
g th
e
ecol
ogic
al b
alan
ce h
as c
ome
to b
e co
nsid
ered
an
'ess
entia
l in
tere
st' o
f al
1 St
ates
." (
Ibid
., p.
39,
para
. 14.
)
The
Cou
rt r
ecal
ls t
hat
it ha
s re
cent
ly h
ad o
ccas
ion
to s
tres
s, i
n th
e fo
llow
ing
term
s, t
he g
reat
sign
ific
ance
tha
t it
atta
ches
to
resp
ect
for
the
envi
ronm
ent,
not
only
for
Sta
tes
but
also
for
the
who
le o
f m
anki
nd:
"the
env
iron
men
t is
not
an
abst
ract
ion
but
repr
esen
ts t
he l
ivin
g sp
ace,
th
e qu
ality
of
life
and
the
very
hea
lth o
f hu
man
bei
ngs,
inc
ludi
ng
gene
ratio
ns u
nbor
n. T
he e
xist
ence
of
the
gene
ral o
blig
atio
n of
Sta
tes
to
ensu
re t
hat
activ
ities
with
in t
heir
jur
isdi
ctio
n an
d co
ntro
l re
spec
t th
e en
viro
nmen
t of
oth
er S
tate
s or
of
area
s be
yond
nat
iona
l co
ntro
l is
now
pa
rt o
f th
e co
rpus
of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w r
elat
ing
to t
he e
nvir
onm
ent."
(L
egal
ity
of t
he T
hrea
t or
Use
of
Nuc
lear
Wea
pons
, A
dvis
ory
Opi
nion
, I.
C. J
. Rep
orts
199
6, p
p. 2
41 -
242,
par
a. 2
9.)
[…]
140.
It
is c
lear
tha
t th
e Pr
ojec
t's i
mpa
ct u
pon,
and
its
im
plic
atio
ns f
or,
the
envi
ronm
ent
are
of
nece
ssity
a k
ey i
ssue
. T
he n
umer
ous
scie
ntif
ic r
epor
ts w
hich
hav
e be
en p
rese
nted
to
the
Cou
rt
by t
he P
artie
s - ev
en i
f th
eir
conc
lusi
ons
are
ofte
n co
ntra
dict
ory
- pr
ovid
e ab
unda
nt e
vide
nce
that
this
impa
ct a
nd th
ese
impl
icat
ions
are
con
side
rabl
e.
Page
8 o
f 40
In o
rder
to e
valu
ate
the
envi
ronm
enta
l ris
ks, c
urre
nt s
tand
ards
mus
t be
take
n in
to c
onsi
dera
tion.
Thi
s is
not
onl
y al
low
ed b
y th
e w
ordi
ng o
f A
rtic
les
15 a
nd 1
9, b
ut e
ven
pres
crib
ed, t
o th
e ex
tent
that
the
se a
rtic
les
impo
se a
con
tinui
ng -
and
thus
nec
essa
rily
evo
lvin
g – ob
liga
tion
on t
he p
arti
es
to m
aint
ain
the
qual
ity o
f th
e w
ater
of
the
Dan
ube
and
to p
rote
ct n
atur
e.
The
Cou
rt is
min
dful
that
, in
the
fiel
d of
env
iron
men
tal
prot
ecti
on, v
igil
ance
and
pre
vent
ion
are
requ
ired
on
acco
unt
of t
he o
ften
irr
ever
sibl
e ch
arac
ter
of d
amag
e to
the
env
iron
men
t an
d of
the
limit
atio
ns in
here
nt in
the
very
mec
hani
sm o
f re
para
tion
of
this
type
of
dam
age.
Thr
ough
out
the
ages
, m
anki
nd h
as,
for
econ
omic
and
oth
er r
easo
ns,
cons
tant
ly i
nter
fere
d w
ith
natu
re.
In
the
past
, th
is
was
of
ten
done
w
itho
ut
cons
ider
atio
n of
th
e ef
fect
s up
on
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Ow
ing
to n
ew s
cien
tifi
c in
sigh
ts a
nd t
o a
grow
ing
awar
enes
s of
the
ris
ks f
or
man
kind
— f
or p
rese
nt a
nd f
utur
e ge
nera
tion
s —
of
purs
uit
of s
uch
inte
rven
tions
at
an
unco
nsid
ered
and
una
bate
d pa
ce,
new
nor
ms
and
stan
dard
s ha
ve b
een
deve
lope
d, s
et f
orth
in
a
grea
t num
ber
of in
stru
men
ts d
urin
g th
e la
st tw
o de
cade
s. S
uch
new
nor
ms
have
to
be t
aken
int
o
cons
ider
atio
n, a
nd s
uch
new
sta
ndar
ds g
iven
pro
per
wei
ght,
not
only
whe
n St
ates
con
tem
plat
e
new
act
iviti
es b
ut a
lso
whe
n co
ntin
uing
with
act
iviti
es b
egun
in th
e pa
st.
Thi
s ne
ed t
o re
conc
ile
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
t w
ith p
rote
ctio
n of
the
env
iron
men
t is
apt
ly
expr
esse
d in
the
conc
ept o
f su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t.
For
the
purp
oses
of
the
pres
ent
case
, th
is m
eans
tha
t th
e Pa
rtie
s to
geth
er s
houl
d lo
ok a
fres
h at
the
effe
cts
on th
e en
viro
nmen
t of
the
oper
atio
n of
the
Gab
cíko
vo p
ower
pla
nt. I
n pa
rtic
ular
they
mus
t fi
nd a
sat
isfa
ctor
y so
luti
on f
or t
he v
olum
e of
wat
er t
o be
rel
ease
d in
to t
he o
ld b
ed o
f th
e
Dan
ube
and
into
the
side
-arm
s on
bot
h si
des
of th
e ri
ver.
Uni
ted
Stat
es —
Im
port
Pro
hibi
tion
of c
erta
in S
hrim
p an
d Sh
rim
p P
rodu
cts
(DS
58),
R
epor
t of
the
App
ella
te B
ody
of t
he W
orld
Tra
de O
rgan
izat
ion,
12
Oct
ober
199
8 (p
aras
128
-131
, 152
-153
, 167
-169
and
185
-186
)
128.
[…
] T
extu
ally
, A
rtic
le X
X(g
) is
not
lim
ited
to
the
cons
erva
tion
of
"min
eral
" or
"no
n-
livin
g" n
atur
al r
esou
rces
. T
he c
ompl
aina
nts'
pri
ncip
al a
rgum
ent
is r
oote
d in
the
not
ion
that
"liv
ing"
na
tura
l re
sour
ces
are
"ren
ewab
le"
and
ther
efor
e ca
nnot
be
"e
xhau
stib
le"
natu
ral
reso
urce
s.
We
do n
ot b
elie
ve t
hat
"exh
aust
ible
" na
tura
l re
sour
ces
and
"ren
ewab
le"
natu
ral
reso
urce
s ar
e m
utua
lly e
xclu
sive
. O
ne l
esso
n th
at m
oder
n bi
olog
ical
sci
ence
s te
ach
us i
s th
at
livi
ng s
peci
es,
thou
gh i
n pr
inci
ple,
cap
able
of
repr
oduc
tion
and,
in
that
sen
se,
"ren
ewab
le",
are
in c
erta
in c
ircu
mst
ance
s in
deed
sus
cept
ible
of
depl
etio
n, e
xhau
stio
n an
d ex
tinc
tion
, fr
eque
ntly
beca
use
of h
uman
act
iviti
es.
Liv
ing
reso
urce
s ar
e ju
st a
s "f
inite
" as
pet
role
um,
iron
ore
and
othe
r no
n-li
ving
res
ourc
es.
129.
T
he w
ords
of
Art
icle
XX
(g),
"ex
haus
tible
nat
ural
res
ourc
es",
wer
e ac
tual
ly c
raft
ed m
ore
than
50
year
s ag
o.
The
y m
ust
be r
ead
by a
tre
aty
inte
rpre
ter
in t
he l
ight
of
cont
empo
rary
conc
erns
of
the
com
mun
ity
of n
atio
ns a
bout
the
prot
ecti
on a
nd c
onse
rvat
ion
of th
e en
viro
nmen
t.
Whi
le A
rtic
le X
X w
as n
ot m
odif
ied
in t
he U
rugu
ay R
ound
, th
e pr
eam
ble
atta
ched
to
the
WT
O
Agr
eem
ent
show
s th
at t
he s
igna
tori
es t
o th
at A
gree
men
t w
ere,
in
1994
, fu
lly a
war
e of
the
impo
rtan
ce a
nd l
egit
imac
y of
env
iron
men
tal
prot
ecti
on a
s a
goal
of
natio
nal
and
inte
rnat
iona
l
poli
cy.
The
pre
ambl
e of
the
WT
O A
gree
men
t --
whi
ch i
nfor
ms
not
only
the
GA
TT
199
4, b
ut
Page
9 o
f 40
also
the
oth
er c
over
ed a
gree
men
ts -
- ex
plic
itly
ackn
owle
dges
"th
e ob
ject
ive
of s
usta
inab
le
deve
lopm
ent"
:
The
Par
ties
to th
is A
gree
men
t,
Rec
ogni
zing
tha
t th
eir
rela
tions
in
the
fiel
d of
tra
de a
nd e
cono
mic
en
deav
our
shou
ld b
e co
nduc
ted
wit
h a
view
to
rais
ing
stan
dard
s of
li
ving
, en
suri
ng f
ull
empl
oym
ent
and
a la
rge
and
stea
dily
gro
win
g vo
lum
e of
re
al
inco
me
and
effe
ctiv
e de
man
d,
and
expa
ndin
g th
e pr
oduc
tion
of
and
trad
e in
goo
ds a
nd s
ervi
ces,
whi
le a
llow
ing
for
the
optim
al u
se o
f th
e w
orld
's r
esou
rces
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e ob
ject
ive
of
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent,
seek
ing
both
to
prot
ect
and
pres
erve
the
en
viro
nmen
t an
d to
enh
ance
the
mea
ns f
or d
oing
so
in a
man
ner
cons
iste
nt w
ith
thei
r re
spec
tive
need
s an
d co
ncer
ns a
t di
ffer
ent
leve
ls
of e
cono
mic
dev
elop
men
t, …
(em
phas
is a
dded
)
130.
Fr
om t
he p
ersp
ecti
ve e
mbo
died
in
the
prea
mbl
e of
the
WT
O A
gree
men
t, w
e no
te t
hat
the
gene
ric
term
"na
tura
l res
ourc
es"
in A
rtic
le X
X(g
) is
not
"st
atic
" in
its
cont
ent o
r re
fere
nce
but i
s
rath
er "
by d
efin
itio
n, e
volu
tion
ary"
. It
is,
the
refo
re,
pert
inen
t to
not
e th
at m
oder
n in
tern
atio
nal
conv
entio
ns a
nd d
ecla
ratio
ns m
ake
freq
uent
ref
eren
ces
to n
atur
al r
esou
rces
as
embr
acin
g bo
th
livin
g an
d no
n-liv
ing
reso
urce
s.
For
inst
ance
, the
198
2 U
nite
d N
atio
ns C
onve
ntio
n on
the
Law
of t
he S
ea (
"UN
CL
OS"
), i
n de
fini
ng t
he j
uris
dict
iona
l ri
ghts
of
coas
tal
stat
es i
n th
eir
excl
usiv
e
econ
omic
zon
es, p
rovi
des:
Art
icle
56
- R
ight
s, j
uris
dict
ion
and
duti
es o
f th
e co
asta
l St
ate
in t
he
excl
usiv
e ec
onom
ic z
one
1.
In
the
excl
usiv
e ec
onom
ic z
one,
the
coas
tal S
tate
has
:
(a)
sove
reig
n ri
ghts
fo
r th
e pu
rpos
e of
ex
plor
ing
and
expl
oiti
ng,
cons
ervi
ng a
nd m
anag
ing
the
natu
ral
reso
urce
s, w
heth
er l
ivin
g or
non
-li
ving
, of
the
wat
ers
supe
rjac
ent
to t
he s
ea-b
ed a
nd o
f th
e se
a-be
d an
d its
sub
soil,
…(e
mph
asis
add
ed)
The
UN
CL
OS
also
rep
eate
dly
refe
rs i
n A
rtic
les
61 a
nd 6
2 to
"liv
ing
reso
urce
s" i
n sp
ecif
ying
righ
ts a
nd d
utie
s of
sta
tes
in t
heir
exc
lusi
ve e
cono
mic
zon
es.
The
Con
vent
ion
on B
iolo
gica
l
Div
ersi
ty u
ses
the
conc
ept
of "
biol
ogic
al r
esou
rces
".
Age
nda
21 s
peak
s m
ost
broa
dly
of
"nat
ural
res
ourc
es"
and
goes
int
o de
taile
d st
atem
ents
abo
ut "
mar
ine
livi
ng r
esou
rces
".
In
addi
tion
, the
Res
olut
ion
on A
ssis
tanc
e to
Dev
elop
ing
Cou
ntri
es, a
dopt
ed in
con
junc
tion
wit
h th
e
Con
vent
ion
on th
e C
onse
rvat
ion
of M
igra
tory
Spe
cies
of
Wil
d A
nim
als,
rec
ites
:
Con
scio
us
that
an
im
port
ant
elem
ent
of
deve
lopm
ent
lies
in
the
cons
erva
tion
and
man
agem
ent
of l
ivin
g na
tura
l re
sour
ces
and
that
m
igra
tory
spe
cies
con
stitu
te a
sig
nifi
cant
par
t of
the
se r
esou
rces
; …
(em
phas
is a
dded
)
131.
G
iven
the
rec
ent
ackn
owle
dgem
ent
by t
he i
nter
natio
nal
com
mun
ity o
f th
e im
port
ance
of
conc
erte
d bi
late
ral
or m
ultil
ater
al a
ctio
n to
pro
tect
liv
ing
natu
ral
reso
urce
s, a
nd r
ecal
ling
the
expl
icit
reco
gniti
on b
y W
TO
Mem
bers
of
the
obje
ctiv
e of
sus
tain
able
dev
elop
men
t in
the
prea
mbl
e of
th
e W
TO
A
gree
men
t, w
e be
lieve
it
is
too
late
in
th
e da
y to
su
ppos
e th
at
Art
icle
XX
(g)
of
the
GA
TT
199
4 m
ay
be
read
as
re
ferr
ing
only
to
th
e co
nser
vati
on
of
Page
10
of 4
0
exha
usti
ble
min
eral
or
othe
r no
n-liv
ing
natu
ral r
esou
rces
.
[…]
152.
A
t th
e en
d of
the
Uru
guay
Rou
nd,
nego
tiat
ors
fash
ione
d an
app
ropr
iate
pre
ambl
e fo
r th
e
new
WT
O A
gree
men
t, w
hich
str
engt
hene
d th
e m
ultil
ater
al t
radi
ng s
yste
m b
y es
tabl
ishi
ng a
n
inte
rnat
iona
l or
gani
zatio
n,
inte
r al
ia,
to
faci
litat
e th
e im
plem
enta
tion,
ad
min
istr
atio
n an
d
oper
atio
n, a
nd t
o fu
rthe
r th
e ob
ject
ives
, of
tha
t A
gree
men
t an
d th
e ot
her
agre
emen
ts r
esul
ting
from
tha
t R
ound
. I
n re
cogn
itio
n of
the
im
port
ance
of
cont
inui
ty w
ith
the
prev
ious
GA
TT
syst
em, n
egot
iato
rs u
sed
the
prea
mbl
e of
the
GA
TT
194
7 as
the
tem
plat
e fo
r th
e pr
eam
ble
of th
e
new
WT
O A
gree
men
t. T
hose
neg
otia
tors
evi
dent
ly b
elie
ved,
how
ever
, tha
t the
obj
ectiv
e of
"fu
ll
use
of t
he r
esou
rces
of
the
wor
ld"
set
fort
h in
the
pre
ambl
e of
the
GA
TT
194
7 w
as n
o lo
nger
appr
opri
ate
to t
he w
orld
tra
ding
sys
tem
of
the
1990
's.
As
a re
sult
, th
ey d
ecid
ed t
o qu
alif
y th
e
orig
inal
obj
ectiv
es o
f th
e G
AT
T 1
947
with
the
follo
win
g w
ords
:
… w
hile
all
owin
g fo
r th
e op
tim
al u
se o
f th
e w
orld
's r
esou
rces
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith th
e ob
ject
ive
of s
usta
inab
le d
evel
opm
ent,
seek
ing
both
to
pro
tect
and
pre
serv
e th
e en
viro
nmen
t an
d to
enh
ance
the
mea
ns f
or
doin
g so
in
a
man
ner
cons
iste
nt
with
th
eir
resp
ectiv
e ne
eds
and
conc
erns
at d
iffe
rent
leve
ls o
f ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent,
…
153.
We
note
onc
e m
ore
that
this
lang
uage
dem
onst
rate
s a
reco
gniti
on b
y W
TO
neg
otia
tors
that
optim
al u
se o
f th
e w
orld
's r
esou
rces
sho
uld
be m
ade
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith t
he o
bjec
tive
of
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent.
As
this
pre
ambu
lar
lang
uage
ref
lect
s th
e in
tent
ions
of
nego
tiat
ors
of
the
WT
O A
gree
men
t, w
e be
liev
e it
mus
t ad
d co
lour
, tex
ture
and
sha
ding
to
our
inte
rpre
tati
on o
f
the
agre
emen
ts a
nnex
ed to
the
WT
O A
gree
men
t, in
this
cas
e, th
e G
AT
T 1
994.
We
have
alr
eady
obse
rved
tha
t A
rtic
le X
X(g
) of
the
GA
TT
199
4 is
app
ropr
iate
ly r
ead
with
the
per
spec
tive
embo
died
in th
e ab
ove
prea
mbl
e.
[…]
167.
A
pro
pos
this
fai
lure
to
have
pri
or c
onsi
sten
t re
cour
se t
o di
plom
acy
as a
n in
stru
men
t of
envi
ronm
enta
l pr
otec
tion
pol
icy,
whi
ch p
rodu
ces
disc
rim
inat
ory
impa
cts
on c
ount
ries
exp
ortin
g
shri
mp
to t
he U
nite
d St
ates
wit
h w
hich
no
inte
rnat
iona
l ag
reem
ents
are
rea
ched
or
even
seri
ousl
y at
tem
pted
, a n
umbe
r of
poi
nts
mus
t be
mad
e.
Firs
t, th
e C
ongr
ess
of t
he U
nite
d St
ates
expr
essl
y re
cogn
ized
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f se
curi
ng in
tern
atio
nal a
gree
men
ts f
or th
e pr
otec
tion
and
cons
erva
tion
of t
he s
ea t
urtle
spe
cies
in
enac
ting
this
law
. S
ectio
n 60
9(a)
dir
ects
the
Sec
reta
ry
of S
tate
to:
[...]
Apa
rt
from
th
e ne
gotia
tion
of
the
Inte
r-A
mer
ican
C
onve
ntio
n fo
r th
e Pr
otec
tion
an
d
Con
serv
atio
n of
Sea
Tur
tles
(the
"In
ter-
Am
eric
an C
onve
ntio
n")
whi
ch c
oncl
uded
in
1996
, th
e
reco
rd b
efor
e th
e Pa
nel
does
not
ind
icat
e an
y se
riou
s, s
ubst
antia
l ef
fort
s to
car
ry o
ut t
hese
expr
ess
dire
ctio
ns o
f C
ongr
ess.
168.
Se
cond
, th
e pr
otec
tion
and
con
serv
atio
n of
hig
hly
mig
rato
ry s
peci
es o
f se
a tu
rtle
s, t
hat
is,
the
very
pol
icy
obje
ctiv
e of
the
mea
sure
, de
man
ds c
once
rted
and
coo
pera
tive
eff
orts
on
the
part
of
the
man
y co
untr
ies
who
se w
ater
s ar
e tr
aver
sed
in t
he c
ours
e of
rec
urre
nt s
ea t
urtle
Page
11
of 4
0
mig
ratio
ns.
The
nee
d fo
r, a
nd t
he a
ppro
pria
tene
ss o
f, s
uch
effo
rts
have
bee
n re
cogn
ized
in
the
WT
O
itsel
f as
w
ell
as
in
a si
gnif
ican
t nu
mbe
r of
ot
her
inte
rnat
iona
l in
stru
men
ts
and
decl
arat
ions
. A
s st
ated
ear
lier,
the
Dec
isio
n on
Tra
de a
nd E
nvir
onm
ent,
whi
ch p
rovi
ded
for
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of
the
CT
E a
nd s
et o
ut it
s te
rms
of r
efer
ence
, ref
ers
to b
oth
the
Rio
Dec
lara
tion
on
Env
iron
men
t an
d D
evel
opm
ent
and
Age
nda
21.
O
f pa
rtic
ular
rel
evan
ce i
s Pr
inci
ple
12 o
f th
e
Rio
Dec
lara
tion
on
Env
iron
men
t and
Dev
elop
men
t, w
hich
sta
tes,
in p
art:
Uni
late
ral a
ctio
ns to
dea
l with
env
iron
men
tal c
halle
nges
out
side
th
e ju
risd
icti
on o
f th
e im
port
ing
coun
try
shou
ld b
e av
oide
d.
Env
iron
men
tal
mea
sure
s ad
dres
sing
tra
nsbo
unda
ry o
r gl
obal
en
viro
nmen
tal
prob
lem
s sh
ould
, as
far
as
poss
ible
, be
bas
ed o
n in
tern
atio
nal c
onse
nsus
.(em
phas
is a
dded
)
In a
lmos
t ide
ntic
al la
ngua
ge, p
arag
raph
2.2
2(i)
of
Age
nda
21 p
rovi
des:
Gov
ernm
ents
sho
uld
enco
urag
e G
AT
T,
UN
CT
AD
and
oth
er
rele
vant
in
tern
atio
nal
and
regi
onal
ec
onom
ic
inst
itut
ions
to
ex
amin
e,
in
acco
rdan
ce
with
th
eir
resp
ectiv
e m
anda
tes
and
com
pete
nces
, the
fol
low
ing
prop
ositi
ons
and
prin
cipl
es: …
(i)
Avo
id
unila
tera
l ac
tion
to
deal
w
ith
envi
ronm
enta
l ch
alle
nges
out
side
the
jur
isdi
ctio
n of
the
im
port
ing
coun
try.
E
nvir
onm
enta
l m
easu
res
addr
essi
ng
tran
sbor
der
prob
lem
s sh
ould
, as
fa
r as
po
ssib
le,
be
base
d on
an
in
tern
atio
nal
cons
ensu
s.(e
mph
asis
add
ed)
Mor
eove
r, w
e no
te th
at A
rtic
le 5
of
the
Con
vent
ion
on B
iolo
gica
l Div
ersi
ty s
tate
s:
…
each
co
ntra
ctin
g pa
rty
shal
l, as
fa
r as
po
ssib
le
and
as
appr
opri
ate,
coo
pera
te w
ith o
ther
con
trac
ting
part
ies
dire
ctly
or,
w
here
ap
prop
riat
e,
thro
ugh
com
pete
nt
inte
rnat
iona
l or
gani
zatio
ns,
in r
espe
ct o
f ar
eas
beyo
nd n
atio
nal
juri
sdic
tion
and
on o
ther
mat
ters
of
mut
ual i
nter
est,
for
the
cons
erva
tion
and
sust
aina
ble
use
of b
iolo
gica
l div
ersi
ty.
The
Con
vent
ion
on t
he C
onse
rvat
ion
of M
igra
tory
Spe
cies
of
Wild
Ani
mal
s, w
hich
cla
ssif
ies
the
rele
vant
spe
cies
of
sea
turt
les
in it
s A
nnex
I a
s "E
ndan
gere
d M
igra
tory
Spe
cies
", s
tate
s:
The
con
trac
ting
part
ies
[are
] co
nvin
ced
that
con
serv
atio
n an
d ef
fect
ive
man
agem
ent
of m
igra
tory
spe
cies
of
wil
d an
imal
s re
quir
es t
he c
once
rted
act
ion
of a
ll St
ates
with
in t
he n
atio
nal
boun
dari
es o
f w
hich
suc
h sp
ecie
s sp
end
any
part
of
thei
r lif
e cy
cle.
Furt
herm
ore,
we
note
tha
t WT
O M
embe
rs i
n th
e R
epor
t of
the
CT
E, f
orm
ing
part
of
the
Rep
ort
of t
he G
ener
al C
ounc
il to
Min
iste
rs o
n th
e oc
casi
on o
f th
e Si
ngap
ore
Min
iste
rial
Con
fere
nce,
endo
rsed
and
sup
port
ed:
… m
ulti
late
ral s
olut
ions
bas
ed o
n in
tern
atio
nal c
oope
rati
on a
nd
cons
ensu
s as
the
bes
t an
d m
ost
effe
ctiv
e w
ay f
or g
over
nmen
ts t
o ta
ckle
env
iron
men
tal
prob
lem
s of
a t
rans
boun
dary
or
glob
al
natu
re.
W
TO
A
gree
men
ts
and
mul
tilat
eral
en
viro
nmen
tal
agre
emen
ts
(ME
As)
ar
e re
pres
enta
tive
of
ef
fort
s of
th
e in
tern
atio
nal
com
mun
ity t
o pu
rsue
sha
red
goal
s, a
nd i
n th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
a
mut
uall
y su
ppor
tive
rela
tion
ship
be
twee
n th
em, d
ue r
espe
ct m
ust b
e af
ford
ed to
bot
h. (
emph
asis
add
ed)
169.
T
hird
, th
e U
nite
d St
ates
di
d ne
gotia
te
and
conc
lude
on
e re
gion
al
inte
rnat
iona
l
Page
12
of 4
0
agre
emen
t fo
r th
e pr
otec
tion
and
cons
erva
tion
of s
ea t
urtle
s:
The
Int
er-A
mer
ican
Con
vent
ion.
[...]
185.
In
rea
chin
g th
ese
conc
lusi
ons,
we
wis
h to
und
ersc
ore
wha
t w
e ha
ve n
ot d
ecid
ed i
n th
is
appe
al.
We
have
not
dec
ided
tha
t th
e pr
otec
tion
and
pre
serv
atio
n of
the
env
iron
men
t is
of
no
sign
ific
ance
to th
e M
embe
rs o
f th
e W
TO
. C
lear
ly, i
t is.
We
have
not
dec
ided
that
the
sove
reig
n
natio
ns t
hat
are
Mem
bers
of
the
WT
O c
anno
t ad
opt
effe
ctiv
e m
easu
res
to p
rote
ct e
ndan
gere
d
spec
ies,
suc
h as
sea
tur
tles.
Cle
arly
, th
ey c
an a
nd s
houl
d.
And
we
have
not
dec
ided
tha
t
sove
reig
n st
ates
sho
uld
not
act
toge
ther
bila
tera
lly, p
luri
late
rally
or
mul
tilat
eral
ly,
eith
er w
ithin
the
WT
O o
r in
oth
er in
tern
atio
nal f
ora,
to p
rote
ct e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
s or
to o
ther
wis
e pr
otec
t the
envi
ronm
ent.
Cle
arly
, the
y sh
ould
and
do.
186.
W
hat
we
have
dec
ided
in
this
app
eal
is s
impl
y th
is:
alth
ough
the
mea
sure
of
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es in
dis
pute
in th
is a
ppea
l ser
ves
an e
nvir
onm
enta
l obj
ectiv
e th
at is
rec
ogni
zed
as le
gitim
ate
unde
r pa
ragr
aph
(g)
of A
rtic
le X
X o
f th
e G
AT
T 1
994,
thi
s m
easu
re h
as b
een
appl
ied
by t
he
Uni
ted
Stat
es i
n a
man
ner
whi
ch c
onst
itute
s ar
bitr
ary
and
unju
stif
iabl
e di
scri
min
atio
n be
twee
n
Mem
bers
of
the
WT
O, c
ontr
ary
to th
e re
quir
emen
ts o
f th
e ch
apea
u of
Art
icle
XX
. Fo
r al
l of
the
spec
ific
rea
sons
out
lined
in
this
Rep
ort,
this
mea
sure
doe
s no
t qu
alif
y fo
r th
e ex
empt
ion
that
Art
icle
XX
of
the
GA
TT
199
4 af
ford
s to
mea
sure
s w
hich
ser
ve c
erta
in r
ecog
nize
d, l
egiti
mat
e
envi
ronm
enta
l pur
pose
s bu
t whi
ch, a
t the
sam
e ti
me,
are
not
app
lied
in a
man
ner
that
con
stitu
tes
a m
eans
of
ar
bitr
ary
or
unju
stif
iabl
e di
scri
min
atio
n be
twee
n co
untr
ies
whe
re
the
sam
e
cond
ition
s pr
evai
l or
a di
sgui
sed
rest
rict
ion
on in
tern
atio
nal t
rade
. A
s w
e em
phas
ized
in U
nite
d
Stat
es –
Gas
olin
e, W
TO
Mem
bers
are
fre
e to
ado
pt t
heir
ow
n po
licie
s ai
med
at
prot
ectin
g th
e
envi
ronm
ent
as l
ong
as, i
n so
doi
ng, t
hey
fulf
ill
thei
r ob
ligat
ions
and
res
pect
the
rig
hts
of o
ther
Mem
bers
und
er th
e W
TO
Agr
eem
ent.
The
Ogo
ni C
ase
(Nig
eria
), C
omm
unic
atio
n 15
5/96
of
the
Afr
ican
Com
mis
sion
on
Hum
an a
nd P
eopl
es’
Rig
hts
in r
espo
nse
to a
pet
itio
n by
the
Soc
ial
and
Eco
nom
ic
Rig
hts
Act
ion
Cen
ter
and
the
Cen
ter
for
Eco
nom
ic a
nd S
ocia
l Rig
hts
/ Nig
eria
, 27
May
200
2 (p
aras
53-
58, 6
8-69
and
fin
ding
s)
53.
Gov
ernm
ent
com
plia
nce
with
the
spi
rit
of A
rtic
les
16 a
nd 2
4 of
the
Afr
ican
Cha
rter
mus
t
also
inc
lude
ord
erin
g or
at
leas
t pe
rmitt
ing
inde
pend
ent
scie
ntif
ic m
onito
ring
of
thre
aten
ed
envi
ronm
ents
, re
quir
ing
and
publ
icis
ing
envi
ronm
enta
l an
d so
cial
im
pact
stu
dies
pri
or t
o an
y
maj
or i
ndus
tria
l de
velo
pmen
t, un
dert
akin
g ap
prop
riat
e m
onit
orin
g an
d pr
ovid
ing
info
rmat
ion
to
thos
e co
mm
uniti
es e
xpos
ed t
o ha
zard
ous
mat
eria
ls a
nd a
ctiv
itie
s an
d pr
ovid
ing
mea
ning
ful
oppo
rtun
itie
s fo
r in
divi
dual
s to
be
hear
d an
d to
par
ticip
ate
in t
he d
evel
opm
ent
deci
sion
s
affe
ctin
g th
eir
com
mun
ities
.
54. W
e no
w e
xam
ine
the
cond
uct o
f th
e go
vern
men
t of
Nig
eria
in r
elat
ion
to A
rtic
les
16 a
nd 2
4
of th
e A
fric
an C
hart
er. U
ndou
bted
ly a
nd a
dmitt
edly
, the
gov
ernm
ent o
f N
iger
ia, t
hrou
gh N
NPC
has
the
righ
t to
pro
duce
oil,
the
inc
ome
from
whi
ch w
ill
be u
sed
to f
ulfi
l th
e ec
onom
ic a
nd
soci
al r
ight
s of
Nig
eria
ns. B
ut t
he c
are
that
sho
uld
have
bee
n ta
ken
as o
utlin
ed i
n th
e pr
eced
ing
para
grap
h an
d w
hich
wou
ld h
ave
prot
ecte
d th
e ri
ghts
of
the
vict
ims
of th
e vi
olat
ions
com
plai
ned
of w
as n
ot t
aken
. To
exac
erba
te t
he s
itua
tion,
the
sec
urity
for
ces
of t
he g
over
nmen
t en
gage
d in
cond
uct
in v
iola
tion
of
the
righ
ts o
f th
e O
goni
s by
att
acki
ng,
burn
ing
and
dest
royi
ng s
ever
al
Page
13
of 4
0
Ogo
ni v
illa
ges
and
hom
es.
55.
The
Com
plai
nant
s al
so a
llege
a v
iola
tion
of
Art
icle
21
of t
he A
fric
an C
hart
er b
y th
e
gove
rnm
ent
of N
iger
ia.
The
Com
plai
nant
s al
lege
tha
t th
e M
ilit
ary
gove
rnm
ent
of N
iger
ia w
as
invo
lved
in
oil
prod
ucti
on a
nd t
hus
did
not
mon
itor
or
regu
late
the
ope
rati
ons
of t
he o
il
com
pani
es a
nd i
n so
doi
ng p
aved
a w
ay f
or t
he O
il C
onso
rtiu
ms
to e
xplo
it oi
l re
serv
es i
n
Ogo
nila
nd. F
urth
erm
ore,
in
all
thei
r de
alin
gs w
ith t
he O
il C
onso
rtiu
ms,
the
gov
ernm
ent
did
not
invo
lve
the
Ogo
ni C
omm
unit
ies
in t
he d
ecis
ions
tha
t af
fect
ed t
he d
evel
opm
ent
of O
goni
land
.
The
des
truc
tive
and
sel
fish
rol
e-pl
ayed
by
oil
deve
lopm
ent
in O
goni
land
, cl
osel
y ti
ed w
ith
repr
essi
ve t
actic
s of
the
Nig
eria
n G
over
nmen
t, an
d th
e la
ck o
f m
ater
ial
bene
fits
acc
ruin
g to
the
loca
l pop
ulat
ion,
may
wel
l be
said
to c
onst
itute
a v
iola
tion
of A
rtic
le 2
1.
Art
icle
21
prov
ides
1. A
ll pe
ople
s sh
all f
reel
y di
spos
e of
thei
r w
ealth
and
nat
ural
res
ourc
es.
Thi
s ri
ght
shal
l be
exe
rcis
ed i
n th
e ex
clus
ive
inte
rest
of
the
peop
le.
In
no c
ase
shal
l a p
eopl
e be
dep
rive
d of
it.
2. I
n ca
se o
f sp
olia
tion
the
disp
osse
ssed
peo
ple
shal
l ha
ve t
he r
ight
to
the
law
ful
reco
very
of
its
pr
oper
ty
as
wel
l as
to
an
ad
equa
te
com
pens
atio
n.
3. T
he f
ree
disp
osal
of
wea
lth a
nd n
atur
al r
esou
rces
sha
ll be
exe
rcis
ed
wit
hout
pr
ejud
ice
to
the
obli
gati
on
of
prom
otin
g in
tern
atio
nal
econ
omic
co-
oper
atio
n ba
sed
on m
utua
l re
spec
t, eq
uita
ble
exch
ange
an
d th
e pr
inci
ples
of
inte
rnat
iona
l law
.
4.
Stat
es
part
ies
to
the
pres
ent
Cha
rter
sh
all
indi
vidu
ally
an
d co
llect
ivel
y ex
erci
se t
he r
ight
to
free
dis
posa
l of
the
ir w
ealth
and
na
tura
l re
sour
ces
with
a
view
to
st
reng
then
ing
Afr
ican
un
ity
and
solid
arity
.
5. S
tate
s Pa
rtie
s to
the
pre
sent
Cha
rter
sha
ll un
dert
ake
to e
limin
ate
all
form
s of
for
eign
eco
nom
ic e
xplo
itat
ion
part
icul
arly
tha
t pr
actis
ed b
y in
tern
atio
nal
mon
opol
ies
so a
s to
ena
ble
thei
r pe
ople
s to
ful
ly b
enef
it fr
om th
e ad
vant
ages
der
ived
fro
m th
eir
natio
nal r
esou
rces
.
56.
The
ori
gin
of t
his
prov
isio
n m
ay b
e tr
aced
to
colo
nial
ism
, du
ring
whi
ch t
he h
uman
and
mat
eria
l re
sour
ces
of A
fric
a w
ere
larg
ely
expl
oite
d fo
r th
e be
nefi
t of
out
side
pow
ers,
cre
atin
g
trag
edy
for
Afr
ican
s th
emse
lves
, dep
rivi
ng th
em o
f th
eir
birt
hrig
ht a
nd a
lien
atin
g th
em f
rom
the
land
. The
aft
erm
ath
of c
olon
ial
expl
oita
tion
has
left
Afr
ica'
s pr
ecio
us r
esou
rces
and
peo
ple
still
vuln
erab
le t
o fo
reig
n m
isap
prop
riat
ion.
The
dra
fter
s of
the
Cha
rter
obv
ious
ly w
ante
d to
rem
ind
Afr
ican
go
vern
men
ts
of
the
cont
inen
t's
pain
ful
lega
cy
and
rest
ore
co-o
pera
tive
econ
omic
deve
lopm
ent t
o its
trad
ition
al p
lace
at t
he h
eart
of
Afr
ican
Soc
iety
.
57.
Gov
ernm
ents
hav
e a
duty
to
prot
ect
thei
r ci
tize
ns,
not
only
thr
ough
app
ropr
iate
leg
isla
tion
and
effe
ctiv
e en
forc
emen
t bu
t al
so b
y pr
otec
ting
the
m f
rom
dam
agin
g ac
ts t
hat
may
be
perp
etra
ted
by p
riva
te p
artie
s (S
ee U
nion
des
Jeu
nes
Avo
cats
/C
had)
. T
his
duty
cal
ls f
or
posi
tive
ac
tion
on
pa
rt
of
gove
rnm
ents
in
fu
lfil
ling
thei
r ob
ligat
ion
unde
r hu
man
ri
ghts
inst
rum
ents
. T
he p
ract
ice
befo
re o
ther
tri
buna
ls a
lso
enha
nces
thi
s re
quir
emen
t as
is
evid
ence
d
in t
he c
ase
Vel
àsqu
ez R
odrí
guez
v.
Hon
dura
s. I
n th
is l
andm
ark
judg
men
t, th
e In
ter-
Am
eric
an
Cou
rt o
f H
uman
Rig
hts
held
that
whe
n a
Stat
e al
low
s pr
ivat
e pe
rson
s or
gro
ups
to a
ct f
reel
y an
d
with
im
puni
ty t
o th
e de
trim
ent
of t
he r
ight
s re
cogn
ised
, it
wou
ld b
e in
cle
ar v
iola
tion
of
its
Page
14
of 4
0
oblig
atio
ns t
o pr
otec
t th
e hu
man
rig
hts
of i
ts c
itize
ns.
Sim
ilar
ly,
this
obl
igat
ion
of t
he S
tate
is
furt
her
emph
asis
ed i
n th
e pr
actic
e of
the
Eur
opea
n C
ourt
of
Hum
an R
ight
s, i
n X
and
Y v
.
Net
herl
ands
. In
tha
t ca
se,
the
Cou
rt p
rono
unce
d th
at t
here
was
an
oblig
atio
n on
aut
hori
ties
to
take
ste
ps t
o m
ake
sure
tha
t th
e en
joym
ent
of t
he r
ight
s is
not
int
erfe
red
with
by
any
othe
r
priv
ate
pers
on.
58.
The
Com
mis
sion
not
es t
hat
in t
he p
rese
nt c
ase,
des
pite
its
obl
igat
ion
to p
rote
ct p
erso
ns
agai
nst
inte
rfer
ence
s in
the
enj
oym
ent
of t
heir
rig
hts,
the
Gov
ernm
ent
of N
iger
ia f
acili
tate
d th
e
dest
ruct
ion
of th
e O
goni
land
. Con
trar
y to
its
Cha
rter
obl
igat
ions
and
des
pite
suc
h in
tern
atio
nally
esta
blis
hed
prin
cipl
es, t
he N
iger
ian
Gov
ernm
ent
has
give
n th
e gr
een
light
to
priv
ate
acto
rs, a
nd
the
oil
Com
pani
es i
n pa
rtic
ular
, to
dev
asta
tingl
y af
fect
the
wel
l-be
ing
of t
he O
goni
s. B
y an
y
mea
sure
of
stan
dard
s, i
ts p
ract
ice
falls
sho
rt o
f th
e m
inim
um c
ondu
ct e
xpec
ted
of g
over
nmen
ts,
and
ther
efor
e, is
in v
iola
tion
of A
rtic
le 2
1 of
the
Afr
ican
Cha
rter
[…]
68.
The
uni
quen
ess
of t
he A
fric
an s
itua
tion
and
the
spe
cial
qua
litie
s of
the
Afr
ican
Cha
rter
on
Hum
an
and
Peop
les'
R
ight
s im
pose
s up
on
the
Afr
ican
C
omm
issi
on
an
impo
rtan
t ta
sk.
Inte
rnat
iona
l la
w a
nd h
uman
rig
hts
mus
t be
res
pons
ive
to A
fric
an c
ircu
mst
ance
s. C
lear
ly,
colle
ctiv
e ri
ghts
, env
iron
men
tal
righ
ts, a
nd e
cono
mic
and
soc
ial
righ
ts a
re e
ssen
tial
elem
ents
of
hum
an r
ight
s in
Afr
ica.
The
Afr
ican
Com
mis
sion
will
app
ly a
ny o
f th
e di
vers
e ri
ghts
con
tain
ed
in t
he A
fric
an C
hart
er.
It w
elco
mes
thi
s op
port
unit
y to
mak
e cl
ear
that
the
re i
s no
rig
ht i
n th
e
Afr
ican
Cha
rter
tha
t ca
nnot
be
mad
e ef
fect
ive.
As
indi
cate
d in
the
pre
cedi
ng p
arag
raph
s,
how
ever
, the
Nig
eria
n G
over
nmen
t di
d no
t liv
e up
to
the
min
imum
exp
ecta
tions
of
the
Afr
ican
Cha
rter
.
69.
The
Com
mis
sion
doe
s no
t w
ish
to f
ault
gov
ernm
ents
tha
t ar
e la
bour
ing
unde
r di
ffic
ult
circ
umst
ance
s to
im
prov
e th
e liv
es o
f th
eir
peop
le.
The
sit
uati
on o
f th
e pe
ople
of
Ogo
nila
nd,
how
ever
, re
quir
es,
in t
he v
iew
of
the
Com
mis
sion
, a
reco
nsid
erat
ion
of t
he G
over
nmen
t’s
attit
ude
to
the
alle
gatio
ns
cont
aine
d in
th
e in
stan
t co
mm
unic
atio
n.
The
in
terv
entio
n of
mul
tinat
iona
l co
rpor
atio
ns m
ay b
e a
pote
ntia
lly p
ositi
ve f
orce
for
dev
elop
men
t if
the
Sta
te a
nd
the
peop
le c
once
rned
are
eve
r m
indf
ul o
f th
e co
mm
on g
ood
and
the
sacr
ed r
ight
s of
ind
ivid
uals
and
com
mun
ities
. T
he C
omm
issi
on h
owev
er t
akes
not
e of
the
eff
orts
of
the
pres
ent
civi
lian
adm
inis
trat
ion
to
redr
ess
the
atro
citie
s th
at
wer
e co
mm
itted
by
th
e pr
evio
us
mili
tary
adm
inis
trat
ion
as il
lust
rate
d in
the
Not
e V
erba
le r
efer
red
to in
par
agra
ph 3
0 of
this
dec
isio
n
For
the
abo
ve r
easo
ns, t
he C
omm
issi
on,
[…]
App
eals
to
the
gove
rnm
ent
of t
he F
eder
al R
epub
lic o
f N
iger
ia t
o en
sure
pro
tect
ion
of t
he
envi
ronm
ent,
heal
th a
nd li
veli
hood
of
the
peop
le o
f O
goni
land
by:
[…
]
- E
nsur
ing
that
app
ropr
iate
env
iron
men
tal
and
soci
al i
mpa
ct a
sses
smen
ts a
re p
repa
red
for
any
futu
re o
il de
velo
pmen
t an
d th
at t
he s
afe
oper
atio
n of
any
fur
ther
oil
deve
lopm
ent
is g
uara
ntee
d
thro
ugh
effe
ctiv
e an
d in
depe
nden
t ove
rsig
ht b
odie
s fo
r th
e pe
trol
eum
indu
stry
; and
- Pr
ovid
ing
info
rmat
ion
on h
ealt
h an
d en
viro
nmen
tal
risk
s an
d m
eani
ngfu
l ac
cess
to
regu
lato
ry
and
deci
sion
-mak
ing
bodi
es to
com
mun
ities
like
ly to
be
affe
cted
by
oil o
pera
tions
.
Page
15
of 4
0
Arb
itrat
ion
Reg
ardi
ng
the
Iron
R
hine
("
Ijze
ren
Rijn
")
Rai
lway
(B
elgi
um
v N
ethe
rlan
ds),
Aw
ard
of t
he P
erm
anen
t C
ourt
of
Arb
itra
tion
ad
hoc
Arb
itra
l T
ribu
nal,
24 M
ay 2
005
(par
as 5
8-59
and
221
-223
)
58. I
t is
to
be r
ecal
led
that
Art
icle
31,
par
agra
ph 3
, sub
para
grap
h (c
) of
the
Vie
nna
Con
vent
ion
on t
he L
aw o
f T
reat
ies
mak
es r
efer
ence
to
"any
rel
evan
t ru
les
of i
nter
natio
nal
law
app
licab
le i
n
the
rela
tions
bet
wee
n th
e pa
rtie
s."
For
this
rea
son
– as
wel
l as
for
rea
sons
rel
atin
g to
its
ow
n
juri
sdic
tion
-
the
Tri
buna
l ha
s ex
amin
ed
any
prov
isio
ns
of
Eur
opea
n la
w
that
m
ight
be
cons
ider
ed o
f po
ssib
le r
elev
ance
in
this
cas
e (s
ee C
hapt
er I
II b
elow
). P
rovi
sion
s of
gen
eral
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w a
re a
lso
appl
icab
le t
o th
e re
lati
ons
betw
een
the
Part
ies,
and
thu
s sh
ould
be
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt in
inte
rpre
ting
Art
icle
XII
of
the
1839
Tre
aty
of S
epar
atio
n an
d A
rtic
le I
V o
f
the
Iron
Rhi
ne T
reat
y. F
urth
er,
inte
rnat
iona
l en
viro
nmen
tal
law
has
rel
evan
ce t
o th
e re
latio
ns
betw
een
the
Part
ies.
The
re i
s co
nsid
erab
le d
ebat
e as
to
wha
t, w
ithi
n th
e fi
eld
of e
nvir
onm
enta
l
law
, co
nstit
utes
"ru
les"
or
"pri
ncip
les"
; w
hat
is "
soft
law
"; a
nd w
hich
env
iron
men
tal
trea
ty l
aw
or p
rinc
iple
s ha
ve c
ontr
ibut
ed t
o th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
cus
tom
ary
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w.
With
out
ente
ring
fur
ther
int
o th
ose
cont
rove
rsie
s, t
he T
ribu
nal
note
s th
at i
n al
l of
the
se c
ateg
orie
s
"env
iron
men
t" i
s br
oadl
y re
ferr
ed t
o as
inc
ludi
ng a
ir,
wat
er,
land
, fl
ora
and
faun
a, n
atur
al
ecos
yste
ms
and
site
s, h
uman
hea
lth a
nd s
afet
y, a
nd c
limat
e. T
he e
mer
ging
pri
ncip
les,
wha
teve
r
thei
r cu
rren
t st
atus
, m
ake
refe
renc
e to
con
serv
atio
n, m
anag
emen
t, no
tion
s of
pre
vent
ion
and
of
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent,
and
prot
ectio
n fo
r fu
ture
gen
erat
ions
.
59.
Sinc
e th
e St
ockh
olm
Con
fere
nce
on t
he E
nvir
onm
ent
in 1
972
ther
e ha
s be
en a
mar
ked
deve
lopm
ent
of i
nter
natio
nal
law
rel
atin
g to
the
pro
tect
ion
of t
he e
nvir
onm
ent.
Tod
ay,
both
inte
rnat
iona
l an
d E
C l
aw r
equi
re t
he i
nteg
ratio
n of
app
ropr
iate
env
iron
men
tal
mea
sure
s in
the
desi
gn
and
impl
emen
tati
on
of
econ
omic
de
velo
pmen
t ac
tivi
ties
. Pr
inci
ple
4 of
th
e R
io
Dec
lara
tion
on
Env
iron
men
t an
d D
evel
opm
ent,
adop
ted
in 1
992
(31
I.L
.M.
p. 8
74,
at p
. 87
7),
whi
ch r
efle
cts
this
tren
d, p
rovi
des
that
"en
viro
nmen
tal p
rote
ctio
n sh
all c
onst
itute
an
inte
gral
par
t
of t
he d
evel
opm
ent
proc
ess
and
cann
ot b
e co
nsid
ered
in
isol
atio
n fr
om i
t." I
mpo
rtan
tly,
thes
e
emer
ging
pri
ncip
les
now
int
egra
te e
nvir
onm
enta
l pr
otec
tion
into
the
dev
elop
men
t pr
oces
s.
Env
iron
men
tal
law
and
the
law
on
deve
lopm
ent
stan
d no
t as
alte
rnat
ives
but
as
mut
ually
rein
forc
ing,
int
egra
l co
ncep
ts,
whi
ch r
equi
re t
hat
whe
re d
evel
opm
ent
may
cau
se s
igni
fica
nt
harm
to
the
envi
ronm
ent
ther
e is
a d
uty
to p
reve
nt,
or a
t le
ast
miti
gate
, su
ch h
arm
(se
e
para
grap
h 22
2). T
his
duty
, in
the
opin
ion
of th
e T
ribu
nal,
has
now
bec
ome
a pr
inci
ple
of g
ener
al
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w.
Thi
s pr
inci
ple
appl
ies
not
only
in
auto
nom
ous
activ
ities
but
als
o in
act
iviti
es
unde
rtak
en in
impl
emen
tati
on o
f sp
ecif
ic tr
eati
es b
etw
een
the
Part
ies.
The
Tri
buna
l wou
ld r
ecal
l
the
obse
rvat
ion
of t
he I
nter
natio
nal
Cou
rt o
f Ju
stic
e in
the
Gab
cíko
vo-N
agym
aros
cas
e th
at
"[t]
his
need
to
reco
ncil
e ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
with
pro
tect
ion
of t
he e
nvir
onm
ent
is a
ptly
expr
esse
d in
th
e co
ncep
t of
su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t"
(Gab
cíko
vo-N
agym
aros
(Hun
gary
/Slo
vaki
a), J
udgm
ent,
I.C
.J R
epor
ts 1
997,
p. 7
at p
. 78,
par
a. 1
40).
And
in th
at c
onte
xt
the
Cou
rt f
urth
er c
lari
fied
tha
t "n
ew n
orm
s ha
ve t
o be
tak
en i
nto
cons
ider
atio
n, a
nd .
. .
new
stan
dard
s gi
ven
prop
er w
eigh
t, no
t on
ly w
hen
Stat
es c
onte
mpl
ate
new
act
iviti
es b
ut a
lso
whe
n
cont
inui
ng w
ith
acti
viti
es b
egun
in
the
past
" (I
bid.
). I
n th
e vi
ew o
f th
e T
ribu
nal
this
dic
tum
appl
ies
equa
lly to
the
Iron
Rhi
ne r
ailw
ay.
[…]
Page
16
of 4
0
221.
[…
] A
s th
e T
ribu
nal
has
alre
ady
obse
rved
abo
ve (
see
para
grap
h 59
), e
cono
mic
dev
elop
men
t is
to b
e re
conc
iled
wit
h th
e pr
otec
tion
of
the
envi
ronm
ent,
and,
in
so d
oing
, new
nor
ms
have
to
be
take
n in
to c
onsi
dera
tion,
inc
ludi
ng w
hen
acti
viti
es b
egun
in
the
past
are
now
exp
ande
d an
d
upgr
aded
.
222.
The
use
of
the
Iron
Rhi
ne r
ailw
ay s
tart
ed s
ome
120
year
s ag
o an
d it
is n
ow e
nvis
aged
and
requ
este
d by
Bel
gium
at
a su
bsta
ntia
lly i
ncre
ased
and
int
ensi
fied
lev
el.
Such
new
use
"is
susc
epti
ble
of h
avin
g an
adv
erse
im
pact
on
the
envi
ronm
ent
and
caus
ing
harm
to
it.
Tod
ay,
in
inte
rnat
iona
l en
viro
nmen
tal
law
, a
grow
ing
emph
asis
is
bein
g pu
t on
the
dut
y of
pre
vent
ion.
Muc
h of
int
erna
tiona
l en
viro
nmen
tal
law
has
bee
n fo
rmul
ated
by
refe
renc
e to
the
im
pact
tha
t
activ
ities
in o
ne te
rrito
ry m
ay h
ave
on th
e te
rrito
ry o
f an
othe
r. T
he I
nter
natio
nal C
ourt
of
Just
ice
expr
esse
d th
e vi
ew t
hat
"[t]
he e
xist
ence
of
the
gene
ral
oblig
atio
n of
Sta
tes
to e
nsur
e th
at
activ
ities
wit
hin
thei
r ju
risd
ictio
n an
d co
ntro
l res
pect
the
envi
ronm
ent o
f ot
her
Stat
es o
r of
are
as
beyo
nd
natio
nal
cont
rol
is
now
pa
rt
of
the
corp
us
of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w
rela
ting
to
the
envi
ronm
ent"
(L
egal
ity
of t
he T
hrea
t or
Use
of
Nuc
lear
Wea
pons
, A
dvis
ory
Opi
nion
, IC
.J.
Rep
orts
199
6(1)
, p. 2
26 a
t pp.
241
-242
, par
a. 2
9).
223.
App
lyin
g th
e pr
inci
ples
of
inte
rnat
iona
l en
viro
nmen
tal
law
, the
Tri
buna
l ob
serv
es t
hat
it is
face
d, in
the
inst
ant c
ase,
not
with
a s
ituat
ion
of a
tran
sbou
ndar
y ef
fect
of
the
econ
omic
act
ivity
in th
e te
rrito
ry o
f on
e st
ate
on th
e te
rrito
ry o
f an
othe
r st
ate,
but
with
the
effe
ct o
f th
e ex
erci
se o
f
a tr
eaty
-gua
rant
eed
righ
t of
one
sta
te i
n th
e te
rrito
ry o
f an
othe
r st
ate
and
a po
ssib
le i
mpa
ct o
f
such
exe
rcis
e on
the
ter
rito
ry o
f th
e la
tter
stat
e. T
he T
ribu
nal
is o
f th
e vi
ew t
hat,
by a
nalo
gy,
whe
re a
sta
te e
xerc
ises
a r
ight
und
er i
nter
nati
onal
law
with
in t
he t
erri
tory
of
anot
her
stat
e,
cons
ider
atio
ns o
f en
viro
nmen
tal
prot
ectio
n al
so a
pply
. T
he e
xerc
ise
of B
elgi
um's
rig
ht o
f
tran
sit,
as i
t ha
s fo
rmul
ated
its
req
uest
, th
us m
ay w
ell
nece
ssit
ate
mea
sure
s by
the
Net
herl
ands
to p
rote
ct th
e en
viro
nmen
t to
whi
ch B
elgi
um w
ill h
ave
to c
ontr
ibut
e as
an
inte
gral
ele
men
t of
its
requ
est.
The
rea
ctiv
atio
n of
the
Iro
n R
hine
rai
lway
can
not
be v
iew
ed i
n is
olat
ion
from
the
envi
ronm
enta
l pr
otec
tion
mea
sure
s ne
cess
itat
ed b
y th
e in
tend
ed u
se o
f th
e ra
ilw
ay l
ine.
The
se
mea
sure
s ar
e to
be
fully
inte
grat
ed in
to th
e pr
ojec
t and
its
cost
s.
Eur
opea
n C
omm
uniti
es –
Mea
sure
s A
ffec
ting
the
App
rova
l and
Mar
ketin
g of
Bio
tech
P
rodu
cts
(DS
291/
292/
293)
, Rep
ort
of a
Pan
el o
f th
e W
orld
Tra
de O
rgan
izat
ion,
29
Sept
embe
r 20
06 (
para
s 7.
65, 7
.67-
7.76
and
7.8
6-7.
96)
[…]
7.
Rel
evan
ce o
f ot
her
rule
s of
int
erna
tion
al l
aw t
o th
e in
terp
reta
tion
of
the
WT
O
agre
emen
ts a
t is
sue
in t
his
disp
ute
(a)
Oth
er a
pplic
able
rul
es o
f in
tern
atio
nal
law
as
an i
nter
pret
ativ
e el
emen
t to
be
take
n
into
acc
ount
tog
ethe
r w
ith
the
"con
text
" (A
rtic
le 3
1(3)
(c)
of t
he V
ienn
a C
onve
ntio
n on
the
Law
of
Tre
atie
s)
(i)
Gen
eral
7.65
Pu
rsua
nt t
o A
rtic
le 3
.2 o
f th
e D
SU,
we
are
to i
nter
pret
the
WT
O a
gree
men
ts "
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith c
usto
mar
y ru
les
of in
terp
reta
tion
of p
ublic
inte
rnat
iona
l law
". T
hese
cus
tom
ary
rule
s ar
e re
flec
ted,
in p
art,
in A
rtic
le 3
1 of
the
Vie
nna
Con
vent
ion.
Page
17
of 4
0
[…]
7.67
A
rtic
le 3
1(3)
(c)
dire
ctly
spe
aks
to t
he i
ssue
of
the
rele
vanc
e of
oth
er r
ules
of
inte
rnat
iona
l
law
to
the
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
a t
reat
y. I
n co
nsid
erin
g th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
Art
icle
31(
3)(c
), w
e no
te,
initi
ally
, tha
t it r
efer
s to
"ru
les
of in
tern
atio
nal l
aw".
Tex
tual
ly, t
his
refe
renc
e se
ems
suff
icie
ntly
broa
d to
enc
ompa
ss a
ll ge
nera
lly a
ccep
ted
sour
ces
of p
ublic
int
erna
tiona
l la
w, t
hat
is t
o sa
y, (
i)
inte
rnat
iona
l co
nven
tions
(tr
eatie
s),
(ii)
int
erna
tion
al c
usto
m (
cust
omar
y in
tern
atio
nal
law
), a
nd
(iii)
the
reco
gniz
ed g
ener
al p
rinc
iple
s of
law
. In
our
view
, the
re c
an b
e no
dou
bt th
at tr
eatie
s an
d
cust
omar
y ru
les
of i
nter
natio
nal
law
are
"ru
les
of i
nter
nati
onal
law
" w
ithi
n th
e m
eani
ng o
f
Art
icle
31(
3)(c
). W
e th
eref
ore
agre
e w
ith t
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
tha
t a
trea
ty l
ike
the
Bio
safe
ty P
roto
col
wou
ld q
ualif
y as
a "
rule
of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w".
Reg
ardi
ng t
he r
ecog
nize
d
gene
ral
prin
cipl
es o
f la
w w
hich
are
app
licab
le i
n in
tern
atio
nal
law
, it
may
not
app
ear
self
-
evid
ent t
hat t
hey
can
be c
onsi
dere
d as
"ru
les
of in
tern
atio
nal l
aw"
with
in th
e m
eani
ng o
f A
rtic
le
31(3
)(c)
. H
owev
er,
the
App
ella
te B
ody
in U
S –
Shri
mp
mad
e it
clea
r th
at p
ursu
ant
to A
rtic
le
31(3
)(c)
gen
eral
pri
ncip
les
of i
nter
natio
nal
law
are
to
be t
aken
int
o ac
coun
t in
the
int
erpr
etat
ion
of W
TO
pro
visi
ons.
As
we
men
tion
furt
her
belo
w,
the
Eur
opea
n C
omm
uniti
es c
onsi
ders
tha
t
the
prin
cipl
e of
pre
caut
ion
is a
"ge
nera
l pr
inci
ple
of i
nter
natio
nal
law
". B
ased
on
the
App
ella
te
Bod
y re
port
on
US
– Sh
rim
p, w
e w
ould
agr
ee t
hat
if t
he p
reca
utio
nary
pri
ncip
le i
s a
gene
ral
prin
cipl
e of
int
erna
tiona
l la
w,
it co
uld
be c
onsi
dere
d a
"rul
e of
int
erna
tiona
l la
w"
with
in t
he
mea
ning
of
Art
icle
31(
3)(c
).
7.68
Fu
rthe
rmor
e, a
nd i
mpo
rtan
tly,
Art
icle
31(
3)(c
) in
dica
tes
that
it
is o
nly
thos
e ru
les
of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w w
hich
are
"ap
plic
able
in
the
rela
tions
bet
wee
n th
e pa
rtie
s" t
hat
are
to b
e ta
ken
into
acc
ount
in
inte
rpre
ting
a tr
eaty
. T
his
limita
tion
giv
es r
ise
to t
he q
uest
ion
of w
hat
is m
eant
by t
he t
erm
"th
e pa
rtie
s".
In c
onsi
deri
ng t
his
issu
e, w
e no
te t
hat
Art
icle
31(
3)(c
) do
es n
ot r
efer
to "
one
or m
ore
part
ies"
. N
or d
oes
it re
fer
to "
the
part
ies
to a
dis
pute
". W
e fu
rthe
r no
te t
hat
Art
icle
2.1
(g)
of t
he V
ienn
a C
onve
ntio
n de
fine
s th
e m
eani
ng o
f th
e te
rm "
part
y" f
or t
he
purp
oses
of
the
Vie
nna
Con
vent
ion.
Thu
s, "
part
y" m
eans
"a
Stat
e w
hich
has
con
sent
ed t
o be
boun
d by
the
trea
ty a
nd f
or w
hich
the
trea
ty is
in f
orce
". I
t may
be
infe
rred
fro
m t
hese
ele
men
ts
that
the
rul
es o
f in
tern
atio
nal
law
app
licab
le i
n th
e re
latio
ns b
etw
een
"the
par
ties
" ar
e th
e ru
les
of i
nter
natio
nal
law
app
licab
le i
n th
e re
latio
ns b
etw
een
the
Stat
es w
hich
hav
e co
nsen
ted
to b
e
boun
d by
the
tre
aty
whi
ch i
s be
ing
inte
rpre
ted,
and
for
whi
ch t
hat
trea
ty i
s in
for
ce.
Thi
s
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
the
ter
m "
the
part
ies"
lea
ds l
ogic
ally
to
the
view
tha
t th
e ru
les
of i
nter
nati
onal
law
to
be t
aken
int
o ac
coun
t in
int
erpr
etin
g th
e W
TO
agr
eem
ents
at
issu
e in
thi
s di
sput
e ar
e
thos
e w
hich
are
app
licab
le in
the
rela
tions
bet
wee
n th
e W
TO
Mem
bers
.
7.69
It
is
impo
rtan
t to
not
e th
at A
rtic
le 3
1(3)
(c)
man
date
s a
trea
ty i
nter
pret
er t
o ta
ke i
nto
acco
unt
othe
r ru
les
of i
nter
natio
nal
law
("[
t]he
re s
hall
be t
aken
int
o ac
coun
t");
it
does
not
mer
ely
give
a t
reat
y in
terp
rete
r th
e op
tion
of d
oing
so.
It
is t
rue
that
the
obl
igat
ion
is t
o "t
ake
acco
unt"
of
such
rul
es,
and
thus
no
part
icul
ar o
utco
me
is p
resc
ribe
d. H
owev
er,
Art
icle
31(
1)
mak
es c
lear
tha
t a
trea
ty i
s to
be
inte
rpre
ted
"in
good
fai
th".
Thu
s, w
here
con
side
rati
on o
f al
l
othe
r in
terp
reta
tive
elem
ents
se
t ou
t in
A
rtic
le
31
resu
lts
in
mor
e th
an
one
perm
issi
ble
inte
rpre
tatio
n, a
tre
aty
inte
rpre
ter
follo
win
g th
e in
stru
ctio
ns o
f A
rtic
le 3
1(3)
(c)
in g
ood
faith
wou
ld i
n ou
r vi
ew n
eed
to s
ettle
for
tha
t in
terp
reta
tion
whi
ch i
s m
ore
in a
ccor
d w
ith
othe
r
appl
icab
le r
ules
of
inte
rnat
iona
l law
.
Page
18
of 4
0
7.70
Tak
ing
acco
unt o
f th
e fa
ct th
at A
rtic
le 3
1(3)
(c)
man
date
s co
nsid
erat
ion
of o
ther
app
lica
ble
rule
s of
int
erna
tiona
l la
w,
and
that
suc
h co
nsid
erat
ion
may
pro
mpt
a t
reat
y in
terp
rete
r to
ado
pt
one
inte
rpre
tatio
n ra
ther
tha
n an
othe
r, w
e th
ink
it m
akes
sen
se t
o in
terp
ret
Art
icle
31(
3)(c
) as
requ
irin
g co
nsid
erat
ion
of t
hose
rul
es o
f in
tern
atio
nal
law
whi
ch a
re a
pplic
able
in
the
rela
tions
betw
een
all p
artie
s to
the
trea
ty w
hich
is b
eing
inte
rpre
ted.
Req
uiri
ng th
at a
trea
ty b
e in
terp
rete
d
in t
he l
ight
of
othe
r ru
les
of i
nter
natio
nal
law
whi
ch b
ind
the
Stat
es p
artie
s to
the
tre
aty
ensu
res
or e
nhan
ces
the
cons
iste
ncy
of t
he r
ules
of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w a
pplic
able
to
thes
e St
ates
and
thu
s
cont
ribu
tes
to a
void
ing
conf
licts
bet
wee
n th
e re
leva
nt r
ules
.
7.71
The
E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
ap
pear
s to
su
gges
t th
at
we
mus
t in
terp
ret
the
WT
O
agre
emen
ts a
t is
sue
in t
his
disp
ute
in t
he l
ight
of
othe
r ru
les
of i
nter
natio
nal
law
eve
n if
the
se
rule
s ar
e no
t bi
ndin
g on
all
Part
ies
to t
his
disp
ute.
In
addr
essi
ng t
his
argu
men
t, w
e fi
rst
reca
ll
our
view
tha
t A
rtic
le 3
1(3)
(c)
shou
ld b
e in
terp
rete
d to
man
date
con
side
rati
on o
f ru
les
of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w w
hich
are
app
licab
le i
n th
e re
latio
ns b
etw
een
all
part
ies
to t
he t
reat
y w
hich
is
bein
g in
terp
rete
d. T
he p
arti
es t
o a
disp
ute
over
com
plia
nce
wit
h a
part
icul
ar t
reat
y ar
e, o
f
cour
se, p
artie
s to
that
trea
ty. I
n re
latio
n to
the
pres
ent d
ispu
te it
can
thus
be
said
that
if a
rul
e of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w i
s no
t ap
plic
able
to
one
of t
he f
our
WT
O M
embe
rs w
hich
are
par
ties
to
the
pres
ent
disp
ute,
th
e ru
le
is
not
appl
icab
le
in
the
rela
tions
be
twee
n al
l W
TO
M
embe
rs.
Acc
ordi
ngly
, ba
sed
on o
ur i
nter
pret
atio
n of
Art
icle
31(
3)(c
), w
e do
not
con
side
r th
at i
n
inte
rpre
ting
the
rele
vant
WT
O a
gree
men
ts w
e ar
e re
quir
ed t
o ta
ke i
nto
acco
unt
othe
r ru
les
of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w w
hich
are
not
app
licab
le t
o on
e of
the
Par
ties
to t
his
disp
ute.
But
eve
n
inde
pend
ently
of
ou
r ow
n in
terp
reta
tion,
w
e th
ink
Art
icle
31
(3)(
c)
cann
ot
reas
onab
ly
be
inte
rpre
ted
as t
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
sug
gest
s. I
ndee
d, i
t is
not
app
aren
t w
hy a
sov
erei
gn
Stat
e w
ould
ag
ree
to
a m
anda
tory
ru
le
of
trea
ty
inte
rpre
tati
on
whi
ch
coul
d ha
ve
as
a
cons
eque
nce
that
the
int
erpr
etat
ion
of a
tre
aty
to w
hich
tha
t St
ate
is a
par
ty i
s af
fect
ed b
y ot
her
rule
s of
inte
rnat
iona
l law
whi
ch th
at S
tate
has
dec
ided
not
to a
ccep
t.
7.72
Bef
ore
appl
ying
our
inte
rpre
tati
on o
f A
rtic
le 3
1(3)
(c)
to th
e pr
esen
t cas
e, it
is im
port
ant t
o
note
that
the
pres
ent c
ase
is n
ot o
ne in
whi
ch r
elev
ant r
ules
of
inte
rnat
iona
l law
are
app
licab
le in
the
rela
tions
bet
wee
n al
l par
ties
to th
e di
sput
e, b
ut n
ot b
etw
een
all W
TO
Mem
bers
, and
in w
hich
all
part
ies
to t
he d
ispu
te a
rgue
tha
t a
mul
tilat
eral
WT
O a
gree
men
t sh
ould
be
inte
rpre
ted
in t
he
light
of
thes
e ot
her
rule
s of
inte
rnat
iona
l law
. The
refo
re, w
e ne
ed n
ot, a
nd d
o no
t, ta
ke a
pos
itio
n
on w
heth
er i
n su
ch a
situ
atio
n w
e w
ould
be
entit
led
to t
ake
the
rele
vant
oth
er r
ules
of
inte
rnat
iona
l law
into
acc
ount
.
(ii)
Con
vent
ion
on B
iolo
gica
l Div
ersi
ty a
nd B
iosa
fety
Pro
toco
l
7.73
W
ith
the
fore
goin
g ob
serv
atio
ns i
n m
ind,
we
now
con
side
r w
heth
er t
he m
ultil
ater
al
trea
ties
iden
tifie
d by
th
e E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
ar
e "r
elev
ant
rule
s of
in
tern
atio
nal
law
appl
icab
le i
n th
e re
latio
ns b
etw
een
the
part
ies"
. T
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
has
ide
ntif
ied
two
mul
tilat
eral
trea
ties,
the
Con
vent
ion
on B
iolo
gica
l Div
ersi
ty a
nd th
e B
iosa
fety
Pro
toco
l. W
e fi
rst
addr
ess
the
Con
vent
ion
on B
iolo
gica
l Div
ersi
ty.
7.74
W
e no
te t
hat
like
mos
t ot
her
WT
O M
embe
rs,
Arg
enti
na,
Can
ada
and
the
Eur
opea
n
Com
mun
itie
s ha
ve r
atif
ied
the
Con
vent
ion
on B
iolo
gica
l Div
ersi
ty a
nd a
re th
us p
artie
s to
it. T
he
Uni
ted
Stat
es h
as s
igne
d it
in
1993
, but
has
not
rat
ifie
d it
sin
ce. T
hus,
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es i
s no
t a
part
y to
the
Con
vent
ion
on B
iolo
gica
l D
iver
sity
, and
so
for
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es t
he C
onve
ntio
n is
Page
19
of 4
0
not
in f
orce
. In
oth
er w
ords
, th
e C
onve
ntio
n on
Bio
logi
cal
Div
ersi
ty i
s no
t "a
ppli
cabl
e" i
n th
e
rela
tions
bet
wee
n th
e U
nite
d St
ates
and
all
othe
r W
TO
Mem
bers
. The
mer
e fa
ct t
hat
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es h
as s
igne
d th
e C
onve
ntio
n on
Bio
logi
cal
Div
ersi
ty d
oes
not
mea
n th
at t
he C
onve
ntio
n is
appl
icab
le t
o it.
Nor
doe
s it
mea
n th
at t
he U
nite
d St
ates
will
rat
ify
it, o
r th
at i
t is
und
er a
n
oblig
atio
n to
do
so. W
e ha
ve s
aid
that
if a
rul
e of
inte
rnat
iona
l law
is n
ot a
pplic
able
to o
ne o
f th
e
Part
ies
to
this
di
sput
e,
it is
no
t ap
plic
able
in
th
e re
latio
ns
betw
een
all
WT
O
Mem
bers
.
The
refo
re,
in v
iew
of
the
fact
tha
t th
e U
nite
d St
ates
is
not
a pa
rty
to t
he C
onve
ntio
n on
Bio
logi
cal
Div
ersi
ty,
we
do n
ot a
gree
with
the
Eur
opea
n C
omm
uniti
es t
hat
we
are
requ
ired
to
take
int
o ac
coun
t th
e C
onve
ntio
n on
Bio
logi
cal
Div
ersi
ty i
n in
terp
retin
g th
e m
ultil
ater
al W
TO
agre
emen
ts a
t iss
ue in
this
dis
pute
.
7.75
Tur
ning
to th
e B
iosa
fety
Pro
toco
l, w
e no
te th
at it
ent
ered
into
for
ce o
nly
on 1
1 Se
ptem
ber
2003
, i.e
., af
ter
this
Pan
el w
as e
stab
lish
ed b
y th
e D
SB. A
mon
g th
e W
TO
Mem
bers
par
ties
to th
e
Bio
safe
ty P
roto
col
is t
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
. A
rgen
tina
and
Can
ada
have
sig
ned
the
Bio
safe
ty P
roto
col,
but
have
not
rat
ifie
d it
sinc
e. H
ence
, th
ey a
re n
ot p
artie
s to
it.
The
Uni
ted
Stat
es h
as n
ot s
igne
d th
e B
iosa
fety
Pro
toco
l. W
hile
thi
s do
es n
ot p
recl
ude
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es
from
rat
ifyi
ng t
he P
roto
col,
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es h
as s
o fa
r no
t do
ne s
o. A
ccor
ding
ly, i
t, to
o, i
s no
t
a pa
rty
to th
e B
iosa
fety
Pro
toco
l. W
e do
not
con
side
r th
at th
e ru
les
of th
e B
iosa
fety
Pro
toco
l can
be d
eem
ed to
be
appl
icab
le to
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es m
erel
y be
caus
e th
e U
nite
d St
ates
par
ticip
ates
in
the
Prot
ocol
's C
lear
ing-
Hou
se M
echa
nism
. It
follo
ws
that
the
Bio
safe
ty P
roto
col
is n
ot i
n fo
rce
for
Arg
entin
a, C
anad
a or
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es. W
e de
duce
fro
m t
his
that
the
Bio
safe
ty P
roto
col
is
not "
appl
icab
le"
in th
e re
latio
ns b
etw
een
thes
e W
TO
Mem
bers
and
all
othe
r W
TO
Mem
bers
. As
we
have
sai
d ab
ove,
in
our
view
, the
mer
e fa
ct t
hat
WT
O M
embe
rs l
ike
Arg
enti
na a
nd C
anad
a
have
sig
ned
the
Bio
safe
ty P
roto
col
does
not
mea
n th
at t
he P
roto
col
is a
pplic
able
to
them
. In
view
of
the
fact
tha
t se
vera
l W
TO
Mem
bers
, inc
ludi
ng t
he C
ompl
aini
ng P
artie
s to
thi
s di
sput
e,
are
not
part
ies
to t
he B
iosa
fety
Pro
toco
l, w
e do
not
agr
ee w
ith t
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
tha
t
we
are
requ
ired
to ta
ke in
to a
ccou
nt th
e B
iosa
fety
Pro
toco
l in
inte
rpre
ting
the
mul
tila
tera
l WT
O
agre
emen
ts a
t iss
ue in
this
dis
pute
.
(iii
) P
reca
utio
nary
pri
ncip
le
7.76
W
e ha
ve s
tate
d ea
rlie
r th
at, i
n ou
r vi
ew, t
he r
elev
ant
rule
s of
inte
rnat
iona
l law
to
be t
aken
into
acc
ount
incl
ude
gene
ral p
rinc
iple
s of
law
.
[…]
7.86
T
he P
anel
not
es t
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
itie
s' c
onte
ntio
n th
at t
he p
reca
utio
nary
pri
ncip
le
has
"by
now
" be
com
e a
fully
-fle
dged
and
gen
eral
pri
ncip
le o
f in
tern
atio
nal
law
. T
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
has
not
exp
lain
ed e
xact
ly w
hat
it m
eans
by
the
term
"ge
nera
l pr
inci
ple
of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w".
We
note
tha
t th
is t
erm
may
be
unde
rsto
od a
s en
com
pass
ing
eith
er r
ules
of
cust
omar
y la
w o
r th
e re
cogn
ized
gen
eral
pri
ncip
les
of l
aw o
r bo
th. G
iven
thi
s, w
e ar
e pr
epar
ed
to c
onsi
der
whe
ther
the
pre
caut
iona
ry p
rinc
iple
fit
s w
ithin
eith
er o
f th
ese
cate
gori
es.
Thi
s
appr
oach
is c
onsi
sten
t wit
h th
e po
sitio
n ta
ken
by th
e E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
in E
C –
Hor
mon
es
whe
re t
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
itie
s co
nten
ded
on a
ppea
l th
at t
he p
reca
utio
nary
pri
ncip
le w
as a
gene
ral c
usto
mar
y ru
le o
f in
tern
atio
nal l
aw o
r at
leas
t a g
ener
al p
rinc
iple
of
law
.
7.87
In
its
rep
ort
on E
C –
Hor
mon
es,
the
App
ella
te B
ody
had
this
to
say
in r
espo
nse
to t
he
Page
20
of 4
0
afor
emen
tione
d co
nten
tion
by th
e E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
:
"The
sta
tus
of t
he p
reca
utio
nary
pri
ncip
le i
n in
tern
atio
nal
law
con
tinu
es t
o be
the
su
bjec
t of
deb
ate
amon
g ac
adem
ics,
law
pra
ctit
ione
rs,
regu
lato
rs a
nd j
udge
s. T
he
prec
autio
nary
pri
ncip
le i
s re
gard
ed b
y so
me
as h
avin
g cr
ysta
llize
d in
to a
gen
eral
pr
inci
ple
of c
usto
mar
y in
tern
atio
nal
envi
ronm
enta
l la
w.
Whe
ther
it
has
been
wid
ely
acce
pted
by
Mem
bers
as
a pr
inci
ple
of g
ener
al o
r cu
stom
ary
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w a
ppea
rs
less
tha
n cl
ear.
We
cons
ider
, ho
wev
er,
that
it
is u
nnec
essa
ry,
and
prob
ably
im
prud
ent,
for
the
App
ella
te B
ody
in t
his
appe
al t
o ta
ke a
pos
itio
n on
thi
s im
port
ant,
but
abst
ract
, qu
estio
n. W
e no
te t
hat
the
Pane
l its
elf
did
not
mak
e an
y de
fini
tive
find
ing
with
reg
ard
to
the
stat
us
of
the
prec
autio
nary
pr
inci
ple
in
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w
and
that
th
e pr
ecau
tiona
ry p
rinc
iple
, at
lea
st o
utsi
de t
he f
ield
of
inte
rnat
iona
l en
viro
nmen
tal
law
, st
ill a
wai
ts a
utho
rita
tive
form
ulat
ion.
It a
ppea
rs t
o us
im
port
ant,
neve
rthe
less
, to
not
e so
me
aspe
cts
of t
he r
elat
ions
hip
of t
he
prec
autio
nary
pri
ncip
le t
o th
e SP
S A
gree
men
t. Fi
rst,
the
prin
cipl
e ha
s no
t be
en w
ritte
n in
to t
he S
PS A
gree
men
t as
a g
roun
d fo
r ju
stif
ying
SPS
mea
sure
s th
at a
re o
ther
wis
e in
cons
iste
nt w
ith t
he o
blig
atio
ns o
f M
embe
rs s
et o
ut i
n pa
rtic
ular
pro
visi
ons
of t
hat
Agr
eem
ent.
Seco
ndl y
, th
e pr
ecau
tiona
ry p
rinc
iple
ind
eed
find
s re
flec
tion
in A
rtic
le 5
.7
of t
he S
PS A
gree
men
t. W
e ag
ree,
at
the
sam
e ti
me,
with
the
Eur
opea
n C
omm
uniti
es,
that
ther
e is
no
need
to a
ssum
e th
at A
rtic
le 5
.7 e
xhau
sts
the
rele
vanc
e of
a p
reca
utio
nary
pr
inci
ple.
It
is r
efle
cted
als
o in
the
six
th p
arag
raph
of
the
prea
mbl
e an
d in
Art
icle
3.3
. T
hese
exp
licit
ly r
ecog
nize
the
righ
t of
Mem
bers
to e
stab
lish
thei
r ow
n ap
prop
riat
e le
vel
of s
anit
ary
prot
ecti
on, w
hich
lev
el m
ay b
e hi
gher
(i.e
., m
ore
caut
ious
) th
an t
hat
impl
ied
in e
xist
ing
inte
rnat
iona
l st
anda
rds,
gui
deli
nes
and
reco
mm
enda
tion
s. T
hird
ly,
a pa
nel
char
ged
with
det
erm
inin
g, f
or in
stan
ce, w
heth
er "
suff
icie
nt s
cien
tific
evi
denc
e" e
xist
s to
w
arra
nt t
he m
aint
enan
ce b
y a
Mem
ber
of a
par
ticul
ar S
PS m
easu
re m
ay, o
f co
urse
, and
sh
ould
, be
ar i
n m
ind
that
res
pons
ible
, re
pres
enta
tive
gove
rnm
ents
com
mon
ly a
ct f
rom
pe
rspe
ctiv
es
of
prud
ence
an
d pr
ecau
tion
w
here
ri
sks
of
irre
vers
ible
, e.
g.
life-
term
inat
ing,
dam
age
to h
uman
hea
lth
are
conc
erne
d. L
astly
, how
ever
, the
pre
caut
iona
ry
prin
cipl
e do
es n
ot, b
y its
elf,
and
with
out a
cle
ar te
xtua
l dir
ectiv
e to
that
eff
ect,
relie
ve a
pa
nel
from
the
dut
y of
app
lyin
g th
e no
rmal
(i.e
. cus
tom
ary
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w)
prin
cipl
es
of tr
eaty
inte
rpre
tatio
n in
rea
ding
the
prov
isio
ns o
f th
e SP
S A
gree
men
t."
7.88
The
App
ella
te B
ody
mad
e th
is s
tate
men
t in
Janu
ary
1998
. It a
ppea
rs to
us
from
the
Part
ies'
argu
men
ts a
nd o
ther
ava
ilabl
e m
ater
ials
tha
t th
e le
gal
deba
te o
ver
whe
ther
the
pre
caut
iona
ry
prin
cipl
e co
nstit
utes
a r
ecog
nize
d pr
inci
ple
of g
ener
al o
r cu
stom
ary
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w i
s st
ill
ongo
ing.
Not
ably
, the
re h
as, t
o da
te, b
een
no a
utho
rita
tive
deci
sion
by
an i
nter
natio
nal
cour
t or
trib
unal
whi
ch r
ecog
nize
s th
e pr
ecau
tiona
ry p
rinc
iple
as
a pr
inci
ple
of g
ener
al o
r cu
stom
ary
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w. I
t is
cor
rect
tha
t pr
ovis
ions
exp
licitl
y or
im
plic
itly
appl
ying
the
pre
caut
iona
ry
prin
cipl
e ha
ve b
een
inco
rpor
ated
int
o nu
mer
ous
inte
rnat
iona
l co
nven
tions
and
dec
lara
tions
,
alth
ough
, fo
r th
e m
ost
part
, th
ey a
re e
nvir
onm
enta
l co
nven
tions
and
dec
lara
tion
s. A
lso,
the
prin
cipl
e ha
s be
en r
efer
red
to a
nd a
pplie
d by
Sta
tes
at t
he d
omes
tic l
evel
, ag
ain
mos
tly i
n
dom
esti
c en
viro
nmen
tal
law
. O
n th
e ot
her
hand
, th
ere
rem
ain
ques
tions
reg
ardi
ng t
he p
reci
se
defi
nitio
n an
d co
nten
t of
the
pre
caut
iona
ry p
rinc
iple
. Fi
nally
, re
gard
ing
doct
rine
, w
e no
te t
hat
man
y au
thor
s ha
ve e
xpre
ssed
the
vie
w t
hat
the
prec
autio
nary
pri
ncip
le e
xist
s as
a g
ener
al
prin
cipl
e in
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w. A
t th
e sa
me
time,
as
alre
ady
note
d by
the
App
ella
te B
ody,
oth
ers
have
exp
ress
ed s
cept
icis
m a
nd c
onsi
der
that
the
pre
caut
iona
ry p
rinc
iple
has
not
yet
att
aine
d th
e
stat
us o
f a
gene
ral p
rinc
iple
in in
tern
atio
nal l
aw.
7.89
Si
nce
the
lega
l st
atus
of
the
prec
autio
nary
pri
ncip
le r
emai
ns u
nset
tled,
lik
e th
e A
ppel
late
Bod
y be
fore
us,
we
cons
ider
that
pru
denc
e su
gges
ts t
hat w
e no
t atte
mpt
to r
esol
ve th
is c
ompl
ex
issu
e, p
artic
ular
ly i
f it
is n
ot n
eces
sary
to
do s
o. O
ur a
naly
sis
belo
w m
akes
cle
ar t
hat
for
the
Page
21
of 4
0
purp
oses
of
disp
osin
g of
the
leg
al c
laim
s be
fore
us,
we
need
not
tak
e a
posi
tion
on
whe
ther
or
not
the
prec
autio
nary
pri
ncip
le i
s a
reco
gniz
ed p
rinc
iple
of
gene
ral
or c
usto
mar
y in
tern
atio
nal
law
. The
refo
re, w
e re
frai
n fr
om e
xpre
ssin
g a
view
on
this
issu
e.
(b)
Oth
er r
ules
of
inte
rnat
iona
l law
as
evid
ence
of
the
ordi
nary
mea
ning
of
term
s us
ed in
a
trea
ty
7.90
Up
to
this
po
int,
we
have
ex
amin
ed
whe
ther
th
ere
are
othe
r ap
plic
able
ru
les
of
inte
rnat
iona
l law
whi
ch w
e ar
e re
quir
ed to
take
into
acc
ount
, in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
Art
icle
31(
3)(c
)
of t
he V
ienn
a C
onve
ntio
n, in
int
erpr
etin
g th
e W
TO
agr
eem
ents
at
issu
e in
thi
s di
sput
e. W
e no
w
turn
to
exam
ine
whe
ther
oth
er r
ules
of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w c
ould
be
cons
ider
ed b
y us
in
the
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
the
WT
O a
gree
men
ts a
t is
sue
even
if
thes
e ru
les
are
not
appl
icab
le i
n th
e
rela
tion
s be
twee
n th
e W
TO
Mem
bers
and
thu
s do
not
fal
l w
ithin
the
cat
egor
y of
rul
es w
hich
is
at is
sue
in A
rtic
le 3
1(3)
(c).
7.91
T
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
itie
s no
tes
in t
his
rega
rd t
hat
in U
S –
Shri
mp
the
App
ella
te B
ody
inte
rpre
ted
WT
O r
ules
by
refe
renc
e to
tre
atie
s w
hich
wer
e no
t bi
ndin
g on
all
par
ties
to
the
proc
eedi
ngs.
Mor
e sp
ecif
ical
ly,
the
Eur
opea
n C
omm
uniti
es p
oint
s ou
t th
at t
he A
ppel
late
Bod
y
in th
at c
ase
invo
ked
trea
ties
in s
uppo
rt o
f ar
gum
ents
mad
e by
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es, e
ven
thou
gh th
e
Uni
ted
Stat
es h
ad e
ithe
r no
t si
gned
or
not
ratif
ied
thes
e tr
eatie
s. T
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
itie
s
note
s th
at o
ne s
uch
trea
ty w
as th
e C
onve
ntio
n on
Bio
logi
cal D
iver
sity
.
7.92
T
he P
anel
rec
alls
tha
t pu
rsua
nt t
o A
rtic
le 3
1(1)
of
the
Vie
nna
Con
vent
ion,
the
ter
ms
of a
trea
ty m
ust
be i
nter
pret
ed i
n ac
cord
ance
with
the
"or
dina
ry m
eani
ng"
to b
e gi
ven
to t
hese
ter
ms
in t
heir
con
text
and
in
the
light
of
its o
bjec
t an
d pu
rpos
e. T
he o
rdin
ary
mea
ning
of
trea
ty t
erm
s
is o
ften
det
erm
ined
on
the
basi
s of
dic
tiona
ries
. We
thin
k th
at, i
n ad
ditio
n to
dic
tion
arie
s, o
ther
rele
vant
rul
es o
f in
tern
atio
nal
law
may
in
som
e ca
ses
aid
a tr
eaty
int
erpr
eter
in
esta
blis
hing
, or
conf
irm
ing,
the
ord
inar
y m
eani
ng o
f tr
eaty
ter
ms
in t
he s
peci
fic
cont
ext
in w
hich
the
y ar
e us
ed.
Such
rul
es w
ould
not
be
cons
ider
ed b
ecau
se t
hey
are
lega
l ru
les,
but
rat
her
beca
use
they
may
prov
ide
evid
ence
of
the
ordi
nary
mea
ning
of
term
s in
the
sam
e w
ay t
hat
dict
iona
ries
do.
The
y
wou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
for
the
ir i
nfor
mat
ive
char
acte
r. I
t fo
llow
s th
at w
hen
a tr
eaty
int
erpr
eter
does
not
con
side
r an
othe
r ru
le o
f in
tern
atio
nal
law
to
be i
nfor
mat
ive,
he
or s
he n
eed
not
rely
on
it.
7.93
In
the
light
of
the
fore
goin
g, w
e co
nsid
er th
at a
pan
el m
ay c
onsi
der
othe
r re
leva
nt r
ules
of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w w
hen
inte
rpre
ting
the
term
s of
WT
O a
gree
men
ts i
f it
deem
s su
ch r
ules
to
be
info
rmat
ive.
B
ut
a pa
nel
need
no
t ne
cess
arily
re
ly
on
othe
r ru
les
of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w,
part
icul
arly
if
it co
nsid
ers
that
the
ord
inar
y m
eani
ng o
f th
e te
rms
of W
TO
agr
eem
ents
may
be
asce
rtai
ned
by r
efer
ence
to o
ther
ele
men
ts.
7.94
T
his
appr
oach
is
cons
iste
nt w
ith t
he A
ppel
late
Bod
y's
appr
oach
in
US
– Sh
rim
p, a
s w
e
unde
rsta
nd i
t. In
tha
t ca
se,
the
App
ella
te B
ody
had
to i
nter
pret
the
ter
m "
exha
usti
ble
natu
ral
reso
urce
s" in
Art
icle
XX
(g)
of th
e G
AT
T 1
994.
The
App
ella
te B
ody
foun
d th
at th
is te
rm w
as b
y
defi
niti
on e
volu
tion
ary
and
ther
efor
e fo
und
it "
pert
inen
t to
not
e th
at m
oder
n in
tern
atio
nal
conv
entio
ns a
nd d
ecla
ratio
ns m
ake
freq
uent
ref
eren
ces
to n
atur
al r
esou
rces
as
embr
acin
g bo
th
livi
ng a
nd n
on-l
ivin
g re
sour
ces"
. T
hus,
as
we
unde
rsta
nd i
t, th
e A
ppel
late
Bod
y dr
ew o
n ot
her
rule
s of
int
erna
tiona
l la
w b
ecau
se i
t co
nsid
ered
tha
t th
ey w
ere
info
rmat
ive
and
aide
d it
in
Page
22
of 4
0
esta
blis
hing
the
mea
ning
and
sco
pe o
f th
e te
rm "
exha
ustib
le n
atur
al r
esou
rces
". T
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
cor
rect
ly p
oint
s ou
t th
at t
he A
ppel
late
Bod
y re
ferr
ed t
o co
nven
tions
whi
ch w
ere
not a
pplic
able
to a
ll di
sput
ing
part
ies.
How
ever
, the
mer
e fa
ct th
at o
ne o
r m
ore
disp
utin
g pa
rtie
s
are
not p
artie
s to
a c
onve
ntio
n do
es n
ot n
eces
sari
ly m
ean
that
a c
onve
ntio
n ca
nnot
she
d li
ght o
n
the
mea
ning
and
sco
pe o
f a
trea
ty te
rm to
be
inte
rpre
ted.
7.95
In
the
pre
sent
cas
e, i
n re
spon
se t
o a
ques
tion
from
the
Pan
el,
the
Eur
opea
n C
omm
uniti
es
has
iden
tifie
d a
num
ber
of p
rovi
sion
s of
the
Con
vent
ion
on B
iolo
gica
l D
iver
sity
and
of
the
Bio
safe
ty P
roto
col
whi
ch i
t co
nsid
ers
mus
t be
tak
en i
nto
acco
unt
by t
he P
anel
. T
he E
urop
ean
Co m
mun
ities
has
not
exp
lain
ed h
ow t
hese
pro
visi
ons
are
rele
vant
to
the
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
the
WT
O a
gree
men
ts a
t is
sue
in t
his
disp
ute.
We
have
car
eful
ly c
onsi
dere
d th
e pr
ovis
ions
ref
erre
d
to
by
the
Eur
opea
n C
omm
uniti
es.
Ulti
mat
ely,
ho
wev
er,
we
did
not
find
it
nece
ssar
y or
appr
opri
ate
to r
ely
on th
ese
part
icul
ar p
rovi
sion
s in
inte
rpre
ting
the
WT
O a
gree
men
ts a
t iss
ue in
this
dis
pute
.
7.96
Fu
rthe
rmor
e, w
e re
call
that
aft
er c
onsu
lting
the
Par
ties,
we
have
req
uest
ed s
ever
al
inte
rnat
iona
l org
aniz
atio
ns (
Cod
ex, F
AO
, the
IPP
C S
ecre
tari
at, W
HO
, OIE
, the
CB
D S
ecre
tari
at
and
UN
EP)
to id
entif
y m
ater
ials
(re
fere
nce
wor
ks, g
loss
arie
s, o
ffic
ial d
ocum
ents
of
the
rele
vant
inte
rnat
iona
l org
aniz
atio
ns, i
nclu
ding
con
vent
ions
, sta
ndar
ds a
nd g
uide
lines
, etc
.) th
at m
ight
aid
us i
n de
term
inin
g th
e or
dina
ry m
eani
ng o
f ce
rtai
n te
rms
used
in
the
defi
nitio
ns p
rovi
ded
in
Ann
ex A
to
the
SPS
Agr
eem
ent.
The
mat
eria
ls w
e ha
ve o
btai
ned
in t
his
way
hav
e be
en t
aken
into
acc
ount
by
us, a
s ap
prop
riat
e.
Bra
zil
– M
easu
res
affe
ctin
g Im
port
s of
Ret
read
ed T
yres
(D
S 33
2),
Rep
ort
of t
he
App
ella
te B
ody
of t
he W
orld
Tra
de O
rgan
izat
ion,
3 D
ecem
ber
2007
(pa
ras
139-
155
and
178-
183)
139.
W
e be
gin
by r
ecal
ling
that
the
ana
lysi
s of
a m
easu
re u
nder
Art
icle
XX
of
the
GA
TT
1994
is tw
o-tie
red.
Fi
rst,
a pa
nel
mus
t ex
amin
e w
heth
er th
e m
easu
re f
alls
und
er a
t lea
st o
ne o
f
the
ten
exce
ptio
ns l
iste
d un
der
Art
icle
XX
.
Seco
ndly
, th
e qu
estio
n of
whe
ther
the
mea
sure
at
issu
e sa
tisfi
es th
e re
quir
emen
ts o
f th
e ch
apea
u of
Art
icle
XX
mus
t be
cons
ider
ed.
140.
W
e no
te a
t the
out
set t
hat t
he p
artic
ipan
ts d
o no
t dis
pute
that
it is
with
in th
e au
thor
ity o
f
a W
TO
Mem
ber
to s
et th
e pu
blic
hea
lth o
r en
viro
nmen
tal o
bjec
tives
it s
eeks
to a
chie
ve ,
as w
ell
as t
he l
evel
of
prot
ecti
on t
hat
it w
ants
to
obta
in, t
hrou
gh t
he m
easu
re o
r th
e po
licy
it ch
oose
s to
adop
t.
141.
A
rtic
le X
X(b
) of
the
GA
TT
199
4 re
fers
to
mea
sure
s "n
eces
sary
to
prot
ect
hum
an,
anim
al o
r pl
ant
life
or h
ealth
".
The
ter
m "
nece
ssar
y" i
s m
enti
oned
not
onl
y in
Art
icle
XX
(b)
of
the
GA
TT
199
4, b
ut a
lso
in A
rtic
les
XX
(a)
and
XX
(d)
of t
he G
AT
T 1
994,
as
wel
l as
in
Art
icle
XIV
(a),
(b)
, an
d (c
) of
the
GA
TS.
In
Kor
ea –
Var
ious
Mea
sure
s on
Bee
f, th
e A
ppel
late
Bod
y
unde
rsco
red
that
"th
e w
ord
'nec
essa
ry'
is n
ot l
imite
d to
tha
t w
hich
is
'indi
spen
sabl
e'".
T
he
App
ella
te B
ody
adde
d:
Mea
sure
s w
hich
are
ind
ispe
nsab
le o
r of
abs
olut
e ne
cess
ity o
r in
evita
ble
to s
ecur
e co
mpl
ianc
e ce
rtai
nly
fulf
il th
e re
quir
emen
ts o
f A
rtic
le X
X(d
). B
ut o
ther
mea
sure
s, to
o,
may
fal
l w
ithin
the
am
bit
of t
his
exce
ptio
n.
As
used
in
Art
icle
XX
(d),
the
ter
m
"nec
essa
ry"
refe
rs,
in o
ur v
iew
, to
a r
ange
of
degr
ees
of n
eces
sity
. A
t on
e en
d of
thi
s
Page
23
of 4
0
cont
inuu
m
lies
"n
eces
sary
" un
ders
tood
as
"i
ndis
pens
able
";
at
th
e ot
her
end,
is
"n
eces
sary
" ta
ken
to
mea
n as
"m
akin
g a
cont
ribu
tion
to."
We
cons
ider
th
at
a "n
eces
sary
" m
easu
re i
s, i
n th
is c
ontin
uum
, lo
cate
d si
gnif
ican
tly c
lose
r to
the
pol
e of
"i
ndis
pens
able
" th
an
to
the
oppo
site
po
le
of
sim
ply
"mak
ing
a co
ntri
butio
n to
".
(foo
tnot
e om
itte
d)
142.
In
Kor
ea –
Var
ious
Mea
sure
s on
Bee
f, th
e A
ppel
late
Bod
y ex
plai
ned
that
det
erm
inin
g
whe
ther
a m
easu
re is
"ne
cess
ary"
with
in th
e m
eani
ng o
f A
rtic
le X
X(d
):
... i
nvol
ves
in e
very
cas
e a
proc
ess
of w
eigh
ing
and
bala
ncin
g a
seri
es o
f fa
ctor
s w
hich
pr
omin
entl
y in
clud
e th
e co
ntri
buti
on
mad
e by
th
e co
mpl
ianc
e m
easu
re
to
the
enfo
rcem
ent o
f th
e la
w o
r re
gula
tion
at i
ssue
, the
impo
rtan
ce o
f th
e co
mm
on in
tere
sts
or
valu
es p
rote
cted
by
that
law
or
regu
latio
n, a
nd t
he a
ccom
pany
ing
impa
ct o
f th
e la
w o
r re
gula
tion
on
impo
rts
or e
xpor
ts.
143.
In
US
– G
ambl
ing,
the
App
ella
te B
ody
addr
esse
d th
e "n
eces
sity
" te
st i
n th
e co
ntex
t of
Art
icle
XIV
of
the
GA
TS.
T
he A
ppel
late
Bod
y st
ated
tha
t th
e w
eigh
ing
and
bala
ncin
g pr
oces
s
inhe
rent
in
the
nece
ssity
ana
lysi
s "b
egin
s w
ith a
n as
sess
men
t of
the
'rel
ativ
e im
port
ance
' of
the
inte
rest
s or
val
ues
furt
here
d by
the
cha
lleng
ed m
easu
re",
and
als
o in
volv
es a
n as
sess
men
t of
othe
r fa
ctor
s, w
hich
will
usu
ally
inc
lude
"th
e co
ntri
buti
on o
f th
e m
easu
re t
o th
e re
aliz
atio
n of
the
ends
pur
sued
by
it" a
nd "
the
rest
rict
ive
impa
ct o
f th
e m
easu
re o
n in
tern
atio
nal c
omm
erce
".
144.
It
is
agai
nst
this
bac
kgro
und
that
we
mus
t de
term
ine
whe
ther
the
Pan
el e
rred
in
asse
ssin
g th
e co
ntri
butio
n of
the
Impo
rt B
an to
the
real
izat
ion
of th
e ob
ject
ive
purs
ued
by it
, and
in t
he m
anne
r in
whi
ch i
t wei
ghed
thi
s co
ntri
butio
n in
its
anal
ysis
of
the
nece
ssit
y of
the
Impo
rt
Ban
. W
e be
gin
by i
dent
ifyi
ng t
he o
bjec
tive
purs
ued
by t
he I
mpo
rt B
an.
The
Pan
el f
ound
tha
t
the
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Im
port
Ban
is
the
redu
ctio
n of
the
"ex
posu
re t
o th
e ri
sks
to h
uman
, an
imal
or p
lant
lif
e or
hea
lth a
risi
ng f
rom
the
acc
umul
atio
n of
was
te t
yres
" ,
and
note
d th
at "
few
inte
rest
s ar
e m
ore
'vita
l' an
d 'im
port
ant'
than
prot
ecti
ng h
uman
bei
ngs
from
hea
lth
risk
s, a
nd t
hat
prot
ecti
ng t
he e
nvir
onm
ent
is n
o le
ss
impo
rtan
t."
The
Pan
el a
lso
obse
rved
that
"B
razi
l's c
hose
n le
vel o
f pr
otec
tion
is th
e re
duct
ion
of
the
risk
s of
was
te t
yre
accu
mul
atio
n to
the
max
imum
ext
ent
poss
ible
."
Reg
ardi
ng t
he t
rade
rest
rict
iven
ess
of t
he m
easu
re, t
he P
anel
not
ed t
hat
it is
"as
tra
de-r
estr
ictiv
e as
can
be,
as
far
as
retr
eade
d ty
res
from
non
-ME
RC
OSU
R c
ount
ries
are
con
cern
ed, s
ince
it a
ims
to h
alt c
ompl
etel
y
thei
r en
try
into
Bra
zil."
145.
W
e tu
rn t
o th
e m
etho
dolo
gy u
sed
by t
he P
anel
in
anal
yzin
g th
e co
ntri
butio
n of
the
Impo
rt B
an t
o th
e ac
hiev
emen
t of
its
obj
ectiv
e.
Such
a c
ontr
ibut
ion
exis
ts w
hen
ther
e is
a
genu
ine
rela
tions
hip
of e
nds
and
mea
ns b
etw
een
the
obje
ctiv
e pu
rsue
d an
d th
e m
easu
re a
t iss
ue.
The
sel
ectio
n of
a m
etho
dolo
gy t
o as
sess
a m
easu
re's
con
trib
utio
n is
a f
unct
ion
of t
he n
atur
e of
the
risk
, the
obj
ectiv
e pu
rsue
d, a
nd th
e le
vel o
f pr
otec
tion
soug
ht.
It u
ltim
atel
y al
so d
epen
ds o
n
the
natu
re, q
uant
ity, a
nd q
ualit
y of
evi
denc
e ex
istin
g at
the
tim
e th
e an
alys
is i
s m
ade.
B
ecau
se
the
Pane
l, as
the
tri
er o
f th
e fa
cts,
is
in a
pos
ition
to
eval
uate
the
se c
ircu
mst
ance
s, i
t sh
ould
enjo
y a
cert
ain
latit
ude
in d
esig
ning
the
app
ropr
iate
met
hodo
logy
to
use
and
deci
ding
how
to
stru
ctur
e or
org
aniz
e th
e an
alys
is o
f th
e co
ntri
butio
n of
the
mea
sure
at i
ssue
to th
e re
aliz
atio
n of
the
ends
pur
sued
by
it.
Thi
s la
titu
de i
s no
t, ho
wev
er, b
ound
less
. In
deed
, a p
anel
mus
t an
alyz
e
the
cont
ribu
tion
of th
e m
easu
re a
t iss
ue to
the
real
izat
ion
of th
e en
ds p
ursu
ed b
y it
in a
ccor
danc
e
with
the
requ
irem
ents
of
Art
icle
XX
of
the
GA
TT
199
4 an
d A
rtic
le 1
1 of
the
DSU
.
Page
24
of 4
0
146.
W
e no
te t
hat t
he P
anel
cho
se t
o co
nduc
t a q
ualit
ativ
e an
alys
is o
f th
e co
ntri
butio
n of
the
Impo
rt B
an t
o th
e ac
hiev
emen
t of
its
obj
ectiv
e.
In
prev
ious
cas
es, t
he A
ppel
late
Bod
y ha
s no
t
esta
blis
hed
a re
quir
emen
t th
at s
uch
a co
ntri
butio
n be
qua
ntif
ied.
T
o th
e co
ntra
ry,
in
EC
–
Asb
esto
s, t
he A
ppel
late
Bod
y em
phas
ized
tha
t th
ere
is "
no r
equi
rem
ent
unde
r A
rtic
le X
X(b
) of
the
GA
TT
199
4 to
qua
ntif
y, a
s su
ch, t
he r
isk
to h
uman
life
or
heal
th".
In
oth
er w
ords
, "[a
] ri
sk
may
be
eval
uate
d ei
ther
in
quan
titat
ive
or q
ualit
ativ
e te
rms.
"
Alt
houg
h th
e re
fere
nce
by t
he
App
ella
te B
ody
to t
he q
uant
ific
atio
n of
a r
isk
is n
ot t
he s
ame
as t
he q
uant
ific
atio
n of
the
con
trib
utio
n of
a
mea
sure
to th
e re
aliz
atio
n of
the
obje
ctiv
e pu
rsue
d by
it (
whi
ch c
ould
be,
as
it is
in th
is c
ase,
the
redu
ctio
n of
a r
isk)
, it a
ppea
rs to
us
that
the
sam
e lin
e of
rea
soni
ng a
pplie
s to
the
anal
y sis
of
the
cont
ribu
tion,
whi
ch c
an b
e do
ne e
ithe
r in
qua
ntita
tive
or in
qua
litat
ive
term
s.
147.
A
ccor
ding
ly,
we
do n
ot a
ccep
t th
e E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
' co
nten
tion
that
the
Pan
el
was
und
er a
n ob
liga
tion
to
quan
tify
the
con
trib
utio
n of
the
Im
port
Ban
to
the
redu
ctio
n in
the
num
ber
of w
aste
tyr
es a
nd t
o de
term
ine
the
num
ber
of w
aste
tyr
es t
hat
wou
ld b
e re
duce
d as
a
resu
lt of
the
Impo
rt B
an.
In
our
view
, the
Pan
el's
cho
ice
of a
qua
litat
ive
anal
ysis
was
with
in th
e
boun
ds o
f th
e la
titud
e it
enjo
ys in
cho
osin
g a
met
hodo
logy
for
the
anal
ysis
of
the
cont
ribu
tion.
148.
T
he P
anel
ana
lyze
d th
e co
ntri
butio
n of
the
Im
port
Ban
to
the
achi
evem
ent
of i
ts
obje
ctiv
e in
a c
oher
ent
sequ
ence
. I
t ex
amin
ed f
irst
the
im
pact
of
the
repl
acem
ent
of i
mpo
rted
retr
eade
d ty
res
with
new
tyr
es o
n th
e re
duct
ion
of w
aste
. S
econ
dly,
the
Pan
el s
ough
t to
dete
rmin
e w
heth
er i
mpo
rted
ret
read
ed t
yres
wou
ld b
e re
plac
ed w
ith d
omes
tica
lly
retr
eade
d
tyre
s, w
hich
led
it
to e
xam
ine
whe
ther
dom
estic
use
d ty
res
can
be a
nd a
re b
eing
ret
read
ed i
n
Bra
zil.
Thi
rdly
, it
cons
ider
ed w
heth
er t
he r
educ
tion
in t
he n
umbe
r of
was
te t
yres
wou
ld
cont
ribu
te to
a r
educ
tion
of th
e ri
sks
to h
uman
, ani
mal
, and
pla
nt li
fe a
nd h
ealt
h.
149.
T
he P
anel
's a
naly
sis
was
not
onl
y di
rect
ed a
t an
ass
essm
ent
of t
he c
urre
nt s
ituat
ion
and
the
imm
edia
te e
ffec
ts o
f th
e Im
port
Ban
on
the
redu
ctio
n of
the
exp
osur
e to
the
tar
gete
d ri
sks.
The
Pan
el's
app
roac
h al
so f
ocus
ed o
n ev
alua
ting
the
exte
nt t
o w
hich
the
Im
port
Ban
is
likel
y to
resu
lt i
n a
redu
ctio
n of
the
exp
osur
e to
the
se r
isks
.
In t
he c
ours
e of
its
rea
soni
ng,
the
Pane
l
mad
e an
d te
sted
som
e ke
y hy
poth
eses
, in
clud
ing:
th
at i
mpo
rted
ret
read
ed t
yres
are
bei
ng
repl
aced
with
new
tyr
es
and
dom
esti
cally
ret
read
ed t
yres
;
that
som
e pr
opor
tion
of d
omes
tic
used
tyr
es a
re r
etre
adab
le a
nd a
re b
eing
ret
read
ed
; t
hat
Bra
zil
intr
oduc
ed a
num
ber
of
mea
sure
s to
fac
ilita
te t
he a
cces
s of
dom
estic
ret
read
ers
to g
ood-
qual
ity u
sed
tyre
s ;
tha
t m
ore
auto
mot
ive
insp
ectio
ns i
n B
razi
l le
ad t
o an
inc
reas
e in
the
num
ber
of r
etre
adab
le u
sed
tyre
s ;
and
that
Bra
zil
has
the
prod
uctio
n ca
paci
ty t
o re
trea
d su
ch t
yres
.
The
Pan
el s
ough
t to
ver
ify
thes
e hy
poth
eses
on
the
basi
s of
the
evi
denc
e ad
duce
d by
the
par
ties
and
fou
nd t
hem
to
be
logi
cally
sou
nd a
nd s
uppo
rted
by
suff
icie
nt e
vide
nce.
In
the
nex
t Se
ctio
n, w
e w
ill
exam
ine
the
Eur
opea
n C
omm
uniti
es' c
laim
that
the
Pane
l fai
led
to m
ake
an o
bjec
tive
asse
ssm
ent o
f th
e fa
cts
with
res
pect
to th
e ve
rifi
catio
n of
som
e of
thes
e hy
poth
eses
. A
ssum
ing,
for
the
time
bein
g, th
at
the
Pane
l as
sess
ed t
he f
acts
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith A
rtic
le 1
1 of
the
DSU
, it
appe
ars
to u
s th
at t
he
Pane
l's a
naly
sis
supp
orts
its
con
clus
ion
that
the
Im
port
Ban
is
capa
ble
of m
akin
g a
cont
ribu
tion
and
can
resu
lt in
a r
educ
tion
of e
xpos
ure
to t
he t
arge
ted
risk
s.
We
have
now
to
dete
rmin
e
whe
ther
this
was
suf
fici
ent t
o co
nclu
de th
at th
e Im
port
Ban
is "
nece
ssar
y" w
ithi
n th
e m
eani
ng o
f
Art
icle
XX
(b)
of th
e G
AT
T 1
994.
Page
25
of 4
0
150.
A
s th
e Pa
nel
reco
gniz
ed,
an i
mpo
rt b
an i
s "b
y de
sign
as
trad
e-re
stri
ctiv
e as
can
be"
.
We
agre
e w
ith
the
Pane
l th
at
ther
e m
ay
be
circ
umst
ance
s w
here
su
ch
a m
easu
re
can
neve
rthe
less
be
nece
ssar
y, w
ithin
the
mea
ning
of
Art
icle
XX
(b).
We
also
rec
all t
hat,
in K
orea
–
Var
ious
Mea
sure
s on
Bee
f, th
e A
ppel
late
Bod
y in
dica
ted
that
"th
e w
ord
'nec
essa
ry'
is n
ot
limit
ed to
that
whi
ch is
'ind
ispe
nsab
le'"
. H
avin
g sa
id th
at, w
hen
a m
easu
re p
rodu
ces
rest
rict
ive
effe
cts
on i
nter
natio
nal
trad
e as
sev
ere
as t
hose
res
ultin
g fr
om a
n im
port
ban
, it
appe
ars
to u
s
that
it
wou
ld b
e di
ffic
ult
for
a pa
nel
to f
ind
that
mea
sure
nec
essa
ry u
nles
s it
is s
atis
fied
tha
t th
e
mea
sure
is
apt
to m
ake
a m
ater
ial
cont
ribu
tion
to
the
achi
evem
ent
of i
ts o
bjec
tive
. T
hus,
we
disa
gree
with
Bra
zil's
sug
gest
ion
that
, bec
ause
it
aim
s to
red
uce
risk
exp
osur
e to
the
max
imum
exte
nt
poss
ible
, an
im
port
ba
n th
at
brin
gs
a m
argi
nal
or
insi
gnif
ican
t co
ntri
butio
n ca
n
neve
rthe
less
be
cons
ider
ed n
eces
sary
.
151.
T
his
does
not
mea
n th
at a
n im
port
ban
, or
ano
ther
tra
de-r
estr
icti
ve m
easu
re,
the
cont
ribu
tion
of w
hich
is
not
imm
edia
tely
obs
erva
ble,
can
not
be j
ustif
ied
unde
r A
rtic
le X
X(b
).
We
reco
gniz
e th
at c
erta
in c
ompl
ex p
ublic
hea
lth o
r en
viro
nmen
tal
prob
lem
s m
ay b
e ta
ckle
d
only
with
a c
ompr
ehen
sive
pol
icy
com
pris
ing
a m
ultip
licity
of
inte
ract
ing
mea
sure
s.
In t
he
shor
t-te
rm,
it m
ay p
rove
dif
ficu
lt to
iso
late
the
con
trib
utio
n to
pub
lic
heal
th o
r en
viro
nmen
tal
obje
ctiv
es o
f on
e sp
ecif
ic m
easu
re f
rom
tho
se a
ttrib
utab
le t
o th
e ot
her
mea
sure
s th
at a
re p
art
of
the
sam
e co
mpr
ehen
sive
pol
icy.
M
oreo
ver,
the
res
ults
obt
aine
d fr
om c
erta
in a
ctio
ns—
for
inst
ance
, mea
sure
s ad
opte
d in
ord
er t
o at
tenu
ate
glob
al w
arm
ing
and
clim
ate
chan
ge, o
r ce
rtai
n
prev
entiv
e ac
tions
to r
educ
e th
e in
cide
nce
of d
isea
ses
that
may
man
ifes
t the
mse
lves
onl
y af
ter
a
cert
ain
peri
od o
f ti
me—
can
only
be
eval
uate
d w
ith
the
bene
fit
of t
ime.
I
n or
der
to j
ustif
y an
impo
rt b
an u
nder
Art
icle
XX
(b),
a p
anel
mus
t be
sat
isfi
ed t
hat
it b
ring
s ab
out
a m
ater
ial
cont
ribu
tion
to t
he a
chie
vem
ent
of i
ts o
bjec
tive.
Su
ch a
dem
onst
rati
on c
an o
f co
urse
be
mad
e
by r
esor
ting
to e
vide
nce
or d
ata,
per
tain
ing
to t
he p
ast
or t
he p
rese
nt,
that
est
ablis
h th
at t
he
impo
rt
ban
at
issu
e m
akes
a
mat
eria
l co
ntri
butio
n to
th
e pr
otec
tion
of
pu
blic
he
alth
or
envi
ronm
enta
l ob
ject
ives
pur
sued
. T
his
is n
ot,
how
ever
, th
e on
ly t
ype
of d
emon
stra
tion
tha
t
coul
d es
tabl
ish
such
a c
ontr
ibut
ion.
T
hus,
a p
anel
mig
ht c
oncl
ude
that
an
impo
rt b
an i
s
nece
ssar
y on
the
bas
is o
f a
dem
onst
ratio
n th
at t
he i
mpo
rt b
an a
t is
sue
is a
pt t
o pr
oduc
e a
mat
eria
l co
ntri
butio
n to
the
ach
ieve
men
t of
its
obj
ecti
ve.
Thi
s de
mon
stra
tion
cou
ld c
onsi
st o
f
quan
titat
ive
proj
ectio
ns i
n th
e fu
ture
, or
qual
itati
ve r
easo
ning
bas
ed o
n a
set
of h
ypot
hese
s th
at
are
test
ed a
nd s
uppo
rted
by
suff
icie
nt e
vide
nce.
152.
W
e ha
ve
now
to
as
sess
w
heth
er
the
qual
itativ
e an
alys
is
prov
ided
by
th
e Pa
nel
esta
blis
hes
that
the
Im
port
Ban
is
apt
to p
rodu
ce a
mat
eria
l co
ntri
butio
n to
the
ach
ieve
men
t of
the
obje
ctiv
e of
red
ucin
g ex
posu
re to
the
risk
s ar
isin
g fr
om th
e ac
cum
ulat
ion
of w
aste
tyre
s.
153.
W
e ob
serv
e, f
irst
, tha
t the
Pan
el a
naly
zed
the
cont
ribu
tion
of
the
Impo
rt B
an a
s in
itia
lly
desi
gned
, w
itho
ut t
akin
g in
to a
ccou
nt t
he i
mpo
rts
of r
emou
lded
tyr
es u
nder
the
ME
RC
OS
UR
exem
ptio
n.
As
we
indi
cate
d ab
ove,
thi
s is
not
the
onl
y po
ssib
le a
ppro
ach.
N
ever
thel
ess,
we
proc
eed
with
our
exa
min
atio
n of
the
Pane
l's r
easo
ning
on
that
bas
is f
or th
e re
ason
s w
e ex
plai
ned
earl
ier.
In
the
lig
ht o
f th
e ev
iden
ce a
dduc
ed b
y th
e pa
rtie
s, t
he P
anel
was
of
the
view
tha
t th
e
Impo
rt B
an w
ould
lea
d to
im
port
ed r
etre
aded
tyr
es b
eing
rep
lace
d w
ith r
etre
aded
tyr
es m
ade
from
loc
al c
asin
gs ,
or
with
new
tyr
es t
hat
are
retr
eada
ble.
A
s co
ncer
ns n
ew t
yres
, th
e Pa
nel
obse
rved
, an
d w
e ag
ree,
tha
t re
trea
ded
tyre
s "h
ave
by d
efin
ition
a s
hort
er l
ifes
pan
than
new
tyre
s" a
nd th
at, a
ccor
ding
ly, t
he
Page
26
of 4
0
Impo
rt B
an "
may
lea
d to
a r
educ
tion
in t
he t
otal
num
ber
of w
aste
tyr
es b
ecau
se i
mpo
rted
retr
eade
d ty
res
may
be
subs
titut
ed f
or b
y ne
w ty
res
whi
ch h
ave
a lo
nger
life
span
."
As
conc
erns
tyre
s re
trea
ded
in B
razi
l fr
om l
ocal
cas
ings
, th
e Pa
nel
was
sat
isfi
ed t
hat
Bra
zil
had
the
prod
uctio
n ca
paci
ty t
o re
trea
d do
mes
tic u
sed
tyre
s a
nd t
hat
"at
leas
t so
me
dom
estic
use
d ty
res
are
bein
g re
trea
ded
in B
razi
l."
The
Pan
el a
lso
agre
ed th
at B
razi
l has
take
n a
seri
es o
f m
easu
res
to f
acili
tate
the
acce
ss o
f do
mes
tic r
etre
ader
s to
goo
d-qu
ality
use
d ty
res
, and
that
new
tyre
s so
ld
in B
razi
l ar
e hi
gh-q
ualit
y ty
res
that
com
ply
with
int
erna
tion
al s
tand
ards
and
hav
e th
e po
tent
ial
to b
e re
trea
ded.
T
he P
anel
's c
oncl
usio
n w
ith w
hich
we
agre
e w
as t
hat,
" if
the
dom
esti
c
retr
eadi
ng in
dust
ry r
etre
ads
mor
e do
mes
tic u
sed
tyre
s, th
e ov
eral
l num
ber
of w
aste
tyre
s w
ill b
e
redu
ced
by g
ivin
g a
seco
nd l
ife
to s
ome
used
tyr
es, w
hich
oth
erw
ise
wou
ld h
ave
beco
me
was
te
imm
edia
tely
aft
er t
heir
fir
st a
nd o
nly
life.
"
For
thes
e re
ason
s, t
he P
anel
fou
nd t
hat
a re
duct
ion
of w
aste
tyr
es w
ould
res
ult
from
the
Im
port
Ban
and
tha
t, th
eref
ore,
the
Im
port
Ban
wou
ld
cont
ribu
te to
red
ucin
g ex
posu
re to
the
risk
s as
soci
ated
with
the
accu
mul
atio
n of
was
te ty
res.
As
the
Pane
l's a
naly
sis
was
qua
litat
ive,
the
Pane
l did
not
see
k to
est
imat
e, in
qua
ntita
tive
term
s, th
e
redu
ctio
n of
was
te t
yres
tha
t w
ould
res
ult
from
the
Im
port
Ban
, or
the
tim
e ho
rizo
n of
suc
h a
redu
ctio
n.
Su
ch
esti
mat
es
wou
ld
have
be
en
very
us
eful
an
d,
undo
ubte
dly,
w
ould
ha
ve
stre
ngth
ened
the
fou
ndat
ion
of t
he P
anel
's f
indi
ngs.
H
avin
g sa
id t
hat,
it do
es n
ot a
ppea
r to
us
erro
neou
s to
con
clud
e, o
n th
e ba
sis
of t
he h
ypot
hese
s m
ade,
tes
ted,
and
acc
epte
d by
the
Pan
el,
that
few
er w
aste
tyre
s w
ill b
e ge
nera
ted
with
the
Impo
rt B
an th
an o
ther
wis
e.
154.
M
oreo
ver,
we
wis
h to
und
ersc
ore
that
the
Im
port
Ban
mus
t be
vie
wed
in
the
broa
der
cont
ext
of t
he c
ompr
ehen
sive
str
ateg
y de
sign
ed a
nd i
mpl
emen
ted
by B
razi
l to
dea
l w
ith
was
te
tyre
s. T
his
com
preh
ensi
ve s
trat
egy
incl
udes
not
onl
y th
e Im
port
Ban
but
als
o th
e im
port
ban
on
used
tyr
es,
as w
ell
as t
he c
olle
ctio
n an
d di
spos
al s
chem
e ad
opte
d by
CO
NA
MA
Res
olut
ion
258/
1999
, as
am
ende
d in
200
2, w
hich
mak
es i
t m
anda
tory
for
dom
estic
man
ufac
ture
rs a
nd
impo
rter
s of
new
tyr
es t
o pr
ovid
e fo
r th
e sa
fe d
ispo
sal
of w
aste
tyr
es i
n sp
ecif
ied
prop
orti
ons.
For
its p
art,
CO
NA
MA
Res
olut
ion
258/
1999
, as
amen
ded
in 2
002,
aim
s to
red
uce
the
expo
sure
to r
isks
ari
sing
fro
m t
he a
ccum
ulat
ion
of w
aste
tyr
es b
y fo
rcin
g m
anuf
actu
rers
and
im
port
ers
of
new
tyr
es t
o co
llect
and
dis
pose
of
was
te t
yres
at
a ra
tio o
f fi
ve w
aste
tyr
es f
or e
very
fou
r ne
w
tyre
s. T
his
mea
sure
als
o en
cour
ages
Bra
zilia
n re
trea
ders
to r
etre
ad m
ore
dom
estic
use
d ty
res
by
exem
ptin
g do
mes
tic
retr
eade
rs f
rom
dis
posa
l obl
igat
ions
as
long
as
they
pro
cess
tyre
s co
nsum
ed
with
in B
razi
l.
Thu
s, t
he C
ON
AM
A s
chem
e pr
ovid
es a
ddit
iona
l su
ppor
t fo
r an
d is
con
sist
ent
wit
h th
e de
sign
of
Bra
zil's
str
ateg
y fo
r re
duci
ng t
he n
umbe
r of
was
te t
yres
. T
he t
wo
mut
ually
enfo
rcin
g pi
llars
of
Bra
zil's
ove
rall
stra
tegy
—th
e Im
port
Ban
and
the
im
port
ban
on
used
tyre
s—im
ply
that
the
dem
and
for
retr
eade
d ty
res
in B
razi
l m
ust
be m
et b
y th
e do
mes
tic
retr
eade
rs,
and
that
the
se r
etre
ader
s, i
n pr
inci
ple,
can
use
onl
y do
mes
tic u
sed
tyre
s fo
r ra
w
mat
eria
l. O
ver
tim
e, th
is c
ompr
ehen
sive
reg
ulat
ory
sche
me
is a
pt to
indu
ce s
usta
inab
le c
hang
es
in th
e pr
acti
ces
and
beha
viou
r of
the
dom
esti
c re
trea
ders
, as
wel
l as
othe
r ac
tors
, and
res
ult i
n an
incr
ease
in
the
num
ber
of r
etre
adab
le t
yres
in
Bra
zil
and
a hi
gher
rat
e of
ret
read
ing
of d
omes
tic
casi
ngs
in B
razi
l. T
hus,
the
Im
port
Ban
app
ears
to
us a
s on
e of
the
key
ele
men
ts o
f th
e
com
preh
ensi
ve s
trat
egy
desi
gned
by
Bra
zil
to d
eal
with
was
te t
yres
, al
ong
with
the
im
port
ban
on u
sed
tyre
s an
d th
e co
llect
ion
and
disp
osal
sch
eme
esta
blis
hed
by C
ON
AM
A R
esol
utio
n
258/
1999
, as
amen
ded
in 2
002.
155.
A
s w
e ex
plai
ned
abov
e, w
e ag
ree
wit
h th
e Pa
nel's
rea
soni
ng s
ugge
stin
g th
at f
ewer
Page
27
of 4
0
was
te t
yres
will
be
gene
rate
d w
ith t
he I
mpo
rt B
an i
n pl
ace.
In
add
ition
, B
razi
l ha
s de
velo
ped
and
impl
emen
ted
a co
mpr
ehen
sive
str
ateg
y to
dea
l w
ith w
aste
tyr
es.
As
a ke
y el
emen
t of
thi
s
stra
tegy
, th
e Im
port
Ban
is
likel
y to
bri
ng a
mat
eria
l co
ntri
buti
on t
o th
e ac
hiev
emen
t of
its
obje
ctiv
e of
red
ucin
g th
e ex
posu
re to
ris
ks a
risi
ng f
rom
the
accu
mul
atio
n of
was
te ty
res.
On
the
basi
s of
the
se c
onsi
dera
tions
, w
e ar
e of
the
vie
w t
hat
the
Pane
l di
d no
t er
r in
fin
ding
tha
t th
e
Impo
rt B
an c
ontr
ibut
es to
the
achi
evem
ent o
f it
s ob
ject
ive.
[…
]
178.
W
e be
gin
our
anal
ysis
by
reca
lling
tha
t, in
ord
er t
o de
term
ine
whe
ther
a m
easu
re i
s
"nec
essa
ry"
with
in t
he m
eani
ng o
f A
rtic
le X
X(b
) of
the
GA
TT
199
4, a
pan
el m
ust
cons
ider
the
rele
vant
fac
tors
, par
ticul
arly
the
im
port
ance
of
the
inte
rest
s or
val
ues
at s
take
, the
ext
ent
of t
he
cont
ribu
tion
to t
he a
chie
vem
ent
of t
he m
easu
re's
obj
ectiv
e, a
nd i
ts t
rade
res
tric
tiven
ess.
If
thi
s
anal
ysis
yie
lds
a pr
elim
inar
y co
nclu
sion
tha
t th
e m
easu
re i
s ne
cess
ary,
thi
s re
sult
mus
t be
conf
irm
ed b
y co
mpa
ring
the
mea
sure
with
pos
sibl
e al
tern
ativ
es,
whi
ch m
ay b
e le
ss t
rade
rest
rict
ive
whi
le p
rovi
ding
an
equi
vale
nt c
ontr
ibut
ion
to t
he a
chie
vem
ent
of t
he o
bjec
tive.
T
his
com
pari
son
shou
ld b
e ca
rrie
d ou
t in
the
lig
ht o
f th
e im
port
ance
of
the
inte
rest
s or
val
ues
at
stak
e.
It is
thro
ugh
this
pro
cess
that
a p
anel
det
erm
ines
whe
ther
a m
easu
re is
nec
essa
ry.
179.
In
thi
s ca
se, t
he P
anel
ide
ntif
ied
the
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Im
port
Ban
as
bein
g th
e re
duct
ion
of th
e ex
posu
re to
ris
ks a
risi
ng f
rom
the
accu
mul
atio
n of
was
te ty
res.
It a
sses
sed
the
impo
rtan
ce
of t
he i
nter
ests
und
erly
ing
this
obj
ectiv
e.
It f
ound
tha
t ri
sks
of d
engu
e fe
ver
and
mal
aria
ari
se
from
the
acc
umul
atio
n of
was
te t
yres
and
tha
t th
e ob
ject
ive
of p
rote
ctin
g hu
man
lif
e an
d he
alth
agai
nst
such
dis
ease
s "i
s bo
th v
ital
and
im
port
ant
in t
he h
ighe
st d
egre
e".
The
Pan
el n
oted
tha
t
the
obje
ctiv
e of
the
Im
port
Ban
als
o re
late
s to
the
pro
tect
ion
of t
he e
nvir
onm
ent,
a va
lue
that
it
cons
ider
ed—
corr
ectly
, in
ou
r vi
ew—
impo
rtan
t.
The
n,
the
Pane
l an
alyz
ed
the
trad
e
rest
rict
iven
ess
of t
he I
mpo
rt B
an a
nd i
ts c
ontr
ibut
ion
to t
he a
chie
vem
ent
of i
ts o
bjec
tive
. I
t
appe
ars
from
the
Pan
el's
rea
soni
ng t
hat
it co
nsid
ered
tha
t, in
the
lig
ht o
f th
e im
port
ance
of
the
inte
rest
s pr
otec
ted
by t
he o
bjec
tive
of t
he I
mpo
rt B
an, t
he c
ontr
ibut
ion
of t
he I
mpo
rt B
an t
o th
e
achi
evem
ent
of i
ts o
bjec
tive
outw
eigh
s its
tra
de r
estr
icti
vene
ss.
Thi
s fi
ndin
g of
the
Pan
el d
oes
not a
ppea
r er
rone
ous
to u
s.
180.
T
he P
anel
then
pro
ceed
ed to
exa
min
e th
e al
tern
ativ
es to
the
Impo
rt B
an p
ropo
sed
by th
e
Eur
opea
n C
omm
uniti
es.
The
Pan
el e
xpla
ined
tha
t so
me
of t
hem
cou
ld n
ot b
e vi
ewed
as
alte
rnat
ives
to th
e Im
port
Ban
bec
ause
they
wer
e co
mpl
emen
tary
to it
and
wer
e al
read
y in
clud
ed
in B
razi
l's c
ompr
ehen
sive
pol
icy.
N
ext,
the
Pane
l co
mpa
red
the
othe
r al
tern
ativ
es p
ropo
sed
by
the
Eur
opea
n C
omm
uniti
es—
land
filli
ng, s
tock
pilin
g, in
cine
ratio
n, a
nd m
ater
ial r
ecyc
ling—
with
the
Impo
rt B
an,
taki
ng i
nto
cons
ider
atio
n th
e sp
ecif
ic r
isks
ass
ocia
ted
with
the
se p
ropo
sed
alte
rnat
ives
. T
he P
anel
con
clud
ed f
rom
thi
s co
mpa
rativ
e as
sess
men
t th
at n
one
of t
he p
ropo
sed
optio
ns w
as a
rea
sona
bly
avai
labl
e al
tern
ativ
e to
the
Impo
rt B
an.
181.
T
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
itie
s ar
gues
tha
t th
e Pa
nel
faile
d to
mak
e a
prop
er c
olle
ctiv
e
asse
ssm
ent
of a
ll th
e pr
opos
ed a
ltern
ativ
es,
a co
nten
tion
tha
t do
es n
ot s
tand
for
the
fol
low
ing
reas
ons.
Firs
t, th
e Pa
nel
did
refe
r to
its
co
llect
ive
exam
inat
ion
of
thes
e al
tern
ativ
es
in
conc
ludi
ng t
hat
"non
e of
the
se,
eith
er i
ndiv
idua
lly o
r co
llec
tive
ly,
wou
ld b
e su
ch t
hat
the
risk
s
aris
ing
from
was
te t
yres
in
Bra
zil
wou
ld b
e sa
fely
eli
min
ated
, as
is
inte
nded
by
the
curr
ent
impo
rt b
an."
Se
cond
ly,
as n
oted
by
the
Pane
l an
d di
scus
sed
abov
e, s
ome
of t
he p
ropo
sed
Page
28
of 4
0
alte
rnat
ives
are
not
rea
l sub
stitu
tes
for
the
Impo
rt B
an s
ince
they
com
plem
ent e
ach
othe
r as
par
t
of B
razi
l's c
ompr
ehen
sive
pol
icy.
F
inal
ly,
havi
ng f
ound
tha
t ot
her
prop
osed
alte
rnat
ives
wer
e
not
reas
onab
ly a
vaila
ble
or c
arri
ed t
heir
ow
n ri
sks,
the
se a
lter
nati
ves
wou
ld n
ot h
ave
wei
ghed
diff
eren
tly in
a c
olle
ctiv
e as
sess
men
t of
alte
rnat
ives
.
182.
In
sum
, th
e Pa
nel's
con
clus
ion
that
the
Im
port
Ban
is
nece
ssar
y w
as t
he r
esul
t of
a
proc
ess
invo
lvin
g,
firs
t, th
e ex
amin
atio
n of
th
e co
ntri
butio
n of
th
e Im
port
B
an
to
the
achi
evem
ent
of i
ts o
bjec
tive
agai
nst
its t
rade
res
tric
tive
ness
in
the
light
of
the
inte
rest
s at
sta
ke,
and,
sec
ondl
y, t
he c
ompa
riso
n of
the
pos
sibl
e al
tern
ativ
es,
incl
udin
g as
soci
ated
ris
ks,
with
the
Impo
rt B
an.
The
ana
lytic
al p
roce
ss f
ollo
wed
by
the
Pane
l is
con
sist
ent
with
the
app
roac
h
prev
ious
ly d
efin
ed b
y th
e A
ppel
late
Bod
y.
The
wei
ghin
g an
d ba
lanc
ing
is a
hol
istic
ope
ratio
n
that
invo
lves
put
ting
all t
he v
aria
bles
of
the
equa
tion
toge
ther
and
eva
luat
ing
them
in r
elat
ion
to
each
oth
er a
fter
hav
ing
exam
ined
them
indi
vidu
ally
, in
orde
r to
rea
ch a
n ov
eral
l jud
gem
ent.
We
ther
efor
e do
not
sha
re t
he E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
' vie
w t
hat
the
Pane
l di
d no
t "a
ctua
lly"
wei
gh
and
bala
nce
the
rele
vant
fac
tors
, o
r th
at t
he P
anel
mad
e a
met
hodo
logi
cal
erro
r in
com
pari
ng
the
alte
rnat
ive
optio
ns p
ropo
sed
by th
e E
urop
ean
Com
mun
ities
wit
h th
e Im
port
Ban
.
183.
In
the
lig
ht o
f al
l th
ese
cons
ider
atio
ns,
we
are
of t
he v
iew
tha
t th
e Pa
nel
did
not
err
in
the
man
ner
it co
nduc
ted
its a
naly
sis
unde
r A
rtic
le X
X(b
) of
the
GA
TT
199
4 as
to
whe
ther
the
Impo
rt B
an w
as "
nece
ssar
y to
pro
tect
hum
an, a
nim
al o
r pl
ant l
ife
or h
ealth
".
C. G
ener
al C
oncl
usio
n on
the
Nec
essi
ty A
naly
sis
unde
r A
rtic
le X
X(b
) of
the
GA
TT
199
4
210.
A
t th
is s
tage
, it
may
be
usef
ul t
o re
capi
tula
te o
ur v
iew
s on
the
iss
ue o
f w
heth
er t
he
Impo
rt B
an i
s ne
cess
ary
with
in t
he m
eani
ng o
f A
rtic
le X
X(b
) of
the
GA
TT
199
4.
Thi
s is
sue
illus
trat
es t
he t
ensi
ons
that
may
exi
st b
etw
een,
on
the
one
hand
, in
tern
atio
nal
trad
e an
d, o
n th
e
othe
r ha
nd,
publ
ic h
ealth
and
env
iron
men
tal
conc
erns
ari
sing
fro
m t
he h
andl
ing
of w
aste
gene
rate
d by
a p
rodu
ct a
t th
e en
d of
its
use
ful
life.
In
thi
s re
spec
t, th
e fu
ndam
enta
l pr
inci
ple
is
the
righ
t th
at W
TO
Mem
bers
hav
e to
det
erm
ine
the
leve
l of
pro
tect
ion
that
the
y co
nsid
er
appr
opri
ate
in a
giv
en c
onte
xt.
Ano
ther
key
ele
men
t of
the
ana
lysi
s of
the
nec
essi
ty o
f a
mea
sure
und
er A
rtic
le X
X(b
) is
the
cont
ribu
tion
it br
ings
to th
e ac
hiev
emen
t of
its
obje
ctiv
e. A
cont
ribu
tion
exis
ts w
hen
ther
e is
a g
enui
ne r
elat
ions
hip
of e
nds
and
mea
ns b
etw
een
the
obje
ctiv
e pu
rsue
d an
d th
e m
easu
re a
t is
sue.
T
o be
cha
ract
eriz
ed a
s ne
cess
ary,
a m
easu
re d
oes
not
have
to
be i
ndis
pens
able
. H
owev
er,
its c
ontr
ibut
ion
to t
he a
chie
vem
ent
of t
he o
bjec
tive
mus
t be
mat
eria
l, no
t m
erel
y m
argi
nal
or i
nsig
nifi
cant
, es
peci
ally
if
the
mea
sure
at
issu
e is
as
trad
e re
stri
ctiv
e as
an
impo
rt b
an.
Thu
s, t
he c
ontr
ibut
ion
of t
he m
easu
re h
as t
o be
wei
ghed
agai
nst
its t
rade
res
tric
tiven
ess,
tak
ing
into
acc
ount
the
im
port
ance
of
the
inte
rest
s or
the
val
ues
unde
rlyi
ng t
he o
bjec
tive
purs
ued
by i
t. A
s a
key
com
pone
nt o
f a
com
preh
ensi
ve p
olic
y ai
min
g
to r
educ
e th
e ri
sks
aris
ing
from
the
accu
mul
atio
n of
was
te ty
res,
the
Impo
rt B
an p
rodu
ces
such
a
mat
eria
l co
ntri
butio
n to
the
rea
lizat
ion
of i
ts o
bjec
tive.
L
ike
the
Pane
l, w
e co
nsid
er t
hat
this
cont
ribu
tion
is s
uffi
cien
t to
con
clud
e th
at t
he I
mpo
rt B
an i
s ne
cess
ary,
in
the
abse
nce
of
reas
onab
ly a
vaila
ble
alte
rnat
ives
.
211.
T
he
Eur
opea
n C
omm
uniti
es
prop
osed
a
seri
es
of
alte
rnat
ives
to
th
e Im
port
B
an.
Whe
reas
th
e Im
port
B
an
is
a pr
even
tive
non-
gene
ratio
n m
easu
re,
mos
t of
th
e pr
opos
ed
alte
rnat
ives
are
was
te m
anag
emen
t an
d di
spos
al m
easu
res
that
are
rem
edia
l in
cha
ract
er.
We
cons
ider
tha
t m
easu
res
to e
ncou
rage
dom
estic
ret
read
ing
or t
o im
prov
e th
e re
trea
dabi
lity
of
Page
29
of 4
0
tyre
s, a
bet
ter
enfo
rcem
ent
of t
he i
mpo
rt b
an o
n us
ed t
yres
, an
d a
bette
r im
plem
enta
tion
of
exis
ting
col
lect
ion
and
disp
osal
sch
emes
, ar
e co
mpl
emen
tary
to
the
Impo
rt B
an;
ind
eed,
the
y
cons
titut
e m
utua
lly s
uppo
rtiv
e el
emen
ts o
f a
com
preh
ensi
ve p
olic
y to
dea
l w
ith w
aste
tyr
es.
The
refo
re, t
hese
mea
sure
s ca
nnot
be
cons
ider
ed r
eal
alte
rnat
ives
to
the
Impo
rt B
an.
As
rega
rds
land
filli
ng,
stoc
kpili
ng,
co-i
ncin
erat
ion
of w
aste
tyr
es,
and
mat
eria
l re
cycl
ing,
the
se r
emed
ial
met
hods
car
ry th
eir
own
risk
s or
, bec
ause
of
the
cost
s in
volv
ed, a
re c
apab
le o
f di
spos
ing
of o
nly
a lim
ited
num
ber
of w
aste
tyre
s. T
he P
anel
did
not
err
in c
oncl
udin
g th
at th
e pr
opos
ed m
easu
res
or p
ract
ices
are
not
rea
sona
bly
avai
labl
e al
tern
ativ
es.
212.
A
ccor
ding
ly,
havi
ng a
lrea
dy f
ound
tha
t th
e Pa
nel
did
not
brea
ch i
ts d
uty
unde
r A
rtic
le
11 o
f th
e D
SU, a
nd i
n th
e li
ght
of t
he a
bove
con
side
rati
ons,
we
uph
old
the
Pan
el's
fin
ding
, in
para
grap
h 7.
215
of t
he P
anel
Rep
ort,
that
the
Im
port
Ban
can
be
cons
ider
ed "
nece
ssar
y to
prot
ect h
uman
, ani
mal
or
plan
t lif
e or
hea
lth.
"
Alb
ania
: P
ower
Sec
tor
Gen
erat
ion
and
Res
truc
turi
ng P
roje
ct (
IDA
Cre
dit
No.
387
2-A
LB
),
Wor
ld
Ban
k’s
Insp
ecti
on
Pan
el,
Inve
stig
atio
n R
epor
t,
7 A
ugus
t 20
09
(par
agra
phs
322-
332)
322.
Giv
en th
at th
e R
eque
stor
s fi
rst a
ppro
ache
d th
e A
arhu
s C
onve
ntio
n C
ompl
ianc
e C
omm
ittee
,
whi
ch
carr
ied
out
its
inqu
iry
befo
re
that
of
th
e Pa
nel,
we
will
su
mm
ariz
e th
e A
arhu
s
inve
stig
atio
n an
d it
s fi
ndin
gs.
323.
Im
port
antly
, th
e A
arhu
s C
onve
ntio
n C
ompl
ianc
e C
omm
ittee
’s r
evie
w f
ocus
ed o
n th
e
actio
ns o
f A
lban
ia (
Part
y),
not
on t
he B
ank.
How
ever
, th
e co
nclu
sion
s of
the
Com
mitt
ee a
re
rele
vant
bec
ause
Ban
k po
licy
give
s th
e m
ain
resp
onsi
bilit
y fo
r co
nsul
tatio
n to
the
bor
row
er a
nd
requ
ires
th
e B
ank
to
ensu
re
that
th
e bo
rrow
er
fulf
ills
this
re
quir
emen
t. Fu
rthe
rmor
e,
requ
irem
ents
of
the
Aar
hus
Con
vent
ion
are
larg
ely
sim
ilar
to B
ank’
s pu
blic
con
sult
atio
n an
d
disc
losu
re r
equi
rem
ents
set
for
th i
n O
P 4.
01.T
he C
omm
ittee
pri
mar
ily a
ddre
ssed
the
iss
ue o
f
publ
ic p
artic
ipat
ion
with
reg
ard
to D
ecis
ion
20 o
f th
e C
ounc
il o
f T
erri
tori
al A
djus
tmen
t of
Alb
ania
, da
ted
Febr
uary
19,
200
3, a
ppro
ving
the
con
stru
ctio
n si
te o
f th
e V
lora
the
rmal
pow
er
stat
ion.
The
Aar
hus
Com
mitt
ee d
eter
min
ed t
hat
the
requ
irem
ents
of
para
grap
hs 3
, 4
and
8 of
Art
icle
6 o
f th
e A
arhu
s C
onve
ntio
n319
are
app
lica
ble.
Art
icle
6 o
f th
e A
arhu
s C
onve
ntio
n
appl
ies
to d
ecis
ions
on
prop
osed
act
ivit
ies
list
ed i
n A
nnex
I,
whi
ch i
nclu
de t
herm
al p
ower
stat
ions
and
oth
er c
ombu
stio
n in
stal
latio
ns w
ith h
eat
inpu
t of
50
meg
awat
ts o
r m
ore,
am
ong
othe
r ac
tivi
ties
, an
d to
dec
isio
ns o
n ot
her
prop
osed
act
iviti
es w
hich
may
hav
e “a
sig
nifi
cant
effe
ct o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t.”
324.
Reg
ardi
ng t
he d
ecis
ion
to e
stab
lish
the
site
of
the
ther
mal
pow
er p
lant
, th
e A
arhu
s
Com
mitt
ee c
oncl
uded
tha
t th
e on
ly e
lem
ent
of p
ublic
par
ticip
atio
n in
thi
s ph
ase
of t
he p
roce
ss
appe
ars
to h
ave
been
the
pub
lic m
eetin
g th
at t
ook
plac
e on
Oct
ober
28
or 3
1, 2
002.
The
Aar
hus
Com
mitt
ee e
xam
ined
the
min
utes
and
the
lis
t of
par
ticip
ants
of
the
Oct
ober
31,
200
2, m
eeti
ng
and
com
pare
d th
em w
ith t
he m
inut
es a
nd t
he l
ist
of p
arti
cipa
nts
of t
he S
epte
mbe
r 3,
200
3
mee
ting.
The
Aar
hus
Com
mitt
ee n
oted
“ou
t of
16
ques
tions
put
for
war
d by
the
par
ticip
ants
of
the
firs
t mee
ting
and
18 q
uest
ions
rai
sed
at th
e se
cond
mee
ting,
12
are
exac
tly th
e sa
me.
”
325.
The
Aar
hus
Com
mitt
ee f
urth
er n
oted
tha
t ni
ne o
f th
ese
ques
tions
rec
eive
d pr
actic
ally
verb
atim
ide
ntic
al r
epli
es.
In a
ddit
ion,
int
rodu
ctio
ns t
o th
e m
eeti
ngs
and
som
e of
the
gen
eral
Page
30
of 4
0
inte
rven
tion
s m
ade
by th
e pu
blic
off
icia
ls w
ere
also
iden
tica
l. T
he A
arhu
s C
omm
itte
e fo
und
that
the
lists
of
part
icip
ants
of
the
two
mee
ting
s di
ffer
onl
y re
gard
ing
four
add
itio
nal p
ubli
c of
fici
als
who
at
tend
ed
the
firs
t m
eetin
g.
The
A
arhu
s C
omm
itte
e st
ated
th
at
“the
re
sult
s of
th
is
com
para
tive
anal
ysis
rai
se s
erio
us c
once
rns
rega
rdin
g th
e ex
tent
to
whi
ch t
he r
epor
t of
the
mee
ting
can
be r
elie
d up
on a
s an
acc
urat
e re
cord
of
the
proc
eedi
ngs
as w
ell
as r
egar
ding
the
genu
ine
natu
re o
f th
e qu
estio
ns a
nd c
once
rns
rais
ed,
reco
rded
and
sub
sequ
ently
tak
en i
nto
acco
unt i
n th
e de
cisi
on-m
akin
g pr
oces
s.”
326.
Wit
h re
spec
t to
the
Oct
ober
31,
200
2, m
eetin
g, t
he A
arhu
s C
omm
ittee
con
clud
ed t
he
foll
owin
g:
“The
unc
lear
cir
cum
stan
ces
surr
ound
ing
the
mee
ting
in O
ctob
er 2
002,
and
the
fail
ure
of
the
Part
y co
ncer
ned
to p
rovi
de a
nyth
ing
to s
ubst
antia
te t
he c
laim
tha
t th
e m
eeti
ng w
as
duly
ann
ounc
ed a
nd o
pen
for
publ
ic p
artic
ipat
ion,
as
wel
l as
con
cern
s ab
out
the
qual
ity
of t
he m
eetin
g re
cord
s, l
ead
the
Com
mit
tee
to c
oncl
ude
that
the
Par
ty c
once
rned
fai
led
to c
ompl
y w
ith th
e re
quir
emen
ts f
or p
ublic
par
tici
pati
on s
et o
ut in
par
agra
phs
3, 4
and
8
of a
rtic
le 6
of
the
Con
vent
ion.
”
327.
The
Aar
hus
Com
mitt
ee a
lso
revi
ewed
and
com
men
ted
on t
he m
eetin
gs t
hat
took
pla
ce o
n
Apr
il 2
, 20
03,
and
Sept
embe
r 3,
200
3. (
As
note
d ab
ove,
Man
agem
ent
indi
cate
s th
at t
he
mee
ting
s he
ld o
n A
pril
2, 2
003,
and
Sep
tem
ber
3, 2
003
corr
espo
nd to
the
tw
o E
A c
onsu
ltat
ions
requ
ired
by
the
Ban
k fo
r a
Cat
egor
y A
pro
ject
.) T
he A
arhu
s C
omm
ittee
sta
ted
that
the
tw
o
mee
tings
tha
t to
ok p
lace
on
Apr
il 2,
200
3, a
nd S
epte
mbe
r 3,
200
3, t
ook
plac
e af
ter
the
deci
sion
on t
he a
ppro
val
of t
he c
onst
ruct
ion
site
in
Vlo
ra a
nd “
ther
efor
e ca
nnot
be
cons
ider
ed a
s ev
ents
cont
ribu
ting
to th
e in
volv
emen
t of
the
publ
ic in
that
dec
isio
n.”
328.
The
Aar
hus
Com
mitt
ee f
urth
er n
oted
tha
t A
lban
ia d
id n
ot p
rovi
de a
ny i
nfor
mat
ion
“to
dem
onst
rate
tha
t th
e m
eeti
ngs
in A
pril
and
Sep
tem
ber
2003
wer
e pu
blic
ly a
nnou
nced
, so
as
to
allo
w m
embe
rs o
f th
e pu
blic
opp
osin
g th
e pr
ojec
t to
act
ivel
y ta
ke p
art
in t
he d
ecis
ion-
mak
ing.
”
In a
dditi
on, t
he A
arhu
s C
omm
ittee
sta
ted
that
Alb
ania
did
not
“gi
ve a
ny r
easo
nabl
e ex
plan
atio
n
as to
why
the
rath
er s
tron
g lo
cal o
ppos
itio
n to
the
proj
ect,
indi
cate
d by
the
14,0
00 p
eopl
e ca
lling
for
a re
fere
ndum
, was
not
hea
rd o
r re
pres
ente
d pr
oper
ly a
t any
of
thes
e m
eetin
gs.”
With
res
pect
to th
e m
eeti
ngs
held
on
Apr
il 2
, 200
3, a
nd S
epte
mbe
r 3,
200
3, th
e A
arhu
s C
omm
ittee
con
clud
ed
that
“[t
]his
giv
es r
ise
to c
once
rns
that
the
inv
itatio
n pr
oces
s al
so a
t th
is s
tage
was
sel
ectiv
e an
d
insu
ffic
ient
.”
329.
Fol
low
ing
its
fiel
d in
quir
y, t
he A
arhu
s C
omm
itte
e (s
ee B
ox 1
, C
h.1)
iss
ued
its
over
all
conc
lusi
on a
fter
its
Jun
e 20
07 m
eeti
ng.
The
Aar
hus
Com
mit
tee
foun
d th
at:
“[a]
ltho
ugh
som
e
effo
rts
wer
e m
ade
to p
rovi
de f
or p
ublic
par
ticip
atio
n, t
hese
lar
gely
too
k pl
ace
afte
r th
e cr
ucia
l
deci
sion
on
sitin
g an
d w
ere
subj
ect
to s
ome
qual
itativ
e de
fici
enci
es,
lead
ing
the
Com
mitt
ee t
o
find
that
the
Part
y co
ncer
ned
faile
d to
com
ply
fully
with
the
requ
irem
ents
in q
uest
ion.
”
330.
In
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
OP
4.01
, it
is
nece
ssar
y th
at a
n E
A t
akes
int
o ac
coun
t, in
ter
alia
, th
e
coun
try’
s ob
ligat
ions
per
tain
ing
to p
roje
ct a
ctiv
ities
und
er r
elev
ant
inte
rnat
iona
l en
viro
nmen
tal
trea
ties
and
agre
emen
ts.
OP
4.01
sta
tes
that
the
Ban
k do
es n
ot f
inan
ce p
roje
ct a
ctiv
ities
tha
t
wou
ld c
ontr
aven
e a
coun
try’
s ob
ligat
ions
und
er a
ny s
uch
inte
rnat
iona
l tre
aty
or a
gree
men
t.
331.
As
note
d ab
ove,
with
res
pect
to
the
prop
osed
the
rmal
pow
er p
lant
, the
Aar
hus
Com
mit
tee
foun
d th
at s
ome
effo
rts
wer
e m
ade
to p
rovi
de f
or p
ubli
c pa
rtic
ipat
ion,
but
not
ed t
hat
“…th
ese
Page
31
of 4
0
larg
ely
took
pla
ce a
fter
the
cru
cial
dec
isio
n on
siti
ng a
nd w
ere
subj
ect
to s
ome
qual
itativ
e
defi
cien
cies
”.
The
A
arhu
s C
omm
ittee
co
nclu
ded
that
A
lban
ia
faile
d to
co
mpl
y w
ith
the
requ
irem
ents
for
pub
lic p
artic
ipat
ion
set
out
in p
arag
raph
s 3,
4 a
nd 8
of
Art
icle
6 o
f th
e A
arhu
s
Con
vent
ion.
332.
Bas
ed o
n th
e fo
rego
ing,
the
Pan
el f
inds
tha
t M
anag
emen
t di
d no
t en
sure
tha
t th
e Pr
ojec
t
prep
arat
ion
activ
ities
com
plie
d w
ith t
he c
onsu
ltati
on a
nd p
ubli
c pa
rtic
ipat
ion
requ
irem
ents
of
the
Aar
hus
Con
vent
ion.
Thi
s do
es n
ot c
ompl
y w
ith
OP
4.01
.
Cas
e C
once
rnin
g P
ulp
Mill
s on
the
Riv
er U
rugu
ay (
Arg
entin
a/U
rugu
ay),
Jud
gmen
t of
the
Int
erna
tion
al C
ourt
of
Just
ice,
20
Apr
il 20
10 (
para
s 10
1, 1
64, 1
77, 1
88, 2
04-
205,
215
-217
and
219
)
101.
The
Cou
rt p
oint
s ou
t tha
t the
pri
ncip
le o
f pr
even
tion,
as
a cu
stom
ary
rule
, has
its
orig
ins
in
the
due
dilig
ence
tha
t is
req
uire
d of
a S
tate
in
its t
erri
tory
. It
is “
ever
y St
ate’
s ob
ligat
ion
not
to
allo
w k
now
ingl
y its
ter
rito
ry t
o be
use
d fo
r ac
ts c
ontr
ary
to t
he r
ight
s of
oth
er S
tate
s” (
Cor
fu
Cha
nnel
(U
nite
d K
ingd
om v
. Alb
ania
), M
erit
s, J
udgm
ent,
I.C
.J. R
epor
ts 1
949,
p. 2
2). A
Sta
te is
thus
obl
iged
to
use
all
the
mea
ns a
t its
dis
posa
l in
ord
er t
o av
oid
activ
ities
whi
ch t
ake
plac
e in
its t
erri
tory
, or
in a
ny a
rea
unde
r its
jur
isdi
ctio
n, c
ausi
ng s
igni
fica
nt d
amag
e to
the
env
iron
men
t
of a
noth
er S
tate
. T
his
Cou
rt h
as e
stab
lishe
d th
at t
his
obli
gati
on “
is n
ow p
art
of t
he c
orpu
s of
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w r
elat
ing
to t
he e
nvir
onm
ent”
(L
egal
ity
of t
he T
hrea
t or
Use
of
Nuc
lear
Wea
pons
, Adv
isor
y O
pini
on, I
.C.J
. Rep
orts
199
6 (I
), p
. 242
, par
a. 2
9).
[…]
164.
Reg
ardi
ng t
he a
rgum
ents
put
for
war
d by
Arg
enti
na o
n th
e re
vers
al o
f th
e bu
rden
of
proo
f
and
on th
e ex
iste
nce,
vis
-à-v
is e
ach
Par
ty, o
f an
equ
al o
nus
to p
rove
und
er th
e 19
75 S
tatu
te, t
he
Cou
rt c
onsi
ders
tha
t w
hile
a p
reca
utio
nary
app
roac
h m
ay b
e re
leva
nt i
n th
e in
terp
reta
tion
and
appl
icat
ion
of th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
the
Stat
ute,
it d
oes
not f
ollo
w th
at it
ope
rate
s as
a r
ever
sal o
f th
e
burd
en o
f pr
oof.
The
Cou
rt i
s al
so o
f th
e vi
ew t
hat
ther
e is
not
hing
in
the
1975
Sta
tute
its
elf
to
indi
cate
that
it p
lace
s th
e bu
rden
of
proo
f eq
ually
on
both
Par
ties.
[…]
177.
Reg
ardi
ng A
rtic
le 2
7, i
t is
the
vie
w o
f th
e C
ourt
tha
t its
for
mul
atio
n re
flec
ts n
ot o
nly
the
need
to
reco
ncile
the
var
ied
inte
rest
s of
rip
aria
n St
ates
in
a tr
ansb
ound
ary
cont
ext
and
in
part
icul
ar i
n th
e us
e of
a s
hare
d na
tura
l re
sour
ce,
but
also
the
nee
d to
str
ike
a ba
lanc
e be
twee
n
the
use
of t
he w
ater
s an
d th
e pr
otec
tion
of t
he r
iver
con
sist
ent
wit
h th
e ob
ject
ive
of s
usta
inab
le
deve
lopm
ent.
The
Cou
rt h
as a
lrea
dy d
ealt
with
the
obl
igat
ions
ari
sing
fro
m A
rtic
les
7 to
12
of
the
1975
Sta
tute
whi
ch h
ave
to b
e ob
serv
ed,
acco
rdin
g to
Art
icle
27,
by
any
Part
y w
ishi
ng t
o
exer
cise
its
righ
t to
use
the
wat
ers
of th
e ri
ver
for
any
of th
e pu
rpos
es m
enti
oned
ther
ein
inso
far
as s
uch
use
may
be
liabl
e to
aff
ect t
he r
égim
e of
the
rive
r or
the
qual
ity o
f its
wat
ers.
The
Cou
rt
wis
hes
to a
dd t
hat
such
uti
lizat
ion
coul
d no
t be
con
side
red
to b
e eq
uita
ble
and
reas
onab
le i
f th
e
inte
rest
s of
the
oth
er r
ipar
ian
Stat
e in
the
sha
red
reso
urce
and
the
env
iron
men
tal
prot
ecti
on o
f
the
latte
r w
ere
not
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt.
Con
sequ
ently
, it
is
the
opin
ion
of t
he C
ourt
tha
t A
rtic
le
27 e
mbo
dies
thi
s in
terc
onne
cted
ness
bet
wee
n eq
uita
ble
and
reas
onab
le u
tiliz
atio
n of
a s
hare
d
reso
urce
and
the
bal
ance
bet
wee
n ec
onom
ic d
evel
opm
ent
and
envi
ronm
enta
l pr
otec
tion
tha
t is
the
esse
nce
of s
usta
inab
le d
evel
opm
ent.
Page
32
of 4
0
[…]
188.
Thi
s vi
gila
nce
and
prev
enti
on is
all
the
mor
e im
port
ant i
n th
e pr
eser
vati
on o
f th
e ec
olog
ical
bala
nce,
sin
ce t
he n
egat
ive
impa
ct o
f hu
man
act
ivit
ies
on t
he w
ater
s of
the
riv
er m
ay a
ffec
t
othe
r co
mpo
nent
s of
the
eco
syst
em o
f th
e w
ater
cour
se s
uch
as i
ts f
lora
, fa
una,
and
soi
l. T
he
oblig
atio
n to
co-
ordi
nate
, th
roug
h th
e C
omm
issi
on,
the
adop
tion
of t
he n
eces
sary
mea
sure
s, a
s
wel
l as
the
ir e
nfor
cem
ent
and
obse
rvan
ce, a
ssum
es,
in t
his
cont
ext,
a ce
ntra
l ro
le i
n th
e ov
eral
l
syst
em o
f pr
otec
tion
of t
he R
iver
Uru
guay
est
ablis
hed
by t
he 1
975
Stat
ute.
It
is t
here
fore
of
cruc
ial i
mpo
rtan
ce th
at th
e Pa
rtie
s re
spec
t thi
s ob
ligat
ion.
[…]
204.
It
is t
he o
pini
on o
f th
e C
ourt
tha
t in
ord
er f
or t
he P
arti
es p
rope
rly
to c
ompl
y w
ith
thei
r
oblig
atio
ns u
nder
Art
icle
41
(a)
and
(b)
of t
he 1
975
Stat
ute,
the
y m
ust,
for
the
purp
oses
of
prot
ectin
g an
d pr
eser
ving
the
aqua
tic e
nvir
onm
ent w
ith
resp
ect t
o ac
tiviti
es w
hich
may
be
liabl
e
to c
ause
tra
nsbo
unda
ry h
arm
, ca
rry
out
an e
nvir
onm
enta
l im
pact
ass
essm
ent.
As
the
Cou
rt h
as
obse
rved
in th
e ca
se c
once
rnin
g th
e D
ispu
te R
egar
ding
Nav
igat
iona
l an
d R
elat
ed R
ight
s, “
ther
e
are
situ
atio
ns in
whi
ch th
e pa
rtie
s’ in
tent
upo
n co
nclu
sion
of
the
trea
ty w
as, o
r m
ay b
e pr
esum
ed
to h
ave
been
, to
giv
e th
e te
rms
used
� o
r so
me
of t
hem
� a
mea
ning
or
cont
ent
capa
ble
of
evol
ving
, no
t on
e fi
xed
once
and
for
all,
so
as t
o m
ake
allo
wan
ce f
or,
amon
g ot
her
thin
gs,
deve
lopm
ents
in in
tern
atio
nal l
aw”
(Dis
pute
Reg
ardi
ng N
avig
atio
nal
and
Rel
ated
Rig
hts
(Cos
ta
Ric
a v.
Nic
arag
ua),
Jud
gmen
t of
13
July
200
9, p
ara.
64)
. In
this
sen
se, t
he o
blig
atio
n to
pro
tect
and
pres
erve
, un
der
Art
icle
41
(a)
of t
he S
tatu
te,
has
to b
e in
terp
rete
d in
acc
orda
nce
wit
h a
prac
tice,
whi
ch in
rec
ent y
ears
has
gai
ned
so m
uch
acce
ptan
ce a
mon
g St
ates
that
it m
ay n
ow b
e
cons
ider
ed a
req
uire
men
t un
der
gene
ral
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w t
o un
dert
ake
an e
nvir
onm
enta
l im
pact
asse
ssm
ent
whe
re t
here
is
a ri
sk t
hat
the
prop
osed
ind
ustr
ial
activ
ity m
ay h
ave
a si
gnif
ican
t
adve
rse
impa
ct i
n a
tran
sbou
ndar
y co
ntex
t, in
par
ticul
ar,
on a
sha
red
reso
urce
. M
oreo
ver,
due
dili
genc
e, a
nd th
e du
ty o
f vi
gila
nce
and
prev
entio
n w
hich
it im
plie
s, w
ould
not
be
cons
ider
ed to
have
bee
n ex
erci
sed,
if
a pa
rty
plan
ning
wor
ks l
iabl
e to
aff
ect
the
régi
me
of t
he r
iver
or
the
qual
ity o
f its
wat
ers
did
not
unde
rtak
e an
env
iron
men
tal
impa
ct a
sses
smen
t on
the
pot
entia
l
effe
cts
of s
uch
wor
ks.
205.
The
Cou
rt o
bser
ves
that
nei
ther
the
197
5 St
atut
e no
r ge
nera
l in
tern
atio
nal
law
spe
cify
the
scop
e an
d co
nten
t of
an e
nvir
onm
enta
l im
pact
ass
essm
ent.
It p
oint
s ou
t mor
eove
r th
at A
rgen
tina
and
Uru
guay
are
not
par
ties
to
the
Esp
oo C
onve
ntio
n. F
inal
ly,
the
Cou
rt n
otes
tha
t th
e ot
her
inst
rum
ent
to w
hich
Arg
entin
a re
fers
in
supp
ort
of i
ts a
rgum
ents
, nam
ely,
the
UN
EP
Goa
ls a
nd
Prin
cipl
es,
is n
ot b
indi
ng o
n th
e Pa
rtie
s, b
ut,
as g
uide
lines
iss
ued
by a
n in
tern
atio
nal
tech
nica
l
body
, ha
s to
be
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt b
y ea
ch P
arty
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith A
rtic
le 4
1 (a
) in
ado
ptin
g
mea
sure
s w
ithin
its
dom
estic
reg
ulat
ory
fram
ewor
k. M
oreo
ver,
thi
s in
stru
men
t pr
ovid
es o
nly
that
th
e “e
nvir
onm
enta
l ef
fect
s in
an
E
IA
shou
ld
be
asse
ssed
w
ith
a de
gree
of
de
tail
com
men
sura
te w
ith t
heir
lik
ely
envi
ronm
enta
l si
gnif
ican
ce”
(Pri
ncip
le 5
) w
ithou
t gi
ving
any
indi
catio
n of
min
imum
cor
e co
mpo
nent
s of
the
ass
essm
ent.
Con
sequ
ently
, it
is
the
view
of
the
Cou
rt t
hat
it is
for
eac
h S
tate
to
dete
rmin
e in
its
dom
estic
leg
isla
tion
or i
n th
e au
thor
izat
ion
proc
ess
for
the
proj
ect,
the
spec
ific
con
tent
of
the
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
ass
essm
ent
requ
ired
in
each
cas
e, h
avin
g re
gard
to th
e na
ture
and
mag
nitu
de o
f th
e pr
opos
ed d
evel
opm
ent a
nd it
s li
kely
adve
rse
impa
ct
on
the
envi
ronm
ent
as
wel
l as
to
th
e ne
ed
to
exer
cise
du
e di
ligen
ce
in
cond
uctin
g su
ch
an
asse
ssm
ent.
The
C
ourt
al
so
cons
ider
s th
at
an
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
Page
33
of 4
0
asse
ssm
ent
mus
t be
con
duct
ed p
rior
to
the
impl
emen
tati
on o
f a
proj
ect.
Mor
eove
r, o
nce
oper
atio
ns h
ave
star
ted
and,
whe
re n
eces
sary
, th
roug
hout
the
lif
e of
the
pro
ject
, co
ntin
uous
mon
itori
ng o
f its
eff
ects
on
the
envi
ronm
ent s
hall
be u
nder
take
n.
[...]
(ii)
Con
sult
atio
n of
the
aff
ecte
d po
pula
tion
s
215.
The
Par
ties
disa
gree
on
the
exte
nt t
o w
hich
the
pop
ulat
ions
lik
ely
to b
e af
fect
ed b
y th
e
cons
truc
tion
of
the
Ori
on (
Bot
nia)
mil
l, pa
rtic
ular
ly o
n th
e A
rgen
tine
side
of
the
rive
r, w
ere
cons
ulte
d in
the
cou
rse
of t
he e
nvir
onm
enta
l im
pact
ass
essm
ent.
Whi
le b
oth
Part
ies
agre
e th
at
cons
ulta
tion
of
th
e af
fect
ed
popu
latio
ns
shou
ld
form
pa
rt
of
an
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
asse
ssm
ent,
Arg
entin
a as
sert
s th
at i
nter
natio
nal
law
im
pose
s sp
ecif
ic o
blig
atio
ns o
n St
ates
in
this
reg
ard.
In
supp
ort
of t
his
argu
men
t, A
rgen
tina
poi
nts
to A
rtic
les
2.6
and
3.8
of t
he E
spoo
Con
vent
ion,
Art
icle
13
of t
he 2
001
Inte
rnat
iona
l L
aw C
omm
issi
on d
raft
Art
icle
s on
Pre
vent
ion
of T
rans
boun
dary
Har
m f
rom
Haz
ardo
us A
ctiv
ities
, and
Pri
ncip
les
7 an
d 8
of t
he U
NE
P G
oals
and
Prin
cipl
es.
Uru
guay
con
side
rs t
hat
the
prov
isio
ns i
nvok
ed b
y A
rgen
tina
cann
ot s
erve
as
a
lega
l ba
sis
for
an o
blig
atio
n to
con
sult
the
affe
cted
pop
ulat
ions
and
add
s th
at i
n an
y ev
ent
the
affe
cted
pop
ulat
ions
had
inde
ed b
een
cons
ulte
d.
216.
The
Cou
rt i
s of
the
vie
w t
hat
no l
egal
obl
igat
ion
to c
onsu
lt th
e af
fect
ed p
opul
atio
ns a
rise
s
for
the
Part
ies
from
the
inst
rum
ents
invo
ked
by A
rgen
tina.
217.
Reg
ardi
ng t
he f
acts
, th
e C
ourt
not
es t
hat
both
bef
ore
and
afte
r th
e gr
antin
g of
the
ini
tial
envi
ronm
enta
l au
thor
izat
ion,
Uru
guay
did
und
erta
ke a
ctiv
ities
aim
ed a
t co
nsul
ting
the
affe
cted
popu
latio
ns,
both
on
the
Arg
enti
ne a
nd t
he U
rugu
ayan
sid
es o
f th
e ri
ver.
The
se a
ctiv
ities
incl
uded
mee
ting
s on
2 D
ecem
ber
2003
in R
ío N
egro
, and
on
26 M
ay 2
004
in F
ray
Ben
tos,
with
part
icip
atio
n of
Arg
entin
e no
n-go
vern
men
tal
orga
niza
tions
. In
add
ition
, on
21 D
ecem
ber
2004
,
a pu
blic
hea
ring
was
con
vene
d in
Fra
y B
ento
s w
hich
, ac
cord
ing
to U
rugu
ay,
addr
esse
d am
ong
othe
r su
bjec
ts, t
he “
hand
ling
of
chem
ical
pro
duct
s in
the
plan
t and
in th
e po
rt; t
he a
ppea
ranc
e of
acid
ra
in,
diox
ins,
fu
rans
an
d ot
her
poly
chlo
rate
s of
hi
gh
toxi
city
th
at
coul
d af
fect
th
e
envi
ronm
ent;
com
plia
nce
wit
h th
e St
ockh
olm
Con
vent
ion;
atm
osph
eric
em
issi
ons
of t
he p
lant
;
elec
trom
agne
tic a
nd e
lect
rost
atic
em
issi
ons;
[an
d] li
quid
dis
char
ges
into
the
rive
r”.
Inha
bita
nts
of F
ray
Ben
tos
and
near
by r
egio
ns o
f U
rugu
ay a
nd A
rgen
tina
part
icip
ated
in
the
mee
ting
and
sub
mit
ted
138
docu
men
ts c
onta
inin
g qu
esti
ons
or c
once
rns.
[...]
219.
In
the
ligh
t of
the
abo
ve,
the
Cou
rt f
inds
tha
t co
nsul
tati
on b
y U
rugu
ay o
f th
e af
fect
ed
popu
latio
ns d
id in
deed
take
pla
ce.
Res
pons
ibili
ties
and
Obl
igat
ions
of
Stat
es s
pons
orin
g P
erso
ns a
nd E
ntiti
es w
ith
resp
ect
to
Act
iviti
es
in
The
A
rea,
A
dvis
ory
Opi
nion
of
th
e Se
abed
D
ispu
tes
Cha
mbe
r of
th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Tri
buna
l fo
r th
e L
aw
of
the
Sea,
F
ebru
ary
2011
(par
as 1
21-1
37 a
nd 1
41-1
63)
V. D
irec
t ob
ligat
ions
of
spon
sori
ng S
tate
s
Page
34
of 4
0
121.
The
obl
igat
ions
of
spon
sori
ng S
tate
s ar
e no
t li
mit
ed t
o th
e du
e di
lige
nce
“obl
igat
ion
to
ensu
re”.
Und
er t
he C
onve
ntio
n an
d re
late
d in
stru
men
ts, s
pons
orin
g St
ates
als
o ha
ve o
blig
atio
ns
wit
h w
hich
the
y ha
ve t
o co
mpl
y in
depe
nden
tly o
f th
eir
oblig
atio
n to
ens
ure
a ce
rtai
n be
havi
our
by th
e sp
onso
red
cont
ract
or. T
hese
obl
igat
ions
may
be
char
acte
rize
d as
“di
rect
obl
igat
ions
”.
122.
Am
ong
the
mos
t im
port
ant
of t
hese
dir
ect
obli
gati
ons
incu
mbe
nt o
n sp
onso
ring
Sta
tes
are:
the
oblig
atio
n to
ass
ist
the
Aut
hori
ty i
n th
e ex
erci
se o
f co
ntro
l ov
er a
ctiv
ities
in
the
Are
a; t
he
oblig
atio
n to
app
ly a
pre
caut
iona
ry a
ppro
ach;
the
obl
igat
ion
to a
pply
bes
t en
viro
nmen
tal
prac
tices
; th
e ob
ligat
ion
to t
ake
mea
sure
s to
ens
ure
the
prov
isio
n of
gua
rant
ees
in t
he e
vent
of
an e
mer
genc
y or
der
by th
e A
utho
rity
for
pro
tect
ion
of th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t; th
e ob
liga
tion
to
ensu
re t
he a
vaila
bilit
y of
rec
ours
e fo
r co
mpe
nsat
ion
in r
espe
ct o
f da
mag
e ca
used
by
pollu
tion;
and
the
oblig
atio
n to
con
duct
env
iron
men
tal
impa
ct a
sses
smen
ts.
The
se o
blig
atio
ns w
ill b
e
exam
ined
in p
arag
raph
s 12
4-15
0.
123.
It m
ust n
ever
thel
ess
be s
tate
d, a
t the
out
set,
that
com
plia
nce
with
thes
e ob
ligat
ions
can
als
o
be s
een
as a
rel
evan
t fac
tor
in m
eetin
g th
e du
e di
ligen
ce “
oblig
atio
n to
ens
ure”
and
that
the
said
oblig
atio
ns a
re in
mos
t cas
es c
ouch
ed a
s ob
ligat
ions
to e
nsur
e co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith a
spe
cifi
c ru
le.
The
obl
igat
ion
to a
ssis
t the
Aut
hori
ty
124.
Pur
suan
t to
the
las
t se
nten
ce o
f ar
ticle
153
, pa
ragr
aph
4, o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n, s
pons
orin
g
Stat
es h
ave
the
oblig
atio
n to
ass
ist
the
Aut
hori
ty i
n its
tas
k of
con
trol
ling
activ
ities
in
the
Are
a
for
the
purp
ose
of
ensu
ring
co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith
the
rele
vant
pr
ovis
ions
of
Pa
rt
XI
of
the
Con
vent
ion
and
rela
ted
inst
rum
ents
. T
his
obli
gatio
n is
to
be m
et “
by t
akin
g al
l m
easu
res
nece
ssar
y to
ens
ure
such
com
plia
nce
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith a
rtic
le 1
39”.
The
obl
igat
ion
of t
he
spon
sori
ng S
tate
s is
a d
irec
t on
e, b
ut i
t is
to
be m
et t
hrou
gh c
ompl
ianc
e w
ith t
he “
due
dilig
ence
obli
gati
on”
set o
ut in
art
icle
139
of
the
Con
vent
ion.
Pre
caut
iona
ry a
ppro
ach
125.
The
Nod
ules
Reg
ulat
ions
and
the
Sulp
hide
s R
egul
atio
ns c
onta
in p
rovi
sion
s th
at e
stab
lish
a
dire
ct
oblig
atio
n fo
r sp
onso
ring
St
ates
. T
his
oblig
atio
n is
re
leva
nt
for
impl
emen
ting
th
e
“res
pons
ibili
ty t
o en
sure
” th
at s
pons
ored
con
trac
tors
mee
t th
e ob
ligat
ions
set
out
in
Part
XI
of
the
Con
vent
ion
and
rela
ted
inst
rum
ents
. T
hese
are
reg
ulat
ion
31,
para
grap
h 2,
of
the
Nod
ules
Reg
ulat
ions
and
reg
ulat
ion
33,
para
grap
h 2,
of
the
Sulp
hide
s R
egul
atio
ns,
both
of
whi
ch s
tate
that
spo
nsor
ing
Stat
es (
as w
ell
as t
he A
utho
rity
) “s
hall
appl
y a
prec
autio
nary
app
roac
h, a
s
refl
ecte
d in
Pri
ncip
le 1
5 of
the
Rio
Dec
lara
tion”
in
orde
r “t
o en
sure
eff
ectiv
e pr
otec
tion
for
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent f
rom
har
mfu
l eff
ects
whi
ch m
ay a
rise
fro
m a
ctiv
ities
in th
e A
rea”
.
126.
Pri
ncip
le 1
5 of
the
199
2 R
io D
ecla
rati
on o
n E
nvir
onm
ent
and
Dev
elop
men
t (h
erei
naft
er
“the
Rio
Dec
lara
tion”
) re
ads:
In o
rder
to
prot
ect
the
envi
ronm
ent,
the
prec
autio
nary
app
roac
h sh
all
be w
idel
y ap
plie
d
by
Stat
es
acco
rdin
g to
th
eir
capa
bilit
ies.
W
here
th
ere
are
thre
ats
of
seri
ous
or
irre
vers
ible
dam
age,
lac
k of
ful
l sc
ient
ific
cer
tain
ty s
hall
not
be u
sed
as a
rea
son
for
post
poni
ng c
ost-
effe
ctiv
e m
easu
res
to p
reve
nt e
nvir
onm
enta
l deg
rada
tion.
Page
35
of 4
0
127.
The
pro
visi
ons
of t
he a
fore
men
tione
d R
egul
atio
ns t
rans
form
thi
s no
n-bi
ndin
g st
atem
ent
of
the
prec
auti
onar
y ap
proa
ch
in
the
Rio
D
ecla
rati
on
into
a
bind
ing
obli
gati
on.
The
impl
emen
tati
on o
f th
e pr
ecau
tiona
ry a
ppro
ach
as d
efin
ed i
n th
ese
Reg
ulat
ions
is
one
of t
he
obli
gati
ons
of s
pons
orin
g St
ates
.
128.
It
shou
ld b
e no
ted
that
whi
le t
he f
irst
sen
tenc
e of
Pri
ncip
le 1
5 se
ems
to r
efer
in
gene
ral
term
s to
the
“pre
caut
iona
ry a
ppro
ach”
, the
sec
ond
sent
ence
lim
its it
s sc
ope
to th
reat
s of
“se
riou
s
or
irre
vers
ible
da
mag
e”
and
to
“cos
t-ef
fect
ive”
m
easu
res
adop
ted
in
orde
r to
pr
even
t
“env
iron
men
tal d
egra
dati
on”.
129.
Mor
eove
r, b
y st
atin
g th
at th
e pr
ecau
tiona
ry a
ppro
ach
shal
l be
appl
ied
by S
tate
s “a
ccor
ding
to t
heir
cap
abili
ties”
, th
e fi
rst
sent
ence
of
Prin
cipl
e 15
int
rodu
ces
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f di
ffer
ence
s
in a
pplic
atio
n of
the
pre
caut
iona
ry a
ppro
ach
in l
ight
of
the
diff
eren
t ca
pabi
litie
s of
eac
h St
ate
(see
par
agra
phs
151-
163)
.
130.
The
ref
eren
ce t
o th
e pr
ecau
tion
ary
appr
oach
as
set
out
in t
he t
wo
Reg
ulat
ions
app
lies
spec
ific
ally
to
th
e ac
tiviti
es
envi
sage
d th
erei
n,
nam
ely,
pr
ospe
ctin
g an
d ex
plor
atio
n fo
r
poly
met
allic
nod
ules
and
pol
ymet
allic
sul
phid
es.
It i
s to
be
expe
cted
tha
t th
e A
utho
rity
will
eith
er r
epea
t or
fur
ther
dev
elop
thi
s ap
proa
ch w
hen
it re
gula
tes
expl
oita
tion
activ
ities
and
activ
ities
con
cern
ing
othe
r ty
pes
of m
iner
als.
131.
Hav
ing
esta
blis
hed
that
und
er t
he N
odul
es R
egul
atio
ns a
nd t
he S
ulph
ides
Reg
ulat
ions
,
both
spo
nsor
ing
Stat
es a
nd t
he A
utho
rity
are
und
er a
n ob
ligat
ion
to a
pply
the
pre
caut
iona
ry
appr
oach
in
resp
ect
of a
ctiv
ities
in
the
Are
a, i
t is
app
ropr
iate
to
poin
t ou
t th
at t
he p
reca
utio
nary
appr
oach
is
also
an
inte
gral
par
t of
the
gen
eral
obl
igat
ion
of d
ue d
ilige
nce
of s
pons
orin
g St
ates
,
whi
ch i
s ap
plic
able
eve
n ou
tsid
e th
e sc
ope
of t
he R
egul
atio
ns.
The
due
dili
genc
e ob
ligat
ion
of
the
spon
sori
ng S
tate
s re
quir
es t
hem
to
take
all
appr
opri
ate
mea
sure
s to
pre
vent
dam
age
that
mig
ht r
esul
t fr
om t
he a
ctiv
ities
of
cont
ract
ors
that
the
y sp
onso
r. T
his
oblig
atio
n ap
plie
s in
situ
atio
ns w
here
sci
entif
ic e
vide
nce
conc
erni
ng t
he s
cope
and
pot
enti
al n
egat
ive
impa
ct o
f th
e
activ
ity i
n qu
estio
n is
ins
uffi
cien
t bu
t w
here
the
re a
re p
laus
ible
ind
icat
ions
of
pote
ntia
l ri
sks.
A
spon
sori
ng S
tate
wou
ld n
ot m
eet
its
obli
gati
on o
f du
e di
ligen
ce i
f it
disr
egar
ded
thos
e ri
sks.
Such
dis
rega
rd w
ould
am
ount
to a
fai
lure
to c
ompl
y w
ith th
e pr
ecau
tiona
ry a
ppro
ach.
132.
The
link
bet
wee
n an
obl
igat
ion
of d
ue d
ilige
nce
and
the
prec
auti
onar
y ap
proa
ch i
s im
plic
it
in th
e T
ribu
nal’
s O
rder
of
27 A
ugus
t 199
9 in
the
Sout
hern
Blu
efin
Tun
a C
ases
(N
ew Z
eala
nd v
.
Japa
n; A
ustr
alia
v.
Japa
n).
Thi
s em
erge
s fr
om t
he d
ecla
ratio
n of
the
Tri
buna
l th
at t
he p
artie
s
“sho
uld
in
the
circ
umst
ance
s ac
t w
ith
prud
ence
an
d ca
utio
n to
en
sure
th
at
cons
erva
tion
mea
sure
s ar
e ta
ken
…”
(IT
LO
S R
epor
ts 1
999,
p. 2
74, a
t pa
ragr
aph
77),
and
is
conf
irm
ed b
y th
e
furt
her
stat
emen
ts
that
“t
here
is
sc
ient
ific
un
cert
aint
y re
gard
ing
mea
sure
s to
be
ta
ken
to
cons
erve
the
sto
ck o
f so
uthe
rn b
luef
in t
una”
(pa
ragr
aph
79)
and
that
“al
thou
gh t
he T
ribu
nal
cann
ot c
oncl
usiv
ely
asse
ss th
e sc
ient
ific
evi
denc
e pr
esen
ted
by th
e pa
rtie
s, it
fin
ds th
at m
easu
res
shou
ld b
e ta
ken
as a
mat
ter
of u
rgen
cy”
(par
agra
ph 8
0).
133.
It
shou
ld b
e fu
rthe
r no
ted
that
the
Sul
phid
es R
egul
atio
ns,
Ann
ex 4
, se
ctio
n 5.
1, i
n se
ttin
g
out a
“st
anda
rd c
laus
e” f
or e
xplo
ratio
n co
ntra
cts,
pro
vide
s th
at:
The
Con
trac
tor
shal
l ta
ke n
eces
sary
mea
sure
s to
pre
vent
, re
duce
and
con
trol
pol
lutio
n an
d ot
her
haza
rds
to th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t ari
sing
fro
m it
s ac
tiviti
es in
the
Are
a as
far
Page
36
of 4
0
as r
easo
nabl
y po
ssib
le a
pply
ing
a pr
ecau
tion
ary
appr
oach
and
bes
t en
viro
nmen
tal
prac
tices
.
Thu
s, t
he p
reca
utio
nary
app
roac
h (c
alle
d “p
rinc
iple
” in
the
Fre
nch
text
of
the
stan
dard
cla
use
just
men
tione
d) i
s a
cont
ract
ual
oblig
atio
n of
the
spo
nsor
ed c
ontr
acto
rs w
hose
com
plia
nce
the
spon
sori
ng S
tate
has
the
resp
onsi
bilit
y to
ens
ure.
134.
In
the
para
llel
pro
visi
on o
f th
e co
rres
pond
ing
stan
dard
cla
uses
for
exp
lora
tion
cont
ract
s in
the
Nod
ules
Reg
ulat
ions
, A
nnex
4,
sect
ion
5.1,
no
refe
renc
e is
mad
e to
the
pre
caut
iona
ry
appr
oach
. H
owev
er,
unde
r th
e ge
nera
l ob
ligat
ion
illu
stra
ted
in p
arag
raph
131
, th
e sp
onso
ring
Stat
e ha
s to
tak
e m
easu
res
with
in t
he f
ram
ewor
k of
its
ow
n le
gal
syst
em i
n or
der
to o
blig
e
spon
sore
d en
titie
s to
ado
pt s
uch
an a
ppro
ach.
135.
The
Cha
mbe
r ob
serv
es t
hat
the
prec
autio
nary
app
roac
h ha
s be
en i
ncor
pora
ted
into
a
grow
ing
num
ber
of i
nter
natio
nal
trea
ties
and
othe
r in
stru
men
ts,
man
y of
whi
ch r
efle
ct t
he
form
ulat
ion
of P
rinc
iple
15
of th
e R
io D
ecla
ratio
n. I
n th
e vi
ew o
f th
e C
ham
ber,
this
has
initi
ated
a tr
end
tow
ards
mak
ing
this
app
roac
h pa
rt o
f cu
stom
ary
inte
rnat
iona
l la
w.
Thi
s tr
end
is c
lear
ly
rein
forc
ed b
y th
e in
clus
ion
of t
he p
reca
utio
nary
app
roac
h in
the
Reg
ulat
ions
and
in
the
“sta
ndar
d cl
ause
” co
ntai
ned
in A
nnex
4,
sect
ion
5.1,
of
the
Sulp
hide
s R
egul
atio
ns.
So d
oes
the
foll
owin
g st
atem
ent
in p
arag
raph
164
of
the
ICJ
Judg
men
t in
Pul
p M
ills
on
the
Riv
er U
rugu
ay
that
“a
prec
autio
nary
app
roac
h m
ay b
e re
leva
nt i
n th
e in
terp
reta
tion
and
app
lica
tion
of
the
prov
isio
ns o
f th
e St
atut
e” (
i.e.,
the
envi
ronm
enta
l bi
late
ral
trea
ty w
hose
int
erpr
etat
ion
was
the
mai
n bo
ne o
f co
nten
tion
betw
een
the
part
ies)
. Thi
s st
atem
ent
may
be
read
in
light
of
artic
le 3
1,
para
grap
h 3(
c),
of t
he V
ienn
a C
onve
ntio
n, a
ccor
ding
to
whi
ch t
he i
nter
pret
atio
n of
a t
reat
y
shou
ld t
ake
into
acc
ount
not
onl
y th
e co
ntex
t bu
t “a
ny r
elev
ant
rule
s of
int
erna
tiona
l la
w
appl
icab
le in
the
rela
tions
bet
wee
n th
e pa
rtie
s”.
Bes
t env
iron
men
tal p
ract
ices
136.
Mor
eove
r, r
egul
atio
n 33
, pa
ragr
aph
2, o
f th
e Su
lphi
des
Reg
ulat
ions
sup
plem
ents
the
spon
sori
ng S
tate
s ob
liga
tion
to
appl
y th
e pr
ecau
tion
ary
appr
oach
with
an
oblig
atio
n to
app
ly
“bes
t env
iron
men
tal p
ract
ices
”. T
he s
ame
oblig
atio
n is
est
ablis
hed
as a
con
trac
tual
obl
igat
ion
in
sect
ion
5.1
of
Ann
ex
4 (S
tand
ard
Cla
uses
fo
r ex
plor
atio
n co
ntra
cts)
of
th
e Su
lphi
des
Reg
ulat
ions
. T
here
is
no
re
fere
nce
to
“bes
t en
viro
nmen
tal
prac
tices
” in
th
e N
odul
es
Reg
ulat
ions
; th
eir
stan
dard
con
trac
t cl
ause
(A
nnex
4,
sect
ion
5.1)
, m
erel
y re
fers
to
the
“bes
t
tech
nolo
gy”
avai
labl
e to
the
con
trac
tor.
The
ado
ptio
n of
hig
her
stan
dard
s in
the
mor
e re
cent
Sulp
hide
s R
egul
atio
ns w
ould
see
m t
o in
dica
te t
hat,
in l
ight
of
the
adva
ncem
ent
in s
cien
tific
know
ledg
e, m
embe
r St
ates
of
the
Aut
hori
ty h
ave
beco
me
conv
ince
d of
the
nee
d fo
r sp
onso
ring
Stat
es to
app
ly “
best
env
iron
men
tal p
ract
ices
” in
gen
eral
term
s so
that
they
may
be
seen
to h
ave
beco
me
ensh
rine
d in
the
spon
sori
ng S
tate
s o
blig
atio
n of
due
dili
genc
e.
137.
In
the
abse
nce
of a
spe
cifi
c re
ason
to
the
cont
rary
, it
may
be
held
tha
t th
e N
odul
es
Reg
ulat
ions
sho
uld
be i
nter
pret
ed i
n lig
ht o
f th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
the
law
, as
evi
denc
ed b
y th
e
subs
eque
nt a
dopt
ion
of th
e Su
lphi
des
Reg
ulat
ions
.
[…]
VI.
Env
iron
men
tal i
mpa
ct a
sses
smen
t
Page
37
of 4
0
141.
The
obl
igat
ion
of t
he c
ontr
acto
r to
con
duct
an
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
ass
essm
ent
is
expl
icitl
y se
t out
in s
ectio
n 1,
par
agra
ph 7
, of
the
Ann
ex to
the
1994
Agr
eem
ent a
s fo
llow
s: “
An
appl
icat
ion
for
appr
oval
of
a pl
an o
f w
ork
shal
l be
acc
ompa
nied
by
an a
sses
smen
t of
the
pote
ntia
l en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
cts
of t
he p
ropo
sed
activ
ities
…”.
The
spo
nsor
ing
Stat
e is
und
er a
due
dilig
ence
obl
igat
ion
to e
nsur
e co
mpl
ianc
e by
the
spon
sore
d co
ntra
ctor
with
this
obl
igat
ion.
142.
Reg
ulat
ion
31, p
arag
raph
6, o
f th
e N
odul
es R
egul
atio
ns a
nd r
egul
atio
n 33
, par
agra
ph 6
, of
the
Sulp
hide
s R
egul
atio
ns e
stab
lish
a di
rect
obl
igat
ion
of t
he s
pons
orin
g St
ate
conc
erni
ng
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
ass
essm
ent,
whi
ch c
an a
lso
be r
ead
as a
rel
evan
t fa
ctor
for
mee
ting
the
spon
sori
ng S
tate
’s d
ue d
ilig
ence
obl
igat
ion.
Thi
s ob
ligat
ion
is l
inke
d to
the
dir
ect
obli
gati
on o
f
assi
stin
g th
e A
utho
rity
con
side
red
at p
arag
raph
124
. The
abo
vem
enti
oned
pro
visi
ons
of t
he t
wo
Reg
ulat
ions
rea
d as
fol
low
s: “
[c]o
ntra
ctor
s, s
pons
orin
g St
ates
and
oth
er i
nter
este
d St
ates
or
entit
ies
shal
l co
oper
ate
with
th
e A
utho
rity
in
th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent
and
impl
emen
tati
on
of
prog
ram
mes
for
mon
itor
ing
and
eval
uati
ng t
he i
mpa
cts
of d
eep
seab
ed m
inin
g on
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent”
. Thi
s pr
ovis
ion
is d
esig
ned
to c
lari
fy a
nd e
nsur
e co
mpl
ianc
e w
ith t
he s
pons
orin
g
Stat
e’s
oblig
atio
n to
coo
pera
te w
ith t
he A
utho
rity
in
the
exer
cise
of
the
latte
r’s
cont
rol
over
activ
ities
in
the
Are
a un
der
artic
le 1
53,
para
grap
h 4,
of
the
Con
vent
ion,
and
of
its
gene
ral
oblig
atio
n of
due
dili
genc
e un
der
artic
le 1
39 th
ereo
f.
The
spo
nsor
ing
Stat
e is
obl
iged
not
onl
y to
coo
pera
te w
ith t
he A
utho
rity
in
the
esta
blis
hmen
t
and
impl
emen
tati
on o
f im
pact
ass
essm
ents
, but
als
o to
use
app
ropr
iate
mea
ns t
o en
sure
tha
t th
e
cont
ract
or c
ompl
ies
with
its
oblig
atio
n to
con
duct
an
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
ass
essm
ent.
143.
Con
trac
tors
and
spo
nsor
ing
Stat
es m
ust
coop
erat
e w
ith t
he A
utho
rity
in
the
esta
blis
hmen
t
of m
onito
ring
pro
gram
mes
to
eval
uate
the
im
pact
of
deep
sea
bed
min
ing
on t
he m
arin
e
envi
ronm
ent,
part
icul
arly
thr
ough
the
cre
atio
n of
“im
pact
ref
eren
ce z
ones
” an
d “p
rese
rvat
ion
refe
renc
e zo
nes”
(re
gula
tion
31, p
arag
raph
s 6
and
7, o
f th
e N
odul
es R
egul
atio
ns a
nd r
egul
atio
n
33,
para
grap
h 6,
of
th
e Su
lphi
des
Reg
ulat
ions
).
A
com
pari
son
betw
een
envi
ronm
enta
l
cond
ition
s in
the
“im
pact
ref
eren
ce z
one”
and
in
the
“pre
serv
atio
n re
fere
nce
zone
” m
akes
it
poss
ible
to a
sses
s th
e im
pact
of
activ
ities
in th
e A
rea.
144.
As
clar
ifie
d in
par
agra
ph 1
0 of
the
Rec
omm
enda
tions
for
the
Gui
danc
e of
the
Con
trac
tors
for
the
Ass
essm
ent
of
the
Poss
ible
E
nvir
onm
enta
l Im
pact
s A
risi
ng
from
E
xplo
rati
on
for
Poly
met
allic
Nod
ules
in
the
Are
a, i
ssue
d by
the
Aut
hori
tys
Leg
al a
nd T
echn
ical
Com
mis
sion
in 2
002
purs
uant
to
regu
lati
on 3
8 of
the
Nod
ules
Reg
ulat
ions
(IS
BA
/7/L
TC
/1/R
ev.1
of
13
Febr
uary
200
2), c
erta
in a
ctiv
ities
req
uire
“pr
ior
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
ass
essm
ent,
as w
ell
as a
n
envi
ronm
enta
l m
onit
orin
g pr
ogra
mm
e”.
The
se a
ctiv
itie
s ar
e li
sted
in
para
grap
h 10
(a)
to
(c)
of
the
Rec
omm
enda
tions
.
145.
It s
houl
d be
str
esse
d th
at th
e ob
liga
tion
to c
ondu
ct a
n en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct a
sses
smen
t is
a
dire
ct o
blig
atio
n un
der
the
Con
vent
ion
and
a ge
nera
l ob
liga
tion
und
er c
usto
mar
y in
tern
atio
nal
law
.
146.
As
rega
rds
the
Con
vent
ion,
art
icle
206
sta
tes
the
follo
win
g:
Whe
n St
ates
hav
e re
ason
able
gro
unds
for
bel
ievi
ng t
hat
plan
ned
acti
viti
es u
nder
the
ir
juri
sdic
tion
or c
ontr
ol m
ay c
ause
sub
stan
tial
poll
utio
n of
or
sign
ific
ant
and
harm
ful
chan
ges
to th
e m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t, th
ey s
hall,
as
far
as p
ract
icab
le, a
sses
s th
e po
tent
ial
Page
38
of 4
0
effe
cts
of s
uch
activ
ities
on
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent
and
shal
l co
mm
unic
ate
repo
rts
of
the
resu
lts o
f su
ch a
sses
smen
ts in
the
man
ner
prov
ided
in a
rtic
le 2
05.
[Art
icle
205
ref
ers
to a
n ob
liga
tion
to p
ubli
sh r
epor
ts.]
147.
With
res
pect
to
cust
omar
y in
tern
atio
nal
law
, th
e IC
J, i
n its
Jud
gmen
t in
Pul
p M
ills
on
the
Riv
er U
rugu
ay, s
peak
s of
:
a pr
actic
e, w
hich
in
rece
nt y
ears
has
gai
ned
so m
uch
acce
ptan
ce a
mon
g St
ates
tha
t it
m
ay n
ow b
e co
nsid
ered
a r
equi
rem
ent
unde
r ge
nera
l in
tern
atio
nal
law
to
unde
rtak
e an
en
viro
nmen
tal
impa
ct a
sses
smen
t w
here
the
re i
s a
risk
tha
t th
e pr
opos
ed i
ndus
tria
l ac
tivity
may
hav
e a
sign
ific
ant a
dver
se im
pact
in a
tra
nsbo
unda
ry c
onte
xt, i
n pa
rtic
ular
, on
a s
hare
d re
sour
ce. M
oreo
ver,
due
dili
genc
e, a
nd th
e du
t y o
f vi
gila
nce
and
prev
enti
on
whi
ch i
t im
plie
s, w
ould
not
be
cons
ider
ed t
o ha
ve b
een
exer
cise
d, i
f a
part
y pl
anni
ng
wor
ks l
iabl
e to
aff
ect
the
régi
me
of t
he r
iver
or
the
qual
ity o
f its
wat
ers
did
not
unde
rtak
e an
env
iron
men
tal
impa
ct a
sses
smen
t on
the
pot
entia
l ef
fect
s of
suc
h w
orks
. (P
arag
raph
204
)
148.
Alth
ough
aim
ed a
t th
e sp
ecif
ic s
ituat
ion
unde
r di
scus
sion
by
the
Cou
rt,
the
lang
uage
use
d
seem
s br
oad
enou
gh t
o co
ver
acti
viti
es i
n th
e A
rea
even
bey
ond
the
scop
e of
the
Reg
ulat
ions
.
The
Cou
rt’s
rea
soni
ng in
a tr
ansb
ound
ary
cont
ext m
ay a
lso
appl
y to
act
ivit
ies
wit
h an
impa
ct o
n
the
envi
ronm
ent
in
an
area
be
yond
th
e lim
its
of
natio
nal
juri
sdic
tion;
an
d th
e C
ourt
s
refe
renc
es t
o “s
hare
d re
sour
ces”
may
als
o ap
ply
to r
esou
rces
tha
t ar
e th
e co
mm
on h
erita
ge o
f
man
kind
. T
hus,
in
light
of
the
cust
omar
y ru
le m
entio
ned
by t
he I
CJ,
it
may
be
cons
ider
ed t
hat
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
ass
essm
ents
sho
uld
be i
nclu
ded
in t
he s
yste
m o
f co
nsul
tati
ons
and
prio
r
notif
icat
ions
set
out
in
artic
le 1
42 o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n w
ith r
espe
ct t
o “r
esou
rce
depo
sits
in
the
Are
a w
hich
lie
acro
ss li
mit
s of
nat
iona
l jur
isdi
ctio
n”.
149.
It
mus
t, ho
wev
er,
be o
bser
ved
that
, in
the
vie
w o
f th
e IC
J, g
ener
al i
nter
natio
nal
law
doe
s
not
“spe
cify
the
sco
pe a
nd c
onte
nt o
f an
env
iron
men
tal
impa
ct a
sses
smen
t” (
para
grap
h 20
5 of
the
Judg
men
t in
Pul
p M
ills
on
the
Riv
er U
rugu
ay).
Whi
le a
rtic
le 2
06 o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n gi
ves
only
few
indi
catio
ns o
f th
is s
cope
and
con
tent
, the
indi
catio
ns in
the
Reg
ulat
ions
, and
esp
ecia
lly
in t
he R
ecom
men
datio
ns r
efer
red
to i
n pa
ragr
aph
144,
add
pre
cisi
on a
nd s
peci
fici
ty t
o th
e
oblig
atio
n as
it a
pplie
s in
the
cont
ext o
f ac
tiviti
es in
the
Are
a.
150.
In
ligh
t of
the
abov
e, th
e C
ham
ber
is o
f th
e vi
ew th
at th
e ob
ligat
ions
of
the
cont
ract
ors
and
of th
e sp
onso
ring
Sta
tes
conc
erni
ng e
nvir
onm
enta
l im
pact
ass
essm
ents
ext
end
beyo
nd th
e sc
ope
of a
pplic
atio
n of
spe
cifi
c pr
ovis
ions
of
the
Reg
ulat
ions
.
VII
. Int
eres
ts a
nd n
eeds
of
deve
lopi
ng S
tate
s
151.
With
res
pect
to
activ
ities
in
the
Are
a, t
he f
ifth
pre
ambu
lar
para
grap
h of
the
Con
vent
ion
stat
es th
at th
e ac
hiev
emen
t of
the
goal
s se
t out
in p
revi
ous
prea
mbu
lar
para
grap
hs:
will
con
trib
ute
to t
he r
ealiz
atio
n of
a j
ust
and
equi
tabl
e in
tern
atio
nal
econ
omic
ord
er
whi
ch t
akes
int
o ac
coun
t th
e in
tere
sts
and
need
s of
man
kind
as
a w
hole
and
, in
pa
rtic
ular
, th
e sp
ecia
l in
tere
sts
and
need
s of
dev
elop
ing
coun
trie
s, w
heth
er c
oast
al o
r la
nd-l
ocke
d.
152.
Acc
ordi
ngly
, it
is
nece
ssar
y to
exa
min
e w
heth
er d
evel
opin
g sp
onso
ring
Sta
tes
enjo
y
pref
eren
tial
trea
tmen
t as
com
pare
d w
ith
that
gra
nted
to
deve
lope
d sp
onso
ring
Sta
tes
unde
r th
e
Con
vent
ion
and
rela
ted
inst
rum
ents
.
Page
39
of 4
0
153.
Und
er a
rtic
le 1
40, p
arag
raph
1, o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n:
Act
iviti
es i
n th
e A
rea
shal
l, as
spe
cifi
cally
pro
vide
d fo
r in
thi
s Pa
rt,
be c
arri
ed o
ut f
or
the
bene
fit
of m
anki
nd a
s a
who
le,
irre
spec
tive
of
the
geog
raph
ical
loc
atio
n of
Sta
tes,
w
heth
er c
oast
al o
r la
nd-l
ocke
d, a
nd ta
king
into
par
ticul
ar c
onsi
dera
tion
the
inte
rest
s an
d ne
eds
of d
evel
opin
g St
ates
…
154.
Acc
ordi
ng to
art
icle
148
of
the
Con
vent
ion:
The
eff
ectiv
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
of d
evel
opin
g St
ates
in
activ
ities
in
the
Are
a sh
all
be
prom
oted
as
spec
ific
ally
pro
vide
d fo
r in
thi
s Pa
rt,
havi
ng d
ue r
egar
d to
the
ir s
peci
al
inte
rest
s an
d ne
eds,
and
in
part
icul
ar t
o th
e sp
ecia
l ne
eds
of t
he l
and-
lock
ed a
nd
geog
raph
ical
ly d
isad
vant
aged
am
ong
them
to
over
com
e ob
stac
les
aris
ing
from
the
ir
disa
dvan
tage
d lo
catio
n, i
nclu
ding
rem
oten
ess
from
the
Are
a an
d di
ffic
ulty
of
acce
ss t
o an
d fr
om it
.
155.
The
se p
rovi
sion
s de
velo
p, w
ith r
espe
ct t
o ac
tiviti
es i
n th
e A
rea,
the
sta
tem
ent
in t
he f
ifth
prea
mbu
lar
para
grap
h of
the
Con
vent
ion.
156.
For
the
pur
pose
s of
the
pre
sent
Adv
isor
y O
pini
on,
and
in p
artic
ular
of
Que
stio
n 1,
it
is
impo
rtan
t to
det
erm
ine
the
mea
ning
of
arti
cle
148
of t
he C
onve
ntio
n. A
ccor
ding
to
this
prov
isio
n, t
he g
ener
al p
urpo
se o
f pr
omot
ing
the
part
icip
atio
n of
dev
elop
ing
Stat
es i
n ac
tivi
ties
in th
e A
rea
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
eir
spec
ial i
nter
ests
and
nee
ds is
to b
e ac
hiev
ed “
as s
peci
fica
lly
prov
ided
for
” in
Par
t XI
(an
expr
essi
on a
lso
foun
d in
art
icle
140
of
the
Con
vent
ion)
. Thi
s m
eans
that
the
re i
s no
gen
eral
cla
use
for
the
cons
ider
atio
n of
suc
h in
tere
sts
and
need
s be
yond
wha
t is
prov
ided
for
in
spec
ific
pro
visi
ons
of P
art
XI
of t
he C
onve
ntio
n. A
per
usal
of
Part
XI
show
s
imm
edia
tely
tha
t th
ere
are
seve
ral
prov
isio
ns d
esig
ned
to e
nsur
e th
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
of d
evel
opin
g
Stat
es in
act
iviti
es in
the
Are
a an
d to
take
into
par
ticul
ar c
onsi
dera
tion
thei
r in
tere
sts
and
need
s.
157.
The
app
roac
h of
the
Con
vent
ion
to t
his
is p
arti
cula
rly
evid
ent
in t
he p
rovi
sion
s gr
anti
ng a
pref
eren
ce t
o de
velo
ping
Sta
tes
that
wis
h to
eng
age
in m
inin
g in
are
as o
f th
e de
ep s
eabe
d
rese
rved
for
the
Aut
hori
ty (
Ann
ex I
II,
artic
les
8 an
d 9,
of
the
Con
vent
ion)
; in
the
obl
igat
ion
of
Stat
es t
o pr
omot
e in
tern
atio
nal
coop
erat
ion
in m
arin
e sc
ient
ific
res
earc
h in
the
Are
a in
ord
er t
o
ensu
re t
hat
prog
ram
mes
are
dev
elop
ed “
for
the
bene
fit
of d
evel
opin
g St
ates
” (a
rtic
le 1
43,
para
grap
h 3,
of
the
Con
vent
ion)
; an
d in
the
obl
igat
ion
of t
he A
utho
rity
and
of
Stat
es P
arti
es t
o
prom
ote
the
tran
sfer
of
tech
nolo
gy t
o de
velo
ping
Sta
tes
(art
icle
144
, pa
ragr
aph
1, o
f th
e
Con
vent
ion
and
sect
ion
5 of
the
Ann
ex t
o th
e 19
94 A
gree
men
t),
and
to p
rovi
de t
rain
ing
oppo
rtun
ities
for
per
sonn
el f
rom
dev
elop
ing
Stat
es (
arti
cle
144,
par
agra
ph 2
, of
the
Con
vent
ion
and
sect
ion
5 of
the
Ann
ex t
o th
e 19
94 A
gree
men
t);
in t
he p
erm
issi
on g
rant
ed t
o th
e A
utho
rity
in t
he e
xerc
ise
of i
ts p
ower
s an
d fu
nctio
ns t
o gi
ve s
peci
al c
onsi
dera
tion
to
deve
lopi
ng S
tate
s,
notw
iths
tand
ing
the
rule
aga
inst
dis
crim
inat
ion
(art
icle
152
of
the
Con
vent
ion)
; an
d in
the
obli
gati
on o
f th
e C
ounc
il t
o ta
ke “
into
par
ticu
lar
cons
ider
atio
n th
e in
tere
sts
and
need
s of
deve
lopi
ng
Stat
es”
in
reco
mm
endi
ng,
and
appr
ovin
g,
resp
ectiv
ely,
ru
les
regu
latio
ns
and
proc
edur
es o
n th
e eq
uita
ble
shar
ing
of f
inan
cial
and
oth
er b
enef
its d
eriv
ed f
rom
act
iviti
es in
the
Are
a (a
rtic
les
160,
par
agra
ph 2
(f)(
i), a
nd 1
62, p
arag
raph
2(o
)(i)
, of
the
Con
vent
ion)
.
158.
How
ever
, non
e of
the
gen
eral
pro
visi
ons
of t
he C
onve
ntio
n co
ncer
ning
the
res
pons
ibil
itie
s
(or
the
liabi
lity)
of
the
spon
sori
ng S
tate
“sp
ecif
ical
ly p
rovi
des”
for
acc
ordi
ng p
refe
rent
ial
trea
tmen
t to
spo
nsor
ing
Stat
es t
hat
are
deve
lopi
ng S
tate
s. A
s ob
serv
ed a
bove
, th
ere
is n
o
prov
isio
n re
quir
ing
the
cons
ider
atio
n of
suc
h in
tere
sts
and
need
s be
yond
wha
t is
spe
cifi
call
y
Page
40
of 4
0
stat
ed i
n Pa
rt X
I. I
t m
ay t
here
fore
be
conc
lude
d th
at t
he g
ener
al p
rovi
sion
s co
ncer
ning
the
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
and
liabi
lity
of t
he s
pons
orin
g St
ate
appl
y eq
ually
to
all
spon
sori
ng S
tate
s,
whe
ther
dev
elop
ing
or d
evel
oped
.
159.
Equ
ality
of
trea
tmen
t be
twee
n de
velo
ping
and
dev
elop
ed s
pons
orin
g St
ates
is
cons
iste
nt
with
the
nee
d to
pre
vent
com
mer
cial
ent
erpr
ises
bas
ed i
n de
velo
ped
Stat
es f
rom
set
ting
up
com
pani
es i
n de
velo
ping
Sta
tes,
acq
uiri
ng t
heir
nat
iona
lity
and
obt
aini
ng t
heir
spo
nsor
ship
in
the
hope
of
bein
g su
bjec
ted
to l
ess
burd
enso
me
regu
lati
ons
and
cont
rols
. T
he s
prea
d of
spon
sori
ng
Stat
es
“of
conv
enie
nce”
w
ould
je
opar
dize
un
ifor
m
appl
icat
ion
of
the
high
est
stan
dard
s of
pro
tect
ion
of t
he m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t, th
e sa
fe d
evel
opm
ent
of a
ctiv
ities
in
the
Are
a an
d pr
otec
tion
of th
e co
mm
on h
erita
ge o
f m
anki
nd.
160.
The
se o
bser
vati
ons
do n
ot e
xclu
de th
at r
ules
set
ting
out
dir
ect o
blig
atio
ns o
f th
e sp
onso
ring
Stat
e co
uld
prov
ide
for
diff
eren
t tre
atm
ent f
or d
evel
oped
and
dev
elop
ing
spon
sori
ng S
tate
s.
161.
As
poin
ted
out
in p
arag
raph
125
, th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
the
Nod
ules
Reg
ulat
ions
and
the
Sulp
hide
s R
egul
atio
ns
that
se
t ou
t th
e ob
ligat
ion
for
the
spon
sori
ng
Stat
e to
ap
ply
a
prec
autio
nary
app
roac
h in
ens
urin
g ef
fect
ive
prot
ectio
n of
the
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent
refe
r to
Prin
cipl
e 15
of
the
Rio
Dec
lara
tion.
As
men
tione
d ea
rlie
r, P
rinc
iple
15
prov
ides
tha
t th
e
prec
autio
nary
app
roac
h sh
all
be a
pplie
d by
Sta
tes
“acc
ordi
ng t
o th
eir
capa
bili
ties”
. It
fol
low
s
that
the
req
uire
men
ts f
or c
ompl
ying
with
the
obl
igat
ion
to a
pply
the
pre
caut
iona
ry a
ppro
ach
may
be
stri
cter
for
the
dev
elop
ed t
han
for
the
deve
lopi
ng s
pons
orin
g St
ates
. T
he r
efer
ence
to
diff
eren
t cap
abili
ties
in th
e R
io D
ecla
rati
on d
oes
not,
how
ever
, app
ly to
the
oblig
atio
n to
fol
low
“bes
t env
iron
men
tal p
ract
ices
” se
t out
, as
men
tion
ed a
bove
, in
regu
lati
on 3
3, p
arag
raph
2, o
f th
e
Sulp
hide
s R
egul
atio
ns.
162.
Fur
ther
mor
e, t
he r
efer
ence
to
“cap
abili
ties”
is
only
a b
road
and
im
prec
ise
refe
renc
e to
the
diff
eren
ces
in d
evel
oped
and
dev
elop
ing
Stat
es.
Wha
t co
unts
in
a sp
ecif
ic s
ituat
ion
is t
he l
evel
of s
cien
tific
kno
wle
dge
and
tech
nica
l ca
pabi
lity
avai
labl
e to
a g
iven
Sta
te i
n th
e re
leva
nt
scie
ntif
ic a
nd te
chni
cal f
ield
s.
163.
It
shou
ld b
e po
inte
d ou
t th
at t
he f
ifth
pre
ambu
lar
para
grap
h of
the
Con
vent
ion
emph
asiz
es
that
the
ach
ieve
men
t of
the
goa
ls o
f th
e C
onve
ntio
n w
ill
“con
trib
ute
to t
he r
eali
zati
on o
f a
just
and
equi
tabl
e in
tern
atio
nal
econ
omic
ord
er w
hich
tak
es i
nto
acco
unt
the
inte
rest
s an
d ne
eds
of
man
kind
as
a w
hole
and
, in
par
ticul
ar,
the
spec
ial
inte
rest
s an
d ne
eds
of d
evel
opin
g co
untr
ies,
whe
ther
coa
stal
or
land
lock
ed”.
As
note
d ab
ove,
art
icle
148
of
the
Con
vent
ion
spea
ks a
bout
the
prom
otio
n of
the
eff
ectiv
e pa
rtic
ipat
ion
of d
evel
opin
g St
ates
in
activ
ities
in
the
Are
a. W
hat
is
mor
e im
port
ant
is t
hat
Ann
ex I
II, a
rtic
le 9
, par
agra
ph 4
, of
the
Con
vent
ion
spec
ific
ally
ref
ers
to
the
righ
t of
a d
evel
opin
g St
ate
or a
ny n
atur
al o
r ju
ridi
cal
pers
on s
pons
ored
by
it an
d ef
fect
ivel
y
cont
rolle
d by
it, t
o in
form
the
Aut
hori
ty th
at it
wis
hes
to s
ubm
it a
plan
of
wor
k w
ith r
espe
ct to
a
rese
rved
are
a. T
hese
pro
visi
ons
have
the
eff
ect
of r
eser
ving
hal
f of
the
pro
pose
d co
ntra
ct a
reas
in f
avou
r of
the
Aut
hori
ty a
nd d
evel
opin
g St
ates
. T
oget
her
wit
h th
ose
prov
isio
ns m
enti
oned
in
para
grap
h 15
7, t
hey
requ
ire
effe
ctiv
e im
plem
enta
tion
wit
h a
view
to
enab
ling
the
dev
elop
ing
Stat
es
to
part
icip
ate
in
deep
se
abed
m
inin
g on
an
eq
ual
foot
ing
wit
h de
velo
ped
Stat
es.
Dev
elop
ing
Stat
es s
houl
d re
ceiv
e ne
cess
ary
assi
stan
ce in
clud
ing
trai
ning
.
****
*
