INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

EMERGING ISSUES AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES January 30-31, 2013

SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY: TIRUPATI, INDIA

Prof. HIMACHALAM DASARAJU Conference Director

Dear Qais Ahmed AL-Mohamadi, Greetings.

I am very much pleased to inform you that the conference scientific committee has

accepted your research paper for presentation in the conference. Therefore, you are invited to

participate in the conference entitled “Corporate Governance: Emerging Issues and

Global Challenges” organising in collaboration with Essex Business School, University of

Essex, Colchester, UK, on 30th & 31st January 2013. The presentation of your paper is subject

to conference registration, quality of paper and availability of time slot due to overwhelming

response from different parts of the country and aboard. In this context, you are requested to

make necessary corrections in the abstract, if necessary, and send back once again on or

before 15 of this month. However, you will be given a detailed programme schedule by 10th

of January 2013.

Further you are also invited to take part in the Inaugural Function of the conference on

30th January at 09.00 am representing your University/College. You will be provided

accommodation at cost, transportation and other hospitality at free of cost.

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you at Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India for an exciting and stimulating

conference.

Regards

Himachalam Dasaraju Conference Director

Head, Department of Commerce, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati–517 502, AP, .India.

Mobile: +91-9849186329/9032088751, E-mail: dhchalam@gmail.com / icgsvu@gmail.com

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Good Governance and Societal Reforms in the Republic of Yemen

Abstract

Recently the thought of governance concept has increased after the emergence of global trends, which calls for the participation of community members in decisions that affect them and enhance the democracy and freedom ideas ... and others. The new philosophical insights came out emphasizing on the importance of societal reform through the application of governance in all state institutions.One of the important objectives of governance is achieving the necessary protection to the public ownership. It helps optimizing the use of resources and promotesaccountability, good distribution and management of services. It is a comprehensive system if applied by the country or institution according to a systematic approach thatmakes it able to deal with the external environment variables, reduce conflict and increase integration.

Among the governance requirements is fighting corruption, transparency and managing the conflicts. The Yemeni society is facing critical issues such as high level of corruption, farming and chewing Qat, economic crisis and conflict between the different parties i.e. al-Houthi clan with Yemen’s Islamist Congregation for Reform (Al-Islah) Party, some tribes and the army, and thecivil powers and Islamic powers.

Therefore, the purpose of this preliminary study is to explore and identify the best way to reform the Yemeni critical issues in the context of good governance. The findings of the research will help policy makers in formulating governance policies in the Republic of Yemen.

This is an exploratory study which shows that further research may provide more concrete evidence of the best treatments or reforms in Yemeni society.There is therefore the need to understand the governance practices with more details in the Yemeni environment.

Keywords Governance, Republic of Yemen, Qat, Corruption, Conflicts, Tribes and Societal

Reforms.

QAIS AHMED AL-MOHAMADI Ph.D. Scholar, BharatiVidyapeeth University, Pune E-mail: q_a_m2008@yahoo.com Date: 15-11-2012

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Good Governance and Societal Reforms in the Republic of Yemen

Introduction Recently the thought of governance concept has increased after the emergence of global

trends, which calls for the participation of community members in decisions that affect them and enhance the democracy and freedom ideas.[Jacob Nasser 2012]Worldwide good governance is recognized as an essential requisite for sustainable development. [Chase and Anjum 2008 p 5] The new philosophical insights came out to emphasize on the importance of societal reforms through the application of governance in all state institutions.Governance in short can represent the participation of all parties in the state institutions in the decision-making process; moreover not be resolution limited to a particular group in a single institution,as well as providing information to all relevant parties and citizens with transparency and clarity, and determine the responsibility, rights of officials and duties for the administration of the state or organization,so as to avoid the occurrence of corruption, both at the state level or at the level of institutions. It also aims at these factors to ensure that all state institutions are managed properly, and they are subject to supervision, following up and accountability, as that is of the most important objectives to make sure that the administration's efforts are focused to maintain the higher interests of society, the state and employees,in order to reach the highest degree of efficiency in the work and productivity.

So the term of governance is a concept commonly spread in the economic literature, and finds its application at all levels and components; state and public economic institutions, and private associations, as well as all levels of groups of individuals. According to Gopalsamy, 1998, that governance is not just a comprehensive management of the state or of the Organization but is broader and more general concept, as it expanded to include overall management, management efficiency, fair and transparent access to specific goals are clear and precise, and a system for construction, operation and control of state institutions or organization's vision is keen to achieve a long-term strategic objectives,which represents a whole system to control financial and non-financialaspects.By this system the state institutions, or the organizations are directed and monitored, so is the governorship as mechanisms that include structures and responsibilities, practices and traditions adopted by the state administration or organization to ensure achieving its mission through a range of practices, reduce the risks faced by citizens or investors.

Literature of governance has identified three principles of governance which are transparency, accountability and participation.Participation is considered as an active component of human development, contributing in the process of making decisions that affect the lives of citizensthrough legitimate institutions based on freedom of association and expression. It should be all individualpeople’s right to have a voice in the decision-making process; either directly or through intermediary institutions, and this review must be based on freedom of association and expression. Thus, good governance must contain the contents of participation to support the government as anactive model in general government policy-making.One of the important objectives of governance is achieving the necessary protection to the public ownership. It helps in optimizing the use of resources and promotes accountability and good distribution and management services. It is a comprehensive system if applied by the country or institution in a systematic approach that makes it able to deal with the external environment variables, reduce

QAIS AHMED AL-MOHAMADI Ph.D. Scholar, BharatiVidyapeeth University, Pune E-mail: q_a_m2008@yahoo.com Date: 15-11-2012

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conflict and increase integration.Good governance is a key for development. Governance is the exercise of authority to implement rules and policies. On the other hand, transparency is the visibility or accessibility of information regarding government decision-makingand financial practices.

Social reform is a term that could be used to describe any type of reforms that directly affects the public. It has to do with changing the normal behavioral patterns of a society and region.Yemen has made advances in civil liberties and democracy that are unique in the region,with a series of elections since 1990, a relatively free press and a steady growth of civilsociety organisations. Improvements have also been made in a series of social indicatorsbetween 1990 and 2005. But, Yemen remains among the least developedcountries with one of the largest gender gaps in the world. [European Commission 2011]At the present, the Yemeni Government faces huge challenges in every direction. Yemen is currently subject to a deep political crisis, as well as the youth revolution of some young people looking towards the future of Yemen, more democratic and full civil state as well as fighting the rooted corruption in the institutions and organizations of country. This political situation led to a severe economic crisis. In the North, the government is facing a rebellion of the al-Houthi group. In the South, some of southern people are secessionists and fighting for political freedom, equal rights, and basic services. The Yemeni system is an electoral, parliamentary system, but the rotation of power has been non-existent. However, the Yemeni society is facing political, social, security, and environmentalcritical issues such as high level of corruption, farming and chewing Qat, economic crisis and conflict between the different parties i.e. al-Houthi group with Yemen’s Islamist Congregation for Reform (Al-Islah) Party, some tribes and the army, and the civil powers and Islamic powers. Moreover,Al-Qaeda insurgency, Guns Galore, personal small arms ownership that have reached as high as 60 million “rough estimates”small arms for 25 million people. Further, responsiveand capable local governance and effectiveparticipation of civil society in Yemeni publiclife remain indefinable.

In Yemen,the social, political and conflict situation is likely to continue. The absence of social reforms is not the government responsibility only; therefore all societyshould participate in these critical reforms.The Constitution of the Republic of Yemen stated that it is democratic state but the poor governance in the Yemeni political structure or regime hampers its ability to evaluate risk of the above issues.Another problem is the unwillingness to compromise on governance ideals. Change to positive culture is likely to be incremental and slow. Improving governancethrough better policy formulation, The Yemeni governmentneed to focus on governance throughreducing poverty because ‘a capable and accountable state creates opportunities for poor people, provides better services, and improves development outcomes.

Objectives The objectives of this preliminary study are as below:

1) To explore thecritical issues related to Yemeni society. 2) To identify the effect of increased chewing Qat on Yemeni environment. 3) To suggestrecommendations to the policy makers in Yemen

regardingformulating governance policiesto take adequate steps for facinggovernance challenges.

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Design/Methodology Research methodology consisted of desk research, interaction with learned persons.To

fulfill the purpose of the study, the researcher has compiled the data from various sources.Gather secondary information from books, researches, web-sites, news, and other publications.

Research Limitations This is an exploratory study which shows that further research may provide more

concrete evidence of the best treatments or reforms in Yemeni society.The results not are representative of all critical issues in Yemen i.e.the water declining, weapons spread, and other issues.There is therefore the need to understand the governance practices with more details in Yemeni environment. In respect of Qat further research is necessary to survey the willingness of quitting chewing Qat, the percentage of chewing Qat into Yemeni family (child, adult, male, female), average periodical cost of Qat by Yemeni people. Further research also is necessary to demonstrate the impact of Yemeni culture in corruption.

Dimensions of Governance There are three aspects of the governance concept. First is governance at the global level

is dealing with issues outside the jurisdiction of the governments. Second is governance in national level here there are several sub levels are the national level, the regional level, and urban areas, or local, such as civil society organizations which can play a role in decision-making on public issues. The third aspect is regulatory governance (governance of state institutions) includes the activities of state institutions that are usually responsible to the board of directors and some may be privately owned, such as business and companies, and others may be owned by the public sector, such as hospitals and public schools and so on.

Goodgovernance has three basic dimensions: the political dimension (which we measure through indicatorsfor voice and democratic accountability and politicalstability and an absence of major violence), the economic dimension (government effectiveness andregulatory quality), and the institutional dimension(the rule of law, and the control of corruption andcapture).

The Qat Issue

Qat (also known as Khat and kat)(Figure 1) is a natural stimulant slow-growing shrub originally cultivated in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.[Mohamed & Hatem, 2011]In Yemen, it is clear that there are sessions of Qat. It is a kind of plant taken by most of Yemen's people in daytimes.Qat is chewed three to five hours daily by a large proportion of the Yemeni population, estimated to be up to 90% of adult males, 75% of men and 35% of women.Though recent reports strongly correlated the effects of this habit with the frequency; yet, this relationship to development of dystonia is questionable. [Egypt J Neurol Psychiat Neurosurg. 2011; 48(1): 1-2] On chewing Qat leaves, these amphetamine-like constituents are released and produce excitation and increased motor activity, producing a feeling of exaltations, extreme loquacity, inane laughing.The practice of its chewing has been a part of the culture in areas of East Africa and throughout Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa since 7th century. Its use has also spread to the immigrant Yemeni and Somali communities across Europe and America.

It causes a public health problem. Qat has harmful effects on the central nervous system, cardiovascular, digestive and genitourinary systems, oral-dental tissues, diabetes mellitus and cancer Qat can also affect sleep, leading to rebound effects such as late awakening, decreased productivity and day-time sleepiness. The World Health Organization classifies Qat as causing

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psychological, but not physical dependence.Although there is an awareness of the harmful effects on health and negative impact on productivity butmany of Yemeni people is considered Qat chewing as a deep-rooted socio cultural tradition without perceiving it as “addictive drug”, they reported that, there is no social event (in Yemen) without Qat; and one of the main challenges in giving up Qat is finding alternatives to fill the void that would be left.The Imran & Mura (2009) study shows that the longer Qat chewing duration, the prevalence of both gingival recession and periodontal pocket increased.Reversely, individuals with a history of less than five- year duration ofchewing show almost a lower frequency of both gingival recession andperiodontal pocket. The prevalence of the gingival recession and periodontalpocket is significantly more in the side of chewing. The study reveals that 56out of 76(73.7%) smokers are suffering from gingival recession, with ahighest rate of the recession is recorded among those who have a history ofsmoking for more than 16 years. This study demonstrates a relationship between Qat chewing and periodontal diseases, (gingival recession, pocket depth) attributed to chronic local mechanicaleffect. [Imran&Mura 2009]

The State has the support of international donors and concerned with development and organized the first national conference of Qat in April 2002. And felt the government agencies and community organizations both its role on the national issue as large as the issue of Qat affecting large segments of the life of Yemeni society. [Muharram 2003] These efforts are very tiny comparing with its devastating damage.Among the principles of good governance are justice and transparency. Where is the justice between the present generation and future generations on Qat diseases that will affect them in the future? Where is the transparency in demonstrating and declaring the devastating damage of Qat for environment, health and economy? We hear continually in these days from the Interim President and Prime Ministry of Reconciliation that they strongly desire for good governance. Where the issue of destructive damage in Qat? It is suggested that allocates a special focus in the current dialogue or any upcoming national dialogue because Qat issue is not less important than other issues, such as south, Houthis and transitional justice issues. Full compatibility is required on Qat solutions as those solutions are not easy, but complex and difficult. Also Qat issue belongs to future generations more than the present generation. The groundwater is wasted and stolen by current generation. Beside the wasted groundwater related effects of Qat, they will be more affected by serious diseases such as cancer and other diseases. In this case may not be enough to conducts conference or seminar, but a comprehensive dialogue to all shades of Yemeni society including the Children's Parliament and schools representatives. Here strongly recommended that the issue of Qat need to be on the agenda of the current national dialogue or coming dialogue, also on the agenda of the Children's Parliament.

The Role of Qat in Continuity of Corruption in the Republic of Yemen Among the main objectives of good governance is to anti-corruption.Due to the special

nature of Yemen environment in spread of agriculture and chewing Qat, where there are no accurate statistics or comprehensivestudy but it is known phenomenon in Yemen which expected that at least half of Yemeni society chews Qat and estimated that at least two-thirds of the adult male and a half of the adult female are chewing Qat. Although it is forbidden in most of other countries but in Yemen is in more spread every year.

The chewing process can take between two and ten hours a day. Begins after lunch and may extend to advanced hours of the night. The poor families may spend half their income on it.

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Qat as harmful to human health, whether sedated or warning, it wastes water, harmful to the soil and the environment in general. Qat cultivation drains more than half of groundwater in the country is suffering from drought and ignore the rest of the plants. Thus the Qat become controls Yemen economically, agriculturally, healthy and politically. The family unit and economic consequences as a result of the use of Qat indicate that they contribute to the lack of unity family because of flow out family financial resources, and that is reflected at the level of family health and education, where losing the desire to work, and reduced working hours and poor production,and make him lose the interest with his family, and no ability to secure their needs of money because of addiction and the continuing need for money, increasing social security costs and health care costs. In Yemen consumes Qat half the amount allocated to the city of Sana’a of water also that economic activities associated with Qat, such as cultivation, marketing and consumption activities are harmful country's economy, where it can be routed to useful alternatives productive raising of the national income, and contribute to the growth of the gross national product, useful cultivation replace crops for Qat, rather than imported. Rising income and gross national reflect on the well-being of citizens, and decline leads to the spread of poverty, unemployment and economic crimes.Consumption of Qat leads to the evils social, because of what the cost of this bad habit of funds. An increasing proportion of land has been converted from food production to the growing of Qat. Here we believe that Qat in Yemen is the risk on the current and future resources in Yemen. It helps in corruption and also considered one of the major risks in Yemen.

In many areas, Qat is now the only crops that can pay the cost of water for example the emergence of a Qat monoculture in low rainfall areas around Taiz. In very water-stressed areas visited by the study team, even Qat cannot pay the water bill: see, for example, the case of the farmer in al Guneid near to Ta’iz, whose gross income from Qat is Rials 1 million – of which four fifths goes to pay his water bill. Not surprisingly, he has had to reduce his water purchases and to cut production. [Ward & Others 2007 p38] Although Qat continues to generate considerable debate, no specific action has been taken to treat Qat as a crop. Yemen is one of the driest countries in the world in relation to its population and groundwater represents 70 percent of the total water withdrawal of the country (FAO 2009). In Yemen, water tables are falling at more than one meter a year. [UNDP, 2006]The political economy of water in Yemen had allowed groundwater resources to be captured by farmers, particularly the more powerful ones, who drilled wells and abstracted water at will. Traditional governance systems could not adapt to the changing situation and conflicts over increasingly exhausted resources grew. Both groundwater quality and quantity declined and costs increased. [Wijnen & Others 2012 p76]

Therefore Qat is considered among one of the main causes of corruptionspread in the Republic of Yemen. Because of negative and destructive effect in the spread of forbidden chemical pesticides which is harmful human health. Harms soil, dispels water resources. The chewing person spends large sums of money may exceed the amount of the salary.It usually spends nearly employee's salary this result the employees looking for extra resource, even through corruption. This status in case of employee what about unemployed and how it manages

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the price of Qat? Moreover, it wastesbig times of workers and employees. So it must gradually prevent.In respect of the link between Qat and corruption in Yemen, we know little about it and there is a need for improved practical research there on.

The Difficulties and How We Fight Qat

According to a World Bank study in 2006 that 72 percent of men Yemen and 33 percent of women chewing Qat, as well as growing numbers of children, and indicate that one out of every seven Yemenis working in the production and distribution of Qat, making it the largest source of income in the countryside and the second largest source of jobs in the country after agriculture and grazing to be more than the public sector. [World Bank 2006]Even uproots and replaces it is more difficult because it is profitable.It is a means to redistribute income between urban cities and between rural areas.

Although in reality there are difficulties sometimes complex and tangled so when we think of ways and means to fight Qat, which may include:

1. Treatment the problem of re-establishes equality in income between cities and urban rural areas.

2. Finding alternatives and agricultural crops characterized by demand and the high market value (such as nuts - walnuts, almonds - grapes - coffee - olives).

3. Qat damage the environment, the economy and also the health of Yemeni people so we need to have a strategy containing comprehensive policies and political and popular willpower to cope with Qat.

4. The government and the Commission for dialogue, political forces, parties, organizations, local and international organizations, mosque speakers and educational institutions and researchers will have major role in participating by statement the Qat damages and suggest better policies and means to reduce and minimize the intake and chewing Qat.

5. Because of its harmful effects on health, particularly cancer, government must impose more duties and taxes on the Qat cultivation and on the materials used in the grown such as pesticides. And open a fund to address the resulting health disease such as cancer treatments.

However, publicly are discussing its negative and serious affect and their welling to stop it, although we all know it remains just ideas does not work to achieve them without decision and real action from the society.It needs a comprehensive policy and popular willing to give up Qat.

Corruption in the Republic of Yemen

Without good governance, government credibility is weak, and other reforms are hard to perform and implement. Yet both the international indicators and the investment climate survey suggest that the governance quality in Yemen is weak and even declining in critical dimensions such as control of corruption and regulatory quality. Responses to the enterprise survey suggest that weak governance and corruption have daily costs for enterprises operating in Yemen. [The World Bank Group, p 8 2006]Countries that are more democracy show very little corruption, while countries with voice and accountability challenges tend to have much more corruption. [Naciri, 2008, p 6]In 2006, Yemen developed a comprehensive government National

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ReformAgenda (NRA) with the collaboration of its international developmentpartners.A number of major legislative reforms havebeen adopted within the NRA:

The Anti-Corruption Law in 2006. The Financial Disclosure Law in 2006. The new Tender Law in 2007. Commitment to the internationally-based Extractive Industries TransparencyInitiative

(EITI) in 2007. The Public Finance Management Reform Strategy in 2006. The approval of the Procurement Manual and the Standard BiddingDocuments in 2006

(these documents are currently being updated). A proposed law on access to information – this was submitted to parliamentin late 2009

and is still under discussion.

These measures have been complemented by several other institutionalreforms, including establishing new institutions such as the Supreme Authorityfor Combating Corruption (SNACC), the High Authority for Tender Control(HATC) and the High Tender Board (HTB). Despite these improvements, Yemenstill has a long road to travel before establishing an effective enablingenvironment for anti-corruption measures.[OECD 2010 p 138]

Although the Constitution of the Republic of Yemen stated that it is democratic state in 2011 the youth protests went out of the demand in the first to anti-corruption.Yemen’s court system is widely regarded as inefficient, subjective in its judgments, and highly prone to extra-judicial influences. Procedures are very bureaucratic, with an emphasis on formal requirements more than the substance of justice. Judges are educated almost solely in Islamic jurisprudence, and therefore may be ignorant of how to rule in matters related to purely secular civil law. Extra-judicial influences may include corruption, but who the parties are will usually far outweigh the relevant facts of the case.

Perhaps the historical and cultural aspects have relationship in the spread of the phenomenon of corruption, but without a doubt economic and political factors is the most prominent and the most important engine towards corruption. [Mohsen 2010 p 33]Yemen has almost become currently under foreign interference.In Yemeni situation, the links between corruption, governance, and conflict are complex and interrelated as well as Qat, is linked with corruption.Corruption indirectlyincreases the crime rate and violence in the society. Corruption remains a problem, despite 2011 the youth protests unlessaddressing corruption and establishing good governance in order to prevent conflict and strengthen regional and international security.

4.10.1 Yemen Situation of Transparency and Corruptions Levels Transparency is the majorgovernance challenge in Yemen. According to Transparency

International Report, the 2009 corruption perception index has ranked Yemen at 2.6 points which is worse than previous years in spite of the highly publicized government efforts to combat corruption. However, the Yemen government has established the National Supreme Anti-Corruption Authority (NSACA) in 2006 as independent agency to detect cases of corruptionas well as to improve governance and enhance transparency, but the newly established NSACA would need a few more years to fulfill its aims.

The World Bank launched a comparable programme in Yemen aimed at strengthening the judiciary. Judicial independence has yet to be realised, although initial results included a purge of more than 20 judges on corruption charges in September 2001[Corruption Report 2003

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p 204] A recent report by the Central Organisation for Control and audit has listed 86 such violations during 2005 amounting to over YR Three billion. [Yemen Times, 21 December, 2006] The Word Bank has laid down four measures to combat corruption; internal monitoring, internal and external audit of government accounts, accounting and reporting, and capacity building for auditors and financial administration of the government. The current reforms are partly implemented by the Yemen government, by the minister of finance; the financial system is being revised and upgraded.

According to Transparency International’s Global Corruption Reports from 2001 till 2010 the researcher summered Yemen transparency as the table No 1. The obtained number: 10 = very clear and 0 = very corrupted.

Table No 1 Yemen transparency statute as IGCR

Source: Compiled from the International’s Global Corruption Reports from 2001 till 2010.

Figure 2 Transparency score

2.92.7

2.62.4

2.72.6

2.52.3

2.12.2

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Yemen Transparency

Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Score 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.2

Country

rank

91

out

of 91

71

out

of

102

88

out

of

133

-- 103out

of 158

111out

of 163

131out

of 180

141out

of 180

154out

of 180

146out

of 181

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In fact, the report stated that corruption actually is increasing due to lack of transparency and accountability on the part of the ruling party.Therefore Yemen Government must take quick action to increase the level of transparency. For this, in the event that the government conducted the political, economic and financial reforms it should be supported by opposition parties and other political forces. At the same time the current and future government should do sufficient efforts, real reforms and fight against the rooted corruption in all units in the country.

The Ethics and PatriotismCulture The concept of governance cannot be applied in isolation from other elements interfere

with him the principles of governance cannot be governed or affect them in positive, although those elements vary their role and their interactions with each other varies widely, depending on the circumstances of political, economic and cultural conditions. However those elements according to Suleiman are: The first is in the legislation the second related to the availability of an adequate level of administrative culture on the concept of governance and its requirements The final element is the ethical side is the most dangerous. Thus, the proper application of the concept of governance requires three elements, the first two elements can be achieved, in fact, the last should be linked with a stiff penalties if it loss. [Suleiman, 2008 p 22]

One of the most important elements of governance is ethics.Ethics can be defined broadly as the study of what is right or good for humanbeings. It attempts to determine what people ought to do and what goals they shouldpursue.Institutions should not create conflict-of-interest situations and exhibiting ethical violations.Conflicting roles and responsibilities can lead to unethical behavior. [Rao, 2008 53+81]Scott Green pointed that a positive culture is vital to good governance and control and that the government cannot effectively legislate it. His believes is we can't fully trust our fellow executives and long-tenured employees, the accountants, or the lawyers to do the right thing. [Scott Green, 2004] Therefore, change to positive culture in Yemen is likely to be incremental and slow.First step is all parties need to be agreed that this would be an improvement in the present quality of governance. It must have a better understanding of how good governance develops.What is the status of professional organizations in Yemen in the field of ethics? Are there code of ethics among professions of accounting, auditing, boards of directors, lawyers etc? If found is there a commitment or follow to them?The ethics of accounting and auditing professions, top executives, senior financial officers, lawyers, employees etc are more important in good governance to take right action and formulating governance policies.Activation of ethics is needed at all levels among politicians and all professionals, the military and judges, Auditors and lawyers, etc. at the all levels of Yemen.Therefore, each institution and profession body should develop a code of ethics which will apply across the society.The consequences of illegal and unethical practices in Yemen must now in front and centre in the nation's conscience. Government must take a lead role to support ethics.However, among the most important causes of poor ethics in the Republic of Yemen may are: chewing Qat, regional and tribal loyalties, lack of faith and moral, the lack of independence of the judiciary and its poor performance, weakness or lack of security, lack of feeling or interest in group action, low national motivation and lack of social justice.

It is common to define patriots simply as those wholove their country.Patrioticcommitments can developa sense of shared interests and a commitment toact.More specifically, patriotic commitments may leadindividuals to better balance their own interests withthose of the broader society.[Kahne & Middaugh 2006 p 3] In addition, patriotic commitments (especially when informed by recognition of shared interests)may motivate

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citizens to actively engage in the civic and political life of the societyalso support the national initiative and the serious and responsible stand behind it to protect the accomplishments achieved for the people, the unity and the developmental gains. How do we build patriotism instead of nationalism? Government should en-courage high level of patriotism among its citizens. In respect of Yemeni student, educators can do a great task to foster understandingsof patriotism that support democratic values andpractices. Teaching students to love theircountry not enough the teachers need to help students build an explicitconnection between their “love of country” anddemocratic ideals. Teacherscan deepen students’ love of country by supporting students’ recognition of the need for participationin a democracy.Thus educators have a role to play helping students tothink carefully about forms of patriotism that supportour democracy. Furtherstudents today must learn all about what is wrong with our society. Schools need to begin with the positive, to emphasizereasons for caring enough about civilstate to participate in it and to improve it.Schoolsneed to foster a sympathetic understanding informedby all the facts and energized by a spirit of patriotism.A lack ofpatriotism among youths,unfortunately,we have little data to draw on when thinking aboutthese issues.

Tribe, Armed Violence, and Other Issues Yemen’s tribalism has its roots deep in history and continues to permeate and inform the

political, social, and economic life of the country today. The tribe is the main point of reference for its members and collectively represents their interests. The state and its resources are often used to achieve the parochial goals of the tribe. [Hamzawy p 2 2009]A precarious balance between tribe and state has existed in Yemen ever since the creation of a modern state after the 1962 revolution. Tribes have been and continue to be predominant political players in the country. [Robinson& others 2006 p 9]in fact, some tribal and clan sheikhs have become party leaders. Since the tribes almost looking for their group interest, thus they trend towards divisions of Yemeni society.

Tribal leadership plays a critical role in Yemeni politics. Although the Republic of Yemen has allowed for tribal politics to be integrated into the current system, tribalism still fails to have a definitive nature for Yemeni citizens, for it conflicts with the rule of law, resists the influence of the courts and it stands apart from strategic policy areas. In fact, tribes often hold the government accountable for the shortage of service delivery; though will not acknowledge any duties they have with regard to the government or society. [Asrar 2006 p 9] Judges are subject to harassment from tribal leaders, who themselves exercise significant discretion in the interpretation and application of the law.In addition to the formal courts system, there is a system of tribal adjudication. [Library of Congress – Federal Research Division, August 2008, P 19]According to Freedom House, “The judiciary in RoY is nominally independent, but in reality, is weak and susceptible to interference from the executive branch. Government authorities have a spotty record of enforcing judicial rulings, particularly those issued against prominent tribal or political leaders. Lacking an effective court system, citizens often resort to tribal forms of justice or direct appeals to the executive branch of government.” [Financial Standards Foundation, March 20, 2008]Stateand rule of law institutions are not only weak and ineffective outside of themain cities but also widely untrustworthy. Tribal law has effectively handled conflicts between various tribes, between tribes and extractive companies, and between tribes and the government. It has successfully prevented and resolved conflicts over resources, development services, and land, and has sometimes managed to contain complex revenge-killing cases. [Al-Dawsari 2012] So here we need through good governance to prevent the negative role

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and support the positive role of tribes but as additional role that means the basic role should be to the state law. Moreoverwe need to review the traditional values.

The most prevalent type of social violence in Yemen relates to disputes over the ownership of, or access to, natural resources such as land and water, and border disputes. Social violence also includes religious clashes, e.g. those relating to religious practices or control of religious institutions such as mosques and religious schools. [Small Arms Survey Issue Brief P 2 2010]According to Government of Yemenestimates, violence accompanyingland and water disputes results inthe deaths of some 4,000 peopleeach year, probably more than thesecessionist violence in the south,the armed rebellion in the north,and Yemeni al-Qaeda terrorismcombined. [Small Arms SurveyIssue Brief1P 2 2010] Since 2007 the Government ofYemen has actively enforced restrictionson gun commerce andespecially gun carrying in urbanareas, reducing the availability ofsmall arms and contributing to significantincreases in market prices.Nevertheless, gun ownership isunregulated and gun carrying isunrestricted outside urban areas.Although, during the 2011 protests, the protestors were determined to lead a peaceful revolution, but because of some armed forces and other parties lead to group violence However, the availability of gun increased andweaponsbecome again an important tool of social violence.

According to The Ministry of Public Health and Population 2009, Yemen is the countries that are suffering from a population explosion as the annual growth rate of 3.02%, according to the results of the population in 2004 and is one of the high rates in the world, and this indicates the rate to that Yemen's population will double in 25 years, as estimated total fertility rate 6 children per woman. And return the continuing high fertility rate to several social and cultural factors and economic. [Annual statistical Health Report 2009, p 16] Therefore, the population problem in Yemen and each case needs to be studied deeply and researcher here only presents some difficult issues facing Yemen. Thus controlling population explosion,social violence and water protection must be a major priority to the government.

International Role in Improving Yemeni Governance In 2006 the government has responded to the adverse decisions from the donor

community by starting a six-month action program to improve governance in Yemen. The four main policy areas of the program are (i) establishing rule of law, (ii) fighting corruption, (ii) improving business-enabling environment and government effectiveness, and (iv) increasing political participation. [The World Bank Group, p 2 2006] The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) assists the government of Yemen in its efforts to strengthen its governance capacity. On 23 January 2011, the UNDPAdministrator and the United Nations Development Group Chair signed important project document between UNDP and the Government of Yemen. The project is the UNDP Integrated Social Cohesion & Development Project (ISCD). This project aspires to promote social cohesion concepts and culture among all segments of the society, and to prevent conflict through community driven development approaches. It will enhance the existing local governance reforms to build a closer interaction between the local government and the communities. [UNDP2011P 6]On 21-8-2006, Hawkamah Institute for Corporate Governance (Hawkamah), a subsidiary of the Dubai International Financial Centre

1The Yemen Armed Violence Assessment (YAVA) is a multiyear initiative administered by the Small Arms Survey, an independent research project of the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva. Designed with the support of and funding from the UK Conflict Prevention Pool, the project seeks to collect and disseminate quantitative and qualitative research to support efforts to prevent and reduce real and perceived armed violence in Yemen. For more information please contactrobert.muggah@smallarmssurvey.org.

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(DIFC) Authority and Yemen's Ministry of Finance join forces to promote corporate governance and establish best-practice stock market in Sana'. [Dubai International Financial Centre, 2006] They have signed a MoU to actively promote and improve corporate governance practices in Yemen. Hawkamah will also provide corporate governance advice to the Yemeni authorities in relation to the legal and regulatory issues relevant to the establishment of the country’s first stock market and capital market authority. Therefore, if the above signed projects and memorandum achieved, will be the vital progress in Yemen governance.

The UN is fully aware of the critical importance of institutional and governance reform for promoting economic growth and sees its work in the area of governance, particularly with reference to the more transparent use of public resources and improved access to justice as a major pillar of its poverty reduction effort. [United Nations 2007-2011 p 9]The Department for International Development (DFID) hasbrought a focus on state-buildingand peace-building into therenewed UK strategy. UKobjectives 2010 to 2012 are basedon analysis of the key issues thatneed to be addressed to slowdown Yemen’s decline and buytime for longer term reform andstate-building. Priorities are: [DFID 2010 p 41]

1. Yemen builds political structures that govern in the best interests of all Yemenis (short term);

2. Yemen must address the causes of conflict and adopt solutions; 3. Government of Yemen effectively addresses Yemen’s role as an incubator

ofterrorist threats; and 4. External support to deliver services and jobs to the population (short term), and

ifpolitical will is demonstrated, Yemen must develop its capacity to deliver thefunctions of the state expected by its citizens (long-term).

Public opinion surveys show that political parties are not widely trusted and that they are viewed as out of touch with the needs of citizens. [Chris Miller, & others 2012 p 5] Currently, the international community is interesting in improving governance in Yemen. They might focus its cooperation with Yemen on governance also pressure all power parties to reduce their negative role and encourage them to be cooperative with the current and future government further to play a positive role in the country's reform process.

However, many democracy projects include too many conferences and not enough skills training. This needsto be reversed.Training also should be only the start of the process, not its end point. Donors need to be more responsive to the needs of support the Yemen societythrough basic assistance as well as programmefunding of the critical issues.

Results and Discussion The researcher has found that the most difficult process of various national issues that

impact the country has been, and will remain, changing the attitudes and behaviour of our traditional Sheiks, religious leaders, and powerful interest groups in order to remove certain barriers.Now a critical question in 2012 and subsequent years; how Yemen’s leaders can reform the country’s system? Yemen requires ashadedapproach from both its neighbours and interested Western countries. [Edward p 5 2012]Yemen is a critical test of the Gulf Cooperation Council’s (GCC’s) capacity to reform and its resolve to meetemerging challenges to its security. Yemen should be given a detailed road map, laying outcriteria to be met, if it wishes to join the GCC.Extensivegovernance challenges areexacerbating resource-related conflicts,yet the government does notappear to have a robust, long-termplan to address these problems.It is extremely difficult in Yemen to besuccessful without access to the power and wealth of the

15

ruling elite.Economic development is a daunting task in Yemen.Yemen have been affected by different types of violent conflicts, Governance is also considered an essential element for conflict management. Previously, the government to ensure its survival has created informal political alliances with traditional sheiks, religious leaders, and powerful interest groups through extensive patronage networks outside the formal state structures. Currently, Yemen isfacing multiple conflicts. There is open armed conflict in Sa’ada, simmering secessionist conflict in the South. With a more conflict sensitive approach, good practice can be identified, analyzed, replicated, or scaled up. According to UNDP evaluation document, it appears that “one of the lessons learned is that the establishment of communityteams with representations of local councils, non-elected bodies and community groups has created a goodworking environment and helps avoid the kinds of conflicts that used to arise between these actors and which stillblights the non-pilot districts.” [UNDP evaluation, 2008] This is a critical point. If taken into account in otherprogramme designs, it could serve to avoid conflict neutral approaches, and strengthen differentiated strategiesthat are designed to respond to the highly diverse internal political conflicts in Yemen. [El-Kholy & Tschirgi, 2010 P 20] Another conflict is located within some southern provinces; specifically Abien and Shabwa, whereal-Qaeda affiliated terrorist groups are fightingarmy units.

Governance structure can promote necessary reforms ofthe Yemeni society. It would seem that the most powerful indicator for successful governance transformation is where the idea of popular participation in decision making. The social dialogue is become very required to participate in solving the societal critical issues in Yemen.It becomes so tough to resolve some issues such as Qat, conflicts, etc. by the government alone. Through social and constant dialogue would discuss how we can prompt access to justice, enhance citizen participation in creation and management of Government, and promote and protect of human rights including economic, social and cultural rights. Here we believe that Qat in Yemen is one of the major risks on the current and future generations as discussed previously. The development of strong local governance is required also through the dialogue, consensus building, public policy incidence, transparency and accountability and citizen participation.Good governance thus depends on interaction between stakeholders; leaders, political parties, judiciary, private sector, civil society, etc.

Conclusion The first massage is to all Yemenis; let us visualize new Yemen for new generations

without Qat, corruption, sharp conflicts and cancer diseases. It is our responsibility all saving water sources and living in peace. These would be through good governance, new civil state, social dialogue and the rule of law; not the rule of elite. All must participate in decision making in Yemeni critical issues. We need to abandon own interest and believe in the interests of society and new generations. Therefore, revolution is required for the new generation against destructive customs and traditions in particular: Qat, corruption, weapons, violence against children and women etc. The second massage is to religious, sectarian, tribal, and regional groups – yournarrow thought should be changed. You are fightingto be part of the political systembut then increase the sharp conflicts and this will lead to more suffering of our society.Nowadays, your attitudes and behavior seem to be serving few particular foreign regimesand own interests rather than the community interest. Unfortunately you contribute in spoiling our society. How many years more you need to realize thatyou together have the power to positive contribution or role insolving the critical issues of Yemeni society? People are facing

16

huge challenges such as water decline, violent conflicts, poverty, high level of corruption, etc.; however, the society needs you all to participate with positive role.

The third to the current and future government – it is understood how complex is building strong governance in countries after conflicts.However, it is recommended that a cautious step-by-step approach is required to address Yemen’s social problems.Yemen has the potential for noticeable improvement, if the short-term action plan to improve governance is implemented on schedule. Increase awareness of local leaders regarding the good governance,train community leaders and local councils about basic roles and responsibilities to promote constructive partnering, advocacy and accountability. Promoting community education and awareness regarding the sustainable use of natural resources and its impact on health, economic development is required too. We have to increase participation of children, youth and women as decision makers in decentralized governance.Nowadays according to Gulf Agreement, the Yemen Government, political parties and political powers are going to amend the Yemen's constitution to be modern and more suitable to all parties. This is avital chance for moving to the civil state unless conflict will continue.

Here the researcher believes that it is very difficult to cope with conflicts and the various political, economiccrises, these would lead to the continuation of corruption and Qat chewing will expand, wasting more water. There is only one road in front of Yemenis is through the modern civil state including the provisions of the principles of coexistence with the other and community participation in solving national issues.

In order to facilitate the process of finding solutions to the social problems in Yemen in context of good governance we may need to integrate and availability of the following requirements: A. Good governance shows us the way and leads us on the path of peace and social harmony.

Therefore as Yemen’s cultural we need to promote national reconciliation, to prevent the negative role of tribes, establishing an effective and efficient Governmentadministration, and strengthen the state-society relationship and social peace. We need to promote an environment in which all stakeholders, in particular youths, can participate in and contribute to societal and democratic governance reforms.

B. Activating the principle of participation in the decision-making is required to face the society problems and critical issues. Further strengthen principle of citizenship and get rid of the past and of regional or sectarian discrimination.

C. In respect of conflict administration, strengthening social cohesion through dialogue at all levels must be done. To promote peace in Yemen, adherence to the highest standards of honest and ethical conduct, including proper and ethical procedures in dealing with actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships.Supporting conflict-sensitive governance at the national and local levels is required through enhancing Yemeni staff capacities with specific skills in conflict analysis also hiring a conflict advisor.

D. Encourage and support the establishment of governance education programs at universities, business schools, academic institutes and colleges, with specialized courses provided on harmful Qat, ethics, corporate governance, conflict administration, social cohesion and so on.

E. Improving the quality of governance in Yemen cannot take place without reducing corruption. The Qat is considered among one of the main causes of corruption in the Republic of Yemen.It is strongly recommended to include the fight against Qat in the system of good governance in RoY. Throughfighting the phenomenon of Qat or at least pursue

17

policies aimed at reducing chew Qat also follow policies and long-term strategy aimed gradually at reduction measures and try to minimize the spread of cultivation. Moreover, the concern bodies especial the Ministry of Information should awareness of Qat damages on society, the individual, the economy and on family.Finding or providing amusement parks and follow a comprehensive national policy to raise the level of morality among citizens. The Ministry of Youth and Sports with the Ministry of Civil Service and the National Supreme Authority for Combating Corruption may are the responsible to carried out such policies.

F. In order to raise ethics, providing support to enhance transparency and accountability and promote democratic values, and to strengthen processes promoting human rights and access to justice. Adherence to the highest standards of honest and ethical conduct, including proper and ethical procedures in dealing with actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships.Each institution and profession body should develop a code of ethics which will apply across the society.Activation of ethics is needed at all levels among politicians and all professionals, the military and judges, Auditors and lawyers, etc. at the all levels of Yemen.

G. Tribes and the tribal system have been an impediment to state building and development in Yemen. So we need through good governance to prevent the negative role and support the positive role of tribes but as additional role that means the basic role should be to the state law.

H. Youth have a vital role to play in any society and are a symbol of change as they usually did not affect by ideology and politics diseases. But they need to hone their different skills such as administrative or leadership and other abilities.Promoting the empowerment of women and youth to engage in the expected economic and democratic governance reforms and facilitate their participation in the political transition process.

References

1) Jacob Nasser, 2012 “Dimensions of governance and societal reform” A working paper submitted to Forum comprehensive societal reform, Amman - Jordan.

2) Scott Green, 2004 “Manager's Guide to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act” Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey p 31.

3) S. Rao Vallabhaneni, 2008 “Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

4) Gopalsamy, N., 1998 "Corporate Governance: the New Paradigm”, Wheeler, Publishing, New Delhi .

5) M.M. Suleiman, 2008 “Corporate Governance and the Role of the Board Members and Executives” University House, p 22.

6) Mohamed S. El-Tamawy & Hatem Samir “Khat. An Emerging Cause of Oromandibular Dystonia” Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Egypt.

7) Abdulla G. Imran and Ali H. Murad 2009”The Effect of Qat Chewing on Periodontal Tissues and Buccal Mucous Membrane” journal of Dhmashiq University for Health Sciences, Volume No.25.

8) The World Bank Group, Sana’a Office “Yemen Economic Update” Spring2006 p 2+8. 9) UNDP “Special Issue: Helen Clark Visits Yemen” Yemen Quarterly Newsletter - Issue 7.

April 2011. P 6 www.undp.org.ye 10) Dubai International Financial Centre, Tuesday, August 22 - 2006 at 16:54. 11) Amr Hamzawy 2009“Between Government and Opposition: The Case of the Yemeni

Congregation for Reform” Carnegie Papers,Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p 2.

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12) Edward Burke,2012“‘One Blood and One Destiny’? Yemen’s Relations with the Gulf Cooperation Council Research Paper, Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States” The Centre for European Reformp 5+8

13) United Nations “Development Assistance Framework - Republic of Yemen 2007-2011” UN Systems in Yemen.

14) Library of Congress – Federal Research Division, August 2008, p 12. 15) Financial Standards Foundation, March 20, 2008, 400 Madison Avenue 18th Floor, New

York, NY, 10017 www.estandardsforum.org. 16) Nadwa Al-Dawsari 2012 “Tribal Governance and Stability in Yemen” Carnegie Endowment

for International Peace. 17) European Commission 2011 “Mid-Term Review of the EC-Yemen Development Strategy

2007-2013 -Preparation of the Multiannual Indicative Programme 2011-2013”External relations directorate General.

18) Gavin Hales, 2010Small Arms Survey Issue Brief “Yemen Armed Violence Assessment” Oct. P 2 robert.muggah@smallarmssurvey.org.

19) Chris Miller, & others - Yemen Polling Center, Yemen 2012 “Democracy, Political Parties, and Reform: A Review of Public Opinion in Yemen” CDDRL Working Papers p 5

20) Heba El-Kholy and Necla Tschirgi, 2010 “Re-Thinning the Approaches to Local Governance Programming in Conflict Affected Countries in the Arab Region” The United Nations Development Programme P 20.

21) OECD 2010 “Progress in Public Management in the Middle East and North Africa” OECD p 138.

22) Fatima Abo Al Asrar 2006 “Democratic Governance in a Tribal System” International Policy Fellowship Program & Open Society Institute p 9.

23) DFID 2010 “Building Peaceful States and Societies - A DFID Practice Paper” p 41. 24) Robert S. Chase and Anushay Anjum 2008 “Initiatives Supporting Demand for Good

Governance (DFGG) Across World Bank Group Sectors and Regions - Final Draft - Demand for Good Governance Stocktaking Report” Social Development Department, The World Bank p 5.

25) Christopher Ward, & Others 2007 “Yemen’s Water Sector Reform Program – A Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA)” The World Bank p38.

26) Marcus Wijnen& Others 2012 “Managing the Invisible; Understanding and Improving Groundwater Governance - Draft Report” Water Paper and Water Sector Board p76.

27) Joseph Kahne and Ellen Middaugh “Is Patriotism Good for Democracy?” Patriotism and Education - Phi Delta Kappan 2006 Volume 87 No 8 p 3.

28) Annual statistical Health Report 2009, The Ministry of Public Health and Population - General Administration of information and health research p 16.

29) Muharram 2003 “Alternative Agriculture of Qat” Abadi Center for Studies and Publishing –Sanaa.

30) D. Yahya Saleh Mohsen 2010 “Map of corruption in Yemen (limbs window)” Yemeni Observatory for Human Rights (YOHR) p 33.

31) Glenn E. Robinson & others 2006 “Yemen Corruption Assessment” United States Agency for International Development p 9.

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Appendix

Figure1. Qat leaves

Table 2 Area and Production of Qat for the years 1992،1996-2007 1992 1996 2001 2006 2007 Average Years

83,653.0 91,418 108,715 136,138 141,163 119,736 Area*

78,741.0 86,607 105,465 147,444 126,290 115,525 Product** Source: Commercial and Industrial Ministry. *Area=ha **Production = ton

Figure2 Qat Area

1992

19962001

20062007

Average

0

50000

100000

150000

Area

1992 1996 2001 2006 2007 Average

20

Figure 3 Qat Production

Table 3 Area (Ha) of Different Agricultural Groups in Governorates for the Year 2003

2The above table shows that the percentage of taken Qat area is 10.3% of the total agricultural area in RoY.

1992

1996

2001

20062007

Average

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

Product

1992

1996

2001

2006

2007

Average

Cer

eals

Cas

h C

rops

Frui

ts

Veg

etab

les

Puls

es

Feed

ers

Qat

2

Tot

al

%

Gov

erno

rat

e

NO

107,999 9,171 23,213 9,822 8,585 14,313 41,421 214,524 20 Sana'a 1

122,904 39,157 31,112 22,312 18,077 33,827 589 267,978 25 Hodeidah 2

58,050 273 1,104 6,279 5,510 5,556 8,995 85,767 8.0 Dhamar 3

48,050 1,316 969 7,058 4,848 3,433 17,709 83,383 7.7 Ibb 4

45,784 5,242 11,508 1,783 1,377 6,529 1,662 73,885 6.9 Mareb 5

39,617 1,974 1,615 4,470 3,261 1,903 2,786 55,626 5.2 Taiz 6

22,276 3,844 4,915 1,254 688 6,154 17,636 56,767 5.3 Hajjah 7

21,575 13,514 8,581 1,436 1,141 1,520 5,783 53,550 5.0 Saadah 8

27,746 1,269 2,752 3,225 1,836 10,355 952 48,135 4.5 Al-Jawf 9

9,432 1,185 456 3,423 323 2,029 6,394 23,242 2.2 Al-Bayda 10

2,675 14,127 1,810 2,918 1,303 7,902 211 30,946 2.9 Abyan 11

10,866 1,729 491 421 1,600 5,561 4,691 25,359 2.4 Al-mahwit 12

7,868 821 8,315 2,269 339 3,438 - 23,050 2.1 Hadramout 13

21

Source: Commercial and Industrial Ministry 2004.

Table 4 Production (Ton) of Different Agricultural Groups in Governorates in 2003

Fruits Vegetables Pulses Feeders Qat Total % Governorate NO

151,552 133,695 8,453 217,719 24,893 536,312 16.9 Sana'a 1

209,048 267,173 25,502 422,625 451 924,799 29.2 Hodeidah 2

8,795 79,563 3,906 46,834 4,296 143,394 4.5 Dhamar 3

7,255 89,505 6,254 29,467 21,413 153,894 4.9 Ibb 4

141,460 19,098 2,145 63,780 753 227,236 7.2 Mareb 5

23,486 52,273 3,127 22,097 1,915 102,898 3.3 Taiz 6

53,265 11,240 432 64,578 21,425 150,940 4.8 Hajjah 7

68,852 15,911 2,126 11,201 6,079 104,169 3.3 Sadaa 8

20,921 31,239 3,935 111,185 1,002 168,282 5.3 Al-Mahwit 9

2,681 49,519 456 18,526 16,431 87,613 2.8 AL-Bayda 10

20,597 21,527 1,559 118,510 253 162,446 5.1 Abyan 11

2,268 3,579 1,084 62,115 3,186 72,232 2.3 Al-mahwit 12

17,925 18,184 226 58,223 - 94,558 3.0 Hadramout 13

4,491 17,507 115 110,312 1,233 133,658 4.2 Laheg 14

3,405 19,399 159 42,814 280 66,057 2.1 Shabwa 15

- 2,054 - 27,141 - 29,195 0.9 Aden 16

215 1,883 - 5,183 - 7,281 0.2 Al-Mahra 17

736,216 833,349 59,479 1,432,310 103,610 3,164,964 100 Total Source: MinistryWater & Environment 2004.

4,781 5,027 970 2,369 149 6,595 1,873 21,764 2.0 Laheg 14

2,043 1,236 473 1,775 200 3,199 171 9,097 0.8 Shabwa 15

272 23 - 195 - 2,139 - 2,629 0.2 Aden 16

355 71 33 201 - 409 - 1,069 0.1 Al-Mahra 17

532,293 99,979 98,317 71,210 49,237 114,862 110,873 1,076,771 100 Total