INT-0121

ce

D O S S I E R

f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n to the

Caribbean Community and Coxnmon Market

Prepared "by . THE GOVSPJ«ENT OF FJJTI

in csllalbo^i'aticjti v/ith the ECM O f f i c e f o r the Caribbean

F O R E W O R D

This dos s i e r on H a i t i has been prepared in pursuance of H a i t i ' s

dec la red i n t e r e s t in e s t a b l i s h i n g permanent ly , c l o s e r economic

r e l a t i o n s h i p s wi th the group of coxmtr ies p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n the

Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM).

The m a t e r i a l , p r e s e n t e d in t h r e e s e c t i o n s , would serve to give the CARICOM group of c o i m t r i e s , in conso l ida t ed form, a body of in fo rmat ion t h a t i s p e r t i n e n t to n e g o t i a t i o n of the a p p r o p r i a t e forms and terms of acces s ion under the Chaguaramas Trea ty and i t s r e l a t e d Agreements.,

The e s s e n t i a l background of H a i t i ' s geography, h i s t o i y and g e o - p o l i t i c a l s t r u c t u r e of the coun t ry , a re p r e sen t ed in Sec t ion A, t o g e t h e r i r i th srumnaries on n a t u r a l and human r e sou rce s endowment, i n f r a s t r u c t u r e J the r e l e v a n t a d m i n i s t r a t i v e framework and the f i s c a l s t r u c t u r e o

Sec t ion B o f f e r s a review of the economic s i t u a t i o n and p r o s p e c t s , w i th a n a l y t i c a l da ta on the main p roduc t ive s e c t o r s and the o the r s e c t o r s of the econooiyo

Two s e p c i f i c a s p e c t s a r e d e a l t w i th i n Sec t ion C, c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the manufactur ing i n d u s t r y s e c t o r , and H a i t i ' s economic r e l a t i o n -sh ips wi th non-CARICOM c o u n t r i e s , which a re impor tant f o r the common market arrangements» The f i r s t paper p r e s e n t s in conso l ida t ed form, a d e s c r i p t i o n of the body of f i s c a l i n c e n t i v e s t h a t a re provided by va r ious l e g i s l a t i v e a c t s f o r the encouragement of i n d u s t r y . . The second suimnarizes the s e t s of commitments t o non-CARICOM c o u n t r i e s , through Spec ia l P r e f e r e n t i a l Arrangements, the General Agreement on T a r i f f s and Trade (GATT) and o the r i n t e r n a t i o n a l agreements»

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Consider ing the r e l a t i v e l ack of c lose t r a d i n g arrangements between H a i t i and o ther c o u n t r i e s of the Caribbean r e g i o n , s p e c i a l e f f o r t s v i l l need t o be made to e s t a b l i s h commercial l i nks s and these -would need to be an element i n the n e g o t i a t i o n s ; and whi le one cannot f o r e s e e the p a r t i c u l a r terms t h a t would emerge from the access ion n e g o t i a t i o n s , i t i s f a i r l y c l e a r t h a t they would need to inc lude some t r a n s i t i o n a l arrangements» Also t h e r e would need to be some s p e c i f i c t r ea tmen t s consonant wi th the s i t u a t i o n of H a i t i and the s i t u a t i o n w i t h i n CARICOM, to ensure t h a t the p roces s of co -opera t ion would y i e l d advantages both to the Government and People of H a i t i , and the Governments and Peoples of the CARICOM group of count r ies»

COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF

CONTENTS

SECTION A

1 - GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS <. -2 - HISTORY . o . » o , 0 o , , , o » o ,

3 - GEOPOLITICAL STRUCTURE , , <. . . « « « 4 - NATURAL RESOURCES ENDOWMENT » o , o ,

a) Land Use and Land Tenure P a t t e r n la) Mineral Resotirces c) Human Resources » »

5 - INFRASTRUCTURE . 0 0 0 » .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a) I n t e r n a l Transpor t b) Maritime and Air Transport c) Energy » « » » . d) Other Phys ica l I n f r a s t r u c t u r e

6 - ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK = » » . . .

9 o o o o 0

0 0 0

7 - FISCAL STRUCTURE 0 0 0 0

Taxes on Foreign Trade o o o « » I n t e r n a l Taxes » o o o <, » « « o Tases on ConsuH^tion and Product ion Other Taxes o » = » » » <> 0 0 0 0 0 0

Asi

As 2

As3 Asó AS6 As8 As8

As 10 As 10 As 11 Asl2 As 13

As 13 Asl5 Agl6 As 18 As 20 As 20

L i s t of Tables to Sect ion A

Table Asl .« HAITIs P r o j e c t i o n of Tota l Popula t ion , 1950-1985

Table As2 «o HAITIs Urban and Rural Popula t ions Table As3 -» HAITIs Popula t ion on 1 J u l y 1973 hy age group

and sex Table As 4 Age and Ses S t r u c t u r e of the Popula t ion Table As5 HAITIs Nucber of A g r i c u l t u r a l Holdings by Size Table As6 HAITIs C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and c a p a c i t i e s of main

expor ts Table As7 »» Taxes on Export Coffee pe r bag of 60 kgs» Table AsB 00 Coi^ar i sons between d i f f e r e n t Tax Rates Table As9 «» HAITIs C o l l e c t i o n Tax Rates"on Export Products Table AslO HAITI? Taxes on Sa le s ' and Product ion Table As 11 »» HAITIs Other I n t e r n a l Taxes

" 2

SECTION B Page

1 - REVIEW OF THE ECONOMIC SITUATION AM) PROSPECTS . Bs l

2 - MAIN PRODUCTIVE SECTORS . o » o B i 3

a) A g r i c u l t u r e o » » o o „ . = . . » •> » » » » Bs4 b) Manufac tu r ing and Mining . » . « <> , » o » Bs7 e) C o n s t r u c t i o n S e c t o r . « » o o » o . » <> . » Bs9

3 - OTHER SECTORS a) Fore ign Trade = » » » o » . . » . » » o » « BslO b) Toxirism « o . . » » , . o . <, . « . o <, . » B s l 5 c) T ranspor t „ « » . » , » » » . « . o <. o . . B s l ? d) Balance of Payments > 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . Bs26

L i s t of Tables t o S e c t i o n B

Table Bs l EAITIs GDP by Economic S e c t o r s a t 1955 Cons t an t P r i c e s

Table Bs2 Annual Grovtb Ra te of GDP by Economic S e c t o r s a t 1955 Cons tan t P r i c e s

Table Bs3 • ' E j ipendi tu res on Gross Domestic P roduc t

Table Bs4 o» P r o d u c t i o n of s e l e c t e d A g r i c u l t u r a l Commodities

Tabie Bs5 •>» C o f f e e Expor t Quotas and S a l e s

Table Bs6 00 B a s i c Sugar S t a t i s t i c s

Table Bs? °» P r o d u c t i o n of s e l e c t e d Minera l and I n d u s t r i a l Commodities

Table B§8 »« HAITIs Iií^íorts

Table Bs9 — HAITIs Expor t s

Table BslO HAITIs Impor t s f rom Car ibbean Area

Table B s l l 00 HAITIs Expor t s t o Car ibbean Area

Table B s l 2 ... HAITIs Fo re ign Exchange R e c e i p t s f rom Tourism

Table B s l 3 »<• HAITIs Inqjor tance of Main Roads of t h e

Repub l i c of H a i t i

Table Bs14 HAITIs C o a s t a l Sh ipping

Table B s l 5 «o HAITIs C o a s t a l Sh ipping T r a f f i c

Table Bs l6 00 Expor t Tonnages by P o r t

Table B s l ? «o I n ^ o r t Tonnages by P o r t

Table B s l 8 <.0 Domestic Pas senge r 1951-1975

Table B s l 9 »<. FRANCOIS DUVALIER AIRPORT - A i r Movement 1975

Table Bs20 00 Genera l T r a n s p o r t of F r e i g h t

Table Bs21 00 FRANCOIS DUVALIER AIRPORT - Movement of F r e i g h t

Table Bs22 „o FRANCOIS DUVALIER AIRPORT - MoireEient of Ai r Mail

SECTION C

1 - CHAHACTERISTICS OF THE MANUFACTLTIING INDUSTRY SECTOR o o o o e d f t o o - I n d u s t r i a l Po l i cy , , .

I ncen t ive s L e g i s l a t i o n f o r I n d u s t r i a l Promotion - P r o t e c t i o n of I n d u s t r i e s « » , o 9 o e 0 e

2 - HAITI'S ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH NON-CARICOM COUNTRIES A O O O O O « E O E O O 9 0 O O O O O O O

- Trading P a t t e r n s « , o o o o » o , o o o o o „ - B i l a t e r a l R e l a t i o n s ^ s » . , , » » . » , » » - M u l t i l a t e r a l R e l a t i o n s o » » » . . » . <, . -

C;1 C;2 Cs3 Cs7

Cs8 Cs8 Cs9 CslO

L i s t of Tables t o Sec t ion C

Table Csl »» Produc t ion of s e l e c t e d I n d u s t r i a l Commodities

Table C?2 Manufactur ing A c t i v i t i e s eind Number of E n t e r p r i s e s (1973/1974)

Table Cs3 • •> Se l ec t ed L i s t of Produc ts f o r Manufactur ing in H a i t i

Table Cg4 FoOoB, Exports t o United S t a t e s of H a i t i a n Light manufactured p roduc t s - Produc ts made of l o c a l l y produced components

Table Cs5 «o F„OoBo Expor ts t o United S t a t e s of H a i t i a n Light manufactured p roduc t s - Products made of inqjorted components

Table Csó »» Exports of small i n d u s t r i e s a r t i c l e s u t i l i z i n g l o c a l raw m a t e r i a l s

Table Cs? <. Expor ts of small i n d u s t r i e s a r t i c l e s u t i l i z i n g imported raw m a t e r i a l s

Table Cs8 o» Exports of small i n d u s t r i e s a r t i c l e s u t i l i z i n g mixed raw m a t e r i a l s

Table C59 .0 Expor ts by Regions - 1970/l974 Table CslO ,0 In^norts by Regions - 1970/l974

S E C T I O N A

GeogjrapMealj MQtoi?i®Elj geopolitical st xucttsre resoTayeeSj, inflastr'aetui?al and iostitntioiial TbaekgrDiand

ani £is®al sinietTise

SECTION Á

C O N T E N T S

1 - GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ^ « o o o o a » » As i

2 CO HISTORY a o e o o o o D ^ o o o o o o o o -A-S 2

3 - GEOPOLITICAL STEUGT'UBS , , o o o ^ o o ^ o o ^ o o As 3

4 - HATUEAL SESOmCFS PJ OWMF.NT o c o « , e . o o a « As 6 a) Land t!ss and Lsná Tc-mtcpe P a t t e r n o o a o o o o A g 6 b) Mineral Rt-jonrees o o o a / ^ a a o e a As 8 e) Himan Eessuxcfca „ o o o e » o o o o a í . o o A g 8

5 " INmASTRÜCTUHE o o o » o » o » o <> « c o o e o As 10 a) I n t e r n a l Transpor t o o o o o o a a o s ^ o ® As 10 b) Maritime and k i t Transpm't o e o s a s o o o As 11 c) Energy o o o o » o o a o a o o o o o o o . Asl2 i ) Otb.®j? Phys i s a l I n f u a s t r a c t m e o a ^ e o o o ® Agi3

6 ASMIWIS'Í'MTIYE ERAMTOBK o o . o « o „ o « o o o o As 13

7 » FISCAL STEÜCTÜHE « o o c o o e o s s o o o o Asl5

a) Tases oa Fore ign Ts'aá© o e e o o a o o e o © As,l6 B) I n t e r n a l Tases o a e s o s o o s o s o s o AsiS ®) Ts3£es «a Consm2pti®n and Psroátiction a o o » o As20 d) Otheff Tasísa o o o o o o o a o ® o o o o As 20

A, BACKGROLM)

1 - GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

The i s l a n d of H a i t i commonly known as Hispan io la ( L a t i n i z e d form f o r " l a I s l a Española" adopted i n Engl i sh) i s l oca t ed a t the cen t r e of the "Greater A n t i l l e s " , hetween Cuha and Puer to Rico» I t i s the l a r g e s t a f t e r Cuha» I t s n o r t h e r n coas t i s vashed by the A t l a n t i c Ocean and i t s sou thern hy the Caribbean Sea. I t i s geograph ica l ly s i t u a t e d between 1?* and 20° North L a t i t u d e and 88* and 78* Longitude v e s t of Greenwich Meridian»

The originc.1 nawe of the i s l a n d was H a i t i or p r e c i s e l y "Ayt i" which in Arawak Indian means " lands of mountains"» In f a c t the i s l a n d i s very mottntainous» The Republic of H a i t i , which occupies the weets rn t h i r d , and:; i?itii two unequal pen in su l a s forming the shape of crab claws and looks s t r o n g l y l i k e the i s l a n d of Trinidad» I t s t o t a l a rea i s lOs?!^ square mi les or 28,750 square k i lomet res»

Being ill the t r o p i c a l zone the Republic en joys a warm c l ima te which is moderated by sea and mountain breezes» The f o u r seasons of the yea r a re v a r i o u s l y marked throughout H a i t i , because of i t s rugged topography. The count ry i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y f r o s t f r e e a l l t he year round even a t e l e v a t i o n s exceeding 8,000 f e e t , except f o r occas iona l and t e a ^ o r a r y wh i t e f r o s t and ha i l s to rm» Temperatures normally range from 25°' t o 30* Ce l s iu s (75° to 90° P a r e n h e i t ) dur ing the ¥ i n t e r months and 27° to 36° C e l s i u s (80° to 96° F a r e n h e i t ) dur ing the Summer» However, due to i t s v a r i e d topography, zones of mic ro -c l ima te e x i s t and wide v a r i a t i o n s a re l i k e l y to occur dur ing the V/inter months i n c l u d i n g c i rcumstances where ten^ je ra tures drop sometimes to f r e e z i n g p o i n t on the h igh mountains»

As f a r as r a i n f a l l i s concerned i t v a r i e s widely from one p a r t of the country t o the o t h e r , abundant on the c o a s t and i n s i g n i f i c a n t sometimes in the i n t e r i o r 5 caus ing , on the one p a r t , f l o o d s and damages to r o a d s , crops and l i v e s and, on the o the r p a r t , e x t e n s i v e , a r i d or semi -a r id zones» The f o u r seasons a re a l t e r n a t e l y r a i n y and d ry . The f i r s t r a i n y season covers the months of A p r i l and May, fo l lowed by the f i r s t dry one, which extends from June to end of

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Augiist , t h e var iaes t months of t h e y e a r . The second r a i n y season ex tends

f rom September t o November.

H a i t i as most of the i s l a n d s i n the Car ihhean , i s l o c a t e d v i t h i n

a c y c l o n i c zone; h u t , due t o i t s p o s i t i o n and topography the major

p a r t of the count ry i s ve ry seldom v i s i t e d hy h u r r i c a n e s . The s o u t h -

w e s t e r n and n o r t h - w e s t e r n p e n i n s u l a s a r e exposed t o t h i s phenomenon

d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of t h e second r a i n y s e a s o n .

2 ' HISTORY

The E e p u h l i c of H a i t i has had one of t h e most " b r i l l i a n t , i n t e r e s t -

i n g , e x c i t i n g ^ co lox i r fu l h u t checkered h i s t o r i e s among the c o u n t r i e s of

t h e a r e a . Discovered "by C h r i s t o p h e r Columhus on 5-December 1492, whi l e

on h i s f i r s t voyage , and r u l e d by Spain f rom t h e r e o n u n t i l Spain ceded,

hy t h e s i g n i n g of t h e T r e a t y of liyswick of 1697» t h e wes t e rn p o r t i o n of

H i s p a n i o l a ( t h e p r e s e n t t e r r i t o r y of t h e Repub l i c of H a i t i ) t o F rance ,

l a t h e cour se of a iev y e a r s of c o l o n i z a t i o n t h e Span ia rds e l i m i n a t e d

t h é n a t i v e i i i i i ah i t an t s , t he Arawaks, e i t h e r on t h e f i e l d of b a t t l e or as

a r e s u l t of ha rd l a b o u r . I t was then t h a t , upon Bartolomé de l a s Casas '

s u g g e s t i o n s , t h e Spanish crown consen ted t o in5)ort A f r i c a n negroes and,

s t a r t e d thus t h e h a r d s h i p s of s l a v e r y . C a t t l e husbandly was i n t r o d u c e d

i n 1496 and c rop growing began in 1536 w i t h c o t t o n , i n d i g o , tobacco and

sugar -cane»

Under t h e French regime s l a v e r y f l o u r i s h e d and t h e colony became

one of the most v a l u a b l e and p rospe rous of t h e West I n d i e s . The French

R e v o l u t i o n of 1789 b rough t i n e v i t a b l y i t s r e p e r c u s s i o n s i n S t . Domingul,

t h e new name given t o the t e r r i t o r y by the French c o l o n i s t s . Out of the

a g i t a t i o n f o r t h e a b o l i t i o n of s l a v e r y and e x t e n s i o n of t h e p r i v i l e g e s

of c i t i s e n s h i p came t h e ensu ing s t r u g g l e s f o r independence , which r e s u l t e d

in t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of much l i f e and p r o p e r t y . The main f o r g e r s of

independence ( T o u s s a i n t 1 ' O v e r t u r e - D e s s a l i n e s - Chr i s tophe - P e t i o n )

a r e w e l l known t h e wor ld o v e r .

On 1 Janua ry 1804 . the count ry was p roc l a imed independent and r e v e r t e d

t o t h e o r i g i n a l I n d i a n name of " H a i t i " . By t h a t Act t h e coun t ry became

t h e second Repub l i c i n t h i s hemisphere , 28 y e a r s a f t e r t h e Uni t ed S t a t e s

of America and t h e f i r s t negro Republ ic of t h e new wor ld , w i th French

b e i n g adoptcid as t h e o f f i c i a l l anguage .

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The circumstances surroiinding the independence of the newly-emerging State created almost unsurmo'jjatahie obstacles against its sovereignty! obstacles caused by the colonial povers and oppressing racial forces of the world, to the point where one wonders whether the survival of the small state was uot a miracle» It had been born of a violent revolution that lasted several years during which the wealth of the country had been destroyed. It lacked social order, schools and economic organization! leaders were military men without political or administrative training®

In those circumstances from independence 1804 to date - only interrupted by the United States of America intervention in the internal affairs of Haiti from 1915 to Í934 - the country knew few periods of relative stability whose gains were lost immediately in succeeding civil waritires and divisions» The country of men who, by their axea5x]a"y unljaj astounded the world by breaking for the first time in liistcxy their chains of slavexyj tha country of men who helped to establicii the Pan-Aaerican mavement, by welcoming and assisting with men and amicuaitions, first the precursor Miranda, and then the South ftiasTícan Litarator, Bolivar in the war of emancipation of many South American, ccintrias - they were also present in Savannah during the war of independence of the U,S«A»! - this country, because of the intricate interplay of many internal and external factorsj had not known until the last feTif decades a period of relative peace» The history of Haiti is a history of the efforts made by the Haitian people Tinder very trying conditions in search of a stable society.

However5 despite those obstacles, the nation has been able to forge an original culttire which blends harmoniously the spiritual, moral and technological values of western civilization with the African transcendental humanismo Though French continues to be the official language of the couB.tiy, the people of Haiti speak Creole»

3 ~ GEOPOLITICAL STaUCTUilE

For palitisai administrative purposes, Haiti is divided into nine (9) districts coHsmanly called Geographical Departments, as shotm on

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the attached m a p . ^ The Nor th-ves t Department a t the extreme no r th -western p a r t i s mountainous and semi -a r id . I t con ta ins approximately 5 per cent of the popu la t ion and i t s c a p i t a l c i t y i s Po r t -de -Pa ix . The North Departmentj though mountainous, inc ludes f e r t i l e p l a i n s of importance. I t s c a p i t a l c i t y i s Cap-Hai t ien , the second l a r g e s t c i t y of the count ry . About 16 per cent of H a i t i ' s popu la t ion l i v e s t h e r e . The Nor th -eas t Department wi th only 1 per cent of the t o t a l popu la t ion , i s s i t u a t e d on a mountainous and semi-a r id zone, along the Dominican Republic bo rde r . I t s c a p i t a l c i t y i s F o r t - L i b e r t e , A r t i b o n i t e Department sjustairis about 12 per cent of the popu la t i on . It inc ludes two h i s t o r i c a l and important coastal c i t i e ss Gonaives and S t . Marc, and, through i t ruiis the r i v e r of the siime name, A r t i h o n i t e , the l a r g e s t in the country . The Cen t ra l Department^ loca ted south of the North-west Department:, i s a region of h ighland plateaux too uneven in c h a r a c t e r to al low f o r economic irrigation. Only 7 peí" cenx of the t o t a l popu la t ion l i v e s in t h i s reg ion whose c a p i t a l c i t y i s Hinche. The West Department - where the c o u n t r y ' s capital exty,; Port-au-Prince, i s l oca ted - forms t oge the r wi th A r t i h o n i t e Eepartrfienc xaost important a g r i c u l t u i ' a l a reas of the coxintiy. In addition t o the main en t ry for imports and s u s t a i n i n g the main export c rops , t h i s Department con ta ins important f o r e s t a reas and supports around 28 per cent of the popu la t ion . The South-eas t Department which accommodates 8% of the c o u n t i y ' s popu la t ion , has i t s c a p i t a l a t Jacmel, The s o i l s i n the "P la ine de Jacmel" are favot i rable to coconut and hanana growing. I t s heaches a re among the b e s t of the coun t ry . The South Department, wi th a popu la t ion es t imated a t 14 per cent of the t o t a l i s s i t u a t e d in the extreme south-west of the count ry . Good t e l l u r i c and c l i t a a t i c cond i t ions p r e v a i l i n g t h e r e , p rovide t h i s rég ion wi th a g r ea t a g r i c u l t u r a l p o t e n t i a l . F i n a l l y , the Grand 'Anse Department, wi th about 9 pes^ cent of the popula t ion con ta ins the c o u n t r y ' s most heav i ly wooded r e g i o n .

T r a d i t i o n a l l y , the departmental d i v i s i o n s served as cen t r e s of l oca l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , w i t h , a t the head a P r e f e c t who i s the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the Execut ive , f o r p o l i t i c a l m a t t e r s , and in a d d i t i o n a Mayor who dea l s

1 / Under the New C o n s t i t u t i o n of 1957-.

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í i s Ds Ik roRTue

iLS A V4iCHg

ÍTS SLmiá Main CsTiES

2/ w i t h a d s n i n i s t r a t i v e p rob lems , and CI. MElgiS'fcX'El't'iS ÍOí? JUXicLicO-l pVlXpOSGS o"^

The f t m c t i o n s of the Depar tments a l s o i nc luded r e g i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s

i n revenue c o l l e c t i o n and a s s i s t a n c e t o c e n t r a l government w i t h v a r i o u s

economic and s o c i a l programmes»

2 / P r i o r t o t h e 1957 C o n s t i t u t i o n t h e r e were f i v e depar tments .

- A s ó -

4 - NATURAL RESOURCES ENDOWMENTS

The shape and topography of t h e country i n many r e s p e c t s con-s t i t u t e s e r i ous handicaps f o r development of the n a t u r a l r e sou rce s and f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n and maintenance of a community netvork» Conse-quent ly 9 the d i f f e r e n t r eg ions of the country a re no t c l o s e l y i n t e g r a t e d p h y s i c a l l y , economically and soc i a l l y^ and s u c c e s s f u l e x p l o i t a t i o n of the c o u n t r y ' s r esource base has "been l i m i t e d so f a r» These a s p e c t s e l abo ra t ed under the genera l t i t l e ' n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s ' , g ive c o n s i d e r a t i o n to a v a i l a b l e a r ab l e land , minera l r e sou rce s and human resources»

a) Land Use and Land Tenure p a t t e r n

H a i t i was once h a i l e d as the r i c h e s t colony i n the world ( a t the end of the 18th Century)» Since then , i t s n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s i n r e s p e c t of the capac i ty of the land f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l p roduc t ion has d e t e r i o r a t e d considerably» Of i t s 2»8 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s t o t a l a r e a , 54 per cen t have

o s lopes of more than 40 » According to e s t i m a t e s of the Department of A g r i c u l t u r e the c u l t i v a t e d a r ea of 870,000 h e c t a r e s i n the country i s d i s t r i b u t e d i n the fo l lowing ways approximate ly 550,000 h e c t a r e s i n mountains and 350,000 h e c t a r e s i n p l a in s» Of the t o t a l a rea i n p l a i n s 70,000 h e c t a r e s a re under i r r i g a t i o n » ' ^ / Some 20 to 30 p e r cen t of the p l a i n s have no t been e x p l o i t e d due to lack of i n f r a s t r u c t x i r e ( road-i r r i g a t i o n - drainage)»

LAND USE IN HAITI

Tota l Area 27,750 km^ or 2,775^000 has» T i l l e d Land 8,700 km^ or 870,000 has»

U n t i l l e d but t i l l a b l e land 3,000 km^ or 300,000 has» 2

P a s t u r e land 5,300 km or 530,000 has» F o r e s t s 2,000 km^ or 200,000 has» N o n - a g r i c u l t u r a l land ( i nc l udes

Roads, B u i l d i n g s , A i r p o r t s , e t c » ) 8,700 km^ or 870,000 has . N»B» 1 h e c t a r e = 2.4710 acres»

Sources H a i t i a n I n s t i t u t e of S t a t i s t i c s »

j / Plf^n I n d i c a t i f 1976/77 - I98O/8I du SECTEUR AGRICULITJRE -Departement de 1 ' A g r i c u l t u r e , des Ressources N a t u r e l l e s e t du Deveiuppement Rural» Unite de Programmation HAITI 9 October 1975«

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The forests wMch occupy some 10 per cent of the t o t a l t e r r i t o ry -provide an insxifiicient cover for the moiintains» Besides o ther u s e s , they supply anauaily about 13 m i l l i o n cuhic metres of wood f o r house-hold uses? xfood "being so far the most in^jortant soxirce of energy in Hait i» The indiícriminate f e l l i n g of t r e e s on s t eep s lopes , as a consequence of the pressure of h igher demand of an i n c r e a s i n g populatiisn for wocd and charcoal;, in add i t i on to over-cropping and malpractices in sabsistenee farming, have p r e c i p i t a t e d the process of erosion of the m©untair: slopes o

The forest p ' j tGDiial in product ion of wood is es t imated to he of... the o r i e r of million f/ahic metres» This stock i nc r ea se s y e a r l y "by ahot t 1 = 5 Hiilio-n m'o Buz aimnal consumption of wood i s es t imated to be apprcxiraateiy at 5»25 laillion m^» At t h i s rhythm the c o u n t r y ' s forest reserves %/oiild disappear, in approximately 30 y e a r s , v i t h a l l its can sequel) ees, if cont::"ol measures a re not in t roduced to r e t a r d the destraetion 'the forest»

As far 1 .iTvd tenure i s concerned, min i fundia ( sma l l - s ca l e operati 'Tis) a.-e predcminant in H a i t i d e s p i t e the ex i s t ence of a few large e s t a t e s specializing mainly in sugar and s i s a l » As a consequence of the a p p l i e a t i c n of the H a i t i a n Law of I n h e r i t a n c e , land in farms has been sub j ec t t o a success ive p rocess of f ragmenta t ion which c o n s t i t u t e s a s e r i c u s problem f o r the programming of a g r i c u l t u r a l developmento Moreover, and c o r r e l a t i v e to the above-mentioned s i t u a t i o n , land t i t l e s t o small p l o t s a re f r e q u e n t l y unc lea r or insecure»

An es t imated ?C per sent of the number of a g r i c u l t u r a l ho ld ings a re l e s s thsm 1.29 h e c t s r s ; arid occupy only o n e - t h i r d of the t o t a l arable land of the co-antr'/, I e c o n t r a s t , about 29 per cent of the holdings range between 1.29 h e c t a r e s and 13 hec ta res? account ing f o r 62 per cent of the t i l l e d exd t i l l a b l e land» The r e s t of hold ings ( l e s s than. 1 psr cent) is di^itribtited in u n i t s exceeding 13 h e c t a r e s and acco'mt for t,:.ie remai.ii.rig 5 per cent of a r ab le land»

r/&3;3its 3.n extsasivs ccestai line, development of f i s h e r i e s had in tiie ®2¿pí.TÍEental stage» Annual f i s h and sea food catchments

v/errci ssti.T?.-; -,r rr. i veregc í:.-^. S jrr'.llicn isounds, which c o n t r a s t s w i th

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iii5)orts of f i s h and f i s h products amounting to some 36 m i l l i o n pounds . -^ As can he seen, the re i s ample room f o r f u t u r e development.

h) Mineral Resources

H a i t i ' s mineral resources have not so f a r been thoroughly prospec ted . Of the r e sources a c t u a l l y known-^ only copper and haux i t e have so f a r heen e x p l o i t e d . In both cases development has "been undertaken wi th the p a r t i c i p a t i o n of f o r e i g n companies. Recent p rospec t ions i n t o l i g n i t e depos i t s and the r e s u l t s of r e s e a r c h have shown the p o s s i b i l i t y of us ing i t f o r f u e l i n g the rmo-e l ec t r i c p l a n t s and the manufacture of l i g n i t e b r i c k s f o r household f u e l . This development would a s s i s t in c o n t r o l l i n g e ros ion r e s u l t i n g from the ex tens ive d e f o r e s t a t i o n r e l a t e d to the use of wood f o r f u e l . Also, p rospec t ions i n the no r th s p e c i a l l y , have revea led new mineral depos i t s no tab ly of copper .

c) Human Resources

According to the 1971 census the t o t a l popu la t ion of H a i t i was 4,31-i>028 inhabitants. Es t imates , based on a survey c a r r i e d out by the H a i t i a n I n s t i t u t e of S t a t i s t i c s t h e r e a f t e r , p laced the popula t ion a t the l e v e l s of 4.44 m i l l i o n i n h a b i t a n t s in 1973 and 4.58 m i l l i o n in 1975. The fo l lowing i n d i c a t o r s were der ived from the same surveys

H a i t i - Se lec ted Demographic I n d i c a t o r s 1973 Es t imates

Gross b i r t h r a t e 35.0 °/oo Gross death r a t e I5.O /( 00

00 Natura l growth r a t e 2 .0 / Real growth r a t e 1.58 ^/oo I n f a n t death r a t e 149.1 ®/oo F e r t i l i t y r a t e 150.0 L i f e expectancy 50 yea r s

Source; Demographic Survey - H a i t i a n I n s t i t u t e of S t a t i s t i c s .

V CONADEP: P l a n i f i c a t i o n e t Developpements B u l l e t i n No.2 Ju ly I969.

5 / Such as copper, baux i t e , manganese, i r o n , l i g n i t e and some petroletun, c lay or ceramic, s o i l s and sands and o ther cons t ruc t i on m a t e r i a l s .

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H a i t i ' s p o p u l a t i o n i s r e l a t i v e l y yoting, demograph ica l ly speak ing .

In f a c t aljout 42 p e r c e n t i s tinder 15 y e a r s o l d , and a c t i v e p o p u l a t i o n

acco \mts f o r about 54 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n of the Republ ic

as shown i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e s

H a i t i - D i s t r i b u t i o n of 1973 P o p u l a t i o n by age groups

Both sexes Male Female

Age 000 % 000 % 000 % Groups Inh» To t a l Inho To t a l Inh» To t a l

0-14 1 , 8 5 1 . 3 41»7 938 «4 21 »1 912»9 20 .6

15-64 2,406»8 54»2 1,133»0 25o6 1,273»8 28 .6

65 & over 181» 5 4»1 8I0O 1»8 100» 5 2 . 3

To t a l 4,439»6 100.0 2,152»4 48c5 2,287o2 51 .5

Sources Demographic e n q u i r i e s - HAITIAN INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS»

Of t h e t i j t a l p o p u l a t i o n i n 1973 about 80 p e r c e n t l i v e d i n r u r a l

a r e a s I and of t h e r emain ing 20 p e r c e n t which c o n s t i t u t e d t h e u rban

p o p u l a t i o n , 12 pe r cen t or a l i t t l e more than h a l f a m i l l i o n p e r s o n s

were i n P o r t - a u - P r i n c e , t h e c a p i t a l c i t y » In r e s p e c t of t o t a l l and

a r e a the p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y i s v e r y h i g h , about l 60 i n h a b i t a n t s p e r

square k i lomet re^ and 360 i n h a b i t a n t s p e r square k i l o m e t r e of 6/ c u l t i v a b l e l ando- '

As f a r as educa t i on i s concerned , t h e l e v e l of i l l i t e r a c y which i s

ve ry h i g h , has c o n s t i t u t e d and s t i l l c o n t i n u e s t o be a s e r i o u s c o n s t r a i n t

t o t h e s o c i a l and economic development of t h e country» Recent e s t i m a t e s

sugges t t h a t the a d u l t i l l i t e r a c y r a t e i s of t h e o r d e r of 80^» In l a r g e

p a r t t h i s i s due to t h e s o c i o - h i s t o r i c c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g ^ b e f o r e

6/ Esqu i s se du Deuxieme P l a n de Developpement Economique e t Soc ia l» 1976-1981 - CONADEP December 1974»

7 / I t i s an h i s t o r i c a l f a c t t h a t the s l a v e s were c o n s i d e r e d an o b j e c t and n o t a pe r son and t h e r e f o r e , had no a c c e s s t o educa t ion» However, under t h e French regime a f r e e d man ( A f f r a n c h i , born of a w h i t e c o l o n i a l i s t and a s l a v e woman, or a s l a v e f r e e d by h i s m a s t e r ) had t h e r i g h t t o educat ion» N e v e r t h e l e s s , tha A f f r a n c h i was r e s t r i c t e d i n t h e e s e r c i s e of a s p e c i f i c p r o f e s s i o n or t r a d e and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n » The only o u t l e t f o r him was the araiy» The f c i g a r s of H a i t i ' s independence were on ly m i i i t a r y men» They a c a j a i r s i r e l a t i v e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s k i l l i n t h e s e r v i c e of arms a t t h e head of a ^ Q i - i z ' ' i ' ' l i t s r a . t ' s mass of s l aves^

Ai 10 -

independence, and the sabsequent v i o l e n t , t r o u b l e d and r e c u r r e n t pe r iods

of i n t e r n a l c i v i l wars "which ranged from 1804 to r e c e n t decades; and

dur ing which the coun t iy plunged i n t o an a c c e l e r a t i n g s t a t e of p r o t r a c t e d

p o v e r t y .

Genuine e f f o r t s a r e being made towards r educ ing the l eve l of i l l i t e r a c y , and the i n s t i t u t i o n a l machinery i s a l r eady c rea t ed to cope w i th t h e ii[i(q)ortant problem of a d u l t educa t ion . However, the means, no t only in teriKs of f i n a n c e b u t a l so pe rsonne l and educa t iona l i n f r a s t r u c t -a r e , a r e very l i m i t e d . I n c r e a s i n g l y , emphasis has been brought on the a r ea of educa t ion on the p a r t of the Government w i t h the he lp of i n t e r -n a t i o n a l agenc ies o p e r a t i n g in the coun t ry .

In the a rea of h e a l t h , the h igh death r a t e - e s p e c i a l l y i n f a n t dea th r a t e - i s i n d i c a t i v e t h a t h e a l t h i s a s e r i o u s problem a r e a . There has been a h igh inc idence of m o r t a l i t y due t o t r o p i c a l i l l n e s s e s and d i s e a s e s . However, a f t e r a s u c c e s s f u l campaign f inanced mainly by f o r e i g n and i n t e r n a t i o n a l a s s i s t a n c e s ince the 1960 ' s , the country i s now f r e e from yavs and m a l a r i a . Opera t ing teams a re main ta ined to avoid r ecu r rence of those foriuer endemic d i s e a s e s in the H a i t i a n c o u n t r y s i d e .

5 - INímSTRUGTÍIRE

As mentioned b e f o r e the shape and topography of the count iy con-s t i t u t e s e r i o u s c o n s t r a i n t s to the development of p h y s i c a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . Despi te a l l t h a t , some p rog res s has been ach ieved .

a j I n t e r n a l Transpor t

The count ry has no nav igable r i v e r and the r a i l r o a d system, which used t o connect the A r t i b o n i t e Department wi th the c a p i t a l , long ago ceased to o p e r a t e . The road or highway network, which along wi th the c o a s t a l sh ipp ing s e r v i c e c o n s t i t u t e the only means of t r a n s p o r t of goods from one p o i n t of the country t o ano the r , was es t imated i n 1973 to be 3"157 k i l o m e t r e s long . However, only 200 k i lome t r e s of t h a t network were we l l s u r f a c e d , and only 100 k i l o m e t r e s paved. This was i n s u f f i c i e n t to l i n k the c a p i t a l w i th the main p roduc t ion c e n t r e s of the coun t ry , and to f a c i l i t a t e the easy f low of goods from one p a r t of the count ry to a n o t h e r .

- A s l l -

Recent f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e from i n t e r n a t i o n a l f i n a n c i a l i n á t i t ú t i e n s has f a c i l i t a t e d r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of the main a r t e r y l i n k i n g the n o r t h ajid the south wi th the c a p i t a l c i ty . . F e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s a re be ing c a r r i e d o u t , w i th the a s s i s t a n c e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l agenc ie s , f o r the r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of the c e n t r a l road l i n k i n g the c a p i t a l w i th the n o r t h through the c e n t r a l p l a t eauo Moreover, the Government a s s i g n s h igh p r i o r i t y to the r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of the road system and c o n s t r u c t i o n of f e e d e r reads,,

b) Maritime and Air T ranspor t

Shipping in genera l hand les the bulk of the c o u n t r y ' s expor t s and imports of geods^-^ However, a l l or almost a l l of ocean t r a n s p o r t i s opera ted "by f o r e i g n mari t ime l i n e s which connect H a i t i w i th the main European and North American por t s» Comiminication wi th the p o r t s of o ther Caribbeaa c o u n t r i e s a re d i f f i c u l t or almost non -ex i s t en t» The only iaari t ime c o n t a c t between the country and o the r Caribbean c o u n t r i e s i s ass'ared through t h e "schooner" serv ice»

The li:EÍtea road network and the r e s u l t i n g economic i s o l a t i o n of many c c a s t a i c i t i e s favoured the development of schooner c o a s t a l sh ipping s e r v i c e s which connect the main c o a s t a l c i t i e s to the c a p i t a l o There a re a c t u a l l y 26 motor v e s s e l s wi th an average c a p a c i t y of 123 t o n s j and 579 s a i l i n g v e s s e l s of 25 tons average c a p a c i t y , which p l y a long the 1500 k i l o m e t r e s c o a s t a l l i n e of the country»

Bes ides the c a p i t a l s e a p o r t , p o r t development and f a c i l i t i e s f o r mari t ime t r a n s p o r t a t i o n u n t i l r e c e n t l y were modest» The wharf a t P o r t - a u - P r i n c e has been ii i^roved to the p o i n t t h a t i t r e c e i v e s c o n t a i n e r cargo ships? consequen t ly , most f u t u r e shipments of goods w i l l be concen t ra t ed a t the c a p i t a l t o be d i s t r i b u t e d through-out the coun t ryo-^

^ Total v/eight of goods shipped by a i r e s t ima ted t o be of the order of 50 tons a year»

2 / (ILAI) INSTITUT DE DEVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE ET INDUSTRIEL»

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As far as a i r p o r t s are concerned a few domestic a i r s t r i p s are txsed to l i n k the c a p i t a l wi th the main p r o v i n c i a l c i t i e s . For i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r t r a n s p o r t , H a i t i i s l inked wi th Europe and North and South America "by many a i r l i n e s and, among them, one n a t i o n a l . However, except f o r Jamaica the re i s no d i r e c t a i r communication wi th the o ther CARICOM eoi in t r ies ; p r e s e n t l y connect ions are made tiirou^ Jasaaica or Puerto E ieo . The i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r p o r t in Port-au-.Pri.nce (opened to t r a f f i c in 196?) was r e c e n t l y expanded due to a c c e l e r a t e d and i n t e n s i f i e d a i r t r a f f i c .

I

As rega rds a i r cargo, only p e r i s h a b l e s of goods of high u n i t va lue a re sen t or rece ived hy a i r . I t i s probable t h a t the e s t a b l i s h -ment of the new I n d u s t r i a l P a r k ^ ^ in the v i c i n i t y of the a i r p o r t arid expansion of expo r t -o r i en t ed manufacture w i l l e x e r t p ressu re f o r f u r t h e r expansion of a i r cargo t r a n s p o r t f a c i l i t i e s .

c) Energy

As far as energy is concerned the s i t u a t i o n has improved considerably since 1970 with the i n s t a l l a t i o n of the h y d r o - e l e c t r i c plant of Peligre in the A r t i b o n i t e Department, nea r the border wi th the Dominican Republ ic . The t h i r d s t a g e , con^jleted with the i n s t a l l a t i o n of the t h i r d t u r b o - a l t e r n a t o r in l a t e 1973» brought the p o t e n t i a l increase to 47,000 k i l owa t t -hou r s or an a d d i t i o n a l electric power generation of 180 m i l l i o n k i l o w a t t - h o u r s per y e a r , thus doubling the former e x i s t i n g c a p a c i t y .

Besides P e l i g r e the re e x i s t o ther p o s s i b i l i t i e s of s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l f o r h y d r o - e l e c t r i c energy. However, up to now many p r o v i n c i a l towns use gas o i l f u e l e d e l e c t r i c p l a n t s , w h i c h amounts to an a d d i t i o n a l 5?682 k i l owa t t c a p a c i t y .

lO/ The h y d r o - e l e c t r i c capac i ty i s being f u r t h e r expanded under a r e c e n t l y concluded cons t ruc t i on agreement wi th the Federal Republic of Germany. The a d d i t i o n a l capac i ty w i l l not only supplement the e l e c t r i c i t y supply of the c i t y of Gonaives, bu t will p rovide energy f o r the i r r i g a t i o n pun^iing f a c i l i t i e s to r a i s e the l e v e l of water in the p l a i n of Gonaives.

l l / Since 1971 e l e c t r i c i t y i s the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of pub l i c e n t e r p r i s e s . It i s operated by the "Compagnie E l e c t r i c i t e d ' H a i t i " created to run the power supply in major towns of the count ry .

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d) Other Phys i ca l I n f r a s t r u c t u r e

Other elements of the p h y s i c a l i n f r a s t r u c t u x e of the country a re

the i r r i g a t i o n systemsj and the te lephone and teleconmrcmications

systeitto Telephone and teleeomnnmicat ions remain ve ry l imi ted» By

the end of 1972 the te lephone system reached 65,600 l i n e s mainly i n

use in the c a p i t a l c i ty» This s e r v i c e i s supplemented hy s u b s i d i a r y

f a c i l i t i e s in the o ther main c i t i e s a

The i r r i g a t i o n network covers only 20 per cen t of the c u l t i v a t e d l and . The network of cana l s i s served hy a combination of water from high l e v e l dams and from w e l l s dug s p e c i a l l y f o r t h i s purpose» P r e s e n t e f f o r t s involve no t only expansion of the i r r i g a t i o n system h u t a l s o the r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of sosse I30 k i l o m e t r e s of cana l s and d r a i n s s e i z i n g some 4,000 h e c t a r e s of c u l t i v a t i o n o

6 ADMIiSiISTE/lTT\':S FBÜMFMORK

Witbia the genera l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the country t h r e e o r g a n i z a t i o n s would ha d i r e c t l y involved i n the p rocess of p o s s i b l e i n t e g r a t i o n wi th CÁRICOM e-euutriesj, a l though i t i s exi'idsnt t h a t o t h e r s w i l l have s i g n i f i c a n t p a x ' t i c i p a t i o a e s p e c i a l l y in the a reas of f u n c t i o n a l co-opera t ion» The- t h r e e o r g a n i s a t i o n s a r e CONADEP5, ( t h e p l ann ing body) , IDAI ( the hzzii . f c r deve lopaen t ) , and the Department of Trade and Indust ry»

Pub l i c a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of th® coujatry i s be ing r e o r g a n i z e d and, s ince the c r e a t i o n of the p lann ing and c o - o r d i n a t i n g body, CONADEP (CONSEIL NATIONAL DE DEVELOPPEfiENT ET DE PLANIFICATION), a new o r i e n t a t i o n has been given t o the development of p u b l i c a f f a i r s » CONADEP, the p lann ing agency - the t i t u l a r head of which i s t he P r e s i d e n t of the Sepub l i c , r e p r e s e n t e d by the M i n i s t e r of Finance and Economic A f f a i r s - ope ra t e s through a Na t iona l Counc i l , i t s main pol icy-making body, which incliudes the M i n i s t e r s of P u b l i c Works, Trade and I n d u s t r y , Educa t ian , A g r i c a l t u r e a^d Publ ic Hea l th and Populat ion» CONADEP has t h r e e nominal fniact ionss Long-term economic p l ann ing , p r e p a r a t i o n of development budge t , and a s s i s t a n c e t o m i n i s t r i e s and semi-autoncmous agenc ies i n p r o j e c t p r e p a r a t i o n » The

A a 4

r e c e n t e s t ab l i shmen t i n each m i n i s t r y of a p lann ing u n i t has r e i n f o r c e d

the a c t i v i t i e s of CONADEP i n development p l ann ing , by a s s u r i n g a more

e f f e c t i v e and sounder c o - o r d i n a t i o n of programmes.

The iniplementation of s p e c i a l l y s e l e c t e d a g r i c u l t u r a l and i n d u s t r i a l p r o j e c t s have 'been c a r r i e d out "by the INSTITÜT DE DEVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE ET INDUSTRIEL (iDAl) which i s the only development i n s t i t u t i o n i n H a i t i . I t extends c r e d i t and t e c l m i c a l a s s i s t a n c e f o r development, and has c r e a t e d many small i n d u s t r i e s which a r e managed through the SOCIETE d'EQUIPEMENT NATIONAL (SEN).

The o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t would have most t o do w i t h Common Market m a t t e r s i s the Department of Trade and I n d u s t r y . The Organic Law of A p r i l 1973 provided f o r t h e r e s t r u e t u r i n g of the Department t o enable i t t o p l a y i t s r o l e i n t h e o r i e n t a t i o n of t r a d e and i n d u s t r i a l p o l i c i e s of the Government. In the f i r s t i n s t a n c e a Techa ica l Council was e s t a b l i s h e d which groups a l l the heads of D i v i s i o n s , and which has the f u n c t i o n of c o - o r d i n a t i n g a c t i o n a t t he i n d u s t r i a l and commercial l e v e l s . The Council o p e r a t e s through s e v e r a l d i r e c t o r a t e s and s e r v i c e b o d i e s .

Two D i r e c t o r a t e s were c r e a t e d t o t a k e over the f u n c t i o n s of the former D i v i s i o n of I n t e r n a l and E x t e r n a l Trades (a ) the D i r e c t o r a t e of I n t e r n a l Trade w i t h i t s v a r i o u s s e r v i c e s ( P r i c e con t ro l -D i s t r i b u t i o n - I n s p e c t i o n - Standards and S p e c i f i c a t i o n s ) whose f u n c t i o n i s t o r e g u l a r i z e the p r o c e s s of d i s t r i b u t i n g the ÍB5»orted a s w e l l as the l o c a l l y produced commodities a t seasona l p r i c e s | and (b) the D i r e c t o r a t e of Fore ign Trade which embraces the whole range of f o r e i g n t r a d e a c t i v i t i e s through i t s s e r v i c e s ofs Documentation and I n f o r m a t i o n , O r i e n t a t i o n of Trade and Promotion of Expor t s , T a r i f f and Non-Tar i f f S t u d i e s ondlRelations w i th I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s and Commercial Zones.

The law a l s o provided f o r the s e p a r a t i o n of the D iv i s ion of I n d u s t i y and H a n d i c r a f t i n t o two new D i r e c t o r a t e s j the D i r e c t o r a t e of I n d u s t r y and the D i r e c t o r a t e of H a n d i c r a f t . These new bod ies have r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r e f f e c t i v e c o n t r o l , promotion and programming of the a c t i v i t i e s i n those s e c t o r s . The c r e a t i o n of a Uni t of Programming

«i A

- A s l 5 -

wi th in the D i r e c t o r a t e of I n d u s t r y f u r t h e r r e i n f o r c e s the fo rmu la t i on and implementation of i n d u s t r i a l p o l i c y , inasmuch as t h i s i s d e c i s i v e f o r the genera l economic development»

The Legal D i r e c t o r a t e i s i n charge of a l l the f o r m a l i t i e s r e l a t e d

to the r e g i s t r a t i o n of f i rms and s o c i e t i e s w i t h i n the framework of

e x i s t i n g laws, t r a d e marks and l e t t e r s pa ten t» I t a l s o s t u d i e s and

determines the c o n d i t i o n s of apply ing the P o s t a l and I n d u s t r i a l

p r o p e r t y l e g i s l a t i o n .

These s u b s t a n t i v e D i r e c t o r a t e s r e c e i v e suppor t ing s e r v i c e s from

the D i r e c t o r a t e of S t a t i s t i c s , t he General S e c r e t a r i a t , and the

Eegional O f f i c e s ,

7 - FISCAL STRUCTURE

Tlie r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r t a x c o l l e c t i o n a re shared in va ry ing degrees 'by iou r pub l i c autonompius agencies? 1 'Admin i s t r a t i on Generale des líouanes (AGD), Admin i s t r a t i on Generale des Con t r i bu t i ons (AGC), Baaque Natioaale de l a Republique d ' H a i t i (BNRH) , and The Regie du Tabac e t dss Alitiaietteso

The f i r s t i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the c o l l e c t i o n of most f o r e i g n t r a d e t axes and the second f o r i n t e r n a l taxes» In genera l t he t axes c o l l e c t e d by these two p u b l i c agenc ies serve t o f i n a n c e the f i s c a l Budget accounts , a p o r t i o n of the Development Budget , and e x t r a -budgetary earmarked funds f o r some autonomous i n s t i t u t i o n s »

The Regie d i r e c t l y l e v i e s t axes c a l l e d "commissions" on l o c a l l y produced goods as w l l as on many in^iorted p r o d u c t s , and use t h e s e funds f o r the r e a l i s a t i o n of i t s p r o j e c t s » Whereas, the BNRH, a l though no t s t r i c t l y a t ax c o l l e c t i o n agency, r e c e i v e some t a x payments, most ly r e l a t e d to expor t s and impor t s .

A quick a n a l y s i s of r e c e n t y e a r s would r e v e a l the importance of' Customs Dut ies which r e p r e s e n t e d 50 pe r cen t of t o t a l t axes over the pe r iod 1967/1968 to 1969/1970» This c o n t r i b u t i o n has f a l l e n to about 48 per cen t oa average f o r the l a s t f o u r years» Next in importance a re Excise Taxes or t axes on p roduc t ion and consumption, whose c o n t r i j-j.t i Oil to tne t o t a l of t a x r e c e i p t s has grown dur ing the p e r i o d

- Ai 16 -

1970/1971 t o 1973/74, r each ing approximate ly 20 pe r c e n t . Income

Taxes comprise the t h i r d most in^jor tant c a t e g o r y .

a) Taxes oa Fore ign Trade

During the American occupat ion the H a i t i a n f i s c a l system vas modi f i ed t o ahsoi'h the f o r e i g n d e h t , most ly American. Since then no s i g n i f i c a n t ahange lias hcen made to the f i s c a l system. Approximately 50 per cen t of the revenues in the f i s c a l budget comes from taxes on f o r e i g n t r a d e , which comprise Export D u t i e s , Import Dut ies and o the r customs cha r ges .

Tlie most i iapor tant c o n t r i b u t o r t o expor t t a x e s i s c o f f e e , on which

t h e r e a r e s e p a r a t e r a t e s corresponding t o the t h r e e types : imwashed

Arab ica , washed Arabica and broken c o f f e e . - ^ ^ The t o t a l t axes app l ied

12/ These r a t e s a re as f o l l o w s :

i ) a f i x e d duty of Gourdes 55 or US|11 f o r each 60 kgs . bag,-

i i ) a duty depending on the q u a l i t y of the c o f f e e : (washed c o f f e e - exemption; unwashed c o f f e e - Gds. 18.75 or US#3.75| and broken c o f f e e - Gds. 20 or US|4 .00.

i i i ) stamps Gds. 3.50 or US$0.66 each b i l l of l a d i n g .

i v ) a d d i t i o n a l d u t i e s confu ted on t h e q u a n t i t y of exported c o f f e e and earmarked f o r :

- c o f f e e p roduc t ion promotions Gds. 4 .00 or US$0.80 f o r each 6O k g s . bag ,

- educa t ion of a d u l t s Gds. 1 .32 or US$0.26 f o r each 60 kgs . bag ,

- "economic l i b e r a t i o n " bonds computed on the g loba l amount y i e l d e d by the a p p l i c a t i o n of the above f i r s t t h r e e d u t i e s on 100 bags of each type of c o f f e e , as f o l l o w s ;

2 .5^ on the f i r s t Gds. 1,000 or US$200, and Vfo on the remaining amount;

v) Na t iona l Defence Gds. 1 .25 or US$0.25 f o r each 60 kgs . bag .

See a l s o appendix t a b l e .

- Ai 17 -

t o a bag of c o f f e e raa-waslied, -washed emd Ibroken a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y

US$17o305 |13o51 and $17«55« These d i f f e r e n t i a l t a x r a t e s were a p p l i e d

w i t h t h e o b j e c t of promot ing e x p o r t a t i o n of washed c o f f e e , h u t they

have tended t o produce the o p p o s i t e e f f e c t » As a r e s u l t , t he

Government r e v i s e d t h e system of c o f f e e t a x a t i o n , i n August 19739

hy lower ing the f i x e d r a t e and supplement ing i t w i t h p r o g r e s s i v e

ad valorem rates»-^^'^

I n t he ca se of s u g a r , t h e expor t t a x i s l e v i e d on the "basis of

the 100 pounds foOoho p r i c e » ^ ^ The o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r a l expor t p r o d u c t s

13/ New C o f f e e Tax Schedule

FOB P r i c e pe r 60 Kgs

ProJE Gdes

Washed Cof f ee Unwashed and Brokens

0 t o Gdeso 225 Gdeso 23 Gdeso 43 225 230 23 Ifc 43 Vfo 230 235 23 2io 43 lio

235 240 23 % 43 240 245 23 43 14

245 250 23 5lo 43 5fo 250 255 23 - 43 : ^fo

255 260 23 - lio 43 lie 260 265 23 43 &io

265 270 23 •• % 43 - 9% 270 275 23 10^ 43 . 10%

275 280 23 T 11^ 43 11^ 280 285 23 -i 12^ 43 12^ 285 290 23 \ j f o 43 , 13^ 290 295 23 4 14^ 43 14^ 295 300 23 4 15/» 43 . 15% 300 375 70 90 Over 375 24^

Sources Le Mosiiteur, 20 August 1973o

1 4 / The r a t e s of e x p o r t t a x on sugar ares

FoOohc

Up t o US|3c50 From US$3 o 51 t o 4 o00 From Usé^oOl t o 4»50 From US$4o 51 t o 5^00 Over UséScOO

Tax Percentajge

Exemptions 10^ on t h e excess of

on t h e excess of on t h e excess of on t h e excess of

50 00 50

" A; 18 ~

a r e s t ib jec ted t o a s p e c i f i c t a x , v h e r e a s , t he manufactured p roduc t s

a re f r e e of a l l expor t t a x e s .

With r ega rd to i a p o r t d u t i e s , the r a t e app l i ed to each produc t accords t o t h e l i s t i n g i n the Customs T a r i f f . In comparison w i th many La t i n American c o u n t r i e s the genera l l e v e l of in5)ort d u t i e s a re moderate , and do no t e^jeeed 28^ of t o t a l i n ^ o r t va lue accord ing t o e s t i m a t e s by the Na t iona l Bank of the Republ ic of H a i t i .

"b) I n t e r n a l Taxes

The grotip of i n t e r n a l t axes comprises Income Tax, Taxes on

constimption and p roduc t i on or Excise d u t i e s , Travel t a x e s , Taxes on

documents, a c t s and t r a n s a c t i o n s .

Income Tax; The law e s t a b l i s h e s the p r i n c i p l e , t h a t income t axes a re l e v i e d only on incomes earned i n H a i t i , and p r o g r e s s i v e r a t e s apply bo th t o pe r sona l incomes and co rpora t e incomes. In r e l a t i o n t o a l e g a l e n t i t y » mainly i n d u s t r i a l or commercial e n t e r p r i s e s , t he income t a x , a f t e r ded'action of some exemptions allowed by law, i s l e v i e d on t h e n e t prof i t . I n a d d i t i o n , t he e n t e r p r i s e i s s u b j e c t t o another t a x , "Dro i t e de P a t e n t s " , i n conformi ty w i t h the law of 1 Sep tember I966.

Concerning i n d i v i d u a l income t a x , the same schedule used f o r the c o n f u t a t i o n of the income t ax f o r i n d u s t r i a l and commercial e n t e r p r i s e s i s a p p l i e d . For s a l a r i e d persons the con^iutation i s

15 / The t ax r a t e s apply ing t o incomes of e n t e r p r i s e s and o the r l e g a l e n t i t i e s are?

Net Taxable Revenue in ÜS# Tax in %

Up t o $ 1,000 5 From 1,000 t o 2,000 10 of USi 1,000 Prom 2,001 t o 6,000 15 of 4,000 From 6,001 t o 12,000 20 of 6,000 Prom 12,001 t o 20,000 25 ;Óf 8,000 From 20,001 t o 40,000 30 Of 20,000 From 40,001 t o 100,000 35 of 60,000

40 of the excess

- Ai 19 -

made on ne t income a f t e r the deduct ions of a l l al lowed exemptions? whereasp f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l persons t h e income t ax i s con^juted on an a s sessed o a s i s or on the f i n a l d e c l a r a t i o n of the taxpayer

In addit ion; , a l l i n d i v i d u a l s a re l i a b l e to an i d e n t i t y card t ax which iv3 graduated accord ing t o l e v e l of income

Corporate bodies . House Owners, S t a t e p r o p e r t y R e n t e r s , Motor Vehic le Owners iiare to pay a t a x on l i c e n c e s , c a p i t a l va lue of the b u i l t properoy, the r e n t a l or the second r e g i s t r a t i o n of v e h i c l e s o

Land Tax; Land t ax on b u i l t p r o p e r t i e s , i s l e v i e d on the b a s i s of the r e n t ¿ i of the house, t h a t i s t o say , the va lue e f f e c t i v e l y pa id f o r roi : t or the Ta lus the p r o p r i e t o r w i l l l i k e l y ob t a in i f he

is/ wishes to l e t Iiis -/^reperty..—'

16/ The sca le a p p l i e d f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l pe r sons i s s A-yerage Ind iv idua l Income (Ad.justed) Tax jo

Up to #2,000 2 2 ,001 to 4,000 3

Froa 4 ,001 t o 6,000 5 Over 6,000 7

the a s se s sEsa t 'aerag based on the average f i n a l d e c l a r a t i o n of the l a s t two years o

17 / The sca le apply ing t o p u b l i c eniployees and p e n s i o n e r s i s s

MoBthly laecme i n US$ Tax in US$ V; to 21 2 Frca 22 to 60 3 From 61 t o 100 4 From 101 to 140 6 From 141 t o 200 8 From 201 to 300 12 From 301 to 400 20 Over 400 30

The b u i l t p r o p e r t y i s s u b j e c t t o a p r o g r e s s i v e t ax as_fol loí íSi

Renta l Valtie or Es t imated Ren ta l -n . ^ (Yearly i n US#) ^ ^ ^

Up -to $ 480 6 From 481 t o 660 7 From 661 t o 1,500 8 Froja 1,501 t o 1,800 9 Freza 1,801 t o 3,000 10 Frssa 3,001 t o 4,800 11 C-ysr 4,800 12

- Ai 20 -

c) Taxes on Consumption and Produc t ion

This ca tegory of t axes con ta in s the Excise t a x e s , Travel t axes

and t axes on t h e a t r i c a l performeinces and cinema.

Excise Taxes; In t h i s group t h e r e a re some t a x e s l ev ied on a s p e c i f i c h a s e , whereas the o t h e r s a re on ad valorem h a s i s , app l i ed on the p r i c e s a l e hase of s e v e r a l domestic a r t i c l e s and of some imported ones . The l i s t i n the appendix i n d i c a t e s the more in5)ortant t a x e s .

Travel Tax; A s p e c i f i c tax of lOfo i s l e v i e d on a l l t i c k e t p r i c e s of pe r sons t r a v e l l i n g abroad . In a d d i t i o n , a depa r tu r e t ax i s pa id hy a l l pas senge r s t r a v e l l i n g by a i r ; $2.00 f o r a l l f l i g h t s to f o r e i g n lands and #0.50 f o r a l l i n t e r n a l f l i g h t s .

Tax on En te r t a inmen t ; This t ax i s app l i ed on the amount of

revenue y i e l d e d by t h e a t r i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s or cinemas

d) Other Taxes

Taxes on documents, a c t s and t r a n s a c t i o n s ; They a re the fo l lowing t a x e s ; V e h i c l e s ' r e g i s t r a t i o n , D r i v e r s ' l i c e n c e s , Licences f o r f o r e i g n e r s o p e r a t i n g an e n t e r p r i s e or p r a c t i s i n g a p r o f e s s i o n . Residence l i c e n c e , A c q u i s i t i o n of an o rd ina ry p a s s p o r t and r e l a t e d r e c e i p t s and documents. They a l l appear i n the l i s t s i n the appendix, t o g e t h e r wi th the c o l l e c t i o n r a t e s and the b a s i s used to con^jute them.

1 9 / The c o l l e c t i o n r a t e i s as f o l l o w s ; Amount of Income ( i n US$) Tax in Up to 40,000 5 From 40,000 t o 100,000 10 Over 100,000 15

STATISTICAL APPENDIX

To

SECTION A

SECTION A

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE As 1

TABLE As 2

TABLE As 3

TABLE As 4

TABLE As 5

TABLE As 6

TABLE As 7

TABLE As 8

TABLE As 9

HAITIs P r o j e c t i o n of T o t a l P o p u l a t i o n 1950-1985

HAITIs Urban and R u r a l P o p u l a t i o n s

HAITIs P o p u l a t i o n on 1 J u l y 1973 by age g roup and s e x

- Age and Sex S t r u c t u r e of t h e P o p u l a t i o n

HAITI s Ntunber of A g r i c u l t u r a l H o l d i n g s by S i z e

HAITI § C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and c a p a c i t i e s of main e x p o r t s

Taxes on E x p o r t C o f f e e p e r bag of 60 kgsc

Compar isons be tween d i f f e r e n t Tax R a t e s

HAITIs C o l l e c t i o n Tax R a t e s on Expor t P r o d u c t s

TABLE As 10

TABLE As 11

HAITIs Taxes on S a l e s and P r o d u c t i o n

HAITIs Other I n t e r n a l Taxes

TABLE Aol - HAITI; P r o j e c t i o n of To t a l P o p u l a t i o n 1950-1985

Year To ta l P o p u l a t i o n

1950 3,097,220 1955 3,354,471 I960 3,623,216

1965 3,911,568 1970 4,235,000 1975 4,589,723 1980 5,008«502 1985 5,5010895

SO-ORSES HAITIAN INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS

Table fio2 = • HAIlIs ' ÜRBlffl ¡m RtML POPUUTldHS

1950 i960 1970 1971 1972 1975

(thousands)

Urban 37808 55hcB 856o2 873o2 915U4 95I06

Port=an»i»rince (15lo9) (2680I) (473=3) (5Ca,o5) (530o9) (562,,0) Othes" (22609) (286o7) (362^9) (571o7) (580o5) (389^6)

Rtipal 2,715o3 %033o2 35390»? 39428»0 3,466O0 3,503.8

lotal 3o092cl 35,538<.0 4,226o9 4(,301O2 4,377.4 4,454O4

(pSKSStó) Urban 12o2 15.5 1908 20o3 2O08 21o4

Port=?ati=?rijieG ( ^.9) ( 7.5) (llo2) (llq7) (12<,1) (12.6) Other ( 7«3) ( 80O) ( 806) ( 8a6) ( 8,7) ( 808)

Riiral 87o8 84o5 80o2 7%7 79°2 7806

Total lOOoO lOOoO lOOoO ICOoO lOOpO lOOoO

Sourees 1950 and 1971 - Pri 3liininary E iestilts of Genor'al Ceasuso Haitian Statistical Institutsf 1971 figores ars interpolated to m2Á<=y<íWa Obhei- year-s are intsa^polatians ana ojcfc-'apolatioiiso

Table A.3 - HAITI: Popu la t ion on 1 J u l y 1973 by age groups and sex

Age Group Male Female Both Sexes

0 - 4 349,440 336,753 686,193

5 - 9 307,582 296,994 604,576

10 - 14 281,410 279,112 560,522

15 - 19 244,348 251,641 495,989 20 - 24 184,909 206,088 390,997 25 - 29 130,865 165,429 296,294 30 - 34 109,187 141,354 250,541

35 39 102,195 127,668 229,863 40 - 44 103,693 117,978 221,671 45 - 49 91,406 93,204 184,610 50 - 54 72,026 ; 70,927 142,953 55 - 59 54,444 53,744 108,188 60 ~ 64 42,756 42,956 85,712

65 - 69 33,066 36,163 69,229 70 and more 47,951 64,334 112,285

TOTAL 2,152,424 2 ,287,199 4 ,439,623

Source! Demographic Survey - HAITIAN INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS

Table Ao4 - AGE AND SEX STRUCTÜKE OF THE POPULATION (thousands and p e r c e n t )

Age Males 1" Females $ Tota l 10

Less than 1 73«3 1«7 76,4 1 ,8 149» 7 3o5 1 - 4 230 0 4 5«3 226,1 5 , 3 456,5 10,6

5 - 9 292,1 6 , 8 296,8 6 , 9 588,9 13o7 10 - 14 300.3 7»0 294,3 6 , 8 594,6 13»8

15 - 19 229.5 5»3 250,3 5 , 8 479 08 11.1 20 - 24 152o3 3»5 181,2 4 , 2 333o5 7 = 7 25 - 29 131o2 3 .0 167 oO 3o9 298,1 6 ,9 30 - 103ol 2o4 126,4 2 ,9 229,5 5o3 35 - 39 121.2 2 , 8 147,6 3o4 268,8 6 ,2

40 - 44 104o8 2 ,4 109 0 2 2 , 5 214,0 4 ,9 45 - 49 94»5 2 ,2 90 ,2 2 . 1 184,7 4 , 3 50 - 54 7O0B 1 ,6 66,0 1 ,5 136,8 3 a 55 - 59 45»3 1 ,1 44,0 1 ,0 89»3 2 , 1 60 - 64 46o6 1 ,1 48 ,3 1 , 1 94 ,9 2 ,2

65 - 69 33o2 0 , 8 37ol 0 ,9 70 ,3 lo7 70 - 74 22.4 0 , 5 28,0 0 , 7 50 ,5 1 ,2

75 - 79 I3c8 0 , 3 18,1 0 , 4 31o9 0 ,7 80 - 84 806 0o2 12,5 0 , 3 21 ,1 0 , 5 85 and + 7o3 0 , 2 14,2 0 , 3 21,6 0 , 5

TOTAL 2¡,080o9 48,2 2,233«7 51 ,8 4 ,314 ,6 100,0

SoTOces 1971 Popu la t ion Censusj H a i t i a n S t a t i s t i c a l I n s t i t u t e .

Table A.5 - HAITI; Niunber of A g r i c u l t u r a l Holdings by s i z e

Size Number ( i n Car reaux)^ of Holdings

0,01 t o 0 .08 16,820

0 .09 to 0.16 36,050

0 .17 to 0 .25 107,480 0.26 t o 0 .38 2,485

0 .39 t o 0 .50 130,890

0 .51 t o 0 .78 68,260

0.79 t o 1.00 76,010 1.01 t o 1.55 65,920 1.56 t o 2.00 44,340 2 .01 t o 2 .33 9,260

to 3 .00 27,370 3.01 t o 3 .87 8,440 3.88 t o 4 .00 4,300 4 .01 t o 5.00 7,810 5.01 t o 7 .75 6,440 7.76 t o 10,00 2,660

10.01 t o 15.00 1,285 15.01 t o 20.00 590 More than 20.00 300

TOTAL 616,710

y 1 Carreau = 1.29 h e c t a r e s or 3 .19 a c r e s .

Source; P r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s of General Census of P o p u l a t i o n , Housing and A g r i c u l t u r e (September 1971). HAITIAN INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS.

5?

5 g Es, O y-t fí O «a; §

to

I s §

í H

EH

tí s. U¡ s

al <U

•2 a

a

Ü É

« -a I

K-a o -á

S)

i ^ 'i . . £ g I I I

d tB

s

o C ON CT' (M 3 D D O ^ o

s

c -=t-2" s Si

o Vi

i

CJ

o C\J

s o CM

-d-Ri

CO •o C^ »-( 4 o X K M K O O

B O CM

<V o CTv

o Rí

s

ON

lA t O o

ííí S K K o -a-

g

•s 8

Table A.7 - Taxes on Export Cof fee per bag of 60 kjgs. ( In US D o l l a r s )

Dut ies Washed Cof fee Unwashed Brokens

Tota l 13.51 17.30 17.55 Fixed d u t i e s 11.00 11.00 11.00

Dut ies based on t h e type - 3.75 4.00

Add i t i ona l d u t i e s - E l e c t r i f i c a t i o n P e l i g r e

P r o j e c t 0 .40 0.40 0.40

- Cof fee Promotion 0.80 0.80 0.80

- Adul t A l p h a b e t i s a t i o n 0 .26 0.26 0.26

- Economic L i b e r a t i o n bonds 0 .14 0 .18 0 .18 - Stamps on B i l l of Lading 0.66 0.66 0.66

- N a t i o n a l Defence 0 .25 0 .25 0 .25

Sources J BNHH, TTTPCADE e t Departement des F inances .

Table A.8 - CoBüarisems between different Tax Rates (In US Dollars)

price/ . Costa-quintal (i GKg)

Guatemala Hondmras Nicaragna Dominican . . „ , ^, Salvadco-ReptibliR Haiti

20,00". Exempt 2»00 4i83 1»15 • Exempt 2.00 12.57 25,00 Exempt 3»00 4»83 L.13 Exempt 2.50 12¿57 30»00 Exeiapt 5o75 4«85 U13- Exempt 3»00 12.57 55<.00 1»35 4 75 4O83 1¿13 Exempt. 4.00 12¿57 40<.00 2O45 6.25 4.8: 5 1-13 Exempt 5.25 12.57 45.00 if.95 7.75 4.83 1.Í5 Exempt 6.75 12¿57

SoPfoess Haiti, Missim infcegrle de I'OEA - 1972.

lable Ao9 - HftlTIs Collection Tax Rates on Export Prodoets

Export Products Taxation- Bass Collection rate (US )

Coffee

(abandoned sútee)

Fixed dutyo60 kg» bag + (depending on qnalitys ííashed

um-jashsd brokans

+ stamp on each Bill Bf Lading ^ additional taxes?

a) CoSfee p^ot2jcm/60 lego bag b) Alphabetization/60 Kg» bag e) Liberation bonds (see the t ^ t ) d) Hational Defence/60 Kgo bag

lliiOO

5 75

Oc66

0¿"80

0O26

Ool f 0618; Ot.18 0<,25

Replaced by Coffee? Latí o£ Augast 1973s is (an ad valoreni tax)

Fixed duties/60 Kgo bag and (acceding to quality)?

Washed Unvrashed and broksns

•!• np to Erom. ÜS$45d01 ta líom l[SS46»01 to msin USg59=01 mm ÜSS6O0OI t0

Waáied Um-jashed and teokoas

O rer üSS75s Uashal Qnx-ashed and brokens

46 47 60 758

4„60 8060

19H> 24%

Sisal . ftolajsses

Silver (brat) Cottofi Cotton saed oil cake Campeclie l.íí3d Gaias iisod «Bois Blans" Tree Roots

10 Kgsc GalXein 03? ad TOlorgm Op to ÜS$0<j70 per 60 Kg/bag ÍFOin OoTl te $0o80

Roti O08I t® loOO

Ocer loOO

100 Kgs 100 Kgs 100 Kgs 100 Kgs 100 Kgs

ooo 100 Kgs

0o276 0e04

Eszeznpbl/ IG^ on the excess of ÜS$0o70

40 on the excess of USgOoSO

8C on the excess of DSSloOO

0a214 0o418 0=214 OoOl lo55

000 0«316

Table A.9 (contimied)

ExjKirt Products Taxation Base Collection rate (0S$)

Hides and skins (bovine) 100 Kgs 7,984 Hides of other animals. 100 Kgs 5.326 Lamber TR (cubic metre) Ttcrtle shell 100 Kgs 0*264 Raw Rubber 100 Kgs 0«214. Bee Wax 100 Kgs 0Í2Í4 Casi-.or QiJ. Kg 0,10 Castor Beans Exemption-Sponges • 100 Kgs 5«122 Orange Skin. 3.00 Kgs 0«,214 Sofram 100 Kgs 0»214 Raw Salt 100 Kgs Oa tO Coconut fibres 100 Kgs 00214 Pineapple 100 Kgs 0(f20 Temporary

Prohibition Rice and others loo Kgs 09214 Temporary

Prohibition legumes (Hiscellaneows) Exemption. - Temporary

Prohibition

Saall Indusfcry Products

Mahogany articles 100 Kg? 0.21 Jijitation of leather articles • AS «OS Straw artixsles 100 Kgs o4sik Sisal articles 100 Kgs 0<,2?6 Sea shell articles. loo Kgs 0,214 Turtle shall articles 100 Kgs 0.214 Animal hair articles 100 Kgs 0O214 Manufactured Products Exempt of tax

Socroei; D&partément du Comeres et de I'lndastrie - HaitisMission IntegrSa de.".l'0Efl'-:'-I972.

W,»B. Other oustom house duties ares wharfage, warehousing eeannan fee for foreisn steamships, embarking and disembarking feé peialties, etc»

lable Ae 10 = Haitii Taxes ort Sa^es and Production (Exercise Taxes)

Taxable Products Taxation base Tax rate collection XIJSS)

Ao Go Co Rigie

Sttgar

Cement Floicr

Dlirefineds 100 lbs/ bag Refineds 100 lbs/ bag Importeds 42» 5 kg' bag Ordinarys 200 lbs/ sack Superiors 200 lbs/ sack

6o62 7o24

1^50 2<,10 0„50 2.5.45 2^45

Soap Washings /kg net Toilet box

0»05 3o00

O0O3

Textiles Qattous (according to quality) « yard

0o,0l3 0O025 0.04

Domestics Yard Imported! Yard Sard goods? lljso Others Yard

Ó O &

ooo

00016 o c o

0005 0018

Got thread Co lo Fo price Pi" 0 0 0

C-igarettes Domestics Pack of 20 Importeds Pack of 20 Co 1. Fo price

OoOh oooe

00073

20^ Cigars ACM?^ing to quality /

=

Prepared tobacco Ibso 0o015 Pork fat Can

60 lbs/ pack kgo 0o05

loOO O 0 6 O

Edible oil Domestics barrels of 55 gallons ooo 4»30

Soya, cottons kgo Imported? IbSo

0o05 0o05

000 Colo

Butter, Cheese &. Margarine kgo 0005 OalO

Ham Matches

kg. Imported! Co lo To Price

0 0 0

O O o

Ooll %

R ™ Small bottle (l pt) « 0 0 O0O5 bottle - 1 star 0^20 OolO liottle = 5 stars Co 30 0o20

bdttle = 5 stars O06O 0o30

Alcholss

Anisette, Eaudeviej brandy, bitters

litre 0o50 000

Table A® 10 » (SOTtinufid)

Taxable Products Taxation base Tax rate collection

A» G» Ca R%ie

Aa#hols oontil!

Whiskey^ Cognac^ Gin Beers, ales and so an Cillers Wisie aiampagne

litre litre litre litre litre

3.55 0^05 OokO o,ko

UOO 0.08 .«. Oo50 0«50

RefresVaaeiit driiiks Gross 0»665 MP

Toothpastes^ Perfumes Importeds C» 1» F» Price % Beauty Products^ coaiietiüs Lipsticks .

Once Gross

0.004 1.50

0.»

Shoes Salé Price -

Belts Sale Price -

Alumiiiitm Products Sale Price 2H.. -

leather I Leather articles Sals Price -

Soys Paints

-Sale Price Sale Price

2% 5%

Plastic P3?oducts Sale Price ).% -

Pharmaceutioal Products Sale Price 1% M

Silverware Sale Price 3% -

Paper of any type Kg. 0o05 -

Imported Luxury Foods Ca I. Fb Price h I &H, »

Additional tax/c» i. fo price n

Radios & Television au verso

Fuels & Lubricants :

Gasoline Importeds Gallon of 3«7853 litres 0»24

Gas oil ImportedJ Gallon of 5.7855 litres 0.09

Fuel Importeds Gallon of 5.7855 litres 0^02

Lubricants Importeds Gallon of 5®7855 litres 0.05

Electrical g. Mechajsleal Appliances C« I. F, Price

Table Ao 10. (continued)

laxable ProdTjcts laxation base Tax rate CBli^tion (US$)

Ao Go Co Regie

aoii'-felaitrical a Ivjeiia-.il'jai appliances

I:)Te3

Candies Ctocoiate

Marmalade,; Jams , Frriit;,. Jidoe

Kfesh ft ait

Vegsfcablasj raisins^ et'jo

tólk;, c.-car. dry milk

Biscuits

Cjnsfcruotion materials

Ga Is Fo Price

Co Xo Pa Price

Ca lo Fo Price

ImpTirtcrlg lbs

XmpcT-tids lbs

SLporteds lbs

Importeds kg

Importeds lbs

Importeds Sale Price

(See Addendtna)

0®02

IC^

0o05

OolO

Oc.05

0004

0005

SourCEJ I-fible elaborated on the basis of data from Ap G® Co aid Rlgieo

lable A»ll ~ H&Hls OtJier ¡jsteraal Taxes

afesstion bass Collection Rate

Xb Sieoffi® Tsx a) Enterprises aad

individüals'.

b) Professionals

o)

->. Moral Persons - Professionals

d) 'Isxes an eonstiaifflted. ®sxunds

Het taxabi© Revesóte in $US

Op to 1,000 fro2 LjCOl 2^000 of 'as$ 1,000 ñrcm 2,0®,. 6,000 1SSÍ of 4,000 «• 6,00í. 12,000 of 6,000 " 12,001 20,000 25SÍ of 8,000 " 20,001 40,000 of 20,000 « 40 001' 100,000 Of 60,000

(teer lOOyOOO 40?i of the excess

Avévage individual reventie adjas-fced (last tw yesrs) In

Up -1» £ms. 2,001 aom 4,001 Úres- 6„ooo

SyOOC 4,000 6,000

H-tsritiiy Card " House ownsrs State land rejiters Motor vehicle owsiers

- Salaried^ Pahli® employees and pensioners

Yidae of rental rate, contrihiitioii on, prsperties sseond regisfefation ta; MoKtU.y revenas

ISS, btit not less ..than.4200

Dp to $ : a $ 2 fiEOm $ 22 to 60

61 to loo 4 101 to 140 141 to. 200 8 201 to 300 12 501 to 400 2Q Cte? 400 50

?alEe ofs (lieenee con-tribakion on Property, second registration tax) CompntatiujTi of Identity Card tax with Lisence

but not less than 15.00

Answjnl Sai> li^enees Dp to % 200 fesE $ 201 to 1,000 10SÉ ihpsr 1,000 % Affiffloal RCTtal TOlt?© in USS Dp Í5Q $ 480 % fsm, Í 431 to %

661 1,500 ^ 1,501 to 1,800 f 1,801 to ^000 10^ " 55,001 to 4,800

OTOP l45aoo

2ablo. Aflil Ceoi?tÍHicl)

Ssísá or. baso &ill63fcion rate

(OSI)

13» ü ^ s l 2-C4Í iiskGÍ; prLse m AiSiiional tas: ©ásli passaage?

0.50

XH, IK&ios en 2heata°:,oal A'iDKit oí* L'-svenjia p€í?f0SffleD3QS (tr¡.eati'e„ císüja) -iOgUCj -ij ICOyJOO

CT€S' ICO5OOO

Saxüs on Eoemasirísí, Aéfes £ tsíinsaotionts

a) 7<3.':l'5lss regisii'atiaa íi. tchi"» .lí es-ií---U?s and lo

(r) rlj '-S Ó.-'it'.y ' •3 fritíjio 03TS tíf 6,- 3 & j'.' r.fírsdGr-s! anl

is &'o 'Sal Í- COO tts® -100.09 a; H Liüaiasa

~ nBix? vci-.frt.Ieu Peir-:\;r- less -'dbiS. 21 yoai's í)í' age I'a'ssnH tí-íict 'H •,fs32?s of ago 8 03

a>o: /rjjS'-.l'-C'Pci- ja V 'fciillGCi 1 00

e) IcsaiLfj .fui- íoeei^-svs C',) itossii '-jí: Lieenes fe'

(a) ftp-IRTd Ci' HclíCO-i £-X7 -JíisSi?

d) ObioiSlor. of a CO Saetea: Sj:stiG IS? OifSjiisl (2) By inrffis:' of yoaps

~ 1 yes? lOOsOO - 2 350000 w 5 -soai's 230í.c0

(3) 3e3la£a.üi-.r. oí -tórjoL ÍOoCO (4) tei^v-lfS

Resüasse „ , i3rs?r5-.\,-o.t of sfeaj-

•« 1 y£3L' i»5s.vr iixur/r-si'

JCaOD íwa' 2.': jr-i rs /poi' 2.%cn

íí/B/g A -esnteibafeloE eiilDÍ

Ci) of pci' eo;it fe í^ijÍá i-n ÜsyszíQCJ, Gonnrsial CS2.) o-.? 15 pc5? eeii on yor/j'i'. eí? fife'":? ^ozrrcol troper^y "by

(íü) P3? ocEfS Í<ux£:. fís

S E C T I O N B

Eecmomie Situation aad Prospects

SECTION B

C O N T E N T S

1 = REVIEW OF IHE ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTSc o o Bs 1

2 - MAIN PEODÜCTIYE SECTORS o « o o o o o o o o o « Ba 3 a) Agi'ietiltTiE'e o o o o o o o o o o o o B s 4 b) Manufaffitusing and Mining o o o o o o o o o o B s ? e) Gonsteuction Sse to? o o o o o o o o o o o o B g 9

3 ^ OTHER SECTORS e ® o o o o o o o o o o o o a o o Bo 1.0 a) Foreign frad© o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o BslO Is) Totffi'iSIE o s o o o o o o o o o f f l o a o o o Bsl5 ffi) Ts'anspfflr'ib o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Bsl7 d) Balance oí Payiaents o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Bo ECOHOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS

The f a v o u r a b l e p o l i t i c a l and economic c l i m a t e i n t h e c o u n t r y

wh ich i s r e f l e c t e d i n t h e improved t r e n d of t h e G r o s s Domes t i c P r o d u c t

a u g u r s w e l l f o r f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e f u t u r e . The r e c o v e r y of

t h e economy s i n c e I 9 6 8 was l e d by e x p a n s i o n i n t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g ,

t o u r i s m and c o n s t r u c t i o n s e c t o r s , e s p e c i a l l y by t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y

d e v e l o p m e n t of s m a l l - s c a l e e x p o r t - o r i e n t e d a s s e m b l y i n d u s t r i e s . T h i s

i n c r e a s e d momentum was a l s o r e f l e c t e d by t h e e x p a n s i o n of f i n a n c i a l

s e r v i c e s , m a i n l y t h r o u g h t h e o p e n i n g of many f o r e i g n bank s u b s i d i a r i e s 5

wh ich c o n t r a s t s w i t h t h e p e r i o d of i s o l a t i o n d u r i n g mos t of t h e 1960's<.

1 - REVIEW OF TIIE ECONOMIC SITUATION AND PROSPECTS

Though t h e GBP i s n o t a s u f f i c i e n t l y s u r e y a r d s t i c k t o m e a s u r e

economic p r o g r e s s and g e n e r a l w e l l - b e i n g , h o w e v e r , i t s g r o w t h i s

i n d i c a t i v e of t h e e f f o r t s made t o move t h e economy f o r w a r d . From

1955 t o 1967 , t h e r a t e of g r o w t h of GDP ( 0 . 9 8 ^ p e r y e a r ) was s l o w e r

t h a n t h e r a t e of g rowth i n p o p u l a t i o n The p e r i o d 196?

to 1972 h o w e v e r , showed a c o m p l e t e r e v e r s a l of t h e p a s t t r e n d .

F a c i l i t i e s g r a n t e d t o new i n d u s t r i e s u n d e r t h e law e n a c t e d i n March

19639 g e n e r a t e d f rom I 9 6 6 onwards a c o n t i n u o u s f l o w of i n v e s t m e n t t o

t h i s new s e c t o r , which t o g e t h e r w i t h h ighway r e c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y ^

and t h e e x p a n s i o n of t h e h y d r o - e l e c t r i c c a p a c i t y , s t i m u l a t e d i n c r e a s e d

p u r c h a s i n g power , i n t e r n a l l y , and had f a v o u r a b l e i m p a c t on o t h e r

s e c t o r s of t h e economy. E x t e r n a l f a c t o r s a l s o h e l p e d t o r e i n f o r c e

t h i s t r e n d ; e x p o r t s i n c r e a s e d by 1 ^kfoa.ná i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a n s f e r s

r o s e by The s t i m u l a t i o n of i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l s a v i n g s was

d e c i s i v e f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of i n v e s t m e n t s f r o m 1967 t o 1972. . T h i s

c o m b i n a t i o n of c i r c u m s t a n c e s r e s u l t e d i n an a n n u a l g r o w t h r a t e of 3o09^

f o r GDP d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d , s u b s t a n t i a l l y above t h e g r o w t h r a t e of l s 6 4

p e r c e n t of t h e p o p u l a t i o n f o r t h e same p e r i o d .

i j The economic s t a g n a t i o n was a t t r i b u t a b l e t o a v a r i e t y of c a u s e s , among them a d v e r s e c o n d i t i o n s f o r i n v e s t m e n t , m i l i t a r y i n v a s i o n s , and h u r r i c a n e s , ^ a z e l ( 1954 ) - G r e t a (1956) - E l l a ( l 9 5 8 ) - G r a c i e ( l 9 5 9 ) - F l o r a ( 1 9 6 3 ) - Cleo ( 1 9 6 4 ) - I n e z ( 1 9 6 6 ) ^

^ The S o u t h e r n Highway.

,. Estimates of national accounts-^prepared by the Haitian Institute of Statistics reveal that the growth in the economic sectors from 1967 to 1972, by order of importance, was;

Construction 18, Manufacturing 4,33^ Mining & Quarrying 9.89^ Transport and

communications . 4. Water & Electricity 7-84^ Retail & Whole-

sale Trade 3.53^ Government 6.93 ^ Real Estate 1.63^

Agriculture 1.51^

Despite the relative stagnation in agriculture it remained the pre-dominant sector contributing some 47?á of the total GDP.

More recent information on the performance of the economy has sliown t h a t the trend initiated in I967/6B was further accentuated during the period 1971/72 to 1973/74, revealing an average increase of tile GDP of the order of attributable in large measure to favourable iiiovsiuents in e r ípor t s , p u b l i c consumption and private investments. D e t a i l e d analysis of this data shows a considerable increase of manufacturing industry and the construction sector, with respectively, average annual increases of 14^ and 23^ within that period. With regards to the Services sector, the increase was approximately 13^» stimulated mainly bj* annual increases of 13^ in Commerce and 15^ in Government sub-sectors» However, agriculture did not follow the same trend. On the contrary the stagnation in this sector contributed to strengthe n the pressure of demand for imported foodstuff» It is notable that there has been a consistent decrease in the relative contribution of agriculture to GDP, reaching in 1974 a level below ceding ground to the manufacturing, construction and the main service sectorsa The appendix tables show the macroeconomic situation of the country up to 1974, as analysed above and the contribution of each sector to the economy.

Comptes Nationaux e-t- Projections macro/conomiques - Institut Haitien De Statistiq,ue - Decembre 1974.

- B O -

¥ i t h r e g a r d t o t h e f u t u r e , i f t h e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t p r e v a i l e d

be tween 1971 /72 and 1 9 7 3 / 7 ^ c o n t i n u e , t h e r e c o u l d be improvement o v e r

t h e 5% g r o w t h r a t e a l r e a d y o b t a i n e d (3o4^ p e r c a p i t a ) ; and g r o s s

i n t e r n a l s a v i n g s added t o e x t e r n a l f i n a n c i n g c o u l d l e a d t o i n v e s t -

m e n t s r e p r e s e n t i n g a l m o s t 20^ of t h e GDP by t h e y e a r h o r i z o n of

1 9 8 0 „ ^

The e x p e c t a t i o n of c o n t i n u e d buoyancy i n t h e economy is r e v e a l e d

i n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e P u b l i c s e c t o r , whe re i n v e s t m e n t e x p e n d i t u r e s

have i n c r e a s e d a t an a n n u a l r a t e of a b o u t 11 r i s i n g f r o m US$13o4

t n i I l i o n i n 1968 /69 t o | 2 0 o 3 m i l l i o n i n 1972/73= However , p a r t i c i p a t i o n

of t h e r e s o u r c e s of t h e c e n t r a l government i n p u b l i c i n v e s t m e n t

d i m i n i s h e d f rom 36^ i n 1972 t o l e s s t h a n 12^ i n 1974o I t s h o u l d be

n o t e d t h a t t h e Deve lopment Budge t does n o t embrace t h e t o t a l i t y of

p u b l i c i n v e s t m e n t s , wh ich a c c o r d i n g to t h e I n s t i t u t e of S t a t i s t i c s

e s t i m a t e s was of t h e o r d e r of US#40o9 m i l l i o n i n 1 9 7 2 / 7 3 w i t h an a n n u a l

r a t e of i n c r e a s e of a l m o s t 20^o I n g e n e r a l , p u b l i c i n v e s t m e n t s

r e p r e s e n t more t h a n ' 5 0 ^ of t o t a l i n v e s t m e n t and c l o s e t o of t h e GDPo

As f a r a s t o t a l i n v e s t m e n t i s c o n c e r n e d , i t a l s o r e f l e c t s t h e p o s i t i v e

g rowth of t h e economy, w i t h i t s r a t i o t o GDP r a i s i n g t o a l e v e l above

11^ , wh ich c o n t r a s t s w i t h t h e c o m p a r a b l e r a t i o of 7^ i n 1968/69o

S i m i l a r l y the s a v i n g s t o GDP r a t i o moved f r o m 4^ i n 1 9 6 8 / 6 9 t o i n

1973/74»

2 - MAIN PRODTTCTIVE SECTORS

The S e c t o r s w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e most of t h e Gros s Domes t i c P r o d u c t

a r e a g r i c u l t u r e , m a n u f a c t u r i n g and c o n s t r u c t i o n by o r d e r of t h e i r

c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e economy i n g e n e r a l , a s was i n d i c a t e d above» How-

e v e r , t h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e d u r i n g t h e l a s t few y e a r s have been v e r y u n -

equa l» The f o l l o w i n g i s an a c c o u n t of t h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e a l o n g w i t h

some p r e l i m i n a r y a s s e s s m e n t s of t h e i r p r o s p e c t s .

^ See "Comptes N a t i o n a u x - P r o j e c t i o n s m a c r o e c o n o m i q u e s " I n s t i t u t H a i t i e n de S t a t i s t i q u e - Decembre 1974^

5 / CONADEP f i g u r e »

i V á ) A g r i c u l t-ur e

As i n most C a r i b b e a n c o u n t r i e s , A g r i c u l t u r e i s t h e most i m p o r t a n t s e c t o r of t h e economy of t h e c o u n t r y f a r s u r p a s s i n g a l l t h e o t h e r s e c t o r s i n t e rms of o u t p u t and employment, 80 p e r c e n t of the p o p u l a t i o n d e r i v e s i t s l i v e l i h o o d froni t h i s a c t i v i t y , whose c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e Gross Domest ic P r o d u c t was e s t i m a t e d a t 47 pe r c e n t i n 1972 and p r o v i s i o n a l l y a t l e s s t h a n 40 p e r cen t i n 197'4.

Ourittg the l a s t decade a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n i n c r e a s e d a t an a n s n a l r a t e of on ly 1 . 5 p e r c e n t a p p r o x i m a t e l y ; c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e r e v.'as no improvement i n r u r a l r e v e n u e . Th i s slow growth was a t t r i b u t a b l e Ri)t o n l y t o the low r a t e of i n v e s t m e n t i n t h i s S e c t o r bu t a l s o to a í í a r t a i n number of o t h e r c o n s t r a i n t s ; s t r u c t u r a l , t e c h n o l o g i c a l , p h y s i c a l and economic . I n a d d i t i o n p e r i o d i c d e c r e a s e s i n the l e v e l of e x p o r t p r i c e s f o r some p r o d u c t s , c o n t r i b u t e d i n a measure t o s h i f t s i n p r o d u c t i o n f rom t r a d i t i o n a l e x p o r t c r o p s ( c o f f e e , s u g a r - c a n e , cocoa , s i s a l ) t o p r o d u c t i o n of food c r o p s ( r i c e , c o r n , beans and ground p r o -v i s i o n s ) , and to e x p a n s i o n of s u b s i s t e n c e f a r m i n g .

I n t h e c o u r s e of t h e l a s t t h r e e y e a r s , though t h e r e was some improvement i n t h e r a t e of growth i n o u t p u t , t h e i n c r e a s e was no t s a f f i c x e n t to s a t i s f y t h e i n c r e a s i n g i n t e r n a l demando To r e l i e v e t h e s h o r t f a l l t h e Government was o b l i g e d to supp lement t h e supp ly w i t h i m p o r t s , f o r example i n 1973» 8^700 t o n s of c e r e a l s were impor t ed ( r i c e , c o r n and b e a n s ) a t a c o s t of 1 1 , 7 m i l l i o n of g o u r d e s » - ^ I n t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e i s p r e s e n t e d t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e most i m p o r t a n t a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s f rom 1967 /68 to 1 9 7 1 / 7 2 ,

^ Gourdes N a t i o n a l c u r r e n c y - F ixed c o n v e r s i o n r a t e 5 Gourdes = US$1.00,

P r o d u c t i o n of s e l e c t e d A g r i c u l t u r a l Commodi t ies ( t h o u s a n d m e t r i c t o n s , un le-ss other-wirse s p e c i f i e d )

F i s c a l y e a r s I 9 6 7 / 6 8 t o 1 9 7 1 / 7 2

P r o d u c t 1 9 6 7 / 6 8 1968/69 1969/70 1970/71 1971/72

C o f f e e ( ' 0 0 0 6O kg» b a g s ) 526 503 450 543 540

S i s a l («000 s h o r t t o n s ) 19 17 17 18 20

C o t t o n ( ' 0 0 0 250 Kg. b a g s ) 4 5 7 12 12

Bananas 174 189 189 190 195

Cacao 2 , 5 2 , 7 2 , 9 3, 1 3 , : Corn 220 242 240 252 265

R i c e 77 83 80 81 92

S u g a r - c a n e 4 , 300 4 , 6 0 0 4 , 8 0 0 4 , 9 0 0 5 , 0 4 7 Sorghum 189 209 210 211 217

Beans 36 40 40 42 43 Tobacco 9 2 , 2 2 , 2 2 , 2 2 , : P o t a t o e s 6 , 6 7 , 4 6 , 6 7 , 0 7 , : Manioc 111 121 130 134 141

S o u r c e s g N a t i o n a l Bank of t h e R e p u b l i c of H a i t i , M i n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e aná C o n s e i l N a t i o n a l de Deve loppement a t de P l a n i f i c a t i o n ,

Three c o m m o d i t i e s p r o v i d e t h e main b a s e f o r t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l s e c t o r

c o f f e e , s i s a l and s u g a r - c a n e , and o n l y t h e l a s t h a s shown a c o n s i s t e n t

t r e n d of i n c r e a s e i n p r o d u c t i o n , t h e o t h e r two s u f f e r i n g more marked

s h o r t - t e r m f l u c t u a t i o n s i n p r o d u c t i o n . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , many of

t h e o t h e r crops e x p e r i e n c e d a v e r y s l o v b u t very s t e a d y g rowth i n o u t -

pu t» But t a k e n a l t o g e t h e r t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e s e c t o r was s u b s t a n -

t i a l l y be low t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e s t of t h e economy»

V a r i o u s s t u d i e s have i n d i c a t e d a s l e a d i n g c a u s e s of a g r i c u l t u r a l

s t a g n a t i o n ( i n a d d i t i o n t o i n f r a s t r u c t u r a l d e f i c i e n c i e s ) , t h e f o l l o w i n g s

( i ) R e d u c t i o n i n q u a n t i t y and q u a l i t y of m a j o r a g r i c u l t u r a l

e x p o r t p r o d u c t s p a r t i c u l a r l y c o f f e e ^

( i i ) p r o d u c t i o n of most of t h e c o u n t r y ' s f o o d on s u b s i s t e n c e f a r m s which l a c k t h e p h y s i c a l and e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s n e c e s s a r y to improve o p e r a t i n g methods^

-Bs-6-

( i i i ) p r o g r e s s i v e d e i o r e s t a t i o n and i n c r e a s e i n e r o s i o n ;

( iv ) ' f r a g m e n t a t i o n of h o l d i n g s ;

( v ) c o u n t e r - p r o d u c t i v e movements of p r o d u c e r p r i c e s i n

ea se of c e r t a i n e x p o r t p r o d u c t s ;

( v i ) l a c k of work ing c a p i t a l .

As f a r as l i v e s t o c k i s c o n c e r n e d , t h e r e i s c o n s e n s u s t h a t t h e s i z e of the n a t i o n a l herd h a s d e c l i n e d d u r i n g , t h e p a s t d e c a d e . The herd whicii i s widely d i s t r i b u t e d over a l a r g e number of s u b s i s t e n c e h o l d i n g s iias the feature t h a t f e m a l e s accoi int f o r j u s t over o n e - h a l f of t h e s t o c k , which c o n t r a s t s to g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d e f f i c i e n t he rd management i e n a i e s r a t i o of 90% to 95 p e r c e n t . ¥ i t h r e g a r d t o f i s h e r i e s , t h e , |e?ieral c o n d i t i o n i s one of u n d e r - d e v e l o p m e n t .

The 1976/1981 f i v e - y e a r p l a n which o u t l i n e s t h e s t r a t e g y f o r d é f t l i ü g w i t h t h e c r u c i a l s i t u a t i o n in a g r i c u l t u r e , i s d e s i g n e d t o a o b i l i z e the p o t e n t i a l marke t r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e r u r a l a c t i v e u n d e r -cuiplóyed p o p u l a t i o n , and i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e f o l l o w i n g f e a t u r e s ?

( i ) C r e a t i o n of h i g h l y - i n t e n s i v e p r o j e c t s ;

( i i ) a g r i c u l t u r a l developznent d i r e c t e d towards a p r o c e s s of e x p a n d i n g i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n ;

( i i i ) r e d u c t i o n i n t h e movement of t r a n s f e r s of p r o d u c t i o n f a c t o r s t o w a r d s o t h e r s e c t o r s t h r o u g h improved p r i c e mechanisms and m a r k e t i n g sys t em f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l o u t p u t ;

( i v ) p r o m o t i o n of c o - o p e r a t i o n i s m and a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e

o b j e c t of m i n i m i z i n g the p rob lems f a c i n g t h e m i n i f u n d i a ; and

( v ) r e g i o n a l i z a t i o n of a c t i v i t y i n zones and s u b - z o n e s of homogeneous e c o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s wh ich w i l l s e r v e as a b a s i s f o r i n t e g r a t e d p r o j e c t s of d e v e l o p m e n t .

The G v e r a l i aim i s to s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n c r e a s e p r o d u c t i o n of f o o d -s tu i ' f f i and a g r i c u l t u r a l raw m a t e r i a l s f o r d o m e s t i c s u p p l y , t h r o u g h a p p l i c a t i o n of improved t e c h n o l o g y combined w i t h b e t t e r s o i l and

-Bg?™

w a t e r u t i l i z a t i o n , t h u s r e d u c i n g dependence on t h e i m p o r t a t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r a l commodi t i e s , and a l s o f o r i n c r e a s i n g e x p o r t s . I n summary, s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e s a r e con templa t ed in c rop and animal p r o d u c t i o n d u r i n g t he p e r i o d 1976 to 1981, w i th emphasis on t h o s e p r o d u c t s d e s t i n e d f o r p o p u l a r consumpt ion , which would r e s u l t ma in ly f rom i n c r e a s e s i n p r o d u c t i v i t y » I t i s a l s o env i s aged t h a t by 1981 e f f e c t i v e l y 708,000 p e r s o n s w i l l be employed i n a g r i c u l t u r e , t h a t i s to f.ay, a b o r t 37 pe r c en t of the economica l l y a c t i v e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n .

To r e a c h t h i s goa l numerous p r o j e c t s a r e b e i n g s t u d i e d , many i n s t i t u t i o n a l measu res t a k e n , and o t h e r s i d e n t i f i e d , w i t h t he aim of p o s i t i v e l y s t i m u l a t i n g p r o d u c t i o n , i n v e s t m e n t , s a v i n g s and i n n o v a t i o n s o Techn ica l e d u c a t i o n and manpower t r a i n i n g a r e a l s o p a r t s of t he p i c t u r c e Given t he a p p l i c a t i o n of improved t e c h n i q u e s of c u l t i v a t i o n and t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e i n the o r g a n i z a t i o n of p r o d u c t i o n , t he p r o p e r use of f e r t i l i z e r .J (whi ch i s now n e g l i g i b l e ) , the development of c r e d i t f a c i l i t i e s and s u i t a b l e i n c e n t i v e s , t he e x t e n s i o n and improvement of the i r r i g a t i o n n e t w o r k ^ a n d w e l l - d r i l l i n g i n some r e g i o n s of t he count ry J p r o d u c t i v i t y could be s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n c r e a s e d , no t only to make the c o u n t r y more s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t i n food b u t a l s o to t r a n s f o r m i t i n t o a n e t e x p o r t e r of some food i tems» In t h e meantime impor t s of food p r o p e r a r e c l o s e to ÜS$10 m i l l i o n y e a r l y i and i f "beve rages and t o b a c c o " , and "animal and v e g e t a b l e f a t s and o i l s " a re added they b r i n g the t o t a l up t o US$15 m i l l i o n »

b) M a n u f a c t u r i n g and Mining

A f t e r y e a r s of s t a g n a t i o n , the m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r 1969/1970 r e v e a l s i t s e l f as one of t h e most dynamic s e c t o r s of t h e H a i t i a n economyo In 1971/1972 t he annua l growth r a t e of t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s was 9^» By 1973 / l97^ i t r e a c h e d more than 17^, b r i n g i n g i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n to t he Gross Domest ic P r o d u c t to more t h a n

7 / Accord ing to r e c e n t a s s e s s m e n t p r e s e n t i r r i g a t i o n b e n e f i t s do not exceed u s u a l l y 40 per c en t of t he p o t e n t i a l i n e x i s t i n g sys tems.

B a s i c i n d u s t r i e s t h a t a r e f a i r l y d e v e l o p e d a r e c e m e n t , f l o u r ,

i n e x p e n s i v e t e x t i l e s , c o o k i n g u t e n s i l s , s o a p . The t r a d i t i o n a l

p r o d u c t i o n f o r e x p o r t of s i s a l t w i n e and a r t s and c r a f t s i t e m s a r e

s t i l l m a i n t a i n e d » I n a l m o s t a l l i t s componen t s , t h e i n d u s t r i a l

s e c t o r r e f l e c t s an upward t r e n d and many of t h o s e componen t s which

were w o r k i n g be low t h e i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y a r e p r o j e c t e d t o e x p a n d .

M o r e o v e r , t h e s m a l l s c á l e e x p o r t - o r i e n t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r

h a s expanded i t s a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e l a s t few y e a r s due t o f i s c a l

i n c e n t i v e s f a c i l i t i e s a f f o r d e d by t h e Governmen t . Most of t h e s e

e x p o r t p l a n t s a r e u n d e r H a i t i a n management and housed i n H a i t i a n

oi/ned b u i l d i n g s l o c a t e d i n t h e ' i n d u s t r i a l z o n e s , F o r e i g n p a r t i c i p a t i o n

i s u s u a l l y l i m i t e d t o c r e d i t , m a c h i n e r y and m a r k e t i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s .

These " e n c l a v e " i n d u s t r i e s a s s e m b l e or p r o c e s s i m p o r t e d components

( s p o r t s g o o d s , a p p a r e l , u n d e r w e a r , e l e c t r o n i c p a r t s , e t c . ) f o r r e -

e x p o r t . • . ,

The expor t . ? of i n d u s t r i a l goods o r i g i n a t i n g f t o m t h e a s semb ly

p l a n t s i n c r e a s e d i n 1972 t o US$23 m i l l i o n a g a i n s t US#12 ,2 m i l l i o n i n

197P and US$3»8 m i l l i o n i n 1 9 6 7 .

As f o r m i n i n g , t h e o p e r a t i o n s have b e e n l i m i t e d o n l y t o two

m i n e r a l s , b a u x i t e and copper» The b a u x i t e mine a c t u a l l y i n e x p l o i t a t i o n

i s l o c a t e d i n t h e s o u t h e r n p e n i n s u l a and i s managed by t h e B e y n o l d s

M i n i n g Company. I n t h e l a s t few y e a r s i t s o u t p u t h a s i n c r e a s e d s t e a d i l y

f r o m 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 m e t r i c t o n s t o 8 0 0 , 0 0 0 t o n s . As f o r c o p p e r , t h e C a n a d i a n

company wh ich owned and managed t h e mine h a s s i n c e c e a s e d o p e r a t i o n s , - ^

As r e g a r d s p r o s p e c t s , i t i s e x p e c t e d i n t h e m i d d l e t e r m t h a t t h e

c o n t i n u i n g •growth r e g i s t e r e d i n t h e i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r w i l l c o n t i n u e ^

howeve r , i n t h e mean t ime t h e H a i t i a n economy would h a v e t o f a c e p r o b l e m s

p o s e d by t h e l i m i t e d acope of t h e i n t e r n a l m a r k e t . I n t h e l o n g e r r u n

a d j u s t m e n t s w i l l need t o be made by t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r i n t h e

d i r e c t i o n of some s u b s t i t u t i o n of i m p o r t s . The s t r a t e g y of d e v e l o p m e n t

f o r t h i s s e c t o r t h e r e f o r e t a k e s a c c o u n t of t h i s w e a k n e s s of t h e i n d u s t r i a l

^ f o l l o w i n g r e c e n t d i s c o v e r y of a r i c h d e p o s i t of c o p p e r i n t h e n o r t h , l i c e n s e s h a v e b e e n i s s u e d foT e x p l o r a t i o n and r e s e a r c h t o some f o r e i g n companies» I n a d d i t i o n a H a i t i a n - P r e n c h j o i n t v e n t u r e (La S o c i e t ^ Fr anco—Hai t i enne des M i n e s ) has b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d t o u n d e r t a k e e x p l o i t a t i o n .

-Bs9-

s e c t o r which could c o n s t i t u t e an i m p o r t a n t o b s t a c l e t o an a c c e l e r a t e d deTelopment d u r i n g t h e n e x t f i v e y e a r s ( 1 9 7 6 / 1 9 8 1 a c c o r d i n g l y a mode ra t e approach has been adop ted i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e f i v e y e a r programme^ Th i s app roach c o n s i s t s of a f i r s t s t e p which e n v i s a g e s i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n of t h e b r a n c h e s t h a t a r e l e s s d i f f i c u l t w h i l e t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t n o t a b l y ?

( i ) U t i l i z a t i o n of l o c a l a g r i c u l t u r a l and m i n e r a l raw m a t e r i a l s !

( i i ) u t i l i z a t i o n of a t e c h n o l o g y t h a t would a l l o w s u b s t i t u t i o n of manpower to c a p i t a l ;

( i i i ) p r o d u c t i o n of goods whose i m p o r t s p r e s e n t l y consume a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h p r o p o r t i o n of f o r e i g n exchange»

As f a r as i n v e s t m e n t i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i s c o n c e r n e d , i t i s p r o j e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o GDP a t a growth r a t e of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10% ( w i t h i n a p r o j e c t e d a v e r a g e annua l growth of f o r Gross Domest ic P r o d u c t ) ^ The t o t a l i n v e s t m e n t t h a t would be r e q u i r e d would be of t h e o r d e r of $78 m i l l i o n f o r t h e f i v e y e a r s of t h e p iano

e ) C o a s t r u e t i o n S e c t o r The c o n s t r u c t i o n s e c t o r a f t e r a p e r i o d of s t a g n a t i o n and even

d e c l i n e f o l l o w e d t h e g e n e r a l t r e n d of t h e economyo I t e x p e r i e n c e d f rom 1968 a t remendous r e v e r s a l t h a t p l a c e s t h i s s e c t o r among t h e most dynamic ones of t h e economjo The i n c r e a s e i n p r o d u c t i o n of cement i s i n d i c a t i v e of t h i s new t r e n d » From 4 0 , 6 0 0 t o n s i i i 1967 /68 p r o d u c t i o n went up t o 84$, 000 i n 1971/72 f o r c i n g t h e a d m i n i s -t r a t i o n of t h e Unique Cement F a c t o r y "Le c iment D ' H a i t i " t o expand t h e i n s t a l l e d capaci ty5, which was 90 ,000 tons® S i n c e t h e n t h e r e was f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e i n p r o d u c t i o n t o I3O9OOO t o n s i n 1973/74o However, t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n of t h i s s e c t o r i n t h e Gross Domest ic P r o d u c t i s s t i l l below 3 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l s

Among t h e f a c t o r s which have s t i m u l a t e d t h i s s p e c t a c u l a r d e v e -lopmen t , i t i s w o r t h m e n t i o n i n g i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , t h e r e t u r n t o H a i t i of many n a t i o n a l s who were l i v i n g a b r o a d , t h e P o l i c y of N a t i o n a l H e c o n c i l i a t i o n and b e t t e r u s e of t e c h n i c i a n s h a v i n g won t h e i r c o n f i d e n s e o In t h e second p l a c e , t h e c o n t i n u i n g a r r i v a l of

maiiy foreigners folloving the signing of nxunerous agreements of technical cooperation lietween the Government and the multi-lateral and bi-lateral orga.nlzations, 'has. created a great-demand for housing. In the third instance, the Law of 19T2.on Tourism affording-free entry for raw materials destined , to constiniction of hotels.-and-guest--houses and-the tax'holiday on revenue during the first 10 y ears., of .-operation, acted as a further stimulus for construction,-^ . ..

With regard to the public sector the.-extension of public utilities has been assigned higher priority as.the..policy of the Government. Consequently J, many Public .Works activities have been undertaken, notably the construction of the first phase of the Southern Highway (Port-au-Prince - Leogene)ji the improvement of the seaport at Port-au-Prince, the con-struct ion of bridges,. highway drainage, sc?nool buildings and hospitals in the provincial cities.

The indications for future performance of this, sector points to further expansion. The .pressure, of deaiand for housing continues to grow. In lass than 5 years house-rent has more -than doubled. Moreover, further investments in infrastructure and -exténslon of hotel capacities are envisaged. Besides, the Government,-apart from the big projects of con-struction of national highways and modernization of the seaports of Port-au-Prince and Cap Haitien, and improvements of provincial airports, contemplates the construction of low-cost housing projects.

5 OTHER SECTORS In this section the situation of Foreign. Trade, Tourism, Transport

and Balance of Payments are analysed.succinctly-and without venturing too distantly into the future, an appreciation is made of the prospects.

Fo3"elgn Trade In essence the international trade - of.the.Republic of Haiti •

presents characteristics similar to those of most developing or under-developed countries: exports of a narrow.range of agricultural items or mineral raw materials, imports of manufactured products combined with generally unfavourable or deteriorating terms of trade. In Haiti's

2/ These concessions were amended by more recent legislation.

al-ease however, t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p has heen cha rac t e r i zed by a r e l a t i v e

stability because, t h i s - f l o w of exchange has s t j - u c t u r a l l y r e g i s t e r e d only slight modifications. The n o t i c e a b l e f a c t of t h e l a s t few y e a r s , e s p e c i a l l y since 1975, was t h e cons iderab le i n c r e a s e i n impor ts , not in voitune but in v a l u e , d\ie t o t h e - p r i c e i nc r ea se of petroleum products and consequently all imported goods,

I^mpprts: ¡\Ti a n a l y s i s of imports from t h e f i s c a l yea r s 19TO/l9Tl t o 1S>T5/19T^ i s presented i n t he S t a t i s t i c a l Appendix, Food, Beverages and Tobacco, Aninml and Vegetable Oi l s and Eats accounted f o r 2k pe r cent of Haiti's imports dur ing t h e year 1975/197^9 as a g a i n s t 25 .5 per cent in 1972/1975 ( t h a t - is t o say a s l i g h t decrease of t h e order of 1 ,5 psr cent), áus e s p e c i a l l y t o t h e measures t aken by t h e Government wi th the aim of r e s t r i c t i n g e3ii)orts of food . S i m i l a r l y , imports of Raw Materialijj Chessicals and.Related Products , Nfeinufactured A r t i c l e s , Machinery and Transport Equipment,- r e g i s t e r e d a decrease of about 2 per cent in 1975/197^ compared t o 1972/1975»

¥lth regard t o petroleum produc t s , p r i c e s have almost t r e b l e d s ince 1970/l971p so t h a t t h i s . g r o u p now.accounts f o r more than 11 per cent of t o t a l importr. of t he coun t ry , compared-to about 6 pe r cent in 1971/1972, One e f f e c t of t heee p r i c e i n c r e a s e s has been t o dec rease t h e use of some pstroleum derived producto,- On t h e b a s i s of 1975 p r i c e s i t was ca l= cu la ted t h a t the cams q u a n t i t y of petroleum produc ts imported in 1975/ ISIk would have cos t t h e country about US$5 m i l l i o n ; t h a t i s t o say , t he l o s s t o t he country due t o t h e o i l c r i s i s r ep re sen t ed then about US$6 m i l l i o n . I f t h i s demonst ra t ion of t he e f f e c t of h igher import p r i c e s i s extended t o a l l t h e imports of manufactured p roduc t s , ( a lmos t 90 per cen"c of which came from i n d u s t r i a l i z e d coxantr ies) , t h e r e a l ex t r a cos t t o t h e coun t ry would be a p p r e c i a t e d ; and s ince then t h e s i t u a t i o n has tended t o worsen.

Exports : 95^ of H a i t i ' s export goes t o t h e United S t a t e s , Europe and Japan, There has been marked expansion dur ing t h e l a s t f o u r y e a r s , t h e inc reases bo th in voliune and va lue , be ing the r e s u l t a n t of in= digenous and exogenous f a c t o r s . In t h i s pe r iod t he c l i m a t i c cond i t ions were f avourab le , t h e s i t u a t i o n was conducive t o t h e es tab l i shment of new i n d u s t r i e s o r i en t ed toiiard expo r t , and t h e r e were i n c r e a s e s i n world p r i c e s which b e n e f i t e d c e r t a i n t r a d i t i o n a l commodities.

The t r a d i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e of e isports-has-not changed g r e a t l y . Gofiee wi th about (19T5/19T^) of t h e - t o t a l of expor t r e c e i p t s remains t h e predominant item, though esqjerlencing a marked v a r i a t i o n from one yeai- t o t h e next (appl'oximately li-O' i n 19T2/19T5). Export earnings from the other a g r i c u l t u r a l coimnodltl:es.„;s,uffer f r o m - s e a s o n a l - p r i c e - f l u c t u a t i o n s depending on t h e relationships-.-of.-prQduct.ion ..prices which r u l e s t h e raw siaterials in general, Sugar,..for ex£aDpie,, accounted f o r . about of t o t a l receipts in 19T1/19T2, but r ep resen ted approximately i n t he f i s c a l year

I n v e r s e l y , s i s a l which con t r ibu ted of t h e t o t a l export ea rn ings i n 19Tl/l9T2 r a i s e d i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n in 19T5/l9T^ t o 6 . 5 ^ . EsBezitial oils which experienced inc reases both i n volume and in va lue , ranked second i n export ea rn ings in 19T3/l9T^»

Bauxite, the only mineral now i n e x p l o i t e t i o n (while hoping f o r t h e reg.ppearance of copper) experienced a d e c l i n e in- i t s export earn ings tiw-'ing the l a s t few years, despite-considerable i n c r e a s e s in product ion (9 ,6^ in 15573/197'+ against approximately i n 1971/1972). This c o n t r a s t s vith the steady growth of earnings - from manufactures which i s i n d i c a t i v e of t h e attention of public -services of. t h e Government t o d i v e r s i f y i t s sources of revenues througii a r e o r i e n t a t i o n of i t s f o r e i g n t r a d e p o l i c y .

Against t h i s i n t e r n a t i o n a l backgrpxind i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o p r o j e c t t h e i n t e r - r e g i o n a l t r a d e and more p r e c i s e l y . t h a t between H a i t i and t he Caribbean c o u n t r i e s . With regard t o t h e l e v e l of imports from the Caribbean c o u n t r i e s t h e f i g u r e s in t h e appendix t a b l e a r e very e loquent . Taking f i s c a l year 1970/1971 a s a base of r e f e r e n c e . t h e r e s u l t s a r e r a t h e r meagre; but i f f i s c a l year 1975/197^. i s cons ide red , one d i scovers some increase though s t i l l weak. .Petroleum. from Curacao and man\afactured a r t i c l e s from Puer to Rico c o n s t i t u t e t h e b a s i s of H a i t i ' s imports from o t h e r Caribbean Coixntries.

.A.S f a r a s e x p o r t s - a r e concerned even,, i f t hey i n c r e a s e in abso lu te value t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h ? t o t a l export remains ve ry smal l .

Imports from Caribbean Countr ies a s percen tage of t o t a l in5)orts

1971/72 1973/7^ Countries of C.AEICOM 0.75? 0.35fo Countries of CARICOM plus Bahamas 0.91^ O. dfo l Oiole Caribbean 6.58^ 10.17^

Expor t s t o CariTabean Count r i es as pe rcen tage of t o t a l expor t s

1971/72 1973M Gsunt r l e s of CMICOM 0„57fo Countr ies of CABICOM p.ltif3 .Bahamas 0,98/0 VThole Caribbean 5.51^

Trade p o l i c y p e r n p e c t i v e s : In t h e r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t t h e inter^^ r e g i o n a l flo-w of t r a d s i s so smallp t h e Republic of H a i t i has e s t a b l i s h e d t h e neeecss-ry s t r u c t u r e s f o r i t s more in tens ive-development w i th in t h e e f f o r t s t o expend i n t e r n a t i o n a l - t r a d e 0 The f o c u s t h e r e f o r e i s geared a3 much t o t h e Caribbean, a s i t i s t o t h e l e v e l of t r a d i t i o n a l marketso The Department of Indusstry and Trade w i t h i n t h e framework of i t s a s s igned o b j e c t i v e " t o d e f i n e and o r i e n t a t e t h e i n d u s t r i a l and commercial p o l i c y of t h ¿ g'/ ' /ernment"-has t h e t e s k (^urith t h e t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e of t h e United Nationa)¡, t o " r e ± n f o r e e i t s s t r u c t i r r a l framework and i n s t i t u t e a more r a t i o n a l p o l i c y i n t h e p r e s e n t t r a d e system more i n accordance wi th i n t e r n a l ana e x t e r n a l . r e q u i r e m e n t s " o

In t h i s con tex t tloe Department i n c l o s e c o l l a b o r a t i o n wi th r e l e v a n t organCp. T-rould m o n i t o r . s t a t e p o l i c i e e - e s p e c i a l l y as r e g a r d s t h e markets f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l coimacdltieso The push t o be g iven t o a g r i c u l t u r a l p roduc t s has t o be ve ry d e c i s i v e t o change t h e s i t u a t i o n where such

expor t s a r e i n s t i f f i c i e n t t o cover „ impor ts . o f . food" andj, even worsep where a g r i c u l t u r e i s not i n a p o s i t i o n t o supply t h e a g r o -industr ies!o The s t a t e d o b j e c t i v e f o r t h e next f i v e y e a r s is-v-s-c. " t o encourage and main ta in co» a s t a b l e and p r o f i t a b l e a g r i c u l t u r e ; , s u s c e p t i b l e t o produce a t p r i c e s comparable wi th a j u s t remuneration^ and t h e c o n d i t i o n s of a decent - l i v i n g f o r t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a b o u r e r s and peaeantSp y i e l d i n g a revenue p r o p o r t i o n a l t o c a p i t a l investment"„ Implementation cf t h i s - o b j e c t i v e can be achieved only wi th an adequate i n s t i t u t i o r i a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e ,

Tha Gccons a s p s e t has been t h e compil ing of an i n v e n t o r y of indac, t r ic£ mere capab le of producing f o r t h e l o c a l market and f o r exportp d i f f e r e n t i a t e d accord ing t o whether t hey use 100 per cen t of

- Bsl4 -

l o c a l raw m a t e r i a l s , or use p a r t l y l o c a l and p a r t l y imported m a t e r i a l s ,

or t o t a l l y imported raw m a t e r i a l s . The nex t s t e p i s t o mob i l i z e the

r e s o u r c e s towards a c h i e v i n g wi th the s h o r t e s t d e l a y , r e v e r s a l of the

t r e n d acco rd ing t o w h i c h . . . " e x p o r t s of goods o r i g i n a t e d i n a g r i -

c u l t u r e f i n a n c e i n l a r g e measure the purchase of consumption and

c a p i t a l goods" .

P a r a l l e l w i t h t h i s a Un i t f o r c o n s o l i d a t i n g commercial i n f o r m a t i o n

would have to u n d e r t a k e t h e sy s t ema t i c a n a l y s i s of market p r i c e s and

ensu re t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t o r e l e v a n t s e c t o r s ,

de te rmine market r e q u i r e m e n t s , s tudy t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n c h a n n e l s , and

d e f i n e t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s and s t a n d a r d s needed f o r p r o d u c t s . At t h e

same t ime t h e r e would need t o be promot ion of s y s t e m a t i c s t u d i e s of

t h e t r a d i t i o n a l and new markets and t h e marke t ing s t r u c t u r e s , w i t h

t h e aim of de t e rmin ing t h e norms of c o n t r o l s and t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r

i n c r e a s e i n t r a d e f o r s p e c i f i c p r o d u c t s of impor t s and e x p o r t s . This

e x e r c i s e i n market i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and p r o d u c t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n would be

r e l a t e d n o t only to e x p o r t e a rn ings and iii:5)ort c a p a c i t y b u t a l s o t o

mee t ing t h e n e c e s s a r y c a p i t a l needs f o r i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n .

Wi th in t h e same p e r s p e c t i v e t h e pu rchase or a c q u i s i t i o n under

l i c e n c e of t e chno logy , i t s t r a n s f e r , t h e encouragement to i n v e s t o r s

( n a t i o n a l as w e l l as f o r e i g n ) , t h e f o r m a t i o n of mixed e n t e r p r i s e s i n

s p e c i a l l y s e n s i t i v e or c a p i t a l i n t e n s i v e s e c t o r s a r e i n the c e n t r e of

t h e p r e o c c u p a t i o n s t o b u i l d up the i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r , and i n c r e a s e

t h e e a r n i n g s of f o r e i g n exchange. This would be t h e o b j e c t of c a r e f u l

v e r i f i c a t i o n s w i t h r e g a r d t o the q u a l i t y of t h e p r o d u c t s i n view of

c r e a t i n g and p r e s e r v i n g the good image of t h e c o u n t r y . In o rde r t o

meet t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s i t would be n e c e s s a r y t o s tudy a l l t h e s t r u c t u r e s

which would r e p r e s e n t an o b s t a c l e t o t h e development of e x t e r n a l t r a d e ,

e s p e c i a l l y i n a r e a s of mar i t ime and a i r t r a n s p o r t , t a r i f f and n o n - t a r i f f

p r o c e d u r e s , and regimes a p p l i c a b l e t o e n t r e p o t t r a d e .

On a b r o a d e r s c a l e and w i t h i n t h e p e r s p e c t i v e s of o p t i m i s i n g the

chances f o r g e t t i n g ou t of t h i s s e c u l a r i s o l a t i o n , and of i t s ch ron ic

under -deve lopment , H a i t i i s s o l i c i t i n g i t s p a r t i c i p a t i o n t o t h e Lomé

Convent ion ( i t s econon r, s t r u c t u r e and i t s p r o d u c t i o n b e i n g comparable

t o t h o s e of t h e ACP c o u n t r i e s ) .

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In smmmary, the aim of t h e p r i o r i t i e s a s s i g n e d by t h e Repub l ic

of H a i t i i s j u s t i f i e d on t h e b a s i s of avo id ing t h e unfavo i i rab le e f f e c t s

on Tche terms of exchange, i d e n t i f y i n g t h e new p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r t r a d e

and cf promoting them i n t h e Car ibbean r e g i o n , d i v e r s i f y i n g p r o d u c t i o n ,

encouraging the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of i n d u s t r i e s and s u b s t i t u t i o n , and

s t i m a l a t i a g a g r i c u l t u r e by t h e r e d u c t i o n o í p r o d u c t i o n c o s t , p r i c e

s t a b i l i s a t i o n and i t s i n t e g r a t i o n t o t h e l o c a l i n d a s t r i a l s e c t o r »

These p o l i c y p e r s p e c t i v e s of demands and ei ioiees -would be a t t a i n a b l e

through H a i t i ' s c l o s e c o - o p e r a t i o n ivi th the c o u n t r i e s of t h e Car ibbean

Conmianity and Common Market , and the f a m i l y of ACP c o u n t r i e s o

b ) Taiirism

Being p a r t of an i s l a n d in t h e Car ibbean , t o u r i s t s t r a v e l l i n g t o

H a i t i a r r i v e t h e r e by a i r or by s h i p u s u a l l y as c r u i s e p a s s e n g e r s o

'TL.íise a r r i v i n g by a i r a r e g e n e r a l l y more i n ^ o r t a n t n ' l imerical ly and

more s i g - a i f i c a n t f o r t h e t o u r i s m i n d u s t r y , e s p e c i a l l y because of t h e

los-ger d'lri'.tittj.j e i s t a y and h i g h e r e x p e n d i t u r e o u t l a y . During t h e

19<iC''s t he coimtry was a lmost i s o l a t e d j the number of v i s i t o r s

f e l l d r s s t f . i a l l y frosi i t s r e c o r d h igh of 145,000 i n 1959, t o below

40 j000 . Hcwever,; s i n c e I968 when t h e r e '-/ers 5^,000 v i s i t o r s , , t h e r e

harj been a s t e ady r s c o v e r y t o aliout 210,000 v i s i t o r s i n 1973 and 1974o

The g e a e r a l s l a c k e n i n g i n t o u r i s m e v i d e n t around t h e wor ld was a l s o

e v i d e n t i n H a i t i , where t h e number of t © r a i s t s f rom t r a d i t i o n a l sou rces

d imin i shed du r ing the w i n t e r 197^/1975» There has however been a quick

r ecove ry due t o an i n f l o w of v i s i t o r s f rom Europe, so t h a t 1974/1975

t o u r i s m revenues would a lmos t equa l t h o s e of 1973/197^, though due t o

c t i r rency i n f l a t i o n the n e t r e s u l t would be a small d e c r e a s e i n r e a l

tsrE's o

Although the bu lk of v i s i t o r s a r e accosmnodated i n h o t e l s , t h e

a v a i l a b l e accommodation i n H a i t i f a l l s i n t o t h e t h r e e b road c a t e g o r i e s ?

H o t e l s , Guest Houses and P r i v a t e Residences» There were 32 h o t e l s

and 44 gues t houses i n o p e r a t i o n i n P o r t - a u - P r i n c e and t h e n e i g h b o u r -

ing c i t y P e t i o n v i l i e i n 1974, w i t h r e s p e c t i v e l y 2p5i9 and 992 rooms

ava i l ab l e . , In a d d i t i o n a fx i r the r 354 rooms were -finder c o n s t r u c t i o n ,

30s i n h o t e l s and 46 i n g u e s t houseso To':2rist f a c i l i t i e s e x i s t a l s o

i n C a p - E a i t i e a the c a p i t a l of tLe Norti . Department , oi2s oí t h e most

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inq)ortant t o u r i s t c e n t r e s a f t e r P o r t - a u - P r i n c e "because of i t s p roximi ty t o the C i t a d e l l e Henri Chr is tophe and the r u i n s of the P a l a i s Sans Souci . In some p r o v i n c i a l c i t i e s gues t houses a re a l s o to he found» While h o t e l expansion has no t fo l lowed the i n c r e a s e in t o u r i s t a r r i v a l s ( t h e emphasis he ing to use p r ev ious ly i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y ) , the gues t house subsec to r r e g i s t e r e d a "boom i n c o n s t r u c t i o n i n the r e c e n t y e a r s .

The annual occupancy r a t e i s r e l a t i v e l y h igh , and, f o r example,

•was e s t ima ted a t 60 pe r cen t in 1973» When to t h i s i s coupled the

f a c t t h a t tour i sm p r i c e s in H a i t i compare q u i t e favoi i rahly wi th those

i n o the r Caribbean i s l a n d s , i t i s not s u r p r i s i n g t h a t f o r e i g n exchange

ea rn ings from tour i sm has inc reased r a p i d l y from US$4.5 m i l l i o n i n 1968

t o US$13.3 m i l l i o n in 1972, U S | l 6 . 8 m i l l i o n in 1973? and an es t imated

USII8.5 m i l l i o n i n 1974.

As f a r as f u t u r e p rospec t s f o r tour i sm a re concerned, H a i t i has a c o n s i d e r a b l e p o t e n t i a l . The c o u n t r y ' s tour i sm advantages a re almost untapped. I t s h i s t o r y and h i s t o r i c a l s i t e s , i t s c u l t u r a l background expressed so s t r o n g l y in i t s r i c h and c o l o u r f u l f o l k l o r e , i t s v a r i e d c l i m a t e due to i t s rugged topography and i t s generous n a t u r e a n d the legendary h o s p i t a l i t y of i t s people and p e a s a n t r y , i t s mixed Creo le -French c u i s i n e , a re important a s s e t s f o r t h e i n d u s t r y . However, t h e pace of e x p l o i t i n g t he se advantages w i l l depend on the r a t e of in^rovement i n the p h y s i c a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . Development of t h i s p o t e n t i a l would c o n s i d e r a b l y i.iiC!r6B.S6 "fcoitrisin* s coii't/x^xl tx't'i.oix "to GDP® •

The s tudy e n t i t l e d "Development du Tourisme en H a i t i - OEA, 1972" s t r e s s e d t h e p o t e n t i a l of H a i t i a n beaches , the p o p u l a r i t y of H a i t i a n h a n d i c r a f t s which a re so ld as " l o c a l p roduc t s " e lsewhere i n the Car ibbean , and i t s a r t which i s expe r i enc ing an i n c r e a s i n g vogue in Western Europe, the Uni ted S t a t e s and Canada» But whi le the scope

10/ See f o o t n o t e under Cons t ruc t i on s e c t o r .

1 1 / H a i t i i s among the few c o u n t r i e s of the Caribbean wi thou t any dangerous , f e r o c i o u s and venomous an imals , w i th low crime r a t e .

1 2 / Es t imated between 1.38 and I.65 pe r cen t in 1972/1973 and 1 .25 t o 1.50 pe r cen t i n 1973/1974. As va lue added they r e p r e s e n t 50 t o 60 p e r cen t of tot ir ism revenues to H a i t i .

- B ; 7 -

f o r promotion of t o u r i s m ( n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l ) i s c o n s i d e r a b l e ,

t he e x t e n t of i n c r e a s e i n the e a r n i n g s from t o u r i s m Tvill depend on t h e

r e a l i z a t i o n o í p r o j e c t s i n t h e s e c t o r s of t r a n s p o r t , te lecommunicat ionsp 13/

wate r supply and a g r i c u l t u r e o — ' The Nor the rn and Southern roads

a c t u a l l y under r e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l enormously b e n e f i t t ou r i sm by

f a c i l i t a t i n g extended day e x c u r s i o n s . C o n t r i b u t i o n of the a g r i c u l t u r a l

s e c t o r f o r t o u r i s t food consumption, t o reduce dependency on food i i i ^o r t s ¡

would c o n s t i t u t e a c o n s i d e r a b l e improvement w h i l e i n c r e a s i n g the n e t

b e n e f i t s from tourism»

As f a r as t h e Car ibbean i s conce rned j H a i t i s t a n d s to p a r t i c i p a t e

in and r e c i p r o c a l l y b e n e f i t from a movement of i n t r a - C a r i b b e a n t o u r i s m

to alloT/ the c o u n t r i e s of the a r e a t o know each o t h e r b e t t e r »

c) T r a n s p o r t

T raGspor t a t i on f a c i l i t i e s and t h e r e l a t e d s e r v i c e s c o n s t i t u t e

one zS t h e weak a r g a s of t h e H a i t i a n econony, and as such i s a s e r i o u s

c o n s t r a i n t t o t i e acoaomic development of the c o i m t r y . Accord ing ly

the Government has p l a c e d h igh p r i o r i t y on the e x t e n s i o n and in^ürove-

¡nent of t h e t r a n s p o r t s e r v i c e s (by r o a d , sea and a i r ) i n i t s programme

of devsiopment , w i t h t h e view of f a c i l i t a t i n g i n t e r n a l ai3,d e x t e r n a l

t r a f f i c and t r ade»

P o r t - a u - P r i n e e , w i t h t h e pr ime s e a p o r t and a i r p o r t f a c i l i t i e s 5

because of i t s g e o g r a p h i c a l p o s i t i o n c o n s t i t u t e s a s o r t of t u r n t a b l e

toward and from which f l ow t h e main volume of t r ade» The l i n k s between

t h e c a p i t a l and t h e r e s t of t h e coi in t ry r e q u i r e more adequa te i n f r a -

s t r u c t u r e i f t h e r e i s t o be i n t e g r a t e d developmento The c a p a c i t y of

c o a s t a l s h i p p i n g and i t s p r e s e n t s t a t e of o r g a n i s a t i o n do n o t o f f e r

f a c i l i t i e s f o r i n t e n s i v e coMsmnicat ion, and the same could be s a i d f o r

i n t e r n a l a i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n » Consequent ly , g r e a t e s t r e l i a n c e i s p l a c e d

on t h e road system which i s undergo ing r e c o n s t r u c t i o n and ex tens ion»

I j / Aside from p r o j e c t s f a l l i n g zander o t h e r s e c t o r s of t h e ecoEOssy, c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s b e i n g g iven t o an inves tmen t prcgraffiaae f o r t o u r i s m p r e -pa r ed by t i e OAS which f o r e c a s t e d an e x p e n d i t u r e of over US$20 m i l l i o n over a p e r i o d of 10 y e a r s , i n a d d i t i o n t o f o r e i g n f i n a n c i n g needs of t h e o rde r of US$11 m i l l i o n » The p l a n env i saged the developisent of t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e coun t ry and some esrpendit-rres i n the Po- r t - au -Pr ince r e g i o n ipcludino- i n f r a s t r u c t i i r r e , r e h a b i l i t a t i o n and h o t e l c a p a c i t y expansion»

- B;18 -

Road T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; The road network i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d "by th ree typess n a t i o n a l highways, the depar tmenta l roads and the f e e d e r r o a d s . Though t h i s network may seem r e l a t i v e l y e x t e n s i v e , d e f i c i e n c i e s in maintenance dur ing the 1960 's led to genera l d e t e r i o r a t i o n . Of the e x i s t i n g 3,000 k i l o m e t r e s of roads only 200 k i l o m e t r e s a re paved wi th cement or a s p h a l t . Some 1,100 k i l o m e t r e s a re g r ave l - t opped , whi le the r e s t " d u s t r o a d s " , which a re p a r t i a l l y or t o t a l l y i s ^ a s s a h l e depending on the c l i m a t i c season . The r e l a t i v e l y low l e v e l of s e c u r i t y and comfort p a i ' t i c u l a r l y of the l a s t ca t egory , l i m i t s average speed to 25-30 kms/hour, and consequent ly the road i n f r a s t r u c t u r e does not p lay as e f f e c t i v e a r o l e as i t should .

However, i t i s through t h i s means of t r a n s p o r t t h a t the bulk of the commercial t r a n s a c t i o n s of the count ry a r e conducted. The p r i n c i p a l c e n t r e of i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l t r a d e , P o r t - a u - P r i n c e , a t t r a c t s most of the t r a f f i c of passengers and merchandise | and from i t s t a r t a l l the n a t i o n a l roads which serve as the main a r t e r i e s , w i th the d e p a r t -mental roads se rv ing as l i n k s of d i s t r i b u t i o n to the d i f f e r e n t r eg ions of t h e coun t ry .

The n a t i o n a l roads t o t a l 800 k i l o m e t r e s which a re d i s t r i b u t e d as f o l l ows ;

N.R. No. 100 ; P o r t - a u - P r i n c e - S t . Marc - Gonaives ^ Cap-Hai t ien (246 kms)

N.R, No. 150 ; Gonaives - Gros Morne - P o r t - d e - P a i x (73 kms)

N.E. No. 200 5 P o r t - a u - P r i n c e - P e t i t Goave - Les Cayes -Jeremie (309 kms)

N.E, No. 300 % P o r t - a u - P r i n c e - Hinche - Grande R i v i e r e du Nord, Cap-Hai t ien (205 kms).

The depar tmenta l r o a d s , too numerous to be l i s t e d , u s u a l l y s t a r t from a n a t i o n a l road and l i n k one Department to the n e x t , and ( i n the case of Departments on the n a t i o n a l b o r d e r ) w i th t h e Dominican Republ ic . F i n a l l y t h e f e e d e r r o a d s , sometimes in the form of t r a i l s f o r animals and p e d e s t r i a n s which a r e seldom used by motor v e h i c l e s , l i n k the zones of p r o d u c t i o n of the i n t e r i o r t h a t a re o therwise i n a c c e s s i b l e .

- B;19 -

The t o t a l voitane of goods t r a n s p o r t e d over the roads in 1975 was 14 /

es t imated a t 1339000 t o n s , — ' the o rder of magnitude of which i s i n d i c a t i v e of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs f o r the p roces ses of i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l t rade» Some expor t goods a re t r a n s p o r t e d over only s h o r t d i s t a n c e s due t o the p rex imi ty of the c e n t r e of p roduc t ion to the p o r t s o This i s the case wi th "bauxites, sugar and molasses 9 wheat f l o u r and by-produc ts o Eo-:,fever, f o r c o f f e e , s i s a l , e s s e n t i a l o i l s , and the o the r a g r i c u l t u r a l and manufactured goods and h a n d i c r a f t s , long d i s t a n c e s have t© be covered bet'^een the production;, p r e p a r a t i o n and t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s i t e s and t t e d i f f e r e n t sh ipping p o r t s . On the b a s i s of 1971 e s t i m a t e s - ^ ^ the flo-w of merckandiss t r a n s p o r t e d by road to be expor ted v i a P o r t - a u -Pr ince wass

Axmis,! JIct of Goods ( i n me t r i c tons )

Rav m a t e r i a l s Eoads Coi fee S i s a l f o r e s s e n t i a l Other Tota l

o i l s

- Na t iona l xload 200 2o700 10,500 2,500 7,900 23,600 - Nat iona l Head IOC ¿z liiak NH 150-113-1^ 300 3,100 3,100 = 7,000 13,200

- Roads 300 & 305 2,200 500 = ' 2 , 4 5 0 5,150 = Hoad 102 2,200 - - 65O 2,850

Tota l 10,200 14,100 2,500 18,000 44,800

At the l e v e l of i n t e r n a l t r a n s a c t i o n s , over 90^ of iH^orted goods

a re r ece ived a t P o r t - a u - P r i n c e , and almost 40 pe r cen t of these imports

a re distriThnitad from P o r t - a a - P r i n c e by r ead t r a n s p o r t t o the r e s t of

t h e co-ontryo As f a r as I s c a i l j sjamafactured p roduc t s a re concerned -

cement, sugar , 'íA®£t f loi ix -vfliose voliane of consumption i s l a r g e r than

I f t he i n d u s t r i a l p roduc t ion from imp©Tt.ed raí-/ m a t e r i a l s i s added, then sose 160,000 tons t o t a l of l o c a l l y manufactured goods a re d i s t r i b u t e d by roed t i ro í igá ties country» Tie eppendix t a b l e shews the floT-z of road t r a a s p s r t a t i o z i f o r the d i s t r ib^a t ion of i a ^ o r t e d and manufact'Jired goods over the p e r i o d 1969/1971»

Base e t p r i o r i t e s des prcgraaoEes s e c t o r i e l s = Per iode quinquennals 1971/^976 CONADSPo

- Bsl20 -

70,000 t o n s - t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n i s r ough ly t h e same p r o p o r t i o n s i n d i c a t e d

ahove, a s hetween P o r t - a u - P r i n c e and t h e i n t e r i o r of t h e c o u n t r y . This

p a t t e r n i s r e l a t e d t o t h e f a c t t h a t a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e manufac tu r ing

i n d u s t r i e s , commerce, t r a n s p o r t and government and s e r v i c e s a r e more

i n t e n s e a t t h e c a p i t a l t han i n the o t h e r c i t i e s .

I t was i n r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e d e f i c i e n c i e s t h a t the Government

e s t a b l i s h e d an emergency programme f o r upgrad ing of t h e road sys tem.

The Nor th -South a r t e r y c o n s t i t u t i n g t h e backbone of the n a t i o n a l network

go t t h e f i r s t p r i o r i t y . In f a c t i t r u n s th rough t h e major p a r t of the

t e r r i t o r y and i t s p r o d u c t i o n zones . This a r t e r y i s e s s e n t i a l t o

p r o d u c t i o n f o r l o c a l consumption and f o r e x p o r t , and a l s o f o r t h e

development of t o u r i s m because i t l e a d s t o a l l t he beaches and t o u r i s t i c

s i t e s .

The N a t i o n a l Road 100 ( P o r t - a u - P r i n c e - Gonaives - Cap -Ha i t i en )

whose r e c o n s t r u c t i o n has a l r e a d y s t a r t e d was f i n a n c e d by i n t e r n a t i o n a l

i n s t i t u t i o n s . The N a t i o n a l Eoad 200 ( P o r t - a u - P r i n c e - Cayes) w i l l be

r e c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h j o i n t funds of t h e H a i t i a n Government and s p e c i a l i z e d

i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s . F r ance , as a g i f t t o t h e H a i t i a n p e o p l e ,

i s coii5)leting v e r y s h o r t l y the P o r t - a u - P r i n c e - Jacmel r o a d . By 1977

when t h e s e t h r e e main r o a d s w i l l be comple ted , H a i t i would have a v a i l -

a b l e a n a t i o n a l network of 700 k i l o m e t r e s of a s p h a l t e d r o a d s .

P a r a l l e l t o t h i s , f u r t h e r s t u d i e s a r e b e i n g c a r r i e d out t o in5)rove

t h e l i n k s between n a t i o n a l and d e p a r t m e n t a l r o a d s , and a l s o f o r

e x t e n s i o n s of t h e ne twork , t o accommodate a volume to be t r a n s p o r t e d

by road of 400,000 t o n s a p p r o x i m a t e l y . ' ^ ^

Mar i t ime T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; H a i t i i s s e rved by two types of Mari t ime

t r a n s p o r t hav ing c o n t r a s t i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ;

i ) C o a s t a l Shippings The 1,500 k i l o m e t r e s of c o a s t l i n e of H a i t i a n

t e r r i t o r y and t h e d e f i c i e n c i e s of t h e n a t i o n a l road network have

p e r m i t t e d t h e i n c r e a s i n g development of a mar i t ime t r a n s p o r t e s s e n t i a l l y

n a t i o n a l c a l l e d ' c a b o t a g e ' . The sha l low draugh t of t h e s h i p s

compr i s ing t h i s f l e e t a l l ow them t o r e a c h p o i n t s on t h e s e a c o a s t t h a t

1 6 / P r o j e c t i o n s made by t h e M i n i s t r y of Transpor t»

- Bsí

a r e i n a c c e s s i b l e f o r r o a d cargo t r a n s p o r t or f o r l a r g e r v e s s e l s 5

i n c l u d i n g the smal l i s l a n d s su r round ing H a i t i (La Gonave, La T o r t u e , e t c » ) .

This means of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n which may seem anachron ic i n terms

of r e c e n t t e c h n o l o ^ , i s i isiportant n o t only f o r p r o v i d i n g t h e means

of e x i s t e n c e f o r more t h a n 100 f a m i l i e s j h u t a l s o f o r c o n t r i b u t i n g i n

l a r g e measuxe t o t h e development of i n t e r n a l t r a d e o I t s t r a f f i c of

passenger -merchand i se s e r v e s a s t h e l i n k f o r s u p p l i e s between v a r i o u s

r e g i o n s and P o r t - a u - P r i n c e , as w e l l as among t h e d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s

themse lves . The appendix t a b l e shows t h e s t r o n g concémt ra t i on of

t h i s f l e e t a t P o r t - a u - P r i n e e , 88 p e r c e n t of which p l i e s beti"/een

P o r t - a u - P r i E c e aaid t h e r e s t of the s e a p o r t s 5 %vhile t h e r emain ing

12 p e r c e n t s e rves t h e t r a f f i c between d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n a l p o r t s o

Approxic í - te ly 20,000 p a s s e n g e r s t r a v e l a n n u a l l y by t h e s e c o a s t a l

v e s s e l s (lEctor b o a t s a r e tfce most u t i l i z e d ) and some 50,000 t ons of

marchandiss a r s t r a n s p c r t e d i n t h i s way» In g e n e r a l , t h e i r ca rgoes

cosEbine p r o d u c t s f e r l o c a l consua^it ion ( c h a r c o a l and wood f o r b u r n i n g

etCc.) as as items for e x p o r t albroad ( c o f f e e , s i s a l e t c » ) , t h u s

pv'Gviding a t^snsbip'-sent s e r v i c e o

Since 1973/1974 a c e r t a i n d i s a f f e c t i o n in t h e use of t h e s e c o a s t a l

v e s s e l s has been svid.e:at due main ly t o t h e low s a f e t y f a c t o r o The

P r o p r i e t o r s xíiio a r e a t t h e same t ime C a p t a i n s of t h e i r v e s s e l s canao t

a s s u r e t h e s a f e t y of t h e t r a n s p o r t e d goods, and do n o t b e n e f i t f rom an

adequate i n f r a s t r u c t u r e of Mar i t ime n a v i g a t i o n a l a id s» In a d d i t i o n ,

t h e volume of cargo i s o f t e n a f f e c t e d by c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e

p r o d u c t i o n a r e a s e s p e c i a l l y when t h e r e i s p ro longed d rough t i n c e r t a i n

r e g i o n s cf t h e countryo On t h e o t h e r hand t h e c o a s t a l s h i p p i n g s u f f e r s

because of i t s l a c k of o r g a n i z a t i o n asid i t s l a c k of a c c e s s t o baaik

c r é d i t o However, t h e Government i s consc ious of t h i s s i t u a t i o n and

env i sages t h a t , w i t h t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e from t h e U n i t e d Na t ions t o

s tudy more c l o s e l y t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s u b s e c t o r , i t s d e f i c i e n c i e s

can be co r r ec t ed»

i i ) I n t e r n a t i o n a l Mar i t ime Transpo r t s More t h a n 99 pei" c e n t of

t h e cargo p a s s i n g i n t r a n s a c t i o n s between H a i t i and t h e r e s t of t h e

vrarid i s msired by s u r f a c e w a t e r t r a n s p o r t » Most of t h i s s e r v i c e i s

- B;22 -

provided by f o r e i g n companies, as t h e r e a re only t h r e e sh ips c a r r y i n g

the H a i t i a n f l a g , v i t h a t o t a l tonnage of 448 t o n s .

I f one omits Miragoancs the ba-uxite sh ipp ing p o r t , P o r t - a n - P r i n c e occupies the l ead ing p o s i t i o n fo l lowed by Cap-Hai t ien in terms of voliunes and v a l u e s of cargo handled . P o r t - a u - P r i n c e by i t s e l f hand les more than 92 p e r cen t of the t o t a l of inbound and outbound t r a f f i c .

The most impor tan t r e c e n t innova t ion a f f e c t i n g the i n t e r n a t i o n a l Marit ime t r a d e of H a i t i has been the e s t ab l i shmen t of f a c i l i t i e s t o handle c o n t a i n e r i z e d cargo a t P o r t - a u - P r i n c e . This s e r v i c e vas i n t r o -duced by Sea-Land a t t he end of 1970, and by 1974s 6,574 c o n t a i n e r s were hand led . Already in 1973 p r a c t i c a l l y a l l t he cargo between H a i t i and the Uni ted S t a t e s was shipped in c o n t a i n e r s on r o l l - o n / r o l l - o f f v e s s e l s . A f u r t h e r development was the fo rmat ion of a. consort ium by t h r e e European s teamship conroaniess "La Compagnie Genérale T r a n s a t i a n t i q u e " , "Hamburg-American Line" and "Royal Nether lands Line" under the name "Caribbean Overseas Line" (CAEOL), i n o rder t o e s t a b l i s h a weekly s e r v i c e by the end of 1976 w i th NPC of a c a p a c i t y of 1,388 c o n t a i n e r s each. The Norwegian Caribbean Line,, t he Commodore Line and f o u r o t h e r s , the A n t i l l e a n Line, the KNSN, the KIM (p ly ing between Japan and Colombia), and the DFDS (Mexico) p a s s i n g through H a i t i , a re p a r t i a l l y c o n t a i n e r i z e d .

Taking i n t o account these developments, t he H a i t i a n Government, w i th the a s s i s t a n c e of i n t e r n a t i o n a l f i n a n c i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s , has begun enlargement and modern iza t ion of the s e a p o r t of P o r t - a u - P r i n c e , where as a consequence, more t r a f f i c w i l l be c o n c e n t r a t e d . The improvements inc lude r e h a b i l i t a t i o n and moderniza t ion of the e x i s t i n g wharf to a l low no t only the b e r t h i n g of o rd ina ry sh ips b u t a l s o the l a r g e ocean cargo l i n e r s . In a d d i t i o n , a new wharf i s be ing c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h modern warehousing f a c i l i t i e s , and the sea-bed deepened to a l low b i g sh ips to b e r t h a longs ide the p i e r . The improvements a l s o inc lude c o n s t r u c t i o n of a new wharf f o r t h e c o a s t a l v e s s e l s , and r e c e p t i o n f a c i l i t i e s f o r t o u r i s t s . The p r o j e c t i o n s of t o t a l merchandise f o r 1985 were e s t a b l i s h e d as fo l lowss

- Bsl23 -

Mari t ime T r a n s p o r t

T r a f f i c a t Por t -au-Pr inc iS i n 1985 (Metr ic t o n s )

Impor ts Expor t s To ta l

By NPC 412,000 I585COO 570,000 Trucks 32^000 32,000 C o n t a i n e r s 380,000 158,000 538,000

By o t h e r t ypes of s h i p s 171p000 59J000 230,000

To ta l 583,000 217,000 8005000

Sources James C» Biickleyj Phase Di sgnos i s Table 2»

I t i s a l s o con templa ted t h a t t h e M i n i s t r y c i Trar ispor t v i l l w r k i n

c l o s e co i l a l so ra t io r ; v i t b . t he Dif^is ion of E x t i r a a l Trade a t tlie D e p a r t -

ment of CoDEffierce i n stciajfing tiie s t r u c t a r s of f r e i g h t r a t e s and s h i p p i n g

p a t t e r n s t o detsrm:',;na f h e e^ssects t h a t c o n s t i t u t e a c o n s t r a i n t t o

developMent of f o r e i g n t r a d e and tonrismo

Ai r T ranspo r t

Na t iona l s The n a t i o n a l a i r t r a n s p o r t s e r v i c e which a s s m e s

connec t ion hstv/een the p r i n c i p a l p r o v i n c i a l t3 .ms has i n c r e a s e d

c o n s i d e r a b l y s i n c e 1970? as i s shomi 1:2 tlie appendix ta l j l e» The

i n d i c a t i o n s a r e t h a t t h e aianaal growth r a t s i s l i k e l y t o "ae mainta inedo

Por t -a - i i -Pr incs , t h e Capital5, ahsorhed abotit h a l f of t h i s t r a f f i c i n 1975?

P o r t - a u - P r i n c e 49=7^

C a p - H a i t i e n 2G.2fo

Jacmel 12 .0^

Cayes 9o

Port-de-PaÍ3£ 2 o

Grmíth x-zas most pronounced f o r t h e Cayes Region (70 p e r c e n t

compared t o 1974) and appea r s p a r t l y t o he a r e s u l t of t h e had c o n d i t i o n

of N a t i o n a l Road 200= C o r r e i a t i v e l y , t h i s g rm/ th i n i n t e r n a l a i r

t r a n s p o r t has n o t s t i m u l a t e d an ir^crease i n v©l-ace of a i r f r e i g h t which 1 7 / has n o t exceeded 5© t o n s p e r year,,—-'

1 7 / The ^planes i n u s e a r e of low c a p a c i t y , end so f a r no e x c l u s i v e cargo s e r v i c e has heen in t roduced»

- Bsl24 -

HAITI AIR INTER, c r e a t e d i n 1973 t o ensure a r e g u l a r t r a n s p o r t

s e r v i c e "between the C a p i t a l and t h e main p r o v i n c i a l towns, i n r ep lacement

of COHATA (Compagnie H a i t i e n n e de T r a n s p o r t Ae r i en ) has no t y e t begun t o

o p e r a t e . I t has s igned a c o n t r a c t w i t h Turks and Caicos Airways, t h e

terms of which cover management, main tenance and e x p l o i t a t i o n of t h e

i n t e r n a l r o u t e s . I t a l r e a d y owns two DC—3'85 of a c a p a c i t y of 28 SGsts

e a c h . They a r e n o t y e t i n s e r v i c e . As of now, b e s i d e s a p r i v a t e r e n t a l

s e r v i c e u s i n g two B e a c h c r a f t s D - 1 8 ' s of 28 s e a t s each , t h e only ' p l a n e s

i n i n t e r i o r t r a f f i c a r e two Hawker-Siddeley ( I r i s h ) of 10 s e a t s each ,

and one De H a v i l l a n d Twin O t t e r (20 s e a t s ) . ^ ^

The Government 's d e c i s i o n t o modernizie t h e p r o v i n c i a l a i r p o r t s

forms p a r t of t h e n a t i o n a l developmenta l p r i o r i t i e s , so as t o s e rve

b o t h l o c a l p a s s e n g e r s and t h e t o u r i s t s d e s i r o u s of v i s i t i n g t h e

i n t e r i o r of t h e c o u n t r y . Already C a p - H a i t i e n A i r p o r t has been modernized

w i t h t h e h e l p of FAC (Fonds d^a ide e t de Coope ra t ion Fran<jaise) so

f a r a s t e lecommunica t ion equipment i s concerned . Soon Jacmel and

Cayes would b e n e f i t f rom t h e same a t t e n t i o n .

I n t e r n a t i o n a l 5 H a i t i has on ly one i n t e r n a t i o n a l a i r p o r t . Four

i n t e r n a t i o n a l companies m a i n t a i n r e g u l a r f l i g h t s t o and from P o r t - a u -

P r i n c e ; Pan-American Airways, American A i r l i n e s , A i r F rance , E a s t e r n

Ai rways . Others w i t h r e l a t i v e l y smal l o p e r a t i o n s a r e ALM, which i s

an a f f i l i a t e of KLM, Flamingo A i r l i n e s , Bahamas A i r , and Ai r H a i t i .

To t h i s l i s t cou ld be added H a i t i I n t e r - C o n t i n e n t a l A i r l i n e s .

A u t h o r i z a t i o n f o r i t s o p e r a t i o n was p u b l i s h e d i n t h e o f f i c i a l j o u r n a l ,

"Le Mon i t eu r " , of 7 October 1974. This new A i r l i n e w i l l connect

P o r t - a u - P r i n c e w i t h Montrea l once a week and would f l y twice a week

t o New O r l e a n s . Other f l i g h t s t o Venezuela and Guatemala a r e

conten^nla ted . This new A i r l i n e would use two DC-8 's ©f a c a p a c i t y of

1 8 / I t i s t o be no ted t h a t t h e H a i t i a n owned AIR HAITI, c r e a t e d i n 19715 though c a r r y i n g e x c l u s i v e l y i n t e r n a t i o n a l f r e i g h t on t h e r o u t e P o r t - a u - P r i n c e / k i a m i , had s t a r t e d b e g i n n i n g May 1975 t o land o c c a s i o n a l l y i n C a p - H a i t i e n .

- Bs25 -

150 and 180 passengers respectiwlyo It is not yet operational» The 19/ airlines serving Haiti use Boeing 707$. 727-200 and one BC-9 aircraft»-^

Data Oil passenger movements classified by airlines reveal the predominance of Pan-American folloved by Air Frances Air Haiti and American Airlines» In 1975 there was a total ef 244,698 passengers arriving and departing, of which Pa3i-Affi.ericdr. i;ars'-lsd 28 par cent, American Airlines 25 per cent. Air France 24 per r.pnt. Eastern Airlines 17 per cent, and 6 per cent for tlia rest. Overall, there was only a SBiail increase (lo3^) ííí "tíi© international mcTement of passengers in 1975 as coB^ared to the volume in 1974» Haitians residing abroad, particularly in tJis USA, gszierate a relatively csnstant movement of about 259OOO to 30¡000 passengers a year, x-rhile the rest is coasprised of tourists, Americans asd Canadians in 3sajffirity= It saay be observed that -while the n-tamber 02 air flights tends in dissi&ish (3,800 in 1974 and 3s 542 in 1975)9 the isoveaient of passengers has tended to grox' slovrlyo Moreover, while American Airlines has a lower schedule of flights tksa Air Fraziee (381 against 732), the riijabar of transported passengers is siuch greater for Americaia Airlines than for Air Prance

With regard t® the movement off gocds, the ¡national coiagjany. Air Haiti, transported about Ó0 per ssst of tiae tot£l international freight off Haiti in 1974 (6,413 tons)» Hot/ever, in 1975 the voiiime of freight decreased to 14,144 tosis (coafiared with 15si577 tons in 1974)» Of the 1975 total. Air Haiti transported SsS?? tons (35«7 )s Pan-American 3,428 tons, American Airlines 3 3909 Air France 6,011, and Eastern Airlines 189 tons»

The decrease in 1975 ia the voluiae of freight is attributable to many factors, the most iís ortaeit of which would be the ia^osition of quantitative restrictions on ij5 crts for certain categories of Haitian textiles, into the American Market» ¥ithin the general pattern Pan-American maintains a predominamce in the Eoveisent of Parcel Post in air cargo <•

19/ Neither the voliaiae of traffic aor the fc.ciiities of landing at the airport would allow for the lasdiBg of 'ciS Bcjsing V47<i

This derives from the fact that ths direct flight, Port-axi-Prince^ew Ycrk/pcrt-aii-Prinss draws EEitieLH passifingers than Port-au-Frince/Sam JiaaB/Port=au-?rir-.'C£. cr Fort-s.-jL-?rÍKce/kartiniq«se/ ?ort~au->Prince

- B:.26 -

In stinmiary, a i r t r a n s p o r t , i n t e r n a l as veil as i n t e r n a t i o n a l , pose some problems i n t h a t c o n s i d e r a t i o n has t o he t aken of tour i sm and i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o f o r e i g n exchange on the one hand, as a g a i n s t t he c a p a c i t y of the a i r p o r t s and r e l a t e d f a c i l i t i e s on the o t h e r . The problem i s a t t he l e v e l of adequacy of the p r o v i n c i a l a i r p o r t s and the F ranco i s Duval ie r I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t , t o meet n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l r eq u i r emen t s . The t w prime a r e a s f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a r e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and management on one s i d e , and p h y s i c a l cond i t i ons and t echn iques of a i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n on t h e o t h e r . The Decree of 21 March 1974 c r e a t e d i n s t i t u t i o n a l machinery -within the s e rv i ce of C i v i l A v i a t i o n , t o iaqsrove the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of H a i t i a n a i r p o r t s . In a d d i t i o n , c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s being given t o the investment requi rements f o r making the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and t e c h n i c a l ser%'^ices more f u n c t i o n a l , and f o r adap t ing t h e a i r p o r t s t o the requ i rements of modern a i r t r a f f i c .

d) Balance of Payments

The ba lance of payisents of H a i t i has been c h a r a c t e r i s e d s ince the 1960 's by d é f i c i t s on merchandise t r a d e and on i n v i s i b l e s i n the c u r r e n t accoun t , which have been o f f s e t mainly by t r a n s f e r s i n the c a p i t a l accoun t . More r e c e n t l y the i n f low of funds has been augmented by a s t eady i n c r e a s e i n c a p i t a l f o r inves tment , and expansion in ea rn ings of the tour i sm s e c t o r .

As r e g a r d s merchandise t r a n s a c t i o n s , the l a s t f ou r yea r s have been marked by a more r a p i d expansion of inqiorts than of e x p o r t s . Expor t s , vh i ch a re e n t i r e l y dependent on c l i m a t i c v a r i a t i o n s and on f l u c t u a t i o n s of p r i c e s i n the v o r l d market , have c e r t a i n l y i n c r e a s e d , b u t no t t o the e x t e n t of coun t e r -ba l anc ing t h e 15 p e r cent i n c r e a s e r e g i s t e r e d by inq jo r t s .

Though c o f f e e con t inues to be the p r i n c i p a l ea rne r of f o r e i g n exchange, i"t i s g r a d u a l l y be ing d i s p l a c e d as the p a t t e r n of expor t s becomes more d i v e r s i f i e d ; and t h i s i s i n c r e a s i n g l y apparent wi th expansion of p roduc t s from the manufac tur ing s e c t o r , no tab ly e s s e n t i a l o £ l E l / and goods from the assembly i n d u s t r i e s . B a u x i t e , d e s p i t e an

2 1 / The r e g i s t e r e d i n c r e a s e f o r t h i s p roduc t i s , i n volume, of 20fo f rom one yea r t o the next (394 tons in Yfi '^ / lh a g a i n s t 323 tons i n 1972/73) r e s u l t i n g i n an i n c r e a s e of revenue of t h e order of 75^''

- Bsl27 -

i n c r e a s e i n iroltme and value> has d imin i shed i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o

t o t a l e x p o r t s f rom y e a r t o year» As f o r copper , i t s e x p o r t a t i o n

has ceased d u r i n g t h e s e l a s t few years«

With r e g a r d t© i m p o r t s t h e i r con t inued i n c r e a s e have a s t r o n g

e f f e c t on t h e t o t a l t r a d e b a l a n c e of H a i t i , which reached n e a r l y

US#23 m i l l i o n i n 1973/1974. I n f a c t , every s o r t of i n c r e a s e i n

income w i t h i n t h e urban p o p u l a t i o n (most c o n c e n t r a t e d i n P o r t - a u -

P r i n c e ) 9 i s l i k e l y t o provoke an i n c r e a s e n o t on ly i n in^ior ts of

d u r a b l e consumar goods b u t a l s o of f o o d s t u f f s o I t i s n o t a b l e t h a t

f rom 1969/1970 t o 1972/19739 food i n s e r t s had i n c r e a s e d t h e i r p a r t i -

c i p a t i o n i n t h e t o t a l of in^ jor t s f rom I6 p e r c e n t t o 18 p e r cento As

a r e s u l t measures were t aken t o r e s t r i c t t h e e x p o r t of f o o d s t u f f s

which could f a v o u r a b l y s u b s t i t u t e f o r impor t s and t h i s , w i t h t h e aim

of r e d u c i n g t h e p r s s s ' a r e of impor t s of consumer goods and t o f a c i l i t a t e

purchase of c a p i t a l goods f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n s e c t o r s .

During t h e same p e r i o d t h e expans ion of t o u r i s m r e c e i p t s has

he lped t o c o a a t e r b a l a n c e t h e t r a d e d e f i c i t » Up t o 1972, t h e t r a d e

d e f i c i t was e n t i r e l y o f f s e t by r e c e i p t s of t r a m s f e r s ( r e m i t t a n c e s

of m i g r a n t s , p r i v a t e g i f t s , a i d s under t h e form of t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t -

ance)? b u t i n 1972/1973 and 1973/1974 t h e amount of t r a n s f e r s

d e c l i n e d and was n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o cover e n t i r e l y t h e d e f i c i t

r e g i s t e r e d by t h e v i s i b l e s and i n v i s i b l e s i n the c u r r e n t accoun t of

t h e b a l a n c e of payments<, The i n f l o w of c a p i t a l and t r a n s f e r s ,

however, i n c r e a s e d a p p r e c i a b l y i n 19759 a t t r i b u t a b l e mainly t o l a r g e r

p r i v a t e t r a n s f e r s and i n c r e a s e s i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l l oans f o r f i n a n c i n g

t h e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e p r o j e c t s o This r e v e r s a l has had t h e e f f e c t of

d i i a in i sh ing the o v e r a l l d e f i c i t ^ and i t i s expec ted t h a t t h i s

p a t t e r n would ex tend t h r o u ^ 1976 o

STATISTICAL

APPENDIX

t o

SECTION B

SECTION B

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE Bsl HAITI? GDP 'by Economic Sec to r s a t 1955 Constant P r i c e s

TABLE B8 2 Annual Grovth Rate of GDP l)y Economic Sec to r s a t 1955 Constant P r i c e s

TABLE Bs3 Expendi tu res on Gross Domestic Product TABLE Bs4 Produc t ion of s e l e c t e d A g r i c u l t u r a l Commodities TABLE Bs5 Cof fee Export Quotas and Sa l e s

TABLE Bt6 Bas ic Sugar S t a t i s t i c s TABLE Bs7 Produc t ion a i s e l e c t e d Mineral and I n d u s t r i a l

Commodities TABLE Bs8 HAITIs Imports TABLE Bs9 HAITIs Exports TABLE BslO HAITI; Imports from Caril)l)ean Area TABLE B i l l HAITIs Exports t o Caribbean Area TABLE B?12 HAITIs Fore ign Exchange Rece ip t s from Tourism TABLE Bs l3 HAITIs Importance of Main Roads of the

Republ ic of H a i t i TABLE Bsl4 HAITIs Coas ta l Shipping TABLE B i l 5 HAITIs Coas ta l Shipping T r a f f i c TABLE B;16 Expor t Tonnages hy Po r t TABLE Bgl7 Inqaort Tonnages by P o r t TABLE B;18 Domestic Passenger 1951-1975 TABLE B j l 9 FRANCOIS DUVALIER AIRPORT - Air Movement 1975 TABLE B5 20 General Transpor t of F r e i g h t TABLE Bs21 FRANCOIS DUVALIER AIRPORT - Movement of F r e i g h t TABLE Bg22 FRANCOIS DUVALIER AIRPORT - Movement of Air Mail TABLE Bs23 HAITIs Balance of Payments

tn o

08

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T A B L E B-2

HAITI: Annual Growth Ra te of GDP by Economic S e c t o r a t 1955 C o n s t a n t P r i c e s

( P e r c e n t a g e )

yo . 1971/1972 8 1972 /1975* ; 1973/1974*

T o t a l GDP

S u b - t o . t a l , of Goods

l i A g r i c u l t u r e 2e Mining 3a M a n u f a c t u r i n g 4 . C o n s t r u c t i o n

S i i b r t o t a J of Bas i c S e r -

5, 6.

v i c e s

i +

Watei" and E l e c t r i c i t y T r a n s p o r t & communica-

t i o n s Suh-1 o t a:l 'o f o t h e r -- -

O o 9 3

l t 0 2

s -5 + s +

! ± .

s +

i +

0.68 14 .50

8 , 6 4 15 ,84

9 , 2 6

1 1 , 2 5

8,10

8

8 • +

S ~

i +

z + J +

i ±_ t +

80I7 s

2,88 1 3 , 7 1 17 ,6 .8 4 8 . 8 8

6 . 9 1

3 . 4 0 8 + . .4,36

s + 0 , 7 3 s + 2 , 5 6 J + 1 7 , 5 7 J + 5 , 2 4

1 9 , 9 1 { 1 2 , 8 6 1 9 , 8 4 . + 2 0 , 2 0

•I +• 1 9 , 9 5 8 + 8 , 4 8

Serv-xces $ _ 0 , 1 8 s + 1 5 , 5 0 s + 1 0 , 2 8

7 . Wliolesa le & R e t a i l Trade t 1 ,72 » a + 2 4 , 5 5 s + 1 6 , 4 5

8 , Banking & I n s u r a n c e s + 1 8 , 1 9 t — 0 , 3 0 2 + 2 9 , 1 5 9 . " Rea l E s t a t e ' t + 1 , 2 4 s + 1 , 6 1 Í + 1 , 7 4

10 . • Government 9 « — 4 , 3 0 s + 3 8 , 7 1 S + 1 2 , 5 5 1 1 . P e r s o n a l S e r v i c e s s + 3,76. : S 2 , 9 3 t + 5 , 5 0

s o u r c e ' s ? CONADEP (based on e s t i m a t e s of HAITIAN INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS)

* 1973 and 1974 annua l growth r a t e s a r e p r o v i s i o n a l

Table B-3s E x p e n d i t u r e s on GDP ( i n m i l l i o n s of goui^des)

. 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972

S o á e s t i c e s p g n d i t t t r g 2 , 0 5 0 2 , 0 5 1 2 , 0 0 4 2 o l 6 4 2^338 2 , 5 3 8 2,819. Cbasumpt ion 1 , 9 7 8 1 ,971 1 , 9 1 8 2 ,077 2^228 2 , 4 0 2 2^650

P r i v a t e s e c t o r ( l , 8 l 6 ) ( 1 , 8 0 4 ) ( 1 , 7 5 3 ) ( 1 , 9 0 2 ) ( 2 , 0 5 0 ) ( 2 , 1 8 6 ) ( 2 , 4 3 4 ¡ P u b l i c s e c t o r (162) ( I 6 7 ) U 6 5 ) (175) ( I 8 8 ) ( 2 l 6 ) (216]

I nves tmen t ( i n c l u d i n g change in s tocks-) 78 80 86 87 100 I36 I69

P r i v a t e s e c t o r (40 ) (39 ) (36) (45) (66) ( 8 I ) ( i l l P u b l i c s e c t o r Í.1! il l

•

Balance :on g-oods -and kdh- • f a c t o r s e r v i c e s --82 ^ Z l r l á z á ^ " 8 3 "104

E x p o r t s 228 205 237 242 2^5 322 318 Impor t s , ' - 3 1 0 =280 =273 - 3 0 4 - 3 4 8 - 3 9 4 •=422

Gross d o m e s t i c pi 'cduce St m a r l o t p r i c e s 1^974 1 , 9 7 6 1 , 9 6 8 2 , 1 0 2 2 , 2 5 5 2 , 4 6 6 2 ,715

•Net l a c t o r income p a y a e ñ t s - 2 0 - 1 5 -"16 - I 6 - 1 8 - 2 0 - 2 2

Gross n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t a t marke t p r i c e s 1 ,954 l j . 9 ^ 1 , 9 5 2 2 , 0 8 6 2 , 2 3 7 2 , 4 4 6 2 , 6 9 3

l e t I n d i r e c t Taxes 2_50 138 ] M 179 204 S u b s i d i e s 3 " 6 5 5" 7 7 I n d i r e c t t a x e s . 153 144 171 185 210 248 "256

Gross n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t , a t f a c t o r c o s t 1 , 8 0 4 1 , 8 2 3 1 , 7 8 6 1 , 9 0 7 2 , 0 3 3 2 , 2 1 1 2^444

Mote g • To o b t a i n GDP a t c u r r e n t p r i c e s , t h e r e a l GDP a t f a c t o r c o s t was a d j u s t e d by t h e c o s t of l i v i n g i n d e x , e x c e p t f o r t h e v a l u e of e x p o r t s which was a d j u s t e d by the e x p o r t p r i c e index» The b a l a n c e on goods and n o n f a c t o r s e r v i c e s and t h e n e t f a c t o r income payments were o b t a i n e d from t h e b a l a n c e of payments» P u b l i c s e c t o r consumpt ion , i n v e s t m e n t , s u b s i d i e s , and i n d i r e c t t a x e s were c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s of a v a i l a b l e f i s c a l d a t a . P r i v a t e s e c t o r i n v e s t m e n t was d e r i v e d from i n d i c a t o r s of c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y , d i r e c t f o r e i g n i n v e s t m e n t , and c a p i t a l goods impor t s» P r i v a t e consumpt ion i s a r e a i d u a l »

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-xj M. VO t\D i-k I-i o H»' M- ON s 1 ^ 1 v! NO ««

O ^ M U) tC- •e-U) UI 00 H- 4:- UJ -0 to -vj to UI O UI O

CO to Hi VJI Ul I-' O VJ1 00 00 to ON 00 ON U4 ^ «0 1 >B 'O « •a

00 o 00 00 -J o o VJI lO 00 ut UI 00 ^ o o •e- o U1 -o MD o-'. to

o lO M 4í-o o to l-k to O « • « i e « o o « » •

o 00 t-A O" to UI Hi o Ji- 0^ to v^ to H- •c 00

00 o to I-i vo o 00 M 00 1 1 1 1 ^ •o 'O 00 00 O o U) lO -J 00 o UI UI vo to CN 00 00 00 f o 00

t h-i to -J UI ^ «VJI U) lo M-00 o O UI to UI «o VI ^ •« 1 -o ^ sa «a

o 00 00 to Ul 0 , O 00 ^ -vj VJl ON UI I-i UI M ro § U1 o 00 -J O o o O 00

•o !->• O to UI o O O vo M- to M. ON UJ <1 • o f 6 a • • » « « H- O o (p- CTN Ut ON l-i UI [fi o 00 cr\ UI 00 to UJ o ta P H-I rtj H-OP s 1"? o

O O 1-1 ÍE B w ce

o O 95 O - C! 53 ®

r(- O O M S 0 a> B ^ (B

O C p o - ü Q fP

í-t- O o M » s CB 0 — ' ®

O <í O p o - p Q fB

O <j O £» ®

-vj

to

•vj ÍO ! O

\o •<1

I I-'

--j

5

ng 9! a' M (5 «

M

fi) M 'O O C+-03

iH

Table B-10 HAITIs IMPOSTS FROM CAEIBBEAN ÁBEA

( i n '000 US$)

1970 /71 1 9 7 1 / 7 2 1 9 7 2 / 7 3 1 9 7 3 / 7 4

A n t i g u a _

B a r b a d o s - 0 , 1 4 , 3 0 , 2

Grenada - - - -

0113'ana - - -„

J a m a i c a 2 3 7 , 1 4 0 3 , 0 2 0 5 , 6 2 1 2 , 9 S t „ L u c i a - - - -

S t , V i n c e n t - - - -

T r i n i d a d & Tobago 3 2 , 5 9 3 , 4 1 1 1 , 9 1 5 6 , 2

Sub-^Total 2 6 9 , 6 4 9 6 , 5 2 2 1 , 8 3 6 9 , 3

Bahamas 8 0 , 2 1 0 3 , 6 1 2 6 , 8 6 4 , 3 • S u b - T o t a l 3 4 9 , 8 6 0 0 , 1 4 4 8 , 6 4 3 3 , 6

C u r a c a o 3 , 2 1 1 , 3 2 , 7 9 0 , 5 3 , 3 8 0 , 2 8 , 0 8 9 , 9 G u a d e l o u p e 2 , 2 8p4 1 8 , 2 5 , 5 fSa r t i n iq -ue 5 , 1 1 2 , 8 1 8 , 6

P u e r t o R i c o 5 5 2 , 0 8 1 1 , 0 1 , 7 0 2 , 1 2 , 0 6 1 , 9 Domin ican R e p u b l i c 2 3 , 3 1 1 6 , 7 2 4 9 , 9 6 8 6 , 5 St« K i t t s - - - - •

S t . Cro ix ( ü „ S » ) - - 0 , 0 2 1 , 7 S t . M a r t i n - 0 , 0 0 , 9 0 , 0

S t . Thomas (U„S„) - - 0 , 1

T u r k s & C a i c o s I s l a n d s 1 , 2 0 , 9 2 7 , 0 6 , 1

V i r g i n I s l a n d s 5 9 , 1 0 , 0 0 , 0 _

S u b - T o t a l 3 , 8 5 0 , 5 3 , 7 3 2 , 6 5 , 3 9 1 , 2 8 9 0 , 4

GRAND-TOTAL 4 , 2 0 0 , 3 4 , 3 3 2 , 7 5 , 8 3 9 , 8 1 1 , 3 2 4 , 0

SoureeJ Custom Hoase A á a i a i s t r a t i o i i e

, : . • :

SZi I f-i I

S3 a> £3

O « QJ

KJ o U En P o (H O

(fí

1} en CO ce e-4 M 0)

H

0 I—i O CTv 1 to 00 o to o. o* OK

CJN C -f CT\ r-i 1-1

tN o 00

ITs

(N O 00 I-i

irS' G\

a

00 OJ o ITi 0\ 1—1 o 00 CT\ OI OJ 00 o OJ OJ 00 to 00 to ON VJD 00 o 00 00 (M oo CN o O» OV Ov o o OJ ON OJ O 00 ON to -S' 00 OI 1—i to m OJ 1-i l-i 1-4 lO OI 'sD o r- 1-1

OI

CN i-i l-i rJ' r-( rH to 00 1—i r-i QO ON ÍO 1-1 O ON o ON lO f- tn r-t to lO CÍN to in i-l o OI ON 00

OJ 00 1 i-J i-i r-4 to ON lO 00 r-i O r- o o. o. o» OK o o» o\

00 ON OJ lO OI r vo IfN 1—( to to ON r-i 1—f 00 rH 1—4 ON OJ lO 1—1 in 1-1 ON

OI to O! to rH

O! o to 00 ON o r-i

00 to 'O 1 o» 00 1—1 o OJ

CM o m O! to in IO OJ ITN KN 00 r-i C3N to ON l> r-! O 1 I w. Os o% OH o 1—1 lO r-i CM to ON r- to r-l OI 1-1 to OJ to r-OI

^ O m o

r-í r- to í>- •íP r-l O to ON to OJ rH rH O r-» to r-i 00 m <» ON lO 1 r-l CX> !>• o* r-l Os to o*

IfN r-l o r-i O rH o\ r-i O (t) to o 00 f-l OI to rA ON to Oi fN r-i -í" (M 05 OI

r-00 c\j o <M CM

ff^ o r-(

1-1

«i

r-1

<

03

c El H (ij a) W ffl íy O © & 03 -P •H V e-! sr CB O CO (3 O a «3 tn O o •pH ¡3 •r» -a C) •H E3 •r1 cd .03 r-i M S3 C8 •r) M > vH a O cy •iH

-rt ^ n C8 a 03 -P -P SH 0) S o o o •H ^ CO a C3 C0 -P -p -P u £Q H <S «¡i « •-3 CO CO CO .¡H « 6 C3

m •H M r-l

0} w S na o Pj E o O CU CB •H

ü el G r J ta •H M •H CQ o S •iH -P M « o cS O •H h a -P a ü s •H 03 •H bD

« a o o !H ® -P -p •rl

fe 00 CO 6-1

00 tn CN 00 lO

(M ^ o.

ON r-o

ITS <N

00

- i ^ g

G •H M U

•H E>

o cj • to

to t^

00 to ITí P-)

ir . ÍO <» r-OJ ^ i §

Pi o «

0) o H

to;: CA.

ir\ in' cS

(M CNJ s 'a

o u ps o CO

O ffl ÍB ^ O H-íS <í , • 03 N-ll--' a \ ci i-S H- ts) o O C' 05 <5 a <<1 C+-to H-Qe Hs ü' s , o O 03 l-S 03 CT-C+- ft> o> • CO .

H- ¡3-H- (6 O ^ S £» • a í-* O m . as 03 l-S CD i-j en CP & o ttí <1 o 03 (S> 3 O «1 l-í ^ a hí o 01 ÍT hh OJ erh te W O tr K C3 • <0 V B O H- te o c(-fP aix) 03 f» ü • t í H. H-a" j—'

n) 1- W-=<! O. e H- O 03 o* o ÍD ÍO h-" H- O H-•O Hi O Hs 0 <5 O

W O 3 I-!

W (0 03 0) H- C+-(-• H- 03 cr4- O » C+- ¡B P¡ C! ct- H- i-í 4 H- W ÍC H-O Sí 01 C3 .03 Oi a- ct-m 0 03 ai • H- cc CO O 03

a ch cr 4 03 O to 4 I—" (ti H-H- a <í o O H-Hj o B a H, H- 03 aq HP H-O H- a o-(t> (D ct-' í a 03 O C+- H- 03 K> a H-H- tí 3 Cb O H, 03 el f-i 03 a ' H 03 50 o-H- ci-CO H- 03 Cj B O m D o* 03 e 03

a cu

M ÍO <13 O ' e O o Hs O

Hs O

C+-tr o en flO

H9 B O H M O a rt- Hs Cr'na ri-03 03 ^ te H- 03 cf íT C*- a' . a <1 a - CT I-" er te (3- te (0 •a P- O o 1-! o H O o H- H-" H- a a a cí M a 03 cí- 03 C+- m m o te O C+- a 03 a a 03 g S> Hj . 03 H, ct- te H a a- 3 O a pr te £C CD te Oi c(- ft te CC ,—scn o O H- C+- o- O m . -a 'Ti a •o P 93 03 a ci- a' te o <T> l-J <e HJ

fS 03 ^ • Hs hi H- 4 H-t-5 (0 H- C+- CO CO 09 CO cfi-(D a O tr- H- rf o d- O ,0 ci-03 tw a te a o a o B 10 P .re (R « (R a m a 01 m te K, H- 03 4 05 03 o CQ «! H- H- H-tri- te a m Cfi H •-i" co ct- ct- H- 'H-o ó) W CO 03 < <1 D 03 ffq 03 H- • H-te i h¡ ce H- 03

• C T - >i a OQ a oq H. H. i-í ,

03 < H- cr cy M H- hb <1 V! ^ Hj a 0=5 O H-a (R cr' o TS (—' O! crt- 83 B fD

K2 íP- O UJ U1 O e ® « ó »

- ó oo K)

to to U I o iO ÍT> o 0 e o a O 1 f-' VD

UJ ÍO o C3 \o ' c • • e p. a 9 C3 Ir-" VJI (Tv

OQ wJ (t-03 o l-i VX> o • « « t» - J 00 SO •P- 00

M I—' i>>J - J f - ' i-i -a CTv o o e c « o Ol 00 ro SO

te C7N a\ to •rfí" o. o V£3

e • o o « O roo • 03 ,o f-r' Vfj 'oo

ro M M o to -4 (» ISD U1 VO ü ^ a o O U1 0• VD o VJl

o M M a O !Z5 . s . H. K) X 1—' o W- o o 0! a 01 O cg o

i W 1

a f Ki H

fel o i-j ffi t (n

Í.0

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W

w H M

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cq e

« § H 1-3 to « Q

^ Ph

§ H O «s! e-i g Ph s M

-P r, a 'H ti o cu o o cá o .-I íH <u -p o « fc.C íS ?-<

O) « Vi ttí o ü ». C ÍW o 03 o a ce -(j q -p o bD 01 cS -p

f3 «3 Q) O

«H -TS © O) e» -P <U o- II <u ^ aj «J a

pí o «H «3 o <D I—I r-i te ü m cS cd M o -H o M -H > OI o (B ü a> -H

CO r-( —i -rt •H S O w

«H to O W m C 0 o o

•H O

te c3 c -P to o O 1» -p H -p ce o a -rl to •H i r-l m cu -P -P •H C3 •p • r t

M OJ í>> « -P a —t ta pá •H cfi -p 'C O

PH p-t o íá VI 0 u O üú o O ft-p

•H -IJ tó é Ó •H

íá ft O X ft •H O Ta r-l 05 Cü to r-l c -P C! -p -p ce cti tn O ü O M •H •rJ o íí O £3 ft-a r-l

-a cS tn O a> pi 3 a) Xi -P -P o cu •H fn a o -p 13 O •rl

S-l O CU 5-1 o a CU fl, o Pl a ce ! 1—1 N © •H =< fe tx) o > ce

tn O c <u o n •H t» •H • r t -P a • cá • r t o

O a o TS •H cfi O O i-H & na 00 •H r—1 © B •H

M o a O ce o ~ '

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t» 'O cS © «

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00 CTs 00 o 00 Ci i-i í-l to 00

o 00 to rH tH »» o Ok c

o lO ITi to ITi OJ rH

r-i

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r—1

o O o O o O o O m r—I r^

r—( o ^ o. to O ' ITi m o r-t 00 O O r-H to r-H r—1 r-l

O O o o O O o o

to in •feS. C» Ck to CA O

OI O 1-i r-l lO O r-- £M r-i

I i

O o O o O o lO lO ^ 03 to i-1 05 VQ O i C» OJ o* m G» r-l O. O !

to m OJ '"'i ¡ r») ÓJ 1 1 1 i A.

fi a O o

00 vs 00 ^ vo

1-4 OI f—1 ¡M O o ' OO o. to os rH c» rH 1 o 4)

t^ rH lO to rH W r-l fH ÍH

p' o M

1 ^ 1 -P I -P 0)

ft o © ce o i o a j ! CM o o s m en -H ,—

1 f^ ft n ' SH to i ©O to ce 3<3 Pk ¡ S to en. O o o O ce o ( to -p sai o > ce O o o 3 •H cu 1 r-l a) OJ n to cS ce O ^ !

3 á ^ <ü 1 r-l o" X c V ^a « 13 -P ce r-H fá

ce © t^ a ce n ce u ^ © M e o r-l •H o •H © © (U m 1 P3 1 r-l W fH Pí PH ! O P3

tu ! PM •r-l Cü OO to ta , i r—1 ü © a r-H I r—I a u C\3 a; C -! ^ i ce a O lí o c ce 0 a) ce O T3 CSJ i G •H 4) p-1 •H a) fl ce •H C o a! f—1 1 i o -P • H o 1 a e to ^ ce M aj r-H •H Ot -p ^ O -p •r-t •H O r-l 'O •H r-i -p 1 -I-I a • H fH -p -a n r-H ei3 O 1—1 -P ce S cd PH 00 ce ce ©•NCP ce a •H CD © ÍH «; O a ce tó •m •-3 S ce pq P3 O eq E-i

CTv w s O ?o H- o r(- O crl-ÍTl- t—' O P 1—1 o H- h! 1—1 Ui t—' ON (-1 OS D B o 1 [ 1 1 CB fft? W 0 h-1 ^ ^ tt- a\ O n Ul O Ul o 95 w P n a o cí-a> CL

o P iH-W

en

o 0 to rt-O S w o 0 a> (C

4

1-' to M Ul ON o tP- 1—1 to o cV a\ O VD ON Ul P

O O rf O cy (B hS VO

VJl

to

o 00

^ te H-" VjJ U) vjí iC-

to ui 00 00

w 0 aci 4 M-d- U1 1 ÍTt-P H C P I ct-tJ H. hi O H- B B O S» (í (Tf

H. iTj Éd TI a l-S n> o O Oq M Oi <1 H-rf H. M- en M i 4 B vo p m O to 0 o CD 03 1 CO c(-Ixl H- H-4 O . O M. B Cb B 3 4 O O H- H-<T> Hj <¡ H-B iq

B

O í» O o' 1—' Cfl (C 1-3 &> tzl f t t-J tn m

•T3 M o

00 to

00 ON oo 00

o P tt) H Ul

to to to VO Ul CTv to OI to to cf ^ O <1 B (O a i-s fo pj [K? (W <C (D

TABLE B - 15

HAITIs COASTAL SHIPPING TRAFFIC

1972 1973 1974

Number of a r r i v i n g s c h o o n e r s

Number of d e s e m b a r k i n g p a s s e n g e r s

Main c o m m o d i t i e s

C h a r c o a l

Wood f o r b u r n i n g

S i s a l

C o f f e e

Cocoa

¥ h e a t

¥ood f o r b u i l d i n g s

L i v e s t o c k ( h e a d )

H i d e s (cow)

H i d e s ( g o a t s )

P r e c i o u s woods

2 3 , 8 5 9

2 9 , 7 8 6

1 0 , 4 7 0

3 3 , 5 9 1

4 , 4 6 3

1 , 7 0 3

1 , 9 3 8

6 , 3 3 6

9 , 3 0 4

1 , 1 4 1

3 , 6 2 3

398

5 , 4 2 5

2 3 , 1 6 3

22,162 8 , 3 7 8

1 2 , 3 5 5

2 , 9 2 3

995

1 , 7 6 4

3 , 8 2 9

1 0 , 1 0 8

1 , 8 5 2

4 , 8 3 4

304

3 , 3 2 1

1 9 , 9 1 9

9 , 2 0 7

Í2,287 4 , 5 8 0

3 , 2 7 9

1 , 4 5 6

1 , 7 3 6

1 , 8 0 5

5 , 5 3 1

1 , 7 6 3

2 , 2 9 2

184

S o u r c e s Custom Houses u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a »

Notes C o n v e r s i o n i n m e t r i c t o n s f r o m t r a d i t i o n a l l o c a l u n i t s ( b a g s , b a l e s , drum e t c » ) u s i n g I I G A ' s c o e f f i c i e n t s .

V •

cq

-p is o

ffJ O). iáí sí Ir o ,+3 U O fe N

•H in m to -H r-l ON itn CTn r^ CM LO to •H ON <1! O o •H •r-t o VO 00 1 1 r- 1-! VD CM TH TH CM CJ 1-1 T-H 00 ON

•H o 00 On TH ^ TW CM 00 0 m 00 r- r- CM O O < O ir\ OI r- f^ NO lO lO

I T-l

<>> e» CK o- fx I O r- CM iH CO •H tH •H r^ O-, ITN !>• TH r^ 00

m a^ m CM C\ O r-i •H T-) rH •if CM o -íí' r- o -a' 00 00 to r^ VO o CTs rH o r^ o CM C\i >3* o» o- 1 •H cys vo o to r-! •H 1-! ^ VO 0^ m •H in rH 00

o o CM •H 00 O 00 00 CM to PR r- c^ O r^ r-i 00 CM CM ^ 00 •H C<¡ r- m

J m í-í o* w» Oh J r- 00 CM •H O CJ 1-) •H J CM NU C in iH iH •H N£> Vi r-l r^ 00

AD to VO to to to lO m O to fe o •H •H 00 to VD VO m ^ •H ^ m 00 m ON O o o -P o QK » e«. «« 1 B> •H O •rH to 00 r-( •H •H CM ce 0^ m «O •H m w r^ w

«H O O 00 o •H 00 0^ 0) O O •H m to CJ •H -=f ON Ta CM r-i lO r-t CM in VO m ce 0 1 «> tN tH in to 00 CM •H •H 00 00 E-I cr\ m m •H r- 00 ¡3 M •H

L m o 00 ON 00 o •H CM r-in CTs «3 to 00 m 00 00 •H O m O 00 tH to r- t<-l r^ CM to ON NU 00 Os o o e> ^ OJ m to ON TH 1-i •H 00 00 «H TH t^ O T-l -íi in

o o 4) ,£3 Ü Sh c M N® rH es •H !=l «J •H -p ce OJ U > te tH •p >H o OH to •H Oi o >H -p « g o -P m o u EH •H <cS •H a s> o iD U •rl • • O OS ts nS > rH •H 1 Xf aS 01 bü t O W •H 6) a -p S « ce k3 -P 1 cS ñ \<ü •rl -P -P ^ PP ÍH m ft tí ü ÍW « fH 13 PP

• r t O a ce o ce a> O O O s: OH o O ha o. OH CO *

CO C-i o ®s O O o (S ci- IT!

0\ H- (Ti- CÍ-o B rt- ll ( CD t-3 H- 1 Ir* Cl ©0 O ffli O H- <!> a- © c 1 P (t> "Tl l-J <1 H & ffl <t> rf- H-P H a' o o

Q C« S O o P (6 H. P © B H- m l-s 'Tí i-s SB 13 © s CÍ-H- o e tr! 1 <1 1 P P P CD S V! 9J> H» EÍ ED P » » a- Í 00 (9 H-O ce B H-13 o

Hs to to Hi O © J:- to NO 1 1 o •o >a <P H- o 00 H> H- Ul Ji- o M- 00 09 ^ 1 li- •vJ H- 00 \o O o 0

to to P to ca- to •fi- w fe •o li •o >o ^ fe -VJ li ON <1 to •t- Ul o o -J to vo H- 00 -J 00 -J MJ ^ I UJ to o o O W P H-c+ to ro H- o to to to o ya S 1 O •o V3 O ua S 1 00 to Ul 00 Ul Hi Ul -J Ul ON Ul Ul ON o Ul u; >t- to 00 Ul to ON ON 00

to to -J M. H' l-i ! - •> cs .t-^ 11 o •o o •o ON CO •e-to o O o 00 --J Ul Ol Hk © (if U4 'sJl o

M-0\ 03

\o

i-b vo •vj

vo -vi K-

M S « ci-t-3 t-3 © P O C B HJ P ® iR CO W cn , !

VI •is o 4 cf-to to VO K-o H Ul o 11 1 •o «0

Ul 11 ON 00 Ul ON H- ON m UJ 00 •s- VO 00 to U) to H' UÍ Ul

VjJ ui 0 «0 to o 00

to ON cn O) Vl «o <o va to iO o o Ul Ul Hi Ul y ^ CO

Ul Ul 1— ON ro

-4

Ul -J v> Ul O 00 (3N

u-i to to UT © ^ «O •o v> to

Ul VD o H»- Ul ON Ul ON ON vo ON -vJ Vjl ON ON © to VXl ON UT ON

5

-SJ Sí M •H •H ÍS fe PH 1 i 01 « «} feC 'xi 1 w e -P <u 03 • O 03 fc m CO m P O •rl -P a CC oí ÍÜ •ri a -P o •w p •cS

w

ai a> CO O

S) B o C3

a cO o

o 0 0 •H (1, ¡

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r-i r ^ ^ m in f-i OI m o r- CM GO oj CM os m I — t ^ ^ to (M

00

00 to KMn r-( t-( -S" t<~\'vO mifS to OI CM CM

O O I R \ O T O C O T O L O . C M C J T O O O O R ^ A O mvíJ r- r'vO m o CM vo cocT'intocM-i' to.i—iOi-Ht^CMONVCi-ir-imr-i0D00i-i.^ir\r-i

1 — I R - I I - I C V L R - I I — I P-L P-LR-L T - L I - L

vo CTi r^ O O t^ CM F- I CM O N T O . O -if --) oo CTi r- ON VD m CM CM r~ to ON o VO VX> 0\ ON 00 lO

ON f^^vXJ^CM CM r-l CM to to CM r-l rH ITN o 00 ON CTn 00 ON o 00 l-H. f-l l-i r-t 1-4

irsi-i ON r-t> to m 00 CM i-tv CTN CM o ^ ^ o -íl ^ r-( ^ to lO CM >H .f-l '

, r^ CM CM 00 00 00 i ON-^ir-Or^-S" UN-o'uyuNiun-a'i^i^uuuNVi^i^i.MirNirNi^-a'vü " m to oolfNr-i CM <! ocy\QOi>-.d< t moooN<t<r~r-iM3 lo^cvomcM CMr-iONOOCMto in-d'oo-íintov£>\xiCM<i<r-cJvDCM¡or^ooir\

- Í C M C V L R - I ^ ^ ^ < M C M O Í C M C M O L C M R - L T - 4 R H

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u ai w <D > r-l -H (O CO a -p o o CO I

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o >

» o m > M O o Cl O •Tí o M tg o a g bd Cfl 533 w M « ts SO SJ ts)

f > w! > S) O W i

03 fO ON ON ON •-J ON •Vj ON o > •vj o I-" o 00 if h-' o to o M 00 u

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to

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00 vo

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TABLE B - 20

GENERAL TRANSPORT OF FREIGHT

A r r i v i n g & D e p a r t i n g Tonnage

1965 3 1 0 7 . 1

1966 2935 .9

1967 3719o4

1968 4 6 4 1 . 3

1969 4211 .4

1970 6714„9

1971 7851r.8

1972 7 0 6 4 . 0

1973 12287 ,4

1974 15877o7

1975 1 4 1 4 4 . 1

S o u r c e : A d m i n i s t r a t i o n A e r o p o r t I n t e r n a t i o n a l de P o r t - a u - P r i n c e (AAIPP)

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S E C T I O N C

Aspects of tlie manufactur ing sec to r5 and is i termat ioEal economic r e l a t i o n s

S E C T I O N C

C O N T E N T S

Page

CHABACTERISTICS OP THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY SECTOR Csl

I n d u s t r i a l P o l i c y o o „ o o o o o o o o o o o o Cg2 Incent ÍTes L e g i s l a t i o n f o r I n d u s t r i a l Promotion Cs3 P r o t e c t i o n of I n d u s t r i e s < , o o o « o » o o o o Cs7

HAITI'S ECONOMIC HELATIONSHIPS WITH NON-CARICOM COUNTRIES Cs8

Trading P a t t e r n s CS8 B i l a t e r a l R e l a t i o n s o o o o o o o o o o o o o o Cg9 M u l t i l a t e r a l R e l a t i o n s <> » <> » » o o <. » o » C S L O

Co CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY SECTOR

Tile p roces s ing of sugar -cane t o sugar i s t he o l d e s t saanufacttrring a c t i v i t y of Ha i t i» Along xfitli sugar was the by-produc t a jo iasses j and rum p roduc t ion , and t h i s group has remained an i a ^ o r t a n t i n d u s t r y s u b - s e c t o r up to the p resen to In time the range broadened t o inc lude the aanufactur® of c i g a r e t t e s and the b o t t l i n g of s o f t d r i n k s j and the e s t ao l i shmen t of f a c t o r i e s f o r ceiaentj t e x t i l e s , f lou ry cooking o i l , l a r d and soap, and the manufac tu r ing of s i s a l twine» Except f o r the sugar group of p roduc t s and s i s a l i nc lud ing tiiin®, ou tpu t s of a l l t hese i tems were geared towards i n t e r n a l consua^t ion needs» Broadly speakings e s t ab l i shs i en t of t he se e n t e r p r i s e s were p a r t l y as ex tens ion of scEe o the r a c t i v i t i e s , whether i n a g r i c u l t u r e or d i s t r i b u t i o n »

Since the l a t e 6 0 ' s l i g h t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n d u s t r i e s have become on© of the most áynaaic s u b - s e c t o r s of the H a i t i a n econoD^» This s u b - s e s t o r i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by l a b o u r - i n t e n s i v e assembly or p r o c e s s i n g of icrportsd coa^jonents, v i r t u a l l y a l l of USA o r i g i n , i n t o f i n i s h e d or s ea i - f i n i i bhaa goods f o r the USA market« Among the f a c t o r s which have c o n t r i b u t e d to t h i s phenomenon a r e low H a i t i a n wage r a t e s 9 prox imi ty t c the USA market , and the H a i t i a n t ax i n c e n t i v e l e g i s l a t i o n » By 1974/1975 over 150 USA f i r a s a r e involved i n manufac tur ing i n H a i t i ( through s u b s i d i a r i e s or c o n t r a c t o r s ) , and a t l e a s t 80 H a i t i a n coH^aaies a re e s t a b l i s h e d in t h i s f i e l d » The m a j o r i t y of the l a t t e r a re Hai t ian-owied c o n t r a c t i n g f i r m s , bu t t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t number of USA-Haitian j o i n t v e n t u r e s , and some wholly-oiíned USA s u b s i d i a r i e s o Of the t o t a l , the m a j o r i t y were e s t a b l i s h e d s ince 1970.

Though a wide v a r i e t y of goods emerge from t h i s s u b - s e c t o r , t e x t i l e appare l i s preaomimant» E i e c t r o a i c and mechanical assembly a re c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a o s t i n d i v i d u a l f i r m s e n t e r i n g H a i t i s ince 1972, b u t t© da te t he se tend t o be smal l e r opera t ions» The t h i r d l a r g e s t group, Sewing, i nc lud ing the h a n d - s t i t c h i n g of b a s e b a l l s ead s o f t b a l l s , accounts f o r ta-zo-thirds of t o t a l p roduc t ion i a the indus t ry» Ají enco-araging t r e a d i s the assembly of more cosjplex e l e c t r o n i c components, i nc lud ing semi-conductor dev ices ana i n t e g r a t e d e i r c i ^ i t s , which invo lves somewhat snore f i x e d investment and g r e a t e r t e c h n o l o ^ t r a i s s f e r s .

Gt2 -

Severa l l a rge USA e l e c t r o n i c f i r m s a re i n the p r o c e s s of e s t a b l i s h i n g

H a i t i a n s u b s i d i a r i e s f o r t h i s purpose .

Tota l employment i n l i g h t manufact t i r ing has "been es t imated a t

25,000 (perhaps 15»000 permanent eii5)loyees and 10,000 p a r t - t i m e

workers and t r a i n e e s ) , v h i c h , w i th the p o s s i b l e excep t ion of r e t a i l

t r a d e , accoimts f o r more enqjlojonent than o the r economic s e c t o r s i n

the P o r t - a u - P r i n c e a r e a .

The r e a l e f f o r t towards t h e c r e a t i o n of a modern i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r i s t h e r e f o r e r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t , d a t i n g back n o t more than some t e n y e a r s . I n e v i t a b l y , the p rocess of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n could a o t be under taken wi thou t drawing on f o r e i g n f i n a n c e and s k i l l s ; a cco rd ing ly , s p e c i a l arrangements and inducements were granted t o f o r e i g n i n v e s t o r s . In t h i s phase , which was marked by the e s t a b l i s h -ment of many "enc lave" i n d u s t r i e s , t h e r e was a cons ide rab le widening of the range of a c t i v i t y , and by 1973/197^ t h e r e were some 130 p l a n t s o p e r a t i n g in p a r t i c i p a t i o n w i th American c a p i t a l . While more than t h i r t y per cen t of t he se o p e r a t i o n s have been b r o a d l y c l a s s i f i e d as be ing " e l e c t r o n i c and e l e c t r i c a l " , the range was s t i l l s u f f i c i e n t l y wide to embrace a l s o garments , foo twear , s p o r t i n g goods and a f u r t h e r misce l l aneous range of i t e m s . Table C.2 shows a l i s t i n g of t he se v a r i o u s i n d u s t r y a c t i v i t i e s and the numbers of p l a n t s involved i n them. Nearly a l l the ou tpu t s from the e n t e r p r i s e s i n t h i s l i s t i n g a r e d e s t i n e d f o r the Uni ted S t a t e s marke t .

I n d u s t r i a l P o l i c y

As the i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n p rocess became more e s t a b l i s h e d , e f f o r t s were made t o in t roduce a g r e a t e r degree of r a t i o n a l i t y , by guiding i t more i n t o l i n e s t h a t would b e t t e r serve the n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t . ¥ i t h t h i s i n view, the programming u n i t of the M i n i s t r y of Caimnerce and I n d u s t r y p repared a s e l e c t e d l i s t of p roduc t s f o r manufacture i n H a i t i , c l a s s i f i e d accord ing t o i tems geared f o r the i n t e r n a l market or f o r expo r t ; and t he se two groups be ing i n t u r n c l a s s i f i e d according to raw m a t e r i a l s usage , whether f u l l y l o c a l , or u t i l i z i n g p a r t l y or wholly iaqported raw m a t e r i a l s . This l i s t i s reproduced as Table Ci.3-These b a s i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s are r e f l e c t e d i n the Tables 4 and 5 which

- C ? 3

"bi-ing out t i e cons ider a b l e importance of the Uni ted S t a t e s market

f a r H a i t i a n l i g h t manufactiireso

In f o r i m l a t i n g i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n p o l i c y , c o n s i d e r a t i o n was given t o the needs of t h e n a t i o n a l market f o r coEisuieption goods, on the one hand, and t o the expor t s i t u a t i o n on the other» The most important a s p e c t s f o r e x p o r t , were th® desEand abroad f o r i a ^ o r t e d p roduc t s most e s p e c i a l l y in the USA marke t , and changes t h a t have occurred in the p o l i c y of o the r expor t i ng c o u n t r i e s , s p e c i a l l y in the Csrihhaavio

S i a i l a r l y , on the ques t i on of raw m a t e r i a l s and o the r i npu t s to i n d u s t r y , c o n s i d e r a t i o n x-ms given t o e x i s t i n g domestic s u p p l i e s of rav>- i s a t e r i a i s a'iid na t 'o ra l reso- i rces , and a l s o t o the a n t i c i p a t e d expansion of rz"-/ i r -a ter ia ls th&t may "be r e q u i r e d f o r a g r o - i n d u s t r i e s o As r ega rds eaiployaie.-it, the g a s e r a i p o l i c y -was adopted t h a t l ahour -ir^te;i3i--c i n d u s t r i e s w j u l d r e c e i v e p r i v i l e g e d t rea tment»

jo ^ ^ Pr a so t i ca

The main l e g i s l a t i v e frame-í-zork f o r ÍEceEitives p o l i c y i s conta ined iic. tihs 16 A'iigust ^900 iiaw on New E n t e r p r i s e s and The Decree of March 1963» th® lax? cf I96C5, dei'iiiitiriia was provided f o r the eona i t i oEs ,~cvernizig " S l i g i h z l i t y " , r .a ture of f i s c a l and customs concess ions , and c o n t r o l s and l i m i t a t i o n s t h a t apply t o t he se e n t e r p r i s e s » The "Decree of I963 gave sssore esrgihasis t o o u t l i n i n g the c r i t e r i a f o r the g r a n t i n g of p r i v i l e g e s t o ñtów i n d u s t r i e s , and s t i p u l a t e d the customs and o the r f i s c a l esesaptions from which nex-/ e n t e r p r i s e s could h e n e f i t o

The Laws de f ined "Eligible'^' e n t e r p r i s e s , as any ccn teü f í l a t i ng tiis aanufact-i ir ing in H a i t i , on a coes is rc ia i j a s i s , of goods no t manufactured l o c a l l y b e f o r e P,6 January 1959» New I n d u s t r i a l E n t e r p r i s e s , P r i v i l e g e d Product ana r r i v i i e g e d IzicoEe were de f ined ass

•'(a) New I n d u s t r i a i Eicterpriaeg ii:ay e n t e r p r i s e producing one or Eiore goods no t prod^iced i n H a i t i on a: i n d u s t r i a l I j a s i s j

i¿'iythi2ig proi : iced "by a New E n t e r p r i s e |

- C s 4 -

P r i v i l e g e d Income; Income r e s u l t i n g from t r a d e of P r i v i l e g e d P r o d u c t s . "

The l e g i s l a t i o n a l s o enumerated the cond i t i ons under which

exonera t ion from some d u t i e s on goods and in^iorted machinery a re

g ran ted as?

" ( a ) E n t e r p r i s e s u s i n g raw m a t e r i a l s , l o c a l l y produced amounting t o a t l e a s t 50^ of the t o t a l c o s t of a l l ra^' m a t e r i a l s t o be u t i l i z e d ?

(13) Those which u t i l i z e imported raw m a t e r i a l t h a t cannot "be produced in H a i t i w i thou t undue delays the amount be ing more than 50^ of the t o t a l c o s t of a l l raw m a t e r i a l s u t i l i z e d i

(c) E n t e r p r i s e s import ing m a t e r i a l s to be f i n i s h e d i n H a i t i and in tended to be so ld l o c a l l y ?

(d) E n t e r p r i s e s iaqjor t ing m a t e r i a l s f o r f i n i s h i n g in H a i t i and re -e jqpor t ing the f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t . "

Within t h i s s e t of c o n d i t i o n s the f i s c a l and customs exen5)tions ares

" ( a ) Ai l needed machinery, app l i ances and t o o l s , f o r the i n s t a l l a t i o n and o p e r a t i o n of the e n t e r p r i s e ;

(b) Raw m a t e r i a l s no t produced l o c a l l y ;

(e ) Packing m a t e r i a l - no t produced i n H a i t i f o r manu-f a c t u r e d p r o d u c t s ;

(d) Trucks , r a i l c a r s , a c c e s s o r i e s and p a r t s as w e l l as w a g o n s p u s h c a r t s e x c l u s i v e l y in tended f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of m a t e r i a l and p roduc t s - buses f o r worke r s . "

These exemptions a re however s u b j e c t t o the r e s t r i c t i o n t h a t

e x i s t i n g i n d u s t r i a l c o r p o r a t i o n s and e n t e r p r i s e s having more than

10 y e a r s of o p e r a t i o n a r e no t e l i g i b l e f o r t h i s t r e a t m e n t . F u r t h e r ,

t h e customs advantages a re gran ted on the f o l l o w i n g p r i o r i t y b a s i s :

" ( a ) I ndus t ry u t i l i z i n g l o c a l or imported raw m a t e r i a l s f o r the p roduc t i on of f i n i s h e d or h a l f - f i n i s h e d goods in tended t o supply e n t e r p r i s e s e s t a b l i s h e d i n H a i t i ;

(b) Hand labour and f i n i s h i n g e n t e r p r i s e s u s i n g l o c a l raw m a t e r i a l s and working f o r expo r t ;

y The Law of I969 l i m i t s some p r i v i l e g e s g ran ted accord ing to t h i s Decree, p a r t i c u l a r l y on " t r u c k s , r a i l e a r s " , g a s o l i n e , e t c .

( c ) E a t e r p r i s s s w i s M n g to o p e r a t e i n non-deve loped a r e a s o-atside F o r t - a u - P r i n c e and i t s siirro'aBdiags«"

1)3 a d d i t i o n t o t h e exeiJ^tionp f r o a eustosas diat ies on t h e c o n d i t i o n s

o u t l i n e d above, t h e e l i g i b l e e n t e r p r i s e s can r e c e i v e v a r i o u s exemptions

from p r o p e r t y t a x e s and f rom income taxes» These a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y ?

"EROFERTY - (The p e r i o d s ex t and ing f rom Octoher f i r s t of t h e f i s c a l y e a r dtaring l A i e h t h e exone ra t ed e n t e r -p r i s e s t a r t e d i t s o p e r a t i o n s o )

(a ) Ivliezi inves tsaents - movable or r e a l e s t a t e - do n o t exceed $205000, e x o n e r a t i o n f rom p r o p e r t y t a x e s i s

y e a r s s

(h) FrwEi ^SCjGGl t o ^lOíísOOü i n c l u s i v e l y , 6 y e a r s |

(o) P r o s $100,001 t o $2GSs,0CIii i n s i u s i v e l y s 7 yea r s?

( t i ) Fron ^aOG'jüOI t o ÍII5OOO9OÍÍO i n c l u s i v e l y , 8 yea r s?

( e ) lisGOO^Oí)! t o I25OOO5OOO i n c l u s i v e l y , 9 yea r s?

(:?) nvai- 330,000, 10 y e a r s o

iiiíCüi' jE i'ÁX - " P r i v i l e g e d lacoase'- i s exone ra t ed f rom Income Tax over t h e f i r s t f i v e y e a r s - t hen t a x a t i o n w i l l be a s f o l l o w s !

( a ) S i x t a yesi", 15% of. tb.a F r i v i l e g s d Income i s t a x a b l e ?

(b) Saver-.th y e a r , cf the P r i v i l e g e d Income i s t a x a b l e ?

( e ) Eigiiith y e a r , of the P r i v i l e g e d Incoime i s t a x a b l e ?

(d) Nin th y e a r , of t h e P r i v i l e g e d Incoxa® i s t a x a b l e ?

( e ) Tenth y e a r , BQfo ©f t h e P r i v i l e g e d Income i s t axab le»

On the e l e v e n t h y e a r , Sc.ch incoxEe no l onge r w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d

" P r i v i l e g e d " and w i l l lie t a x a b l e i n accordance w i t h t h e law on

IncG22£ Taxo"

In app ly ing t h e s e ccncess ic r s s , t h e r e a r e however t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s

t h a t s (a ) i f e E t s r p r i s e s a s t a b l i s h e i al.Teady prod-acs l e s s t h a n 25%

of l o c a l ccns'jiasption, new e n t e r p r i s e s a r e e n t i t l e d t o t h e advantages

s t a t e d £jove? and (b) i f t h o s e e n t e r p r i o e s prcd'j^ee or w i l l be ab l e

t c prod'cce s h o r t l y of l o c a l ccns&'^ption, s r i j new e n t e r p r i s e

e©nt£ii5let:.:;ig t h e saice k i n d of a c t i v i t i e s 9 w i l l have t h e s a i d b e n e f i t s

- Cs6 -

only f o r two y e a r s , or t h e r emain ing p e r i o d of e x o n e r a t i o n , t h e same

as e n t e r p r i s e s a l r e a d y e s t a b l i s h e d a r e e n j o y i n g . When t h a t p e r i o d of

t ime e x p i r e s , t a x a t i o n w i l l be as f o l l ows?

F i r s t y e a r , 15p w i l l he t a x a b l e ;

Second y e a r , JO^ w i l l be t a x a b l e ;

Th i rd y e a r , 45^ w i l l be t a x a b l e ?

FoTirth y e a r , w i l l be t a x a b l e ?

F i f t h y e a r , 80^ w i l l be t a x a b l e .

S t a r t i n g i n t h e s i x t h y e a r , t he income a c c r u i n g f rom t h e " p r i v i l e g e d

p r o d u c t " s h a l l no longer be c o n s i d e r e d as a " p r i v i l e g e d income".

F u r t h e r , t h e l e g i s l a t i o n l a i d down a p rocedure f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g

New E n t e r p r i s e s , where i n f o r m a t i o n has t o be submi t t ed on: t h e c a p i t a l

t o be i n v e s t e d ; l o c a t i o n of the e n t e r p r i s e ; d e t a i l e d l i s t and c o s t of

machinerj ' and t h e i r o r i g i n ; approximate number of en5>loyees i n c l u d i n g

f o r e i g n s p e c i a l i s t s and d u r a t i o n of s e r v i c e f o r t h e l a t t e r ; n a t u r e of

goods t o be produced and, i f p o s s i b l e , samples ; conqalete l i s t of raw

m a t e r i a l s w i t h t h e i r l o c a l o r f o r e i g n o r i g i n ; s a l e s marke t s contem-

p l a t e d ; and t h e t e n t a t i v e d a t e t h e e n t e r p r i s e w i shes t o s t a r t

i n s t a l l a t i o n and o p e r a t i o n .

Moreover, m a n u f a c t u r e r s a re r e q u i r e d t o keep a s tock book, open

t o examina t ion on r e q u e s t ; and, a r e a l s o r e q u i r e d t o submit a monthly

s t a t i s t i c a l r e p o r t of p r o d u c t i o n . The l e g i s l a t i o n a l s o p r o v i d e s t h a t

t h e s e customs and f i s c a l b e n e f i t s would be t e r m i n a t e d ;

i f t h e e n t e r p r i s e f a i l s t o i n i t i a t e o p e r a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e p e r i o d s e t by t h e Commerce Department f o r i t s i n s t a l l a t i o n ; or

- when t h e exemptions g ran t ed a r e the r e s u l t of f a l s e s t a t e m e n t s about t h e impor tance o r t h e n a t u r e of t h e e n t e r p r i s e ; or

- when t h e e n t e r p r i s e s t o p s o p e r a t i n g f o r t h r e e months over a p e r i o d of t e n months excep t " f o r c e m a j e u r e " ; or

- when t h e e n t e r p r i s e i s found g u i l t y of f r a u d or a b u s e s .

- C ? 7

Protec t . !on «f J a d a t a t r i a j .

Aside from the degree of p r o t e c t i o n a f f o r d e d by t h e exemptions

from customs d u t i e s , tSisre i s t h e t r e n d toxmrds promotion of import

s n b s t i t u t i o n and p r o t e c t i o n of e n t e r p r i s e s a l r e a d y i n operat ions, by

t h e use of q u a n t i t a t i v e r e s t r i c t i o n s on i n ^ o r t s » The p r i n c i p l e a p p l i e d

i s based on t h e a l l o c a t i o n of i s ^ o r t quotas i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e l e v e l

of domest ic demand eiad e x i s t i n g p r o d u c t i o n c a p a c i t y . The Law of

June 1960, "Loi su r l e Cont ingentement" r e f e r s t o t h e type of

p r o t e c t i o n an e n t e r p r i s e , t h a t f i l l s t h e r equ i remen t s5 can geto

A r t i c l e 15 of t h e Law of March 1963 s t a t e d ? "Should t h e e x i s t i n g

e n t e r p r i s e prove to the s a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e Department of Commerce

and Indus t ry3

(a) t h a t they can meet 50^ of t h e needs of t h e l o c a l market i n c e r t a i n g iven c a t e g o r i e s 5

(b) t h a t t h e maniifaet i i reá p r o d u c t s a r e a t l e a s t of e q u i v a l e n t q u a l i t y t o t hose i a ^ o r t e d and meet t h e same r e q u i r e m e n t s !

(c) t h a t t h e s e l l i n g p r i c e of t h e manufac tured p r o d u c t s does n o t exceed t h a t of s i m i l a r or i d e n t i c a l a r t i c l e s of t h e sasse q u a l i t y EJanufactiared ab road , i n c l u d i n g whatever a p p l i c a b l e coB^ensa t ing i n t e r n a l . tax<."

a r e q u e s t f o r t h e b e n e f i t of the law on t h e f i x i n g of

quo ta s may be submi t t ed t o t h e O f f i c e of t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e of

Commerce and Indus t ry»

Cs8 -

ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN HAITI AND NON-CAfilCOM COTOÍTRIES

Trading P a t t e r n s

The predominant f a c t i n the o v e r a l l commercial r e l a t i o n s h i p between

H a i t i and the world i s he r n e t dependence on the Uni ted S t a t e s of

America, as w e l l as f o r i t s in^jorts and i t s e x p o r t s . The EEC comes i n

second p o s i t i o n w i th the f o l l o w i n g r eg ions in the orders

In^or t s5 A s i a , the Car ihheanj the r e s t of North America (Canada, Mexico, Bermuda) the r e s t of Europe, Cen t r a l America, La t in America, e t c .

Exports? The Car ihhean, As ia , the r e s t of Europe, t he r e s t of North Americaj e t c .

Expor t s ; The Uni ted S t a t e s absorbs more than 60 pe r cen t of H a i t i ' s e x p o r t s . In 1973/197^^, c o f f e e , s i s a l , suga r , molasses and e s s e n t i a l o i l s , accounted f o r 45 pe r cen t of t o t a l expor t s and b a u x i t e 15 pe r c e n t . Assembling i n d u s t r i e s a long wi th meat , cocoa and o t h e r s f i l l t he remain-ing 40 per c e n t . The EEC absorbs 28.8 per cen t of H a i t i ' s t o t a l e x p o r t s , r e c e i v e s 60 per cen t of t o t a l c o f f e e expor t s and 50 per cen t of t o t a l expor t s of e s s e n t i a l o i l . The Caribbean r e g i o n comes i n t h i r d p o s i t i o n w i th 5 p e r cen t of t o t a l e x p o r t s , and b e f o r e A s i a , the r e s t of Europe and North America. Pood p roduc t s and a r t i c l e s from the small i n d u s t r i e s c o n s t i t u t e the main exchange between H a i t i and the r e g i o n .

Because of the low l e v e l of t r a d e between H a i t i and the r e s t of the wor ld , t h e r e i s no need f o r d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s . In s h o r t , the USA, the EEC and the Caribbean a l t o g e t h e r absorb e x a c t l y 96 .1 pe r cen t of H a i t i ' s t o t a l e x p o r t s .

Impor ts ; During the f i s c a l p e r i o d 1970/l971 to 1973/197^» 40 p e r

cen t of the c o t m t r y ' s in^torts came from the USA con5)rising; food

p r o d u c t s , a n i m l and v e g e t a b l e o i l s , manufactured p r o d u c t s , e t c . ; t he

EEC came i n second p o s i t i o n wi th 24 pe r c e n t . With r ega rd t o o t h e r s ,

i f we take i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n the f i s c a l y e a r s I970/7I , 1971/72, 1972/73,

^ For the de t e rmina t ion of p o s i t i o n s i t was p r e f e r a b l e to e s t a b l i s h the a r i t h m e t i c average of the pe rcen tages ob ta ined i n the f i s c a l y e a r s 1970/71 t o 1973/7^• The ob ta ined r e s u l t s cannot be used as i n d i c a t o r s f o r 1975 and the fo l l owing y e a r s .

Cs9 -

Asia accounted f o r 10 per cents the r e s t of North America 8 pe r c en t ,

and the Carihhean r eg ion 7 pe r c e n t . In 1973/74 the Caribbean

accounted f o r 10^2 per cen t and the r e s t of North America and Asia

7<,2 per cento This was the e f f e c t of i n c r e a s e i n the p r i c e of o i l

from CiiracaOo

The n e t p o s i t i o n t a k i n g the f o u r f i s c a l y e a r s t o g e t h e r -would he 42o8 per cen t of t o t a l imports from the USA, 23«97 p e r cen t from EEC, 7 .9 per cen t from the Garihheanj, 9 = 9 from A s i a , 7e5 pe r cen t from the r e s t of Narth America, and 7»93 pe r cent from the r e s t of the world .

The H a i t i a n G-overmsent, t ak ing i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n the i n c r e a s e in world p r i c e s , has adopted p o l i c i e s to f a c i l i t a t e imports of c a p i t a l goods, and to d i v e r s i f y import setircsso P r e c i s e o b j e c t i v e s have been ass igned in- Eid-tsra^ and loag- te rm p l a n s t o be achieved v i t h i n H a i t i ' s overall', coasaereial r e l a t i o n s (" : ; i la tera l and m u l t i l a t e r a l ) »

B i l a t e r a l R s l a t i o n s

B i l a t e r a ^ re ia t ioEs ai-e ccndticted in the s p i r i t of f r i e n d s h i p and co-oj^sratioac Most-favoured-aatloix t r ea tmen t i s the fundamental p r i n c i p l e tJiidsr which conaasrcial t r e a t i e s a re s igned between H a i t i and h s r pa r tne r s»

Axis ing ÍTom the h i s t o r i c a l l i n k s w i th France , H a i t i a f f o r d e d i n a coaanercial t r e a t y , ve ry s p e c i a l t r e a tmen t t o a s e l e c t e d group of p r o d u c t s ' ^ (perfumes, soap, c e r t a i n t e x t i l e s , a l c o h o l , e t c , ) » As f a r as the o ther t r e a t i e s a r e concerned, t h e i r aim i s to promote b e t t e r i n d u s t r i a l and commercial r e l a t i o n s h i p between H a i t i and the s i g n a t o r y Governments o In order t o a c c e l g r a t e t he se p r o c e s s e s , the H a i t i a n Governiaemt concluded s p e c i a l agreements f o r p r o t e c t i o n of f o r e i g n investments in the coimtr-y, no tab ly French and German» There have been a l so c u l t u r a l , s c i e n t i f i c , t e cEn ica l and economic co -ope ra t i on agreements s igned between H a i t i and France , and bstv/een H a i t i and Venezuelao

3/' This i s normally r e f e r r e d t o , in the l i t e r a t u r e , as "P re f e r ences E i s t o r i q u e s " (Eis toi i ' ica l P r e f e r e n c e s ) »

C;10 -

M u l t i l a t e r a l R e l a t i o n s

H a i t i i s proud of h e r r e c o r d of hav ing always honoured h e r

i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . Her r e l a t i o n s w i t h the r e s t of the

wor ld has been based on m a i n t a i n i n g f r a t e r n a l c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h a l l

n a t i o n s . I n accordance w i t h t h i s p r i n c i p l e , H a i t i was one of the

f i r s t c o u n t r i e s t o s i g n t h e General Agreement on T a r i f f s and Trade

(GATT). H a i t i adopted t h e GATT i n the s p i r i t of t h e 1958 d e c i s i o n

which s t a t e d t h a t " I n d u s t r i a l i z e d n a t i o n s should n o t p r o t e c t t h e i r

i n d u s t r i e s a g a i n s t p r o d u c t s from under -deve loped n a t i o n s " .

Thus i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h the GATT commitment, H a i t i r e v i s e d he r l ;

Customs T a r i f f t o i n t e g r a t e the s p e c i f i c and ad va lorem r a t e s f o r

c e r t a i n c a t e g o r i e s of p r o d u c t s . For t h e remainder t h e r e a re a l t e r n a t i v e

r a t e s s one s p e c i f i c and one ad va lorem; and f o r each i tem t h e r a t e

which - | r ie lds more revenue i s adop ted . A l s o , P r i v i l e g e d Ra te s were

e s t a b l i s h e d f o r member n a t i o n s and non-members of GATT w i t h whom H a i t i

had s igned commercial ag reements . For t h e r e s t of the wor ld , t h e

customs r a t e s a r e double t h e P r i v i l e g e d R a t e s , excep t i n the case of

n a t u r a l s i l k f o r xAich i t i s t r i p l e . B e s i d e s , t h e Government can

dec ide under s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n s t o apply minimum t a r i f f t o c e r t a i n

p r o d u c t s f o r a c e r t a i n p e r i o d of t ime , even though the p r o d u c t s may

come f rom non-GATT c o u n t r i e s . Such meastires a r e j u s t i f i e d by s e r i o u s

economic m a l a d j u s t m e n t s , t h e n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s of which a re u n f a v o u r a b l e

t o economic development .

The UNCTAD Conference i n 1968 i n New D e l h i , i n d e c i d i n g a system

of g e n e r a l i s e d p r e f e r e n c e s (GSP), opened a new c h a p t e r i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l

CoHmiercial R e l a t i o n s . . This system of g e n e r a l i s e d p r e f e r e n c e s o f f e r

s p e c i a l advan tages t o deve lop ing c o u n t r i e s , b u t due t o h e r weak economic

c o n d i t i o n , H a i t i i s s t i l l unab le t o d e r i v e t h e maximum b e n e f i t she

could o b t a i n . Conscious of t he se p rob lems , t h e H a i t i a n Government has

been m o t i v a t i n g t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r , ¥ i t h t h e h e l p of t h e EEC,

Government o rgan i zed i n 197^, a t P o r t - a u - P r i n c e , a seminar on t h e GSP

t o a c q u a i n t H a i t i a n i n d u s t r i a l i s t s w i t h i t s f u n c t i o n i n g . There has

n o t y e t been s u b s t a n t i a l improvement i n t r a d e pe r fo rmance . The a r r i v a l

i n H a i t i i n J anua ry 1976 of a UN m i s s i o n f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l Trade P lann ing

was an o p p o r t u n i t y t o p l a n a new seminar , t h i s t ime a t t he n a t i o n a l l e v e l .

" ca í

Some i n d u s t r i e l i z e d e o u n t r i e s , among them the Uni t ed S t a t e s of

America and members of t h e EECj send t o H a i t i d e t a i l s r e g a r d i n g the

scheme of p r e f e r e n c e s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c o u n t r i e s o

H a i t i b e n e f i t s tmder t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Agreement on T e x t i l e s 5 and

f i i r t h e r , as a r e s^ i l t of t h e e f f o r t s of t h e Government, H a i t i was p u t

on t h e l i s t of c o t m t r i e s t o b e n e f i t f rom p r e f e r e n c e s f o r c e r t a i n

t e x t i l e p r o d u c t s under t h e EEC scheme»

H a i t i g e t s most of i t s expo r t e a r n i n g s f rom a g r i c u l t u r a l commodities

which f a l l o u t s i d e of the g e n e r a l i s e d system of p r e f e r e n c e s » On b a l a n c e ,

H a i t i does n o t ga in ¡sruch from I n t e r n a t i o n a l Agreements on b a s i c a g r i -

c u l t u r a l prod-xcts» In t h e ca se s of c o f f e e and s u g a r , t he a l l o c a t e d

quo tas could no t be reached because of the growth of i n t e r n a l demand,

combined -with i n e l a s t i e i t y of p roduc t ion» Furthers, even i f t h e quo tas

were met , d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n the t e rms of t r a d e , due t o i n c r e a s e s i n t h e

p r i c e s of m a n u f a t t u r a d p r o d u c t s , s e rve t o reduce t h e c o u n t r y ' s impor t

capac i ty . . Between I96O and 1972 H a i t i was one of t h e seven t h i r d - w o r l d

n a t i o n s t h a t s u f f e r e d most f rom d e t e r i o r a t i o n of e x p o r t p r i c e s (some

IQfc d e c r e a s e ) ^/Mch d imin i shed e x p o r t e a r n i n g s by 12 p e r cent» Since

1972 the drop has been HHich more d r a s t i c making i t d i f f i c u l t n o t only

t o s a t i s f y t h e most e iea i sn ta ry needs of t h e p e o p l e , b u t a l s o t o u n d e r -

t a k e deve lopmsa ta i pvograsmes»

Search ing f o r means of r e a c h i n g the p o l i c y o b j e c t i v e s , t he H a i t i a n

Government "opens i t s e l f t o t h e w o r l d " , and m u l t i p l i e s i t s e f f o r t s t o

b r e a k t h e p e c u l i a r i s o l a t i o n of Hait i®

SitiiLSiXCi;:

r

Sllü'i'IOi o

SECTION C

LIST OF TABLES

Table Csl

Table Cs2

Table C;3

Table Cs4

Table Cs5

Table C;6

Table Cs7

Table Cg8

Table CiS

Table CslO

Produc t ion of s e l e c t e d I n d u s t r i a l Commodities

Manufactur ing A c t i v i t i e s and Number of E n t e r p r i s e s (1973/1974)

Se l ec t ed L i s t of Products f o r Manufactiiring in H a i t i

FoOoBa Exports to United S t a t e s of H a i t i a n Light manufactured p roduc t s -- Products made of l o c a l l y produced components

FoOoBo Exports to United S t a t e s of H a i t i a n Light manufactured p roduc t s - Produc ts made of imported coa^ionents

Expor ts of small i n d u s t r i e s a r t i c l e s u t i l i z i n g l o c a l raw m a t e r i a l s

Exports of small i n d u s t r i e s a r t i c l e s u t i l i z i n g imported raw m a t e r i a l s

Expor ts of small i n d u s t r i e s a r t i c l e s u t i l i z i n g mixed raw m a t e r i a l s

Expor ts by Regions - 1970/1974

laiports by Regions - 1970/1974

TABLE Csl

HAITIs PHODTJCTION OP SELECTED INDUSTRIAL COxMMODITIES ( thousand metric t o n s , u n l e s s o the rwi se i n d i c a t e d )

F i s c a l Years ending Oct.-Mareb Se-ptember 30

1968 1971 1972 1972/3 1973/4

Cement ( thousand m e t r i c t o n s ) 40„6 72«5 84^0 39^3 49<.0

Cot ton t e x t i l e s ( a i l l i o m ya3?ds) 4a0 5o9 2a9 l e 8 I08

C i g a r e t t e s ( m i l l i o n s ) 342,0 451o4 461 .7 217O6 259o5

P ious l l o i 32«0 44 .5 22o2 23A

Soap 5o6 7oó 2ol 2a5

Geokiag o i l 4 . 7 8^2 i l o 9 5^9 l.h

Laipd Oo5 lo5 l e 2 0O7

Slices ( thousand p a i r s ) 187o8 215ol 243o5 97o6 I67a5

S o f t dffiaks ( j a i l l i o n •fooitles) í 4o8 27o8 30.1 12,5

Perfume essence o i l s , / ( thousand kilograsas)—^ 542^5 381c 6 316O2 I64«3 i32o9

^ Espofft datao

Sí3)iax®i2S N a t i o n a l Bank of t h e E e p u b l i c of H a i t i ,

TABLE Gi2

MANKPACTtmiNG ACTIVITIES AND NUMBER OP ENTEBPEISES (1973/74)

A c t Í T Í t y

E l e c t r o n i c p a r t s and E l e c t r i c . ,

S p o r t s goods and Spor t swear « . ,

Sports-wear i a c l o hun t ing a p p a r e l 41 P i s M n g r o d s 1. Base l j a l l s and s o f t b a l l s 8]

S t u f f e d t o y s and s t u f f e d t o y b o d i e s

Hsairpieces and Wigs o » .

riaridfoags5 w a l l e t s , b i l l f o l d s and b e l t s a » » o o

P l a s t i c 3) L e a t h e r 3j Stiede 1,

T r a i l l e (ga rments )

Men ' s , Women's and c h i l d r e n ' s appa re l 18] Ribbon bo-ws f o r l a d i e s underwear and g a r t e r g r i p s 3J B r a s s i e r e s and f o u n d a t i o n garments 4, Eiabroidery on L a d i e s ' underwear 5j

Foot^-ear

Sanda l s & Mocccasins 3; Boots 1 Shoe upper s 6, Shoe vamps

Misce l l aneous ( l p l a n t eách)

Paper s p e c i a l t y p r o d u c t s j Macrame c l o t h i n g a c c e s s o r i e s . Beaded b r a i d s and ornamexitsj Hand r o l l i n g and a r t i f i c i a l , Emblems and u n i f o r m l e t t e r i n g , Marine ha rdware . Cot ton woirkers' g l o v e s . K n i t t e d g l o v e s j B u t t o n c a r d i n g , Aaimal h a i r ^ P a i n t , P a i n t b r u s h , Cosmetic brushy Scs»-^.driversj Sp raye r va lves»

Number of E n t e r p r i s e s

43

13

9

2

7

30

11

15

Sotirsei Based on p u b l i c a t i o n " I n v e s t i n H a i t i " - The S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e f o r Commeree and Indus t ry»

T i a i s C s 3

SELECTEr LIST C? PRODUCTS FGE MANUFACTURE IN HAITI

A - M(s)st Fa 70u: 'S0le Industries for the Haitian Market 1) To atdlizQ lOG Haitian raw materialss

= Sugai? siilis (refined sugar) - Tsstilo niiils (satton) - GlotMng Lsz-bhsr goods (lianábagSs pm-sesp shoes ooo)

icar-crcoazd « Ji .cherries

«=. CeiT':!.'?;: ST-OK-t - Crnviing f i s i :

- oilo pe fosaa and s o f t drinks

2) To •¿•Airuly or ej clusi-gely imported raig materials;

- I r t iac 3iJ;ee - Casfflissi aad pli£3?/naceTati®al prodxicts AgL-'iculta.rs.l tools and light equipment

- Saaita:?y spplianees = CIotMng - Paints = Cesa anc otíei» vshicels aaseiably " Off icG equipment

. - Elce te ics- i . -^pplianses - Synthe-iiir; fa'teiss = Matshep = Aato and appJ.ianses

- Snabo)? ar.5. ¡.r/tis-iic tyj-eB - FishizLj^

TABLE C i 3 ( C o n t ' d ) •Si

B - Moat EaYongaBle I r .d 'Rstr ies f o r Expor t t o F o r e i g n Markets and S p e c i a l l y t o üoS»

1) To T i t i l i z e l o c a l l y o b t a i n e d raw m a t e r i a l s and components;

- Sugar m i l l s (raw and r e f i n e d st tgar) - i ' e edmi l l s - F r u i t j u i c e s ~ I n s t a n t c o f f e e - Plywood and hardboard - C iga r s and c i g a r e t t e s

Canning of meat - Canning of f i s h - Canning of vegetables ~ F r u i t p r e s e r v e s •» F u r n i t u r e - Brooms 3, brus l ias - ButtOKE ~ Coated or impregnated t e z t i l e f a b r i c s and p r o d u c t s - t v i n e ,

cordage J n s t s j h a t bod ie s <,«» - CarpeitSg c a r p e t i n g rugs

Pe r f imes ^ Mats and m a t t i n g ~ Cot ton f a b r i c - L e a t h e r manufactt ixe « A r t i l l e s manuíac tu red o í wood

Glass a r t (gem^ s tone? beads)

2) To be aade of impor ted eoMponentss - T r a n s f o r m e r s , s w i t c h g e a r - C l o t h i n g ( t e x t i l e f a b r i c and c l o t h i n g a c c e s s o r i e s , h a t s and caps) - Toys - O f f i c e machines and p a r t s - Rubber and p l a s t i c manufac tu re s - T r a v e l goods . Handbags, e t c » . . »

T u l l e , l a c e , r i bbons5 bows ~ Equipment f o r d i s t r i b u t i n g e l e c t r i c i t y ( c a b l e h a r n e s s e s , e t c » » . ) •=• Pswer G e n e r a t i n g machinery - Do l l s - F o u n t a i n pens - Wigs and h a i r p i e c e s - Lea the r garments - Gar and v e h i c l e assembly -- Typewr i t e r ~ E l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e s and components

E l e c t r i c Shave r s Adding and o t h e r c a l c u l a t i n g machines

TABLE C i 3 ( C o n t ' d )

Semng machias s Gash ffegisters Telephone aná telephone equipment Leather shoes Plastic shoes Eubbei" shoes-Sl ippe i ' s Hear ing a i d s Photo- esposTire ¡aeters Dictatiag and ctthes recording machines Baseballs softballs Footballs umni tenuis ÍJalls eolf fcells Beseb^-ll gloTes TeaBÍG r E s k s t o Ballsr i;-k-iss SlijTjger so-uka Do'g collars isashss Via-ilotsj p-orsess watch bracelets etcooo

TABLE Gik

FOB EXPORTS TO UNITED STATES OF HAITIAN LIGHT MANUFACTURED PRODUCT 1970-1971-1972-1973

P r o d u c t s Made o í L o c a l l y Produced Components

^Value ( i n thousands of

D e s e r i u t i o n 1970 1971 1972 1973

Leatiier Manufacitixes^ nea 377 257 388 339

Wéoé Maaufae tu re s - Domestic o r DecoratÍT© üBe & a i ' t i c l e s manufac tu red of wood 214 187 265 361

üf r t t an f a t r i C s woren 100 70 47 409

Gcated or impregnated t e x t i l e s f a b , & fs 'odi icts - Twine,; cordage^ n e t s manufac tu res ef t e s : t i l e f i b e r , h a t bod i e s 1786 2356 2492 2131

Made up a r t i c l e s of t e x t i l e mtl« nes 300 442 526 876

Gax'pets;, carpeting and rugs^ mats ma t t ings etCoa vegi, plaiting mtlc 57 61 90 116

Glass a r t , nes incl, imi t a gem, s t o n e s , beads 17 15 5 148

Ftjiriiiture, -sfood 12 16 33 100

Works of a r t j c o l l e c t o r s p i e c e s a n t i q u e 130 65 173 243

Brooms, b r u s h e s j b u t t o n s , c a n d l e s o t h e r manufac tured a r t i c l e s nes 206 409 770 855

Under #251 f o r m a l & i n f o r m a l e n t r e s Es t» 756 684 1096 934

3955 4562 5865 5512

TABLE Cs5

FOB EXPORT^ TO UNITED STATES OF HAITIAN LIGHT MANDFACfURED PRODUCT 1970-1971-1972-1973

Products Maá® of Imported Components

Value ( i n thousands of

D e s c r i p t i o n 1970 1971 m i 1973

Tu l les l a c e 5 r ibbonsy o t h e r small wares 125 174 278 279

A r t i e l e s of i r o n o r s t e e l 53 14 5 22

Pmfer Generat ing MaehinsFy and p a r t s = = = 125

Offiffi® M©®k ines & P a r t s = - -=> 1657

Machinery as ad app l i ances p a r t s 120 140 343 436

Transform©?! 39 smtchgeajf j , etCoo 288 669 1394 2347

* Equipment fd sr d i s t r i b u t i n g E l e s t r i c i t y = 76 237 220

Eaii© ffeeelTeffs & P a r t s «=. r a d i o phono5, r a d i o apparatusp TV 203 231 87 265

E l e e t r i c apj m r a t u s and p a s t s 12 72 197 1162

f r a v e l goodi handbags 54 190 312 733

Clo th ing = ] h a t s & caps

?e2to Fabo s l o t h i n g a e s e s s o r i e s j 1786 2656 51B6 11710

Footwear 1803 1934 1381 1833

Sotand Eecorc lersQ etco 153 355 393 461

l u b b e r & Pis appa re l 9 ral:

i s t i c manufae tures - wear ing »ber a r t i c l e s 64 107 186 358

Toys9 s p o r t i .ng gfflods (imco b a s e b a l l s ) 3918 5332 8440 10549

TOTAL 8179 11950 18458 32157

CS

CO' -P <r¡' tn -(i-« 13 tn O a tí M M R; tí T3 M •H tn O ITS tn OJ 00 tí o •ri 1 O 00 -o 00 t 1 tn OJ AO ttí «V t O. (N 1 1 ®v ON w. «K P 1 t, <M CT. 1 1 tn TH •H OI aj fe m TH •H' TH m tn O T-( -o < •H cS O u « fH u o 1 + + + + I + I 1 1 + + Ci 1 a h-f O •a o a -P «H OQ ta O OJ •H r—1 w in O O O o in O O o o m tn tí -P Ü rH tó T-l m r- o CM O o o o •H •H tí •H oi ^ r- OS OS fN «0 <N es th a a> -P •H O \D OS m O OS O o O o \D os in a a fH •<-( 00 •H • r t r- tn OJ tn O 1 00 1 O o r in o 0) •p <! Os o o 1 o 1 o tn 00 TH M -p to l-i Í OS <3K 4K e» P» CS I 1 «s ^ -p cS

>> c3 oj ^ V.O ITS 00 OS tn I OJ tn tn ft a -o o lA OS r r- o o CTS tn -CP 00 a\ os tn a) -p tn r- OS 00 00 os tn tH OI os -rH CO 00 os tn O « to > 3 M ^ » Os ^ fj CS o v-l m CM (M •H -S" GO tQ 1 ••a ^ C5 tn ü a •H to M r-H. C -P O) C3 .H CO ai r-1 Ü •H • H r-( © Ü) ITS in in O O in tn o O tn m o O O ~P CÍ rH • OS t On OS sn CJ ON o irs o in tn tn TH OJ (fi ft a 1—1 9. tn O. CK <!«» Os •P 6C £8 m 00 r- tn in O in O O OS tn CO a> a > o ^ 1 in OJ <t< ITS VT) o o 00 tn -p =H •H ^ CM o r •H OS tn tn OS TH os ÍH tí O N 1 9. 1 e> •s IS «k 9- <K «S O W •H O Cs m OS tn tn 00 VD tn m r-1 O OJ o •H rH os vo r 00 OJ 00 tí rH •p •H m r-- Ol •H •if r TH o OJ 00 tn •H o tS U M cr\ e* •H •H o P ^ tn tn C\J Cvj. vH tn OI -a* TH to ft tn •H > tn •H tí « tí M

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m m fH <u to (3> •H u -p X! 9-1 m 0 a) a) r-í - ' -P •H to 'M ce O 1—( tn to I-I O to k -P 4> < Ü <D -P 03 to tn o •H a) 1—1 te a>

Ü •H 1—1 CS 01. 0! CS 0! a) •H -P l-H <J! O w • • o Ü -p O 01 l—i r—l a> a> 1—1 -P o 05 •H fS •H • r t o . Ü m o H • H aj u -P o «s; tí M <i -P •H •H Ü •H < -P •H H a) 6-1 h< a -P -P •H •P OS •b •H c6 < tí O •H a> S-i b O S-l 1—1 -P a) 'O w tE¡ Cfi &H fe 02

« H •H fH •H w tE¡ u 1—1 «e « ce « -P as •M W tí T3 r-H aj 1-4 a; iai) <S > 1—4 -p i—i tu a) a) ce nCi a> o O -P •C6 -CS 4) c i-H -p r-i ci a -p V m S-i O •H •SH •to bi ¡H ® > tS o tí •H cS 01 tí c8 O a -p •H a) O O o o c3 tí a) •H o :3: IH cn > cn cn O o E-I H-1 üí

TABLE Gik

Small laiStistgies a j t i e l e s n t i l i a i n g ImpogteiS gay m a t e r i a l s

i n

F i s s a l Yeaff Ar t i c l e® 1972/1973 1973/1974 Deereas© f>

Aj-ómimmn a s ' t i e l e s 28pl6 i^60 215 500^00 CZ» 23a65 ¥ro-aght i r o a a r t i c l e s I6,537O50 34,797a00 + 110.41 Woollen ^ ^ t i c l e s 74575O0OO 197pl52«00 + 163^74 Buti®ns 85,962,70 7p625.85 I4a91 Embroideay 55788o490a40 + 37.94 Magnetic t a p a s 339195^00 ___ P l a s t i c bai'iz'els 15648^00 Nylon s t sck ingB Buckles

8¡,066O25 820^500«00

T i e s 477s841025 218p000o00 54^37 C a s s e t t e s Ip724,768ol0 ls,851s; 661^30 + 7 .35 CoilB 623,936^.85 ComfuteE' c a b l e s 1^1505685090 1539888.70 = 86^40 P l a s t i © bsacis 4319 279 065 34l ,448p55 = 2O083 Alxmiaiina h inge 399l83a75 Ornasaental ¿cuts i n ®l©tb. ip0475400o30 1^4365075^5 + 37oiO Decora t i on i n ifibfeon La©e0

5,5615253085 265667050

5p734i,518e70 + 3 « l i

S c a l e s S^SSOoOO Gmn Asfsiji® ISsSOOoOO Haraesees f o r tslephon® 385l81a45 Hooks 6435276e>85 S t u f f e d Toys 597955M50IO 554965256^60 = 5 ^ 6 P l a s t i © Toys 2265661010 G a r t e r s 246g750o00 Embroidered J e r s e y 834g449o60 8759320.00 4o89 L e t t e r s sewn on f e l t 1589056004,00 156005000^00 15.37 I r o n bed I995OO0OO A n i s a l h a i r - t o n s b kno t s —

Nylon brtisli kno t s Mica

39ll39968n40 2^2319OOO0OO 107sB38s50

— 28o35

S l i p triizmiinfs 2845568o50 6672IOO0I5 + 134a42 S p o r t j a c k e t s I5OII563IB85 E l e c t r o n i e p a r t s 6s4332517o40 10a8825858o25 + 69^15 Tape r e c o r d e r p a r t s 3005 6IO;,30 3,2365681075 + 976O70 WigB 4729 935o00 151265802^50 + 138o25 P o t e n t i o m e t e r s 759347O50 Nylon brmshes 193989909^50 9015,398.75 35o5é P l a s t i c p i e c e s 137p088a35 Underwear 81g792^00 7659750.25 + 836021 Vinyl handbags I5330e047o20

TABLE Ci3 ( C o n t ' d )

A r t i c l e s F i s c a l Year 1912/1913

F i s c a l Year 1973/1974

Inc rease or

Decrease Í

Scu lp tu r e s T r a n s i s t o r s Transformers Toapets i o r men Nylon bags Dresses Miscel laneous

TOTAL

44,827»50

10,455»85

21,023,720^75 4,668,958»50

4849153.50 470,426.60

246,137*70 256,432^05

26,543,440.60 2,714,040»30

+ 980^03

+ 26^25 - 41,87

72,124,349,00 78,265,532a75

Source: O f f i c e of the Contro l of I n d u s t r i a l E n t e r p r i s e s Department of Trade and I n d u s t r y .

N.B.s F igures a d j u s t e d by the D iv i s ion of S t a t i s t i c s of t he Sec re t a ry of S t a t e of Trade and Indust ry»

TABLE Gik

Ea-ports of Small l a d a s t r i e s a r t i c l e s n t i l i z i n g gaw m a t e r i a l s

(Valme i n Gotirdes)

A s i i e i e s F i s c a l Y®ar 1972/1975

P i s e a l Y®ar• 1973/1974

Inereas® nr

Decrease ^

Cot ton A r t l ü i e s 654365,093.30 6 ,9505527.50 + 7.99

B a s e b a l l s aná s o f t b a l l s 33 ,148 ,163 .85 . 39p256j272a30 + 18c, 42

Shawls and Tops 5425568000 8499O7O0OO + 56^40

B r a s s i e r e s 936p041^55

Shoes J boo t s 5s8755 874o30 759679832.80 + 35^60

Ba les of t ^ i n e 4 s 250-3 645 o 00 4582O5OOO0OO + 13o39

K n i t t i a g n e e d l e s I569O029O03O ip875s418„95 •i- 10o95

Upper leeti isr- ( shoe) 5p305p694o50 5O7985955OOO + 9 .30

Nets 2439846.00 419í800e00 72.15 CrloTea 19 3439^05a 00 2,732a945o80 + 103o47 P a i n t s 1^883,183,95 + 47a55 S l i p p e r s 89493Í9Í9O00 8O496280OO CS3 90.52

Eand'aags 828s728o35 5p945966lo45 •5- 617O44

Plaise: Mats 68g400o00

P a i n t i n g s 5245491^00 256342745.15 + 402034

Fimteoideic'eá f a t e i © 4 s , 8 0 í p i 3 9 a 5 35268^123^25 31 .93 MiscellaneoBLB 7®7385630o55 7g8465090o70 1<.38

TOTAL 825,567^857 060 93s) 9899296040

O f f i c e of t h e Gohíe'oI af InS ia s t e i a l E n t e r p r i s e s Depai'tiBsnt fflf Tffad® and Imausts'ya

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