INGENIOUS STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAW MATERIALS USING CHI-SQUARE TEST...

Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary

ISSN 2320 -5083

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VOLUME 1 ISSUE 11 DECEMBER 2013

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Editorial Board

Dr. Kari Jabbour, Ph.D Curriculum Developer, American College of Technology, Missouri, USA.

Er.Chandramohan, M.S System Specialist - OGP ABB Australia Pvt. Ltd., Australia.

Dr. S.K. Singh Chief Scientist Advanced Materials Technology Department Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology Bhubaneswar, India

Dr. Jake M. Laguador Director, Research and Statistics Center, Lyceum of the Philippines University, Philippines.

Prof. Dr. Sharath Babu, LLM Ph.D Dean. Faculty of Law, Karnatak University Dharwad, Karnataka, India

Dr.S.M Kadri, MBBS, MPH/ICHD, FFP Fellow, Public Health Foundation of India Epidemiologist Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kashmir, India

Dr.Bhumika Talwar, BDS Research Officer State Institute of Health & Family Welfare Jaipur, India

Dr. Tej Pratap Mall Ph.D Head, Postgraduate Department of Botany, Kisan P.G. College, Bahraich, India.

Dr. Arup Kanti Konar, Ph.D Associate Professor of Economics Achhruram, Memorial College, SKB University, Jhalda,Purulia, West Bengal. India

Dr. S.Raja Ph.D Research Associate, Madras Research Center of CMFR , Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Chennai, India

Dr. Vijay Pithadia, Ph.D, Director - Sri Aurobindo Institute of Management Rajkot, India.

Er. R. Bhuvanewari Devi M. Tech, MCIHT Highway Engineer, Infrastructure, Ramboll, Abu Dhabi, UAE Sanda Maican, Ph.D. Senior Researcher, Department of Ecology, Taxonomy and Nature Conservation Institute of Biology of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania Dr. Reynalda B. Garcia Professor, Graduate School & College of Education, Arts and Sciences Lyceum of the Philippines University Philippines Dr.Damarla Bala Venkata Ramana Senior Scientist Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA) Hyderabad, A.P, India PROF. Dr.S.V.Kshirsagar, M.B.B.S,M.S Head - Department of Anatomy, Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, India. Dr Asifa Nazir, M.B.B.S, MD, Assistant Professor, Dept of Microbiology Government Medical College, Srinagar, India. Dr.AmitaPuri, Ph.D Officiating Principal Army Inst. Of Education New Delhi, India Dr. Shobana Nelasco Ph.D Associate Professor, Fellow of Indian Council of Social Science Research (On Deputation}, Department of Economics, Bharathidasan University, Trichirappalli. India M. Suresh Kumar, PHD Assistant Manager, Godrej Security Solution, India. Dr.T.Chandrasekarayya,Ph.D Assistant Professor, Dept Of Population Studies & Social Work, S.V.University, Tirupati, India.

JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH FOR MULTIDISCIPLINARY Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 11, December 2013

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INGENIOUS STUDY ON REGION WISE PRICE VARIATION OF CONSTRUCTION RAW MATERIALS USING CHI-SQUARE TEST THROUGH SPSS SOFTWARE

ASHISH H. MAKWANA*

JAYESHKUMAR PITRODA**

*Final Year M.E. C. E. & M., B.V.M. Engg. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India **Assistant Professor & Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engg., B.V.M. Engg. College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT

In the field of construction and particularly in civil engineering, raw materials are

essentially perceived as bonding additives. A basic function of civil and construction

engineering is to provide and maintain the infrastructure needs of society. The infrastructure

includes buildings, water treatment and distribution systems, waste water removal and

processing, dams, and highway and airport bridges and pavements. Although some civil and

construction engineers are involved in the planning process, most are concerned with the

design, construction, and maintenance of facilities. The common denominator among these

responsibilities is the need to understand the behavior and performance of materials.

Although not all civil and construction engineers need to be material specialists, a basic

understanding of the material selection process, and the behavior of materials, is a

fundamental requirement for all civil and construction engineers performing design,

construction, and maintenance.

KEYWORDS: Construction, Civil Engineering, Raw Materials, Infrastructure, Responsibilities.

INTRODUCTION

In the general environment for humans’ survival, all the materials or products used in

structures or buildings are called building materials which are the material foundation for all

the construction engineering.

Building materials are the material foundation for all the construction engineering. Building

materials industry which is one of the important basic industries of national economy

promotes the development of the construction industry.

Various buildings and structures are constructed by all kinds of building materials on the

basis of reasonable design. The varieties, specifications and qualities of building materials are

directly related to the applicability, artistry and durability of buildings and also to the cost of

projects. A large number of high-quality industrial and civil buildings need to be built for the

development of society. Meanwhile, a great deal of water conservancy projects, traffic


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engineering and port projects need to be built to adapt to the rapid development of the

national economy. It requires lots of high-quality building materials which accords with the

application environment of projects. Therefore, building materials industry is usually

considered as the basic industry for the construction engineering.

Building materials not only have a large consumption, but also are expensive. In the total cost

of the construction, the cost of building materials often accounts for about 50 percent. Thus, it

is significant to properly choose and reasonably utilize building materials in the construction

for the reduction of costs and the improvement of investment benefits.

A large number of new building materials continue to emerge, often promoting the

innovation and development of construction techniques. For example, the emergence of clay

bricks contributes to the brick-timber structure; the reinforced concrete structure comes from

concrete and steel bar; light high-strength materials promote the development of modem

buildings and high-rise buildings; the application of various functional materials in the

construction industry continues to create diversified comfortable living and production

environment and to conserve energy.

In short, the application of building materials in the projects must possess the following

characteristics: the function required by projects, the durability proper for the environmental

conditions, the rich resources to meet the needs of construction, and low price.

In the building environment, the ideal building materials should be light, high-strength,

aesthetic, heat-insulating, sound-absorbing, waterproof, shockproof, fireproof, non-toxic, and

efficient, etc.

The objective of the present research is to find out the region wise price variation of

construction raw materials.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In this research construction raw material rates are as per Schedule of Rates (S.O.R.). These

rates are helpful in preparation of estimates and also to serve as a guide in setting rates in

connection with contract agreements, a schedule of rates for all items of work is maintained

in the form of a printed book known as Schedule of rates (SOR).

The schedule of rates consists of a group of items such as excavation items, concrete items,

masonry items, demolition items, plumbing items, electrification items etc.

As the rates of items mentioned in the schedule of rates are likely to vary, the SOR is

periodically revised, usually after 3 years.


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The Central Public Works Department (CPWD), a premier construction organization of the

government of India, maintained printed schedule of rates book for various items of work and

estimate is prepared with these rates. This SOR contains the rates of about 2500 to 3000

items. In the CPDW - SOR the items are covered under different subheads like building

work, road work, water supply and sanitary items etc.

The price of the finished items are worked out by the analysis of rates with the standard

requirements of materials, labour, equipments and necessary sundries like water charges,

contractor’s profit etc.

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

For price variance of region wise construction raw materials are found out by Schedule of

Rates (SOR - a government document) which is maintained by Central Public Works

Department (CPWD) and finally survey questionnaire is prepared and data analysis is done

by Chi-square test through Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

(SPSS) software.

Different Gujarat regions are included such as Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Nadiad, Anand,

Himatnagar, Mehsana, Patan, Palanpur, Bhuj, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Surendranagar, Junagadh,

Bhavnagar, Amreli, Porbandar, Vadodara, Godhara, Bharuch, Dahod, Rajpipla, Surat, Tapi,

Dang, Valsad, Navsari.

ABOUT CHI-SQUARE ( ) TEST

The chi-square ( ) test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between

the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories. Do the

number of individuals or objects that fall in each category differ significantly from the

number you would expect? Is this difference between the expected and observed due to

sampling error, or is it a real difference?

Null hypothesis (H0) - The region wise price of construction raw materials is constant. (α = 0.05)

Alternative hypothesis (H1)- The region wise price of construction raw materials is not

constant. (α> 0.05)

H0 = Null hypothesis (Negative of claim)

H1 = Alternative hypothesis (claim which researchers wants to establish)

ACCEPT REJECT

H is true Correct decision Type I error

H is false Type II error Correct decision

= probability of making type I error and = probability of making type II error


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STEPS OF CHI-SQUARE TEST

Step 1: Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.

Step 2: Level of Signification.

Step 3: Criteria

Criteria region for testing. µ = µ0

Alternative Hypothesis Reject Null Hypothesis

µ > µ0 >Z

µ < µ0 Z<Z

µ µ0 Z< or Z >

For large samples

For small samples

Step 4: Calculation

Step 5: Decision regarding hypothesis.

Fig 1: Chi-square Test requirement


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Table 1: Chi-square (χ2) Test

Level of significance (α)

Calculated Tabulated Criterion Result Hypothesis

1: Fine Sand (Cum) 0.01 12.846 13.277 Reject the null hypothesis if

(Calculated)> 13.277, the value of

for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom

Cannot be rejected

Accepted

2: Coarse Sand (Cum) 0.01 12.846 13.277 Reject the null hypothesis if



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

3: Hand Broken Aggregate (90mm to 25mm) (Cum) 0.1 7.077 0.207 Reject the null hypothesis if



Rejected Not Accepted

4: Hand Broken Aggregate (63mm to40mm) (Cum) 0.05 5.538 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

5: Crushed Stone aggregate for hard quality (40mm to 63mm size) (Cum) 0.05 4.769 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

6: Crushed Stone aggregate for hard quality (40mm size) (Cum) 0.05 4.000 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

7: Crushed Stone aggregate for hard quality (20mm size) (Cum)

0.05 6.308 9.488 Reject the null hypothesis if (Calculated)> 9.488, the value of


Cannot be rejected

Accepted

8: Crushed Stone aggregate for hard quality (10mm size) (Cum)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

9: Crushed Stone aggregate for hard quality (10mm to 20mm size) (Cum)

0.05 3.615 3.615a Reject the null hypothesis if (Calculated)> 9.488, the value of


Cannot be rejected

Accepted

10: Crushed Stone aggregate for hard quality (6mm to 10mm size) (Cum)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

11: Brick Aggregate (40mm size) (Cum)



Rejected Not Accepted


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12: Brick Aggregate (20mm size) (Cum)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

13: Brick (Conventional size) (1000 Nos.)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

14: Brick (Modular size-20mm x20cm x10cm) (1000 Nos.)


for 5-1= 4 degree of freedom.

Cannot be rejected

Accepted

15: Rubble (Cum)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

16: Rubble Heavy (Weight not less than 40 kgs.) (Cum)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

17: Quarry Spalls (Cum)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

18: White Bela Stone (size 23cm measured) (100 Nos.)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

19: Screened Rounded Gravel (10mm size) (Cum)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

20: Screened Rounded Gravel (12mm size) (Cum)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

21: Murrum/Binding Material (Cum)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

22: Unscreened Gravel (Cum)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

23: Hard Murrum (Cum)


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Cannot be rejected

Accepted

24: Stone dust (Cum)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

25: Fly ash bricks conventional (1000 Nos.)



Cannot be rejected

Accepted

CONCLUSIONS

Following conclusions are drawn of Region wise Price Variation of Construction Raw

Materials by CHI-SQUARE TEST:

After the data analysis of Region wise Price Variation of Construction Raw Materials

by CHI-SQUARE TEST concluded that 92% variables are accepted at ≤ 5% level of

significance ( ) and 8% variables are not accepted.

So, Null hypothesis (The region wise price of construction raw materials is constant.)

is successfully proved by CHI-SQUARE TEST.

REFERENCES

1. Ashish H. Makwana, Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, “A Study on Region wise Price Variation of Construction Raw Materials using Frequency Analysis through SPSS Software”, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), Impact Factor 0.537, ISSN: 2231-5381, Volume 4, Issue 7, July 2013, Pg. 3233 – 3242.

2. Bharat G. Bhudiya, Sanjay S. Narola, Ashish H. Makwana, Jayeshkumar Pitroda, “Assessment on Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks using Frequency Analysis through SPSS software in Charotar Region of Central Gujarat”, Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary (JIARM), Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 10, November 2013, Pg. 367 – 386.

3. Darsh Belani, Ashish H. Makwana, Jayeshkumar Pitroda, “A study of evaluation Criterias for Renewable Energy Resources using Frequency Analysis through SPSS software”, Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary (JIARM), Impact Factor 1.393, ISSN: 2320-5083, Volume 1, Issue 10, November 2013, Pg. 350 – 366.

4. Dhrumil S. Chokshi, Ashish H. Makwana, Jayeshkumar Pitroda, “A Preliminary Study on Importances of Fly-ash Bricks and Clay Bricks in Construction Industry through SPSS software”, International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD), Impact Factor 5.4829, ISSN(P): 2249-6866; ISSN(E): 2249-7978, Vol. 3, Issue 5, December 2013, 125-132, © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. 5.

5. Haimei Zhang (Editor-in-Chief), Shuo Ma and Yanyan Wu (Translator), “Building materials in civil engineering”, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Science Press Beijing, ISBN 978-1-84569-955-0 (print), ISBN 978-1 -84569-956-7 (online), Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi-110002, India.


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6. Hitesh D. Bambhava, Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Prof. Jaydev J. Bhavsar, “A Comparative Study On Bamboo Scaffolding And Metal Scaffolding In Construction Industry Using Statistical Methods”, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), Impact Factor 0.537, ISSN: 2231-5381, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2013, Pg. 2330 – 2337.

7. P. Ganesh Prabhu, D. Ambika, “Study on Behaviour of Workers in Construction Industry to Improve Production Efficiency”, International Journal of Civil, Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure Engineering Research and Development (IJCSEIERD), Impact Factor 5.4829, ISSN 2249-6866 Vol. 3, Issue 1, Mar 2013, 59-66, © TJPRC Pvt Ltd. 5.

8. Richard A Johnson, “Miller & Freund’s Probability and Statistics for Engineers”, Seventh Edition, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi-110 001, 2005.

9. Vicki Sharp, Anne F. Maben from "Statistics for the Social Sciences", CHI-SQUARE TESThttp://www.enviroliteracy.org/pdf/materials/1210.pdf

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